SECOND SERIES: PULMOKATA. MANUAL OF HOLD J STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONSERVATOR OF TUP: CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OP NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Vol. IV. HELICID^E:— Vol. II. PHILADELPHIA: Published by the Author, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. I9TH & RACE STS. 1888. EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY HORACE BINDER, PRINTER, 607 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. UNIVERSITY MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ; FAMILY HELICID^E, Vol. II. Genus HELIX, Linn. Group VII, HELICELLA. Section II, XEROPHILA. (Continued from Vol. Ill, p. 169.) Subsection V. CANDIDULA, Kobelt. 1871. Conoidally depressed, periphery rounded. H. CANDIDULA, Stu- -der. European, Asiatic. It is Helicopsis, Fitz. in part. Subsection VI. LEMNISCIA, Lowe. 1854. Subimperforate, trochoidal or globosely conoidal, periphery cari- nate; whorls 6-7, planate; peristome acute, reflected and thick- ened towards the axfe H. MICHAUDI, Desh. Madeira, H. MONI- LIFERA, Webb and Berth. Canary Is. Monilearia, Mousson, 1872, is a synonym. Subsection VII. XEROLEUCA, Kobelt. 1877. Sublenticular, granosely striate, periphery laciniately carinated, umbilicus wide, funnel-shaped, bordered by a carina. H. TURCICA, Chemn. Northern Africa. Subsection VIII. TURRICULA, Beck. 1837. Conical, umbilicated or perforate, costulate-striate, cretaceous white, often fasciate, periphery angulated or carinated ; peristome labiate within. H. PYRAMIDATA, Drap. Mediterranean Region. Obelus, Hartmann, Irus, Ads., Trochula, Morch, and Creneat Albers (in part), are synonyms. l^ubsection IX. COCHLICELLA, Risso. 1826. Bulimiform, narrowly perforate, whitish, fasciate, periphery sub- angulate ; peristome simple, acute, margins converging. H. ACUTA, Muller. Mediterranean Region. Elisma, Leach, is a synonym. 4 HELIX. Section III. OCHTHEPHILA, Beck. 1837. Small, perforate or narrowly umbilicated, depressed, rounded or disk-like, periphery with extremities approaching or continuous. Madeira, Azores. Subsection I. OCHTHEPHILA (sensu stricto). Usually scaly, granular or ribbed, last whorl keeled, periphery keeled or continuous. H. ECHINULATA, Lowe. Hystricella, Lowe. 1854, is a synonym. Subsection II. GEOMITRA, Swainson. 1840. Shell mamilliform. H. THIARELLA, Webb, et Berth. Coronaria, Lowe. 1854, is a synonym. Subsection III. HETEROSTOMA, Hartmann. 1844. Shell planorbiform. H. OBTECTA, Lowe. Spirorbula, Lowe. 1854, is a synonym. Subsection IV. IRUS, Lowe. 1854. Shell trochiform. H. ABJECTA, Lowe. Placentula, Pfr. 1855, is a synonym. Subsection V. PLACENTULA, Lowe. 1854. Shell depressed orbicular. H. MADERENSIS, Wood. Section IV. ACTINELLA, Lowe. 1854. Narrowly umbilicated to scarcely perforate. Depressed globose, last whorl keeled, not descending in front, aperture oblique, often with a fold-like swelling. H. COMPACTA, Lowe. Madeira. Eimula and Caseolus (in part), Lowe and Lyrula, Wollaston, are synonyms. Section V. TECTULA, Lowe. 1854. Umbilicated or perforate, depressed pyramidal, solid, roughly sculptured, last whorl keeled, with a swollen inner lip. H. LYELLIANA, Lowe. Crenea, DePaiva (in part), is a synonyn. Section VI. CRASPEDARIA, Lowe. 1854. AYidely umbilicated, pitted, the last whorl plicate at the suture, spirally sculptured on the periphery and around the umbilicus, descending in front to a nearly horizontal aperture, with continuous expanded periphery. H. DELPHINULA, Lowe. HELIX. 5 Section VII. DISCULA, Lowe. 1854. Pyramidal, umbilicated, rather solid, roughly granularly sculp- tured, somewhat babylonic, periphery obtusely keeled. H. CHEIR- ANTHICOLA, Lowe. Obelus, Hartmann, Turritella, WolL, and Crenea, Lowe (in part), are synonyms. Section VIII. CALLINA, Lowe. 1854. Covered perforate, striate, and granular, periphery sharply keeled, keel vanishing behind the aperture. H. ROTULA, Lowe. Section IX. ACTJSTA, Albers. 1860. Shell globose, thin, umbilicated, last whorl large, swollen, rounded, peristome simple, sharp. H. SIEBOLDIANA, Pfr. Japan. The group is Chinese and Japanese in distribution. It is Ar- mandia, Ancey, in part ; other species of that group being H. Da- vidi, H. Moupiniana and H. plicatilis, which I have described under Macrochlamys, Vol. II, 103. Subsection V. CANDIDULA, Kobelt. 1871. H. PROTEA, Ziegler. PL 1, figs. 1, 2. Narrowly umbilicated, whitish, often maculately banded ; whorls 5-6, convex, the last large ; peristome acute, slightly labiate within. Diam. 11 mill. Ins. Corfu. It is H. obvia, Jan, H. eampestris, Ziegler and H. pustulata, Muhlf. \ H. APICINA, Lam. PL 1, figs. 3-5. Rather narrowly umbilicated, somewhat flattened above, more convex beneath, striated, whitish, the apex variegated with corneous, suture deep ; whorls 4-4-1, convex, the last dilated in front; peris- tome subsimple, acute. Diam. 7 mill. Southern Europe, Azores, Tangiers. H. cenisia, Charp., H. lauta, Reeve, and H. hispidula, Risso, are synonyms. H. Cupani, Calcara, is probably a juvenile. 6 HELIX. Var. KAMBURI, Mabille. Somewhat larger, whitish, obsoletely fasciate with brown, irregu- larly costate-striate ; whorls 5— 5 J, more slowly increasing, apex more elevated ; umbilicus narrower. Diam. 9-10 mill. France, Crimea. H. SUBAPICINA, Mousson. PL 1, figs. 6, 7. Narrowly perforate, thinly, sharply striate, greyish white, with light corneous striae, bands or maculations, suture slightly impressed ; whorls 4£, convex, the last not descending in front, rounded below ; peristome acute, not labiate. Diam. 5 mill. Mogador, Morocco. H. OBRUTA, Morelet. PL 1, figs. 8, 9. Narrowly perforate, angulated, obsoletely striate, chalky, cor- neous strigate and marbled with white, with reddish spiral lines, suture impressed ; whorls 5£, a little convex, the last angulated above, rounded below ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 8 mill. Ins. Sta. Maria, Azores ; subfossil. H. REBOUDIANA, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 10-14. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, opaque, chalky, greyish white, flamed with fulvous, with irregular whitish costulations ; whorls 6, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, with impressed suture, last whorl di- lated, rounded, convex below, descending in front ; peristome acute, slightly labiate within, margins approximating. Diam. 10 mill. Algiers. Replaces in N. Africa the H. candidula of Europe. H. LALLEMANTIANA, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 15-17. Perforate, thin, a little translucent, whitish, with brownish cor- neous interrupted zones above, forming irregular maculations, and 5-7 continuous narrow bands below, lightly costulate, suture linear ; whorls 6, scarcely convex above, rapidly increasing, the last sud- denly, slightly deflected in front, periphery obtusely angulated ; peristome acute, rosy-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill. Algiers. H. GERYVILLENSIS, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 18-20. Perforate, fragile, whitish, often with three or four corneous zones,, obliquely costulate; whorls 6, slightly convex, suture impressed, last whorl large, the periphery obsoletely angulated, not deflected in front ; peristome acute, slightly labiate within, margins approxi- mating. Diam. 9 mill. Algiers. TJNI.VEKSIT1 H. BARGESIANA, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 21-23. Moderately umbilicated, striate, irregularly interruptedly banded, or with a white band; whorls 6 2-7, slowly increasing, the last rounded, not deflected in front ; peristome white, acute, or slightly internally thickened. Diam. 14 mill. Syria. H. STRIATA, Miiller. PL 1, figs. 24, 25. Moderately umbilicated, closely, rather sharply costulate, a little shining, white, sometimes fasciate and radiate with brown, base white-banded, apex corneous ; whorls 4J-5, slightly convex, rather rapidly increasing, the last wider, rounded, scarcely descending in front ; peristome acute, very thinly labiate within. Diam. 9'5 mill. Middle Europe. H. costulata, Ziegler, and H. Narbonensis, Requien, are synonyms. Var. NILSSONIANA, Beck. Apex depressed, whorls more convex, bands obsolete, sometimes wanting. Diam. 8*5 mill. Sweden. H. BARDOENSIS, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 26-28. Moderately umbilicated, solid, chalky, rugosely striate, whitish, sometimes bilineate with black, or with seven interrupted, faint black bands, lineated towards the aperture ; whorls 6, slightly con- vex, slowly increasing, the last rounded, scarcely descending at the aperture ; peristome simple, acute, deeply labiate within. Diam. 10 mill. Tunis. H. PROFUGA, Schmidt. PL 1, figs. 29, 30, 34, 35. Moderately umbilicated, closely, regularly costulate-striate, whitish, 'often with interrupted chestnut bands, apex corneous; whorls 5-5£, convex, the last obsoletely angulated, not descending in front; peristome acute, brown lipped within. Diam. 12 mill. Mediterranean Countries. It is H. striata, Drap., H. caperata, Pfr., H. fasciolata, Moq. Tand., H. fimbriata and H. Apennina, Chiereg. Var. ATTICA, Bottger. With a broad continuous band. Diam. 8-10 mill. Greece. Var. VARIEGATA, Mouss. More conical, the whorls less convex, striae less distinct, white, with spots and rays. Epirus. 8 HELIX. H. PARABLETA, Bottger. PI. 1, figs. 31-33. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, smooth, white, with a superior chestnut band, and an interrupted one within it, base with a broad band, and several narrow ones within it ; whorls 5, very slowly increasing, with deep suture, closely irregularly striated, last whorl with more or less distinctly angulated periphery, base con- vex ; peristome simple, labiate within, margins approaching. Diam. 6 mill. Nachitscheivan, alluvion of the Araxes. H. BOLLENENSIS, Locard. PI. 1, figs. 36-38. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, thick, smooth, opaque, strongly, irregularly, somewhat undulately striate, greyish white, usually uni- colored, sometimes with interrupted pale browrn bands, often scarcely visible ; whorls 6, very convex, the last well rounded, a little dilated towards the aperture ; peristome simple, white-lipped within. Diam. 13-15 mill. Southern France. Locard has indicated varieties depressa, minor and fasciolata. H. LAURACINA, Fagot. PI. 2, figs. 55-57. Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, chalky, thick, subopaque, with strong undulating stride, close, irregular, sometimes not con- tinuous, stronger above, yellowish or yellowish white, usually with- out bands, sometimes with faint, subcontinuous chestnut bands, varying in number ; whorls 4 2 -5, slightly convex, slowly increas- ing, suture deep, last whorl a little flattened above at the aperture ; peristome acute, with a yellowish or chestnut interior callus. Diam. 11-14 mill. Southern France. H. PERROUDIANA, Locard. PI. 2, figs. 58-60. Moderately umbilicated, solid, thick, chalky, subopaque, with rather close, undulated striae, weaker below, yellowish white or greyish, usually without bands, sometimes with faint chestnut bands on the middle and below, varying in number, nearly obsolete towards the umbilicus ; whorls 4^-5, convex, with deep suture, last whorl a little inflated at the aperture, somewhat depressed above and below ; peristome acute, with a thick interior callus. Diam. 10-12 mill. Southern France. HELIX. 9 H. TRICASTINORUM, Florence. PI. 2, figs. 61-63. Kather narrowly umbilicated, solid, thick, cretaceous, subopaque, with close, undulating striae, equally strong below, yellowish white to reddish yellow, without or with chestnut bands varying in num- ber, thin, not continuous, faint, especially towards the umbilicus ; whorls 41-5, with moderate suture, increase at first slow, but rapid in the last whorl; peristome acute, with a slight whitish or rosy in- terior thickening. Diam. 12 mill. Southern France. H. FEDTSCHENKOI, Mart. PI. 2, figs. 64-66. Widely umbilicated, slightly striate, whitish, spire scarcely ele- vated; whorls 43, convex, with rather deep suture, last whorl rounded, slightly descending in front ; peristome acute. Diam. 15 mill. Kulikalan, Turkestan; alt. 9500 ft. H. MERIDIONALIS, Parr. PI. 1, figs. 39, 40. Differs from H. profuga, Schm., in its flatter form, stronger striae and wide umbilicus. Dalmatia, Corfu. Is H. striata, var. of Rossmassler. H. SUBSTRIATA, Clessin. PI. 1, figs. 41-43. Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, striulate, shining, milk- white, unicolored or banded with chestnut ; whorls 5, slowly, regu- larly increasing, convex, with deep suture, last whorl rounded, not descending in front ; peristome acute. Diam. 11 mill. Crimea. H. SUBCOSTULATA, Bourg. PI. 2, figs. 67-69. Perforate, chalky, whitish, the earlier whorls obscurely maculated with corneous, irregularly strongly costulate, suture impressed; whorls 6, convex, the last bluntly angulated, slightly descending at the aperture ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 5-6 mill. Algiers. H. AGRIOICA, Bourg. PL 2, figs. 70-72. Narrowly umbilicated, chalky, whitish, with a few translucent corneous maculations above and below, distantly costulate above, sculpture weaker on the base, suture impressed ; whorls 6, the last bluntly angulated, suddenly deflected at the aperture; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 7 mill. Algiers. 10 HELIX. H. ACUTISTRIA, Bottger. PL 2, figs. 73-75. Moderately umbilicated, white, unicolored, or with a single chestnut band above and five interrupted narrow bands below ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, with deep suture, convex, closely covered wTith thread-like striae, last whorl scarcely descending, ob- tusely angulated, angle vanishing towards the aperture ; peristonie simple, acute, remotely white-lipped within. Diam. 9-10 mill. Tiflis, Transcaucasia. This species has been recently referred to JET. crenimargo (Vol. Ill, p. 252), as a var. obtusior. H. CANDIDULA, Studer. PL 1, figs. 44-48. Narrowly umbilicated, minutely striate, whitish, unicolored or variously banded with brown ; whorls 4$— 5, slightly convex, the last scarcely deflected in front ; peristome acute, internally thick- ened. Diam. 9 mill.* Middle Europe. The synonyms are H. unifasciata, Poir., H. bidentata, Drap., H. striata, Var. Drap., H. graphica, H. rugellosa, and H. striatula, Hartm., H. azona, H. unizona and H. radiolata, Andrz., H. elegans, Fleming. Var. ALPICOLA, Stabile. Small, cretaceous, globosely depressed, rather thin, with narrow, pale, interrupted bands, evanescent, aperture more rounded. Diam. 6*5 mill. Var. THYMORUM, Alt. Turbinately depressed, obtuse, more or less striate, porcellanous or yellowish, with a chestnut band above, and sometimes with in- ferior lines; last whorl flattened above, obtusely angulated, con- vex below ; peristome white-lipped within. Var. GRATIOSA, Ziegler. Shell much larger. H. strigatula, Hartm., and H. adnumerata, Parr., are synonyms. Var. SPIRILLA, Westerl. Narrowly umbilicated, depressed, costu late - striate, yellowish, usually with a superior chestnut band; whorls 4i>-5, the last di- lated, planate above, obtusely angulated, base convex; aperture angulated above and below, widely 2-3 labiate within, columella short, forming an angle with the basal lip. Diam. 4*6 mill. Southern France, Sicily. HELIX. 11 Var. VORTEX, Westerl. Globosely convex, densely costulate ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, convex, the last scarcely larger; aperture rounded lunar. Diam. 5-5'5 mill. Southern France. Var. ALBOCINCTELLA, Colb. Shell brownish, the fasciations confluent, with a median white line. Belgium. Var. NAMURCENSIS, Colb. Shell whitish with a band of chestnut dots on the periphery, ap- pearing again above the suture, and two additional spiral series, very faint, on the base. Belgium. Var. LUNULATA, Kryn. Striolate, angulated above, white, sometimes with chestnut bands and lines, spire a little more elevated, umbilicus narrower ; whorls 6, rounded ; peristome patulous, lipped within. Odessa. Var. MELL^E, Pini. Small, somewhat depressed, more rugose, with wide bands above or below. H. RUGOSIUSCULA, Mich. PI. 2, figs. 76, 77. Moderately umbilicated, closely, elegantly costulate-striate, grey- ish, apex corneous ; whorls 5, a little flattened above, the last scarcely angulated, convex below ; peristome acute, strongly lipped within. Diam. 6 mill. Tar agon, Central Pyrenees. H. PALADILHI, Bourg. PL 2, figs. 78-80. Rather narrowly umbilicated, somewhat closely unequally costu- late, whitish, with a single interrupted brown band above the peri- phery, apex light corneous ; whorls 5, slightly convex, slowly in- creasing, the last scarcely descending in front, barely angulated, convex below ; peristome acute, scarcely labiate within. Diam. 8 mill. Montpellier, France. H. CYPARISSIAS, Parr. PL 1, fig. 49. Moderately umbilicated, closely costulate-striate, white, punctate or irregularly maculated and subfasciate with chestnut, apex cor- 12 HELIX. neous ; whorls 5, convex, the last narrow, not descending in front ; peristome acute, thinly labiate with chestnut. Diam. 6 mill. Ins. Cyprus. H. ARROUXI, Bourg. PI. 2, figs. 81, 82. Umbilicated, depressed, fragile, subpellucid, thinly striulate, ful- vous chestnut maculated with white, with a shining, blackish apex ; whorls 5£, a little convex, suture well impressed, last whorl ob- scurely subangulated, base convex. Diam. 6 mill. JBerytus, Syria. Following Pfeiffer, I included this species in Patula (Vol. Ill, 21), but it is evidently more closely related to the present group. H. IMPROBATA, Mousson. PI. 1, figs. 50-52. Widely umbilicated, unequally, strongly striate, white, greyish or with punctate corneous lines ; whorls 5, flattened above, rounded below, the earlier and middle ones distinctly filosely carinated, the last with the angle evanescent, irregularly deflected ; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 13 mill. Around Jerusalem. H. CONSPURCATA, Drap. PI. 1, figs. 53, 54. Narrowly umbilicated, costulate, hairy, horny ash color, minutely variegated ; whorls 4-5, depressed ; peristome acute. Diam. 6 mill. Southern Europe, Algiers, Teneriffe. It is H. radiolata, Jan, and H. Sardiniensis, Porro. H. Aetncea, Beuoit is a juvenile of this species. Var. ILLUVIOSA, Nevill. "An apparently constant form, differing conspicuously in the character of the epidermis, and slightly in those of the shell itself." No other description given. Mentone, France. Var. PSARA, Bourg. PL 3, figs. 89-91. Rather widely umbilicated, subopaque, dull, strongly irregularly striate, earlier whorls brownish, with white maculations, last whorl uniform brownish corneous ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, the last rounded, scarcely, slowly descending in front; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 8 mill. Algiers. H. LETOURNEUXIANA, Bourg. PL 3, figs. 92-94. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, subopaque, ash color with chestnut maculations disposed in an interrupted spiral zone, costu- HELIX. 13 late striate ; whorls 6, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last with angulated periphery, not descending in front, convex below ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 8 mill. Algiers. H. EUSTRICTA, Bourg. PL 2, figs. 84, 85. Moderately umbilicated, whitish, with corneous maculations above, disposed as in a serpent's skin, below all white, or with three usually interrupted narrow corneous bands, closely striate above, more strongly so below ; whorls 5, the last subcarinate, scarcely, slowly descending in front, base convex, somewhat inflated round the um- bilicus ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 5 mill. Algiers. H. LOCHEANA, Bourg. PL 3, figs. 95-97. Rather narrowly umbilicated, thin, slightly pellucid, striulate, and when living clothed with very short, rigid hairs, greyish white, with ashy brown flames at the suture or on the base, or more usually several bands, flamed with whitish ; whorls 5, convex, the earlier ones carinate in young individuals, the last large, rounded, usually with a whitish peripheral band, not descending at the aperture; peristome simple, acute, slightly labiate within. Diam. 5 mill. • A Igiers. H. MORICOLA, Paladilhe. PL 2, fig. 83. Rather narrowly umbilicated, thin, fragile, with short, somewhat recurved hairs, and slightly flexuous regular striae, brownish, spotted with greyish white ; whorls 5, slightly convex, with well-impressed suture, last whorl obtusely angulated on the periphery, base convex, with white spots formed of concentric lines.; peristome acute. Diam. 4 mill. Dep. Herault, France. Smaller, with narrower umbilicus, deeper suture and rounder aperture than H. conspurcata. H. INTERSECTA, Mich. PL 2, figs. 86-88. Narrowly umbilicated, closely costulate-striate, opaque, whitish gray or dark brown, rarely unicolored, usually interruptedly banded, maculated, or punctate with fulvous or chestnut color; whorls 5-6, slowly increasing, the last obsoletely angulated, shortly descending in front ; peristome simple, chestnut- or white-lipped within. Diam. 8 mill. So. France, N. Spain. H. ignota, Mabille is a synonym. 14 HELIX. H. JAYLEI, Paladilhe. Widely umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal, regularly rugosely costulate, somewhat chalky, whitish straw-color, apex somewhat ros"y; whorls 5£, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last large, a little descending in front; aperture suboblique, rounded-lunar, peristome simple, acute, labiate within, margins approaching. Diam. 12 mill. Tangiers. Var. RUSTICULA, Palad. Umbilicus narrower, spire more elevated, apex smaller, black- ish, costulations stronger, more irregular, whorls more convex above, more rapidly increasing. Diam. 14 mill. Tangiers. Paladilhe, after pointing out the differences between this form, which he describes as a species, and H. Jaylei, thinks it not improba- ble that they will prove identical. Kobelt reduces rusticula to the rank of a variety. I am unable to figure the species because my copy of the work containing the description is incomplete, in want- ing the plate referred to in the text. H. SUBMERIDIONALIS, Bourg. PI. 3, figs. 98-100. Narrowjy umbilicated, whitish, with five interrupted chestnut zones, strongly striate; whorls 6, scarcely convex above, rapidly increasing, the last rounded, slightly descending in front; peristome acute, brown-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill. Algiers. This specific name was originated for an assemblage of species now recognized as distinct, and is better limited to the Algerian form figured by its author, as typical; perhaps should be suppressed altogether. H. CAPERATA, Mtg. PI. 3, figs. 1, 3-5, 12, 13. Moderately umbilicated, closely striate, whitish or yellowish with brownish or corneous bands, maculations or interrupted striga- tions; whorls 6, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last not deflected, base more convex, peristome white-lipped, acute. Diam. 8-11 mill. Western Europe. It is H. striata, Drap. (in part), H. crenulata, Dillw., H. fasciolata, Drouet, H. intersecta of numerous authors. Var. BARCINENSIS, Bourg. Figs. 3-5. Narrowly umbilicated, irregularly plicate-striate, ashy white or light brownish, fasciated and maculated with chestnut, smoother HELIX. 15 below; whorls 5?, convex, the last slightly deflected in front, periphery subangulated ; peristome acute, white-lipped within, mar- gins approximating. Diam. 10*5 mill. Miranda, Spain. The synonyms are H. Mirandas and H. Iberica, Rambur. Var. DINIENSIS, Rambur. Figs. 12,,13. Moderately umbilicated, very thinly, regularly striate-costulate, whitish or ash colored, with brown lines and bands; whorls 5£, slowly increasing, the last subdeflected in front, base more convex ; peristome thin, white-lipped within, margins approximating. Diam. 12 mill. Southern France. H. LANGLOISIANA, Bourg. PL 3, figs. 6-8. Umbilicated, somewhat solid, crispately rugulose above, striate below, white, unicolored or with subconfluent bands and strigations above, apex light corneous; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last wider, scarcely descending in front, periphery subangulated ; peris- tome acute, widely white-lipped within, margins approaching. Diam. 10'5 mill. Syria. It is H. caperata, Var. Kobelt's Catalogue. H. ARMILLATA, Lowe. PL 3, figs. 9-11. Moderately umbilicated, thin, costulate, obsoletely spirally striate, brownish corneous, marbled and subfasciate with whitish, suture impressed; whorls 5, subplanate, the last not deflected in front, carinated above, base convex, subcompressed round the umbilicus ; peristome simple, acute, margins distinct. Diam. 7-8 mill. Madeira, Azores. The synonyms are If. striata, Lowe, H. conspurcata, Mouss., H. Lowei, Pot. et Mich. H. MOLINA, Hidalgo. PL 3, figs. 14-16. Perviously umbilicated, rather thin, somewhat shining, striulate, brownish above, with white scattered spots, banded below, some- times all brown, with small white spots, or corneous, with translucent brown bands and irregular maculations ; whorls 5-5?, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last scarcely deflected in front, periphery obsoletely angulated ; peristome acute, white, labiate within, margins approaching. Diam. 10 mill. Columbret Is. between Spain and the Balearic Is. 16 HELIX. H. MADRITENSIS, Kambur. PL 3, figs. 17, 18. Perforate whitish or ash colored, with two maculated brown bands above, often obsolete, thinly and regularly closely costulate ; whorls 5, the last subinflated, a little deflected in front, base sub- turgid, suture conspicuous, periphery carinated ; peristome simple, acute, widely labiate within, margins joined by a thin white callus. Diam. 9 mill. Madrid, Spain. H. PENCHINATI, Bourg. PI. 3, figs. 19-21. Perviously umbilicated, striate, corneous chestnut color flamed with white above, whitish, dark banded below, suture impressed; whorls 5?, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last carinated, the carina vanishing towards the aperture, suddenly descending, base convex; peristome simple, acute, slightly thickened within, margins approximating, joined by a thin callus. Diam. 6'5 mill. Barcelona, Spain. H. CODIA, Bourg. PL 3, figs. 22-24. Narrowly umbilicated, subpellucid, elegantly costate, yellowish corneous with interrupted chestnut lineolatious, apex corneous; whorls 6, slightly convex, regularly increasing, suture scarcely impressed, last whorl rounded, abruptly descending at the aperture; peristome acute, w7hite margined within. Diam. 12 mill. Portugal. H. intersecta, Morel et is a synonym. Ancey has indicated a var. RUFA. H. SEMIPICTA, Hidalgo. PL 3, fig. 2. Moderately umbilicated, thin, subopaque, a little shining, mi- nutely striated above, smooth below, light yellowish white, with pellucid maculations above, profusely variegated and banded at the periphery with brownish corneous, suture rather deep; whorls 5-5?, a little convex, regularly increasing, the last convex, slightly des- cending in front, base subdepressed ; peristome acute, sublabiate within. Diam, 9'5 mill. Alearez, Spain. H. GIGAXII, Charp. PL 3, figs. 25-27. Arcuately rimate, solid, closely striated, opaque, whitish or flesh color, unicolored or marbled and interruptedly banded with chestnut, apex corneous; whorls 5, somewhat flattened, the last wider, not TJNIVE: C4LIF HELIX. 17 descending in front, base convex ; peristome simple, acute, remotely labiate within, margins approaching. Diam. 9'5-12'5 mill. France, Belgium, England. H. MEDA, Porro. PI. 3, fig. 44. Scarcely rimate, globose above, somewhat flattened below, costu- late-striate, whitish or brownish, with narrow interrupted chestnut bands, sometimes unicolored; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last angulated on the periphery, not descending in front, base subplane, striate ; peristome acute, with flesh colored callus within. Diam. 10-12 mill. Sicily, Sardinia, Malta. H. subclausa, Eossm., and H. Calypso and Turatii, Parr, are synonyms. Unfigured Species of Subsection Candidula. H. HYPJEANA, H. DEFERIANA, and H. DANIELI, Bourg. France. H. CARCUSIANA, H. HERIPENSIS, H. THUILLIERI and H. LOROO LOSSICOLA, H. ARGA, H. ILICETORUM, H. BELLOQUADRICA, Mabille. France. H. HICETORUM, Locard. = H. ILICITORUM, Mabille. H. FLORENTINE, Ponsonby. Tangiers. H. ANTONIANA, Kochebrune. St. Antoine, Cape Verd Is. H. DUMEVAGA, Morelet. Morocco. H. ClTHARISTENSIS, H. REQIUENI, H. MARSIANA, H. VlCIANICA, Bourg. France. H. PSAROPSIS, H. IDANICA, H. GAROCELIANA, H. ELIMBERRISIANA, H. ARELATENSIS, Locard. France. H. YCAUNICA, H. PHILOMIPHILA, H. LUGDUNIACA, LE MESLEI, Mabille. France. H. DlENSIS, H. PSILORITANA, H. 8UBVARIEGATA, H. FBEYTAGI, Maltzan. Isle of Crete. H. COMMEATA, and H. MESOPOTAMIA, Mousson, and Var. GHAE- SIANA, of the latter species. Mesopotamia. H. ORDUNENSIS, Kobelt. Orduna, Biscay, Spain. H. DEANA, and H. PLEURESTHA, Tassy. France. H. NILSSONIANA, Beck, (H. ericelorum, Nilss.). Sweden. H. FUREDENSIS, H. BAKONYCA, H. PLATTENICA, Servain. Hungary. H. ARNUSIACA, Fagot, (H. profuga, Var. Etrusca, Issel). N. Italy. 18 HELIX. H. APRUTIANA, Fagot. Abruzzi, Italy. H. VISANICA, H. CARPENSORACTENSIS, H. FOLIOEUM, Fagot. France. H. PRINOHILA, H. SOLACIACA, Mabille. France. H. ROBINIANA H. PAULI, H. PHILORA, H. RUIDA. Bourg. France. H. BRINOPHILA, Locard. = H. PRINOHILA, Mabille. H. RHYTEPHORA, Carp. Egypt. H. KOTSCHYI, Pfr. Persia. H. AURIGERANA, H. ALA VAN A, H. UssATENSis, Fagot. France. H. LUNULATA, Krynicki. Odessa. H. FLORENTINE, Fagot. Florence, Italy. H. TRINGA, Fagot. (JET. profuga, Var. tringa, West.) Ins. Lido, Venice. H. GRADISCANENSIS, Fagot. Istria. H. POUZONENSIS, H. RENEI, H. CROUZILIANA, H. MARGIERIANA, H. SlTICULOSA, H. SCRUPELLINA, Fagot. France. H. MONISTROLENSIS, H. JoussEAUMEi, Fagot. France. H. IRIANA, Pol. Piedmont. H. HONORATI, H. SUBINTERSECTA, H. PlCTONUM, H. LlBOUXIAXA, Bourg. H. IDIOPHYA, Florence. H. CALLISTHA, Berenguier. H. VESTITA, Rambur. H..STRUCKI Maltzan. H. ROMANA, H. COLOSSEANA, Fagot. H. FIESOLENSIS, Fagot. H. EUMJEUS, Lowe. H. BRUNDUSIANA, Fagot. H. LESINIACA, Fagot. H. SAMNITUM, and Var. PUGNAX, Westerl. H. ANDALUSICA, Kobelt. France. France. France. So. France, Spain, Corsica. Portugal. Pome. Fiesole, near Florence. Mogador, Morocco. Brindisi, Italy. Ins. Lesina, Dalmatia. Samnium, Italy. Spain, Portugal. France. H. HERBARUM, H. XENELiCA, Servain. H. GESOCRIBATENSIS, H. SCRUPEA, H. LIEURANENSIS, H. GRO- BONI, H. COUTAGNEI, H. NOMEPHILA, H. TOLOSANA, H. V ERANYI, H. VALCOURTIANA, H. MAURINIANA, H. ACENTROMPHALA, H. JEANBERNATI, H. ACOSMIA, H. FRAYSSIANA, H. MOQUERONI, H..EREMA, H. MICROPHANA, H. TARASCONENSIS, H. RUIDA, Bourg. France. HELIX. 19 H. LAURAGUAISIANA, Locard. France. H. EUCALLA, H. Is^EA, H. IRANA, HAGENMULLER. Tunis. H. AMICULA, H. AMPHIBOLA, H. ANASIA, H. GONIOGYRA, H. SAHARICA, H. ISCHUROSTOMA, H. TERRICOLA, H. GALEOMMA, H. BRYAR^A, H. AGGARICA, H. MALASPINjE, H. DUVEYRIERIANA, H. AGRIOICA, H. SPECIALIS, H. MAURITANICA, H. TARIA, H. KRIZENSIS, Bourg. Tunis. H. TREMATA, H. INCOLUMIS, H. LiECOUFFEI, H. ISTERA, H. MEHE- DIANA, H. CRISIA, H. BRADYB^ENA, H. JEGLIA, H. ARGODERMA, H. EUCOR^A, H. AMBLOXA, H. CONCHOLEUCA, Letourn. et Bourg. Tunis. H. MESSAPIA, Blanc. Tunis. H. HERBATICA, Fagot. Tunis. H. MENDRANOI, H. CANOVASIANA. H. SoLANOI, H. ALLUVIONUM, Servain. Tunis. Besides the above, wHich are mostly species as understood by the "new school" conchologists — that is merely local variations, an additional large number of names are quoted in Letourneux and Bourguignats "Prodr. Mai. Tunisie" as European relations of Tunisian forms. These are mostly undescribed, and therefore need not be reproduced here. Subsection VI, LEMNISCIA, Lowe. 1854. H. TUMULORUM, Webb and Berthelot. PI. 3, figs. 28, 29. Subcovered perforate, closely, distinctly striate, white with inter- rupted brown bands ; whorls 6-7, scarcely convex, the last not de- scending, periphery sharply angulated, base flatly convex ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 12 mill. Canary Is. H. PHALERATA, Webb and Berthelot. PL 3, figs. 31-33. Perforate, distinctly costulate-striate, whitish or yellowish white, with an interrupted band and a series of maculations of chestnut above ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last obsoletely subangulated, not descending in front ; peristome acute, sublabiate within. Diam. 8*5 mill. Canary Is. It is H. Roseti, Webb and Berth, not Mich., and H. Nivariemis, Shuttl. H. PERSIMILIS, Shuttl. PL 33, fig. 70. Subcovered perforate, thin, plicately striate, corneous, with two interrupted chestnut bands, maculated with white, one above, the 20 HELIX. other below the periphery ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last not descending in front, periphery obtusely angulated ; peristome sim- ple, acute. Diam. 7 mill. Ins. Teneriffe and Palma. H. prceposita, Mousson is a synonym. Var. DEVIA, Mousson. Somewhat larger, depressed conical, subcarinate, marbled with grey and corneous above, with two bands of brown and white spots. H. OLEACEA, Shuttl. PL 4, figs. 34-36. Subcovered perforate, thin, fragile, a little shining, striate, yel- lowish brown, with a series of chestnut maculations near the suture and another on the middle of the base ; whorls 5-5 £, scarcely con- vex above, the last not descending, with a peripheral carina vanish- ing in front ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 8 mill. Ins. Palma, Canaries. H. deusta, Lowe is a synonym. H. WOOWABDII, Tarnier. PL 4, figs. 37-39. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, fragile, dull, lightly plicately striate, uniform whitish- or yellowish-corneous, without bands, the plicae a little paler; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last scarcely descending in front, periphery angulated, the keel visible some distance up the spire, base a little more convex ; peristome acute, scarcely expanded, not labiate. Diam. 7 mill. Ins. Teneriffe. H. C^MENTITIA, Shuttl. PL 4, figs. 40-42. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, dull, plicately costulate, ash colored, marbled with corneous, with a single peripheral interrupted band of chestnut and white spots ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, scarcely convex, the last shortly deflected in front, periphery carinated, carina vanishing towards the aperture ; aperture banded with chest- nut, peristome acute, thickened within, the margins joined by a white callus. Diam. 11 '5 mill. Canary Is. H. MONILIFERA, Webb and Berthelot. PL 4, figs. 43, 44. Subcovered perforate, somewhat solid, strongly striate, whitish with one superior and two inferior bands of chestnut maculations ; whorls 5-5 i, slightly convex, the last scarcely descending, periphery HELIX. 21 rounded ; peristome acute, strongly labiate within, margins distant, with a slight connecting callus. Diam. 6'7 mill. Canary Is. It is H. Lancerottensis of Orb. Moll. Canaries, text but not figures. H. MICHAUDI, Desh. PI. 4, figs. 45, 46. Subcovered perforate, rugosely striate, shining, brownish white, with three continuous chestnut bands; whorls 7, slightly convex, the last not descending, periphery rounded, base scarcely more con- vex than above; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 10-12 mill. Porto Sancto, Madeiran Is. H. bicolor, Lowe is synonym. H. LEMNISCATA, Webb and Berthelot. PI. 4, figs. 47-49. Covered perforate, obliquely distinctly striate, brownish white or yellowish, banded with chestnut or chocolate, bands sometimes interrupted; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last not descending in front, periphery obtusely angulated, base flattened convex, peristome acute, slightly chestnut-lipped within. Diam. 9 mill. Grand Canary Isl. H. ATOMATA, Menke. PI. 4, figs. 50-52. Evidently a young shell, — possibly of H. tumulorum, Webb and Berth. Hob. unknown. Unfigured Species. H. UMBICULA, Shuttl. Canary Is. H. Rosetti, and H. phalerata of Pfr. (not Webb and Berth.), are synonyms. H. WATSONIANA, Wollaston. Grand Canary, and Teneriffe Is. Subsection VII, XEROLEUCA, Kobelt. 1877. H. TUNETANA, Pfr. PL 4, figs. 53, 54. Moderately umbilicated, solid, opaque, roughly granular, yellow- ish brown , whorls 4, plane above, exserted and compressly carinated, the last not descending, base somewhat convex, angulated round the umbilicus; peristome subsimple, the base thickened and reflected. Diam. 18 mill. Tunis. H. TETRAGONA, Morelet. PL 4, figs. 55-57. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, striated, greyish; whorls 4£, flattened above, suture margined, periphery acutely carinated, base 22 HELIX. compressly inflated, with a thread-like carina round the perspective umbilicus; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 15 mill. Algeria. H. TURCICA, Chemn. PL 4, figs. 58-60. Widely umbilicated, rugosely, vermicularly striated, crenulately carinated, greyish white; whorls 5J, rapidly increasing, with sub- crenulated suture, umbilicus perspective, bounded by a crenulated carina. Diam. 24 mill. Morocco. It is H. cratera, Schum. H. MOGADORENSIS, Bourg. PI. 4, figs. 61-63. Widely umbilicated, solid, cretaceous, opaque, yellowish white, vermicularly striate; whorls five, all slightly carinate, peripheral carina compressed, crenulated, last whorl a little descending in front, umbilicus bordered by a thread-like carina. Diam. 17 mill. Mogador, Morocco. H. MOGRABINA, Morelet. PI. 4, fig. 64. Moderately umbilicated, vermicularly striate, cretaceous, solid, grayish white ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, crenulately carinated at the suture, peripheral carina compressed, tubercularly crenulated, base turgid, the umbilical region defined by an angle. Diam. 17 mill. Morocco, Algeria. H. DEGENERANS, Mousson. PI. 4, figs. 65, 66. Widely umbilicated, cretaceous, vermicularly striated; whorls 5i, slightly convex above, creuulately carinated, umbilicus with a thread-like carina; peristome acute. Diam. 16 mill. Morocco. H. CONOPSIS, Morelet. PL 4, figs. 67, 68; PL 5, figs. 11-13. Moderately umbilicated, granularly rugose, particularly below, grayish white, cretaceous; whorls 6, scarcely convex, periphery with a thread-like carina, base convex, umbilical region angulated. Diam 12 mill. Morocco. Unfigured Species of Xeroleuca. H. DAROLI, Letourn. Algeria. H. DJARICA, Bourg. Algeria. HELIX. 23 H. LIBYCA, Ponsonby. Libya, N. Africa. H. BERENICE, Kobelt. Libya, N. Africa. Subsection VIII, TURRICULA, Beck. 1837. H. DEROGATA, Rossm. PI. 4,vfigs. 73-76. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, minutely striate, shining, whitish, with narrow chestnut bands above and below the periphery, and narrow ones on the base; whorls nearly 5£, scarcely convex, the last depressed, rounded, not descending in front, base more convex ; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 9 mill. Murcia, Spain. H. subrogata, var. p. is a synonym. Var. ANGULATA, Rossm. Fig. 76. Usually maculosely variegated above, costulations stronger, periph- ery angulated. H. Murcica, Guirao is a synonym. H. HIPPONENSIS, Morelet. PI. 4, fig. 77. Narrowly perforate, thin, costulate-striate, whitish, with continu- ous or interrupted chestnut bands ; whorls 6£, convex, the last an- gulated at the periphery, not descending in front ; peristome acute, slightly margined within. Diam. 10 mill. Algeria. H. WARNIERIANA, Bourg. PL 4, figs. 78-80. Perforate, moderately solid, chalky, somewhat pellucid, malleated by obscure stride, yellowish white, irregularly variegated with sub- translucid corneous maculations; whorls 62, scarcely convex, the last slightly descending in front, periphery obtusely angulated, angle evanescent towards the aperture ; peristome acute, remotely white- lipped within. Diam. 10 mill. Tunis. H. PYRAMIDATA, Drap. PL 5, fig. 83-86, 99, 100, 3; PL 4, figs. 81, 82. Narrowly umbilicated, striulate, white, unicolored or banded and variegated with chestnut, spire obtuse ; whorls 6, convex, the last not descending in front, a little flattened on the base; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 11 mill. Mediterranean Region. H. agnata, H. arenaria, H. littoralw, H. sabulosa, and H. specta- bilis, Zglr., are synonyms. 24 HELIX. Var. NOVA, Paulucci. Figs. 86-88. Shell much more depressed, periphery sometimes obsoletely angu- lated, unicolored or variegated. Calabria. Var. GRATIOSA, Paulucci. Undescribed. Var. DEPRESSA, Bourg. Fig. 3. More depressed than the type, but not so flat as the Var. nova, scarcely obsoletely angulated, umbilicus somewhat larger. Calabria, Algiers. Var. NUMIDICA, Moquin-Tandon. PI. 4, figs. 81, 82. Depressed conical, last whorl with angulated periphery, convex on the base, umbilicus wider than the type. Algiers. Var. TARENTINA, Pfr. Figs. 99, 100. Very narrowly umbilicated, closely costulate, light brownish, sometimes variegated and subfasciate with whitish and brownish ; whorls 6, the last subangulated, not descending, base subplanate ; peristome remotely labiate. Diam. 10 mill. Naples. H. THIESSE^E, Mousson. PI. 5, figs. 89-92. Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, striate, whitish, often vari- ously banded and maculated with chestnut; whorls 51, slightly convex, slowly increasing, with impressed suture, last whorl a little descending in front, the periphery subangulated ; peristome simple, scarcely expanded, strongly, remotely labiate within. Diam. 10 mill. Eubcea, Greece. H. CHALCIDICA, Blanc. PI. 5, figs. 93-95. Narrowly umbilicated, striate, whitish, unicolored, or with a superior and a basal band of chestnut maculations ; whorls 5£, moderately convex, with well impressed suture, last whorl descend- ing in front, base convex ; peristome acute, strongly labiate within. Diam. 13 mill. Greece. H. DAVIDIANA, Bourg. PI. 5, figs. 4-6. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, chalky, not shining, whitish, sub- maculated above, subzoiiate below, strongly, irregularly costate; whorls 5|, convex, regularly increasing, subcarinated, the periphery obtusely angulated, the last whorl descending in front ; peristome simple, slightly thickened within. Diam. 9 mill. Jerusalem. HELIX. 25 H. SERRULATA, Beck. PI. 5, figs. 1, 2. Very narrowly perforate, corrugately tuberculate-striate, whitish more or less banded with chestnut, especially on the base ; whorls 6, slightly convex, subcarinate, the last with angulated, tuberculated peripheral angle ; peristome acute, internally labiate. Diam. 12 mill. Egypt. H. crenulata, Olivier, is a synonym. H. PTYCHODIA, Bourg. PI. 5, figs. 7, 8. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, subtuberculate above and crispately ribbed, yellowish white; whorls 6, scarcely convex, slightly carinate at the suture, the last whorl with angulated peri- phery, the angle evanescent near the aperture, base convex, less strongly striate; peristome acute, slightly thickened within. Diam. 15 mill. Egypt. Is possibly a synonym or a variety of the preceding species. H. PHILAMMIA, Boiirg. PI. 5, figs. 9, 10. Narrowly perforate, opaque, chalky, rugosely, subtubercularly costate above, less roughly so below, whitish, faintly banded on the base ; whorls 6?, tubercularly carinated at the suture and on the periphery, last whorl suddenly deflected in front, base convex; peristome acute, thickened within. Diam. 13 mill. Egypt, Syria. One of a series of species whose differences may be only varietal. H. TUBERCULOSA, Conrad. PI. 5, figs. 16, 17. Narrowly perforate, opaque, cretaceous, corrugately striated, and tubercularly bicarinated, irregularly rugose below, yellowish white; whorls 6, flattened, periphery strongly tubercularly carinated, base a little convex ; peristome acute, slightly labiate within. Diam. 12-13 mill. Palestine. H. Despreauxii, Bourg., is a synonym. H. DESPREAUXII, d'Orb. PI. 5, figs. 18, 19. Perforate, rugosely tuberculate, calcareous, whitish, carinate ; whorls 5, somewhat exserted, tubercularly bicarinated, the lower carina more prominent ; aperture brownish, peristome simple, acute, margins approaching, connected by a callus. Diam. 8 mill. Canary Is. 26 HELIX. H. Preauxii, Hartm., is a synonym. Var. IMMODICA, Mousson. Thicker, more elevated, nodules less numerous but stronger ; peristome obtuse, thickened, continuous, subsolute. Grand Canary Isl. (subfossil). H. MODERATA, Mousson. PI. 5, figs. 20, 21. Minutely, varying to rather narrowly umbilicated, nodulously rugose and bicarinated, greyish white, suture serrately margined above; whorls 5, subexserted, the last strongly carinated on the periphery, descending at the aperture, base slightly convex, radi- ately nodulous; peristome acute, sublabiate, margins converging but not continuous. Diam. 10 mill. Is. Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, Canaries. Described as a variety of H. Despreauxii, which it very probably is, although both Pfeiffer and Wollaston consider it distinct. H. MIRANDA, Lowe. PL 5, figs. 22-25. Narrowly umbilicated, rugose, with distant oblique corrugated ribs, smoother on the base, more regularly plicate, whitish, Avith an interrupted basal chestnut band ; whorls 5, obsoletely bicarinated, periphery of last whorl crenulately carinated, the suture crenulated ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 7 mill. Ins. Gomera, Canaries. H. nodoso-striata, Mousson (figs. 24, 25), is apparently a not fully grown specimen of this species. H. HESPERIDUM, Morelet. PL 5, figs. 14, 15 ; PL 6, figs. 53, 54. Very narrowly perforate, slightly shining, greyish, the rugosities lighter colored, base unifasciate, obliquely rugose, somewhat tuber- culate; whorls 6, carinate, peripheral carina tuberculate; aperture brownish, peristome thin, simple. Diam. 8'5 mill. Near Mogador, Morocco. H. INOPS, Mousson, PL 5, figs. 26, 27. Minutely perforate, arcuately subcostulate-striate, slightly shin- ing, white, suture impressed, simple ; whorls 5 J, a little convex, the last not descending, periphery obtusely carinated ; peristome acute, margins not approaching. Diam. 8 mill. Grand Canarg Isl. H. CYCLODON, Webb and Berthelot. PL 6, figs. 34, 35. Scarcely perforate, rugosely striated, brownish white, suture den- tate ; whorls 7, flattened, dentately carinated, with a series of tu- HELIX. 27 bercles above the peripheral carina, base slightly convex ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 7*5 mill. Canary Is. Has been referred, as a synonym, to the next species, but its dif- ferential characters are obvious. H. PUMILIO, Chemn. PL 6, figs. 49, 50. Narrowly umbilicated, whitish, muricately rugose ; whorls 7, all acutely carinated, last whorl bicarinated, the peripheral carina ser- rated, base rugosely striate. Diam. 10 mill.. Near Mogador, Morocco. .H. TROCHOIDES, Poiret. PL 5, figs. 28-31 ; PL 6, figs. 36-39. Perforate, substriate, whitish, unicolored or chestnut banded ; whorls 5-6, slightly convex, with thread-like carina, base a little convex ; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 6'67 mill. Mediterranean Countries. It is H. conica, Drap., H. Algira, Chier., If. solarium, Risso. Var. SULCULATA, Jan. Figs. 30, 31. Carina obsolete, costulate-striate, usually maculated with chestnut, whorls scarcely convex. Sicily, Malta, Italy, etc. H. rugosiuscula, Mich., and H. rugosa, Arad., are synonyms. Var. PUMILIO, Pfr. Umbilicus wider, costulate-striate, carina crenulated. Var. PYRAMIDELLA, Jan. Trochiform, umbilicated, striate, obtusely carinated, white, with diaphanous corneous maculations. Northern Italy. Var. TURRITELLA, Parr. Figs. 36, 37. Perforate, striate, with a brown band above the carina and usually another on the base, suture distinctly thread-margined ; whorls 62, convex, the last with subacute thread-like carina. Dalmatia. Var. REMISSA, Parr. Shell smaller, whorls 6, with oblong maculations and brown strise above. Diam. 4 mill. Ins. Lesina. Var. VERTICILLATA, Parr. Figs. 38, 39. Perforate, conical, closely plicate, white, suture margined; whorls 6, slightly convex, peripheral carina defined by a sulcus. Diam. 5 mill. Ins. Rhodes; Italy. 28 HELIX. Var. VIDUA, Westerl. Whorls 7, all rounded, without carina, suture very deep. Diam. 8 mill. Spezzia. A single specimen, perhaps a monstrosity. H. SYRENSIS, Pfr. PL 5, figs. 32, 33. Narrowly umbilicated, closely costulate, whitish marbled with brown ; whorls 5, exserted, carinated, flattened, base slightly convex; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 8 mill. Ins. Syra. H. SCHOMBBII, Scacchi. PL 6, figs. 40-42. Deeply umbilicated, obliquely costulate-striate, whitish, some- times chestnut banded ; whorls 6, slightly convex, with thread-like, crenulated carina, suture somewhat margined, base convex ; peris- tome acute, remotely labiate within. Diam. 8 mill. Malta. If. calcarata, Benoit, is a synonym. H. CUCULLUS, Mart. PL 6, figs. 43-45. Moderately umbilicated, plicately striate, greyish white, with sub- sutural maculations and obsoletely banded with chestnut, suture moderately impressed ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last rounded, scarcely descending in front, base flatly convex ; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill. Malta. H. IDALLE, Bourg. PL 6, figs. 46, 47. Narrowly perforate, somewhat solid, whitish or light greyish, ir- regularly serrulately costulate ; whorls 6, very convex, obsoletely subangulated, with deep suture, last whorl scarcely descending in front ; peristome simple, acute, labiate within at the base. Alt. 7, diam. 5 mill. Ins. Cyprus. H. LIEBETBUTI, Albers. PL 6, fig. 48. Perforate, somewhat solid, subarcuately costate, opaque, creta- ceous, whitish, suture deep; whorls 51, very convex, scalariformly exserted, the last not descending, crenately carinated below the middle, with a slight sulcus above the carina, base flatly convex; peristome acute, brown-lipped within. Diam. 5'3 mill. ; alt. 6 mill. Ins. Cyprus. HELIX. 29 H. NEWKA, Dohrn. PL 6, figs. 51, 52. Perforate, very closely costulate, yellowish grey, maculated and zoned with chestnut, suture distinct ; whorls 6£-7, bicarinated, ca- rinse obtuse, divided by a sulcus, base convex ; peristome acute above, slightly reflected below. Alt. 11, diam. 9'5 mill. Balearic Is. H. APICULUS, Rossm. PI. 6, figs. 55, 56. Narrowly perforate, closely costulate-striate, white, marbled and flamed with brown ; whorls 6, carinated, flattened, earina minutely serrulate, base subplane, striate ; peristome acute, labiate within. Diain. 9 mill. Ins. Lampedusa, Calabria. H. Cumice, Calcara, is a synonym. j H. TERRESTRIS, Pennant. PI. 6, figs. 57-62. Very narrowly umbilicated, solid, opaque, white or corneous brown, sometimes unifasciate or maculated, strongly obliquely costu- late ; whorls 6-7, flattened, all crenulately carinated, base flatly convex; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 9-13 mill. Mediterranean Region. It is H. elegans, Gmel., H. crenulata, Mull ?, H. trochulus, Hartm. Var. SCITULA, Jan. Figs. 60-62. More depressed, greyish brown, without bands. H. trochilus, Poir., H. depressa, Beck, and var. perdepressa, West, are synonyms. * There are also varieties canaliculata, Rigacci, ferruginea, Rigacci, and cornea, Dupuy. H. ELATA, Faure-Biguet. PI. 6, figs. 63-66. Narrowly perforate, obliquely closely costulate, whitish ; whorls 9, flattened, exserted, crenulately carinated, base flattened convex ; peristome acute, sublabiate within. Diam. 7, alt. 9 mill. Sicily, Capri. Var. DILATATA, Benoit. Figs. 65, 66. More depressed, concavely conical, base dilated. Diarn. 9-10'5 mill., alt. 7-9 mill. H. CARONI, Desh. PL 6, figs. 67, 68. Narrowly perforate, obliquely closely plicate, yellowish, macu- lated with chestnut; whorls 10-11, flat, exserted, serrately cari- 30 HELIX. nated, the last not descending in front, base flattened ; peristome acute, remotely labiate within. Diam. 8, alt. 11 mill. Sicily. It is H. turrita, Rossm., H. pyramis, Phil., and H. elata, Can- traine. H. SEQUENTINA, Benoit. PI. 6, figs. 69, 70. Narrowly perforate, costulate, whitish ; whorls 9-10, carinated, not exserted, flat, the last not descending in front ; peristome acute, remotely labiate within, basal margin slightly reflected. Diam. 7, alt. 8*5 mill. Sicily. H. TROCHLEA, Pfr. PI. 6, figs. 71, 72. Perforate, obliquely costulate-striate, whitish, sometimes macu- lated with chestnut, or banded on the base; whorls 8, exserted, acutely crenulately carinated, flattened, base a little convex, more closely and finely striated ; peristome acute, slightly labiate within. Diam. 7'67, alt. 8 mill. Algeria. Unfigured Species of Turricula. H. EUGONIOSTOMA, H. CHTHAMALOLENA, H. SYROSINA, Bourg. Ins. Syra. IJ. SIMIARUM, Kobelt. Gibraltar. H. LICODIENSIS, Cafici. Sicily. H. SULLIOTTII, Pollonera. Piedmont. H. BERTINI, Bourg. France. H. ARCENTOPHILA, Mabille. France. H. MELOLONTHA, Shuttlew. Canary Is. H. KELIBIANA, H. NEWKOPSIS, H. EUPYRAMIS, H. ZITOUMICA, H. MADANA, H. GALACTINA, H. VENERIANA, H. SPAELLA, H. SPAELLINA, Letourn. and Bourg. Tunis. H. TISEMSINICA, H. OAPUANA, H. DYRRACHIENSIS, H. ANOMBRA, H. MACTANICA, Bourg. Tunis. The two following Chinese species appear to be at least equally related to Bulimus, as suggested by Ancey (Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. 113, 1885). HELIX. 31 H. BULIMINOIDES, Heude. Vol. Ill, PL 52, figs. 18, 19. Covered perforate, obsoletely striulate, shining, brownish white ; whorls 7-9, slightly convex, slowly and regularly enlarging, suture superficial, last whorl obtusely carinated, not descending in front, convex below ; peristome a little thickened and reflected. Length, 10-13 mill. Nanking, China. H. PSEUDOBULIMINUS, Heude. Vol. Ill, PI. 52, figs. 16, 17. Perforate, strongly spirally striate, greyish white, shining ; whorls 9, convex, suture margined, last whorl angulated and channeled below the angle, base convex ; peristome acute, slightly expanded. Length, 12 mill. China. Subsection IX. COCHLICELLA, Risso. 1826. H. CONTERMINA, Shuttl. PI. 6, figs. 73, 74. Perforate, rather thin, closely costulate-striate, light grey, fasci- ate or punctate with chestnut ; whorls 7, slightly convex, the last rounded ; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 8, alt. 9 mill. Corsica. H. psammoica, Morelet, is a synonym. H. DITLICATA, Mousson. PI. 6, figs. 75, 76. Perforate, somewhat solid, calcareous, strongly obliquely striate, slightly shining, white ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last rounded, the base convex, with a central filiform spiral ridge, on the two sides of which the stria; are differently directed ; peristome acute, not labiate within, subincised below. Diam. 8*2 mill. Mogador, Morocco. H. VATONIAXA, Bourg. PL 6, figs. 81, 82. Narrowly perforate, rather thin, chalky, whitish, with subopaque, variously disposed flames, strongly, closely costulate-striate ; whorls 5-1, convex, slowly increasing, scarcely descending in front; peris- tome acute, labiate within. Diam. 8 mill. Algeria. H. CONOIDEA, Drap. PL 6, figs. 77, 78. Perforate, striulate, a little shining, white, variously banded with chestnut ; whorls 6, somewhat convex, the upper ones carinated ; peristome acute, simple, margins converging. Diam. 6'5, alt. 9'5 mill. Mediterranean Region. 32 HELIX. It is H. fibula, Wood, H. turbida, Kiister, and H. solitaria, Pfr., but not of Poiret — the latter being a scalariform monstrosity of H. candidula, according to Moquin-Tandon. H. PRINGI, Pfr. PL 6, figs. 79, 80. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, irregularly striate and punctate, whitish, cretaceous, usually with a basal chestnut band, sometimes marbled with corneous ; whorls 7, somewhat convex, periphery ob- soletely angulated ; peristome simple, margins approaching. Alt. 8, diam. 5 mill. Portugal. H. VENTRICOSA, Drap. PL 6, figs. 83-85. Very narrowly perforate, plicately striate, variously strigate and banded with corneous or chestnut ; whorls 7, somewhat flattened ; peristome acute. Alt. 9, diam. 5'5 mill. Mediterranean Region, Canaries, Azores, Bermuda (introd.). It is H. ventrosa, Fer., H. acuta, Webb, H. bulimoides, Moquin- Tandon, H. carinula, Gmel ?, H. cretacea, Chemn., H. agnata, Ziegler, H. barbara, Linn., teste Bourg. H. ACUTA, Miiller. PL 6, figs. 86-88. Very minutely perforate, irregularly striate, whitish, variously banded and strigate with chestnut ; whorls 9-10, at first carinated, subsequent ones rounded ; peristome acute, simple. Alt. 15, diam. 5%5 mill. Mediterranean Region, Great Britain, etc. The synonyms are H. barbara, Linn., teste WesterL, H. fasciata, Pennant, H. bifasciata, Pultney, H. meridionalis, Risso, H. ventri- cosa, Turton, H. litoralis, Brum., H. articulata, Lam., H. acutula, ZiegL, var. maritima, Desm., H. turritella, Andrz., H. variabilis, Hartm., H. Maroccana, Beck. H. BELLUCCIANA, Bourg. Unfigured. Tunis. H. BULIMINUS, Heude. Vol. Ill, PL 52, fig. 20. Rimately perforate, irregularly striated, chestnut color ; whorls 8, slightly convex, with impressed suture, slowly increasing, the last rounded; peristome simple, callous within. Length, 16 mill. Setchouan, China. This and the following would be at least equally well placed in Bulimus. HELIX. 33 H. TAIVANICA, Moll. Vol. Ill, PI. 52, fig. 21. Subperforate, thin, minutely, obliquely, rugulosely striate, a little shining, fulvous; whorls 10, slightly convex, the last rounded; peristonie simple. Length, 10 mill. China. BuL ineertus, Pfr., is a synonym. Section III. OCHTHEPHILA, Beck. 1837. Subsection I. OCHTHEPHILA (sensu stricto). H. ECHINULATA, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 89. Perforate, granular scaly, brownish, with two chestnut bands on the base ; Avhorls 6, flatly convex, the last acutely carinate, descend- ing in front, base somewhat flattened, concave next the carina; peristonie acute, continuous, slightly expanded. Diam. 5'6 mill. Porto Sancto, Madeira. It is H. bifiarinata, var. of Paiva. H. BICARINATA, Sowb. PL 7, fig. 90. Perforate, roughly granulated, brownish ; whorls 3, bicarinate, the last suddenly deflected in front, base scarcely convex ; peris- tome acute, slightly expanded, circular, continuous. Diam. 5'3 mill. Porto Sancto, Madeira. H. duplicata, Lowe, is a synonym. H. TURRICULA, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 91. Scarcely perforate, minutely, closely granulated, brownish, uni- colored or obsoletely banded below ; whorls 8-8 £, bicarinate, the carinse subequal, divided by a sulcus, suture distinct, last whorl scarcely deflected in front, base a little convex ; peristonie continu- ous, scarcely solute, thin, acute, shortly reflected at the base. Alt. 9, diam. 7 mill. Ilheo de Cima, near Porto Sancto, Madeira. H. OXYTROPIS, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 92. Narrowly perforate, roughly granular, chestnut color, with yel- lowish base, suture linear ; whorls 6, flattened, the last acutely an- gulated, deflected in front, base scarcely convex, sulcate next the periphery ; peristome continuous, solute, simple, subexpanded. Diam. 9 mill. Porto Sancto, Madeira. 