eo hy > , . yee pis, a ase. the os poi NY ths aaah Uh 1? ky A So . (poe rea : if i : ¥ . : q - * ; \ ay 7 \ ; ‘ ? HU ‘ . { t . ‘ t ce ut . 4 , : . s r ' . : 5 ‘ Ue H 2 ? ; ( : = L le . A “ i eS 4 4 4 k ba i , 3 \ . ; / : d yk : . 2 Ne i { ‘ t 3 + ’ AP Fi ' ¥ bee. 4 ' 1 i U i > : 5 ‘ eryten f aS i ‘i i * Es Patt ; rE ¥ ee | ut an ‘ Lae eed ‘3 rt : ‘ ral / t , t ‘ b . 4 ‘ + ary = , r ‘ i rat ' ‘ Phy kas f bb nae ta , } } ' pe OP a ei eRe ; : ie het ‘ oe . 7 ; i ne yi hen ‘f rf " ‘ 4 ‘ u : tod pct’ ayn 4 ; " ' ' : vee ae re : H " t f $ ‘ ‘ Aya ey, iF , a sera pane Sat ta Pai Mae o 0 cb2e9T00 THEO OD MUM IOHM/18 IN PLATE 1 NERITID#@. ape ACL OF PONGHOLOGY: STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. Wiolee NERITIDA, ADEORBIIDA, CYCLOSTREMATIDA, LIOTIIDA, By Gro. W. TRYON Jr. PHASIANELLINA, TURBINIDA, DELPHINULIN~. By Henry A. Piispry. PHILADELPHIA: Published by the Conchological Section, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. 19TH AND RACE STS. 1888. Hi Ga Se nae in ane CWea, ul AT Teele | eo nae Ae am Pha Oya heres See vat al 4 ¢ Eerie 1 Bala MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY., Monograph of the Families Neritide, Neritopside, Adeorbiide, Cyclostrematide, and Iiotiide. Famity NERITID. Animal with a broad, short muzzle, and long slender tentacles, with eyes on prominent pedicels at their outer bases, foot oblong, wide in front, attenuated behind, branchia long, triangular, pointed, free at its extremity, ventricle embracing the intestine, anus on the right side. Dentition: 813+ I -+ 3)1'8. The middle tooth small, sub- quadrangular, second central tooth very large, transverse, sub- rhomboidal, third and fourth central teeth very small; lateral tooth with reflected, simple or denticulated margin; marginal teeth nu- merous, narrow, curved, serrated. Pl. 1, figs. 2, 3. Shell imperforate, thick, semiglobose, porcellanous, spire very small, internally porcellanous, the cavity simple from the absorp- tion of the internal portion of the whorls by the animal (PI. 1, fig. 15), aperture semilunate, entire, the columellar lip flattened, septi- form, with a rectilinear, plain or dentate margin, outer lip rounded, sharp or thickened, not reflected. The impression of the adductor muscle is horse-shoe shaped, open in front, and is visible within the aperture. Operculum calcareous, usually subspiral, provided with projecting lobes on its inner face, the inner margin forming a pseudo-articula- tion with the columellar lip. Aquatic, although some species can live out of water; herbivor- ous. The Neritide have been monographed by: Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix, 1855. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii, and v. Von Martens, Kiister’s Conchylien Cabinet, 1879, 1881, 1887. The latter author has given for this family the most complete and carefully worked-up generic monographs that have lately appeared 4 NERITID. in either of the iconographies. JI have, in the main, followed his arrangement of the species, although a different disposition of some of the groups has appeared to me more desirable, and has accord- ingly been attempted. In the Neritinee Von Martens has made the opercular processes the basis of his classification, whilst I have con- sidered characters of the shell as of more importance ; the result is a different succession of groups, whilst their contents remain es- sentially alike. Synopsis of Genera. Genus NERITA, Adanson. 1757. Shell thick, smooth or spirally ridged and grooved, porcellanous, under a corneous adhering epidermis—sometimes wanting; outer lip thick, usually denticulated within, columellar lip flattened, its margin dentate, straight. Operculum calcareous, the outer face granulated or with a decurrent groove, paucispiral, with excentric nucleus, inner face callous, the apical and claviform apophyses well- marked, marginal apophysis more or less developed, corresponding with the groove of the outer face. Animal usually with festooned mantle margin. Living on rocks and stones, generally inactive by day, but said to be active at night, roaming about and feeding on algze, ete. Gregarious, and littoral, and nearly exclusively marine. About 200 living species have heretofore been recognized, in- habiting tropical and semitropical shores throughout the world. Sixty fossil species have been enumerated, but the earlier forms are somewhat doubtful, and may more probably be referred to Nerito- domus. Section Nerrra, Lamarck. 