3 34 HELIX. H. ECHINODERMA and H. LEACOCKIANA, Wollaston. Unfigured. Pto. Sancto. H. ALBERTISII, Brazier. Unfigured. New Guinea. Subsection II. GEOMITRA, Swains. 1840. H. CORONATA, Desh. PI. 7, fig. 93. Moderately umbilicated, solid, fulvous white, suture deep, mar- gined ; wThorls 5, angulated above, obliquely ribbed above, last whorl car mated, suddenly deflected and narrowed in front, base convex, undulately costulate ; aperture subhorizontal, nearly tri- angular, peristome solute, continuous, a little expanded, right mar- gin with an acute internal tooth. Diam. 6'5 mill. Ins. Madeira. H. juliformis, Lowe, is a synonym. H. DELPHINULOIDES, Lowe. PI. 7, figs. 94-96. Widely umbilicated, solid, minutely foveately rugose, opaque, greyish, suture deep, margined ; whorls 6, subangular, strongly plicately subclathrate towards the suture, with several distant "spiral lirse above, the last whorl deeply deflected in front, subsolute ; aper- ture nearly horizontal, rounded, with simple, expanded peristome. Diam. 17'5 mill. Madeira. H. CORONULA, Lowe. PI. 7, figs. 97-99. Moderately umbilicated, dirty white or brownish, spire coronate, suture impressed ; whorls 5— 5i, carinate, radiately tuberculate and foveolate above, the last sub-bicarinate on the periphery, deflected in front, base regularly decussated ; aperture rounded, constricted, crenulated, peristome continuous, subsinuately expanded. Diam. 7 mill. Ins. Deserta major, near Madeira. H. MONIZIANA, Paiva. PL 7, figs. 100-2. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, obsoletely radiately tuberculately plicate, greyish white, suture margined; whorls 5, scarcely angular, with two spiral threads, limiting the radiating plicse, periphery acutely carinated, last whorl shortly deflected, constricted and solute at the aperture, base granularly lirate ; aper- ture diagonal, scarcely crenulated within, peristome continuous, simple, scarcely expanded, white. Diam. 7 mill. Madeira. It is H. coronulay Lowe, in part (recent). HELIX. 35 H. TIARELLA, Webb and Berthelot. PL 7, fig. 3. Very narrowly umbilicated, variegated with white and chestnut, bicarinate, tubercularly plicate at the suture, apex corneous; whorls 62, the last anteriorly deflected, base closely, concentrically granularly sulcate ; aperture subhorizontal, circular, peristorne ex- panded, continuous, solute. Diam. 7 mill. Madeira. H. GRABHAMI, Wollaston. Unfigured. Ins. Deserta Grande. Subsection III. HETEROSTOMA, Hartmann. 1844. H. LATENS, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 4. Narrowly umbilicated, very thin, rugulose and velvety, olivaceous corneous under a blackish integument, suture impressed ; whorls 3, flattened, rapidly increasing, the last not deflected in front, peri- phery ciliately carinated, base convex ; peristome simple, margins approximating. Diam. 7 mill. Madeira. Wollaston asserts that this species is never pilose ; yet Pfeiffer so describes it. H. OBTECTA, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 19. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, eroded scrobiculate, subgranular, dirty white ; whorls 5, convex, the first immersed, the others turgid, the last angulated above, deflected in front ; aperture subcircular, peristome continuous, scarcely expanded, subthickened within. Diam. 10 mill. Is. Porto Sancto, and Ilheo de Baxo, Madeira. H. PAUPERCULA, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 5. Widely umbilicated, very minutely granulated, greyish, with brown dots, flattened above, convex below ; whorls 3 2-4, the last angulated above, angularly constricted at the aperture ; peristome sub-duplicate, brownish, usually toothed within the right margin. Diam. 5 mill. Madeira, Porto Sancto. H. semiteda, Ilartm., and H. trachelodes, Menke, are synonyms. Subsection IV. IRUS, Lowe. 1854. H. SQUALIDA, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 10. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, rugulosely substriate, opaque, dirty white, suture moderate ; whorls 5, flatly convex, the last shortly 36 HELIX. descending in front, base convex, periphery obtusely angular ; peris- tome a little expanded, subreflected at the base, thickened within, margins approaching. Diam. 7 mill. Madeira. H. DEPAUPERATA, LoWC. PI. 7, fig. 6. Narrowly urnbilicated, rather solid, rugose, very minutely granu- lar, yellowish white ; whorls 5, convex, the last rounded, deflected in front, turgid around the umbilicus ; peristome continuous, not solute, labiate within. Diam. 7*75-9*25 mill. Ins. Porto Sancto. H. LATINEA, Paiva. PI. 7, figs. 7-9. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat thick, dirty white, closely ru- gosely striate, obsoletely granular, suture impressed; whorls 5i, convex, the last rounded-inflated, deflected in front ; peristome con- tinuous, not solute, callous within. Diam. 10 mill. Porto Sancto (subfossil). H. LACINIOSA, Lowe. PI. 7, figs. 11-13. Narrowly umbilicated, rudely striated, membranously, triangu- larly scaly, chestnut color, variegated with whitish ; whorls 5, turgid, the last deflected in front, base somewhat convex, whitish, fasciated with chestnut; aperture diagonal, peristome subsimple, continuous, basal margin reflected. Diam. 10 mill. Is. Deserta Borealis, and Deserta Grande, Madeiran Archipelago. H. EUTROPIS, Shuttlew. PI. 7, figs. 16-18. Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, obliquely costulate, greyish green, suture crenulate, widely carinately margined; whorls 53, scarcely convex above, periphery with an acute thread-like carina, base inflated , peristome a little expanded, scarcely callous, margins approximating. Diam. 14 mill. Ins. Fuerteventura, Canaries. H. MULTIGRANOSA, Mousson. PI. 7, figs. 14, 15. Narrowly umbilicated, granularly striate, whitish corneous, uni- colored ; whorls 5, slightly convex, subcarinate, the last obtusely angulated, a little descending in front ; aperture white, .peristome somewhat obtuse, subexpanded, thin-lipped within, the extremities joined by a thick callus. Diam. 14 mill. Ins. Gomera, Canaries (subfossil?). H. IRUS, Lowe. (Unfigured). Mogador, Morocco. HELIX. 37 Subsection V. PLACENTULA, Lqwe. 1854. H. COMPAR, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 20. Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, strongly, arcuately costate with white, with an obsolete band above, and a more distinct band on the base, suture deep; whorls 6-62, convexly flattened, the last deflected and shortly solute in front, periphery carinated, base more convex ; peristome white, continuous, a little expanded. Diam. 8 mill. Madeira, and Deserta Australia. H. T^ENIATA, Webb and Berthelot. PL 7, figs. 21-23. Widely umbilicated, striate, ashy, with a superior chestnut band ; whorls 7, margined above the suture, periphery carinated ; peris- tome free, a little thickened. Diam. 8 mill. Madeira. Not Canarian, as given by Webb and Berthelot, PfeifFer, etc. H. MADERENSIS, Wood. PL 8, fig. 24. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, whitish corneous, base with a chestnut band, costulate-striate above, base striulate, smooth- ish ; whorls 6, somewhat convex, the periphery carinated, subgranu- lar and suddenly deflected in. front ; peristome simple, subcontinu- ous. Diam. 6 mill. Madeira. It is H. cyclostoma, Menke. H. LEPTOSTICTA, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 25. Rimately perforate, rather thin, rugulosely striate and slightly granular, diaphanous, corneous, obsoletely banded, suture im- pressed; whorls 5 2, slightly convex, the last obsoletely angulated, descending in front, base hardly more convex ; peristome simple, nearly continuous. Diam. 6'6 mill. Madeira. H. MICROMPHALA, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 26. Rimately sub perforate, somewhat solid, striulate and minutely granular, not shining, brownish, obsolecely darker banded ; whorls 6, scarcely convex, the last dilated and shortly deflected in front, periphery subangulated, base more convex and smoother ; peristome simple, margins approximating. Diam. 8 mill. Deserta Islands, near Madeira. 38 HELIX. H. DEALBATA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 27. Rimately perforate, solid, rugulosely striate and very minutely granular above, greyish white, apex corneous; whorls 5 -1-6 2, scarcely convex, the last more or less distinctly carinate, with a corneous line below it, deflected in front, base a little convex, shin- ing ; aperture fulvous blue, peristorne continuous, fulvous. Diam. 8-5-1O5 mill. Ins. Porto Sancto. Var. B. Shell smooth, shining. Ins. Ilheo de Baxo. H. FICTILIS, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 28. Arcuately rimate, subperforate, somewhat solid, obliquely striate above, cinnamon color, sometimes with a single chestnut band ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last dilated and deflected in front, periphery obsoletely angulated, base more convex ; peristome simple, continuous, shortly adnate. Diam. 7 '5 mill. Ins. Porto Sancto. Section IV, ACTINELLA, Lowe. 1854. H. LENTIGINOSA, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 29. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, rugulosely striate, with very short scales or hairs, not shining, chestnut color, maculated with lighter shade, suture impressed ; whorls 4-4i , slightly convex, the last obtusely carinated, subdescending in front, base convex; peristome simple, margins approximating. Diam. 5'6 mill. Ins. Madeira. H. AECTA, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 30. Punctiformly perforate, closely, distinctly costulate, light corneous, marbled with white, maculated and obsoletely banded with chestnut; whorls 5J, rather flattened, periphery carinated, base more convex, suddenly, shortly deflected in front: aperture with a white entering tooth, peristome white, expanded, callous within, almost continuous. Diam. 5 mill. Ins. Madeira. H. STELLARIS, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 31. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, striate, shortly scaly hirsute, corneous brown, suture impressed ; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the last shortly deflected in front, periphery carinated, base convex; peristome sublabiate within, margins approximating, slightly ex- panding. Diam. 4'5 mill. Ins. Madeira. Is H. lentiginosa, {3. of Albers. .HELIX. 39 \_Caseolus, Lowe.] H. SPHJERULA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 32. Very minutely perforate or imperforate, rather solid, substriate, sparsely granulate, a little shining, smooth towards the apex, suture impressed; whorls 5-7, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last suddenly deflected in front and a little contracted, periphery obso- letely angulated, base flattened ; peristome subsimple, scarcely ex- panded, callous within at the base. Diam. 4*5-7 mill. Porto Saneto ; fossil in Madeira. H. subcallifera, Lowe is a synomym. H. CONSORS, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 33. Subperforate, costulately granular above, smooth, striulate and shining below, variegated with white and chestnut, base paler; whorls 6, flatly convex, the last suddenly deflected in front, periph- ery obsoletely angulated; aperture white, peristome simple, with distant margins, Diam. 9 mill. Ins. Porto Saneto. H. CALCULUS, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 34. Subperforate, solid, striulate, finely, closely granular throughout, yellowish ash color or chalky white, obsoletely double banded with chestnut, suture impressed ; whorls 52-6, somewhat convex, the last deflected in front, periphery bluntly angulated; peristome acute, subcontinuous, slightly expanded. Diam. 7-8 mill. Ins. Porto Saneto. It is H. compacta, ft, of Albers. H. COMPACTA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 35. Perforate, somewhat solid, costate-striate and granular above, striulate, smooth and shining below, variegated with white and corneous, with an obsolete brown band below; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last obsoletely angulated, scarcely descending in front; peristome simple, margins approximating. Diam. 6 mill. Ins. Porto Saneto. IL innominata, Gray is a synonym. H. ABJECTA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 36. Perforate, solid, minutely granular, rugosely striate above, grey- ish, below with an obsolete chestnut band, spire elate; whorls 6J-7, the last subcarinated, suddenly deflected, in front, base a little con- 40 HELIX. vex ; aperture brownish, peristome simple, continuous, white, shortly expanded. Diam. 6'6 mill. Ins. Porto Sancto. H. candisata, Menke is a synonym. [Rimula, Lowe.] H. ARRIDENS, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 46. Perforate, thin light corneous, rugosely striate, hispid; whorls 5, planulate, the last shortly deflected in front, periphery carinated, base convex ; peristome acute, margins distant. Diam. 6 mill. Madeira. H. FAUSTA, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 47. Covered perforate, thin, rugosely striate, very shortly pilose, chestnut color, marbled with yellow, suture impressed; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last carinate, deflected in front, base tumid; aperture with a deep parietal dentiform callus, base tumid ; peristome acute, sinuously callous within the base. Diam. 6 mill. Madeira. Wollaston has indicated a var. /$, robusta. H. OBSERATA, Lowe. PL 8, figs. 37-39. Imperforate, rather thin, obliquely striulate, a little shining, sparsely hispid, brownish, variegated with lighter color, suture scarcely impressed; whorls 5, flattened, slowly increasing, the last acutely carinated, shortly descending and crispate in front, base convex, paler, with a brown band; lip simple, margins remote, thickened and subsinuate writhin at the base, dilated over the umbil- ical region. Diam. 7 mill. Madeira. Wollaston gives a var. BIPARTITA. H. ACTINOPHORA, Lowe. PI, 8, figs. 42, 43. Perforate, thin, rugosely striate, epidermis radiately laciniated, brownish ; whorls 5, flattened, the last carinated, shortly descending in front, base convex ; peristome simple, sublabiate within, margins remote. Diam. 9 mill. Madeira ; 3500 ft. alt. Wollaston has indicated a var. DESCENDENS. \_Lyrula, Wallaston.] H. USURP ANS, Furtado. PL 8, fig. 48. . Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, very closely, obliquely,, undulately striated, with rare spiral strue above, regularly decussated HELIX. 41 below, not shining, maculated and tessellated with white and chest- nut, suture well impressed ; whorls 5, convex, regularly increasing, the last with carinated periphery, shortly deflected in front, base convex; peristome simple, acute, shortly reflected below, margins approaching. Diam. 53— 6 J mill. Ins. Lanzarote. Described by Lowe as H. torrefacta, a name preoccupied by C. B. Adams ; therefore changed by Wollaston to H. Loweana, preoccu- pied by Ferussac ; finally by Furtado, as above. H. CALVA, Lowe. PI. 8, figs, 40, 41. Covered perforate, rather thin, diaphanous, costulate-striate above, smooth below, horny white, narrowly, obsoletely, doubly banded with chestnut ; whorls 7, slightly convex, the la&t scarcely descend- ing in front, periphery obsoletely angulated ; peristome thin, sub- expanded, white lipped within. Diam. 8*5 mill. Madeira. H. GALEATA, Paiva. PL 8, fig. 49. Covered perforate, somewhat solid, obliquely costulate-striate and brownish corneous above, corneous white, smooth and shining below, with two obsolete brown bands, suture impressed ; whorls 8, slightly convex, the last angulated, descending anteriorly, paler towards the aperture ; peristome simple, white-lipped within, basally somewhat reflected, margins remote. Diam. 9 mill. Madeira. It is H. calva, var. galeata, Lowe. H. VESPERTINA, Morelet. PL 9, figs. 65-67. Perforate, thin, smooth, brownish corneous, with an obscure light band below the carina, closely, lightly striate; whorls 5-5£, moder- ately convex, slowly increasing, the last not deflected; peristome simple, margins remote, connected by a callus. Diam. 8 mill. Ins. Terceira, Azores. Unfigured Species. H. CAPSELLA, Lowe. Madeira. H. SPIRORBIS, Lowe. Madeira and Deserta Australia. H. COMMIXTA, Lowe. Porto Sancto. Section V. TECTULA, Lowe. 1854. H. LYELLIANA, Lowe. PL 9, fig. 83. Rimately perforate, solid, striulate, opaque, brownish above, mar- bled with white, with a narrow chestnut band, suture plane, 42 HELIX. margined; whorls 8, flat, acutely carinated, the last subgibbous and shortly deflected in front, base convex, yellowish, with two (or rarely one) wide chestnut bands; peristome subsimple, thickened below. Diam. 16 mill. Ins. Deserta Grande, near Madeira. It is If. Bulverii. var. /5, of Albers. H. ALBERSI, Lowe. PI. 9, figs. 84-86. Narrowly umbilicated, slightly granular, corneous, with chestnut bands, suture obsolete ; whorls 8, narrow, slowly increasing, the last a little descending in front, periphery acutely carinated, base convex. Diam. 14-16 mill. Porto Saneto. Smaller and paler colored than the next species, with less cylin- drical umbilicus and less prominent carina, spire more rectilinear. This is H. Bulverii, var. p, of Pfeiffer. H. BULVERII, Wood. PL 9, fig. 88. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, minutely striate, and very minutely granulated, fulvous, marbled and banded with chestnut, suture obsolete; whorls 8, flat, narrow, slowly increasing, the last acutely carinated, flatly convex below ; peristome simple, thickened on the base. Diam. 17 mill. Ins. Porto Saneto. H. rota, Pot. et Mich., H. Bulveriana, Lowe, and H. variegata, Menke are synonyms. H. TECTIFORMIS, Sowb. PI. 9, figs. 89, 90. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, calcareous, slightly striate above, closely granular beneath ; whorls 7, planate, slowly increasing, the last acutely carinated, carina wide, deflected downwards; aper- ture trapezoidal, peristome acute, simple above, deflected at base. Diam. 16 mill. Ins. Baxo, near Porto Saneto, Var. LUDOVICI, Albers. Fig. 90. Somewhat larger, spire a little more dome-shaped, carina not so acute. Semifossil, (extinct?). H. ARGONAUTULA, Webb and Berthelot. PI. 9, figs. 91-93. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, closely costulate, ash colored with a single band above and another below, tessellated with white OF THE HELIX. IX UNIVERSITY JJ and chestnut at the suture and carina; whorls 4$, scalar, crenately carinated, base smoother and more convex; peristome acute. Diam. 8-9 mill. In*. Gran Canaria] Morocco. Mousson has described a Morocco representative as Var. typica and given the Canary shell the title Var. Canariensis\ whereas if there be any difference between |tam the Canary form as originally described should be regarded as typical. H. PULVERULENT A, Lowe. PI. 9, figs. 94-96. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, granularly striate, brown- ish ash color, with one or two tessellated, interrupted bands; whorls 5, scalar, slightly convex, with simple sutilip, last whorl acutely, compivssly carinated ; peristome simple, margins subapproximating. Diam. 6-7'5 mill. • ///*. Gran Canaria. It is H. argonautula, in part, of Orb. H. GRANOSTRIATA, Mousson. PI. 9, figs. 97-99. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, thinly costulate-striate, spirally silicate, the reticulations forming elongated granules, greyish white, sometimes interruptedly bifasciate with chestnut, suture plane, subcarinate above; whorls 5, flat above, compressed carinate, carina minutely irregularly crenulated, last whorl scarcely descend- ing in front, a little more convex and granularly striate below, shortly impressed at the carina; aperture white, peristome a little expanded, widely labiate within, margins approaching. Diam. 10 mill. Ins. Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. H. MULTIPUNCTATA, MoUSSOIl. PL 9, figS. 100, 1. Narrowly umbilicated, with engraved stria? and spiral lines, decussating into long, minute granules, maculated or marbled with whitish gray and white; whorls 4, somewhat convex, the last not descending, periphery angulated, base more convex; peristome simple, obtuse, a little expanded, margins joined by a slight callus. Diam. 4'2 mill. Ins. Fuerteventura, (subfossil). H. MORATA, Mousson. Unfigured. Ins. Fuerteventura (subfossil). 44 HELIX. Section VI. CRASPEDARIA, Lowe. 1854. H. DELPHINULA, Lowe. PL 33, figs. 63, 64. Rather widely, crenately umbilicated, widely carinated, spirally costellate and decussately cancellate below, reticulated by oblique and spiral lines above; yellowish white, chalky, whorls 7-8, sub- planate, each fimbriately carinated; peristome angulated, a little expanded, subcontinuous. Diam*18-23 mill. Madeira, semifossil. Section VII. DISCULA, Lowe. 1854. H. TETRICA, Paiva. PL 8, figs. 51-53. Widely umbilicated, solid, roughly granular, whitish, broadly banded with, or totally dark chocolate color above; whorls 7, slightly convex, suture distinct, the last whorl carinated, a little depressed in front; peristome simple. Diam. 13-15 mill. Ins. Deserta Australia, near Madeira. H. POLYMORPHA, Lowe. PL 8, figs. 56-64, 50, 44, 45, 54, 55; PL 9, figs. 68, 71-82, 89. Widely 0 umbilicated, striate, more or less roughened by close granulations, marbled with brown and white above, dirty white below, with a brown band ; whorls 7-8, planulate, the last acutely carinated, subgibbous and suddenly deflected in front, base slightly convex, smoother; peristome simple, margins approximating, joined by a callus. Diam. 9-12 mill. Madeira, Porto Saneto. It is H. elegantula, Jan, H. saccharata, Lowe, H. tceniata, Reeve Var. SALEBROSA, Lowe. fig. 50. Spire a little elevated, scabrous, suture plane, base convex, umbil- icus rather small. Madeira, and Deserta Is. Var. POROMPHALA, Lowe. Fig. 62. Scabrous, whorls slightly convex, umbilicus punctiforin in the middle, becoming shortly rimate. Ins. Deserta Australis. Var PITT.E, Paiva. Figs. 60, 61. Perforate, subglobose, rugose, closely granular; whorls 6-i, the last obtusely angulated, base turgid; peristome thick, whitish, sub- reflected. Diam. 5 mill. Ins. Deserta Australis. HELIX. 45 Var. ALLENIANA, Paiva. Figs. 44, 45. Lenticular, with acute keel, white below with a narrow chestnut band around the umbilicus and a broader one (sometimes two) towards the keel, above mottled with white and chestnut. Madeira. Var. LINCTA, Lowe. Figs. 54, 55. Shortly pyramidal, granular above, smoothish below, umbilicus subpatulous, keel obtuse, colors as in preceding variety. Madeira. Var. ARENICOLA, Lowe. Figs. 63, 64. Much smaller, somewhat thinner, and paler in color than the preceding variety. Madeira. It is H. lincta, var. /?, cinerea, Lowe. Var. BARBOS.E, Paiva. Fig. 68. Conical, acutely keeled, striate above, granular all over, darkly clouded above with dark brown and chestnut, with a livid tinge, below with irregular brownish markings next the periphery, the middle pale. Porto Sancto. Var. PULVINATA, Lowe. Figs. 71, 72. Finely granular, whorls all a little exserted showing a sutural carina besides the peripheral one. Porto Sancto. Var. PAPILIO, Lowe. Figs. 73-76. Whitish, substrigated or tessellated with chestnut, granular, base smooth, umbilicus minute, margins of peristome scarcely approach- ing. Ilheo de Eaxo, near Porto Sancto. It is var calcigena, Lowe, and H. testudinalis, var. minor, Paiva. Var. DISCINA, Lowe. Figs. 77-79. Depressed, minutely reticulately granular, marbled with chestnut above, banded below ; whorls subplanate, umbilicus large, spiral. Porto Suncto. Var. GOMESIANA, Paiva. Fig. 87. Smaller than the preceding variety, more thickly granulated, keel not quite so sharp, more convex, darker above and less varie- gated, base more opaque, sides of umbilicus more abrupt. Porto Sancto. 46 HELIX. Var. ATTRITA, Lowe. Figs. 80-82. Abruptly umbilicated, distinctly striated and minutely granulated, light corneous, densely marbled with chestnut above, base bifasciate; whorls 7, flattened, the last deflected in front, periphery obtusely angular, base much inflated round the umbilicus. Diam. 10 mill. Porto Sancto. H. TABELLATA, Lowe. PL 9, fig. 69. Moderately umbilicated, thin, minutely rugose and granulated above, marbled with chestnut and white, spire subplane, suture impressed; whorls 5. flattened, slowly increasing, the last acutely carinated above, scarcely descending in front, base convex, smooth- ish, lighter color with a chestnut band ; peristome simple, margins approaching. Diam. 7 mill. Ins. Madeira. H., TESTUDINALIS, LoWC. PI. 9, fig. 70. Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, striulate and slightly granular, diaphanous, corneous with opaque white strigations and two chestnut bands; wrhorls 7, scarcely convex, the last carinated, tumid and deflected in front, base convex ; peristome simple, margins approaching and joined by a callus. Diam. 19 mill. Ins. Porto Sancto. It is H. Bulveriana, var. of Reeve. [Turritella, Woll.] H. CHE1RANTHICOLA, Lowe. PL 9, figS. 2, 3. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, rugosely striate and scaly granose, whitish, with a wide chestnut band at the suture, and a less distinct one on the base, suture impressed ; whorls 8, convex, tumid, with angulated periphery, the last deflected in front; peristome acute, simple, margins approaching, joined by a callus. Diam. 9'5 mill. Ins. Porto Sancto, and Baxo. Var. MUSTELINA, Lowe. Fig. 3. Smaller, more uniformly and roughly granulated, whorls flatter, without keel, only obsoletely banded. Connected with the type by intermediate forms according to Wollaston. Section VIII, CALLINA, Lowe. 1854. H. ROTULA, Lowe. PL 9, fig. 4. Covered perforate, striate and granulate, granules oblong, a little shining, fulvous, marbled with yellow, with narrow chestnut bands, HELIX. 47 suture linear; whorls 8, flattened, the last acutely angulated, base scarcely more convex, rounded in front, subgibbous, ochre color, suddenly deflected; peristome white, with an interior callus, basally subreflected, margins joined by a parietal callus. Diam. 12 mill. Ins. Porto Sancto. Section IX. ACUSTA, Albers. 1860. H. SELSKII, Gerstfeldt. PL 10, figs. 5-7. Very narrowly perforate, almost covered, thin, transparent, closely striate, a little shining, yellowish, three-banded with chest- nut; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, the last ventricose, scarcely deflected in front ; peristome acute. Diam. 20 mill. Amur River, E. Siberia. H. CINCTO-INFLATA, Mousson. PL 10, fig. 8. Perforate, thin, pellucid, not shining, irregularly striate, decuss- ated by minute lines, light brownish, with a dorsal narrow chestnut band, suture scarcely impressed; whorls 5s, rapidly increasing, somewhat convex, the last inflated, and subgranular on the base ; peristome acute, thin. Diam. 32 mill. Amur River, E. Siberia. H. LAETA, Gould. PL 10, figs. 13, 14. Thin, shining, striate, with very thin spiral lines, greenish cor- neous, with a brown band on the periphery and another near the suture; whorls 5, ventricose; peristome acute, a little expanded, reflected at the umbilicus. Diam. 31 mill. Hakodadi, Japan. II. SlEBOLDTIANA, Pfr. PL 10, fig. 9. Scarcely perforate, thin, pellucid, striulate and very obsoletely subdecussated, corneous ; whorls 5£, somewhat convex, the last ventri- cose; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 18 mill. Japan, Formosa. Is possibly a variety of H. ravida, Bens. H. OSCITANS, Martens. PL 10, figs. 10-12. Rimately perforate, slightly striulate, granular hairy, yellowish brown, suture impressed; whorls 4?, convex, the last a little des- cending, rounded ; peristome simple,- acute. Diam. 18 mill. Japan. 48 HELIX. H. RAVEDA, Benson. PL 10, fig. 15. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, slightly rugosely plicate, with obsolete spiral lines, light olivaceous brown or yellowish brown ; whorls 6, convex, the last inflated, slightly descending in front; peristome simple, acute, columellar margin dilated and reflected. Diam. 33 mill. Middle and Northern China. H. helvacea, Phil, is a synonym. Var. LINEOLATA, Mollendorff. More conical, decussated, corneous yellow, aperture yellowish roseate. Diam. 23 mill., Alt. 26 mill. Near Pekin and Kalgan, China. Mr. E. A. Smith, in a paper on Loo Choo Shells (Proc. Zool. Soc. 317, 1887) remarks: H. despeeta, Gray, (Manual, iii, 211), H. ravida, Benson, H. Redfieldi, H. Sieboldtiana, Pfr. and H. assimilis, A. Ad., are all very much alike and might well be considered varieties of one and the same species. In the series of eighteen specimens from Loo Choo I find considerable differences in form, some being much higher and more globose than others. One example is of a peculiar purplish brown color, and another is remarkable in having a thick- ening or limbus within the lip. H. BURTINII, Desh. Fig. 16. Smaller than H. ravida, with imperforate axis, columella thin, cylindrical, not dilated at the base. Diam. 23 mill. China. This may be only a phase of H. ravida, as suspected by some conchologists, but I think its distinctive characters sufficient. H. PHRAGMITIUM, Heude. PL 10, fig. 20. Perforation covered or nearly covered, shell thin, fragile, pellucid, lightly cancellated, greenish or brownish; whorls 6, convex, the last rapidly increasing; peristome simple, acute, thin, columellar margin dilated, reflected. Diam. 23 mill. Blue River, China. This form has been referred to H. Burtinii Desh., but is more depressed and differs in the umbilicus. H. ASSIMILIS, H. Adams. PL 10, fig. 22. Openly umbilicated, thin, irregularly striated and very closely, slightly decussated, subpellucid, shining, light fulvous; whorls 5?, HELIX. 49 the last ventricose; peristome simple, acute, columellar margin arcuate, dilated, a little reflected. Diam. 22 mill. TaJcow, Formosa. H. RAVIDULA, Heude. PI. 10, fig. 17. Umbilicus nearly covered, shell thin, fragile, obsoletely striate- cancellate, amber colored, suture impressed; whorls 53, convex, the last inflated, slightly descending; peristome simple, acute, columellar margin dilated and reflected over the umbilicus. Diam. 19 mill. Tatsien, China, near the frontier of Thibet. The shell differs but little from H. ravida, but the animal, according to Heude is entirely different, bluish with a white stripe on the middle of the neck. H. KEDFIELDI, Pfr. PI. 10, figs. 18, 19, 21. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, irregularly, flexuously striate, and very obsoletely decussated, diaphanous, shining, fulvous corneous; whorls 5-}, convex, the last inflated, not descending in front; peris- tome simple, acute, margins remote, columella dilated halt-covering the umbilicus. Diam. 17 mill. Shanghai, China. H. Frilleyi, Crosse and Debeaux (fig, 21), and H. Huberiana, Heude (fig. 19) are synonyms. H. Burtinii, Desh. is also possibly identical; although I have treated it as distinct. H. MILIACEA, Martens PL 10, figs. 23, 24. Subcovered perforate, very slightly striulate, a little shining, whitish ?, suture well impressed ; whorls 6, the last inflated, not descending in front; peristome simple, acute, columellar margin slightly thickened and reflected. Diam. 6 mill. Ins. Amboina. It is H. m ilium, Martens, preoccupied by Morse. H. SARELII, Martens. PL 10, figs. 25-27. With nearly covered umbilicus, striulate, corneous; whorls scarcely 4, rapidly enlarging, the last nearly equally convex above and below, deflected in front ; peristome acute, a little thickened within, columellar margin rather widely deflected. Diam. 11*5 mill. Prov. Szetsehuen, China. H. Nora, H. Adams, is a synonym. 50 HELIX. fc # H. KBAUSSI, Pfr. PL 10, fig. 30. Moderately umbilicated, closely striate, brownish corneous, suture well impressed; whorls 4s; rapidly increasing, the last wide, sub- depressed, deflected in front; peristome simple, acute, columellar margin dilated, reflected. Diam. 29 mill. Cape of Good Hope. Var. /?. Smaller, thin. Diam. 21 mill. H. MARCESCENS, Cox. PI. 10, figs. 28, 29. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, translucent, a little shining, slightly rugosely striate, and faintly granular, yellowish corneous, with a narrow chestnut sutural band; -whorls 5, slowly increasing, the" last wide; peristome acute, the columellar margin dilated and strongly reflected above. Diam. 16 mill. Clarence River, N. S. Wales, Australia. H. PHYSETA, Ancey. Unfigured. Thibet. Group VIII, PLECTOTROPIS. Shell flattened, rather thin, sculpture usually rough, riblike or granular, sometimes with shaggy epidermis, peristome simple, or a little expanded, thickened within, umbilicus wide. A group composed of somewhat incongruous elements, charac- teristic mainly of the Chinese and Japanese provinces. The connection with Camsena or Hadra is so close, through some of the species that the separation is rather arbitrary than natural. Section I. PLECTOTROPIS, Albers. 1860. Shell flat, somewhat lenticular, thin, widely umbilicated, periphery carinate, and shaggy, peristome simple, a little thickened within. Eastern Asiatic. H. MACKENSII, Ads. and Reeve. Thea, Albers, is a synonym. Subsection PSEUDIBERUS, Ancey. 1887. More coarsely sculptured, peristome thicker and whitish. H. PLECTOTROP.IS, Mart. China, Turkestan. HELIX. 51 Section II. AEGISTA, Albers. 1850. Shell depressed, widely umbilicated, thin, uniform corneous, roughly sculptured, periphery rounded, or obtusely angulated, peristome slightly expanded, a little thickened within. Eastern Asiatic. H. OCULUS, Pfr. Section III, TRACHIA, Albers. 1860. Shell small, depressed, moderately or rather widely umbilicated, thin with granular sculpture, last whorl deflected and constricted in front, periphery rounded, peristome a little expanded, thickened within, its margins approaching and connected by a thin parietal callus. Lido-Pacific. H. ASPERELLA, Pfr. Subsection ANGASELLA, Adams. 1863. Shell small, depressed, widely umbilicated, with strong, rib-like sculpture, periphery rounded, margins of peristome approaching. H. CYRTOPLEURA, Pfr. Australian. Ancey has changed the name to Pleuroxia, on the ground that Angasella is preoccupied in marine shells, but Crosse's Angasiella in Nudibranchiata bears date 1864. Section I. PLECTOTROPIS, Albers. 1860. H. HORIOMI'IIALA, Pfr. PL 11, figs. 31-33. Widely umbilicated, thin, slightly but closely decussated by oblique strhe and concentric lines, suture linear; light corneous, diaphanous, scarcely shining; whorls 6-}, the last not descending in front, acutely carinated, base more convex, the umbilicus bounded by an angle; peristome simple, acute. Diana. 25 mill. Japan. H. CATHCARTyE, ReCVC. PL 11, fig. 44. Widely, excavately umbilicated, arcuately rugosely striated, i-' (Idish corneous; whorls 6, flattened above, thinly margined at the suture, periphery compressly carinated, convex below; periphery acute. Diam. 27 mill. Typinsan Isl. China Sea. 52 HELIX. H. ELEGANTISSIMA, Pfr. PL 11, fig. 45. AVidely umbilicated, thin, distantly subplicate above, diaphanous, scarcely shining, yellowish, suture denticulately margined, scarcely impressed ; whorls 6i, the last not descending in front, with a ciliate, denticulate, acute carina; peristome white, simple, a little expanded, columella short, subvertical. Diam. 24 mill. Loo Choo and Typinsan Is. Closely related to, perhaps a mere variety of the preceding species. It is H. pretiosa, Albers. H. HOWARDI, Angas. PI. 12, figs. 96-98. Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, obliquely irregularly striate, and slightly, very minutely granular, yellowish corneous, with two- indistinct chestnut bands; whorls 4], slightly convex, the last a little descending in front, base more convex, without bands, periph- ery acutely carinated ; peristome white, chestnut color at the junction with the body, slightly expanded. Diam. 22 mill. 450 miles N. of Adelaide, Australia. H. MACKENSII, Adams and Reeve. PL 11, fig. 34. Widely umbilicated, thin, closely arcuately striate above, epider- mis hairy on the peripheral carina, brownish corneous; whorls (>L», scarcely convex above, slowly increasing, the last shortly deflected in front, periphery acutely carinated, base slightly striate, turgid around the umbilicus; peristome thin, somewhat expanded above, shortly reflected below. Diam. 30 mill. Ins. Typinsan, China Sea. H. GERLACHI, Mollendorff. PL 11, figs. 35-37. Widely umbilicated, subobliquely interruptedly striulate, very slightly spirally lineolate, brownish, suture superficial; whorls 6, flattened, the last with hairy carina, slightly descending in front, convex below and angular round the umbilicus; peristome simple, a little reflected below. Diam. 19-21 mill. Canton, China. Var. GRANULOSO-STRIATA, Mart. Pale. Diam. 21 mill. Var. ABRUPTA, Mart. Smaller, striae interrupted, brownish. Diam. 19 mill. Var. HUNANCOLA, Gredler. Undescribed. HELIX. 53 H. LACINIOSULA, Heude. PI. 11, figs. 38-40. Widely umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, fulvous corneous, plicately, laciniately striate, hairy, especially at the suture and carina; whorls 6, slowly increasing, periphery acutely cariuate; peristome white, slightly expanded. Diam. 30 mill. Ouyuan and Tonglieou, China. Described a? H. laciniosa, preoccupied by Lowe. H. TRICHOTROPIS, Pfr. PI. 11, figs. 41-43, 46-48. Widely umbilicated, thin, striulate, very minutely, slightly decussated by impressed spiral lines, diaphanous, light corneous or brownish; whorls 62, flattened, the last with acute, ciliated periph- ery, base more convex; peristome simple, a little expanded above, reflected below. Diam. 17 mill. Shanghai, China- Var. LACINIATA, Heude. Figs. 46-48. Shell more depressed above, the carina more obtuse, umbilicus rather wider. II. MKLLEA, Pfr.' PI. 11, fig. 58. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, slightly, very minutely granular, somewhat shining, light fulvous; whorls 5, somewhat flattened above, the last scarcely descending in front, periphery cariiKited, base somewhat turgid; peristome white, narrowly expan- ded above, subreflected and internally thickened at the base. Diam. 22 mill. Ins. Formosa. H. EMMA, Pfr. PL 11, figs. 59-61. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, closely, irregularly, rugosely striate, obsoletely spirally lirate above, not shining, variegated with flesh-color and white, suture linear; whorls 4, rather flattened above, the last acutely carinated, scarcely descending, base convex ; peris- tome thin, expanded above, reflected below. Diam. 18 mill. Lao Mts., Cambodia. H. TAPEINA, Benson. PL 12, figs. 71, 72, 77. Widely umbilicated, slightly granularly striate, not shining, light brownish, suture thread-like; whorls 6, somewhat flattened, slowly enlarging, the last descending in front, base convex, angulate around the umbilicus ; peristome simple, white, dextrally a little expanded. Diam. 15*5 mill. Bengal, Java, China. 54 HELIX. Var. ROTATORIA, Busch. Fig. 77. Suture less distinct, periphery acutely keeled; peristome a little thickened, less rounded, white. Var. BHAMOENSIS, Nevill. . Last whorl slightly angular, not distinctly keeled, aperture smaller, less produced, columellar margin slightly oblique, angular at base, shell smoother. Nevill remarks that this variety connects H. tapeina almost insensibly with H. eatostoma, Blf. and its varieties. H. HUPENSIS, Gredler. PI. 13, fig. 48. Widely umbilicated, thin, obliquely striate, carinate, suture mar- gined; whorls 62, flattened, brownish above, whtish-rayed below, last whorl not descending in front, base convex, subangulated around the umbilicus: peristome white, shortly reflected. Diam. 20 mill. Patong, Ost-Hupe Mts., China. H. HUTTONI, Pfr. PL 11, figs. 56, 53-55. Rather widely umbilicated, subdiaphanou.s, with scabrous epider- mis, light corneous; whorls 6-j, slightly convex, the last very slightly descending in front, periphery angulated; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 10 mill. Himalaya Mts., India; Java, etc. H. orbicula, Hutton (not Orb.) is a synonym. Var. SAVADIENSIS, Nevill. Spire more elevated, shell thicker, umbilicus narrower. Diam. 12'5 mill. Var. WINTERIANA, Pfr. Figs. 53-55. Widely umbilicated, depressed, light corneous, somewhat shining, periphery obsoletely or distinctly angulated; whorls 5 2, the last slightly descending in front. Diam. 12 mill. Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Timor, Siam. H. INTUMESCENS, Mart. PL 11, figs. 64-66. Moderately umbilicated, striated, a little shining, light brownish, peripheral carina whitish; whorls 5-6, slightly convex, the last somewhat deflected in front, carinated, the carina evanescent towards the aperture, base obtusely angulated around the umbilicus; peris- tome shortly expanded, white, columellar margin subvertical. Diam. 8-14 mill. Java* HELIX. 55 H. SHANGHAIENSIS, Pfr. PI. 11, fig. 57. Moderately umbi Heated, thick, obliquely submembranously striate, somewhat shining, brownish corneous; whorls 7, slightly convex, slowly enlarging, the last not descending, periphery carinated, base convex, granular and subhispid; peristome simple, subreflected at the base. Diam. 13 mill. Shanghai, China. H. CILIOSA, Pfr. PI. 12, fig. 82. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, striulate and very shortly hairy, diaphanous, brownish ; whorls nearly 6, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last with a ciliated carina ; base somewhat inflated, convex ; peristome simple, shortly expanded. Diam. 10 mill. China, Japan. H. BARBOSELLA, Heude. PI. 12, figs. 9-12. Moderately umbilicated, thin, brownish, with shaggy epidermis, suture superficial ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, last whorl with an- gulated periphery, scarcely deflected at the aperture; peristome thin, a little expanded. Diam. 11 mill. Shanghai and Great Lake, China. H. LEPIDOSTOLA, Heude. PI. 12, figs. 89-91. Rather widely umbilicated, brownish, obliquely lamellarly pli- cate; whorls 6-6-1, slowly increasing, the last scarcely descending in front, obsoletely angulated and fasciate on the periphery, base convex; peristome a little thickened, expanded. Diam. 15 mill. Prov. Houpc. China. Van TROCHOSPIRA, Moll. Smaller, spire more elevated, whorls 7, periphery distinctly an- gulated. Diam. 11 '5 mill. Prov. Hubei, China. H. PHAYRKI, Theob. PL 12, fig. 78. Widely umbilicated, obliquely costulate-striate above, stria? finer below, suture impressed ; whorls 5, rather convex, the last a little descending in front, periphery obtusely angulated, base convex ; peristome simple, slightly expanded, margins approximating. Diam. 15 mill. Ava. H. ANCYLOCHILA, Crosse. PL 12, fig. 67. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat thin, subdiaphanous, irregu- larly obliquely striate, light yellowish olivaceous, suture impressed ; whorls 4i, flattened above, the last descending in front, subacutely 56 HELIX. carinated, inflated and scarcely striate below ; peristome simple, ex- panded, white, margins distant. Diam. 16'5 mill. Hab. unknown. H. CONELLA, A. Ad. PL 12, figs. 79-81. Moderately umbilicated, yellowish corneous, thin, obliquely costu- late, epidermis in oblique interrupted lines ; whorls 6, flattened, the last with acutely carinated periphery, base convex ; peristome acute, expanded. Diam. 10 mill. Tabu-Sima, Japan. H. SUMATRANA, Martens. PI. 12, figs 68-70. Widely umbilicated, striulate, somewhat shining, greyish brown ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, periphery carinated, base convex ; obso- letely angulate round the umbilicus ; peristome simple, white, ex- panded below. Diam. 13 mill. Sumatra. Var. MOUSSONIANA, Mart. Very widely umbilicated, closely arcuately striate, shining, light brownish, peripheral carina distinct; peristome white, shortly ex- panded. Diam. 12 mill. Eastern Java. H. SQUAMULOSA, Mousson. PL 12, figs. 74-76. Widely umbilicated, closely arcuately striated, epidermis brown- ish, scaly, laciniated, in lines parallel with the striae ; whorls 6, sub- plane, deflected in front, periphery carinated, base slightly convex, with distinct umbilical angle ; peristome white, shortly expanded. Diam. 12 mill. Ins.. Madura, near Java. H. PUBEROSULA, Heude. PL 12, figs. 86-88. Widely umbilicated, fragile, epidermis reddish brown, with mi- nute granose scales, suture subimpressed ; whorls 8, narrow, slowly increasing, periphery obtusely angulated ; peristome thin, a little reflected. Diam. 10 mill. Distr. Tali/oil, China. Described by Heude as H. pulverulenta, preoccupied by Lowe. H. ATKINSONI, Theobald. PL 12, figs. 83-85. Widely umbilicated, rugosely striate, lightly decussated by ob- scure spiral lines, dirty white (perhaps corneous in fresh specimens), semitranslucent, suture impressed; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last sinuately depressed above at the aperture ; peristome slightly thickened, simple, callously thickened on the base. Diam. 13 mill. Moulmem. HELIX. 57 H. PERPLANATA, Nevill. PI. 13, figs. 49-51. Shell widely umbi Heated, flattened on the top, convex below, periphery distinctly carinated ; whorls 7, slowly increasing, striate above, smooth below. Diara. 16 mill. Upper Burmah. No diagnosis has been published ; the above particulars are gleaned from some remarks upon the species published by its author. H. AKOWTONGENSIS, Theobald. PL 12, fig. 73. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, light corneous, densely granular, with a thin sub-bristly epidermis ; whorls 5, flattened, the last shortly deflected in front, acutely carinated, base tumid around the umbilicus; peristome thin, margins approaching, a little expanded above, reflected at the base. Diani. 15 mill. Akowtong, Province of Pegu. My figure (from Conch. Indica), which corresponds with the description, and considerably resembles the preceding species, is said, nevertheless, not to represent it. No other figure has been published. H. GABATA, Gould. PL 14, figs. 82, 83. Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat thin, slightly striate, some- what shining, whitish corneous, carina chestnut banded ; whorls 4i somewhat flattened above, the last shortly descending in front, peri- phery carinated, base tumid around the umbilicus ; peristome white, expanded and a little reflected. Diam. 23 mill. Tavoy, Burmah. H. Merguiensis, Phil. (fig. 83), is a synonym. H. SMITHII, Bock. PL 11, figs. 62, 63. Moderately umbilicated, semitransparent, striated by fine growth lines, greyish white under a light horn-colored epidermis ; whorls 4, flattened, the last slightly descending at the mouth, with a strongly marked obtuse keel, defined by a groove above, convex below, ob- tusely angular around the umbilicus ; peristome thin, expanded. Diam. 21 mill. Paio, Sumatra. H. RADULELLA, Heude. PL 12, figs. 92-95. Widely umbilicated, epidermis reddish brown, covered by wart- like scales, with a light peripheral zone, suture impressed ; whorls 6, the periphery obtusely angulated; peristome acute, scarcely re- flected. Diam. 13 mill. Talifou, China. 58 HKLIX. With columellar plication. H. GONIOCHILA, Pfr. PL 11, figs. 51, 52. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, lightly striulate and granular, subdiaphanous, pale corneous; whorls 6 £, narrow, slightly convex, the last not descending, acutely carinated, base more con- vex ; peristome sublabiate, sulcate exteriorly, columella transversely uni plicate. Diam. 13 mill. Siam. H. PTYCHOSTYLA, Mart. PL 33, figs. 65-67. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, striate, brownish ; whorls (>!•, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last obtusely carinated, base convex ; peristome white, expanded, columellar margin al- most perpendicular, transversely uniplicate. Diam. 14 mill. Siam. H. STYLOPTYCTA, Pfr. PL 11, figs. 49, 50. Widely umbilicated, rather solid, closely striulate, diaphanous, greyish corneous ; whorls 6, moderately convex, the last obsoletely angulated, not descending in front ; peristome white-lipped, margins approaching, joined by a callus, expanded above and below, colum- ella transversely plicate. Diam. 9 mill. Siam. A var. DEPRESSIOR has been indicated. This species is the If. ptychostyla of Pfr., not Martens; but is perhaps only a variety of Martens' species. Subsection PSEUDIBERUS, Ancey. 1887. H. PLECTOTROPIS, Martens. PL 12, figs. 3-5. Moderately umbilicated, strongly, distantly, obliquely ribbed, whitish; whorls 5|, flattened above, carinate, carina crenulated, angulating the last whorl, slightly descending at the aperture, base a little convex ; peristome expanded, margins approaching, con- nected by a thin callus. Diam. 19 mill. Mts. Thianschan, Central Asia. H. SCEPASMA, Pfr. PL 13, fig. 33. Moderately umbilicated, solid, opaque, white, rugulosely striate, suture subimpressed ; whorls 7, scarcely convex, slowly increasing, the last a little descending in front, periphery acutely carinated? base turgid around the umbilicus; perisiome subthickened, angu- larly reflected. Diam. 20 mill. Hab. unknown. HELIX. 59 H. ARANEJETELA, Heude. PI. 12, figs. 99-1. Rather widely umbilicated, thin, yellowish brown, strongly cos- tate, sparsely scaly, suture impressed ; whorls 5, slowly increasing ; peristome acute, scarcely expanded. Diam. 9 mill. Tchenkeou, C/t i/ui. H. MATAIENSIS, Nevill. PI. 12, figs. 6-8. Moderately umbilicated, costulate above, less strongly below, white, irregularly mottled with pale corneous, suture well impressed ; whorls 5-1, the last only carinated ; peristome simple, expanded. Diam. 13'5 mill. Mataian, E. Turkestan. H. TECTUM-SiNENSE, Mart. PL 12, fig. 2. Perforate, with strong, curved, somewhat distant ribs above, sometimes branching, below the ribs are closer, anastomosing; whorls 5-], undulately carinated, last whorl a little descending in front; peristome thickened, expanded! Diam. 16*5-21 mill. Prov. Shantung, China. H. ZENONIS, Gredler. (Unfigured.) Tsinanfu, China. Unfigured Species of Plectotropis. H. TROCHULA, H. SCABRICULA, H. SETOCiNCTA, A. Adams. Japan. H. MICROTROCHUS, H. APPLANATA, Moll. China. H. SQUAMULIFKRA, Moll. In*. Bongao, near Borneo. H. OSBECKII, Phil. Loo Choo Is. H. REPAXDA, Pfr. Cambodia. 11. CASEUS, Pfr. Siam. H. PIIJSPARSA, Martens. Celebes. Section II. AEOISTA, Albers. 1850. H. OCULUS, Pfr. PL 13, fig. 13. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, closely rugosely plicate above, brownish, suture impressed ; whorls 8, somewhat convex, the last shortly descending in front, periphery subangular, white banded, base convex, striate ; lip thin, subangulately reflected. Diam. 25 mill. Ins. Typinsan and Meikoshima, China Sea. H. Typinsana, Ads. and Reeve, is a synonym. 60 HELIX. H. CHINENSIS, Phil. PI. 13, fig. 14. Widely umbilicated, shining, subpellucid, striated, light fulvous above, whitish beneath, epidermis thin, very fugacious ; whorls 8, convex, slowly increasing ; peristome white, sublabiate, shortly re- flected. Diam. 25 mill. Near Nankin, China. H. VERMES, Reeve. PL 13, fig. 15. Very widely umbilicated, solid, closely rugosely striate, shining fulvous horny, with a white peripheral line, whorls 8, slowly in- creasing, flattened, the last scarcely deflected in front, periphery subangulated ; peristome thin, whitish, reflected. Diam. 32 mill. China. Has been considered a variety of H. Chinensis, but differs con- siderably from that species, in its more depressed form, wider um- bilicus, etc. H. PSEUDO-CHINENSIS, Mollendorlf. PL 13, figs. 16-18. Widely umbilicated, thin, closely obliquely striate, subpellucid, somewhat shining, rosy horn color ; whorls 8, slowly increasing, slightly convex, suture impressed, last whorl a little deflected in front ; peristome reddish, widely reflected. Diam. 27 mill. Dlst. Hochan, China. This is H. Chinensis, Heude, not Phil. H. HERPESTES, Heude. PL 13, figs. 22-24. Widely umbilicated, brownish corneous, with an obscure whitish corneous band, epidermis brownish or whitish, closely obliquely striate ; whorls 7, slowly increasing, the last obsoletely angulated J peristome white, narrowly reflected. Diam. 22 mill. Ttihenkeou, China. H. FURTIVA, Heude. PL 13, figs. 19-21. Moderately umbilicated, corneous, striate, suture slightly im- pressed ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last narrow, with obsoletely angulated periphery ; peristome white, expanded. Diam. 19 mill. Prov. Kouetcheou, China. H. AUBRYANA, Heude. PL 13, figs. 45-47. Widely umbilicated, thin, obliquely striate, brownish white, suture impressed ; whorls 7, slightly convex above, periphery ob- tusely angulated, deflected in front, more convex on the base ; peris- tome thin, white, reflected. Diam. 21 mill. Prov. Kouetcheou, China. HELIX. 61 H. ACCRESCENS, Heude. PL 13, figs. 26-28. Widely umbilicated, thin, pellucid corneous, with a whitish peri- pheral band ; whorls 7, narrow, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last obtusely angulated, peristome white, narrowly reflected. Diam. 16 mill. Outchang, China. Heude thinks this may prove a minor variety of H. vermes. H. OLDHAMI, Benson. PI. 13, fig. 25. Widely umbilicated, thin, irregularly obliquely flexuously striate, corneous (?), suture impressed; whorls 6-1, slowly increasing, sub- planulate, the last whorl shortly and rapidly descending in front, obtusely angulated above, base convex, angular around the umbili- cus ; peristome a little expanded, margins approaching. Diam. 13 mill. Burmah. H. FRIEDELIANA* Martens. PI. 13, figs. 29-31. Widely umbilicated, slightly obliquely striate, olivaceous brown ; whorls 5], scarcely convex, the last subangulated, deflected in front, base convexly flattened ; peristome white, slightly thickened, ex- panded, margins approaching. Diam. 18 mill. Nagasaki, Japan. H. CIRCULUS, Pfr. PI. 13, fig. 32. Moderately umbilicated, solid, rugulosely striate, somewhat shin- ing, white; whorls 5 a, convex, the last obsoletely angulated, not descending; peristome thickened within, shortly expanded, margins approaching. Diam. 19 mill. Loo Choo Is. H. ALPIIOXSI, Desh. PL 13, figs. 34, 35. Widely umbilicated, thin, fragile, corneous, brownish, yellowish- white, obliquely lineated and irregularly punctate, subplicate and spirally substriate above, smooth below ; whorls 7, narrow, the last a little deflected in front, obtusely angulated above; peristome sinuous, reflected, columellar lip wide, with tooth-like thickening. Diam. 9 mill. Prov. Moupin, Eastern Thibet. H. PLATYOMPHALA, MollendorfF. PL 13, fig. 44. Very widely umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, corneous, closely ob- liquely striated, suture well impressed; whorls 7, subconvex, the last obsoletely angulated above, with a whitish zone, and very 62 HELIX. shortly deflected in front, umbilicus bounded by a distinct angle ; peristome thickened, white, reflected. Diana. 17'5 mill. Prov. Guangdung, China. H. SUBCHINENSIS, Nevill. PL 33, figs. 68, 69. Widely umbilicated, subpellucid, obliquely striulate, shining, chestnut color, with a narrow white band ; whorls 7, slightly con- vex, the last scarcely descending in front, subangulate on the peri- phery ; peristome thickened, whitish, narrowly reflected. Diam. 17 mill. Formosa. H. GOTTSCHEI, Mollendorff. PI. 13, figs. 38-40. Widely umbilicated, lightly obliquely striate and membranously costulate, microscopically spirally lineate, brownish corneous ; whorls 63-7, slightly convex, the last obtusely angulated, and very shortly deflected in front ; peristome thin, shortly expanded, subreflected. Diam. 11 mill. Soul, Corea. H. INITIALIS, Heude. PL 13, figs. 41-43. Moderately umbilicated, thin, corneous or brownish, very mi- nutely obliquely striate ; whorls about 6, narrow, slightly convex, the last with obtuse, white-banded peripheral angle, scarcely de- flected at the aperture, convex below ; peristome white, sinuous, somewhat thickened, reflected. Diam. 12 mill. Prov. Nganhoue, China. H. CATOSTOMA, Blanf. PL 13, figs. 36, 37. , Widely umbilicated, thin, 'striate, corneous ; whorls 7, convex, slowly increasing, the last rounded, abruptly descending in front, subconstricted behind the aperture, subcompressed around the um- bilicus ; peristome sinuous, reflected, with a superior internal pro- jection, and basal, subdentiform thickenings. Diam. 16 mill. Ponsee, Yunnan, Naga Hills, India. Differs from the other species in its indistinctly trilobed aperture- Unfigured Species. H. HUPEANA and H. KUANTUNGENSIS, Gredler. China. Section III. TRACHIA, Albers. 1860. H. ASPERELLA, Pfr. PL 14, fig. 58. Moderately umbilicated, roughened by minute granules, dirty white, variously banded with chestnut ; whorls 4, the last with HELIX. 63 rounded periphery, a little descending in front, base convex ; peris- tome expanded, margins approximating. Diam. 14 mill. Var. minor. Diam. 7 mill. Eastern India. It is H. granifera, Benson, Ms. H. PROXIMA, Fer. PL 14, fig. 72. Moderately umbilicated, lightly striate, shining, white, base brownish, lineated with brown ; whorls 5£, the last rounded, de- flected in front ; aperture brownish, peristome expanded, reflected below, margins joined by a callus. Diam. 24 mill. Eastern India. H. PENANGKNSIS, Stoliczka, PI. 14, figs. 52-54. Moderately umbilicated, thin, corneous, epidermis yellowish brown, closely, shortly pilose, suture deep, subchanneled ; whorls 4v-, convex, the last a little descending at the aperture, base ob- tusely angulated round the umbilicus ; peristome light violaceous, expanded, narrowly reflected. Diam. 16 mill. Penang. H. PROPINQUA, Pfr. PL 14, figs. 55-57. Rather narrowly umbilicated, thin, striulate, whitish or light brownish, with a superior narrow chestnut band ; whorls 4-5, the last rounded, anteriorly deflected ; peristome white, sublabiate, ex- panded. Diam. 16-19 mill. Near Bombay, India. H. HELFERI, Benson. PL 14, figs. 59, 60. Narrowly, perspectively umbilicated, fpveolate and obliquely striulate, epidermis sparsely hispid, brownish, with a narrow su- perior chestnut band, suture impressed, submargined; whorls 4i, slightly convex, the last descending in front, obsoletely angulated above the periphery, a little compressed around the suddenly ex- cavated umbilicus; peristome expanded, margins approximating, joined by a thin callus. Diam. 12 mill. Andaman Is. H. RUGINOSA, Fe*r. PL 14, figs. 65-67. Moderately umbilicated, whitish, obliquely plicate; whorls 4, flattened above, the last shortly deflected in front, periphery sub- angulated, base inflated ; peristome thin, white, shortly expanded, reflected below. Diam. 13 mill. Bengal. 64 HELIX. Var. CRASSICOSTATA, Benson. Fig. 67. Spire subplane, plications stronger, periphery crenulately cari- nated. H. FOOTEI, Stoliczka. PI. 14, fig. 84. Moderately umbilicated, granose, plicate ; whorls 4-4-}, whitish, graclately increasing, the last carinated on the periphery, base con- vex, subangulated around the umbilicus ; aperture almost hori- zontally deflected, the margin reflected, almost free. Diam. 13'3 mill. Belgawn, Western India. Allied to the var. erassieostata of H. ruginosa, but is more orbicu- lar, with smoother and thinner, but well-marked keel, and has an angle defining the umbilicus. H. DELIBRATA, Benson. PL 14, figs. 75-77. Moderately umbilicated, striate, epidermis corneous, deciduous, whorls 4, convex, the last deflected in front ; peristome nearly con- tinuous, white, thickened, reflected. Diam. 22 mill. Bengal ; Tavoy, Burmah. H. procumbens, Gould, is a synonym. Var. FASCIATA, Godwin Austen. Fig. 76. Somewhat smaller, with deeper suture, variously narrowly chest- nut banded. Var. KHASIENSIS, Nevill. Fig. 77. Spire more elevated, umbilicus narrower, aperture more con- tracted, usually unicolored, sometimes with a single chestnut band. H. TANQUEREYI, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 14, figs. 73, 74. Rather widely umbilicated, obsoletely striate, thin, pellucid, light corneous ; whorls 4J, slightly convex, the last descending in front, carinated above the middle, convex below and angulated around the umbilicus ; peristome expanded, reflected, margins closely ap- proaching. Diam. 12-14*5 mill. Fuyen-Motli, Cochin China. H. FALLACIOSA, Fer. PI. 14, figs. 68, 69. Rather widely umbilicated, striate, whitish, unicolored or vari- ously chestnut banded, suture deep ; whorls 4i, the last suddenly descending in front ; aperture subhorizontal, peristome expanded above, reflected below. Diarn 11-18 mill. Eastern India, Ceylon. ^ HELIX. 65 H. NILAGHERICA, Pfr. PL 14, figs. 70, 71. Very widely umbilicated, striate, corneous white, with a superior chestnut band; whorls 5 J, slowly increasing, the last abruptly de- flected in front, aperture small, subhorizontal, peristome nearly continuous, white, sublabiate, reflected. Diam. 14'5 mill. Xilgheri Mts., Eastern India. H. CYCLOSTOMATA, Guillou. PI. 14, figs. 63, 64. Widely umbilicated, pellucid, linearly papillary, light olivaceous, with chestnut lines ; whorls 4, convex, with deep suture, peristome nearly continuous, externally constricted, thin, reflected. Diam. 7-8 mill. Warrior Isl. Torres Strait, N. Australia. Is possibly a synonym of H. Tuckeri, below. H, CONTRACTA, Hutton. PL 14, figs. 61, 62. Widely umbilicated, obliquely striulate, smooth, a little shining, whitish, with a superior chestnut band, suture impressed; whorls 4, the last subangulated above, descending in front, convex below ; peristome expanded above, reflected below, margins approaching. Diam. 13 mill. Malva, India. H. TUCKERI, Pfr. PL 14, fig. 79. Moderately umbilicated, thin, pellucid, obliquely striate, shortly, sparsely hairy, brownish corneous, obsoletely narrowly brown ban- ded ; peristome whitish, shortly reflected, externally constricted. Diam. 7 mill. Charles Hardy's Isl. Pacific Ocean. H. strangulata, Hombr. and Jacq. is a synonym, and H. cyclos- omata, above described, is possibly another. H. ALBICOSTIS, Pfr. Unfigured. Ahmednuggur, India. H. SORDID A, Pfr. Unfigured. Near Pondicherry, E. India. Subsection ANGASELLA, Adams, 1863. H. CYRTOPLEURA, Pfr. PL 14, figs. 85, 86. .Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, with thread-like cur- ve « I riblets, whitish; whorls 4-4 £, scarcely convex above, slightly descending in front, base more convex ; aperture shining ; peristome thickened, white, shortly expanded, margins converging. Diam. 18 mill. 5 So. Australia. 66 HELIX. H. PHILLIPSIANA, Angas. PI. 14, figs. 87-89. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, obliquely plicate-striate, and lightly granular, brownish white ; whorls 4£, convex, the last round- ed, descending in front, subconstricted behind the aperture ; peris- tome almost continuous, expanded and slightly reflected, margins joined by a thick callus. Diam. 13 mill. Arrowie, So. Australia. H. EYREI, Ad. and Angas. PI. 14, figs. 90, 91. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, obliquely striate, very minutely granular, light brown, paler below; whorls 5, a little convex, the last rounded and somewhat descending in front; peristome flesh colored, thickened, slightly expanded, margins approaching. Diam. 17 mill. Shores of Lake Eyre, Central Australia. H. DELESSERTIANA, Guillou. PI. 14, figs. 92, 93, 78. Moderately umbilicated, thin, obliquely costulate-striate, hyaline brownish white, suture subchanneled ; whorls 5£, convex; peristome reflected above. Diam. 16'5 mill. Warrior Is I. Torres Straits, Australia ; New Zealand. H. Taranaki, Gray (fig. 78) and H. Torresiana, Hombr. et Jacq. are synonyms. H. SUBSECTA, Tate. PL 14, figs. 80, 81. Moderately umbilicated, solid, somewhat rugosely plicate, and closely longitudinally striate, greyish white, epidermis ? ; whorls 5, the last rounded at the periphery, much depressed in front; peristome thin, acute, reflected, nearly continuous. Diam. 15 mill. Port Wakefield, So. Australia. Unfigured Species. H. ENDEAVORENSIS, Brazier. Endeavor River, N. Australia. H. DRYANDERENSIS, Cox. Port Denison, Queensland, Australia. HELIX. 67 Group IX, ARIONTA, Leach, 1820. Shell of moderate size, globosely turbinate or depressed, usually with one or three (rarely with two) bands, last whorl declining in front, peristome reflected, thickened, margins approaching. Section I, LYSINOE. Adams, 1855. Moderately or narrowly umbilicated, smoothish, epidermis some- times shortly hairy, globosely turbinate, periphery sometimes sub- angulate, last whorl descending in front, peristome reflected, margins approaching, impinging on the umbilicus below. West Coast of North America. H. FIDELIS, Gray. Aglaja, Albers, 1860, is a synonym. Subsection I, HELMINTHOGLYPTA, Ancey, 1887. Surface vermiculately rugose, H. ARROSA, Gould. Subsection II, ODONTURA, Crosse and Fischer, 1872. Subglobose, with narrow umbilicus, granular epidermis in fresh individuals shortly hairy. Southern Mexico, Guatemala. H. GHIES- BREGHTII, Nyst. Subsection III, LEPTARIONTA, Crosse and Fischer, 1872. Smoothish, small, thin, whorls about 4*, last whorl descending in front, with a single brown band, periphery rounded, peristome shortly reflected, umbilicus narrow. Mexico. H. FLAVESCENS, Wiegm. Subsection IV, PRATICOLA, Strebel, 1880. Orbicular, small, last whorl constricted behind the aperture, peris- tome shortly reflected, lipped within. Texas, Eastern Mexico. H. BERLANDIERIANA, Mor. This group is Hygromia (Risso) in part, of American authors. Subsection V, MICRARIONTA, Ancey. Shell thick, small, depressed, peristome shortly reflected, thickened within. Islands of So. California. H. FACTA, Newc. More depressed, and geographically separated from Praticola, but very close to it. Subsection VI, PCECILOSTOLA, Ancey, 1887. Imperforate, rather thin, globosely depressed, whorls few, the last large, peristome thickened, white, thinly reflected. Andes Regions of So. America. H. FARRISI, Pfr. 68 HELIX. Subsection VII, EPIPHRAGMOPHORA, Doring, 1875. Depressed, smooth, moderately umbilicated, peristome scarcely expanded, strongly labiate within, extremities approaching. Aper- ture closed in winter by a chalky epiphragm. So. America. H. HIERONYMI, Doring. Subsection VIII, EURYCAMPTA, Albers, 1860. Moderately large, narrowly umbilicated, roughly ribbed, usually brownish, with a single band, turbinate, whorls slopingly flattened above, more convex below, peristome reflected, extremities approach- ing, without callus connection. West Indian (mostly Cuban). H. BONPLANDII, Lam. Section II, CAMPYLJEA, Beck, 1837. Shell moderately umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, planospiral, more or less solid, glabrous or hirsute ; whorls 42—6, the last deflected near the aperture ; aperture oval or sub-circular, peristome expanded reflected, more or less thickened, its extremities approaching and joined by a parietal callus, columellar lip dilated, reflected, very rarely touching the umbilicus. European ; mostly Mediterranean countries. Subsection I. XEROCAMPYL^EA, Kobelt, 1871. Depressed, very narrowly umbilicated ; peristome acute, very thinly labiate within, margins approaching. This group connects with Xerophila, and is therefore not typical although Pfeiffer gives it first place under Campyl&a. H. CARASCALENSIS, Fe"r. Subsection II. FRUTICOCAMPYL^A, Kobelt. 1871. Small, flat or flatly bullet shaped species, inhabiting Circassia and Armenia. H. KAVERGIENSIS, Fer. Caucasus. Subsection III. EUCAMPYL^A, Pfr. 1881. Typical group of Campylsea. Southern Europe. H. CINGULATA, Studer. Cingulifera, Held., 1837, Corneola, Held. 1837 and Chilostoma, Moquin-Tandon, 1855, are synonyms. Subsection IV. TACHEOCAMPYL^A, Pfeiffer. 1877. A Corsican group including large, banded species. H. EASPAILII, Payr. Corsica. HELIX. 69 Subsection V. PSEUDOCAMPYL^A, Hesse. 1884. A Grecian group, including species with sub-continuous peristome. H. PELLTTA, Fer. Grecian Archipelago. Subsection VI. ELONA, H. and A. Adams, 1855. Shell planorboid, spire involute, apex immersed, H. QUIMPERIANA, Fer. Sterna, Albers. 1850 (non Linn.), is a synonym. Subsection VII. CHILOTREMA, Leach. 1820. Lenticular, strongly carinated, aperture basal, sub-horizontal, transversely oval, the reflected lip continuous, angular. H. LAPICIDA, Linn. Helicogona, Risso. 1826, Latomus, Fitz. 1833, Lenticula, Held. 1837, and Vortex, Moquin-Tandon. 1855, are synonyms. Section III. ARIONTA, Leach, 1820. Shell perforate, rather thin, turbinately globose ; whorls 6, convex, peristome lipped, columellar lip dilated near the umbilicus. H. ARBUSTORUM, Linn. Europe, California. Different as are these habitats the mollusks and shells appear to be intimately related : they are geographically isolated, the whole of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains possessing no representative of the group. Section IV. EURYSTOMA, Albers, 1850. Narrowly umbilicated, globosely depressed, calcareous ; whorls 5, the last deflected near the aperture, convex below ; peristome widely lipped, its extremities approximating, joined by a callus. H. VIT- TATA, Mull. Ceylon. Eyrystoma, Morch. 1852, is a synonym. Group IX, ARIONTA, Leach, 1820. Section I. LYSINOE, Adams, 1855. H. FIDELIS, Gray. PI. 15, figs. 94-96. Moderately umbilicated, rugosely striated with impressed spiral lines, light yellowish or brownish above, lower surface dark chestnut, sometimes uniformly black, with a peripheral chestnut band ; whorls 7, rounded ; periphery thickened, simple above, reflected below. Diam. 34 mill. Northern California, Oregon, Washington Terr. H. Nuttalliana, Lea is a synonym. 70 HELIX. H. INFUMATA, Gould. PI. 15, fig. 97. Moderately umbilicated, with minute rasp-like elevations, running obliquely to the growth-striae and in the fresh state bearing very short soft hairs, smoky brown above, blackish, shining and minutely granulated on the base ; whorls 6£, flatly convex, the periphery acutely angulated ; peristome somewhat reddish, simple above, re- flected at the base. Diam. 37 mill. Northern California, near the coast. Young specimens are sometimes banded. The animal is black, with bright red tubercles. H. HILLEBRANDI, Newcomb. PI. 15, fig. 98. Moderately umbilicated, finely striated, granular, and hirsute in fresh specimens, yellowish horn color with a chestnut band bordered with white on either margin ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last with carinated periphery, slightly descending in front ; peristome white, subreflected, extremities approaching. Diam. 1 in. Sierra Nevada region, California. H. AYRESIANA, Newcomb. PI. 15, fig. 99. Rather narrowly umbilicated, with rough oblique^ incremental striae, deeply cut by impressed revolving lines, yellowish white, with a narrow superior chestnut band ; whorls 7, convex, the last de- scending m front, subglobose ; peristome simple. Diam. 22 mill. Sta. Cruz, S. Miguel and Sta. Rosa Islands of California. Erroneously described as from Northern Oregon. H. MORMONUM, Pfr. PL 15, fig. 1. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, with curved incremental striae, light chestnut color, with a chestnut band edged with white on either side ; whorls 6, convex, slowly enlarging ; aperture very ob- lique, peristome thickened, white, a little expanded, extremities slightly converging. Diam. 29 mill. Between Sierra Nevada and Coast Range, California, Not a coast or Oregonian species, as at first supposed. H. CIRCUMCARINATA, Stearns. PI. 15, figs. 2-4. Rather wridely umbilicated, finely granulated, with irregular ribs intermingled with the growth striae, yellowish white, sometimes with a superior double band, the upper striae being whitish, the lower chestnut color ; whorls 6-6 £, the last with a compressed, fimbriated HELIX. \^C 71 keel, which also forms a sutural margin above ; peristome moderately thickened, subreflected, the extremities connected by a thin parietal callus. Diam. 22-25 mill. Columbia, Toulumne Co., California. Described as a variety of H. Mormonum, Pfr. I regard it as dis- tinct. H. TRASKII, Newcomb. PI. 15, fig. 5. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, translucent, dark horn colored, with a superior narrow chestnut band, edged on both sides with white, delicately obliquely striate, with microscopic crowded spiral lines ; whorls 6, slightly convex, gradually increasing, the last some- what plane above ; peristome thickened, white. Diam. 21 mill. Coast region of Southern California. H. CARPENTERI, Newcomb. PI. 15, figs. 6-8. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, striate, crossed by microscopic spiral lines, whitish, with a narrow, superior chestnut band ; whorls 5£, convex, the last descending in front ; peristome a little expanded, the extremities approaching. Diam. 23 mill. Cinaloa, Mexico, Lower California, Southern California. H. Remondi, Tryon is a synonym. The species is closely allied to, perhaps a synonym of H. Traskii, Newcomb. H. DUPETITHOUARSI, Deshayes. PI. 15, fig. 9. Moderately umbilicated, polished, smooth, subpitted or substriate, dark chestnut below, lighter above, with a chestnut, white bordered band, or sometimes two; whorls 7-8, convex, the last inflated; ap- erture white and banded within, peristome simple, reflected below. Diam. 30 mill. Monterey, California. H. Oregonensis, Lea is a synonym. H. SEQUOICOLA, Cooper. PI. 15, fig. 10. Moderately umbilicated, rather thick, with somewhat rugose growth striae, often decussated by coarse incised lines, upper whorls with crowded granulations, and probably hirsute in fresh specimens, light chestnut color, paler below, with a narrow superior chestnut band, bordered with white on either margin ; peristome white, thick- ened, extremities approaching. Diam. 23-27 mill. Near Sta. Cruz, California. A coast species, allied to H. Mormonum but distinguished by its sculpture. 72 HELIX. H. RUFOCINCTA, Newcomb. PI. 15, fig. 11. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, scarcely marked by growth lines, and occasional revolving lines, horn color, with a narrow, white- margined chestnut band ; whorls 5-6, flatly convex above, the last descending in front, convex on the base ; peristome white, thickened, reflected below. Diam. 17 mill. Catalina Island, California. H. ROWELLII, Newcomb. PL 15, figs. 12, 13. Moderately umbilicated, smooth, very slightly obliquely striulate, and very minutely punctulate, somewhat shining, whitish, with a single narrow chestnut band ; whorls 4i, somewhat convex, the last descending in front and swollen, base subplanate ; aperture widely circular, peristome white, expanded, extremities approaching and joined by a callus. Diam. 20 mill. Lower California. H. Lohrii, Gabb, (fig. 13) is a synonym. H. SERIATISETA, Rochebrune. Unfigured. Cochin China. Referred to by its author to this group, of which it can scarcely be a member. Subsection I, HELMINTHOGLYPTA, Ancey, 1887. H. ARROSA, Gould. PL 16, fig. 17. Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, rugulosely malleated and minutely granulated, reddish olive, or yellowish, with a superior, narrow, dark chestnut band ; whorls 7, convex, the last a little de- scending in front ; aperture bluish, with pellucid band ; peristome flesh colored, shortly expanded, the base reflected. Diam. 34-40 mill. Coast of California jrom Sta. Cruz to Mendocino Co. Dr. Cooper has named two varieties Holderiana and Stiver siana ; the varietal characters appear to be unimportant. Mr. Binney also mentions an albino specimen. H. centginosa, Gould (not Pfr.) is a synonym. H. TOWNSENDIANA, Lea. PL 15, figs. 14-16. Rather narrowly umbilicated, yellowish ahd brownish horn color intermixed, with faintly impressed, minute longitudinal strise and coarse oblique, malleated wrinkles ; whorls 6, flatly convex, the last HELIX. 73 well-roimded, descending in front ; peristome white a little expanded at the top, becoming reflected on the base. Diam. 29 mill. Oregon, Mountains of Idaho and Montana. H. pedestris and H. ruida of Gould are synonyms. H. ptycho- phora, Brown, was formerly considered a small variety of this species; it is now referred to Mesodon (Vol. Ill, p. 154). H. EXARATA, Pfr. PI. 16, fig. 18. Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, rugulosely malleated, yel- lowish brown, with a narrow superior chestnut band ; whorls 7, con- vex, the last scarcely descending in front ; peristome slightly white- lipped, expanded. Diam. 30 mill. Coast region of California, from S. Francisco to Sta. Cruz. H. NICKLINIAXA, Lea. PI. 16, figs. 19, 20. Minutely umbilicated, rather thin, with light growth-lines, faintly indented and granulated in quincunx order, pale horn colored or ash-yellow, with a superior chestnut narrow band, paler on its mar- gins ; whorls 6, moderately convex, the last ventricose, the periphery sometimes obsoletely angulated, base tumid ; peristome white, slightly reflected above, more so below. Diam. 28 mill. California to Santa Cruz to Mendocino Co. H. nemorivaga and H. arboretorum, Val. are synonyms. H. ana- choreta, Binney (fig. 20) was founded on a less globose form of this species, without revolving band. In his latest monograph Mr, W. G. Binney considers H. Nickliniana a variety of H. Calif 'or niensis, Lea, a decision with which I by no means agree. I do not think H. Cal- iforniensis belongs to this group at all. H. RAMENTOSA, Gould. PI. 16, fig. 21. Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, obliquely striated and gran- ulated, yellowish brown with a superior narrow chestnut band; whorls 5?, somewhat convex, the last broad, rounded or very obso- letely angulated, not declining in front ; peristome white, thickened, somewhat expanded, reflected at the base. Diam. 20 to 30 mill. Napa Co. to Sta. Clara Co., California. The synonyms are H. reticulata, Pfr. and H. Bridgesii, Newcomb. The latter name being preoccupied, I formerly suggested instead of it H. Parkeri. Mr. Binney considers H. ramentosa a variety of H. Calif or niensis, Lea. 74 HELIX. H. DIABLOENSIS, Cooper. PL 16, fig. 25. ' Narrowly umbilicated, thin, roughened with incremental wrinkles and with regular malleations arranged in spiral series, reddish horn color, with a narrow, superior chestnut band, white-margined on either side ; whorls 6, convex, the last not descending, somewhat compressed on the ?ide ; peristome thickened, white, almost simple. Diam. 22 mill. ML Diablo near S. Francisco, and in Colusa and Napa Go's. CaL A species of the Coast Range. Mr. Binney makes this also a va- riety of If. Calif orniensis, Lea. H. INTERCISA, W. G. Binney. PL 16, figs. 26, 33, 27. Imperforate, thick, growth lines numerous and distinct, crossed by close, regular spiral lines, so deeply impressed that the surface is divided into minute raised parallelograms, greyish yellow, with an obsolete band ; whorls 5, slightly rounded, the last descending in front ; aperture very oblique, horse-shoe shaped, peristome dirty white, thickened, spread at the umbilicus, which it covers, often with a basal tooth-like process near the columella ; margins of peristome connected by a parietal callus. Diam. 22 mill. S. Clemente and Sta. Cruz Is., Cal. The above is the adult condition : a lighter type but connected with it is the form described by Dr. Newcomb as H. crebristriata (fig. 33). In an apparently semi-fossil condition the thickening of the shell is carried still further than in recent specimens. Var. REDIMITA, W. G. Binney. Fig. 27. Imperforate, thin, wrinkled, covered with minute crowded gran- ulations ; whorls 6, rounded, the last descending in front, reddish brown, with a chestnut band ; periphery simple, light-chestnut col- ored, thickened, extremities approaching. Diam. 21 mill. S. Clemente Is., Cal- It is H. Nickliniana, A. Binney in part. H. TUDICULATA, Binney. PL 16, figs 28-30. Imperforate, or subumbilicated, olivaceous brown, with a chestnut, white-margined band, visible above the suture on the spire, obliquely striate and malleately punctate; whorls 5*, slightly convex, body whorl large, tumidly expanding in front ; peristome whitish, thin, expanded, slightly reflected below. Diam. 33 mill. Coast and Sierra Nevada region of California. HELIX. 75 Var. CYPREOPHILA, Newcomb. Fig. 30. Shell thinner, scarcely malleated, umbilicus narrowly open. Copperopolis and San Diego, Cat. Subsection II, ODONTURA, Crosse and Fischer, 1872. H. GHIESBREGHTI, Nyst. PL 16, fig. 31. Narrowly umbilicated, striate, pilose when fresh, chestnut color, with yellowish bands on the upper part of the shell, the intervening surface sometimes darker chestnut or nearly black ; whorls 5 J, some- what convex, the last large, rounded, slightly descending in front ; lip white, expanded, shortly reflected, margins approaching. Diam. 50-65 mill. Chiapa, Mexico ; Vera Paz, Guatemala. There is some variation in the ground color, and number and dis- position of the bands : in one variety the shell is yellowish with a narrow chestnut band above, and another and wider one below the periphery. H. EXIMIA, Pfr. PL 16, fig. 32. Scarcely umbilicated, obliquely rugose and very closely granular, corneous olivaceous, with five or six dark brown bands ; whorls 4£, somewhat convex, rapidly increasing, the last inflated, descending in front, compressly inflated round the brownish umbilical region ; peristome simple, whitish, narrowly reflected, dilated over the um- bilicus, which it nearly closes. Diam. 37-41 mill. Guatemala, Honduras. Subsection III, LEPTARIONTA, Crosse and Fischer, 1872. H. FLAVESCENS, Wiegni. PL 19, figs. 76, 77. Perforate, thin, smooth, opaque, light yellowish, variegated with pellucid strigations and spiral lines and a chestnut band, suture sub- plicate ; whorls 4 J, scarcely convex, the last descending and subcon- stricted in front ; lip white, shortly expanded, columellar margin nearly closing the umbilicus. Diam. 12 mill. Near Papantla, Mexico. H. BICINCTA, Pfr. PL 19, fig. 78. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, glabrous, pellucid, light greyish yel- low, with two narrow spiral bands, the upper one chestnut color, the lower one milk white, suture white-margined ; whorls 4£, somewhat 76 HELIX. flattened, the last with a black band surrounding the peristome;: peristome patulous, acute, subreflected. Diam. 20 mill. Oajaca, Mexico.. H. VERRILLI, Ancey. Unfigured. Durango, N. W. Mexico. Subsection IV, PRATICOLA, Strebel, 1880. H. OCAMPI, Strebel. PI. 19, figs. 79, 80. Perforate, rather solid, slightly translucent, dull yellowish horn- color, or reddish brown with yellowish suture, finely irregularly striate, with microscopic spiral lines; whorls 5£, somewhat convex, the last inflated, descending in front, constricted behind the aperture ; peristome shortly reflected, white. Diam. 12 mill. Mirador, Mexico. If. ampla, Pfr. an unfigured species is possibly identical : if so, it should take priority. H. BERLANDIERIANA, Moric. PI. 19, figs. 81-83. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, somewhat translucent, sub- opaline, scarcely striate, light ashy white or yellowish wrhite, or greenish yellow, sometimes with a single chestnut band, suture deep r whorls 4^-5, rather convex, the last scarcely descending in front, rounded, base subinflated, constricted behind the aperture ; peristome white, labiate within, reflected. Diam. 12 mill. Prov. Tamaulipas, Mexico, Texas, Arkansas. H. pachyloma, Menke and H. virginalis, Pfr. are synonyms. H. GRISEOLA, Pfr. PI. 19, figs. 84-86. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, subtranslucent, a little shining, ob- liquely striate, greyish, with a light fulvous, white-margined band,, suture impressed ; whorls 4-4?, scarcely convex, not descending in front, base subinflated ; aperture showing the exterior band, peris- tome simple, slightly reflected, white, margins distant. Diam. 9*5 mill. Near Vera Cruz, Mexico, Texas, Nicaragua. Var. ft. More elevated, light corneous, with a single white margined :band. Diam. 10 mill. The synonymy includes H. cicereula, Fer., H. splendidula, Anton,, and H. albozonata, and H. albocincta, Binney. HELIX. 77 H. LEUCORHAPHE, Pfr. PI. 19, fig. 87. Narrowly umbilicated, very lightly striulate, diaphanous, yellow- ish corneous, with a narrow chalky band at the impressed suture ; whorls 6, a little flattened, the last more convex, not descending, base subplanate ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 10 mill. Island of Hayti. H. TRYPANOMPHALA, Pfr. Unfigured. Sierra Maestra, Mexico. H. SALVINI, Tristram. Vera Paz, Guatemala. Subsection V, MICRARIONTA, Ancey. H. GABBII, Newcomb. PL 19, fig. 88. Umbilicus almost covered, shell thin, light corneous, with a nar- row brown band ; whorls 5, convex, with well impressed suture, last whorl descending in front ; lip white, reflected, not callous. Diam. 10 mill. San Clemente Isl., S. California. Var. FACTA, Newcomb. PI. 19, fig. 89. Almost covered rimate, solid, compact, glabrous, whitish, with a chestnut band ; whorls 5-5*, slightly convex, the last descending in front ; suture moderately impressed ; peristome yellowish, thick, re- flected. Diam. 10'5 mill. Ins. Sta. Barbara and San Nicolas, S. California. Subsection VI, PCECILOSTOLA, Ancey, 1887. [The name of this section is preoccupied. Ed.] H. FARRISI, Pfr. PI. 18, figs. 69, 70. Imperforate, rather thin, spirally striate and reticulated with im- pressed pits, fulvous, with four brown bands, and maculated with yellowish strigations ; whorls about 4J, rapidly increasing, the last ventricose, deflected in front ; peristome white lipped, the margin expanded.* Diam. 35 mill. Mountains of Peru. H. TSCHUDIANA, Phil. PI. 17, figs. 41-43. Umbilicus covered, rather solid, striulate, and decussated by very thin spiral lines, fulvous, with a single, narrow chestnut band ; whorls 4-1, the last deflected in front; peristome thickened, white, widely reflected, parietal wall with a thin callus. ' Diam. 29 mill. Huanvavelica, Peru. 78 HELIX. H. CLAUSOMPHALOS, Deville and Hupe. PL 18, figs. 67, 68. Imperforate, depressed, whitish to chestnut color, with a single, narrow chestnut band visible on the spire-whorls, last whorl wide, deflected anteriorly, periphery obtusely subangulated ; peristome thick, reflected, expanded over the umbilicus. Diam. 29 mill. Huancavelica, Andes of Peru. H. ALSOPHILA, Philippi. PI. 17, figs. 48-50. Imperforate, somewhat solid, striulate, slightly transversely mal- leated, shining, fulvous brown, with a chestnut band, light bordered below ; peristome white, thickened, expanded. Diam. 30 mill. Mts. of Sta. Ana, Peru. H. ESTELLA, Orb. PL 18, fig. 71. Imperforate or perforate, thin, diaphanous, irregularly submal- leately reticulated, striated or nearly smooth, yellowish brown or whitish, with a narrow superior chestnut band ; whorls 4, convex, the last deflected in front; peristome reflected, white, columellar margin dilated and appressed above. Diam. 23-38 mill. Valle grande, Bolivia. Var. TUCUMANENSIS, Doring. Costulate-striate, nearly imperforate, submalleately reticulated in front, convex below and lighter colored ; whorls 4?. Diam. 32-34 mill. Sierra de Tueuman. Subsection VII, EPIPHRAGMOPHOEA, Doring, 1875. H. GUYANA, Strobel. PL 19, figs. 73-75. Narrowly umbilicated, lenticular, carinated, rather thin, obliquely plicate, suture submargined ; whorls 4, flattened, rapidly increasing, the last not descending, periphery acutely crenately carinated, base convex, arcuately plicate ; aperture brownish, shining, peristome simple, basally shortly reflected, columellar margin dilated above. Diam. 14'5 mill. Prov. Mendoza, Buenos Ayres. H. HIERONYMI, Doring. Widely umbilicated, subcalcareous, a little shining, usually with a light chestnut band, depressed, slightly convex, suture deep ; whorls 4?-5, convex, the last slightly descending in front ; peristome sub- HELIX. 79 simple, acute, expanded, slightly white-lipped within, margins ap- proximating. Diam. 18-20 mill., alt. 8 mill. Catamarca, Argentine Republic. This species was figured in Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. 143, PI. 6, fig. 4 1878, but in the copy to which I have access this plate is missing, so that I am unable to figure it. H. HIGGINSI, Pfr. PL 17, fig. 34. Umbilicated, rather solid, striated and malleated, olivaceous brown, with a single chestnut band, suture impressed ; whorls 4?, slightly convex, the last descending in front, with convex base ; peristome white, shortly reflected, the columellar margin impinging on the umbilicus. Diam. 32 mill. Huamaehuco, Peru. This is H. Farrisi, Higgins, not PfeifFer. H. JASPIDEA, Pfr. PI. 17, figs. 35-37. Widely umbilicated, rather solid, obliquely costulate-striate, cor- neous white, flamed and sub-banded with light corneous, suture smooth, margined ; whorls 5, somewhat flattened, regularly increas- ing, the last descending in front, periphery angulated, base convex ; aperture white banded, peristome whitish, margins approximating, simple above, reflected at the base. Diam. 31 mill. Prov. Patas, Peru* H. COSTARICENSIS, Roth. PI. 17, figs. 38-40. Widely umbilicated, rather solid, smoothly striated and spirally subsulcated, purplish flesh color, with four narrow bands; whorl& 4£, obliquely flattened above, the last more convex near the suture, obtusely angulated at the periphery, the angle whitish, dark mar- gined, base whitish, umbilicus chestnut colored; peristome expanded and slightly reflected. Diam. 30 mill. Costa Rica. H. HUANUCENSIS, Phil. PI. 17, figs. 44-46. Moderately umbilicated, smooth, striulate, yellowish, usually one or two banded with chestnut above ; whorls 5, planulate, the last deflected in front, periphery with a rounded carina; peristome slightly thickened, expanded above, reflected below, extremities joined by a parietal callus. Diam. 24 mill. Huanuco viejo, Peru. •80 HELIX. H. SARGI, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 17, figs. 51-53. Kather widely umbilicated, moderately thick, subobliquely, obso- letely striulate, chestnut brown, without band, suture somewhat deeply impressed; whorls 5, slowly increasing, the last descending in front, periphery obtusely angulated, base flattened, paler, olivaceous brown ; aperture and periphery white, the latter reflected, margins approaching. Diam. 27'5 mill. Tamaja, Guatemala. H. DILUTA, Pfr. PI. 17, fig. 47. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pellucid, yellowish corneous, with three brown bands, the upper and lower ones wider and paler; whorls 4, somewhat flattened ; periphery simple, flesh-color columellar margin expanded. Diam. "22 mill. Cuzco, Peru. H. TRIGRAMMEPHORA, Orb. PL 18, fig. 54. Moderately umbilicated, striulate, shining, yellowish white, with three narrow chestnut bands; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last descending in front ; aperture rounded-lunar, peristome white, ex- panded above, reflected below. Diam. 25 mill. Valle grande, Bolivia. H. PELLIS-COLUBRI, Phil. PI. 19, fig. 72. Widely umbilicated, striulate, slightly malleated below; yellowish white, with a single chestnut band; whorls 5J, slightly convex, last whorl subcylindrical, a little descending in front; peristome thick- ened, white, widely reflected. Diam. 35 mill. Otusco, Peru. H. SEMICLAUSA, Martens. PL 18, figs. 65, 66. Narrowly umbilicated, striulate, and slightly, minutely granular, reddish brown, with a single brown band ; whorls 4, rapidly increas- ing, last whorl scarcely descending in front; peristome reflected, flesh color, columellar margin a little dilated, nearly covering the umbilicus. Diam. 37 mill. Rodersberg, Brazil. H. CLAROMPHALOS, Deville et Hupe. PL 18, figs. 55, 56. Rather widely umbilicated, ashy fulvous, unicolored or with one two or three superior brown bands; lip thickened, reflected. Diam. 30 mill. Near Cuzco, Peru. HELIX. 81 Var. MESOMPHALOS, Morelet. Smaller, more depressed, umbilicus wider, last whorl subangulated. H. YOCOTULANA, Doring. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, depressed, smoothish and a little shining, minutely striate, chalky white or yellowish, with a single chestnut band; spire flattened, scarcely elevated, suture deep; whorls 4J, a little depressed, earlier ones whitish or yellowish brown, the last somewhat descending in front, pellucid chalky below; aper- ture rounded lunate, peristome expanded-reflected, lipped, thickened, dilated and shortly subangularly reflected on the columellar margin. Diam. 20-22 mill., alt. 9-10 mill. Yocotula, Argentine Republic. In our copy of the "Boletin" containing the above description the figure referred to is missing. H. AUDOUINI, d'Orb. PL 18, fig. 64. Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, rugosely subreticula- ted, brownish violaceous, variegated with whitish lines, and with three dark bands; whorls 6, the last depressed, descending in front; peristome white, thickened, widely expanded, the margins approach- ing, and joined by a parietal callus. Diam. 59 mill. Bolivia. Var. ORESIGENA, d'Orb. Shell smaller, with a slightly more elevated spire. Diam. 37 mill. H. PATASENSIS, Pfr. PL 18, figs. 61-63. Widely umbilicated, rather solid, striulate and minutely pitted, fulvous, with a single, narrow, superior chestnut band; whorls 5J, slightly convex, the last depressed rounded, deflected in front; peris- tome whitish, the margins approaching, shortly expanded above, re- flected below. Diam. 36 mill. Andes Mts., Prov. of Patas, Peru. Var. minor, has the chestnut band pale-margined. H. MACASI, Higgins. PL 18, figs. 57, 58. Widely umbilicated, rather solid, lightly, obliquely plicate-striate, and very minutely concentrically striulate, whitish, with three chestnut bands; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last deflected in front, base convex ; peristome reflected, the margins approaching, joined by a thin callus. Diam. 35 mill. Macas, Equador. 6 82 HELIX. H. TRENQUELLEONIS, Grat. PL 18, fig. 59. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, subpellucid, slightly shining, obsoletely opaquely plicate above, decussated by spiral strise, smooth below, olivaceous brown, with a single, superior, chestnut band; whorls 4 £, rather flat, rapidly increasing, the last depressed, deflected in front, base a little more convex ; peristome shortly expanded, red- lipped within, margins approaching, joined by a thin callus. Diam. 26 mill. Cordova, Argentine Republic. Unfigured Species. H. HIDALGONIS, Doring. Argentine Republic. H. MONOGRAPHA, Burmeister. Argentine Republic. Both the above species have been figured, but the figures are want- ing in the Philadelphia Academy's copies of the wrorks which should contain them. H. GUEINZII, Pfr. Moyobamba, Peru. Subsection VIII, EURYCAMPTA, Albers, 1860. H. BONPLANDI, Lam. PI. 19, fig. 95. Narrowly umbilicated, chestnut color, obsoletely doubly banded with chocolate, subdecussated by very thin incremental and spiral strise; whorls 4i-5, somewhat convex; aperture brownish violaceous, peristome simple, right margin patulous, the basal somewhat thick- ened, the columellar reflected. Diam. 29-35 mill. Cuba'. H. SUPERTEXTA, Pfr. PL 19, fig. 94. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, subdecussated by incremen- tal striae and impressed concentric lines, brownish fulvous, with a median chestnut band, suture deep, crenulated, epidermis radiately hydrophanous; whorls 5, convex; aperture brownish, peristome white, expanded above, thickened and reflected below. Diam. 24 mill. Near Matanzas, Cuba. Like H. Bonplandi, but smaller with more convex whorls, more slowly increasing, with different epidermis. H. ARCTISTRIA, Pfr. PI 19, figs. 96, 97. Very narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, closely, obliquely costu- late-striate, light brownish, with two dark bands, and numerous HELIX. 83 white epidermal bands; whorls 4J, rather convex, the last depressly rounded, strongly descending in front ; peristome fleshy white, mar- gins converging, expanded above, reflected below. Diam. 28 mill. Ensenada de Corrientes, Cuba. H. POEYI, Petit. PI. 19, fig. 93. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, closely costulately striate, epidermis deciduous sub velvety ; whorls 5, rather flattened, the last carinated, deflected in front; peristome simple, expanded above, reflected below, columellar margin dilated, short subvertical. Diam. 26 mill. Cuba. H. staminea, Menke, and H. velutinata, Beck are synonyms. H. BBYANTI, Pfr. PI. 19, figs. 91, 92. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat thin, closely obliquely costulate, light corneous ; whorls 4$, somewhat flat, the last more convex, with an interrupted chestnut line at the subacute carina, shortly reflected in front; peristome thin, labiate within, a little expanded above, reflected below, margins approaching. Diam. 14'6 mill. Water Key, Ragged Isl., Bahamas. H. DESIDENS, Rang. PL 18, fig. 60. , Moderately umbilicated, striate, thin, brownish, without bands; whorls 4£, flattened above, periphery obtusely angulated, base con- vex ; peristome a little expanded above, scarcely reflected below. Diam. 16 mill. Ins. Martinique* Section II, CAMPYL^EA, Beck, 1837. Subsection I, XEROCAMPYL^EA, Kobelt, 1871. H. ZELEBOBI, Pfr. PL 4, figs. 69-72. Very narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, lightly, subarcuately striate, whitish, unicolored or with two chestnut spiral lines, apex corneous; whorls 5J, moderately convex, regurlarly increasing, the last scarcely descending in front ; aperture light flesh colored, peri- stome simple, very thinly labiate, margins approaching. Diam. 14*5 mill. Servia, Bosnia. Has the characters in part of both Xerophila and Campylcea; hence forms the passage between the two groups. 84 HELIX. H. DRAGORICHI, Zelebor. PL 45, figs. 22-24. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, striate, a little shining, white, apex corneous, suture smooth; whorls 5£, slightly convex, the last dilated in front, scarcely descending, aperture oblique, wide, peristome simple, white-lipped, margins approaching, columellar margin dila- ted above. Diam. 16 mill. Samsum, Asia Minor. A var. minor has more elevated spire, and a very light yellowish band. Diam. 14 mill. H. NUBIGENA, Charp. PI. 45, fig. 21. Narrowly umbilicated, striate, whitish, sometimes becoming yellow, ish or rosy at the aperture; whorls 5, slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last rounded, slightly descending in front ; peristome acute, white-lipped within, margins approaching. Diam. 11 mill. Bareges, Pyrenees. Unfigured Species. H. CAROSINA, H. BORTANA, H. OTTOI, H. ACARIA, H. TWARTKOI, H. NACTARA, Servain. Bosnia. H. ADARELLA, Bourg. Croatia. Subsection II, FRUTICOCAMPYL^A, Kobelt, 1871. H. NARZANENSIS, Krynicki. PI. 20, figs. 17, 18, 19. Moderately umbilicated, thin, pellucid, obsoletely transversely, and still more faintly longitudinally striated, whitish, unicolored, or with two band? ; whorls 6, rounded ; peristome reflected, margined within, the extremities remote. Diam. 8 mill. Caucasus, Georgia. H. hortensis, Menetr. and H. Ossetinensis, Bayer are synonyms. Var. ft, SOLIDIOR. Fig. 19. Larger, heavier, bifasicate. Diam. 22 mill. Var. 6. PERLINEATA. More depressed, with a single superior band and minute decur- rent lines. Var. SUANETICA, Bottger. PL 20, figs. 20-22. Strongly striated, coarsely granular, spiral striae very faint, with two distinct chestnut bands and brownish base. Diam. H'5-16'5 mill. HELIX. 85 Var. MACROMPHALA, Bottger. PI. 20, fig. 23, 24. Umbilicus wider, surface obsoletely, very minutely granular and spirally undulately lineolate, light chestnut color with a white band, here and there strigated with chestnut. Diam. 15'5-19 mill. Var. CYCLOTHYRA, Bottger. PL 20, figs. 33, 34. Larger, usually more depressed, umbilicus much wider, margins of aperture approaching more closely. Diam. 19-22 mill. Var. APPELINSI, Mousson. PI. 20, fig. 25. More widely umbilicated, irregularly but strongly crispate-striate, intermingled with elongated granulations, dull, light corneous, with a pale dorsal band ; whorls 6, flattened, the last descending slightly in front, periphery sometimes subangulated ; peristome a little ex- panded, slightly but widely labiate within, margins converging, Diam. 15-19 mill. H. RAVERGIENSIS, Fer. PI. 20, figs. 13, 14. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, slightly pellucid, obliquely striate, yellowish gray, with white bands at the suture and periphery ; whorls 6, obliquely planulate, suture superficial ; peristome patulous, with a white lip within. Diam. 7 mill. Caucasus, Georgia. It is H. Caucasica, Pfr., and H. limbata, Kryn. Var. PERSICA, Bottger. PI. 20, figs. 15, 16. More conically depressed, thicker, with thread-like stria?, here and there rib-like, violet corneous, radiately strigate with white, bands narrower and fainter. Diam. 17*5 mill. Astrabad, Northern Persia. Var. TRANSCAUCASICA, Bayer. PI. 20, figs. 31, 32. Differs from the type in the smaller more depressed, less striate shell; umbilicus narrower; corneous. Diam. 15, alt. 12 mill. Southern Caucasus. H. PRATENSIS, Pfr. PL 20, figs. 26-30. Moderately umbilicated, rugosely striate, whitish, with two chest- nut bands, or without bands, and the last whorl becoming brownish flesh color ; whorls 6, the last scarcely descending in front ; peristome expanded, remotely white lipped within, margins approaching. Diam. 17 mill. Riv. Tortoom, Asiatic Russia. H. Bayerii, Parr, is a synonym. 86 . HELIX. Var. DELABRIS, Mousson. PL 21, figs. 46, 47. Perforate, rather thin, chalky, irregularly striulate and slightly and very minutely granular, white, doubly banded with brown, apex corneous, suture scarcely impressed : whorls 5i, somewhat convex* the last slightly descending in front ; base plano-convex ; aperture white, with translucent band, peristome acute, expanded, not labiate within, margins approximating. Diam. 15 mill. Transcaucasia. Var. JOANNIS, Mortillet. PI. 20, figs. 41, 42. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, distinctly striate, sub- rugose, whitish or fulvous gray, sparsely pellucid-dotted and with two dark chestnut bands ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last descend- ing in front; peristome scarcely expanded above, white-lipped within, the margins converging and joined by a thin callus. Diam. 17-25 mill. Erzeroum, Armenia. H. Dumonti, Mortillet is a synonym. H. PONTICA, Bottger. PL 20, figs. 35-40. Narrowly umbilicated, slightly shining, distinctly spirally lineo- late, scarcely granular, white unicolored, or with two chestnut bands or the upper or lower one absent. Diam. 18-21 mill. North of Suchum, Caucasus. H. EICHWALDI, Pfr. PL 21, figs. 48, 49. ^Rather widely umbilicated, rugosely striate, shining, whitish, with horny dots and doubly banded ; whorls 6, scarcely convex, the last deflected in front ; peristome expanded, prominently, remotely white- lipped within, margins acute, almost continuous. Diam. 18 mill. Caucasus. Var. DAGHESTANA, Parr. PL 21, figs. 50, 51. Widely umbilicated, rugosely striate, shining, corneous, radiately strigate with white, with a median white band, suture linear ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last deflected at the aperture ; peristome acute, slightly expanded, white-lipped, margins approximating. Diam. 16 mill. Daghestan, Caucasus. H. ARMENIACA, Pfr. PL 21, figs. 52-54. Moderately umbilicated, plicately striate, variegated with corneous and ashy white ; whorls 6, depressed, the last angulated, shortly de- HELIX. 87 fleeted in front; peristome simple above, shortly reflected below, remotely white-lipped within, margins approaching. Diam. 11 mill. Armenia, Caucasus. H. Ziegleri, var. Airumia, Siemaschko is a synonym. H. PH.EOLJEMA, Bottger. PI. 45, figs. 18-20. Narrowly perforate, globose-conic, very solid, bluish-white, with brown apex and occasional radiating streaks : spire elevated, apex minute, acute ; whorls 6£, slowly increasing, rugose-striate, sparsely and lightly marked with spiral lines, the last whorl subangulate in front of the aperture, deflexed anteriorly, rounded below ; aperture small, round-lunate, oblique, castaneous within; peristome expanded, labiate with white, the extremities converging slightly, columella dilated, reflexed. Diam. 14 mill, alt. 11-5 mill. Mt. Schach-Dagh, Oriental Caucasus. Unfigured Species. . H. MENETRIESII, Kalenicz, Caucasus. H. ALPINA and H. NIVALIS, Menetr. are synonyms. H. DICHROZOSTA, Martens, Ko Kand. H. NYMPH^EA, Dubois. Transcaucasia. Subsection III, EUCAMPYL^EA, Pfr. 1881. I, Group of H. pouzolzi, Desh. H. POUZOLZI, Desh. PI. 22, fig. 75. Widely umbilicated, striate, spirally lineated above, olivaceous brown, with three chestnut bands, the middle one narrowest ; whorls 6, somewhat flattened, the last deflected in front ; peristome thick- ened and reflected, whitish or flesh color. Diam. 40-48 mill. Dalmatia, Albania. The synonyms are H. Savignyana, Ehrenb., H. Varronis, Cantr., If. Brenoensis, and H. Macarana, Miihlf., H. Dalmatina, Parr, and the following color varieties : var. trifasciata, Bielz (typical), var. bifasciata, Brus., var. unifasciata, Pfr., var, obscura, Bielz (more or less dark chestnut with scarcely distinct bands), var. unicolor, Pfr. (no bands). 88 HELIX. Var. MONTENEGRINA, Zglr. PI. 22, fig. 76. Small, olive green, distinctly dark banded, peristome but slightly thickened. Diam. 30 mill. Var. BOSNIENSIS, Kobelt. PI. 22, fig. 77. Smaller, spire a little elevated, whorls planulate above, with three distinct, subequal bands. Diam. 31 mill. Bosnia. H. Ragusana, Fer. and H. trizona, Reeve are synonyms. H. SERBICA, Mollend. PL 21, figs. 66-68. Moderately umbilicated, striulate, and slightly spirally lineate above, olivaceous brown, with three chestnut brown bands, the mid- dle one narrower, the outer ones diluted on the exterior sides, suture deep ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last slightly descending in front ; peristome simple, acute, margins distant, columellar lip a little expanded, partly covering the umbilicus. Diam. 27 mill. Servia. Var. TJNIT^ENIATA, Bottger. Ferrugineus, with a supra-median black band ; aperture rosy white or purplish within. Diam. 29 mill. Montenegro. H. PAUCICI, Mollend. PI. 21, figs. 69-71. "Widely umbilicated, striulate, and spirally lineate above, oliva- ceous brown, with three chestnut brown bands ; whorls 6 J, rounded, flattened below, the last whorl slowly descending at the aperture ; peristome simple above, angulately subreflected and a little dilated below. Diam. 30 mill. Servia. Flatter, with wider umbilicus than the preceeding species, and flattened base. H. STEMOMPHALA, Menke. PI. 21, figs. 63-65. Narrowly umbilicated, lightly striate, yellowish, with three chest- nut bands, the outer one wider and diluted ; whorls 5£, somewhat convex, the last inflated, scarcely descending in front ; peristome a little reflected, white-lipped within-, margins distant, columellar mar- gin dilated and reflected, partly covering the umbilicus. Diam. 31 mill. Croatia. HELIX. 81> II, Group of H. planospira, Lam. H. HIRTA, Menke. PI. 23, figs. 10-12. Umbilicated, spire plane, thin, slightly striate and punctate-gran- ular, hairy, pellucid, somewhat shining, yellowish corneous, with a chestnut band ; whorls 4£, somewhat flattened, the last scarcely de- scending ; peristome reflected, flexuous, white-lipped. Diam. 21 mill. Illyria, Croatia. If. deplana, Zglr., is a synonym. H. LEFEBORIANA, Fer. PI. 25, figs. 56-58. Umbilicated, spire plane, thin, hairy, ashy corneous, with a sin- gle chestnut band ; whorls 5, flattened, the last deflected in front ; peristome acute, reflected, white-lipped, margins approaching. Diam. 29 mill. Illyria, Carniola* H. Feburiana, Rossm., H. deplana, Mu'hlf., and A. hirsuta, Brum. are synonyms. H. HAZAYANA, Clessin. PI. 45, figs. 35-37. Large, widely Umbilicated, much depressed, rather solid, finely striate, beset with long shaggy crooked hairs, corneous, with a pale brown band above, succeeded by a clear zone, and below this a third band of brown ; whorls flat, 5? in number, slowly increasing, sep- arated by a deeply impressed suture, the last double the width of antepenultimate, shortly deflexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, wide- ly lunar, slightly wider than high ; peristome sharp, expanded ; columella extended. Diam. 22 mill. Northern Hungaria* H. SADLERIANA, Ziegler. PL 22, figs. 78, 79. Widely umbilicated, slightly striate and closely punctate-granular, thin, pellucid, shining, with short, close, regularly disposed hairs, light yellowish corneous, with a chestnut, white-margined band ; whorls 5*, flattened, the last subdeflected in front ; peristome a little deflected, subthickened, whitish, margins distant. Diam. 30-38 mill. Croatia, Carinola* H. PLANOSPIRA, Lam. PL 22, figs. 80, 82. Moderately umbilicated, solid, striulate, greenish corneous, with a superior chestnut white margined band, spire obtuse, slightly ele- 90 HELIX. vated ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last slowly descending in front ; peristome white-lipped, dextrally slightly expanded, basally shortly reflected, columellar margin dilated, margins remote. Diam. 22-26 mill. Southern France, Northern Italy. H. adelozona, Parr. Var. KOBELTIANA, Clessin. PI. 48, fig. 90. Larger than type, whorls elevated, thick, the last whorl double as broad as penultimate, aperture wide, transversely ovate, um- bilicus wide, partially covered by reflection of columellar lip. Carinthia (KarnthenJ) Var. TJMBIUCARIS, Brumati. PL 22, fig. 85. Much depressed, widely umbilicate, exhibiting all the whorls to apex ; last whorl and aperture decidedly widened, base of peristome flattened. Northern Italy. H. Hispanica, Linn, and H. zonata, C. Pfr. Var. ILLYRICA, Stabile. PL 22, fig. 86. More or less subglobose depressed, glabrous, pale corneous colored, with an evanescent fascia. Illyria. Var. PADANA, Stabile. PL 22, figs. 83, 84. Small, subglobose depressed, spire convex, last whorl rounded, aperture less horizontal than in the type, and more rounded. Diam. 25-27 mill. Northern Italy. Var. ULLEPITSCHEI, Westerl. PL 48, fig. 91. Depressed solid, aperture transversely oval, columellar margin immersed in umbilicus. Diam. 32, alt. 16 mill. Southern Austria. Var. STABILLEI, Paulucci. Not figured. Var. SETULOSA, Briganti. PL 22, fig. 92. Opaque, rather thin, rich brown ; sharply rugulose, with black hairs arranged in oblique series, a dark supra-peripheral band, bounded on either side with whitish, whorls 4*-5, the last slightly descending, gibbous at the base ; aperture rotund-lunar, slightly ob- lique, brown within, labiate. Diam. 26, alt. 13 mill. Central Italy. H. setipila, Zglr. HELIX. 91 Var. PUBESCENS, Tiberi. PI. 22, figs. 88, 89. Very similar to the last variety ; sparsely pilose, pale reddish brown, whorls 5, the last rounded, slightly descending anteriorly, base convex, umbilicus moderate, peristome brown-labiate, colum- ellar margin subreflexed. Diam. 23, alt. 12 mill. Abruzzen. Var. CASERTANA, Paulucci. PL 22, fig. 87. Sparsely hirsute, rather dark colored ; peristome rather widely reflected, milky white or yellowish, spotted everywhere with violet to the point of its insertion ; last whorl rounded below. Diam. 23J-26 mill, alt. 13-14 mill. CaseWa Vecchia. Var. CALVA, Kobelt. Distinguished from the type by the lack of hairs or hair scars. Central Italy. H. depilata, Orsini, Mss. ; H. planospira, var. depilata, Paul. Var. CALABRICA, Paulucci. PI. 22, fig. 90. Translucent ; totally destitute of hairs, but with slight traces upon the embryonic whorls, depressed globose, umbilicus narrow, the columellar margin reflected over it; aperture rotund-ovate, last wrhorl much dilated below. Diam. 25-28 mill. Calabria. Var. NEAPOLITAN, Paulucci. PI. 23, figs. 93, 94. In form like the type ; minutely granulate and sparsely hirsute, rather opaque, umbilicus rather large, last whorl more depressed and more descending anteriorly ; peristome yellowish, mottled with darker color. Diam. 19-24 mill. Castellamare. Var. CASSINENSIS, Paulucci. PI. 23, fig. 97. In form like typical planospira ; last whorl more rounded ; hairy ; triate, yellowish brown or rosy, variously fasciate, whorls 5J, the last deflexed anteriorly, aperture oval, peristome labiate, expanded, slightly reflexed below, columellar margin dilated, rose colored, covering umbilical region. Diam. 34 mill. Morocco, Southern Spain. 126 HELIX. H. AIMOPHILA, Bourgnignat. PI. 34, fig. 88. Globose, subperforate, solid, chalky white, irregularly striater apex obtuse, sutures impressed, aperture oblong lunate, peristome simple, acute, columella reflexed, almost covering umbilicus. Diam. 25, alt. 23 mill. Asia Minor. Var. TCHIHATCHEFFI, Kobelt. PI. 35, fig. 17. Umbilicus wider ; conspicuously five fasciate. Biledschik. Var. AIMOPHILOPSIS, Villeserre, Unfigured Asia Minor. It is similar to aimophila, but imperforate. H. GIBBOSULA, Desh. PI. 35, fig. 3. Globose, irregularly striate, white, with three unequal bands, spire short, conic, obtuse ; whorls 5, narrow, convex, the last large, convex, imperforate ; base gibbous ; aperture small, semilunar, lip slightly thickened, wide below. Diam. 17, alt. 16 mill. Habitat unknown. I know nothing of the real position of this species or of the next. It may be identical with some of the preceding, or possibly belong- ing to a wholly different group. H. FILOSA, Desh. PL 35, fig. 18. Imperforate, subglobose, smooth, yellowish, encircled by narrow dark bands, which are continued upon the peristome ; spire short, apex obtuse, reddish ; whorls 5, slightly convex ; aperture rotund semilunar, peristome labiate, dilated, white with purplish spots. Diam. 30, alt. 25 mill. Habitat unknown. Like vindobonensis, but in that species the bands are not contin- ued to the margin of lip. H. LITTUREA, Pfr. PL 35, fig. 16. Imperforate, turbinate, semiglobose, solid, striate, minutely ru- gose, malleate, shining, pinkish, with revolving series of reddish markings ; spire depressed turbinate, apex somewhat acute, whorls 5, slightly convex, the last scarcely descending, with rounded periph- ery, encircled by chestnut tessellated bands ; base convex ; aperture rotund lunar, peristome simple, right margin expanded, columellar subcallous. Diam. 23, alt. 15 mill. Habitat unknown. Perhaps is a form of H. sylvatiea. HELIX. 127 Section II, EREMINA, Pfr. 1855. Desert snails of North-east Africa and Syria, with essentially the same structure as Tachea, but, like all desert forms, thick, heavy and calcareous. The jaw is slightly arcuate, with a few strong ribs on its central portion. Teeth, as is usual in the Pentateenia, lacking side cusps ; central cusp long as the base. Erinna, Morch 1865 and Eremophila, Kobelt 1871, are synonyms. H. DESERTOKUM, Forskal. PI. 35, figs. 19-23 ; PL 46, fig. 63. Subcovered umbilicate, rather thick, subglobose, depressed above, tumid below, irregularly striate, chalky white unicolored, or with zones or radiating streaks of reddish brown ; whorls 4£, the last large, scarcely descending anteriorly, aperture widely lunate, sub- angular below ; peristome simple, obtuse or somewhat expanded, di- lated partially over umbilicus. Diam. 30 mill. Egypt, Syria, Palestine. H. maculosa, Bora, H. rhodia, Chem., H. irregularis and H. ni- cceensis, Fer., H. arabica, Roth., H. forskalii, Ehr., H. psammitus, and H. gemmellarii, Arad. and Mag. are synonyms. Var. HASSELQUISTI, Ehrenb. PL 36, fig. 24. White, inflated, irregularly rugose, striate, aperture dark within-. Var. HEMPRICHTII, Ehrenb. PL 36, fig. 25. More inflated, mouth rounder, peristome expanded and much thickened, double, continued beyond the expansion ; columella with a shining white callus. The form called H. chilembia by Bourgui- gnat represents the extreme development of this variety. H. DTLLWYNIANA, Pfr. PL 36, figs. 29-30. . Umbilicate, depressed, solid, irregularly rugose, and lightly mal- leate, chalky, shining, spire nearly flat, apex prominent, brown ; whorls 4*, the last rounded, shortly deflexed in front, base inflated, umbilicus narrow ; aperture very oblique, wide lunate, white within; peristome acute, thickened within, reflexed at base. * Diam. 31, alt. 14 mill. Habitat unknown. Said by Kobelt to be an abnormal H. desertorum. H. DESERTELLA, Jickeli. PL 36, figs. 26-28. Covered perforate, depressed globose, solid, lightly striate, white, unicolored or trifasciate, maculate above; spire depressed conic, whorls 4J, inflated, rapidly increasing, the last rounded, descending , )ft 128 HELIX. in front, aperture oblique, rounded lunar, peristome recurved, labiate, margins converging. Diam. 22, alt. 16 mill. Abyssinia. H. DUROI, Hidalgo. PL 45, figs. 38-40. Imperforate or umbilicate, depressed globose, solid, somewhat shin- ing, rugulose malleate, longitudinally striate, white with four rufous bands, spire obtuse, slightly convex, or depressed, whorls 5, scarcely convex, regularly increasing, the last twice as wide as penultimate? smoother below, strongly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture transverse, white, shining ; peristome widely reflexed, labiate, arcuate above, subhorizontal below with a more or less developed wide callus, adnate to body. Diam. 35, alt. 19 mill. Morocco. Has much the appearance ofMacularta, but said by Kobelt to be :an Eremina. Section III, MACULARIA, Albers, 1850. A group of large species, characteristic of Southern Europe and Northern Africa. They are related on one hand to Tacked-, through .such species as H. splendida, and on the other to the insular groups Hemicycla and Leptaxis. The Italian subgenus Iberus is also con- nected by nearly intermediate forms with the depressed Macularise. The central teeth lack lateral cusps ; and the jaw, as in Tachea etc., is moderately arched, and bears a few strong, separated ribs. Otala, Moq-Tand. 1855 is a synonym. H. VERMICULATA, Miiller. PL 37, figs. 54-57. Imperforate, globo^e-depressed, yellowish .or dirty white, with five brown bands, the upper one, or sometimes all broken into irregular maculations ; surface sculptured with numerous minute vermiform white anastomosing wrinkles ; whorls 5, the last descending ante- riorly ; aperture very oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome white, labiate and widely reflected, thickened on columellar margin. Diam. 30-35 mill. Southern Europe, Northern Africa. A common species, variable in color somewhat. It is Hartmann's H. laclea, H. muraloides, Chier. and H. thalassina, Porro. Yar. SAHARICA, Kobelt. PL 37, fig. 59. A small, thick shelled form. Southern Algiers. ^SK ' \V OF THE \i HELIX. ; 129 Var. LINUSJE Calcara. PL 37, fig. 58. Smaller than type, with more globose and thicker shell and larger aperture. Ins. Linosa, near Malta. H. linuisiana Benoit is the same. Var. SUBANGULATA Issel. Shell smaller, more solid, aperture subangulate. Malta. Letourneux and Bourguignat describe but do not figure vars. minuta and pelagosana from Tunis. H. PUNICA Morelet. PI. 40, figs. 6-9. Imperforate, globosely depressed, transversely dilated, lightly striate, with decussating revolving striae, white, with four subequal brown bands ; spire conoid, whorls 5, slightly convex, regularly in- creasing, the last rounded, deflexed at aperture ; aperture very ob- lique, truncate-oblong, showing the bands within ; peristome narrowly reflected, slightly labiate, widened on columella, brownish. Diam. 31, alt. 20 mill. Constantine, Algiers. H. CONSTANTINO Forbes. PI. 37, figs. 60-62. Imperforate, subglobose, striatulate, shining, whitish, five-banded, bands brown, sometimes obselete, whorls 5, convex, the last deflected anteriorly ; aperture rounded-lunate, peristome expanded, sublabiate, columella margin with a heavy subdentate callus. Diam. 27 mill. North Africa. H. drt(K Terver is a synonym. Var. FLEURATI Bourg. PL 37, fig. 66. Substance of shell calcareous ; form more globular ; whorls less rapidly increasing. Tunis. H. BOGHARIENSIS Debeaux. PL 39, figs. 1-3. Imperforate, more or less depressed globose, typically thin shelled, but sometimes rather heavy, with fine incremental striae, coarser at sutures, and sparse, short, broken impressed transverse lines, some- what malleate, dirty white or yellowish, with five (sometimes four) bands, showing through the shell ; whorls 5, the last inflated and greatly descending at aperture ; aperture oblique, wide, with a thin broadly reflected peristome, slightly labiate within ; fauces white. Diam. 36 mill. Bogliar and %oukhrari, Algiers. Very near to H. constantince. 