1799 (sensu stricto). Columellar lip granular or tuberculated. N. ansrcomua, Linn. Theliostyla, Morch. 1852, and Natere, Gray. 1858, are synonyms. Section PrLoronra, Oken. 1815. Columellar lip nearly smooth, its margin strongly dentate, outer lip dentate within. N. PELoRontTA, Linn. Tenare, Gray. 1858, is a synonym. Section Pra, Klein. 1753. Columellar lip rugosely grooved and ridged, its edge dentate, outer lip plicate within, with a large tooth at either extremity of the series. N. pricara, Linn. Ritena, Gray. 1858, is a synonym. On NERITID#. Section Opontostoma (Klein. 1753), Morch. 1852. Columellar lip smooth or nearly smooth, its margin dentate, outer lip scarcely denticulated within. N. ponrra, Linn. Subgenus Lissocu1Lus, Petho. 1882. Inner lip smooth, its margin not dentate, outer lip sharp, not thickened or dentate within. Triassic and Jurassic. N. sIGARETINA, Buv. Subgenus Orostoma, d’Archiac. 1859. Shell with longitudinal plications and very fine spiral lines, col- umellar lip thick, with dentate margin. Cretaceous of Europe, Algiers and Asia Minor. N. RuGosA, Heeningh. These fossils have usually lost the columellar lip and the inner layer of the outer lip, but traces of these destroyed parts are found upon casts. The discovery of a silicified specimen in good preser- vation and intact has proven the identity of Otostoma with Nerita ; its longitudinal plications will serve to distinguish it subgenerically. Lyosoma, White. 1882, appears to be synonymous. Its type is L. Powetut, White, from the Jurassic of Utah. Genus DESHAYESIA, Raulin. 1844. Shell subglobose, thick, umbilicated, spire short; aperture entire, semicircular, oblique, columella convex, denticulated, outer lip smooth internally. Eocene and Miocene; Paris and Bordeaux basins. D. Nerrrormes, Grat. Struct. and Syst. Conch. PI. 78, f. 59. This genus presents a very remarkable combination of the char- acters of Nerita and Natica, and appears to establish a passage be- tween those genera. Genus NERITINA, Lam. 1809. Shell imperforate, rather thin, globose, with short spire, usually smooth, columellar lip flattened, smooth, straight-margined, finely denticulated or smooth, outer lip sharp, not callously thickened or toothed within, aperture with a projection on the inner surface near the base of the columella (Pl. 1, fig. 16). . Operculum calcareous, completely closing the aperture; exteri- orly paucispiral with excentric nucleus, interiorly with an apical 6 NERITID&. and a claviform apophysis, both arising from the summit, and some- times a medio-marginal apophysis in addition, arising from the columellar or inner margin (PI. 1, figs. 9, 10). No important differences in the soft parts have been detected be- tween Nerita and Neritina. Dentition, Pl. 1, fig. 3. About 200 generally recognized species have been described. They are mostly fluviatile, but a few inhabit marine or brackish water, and a very few are of terrestrial habitat. They are mostly tropical and subtropical in distribution. Fossil, they occur from the liassic downwards, the pattern of coloring being well preserved ; the genus becomes numerous in species in the miocene and pliocene. The Neritinz are small, smooth, globular shells, ornamented with a great variety of black or purple lines, bands or spots, covered by a smooth, polished, horny epidermis. Some species are amphibious, clinging to the roots of Nipah palms and other trees on the mar- gins of rivers, while afew inhabit the foliage of tall trees that over- hang the water. Neritella (Humphrey. 