130 HELIX. H. PARETIANA Issel. PI. 45, %. 41. Shell large, imperforate, subglobose, ventricose, irregularly striate, with lightly impressed spiral lines, white, with reddish bands; whorls 5, convex, the last inflated, deflexed anteriorly ; sutures im- pressed, aperture very widely lunar, peristome narrowly reflected, oppressed and dilated at base; throat reddish. Diam. 41, alt. 32 mill. Monaco, (fossil.) H. moncecensis Ramber is a synonym. Perhaps this species be- longs in Tachea. H. LACTEA Miiller. PI. 39, figs. 89-96. Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, obliquely striate, with fine revolving lines, dirty white, variously fasciate with rufous, rarely unicolored by absence or coalescence of bands; spire slightly eleva- ted, apex obtuse; whorls 4J-5, slightly convex, rather rapidly in- creasing, the last wide, rounded, profoundly deflected anteriorly; aperture very oblique, truncate-oval, deep brown or black and shining within, peristome expanded, obtuse, dark colored, margins subparallel, connected by a black callus which covers the umbilical tract; columella with a heavy callus within, subdentate. Diam. 25-40 mill. Spain, Canary Is. North Africa ; Introduced into Cuba, Buenos Ayres, and other Spanish colonies. H. irrorata Say, H. fauci-nigra Chem, H. punctatissima Jeniss, H. flattersiana Ancey, H. tagina Servain and perhaps H. hispanica Mich, are synonymous. H. axia Bourg. is a small unfigured form, and with H. Jacquementana Bourg. from the Canary Is., likewise unfigured, may be placed here. Var. BATHYLJEMA Bourg. Whorls smaller, the last inflated; mouth short and rounded; outer lip more strongly reflected than in the following varieties. Balearic Is. Yar. ALYBENSIS Kobelt. PI. 39, fig. 97. A small solid form, with fine sculpture and distinct bands; whorls five; aperture intensely black. Diam. 30 mill. Gibraltar. Var. TAGINA Servain. Similar to H. nlybensis but usually flatter, with more swollen outer whorl. Spaii UNIVERSITY H. GIBBOSO-BASALIS Wollastou. Unfigured. Similar to H. lactea, but smaller, nearly concolored, dark brown, without white points or flecks; spire obtuse; whorls 4£, not much deflexed at aperture; basal margin of peristome with a distinct tooth. Diam. 24 mill. Northern part of Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. H. ATAVORUM Mabille. PL 40, fig. 11. Imperforate, subglobose, solid, thick, destitute of cuticle, roughly obliquely malleate, and costulately -striate, grayish brown, obscurely five-fasciate ; spire conoidal, prominent ; apex minute, obtuse, slightly striate, shining; whorls 6, slightly convex, very rapidly increasing, the last large, globose, subangulate in front of the aperture, becoming rotund-turgid, and somewhat descending at termination of whorl; aperture oblique, rotund lunate, peristome thick, narrowly reflected, appressed at base, regularly curved, terminations distant, connected by a thin callus ; base thickened inside with a subtriangular denti- form callus. Diam. 31 mill. Grand Canary Id. (fossil.) H. AHMARINA (Bourg.) Mabille. PL 40, fig. 13. Imperforate, depressed globose, solid, thick, shining, not transpa- rent, with undulating interrupted spiral lines and incremental striae; color greyish, strewn with white dots and flecks, and encircled with four dark bands; spire conic, slightly elevated, acute at the corneous or pinkish apex ; whorls over 5, the last large, rounded, abruptly descending anteriorly; aperture oblique, oval-elongate, maroon colored inside. Diam. 29-34 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. H. PUNCTATA Muller. PL 39, figs. 99-100. Imperforate, depressed globose, solid, with minute revolving lines and incremental striae, color dirty white, four or five banded with brown or rufous, bands generally indistinct, clouded, or coalescent, rarely wanting, strewn with white points and flecks ; spire depressed conic ; whorls 5, slightly convex, more or less rapidly increasing, the last large, inflated, decidedly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture ob- lique, widely semioval, blackish or brown within ; peristome broadly expanded, reflexed, appressed and thickened within at base, black, the extremities approaching, connected by a dark callus. Diam. 30-45 mill. Spain ; Northern Africa ; Canary and Balearic Is ; introduced into Cuba and other Spanish colonies. 132 HELIX. The synonymy includes H. lactea Fer. and some other authors,. H. canariensis Villa, H. punctatissima Jen., H. bredeana, If. engas- tora, If. stomatodea, If. bandotiana, If. calendyma Bourguignat. Differs from If. lactea in having a thinner, smoother shell, bands more disposed to be coalescent and clouded, and basal callus not so decidedly dentate within. Var. APALOLENA Bourguignat. PL 64, figs. 4, 5. Differs from the typical form in its more depressed outline, thinner, smoother shell ; whorls more rapidly increasing in width, and con- sequently aperture more elongated transversely. Mediterranean littoral region of Spain and France; Balearic Is. H. BLEICHERI Paladilhe. PI. 39, fig. 98. Imperforate, depressed globose, spire depressed conic, thick, with fine, curved, irregular incremental striae, crossed by broken revolv- ing lines, as in the preceding forms, and with vermiform transversely elongated minute wrinkles, and quadri-fasciata, when young some- what angulate around periphery ; fauces and columella margin deep castaneous ; aperture very dark within, rotund-lunar, very oblique, more regularly oval than in H. punctata ; peristome narrowly re- flexed, its ends converging, connected by a thin castaneous callus. Morocco. Probably a variety of H. lactea Miiller. H. TINGITANA Paladilhe. PI. 64, figs. 1-3. Imperforate, globose-conic, solid, opaque, shining, with fine wrink- les, undulating revolving lines, and regular incremental striae; whorls 4-5, encircled by four or five yellowish-purple unbroken bands, the upper ones usually confluent ; spire depressed-conoidal, upper whorls rather flattened, rapidly increasing, abruptly deflected at aperture ; aperture large, truncate-oval ; peristome regularly curved above, straighter below, ends slightly converging, connected by a light callus ; outer lip broadly expanded, light colored ; throat and thickened columellar callus deep brown. Diain. 29 mill. Between Tanger and Melcnes* Specimens before me are decidedly larger than above indicated. H. LTJCASII Deshayes. PL 40, figs. 14, 15. Imperforate, orbicularly depressed, smooth, white, with five broad dark brown bands ; spire short ; apex brown and white, obtuse, whorls somewhat flattened, the last convex and descending anteriorly ; HELIX. 133 tiperture very broadly semilunar, oblique, nearly black within ; peristome expanded, obtuse, black, the ends converging and con- nected by a black callus ; a dentate callus on columella. Diam. 35, alt. 18-20 mill. Oran, Algiers. It is H. lactea var. of Rossm., and H. hispanica Mich. It is flatter than H. lactea, with less oblique aperture. The bands are usually continuous and distinct. H. GHAZOUANA Debeaux. PI. 46, figs. 47, 48. Covered umbilicate, depressed globose, solid, very finely striate, under the lens finely spirally striate, white, encircled by five deep chestnut zones, which are interrupted throughout by vermicular white flecks and spots, behind the aperture and between the bands •covered with numerous netted anastomosing lines ; spire depressed conoid, apex small, slightly prominent ; suture simple, linear ; whorls o, regularly, rapidly increasing, the first a little flattened, last rather inflated, rounded, below subplane, anteriorly deeply deflexed ; aper- ture very oblique, ovate rotund, distinctly lunate, deep blackish brown within ; peristome acute, upper and outer margins expanded, deep brown, edged with fuscous, margins subcon verging, joined by a thin callus, the basal margin thickened, at first straight, then sharply tuberculate, before the tubercle lightly excavated, and join- ing the outer lip with a slight angle. Diam. 27, alt. 16 mill. Near Nemours, Algiers. This form differs from H. lucasi in the lesser size, more solid shell, and white-punctate bands. H. HIEROGLYPHICULA Michaud. PI. 40, figs. 17-19. Imperforate, depressed, solid, shining, white, with brown flecks and four or five deep brown bands, the upper often interrupted ; revolving lines and incremental striae very minute ; spire dome- shaped, depressed ; whorls 5, flattened; apex smooth, obtuse ; body whorl swollen, turgid below on its last half, abruptly deflexed in front ; aperture very oblique, small, oblong, peristome slightly ex- panded, white, labiate, with a broad prominently dentate callus at base ; margins connected by a light callus ; fauces and columella deep castaneous. Diam. 24 mill. Oran, Algiers. A " var. " integrivittis, with bands not interrupted, has been de- scribed by Ancey. (PI. 40, fig. 16.) H. oranica Bourg. is a synonym. 134 HELIX. H. ALABASTRITES Michaud. PL 40, figs. 20-22. Imperforate, depressed globose, lightly striate, shining, white, sometimes with five pale bands ; spire convex, obtuse ; whorls 5, flattened, the last compressed, obsoletely angulate, profoundly de- flexed anteriorly; aperture subhorizontal, truncate-ovate; peristome labiate, slightly expanded, extremities converging, connected by a light callus, columella with a thick callus. Diam. 24 mill. Or an, Algiers. N. soluta Mich, is a synonym. A forma minor has been noted by Ancey, diam. 20 mill. Easily recognized by the great obliquity of mouth, solid texture and sub- angulate whorls. H. ATLASICA Mousson. PI. 37, figs. 69-71. Imperforate, globose-depressed, lightly striate and decussate, smooth, shining, white, greyish or brownish, with five bands, the three upper usually more or less confluent, and variegated with patches of white; spire slightly convex, summit not prominent; sutures linear; whorls 4—5, the last large; aperture oblique, trans- versely ovate ; peristome acute, expanded, labiate with white ; ends not converging, connected by a light callus ; columella thickened within. Diam. 22 mill. A tlas Range of Western Morocco. H. ALCYONE Kobelt. PL 40, figs. 23-25. Imperforate, depressed-conic, somewhat thick, smoothish, shining,, finely striate, whitish, with four conspicuous corneous-brown bands, broken into cloudy maculations, with intermediate corneous patches ; whorls 5, regularly coiled, the last widened at aperture, slightly tumid below ; aperture very oblique, transversely ovate ; peristome and columella white, fauces reddish ; columella straight. Diam. 28; alt. 16 mill. Southern Morocco. H. JUILLETI Terver. PL 41, figs. 26, 27. Imperforate, subglobose-conoidal, rather solid, shining, lightly irregularly striate, and with very minute spiral lines, slightly mal- leate, white, with irregular corneous maculations, especially above ; banded with four or five reddish brown zones; whorls 6, regularly increasing, upper ones somewhat flattened, the last a little dilate'd,. profoundly deflexed anteriorly ; base convex ; aperture very oblique, HELIX. 135 lunate-oval, brown inside; peristome white, margins connected by a light callus ; columella wide, gibbous, callous. Diam. 32 mill. Mascara and Saida, Algiers. Synonyms are If. chottica Ancey, and H. saidana Debeaux. H. BAILLONI Debeaux. PI. 46, figs. 51-53. Covered perforate, orbicularly depressed, solid, shining, striulate, here and there lightly malleate, and under the lens seen to be encir- cled with fine lines, white, with four rufous bands, the second and third wide ; spire slightly convex, apex large, obtuse, suture distinct, linear; whorls 4J, regularly increasing, convex, the last slightly dilated transversely, rather flattened below, excavated at umbilicusr deeply deflexed anteriorly; aperture small, ovate, oblique, lunate, with white translucent band inside; peristome simple, slightly thick- ened, the ends converging, joined by a thin subdilated callus, basal margin concave, dilated at its insertion, lightly callous and subden- tate. Diam. 24, alt. 13 mill. Province of Oran, betiveen Tint and Mograr, near the boundary of Morocco. The large apex and small number of whorls at once separate this form from H.juilleti, and other allied species. H. DENANSI Kobelt. PI. 46, figs. 61, 62. Covered umbilicate, depressed conoid, convex below, rather thin and solid, somewhat shining, irregularly striatulate, the striae espe- cially distinct below the sutures; under a strong lens showing fine spiral lines; ground-color white, bands five, brown, and under the sutures a series of radiating maculations; spire conoid, apex obtuse; whorls 51, slowly and regularly increasing, the last decidedly widened toward the aperture, suddenly, rather deeply deflected anteriorly, but not so deeply as in other species of the group; aperture diagonal, ovate-rotund, brown within ; peristome acute, outer margin expand- ed, ends scarcely converging, joined by a thin callus; basal margin at first straight, then truncate-tuberculate, uniting with the outer lip with a slight angle. Diam. 23, alt. 14£ mill. " This small form of the Juilleti group was communicated to me some time ago by Mr. Albert Denans of Marseilles, without informa- tion regarding the exact locality from whence it came. I cannot identify it with any of the Pechaud-Bourguignat species." (Kobelt) H.-BEGUIRANA Debeaux. PL 41, figs. 28, 29. Umbilicate, depressed globose, transversely ovate, solid, shining, striate, at sutures costulate, with spiral impressed lines, malleate, 136 HELIX. white, with five bands, often confluent or irregularly broken ; whorls 5 £-6, slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last dilated, inflated on base, anteriorly deflexed ; aperture ovate-lunar, oblique, bright chestnut within ; peristome white, slightly labiate, margins distant, subparallel; columella contracted, with a callous thickening. L)iam. 31 mill. Beguira, near Mascara, Algiers. Probably a form of H. juilleti as Kobelt at first considered it. H. WAGNERI Kossmaessler. PL 41, figs. 30, 31. Similar to H. juilleti, but distinguished by the much more de- pressed form and thinner shell. From H. begiurana it is separated by the larger mouth, which is not contracted as in that species. Boghar and Mascara, Algiers. H. CHARIEIA Pechaud. PL 46, figs. 45, 46. Imperforate, depressed conoid, below convex, rather solid and shining, irregularly striulate, encircled with impressed interrupted lines, and marked with longer or shorter cicatrices ["narften&men"] which cross the sculpture obliquely, especially near the aperture; color milky-white, with a narrow castaneous band at the periphery; above this band covered with narrow interrupted little bands and numerous white points, giving the color effect of coffee with milk ; spire flattened conic, with blunt apex ; suture linear, becoming im- pressed toward the aperture; whorls 6, the last slightly dilated, base convex, lightly impressed at place of umbilicus, abruptly arcuately deflexed anteriorly; aperture very oblique, semi-ovate, lunate, castaneous within ; peristome obtuse, thickened, white, mar- gins sub-converging, joined by a light callus, upper margin straight, outer slightly reflexed, basal straightened, with a more or less dis- tinct denticle. Diam. 30-31, alt. 15-17 mill. Mts. of Day a, at the source of the Sig, Or an, Algiers. Allied to H. ivagneri, but differing both in shell and dentition. According to Kobelt from whom I have taken the above description, the central teeth are somewhat asymmetrical in this species — a very unusual character in the present group. H. JOURDANIANA Bourguignat. PL 41, figs. 32, 33. Imperforate, globose, solid, shining, lightly striate, obscurely mal- leate, white, with four corneous brown bands, broken by irregular whitish patches ; spire convex, conoidal ; sutures moderately im- pressed ; apex smooth ; whorls 5£, the first flattened, regularly in- creasing, the last well rounded, abruptly descending anteriorly ; HELIX. 137 aperture subhorizontal, oblong-ovate, deep brown inside ; peristome expanded, obtuse, its edge white, and its margins slightly converging, connected by a brown callus ; basal margin thickened, subdentate. Diam. 32 mill. Mazagran and Mostaghanem, Algiers. H. ARICHENSIS Debeaux. PI. 41, figs. 34, 35. Depressed globose, slightly dilated transversely, solid, irregularly rugosely striate, and marked with short impressed transverse lines ; chalky white, obscurely four banded ; whorls 6, slightly convex, gently increasing ; sutures distinct ; last whorl subiuflated, strongly deflexed anteriorly, subexcavated around the umbilical area ; aper- ture very oblique nearly horizontal, chestnut colored within, margins converging ; peristome expanded, subreflexed, adnate at base ; colu- mella with a heavy callus. El Arich, District of Muluja, Algiers. Var. CRASSIDENS Debeaux. PI. 41, fig. 36. More globose than the type, with the columellar plication strongly developed. H. LOBETHANA Debeaux. PI. 46, figs. 49, 50. Covered umbilicate, depressed trochoidal, solid, rudely irregularly striatulate, more or less malleate toward the aperture, white with four pale brown sharply defined bands, apex smooth, obtuse ; suture impressed; whorls 5£, regularly and rapidly increasing, the last rounded, convex below, dilated, deeply deflected anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, wide ovate ; peristome acute, somewhat thickened in- side ; margins not approaching, and connected by a thin brownish callus ; columella margin with a sharp truncate pliciform callus. Diam. 33, alt. 21 mill. Separated from H. arichensis by the convex not excavated umbil- ical tract, but probably not specifically distinct. H. ZAFFARINA Terver. PI. 41, fig. 37. Imperforate, conoid, depressed-globose, solid, chalky white, deep brown within the aperture, irregularly striate and malleate, with impressed short transverse marks, most developed behind the broadly expanded lip ; whorls 5, nucleus large, smooth, upper ones flattened, the last widened at the aperture and abruptly deflexed ; aperture 138 HELIX. very oblique, transversely truncate-oval, peristome white, sublabiate, the ends converging and connected by a light callus, the columella with a heavy dentiform callus. Diam. 30 mill. Zaffarine Is., and adjacent mainland. Var. ZELLERI Kobelt. PI: 41, fig. 38. Smaller, more globose, with four interrupted brown bands, mac- ulated in the interspaces ; aperture smaller and less intensely colored than in the typical H. zaffarina. Diam. 27 mill. Mascara, Algiers. H. doubletti Bourg. is a synonym. H. ANOTERODON Pechaud. PI. 46, figs. 43, 44. Covered umbilicate, conoid-globose, solid, chalky, white, irreg- ularly rudely striate, with subtle spiral impressed lines, body-whorl distinctly malleate ; spire conoid-convex, apex small, white, suture above linear, becoming impressed ; whorls 6, convex, regularly in- creasing, the last tumid, slightly dilated, suddenly deeply deflexed at aperture ; aperture very oblique, lunate, semiovate, deep brown within, upper and lower margins parallel, scarcely converging at extremities, the upper at first rather straight, then becoming patulous, outer margin dilated, reflexed, white, with a white dentiform incurved strong lamella, basal margin castaneous on its upper part, declivous, with an abruptly truncated strong, somewhat transversely placed tooth on its anterior edge ; parietal wall and throat deep brown. Diam. 30 J, alt. 22 mill. Environs of Leila Marnia, on the Morocco boundary. I follow Kobelt's identification of this form. It has the appear- ance of If. tigri and other forms of that group ; but Kobelt says : " Es ist eine Helix zaffarina mit einem Gaumenzahn. Zur Gruppe der saharischen Zweizahner mochte ich sie nicht rechnen." H. DUPOTETIANA Terver. PI. 41, fig. 39. Imperforate, subglobose, white, irregularly striate and malleate, with four or five brown bands, often coalescent or wanting ; whorls 5, the upper ones planulate, last two convex, the last strongly de- flected at the very oblique, broadly lunate aperture ; peristome brownish, reflexed, sublabiate, columellar margin brown, thickened, with a decided tooth ; fauces deep brown. Diam. 30-35 mill. Or an, Algiers. Perhaps not specifically distinct from H. zaffarina Terver. *0- HELIX. H. BREVIERI Pechaud. PI. 41, figs. 40, 41. Large, thick, depressed conoid-globose, rough sculptured, with coarse lines of increment, and on the upper whorls and near the sutures with fine spiral striae ; last wrhorl malleate, vermiculate with white anastomosing wrinkles ; with four broad and faint bands on a yellowish-white ground ; or unicolored chalky white ; whorls over 6, slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last inflated, dilated and abruptly descending at the oblique, ovate-truncate aperture ; peristome white, expanded, declivous at base, with a more or less developed truncate dentiform callus ; aperture larger than that of H. dupotetiana, castaneous within. Diam. 40 mill. Nemour, Algiers. Kobelt's H. dupotetiana var. rugosa, and H. dupotetiana var. aspera Gassies are synonyms. H. subbrevieri Bourg. may also be placed here. H. XAXTHODOX Anton. PI. 41, figs. 42, 43. Imperforate, subglobose-depressed, white, solid, spire convex ; whorls 5, slowly increasing ; aperture rounded, very oblique, dark brown inside, small ; peristome reflexed, white ; columella margin with a heavy dentate callus. Diam. 22 mill. Oran, Algiers. Aperture smaller and whorls less rapidly increasing than in H. dupotetiana, to which it is very closely allied. A variety figured by Kobe-It is larger, last whorl more inflated and malleate. The species is also nearly allied to H. arabica. H. ARABICA Terver. PI. 42, figs. 47, 48. Imperforate, depressed globose, solid, shining, with three or four brown bands, interrupted with white, sometimes unicolored, white ; spire convex; apex smooth, obtuse; whorls 5, rapidly increasing,, the last rounded, inflated below, descending at the very oblique, oblong-lunate aperture; peristome white, thickened, expanded, colu- mellar margin callously thickened, dentate and brown like the interior of the aperture. Diam. 28 mill. Province of Oran and Adjacent Islands. This is not the H. arabica of Roth, which— .ff. desertorum Forsk. II. abrolena Bourg., proposed because the name arabica was supposed to be preoccupied, is said by Ancey to be more globose, with more convex and more rapidly increasing whorls, and thicker shell than typical arabica. It is figured on PI. 42, figs. 44-46. 140 HELIX. H. ODOPACHA Bourguignat. PI. 42, figs. 49-52. Imperforate, depressed globose, ventricose, shining, slightly sub- pellucid, white, striate and malleate; apex smooth, obtuse; spire convex; whorls 5, regularly increasing, the last rounded, abruptly -deflexed anteriorly ; aperture oblique, narrow, subtriangular-oblong, pale brown inside; peristome white, thickened, patulous; columellar margin thickened, bearing a heavy brownish callus, terminating in :a thick tubercle ; margins connected by a light callus. Diam. 24 mill. Oran, Algiers. A variety is figured by Kobelt with four narrow brown bands. The species is very closely allied to H. arabica. H. BONDUELLIANA Bourguignat. PI. 37, figs. 67, 68. Imperforate, ventricose, solid, bright, chalky, lightly striate and obscurely malleate, bluish-white, obscurely unifasciate; spire convex, apex small, obtuse, smooth ; whorls 5 J, regularly and rapidly in- creasing, the last descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, lunar- ovate, white within ; peristome sublabiate, expanded ; columella margin with a white callus. Diam. 28 mill. Or an, Algiers. H. asteia Bourg. is more deflected at aperture and has darker mouth, with the columella callus slightly more developed. Said to be from Madrid, Spain, but referred to H. bonduelliana, by Hidalgo, who considers it an African species. (PI. 42, fig. 53.) H. SENILIS Morelet. PL 42, figs. 54, 55. Imperforate, globose depressed, dilated transversely, thick ; whorls -5&, planulate, the last dilated and deflexed anteriorly, four banded ; .aperture truncate-oval, subhorizontal ; peristome very thick, reflexed, margins connected by a callus ; columella dentate. Diam. 25 mill. Between Constantine and Setif, A Igiers. H. EMBIA Bourguignat. PL 42, figs. 56-57. Covered perforate, depressed subglobose, solid, chalky white, striatulate and malleate, spire convex, apex smooth, obtuse ; whorls 5 to 6, the upper ones flattened, the last two convex ; suture mod- erately impressed ; last whorl rounded, tumid below, at the aperture suddenly descending; aperture oblique, irregularly lunate, deep chestnut within, with a tooth on the base, and opposite it a slight prominence inside the outer lip ; peristome broadly expanded, lab- iate, margins connected by a white callus, Diam. 23, alt. 15 mill. Island of Habibas, off Algiers. HELIX. 141 In addition to Bourguignat's figures of this form, I give those of Kobelt, (PI. 61 figs.13-15.) According to the latter author, the species- is not found upon the island of Rachgoun, but at Nemours. There is also some difference between the two authors as to the concholog- ical characters of the species, Kobelt's form being less striate above,, and measuring 26 mill, in diam., 17 in alt. H. PSEUDOEMBIA Debeaux. PI. 42, figs. 58, 59. Subglobose, imperforate, solid, chalky, white, with irregular in- cremental striae and short transverse impressed lines ; whorls 5r slightly convex ; suture moderately impressed ; last whorl inflated,, depressed around the umbilical area, strongly deflexed in front ^ aperture oblique, lunate, bright chestnut colored inside and on col- umella ; peristome acute, the margins converging, joined by a light callus ; peristome widely reflexed, albolabiate, obsoletely dentately thickened inside the outer lip ; columella subexcavated, with a dis- tinct white, truncate, dentiform fold. Diam. 32, alt. 21 mill. Leila Marnia, Morocco, between Nemours and Tlemcen* Allied, according to Kobelt, to H. zaffarina. Its relation to H. embia seems quite as close, and with that species it forms the transi- tion to " die Gruppe der Doppel-Zahner," as Kobelt calls the follow- ing species. Most of these are probably merely local races ; for like many of the northern African shells the characters upon which the species are founded, such as texture, development of mouth parts,, etc., are endlessly variable ; every locality, with its slightly differing soil and climate producing a new and correspondingly differing race of mollusk. H. BURINI Bourguignat. PL 42, figs. 60-62. Imperforate, convexo-globose, 'shining, elegantly striate, whiter with four brown bands; spire conoid, apex obtuse; whorls 5-6,. slightly convex, regularly and slowly increasing, the last rounded, anteriorly descending; aperture very oblique, lunate-oblong, white within ; peristome expanded, labiate, with a long basal tooth and a lamelliform denticle within the outer lip. Diam. 27 mill. Southern Or an, Algiers Teeth not much more developed than in H. pseudoembia. H. TIGHT Gervais. PL 42, figs. 63-65. Imperforate, orbicularly depressed, solid, shining ; convex below : whorls 5, slightly convex, the last profoundly deflexed anteriorly, 142 HELIX. rounded, and banded with brown; sutures linear, slightly impressed; aperture very oblique, transversely ovate, dark brown within; peri- stome reflexed, white, bearing a strong basal tooth ; outer lip with a strong denticle. Diam. 25 mill. Southern Oran, Algiers. The tubercles are strong, and situated so near to each other as to leave but a narrow space between them. The synonyms are If. tigriana Bourg. and H. maresi Crosse. If. stereodonta Bourg. (PL 43, figs. 68, 69) H. dicallistodon Bourg. (PL 42, figs. 66, 67,) and H. surrodonta Bourg. (PL 43, figs. 70, 71,) seem to be too closely allied to the H. tigri to warrant separation as dis- tinct species. H. DASTAGUI Bourguignat. PL 43, fig. 72. Imperforate, depressed, solid, striate, white, with four brown zones ; spire slightly convex ; whorls 5 to 6, rather rapidly increas- ing, the last descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, oblong-lunate, white within, with a lamelliform denticle within the outer lip and a heavy tubercle at the base ; peristome expanded, slightly labiate. Diam. 27 mill. Southern Oran, Algiers. Specimens occur in which the umbilicus is not wholly covered. H. SUBJOBAEANA Kobelt. PL 46, figs. 54-56. Shell depressed-globose, covered umbilicate, irregularly rudely striate, solid, unicolored grayish white ; spire slightly elevated, short conoid, apex smooth, white; whorls 5, subconvex, with distinctly impressed sutures, slowly increasing, the last a little widened, not angulate, rather flat below, anteriorly subcontracted and suddenly, deeply deflected; aperture very oblique, small, semiovate, com- pressed, and still more contracted by two strong teeth, margins of peristome joined and apparently continuous by a thick parietal callus, outer margin with two teeth, the outer lamelliform, the inner tubercular ; inside of aperture in fresh specimens brownish. Diam. 23*, alt. 13* mill. Chott el Tigri, on the boundary of Morocco. A curious form, closely allied to the following. H. JOBAEANA Crosse. PL 46, figs. 57-59. Imperforate, subglobose, obtusely angulate, smooth, slightly striate, shining, solid ; sutures linear, becoming impressed ; whorls 5, the last obtusely angulate, base convex, deeply, suddenly, deflexed anteriorly ; aperture small, very oblique, ovate, contracted, peristome HELIX. 143 continued over the parietal wall by a strong callus, much thickened in adult specimens, outer margin provided with two teeth. Constantine, Algiers (fossil.) The most bizarre of the "Gruppe der Doppelzahner." *** H. CODRINGTONI Gray. PI. 38, figs. 72-75. Imperforate, subdepressed, solid, coarsely and irregularly striate, decussated with fine spiral lines, white, irregularly marbled and streaked with brown, the markings usually arranged into four or five broken bands ; spire depressed conoidal, apex smooth ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last descending anteriorly; aperture large, very oblique,truncate-oval, peristome slightly expanded bearing a truncate dentiform callus at base ; parietal wall with a light callus. Diam. 45 mill. Greece and Adjacent Islands. H. ferussaci Christ, et Jan, and H. spiriplana Desh. are synonyms. Bourguignat has described as species H. eucineta, H. euchromia, and H. eupcecilia; they are not even entitled to varietal rank. If. pseudoparnassia Mousson is also a synonym. Var. PARNASSIA Roth. PL 38. figs. 74, 75. Globose conic, with obtuse apex ; last whorl not widened toward aperture, strongly and abruptly deflected anteriorly ; aperture round- oval, slightly thickened at base, distinctly toothed ; extremities of peristome approaching; no parietal callus. Diam. 30 mill. Parnassus. Var. OET^E Kobelt. A form with the depressed and widened body-whorl of typical H. codringtoni, but not larger than var. parnassia. Diam. 36 mill. Mi. Ito (the ancient Oeta.) Scarcely distinct from the type. Var. AETOLICA Boettger. Smaller than the type generally openly rimate; quadrifasciate, the upper bandjisually obsolete; spire short, exactly conical; whorls greatly depressed. Diam. 33-34, alt. 18-20 mill. Veluchi Mis., Aeiolia. A white unicolored form is also figured (fig. 73.) The species is like all Macularice, variable in color pattern and size ; and in the Grecian peninsula occupies the place of H. alonensis in the Iberian. 144 HELIX. Like that species, too, the codringtoni seems to be an esteemed delicacy of the cuisine ; for Roth relates that in the markets of Athens quantities of them are exposed for sale during the Lenten season. H. CRASSA Pfeiffer. PI. 38, fig. 76-77. Subcovered umbilicate, depressed, thick, ponderous, rugosely striate, with revolving lines, and five or fewer interrupted brown bands, sometimes wanting; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse; whorls 4-5, slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last depressed, subplanulate below, deflected in front, compressed around the um- bilicus; aperture very oblique, ovate-truncate, peristome widely expanded, labiate with white, its margins subparallel, extremities connected by a light callus. Diam. 42 mill. Corfu. H. INTUSPLICATA Pfeiffer. PI. 43, figs. 73-75. Umbilicate, depressed, solid, rudely obliquely striate, and with fine revolving lines, bluish-white; spire slightly convex, apex obtuse; whorls 5, the last flattened, anteriorly deflected, more convex below; aperture very oblique, irregularly oval, reddish within; peristome briefly expanded, margins converging; base with an internal trans- verse callous plication. Diam. 31 mill. Mt. Chelmos, in Arcadia. A rare species. H. MASSYL^A Morelet. PL 38, figs. 86-88. Imperforate, globose depressed, somewhat solid, with irregular incremental stria3 decussated by revolving lines ; color yellow- ish white, concolored, or encircled by five reddish brown bands; spire conoid, apex smooth, obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, the last widened and descending at aperture, inflated below ; aperture oblique, some- what subquadrate, as long as wide ; peristome narrowly expanded, white; columella dilated, callous. Diam. 40 mill. Algiers, Province of Constantine and southward. A var. concolor is described by Bourguignat. Var. ZENATIA Kobelt. Last whorl less expanded ; mouth shorter, and columellar callus less extended. Wed Zenati, Algiers. HELIX. 145 H. PR^EDISPOSITA Mousson. PI. 39, figs. 4, 5. Imperforate, depressed, transversely striate, with decussating lines, whitish, with four bands, the upper narrow, the second wide, inter-i rupted with white ; spire depressed conic, with large obtuse nucleus ; wrhorls 4 to 5, rapidly increasing, slightly convex, the last dilated, strongly deflexed anteriorly; aperture very oblique, transversely ovate; peristome narrowly expanded, margins approaching, con- nected by a light callus ; basal margin subhorizontal, wide, adnate. Diam. 29 mill. Reraya Valley, Morocco (subfossil). H. RERAYANA Mousson. PL 37, figs. 63-65. Imperforate, depressed, irregularly obliquely striate and with transverse short irregular wrinkles ; color dirty white, with flam- mules and flecks of brownish, indistinctly two to five banded ; spire slightly convex, apex smooth ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, the last widened toward the aperture and abruptly descending ; aperture very oblique, transversely oblong; peristome slightly expanded, acute, slightly thickened within, Diam. 37-41 mill. Reraya Valley, Morocco. H. MOUSSONIANA Wollaston. PL 43, fig. 76. Large, imperforate, globose-depressed, subinflated, rather thin, strongly striate, not granulate nor malleate, lacking epidermis ; spire rapidly increasing, apex smooth, obtuse ; sutures irregularly impressed ; whorls nearly 5, the last deflexed suddenly at aperture, convex and turgid below ; aperture oblique, transverse, perfectly elliptical ; peristome narrowly reflected, adnate below, its ends joined by a callus ; columella excavated. Diam. 37 mill. Ins. Gomera, Canaries (/ossify. It is H. adonis Mousson, not Angas. It is closely allied to the following species and to H. alonensis. H. EFFERATA Mousson. PL 43, fig, 77. Globosely depressed, subsolid, striate and with obtuse undulating rugose malleations, not granulate ; whorls 4£, less convex and di- lated than in H. moussoniana, obtusely angulate. Diam. 31 mill. Ins. Gomera, Canaries (fossil.) The pattern of sculpture, — obscure undulations obliquely crossing the stride — is characteristic. Both this and the preceding species may prove to belong to Hemicycla. 10 146 HELIX. H. ALONENSIS Ferussac. PL 43, fig. 78-82. Covered perforate, depressed globose, somewhat solid, yellowish white, variegated with streaks and marblings of light brown, or five fasciate; irregularly striate, decussated with fine revolving lines; whorls 4-5, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last large, tumid, deflexed anteriorly ; aperture large, rotund lunar, oblique ; peri- stome narrowly reflexed, appressed at base, the ends converging, joined by a very light callus. Diam. 30 mill. Southern Spam ; Balearic Is. An abundant and extremely variable species. Var. CARTHAGINIENSIS Rossm. PI. 44, fig. 86-89. Similar in general characters and sculpture to H. alonensis, but smaller, more depressed, aperture more oval on account of the greater deflection of the last whorl ; usually conspicuously five- fasciate ; lip well expanded. Diam. 24 mill. Sierra da Cartagena, Spain. Differs from H. campesina in being imperforate, with less devel- oped peristome, which is reflected and adnate to the base of the shell. The genitalia offer some points of difference, according to Ross- msessler ; but until we have descriptions or figures of those of the allied forms we can scarcely make use of this character. Var. CAMPESINA Ezquerra. PI. 43, figs. 83-85. With the markings and sculpture of H. alonensis this variety ex- hibits a much more oblique nearly perfectly oval mouth, broadly expanded and reflexed peristome, scarcely or not at all appressed to base, its extremities converging and connected by a decided callus ; umbilicus wide or sometimes nearly covered by the reflection of the lip. Diam. 40 mill. Spain, provinces Marcia and Valentia. Rossmsessler's var. lorcana is synonymous. A mountain form. Var. LOXANA Rossmsessler. PI. 44, figs. 90-93. Imperforate, depressed globose, usually five-fasciate, the upper bands interrupted ; aperture very oblique, rounded lunar; peristome expanded, margins converging, dilated over the umbilical area. Diam. 28 mill. Granada. A mountain form. HELIX. 147 H. ALCARAZANA Guirao. PL 44, figs. 97-100. Imperforate, depressed subglobose, obliquely striate, obsoletely decussated by spiral lines, yellowish white, with five brown bands, the upper ones broken into irregular maculations ; spire shortly conic, obtuse ; whorls 4-5, rapidly increasing, the last somewhat de- scending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, rotund-lunar, peristome rose- colored, labiate, margins slightly converging, reflexed and appressed at the columella. Diam. 20 mill. Sierra de Segura, Province of Alcaraz, Spain. It is perhaps H. serpentina of Graells. H. GUIRAOANA Rossmassler. PL 44, figs. 94-96. Umbilicate, depressed, solid, striate, whitish, five fasciate, the upper bands interrupted ; spire slightly convex, whorls 4-5, rapidly increasing, the last subinflated, and abruptly descending anteriorly; aperture rotund lunar; peristome rose colored, slightly reflexed at the base. Diam. 23-28, alt. 10-12 mill. Var ANGTJSTATA Rossmassler. Smaller; umbilicus narrower. Granada. H. MARMORATA Ferussac. PL 44, figs. 1-3. Imperforate, globose depressed, white, five-fasciate, the upper bands regularly interrupted with white, the lower less so; above marbled with corneous; whorls 5, a little convex, the last wide and descending anteriorly ; aperture widely rotund lunar, peristome rose-colored, narrowly reflexed, appressed at base, extremities ap- proaching. Diam. 20 mill. Gibraltar; Granada. If. exornata Parr is synonymous. Size and color-pattern rather variable, but always marbled above with brown, white and corneous. Var VIOLACEA Rossmassler. PL fig. Small; last whorl strongly deflexed, deep colored, violet-lipped. Granada. It is H. balearica var. violacea and var. pulchella of Rossmassler's Iconography, and H. partschii Bourg., according to Kobelt. H. SPLENDIDA Drapernaud. PL 44, figs. 4-9. Imperforat'e, globose depressed, white or corneous, with five deep brown bands, the upper ones usually interrupted or confluent; in- cremental striae very faint; whorls 4-4£, slightly convex, rapidly 148 HELIX. increasing, the last deflexed anteriorly; aperture rotund-lunar, oblique, white lipped; peristorae narrowly expanded, reflexed, ad- nate at base and over the umbilicus. Diam. 15-20 mill. Spain and Southern France. Peristome and aperture sometimes rose tinted within. A lovely species, connecting the smaller Maculariw with Tachea, and as far as shell characters go, intermediate between these groups. Var. COSSONI Letourneux. More depressed; spire moderately convex ; whorls 4, more rapidly increasing, the last large ; aperture less oblique than in the type. Diam. 19 mill. Herault, France. H. BALEARICA Ziegler. PI. 36, figs. 49, 50. Imperforate, depressed, brownish white above variegated with deep brown, white, and corneous marblings; with five bands, all interrupted; whorls 5 rapidly increasing; aperture oblique, rotund- lunar, peristome narrowly reflected brownish, labiate, appressed at base. Diam. 30 mill. Balearic Is.; Spain. The synonymy includes H. hispanica Partsch., (pi. 36, figs. 51-53) and H. speciosa Zieg. Var. COMPANYONI Aleron. PI. 36, figs. 47, 48. Smaller than the type, more fragile and more delicately sculp- tured; peristome and columella white. Diam. 15-20 mill. Balearic Is.; Catalonia. It is H. haspanica var. pyrenaica Rossm. H. MINORICENSIS Mittre. PI. 38, figs. 78-81. Imperforate, depressed, lightly striate, white with five brown bands, more or less interrupted with white, the intervening spaces maculated with corneous; spire slightly elevated, apex corneous, smooth, obtuse ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last wide, descend- ing anteriorly ; aperture oblique, rotund lunar, showing the bands within; peristome expanded, adnate at base. Diam. 13-18 mill. Minorca, Balearic Is. H. BEAUMIERI Mousson. PI. 44, figs. 12-14. Imperforate, globose depressed, thin, slightly striate, and with light spiral lines, evanescent at the base ; whitish with five rufous interrupted bands, the upper two usually confluent, those on base narrow; spire obtuse, convex, not conic; whorls 4£, the last large, strongly and abruptly descending at aperture, subinflated, rotund HELIX. 149 and tumid at base; aperture very oblique, transversely round-ovate; peristome expanded, subreflexed, thickened within, the margins considerably converging, joined by a callus. Diam. 24 mill. Morocco. H. RAYMONDI Moquin. PL 44, figs. 10, 11. Imperforate, globose depressed, subsolid, yellowish white, with five subequal faint bands; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse; whorls 4J, the last strongly deflected anteriorly; aperture very oblique, rotund-lunar ; peristome labiate, margins converging and joined by callus, expanded, and adnate at base. Diam. 20 mill. Province of Oran, Algiers. Morelet's H. desfontanea is a synonym. H. VERMICULOSA Morelet. PI. 44, figs. 15-17. Subperforate, turbinate, globose, solid, densely sculptured with undulating, anastomosing wrinkles, lustreless, dirty yellowish grey, more or less distinctly fasciate with wide irregular brown or yellow- ish bands, five in number ; spire somewhat turreted, apex dark col- ored ; whorls over 4, convex, the last inflated, descending, aperture circular, porcelain white within, very oblique ; peristome narrowly expanded, margins approaching ; columellar margin reflexed. Diam. 25, alt. 22 mill. Hir, Province of Sus, Morocco. Comparable to Pomatia mazzulii in aspect, but probably more nearly related to the present group. Unfigured species of Macularia. H. omphalophora Dut. Corsica. H. aecouria Let. et. Bourg. Tunis. H. nitefacta, toukriana, maltarica, seignetti of Bourguignat. Algiers. H. catharolena, simocheila, cantcv, chorista, tiranoi, lucentumensis, pelopica, and engastora, Bourg. Spain. H. sevillensis Servain, Seville. Section IV. ALLOGNATHUS Pilsbry, 1888. The only member of the group Pentatcenia, as far as known, in which the jaw is wholly devoid of the strong ribs characteristic of that division. The type and only species, H. grateloupi has been classed by some authors in Leptaxis, by others in Macularia. From both groups it differs in characters of shell and animal. 150 HELIX. H. GRATELOUPI Graells, 1846. PI. 48, figs. 94, 95. Imperforate, depressed globular, rather thin, shining, whitish- corneous, or suffused with light brown, with five distinct narrow chestnut-brown bands, frequently interrupted, or broken into nearly separate maculations, very lightly obliquely striate ; whorls 4, con- vex, very rapidly increasing, the last rotund, gently descending anteriorly ; aperture rounded-lunar, very oblique, its margins con- verging, joined by a transparent parietal callus; peristome thin, acute, slightly expanded, regularly arcuate, columellar margin con- cave, adnate to the rather inflated base, and slightly tinged with brown. Diam. 21, alt. 16 mill. Majorca, Balearic Is. H. tessellata Fer. and H. graellsiana Pfr. are synonyms. Section V, HEMICYCLA Swainson, 1840. This group of large Helices is intermediate in conchological characters between Macularia and Leptaxis, and rather closely allied to both. In distribution it is restricted to the Canary Archipelago, no species being found outside the limits of that group ; and it is the most prominent form of Helix in the mollusk fauna of those islands, occupying them to the exclusion of Iberus, Leptaxis and (almost) of Macularia. Several species very similar to recent forms are found fossil in central European miocene deposits, associated with Macularia, Clausilia, Melanopsis, etc. There is a similarity between some species of Hemicycla (such as H. malleata) and certain West Indian forms of Dentellaria, (H. obesa, H. dentiens) ; this resemblance is more likely to be due to con- vergence of type, caused by similar environments than to any close relation or connection between these specialized forms ; and the same may be safely said of the superficial likeness which the African Macu- laria jobaeana bears to the West Indian Dentellaria formosa, etc. The species of Hemicycla are very numerous, and frequently sep- arated by characters so slight as to render it very likely that the number of species bonce would be considerably reduced by a critical study of the intermediate forms and the variations produced by peculiarities of station, hypsometical distribution, etc. Such a study however, we are not likely to have as long as the great majority of land-shell specialists pursue the intensely analytical methods now in vogue. HELIX. 151 In the treatment of the species I have generally followed Jules Mabille, whose paper, "Materiaux pour une fauna malacologique des lies Canaries" is the most recent and complete publication on the subject. A number of descriptions have been taken from Mousson, and from Wollaston. H. PLICARIA Lamarck, 1816. PI. 49, figs. 51, 52. Imperforate, depressed, solid, opaque, corneous brown, lighter below, unicolored, or with very obscure darker bands above, about three in number, and sometimes a fourth just below the periphery; obliquely costate with elevated separated coarse ribs; frequently split or slightly interrupted upon the periphery, and which are crenulated by very numerous dense fine spiral impressed lines, which scarcely or not at all cut the surface between the ribs ; whorls 4, moderately convex, regularly increasing, the apex nearly smooth, large, obtuse, first two whorls much smoother than balance of shell, body-whorl obtusely subangular at its beginning, becoming rounded and rather tumid and gibbous below as it approaches its termination, abruptly, deeply deflexed and deeply constricted behind the aper- ture ; aperture very oblique, contracted, small, irregularly oval ; peristome white, very broadly, flatly expanded, its terminations some- what converging, joined by a thin callus ; basal margin thickened within by a slightly tortuous lamellar denticle, appressed over the umbilical region, which is but slightly or not at all indented. Diam. 22, alt. 14 mill. Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. H. plicatula Lam., H. orbiculata Wood, H. planorbula Gray are synonymous. Some authors have included several allied forms under the name plicaria, but attention to the above diagnosis will enable any one to separate them. The sculpture of the ribs is very charac- teristic. H. BENTHENCOURTIANA Shuttleworth, 1853. PI. 50, figs. 60, 61. In form and appearance similar to If. plicaria, but distinguished by the thin shell, narrow (often subobsolete) bands, regularly spaced incremental costse, which are less developed than in plicaria, and without the secondary sculpture of incised lines shown by that spe- cies; the interspaces between costse are finely striate; the young shell is pilose. Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. 152 HELIX. H. SARCOSTOMA Webb et Berthelot, 1832. PL 49, figs. 49, 50. Imperforate, globosely depressed, solid, flesh-tinted or yellowish r with four dark frequently interrupted bands, sometimes obsolescent, the whole, surface, including apex, covered by an extremely minute dense granulation, rather obscurely irregularly obliquely striate, sometimes with inconspicuous vermiform anastomosing reticulating wrinkles upon the last whorl, upon which are short white marks in the direction of the whorls ; apex rather obtuse ; sutures well-marked ; whorls 5, the outer rapidly increasing and wide, rounded, tumid, especially below, deeply descending to the aperture ; not constricted ; aperture very oblique, rotund-lunate ; peristome very ividely expanded and flattened, pale fleshy-white colored, very regularly arched, its margins converging and joined by a thin callus, appressed over the umbilical tract, and very slightly thickened within, scarcely sub- dentate. Diam. 30, alt. 20 mill. Ins. Lanzarote, Fuertaventiira and Grand Canary* Specimens of 25 mill. diam. or less are frequent. I see nothing more than varietal characters in the following form, but admit it provisionally at this time. H. THAUMALEA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, figs. 87, 88. Shell subglobose, solid, somewhat opaque, striate, all over very finely granulate and superficially obscurely crispato-malleate, smoother below, ruddy with scattered white spots and four or five brown or blackish bands more or less intense and interrupted ; spire convexo-depressed, apex reddish, obtuse, shining, rugose-punctate; whorls 5, the last most rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body-whorl very large, rounded-tumid, inflated below,, slightly descending and deflexed at aperture ; aperture very oblique, lunate, suboblong-ovate, the ends subapproximating, joined by a callus ; peristome thick, dilated, reflexed, whitish, tinted with yellow, strongly thickened "within, columellar margin contorted, shining, appressed, with an elongate lamellose tooth. Diam. 31-33, alt. 14-16 mill. Ins. Lanzarote and Fuertaventiira, Canaries. Shell thicker than H. sarcostoma ; spire more depressed ; the um- bilical callus is very heavy and livid white in color. H. PAETELIANA Shuttleworth, 1859. PL 50, fig. 80. Imperforate, depressed conoid-globose, thin, striulate, and slightly granulate, shining, fulvous olivaceous, ornamented with five deep HELIX. 153 brown bands ; spire conic, rather obtuse ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last inflated, deflexed anteriorly; aperture large, oblique, rounded lunate, submargaritaceous within ; peristome thin, labiate with flesh-color, margins converging, the right briefly reflexed, the columellar dilated, adnate. Diam. 24, alt. 15 mill. Ins. Fuertaventura, Canaries* A very rare species, which Wollaston believes to be the same as a large variety of H. pouchet. It is probably, however, distinct. My description is a translation of PfeifFer's. H. CHERSA Mabille, 1882. PL 49, figs. 32, 33. Imperforate, depressed orbicular, solid, opaque, scarcely shining,, grayish rufescent, with equidistant laminar costulre, the interstices rugose or minutely granulate, sometimes with a brown line around the periphery ; spire depressed conic, apex large obtuse, rugulose ; whorls 4-5, the upper slowly, the remainder very rapidly increasing,, separated by a linear suture, becoming impressed at outer whorl ; body-whorl large, carinate, compresso-inflated toward the aperture,, convex below, briefly, suddenly descending ; aperture lunate, elon- gate-ovate, margins approximating, peristome livid, broadly and flatly expanded, acute, subreflexed, thickened within, outer margin regularly curved, the columella substraightened, with a long sub- denticle within, and appressed at the insertion. Diam. 23, alt. 10 mill. Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries* Intermediate between plicaria and benthencourtiana ; differing^ from the first in the more depressed shell, with smoother costa?, the intervals transversely wrinkled and presenting traces of hairs, the the thicker shell, dilated last whorl, and form of the aperture; from the second, the thick shell, depressed-angulate form, and different sculpture separate it. H. BATHYCOMA Mabille, 1882. PI. 48, figs. 98, 99. Imperforate, depressed subglobose, rather thick, opaque, scarcely shining, brown, with four deeper colored bands, costulate-striate, young densely squamosely pilose, adults asperate with squamose- granulations ; spire convex, apex rugose, obtuse, purplish ; whorls 4:1-5, convexo-depressed, regularly, rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures; body- whorl large, rounded, anteriorly constricted, rapidly descending ; aperture oblique, lunate, wide, irregular oblong- lunate, margins subapproximating ; peristome acute, deeply labiate within, purplish flesh-colored, broadly reflexed, outer margin arcuate, 154 HELIX. joining the basal at a more or less conspicuous angle, basal margin straightened thick, adnate, appressed at its insertion, and with a lamina within. Diam. 22-23, alt. 10*-11 mill. Environs of Telde, Ins. Grand Canary. H. EUCALYPTA Mabille, 1883. PL 49, fig. 37. Shell subglobose depressed, imperforate, scarcely shining, corneous yellowish or reddish, costulate striate, asperate with minute gran- ules, five-fasciate, the upper bands maculate ; spire conic, apex obtuse, more or less deeply purpled-tinted, rugose ; whorls 5-52, regularly, rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body- whorl large, compressed at the suture, rounded at periphery, grad- ually descending at aperture, subconstricted behind the peristome ; aperture oblique, lunate, ovate-elongate; peristome a little thickened, •expanded, in very old specimens very greatly thickened, and broadly reflexed, margins subdistant, the outer regularly curved, joining with an angle the straight basal margin, which is callous, adnate, .and bears a slightly thick lamina within, in old individuals much thickened. Diam. 22-24, alt. 12-14 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. H. SABINIANA Mabille, 1883. PI. 48, figs. 3, 4. Half-covered umbilicate, depressed orbicular-convex, striate, scarcely shining, asperate with granules deposited in series, rufous, five-fasciate, and lineolate with white at the suture, below greenish, shining, apex red, granulose, crispate, shining; whorls 5?, regularly increasing, suture distinct, body-whorl large, obscurely rounded- subangulate at its origin, becoming rounded, a little shortly descend- ing and subconstricted behind the peristome ; aperture oblique, lunate, ovate-rounded ; peristome acute, slightly thickened, reflexed, margins distant, joined by a thin callus, the outer slightly excavated, the columellar concave, appressed, callously reflexed at the insertion half covering the umbilicus. Diam. 23, alt. 12 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. H. ZELOTA Mabille, 1883. PL 49, fig. 30. Imperforate, depressed orbiculate-convex, slightly thickened, solid, opaque, destitute of cuticle or lustre, dull rufous, costulate striate, with granules, especially conspicuous on the last whorl, and deposited in series ; spire depressed mamillate, apex large, rugose or nearly smooth; whorls 4^-5, regularly increasing, suture slightly impressed; body-whorl large, a little tumid and angulate at its HELIX. 155 origin, becoming rotund compressed, below obliquely compressed, a little descending at aperture ; aperture oblique, lunate, small, ovate or ovate-triangular; peristome subthickened, reflexed, 'acute, basal margin armed with a thin lamina. Diam. 21, alt. 11 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. This species, found only in a fossil state, is separated from its allies by the lesser development of the last whorl, the large, obtuse apex, smaller aperture, thin peristome, and decided compression of the base. H. EPHEDROPHILA Mabille, 1883. PI. 48, figs. 21, 22. Imperforate, depressed-convex, thick, solid, opaque, scarcely shin- ing, distinctly costulate-striate, obscurely submalleate, under the lens minutely granulate ; spire convex, apex minute, punctate, obtuse, shining, reddish ; whorls 5-51, regularly, rapidly increasing, sutures linear but distinct; body-whorl large, compressed-rotund, descending briefly and suddenly at the aperture, slightly constricted, not gib- bous; aperture small, oblique, lunate, oblong-subrhomboidal, mar- gins subconverging, joined by a thin livid callus; peristome thickened, reflexed, outer margin subnodulous, excavated, curved, appearing sinuous, basal margin lengthily appressed, callous, with an internal dentiform, short, tortuous lamina, columella short, tortuous, ap- pressed over the umbilicus. Diam. 21, alt. 11 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. H. THEMERA Mabille, 1883. PI. 49, fig. 38. Imperforate, depressed-subglobose, solid, a little shining, and ornamented, under a yellowish, transparent, very evanescent cuticle, with striae and irregular malleations, especially upon the last whorl; color brown, five fasciate ; spire small, convex, apex subacute, ob- scurely rugose, purplish; whorls 5-5 2, rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body-whorl large, compressed-rounded, a little dilated and strongly descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, lunate, oblong-subquadrate, margins subapproximating; peristome thick- ened, labiate within, reflexed, outer margin sinuately arcuate, basal margin straightened, thickened, armed with a long denticle, lengthily adnate on the base, appressed at the insertion over the umbilicus. Diam. 13, alt. 8 mill. Barranco Angostura, Ins. Grand Canary. H. RIPROCHI Mabille, 1882. PL 48, figs. 7, 8. Imperforate, slightly convex-orbiculate, striate, decussate, espe- cially around the suture of last whorl, finely, regularly marked 156 HELIX. with white vermicular malleations, punctate, everywhere minutely granulate, with five interrupted violaceous bands ; spire subpromi- nent, apex -obtuse, shining, punctulate-rugose, purplish ; whorls 4y very rapidly increasing, separated by distinct sutures; body-whorl large, compressed rotund, subconstricted, rapidly descending ; aper- ture oblique, lunate, long ovate, slightly narrowed, margins sub- parallel, not approximating, much thickened, labiate within, convo- lutely reflexed, rosy tinted, outer margin sinuous, basal margin straightened, lengthily adnate, planulate, with a strong lamina within, and a heavy appressed callus at the insertion. Diam. 25-28, alt. 11-13 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. The cuticle is very thin, corneous, usually yellowish, sometimes very bright, and exfoliates with great facility. The shell has some resemblance to H. consobrina. H. JANTHINA Mabille, 1883. PL 48, figs. 1, 2. Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, somewhat thickened, a little shining, reddish, under a very evanescent, thin, yellowish cuticle, paler beneath, ornamented with five brown bands, (the second and third ordinarily coalescent), more or less interrupted with yellow spots, costulate-striate, all over malle^te and under the lens minutely granulate; spire conic, apex obtuse, rugose-punctulater bright, purplish ; whorls 5, convex, regularly, very rapidly increas- ing, separated by subirnpressed sutures ; body-whorl large, rotund- tumid, obscurely subconstricted at aperture, slightly gibbous, regu- larly descending ; aperture oblique, lunate, wide oblong-ovate, fauces bluish-white, margins subdistant ; peristome thickened, re- flexed, rose-tinted, outer margin sinuately incurved, basal substraight- ened, with a broad appressed callus at the insertion, and a strong, elevated, dentiform lamina, columella short, obliquely tortuous. Diam. 24-26, alt. 11-12 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. Allied to the preceding species. H. GRAVID A Mousson, 1872. Imperforate, solid, conic-globose-depressed, striate, rudely mal- leate, destitute of cuticle and color ; spire widely conoid, apex small, smooth ; suture closely subimpressed ; whorls 5, first sensibly increas- ing, flattened, the last somewhat descending, subinflated around the suture, rounded, declivous above, subturgid below; aperture very HELIX. 157 oblique, transverse lunate-oval; peristome obtuse, very thick, convex- reflexed, sublabiate within, margins subremote, joined by a rather thick callus, the upper and lower subparallel, the basal thickened, with a long dentiform callus inside, widely expanded, appressed and callous at insertion. Diam. 33, alt. 24 mill. (Mousson.) Ins. Fuertaventura, Canaries. A rare sub-fossil species, said to be somewhat intermediate between the lactea and sarcostoma types. H. BATHYCAMPA Mabille, 1883. PL 47, figs. 84, 85. Imperforate, subglobose, rather thick, somewhat shining, rudely striate, and under a lens minutely granulate, yellowish rufous or purplish, with five bands often interrupted with yellowish macula- tions ; apex obtuse, rugose, purplish ; whorls 5, very rapidly increas- ing, separated by impressed sutures, the last large, tumid-rounded, •convex below and above, slightly compressed at the suture, slightly constricted at the aperture, and strongly, suddenly deflexed anterior- ly; aperture oblique, lunate, ovate-rounded, the ends approximating; peristome thickened, broadly reflected and flattened, rufous, colu- mella margin subreflexed, with a dentiform lamella. Diam. 29, alt. 18 mill. Fuertaventura, Canaries. The shell is thinner than in H. sarcostoma, and the sculpture different. H. SUBGRAVIDA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 86. Imperforate, solid, thick, subglobose-depressed, entirely covered with minute points and scarcely apparent costulations ; spire conic, apex minute, obtuse ; whorls 5, slightly convex, irregularly increas- ing, suture narrowly impressed ; body-whorl large, angled in front of the aperture, but becoming swollen and rounded, anteriorly briefly deflexed ; aperture oblique, lunate, irregularly ovate ; peristome widely reflexed, slightly thickened within, the ends subconverging, joined by a conspicuous callus ; columellar margin nearly straight, provided with an elongated tooth, widely expanded over the umbil- ical tract. Diam. 30, alt. 17 mill. Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. Compare H. gravida Mouss. H. BARCKERIANA Mabille, 1883. PI. 40, fig. 10. Imperforate, depressed, thick, solid, scarcely shining, destitute of color and epidermis, but with three or four obscure rufous bands, 158 HELIX. striate and coarsely crispate-malleate ; spire convex, subprominent, apex minute, subrugose ; whorls 5-5 J, first planato-convex, rapidly and regularly increasing, last very rapidly increasing ; suture im- pressed especially at last whorl ; body whorl large, rounded, below slightly flattened, toward aperture slightly dilated, briefly descend- ing, subconstricted at the peristome ; aperture oblique, lunate, * oblong ; peristome obtuse, reflexed ; ends not converging, connected by a slightly heavy callus, basal margin nearly straight, callous, with a long internal tooth. Quatenary of Ins. Grand Canary, near Agaete* Allied to the preceding. H. CACOPISTA Mabille, 1883. PI. 48, figs. 5, 6. Imperforate, depressed conic, subthickened, without epidermis, yellowish ruddy, with five white-dotted rufous bands ; apex minute, obtuse, granulate, concolored ; whorls 5-5 J, scarcely convex, sub- irregularly increasing, separated by distinct sutures ; the last large, slightly angular, subplanulate below, briefly deflexed at aperture ; aperture lunate-oblique, ovate-elongate ; peristome subthickened within, widely expanded, subfragile, acute, ends converging, con- nected by a thin callus ; basal margin slightly incurved, with a long appressed callus ; columella short, tortuous, with a strong um- bilical callus, and a lamelliform, elevated, straight tooth. Diam. 26, alt. 12 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Grand Canary, near Agaete. H. CATEUCTA Mabille, 1883. PL 47, fig. 82. Imperforate, depressed subglobose, thick, destitute of cuticle, shin- ing, yellowish, with four rufous spiral bands, maculated with white; spire conic, apex minute, nearly smooth, concolored; whorls 6, first plano-convex, last very rapidly increasing, separated by distinct sutures; body-whorl large, rounded, subflattened below; aperture oblique, oblong-lunate, peristome thickened, reflexed, its ends sub- approximating, joined by a thin callus; columellar margin nearly straight, widely adnate, subexcavated, with a lamellose denticle. Diam. 35, alt. 18* mill. Quarternary of Ins. Grand Canary, near Agaete. Whorls of the spire flatter than in H. subgravida, the last not angular and more dilated. /& If V^ OF THE [( UNIVEBSITY H. JUSTINI Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 79. Imperforate, depressed-conic, solid, striate, destitute of cuticle and color, not malleate nor granulate, spire conic, moderately elevated, apex minute, obtuse, whorls 5, sub-depressed, a little rounded, the first three regularly, rapidly, the last very rapidly increasing ; suture very distinct; body-whorl large, angulate, anteriorly obliquely roundly subcompressed, much constricted and abruptly descending at the aperture, convex-inflated below; aperture lunate, oblique, irregularly transverse-oval; peristome thickened, obtuse, dentate, margins joined by a thick callus, outer margin sinuous, bidentate, columellar nearly straight, oblique, widely expanded over and wholly covering the umbilicus. Diam. 21, alt. 13 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Tenerijffe, near the light-house of Anaga. H. poirieri Mabille, is a synonym. Intermediate between H. pouchet and H. bidentalis. The teeth of the outer lip are stronger than in H. bidentalis more oblique in direction, and obstructing the aperture more; basal margin is less oblique, thicker, etc. The shell is neither malleate, like H. bidentalis nor granulate, as in H. pouchet. H. HELYGAIA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 68. Imperforate, depressed-conic, solid, destitute of color or cuticle, coarsely striate, and in well preserved examples with fine microscopic decurrent lines; spire widely convex, apex obtuse; whorls 4J, a little convex, rapidly (especially the outer) increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body-whorl large, turgid, visibly angulate, com- pressed before the aperture, suddenly descending and constricted at the aperture ; aperture oblique, lunate, small, somewhat subquadrate, peristome thickened, subdentate in the middle, margins subcon verg- ing, joined by a subthickened callus ; columellar margin longly appressed, excavated, adnate and callous at its insertion, uniting with the sinuous outer lip with a decided angle. Diam. 25-28, alt. 14 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe near Anaga. Allied to H. pouchet, but differing in the more regularly increas- ing whorls, less prominent spire, thick peristome, and more devel- oped process on the outer lip. H. CACOPLASTA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 75. Imperforate, subdepressed-globulose, thick, opaque, destitute of col- or and cuticle, obtusely angular at the periphery, not malleate nor 160 HELIX. granulate, irregularly striate ; spire convexo-conic, slightly promi- nent, apex obtuse, smooth; whorls 5*1 , convexly rounded, regularly, rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures; body-whorl large, compressed-rotund in front of the aperture, becoming rotund- tumid, somewhat constricted behind the aperture, turgid below, briefly, rapidly descending ; aperture slightly oblique, lunate, wide oblong-subrotund, margins subdistant, joined by a callus ; peristome thick, scarcely reflected, labiate within, exterior margin sinuous, columellar adnate, obliquely thickened, with an appressed callus and slightly excavated at the insertion of the callus. Diam. 30, alt. 18 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, at the lighthouse of Anaga. May be distinguished by its very depressed form and rounded whorls, the body-whorl slightly angular at its origin, and the small, regular aperture. H. CALLIPONA Mabille, 1882. PL 52, fig. 68. Imperforate, conoid-subglobose, opaque, destitute of cuticle and color, densely costulate-striate ; spire conic, apex obtuse, smooth ; whorls 6, convexly sloping, regularly, very rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body-whorl large, carinate, more or less compressed-rotund, below convex, at the aperture deflexed, subconstricted ; aperture oblique, rather small, lunate, oblong-rotund, margins subdistant, joined by a thin callus, peristome thick, labiate, convolutely reflexed, margins well-curved, the columellar oblique, adnate, with a wide appressed callus at the insertion. Diam. 28-30, alt. 16-17 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, at the lighthouse of Anaga. Compared with H. cacoplasta this species is less depressed, more globulose, whorls more rounded, less sloping, striation stronger, less regular, aperture rounder, peristome thicker. H. PERRIERI Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 77. Imperforate, depressed-conic, thick, opaque, destitute of color and cuticle, subacutely carinated, appearing under a strong lens finely decussated, costulately striate ; spire conic, slightly elevated, apex obtuse, punctulate ; whorls 5 J, convexly sloping, rapidly increasing, especially the outer ones, separated by linear sutures ; body- whorl large, angulate, becoming compresso-dilated, below convex turgid, constricted at aperture, and suddenly deflected ; aperture subhori- zontal, lunate, oblong-ovate, margins distant, joined by a thick HELIX. 161 callus ; peristome thick, bilabiate, reflexed, columellar margin adnate, thickened, appressed at the insertion of the callus. Diam. 30, alt. 14 J mill. Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, at the lighthouse of Anaga. Allied to verneaui and cacoplasta. The peculiar compressed form of the body-whorl is very characteristic. H. VERNEAUI Mabille, 1882. PI. 47', fig. 70. Imperforate, subglobose-depressed, solid, opaque, destitute of color and cuticle, obliquely, arcuately plicato-striate ; spire conic, sub- prominent, apex obtuse, substriate ; whorls 5-6, subrounded, rapidly increasing, especially the last, separated by simple narrowly im- pressed sutures; body-whorl large, angulate, compressed above, turgid toward the aperture (carina evanescent) and slightly con- stricted, slightly inflated below, suddenly and shortly deflected ; aperture somewhat oblique, wide lunate-ovate ; peristome thick, subbilabiate, acutely reflexed, margins subapproximating, the outer curved, the columellar well curved, adnate, appressed at the insertion of the callus. Diam. 28-30, alt. 14-15 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, near the lighthouse of Anaga. H. IDBYTA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 80. Imperforate, depressed-conic, destitute of color and cuticle, opaque, striate, and with indistinct decurrent striae, obscurely subgranulose, spire conic, apex minute, obtuse, punctate; whorls 5, slightly de- pressed, regularly and rapidly increasing; suture impressed, especially at last whorl ; body- whorl large, angulate, laterally compressed be- fore the aperture, abruptly descending and constricted at the peri- stome, convexo-inflated below ; aperture oblique, lunate, irregularly ovate; peristome double, reflexed, margins converging, the outer sinuous tuberculate, angulate, the columella thick, broadly appressed, expanded over the umbilicus. Diam. 19-25, alt. 123-13 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, near Anaga. Distinguished from its congeners by the nearly effaced striae and slight granulation, the development of the linguaform duplication on the outer lip, the marked angulation of the body- whorl, and the wide, excavated columellar margin, smooth and rounded inside. H. HEDONICA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 83. Imperforate, depressed-conic-subglobose, solid, destitute of cuticle and color, costulate-striate and irregularly minutely malleate, spire cenvexo-conic, apex obtuse, rugose-punctate; whorls 5, slightlv con- 11 162 HELIX. vex, irregularly, the last very rapidly, increasing, separated by impressed sutures; last whorl large, angular, laterally compressed, obliquely turgid before, below flattened turgid, suddenly deflexed and constricted at the aperture; aperture slightly oblique, lunate, oblong-subquadrate, margins subconverging, joined by a thin callus; peristome obtuse, subreflexed, thickened, the columellar margin nearly straight, excavated inside, adnate at the insertion of the callus, outer margin regularly curved. Diam. 24-27, alt. 12-14 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, near Anaga. Differs from H. helygaia in the very pronounced gibbosity of the last whorl, the smallness of the aperture, thinner peristome, and less convex whorls of the spire. H. GALDARICA Mabille, 1883. PL 49, fig. 26. Imperforate, depressed-convex, rather thick and solid, costulate- striate, under a lens very finely granulate, destitute of luster and cuticle, above reddish brown, with more or less intense zones which are covered with white points; spire conic, apex obtuse, mamillate, rugose-striate, whorls 5?, rather convex, regularly, rapidly increas- ing, separated.by impressed sutures; body-whorl large, flatly rounded, obtusely angled at periphery, descending, subdilated, and deeply constricted at the aperture, subplanulate below ; aperture oblique, widely ovate-elongate, lunate, peristome subthickened within, white, very widely expanded, subreflexed, fragile, acute, the margins sub- approximating, joined by a rather thick callus, the basal margin substraightened, with a prominent thick contorted tooth within. Diam. 33, alt. 16 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. Spire more elevated and prominent, suture more marked, sculp«- ture of last whorl more regular than in H. agaetana. H. LEDRUI Mabille, 1885. PL 40, fig. 12. Imperforate, depressed -globose, solid, opaque, destitute of epider- mis, ornamented with four bands of reddish brown, frequently interrupted, and striate, especially at the sutures, lightly granulate and a little decussated; spire convex; apex minute, smooth, shining; whorls 5i, slightly convex, irregularly increasing, suture well im- pressed; last whorl very large, angular, but deprived of the angle toward the aperture, and suddenly deflected, somewhat constricted; aperture lunate, subhorizontal, irregular oblong ; peristome widely reflected, upper and lower margins subparallel, not converging, HELIX. 163 connected by a thin callus, basal margin straight, thickened within, with a long tooth, a little tuberculate. Diam. 27, alt. 15 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Grand Canary, near Agaete. The more salient characters are the solidity, the serrate striation and the obscure malleation. The granulation is visible only under a lens. H. ETHELEMA Mabille, 1882. PI. 49, fig. 31. Imperforate, depressed-subglobose, thick, scarcely shining, yellow- ish, tinged slightly with red, irregularly striate, and densely, finely y granulate, with five indistinct narrow, somewhat interrupted brown bands; spire subconvex, apex obtuse, shining, granulose; whorls 5, the outer very rapidly increasing, the first two subplanulate, separat- ed by distinct, sometimes crenulated sutures; aperture oblique, lunate, oblong-ovate, margins subparallel, somewhat approximating, joined by a white punctulate callus; peristome thick, broadly rather flatly reflexed, columellar margin adnate, with a long tooth inside, an appressed callus at the insertion and an obtuse angle at junction with outer lip. Diam. 27, alt. 13 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. Allied somewThat with H. gomerensis', but with more elevated spire, last whorl more angular, peristome much thickened and •dilated. H. AGAETANA Mabille, 1883. PI. 46, figs. 64, 65. Imperforate, subdepressed-globose, rather thick, solid, opaque, greyish rufous, with three or four interrupted bands, color and cuticle frequently deciduous, densely costulate-striate, and crispate- malleate, above (under the lens) very minutely pustulose, below ilattened-turgid ; whorls 6, a little convex, regularly and rapidly increasing, separated by distinct sutures ; body-whorl large, convexly rounded, more or less angulate at the periphery, deeply deflexed at the aperture, and strongly constricted at peristome ; aperture oblique, lunate, irregularly subtriangular-ovate, peristome slightly thickened, widely, flatly expanded, somewhat reflexed, thin, subfragile, dull reddish or yellowish, margins converging, subapproximating, joined by a conspicuous lamina, the outer subsinuous, basal somewhat straight, adnate, with a prominent elongate, generally white lamelli- form tooth. Diam. 28-30, alt. 14-16 mill. Ins. Grand Canary, near Aga'ete. Allied to H. galdarica, but with the peristome of H. sarcostoma. 164 HELIX. H. SAULCYI d'Orbigny, 1839. PL 49, figs. 45, 46. Imperforate, globose-conic-depressed, rather solid, greyish, or purplish without lustre, encircled by five bands of deep brown, the supraperipheral and following bands generally confluent, the whole surface covered with a fine netting or malleation formed by anas- tomosing oblique wrinkles of white or light grey color, and a secondary sculpture of microscopic granulations; apex and first 1£ whorls dark brown, smooth, shining; suture linear, becoming im- pressed near the aperture; whorls 41, gradually increasing, the last somewhat widened toward the aperture, with an indication of an angle at its origin, gibbous below, abruptly and rather deeply de- flexed anteriorly, and subconstrirted behind the peristome; aperture very oblique, oblong-lunate; peristome expanded, pinkish, arched above and below, the ends converging, joined by a scarcely visible yellowish parietal callus ; basal margin appressed over the umbilical tract, obviously dentately thickened within. Diam. 25, alt. 16 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. There is considerable variation in sculpture, the malleations being sometimes arranged in more or less regular oblique series. Var. TEMPERATA Mousson, 1872. PI. 49, figs. 47, 48. Shell larger than H. saulcyi, spire less elevated, body-whorl more angular, sculpture less coarse, columellar tooth smaller, peristome more developed, thicker. Diam. 24, alt. 17 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. This form is closely allied to H. saulcyi, and is considered by Wollaston to be merely a variety of that species. H. BAIA Mabille, 1883. PI. 47, fig. 76. Shell globose-depressed, imperforate or subperforate, somewhat thickened, very solid, destitute of color or cuticle, coarsely malleate, the malleations disposed in oblique series, strongly striate, the strise interrupted ; spire elevated, convex, apex minute, smooth, concolor- ed; whorls 5J-6, convexo-depressed, subregularly, the outer very rapidly, increasing; sutures impressed; last whorl large, rounded, inflated, very suddenly and briefly descending anteriorly, subcon- stricted at the aperture, inflato-convex below; aperture oblique, rotund-lunate, peristome thickened reflexed, acute, margins not con- verging, joined by a well-marked callus, the basal margin sub- straightened, adnate, with a lamellose tooth within. .Diam. 28-34, alt. 18S-2LJ mill. Ins. Grand Canary; fossil. HELIX. 165 This species presents the following differences from H. temperata; the shell is smaller, more globose, whorls higher, striation more marked, the sculpture is clearer, and accompanied with granules, etc., etc. It is larger than H. saulcyi, more regularly sculptured, whorls less rapidly increasing, and aperture rounder. H. EMBRITHA Mabille, 1882. Un figured. Imperforate, conic-depressed, thick, subopaque, without cuticle or color, rudely crispato-malleate, spire convex, prominent, apex smooth, shining, obtuse ; whorls 5-6, first convex-sloping, the last compressed rounded, regularly rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body-whorl large, angular in front of the aperture, becom- ing round, deflexed anteriorly, constricted at the aperture, swollen below ; aperture oblique, lunate, oblong, margins sub-distant, sub- parallel, joined by a callus ; peristome thickened within, widely reflexed, shining, subrevolute ; columellar margin adnate, strongly thickened, appressed over umbilicus, nearly straight, armed with an obtuse lamina. Diam. 27, alt. 16 mill. Quaternary of Puerto-da-Luz, Ins. Grand Canary. Most nearly allied to H. saulcyi, but may be distinguished by the thicker shell, larger size, irregular malleation and the entire absence of granulations ; from H. temperata the more depressed form and more prominent spire separate it. H. CRYPSIDOMA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 71 . Imperforate, subdepressed, orbiculate, solid, thick, opaque, covered with sharp malleations ; spire slightly convex, apex obtuse, shining, rugulose ; whorls 5-5 i, slightly convex, inner regularly, the outer very rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body-whorl large, angular at its origin, becoming turgid-rounded, subconstricted and briefly deflected at the aperture, slightly tumid below ; aperture lunate, oblique ovate-oblong, margins acute, the columella adnate, appressed, provided with a dentiform lamina. Diam. 27, alt. 16 mill. Quaternary of Puerto-da-Luz, Grand Canary. More depressed, thicker, with less prominent spire than H. saul- cyi, and peristome more developed. H. STULTA Mabille, 1883. PL 47, fig. 69. Imperforate-, subgjobose-depressed, thick, solid, opaque, destitute >f color and cuticle, coarsely reticulato-malleate ; spire conic, apex obtuse, smooth ; whorls 5-5 J, first convex, regularly, the last rapidly 166 HELIX. increasing ; suture impressed ; body-whorl large, turgid, inflated,, rounded at periphery, descending and subconstricted at aperture ~ aperture slightly oblique, lunate, transverse oblongo-subquadrate,, margins subremote, joined by a shining calcareous lamina ; peristome patulous, broadly reflexed, acute, thickened within, external margin sinuous, columellar margin with an adnate callus, appressed at its insertion, with a strong elongated tooth inside. Diam. 35, alt. 18 mill. Fossil at Puerto-da-Luz, Grand Canary Is. H. CARTA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 89. Shell subglobose-conic-depressed, thick, opaque, striate and rudely malleate; spire conic, prominent, apex obtuse, smooth; whorls 5r convex, regularly, rapidly increasing, separated by distinct sutures, the last large, rounded, slightly dilated and turgid anteriorly, convex below; aperture oblique, lunate, oblong-ovate, margins subdistant; peristome acute, reflexed, thickened within, outer margin sinuousr columella thickened, expanded and appressed over the umbilicus,, within strongly lamellose-dentate. Diam. 29-31, alt. 16-18 mill. Ins.Grand Canary, fossil in quaternary of Puerto-da-Luz. Compared with H. temperata the size of H. carta is larger, the last whorl less globular, the body-whorl obviously angular in front, and it lacks granulation. H. RETRODENS Mousson, 1872. PI. 50, figs. 68, 69. Imperforate, globose-convex, scarcely angled, strongly striate, in part elongate malleate, shining, nearly destitute of cuticle, very pale brownish-olive, white below, with three indistinct bands, interrupted with streaks of white ; spire obtuse, subconoidal, apex rather large,, obtuse, granulose-rugose ; sutures subimpressed ; whorls 4?, slightly convex, the last rapidly, deeply deflexed anteriorly, gibbously in- flated and constricted behind the aperture; aperture contracted, very oblique, white, subcircularly trigonal; peristome thickened, white, acute, broadly, flatly reflexed, the margins subconverging^ joined by a thick callus, the basal with a heavy callus at the inser- tion, and a recurved pliciforin tooth. Diam. 17, alt. 12 mill. Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. Related, according to Mabille, to If. paeteliana, differing in its small size, angulation of last whorl, the excavation of the umbilical tract, the strong striae, white spots, and the small aperture. HELIX. 167 H. POUCHET Ferussac, 1821. PL 49, figs. 53, 54; pi. 61, fig. 16; pi. 52, figs. 69-71. Shell imperforate, depressed subglobose, not shining, rather strong and solid, unicolored brown, or with faint dark bands, the first, narrow, subsutural, second and third above the periphery, generally confluent, fourth immediately below the periphery; spire low conic, apex obtuse; sutures impressed; whorls 4£, regularly increasing, the last scarcely wider than the antepenultimate, but near the aper- ture somewhat dilated, then strongly constricted and deeply deflexed; first whorl not striate, very minutely granulate, nearly smooth; the following more or less coarsely obliquely irregularly striate, the striae and intervening spaces generally marked with extremely mi- nute spiral impressed lines, and the whole surface irregularly gran- ular, especially below; the body-whorl at its beginning is angular and rather compressed; its last third is rounded, inflated, and. gib- bous below; aperture very oblique, rounded trigonal, white within; peristome reflexed, much thickened, its margins converging, the upper angularly arched, outer margin bearing an obtuse small dentiform callus, generally inconspicuous, upon its face, lower margin straight- ened, with a rather heavy subtruncate callus within, forming an angle at junction with outer lip. Diam. 23, alt. 14 mill. Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. H. adansoni Webb et Berth, and H. poucheti Mabille are syn- onyms. H. DESCULPTA Mousson, 1872. Imperforate, conic or depressed-subglobose, with smooth (not in- cised nor granulate) costulose strise, destitute of color or cuticle; spire convex, wide-conic, aperture obtuse, suture impressed, simple; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last not abruptly descending, a little inflated and constricted, well rounded, not angulate, somewhat in- flated below; aperture very oblique, small, coarctate, transversely obtusely triangular; peristome thickened, broadly reflexed, margins not approaching, joined by a callus, the basal subelongate, flatly expanded and adnate at the insertion, joining the outer lip at an angle. Diam. 21, alt. 16 mill. Ins. Fuertaventura, Canaries. A subfossil form, said to be intermediate between H. pouchet and H. plicaria. H. MODESTA Ferussac, 1819. PL 50, figs. 62-64. Imperforate, solid, depressed, dark olivaceous or brown above, shading into light yellow on the base, frequently with obscure ill- 168 HELIX. defined darker bands, four or five in number ; spire depressed convex- conic, apex rather obtuse, obsoletely granulate; whorls 4?, coarsely obliquely, irregularly striate, the last rudely, obviously malleate, at its origin angulate, its last third rounded, inflated, widened in the immediate vicinity of the aperture, then constricted, gibbous below, deeply deflexed anteriorly; aperture very oblique, rounded trigonal; peristome broadly reflected, pinkish gray, labiate with darker, its ends converging and joined by a scarcely perceptible callus; upper margin well arched, subangular in the middle ; lower margin straight, adnate, with a thick white lamella within, and joining the outer lip at an angle. Diarn. 19, alt. 12 mill. Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. If. paivana Lowe is a synonym. May be separated from H. pouchet and other allies by the rude malleation, and the lack of spiral impressed lines. H. IDIOTBYPA Mabille, 1883. PL 48, figs. 12, 13. Imperforate, convex, depressed subglobose, solid, opaque, scarcely shining, uniform whitish green, irregularly malleate and rugose, plicate-striate ; spire convex, apex rugose, obtuse, decorticated, unicolored ; whorls 5, first 3 flat, slowly increasing, the remainder a little convex, rapidly widening, separated by linear suture, impressed on last whorl; body-whorl large, subacutely angled, becoming turgidly rounded toward the aperture, obliquely subdilated, scarcely constricted, abruptly descending, flattened and shining below ; aperture oblique, lunate, subquadrate-oval ; peristome a little thickened, white-labiate within, acute, flatly expanded, margins subcouverging, the columellar straightened, excavated, adnate. Diam. 20, alt. 9J mill. Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. H. MALLEATA Ferussac, 1821. PI. 49, figs. 42, 44. Imperforate, globosely-depressed, somewhat dilated transversely, strong and solid, olivaceous brown, base lighter, generally with five dark spiral bands, the second and third coalescent, the lower one narrow and faint ; spire somewhat conic, obtuse ; suture moderately marked ; whorls 4}, regularly increasing, the first one or two reddish, apparently nearly smooth, but finely granulate under the lens, the balance irregularly obliquely striate, microscopically granulate, rather finely and very regularly malleate ; body-whorl angular at its origin, but rounded and with very gibbous base on its last third, HELIX. 169 very abruptly deflexed at aperture, and grooved behind the peri- stome ; aperture irregularly triangular-trilobate, the peristome white, at the upper angle produced downward into a lobe or tooth, the outer lip with a similar but narrower tooth, columellar margin substraightened, thickened within, adnate to the gibbous base. Diam. 20, alt. 14 mill. Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. Lamarck published this species as H. bidentalis before the descrip- tion of malleata was published. But. since the species is universally known by the latter name it is scarcely advisable to change. A well known and easily recognized species, quite variable in the development of the peristome and in size ; extreme specimens meas- ure: Diam. 24, alt. 16 mill., and forma minima, diam. 12 mill. Yar. NIVARIJK Wollaston. Larger than the type ; body- whorl not keeled, less deflected anteriorly ; aperture more triangular, peristome more thickened, more reflexed, margins less converging, the basal more straightened, the upper margin with the teeth nearly obsolete. Diam. 22, alt. 13 mill. Ins. Teneriffe. H. GLASIANA Shuttleworth, 1852. PI. 49, figs. 40, 41. Imperforate, depressed globose, solid, above grayish yellow, more or less streaked and suffused with the dark coffee color of the bands, which are five in number, the upper ones generally interrupted, often broken into oblique streaks, the peripheral and lower bands wider, usually continuous, base dull yellow; spire conic-convex, apex obtuse; suture well marked; whorls 4-4?, the first minutely granu- late, the following densely granulate, irregularly obliquely striate, the striae mostly broken into coarse granules, below the periphery almost smooth; body-whorl not angular, well rounded, the last third very gibbous below, widened toward the aperture, somewhat deflexed, lightly constricted; aperture oblique trigonal,, subtrilobate ; peri- stome much thickened, narrowly reflected, bearing on the upper outer margin an obtuse tubercular tooth, base adnate, wide, with a a callous lamella within. Diam. 18-22, alt. 14-16 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. H. pellis-lacerti Reeve (fig. 40.) and H. malleata var. b. Pfr., are synonyms. 170 HELIX. H. GLYCEIA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 78. Imperforate, subglobose-depressed, thick, irregularly striate some- times obscurely granulate; spire obtuse conic, apex mamillated smooth; whorls 5, depresso convex, sensibly increasing, separated by linear sutures, the last large, angulate-rotund, abruptly, shortly deflexed and obliquely dilated at the aperture, turgid below; aper- ture oblique, lunate, irregularly subquadrate; peristome thickr revolute, thickened within and without, margins not approaching, joined by a thin callus, outer margin angularly curved, middle tuberculate, the columellar margin longly appressed, thick, callous at its insertion, and provided with a long lamellose tooth inside. Diam. 26-30, alt. 15} mill. Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, near the lighthouse of Anaga. H. EMPEDA Mabille, 1883. PI. 47, fig. 81. Imperforate, opaque, striate-costulate; spire conic, apex mamillate, obtuse, punctulate; whorls 5, convexly sloping, regularly, rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures; body-whorl large, ro- tund-inflated, obscurely angular at the periphery, at aperture com- presso-declivous, slightly constricted, rapidly descending, turgid below; aperture very oblique, lunate, irregularly rounded; margins distant, peristome thick, somewhat reflexed, labiate within, external margin obliquely subdentate in the middle, angularly curved, base arcuate, slightly excavated, feebly dentate ; columella short, cover- ing the umbilicus with a strong callus. Diam. 25, alt. 16 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Grand Canary. Allied to H. glasiana and H. fritschi; from the former its greater size, the elevation of its conical spire, and the thicker, more oblique peristome distinguish it; from the latter, the curved base (straight in H. fritschi}, and different armature of same, separate the present species. H. FRITSCHI Mousson, 1872. PI. 50, fig. 91. Imperforate, globose or subdepressed globose, densely minutely costulate-striate, the costulse subundulating, subgranulate, base smoother; grayish green, paler beneath, with four violet-brown bands and scattered elongated small white spots ; spire obtusely convex, apex flattened, corneous, rapidly increasing, minutely granulate-rugose; suture lightly impressed, subirregular ; whorls 4, the last large, rounded, rapidly descending, slightly subinflated and subconstricted, below somewhat tumid ; aperture oblique, rounded- HELIX. 171 triangular, showing the bands within ; peristome a little thickened, shortly subreflexed, sublabiate within, margins not approximatingy the upper arcuately descending, sometimes with a small tubercle,, the basal, rather flattened, subcallous, straight within, expanded and appressed at the insertion. Diam. 17-24 mill, alt. 13-18 mill. Ins. Gomera, Canaries. The peristome usually bears traces of the teeth which are so- prominent in the preceding forms. From them, the globose, thin shell at once separate it. H. CONSOBRINA Ferussac, 1819. PI. 50, figs. 87, 88. Imperforate, depressed, solid, yellowish brown, with five dark brown bands, the upper ones generally interrupted with light flam- mules ; spire depressed conic, sutures slightly impressed ; whorls 4 J» upper ones scarcely convex, the first shining, light brown, micro- scopically granulate, as is the whole shell usually ; last whorl wide, becoming wider toward the aperture, finely reticulate-malleate, irregularly striate, smoother below, not angulate, the last third gibbous below, above descending rather abruptly to the aperture, scarcely contracted behind the peristome ; lip more or less widely- reflected, its face thickened, rounded, white or pinkish, microscop- ically granulate, the margins converging, joined by a thin or moder- ate callus ; upper margin arched, outer margin with an obtuse subobsolete tooth-like callus upon its face, lower margin broadr flattened, bearing inside a dentiform callus. Diam. 19-23, alt. 11-14 mill. Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. I am not satisfied with the synonymy of the consobrina group ; for I believe that several of the following forms are merely varieties or that species. It is impossible however, to work the species out with the meagre material before me. A var. vetmta Mouss., is more depressed, suture less impressed,, last whorl subangulate, and aperture smaller than the type. H. EVERGASTA Mabille, 1882. PL 48, figs. 100, 101. Imperforate, subglobose-conic, solid, sub-shining yellowish rufousr with four conspicuous brown bands, irregularly costulate-striate and with very dense decurrent lines, visible only under a lens, giving the shell a peculiar granulose appearance ; spire conic, prominent,, apex minute, obtuse, concolored, rugose; whorls 5, slightly convexr regularly increasing, separated by subimpressed sutures, accompanied 172 HELIX. foy a very narrow white zone, and perceptibly crenulated ; body- whorl large, rounded-sloping, subangulate, gently descending at the aperture and very strongly constricted ; aperture very oblique, irregularly lunate-oval, peristome not reflexed, broadly, flatly ex- panded, white within, yellowish without, margins approximating, joined by a white callus, the columellar a little straightened, denticu- late, adnate at the appressed umbilical callus. Diam. 23i-25, alt. 14-15 mill. Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. A very distinct form, remarkable for the regularly conic spire, brilliant peristome, and incised decurrent lines. H. CACOPERA Mabille, 1883. PL 49, fig. 34. Imperforate, thick, opaque, irregularly striate, dull purplish, very irregularly malleate, especially upon the last whorl, under a lens very finely granulate, the upper whorls smooth ; spire depressed- conic, little elevated, apex punctulate, shining, obtuse, concolored ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body- whorl large, angulose-rotund, flattened and impressed in the centre beneath, toward the aperture regularly descending, subconstricted and slightly gibbous ; aperture oblique, lunate, transversely trian- gular ; peristome flatly expanded, not reflected, the margins subdis- tant, columellar margin straightened, thick, white, excavated, lengthily adnate, briefly appressed at insertion, joining the broadly arcuate outer lip at an angle. Diam. 21, alt. 10 mill. Ins. Gomera. Canaries. Differs from H. consobrina in the more compact coiling of the whorls, the last one simply rounded, not inflated ; the peristome is slightly thickened, flat, angular at the junction of the columellar and' outer margins, not reflexed and callous as in H. consobrina. H. BATHYCLERA Mabille, 1885. PL 49, figs. 23-25. Imperforate, convex-depressed, solid, opaque, slightly shining, rudely striate, obscurely malleate, yellow reddish, with five sub- evanescent blackish bands, interrupted with yellow; spire convex, apex shining, purplish, punctulate ; whorls 5, regularly, rapidly in- creasing, separated by impressed sutures; body-whorl large, inflated above, concave below, subdilato-compressed toward aperture, sud- denly shortly deflexed and a little constricted behind the peristome; aperture lunate, -oblique, irregularly triangular-ovate; peristome HELIX. 173 thick, reflexed, margins converging, the basal appressed, obscurely subdentate, with a adnate callus. Bufadero, Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries* This species is more depressed than the H. consobrina, the last whorl is without trace of angulation, is not gibbous toward the aperture nor sensibly constricted, but is more deflected ; the striation is stronger, and the surface is not granulate. H. THANASIMA Mabille, 1883. PI. 47, fig. 74. Imperforate, conic-depressed-globose, striate, irregularly malleate,. minutely granulate ; spire convex-conic, apex smooth, obtuse ; whorls 4-5, the upper rapidly, the following very rapidly increasing, separa- ted by subim pressed sutures; body- whorl large, distinctly carinated at the periphery, toward the aperture gibbously dilated, narrowly,, superficially constricted behind the peristome, obliquely dilated beneath; aperture oblique, lunate, transversely subquadrate; peri- stome thickened, revolute, obtuse, margins subapproximating, joined by a callus; the outer margin markedly sinuous, tuberculate in the middle, basal margin concave, excavated, adnate and impressed at insertion. Diam. 23, alt. 14 mill. Quaternary deposit at Anaga, Teneriffe.. H. EPHORA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 72. Imperforate, subglobose-turbinate, thick, solid, opaque, costulate- striate, all over minutely malleate-punctulate; spire moderately prominent, apex obtuse, smooth ; whorls 5, regularly, rapidly increas- ing, separated by impressed suture ; the last large, angulate, toward the aperture compressed-rotund, constricted; aperture oblique, lunate, subovate-triangular; peristome thick, reflexed, margins approximat- ing, the outer sinuously subdentate, the columellar arcuate, appressed, closing the umbilicus with a moderate callus. Diam. 19i, alt. 11 mill. Quaternary deposit at Anaga, Teneriffe. Intermediate between consobrina and invernicata. H. CARDIOBOLA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 73. Imperforate, depressed-subconic, destitute of cuticle and color, thick, indistinctly striate, striae now and then punctate ; spire de- pressed-conic, apex obtuse, minute ; whorls 5, subdepressed, rapidly increasing, especially the last, separated by impressed sutures; body-whorl large, from above appearing dilated near the aperture, below inflated ; aperture oblique, subovate, peristome thick, slightly 174 HELIX. reflexed, labiate, margins subremote, the outer bidentate, columellar subexcavated, longly adnate, covering the umbilicus by a wide expansion. Diam. 22-23, alt. 12 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, at the lighthouse of Anaga. The slightly dilated last whorl, not constricted, well developed peristome and irregularly triangular small aperture separate this form from its allies. H. GUAMARTEMES Grasset, 1857. PI. 50, figs. 81-83. " Imperforate, subglobose, reticulato-malleate, color very variable, yellowish or brown, sometimes with five deep brown subinterrupted bands ; whorls 4fc, slightly convex, the last anteriorly deflected ; aperture ovate-lunar; peristome reflexed, submargined, shining, thick, flesh-tinted. Diam. 20, alt. 12 mill." (Grasset.) Ins. Grand Canary. H. manriquiana Lowe, and If. guartemes Martens are synonyms. Specimens of this form before me are thinner and of lighter text- ure than H. consobrina. They are frequently unicolored ; and the peristome is not (generally) so heavy ; its upper margin is highly arched, subangular ; and the whole shell is finely granulose, as in the allied species. . H. INVERNICATA Mousson, 1872. PL 50, fig. 86. Imperforate, depressed subglobose, striatulate, irregularly mal- leate, obsoletely microscopically granulate, very bright, brownish yellow, with four or five brown bands, streaked and maculated with yellow; spire obtusely convex, regular; apex minute, brownish purple, smooth ; sutures simple, subimpressed, whorls 4£, rather rapidly in- creasing, slightly convex, the last large, descending, rounded, inflated, slightly constricted, below lighter colored, and slightly impressed in the center ; aperture oblique, subample, transversely irregularly oval ; peristome acute, moderately reflexed, thickened within, margins subconverging, the upper subsinuately incurved, basal margin slightly curved, nearly straight, thickened, at the insertion, adnate. Diam. 21, alt. 12 mill. Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. The original description is translated above. Of this species Wollaston says: "I cannot feel absolutely satisfied that it is more in reality than a smaller and ungranulated race of the consobrina, in which the transverse lines of growth are a trifle less evident and the malleations a little more so, and in which the surface is altogether HELIX. 175 more glossy and shining, and the color of a more uniform ochreo- olivaceous brown speckled with small irregular angulated blotches and fragmentary reticulations of yellow. It is generally smaller than the H. consobrina. H. MAUGEANA Shuttleworth, 1852. PI. 50, fig. 94; PL 48, figs. 14-16. Imperforate, depressed-globose, in young shells very thin and transparent, in adults solid, yellowish brown or brownish yellow, not shining, lightly striate and irregularly reticulate-malleate, under the lens densely finely granulate, four or five fasciate, the bands sometimes interrupted, the second and third frequently coalescent ; spire conic, apex minute, purplish, shining, minutely rugose ; suture distinct; whorls 4z-5, the last rapidly increasing, large, rounded tumid, toward the aperture somewhat gibbous, slightly constricted ; base rather convex, slightly impressed in the centre ; aperture oblique, lunate, oblong-oval, margins subparallel, subapproximating ; peristome slightly thickened, 'reflexed, violet tinted, basal margin adnate, thickened within, whitish. Diam. 20, alt. 11 mill. Environs of Saint Croix, Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. It is If. gaudryi of Reeve, and, in part, of Pfeiffer. There has been some doubt as to the precise form described by Shuttleworth, and the confusion is increased by the fact that he assigns no habitat nearer than " Canaries " in his description. I have accepted Mabille's identification. The species is quite variable in the development of the bands, and the intensity of the color. H. DISTENSA Mousson, 1872. PL 50, figs. 89, 90. Imperforate, globose-depressed, rather thin, striate, obsoletely mal- leate, not granulose, rather shining, reddish brown or yellowish, unicolored or with five brown bands interrupted with white ; spire very obtuse, convex, subirregular, apex minute smooth, flattened ; suture impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the inner gradually, outer rapidly increasing; body-whorl well rounded, not gibbous nor constricted, base convex, subinflated, in the centre impressed; aper- ture oblique, transversely elongate-oval and angulose, showing the bands within; peristome acute, narrowly expanded, not reflexed, within labiate with white, broadly margined with white without, margins not converging, subparallel, the basal margin slightly 176 HELIX. arcuate, within straightened, flattened, adnate, thin, subexcavated and impressed at the insertion. Diam. 16J, alt. 11 ? mill. Ins. Gomera, Canaries. Of this little-known form Mabille says: A species intermediate between If. guamartemes and H. perraudieri. It is much more globular than the latter; its whorls, particularly the last are inflated ; the ornamentation consists of a nearly effaced malleation, with traces of granulation visible only under a strong lens. H. HEDYBIA Mabille, 1882. PL 48, figs. 9-11. Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, striatulate, under a lens punctulate or irregularly malleate-crispate, not shining, rosaceous ; spire globose-convex, apex obtuse, smooth, unicolored; whorls 5, convex, rapidly increasing, especially the last; suture impressed; body-whorl rounded, abruptly descending, toward the aperture angularly dilated, not gibbous; aperture oblique, transversely ovate, margins subcon verging; peristome acute, white, thickened within, columellar margin subconcave, planulate, adnate, joining the outer lip with an obtuse angle. Diam. 18-20, alt. 91-10 mill. Canaries. Spire more elevated than in the H. distensa, more acute, not mamillated, last whorl more obviously angled, more descending, etc. From H. perraudieri the large size, globular form, solidity and different sculpture will separate it. H. PERRAUDIEREI Grasset, 1857. PL 50, figs. 70-72. " Imperforate, globose-depressed, regularly and minutely malleate, yellowish, apex blackish ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the penultimate angulate, the last descending; aperture subangulate-lunar, peri- stome reflexed, thick, white margined within and without, columellar margin callous, subexcavated at the base. Diam. 16, alt. 9 mill." (GrassetJ) Ins. Hierro, Canaries. The body- whorl is subangular at its origin. The peristome is generally yellow more or less pronounced. H. HIERROENSIS Grasset, 1857. PL 50, figs. 57-59. " Imperforate, subglobose, striate, minutely granulate, below yel- lowish green, above with four very faint brown bands ; whorls 5, a little convex, the last anteriorly descending ; aperture wide lunar ; peristome reflexed ; -thickened, white, columellar margin callous. Diam. 21, alt. 13 mill." (Grasset.) Ins. Hierro. Canaries. H. valverdensis Lowe is a synonym. HELTX. 177 " It is much smaller than H. gomerensis and rather more globose in contour ; but in color and sculpture it has much in common with that species. It is however, more opaque above (the minute sand- like granules with which it is closely beset being perceptibly coarser and more defined) ; and its color is of a dull olivaceous coffee-brown, rather than of a reddish castaneous." ( Wollaston.') H. INDIFFERENS Mousson, 1872. Unfigured. I m perforate, depressed globose, striate, in part obliquely undulate- 'ugulose, irregularly granulose, destitute of color; spire obtuse sub- >nic, regular, apex obtuse; suture impressed; whorls 5, moderately icreasing, convex, the last not dilated, well rounded, rapidly a little descending, subgibbous and subcoustricted, below convex, irgid in the center; aperture very oblique, regularly wide-oval, lot angulate; peristome briefly expanded and reflexed, the margins )t converging, joined by a callus, upper and lower equally carved, te latter with a rounded subthickened callus at its insertion, adnate base, with a minute tubercle on the columella. Diam. 21, alt. 14 mill. Ins. Hierro, Canaries. An unfigured fossil species, described from a single specimen, and dd to be intermediate between H. hierroensis and H. guamartemes. [. GUADRYI d'Orbigny, 1839. PL 50, figs. 75, 76. Imperforate, thick, convex orbicular, spire slightly elevated, apex Idish, hist whorl rounded, angular at its origin, abruptly descend- and slightly gibbous at its termination, and strongly constricted ih hid the peristome, more or less irregularly striate, rnalleate and >vered with a very fine granulation, visible only under a lens; inds five, slightly interrupted; aperture ' oval, peristome thick, 11 us, reflexed, labiate; basal margin callous, with a lamella inside, >vering the umbilicus with a well developed callus. Diam. 22, alt, 15 mill. Ins. Gomera (d* Orbigny); Grand Canary. Two varieties are described by Mabille: Var evergeta, differing mi the type in the very depressed dull shell, and less thickened 'ri.. 77, 78) of which Pfeiffer says, "evidentur diversa species /" but which may be identical with the second of Mabille's varieties. 12 178 HELIX. H. GRANOMALLEATA Wollaston, 1878. Unfigured. "Imperforate, depressed globose, rather thin, obliquely plicate- malleate, the folds very irregular, subconfluent, and minutely very densely granulate with sand-like grains; above opaque, base smoother and shining in the center, grayish yellow, with four or five castane- ous bands, the subsutural more or less interrupted or indented around its anterior margin, either one or two below the periphery, and a broader band (perhaps composed of two) immediately above it; spire obtuse; suture simple, impressed; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last large, inflated, obsoletely carinated at its origin, anteriorly deeply deflected ; aperture large, lunate-oval ; peristome acute but little expanded and reflexed, superior and basal margins subequally arcuate, simple, not dentate within, the terminations distant, but sub- converging, joined by a callus. Diam. 25 mill." ( Wollaston.) Los Souces and Barranco de Herradura, Ins. Palma, Canaries. H. VERMIPLICATA Wollaston, 1878. Unfigured. Partly covered umbilicate, orbicularly depressed, rather thin, very densely and coarsely vermiculate-plicate, the folds very irregular, submalleate-confluent, and very minutely granulate, subopaque, grayish white, with four or five obsolete cloudy bands, one or two below, one or two immediately above the periphery, and one just below the suture; spire obtuse; suture impressed; whorls 5, the last large, inflated, but with a minute carina, descending anteriorly; aperture lunate-rounded, terminations of the peristome remote. Diam. 19 mill. "Llanos" af the Banda, West side of Ins. Palma, Canaries. Described from immature examples. Wollaston says: "I feel almost confident that the character of 'semiobtecta perforata' will be found to hold good during all periods of growth; and such being the case, its affinities, which at first sight are not readily apparent will perhaps be ascertained to lie amongst the forms around the H. planorbella, though, at the same time, the species has evidently something in common with the (equally Palman) H. granomalleata. Not to mention this peculiarity of the umbilicus, the present species is smaller than H. granomalleata, and it is also rather more depress- ed both above and below, and it has a fine thread-like though minute keel which is traceable even down to the very aperture. It is not much malleated, — its sculpture consisting mainly (apart from the excessively minute sand-like granules) of extremely irregular and HELIX. 179 densely-packed, coarse, subconfluent oblique ridges, or subundulating vermiform folds; and in color it would seem to be of a dingy oliva- ceous-white, suffused with a darker tint in consequence of the four or five obsolete bands which are indistinctly indicated." Mabille considers this form a variety or monstrosity of H. planor- bella. H. AMBLASMODON Mabille, 1883. PI. 48, figs. 17, 18. Imperforate, depressed-orbicular-convex, thick, solid, scarcely shining, yellowish fulvous, with four dark black-spotted bands, irregularly costulate-striate, here and there, especially below, with decurrent lines, under the lens all over finely granulate ; whorls 5, very rapidly increasing, separated by rather deep suture ; body- whorl large, compressed-rotund, rapidly descending and slightly gibbous at aperture, scarcely gibbous at aperture, scarcely constric- ted ; aperture oblique, lunate, irregularly oblong, peristome thick, reflexed, acute, violaceous, margins subapproximating, joined by a very thin violet callus, basal margin straightened, lengthily adnate, with a strong impressed umbilical callus, tortuous columella, and a white, saliant, tortuous lamina inside. Diam. 26, alt. 13 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. Kesembles Macularia balearica somewhat in the maculated bands. H. ZORGIA Mabille, 1883. PI. 49, figs. 27-29. Imperforate, solid, depressed-orbicular-subglobose, slightly trans- parent, yellowish, with four brown bands, interrupted with yellow, irregularly costulate-striate, under the lens finely granulate and very superficially malleate ; spire depressed-convex, apex minute, rugose, rufous ; whorls 5-5 £, rapidly increasing, separated by linear, obscurely margined sutures ; body-whorl slightly angled at its origin, becoming rotund, a little turgid at the aperture, lightly constricted, subabruptly, rapidly descending ; aperture oblique, lunate, oblong- rhomboid, margins subapproximating; peristome violet-tinted, subthickened, reflexed, obtuse, basal margin straightened, adnate, with a prominent white lamina inside, and a wide impressed callus over the umbilical tract. Diam. 24, alt. 12 £ mill. Ins. Grand Canary. The more prominent characters are the very solid shell, yellow ground color, with wide, frequently interrupted, reddish-brown bands, the thick violet colored peristome, and strong basal tooth. 