1797), Gray. 1847, Lamprostoma, Swains. 1840, and Nerttea, Roth, aré synonyms. Section NERITINA (sensu stricto), Swainson. 1840. Lip sharp, columellar lip rather convex, with crenellated margin, parietal ridge well marked, dentiform, form ovoid with rather high spire, usually strigate. Operculum reddish or blackish, both pro- cesses well developed, separate. Fluviatile. N. ziazac, Lam. Section Puprerira, Gray. 1857. Shell white, with black zigzag strigations, yellowish within. Similar to the above, but marine. N. pupa, Linn. Section Nertropryas, Martens. 1869. Columellar margin smooth. Rib of the operculum deeply furrowed, multilobate at the tip, deeply excavated beneath. Terrestrial. N. cornnkEA, Linn. Inhabit damp foliage, Philippines, ete. Section THEopoxus, Montf. 1810. Transversely globose, smooth or nearly smooth, columellar mar- gin smooth. The claviform apophysis of the operculum distinct, the apical apophysis rudimentary. Fluviatile. Inhabits mostly rivers of Europe and Western Asia. NERITID 2. 7 Neritoglobus, Kobelt. 1871, Elea, Ziegler. 1833, and Neritoconus, Kobelt. 1871, are synonyms. N. FLUVIATILIS, Linn. Kobelt separates the species into two subsections, according to the globose or conical shape of the shell, but the latter form represents an abnormal growth, including specimens of species undoubtedly belonging normally to the former. Section Neriroponta, Brusina. 1884. Columella thickened, callous, columellar margin subdenticulated ; parietal apophysis projecting. N. Luxovict, Brusina. Tertiary of Dalmatia. The genera (!) Tripaloia, Letourn., and , Calvertia, Saint-Simonia, Petrettinia and Burgersteinia, Bourg., are identical. Section Neririir1a, Martens. 1879. Columella smooth ; operculum with a Bee erect spatulate pro- cess. N. succtinea, Recluz. Guadeloupe, W. I. Section SMARAGDIA, Issel. 1869. Eyes sessile at the base of the tentacles. Shell greenish, ob- liquely oval, with short spire; columellar area callous, the margin finely denticulate. N.vrripis, Linn. Marine. West Indies, Mediterranean, Pacific. Gaillardotia, Bourg. 1876, is a synonym. Section SrANnLEYA, Bourg. 1885. Brilliantly polished, transparent, spirally sulcate, imperforate, with large parietal callus, 3 sp. Lake Tanganyika. N. NERI- TOIDES, Smith. Section CLyPEoLuM, Recluz. 1850. Shell globular, oval or conic, covered by a corneous epidermis, columellar margin not dentate, outer lip prolonged upward on the spire in a tongue-like manner. Operculum colored, with well de- veloped apophyses, the claviform apophysis grooved. Fluviatile. Indo-Pacific. N. PULLIGERA, Linn. Section Nrertrona, Martens. 1869. Oval globular, with very short spire; peritreme widely developed, subcontinuous, columellar margin not denticulate. Operculum with the apical process depressed, flattened, lobate at the tip. F luviatile. N. LABIOSA, Sowb. Subgenus CrrrHon, Montfort. 1810. Shell coronated with tubercles, or short or long spines (sometimes unarmed), and covered by a corneous epidermis; margin of colum 8 NERITID #. ellar lip usually finely denticulated, often with a large superior tooth. Operculum with rib and apophyses well developed, the latter connected for half their length. The spines that usually ornament the whorls are tubular, and sometimes very long. They are fluviatile and tropical, crawling slowly, and only showing during locomotion the tentacles and tip of the muzzle; they seem to prefer a stony bottom, clear and free from weeds, and quiet water. N. LoncisprNna, Recluz. Subgenus NERIPTERON, Lesson. 1830. Shell flattened, biauriculated posteriorly, spire postero-lateral ; inner lip septiform, with non-denticulated margin, outer lip very much dilated behind. Operculum typical. Fluviatile. Polynesia. N. Tantrensis, Lesson. Section Anina, Recluz. 