180 HELIX. H. PLANORBELLA Lamarck, 1822. PI. 61, figs 5, 6. Umbilicate, orbicularly depressed, costulately striate, the costa3 arcuate, acute, smooth, thinner on the base, pale yellowish corneous, trifasciate with gray, the first band subsutural, the second double, just above, the third just below the periphery; spire slightly convex, regular, apex flattened ; suture slightly impressed ; whorls 4i>, slightly convex, subtumid near the suture, the last abruptly briefly de- scending, obtusely angulate, constricted at the aperture, convex, subinflated below, whitish in the umbilicus; aperture very oblique, circularly-oval; peristome subacute, slightly reflexed, thickened with white within, the margins much converging, joined by a thin callus, the right margin arcuate, basal much thickened, appressed in the middle outside, sub-straight within, colurnellar margin wide and flatly callously reflexed. Diam. 20, alt. 10 mill. Ins. Teneriffe and Gomera, Canaries. H. drigata var. /?, Fer., and H. villiersii d'Orb. (pi. 64, figs. 6-8) and of Reeve ? (pi. 61, fig. 12,) are synonyms. "According to Mousson, H. planorbella presents two totally dis- tinct forms, — one of them peculiar to Gomera, with the costre simple or ungranulated, which he believes to correspond with the Lani- arckian type, and the other, which is more depressed and keeled, and has the ridges distinctly sculptured, to Teneriffe. This latter phasis, figured by Pfeiffer as the -normal state of the H. planorbella, Mousson treats as a Var. incisogranulata (pi. 61, fig. 7-10), and de- fines it thus: 'umbilicus slightly narrower; plicae less numerous, minutely granulate by transverse incised lines; basal margin less adnate, less thickened, distinctly convex within.' " (Wollaston.) I have followed Mousson's identification of this species, and as I have no specimens, have taken my description from his. Mabille, however, whose work on Hemicycla is more exhaustive than any other, and who is par excellence, analytical in his methods, considers the "var. incisogranulata" the true planorbella. His note on this point, (under H. quadricincta, Nouv. Arch, da 'Mus. dHist Nat, 1885, p. 24,) is as follows: "Dans le planorbella, lesstries costulees sont incisees exactement comme celles du plicaria; le caractere que signale M. Mousson n'est reel qu'autant que Ton a en vue une variete de 'cette espece a cotes lisses, variete qui nous semble assez rare, et pourrait peut-etre, lorsqu'elle aura ete suffisam- ment etudiee, constitutuer une espece distincte" I am unable to de- cide upon the identity of a species upon which specialists on this fauna hold such diverse opinions. HELIX. 181 H. INUTILIS Mousson, 1872. PL 50, figs. 3, 74. Umbilicate, convex-orbicular depressed, strongly obliquely costate, the ribs cut into granules by incised lines, interstices striate, pale brownish, unicolored, lighter below; spire obtuse conic, apex striatu- late, suture impressed, not margined; whorls 4£, subconvex, scarcely turgid near the sutures the last abruptly descending, transversely inflated and strongly constricted, with an evanescent angle, rounded below; aperture very oblique, rounded-oval, white; peristome acute, broadly flatly reflexed, sublabiate within, -the margins scarcely separated, joined by a thin callus, the basal straightened in the middle, not adnate, sub-duplicate within. Diam. 17, alt. 9 mill. Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries. Resembles H. plicaria in sculpture and aperture, but with an umbilicus like If. planorbella. H. PLUTONIA Lowe, 1861. PL 61, figs. 1, 2. Partly covered urnbilicate, subglobose-depressed, solid, .above striate and with oblique series of granules (like hair scars and rather sparce), brownish, periphery obtusely angular, in the young acutely carinated, subciliate, below nearly smooth, whitish; spire slightly elevated, apex minute, very finely granulate-rugose ; suture carinato- marginate, impressed at the last whorl; whorls 6, the upper flattened, the last somewhat descending, slightly convex below the suture, moderately convex below; aperture oblique, lunate-oval, submargari- taceus-white within ; peristome slightly thickened, white, its margins remote, subconverging, parietal callus slight or absent, the upper narrowly, the basal strongly reflected, dilated near its insertion, half covering the umbilicus. Diam. 25, alt. 12-13 mill. Ins. Lanzarote and Fuertaventura, Canaries. H. SEMITECTA Mousson, 1872. PL 61, figs. 98,' 99. Partly covered perforate, convex orbicular-depressed, strongly irregularly striate and granulate, shining, whitish, with four brown bands, three above, one below the periphery, interrupted by angular white maculations, nearly destitute of cuticle ; spire depressed-conic? apex flattened, finely rugose-granulate; suture subimpressed, sub- irregular; whorls 5, slightly convex above, the last somewhat depressed, not angulate, briefly descending anteriorly, slightly gib- bous and constricted, base not granulate in the middle, rounded toward the umbilicus, which is one-ninth of the diameter; aperture very oblique, small, rounded oval; peristome obtuse, a little ex- 182 HELIX. panded and reflexed, its margins subcon verging, equally curved, the lower appressed in the middle, not impressed at the insertion, callous, half covering the umbilicus. Diam. 23, alt. 14 mill. Ins. Gomera, Canaries. A species allied to H. planorbella, but without trace of angle on the body-whorl. It has been found only in a fossil state. H. PAIVANA Morelet, 1864. Unfigured. Umbilicate, orbicularly depressed, obliquely granulate-striate, yellowish or greyish brown, with four interrupted bands; suture impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last carinate above, de- flexed anteriorly, turgid below; aperture very oblique, transversely oval, expanded slightly within, columellar margin dilated ; umbilicus half covered. Diam. 24, alt. 11 mill. (Morelet.) Ins. Gomera, Canaries. This is not the paivana of Lowe (1861) which=:.ff. modesta Fer. On account of this preoccupation, Mabille proposes the name paivanopsis for this species. "The H. paivana is a rather depressed but obtuse shell there be- ing no indications of a regular keel ; its spire is only slightly raised, but somewhat blunt and dome-shaped ; and its umbilicus is partially visible, it being only half closed-over (or perhaps rather more) by the reflexed peristome. It is somewhat thin in substance, tumid beneath, and of a yellowish brown hue, paler below but ornamented with four narrow and regularly interrupted darker bands, which give a somewhat freckled appearance to the whole upper side ; and the surface is beset with coarse tubercles (which become obsolete toward the nucleus, and gradually disappear on the umbilical area), — caused by the breaking-up of the densely-packed oblique lines of growth." ( Wollaston.) H. QUADRICINCTA Morelet, 1864. PI. 53, figs. 24-26. Umbilicate, depressed, lenticular, acutely carinate, costulate or plicate striate, yellowish corneous, with four castaneous bands, one peripheral, another below, the balance upon the upper surface; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last anteriorly deflexed, base subturgid, aperture very oblique, transverse oval ; peristome thickened, white, outer margin expanded, columella dilated, appressed, subdentate; umbilicus small, pervious, half covered. Diam. 19, alt. 8 mill. (Morelet.) Ins. Gomera, Canaries. HELIX. 183 The very depressed, lenticular form, convex base, conspicuous but not compressed nor filiform carina, and smooth, regular costa- tions, readily separate this species from its allies. H. SAPONACEA Lowe, 1861. PI. 50, figs. 65-67. Covered perforate, orbiculate-depressed, solid, striate and densely minutely granulate, shining, above yellowish corneous, narrowly trifasciate with brown, smoother and paler below, umbilical tract whitish, spire slightly convex, apex minute granulate, suture lightly impressed; whorls 4?, rather slowly increasing, the last depressed, obsoletely angulate at periphery, constricted and abruptly falling anteriorly, somewhat convex below; aperture very oblique, sub- 'quadrate-lunar, livid within; peristome heavily white-labiate, margins subparallel, remote, hardly converging, basal margin straightened, widely reflexed and adnate, covering the umilicus. Diam. 17-18, alt. 8-9 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. H. PSATHYRA Lowe, 1861. PL 50, fig. 79. Imperforate, depressed, thin, fragile, obliquely striate, brown or corneous-greenish, with four or five ill-defined brownish bands; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse, suture impressed, submarginate ; whorls 5, rather flattened, regularly increasing, the embryonic minutely granulate, the last with fine irregular incremental striae -and faint malleations, periphery obsoletely angulate, anteriorly sub- inflated and profoundly deflexed ; aperture very oblique, subdeltoid- oval ; peristome thin, fragile, broadly expanded, the margins sub- converging, basal reflexed, rather straightened, dilated at the inser- tion, and broadly adnate above the axial region. Diam. 22-24, alt. 12-14 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. H. THESPESIA Mabille, 1882, PI. 48, figs. 19, 20. Imperforate, depressed-suborbiculate, thin, a little shining, under a lens broadly costulate- striate and irregularly crispate-malleate, -corneous-reddish or greenish; spire subdepressed, apex subacute, obscurely punctulate, reddish; whorls 4J-5, slightly convex, sub- regularly, rapidly increasing, suture impressed, obscurely albo- larginate; body-whorl at its origin angulate-rounded, becoming )tund, slightly descending, a little inflated beneath; aperture )blique, lunate, transversely oblong-ovate, margins subdistant ; peri- -stome acute, briefly reflexed, thickened with white within, margins 184 HELIX. subparallel, the columellar lengthily adnate, broadly expanded,, covering the umbilicus with a white callus. Diara. 18-19, alt. 10 mill. Canary Is. Allied to H. saponacea, but distinguished by the less depressed form, more elevated spire, more rapid increase of the whorls, less developed peristome, etc. H. BITUMINOSA Mabille, 1883. PL 48, figs. 96, 97. Depressed, subglobose,thin, subfragile, slightly shining, irregularly costulate-striate, especially on the last whorl, and superficially malleate, all over, under a lens minutely punctulate, intensely black, the apex reddish ; spire a little convex, apex minute, rugose granu- late; whorls 5-6, regularly increasing, separated by a slightly impressed suture, the last large, convex-rounded, obscurely angled at the periphery, toward the aperture gibbous, briefly descending,, slightly constricted behind the peristome; aperture wide oblong- ovate, oblique, lunate, fauces violaceous, margins subconverging ;; peristome thin, vivid violaceous, labiate, outer margin well arched, columellar subconcave, with a slightly prominent white lamina. Diam. 23-25, alt. 13, 14 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. H. MERITA Mousson, 1872. Unfigured. Imperforate, convex-orbiculate, rather distinctly moderately striate and obscurely rugulose, irregularly granulate, shining, yellow- ish-white, trifasciate with brown; spire obtuse, depressed conic, apex flattened, very finely rugulose; suture subimpressed, not marginate; whorls 4£-5, the upper flattened, rapidly increasing,, carinate, the last abruptly descending, subturgid at sutures, convex below,subangulate,the angle disappearing on the last portion, which, is subgibbous and constricted ; aperture oblique, transversely sub- quadrate-rounded, corneous; peristome obtuse, briefly expanded, margins distant, scarcely converging, joined by a callus, the basal straightened, elongate-subdentate in the middle, appressed and adnate. Diam. 27, alt. 16 mill. Ins. Gomera, Canaries* Form more conic, and at the same time more depressed than its, allies. Only found fossil. HELIX. H. HARMONICA Mousson, 1872. PI. 61, fig. 11. Imperforate, subglobose-depressed, rather solid, widely costulate- striate, very minutely and indistinctly elongate-granulate, yellowish whitish, deeper colored above, bifasciate with pale brown below ~ spire obtuse, somewhat convex, nucleus flattened, minutely granu- late, corneous; suture slightly impressed narrowly margined with white; whorls 4j-5, the last depressed rotund, a little descending, subinflated below; aperture very oblique, showing the bands within, lunate wide-oval; peristome obtuse, white, shortly reflexed, the margins a little converging, the basal less curved than the upper,, appressed to the base. Diam, 22, alt. 14 mill. Ins. Hierro, Canaries. H. GOMERENSIS Morelet, 1864. PL 61, figs. 3, 4. Covered perforate, depressed, thin, subtranslucent, corneous brown,, with three dark bands, one near the suture, one above, the other below the periphery; spire depressed conic, obtuse; suture well marked ; whorls 4, apex planulate, nearly smooth, whorls gradually increasing except the last, which widens very rapidly, especially toward the aperture; sculpture of very minute granules all over, and fine irregular oblique stria?; body-whorl angular at its origin,, becoming rounded and somewhat tumid below toward the aperture,, gradually descending anteriorly; aperture very oblique, large, trans- versely oval, slightly lunate; peristome thin, acute, its margins converging, the upper and lower equally arched, columella scarcely thickened within, rounded, reflexed and adnate on base, with a white callus over the indented umbilical region. Diam. 21, alt. 12 mill. Ins. Gomera, Canaries., H. THORYNA Mabille, 1882. PI. 46, figs. 66, 67. Imperforate, convexo-depressed, subfragile, thin, subopaque, not shining, greenish tinged with rufous, with three faint bands of the same color; spire convex, apex yellowish, obtuse, punctulate, whorls 5, flatly sloping, subregularly increasing, suture distinct, body-whorl large, subacutely carinated, rounded toward the aperture, the carina evanescent, and a little gibbous, very slightly constricted; aperture- oblique, lunate, oblong-rotund; peristome subthickened within, acute,, expanded, the margins converging, outer margin sinuous, well curved, 186 HELIX. specimens being precisely alike. Sometimes the volutions are elegantly banded, at others some of the fascia? are obsolete, and at others the latter are more or less broken up into tessellated frag- ments; while many individuals are concolorous, being entirely devoid of markings. The ground-color varies chiefly from a pale UNIVERSITY 192 HELIX. pinkish-brown and yellowish-white into a dusty yellowish-gray ; and there is generally (though by no means always) a rosy tinge about the peristome." (Wollaston.) The St. Miguel specimens were •probably introduced. Tar. HYAENA Lowe. Large, coarsely sculptured, pale yellowish brown, the bands much broken. Diam. 20 mill. Southern Deserta, Madeira Is. The other varieties recognized by Wollaston, porto-sancti and advenoides are scarcely distinct enough for names. The former may be the same as H. simia Fer. H. FURVA Lowe, 1831. PL 51, figs. 15-17. Imperforate, depressed globose, thin, yellowish, with a peripheral interrupted dark brown band, roughened by incremental stria? and irregular reticulations or malleations, whorls 5, but slightly convex, separated by scarcely indenting sutures, gradually increasing, the body-whorl angular at its origin, becoming rounded, with tumid base, and descending anteriorly ; aperture round-lunar, oblique ; peristome simple ; columella entering deeply and nearly directly. Diam. 17-22, alt. 12} mill. Madeira. Aperture less oblique and less deflected above than in H. erubes- cens, body-whorl angular at its origin, and coloration different. (Species of the Cape Verde Islands.) H. ADVENA Webb et Berthelot, 1833. PL 50, figs. 92, 93; pi. 52, figs. 84, 85. Imperforate, globose-depressed, rather thin, shining corneous with (about) five dark brown bands the upper ones wider, frequently coalescent, and interrupted by oblique light streaks densely irregu- larly sculptured with oblique striae, and with almost obsolete spiral impressed lines; whorls 4, slightly convex, rapidly increasing the apex obtuse, dark, smooth; body-whorl gently and slightly descend- ing anteriorly; aperture rounded lunar, oblique; peristome slightly expanded, its ends converging, the columella arched, and dilated and appressed over the umbilicus. Diam. 16, alt. 11 mill. St. Antao and St. Vmcente, Cape Verde Is. This species has been confounded by some authors with H. erubes- cens, but is most readily separated by attention to the sculpture and the character of the columella, which has a wholly different in- sertion from that species. The spiral sculpture is shared with the following species ; but in advena is so obscure as to be easily over- looked. The species never has so warm a color as H. erubescens. HELIX. 193 H. SERTA Albers, 1854. PL 50, figs. 84, 85. Similar to the preceding, but less strongly striate, and with much more variegated coloration ; the brown bands are narrow, very ir- regular, much interrupted by patches and articulations of cream color. Diam. 16, alt. 11 mill. St. Nicolas, Cape Verde Is. H. FOGOENSIS Dohrn, 1869. Unfigured. " Covered umbilicate, subglobose, striatulate, shining, corneous yellow, with four brown bands, the first and second with central line of white; spire obtuse, conic; suture impressed; whorls 5, con- vex, the last rounded, descending anteriorly ; aperture diagonal, lunate-rotund ; peristome white, slightly expanded, margins converg- ing, connected by a thin callus, columella reflexed over umbilicus, thickened. Diam. 17, alt. 14 mill." Fogo and Bmva, Cape Verde Is, The following quotation from Wollaston may aid in the identifi- cation of the present species, which I have never seen. "In its rather globose outline, dull hue, and uninterrupted bands, this Helix has somewhat theprimajastie aspect of the (nevertheless totally dissimilar) Porto-Sanctan H. pundulata Sow.; though in reality it belongs to an altogether different group. It is indeed closely allied to the H. visgeriana, as is evident, not merely from its general plan of coloring and from its umbilicus not being com- pletely closed over, but likewise from the presence of the minute spiral lines which (under a high magnifying power) are everywhere visible on its surface. Specifically however, it is quite distinct, — it being not only larger and more globose, and of a uniformly duller tint, but likewise with the minute spiral lines (which look more like indistinct subundulating scratches) more irregular and obscure, and with the oblique transverse costie well-nigh obsolete, and (such as they are) concolorous with the rest of the surface, the entire shell appearing comparatively smooth and unsculptured. Its umbilicus too, is a little less closed over, and its suture is very deeply im- pressed." H. VISGERIANA Dohrn, 1867. PI. 66, fig. 80c. Covered perforate or nearly so, globose depressed, shining, corne- ous, with four or five narrow dark brown bands of which two are below the periphery, and which are frequently interrupted by reg- ular strong oblique whitish striae; revolving impressed lines visible chieHv in the interstices of the striae; whorls 31, slightly convex, * 13 194 HELIX. rapidly increasing, the last rounded, slightly descending anteriorly ; aperture rounded lunar, oblique ; columella well curved, expanded over the umbilicus. Diam. 12-15, alt. 8-10 mill. St. lago, Cape Verdes, The present species differs from all the preceding in possessing stronger spiral as well as incremental stria?. H. MYRISTICA Shuttleworth, 1852. PL 52, figs. 61-63. Imperforate, depressed globose, shining, thin, brownish corneous with four narrow brown bands, which are frequently interrupted with light streaks and spots; sculpture as in H. visgeriana, com- posed of incremental striaa and very numerous delicately impressed spiral lines ; aperture rounded, the columella straighter than in H. visgeriana; peristome thin, narrowly expanded, its columellar ter- mination expanded and appressed over the umbilicus. Diam. 18, alt. 13 mill. St. lago. Cape Verdes. This species has not before been figured. I am not sure of the relation it bears to If. fogoensis, (see above), but from the other larger species of the Cape Verde group, advena and serta, the much greater development of the spiral sculpture and the more globose form will separate it. I am inclined to refer to this species as a variety, a form figured on pi. 52, fig. 64. It is different in coloration, lacking the narrow articulated brown bands of the type. Probably this is the H. ar«»- joi (or arangoi) Dohrn, a form never described or figured, and re- ferred by Pfeiffer to H. advena. My figure indicates that it is cari- nated; this is not the case. H. BOLLEI Albers, 1854. PI. 51, figs. 53, 54. Imperforate, depressed., subglobose, thin, shining, subtranslucent, brownish, corneous, finely obliquely striate and covered with an ex- cessively minute granulation; spire low, sutures scarcely impressed ; whorls 4i, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last carinated at origin, the carina nearly disappearing toward the aperture, the base convex and slightly indented in the centre, above descending a. lit- tle anteriorly ; aperture oval lunar, oblique ; peristome labiate writh white, its columellar termination deeply entering, the axis covered by white callus. Diam. 11-13, alt. 7-8 mill. St. Vincente and St. Nicholas, Cape Verdes. Separated from all the preceding Cape Verdes species by the sculpture. The fragile texture and keel stretched around the pe- riphery are also peculiar. HELIX. 195 H. LEPTOSTYLA Dohni, 1869. PL 66, fig. 80b. This species has the form, sculpture and aperture of the preceding ; but is thicker, larger, and has a tendency to be brown banded, the bands broad, faint, and minutely flecked with white. The periph- eral keel is more obsolete, and indeed scarcely apparent save in front of the aperture. The body-whorl is somewhat more deflexed anteriorly. Diam. 13-15, alt. 10-12 mill. St. Antao, Cape Verde Is. H. milleri Dohrn niss. is a synonym. H. PRIMJEVA Morelet, 1873. Unfigured. Perforate, depressed turbinate, corrugated with large oblique folds; spire conoidal ; whorls 4, convex, the last inflated, rounded, not de- flexed ; suture impressed ; aperture ovate-lunar. Diam. 18, alt. 11 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Sal, Cape Verdes- The peristome was imperfect on the specimens from which More- let's original diagnosis (above translated) was drawn. He com- pares the species to H. undata of Madeira. H. ATLANTIDEA Morelet, 1873. Unfigured. Imperforate, globose-depressed, densely and regularly costulate- striate ; spire convex, smooth toward the aperture; whorls 3-1, slightly convex, separated by impressed sutures, rapidly increasing, the last dilated, obtusely angulate, not deflexed; aperture ovate- lunar, ends of the peristome joined by a callus, the upper margin straight, the columellar callous, dilated, appressed. Diam. 13, alt. 8 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Sal, Cape Verdes. Somewhat similar to H. chrysomela, but a little more depressed, and with one and one-half Avhorls less than that species. The peripheral angle, which is quite pronounced at the origin of the body-whorl, is gradually lost on approaching the aperture. H. SUBROSEOTINCTA Wollaston, 1878. Unfigured. Imperforate, depressed-globose, scarcely subcarinate, a little shin- ing, whitish, sometimes subfuscous, or very obsoletely almost sub- ous, obsoletely and irregularly, (especially at the suture) streaked smeared with sublacteous, the young subpellucid ; whorls 5, ightly convex, the last slightly descending anteriorly ; peristome 196 HELIX. acute, distinctly rosy, margins separated ; columella substraight, oblique, forming a slight angle at its junction with the basal lip. Diarn. 10-12, alt. 8 mill. Ins. Brcwa, Cape Verdes. " The H. subroseotineta in its small size and totally ungranulated surface has more in common with the H. bollei than it has with the leptostyla. Nevertheless, it is thicker, whiter and more calcareous ; its peristome has nearly always a faint rosy tinge (indeed the entire shell is often suffused with a faint rosy brown) ; its volutions, the basal one of which is not quite so perceptibly keeled, are a trifle more tumid, and the suture consequently somewhat more impressed ; its columella is just appreciably straighter, forming somewhat of an angle at its junction with the lower lip ; and its entire surface has a tendency to be irregularly blotched, or freckled, with very obscure paler, frequently confluent patches." (Wollaston.) (Spedes of the Azores Islands} H. AZORICA Albers, 1852. PI. 51, figs. 5-8. Imperforate, depressed-globose, very thin, transparent, faint gold- en, speckled with dots and short oblique marks of opaque whitish buff, and generally with traces of brownish faciation about the per- iphery, very delicately striate ; spire short; suture moderately im- pressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last glo- bose, convex, gently deflected anteriorly ; base slightly indented at center; aperture rotund-lunar, as long as wide, oblique ; peristome .slightly thickened with white, ends remote ; columella thin, deeply, vertically entering, well curved. Diam. 11-13, alt. 7-8 mill. Sta. Maria and San Miguel, Azores. H. CALDEIRARUM Morelet et Drouet, 1857. PI. 51, figs. 39-41. Differs from azoriea in being of thicker texture, more decidedly striate, with more depressed body-whorl, and more conical spire. The surface is nearly free from opaque white markings ; the whorls number nearly 6, and the increase in width is very gradual ; the aperture is broader than long, the peristome labiate with white, the the collumella much more oblique than in H. azoriea; the base is rather flattened, and decidedly indented in the center. Diam. 11, alt. 7 mill. San Miguel, Azores. H. NIPHAS Pfeiffer, 1857. Unfigured. Imperforate, globose-conic, solid, plicate-striate, white; spire con- vex-conic, apex obtuse ; whorls 5J, slightly convex, gradually in- HELIX. 197 creasing the last not descending; base slightly convex; aperture oblique, lunar, peristome straight, margins remote, the right short, simple, the basal sensibly thickened toward its insertion, and briefly ascending. Diam. 11, alt. 8 mill. St. Miguel, Azores. None but the original specimens (communicated to Pfeiffer by Mr. Cuming) are known. It seems to be near H. caldeirarum in form, but differs from all Leptaxis of the Azores in the solid texture. Pfeiffer's description is translated above. H. TERCEIRAXA Morelet, 1857. PL 51, figs. 36-38. Imperforate, depressed-conoid, slightly solid, densely, rather rude- ly striate, and covered with an excessively minute granulation, cor- neous brown, variegated with maculations and streaks of opaque pale yellowish ; whorls 6, somewhat convex, Avith well marked su- tures, slowly widening, the last obtusely angulate; base somewhat flattened, indented in the center, anteriorly briefly descending ; aper- ture oblique, ovate-lunar, peristome straight, margined within, slight- ly expanded, livid; outer margin acute, columellar callous, flatten- ed, entering. Diam. 12, alt. 7 mill. Ins. Terceira, Azores. Allied to If. caldeinmnn, but less diaphanous, more coarsely and roughlv striate, and the columellar margin, toward its insertion, is broader, owing to the larger umbilical perforation covered by its expansion. II. i>i:oi;i:TrANA Morelet, 1860. PI. 51, figs. 29-31. Imperforate, globose-conic, somewhat solid, rugose-striate, yellow- ish, variegated with corneous radiations and a blackish interrupted peripheral fascia ; spire conic, apex rather acute ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last briefly descending; aperture ovate-lunar, marbled with white within ; peristome obtuse, labiate, the superior margin scarcely expanded, the columellar flattened, entering. Diam. 13, alt. 9 mill. /HX. Fayal, Azores. In this form the corneous surface is almost covered by the opaque yellowish-white markings (which in H. azorica only speckle the shell), the spire is conic, as in H. caldeirarum, and the shape of the base, which is indented in the center, is very similar to that species; the aperture is broader than long, and the peristome livid in color. The variegated appearance reminds one of H. erubescens ; and the illu- sion is increased by a very slight malleation. 198 HELIX. H. EXORNATA Deshayes. PI. 51, figs. 13, 14. Subglobose, somewhat depressed, smooth, pale yellow, with white zones, ornamented with two black undulate-angular zones at the periphery ; spire short, obtuse, convex ; whorls 4, slightly convex, wide, rapidly increasing, the last large, convex, slightly depressed below, imperforate, obliquely deflexed at the aperture ; aperture large, oblique, rotund-lunar ; peristome white or yellow, thickened within, reflexed, the base marked with a wide rosy spot. Diam. 14, alt. 10 mill. Habitat unknown. This form -is known only by the description of Deshayes which is translated above, and the original figures, copied on my plate. I follow Pfeiffer in referring it to Leptaxis; but of course any subgen- eric reference, without more information than we possess regarding it, is little better than guess-work. (B. Species with carinate periphery.^) H. CHRYSOMELA Pfr., 1848. PL 51, figs. 50-52. Imperforate, depressed, destitute of cuticle, chalky white, with wrinkles of increment, rugose, malleated ; whorls 5, flattened, grad- ually increasing, the last angled at its origin, becoming almost round- ed, very briefly but abruptly descending anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, slightly contracted, truncate-oval, the upper and lower mar- gins subparallel, peristome reddish orange colored ; columellar mar- gin very obliquely descending, broad, straight within. Diam. 10, alt. 6 mill. Quarternary of Porto Sancto. H. cenostoma Lowe is a synonym. Var. FLUCTUOSA Lowe, 1852. PL 52, fig. 86; PL 51, figs. 9, 10. This form differs from H. chrysomela in being larger, more acute- ly carinated, and with whorls less rounded above. The peristome is white, and is less thickened internally on the columellar margin than in the type. Diam. 14 mill. H. VETUSTA Morelet et Drouet, 1857. PL 66, fig. 80a. Imperforate, conic, rather solid, cretaceous white, (or rarely varie- gated with corneous) with two reddish brown bands, usually inter- rupted or subobsolete, obliquely striate, and with a tendency to be still more obliquely, finely undulate; whorls 6—6'}, carinate in the middle, slowly widening, flattened above, the last a trifle more con- HELIX. 199 vox above, acutely carinated, briefly deflexed anteriorly ; base some- what convex, not indented in the center; aperture very oblique, slightly broader than long, truncate oval ; peristome labiate inside, pink-tinted, its terminations not converging ; columellar margin thickened, somewhat flattened, appressed ; parietal wall covered by a pinkish callus. Diam. 15-19, alt. 11-12 mill. Quarternary of Sta. Maria, Azores. This species seems to most nearly allied to the H. chrysomela of Porto Sancto, but may be readily seperated by its sculpture, large size, conical spire and acute peripheral carina. H. AVOLLASTONI Lowe, 1852. PI. 51, figs. 59-60. Imperforate, depressed conic, rather solid, carinate, dark yellowish or olivaceous-brown, with, usually, two spiral darker bauds ; oblique- ly plicate-striite, and covered with a minute granulation ; spire usu- ally depressed, the apical whorl smooth ; whorls 5, nearly planulate the last 2 rapidly widening ; body-whorl acutely carinated, deeply descending anteriorly; base convex, not indented at the center; aperture transversely oval, angular at the extremities, very oblique ; peristome a little expanded, usually pinkish, nearly continuous over the parietal wall; columella somewhat dilated, flattened, entering. Diam. 22, alt, 11 mill. Ins. Porto Sancto. Probably more nearly allied to H. nivosa than to the species with which on account of its carinate periphery, it is here associated. Var. FOKKXSIS \Vollaston. A smaller form than the type, in which the aperture is rounded at the outer margin, scarcely modified by the peripheral keel; the parietal wall is traversed by a very heavy callus which joins the lips; and the inner two or three whorls of the spire usually are prominent, as if mamillated. Diam. 17, alt. 9£ mill. Described as a species by Mr. Wollaston, but the specimens before me are too similar to wollastoni to be separated. V 2. Psetidocampylcea Pfr. Axis umbilicate ; aperture oval, the lips expanded, converging. H. rouTOSANCTANA Sowerby, 1824. PL 52, figs. 87-89. [Jmbilicate, depressed, rather strong, corneous yellow, with three brown bauds, the upper two generally broad, often coalescent ; sur- face marked with rather strong, irregular incremental wrinkles, all 200 HELIX. over minutely punctate ; whorls 5£, convex, the inner smoother, gradually, the outer more rapidly widening ; body-whorl depressed, rounded at the periphery, flattened above, deeply deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, perfectly oval ; peristome expanded, brownish, continued as a heavy callus over the parietal wall, its basal portion subreflexed, partially concealing the umbilicus. Diam. 23-30, alt. 13-15 mill. Ins. Porto Sancto. H. LOWEI Ferussac, 1835. PL 52, fig. 90. Differs from the preceding (of which it may be a variety) in the ,much larger size, the less obviously punctate surface, less oblique aperture and narrower revolving bands, of which there are but two, and these very slender. Diam. 45-55 mill. Porto Sancto. This largest of the Atlantic species is quite abundant in the quar- ternary deposits of Porto Sancto, but according to Wollaston, only a single specimen has been found alive. It seems to be replaced in the living fauna by the very similar but much smaller If. porto*l, figs. 47-41). Imperforate, depressed-conic, very thin and fragile, with a silky lustre, light green, costulate-striate; spire low, conic, apex prom- inent; suture impressed; whorls M, rapidly increasing, convex below th •• sutures and on base, but concave above and below the prominent peripheral carina; body-whorl large, depressed, carinated to the aperture, not deflected anteriorly, indented at the axis; aperture transversely oval, ungulate at position of carina; peristome acute, membranous; columella deeply, vertically entering. Diam. 7, alt. 41 mill. Teneriffe and Palnui, (binaries. Section VIII. IBERUS Montfort, 1810. Helices of the section Iberus are very numerous, both in species and individuals in central and southern Italy, and in Sicily; and curiously enough, there have been a few trans-Mediterranean spe- cies discovered in recent vears. There is great lattitude of opinion concerning the synonymy of the group, arising from the fact that transition forms between many of the "species" render any hard- and-fast lines of demarkation between them wholly arbitrary; and the subject has been still further complicated by a number of diag- noses of tv new species," without figures, each of which' admits of be- inir applied lo several forms. The. Sicilian species form a perfect series of gradations between the carinate flattened forms and the globose elevated ones. They 202 HELIX. differ from most of the peninsular species in being marked with minute spiral impressed lines. The Italian species are generally more depressed, and more deeply colored. Montfort's type of Iberus is not H. muralis as I stated on p. 122 (following Albers and v. Martens) but H. gualteriana of Spain. There may be two subsections recognized : Iberus, s. sir. and Levan- tina Kobelt, the latter comprising the large forms of Asia Minor. The synonymy includes Murella Pfr., and, in part, Crenea Albers. Pfeiffer and other authors have included, also, a number of Canary Island species, which in this work are placed in Hemicycla. IBERUS, s. sir. *** A. Iberus of depressed and carinated, or rounded globose form, the base convex, imperforate. Sicilian, African and Spanish species. H. GUALTERIANA Linn., 1767. PI. 53, figs. 6-8. Covered perforate, carinate, flattened above, convex below, solid, reddish or brownish white, dull, decussated with oblique and spiral coarse rough sculpture; spire flat or slightly elevated, the apical whorl smoother; whorls 4, rather rapidly widening, with an acute compressed carina; body-whorl very convex below, turgid at the center, more or less deeply deflexed anteriorly; aperture angulate- ovate, transverse, oblique, wider than long; peristome expanded, reflexed and appressed over the umbilicus. Diam. 40, alt. 17 mill. Provinces Cadix, Aimer ia, Granada, Murcia, Spain. H. obversa Born is synonymous. Var. LAURENTII Bourguignat. PI. 53, figs. 9-13. Differs from the type in the smaller size, elevated spire, less dis- tinct keel, less rude sculpture and smaller aperture. Sierra Elvira, at Granada. H. SULTANA Morelet, 1880. PL 63. figs. 40-42. Covered perforate, rather thin, wide conoidal, depressed, micro- scopically granulate and obliquely sculptured, near the keel marked with a few spiral lines, dirty white, lusterless, spire obtuse, apex corneous; whorls 4t>, exserted, nearly flat, the last turgid below, briefly and suddenly deflexed ; aperture very oblique, subtrapezoidal, acutely angled; peristome thin, the margins approaching, the upper HELIX. 203 straight, lower dilated, reflexed, more or less concealing the perfora- tion. Diam. 28, alt. 13 mill. Mts. of Tertuan, Morocco. H. subscabriusculaHourg., published before sultana, but with nei- ther description or figure, is a synonym. H. LEACHII Ferussac, 1821. PI. 63, figs. 26-28. Xearly covered perforate, car in ate, convex-lenticular, sculptured above and below with numerous pliciform costa3, which are parallel with the aperture, pale grayish yellow or whitish, opaque; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the last with a keel which becomes obtuse toward the aperture, very convex below, suddenly deflexed anteriorly; aper- ture very oblique, transversely subovate; peristorne dilated, expanded, white, the upper and lower margins subequally curved, converging, joined by a distinct shining wide callus, (v. Martens.) Diam. 17-19, alt. 10-12 mill. Tarhuna Mts. Tripoli. H. tripolitaini Wood is synonymous. H. scABRiusri-LA Deshayes, 1830. PI. 53, figs. 19-21, 14-16. Covered perforate or nearly so, depressed, carinated, low-conic above, convex below, solid, whitish unicolored or with several spiral cordons of reddish blotches, more or less strongly obliquely striate, and covered with a microscopic granulation; whorls 4-4-1, moderately increasing, flattened on the upper surface, with a compressed exserted median keel ; body-whorl gibbous below, rather suddenly and deeply deflexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, transversely oval, acutely aiiii'led at the termination of the carina; peristome expanded, termi- uations sub-converging, the basal margin frequently subdentate, appressed over the umbilical perforation. Diam. 24, alt. 10 mill. Western Sicily. H. erycuKt .Jan. is synonymous. Var. si: LIXI-NTINA Philippi. PI. 62, figs. 28-30. Differs from the type in the interrupted reddish bands; carina IK it exserted, striae simple. Var. SEGESTANA Philippi. PI. 53, figs. 1-5, 17, 18. Umbilicus generally slightly open ; sculpture consisting of eleva- u-d anastomosing wrinkles; keel crenulated. 204 HELIX. Var. PACINIANA Philippi. PL 55, figs. 36-38. Rather thin, coarsely sculptured with white anastomosing wrinkles; columella concave, not callous; keel becoming obtuse or obsolete toward the aperture. Diam. 16 mill. H. vieta Rossrn. (pi. 62, figs. 32-34.) is synonymous. There is a forma major, measuring 20 mill. diam. (pi. 55, fig. 34, 35). This form may be distinct from scabriuscula; the specimens before me have a more distinct aspect than the other varieties. Var. EXPLANATA Benoit. PL 62, fig. 31. Half-covered perforate; spire planate ; whorls above subconcave, exserted at the carina, the last very turgid beneath. Var. DEMISSA Benoit. Small, subperforate, striate, spire subplane, whorls a trifle exserted at carina. Var. DREPANENSIS Huet. PL 62, figs. 26, 27. .Small, elate-turrited, whorls scalariform, acutely keeled, sculpture of coarse white wrinkles on a livid ground. Var. scalariformis Ben. is a synonym. H. SARDONIA Martens, 1884. Unfigured. Perforate, carinate, depressed, rugose-striate, whitish, maculate with brown above, with a single interrupted band below; spire slightly prominent; whorls 4, above flattened, with a more or less exserted carina, the last rather convex below, distinctly descending anteriorly; aperture very oblique, axe-shaped ; peristome white, mar- gins approximating, the upper expanded, the basal reflexed, concave, arcuate, partly covering the perforation. (Martcm*.) Diam. 21, alt. 101 mill. Dorgali, Sardinia. Very similar to the Sicilian H. scabriuseula Desh. and H. segestana Phil.; but the rib-striae are finer and more regular, the columellal margin more strongly concave. In the intensity of the brown mark- ings, which generally are above arranged into two interrupted bands, the covering of the umbilicus by the peristome (i—1), the exsertion of the keel of each succeeding whorl, and the absolute size, there is great variation among various specimens. (Martens.^ The above descriptions and comments, translated from v. Martens, contain all the information published regarding this species, which is, apparently, quite distinct. 205 Var. DORGALIENSIS Maltzan. Differs from the type in the higher spire, thickened, decidedly re flexed peristome, its terminations joined by a distinct callus. Diam. 20, alt. 101. mill. II. (iRoiLMAxxi Philippi, 1836. PI. 54, figs. 7, 8. Covered perforate, orbiculate- depressed, carinate, subtly striate, white, with three or four spiral series of brown blotches; whorls 4-1, subplanulate, the last subdeflexed anteriorly; aperture lunar axe- shaped, dark banded within ; peristome simple, the upper margin subcxpandcd, the basal appressed, subdilated and reddish at the rolumella. (Pfei/er). Diam. 21 alt. tH mill. Palermo, Sicily. Benoit considers this a form of H. serpentina, a very probable supposition. 11. MURALIS Miiller, 1773. PL 62, figs. 35-37. Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, opaque, whitish, with spiral bands of blotches or large patches and irregular strigations of dark brown, the base light; surface marked with coarse oblique, wavy irregular wrinkles, obsolete below, and a secondary microscopic sculpture of delicate undulating growth-lines, decussated by fine spiral impressed lines; spire low-conic, obtuse; whorls 4-43; the inner rather flattened, apex smooth, the body-whorl wide, well- rounded, sometimes obtusely subangular at its origin, convex below, indented around the axis, anteriorly suddenly, rather deeply de- scending; aperture very oblique, dark within, oval-truncate; peri- stoinc white, expanded, margins subapproaching, the basal somewhat straightened within, appressed at the axis. Diam. 18, alt. 10 mill. Sicily; Italy; southern France and Spain; Balearic Is. The following are synonyms: H. orgonensis Philbert, (pi. 60, figs. 71-73.) H. abromia Bourg., H. abraea Bourg. Var. i;r<;osA Ziegl. PL 62, figs. 42, 43. Very rudely sculptured above, the wrinkles white on a dark ground; body-whorl often more or less keeled at its origin. Sicily. Var. COST ri, ATA Benoit. PL 62, figs. 40, 41. Depressed; sculptured with strong ribs; peripheral keel extending to the aperture. Western Sicily. 206 HELIX. Var. CRISPATA Benoit. PL 60, figs. 68-70. Strongly sculptured with radiating ribs, which extend to the axis below; periphery not keeled. Marsala, Sicily. Var. ALUTACEA Paul. PL 62, figs. 44-48. Shell smooth, leather-colored. Calabria. Var. INSULARIS Benoit. Depressed; below interruptedly unifasciate with rufous, above or- namented with series of zigzag radiating strigations ; axis marked with a brown spot; radiating sculpture subobsolete. Maretimo. Var. UNDULATA Michaud. PL 62, figs. 38, 39. Whitish, with radiating undulating or zigzag brown strigations above, and one or more cordons of square or arrow-shaped blotches below the periphery. Provence; Italy; Sicily. H. serpentina var. communis Benoit is synonymous. H. TIBERIANA Benoit, 1859. PL 64, figs. 21, 22. Covered perforate, pyramidal or slightly depressed, costulate- rugose, the costulse becoming evanescent on the base, scarcely shining, rather solid, bluish white, sometimes a little maculate or interrupt- edly fasciate with brown; spire exserted, apex obtuse; whorls 5, subplanulate, carinate, the carina upon the spire lying in the suture; last whorl becoming rounded toward the aperture, profoundly and abruptly descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique," ovate-lunate, peri- stome white, the margins converging, the upper expanded, the basal reflexed, base callous, sometimes subdentate, dilated at the insertion, appressed, covering the umbilicus, axis with a brown spot; fauces brown. Diam. 21, alt. 12-13 mill. Scupedda, near Calatafimini, north coast of Sicily. Separated from its allies by the straight, conical spire; the surface generally exhibits the same microscopic granulation that is found in If. scabriuscula, muralis, etc. H. GLOBULARIS Ziegler, 1838. PL 38, figs. 82, 83. Imperforate, depressed-conic-globose, solid, finely striate; whor 4], slightly convex, the last rounded, descending anteriorly; ape ture oblique, oval-lunar; peristome expanded, the margins conve ing, the basal margin callous, flattened, appressed for half its length >rls ; HELIX. 20 1 to the turgid base, brown spotted and covering the umbilicus at its insertion. Diam. 14-19, alt. 9-13 mill. Sicily, Tarento. H. frivaldskyi Calcara is synonymous. "Helix globularis forms a natural transition between muralis and platychela; it is generally more elevated and globular than the muralis, and has the peristome more expanded, whilst in the platy- chela it is reflexed. The main difference from muralis lies in the aperture, of which the basal margin appears more extended, callous, provided with a fold or even a tooth, — which is very rarely the case with muralis" (Kobelt.) The species is variable in form, size and color, and sometimes very difficult to separate from H. muralis. Var. CONSPICUA Benoit. PL 38, figs. 84, 85. Large, globose, marked with four maculose interrupted bands. Palermo. Var. COSSURENSIS Benoit. Small, spire less elevated, ornamented with close wide macula- tions. Pantellaria. Var. UNUULATA Kobelt. PI. 62, figs. 49, 50. Palermo. Var. ACHATINA Benoit. Whitish, without bands or maculations. Palermo. Var. TARENTINA Kobelt. PI. 62, figs. 51, 52. Whorls more planulate than in the type, and base of the aperture not dentate. Tarento. H. MELITENSIS Ferussac. PI. 54, figs. 24-26. Imperforate, depressed-globose, more or less conoidal, solid, whit- ish, or obscurely strigate or subfasciate with light brown, marked with rather irregular oblique growth-lines and microscopic rather distant spiral engraved lines, which are frequently subobsolete, and usually wanting on the base; spire more or less depressed-conic, apex obtuse; whorls 4— 4=V, slightly convex, the upper ones obtusely sub- angulate, the body- whorl convex, abruptly and deeply deflexed anteriorly; aperture truncate-oval, very oblique, rather small, dark- colored within; peristome expanded, white, the upper and lower margins stibparallel, not converging, the basal callous and sub- straightened, sometimes subdentate within, with a brown spot at its insertion. Diam. 19-21, alt. 12-15 mill. Malta. 208 HELIX. This form is allied to H. globularis, and especially to H.platycliela, but may be separated by several characters from both of these Sicilian species. The peristome is not so broadly expanded as in platychela, nor is it so decidedly dentate as is usual in that species ; and there is not so obvious a flattening of the upper whorls as in the more depressed forms (which are nearest to melitensis) of platychela. Yar. CARUANJE Pilsbry. PI. 62, fig. 54-56. Spire elevated, conoidal; aperture small and very oblique; colora- tion usually of zigzag brown strigations sometimes broken into obscure bands above, and a narrow cordon of blotches below the per- iphery. Malta. H. PROVINCIALIS Benoit, 1842. PL 64, fig. 19, 20; pi. 60, figs. 74, 75. Imperforate, depressed, slightly shining, solid, white, unicolored or marked with four cordons of pale brown spots, irregularly obliquely striate, and with microscopic spiral incised lines above, less striate below; spire low conoid, blunt, but the apical whorl slightly projecting, corneous; whorls 4^-5, the upper ones somewhat flattened, the body-whorl depressed, (more so than in either the several preceding or following species) sub-angulate at its origin, abruptly and deeply descending at the aperture, generally a little indented around the axis below; aperture small, very oblique, trun- cate-oval, slightly darkened and often fasciate within ; peristome expanded, outer and basal margins reflected, terminations not con- verging, baso-columellar portion appressed, callous and straightened within, but not at all dentate. Diam. 17-19, alt. 12-14 mill. Sicily. H. saracena Benoit mss. is the same. The small oblique aperture, not dentate below (not even so much as is shown in figs. 74, 75 of pi. 60) but callous, and the depressed body- whorl will enable one ,to distinguish this species. There is usually a faint brown spot at the insertion of the columella. H. RAGUS-E Kobelt, 1884. PL 68, fig. 17-19. Imperforate, depressed trochoidal, the base inflated, solid, slightly shining, irregularly striate, under the lens showing spiral impressed lines, grayish wrhite, with obscure traces of bands of maculations; whorls 5, the first 1$ smooth, convex, the apex a little exserted, sub- mamillate, the following planulate, distinctly carinate in young [( XJNIVEKS HELIX. x^C4UFb 209 specimens, slowly increasing, with moderately impressed suture; body-whorl subinflated, angulated at the periphery, the angle be- coming evanescent toward the aperture, base subgibbously inflated, anteriorly deeply descending; aperture oblique, transverse lunate- oval; peristome white, thickened, broadly expanded all around, and reflexd, ethe margins subconverging, not connected, the basal margin callous, distinctly plicate-dentate, with a brown spot at the insertion of the columella. (Kobelt.) Diam. 22£, alt. 14 mill. Western Sicily. Allied to H. provincialis, but with much more broadly reflected peristome than that species. H. PLATYCHELA Menke, 1830. PL 54, figs. 1-6. Imperforate, globose, or somewhat depressed, solid, whitish, some- times unicolored, usually with four rather narrow bands composed of (generally faint) brown spots, rarely subcontinuous; lightly, rather irregularly obliquely marked with growth-lines, and with spiral microscopic incised lines; spire pyramidal, the apex obtuse; whorls 5-5 L>, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the sutures moder- ately impressed ; body-whorl subglobose or somewhat depressed, generally well rounded, deeply deflexed anteriorly, convex below; aperture rounded oval, very oblique, slightly darkened and usually showing bands within; peristome broadly expanded, outer margin reflected, basal margin reflexed, adnate to the body toward the axis, broad, flattened, with a truncated lamella or tooth within. Diam. 24-26, alt. 16-23. Sicily. H. prcetexta Jan is a synonym. An exceedingly variable form, easily distinguished typically by the broad peristome and elevated form. There are however depress- ed varieties which approach globularis, etc. A small form measures diani. 15, alt. 12 mill. Yar. KOSALLK Benoit. PL 62, fig. 53. Usually larger than the type, whorls of the spire planulate, cari- n ate, the last rounded; base more convex; peristome less broadly expanded and reflexed. Diam. 26, alt. 19 mill. Palermo. Yar. IPARIA Benoit. PL 64, figs. 23, 24. Depressed ; whorls of the spire planulate ; body- whorl more or !es> keeled. Palermo. 14 210 HELIX. H. ASCHER^E Kobelt, 1880. PL 62, figs. 57-60. Subdepressed-turbinate, rather thin, striatulate, im perforate, whit- ish, rarely unicolored, or with four girdles of small rufous-brown spots; whorls 5->, regularly increasing, the upper ones slightly con- vex, penultimate and last whorl convex, with impressed suture ; body-whorl subdilated, inflated below toward the aperture, anterior- ly strongly and abruptly deflexed, and sub-constricted behind the aperture ; aperture very oblique, lunate-rotund ; peristome reflexed, strongly albolabiate ; fauces brownish, showing the bands ; margins converging, the basal arcuate, sometimes callous, dilated and wholly covering the .umbilicus, brown-spotted at the insertion. (Kobelt.} Diam. 22 J, alt. 16 mill. Trapani, Sicily. "The upper whorls are quite flat, like those of platychela; and it would appear as though young examples were keeled ; the suture is not at all impressed. The penultimate whorl first begins to be more convex, and the suture deeper ; the last whorl is somewhat widened, rounded at the periphery, the base tumid as it approaches the mouth, very deeply deflexed, and somewhat constricted." (Kobelt.) Very closely allied to some forms of If. platychela. H. RID ENS Martens, 1884. Unfigured. Covered perforate, subglobose-depressed, white, marked with four dark brown bands, the upper interrupted, striatulate below the sut- ure, shining, whorls 4?. the first convex, grayish-brown, unicolored, the following subangulate, body-whorl rounded, convex below, deeply descending anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, wide-ovate j peristome white, rather broadly reflexed, the margins approx- imating, arcuate above and below, the columellar margin dilated and appressed. Diam. 17, alt. 11 mill. ; aperture, diam. and alt. 9 mill. (Martens.) Dor gali, Sardinia. " Some specimens exhibit a small umbilical fissure, but in the greater number this is closed by the expansion of the columellar margin. A very minute spiral striation is visible upon the upper surface of most specimens, with a lens of moderate power." " This species is comparable to the Sicilian H. globularis Ziegl., and the more flattened forms of H. platychela Mke. By the broad- er aperture, more strongly concave columellar lip, without trace of a tooth, it may be distinguished from these." (Martens.) The following variations are described : HELIX. 211 Var. SPLENDENS Maltzan. Differs from the type in the distinctly conoidal shell, last whorl subcompressed, trifasciate, aperture narrower. Diam. 17, alt. 11 mill. Dorgali, Sardinia. Var. MINOR Maltzan. Shell much smaller. Diam. 14?, alt. 9 2 mill. Dorga li, Sardin ia . H. PLATYCHELOIDES Kobelt, 1881. PI. 54, figs. 9-12. Covered umbilicate, conoid, spire exserted, striatulate, scarcely shining, solid, white or encircled by five castaneous bands ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, separated by linear, distinct sutures, regularly increasing, the last inflated, anteriorly abruptly deeply deflexed ; aperture very oblique, irregularly ovate, slightly lunate ; peristome labiate with white, the margins considerably converging and joined by a distinct callus, upper margin expanded, outer and basal re- flexed, basal margin wide, distinctly. expanded above the umbilicus, armed with a straightened callus or subdentiform fold within. Diam. 24, alt. 17 mill. . Mis. of Beni Hosemar, Morocco. This species sustains the same relation to H. sicanoides that the Sicilian platychela bears to sicana. It differs from platychela (to which many examples are very similar in outline) in the constant presence of an umbilicus, the less reflected peristome and the pecu- liar apex. (Kobelt.) H. BOETTGERI Kobelt, 1881. PI. 54, figs. 27-29. Covered rimate, depressed conoid, solid, striatulate, microscopic- ally granulate, but not so distinctly spirally striate as If. tetuanensis, whitish, or yellowish-green, variously painted with bands and flam- mules of brownish ; whorls 5, the first two forming a projecting apex, the following less convex, the last somewhat inflated, deeply deflexed anteriorly ; suture linear, impressed ; aperture very oblique, trims verse-oval, the peristome acute, thin, strongly labiate with white, the margins converging, and joined by a thin callus, the upper expanded, outer slightly and basal distinctly reflexed over the rimate umbilicus, bearing inside a straight or dentiform callus. Diam. 20-21, alt. 13-i mill. Mts. Beni Hosemar, near Tetuan, Morocco. 212 HELIX. This form, which inhabits the more western mountains, is in gen- eral shape scarcely to be distinguished from many forms of the Sicil- ian H. globularis, but may be readily recognized by the sculpture and the columellar lip, which is. not appressed. To the H. tetuan- ensis it holds about the same relation as globularis to platyche/a. (Kobelt.) H. GYROSTOMA Feruss^c, 1821. PL 54, figs. 20, 21. Covered perforate, globose, lightly obliquely striatulate, whitish- gray (bleached ?) with numerous small opaque white flecks, and larger, more translucent grayish markings ; this gray is above form- ed into flammules somewhat, and below into two narrow bands ; and upon these translucent tracts the white flecks are principally distributed ; whorls 4J, the first relatively large, the second and third flatter, appearing decidedly carinated in the suture, the last inflated, well rounded, very strongly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very ob- lique, comparatively small, circular, the terminations of the peristome joined by a thick shining white callus, its margins briefly expanded, white. (Martens.) Diam. 19-1, alt. 12i mill. Tripoli. In the early part of the century this Helix was found in Tripoli, and communicated by Dr. Leach to Ferussac ; and again in 1879 a single example was taken by Dr. Erwin von Barry, in the first range of the Tarhuna Mountains. PL 50, figs. 55, 5G are copied from the original figures of Ferussac. H. SCHERZERI Zelebor, 1868. PL 60, figs. 86-88. Imperforate, globose-depressed, rather thin, striatulate, whitish, with sparsely scattered corneous points or also with five continuous brown bands ; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse ; whorls 4i, slightly convex, the last inflated, anteriorly profoundly deflexed ; aperture very oblique, subcircular, peristome albolabiate, the mar- gins approximating, joined by a callus, briefly reflexed, the columel- lar obsoletely unidentate within, dilated and appressed above the axial region. (Pfeiffer.) Diam. 20, alt. 11 mill. Gibraltar. This species is distinguished from the preceding and the following species, to which it stands nearest, by the entirely closed umbilicus. The columellar reflection is however' perfectly sharply defined, and distinctly visible. From the H. marmorata, with which it lives, it may be separated always by the white lip. (Kobelt.) HELIX. 213 H. TETUANENSIS Kobelt, 1881. PL 54, figs. 30-33. Covered perforate, globose conoidal, beautifully undulately gran- ulate under the lens by the decussation of distinct incremental striae and very fine spiral impressed lines ; rather thin, lustreless, unicolored dirty yellow or with brown bands, sometimes coalescent ; whorls 5, well rounded, separated by impressed sutures, the first forming a projecting apex, the last inflated and briefly, deeply de- flexed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, lunate-rounded ; peristome acute, labiate with white, the margins converging, and joined by a callus, upper margin a little expanded, outer and basal margins reflexed, columellar lip expanded over the perforation, and bearing a strong dentiform fold inside. Diam. 20, alt. 17 £ mill. Mts. Beni Hosemar, at Tetuan, Morocco. Closely allied to If. bottgeri. H. SICANOIDES Kobelt, 1881. PI. 54, figs. 17-19. Very slightly but always sensibly rimate, globose-subconoid, apex exserted, rather thin but solid, unicolored whitish or yellowish, or with brown or blackish bands of various widths, striatulate ; whorls 5, separated by distinct linear suture, the upper ones flattened, the following more convex ; body-whorl inflated, abruptly descending at aperture ; aperture very oblique, rotund-lunar ; peristome labiate with white, slightly reflexed on the base, margins converging, joined by a light callus ; columella with a strong callus, sometimes denti- form below. Diam. 21, alt. 16£ mill. (Kobelt.) Mts. Beni Hosemar, near Tetuan, Morocco. Very nearly allied to the Sicilian H. sicana, says Kobelt, but constantly separated from that species, after an examination of sev- eral hundred examples of each, by the umbilical rimation, of which t. Imperforate, turbinate-depressed, somewhat solid, slightly shin- ing, scarcely striate, whitish, encircled by spiral rather wide regular deep chestnut zones, variegated with white; spire subdepressed, apex obtuse, smooth, pale violet; suture impressed; whorls 4^, HELIX. 217 slightly convex, the last slightly descending, below bifasciate; aper- ture oblique, wide lunar, livid whitish within ; peristorae labiate, the margins distant, nearly sub-parallel, the columella (and umbili- cal tract) deep brown, subdilated basal and outer margins whitish. (Crosse et Debeaux.) Diam. 19, alt. 11 mill. Corsica. May be distinguished from its allies by the regular disposition, width and deep color of the bands. Var. SUBURBANA Paulucci. More convex, conic and solid, and more striate ; the last whorl less globose ; aperture broader and shortened. Diam. 19}, alt. 13 mill. Sassari, Sardinia. H. OBERNDOERFERI Kobelt, 1882. PL 60, figs. 96, 97. Imperforate, depressed-conic, rather solid, densely sub-costate- striatulate, whitish gray, with five interrupted bands or series of maculations of chestnut, which are more distinct and continuous toward the aperture, and marked from the upper to the lowest band with clear corneous zigzags and flecks, as in If. serpentina; base whitish, unmarked, or at most with a few streaks; whorls 5, convex, the apex obtuse, regularly increasing, suture linear, moderately im- pressed ; body- whorl scarcely dilated, subinflated, convex below, and impressed in the umbilical region, deeply deflexed anteriorly ; aperture ovate-rotund, deeply lunate, the margins distant, the upper slightly expanded, outer a little reflexed, the basal thickened, sub- dentate, scarcely dilated. (Kobelt.) Diam. 20, alt. 14 mill, Palma, in Mallorca, Balearic Is. Lacks the spot at the insertion of the columella, which is so char- acteristic of H. serpentina. H. PUDIOSA Paulucci, 1882. PL 63, figs. 32-34. Imperforate, orbiculate, depressed convex, opaque, striatulate, slightly malleate, white, ornamented with five interrupted brown zones ; spire subprominent, apex obtuse, smooth, corneous ; whorls 4-1, scarcely convex, (the first slowly, last rapidly increasing), sep- arated by an impressed suture ; the last subcompressed, convex be- low, anteriorly toward the aperture abruptly deflexed, not dilated ;' aperture oblique, ovate-oblong, whitish ; peristome lightly labiate within, the margins converging, approximating. (Paulucci.) Diam. 16, alt. 9£ mill. Sassari, Sardinia. 218 HELIX. H. VILLICA Paulucci, 1882. PL 63, figs. 51-53. Somewhat umbilicated, orbiculate, depressed-convex, opaque, ru- gose-striate, whitish, ornamented with four interrupted zones, formed of brown maculations, spire subprominent, apex minute, mamillate, violaceous ; whorls 4J-5, slightly convex, (the inner regularly, last rapidly increasing) separated by impressed sutures; the last whorl subcompressed, subinflated below, anteriorly at the aperture sudden- ly deflexed, not dilated ; aperture oblique, subcircular, the margins approaching ; peristome thin, reflexed ; columellar margin dilated, partly closing the umbilical perforation. (Paulucci.) Diam. 19, alt. 11 mill. Sardinia. H. TETRAZONA Jan. PL 64, figs. 25-27. Depressed, umbilicate, transversely striate, whitish, with four brown zones ; aperture lunate-rotund ; peristome subreflexed, sub- margined. ( Christ et Jan.) Diam. 18, alt. 9 mill. Abruzzi. H. intermedia var. /3, Pfr. is a synonym. H. STRIGATA Miiller, 1773. PL 66, figs. 92a, 92b. Umbilicate, depressed, white, with four chestnut bands, the upper three interrupted, narrow ; upper surface striate, whorls 4£, rather flattened, the last deflexed anteriorly ; aperture rounded oval, ob- lique ; peristome reflexed, sublabiate, white, the margins converging. Diam. 19, alt. 8* mill. Central Italy. Var. UMBRICA Charp. PL 64, figs. 30,31. Moderately umbilicate ; periphery subangulate ; surface strongly costate. Umbria. Var. SURRENTINA (A. Schmidt) Martens. PL 65, figs. 50, 51 Shell almost covered perforate, subdepressed, very subtly striate, slightly pinkish white, with four pale chestnut interrupted bands; whorls 4i, slightly convex, the last descending, aperture very oblique, oval ; peristome reflexed, patulous, sublabiate, pinkish brown, the margins approximating, the basal arcuate ; with a brown umbilical spot. (Martens.) Diam. 16, alt. 7 mill. Naples. In part If. carseolana of authors. It is not according to Mme. Paulucci, the surrentina of Kobelt, (Icon, v, t. 123, f. 1172, 1173) which is var. fuscolabiata Rossm. HELTX. 219 Var. FUSCOLABIATA Rossm. PL 64, figs. 32-34. Somewhat larger than the type, sometimes bandless, usually with the lower band absent, the others so interrupted that the shell ap- pears above to be radiately streaked with white and brown ; aperture and peristome clear brown. Sorrento; Capri; Pcestum. Var. POSIDONIENSIS Tiberi. PI. 60, figs. 66, 67. Large, decidedly widened, especially the last whorl ; depressed and sharply sculptured. Pcestum. Var. SICULA Benoit. Sharply costulate above; aperture more rounded, fusco-labiate. Sicily. Var. APULA Blanc. PL 64, figs. 28, 29. Sculpture more distinct ; aperture more rounded, less oblique. Taranto. Var. POLITA Paulucci. This pretty variety is distinguished by its relatively almost smooth j encircled by two to four, usually three deep chestnut bands, the lower two subcontinuous, sometimes unicolored white, very lightly irregularly obliquely striate and with numerous microscopic spiral impressed lines, especially obvious near the aperture, spire low depressed conic, apex corneous, blunt, the first whorl convex, the following lightly convex, but with a flattened appearance; whorls HELIX. 221 4 j-5, the last rather wide, convex, its last third rather inflated below, abruptly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture oval, wide, oblique, yellowish flesh-color within, showing the bands ; peristome expanded, white, thickened somewhat within, the upper and lower margins subparal- lel, somewhat converging, the upper straightened, the basal margin rather straight, more or less thickened, sometimes even subdentate within, and appressed to the base for a short distance, the expanded columellar margin partially covering the umbilicus, at its insertion slightly brown-tinged. Diam. 25, alt. 18 mill; diam. 26, alt. 16 mill. Madonian Mts. Northern Sicily. A forma minor (pi. 60, figs. 89-91) measures: diam. 20, alt. 13 mill. A more flattened form from Castelbuono is figured by Kobelt (pi. 65, figs. 52-56.) The spiral sculpture will separate this form from the preceding peninsular species. II. KUGENIA Pfeiffer, 1853. PI. 65, figs. 48, 49. Partly or wholly covered perforate, siibdepressed globose-conic, opaque, solid, cretaceous, shining, white, with fine incremental stria? and microscopic decussating spiral lines, sometimes subobsolete; spire depressed conic, apex corneous, prominent, but blunt; suture lightly impressed, linear; whorls 4o, the apical convex, the follow- ing flattened, moderately increasing ; body-whorl subangular at the periphery, suddenly deflexed above; aperture rounded oval, very oblique, yellowish flesh-color inside ; peristome obtuse, its ends con- verging, the baso-columellar margin reflexed and appressed, thick- ened within, expanded over or partly over the umbilicus, and with a brown spot at its union with the parietal wall. Diam. 14, alt. 9 mill. Ficuzza, near Palermo, Sicily. H. vigenia Parr, (in sched.) and H. calypso Beiioit are identical. First discovered by Benoit, but the name of Pfeiffer has priority. Var. HUETIANA Benoit. PI. 65, figs. 45-47. Double the size of H. eugenia, more depressed, and usually slight- ly malleate ; aperture dark within ; carina often obsolete on last whorl. Diam. 21, alt, 12 mill. Monte St. Giuliano. H. hueti Pfr. is synonymous. HELIX. H. MARIANNE Kobelt, 1880. PI. 60, figs. 92, 93 ; pi. 65, figs. 57, 58. Of this species, which was at first identified with the long-lost H. circumornata of Ferussac. Dr. Kobelt says : My examples show three bands of square reddish brown markings, which have their longer dimension in the direction of the incremental striae ; the middle ones are much wider than the two outer, and often formed by the co- alescence of the second and third. The arrangement of the markings is remarkably regular, as the figure of Ferussac indicates. The sculpture is like that of H. carseolana and also the form of the whorls, except that these are more raised, and no angulation is visible. The aperture more widely rounded, and relatively shorter than in the typical carseolana; the terminations of the peristome are much less approaching, and the basal margin is less thickened by the callus. The peristome, too, is of a rather bright reddish-brown color, and only its very edge is white. (Icon. /. u. suss. w. Moll. Eur., etc., v., p. 77.) Separated from H. surrentina by the greater elevation, and the inflated whorls, which are shouldered at the suture ; from H. carse- olana by the closed umbilicus and the brown peristome. Its home is eastward from the Appennines, in that Apulian outlier of the Ap- pennines known as the Murgie. (Kobelt in Icon, etc., vii, p. 9.) This is the H. circumornata of Kobelt, (1877), not of Ferussac. Var. PEUCETANA Kobelt. PI. 65, figs. 59, 60. Nearly unicolored yellowish-brown above, the whitish ground-col- or of the type wholly lost; markings wholly coalescent, except for a dark subsutural zone and the second and third bands visible behind the aperture ; fourth band sharply defined. H. CIRCUMORNATA Ferussac. PI. 60, figs. 81, 82. Imperforate, globose-depressed, glabrous, white, encircled by a sin- gle central fascia, and three series of orange-brown spots ; whorls four, planulate, the last inflated ; aperture lunate-elliptical, brown within ; peristome subreflexed. (Fer. et Desk., Hist., i, p. 122.) Diam. 17, alt. 9 mill.. The original figures of Ferussac are copied on my plate. The species has not been satisfactorily identified with any of the Italian Iberus. Dr. von Martens has described and figured specimens of an Iberus similar to H. mariannce as this species ; but the correct- ness of his identification is extremely doubtful. See Conch. Mittheil., i, p. 19. HELIX. 223 [. SIGNATA Ferussac. PI. 65, figs. 61-65. Covered perforate, subdepressed globose, white, ornamented with (usually) three interrupted chestnut bands ; substriate ; whorls 5, a little flattened, the last descending ; aperture very oblique, lunate- rotund ; peristome patulous, brown, albolabiate, the margins subcon- verging, the columellar callous, with a brown spot at its insertion. Diam. 22, alt. 13 mill. (Pfei/er.) r Monte Cassino. H. ficuum Miihlf. (and H. circumornata Mart.?) are synonyms. H. ARGENTAKOL.E Paulucci, 1886. PI. 67, figs. 4-6. Perforate or partly covered perforate, rather thin, subtranslucent, densely striate and malleate, whitish flesh-color, ornamented with a wide, (sometimes interrupted) brown band below, and three zones of varying intensity and width, composed of flecks of the same color above ; globosely depressed, spire convex, slightly elevated, apex mi- nute, acute ; whorls 5, the inner regularly, last rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body-whorl wide, rotund, inflated below, abruptly greatly deflexed and descending anteriorly ; aper- ture wide, ovate ; peristome thin, briefly reflexed, the columellar margin expanded, partly covering the umbilicus, brown-maculate. Diam. 25 ?, alt. 15 mill. (Paulucci.) Promontory of Argentaro, Italy. A very distinct species. H. FORSYTHI Paulucci, 1886. PL 65, figs. 66-68. Subcovered perforate, conico-depressed, solid, opaque, regularly densely striate bluish white, with three to four interrupted chestnut bands ; apex acute, smooth ; whorls 5, declivous, slowly increasing, the last large, inflated below, deflexed at the aperture ; aperture ob- lique, subcircular, pale chestnut within, the margins approximating, the basal arcuate, brown-maculate at the insertion, the peristome somewhat reflexed. Diam. 18, alt. 11 mill. (Paulucci.) Promontory of Argentaro. H.forsythi is somewhat intermediate between surrentina and stri- (jut, alt. 18 mill. Province of Mezanderan. This brilliantly colored species is related to H. dschulfemis, per- haps is only a variety of that form. The description and figures are from Kobelt. L. MiciioxivxA Bourguignat, 1864. PL 55, fig. 50. bnperforate, depressed, solid, subtranslucent, coarsely striate, cov- ered with a yellowish corneous, very deciduous caticle, encircled by two irregularly interrupted chestnut colored zones ; spire convex, ipex very obtuse, corneous, smooth, quite mamillate ; whorls 5, con- 230 HELIX. vex, rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures, the last large rounded, deeply descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, slightly lunate, wide transverse-oblong ; peristome thickened with white, ex- panded, the columellar margin nearly straight, but a little curved, broadly reflexed and appressed over the umbilicus, the margins con- verging, approximating, united by a strong callus. Diam. 35, alt. 21 mill. (Bourguignaf) Mts. of Northern Mesopotamia and Kurdistan. H. Kurdistana var baschkira Pfr. is synonymous. Kobelt considers this form a thin-shelled local variety of H. gut- tata. It differs from H. dschulfensis in the greater number of whorls. H. KURDISTANA Parreyss, 1861. PI. 55, figs. 39-41. More or less covered umbilicate, subturbinate-depressed solid, ir- regularly arcuately striate, and marked with minute impressed spiral lines, bluish ashen colored, with obsolete spiral brown bands ; spire a little elevated, the apex wide, obtuse ; sutures submargined with white ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last wide, subdepressed, deflex- ed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, lunate-rotund, fleshy-brown within, shining ; peristome labiate with white, broadly expanded, concentrically striate without, the margins converging, joined by a callus, columellar margin declivous, dilated over the umbilicus. Diam. 44, alt. 24 mill. (Pfei/er.) Kurdistan. Of this rare form Kobelt says : " It is the largest form of the H. .gutta-ta series, and recalls in many respects, as Pieiffer truly remarks, a certain variety of H. codringtoni. From michoniana and dscknl- f ens is, to which it stands nearer than to the type, it is distinguished by the larger size, and especially by the spiral lines ; other essential differences I do not find. " H. ESCHERIANA Mousson, 1864. PI. 55, figs. 47-49. Umbilicate, subdepressed, rather thin, strongly arcuately striate, with a whitish-yellow deciduous epidermis, and encircled by four narrow brownish bands, interrupted by arrow-shaped white markings, (one below, one peripheral, the rest above); spire rather depressed, regularly increasing, apex purplish corneous; sutures subimpressed ; whorls 5, the inner more convex than the following, the last subdi- lated, suddenly strongly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, nearly horizontal, broad-oval nearly circular; peristome shining, white, broadly expanded and reflexed, not appressed, slightly labiate HELIX. 231 within, the terminations connected by a nearly free, sometimes ad- nate, parietal callus. Diam. 29-32 alt. 14-16 mill. Mesopotamia. Bears much the same relation to H. guttata that Maeularia cam- pesina does to alonensis. H. BELLARDII Moussoii. PI. 66, figs. 87-89. Covered umbilicate, globosely depressed, rather solid, and smooth, .scarcely striate, brownish gray or whitish, with five brown bands in- terrupted with white zigzag markings; whorls 4£, the upper well rounded, sutures subimpressed, the last deeply deflexed anteriorly, subterete ; aperture oblique, rotund ; peristome broadly expanded, flattened, white lipped, its margins converging, joined by a thick callus, columellar margin half covering the umbilicus. Diam. .°>3, alt. 20 mill. (Mousson). Betiveen Nicosia and Cerino, Ins. Cyprus. H. GIIILANICA Mousson, 1876. PL 67, figs. 2, 3. Openly umbilicate, very depressed, rather thin, striatulate, nearly smooth, whitish, with four series of pale brown maculations ; spire scarcely elevated, apex plane, pale corneous; suture scarcely im- pressed; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the first slightly convex, the following 1-1 plane, carinate and marginate at the sutures, the last wider, more descending, rounded, not angulate, at the periphery, the base flattened-convex ; aperture very oblique, large, transversely oval; peristome white, broadly expanded, acute without, slightly labiate within, the margins briefly separated, joined by a thin callous lamina; basal margin broadly reflexed, more or less impinging upon the umbilicus, but not closing it. Diam. 27, alt. 12 mill. (Mousson). I'i'nrhiM of (Jli! /(> representing the more usual patterns. II. MA//ULLII Jan. PL 59, fins. 54-57. Imperforate ; similar in form to H. aspersa, but more conoid, elongated and slender in the spire ; the apical whorl shining, smooth, the following very sharply crispate-striate ; aperture rounded, less broad than that of aspers«, the lip narrowly expanded, thin, acute, adnate at the axis; color yellowish russet, plain, or five fasciate with deep brown, the bands narrow, subcontinuous, second and third often confluent. Diam. 33, alt. 35 mill. Sicily. The following are synonyms: H. crispata Costa (non Fer.), ritir- «///.s (Mke.) Cantraine, rugom. Mulilf. (teste Beck), H. costca Benoit. This Sicilian modification of the aspersa stock is subject to great variation in sculpture and form. In the typical mazzullii the diam- 236 HELIX. eter and altitude are about equal, and the sculpture is very sharp ; but forms also occur with less rough surface and traces of the mal- leation of H. aspersa. Bourguignat has called the banded form var. zonata ; and has given the name of H. quincaycensis to the very narrow elevated form shown in my fig. 57. An Algierian form of H. aspersa is intermediate between H. mazzullii and H. aspersa in form and sculpture. H. SUBPLICATA Sowerby, 1825. PI. 67, fig. 99, Iinperforate, globose-conic, thin and rather fragile (fossil exam- amples heavier) yellowish brown, the upper two whorls deep dull reddish brown ; upper whorls densely minutely granulate ; the last 1J coarsely corrugated in the direction of the growth lines ; spire conic, very obtuse, the first 1-1 whorls disproportionately large; sut- ure deeply impressed; whorls 3i, the last large, globose, gently de- flexed anteriorly ; aperture oval, oblique, its margins converging and joined by a slight (or in fossil examples very heavy) parietal callus ; peristome slightly thickened, scarcely expanded, reflexed and adnate over the axis. Diam. 32, alt. 32 mill. Ins. Porto Sando, Madeiras. A curious form, very distinct from ail others in the large, clumsy apex, granulate surface, etc. *** Pomatia Beck, s. str:, 1837. H. POMATIA Linn., 1758. PL 58, figs. 39-41. Perforate or umbilicate, globular, strong, opaque, yellowish brown or whitish, indistinctly marked with four darker zones of variable width ; coarsely, irregularly obliquely striate, decussated with mi- croscopic impressed lines; spire short, conoid, apex blunt, apical whorl smooth, shining; sutures wrell impressed ; whorls 41, convex, the last very large, globose, rapidly widening, indented around the umbilicus, scarcely deflexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, oval- lunate ; peristome slightly expanded, somewhat thickened, the co umellar margin reflexed above the umbilicus ; parietal wall, interi of aperture and columella white or light flesh color. Diam. 45, alt. 45 mill. Middle and Northern Euro) The synonymy includes the following names: H. antiquoru Leach, pomaria Mull., scalar is Mull., sphceralis Hartm., lucorn Studer, mutata Hartm. and inflata Hartm. HELIX. 237 Var. GESNERI Hartmann. PL 68, fig. 11. Elevated, thick-shelled, with bands or unicolored. Switzerland. H. pyrgia Bourg. is synonymous. Var. RUSTICA Hartmann. Covered tinibilicate, globular, inflated, strongly, irregularly striate, whorls 5, rapidly increasing ; sutures deep ; mouth oval, peristome somewhat thickened, reddish or violaceous brown ; color yellowish or reddish brown, with brown bands. Diam. 44, alt. 42 mill. Switzerland, Southern Bavaria, etc. Scarcely distinct from the type. Var. PULSKYANA Hazay, PL 68, fig. 15. Elevated, perforate, rough-sculptured, aperture brown lipped. Islands of the Danube ; Budapest. Var. SABULOSA Hazay. PL 68, figs. 8, 10 Small, globose, variable in coloration. Diam. 33, alt. 33 mill. Hungaria. Var. HAJNALDIANA Hazay. PL 68, fig. 9. Thin ; whorls strongly convex ; aperture circular, the peristome all around reflexed and white ; no traces of bands. Hungaria. This is var. haynaldiana of Kobelt's Iconographie. Var. COMPACTA Hazay. • Large, globose very thick and strong-shelled ; yellowish or whit- ish brown with four broad dark brown bands; whorls 5J, aperture higher than broad, the peristome strongly thickened, columellar margin scarcely half covering the umbilicus, flesh-colored ; interior reddish -violet. Diam. 55, alt. 55 mill. Hungaria. Var. SOLITARIA Hazay. Depressed globose, covered umbilicate, more depressed than the type, and broader than high ; bands four, very narrow ; whorls 4. Diam. 38, alt. 34-j mill. Hungary. II. emarcosoma Servain is synonymous. Var. PICK AT A Gredler. A form which is said to have the appearance of the Italian H. or of a cross between pomatia and cincta; frequently deep 238 HELIX. blackish brown, unlcolored ; the umbilicus covered ; with fine radiating more or less distinct striation. Southern Tyrol. Var. brunnea Porro is synonymous. Var. LEDNICENSIS Brancsik. Globose, very thick shelled ; peristome very thick, reddish violet or flesh-colored ; columellar lip broadly reflected, the umbilicus almost wide open; whorls 4—42, regularly increasing; ground color in young examples yellowish-brown, with slightly marked bands, old specimens lighter colored with very faint bands or without them, but with several reddish or yellowish brown streaks, in the direction of growth-lines, and touched with reddish around the aperture. Alt. 38-40 mill. Lednicz, Hungarim Var. THESSALICA Boettger. Differs from the type by the umbilicus, which is twice as wide, subinfundibuliform ; the more fragile shell ; bands 4-5, narrower, more or less distinct, maculated ; shell large, globose, the last whorl wider ; aperture distinctly higher than wide. Diam. 47^-52, alt. 46-52 mill. Thessaly. Var. LAGAKiNyE Adami. This is a form of colossal dimensions and uniform dark fulvous color. Diam. 45-58, alt. 55-70 mill. Mts. of Lagarina Valley, up to 1 300 meters alt. Var. PSEUDOLIGATA Paulucci. Not recognizably described. Middle Italy. Var. RADIATA Ulicny. Large, covered perforate, subconic, pale fulvous, without bands, but with radiating brown strigations ; rather thin ; aperture oval, white within. Diam. 47, alt. 43 mill. Bruni According to Clessen, this is the same as var. rustica Hartmani H. BUCHII Dubois, 1876. PL 57, figs. 20, 21. Covered or nearly closed perforate, conic globose, rather thi] rugose, very pale fulvous, ornamented with five bands ; spire conoi< obtuse ; whorls 4i, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last vei tricose, subdescending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, large, lunate- HELIX. 239 oval, white within and fasciate ; peristome white, the margins re- mote, the right margin subsimple, the columellar dilated, sub- straightened. Diam. 50, alt. 45 mill. (Kobelt.) Caucasus and Transcausia. It is the If. abichiana Bayer, in coll. This form is according to Kobelt, alwa}rs to be distinguished from //. pomatia by the relatively lesser altitude and considerable widen- ing of the last whorl ; the spiral sculpture is less distinct ; the mouth is broader than in H. pomatia, and the columella less perpendicular and more straightened. H. LUCORUM Miiller 1773. PL 67, fig. 93. Nearly covered perforate, depressed globose, solid, opaque white h (originally) five deep chestnut bands, the second and third al- most always coalescent, and frequently all above the periphery and all below coalescent, with a narrow white peripheral zone, the first bund however usually separate and very narrow; marked longitudi- nally with occasional oblique brown streaks, more intense on the bands showing the positions of the former peristomes ; lightly oblique- ly striate, and sometimes showing very ill defined spiral lines ; spire conic, apex obtuse, unicolored, sutures moderately impressed ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, gradually increasing ; body-whorl large, indent- ed around the center below, gently deflexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, rather small, lunate, colored same as the outside , peristome slightly thickened, brown, the extreme edge whitish, upper and low- er margins subparallel, not converging, joined by a thin brown callus, upper and outer margins simple, basal more thickened and re- nYxed, columellar margin reflexed, nearly covering the umbilicus and slightly straightened within, short. Diam. 40-50, alt. 30-45 mill. Central Italy ; Balkan Peninsula; Asia Minor. It is H. mutata of Lamarck. Var. CASTANEA Olivier. PL 59, fig. 58. Presents the following points of difference from H. lucorum : the spire is more elevated and conic, body-whorl more depressed ; whorls less rapidly widening; aperture smaller, more oblique, outer lip more flaring, base with a light colored very heavy straight cal- lus within ; bands coalescent into two. Constantinople. If. mahometana Bourg. is a synonym. Quite distinct and easily recognized by the conic form, small aperture and callous columella. 240 HELIX. Var. EUPHRATICA Martens. PI. 67, fig. 97. Thick, heavy ; bands sharply defined on a white ground ; growth stride sparse ; peristome with a thin reddish-brown callus, columellar margin clear brown ; umbilicus wholly closed. Diam. 50, alt. 44 mill. (Kobelt.) Mesopotamia. Fig. 97, pi. 67, is a copy of Kobelt's figure ; fig. 39, pi. 63 is said by Boettger to represent this form, but it seems to partake fully as much of the characters of var. castanea. Var. RUMELICA Mousson. PL 67, fig. 94. Allied, by the preponderance of the spire and the smallness of the aperture, to H. onixiomicra, which is, indeed only a further develop- ment of this form. It resembles, also perhaps, the var. rumelica as characterized by Mousson, but the umbilicus is remarkably widely open, exhibiting the second whorl within. The color is very intense ; the umbilical tract flecked with brown, the fifth band, usually the most prominently defined, is broken into spots. (Kobelt.) Rumelia. The above description applies to the shell identified by Kobelt with the var. rumelica. I am unable to say how correctly it repre- sents Mousson's form. Var. ELONGATA Bouvguignat. PI. 67, fig. 96. • More elongated than any other variety ; aperture short and very oblique ; distinctly spirally striate beneath the suture. Central Italy. I follow Kobelt's identification here, as in the preceding variety. Var. STRAMINEA Briganti. 'Larger than the type, more elevated, the last whorl very large and globose. Diam. 45-50, alt. 45-53 mill. Central Italy. Var. elongata is scarcely distinct from this form. Var. ONIXIOMICRA Bourguignat. PI. 59, figs. 52, 53. Conic, globose, narrowly perforate or covered ; whorls 6-7, regu- larly gradually and more slowly increasing than in the typical lu- corum; aperture small, oblique. Diam. 42, alt. 38 mill. Balkan Peninsula. Compare var. rumelica. HELIX. 241 rar. TAURICA (Krynicki) Mousson. PL 67, fig. 95. The example here figured was sent me by Mousson as his type of turica. It differs from radiosa Zgl. (which usually is considered a synonym of taurica), very materially; shows only quite indistinct traces of longitudinal streaks, but instead of them two very sharply outlined broad reddish brown bands. The columella is notably callus, with distinct lip, and the margins of the lip are joined by a thin white callus; the columella also is white, with a brown spot at its insertion. (Kobelt.') [. RADIOSA Ziegler. PL 57, fig. 29. Imperforate or subimperforate, globose ; color-pattern a combina- tion of spiral bands and oblique streaks of chestnut on white ground the bands diffuse and coalescent into two on the body-whorl, the longitudinal streaks predominating; upper whorls showing two or three narrow bands, the inner two whorls unicolored, corneous ; ly-whorl globose, indented around the axis. Alt. 45, diam. 42 mill. Caucasus. Differs from H. Incorum in the preponderance of the longitudinal :reaks over the revolving bands; there is a narrow white zone, lore or less distinct, encircling the periphery ; the columellar lip is partly white, partly flesh-color ; the parietal callus is very thin, rliite. [. s< HLAKFLII Mousson. PL 68, fig. 12. Covered perforate, globose, solid, yellowish or soiled white, with ivc spiral brown bands, generally not sharply defined, the second third usually coalescent, the upper and lower bands usually irrower, rudely irregularly coarsely obliquely striate and with fine 'regular impressed spiral stria? ; spire conoidal, apex very obtuse, -mooth, shining, rather large, sutures slightly irregular, well-im- ; whorls 4], convex, rapidly widening, especially the last; )o( ly-whorl globose, a trifle indented around the axis, somewhat ffcending anteriorly ; aperture rotund-lunate, oblique, brownish •Into with brown bands within ; peristome very regularly arcuate, columella arched, outer and basal margins simple, columellar giu dilated, reflexed and adnate over the axis, deep brown in • lor. Diam. 51, alt. 50 mill. The narrower aperture, adnate columellar lip, completely closing ie perforation, and of a dark brown color, will separate this form 16 242 HELIX. from H. pomatia, with which it has some superficial likeness. The parietal wall has a very thin brown callus. Var. PR^STANS Blanc. Unfigured. Janina. H. SECERNENDA Rossmaessler, 1847. PI. 57, fig. 24. Imperforate, globose, solid, whitish, with five rather narrow dis- tinct, generally well-defined, chestnut revolving bands, the second and third sometimes subcoalescent, irregularly coarsely obliquely striate, and lightly decussated by revolving lines ; spire conic, apex blunt, shining, smooth; suture well impressed; whorls 4-4-1, mod- erately convex, rapidly increasing, especially the last, which is glo- bose, very slightly impressed around the axis, and slightly descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, ample, brownish gray, overlaid with white within and showing the bands, rounded -lunate; peristome thick- ened, brown with light edge, margins not approaching, outer and basal margins subexpanded, the columellar dilated and adnate over the axis, subvertical, rather straightened, dull brown, especially at the insertion, and whitish ; parietal callus thin, light brownish. Diam. 43, alt. 43 mill. Da hunt it t. This is H. ligata var. Beck, H. ligata of Rossmaessler's Iconogru- phie. This form differs from the last in the generally narrower more distinct bands; more thickened peristome, much less impressed sut- ures, and lighter colored columella. It is larger than H. ligata, has the columellar lip more completely appressed and colored, not white, as in the lighter form. H. LIGATA Miiller, 1773. PL 56, fig. 5. Nearly covered perforate, globose-conic, subsolid., yellowish or soil- ed white, with five well-defined deep chestnut bands, which are gener- ally narrower than their interspaces and usually separate; irregularly obliquely coarsely striate, and decussated with fine spiral impressed lines; spire conic, apex obtuse, smooth, unicolored corneous; sut- ures moderately impressed; whorls 4s, somewhat convex, rapidly widening, especially the last, and slightly descending anteriorly, ;i little indented around the umbilicus; aperture oblique, rotund- lunate, whitish, but showing the bands within ; peristome white, its margins but slightly approaching, simple, the columellar margin HELIX. 243 white, reflexed, dilated over the umbilicus, which is usually reduced to a narrow fissure or almost wholly covered. Diam. 32, alt. 33 mill. Italy. The synonymy includes H. decussata Parr., melissophaga Costa, varians Ziegler. 4 Var. GUSSONEANA Shuttleworth. Nearly covered perforate, conico-globose, solid, distinctly, minute- ly reticulate, brownish white, ornamented with five brown bands ; spire elevated, conoidal ; whorls 5, convex, the last scarcely descend- ing; columella arcuate; aperture rounded-lunar, shining within; peristome subsimple, the right margin a trifle expanded, colurnellar dilated, reflexed, white or flesh colored. Diam. 34, alt. 30 mill. (Pfeiffer.) Around Naples. I am unable to distinguish this variety from the typical form. Var. CALABRICA Kobelt. PL 67, fig. 1. Shell marked with five narrow rufous bands; columella and parietal wall rufous; umbilicus closed; spiral lines subobsolete. Diam. 34, alt. 32 mill. Calabria. Var. POMATELLA Tiberi. PI. 56, figs. 2, 3. Small, very distinctly four banded. Southern Italy. Var. PR^TUTIA Tiberi. S ibiim itj, depressed globose, strongly striate, solid, whitish with three broad pale fulvous bands. Diam. 39, alt. 37 mill. Near Naples. Var. CAMPANA Tiberi. PI. 56, fig. 1. Imperforate, elevated globose, glabrous, . obsoletely striate, six- banded. Diam. 26, alt. 25 mill. Near Naples. Var. DKLPRETIANA Paulucci. Elevated, conic, white, with five very distinctly defined deep brown bands: surface rather smooth ; umbilicus almost closed. Diam. 25, alt. 28 mill. Abruzzi. Var. TRUENTINA Mascarini. Unfigured. An intermediate form between ligata, lucorum and pomatia, so equally related to all that Kobelt declares it to be a mere matter of taste to which of these species it be referred. Ascoli. 244 HELIX. Var. PSEUDOPOMATIA Blanc. A form from Monte Corno which exhibits a curious combination of the characters of ligata and 'pomatia. Var. ALBESCENS Jan. PL 56, fig. 4. Differs from ligata by the pale coloration, bands obsolete. Italy. H. AMBIGUA (Parreyss) Mousson, 1861. PI. 69, fig. 30. Imperforate, globose solid, nearly lusterless, brownish white, with five encircling rather narrow pale brown bands, the second and third generally confluent rather irregularly obliquely striate and very obsoletely spirally striate ; spire conic, apex obtuse, white or corneous, smooth; suture well impressed, slightly crenulated, whorls 41, rapidly increasing, especially the last; body-whorl large, globose, sensibly descending anteriorly, slightly indented at the axis; aperture oval-lunate, oblique, livid white and obscurely show- ing the bands within ; peristome slightly thickened, labiate with a well-defined dark brown band within, upper and lower margins sub- parallel, scarcely converging, outer margin obtuse, not expanded, coluniellar margin expanded, dilated and adnate over the axis, deep chestnut colored, subvertical ; parietal wall covered with a thin deep castaneous callus. Diam. 36, alt. 37 mill. Corfu ; Cephalonia. H. cyrtolena Bourg. is synonymous. A specimen from Corfu, received from CONEMENOS, is figured. Var. THIESSEANA Kobelt. PI 69, fig. 31. More globose than the type ; shining, ruddy-brown, banded with darker, the bands scarcely visible within ; interior of lip, columella and parietal wall deep castaneous, almost black. Diam. 41, alt. 38 mill. Chalkis, Eubwa. A ^beautiful deeply colored variety. I have received it from Aehaia from Mr. N. Conemenos. H. ANCTOSTOMA Martens, 1871. PL 57, fig. 27. Imperforate, globose-conic, spire subturrited, solid, heavy, irregu- larly striate, whitish gray, with two broad bands of brownish gray ; whorls 5s, deeply convex, slowly increasing, the last not dilated, slightly descending at aperture ; aperture slightly lunate, small, HELIX. 245 rounded, the peristome thickened, subreflexed, brown, the columellar margin albo-dentate, terminations approximating, joined by a con- spicuous chestnut-brown callus. Diam. 35, alt. 36 mill. (Kobelt.) Asia Minor and Syria. Separated from all related forms by the smallness of the aperture. H. CINCTA Miiller 1773. PL 57, fig. 26; pi. 69, fig. 28. Imperforate, globose or globose-conic, solid, grayish or yellowish white with five brown bands, the upper three generally coalescent, coarsely obliquely striate, subdecussated by obsolescent spiral im- pressed lines; spire more or less depressed conic, apex slightly obtuse, white or corneous, unicolored, smooth ; sutures well impressed ; whorls 5, rather rapidly increasing, moderately convex, the last large, globose, somewhat indented at the axis and a little descending anteriorly; aperture lunate-rotund, slightly oblique, livid white and showing the bands within ; peristome obtuse, labiate with dull brown, basal margin slightly expanded, columellar margin brown, straight- ened and callous inside, reflected and adnate over -the axis; parietal wall with a brown callus. Diam. 37, alt. 32 ; diam. 32, alt. 38 mill. Northern Italy, Istrirneous ; spire regular, conic, summit minute, obtuse ; suture lin- ir, somewhat impressed; whorls 73, slowly increasing, moderately mvex, the last rounded, equalling i the entire altitude, a trifle •ompressed at the axis ; aperture suboblique, (25° from the axis) muid lunate oval ; peristome straight, obtuse (?); margins remote, joined by an indistinct lamina, the outer and basal nearly equally ircuate ; columella straight, subincrassated, obvious, half covering ;ho perforation, deeply inserted. Diam. 4J, alt. 8 mill. (Moussen). Upingtonia, south of Ondonga, 8. E. Africa. Based upon a single individual, and placed by Mousson with con- siderable hesitation in this genus. It has the appearance of a young ACUSTA, p. 47. :. V.UJOINA (iredler, 1888. Half-covered perforate, trochoid. spire obtuse-conic, (the apex >roken on the specimens before me) corneous-whitish, solid, plicate- triate. transversely strigate with whitish, rufo-fasciate, somewhat •hining; whorls 5 (?), rapidly increasing, convex, the last incon- gruously subangulated at its origin, slightly deflexed, anteriorly, it little convex below, trifasciate, the first band obsolescent, paler, u- second above, and the third below the periphery, wide, rufous- •hcstnut, interrupted with elevated whitish strigations ; aperture oval, mil, the parietal wall not deeply intruding, sinuously recurved in ic middle, peristome sharp, slightly expanded, and slightly sub- ibiate within ; columellar margin short, the junction with basal nirgin somewhat angular, reflexed half over the perforation. Diam. 17, alt. 19 mill. (Gredler.*) District of Patong, or Shi-skia-ho, 8.W. Hupe. 17 258 HELIX. The name ARMANDIA lias been proposed by Ancey (21. Nat. Sicil., 1888. ]>. 4) for H. davidi Desh. H. nora H. Ad. etc. The consideration of this and other recently proposed subgenera of this group will be deferred until the last volume of this series (VI) treating of the Helices. PLECTOTROPIS, p. ol. . Dr. von Mollendorff has instituted for a number of northern and middle China shells, included principally in Plectotropis in this work, the group CATHAICA. The first species enumerated, H.pyrrhozona Phil., may be considered the type. The group will be further con- sidered in the last volume treating of the Helices in this series. Additional species. H. SUP>COXKU,A Mollendorff, 1888. Moderately umbilicate, conoid-depressed, thin, subtly arcuately striate, decussated with very fine spiral lines, and with membran:;- ceous interrupted deciduous costuUn' ; corneous brown; whorls*), slightly convex, spire subregularly conoid, last whorl acutely curi- nated at the periphery, base slightly inflated, obtusely angulated around the umbilicus, very briefly deflexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, lunate-trapezoidal ; peristome above scarcely expanded, basal margin sinuous, a little reflexed, at the columella refiexed and slightly dilated. Diam. maj. 12, min. 10'«, alt. 6-1 mill. (Mollendorff.) Lien-dsou, Southern Chhi'i. H. LOFOUANA Mlldff., 1888. Somewhat widely umbilicate, depressed, rather solid, arcuately striatulate, decussated with fine but distinct spiral lines, with mem- branaceous deciduous interrupted costulse sometimes elongately ciliose at the periphery ; silky, corneous yellow ; spire convex-con- oid ; whorls f)2, a little convex, the last with an exserted subcrenu- lated carina at the periphery, convex below, obtusely angular around the umbilicus, briefly descending anteriorly; aperture oblique, axe- shaped ; peristome above lightly expanded, basal and columella mar- gins labiate, a little reflexed. Diam. maj. 14i, min. 13, alt. 8 mill. (Mollendor/). Lo-fou-Shan Mts., China. HELIX. 259 AEGISTA, p. 59. H. VIRILIS Gredler, 1888. Moderately umbilicate, globose-trochoidal, apex slightly obtuse, slightly and irregularly obliquely striattdate, thin, pellucid, shining, vitreous like agate, violet- white, tmifasciate with brown or whitish ; whorls 7, gently increasing all the way to the base, slightly convex, the last obtusely angulated, descending anteriorly as far as the in- ferior band, slightly flattened, ornamented with two castaneous bands, one thin situated upon the angle, the other inferior, fading out to- ward the umbilicus, the two separated by & milky peripheral band of double the width; aperture oblique, rotund-lunar; peristome a little expanded, very briefly reflexed, the columellar margin dilated above the umbilicus, which it does not conceal, reflexed. Diani. 14-15 alt. 9-1).] mill. (Gredler). Patong, China. Var. sri;i-Ts.(.'A Gredler. Corneous-brown or reddish-brown, with a broad white peripheral band; spire more depressed; umbilicus wider and striation stronger than in the type. The breadth of the umbilicus is quite variable. H. L.vriii;xTir Gredler, 1888. Moderately umbilicated, convexo-globose, unequally striatulate, thin and pellucid, shining, corneous, concolored ; whorls 4£, rapid- ly increasing, convex, the last large, anteriorly not descending; suture impressed ; aperture large, subrotund, slightly oblique; per- istome a little expanded, not reflexed, scarcely thickened. Diam. 11, alt. 6 mill. Hupe, China. H. BUPEANA Gredler, 1886. PL 66, figs. 78-80. I )extral, orbicular-discoidal, spire depressed, convex ; thin pellucid, widely umbilicate, densely but unequally striate, somewhat shining, corneous ; whorls 6-6-1, a little convex, sensibly increasing, the last descending slightly or not at all, angulate above the periphery, the angle sometimes whitish, base cylindrical ; aperture rotund-lunar, oblique; peristome broadly expanded all around, reflexed, acute, thickly labiate, margins converging, rarely joined by a thin parietal callus. Diam. 13-17, alt. 5-6 mill. (Gredler). Patong, Western Hupc, China. 260 HELIX. LYSINOE. P. 75, subsection Odontura, after H. eximia Pfr. insert H. HUMBOLDTIANA Valenciennes, 1841. PL 69, figs. 34-36. Narrowly umbilicate, depressed-globose, rather thin but solid, opaque, with a very thin yellowish-brown cuticle, encircled by three dark chestnut bands, which are narrower than their interspaces, two above, one below the periphery, more or less interrupted by longitu- dinal irregular whitish streaks ; rudely, irregularly striate, com- pletely covered by a dense fine granulation ; spire low conoid, ex- centric, with blunt apex and smooth polished first whorl ; sutures well impressed ; whorls 4$, well rounded, rapidly increasing, espe- cially the last, which at the aperture is double the width of the penultimate; body-whorl large, depressed-inflated, deeply indented around the umbilicus, descending anteriorly; aperture rotund or oval, lunate, quite oblique, pinkish-white and showing the bands within ; peristome obtuse, slightly labiate, regularly arcuate, its ter- minations converging, outer and basal margins subexpanded, colu- mellar margin at its insertion triangularly expanded, adnate above the umbilicus, which it narrows and conceals more or less, joined to the superior margin by a light white callus. Diam. 33, alt. 28 mill. Central Mexico. H. badiocincta Wiegm., mss., teste Pfeiffer, is synonymous. A beautiful species formerly classed in Pomatia, but doubtless be- longing in Odontura. It is quite variable in proportions, a large specimen before me measuring: diam. maj. 40, min. 28, alt. 34 mill. In this large form the shell is transversely expanded, the whorls obliquely flattened above, giving the spire a conoid shape, and the aperture is transversely oval. The thin cuticle exfoliates very readily. Var. BUFFONIANA Pfeiffer, 1845. PL 69, fig. 37. More coarsely obliquely striate, thinner, less distinctly granulate, darker in color, the bands indistinct, reduced to two. last whorl more inflated, peristome less expanded. Diam. 37, alt. 35 mill. It is H. humboldtiana Desh., nee VaL, H. matronula Wiegm. mss., teste Martens. CAMPYLJEA. P. 117, subsection Chilotrema, insert under H. lapicida L. HELIX. 261 Var. MEDALPEDENSIS Clessin, 1879. Smaller, with flat spire, the whorls more convex below than in the type. Province of Medalped, Sweden. In lat. 62 ° K, the most northern point reached by the species. EREMINA. P. 127, after H. DESERTORUM dele PI. 46, fig. 63. After var. HEMPRICHTII, instead of PL 36, fig. 25, read PI. 35, fig. 19. In the text I considered H. chilembia Bourg. a form of var. hem- prichti, on account of a series which seem to connect the extreme forms. It may be better to admit the form as a distinct variety. Var. EHRENBERGI Roth, 1839. PL 36, fig. 25. Inflated, cretaceous, the peristome expanded, thickened, produced and duplicated beyond the expansion. Var. chilembia Bourg. is a synonym. H. DUROI Hidalgo p. 128., Var. MINOR Kobelt, 1888. PL 46, fig. 63. Smaller than the type, legs transversely dilated. Diam. 27, alt. 17 mill. Rio d* Oro, Western border of the Sahara. MACULARIA, p. 140. After H. EMBTA, add. PL 61, figs. 13-15. NOTE. The first three numbers of the present volume, each com- prising 64 pp. text ami accompanying plates, were issued upon the following dates: 1, March 16; 2, July 1 ; 3, October 1. INDEX TO THE GENERA Etc. CONTAINED IN VOLUME IV. The index to the species of Helix will be published on the com- pletion of the monograph. Actinella, 4, 38. Acusta, 5, 47, 257. Aegista, 51, 59, 259. Aglaia, 67. Allognathus, 121, 149. Angasella, 51, 65. Archelix=Tachea, 122. Arionta, 67, 69, 117. Armandia, 5, 258. Callina, 5, 46. Campylsea, 68, 83, 260. Candida la, 3, 5. Cantareus, 234, 254. Canthareus— Cantareus, 234. Caseolus— Actinella, 4, 39. Cepsea=Tachea, 122. Ohilotrema, 69, 116, 260. Cochlicella, 3, 31, 257. Coronaria— Geomitra, 4. Craspedaria, 4, 44. Crenea— Discula, 5. Crenea— Iberus, 202. Crenea— Tectula, 4. Crenea=Turricula, 3. Cryptaxis— Leptaxis, 189. Cryptomphalus, 234, 235. Discula, 5, 44. Elisma— Cochlicella, 3. Elona, 116. Epiphragmophora, 68, 78. Eremina, 121, 127, 261. Eremophila— Eremina, 127. Erinna=Eremina, 127. Eucampylsea, 68, 87. Eurycampta, 68, 82. Eurystoma, 69, 120. Eyrystoma— Eurystorna, 69. Fruticocampylsea, 68, 84. Geomitra, 4, 35. Helicella, 3. Helicomela=Plebeeula, 187. Helicopsis— Candidula, 3. Helminthoglypta, 67, 72. Hemicycla, 121, 150. Heterostoma, 4, 35. Hygromia=Praticola, 67. Hystricella=Ochthephila, 4. Iberus, 122, 201. Irus, 4, 35. Irus— TuiTicula, 3. Katostoma:=Leptaxis, 189. Lampadia, 189, 200. Lemniscia, 3, 1!). Leptarionta, 67, 75. Leptaxis, 121, 189. Levantina, 202, 226. Lucena— Cantareus, 234. Lyrula=Actinella, 4, 40. Lysinoe, 67, 69, 2(>(). Macularia, 121, 128, 261. Micrarionta, 67, 77. Mitra— Lampadia, 200. Monilaria,-~Lemniscia, 3. Murella^r Iberus, 202. Obelus^- Discula, 5. Obelus=Turricula, 3. Ochthephila, 4, 33. Odontura, 67, 75, 260. Otala— Macularia, 128. Pentatsenia, 120. Placentula, 4, 37. Placentula= Irus, 4. Plebecula, 121, 187. Plectotropis, 50, 51, 258. Pleuroxia Angasella, 51. Poecilostola, 67, 77. (262) - UNJ il: ^r INDEX TO GENERA. Pomatia, 122, 232, 236. Praticola, 67, 76. Pseudiberus, 50. Pseudocampylsea, 69, 114. Khagada, 250. Rimula=Actiiiella, 4, 40. Spirorbula^^Heterostoma, 4. Tachea, 121, 122. Taeheocampylsea, 68, 112. Tapada=Cantareus, 234. Tectula, 4, 41. Thea=Plectotropis, 50. Trachia, 51, 62. Troclmla==Turricula, 3. Turricula, 3, 23. Turritella=Discula, 5, 46. Xerocarnpykea, 68,83. Xeroleuca, 3, 21, 256. 263 REFERENCE TO PLATES. HELICID/E, Vol. IV. PLATE 1. FIGURE. PAGE. 1, 2. Candidula protea Zieg. Rossmassler, Iconog. ii, f. 5, 21, . . 5 3, 4, 5. Candidula apicina Lam. Ibid, i, f. 352, . 5 6, 7. Candidula subapicina Mouss. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. i, t. 4, f. 2, 6 t 8, 9. Candidula obruta Morel. Moll. Acores, t, 5, f. 13, . 6 10, 11. Candidula reboudiana Bourg. Mai. Algerie, i, t. 21, f. 28, 29, .... ... 6 12-14. Candidula reboudiana Bour. Ibid, i, t. 21, f. 19-21, 6 15-17. Candidula lallemantiana Bourg. Ibid, i, t. 21, f. 31- 35 18-20. Candidula geryvillensis Bourg. Ibid, i, t, 21, f. 1-5, 21—23. Candidula bargesiana Bourg. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1457, 24, 25. Candidula costulata Zgl. (= striata Mull.) Ibid, i, f. 353, 26-28. Candidula bardoensis Bourg. Mai. Reg. Tunis, f. 19- 21, . 29, 30. Candidula striata Drap. (— profuga Schm.) Rossm. Icon, i, f. 354, b, 31-33. Candidula parableta Boettger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell, viii, t. 8, f. 15, . 34, 35. Candidula striata Drap. (== profuga Schm.) Rossm. Icon. f. 354, d, . 36-38. Candidula bolleuensis Locard. Monog. Hel. Boll. f. 1-3, .8 39, 40. Candidula striata Rossm. (== meridionalis.) Rossm. Icon, i, f. 354, e, 9 41-43. Candidula substriata Clessin. Mai. Bliitt, X. IS. vi, t. 2, f. 6, . . . 44-48. Candidula candidula Studer. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 350, a,b, . . , 10 49. Candidula cyparissias Parr. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 50-52. Candidula improbata Mouss. Rossm. Icon, vi, f. 1556, 12 53, 54. Candidula conspurcata Drap. .Ibid, i, f. 351, . . 12 PLATE 2. 55-57. Candidula lauracina Fagot. Locard. Monog. Hel. Boll. f. 4-6, .... . 58-60. Candidula perroudiana Locard. Ibid. f. 7-9, . . 8 61—63. Candidula tricastinorum Florence. Ibid. f. 10-12, . 9 (264) REFERENCE TO PLATES. 265 FIGURE. PAGE. 64-66. Candidula fedtschenkoi Mart. Fedsehenko's Reise, t. Iff) Q ±, i. — >. Candidula caperata (= Barcinensis Bourg.) Rossm. Icon, iii, f. 830, 14 6-8. ( 'andidula langloisiana Bourg. Mem. Ace. Torino, xxiii, t. l,f. 17-19, 15 9-11. Candidula armillata Lowe. Moll. Acores, t. 3, f. 7. . 15 12, 13. Candidula diniensis Rarnb. Jour, de Conch, t. 9, f. 2, 18 15 -16. Candidula moling Hidalgo. Ibid. t. 2, f. 5, 1883, . 15 ', 18. Candidula nmdritensis Ramb. Ibid. t. 9, f. 4, 1869, 16 -21. Candidula penchinati Bourg. Moll, litig. ii, t. 42, f. 9-11 16 -24. Candidula codia Bourg. Amen. Conch, ii, t. 17, f. 10-12, . 16 25-27. C;m. 28 : •"). Turricula cucullus Mart. Conch. Mittheil. i, t. 5, f. 1-3, 28 17 Turricula idalia1 Bourg. Rossm. Iconog. v, f. 1468, 28 4s. Turricula liebtruti Albers. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 1245, 28 45>, 50. Turricula purnilio Chemn. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1464, . 27 ~>2. Turri.'.iiln newka'Dohrn. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. f. 27*>, 274 . . . 29 • 4. Tui'ricnla hesperidum Morel. Rossm. Icon, vii, f. 1!), 64. Turricula caroni ( data Faure-Big.) Ibid, i, f. 344 • . . . .29 • (). Turricula caroni var. dilatata Ben. Benoit, 111. Conch. Sicil. t. 5, f. 16, . . . . . . 29 67. 68. Turricula turrita ( caroni Desh.). Rossm. Icon, i, f. :54)5 . . ! 29 «'>9, 70. Tun-icula seVjiientina Ben. Ibid, v, f. 1475, . . 30 71. 72. Turricula trochlea Pfr. Ibid, v, f. 1470, . . 30 To. 7-1. Cochlicella contermina Shutt. Ibid, v, f. 1462, . 31 268 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURK. PAGE. 75, 76. Cochlicella duplicata Mouss. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. i, t. 4. f. 3, 31 77, 78. Cochlicella conoidea Drap. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 376, . 31 79, 80. Cochlicella pringi Pfr. Ibid, v, f. 1463, . . . 32 81, 82. Cochlicella vatoniana Bourg. Moll. Litig. ii, t. 37, f.14, 15, .31 83-85. Cochlicella ventricosa Drap. Rossm. Iconog. i, f. 377, 32 86-88. Cochlicella acuta Miill. Ibid, i, f. 378, . . .32 PLATE 7. 89. Ochthephila echinulata Lowe. Albers, Mai. Mader. t. 9, f. 6, 33 90. Ochthephila bicarinata Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 908, . 33 91. Ochthephila turricula Lowe. Ibid. f. 867, . . . 33 92. Ochthephila oxytropis Lowe. Ibid. f. 868, . . .33 93. Geomitra coronata Desh. Ibid. f. 902, . .34 94-96. Geomitra delphinuloides Lowe. Paiva, Moll. Mader. t.l, f. 1, 34 97-99. Geomitra coronula Lowe. Ibid. t. 2, f. 2, . . . 34 100-2. Geomitra moniziana Paiva. Ibid. t. 2, f. 1, . . 34 3. Geomitra thiarella W. et B. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 894, 35 4. Heterostoma latens Lowe. Ibid. f. 903, . . . .35 5. Heterostoma paupercula Lowe. Ibid. f. 894, . . .35 6. Heterostoma depauperata Lowe. Ibid. f. 869, . . 36 7-9. Heterostoma latinea Paiva. Paiva, Moll. Mader. t. 2, f. 5, .36 10. Heterostoma squalida Lowe. Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 1489, •'>•"> 11-13. Heterostoma laciniosa Lowe. Albers, Moll. Mader. t. 8, f. 17-19, ....... . :J6 14, 15. Heterostoma multigranosa Mouss. Pfr. Xovit. Conch. iv, t. 122, f. 25, 27, 16-18. Heterostoma eutropis Shutt. Ibid. t. 122, f. 28-30, . 3( 19. Heterostoma obtecta Lowe. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 878, . 20. Placentula compar Lowe. Ibid. f. 1241), . . . 21-23. Placentula tseninta W. et B. Orb. Voy. Canar, t, 3, f. 18-20, PLATE 8. 24. Placentula maderensis Wood. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 871 . -J7 25. Placentula leptosticta Lowe. Ibid f. 865, 26. Placentula micromphala Lowe. Ibid. f. 897, . 27. Placentula dealbata Lowe. Ibid. f. 892, 28. Placentula fiotilis Lowe. Ibid. f. 866, . 29. Actinella lentiginosa Lowe. Ibid. f. 896, 30. Actiiiella arcta Lowe. Ibid. f. 905, ..... 31. Actinella stellaris Lowe. Ibid. f. 911, . 82. Actinella subcallifera (== sphserula Lowe.) Ibid. f. 1494, 33. Actinella consors Lowe. Ibid. f. 890, .... -°>9 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 269 FKJURK. PAGE. 34. Actinellii compacta, ft (— calculus.) Albers, Mader. t. 10, f. 20, . 39 >.">. Actinella compacta Lowe. Ibid. t. 10, f. 16, . . . 39 ->6. Actinella abjecta Lowe. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 872, . 39 >7-39. Actinella obserata Lowe. Albers, Mader. t. 10, f. 12- 14, .. . .... 40 40, 41. Actinella calva Lowe. Ibid. t. 11, f. 1,2. . . 41 42, 43. Actinella actinophora Lowe. Ibid. t. 11, f. 6, 7, . 40 44, 45. Tectula alleniana Lowe. Jour, de Conch, t. 11, f. 10, 1866, 42 46. Actinella aridens Lowe. Keeve, Conch. Icon. f. 912, . 40 47. Actinella fausta Lowe. Ibid. f. 864, . . . .40 48. Actinella torrefacta f userpans Furtado.) Novit. Conch. iv, t. 120, f. 28, .... ... 40 49. Actinella galeata Paiva. Paiva, Moll. Mader. t. 1, f. 2, 41 50. Discula polymorpha, var. salebro&a. Albers, Mader. t. 5,f. 16, . 44 51-53. Discula tetrica Paiva. Paiva, Moll. Mader. t. 1. f. 7, 44 54, 5"). Discula lincta Lowe. Albers, Mader. t. 5, f. 21, . 45 56-51). Discula polymorpha Lowe. Ibid. t. 5, f. 7, 8, 10, 9, . 44 60, 61. Discula pitta? Paivn. Paiva, Moll. Mader. t. 1, f. 3. 44 62. Discula polymorpha var. poromphala. Albers, Mader t 5, f. 19, . . 44 <;:>, 64. Discula arenicola Lowe. Ibid. t. 5, f. 24, 25, . . 45 PLATE 9. 65-67. Actinella vespertina Morel. Moll. Acores, t. 3, f. 3, . 41 6*. Discula polymorpha var. barbozaB. Jour, de Conch, t. 11, f. 8, 1866,' ... 45 69. Discula tabellata Lowe. Conch. Icon. f. 1258, . 46 70. Discula bulweriana var. ( testudinalis Lowe). Ibid, f 848, . 46 71. 72. Discula pulvinata Lowe. Albers, Mader. t. 5, f. 14, 15, .... . . 45 73-76. Discula polymorpha var. papilio Lowe. Ibid. t. 6, f. 7-10, .... . . .45 77-79. Discula polymorpha var. discina Lowe. Ibid. t. 6, f. 1-S, - 45 80-82. Discula attrita Lowe. Ibid. t. 6, f. 12, 14, 15, . 46 8:5. Tectula lyelliana Lowe. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 880, . 41 84-X6. Tectula bulweri var. b. Pfr. (= Albersi). Albers, Mader. t. 4, f. 16-18. . .... 42 87. Discula gomeziana Paiva. Jour, de Conch, t. 11, f. 6 1866, .45 *8. Tectula bulwerii Wood. Conch. Icon. f. 849, . • 42 89. Tectula tectiformis Sowb. Ibid. f. 860, ... 