1842. Shell flattened, transversely dilated, lip irregularly expanded, sinuous, margin of inner lip finely denticulated. Operculum typi- cal. Fluviatile. Central America. N. LATIsstmA, Brod. Subgenus Dosrta, Gray. 1840. Shell sandal-shaped, solid, the apex completely posterior and a little lateral; peristome continuous and free; inner lip septiform, arcuated and denticulated in the centre of its margin. Operculum typical. Brackish water. Hast Indies. N.CREPIDULARIA, Lam. Genus VELATES, Montfort. 1810. Oval conic, spiral at the apex only; last whorl greatly enlarged, resembling Trochita externally; aperture basal, semicircular, its margin forming with that of the wide, flat columellar lip a circular outline, columellar margin dentate. Operculum as in Neritina. Tertiary of Europe, India, Madagascar, etc. V. PERVERSA, Linn. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 78, figs. 81, 82). Young individuals are Neritiniform, and the apex is completely lateral. Section VELATELLA, Meek. 1878. Shell small, oval; apex posterior, spiral, dextral, submedian. V. carprrorpes, Meek (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 78, figs. 85, 86) Laramie formation, N. America. NERITID®. S) Subgenus TomMosroma, Desh, 1823. Shell oval, apex slightly spiral, inclined posteriorly, base rounded. PILEOLUS NERITOIDES, Desh. Eocene, Europe. Calana, Gray, 1844, is a synonym. This group, resembling the recent Navicelle, has been referred by myself and others to Pileolus. Genus NERITOMA, Morris. 1849. Shell ventricose, thick, apex eroded; aperture with a notch in the middle of the outer lip, inner lip excavated in the middle, without teeth. Jurassic, Europe. N. ancuuara, Sowb. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 78, fig. 63). Casts of this shell are common, and exhibit the interior charac- teristic of the Nerites:—it was probably fluviatile. Subgenus Nerrpomvus, Morris and Lycett. 1850. Smooth, ovately globose, spire small, oblique; last whorl very large; aperture ovate or semilunar, outer lip thick, inner lip con- vex, smooth. Great Oolite, England. N. HEmMIspHmRICA, Romer. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 78, f. 64). Subgenus OncocuiLvs, Peth6. 1882. Shell smooth, columellar area covered by a swollen, thick callos- ity, the margin smooth or with two or three small teeth; outer lip sharp, smooth within. Triassic, Jurassic. N. GLoBULOsus, Klip- stein. Genus DEJANIRA, Stoliczka. 1860. Shell subglobose, consisting of a few whorls, the last one large, spirally grooved, often carinated posteriorly ; aperture large, sub- trigonal or oval-elongated, columellar lip callous, having three large plications, outer Jip sharp. Operculum calcareous, inner margin sinuous, with groove corresponding with columellar plication, inner face with an obtuse claviform apophysis. Lacustrine Cretaceous of Europe. D. BICARINATA, Stol. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 78, figs. 57, 58). Leymeria, Munier-Chalmas. 1884, is a synonym. Genus NAVICELLA, Lamark. 1809. Shell imperforate, oblong, smooth, limpet-like with a posterior, submarginal apex, clothed with a corneous epidermis, often eroded 10 NERITID. at the apex; aperture large, basal, with a small, not dentate col- umellar shelf, and elongated lateral muscular scars. Operculum much smaller than the aperture, irregularly subtetragonal ; labral margin subcartilaginous; columellar margin sinuous, partly bor- dered by a parietal apophysis, projecting at its extremity; apex vermicularly granulated on the inner face, with a few radiating striz on both faces (PI. 1, figs. 11, 12). Head large, eyes on long peduncles, foot large, regularly oval, attached on each side to the visceral mass, forming a cavity open behind, in which the operculum is partly buried. Dentition, Pl. 1, fig. 2. The species, about fifty in number, are exclusively East Indian and Polynesian in distribution. They are usually found on the banks of rivers adhering to floating sticks and to the petioles and roots of the Nipah palms and other plants that live near the water ; they are also found attached to smooth stones. The synonymy includes Septaria, Fer. 1807, which has priority, but has not usually found acceptance, Catil/us (Humphrey. 