42 90. Tectula ludovici Alb. Ibid. f. 1196, 49 270 REFERENCE TO PLATKS. FFOURK. PAGK. 91-93. Tectula argonautula W. et B. Moll. Canaries, t. 2, f. 16-18, . . .42 94-96. Tectula argonautula Orb. ( rmlverulenta Lowe). Ibid. t. 2, f. 13-15, ...,'•-.. . 43 97-99. Tectula granostriata Mouss. Novit. Conch, iv, t, 122, f. 13-15, 43 100, 1. Tectula multipunctata Mouss. Ibid, iv, t. 122, f. 16, 17, . 43 2. Discula cheiranthicola Lowe. Conch. Icon. f. 875, . 46 3. Discula nmstelina Lowe. Ibid. f. 1493, . . .46 4. Callina rotula Lowe. Ibid. f. 858 46 PLATE 10. 5-7. Acusta selskii Gerst. Schrenck Ainurl. Moll. t. 26, f. 8-10, . 47 8. Acusta cincto-inflata Mouss. Jour, do Conch, t. 1, f. 3, 18.S7, ....... . 47 9. Acusta sieboldiana Pfr. Kiister, Helix i, t. 31, f. 1, .47 10-12. Acusta oscitans Mart. Condi. Mittheil ii, t. 33, f. .1- 3, ... 47 13, 14. Acusta keta Old. Novit. Conch, v, t. 143, f. 17, 18, 47 15. Acusta ravida Bens. Reeve, Iconica. Helix f. 398, . 48 16. Acusta burtinii Desh. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Bull. t. 3, f. 1- 3, . . 4S 1,7. Acusta ravidula Heude. Hist. Nat. Kmp. Chin, iii, t. 20, f. 12, . . 49 18. Acusta redfieldi Pfr. Reeve, Icon. Helix, f. 688, . . 49 19. Acusta huberiana Heude (— redfieldi Pfr.) Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii, t. 17, f. 1, ... . 49 20. Acusta phragmitium Heude. Ibid, ii, t. 14, f. 5, 21. Acusta frilleyi C. et D. (— redfieldi Pfr.) Jour, de Conch. 3 ser. iv, t. 12, £ 3, . 22. Acusta assimilis A, Ad., Zool. Proc. t. 33, f. 1, 1866, . 23. 24. Acusta miiiacea Mart. Preuss. Exped. t. 12, f. 15, . 41 25-27. Acusta s:irelli Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii, t. 32, f. 4-6. 49 28, 29. Acusta marcescens Cox. Monog. Austr. L. Sh. t. 4, f. 5; t. 18, f. 6, . 30. Acusta Kraussi Pfr. Reeve, Icon. Helix, f. 1391, . PLATE 11. 31-33. Plectotropis horiomphala Pfr. , Novit. Conch, i, t. 3, f. 5-7, . . . . . . . . .51 34. Plectotropis mackensii Ads. and Rve. Moll. Voy. Sama- rang, t. 15, f. 6 52 35-37. Plectotropis serlachi Mlldff. Conch. Mittheil, i, t. 8, f. 2, 5, 7, ...... . 52 38—40. Plectotropis laciniosula Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. Pt. iii, t. 29, f. 9, 53 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 271 FIGURE. PACK. 41-43. Plectotropis trichotrbpis Pfr. Conch. Mittheil, t. 18, f. 13-15, ...".. . . . . . 5:5 44. Plectotropis cathcartise Rve.. Conch. Icon. f. 1427, . 51 4"). Plectotropis eleu'antissima Pfr. Ibid. f. 42. Plectotropis huttoni Pfr. Reeve, Helix, f. 786, . . 54 57. Plectotropis shanirhaiensis Pfr. Ibid. f. 1027, . . 55 58. Plectotropis niellea Pfr. Zool. Proc. t, 46, f. 4, 1865, . 5:', 59-U1. Plectotropis emm a Pfr. Novit. Conch, ii, t. 55, i. 4-7. 53 (12, 03. Plectotropis sraithii Beck, Zool, Proc, t. 55, f. 3, 1881, 57 64— (56. Plectotropis intuiuescens Mart. .Martens, Preuss. ex- ped. t. 13, f. 10. . 54 PLATE 12. (17. Plectotropis ancvlocheila Crosse. Jour, de Conch, t. 1, f. 1, 1S70, / . . . . . . .55 08-70. Plectotropis sumatrana Mart. Martens, Preuss. Exped. t. 13, f. 13 56 71. Plectotropis tapeina Bens. I\eeve, Helix, f. 750, . . 53 72. Plectotropis tapeina Var. Couch. Indira, t, 15, f. 10, . 54 73. Plectotropis akowtongensis Theob. Ibid. t. 15, f. 4, . 57 74. 76. Plectotropis squamulosa Mouss. Xovit. Conch, iv, t. 117, f. 13-15, . 56 77. Plectotropis rotatoria Busch. Conch. Ind. t. 15, f. 5, . 54 78. Pleetotropis phayrei Theob. Ibid. t. 15, f. 1, . . . 55 7(.)-81. Plectotropis conelhi A. Ad. Martens' Conch. Mit- theil. t. 18, f. 8, 9, 11, 56 52. Plectotropis ciliosa Pfr. Zool. Proc. t. 43, f. 8, 1859, . 55 K3—S5. Plectotropis atkin.soni I'heob. Conch. Indica. t. 15, f. !) ; t. 84, f. 2, 3, NU-S8. Plectotropis puberulosa Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, iii, t. 29, f. 16, •si)-!)l. Plectotropis lepidostola Heude. Ibid, ii, t. 16, f. 10, 55 1)2-1)5. Plectotropis radnlella Heude. Ibid, iii, t. 29, f. 17, . 57 !)(>-! )S. Plectotropis howardi Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 2, f. 9, 1869, 52 99-1. Plectotropis aranesetela Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. iii, t, 29. f. 14, . 59 2. Plectotropis tectuin-siiiense Mart. Novit. Couch, iv, t. 134, f. 5, . 59 3-5. Plectotropis plectotropis Mart. Reise Turkest. t. 1, f. 11, 58 272 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURK.. 6-8. Plectotropis mataierisis Nevill. Yarkland Exp. f. 7- 9, 9-12. Plectotropis barbosella Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii, t. 16, f. 3, .... . PLATE 13. 13. Aegista typinsana (•= oculus Pfr.) Reeve, Helix, f. 421, 14. Aegista chinensis Phil. Ibid. f. 427, .... 15. Aegista vermis Rve. Ibid. f. 424, . . . . 16-18. Aegista chinensis Heude. (— pseudochinensis Mart.) Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii, t. 15, f. 4, 19-21. Aegista furtiva Heude. Ibid, iii, t. 27, f. 13, . 22-24. Aegista herpestes Heude. Ibid, ii, t. 15, f. 14, . 25. Aegista oldhami Bens. Conch. Ind. t. 15, f. 7, 26-28. Aegista accrescens Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii, t. 15, f. 2, 29-31. Aegista friedeliaua Mart. Preuss. Exped. t. 14, f. 10, 32. Aegista circulus Pfr. Reeve, Iconica f. 440, b, 33. Plectotropis scepasma Pfr. Ibid. f. 1296, 34. 35. Aegista alphonsi Desh. Nouv. Arch. Mus. ix, Bull., t. 2, f. 22, 23, 36, 37. Aegista catostoma Blanf. Conch, fnd. t. 56, f. 2, 3, 38-40. Aegista gottschei Mlldff. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. t. 2, f. 3,1887, . 41-43. Aegista initialis Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii, t. 15, f. 3, 44. Aegista platyomphala Mlldff. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. t. 11, f. 19, 1885, . . . f . . . . . 45-47. Aegista aubryana Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii, t. 20, f. 19, / . 48. Plectotropis hupensis Gredler. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. t. 6, f. 1, 1885, 49-51. Plectotropis perplanata Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng. t. 5, f. 21, 1881, PLATE 14. 52-54. Trachia Penangensis Strl. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xlii, t. 3, f. 1, 55-57. Trachia propenqua Pfr. Novit. Conch, iii, t. 107, f. 15-17, 58. Trachia asperella Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 752, . 59, 60. Trachia helferi Bens. Conch. Ind. t. 29, f. 8, 9, 61, 62. Trachia contracta Hutton. Ibid. t. 55,. f. 8, 9, 63, 64. Trachia cyclostomata Guill. Cox. Monog. Austr. L. Shells, t. 10, f. 12, . . . . ' . 65, 66. Trachia ruginosa Fer. Conch. Ind. t. 85, f. 2, 3, 67. Trachia crassicostata Bens. Ibid. t. 50, f. 10, 68 69. Trachia fallaciosa Fer. Ibid. t. 85, f. 8, 9, REFERENCE TO PLATES. 273 FIGURE. PAGE. 70, 71. Trachia nilaghirica Pfr. Ibid. t. 55, f, 6, 7, . 65 72. Trachia proxima Fer. Ibid. t. 28, f. 5, . . . .63 73, 74. Trachia tanquereyi Crosse et Fischer. Jour, de Conch. 64 t. 14, f. 2, 1863, 64 75. Trachia delibrata Bens. Conch. Ind. t. 14, f. 10, . . 64 76. Trachia delibrata var. fascia ta. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng. t. 1, f. 1, 1875, 64 77. Trachia delibrata var. khasiaca. Conch. Ind. t. 14, f. 9, 64 78. Angasella taranakii Gray. Reeve, Icon. f. 443, . . 66 79. Trachia tuckeri Pfr. Ibid. f. 633, 65 80. 81. Angasella subsecta Tate. Trans, Phil. Soc. Adelaide, t. 5, f. 2, 1879, 66 82. Plectotropis gabata Gld. Conch. Ind. t. 14, f. 4, . . 57 83. Plectotropis merguieusis Phil. (— gabata Gld.) Ibid. t. 14, f. 7, 57 84. Trachia Footei Stol. Ibid. t. 149, f. 10, . . . .64 85. 86. Angasella cyrtopleura Pfr. Jour, de conch, t. 10, f. 10, f. 1,1862, . . , 65 87-89. Angasella philippsiana Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 20, f. 4, 1*73, 66 90, 91. Angasella eyrei Ad. et Angas. Ibid. t. 47, f. 11, 12, 1*70, . 66 92, 93. Angasella delessertiana Guill. Cox. Monog. Austr. L. Sh. t. 5, f. 8, 66 PLATE 15. 1)4-96. Lysinoe fidelis Gray. Tryon Terr. Moll. t. 5, f. 8; Biimey, t. 18, 69 97. Lysinoe infumata Gld. Tryon. Terr. Moll. t. 5, f. 6, . 70 98. Lysinoe hillebrandi Newc. Ibid. t. 5, f. 7, . ' . . 70 99. Lysinoe ayresiana Newc. Ibid. t. 11, f. 28, . . . 70 1. Lysinoe mormonum Pfr. Binney, Terr. Moll, iv, t. 79, f. 21,_ . . .... 70 2-4. Lysinoe circumcarinata Stearns. Binney, Manual, 141, £121, 70 5. Lysinoe traskii Newc. Tryon, Terr. Moll. t. 5, f. 16, . 71 6, 7. Lysinoe carpenteri Newc. Binney, Manual, 144, f, 123, 71 8. Lysinoe remondi Tryon, (— Carpenteri Newc.). Tryon, Terr.MolLt. 5,f. 18, 71 1). Lysinoe dupetithouarsi Desh. Ibid. t. 5, f. 17, . . 71 10. Lysinoe sequoicola Cooper. Ibid. t. 11, f. 27, . . 71 11. Lysinoe rufocincta Newc. Ibid. t. 6, f. 20, . . . 72 12. Lysinoe rowelli Newc. Ibid. t. 11, f. 30, ... 72 13. Lysinoe Lohrii Gabb. (— Rowellii Newc.). Am. Jour. Conch, iii, t. 16, f. 2, 72 14-16. Lysinoe ^ownsendiana Lea. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 19, , .72 18 274 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. PLATE 16. 17. Lysinoe arrosa Old. Try on, Terr. Moll. t. 5, f. 10, . 72 18. Lysinoe exarata Pfr. Ibid. t. 5, f. 11, . . . .72 19. Lysinoe nickliuiana Lea. Ibid. t. 5, f. 12, . . 72 20. Lysinoe anachoreta Binu. Binney, Manual, p. 132, f. 106, * 72 21. Lysinoe ramentosa Gld. Tryon, Terr. Moll. t. 5, f. 15, . 72 22. Lysinoe bridgesii Newc. (ramentosa). Ibid. t. 11, f. 29, . 73 23. 24. Lysinoe reticulata Pfr. (— ramentosa). Novit. Conch. i, t. 34, f. 4-7 ... 73 25. Lysinoe diabloensis Cooper. Binney, Manual, p. 135, f. 112, '. . . . .74 26. Lysinoe intercisa W. G. B. Tryon, Terr. Moll. t. 6, f. 4, 74 27. Lysinoe redimita W. G. B. Ibid. t. 6, f. 7, . . 74 28. 29. Lysinoe tudiculata Binn. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 16, ......' . .74 30. Lysinoe cypreophila Newc. Binney, Manual, p. 140, f. 119, . . 75 31. Lysinoe ghiesbreghti Nyst. Crosse & Fischer, Mexico, t. 10, £. 9, . .75 32. Lysinoe eximia Pfr. Ibid. t. 11, f. 3, . . . .75 33. Lysinoe crebristriata (— intercisa). Tryon, Terr. Moll. t. 6, f. 2, . . .74 PLATE 17. 34. Lysinoe farrisi Higgins (— Higginsi Pfr.). Zool. Proc. t. 14, f. 5, 1868, . . 79 35-37. Lysinoe jaspidea Pfr. Novit. Conch, ii, t. 41, f. 5-7, 79 38-40. Lysinoe costaricensis Roth. Ibid, i, t. 21,- f. 15-17, . 79 41-43. Lysinoe tschudiana Phil. Ibid, iii, t. 79, f. 1-3, . 77 44-46. Lysinoe huanucensis Phil. Ibid. iii,t. 79, f. 13-15, . 79 47. Lysinoe diluta Pfr. Reeve, Iconica. f. 594, 48-50. Lysinoe alsophila Phil. Novit. Conch, iii, t. 79, f. 4- 6, \ .... ...... 51-53. Lysinoe sargi C. et F. Jour, de Conch, t. 9, f. 2, 1873, PLATE 18. 54. Lysinoe trigrammetophora Orb. Reeve, Helix, f. 577, . 80 55, 56. Lysinoe claromphalos D. et H. Guerin's Mag. Zool. t. 14, f. 1, 1850, .80 57, 58. Lysinoe macasi Higgins. Zool. Proc. t. 56, f. 6, 1872, .81 59. Lysinoe trenquelleonis Grat. Conch. Icon. f. 1189, . 82 60. Lysinoe desidens Rang. Fer. Hist. Moll, iii, t. 69, k. f. 7, 83 61-63. Lysinoe patasensis Pfr. Novit. Conch, ii, t. 41, f. 8- 10, . 81 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 275 'IfiURK. PAGE. 64. Lysinoe audouini Orb. Reeve, Icon. f. 540, . . .81 (>.">, 66. Lysinoe semiclansa Mart. Novit, Conch, iii, t. 88, f. 10, 11, . 80 67, 68. Lysinoe clausomphalos D. et H. Guerin's Mag. Zool. t. 14, f. 2, 80 69, 70. Lysinoe farrisi Pfr. Novit, Conch, ii, t. 41, f. 1, 2, . 77 71. Lysinoe estella Orb. Reeve, Helix, f. 578, . . .78 PLATE 19. 72. Lysinoe pellis-colubri Phil. Novit. Conch, iii, t. 79, f. 10, 80 73-75". Lysinoe cuyana Strobel. Ibid, iii, t. 79, f. 16-18, . 78 76, 77. Lvsinoe flavescens Wiegm. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 112, f. 14, 15 75 78. Lysinoe bicincta Pfr. Crosse & Fischer, Mexico, t. 10, f. 7, . . 75 79, 80. Lysinoe ocampi Strebel. Strebel, Mex. L. Conch. PI. i'v, t. 11, f. 2, 5, . 76 81-83. Lysinoe berlandieriana Moric. Binney, Terr. Moll. iii, t. 49, f. 1, 76 84-86. Lysinoe albizonata Binn. (— griseola Pfr.) Ibid, iii, t. 49, f. 2, 76 87. Lysinoe leucoraphe Pfr. Reeve, Icon. f. 330, . . 77 «s. Lysinoe gabbi Newc. Trron, Terr. Moll. t. 6, f. 19, . 77 39. Lysinoe facta Newc. Ibid. t. 11, f. 32, . . . .77 90. Lysinoe cicerculn Fur. (= griseola Pfr.) Fer. Hist. Moll. 'iv, t. 107, f. 10, .76 91, 92. Lysinoe bryanti Pfr. Novit. Conch, ii, t. 57, f. 4, 6, 83 93. Lysinoe poeyi Petit, Reeve, Helix, f. 267, . . 83 94. Lysinoe aapertexta Pfr. Ibid. f. 264 82 95. Lysinoe bonplandi Lam. Ibid. f. 259, . . . .82 96. 97. Lysinoe arctistria Pfr. Novit. Conch, ii, t. 67, f. 9, 10, . . . . . . . . . .82 1, 2. Lysinoe carascalensis Fer. ' Ibid, ii, f. 570, . .103 3, 4. Lysinoe velascoi Hidalgo. Ibid, iv, f. 1096, . . 103 5-7. Lysinoe velascoi Hidalgo. Ibid. f. 1097, . . 103 PLATE 20. 8-10. Campylsea cantabrica Hidalgo. Rossm. Iconog. iv, f. lO'KS, 110 11, 12. Campykea shaufussi Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1099, . . 110 13, 14. Cainpyhua ravergiensis Fer. Ibid, v, f. 1220, . . 85 15, 16. Campylsea ravergiensis var. persica Bottg. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 49, . . ... . . ;, . .85 17, 18. Campylsea narzaneusis Kryn. Ibid, v, f. 1230, . 84 19. Campylaea narzanensis var. solidior. Ibid, v, f. 1225, . 84 20-22. Campylsea narzanensis var. suanetica. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. t, 6, f. 4, 1883, 84 276 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 23, 24. Campylsea narzanensis var. macromphala. Ibid, t, 6, f. 3, 1883, f u. . " 85 25. Campytea appclinsi Mouss. Jour, de Conch, t, 2, f. 3, 1876, 85 26, 27. Campylsea pratensis Pfr. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1224 . 85 28, 29. Campylsea pratensis var. depressa. Ibid, v, f. 1226, 85 30. Campylsea pratensis var. solidior. Ibid, v, f. 1227, . 85 31, 32. Campylsea transcaucasica Bayer. Ibid, v, f. 1223, . 85 33, 34. Campylsea cyclothyra Bottg. Jalirb. Mai. Gesell. t. 6, f. 2, 1883, .85 35-37. Campy tea pontica Bottg. Ibid. t. 4, f. 3-5, 1883, . 86 38-40. Campylsea pontica Bottg. Ibid. t. 6, f. 6, 1883, . 86 41, 42. Campylsea joannis Mort. Rossm. Iconog. iv, f. 992, 86 43, 44. Campytea phocsea Roth. Ibid, iv, f. 994, . . 103 45. Campylsea phocsea Roth. Ibid, iv, f. 995, . . . 103 PLATE 21. 46, 47. Campylsea delabris Mouss. Rossm. Iconog. v, f. 1229, 86 48, 49. Campytea eichwaldi Pfr. Ibid, v, f. 1216, . . 86 50, 51. Campylsea eichwaldi, var. daghestana Parr. Ibid, v, f. 1217, . ,m . 86 52-54. Campylsea armeniaca Pfr. Ktister, Conch. Cab. 1. 17, f. 23-2o, .86 55, 56. Campylsea langi Parr. Rossm. Iconog. iv, f. 993, . 102 57, 58. Campylsea gasparinse Charp. Ibid, iv, f. 989, . .102 59. Campylsea gasparinse var. subdeflexa Bottg. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. t. 4, f. 12, 1885, 102 60-62. Campytea thayaca Bourg. Moll, litig. ii, t. 38, f. 15- 18, 97 63-65. Campylsea stenomphala Mke. Rossm. Iconog. ii, f. 458, 66-68. Campytea serbica Mlldff. Ibid, iv, f. 982, 69-71. Campytea paucini Mlldff. Ibid, iv, f. 983, PLATE 22. 72-74. Campylsea banatica Partsch. Rossm. Iconog. ii, f. 457, 97 75. Campylsea pouzolzi Desh. Ibid, i, f. 215, . . .87 80-82. Campytea planospira Lam. Ibid, iv, f. 1059, . 83, 84. Campylsea planospira var. padana Stab. Ibid, iv, f. 1055, . . . . . . . . . < . > . 90 85. Campytea planospira var. umbilicaris Brum. Ibid, iv, f. 1057, 90 86. Campylsea planospira var. illyrica Stab. Ibid, iv, f. 1056, 90 87. Campylsea planospira var. casertana Paul. Faune Mai. Calab. t. 3, f. 3, 91 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 277 FIGURE. PAGE. 88, 89. Campylsea planospira var. pubescens Tib. Ibid. t. 3, f. 1, 2, 91 90. Campylsea planospira var. calabrica Paul. Ibid. t. 4, f. 4, 91 91. Campylsea planospira var. setipila Zglr. Kossni. Iconog. iv, f. 985, . . . . .... .90 92. Campylsea planospira var. setipila Brig. Ibid, iv, f. 1060, 90 PLATE 23. 93. 94. Campylsea planospira var. neapolitana Paul. Faune Mul. Calab. t. 5, f. 1, 3, 91 95. Campyhea planospira var. alifacnsis Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. ItaL vii, t. 2, bis. f. 3, 92 96. Campylaea planospira var. calabrica Paul. Faune Mai. Calab. t, 4, f. 3, 91 97. Campylsea planospira var. casseinensis Paul. Ibid. t. 5, f. 4, 91 98-100 Campylsea confusa Ben. Rossm. Iconog iv, f. 1064, 92 1, 2. Campy 1 sea macrostoma Miihlf. Ibid, i, f. 216, . 92 3, 4. Campylsea benedicta Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1062, . 92 5, 6. Campylsea macrostoma var. cryptozona Zglr. Ibid, i, f. 217, . . . 92 7-9. Campylsea sclerotricha Bourg. Ibid, iv, f. 1061, . 96 10-12. Campylaea hirta Mke. Ibid, ii, f. 599, . . .89 13-15. Campylsea pyrenaica Drap. Ibid, i, f. 218, . . 94 16. Campylsea pyrenaica var. complanata Bourg. Guerin's Mag. t. 13," f. 2, 1863, . . . . . . .95 17. Campylsea frigida var. frigidissima. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. vii, t. 2, f. 8, 101 18. Campylsea nicatis Costa. Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg. xii, t. 2, f. 1, . . 101 PLATE 24. 19-21. Campylaea kollari Zel. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1054, . 94 22-24. Campylsea comephora Bourg. Ibid, iv, f. 1063, . 96 25-27. Campylaea frigida Jan. Ibid, i, f. 157, . . . 101 28. Campylsea insubnca Cr. et. Jan. Ibid, ii, f. 512, . . 101 29-31. Campylaea nicolisiana. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xi, f. 4, 6, 32-34. Campylaea hoffmani Partsch. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 224, 99 35, 36. Campylaea insolita Ziegl. Ibid, ii, f. 506, . . 98 37, 38. Campylaea denudata Rossm. Ibid, i, f. 223, . . 98 39-41. Campylsea narentina Kleciacb. Ibid, vi, f. 1566, . 99 PLATE 25. 42-44. Campylaea praetexta Parr. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1066, 99 45-47. Campylaea trizona Zgl. Ibid, i, f. 87, . . 108 48, 49. Campylsea trizona var. rumelica Zgl. Ibid, ii, f. 504, 108 50. Campylaea trizona var. inflata Bielz. Ibid, iv, f. 996, . 108 ol. Campylaea frauenfeldi Zel. Ibid, iv, f. 1001, . . 108 278 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURK. PAGK. 52,- 53. Campylsea balcanica Friv. Ibid, iv, f. 999, 1000, . 108 54, 55. Campylaea balcanica var. exigna. Ibid, iv, f. 1002, 108 56-58. Campylsea lefeburiana Fer. Ibid, i, f. 94; ii, f. 501, 89 59, 60. Campylsea foetens C. Pfr. var. achates Ziegl. Ibid, ii, f. 600, . 93 61, 62. Campylsea foetens Moq.-Tand. Moll. France, t. 11, f. 16. 17," 63. Campylsea foetens var. ichthyomma Held. Excursions Fauna f. 77, . 93 PLATE 26. 64. Campylsea foetens var. cisalpina Stab. Rossm. Iconog. iv, f. 1051, ... 94 65. Campylsea foetens var. adami Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1052, . 94 66. Campylsea foetens var. rhaetica Mouss. Ibid, iv, f. 1050, 94 67. 68. Campylsea argentillei Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1053, . 94 69-72. Campylsea gooanzi Frauenf. Ibid, iv, f. 1078-1079, 107 7.3. Campylsea cingulata Stud. Ibid, i, f. 135, . . . 104 74. Campylaea cingulata Stud. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. vii, f. 1, 104 75, 76. Campylsea cingulata var. athesina Paul. Rossm. Icon. i, f. 88, . ' . .105 77, 78. Campylaea colubrina Jan. Ibid, i, f. 370, . . 105 79, 80. Campylsea cingulata var. baldensis Villa. Ibid, ii, f. 603, 604, ...'.. ... 105 81-83. Campy Lea cingulata var. carraraensis Porro. Ibid, iv, f. 1071, . . . 105 PLATE 27. 84. Campylsea cingulata var. kobeltiana Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai'. Ital. vii', t. 1, f. 4, . . . 107 85-87. Campylsea cingulata var. montana Paul. Ibid, vii, t. 1, f. 5, 107 88-90. Campylsea cingulata var. appeli Kob. Rossm. Icon. iv, f. 1070, . . . . . . . . . 105 91, 92. Campylsea presslii Schmidt. Ibid, i, f. 255, . .104 93-95. Campylsea presslii var. nisoria Rossm. Ibid, ii, f. 509, 104 96. Campylsea cingulata var. agnata Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. vii, t. 2, f. 3, . •.. • • 107 97. Campylsea cingulata var. affinis Paul. Ibid, vii, t. 2, f. 1, 106 98-100. Campylsea hermesiana Pini. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1080, 100 1-3. Campylsea cingulata var. nubila Zglr. Ibid, iv, f. 1073, 106 4. Campylsea hermesiana var. ligurica Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1081, 101 PLATE 28. 5-7. Campylsea cingulata var. anconae Gentil. Bull. Soc. ' Mai. Ital. i, t. 3, f. 9-11, 106 8-10. Campylsea schmidti Zglr. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 156, . 103 11-13. Campylsea alpina Faune-Big. Ibid, i, f. 158, . . 100 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 279 FIGUKK. PAGE. 14-16. Campylsea frigidescens Delprete. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. v, t. 1, f. 7-9, *" 105 17, 18. Oampyhua foDtenilli Mich. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 510, 100 19, 21. Campylsea olympica Roth. Ibid, iv, f. 990, . . 101 '22. Campvhea olympica var. ossica Bottg. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. .t. 4,"f. 10, 1885, 102 23. Campylaea olvinpica var. iiiagnesise Bottg. Ibid. t. 4, f.8, 1-s.s.i, * 102 24-27. Campylsea phalerata Z^lr. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 598; i, 15<), .. : 100 28-31. Campyhca var, chamaeleon Parr. Ibid, iv, f. 991, . 101 32, 33. Campylsea tigrina Jan. Ibid, i, f. 226, . . • . 107 34-36. Campylsea zonata Studer. Ibid, i, f. 91, . . . 92 PLATE 29. 37-39. Campylaea subzonata AIouss. Novit. Conch, iii, 1. 107, f. 12-14, 93 40, 41. Camnyhea var. distaiis Blanc. Ro.ssm. Icon. N. S. i, f. 105, ' 93 42-45. C-.unpyhea niollcndorffi Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1094, 1095, 95 46, 47. CampylaBa faustina Ziegl. Ibid. i. f. 93, . . .95 4&-50. Carnpylaea associata Zglr. Ibid, i, f. 374, . . 95 51-53. Campylaea ad vena Rossm (=Rossinaessleri Pfr.). Ibid. ii, f. 6S7, . . . '. . . . . 96 54, 55. Tainpyhea cornea Drap. Ibid, i, f. 96, . . . 110 56-5-s. Campylaea var. castanea. .Ibid, i, f. 219, 59, 60. Campylaea desmonlinsi Farines. Ibid, ii, f. 511, . Ill 61-03. Campyhea middendorffi Ger^tf. Mem. Sav. etc. Acad. St. Peterab. ix, f. 21) Ill 64-66. Campylaea intermedia F6r. Ro.ssm. Icon og, i, f. 155, 109 67-69. Campyhea Ziegleri Schmidt. Ibid, i, f. 154, . . 109 PLATE 30. 71, 72. Campylaea cingulella Zglr. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 373, . 104 72. Campylaea aemula Rossm. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 1220, 109 7^-75. C1ainpyla-n glacialis; Thomas. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 507, 109 76-78. Campylsea nicolai Kleciach. Ibid. N. S. i, f. Ill, . 98 79-81. Campylaea Kleciachi Parr. Ibid, iv, f. 1065, . . 99 K2-M. Campylsea Brusihaa Stos». Ibid, iv, f. 1131, . . 98 85-S7. Campylsea crinita Sandri. Ibid, iv, f. 1068, . . 100 (.K). Campylsea setigera Zglr. Ibid, iv, f. 1069, . . 100 91, 92. Campylsea cyclolabris. Ibid, iv, f. 1085, . 93. Campylaea cyclolabris var. arc-adica. Ibid, iv, f. 1086, PLATE 31. 94, (.).-). Campylii'a sctosa Zglr. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 221, . 97 96, (.)7. Campvhea cyclolabris var. hymetti Motiss. Ibid. iv, f. 1083, . • . . 114 280 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 98, 99. Campylsea cyclolabris var. heldreichi Shutt. Ibid. iv, f. 1087, 114 100. Campylaea cyclolabris var. euboea Parr. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell vii, t. 6, f. 8, 114 1, 2. Campylsea cyclolabris var. lysistoma Shutt. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1084, , ' . . .114 3-5. Campylsea cyclolabris var. sphaeriostoma Bourg. Amen. Mai. ii, t, 5,f. 1-3, 114 6-8. Campylsea grelloisi Bourg. Ibid, ii, t. 5, f. 10-12, . 114 9, 10. Campylsea raspailli Payr. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 505, . 112 11. Campylsea raspailli var. pilosa Kob. Ibid, vii, f. 1982, 112 12, 13. Camplysea brocardiana Dut. Ibid, iv, f. 986, . .112 14—17. Camplya3a cserulescens. Ibid, ii, f. 607, 608. 18, 19. Campylsea lapicida Linn. Ibid, i, f. 11, . . . 116 PLATE 32. 20, 21. Cainpybea insularis C. et D. Jour, de Conch, t. 2, f. 3, 1869, 112 22-24. Campylsea revelieri Deb. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 987, . 112 25-27. Campylsea quimperiana Fer. Ibid, i, f. 220, . .116 28, 29. Campykea pellita Fer. Ibid, iv, f. 1090, . . .115 30, 31. Campylsea pellita var. graphicotera Bourg. Ibid, iv, f. 1091, 115 32. Campylsea pellita var. kreglingeri Zel. Ibid. iv. f. 1092, 115 33. Campylsea naxiana Fer. Fer. Hist. Moll, iii, t. 69, f. 1, 115 34. Campylaea naxiana Var. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 995, . 115 35. 36. Campylsea westerlundi Blanc. Rossm. Icon. N. S. i, f. 55, 115 37, 38. Campylaea noverca Friv. Ibid, iv, f. 1089, . . 115 39. Campyljea lecta Fer. Fer. Hist. Moll, iii, t. 69, f. 2, .116 40-42. Campylsea lecta Fer. (= sublecta Maltz.) Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1093, 116 43, 44. Arionta arbustorum L. Ibid. i,f. 297, a, c, . 45. Arionta arbustorum var. picea Zglr. Ibid, i, f. 297, d, .117 46. Arionta arbustorum var. rudis Meg. Ibid . f. 297, e, .118 47. Arionta arbustorum var. alpestris Zglr. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 109, ^ . .118 48. Arionta arbustorum var. alpestris Zglr. Ibid. O. S. i, f. 109, ........ .118 49. 50, Arionta arbustorum var. xatartii Far. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 108, .118 PLATE 33. 51. Arionta arbustorum var. jetschini Kob. Rossm. Icon. N. S. i, f. 106, 117 52, 53. Arionta sethiops Bielz. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 107, b, 54, 55. Arionta styriaca Frauenf. Ibid, iv, f. 988, . .118 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 281 FIGURE. PAGE. 56. Arionta stearnsiana Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch, iii, t. 16, f. 1, . 119 57. Arionta kelletti Forbes. Tryon's Terr. Moll. !. 6, f. 1, . 119 58. Arionta californiensis Lea. Binney, Terr. Moll. t. 6, f. 9 11Q fit , ...... ny 59. 60. Eurystoma vittata Miill. Kiister, Helix, i, t. 58, f. 15, 16, 120 61. Eurystoma vittata var. spinola Villa. Ibid, i, t. 58, f. 17, 120 62. Eurystoma vittata var. zonula Wood. Ibid, i, t. 58, f. 18, 120 63. 64. Craspedaria delphinula Lowe. Albers, Mai. Mad. t. 17, f. 1, 2, . . .44 65-67. Plectotropis ptychostyla Mart. Preuss. Exped. Moll. t. 13, f. 12, . 58 68, 69. Aegista subchineusis Nevill. Jabrb. Mai. Gesell. xi, t. 7, f. 8, . ... . . . . . .62 70. Aegista persimilis Shuttl. Conch. Icon. f. 901, 71, 72. Campylrea picsena Tiberi. Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg. xiii, _t. 2, f. 4, . . 109 73-75. Campykea carotii Paulucci. Rossmassler, Iconog. N. S. iii, f. 374, 383, ....... 112 76. Arionta xatartii var. camprodunica Kob. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 108, 118 PLATE 34. 77, 78. Campylsea gennarii Paul. Rossm. Iconog. N. S. iii, f. 371, 113 79, 80. Campylaja melonii Maltz. Ibid. N. S. iii, f. 381, . 113 81, 82. Campykea brenskei Bottg. Ibid. N. S. iii, f. 384, . 113 83. Tachea atrolabiata Kryn. Rossmasler Icon, iv, f. 979, . 124 84. Tachea atrolabiata var. pallasii Dubois. Ibid. f. 972, . 125 85. Tachea atrolabiata var. lenkoranea Mouss. Ibid. f. 971, 125 $6. Tachea atrolabiata var. stauropolitana Schm. Ibid, iii, f. 895, . . . 124 87. Tachea atrolabiata var. nemoraloides Mart. Novitates Conch, t. ii, f. 14, 125 38. Tachea aimophila Bourg. Amen. Malac. ii, t. 17, f. 15, 126 89-93. Tachea austriaca (= vindobonensis C. Pfr.) Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 495, 124 94, 95. Tachea nemoralis L. Reeve, Con. Icon. f. 989, . 122 96. Tachea nemoralis L. Forbes & Hanley, t. 115, f. 1, . 122 PLATE 35. 97. Tachea nemoralis L. Forbes & Hanley, t. 115, f. 4, . 122 98. Tachea nemoralis var. erjaveci Kob. Rossm. Icon, vii, t. 195, f. 1966a, 123 99. Tachea hortensis Miill. Ibid, i, f. 6, . . . . 123 100. Tachea hortensis var. hybrida Poir. Ibid. f. 299, . .124 282 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 1. Tachea hortensis scalariform monstrosity. Ibid. f. 300, . 125 2. Tachea montana. Gaster. Fauna Schweitz, t. 81, . .125 3. Tachea gibbosula Desh. Fer and Desh. Hist. Moll, iv, t. 107, f. 2, 126 4-7. Tachea sylvatica Drap. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 496, . .125 8. Tachea sylvatica var. eximia Dup. Ibid, vii, f. 1964, . 125 9. Tachea sylvatica var. rhenana Kob. Ibid, vii, f. 1965, . 125 10. Tachea sylvatica var. alpicola Fer. Moq-Tand. t. 13, f. 13, ". . . . . • . . . . 125 11. Campylsea hessei. Moll. Fauna. O-Ungarns etc. fig. 76, 103 12-14. Tachea coquandi Morel. Rossm. Icon! vii, f. 1961-1963, 125 15. Tachea sylvatica Drap. (Jan.) Moq.-Tand. t. xiii, f. 10, 125 16. Tachea litturea Pfr. Reeve, Con. Icon. f. 1131, . . 126 17. Tachea tchihatcheffi Kob. Rossm. Icon. K F. i, t. 15, f. 110, . . . . . . . . . .126 18. Tachea filosa Desh. Fer. Hist. Moll, iii, t. 29a, f. 23, . 126 19-22. Eremina desertorum Forsk. vars. Rossm. Icon, iv, t. 96, f. 1010 and 1007, 127 PLATE 36. 23. Eremina desertorum Forsk. Fer. Hist. Moll, iii, t. 32a. f. 9, .... ...... 127 24. Eremina desertorum var. hasselquisti Ehrenb. Rossm. . 261 Icon, iv, t. 96, f. 1003, 261 25. Eremina ehrenbergi, v. chilembia, Bourg. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1864, pi. 77, f. 6, 261 26-28. Eremina desertella Jickeli. Moll. N. O. Africa's, t. 4, f. 26, . . 127 29-30. Eremina dillwyniana Pfr. Kiister, Con. Cab. Helix. ii, t. 140, f. 13, 14, 127 31-32. Rhagada solorensis Mart. Preuss. Exped. Ostas. . 256 33. Rhagada leptogramme Pfr. Reeve, Helix, f. 437, . 256 34. Rhadaga tescorum Bens. Ibid. f. 1154, . . 256 35-36. Rhadaga richardsonii Smith. Voy. Erebus and Ter- ror, Zool. t. iv, f. 14, .... . 256 37, 38. Rhagada colona v. Martens. Monatsb. K. P. Ak. Wiss. 1877, t. 1, f. 4, 5, . . . . . 256 39. Rhagada reiuga Gray. Ku'srer, Con. Cab. Helix, ii, t. 73, f. 8, : 256 40. Rhagada dringi Pfr. Reeve, Con. Icon. f. 769, . . 256 41-43. Rhadaga bordaensis Angas. PL L. S. 1877, t. xl, . 256 44. Rhagada silver! Angas. Ibid. 1868, p. 257, f. 1, . .256 45, 46. Rhadaga kooringensis Angas. Ibid. 1877, p. 34, f. 1, 2, . 256 47, 48. Macularia campanyonii Aleron. Moq-Tand. Moll. France, t. 12, f. 19, 20, . . . . 148 49, 50. Macularia balearica Zglr. Rossm. Icon, iii, t. 63, f. 796, 797, .148 51-53. Macularia hispanica. Ibid, ii, t, 33, f. 460, . . 148 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 283 FIGURE. PAGK. PLATE 37. 54-56. Macularia vermiculata M'iill. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. t. 19, f. 197-199, . .128 58. Macularia vermiculata var. linusce Calc. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1138, .... .... 129 57. Macularia vermiculata var. Ibid. N. F. iii, f. 335, . 128 59. Macularia vermiculata var. sahariea Kob. Ibid. f. 343, . 128 60-62. Macularia constantinac Forbes. Ibid. f. 329, 331, 333, 129 63-65. Macularia rerayana Mouss. -Ibid, iv, f. 978, . . 145 6<>. Macularia fleurati Bourg. Ibid. N. F. iii, f. 338, . . 129 67, 68. Macularia bond uel liana Bourg. Rev. et. Mag. Zool. 1863, t, 7, f. 1, 3, . 140 69-71. Macularia atlasica Mouss. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1121, 134 PLATE 38. >, 75. Macularia codringtonii Gray. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1811, 1825, . . . 143 >. Macularia codringtonii var. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 63, . . 143 [. Macularia codringtonii var. parnassia Roth. Ibid, iii, f. 896, '143 -77. Macularia crassa Pfr. Ibid. vi. f. 1819, 1820, . . 144 \ Muculuriu minoricensis Mittre. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon, ii, t. 43, f. 506, . .148 II. Macularia minoricensis Mittre. Ibid, i, t. 30, f. 29, 30, 33, 148 >, 83. Iberus globularis. Rossm. ii, fig. 442, . . . 206 t, 85. Iberus globularis var. conspicua Ben. Test, del Sicilia, t. 2, f. 11, . ' ,..'•'• 2()7 86-88. Macularia massylaea Morel. Rossm. N. Folge.iii, f. 312, 314, . . . . 144 PLATE 39. 89, 90, 91, 92. Macularia lactea Miill. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. t. 28, f. 309, 130 90-92. Macularia lactea Miill. Ibid. t. 38, f. 444, 443, 440, 130 93-94. Macularia lactea Miill. Ibid. t. 28, f. 316, 317, . 130 !>f>, 90. Macularia lactea Miill. Ibid, t, 10, f. 95, 99, . . 130 97. Macularia lactea var. alybensis Kob. Rossm. Icon. N. F. i, f. 67, . ' 130 98. Macularia bleicheri Palad. Ibid. f. 70, . . . . 132 99-100. Macularia punctata Miill. Hidalgo Cat. Icon. t. 11, f. 102, t. 44, f. 519, . 131 1-3. Macularia bogliariensis Deb. , Rossm. N. Folge, iii, t. 64, f. 323, 327, 129 4, 5. Macularia prsedisposita Mouss. Jahrb. d. Mai. Gesell. i, t. 4, f. 6, ' 145 284 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. PLATE 40. 6, 7. Macularia punica Morel. Rossm. K F. iii, t. 63, f. 318, 320, . . 129 8, 9. Macularia punica Morel. Jour, de Conch. 1851, t. 9, f. 3, 4, .129 10. Hemicycla barckeriana Mabille. Nouv. Arch. Mus. 1885, t. 18, f. 22, . , . . . . . . . 157 11. Macularia atavorum Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 15, . . 131 12. Hemicycla ledrui Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 15, . . . 162 13. Macularia ahmarina Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 16, . . 131 14. 15. Macularia lucasii Desh. Rossm. i, f. 549, 550, . . 132 16. Macularia hieroglyphicula var. integrivittis Ancev. Ibid. ii, f. 556, ; .133 17-19. Macularia hieroglyphicula Mich. Ibid. f. 555, . 133 20-22. Macularia alabastrites Mich. Ibid. f. 557, 559, . 134 23-25. Macularia alcyone Kobelt. Ibid. N. F. i. f. 103, . 134 PLATE 41. 26, 27. Macularia juilletti Terver. Rossm. Icon. N. F. iii, f. 390, 393, 134 28, 29. Macularia beguirana Debeaux. Ibid. f. 388, . . 135 30, 31. Macularia wagneri Rossm. Ibid. f. 389, . . .136 32, 33. Macularia jourdauiana Bourg. Ibid. vol. iv, f. 379, 136 34, 35. Macularia arichensis Debeaux. Ibid. N. F. iii, f. 394, 136 36. Macularia arichensis v. crassidens Deb. Rossm. Icon. N. F. iii, f. 395, 137 37. Macularia zaffarina Terver. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 93, . . 137 38. Macularia zaffarina v. zelleri Kob. Ibid. f. 96, . . 138 39. Macularia dupotetiana Terver. Ibid. f. 90, . . . 1« 40. 41. Macularia brevieri Pechaud. Ibid. N. F. iii, f. 397, 398, 42, 43. Macularia xanthodon Anton. Ibid. vol. iv, f. 1129, . 1! PLATE 42. 44-46. Macularia abrolena Bourg. Mai. de 1'Algerie i. t. 14, f. 1, 8, 9, . 139 | 47, 48. Macularia arabica Terver. Rossm. Icon, iv, t. 114, f. 1130, 139 49-51. Macularia odopacha Bourg. Ibid. N. F. i, f.^97, 52. Macularia odopacha Bourg. Mai. de PAlgerie, i, t. 14, f. 53. Macularia asteia Bourg. . Moll. Nouv. Litig. etc., t. 3, f. 6, . . . ^ . . . . .140 54. 55. Macularia senilis Morel. Jour, de Conch. 1851, t. 9, f. 5, 6, .140 56, 57. Macularia embia Bourg. Mai. de 1'Algerie i, t. 15, f. 1, 2, . .141 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 285 FIGURE. PAGE, 58, 59. Macularia pseudoembia Deb. Rossm. Icon. N. F. iii, f. 396, . 141 60. Macularia burini Bourg. Ibid. f. 399a, . . .141 61, 62. Macularia burini Bourg. Moll. Nouv. Litig. etc., t. 1, f. 10, 12, 141 63-65. Macularia tigri Gerv. Ibid. t. 1, f. 4, 6, 8, . . 141 66, 67. Macularia tigri var. dicallistodon Bourg. Rossm. Icon. X/F. iii, f. 402, 142 PLATE 43. 68, 69. Macularia tigri var. stereodonta Bourg. Rossm. Icon. X. F. iii, f. 400a, 142 70, 71. Macularia tiirri var. surrodonta Bourg. Ibid. f. 401 a, . 142 72. Macularia dastagui Bourg. Xouv. Litig. etc., i, t. 2, f. 3, 142 7-'>-75. Macularia hitusplicata Pfr. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1119, 144 70. Macularia moussonuma, Woll. Fauna Mai. Canaries, t. vi, f. 1, 145 "7. Macularia efferata Mouss. Ibid. t. iv, f. 2, . . 145 '8-80, 82. Macularia alonensis Fer, Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. Moll. Terr. Esp. etc., t. 37, f. 428, 431, 432, 433, . 146 11. Macularia alonensis Fer. Ibid. t. 8, f. 74, . . .146 53-85. Macularia campesimi Ezq. Ibid. t. 7, f. 66-68, . 146 PLATE 44. >. Macularia carthaginiensis Rossm. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. Mol. Terr. Esp. etc., t. 9, f. 80-82, 85, ... 146 -92. Macularia loxana Rossm. Cat. Icon. Moll. Terr. Esp. etc. t. 44, f. 515, 517, 146 )3. Macularia loxana Rossm. Ibid. t. 34, f. 394, . . .146 )4-96. Macularia guiraoana Rossm. Ibid. t. 6, f. 54, 55, 58, 147 17-100. Macularia alcarazana Guirao. Ibid. figs. 210, 212, 474, 475, 147 1-3. Macularia marmnrata Fer. Ibid. t. 44, f. 512,-514, . 147 4-9. Macularia splendida Drap. Ibid. t. 21, f. ... 147 , 11. Macularia raymondi Moq. Jour, de Conch. 1851, t. 9, f. 7, 8, 149 -14. Macularia beaumieri Mouss. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1124, 148 15-17. Macularia vermiculosa Morel. Jour, de Conch. 1880, t. 2,f.5, . . 149 PLATE 45. 8-20. Carapylsea phseolsema Bottg. . . . .87 21. Campy kea nubigena Charp. Jour, de Conch. 1853, t. 3, f. 7, . 84 -24. Campylsea dragorichi Zelebor. Xovit. Conch, iii, t, 108, f. 25-27, ... 84 286 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 25. Campylsea debettee Adanri. Moll. Fauna. O-Ungarns, etc. fig. 59, . .94 26, 27. Campylsea pindica Bottg. Jalirb. d. Mai. Gesell. 1886, t. 2, f. 3, . 96 28, 29. Campylsea Avalteri Bottg 98 30-s32. Campylsea choristochila Bottg. Jahrb. d. Mai. Gesell. 1886, t. 2, f. 5, . . . ... 102 33. Campykea caroti, var. viperina Maltz. Rossm. Icon. X. Folge, iii, fig. 375, 113 34. Campylsea caroti, var. spectrum Maltz. Ibid. fig. 376, . 113 35-37. Campylsea hazavana Clessin. Moll. Fauna. O-Ungarns etc fig. 65, 89 38-40. Eremiiui duroi Hidalgo. Jour, de Conch. 1886, PI. 8, %s. 1, 1, 2, . . .128 41. Tachea paretiana Issel. Bourg. Moll, litig etc. . . 130 PLATE 46. 43, 44. Macularia anoterodon Pechaud. Rossm. Icon. N. F. iii, f. 466, 138 45, 46. Macularia charieia Pechaud. Ibid. f. 475, 476, 47, 48. Macularia ghazouana Deb. Ibid. f. 478,. . 49, 50. Macularia lobethana Deb. Ibid. f. 468, . 51-53. Macularia bailloni Deb.. Ibid. f. 474, 54-56. Macularia subjobaeana Kobelt. Ibid. f. 472, 57-59. Macularia jobaena Crosse. Ibid. f. 473, . 61, 62. Macularia denansi Kob. Rossm. Icon. N. F. iii, f. 477, . . -,... ..- 63a. Eremina duroi var. minor Kob. Ibid. f. 463, 64, 65. Hemicycla agsetana Mabille. Xouv. Arch. Mas. t. 17, f. 3, V. 66, 67. Hemicycla thoryna Mabille. Ibid. t. 17, f. 15, PLATE 47. 68. Hemicycla helygaia Mabille. Nouv. Arch, du Mus. 2d. Ser.vii, t. 18," f. 17, 69. Hemicycla stulta Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 3, . 70. Hemicycla verneaui Mabille. Ibid. t. 19, f. 2, 71. Hemicycla crypsidoma Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 14, . 72. Hemicycla ephora Mabille. Ibid.-t. 18, f. 19, 73. Hemicycla cardiobola Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 21. . 74. Hemicycla thanasima Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 5, 75. Hemicycla cacoplasta Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 13, . 76. Hemicycla baia Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 6, . 77. Hemicycla perrieri Mabille. Ibid. 1. 18, f. 1, 78. Hemicycla glyceia Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 18, 79. Hemicycla justini Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 4, . 80. Hemicycla idryta Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 9, . REFERENCE TO PLATES. 287 ^FIGURE. PAGE. 81. Hemicycla empeda Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 7, . .170 82. Hemicycla cateucta Mabille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 3, . .158 83. Hemicycla hedonica Mabille. Ibid, t, 18, f. 10, . . 161 84. 85. Hemicycla bathycampa Mabille. Ibid. t. 15,. f. 1, / 157 80. Hemicycla* subgravida Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 16, . . 157 87, 88. Hemicycla thaumalea Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 3, . 152 89. Hemicycla carta Mabille. Jbid. t. 18, f. 20, . . 166 PLATE 48. 90. Campylsea planospira var. kobeltiana Clessin. . .90 91. Campylsea planospira var. ullepitschei Westrld. . . 90 92. 93. Campylgea zonella Pfr 110 94 95. Allognathus graellsiana (= grateloupi). Hidalgo, Cat, Icon. t. 4, f. 34, 35, . . . . . '. 150 96, 97. Hemicycla bituminosa Mabille. Nouv. Arch du Mus. 2(1 Ser. vii, t. 18, f. 17, 184 98, 99. Hemicycla bathycoma Mabille. Nouv. Arch, du Mus., ' vii, t. 16,* f. 9, , . . .153 100, 101. Hemicycla evergasta Mabille. Ibid. t. 17, f. 1, . 171 1, 2. Hemicycla janthina Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 10, . 156 3, 4. Hemicycla sabiniana Mahille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 5, . 154 5, 6. Hemicycla cacopista Mabillq. Ibid. t. 16, f. 1, . 158 7, 8. Hemicycla riprochi Mabille. Ibid. t. 17, f. 2, . .155 9-11. Hemicycla hedybia Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 8, . . 176 12, 13. Hemicycla idiotrypa Mabille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 15, . 168 14-10. Hemicycla maugeana Shutt. Ibid. t. 17, f. 6, . . 175 17, 18. Hemicycla amblasmodon Mabille. Ibid. 1. 15, f. 2, . 179 19, 20. Hemicycla thespesia Mabille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 4, . 183 21, 22. Hemicycla ephedrophila Mabille. Ibid. 1. 15, f. 18, .155 PLATE 49. 23-25. Hemicycla bathyclera Mabille. Nouv. Arch, du Mus., vii, t. 15, f. 10, . . . . . . . . 172 22 81-83. Hemicycla guamartemes Grasset. Jour, de Conch. 1857, t. 13, f. 3, 174 84, 85. Leptaxis serta Albers. Novit. Conch i, t. 12, f. 8-10, 193 86. Hemicycla invernicata Mouss. Ibid, iv, t. 124, f. 13, . 174 87, 88. Hemicycla consobrina Fer. Ibid. t. 124, f. 14, 15, . 171 89, 90. Hemicycla distensa Mouss. Ibid. t. 124, f. 20, 21, . 175 91. Hemicycla fritschi Mouss. Ibid. t. 124, f. 12, . . 170 92, 93. Leptaxis advena W. et. B. Kiister Conch Cab. t. 70, f. 13, 14, 192 94. Hemicycla maugeana Shutt. Ibid. t. 71, f. 15, . 175 95. Leptaxis vulcanica Lowe. Ibid. t. 154, f. 13, 96. Leptaxis vulcanica Lowe. Reeve, Con. Icon., f. 843, . 190 97. Plebecula bowditchiana Fer. Fer., Hist., iii, t. 28B, f. 5, 187 PLATE 51. 98. 99. Plebecula punctulata Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ed. 2, t. 123, f. 5, 6, 187 1, 2. Plebecula punctulata Sowb. Fer. Hist, iii, t, 28 B, f. 3, 4, 187 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 289 FIGURE. PAGE. 3, 4. Plebecula punctulata Sowb. Kuster, Conch Cab. ed. 2, t. 93, f. 15, 16, 187 5-8. Leptaxis azorica Alb. Mon. Hist. Nat. Azores, t. 2, f. 2, 196 9, 10. Leptaxis fluctuosa Lowe. Albers, Mai. Maderensis, t. 17, f. 13, 14, 198 11, 12. Leptaxis undata Lowe. Fer., Hist, iii, t. 46A, f. 1, 189 13, 14. Leptaxis exornata Desh. Ibid. t. 17A, f. 9, 10, . 198 15-17. Leptaxis furva Lowe. Kuster, Conch. Cab. ed. 2, t. 29, f. 20-22, 192 18. Leptaxis nivosa Sowb. Ibid. t. 7, f. 8, . . . . 190 19. Plebecula anaglyptica (= nitidiuscula). Reeve, Con. Icon., f. 883, 188 20-22. Plebecula hartungi Alb. Kuster, Conch. Cab. ed. 2, t. 159, f. 35-37, 189 23, 24. Leptaxis leonina Lowe. Ibid. t. 72, f. 6, 7, . . 190 25-27. Plebecula lurida Lowe. Ibid. t. 155, f. 31-33, . 188 28. Leptaxis simia Fer (— erubescens). Fe>., Hist., iii, t. 28B, f. 2, . . . . ... . . .191 29-31. Leptaxis drouetiana Mor. Mor., Hist. Nat. Azores, t. 2, f. 5, .... .... 197 32. Leptaxis psarnmophora Lowe. Mai. Maderensis, t. 17, f. 15, . . . . 191 33-35. Plebecula nitidiuscula Sowb. Kuster, Conch. Cab. ed. 2, t. 94, f. 5-8, 188 36-38. Leptaxis terceirana Mor. Mor. Hist. Nat. Azores, t. 2, f. 4, .197 39-41. Leptaxis caldierarum Mor. et Dr. Ibid. t. 2, f. 3, . 196 42-44. Irus eutropis Shutt. Novit. Conch, iv, 1. 122, f. 28-30, 38 45, 46. Leptaxis membranacea Lowe. Kuster, t. 161, f. 14, 15, 201 47-49. Leptaxis cuticula Shutt. Novit. Conch., iv, t. 123, f. 4-6, 201 50-52. Leptaxis chrysomela Pfr. Kuster, t. 113, f. 6-8, . 198 53, 54. Leptaxis bollei Alb. Novit. Conch., i, t. 12, f. 5, 7, 194 55, 56. Leptaxis webbiana Lowe. Kuster, t. 52, f. 5, 6, . 200 57, 58. Leptaxis bocagei (== webbiana). Jour, de Conch. 1866, t. 11, f. 4, 200 59, 60. Leptaxis wollastoni Lowe. Kuster, t. 152, f. 15, 16, 199 PLATE 52. 61-63. Leptaxis myristica Shutt. Specimen, . . . 194 64. Leptaxis myristica var. arangoi Dohrn. Specimen, . 194 68. Hemicycla callipona Mabille. Nouv. Arch, du Mus., 2nd. Ser. vii, t. 18, f. 8, 160 69-71. Hemicycla pouchet Fer. Specimen, . . . 167 72-74. Plebecula canicalensis Lowe. Specimen, . . . 188 7~>. Leptaxis undata Lowe. Specimen, .... 189 76. Leptaxis vulcanica Lowe. Specimen, .... 190 19 290 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 77. Leptaxis leonina Lowe. Specimen, . 190 78-80. Leptaxis nivosa Sowb. Specimen, . . . .190 81-83. Leptaxis erubescens Lowe. Specimens, . . . 191 84, 85. Leptaxis ad vena W. et B. Specimen, . . .192 86. Leptaxis fluctuosa Lowe. Specimen, . ... . 198 87-89. Leptaxis portosanctana Sowb. . . . . .199 90. Leptaxis lowei Fer. Specimen, ..... 200 PLATE 53. 1-4. Iberus segestana Phil. Rossm. Icon, vii, f. 1865, 1868, 203 5. Iberus segestana Phil. Ibid. 1867, . . . .203 6-8. Iberus gualteriana L. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. t. 5, f. 48, 51, 52 202 9, 10. Iberus laurenti Bourg. Rossm. Icon. N. F. i, f. 98, . 202 11-13. Iberus laurenti Bourg. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. t. 33, f. 375- 378, 202 14—21. Iberus scabriuscula DesK. Rossm. Icon., vii, 1. 185, f. 1858-1862, 203 17, 18. Iberus segestana Phil. Ibid. f. 1852, . . .203 22, 23. Hemicycla berkeleii Lowe. Novit. Conch., iv, 1. 123, f. 7, 8, . . .186 24-26. Hemicycla quadricincta Mor. Ibid, ii, t. 72, f. 13-15, 182 PLATE 54. 1-3. Iberus platychela Mke. Rossm. ii, f. 443-445, . . 209 4-6. Iberus platychela var. Ibid, i, f. 1112, 1119, 1118, . 209 7, 8. Iberus grohmanni Phil. Ibid, ii, f. 448, . . . 205 9-12. Iberus platycheloides Kob. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 57, . 211 13-16. Iberus sicana Fer. Ibid, ii, f. 446, 447, 594, 596, . 213 17-19. Iberus sicanoides Kob. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 56, . . 213 20, 21. Iberus gyrostoma Fer. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 61, . . 212 22, 23. Iberus hospitans Bon. Ibid, i, f. 240, 241, . . 215 24-26. Iberus inelitensis Fer. Ibid, iv, f. 1118, . . .207 27-29. Iberus bottgeri Kob. Ibid. K F. i, f. 59, . . 211 30-33. Iberus tetuanensis Kob. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 58, . . 213 PLATE 55. 34, 35. Iberus paciniana Phil. var. Rossm. Icon., v, f. 1186, 204 36-38. Iberus paciniana Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 128, f. 8-10, ' . ... .204 39-41. Levantina kurdistana Parr. Rossm. Icon., v, et K F. i, f. 65, 1169, .230 42-44. Levantina dschulfensis Dub. Vorderas. Conch., t. iii, f. 17, 18, 45, 46. Levantina spiriplana Ol. Rossm. Icon., ii, f. 682, 682a, 226 47-49. Levantina escheriana Mouss. Vorderas. Conch., t. iii, f. 19, 230 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 291 FKJURK. PAGE. 50. Levantina michoniana Bourg. Rossm., Icon., v, f. 1167, 229 51, 52. Levantina guttataOl. Vorderas. Conch., t. ii, f. 15, 16, 228 53, 54. Levantina malziana Parr. Rossm., Icon., v, f. 1166, 227 PLATE 56. 1. Pomatia ligata var. campana, Tib. ..... 243 2, 3. Pomatia ligata var. pomatella Tib. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1040, 1041, 243 4. Pomatia ligata var. albescens Jan. Ibid, ii, f. 585. . 244 5. Pomatia ligata Mull. Ibid, i, f. 290, . . . .242 6. 13. Pomatia asemnis (Bourg.) Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1032, . 246 7. Pomatia melanostoma Drap. Ibid, iv, f. 1036, . . 246 8. Pomatia melanostoma var. Candida. Ibid, ii, f. 579, . 247 9. Pomatia melanostoma Dr. Ibid, ii, f. 576, . . . 246 10. Pomatia melanostoma var. vittata. Ibid, ii, f. 577, . 246 11, 12. Pomatia pachya var. texta. Ibid, iv, f. 1030, 1031, . 248 14, 15. Pomatia prasinata Roth. Ibid, iv, f. 1045, . . 252 PLATE 57. 16-18. Pomatia nordmanni Parr. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1047, 1048 . . . .251 19. Pomatia obtusata (= vulgaris.) Ibid, i, f. 288. . . 249 20, 21. Pomatia buchii Dub. Ibid. iv. f. 1028, 1029, . . 238 22, 24. Pomatia pomacella Parr. Rev. Zool. 1860, t. 5, f. 3, 4, . .247 24. Pomatia secernenda Rossm. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 289, . 242 25. Pomatia engaddensis Bourg. Ibid, iv, f. 1044, . . 258 26. Pomatia cincta Mull. Ibid, i, f. 287, . . . .245 27. Pomatia anctostoma Mart. Ibid, iv, f. 1034, . . . 244 28. Pomatia cavata Mouss. Ibid, iv, f. 1054, . . .252 29. Pomatia radiosa Zgl. Ibid, ii, f. 556, . . . .241 30. Pomatia figulina Parr. Ibid, ii, f. 580, . . . .247 PLATE 58. 31-35, 37, 38. Pomatia aspersa Mull. Rossm, Icon. K F. iii, f. 351, etc . . .235 36. Pomatia aspersa Mull. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. t. 1, f. 3, . 235 39-41. Pomatia pomatia L. Fer. Hist. Moll, iii, t. 21, f. 1, 7, 4, 236 42-44. Pomatia aperta Born. Rossm. Icon. N. F. iii, f. 370, 366, 368, 254 PLATE 59. 45, 46. Pomatia vulgaris Parr. Rev. Zool. 1860, t. 7, f. 6. 7, 249 47, 48. Pomatia pycnia Bourg. Rev. Zool. 1860, t. 6, f. 7, 9, 253 49. Pomatia lutescens Zgl. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 292, . . 250 50, 51. Pomatia malzani Kob. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 100, . . 254 292 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 52, 53. Pomatia onixiomicra Bourg. Rev. Zool. 1860, t. 3, f. 2, 3, . . 240 54, 55. Pomatia mazzullii Jan. Amen. Mai. ii, t. 22, f. 3, . 235 57. Pomatia mazzullii var. quincayensis. Ibid. t. 22, f. 6, . 235 56. Pomatia mazzullii var. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 298, . . 235 58. Pomatia niahometana (— castanea.) Rev. Zool. 1860, t. 4, f. 5, . . . . 239 PLATE 60. 59-65. Iberus serpentina Fer. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1178-1181, 214 66, 67. Iberus posidoniensis. Ibid. f. 1171, . . . .219 68-70. Iberus muralis var. crispata Ben. Ibid. f. 1182, 1183, 206 71-73. Iberus orgonensis Phil. (== muralis.) Dupuy, Moll. France, t. 5, f. 1, . .205 74, 75. Iberus provincialis Ben. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1187, . 208 76-80. Iberus carsoliana var. uzzielUana Paul. Ibid. f. 1174-1176, . . 220 SI. 82. Iberus circumornata Fer. Fer. Hist, iii, t. 41, f. 2, . 222 -83-85. Iberus nebrodensis Pir. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1114, 1115, 220 86-88. Iberus scherzeri Zel. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 60, . . . 212 89-91. Iberus nebrodensis Pir. Ibid, iv, f. 1117, . . .220 92, 93. Iberus marianme Kob. Ibid, v, f. 1177, . . 222 94, 95. Iberus cenestinensis C. et D, Jour, de Conch. 1869, t. 5, f. 7, . . 216 96, 97. Iberus oberndorfferi Kob. Rossm. Icon. N. F. i, f. 62, ... . . 217 PLATE 61. 98, 99. Hemicycla semitecta Mouss. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 123, f. 16, 17, 181 100, lOOa, lOOb. Levantina caesareana Parr. Rossm. Icon. ' v, f. 1164, 1165, .227 1, 2. Hemicycla plutonia Lowe. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 123, f. 12, 13, . 181 3, 4. Hemicycla gomerensis Morel. Ibid. t. 123, f. 9, 10, . 185 5, 6. Hemicycla planorbella Lam. Ibid. t. 123, f. 18, 19, . 180 7, 8, 9, 10. Hemicycla planorbella v. incisogranulata. Ibid. ii, t. 72, f. 8, 9, 11, 12 . 180 11. Hemicycla harmonica Mouss. Ibid, iv, t. 123, f. 11, 12. Hemicycla villiersii Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 838, . 180 13-14. Macularia embia Bourg. Rossm. Icon. N. S. iii, f. 467, ' . . -140 16. Hemicycla pouchet Fer. Fer. Hist, iii, t. 42, f. 3, . . 167 17-19. Iberus hospitans var, alabastrina Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. viii, t. 6, f. 1, 216 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 293 FIGURE. PAGE. 20-22. Iberus serpentiua var. jaspidea Moq.-Tand. Ibid. t. 4, f. 4, 5, . . . . . ... . .215 23-25. Iberus serpentina var. isara3 Paul. Ibid. t. 4, f. 7, . 215 PLATE 62. 26-27. Iberus scabriuscula var. drepanensis. 111. Sicil. t. 4, f. 32, .... ..... 204 28-30. Iberus scabriuscula var. selinuntina Phil. Ibid. t. 8, f. 11, 203 31, 31. Iberus scabriuscula var. explanata Ben. Specimens. 204 32-34. Iberus vieta (— paciniana.) Rossm. Icon, i, t. 17, f. 232, 204 35-37. Iberus muralis Mull. Ibid. f. 230, . . . .205 38-39. Iberus muralis var. undulata Mich. 111. Sicil. t. 2, f. 8, 206 40, 41. Iberus muralis var. costulata Ben. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1182, 205 42, 43. Iberus muralis var. rugosa Zgl. Ibid, i, f. 231a, . 205 44-46. Iberus muralis var. alutacea Paul. Faun. Mai. Calabria, t, 7, f. 2, 2a, 2b 206 47, 48. Iberus muralis var. alutacea Paul. Ibid. f. 3b, 4, . 206 49, 50. Iberus globularis var. undulata Kob. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1184, 207 51, 52. Iberus globularis var. tarentina Kob. Ibid. t. 1190, 207 53. Iberus platychela var. rosalise Ben. Ibid. iv. f. 1108, . 209 54-56. Iberus melitensis var. caruanse Pils. Specimen. . 208 57-60. Iberus aschera^ Kob. Rossm. Icon, vii, f. 1854, 1856, 1857 210 PLATE 63. 26-28. Iberus leachi Fer. Conch. Mittheil; i, t. 5, f. 11, 13, 203 29-31. Iberus serpentina var. isilensis Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. viii, t. 4, f. 6, . .215 32-34. Iberus pudiosa Paul. Ibid. t. 3, f. 6, . . . 217 35-37. Iberus villica Paul. Ibid. t. 3, f. 3, . . . . 218 38. Hemicycla digna Mouss. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 123, f. 3, . 186 39. Pomatia lucorum var. euphratica. Jahrb. d. Mai. Gesell, xiii, t. 3, f. 6, 240 40-42. Iberus sultana Mor. Jour, de Conch. 1880, t. 2, f. 4, 202 43-45. Levantiua mazenderanensis Nev. Rossm. Icon. N. F. i, f. 102, 229 46-48. Pomatia christophi Bottg. Ibid. f. 66, . . .251 49, 50. Pomatia pathetica Parr. Ibid, v, f. 1479, . . 248 PLATE 64. 4, 5. Macularia apalolena Bourg. ..... 132 6-8. Hemicycla villiersii d'Orb. Hist. Nat. lies. Canaries, t. 3, f. 12-14, 180 9, -10. Iberus carse Cantraine. Mai. Medit. t. 5, f. 7, 7a, . 216 294 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE.- 11-13. Iberus carse var. adjaciensis Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. viii, t. 6, f. 3, 216 14, 15. Iberus niciensis Fer. Moq.-Tand. Moll. France, 1. 12, f. 6, 7, . 214 16-18. Iberus niciensis Fer. Rossm. Icon., ii, f. 601, 602, . 214 19, 20. Iberus provincialis Ben. 111. Sicil., t. 2, f. 14, . 208- 21, 22. Iberus tiberiana Ben. Rossm. v, f. 1185, . . 206- 23, 24. Iberus platy chela, var. iparia Ben. 111. Sicil. t. 2, f. 13, 209 25-27. Iberus tetrazona Jan. Rossm. ii, f. 508, . . . 218 28, 29. Iberus strigata var. apula Blanc. Ibid, vii, f. 1835, . 219 30, 31. Iberus strigata var. umbrica Charp. Ibid, v, f. 1170, 218- 32-34. Iberus strigata var. fuscolabiata Rossm. Ibid. f. 1172, 1173, .......... 219- PLATE 65. 35, 36. Iberus carsoliana, var. uniarmata Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. vii, t. 3, f. 3, 220' 37, 38. Iberus carsoliana, var. milettiana Paul. Ibid. t. 3 f. 2, 220- 39-41. Iberus carsoliana, var. persianii Tib. Bull. Soc. Mai. Belg. xiii, t. 2, f. 6, 220- 42-44. Iberus carsoliana, Fer. Fer., Hist., t. 41, f. 1, . 219* 45-47. Iberus huetiana Ben. Rossm. Icon., 1189, 1852, . 221. 48, 49. Iberus eugenia Pfr. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1188, . . 221 50, 51. Iberus strigata var. surrentina. Krister, t. 113, f. 11, 12, 218- 52, 56. Iberus nebrodensis Pir. Rossm. Icon, vii, f. 1848, 1849, 1851, 221 57, 58. Iberus mariannse Kobelt. Ibid. f. 1832, . . .222 59, 60. Iberns marianna? var. peucetana. Ibid. f. 1834, . 222 61-65. Iberus signata Fer. Ibid. f. 686, 1845, 1846, 1847, . 223 66-68. Iberus forsythi Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xii, t. 2, f. 1, 223 69, 70. Iberus forsythi var. orta Paul. Ibid. t. 2, f. 2, . 22& PLATE 66. 71, 72. Levantina spiriplana Oliv. Specimen. . . . 226: 73, 74. Levantina guttata Oliv. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1160, . 228 75-77. Iberus saxetana Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xii, t. 2, f. 3, 224 78-80. Aegista hupeana Gredlr. Ann. K. K. Naturhist, Hofmus. Wien. ii, t. 11, f. 4-6, . . . . 259 80a. Leptaxis vetusta Mor. Hist. Nat. Acores, t, 5, f. 12, .198 80 b. Leptaxis leptostyla Dohrn. Specimen. . . .195 80c. Leptaxis visgeriana Dohrn. Specimen. . . . 193 81—83. Levantina dschulfensis Dub. Bourg. Amen. Mai. ii, t. 12, f. 7-9, .228 84-86. Iberus carsoliana v. marrucina. Bull. Soc. Mai. Belg. xiii, t. 2, f. 5, 219 87, 88. Levantina bellardi Mouss. Rossm. v, f. 1168, . . 231 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 295 IFIGURE. PAGE. 89. Levantina bellardii var. occlusa. Bourg. Moll. Litig. etc. i, t. 15, f. 5, . . . . . ^ . .231 90-92. Levantina ceratomma Pfr. Novit. Conch, i, t. 12, f. 1, 3, 4, . . . . % 231 92a, 92b. Iberus strigata Mull, Rossm. Icon., vii, f. 1837, . 218 PLATE 67. 93. Pomatia lucorum Mull. Rossm. i, f. 291, . . . 239 94. Pomatia lucorum var. rumelica Mouss. Ibid. f. 1026, . 240 96. Pomatia lucorum var. elongata Bourg. Ibid. 1027, . 240 95. Pomatia lucorum var. taurica Kryn. Ibid. f. 1481, . 241 97. Pomatia lucorum var. euphratica Mart. Ibid. f. 1023, . 240 98. Pomatia pachya Bourg. Amen. Mai. ii, t. 21, f. 8, 6, . 248 99. Pomatia subplicata Sowb. Specimen 236 100. Pomatia philibinensis Rossm. Rossm. ii, f. 581, . . 249 1. Pomatia ligata var. calabrica Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1037, . 243 2. Levantina ghilanica Mouss. Ibid, v, f. 1384, . . 231 3. Levantina ghilanica Mouss. Jour, de Conch. 1876, t. 2, f. 4, 231 4-6. Iberus argentarolse Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xii, t. 1, f. 5, 5a, 5b, 223 7. Cochlicella opposita Mouss. Jour, de Conch. 1887, t. 12, f. 2, 257 PLATE 68. 8. Pomatia pomatia L. var. sabulosa Hazay. Rossm, Icon. vi, f. 1971, . 237 9. Pomatia pomatia var. hajnaldiana Haz. Ibid. f. 1975, . 237 10. Pomatia pomatia var. sabulosa Hazay. Ibid. f. 1972, . 237 11. Pomatia pomatia var. gesneri Hartm. Ibid., v, f. 14^8, 237 12. Pomatia schliiffli Mouss. Ibid., v, f. 1477, . . . 241 13. 14. Pomatia tristis Pfr. Ibid., iv, f. 1049, . . .255 15. Pomata pomatia var. pulskyana Hazay. Ibid., vi,f. 1969, 237 16. Pomatia nilotica Bourg. Moll, litig., etc. i, t. 2, f. 10, . 249 17-19. Iberus ragusse Kob. Rossm. Icon., N. F. i, f. 115, . 208 20, 21. Pomatia lutescena Zgl. Ibid., v, f. 1486, . . 250 22, 23. Xeroleuca cyclostremoides Sowerby. P. Z. S., 1888, t. 11, f. 14, 256 PLATE 69. 24, 25. Pomatia godetiana Kobelt. Rossm. Icon., vii, f. 1807, 1808, . 253 26. Pomatia figulina Parr. Specimen, .... 247 27. Pomatia asemnis Bourg. Amenites Mai. i, t. 24, f. 4, . 245 28. Pomatia cincta Mull. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 584, . . 245 29. Pomatia vulgaris var. bicinata Dub. Ibid, v, f. 1485, . 250 30. Pomatia ambigua Parr. Specimen. .... 244 •31. Pomatia ambigua var. thiesseana Kob. Rossm. Icon., vii, f. 1805, 244 296 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 32, 33. Pomatia cavata Mouss. Ibid, v, f. 1488. . . . 252 34, 35. Lysinoe humboldtiana Val. Moll. Mex. et 1'Am. Cent. t. 11, f. 1, la 260 36. Lysinoe humboldtiana Val. Specimen, . . . 260 37. Lysinoe humboldtiana var. buffbniana Pfr. Moll. Mex. et 1'Am. Cent. t. 11, f. 2, 260 PLATE 1 23 30 HELICID^G. PLATE 2 HELICID^. PLATE 3 98 95 89 93 100 90 96 97 12 13 10 11 15 16 17 80 18 29 S2 £3 24- © 25 26 27 31 32 33 t HELICID.4E. PLATE 4 ™ ™ *1 4.2 35 3 o 4-0 65 73 75 77 80 HELICID^S. 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