1797), Swainson. 1840. Section Crmper, Montf. 1810. Apex median, usually decorticated, projecting beyond the posterior margin. N. PORCELLANA, Linn. Dr. Gray has characterized three sections of this group, under the names of Laodia, Elana, and Paria, all in 1867: they are dis- tinguished partly from the opercula, partly from the shells. The former are so variable in their characters that they afford but slender material for systematic purposes. The following may per- haps be maintained : Subsection Parra, Gray. 1867. Septum projecting, and truncated in the middle. N. FReyCINETI, Recluz. Section Srenopoma, Gray. 1867. Apex median, posterior, submarginal, entire; shell generally narrow. N. Lrneatra, Lam. Section ELara, H. and A. Adams. 1854. Apex a little elevated above the posterior margin and laterally recurved. N. Lapryrovuset, Recluz. A Bh ~ ane ra », 7 Yo these Gray adds a group Orthopoma, 1867, characterized by an operculum only, the shell of which is unknown. MACLUREIDZ. ial Genus PILEOLUS (Cookson), Sowerby. 1825. Shell limpet-like, solid, circular or elliptical at the base, convex, with subcentral, non-spiral apex ; aperture small, semilunar; col- umellar septum convex, smooth or toothed, peritreme continuous. Operculum unknown. Fossil; Jurassic to Cretaceous. P. PLIca- Tus, Sowb. Subgenus GARGANIA, Guiscardi. 1856. Apex elevated, inclined backwards beyond the peritreme, surface radiately ribbed; lip with a central, internal depression. Creta- ceous. G. Broccutit, Guiscardi. Famiry MACLUREIDE Shell discoidal, few whorled, longitudinally grooved at the back, and slightly rugose with growth-lines ; dextral side convex, deeply and narrowly perforated, sinistral side flat, exposing the inner whorls. Operculum calcareous, solid, sinistrally subspiral, with two internal apophyses, one of them beneath the nucleus, very thick and rugose. Genus MACLUREA, Lesueur, em. 1818. The characters are those of the family, of which this is the sole genus. A dozen palzozoic species from North America and Scotland have been described. M. Locant, Salter. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 82, f. 8, 9); M. maena, Lesueur. (Ibid, t. 65, f. 10). Conchologists haye been at a loss where to place this singular genus; according to some it has been included in Solariidz; others have placed it in Pleurotomariide and in Atlantide. In my “Struc- tural and Systematic Conchology” I have given it a position be- tween Bellerophontidee and Haliotide. I think that Dr. Fischer’s removal of the group to the vicinity of Neritide, on account of the apophyses of the operculum, is a happy idea of that learned con- chologist. LZ Famity NERITOPSIDE. Animal with large head, and distant, elongated tentacles, the eyes on short peduncles at the exterior base, buccal orifice plicate, foot obtuse at either extremity, operculigerous disk surrounding the operculum, columellar muscle forming a ring interrupted above, mantle-margin thickened and papillary. Dentition, 8-1:(2--0-+-2)1'8, ele tie. Shell imperforate, neritiform, solid, columellar lip not dentate, the margin with a sinus in the middle. Operculum thick, calcareous, symmetrical, not spiral, with lateral, median nucleus, the exterior face convex, the interior face divided into two unequal parts, the columellar margin with a median appendage. Fossil opercula of this family, occurring frequently without the shell, were long objects of doubt to scientists, and have received the names of Peltarion, Deslongchamps. 1858 (Pl. 1, figs. 5, 6), Sea- phanidea and Cyclidea, Rolle. 1862, and Hypodema, Koninck. 1053, They have been supposed to be the beak of a cephalopod, a valve of a brachiopod or of a chiton, and an operculum of the polyp Calceola. Genus NERITOPSIS, Grateloup. 1832. General characters those of the family. Shell white, cancellated by spiral and longitudinal ridges and striz. Operculum having on its exterior face and columellar margin a large truncate appendage, interior face depressed, with a labral, semilunar, smooth part, and a striate columellar part, with a pit on either side of it. (PI. 1, figs. 7,8). Radula, Gray, 1840, isa synonym. East Indies, Polynesia. N. RADULA is the only recent species. Fossil, secondary and ter- tiary. Genus NATICOPSIS, M’Coy. 1844. Shell imperforate, naticiform, thick, suture plicate; columella callous, more or less flattened, sometimes minutely tuberculated or transversely plicate, lip sharp (PI. 1, fig. 17). Operculum something like Neritopsis, with convex exterior face, the interior face un- equally two-parted, one part smooth, the other rugose, no appen- dage on the columellar margin (Pl. 1, figs. 18, 14). Devonian-Triassie. Europe, India. I included this group in Naticide (Vol. viii, 8); the operculum, however, shows it to be a member of the present group. Nerito- mopsis, Waagen. 1880, Carboniferous of India, is a synonym. ADEORBIIDZ. 13 Subgenus TrRacuypomrA, Meek and Worthen. 1866. Whorls regularly ornamented with small tubercles. N. Noposa, Meek and Worthen. Carboniferous. Iilinois. Included in Naticidz (vol. viii, 8), but is better placed here Famity ADEORBIID. _ Shell umbilicated, auriform, depressed, paucispiral, with oblique, entire aperture, simple columella, and rounded, sharp outer lip. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, with excentric nucleus. Animal differing from Trochidz by having no cirriform appen- dages of the foot. Dentition unknown. In this group are provisionally included a few small shells, the relationships of which remain somewhat obscure. Genus ADEORBIS, 8. Wood. 1842. Shell depressed, flattened below, white, subtrauslucent, paucis- piral, periphery angulated, widely umbilicated; aperture oblique, angular behind, lip sharp, not continuous. Europe, Japan, Philippines, West Indies, ete. A. SUBCARINATUS, Mont. Genus ARCHY THA, Costa. 1869. Turbinated, but little elevated, thin, widely and deeply umbili- cated, very finely decussated, appearing smooth, aperture rounded, with sharp, simple lip. Operculum corneous, smooth and flattened -exteriorly, the spire slightly prominent.in the centre of the imner side. A. DELICATUM, Phil. Norway. Trachysma, Jeftreys, 1878, is a synonym. Subgenus Psruporsis, Monts. 1884. Scarcely umbilicated, aperture circular, surface spirally costate, not cancellated. A. GRANULUM, Brugn. Mediterranean. 14 Famity CYCLOSTREMA TID. Animal with ciliated, thread-like tentacles, the eyes on short pe- duncles; snout bilobed; foot elongated, truncate in front, and ex- tending at each angle into a filament; sides with three or four pairs of ciliated cirri, and a pair of auricular appendages in front, be- tween the cirri and the tentacles. Jaws scaly. Dentition, 8°(4 + 1-++ 4)°8, Pl. 1, fig. 4. Shell small, umbilicated, depressed, white, corneous or transpar- ent, not nacreous; aperture circular, with continuous, sharp peris- tome. Operculum corneous, multispiral. Genus CYCLOSTREMA, Marryatt. 1818. Shell white, or uniformly colored, last whorl obliquely striate. C. CANCELLATA, Marryaitt. About 25 species have been described; distribution nearly uni- versal. Fossil, tertiary. Delphinoidea, Brown. 1727, is a synonym. Section CycLOSTREMA (sensu stricto). Spire short, surface with spiral ridges, cancellated. Section Tuprota, A. Ad. 1864. Whorls rounded, simple, contiguous, spirally striate. C. sERPU- LOIDES, Montagu. Section DarontraA, A. Adams. 1864. Planorbiform, spire depressed, concave, whorls rounded, more or less disunited. C. sprruua, A. Ad. Subgenus Tuarsis, Jeffreys. 1883. Globular, solid, polished ; aperture circular, peristome continuous, adhering at the columellar margin; the umbilicus closed in the adult by a callus. C. RoMETrTENSIS, Seguenza. Atlantic, Mediterranean. Subgenus Gangsa, Jeffreys. 1883. 6 . . Ye . Naticiform, thin, always perforate, axis of the spire oblique; aperture subcircular, peristome continuous. Atlantic Ocean; abyssal. C. prutNosA, Jeffreys. CYCLOSTREMATIDA, 15 Genus VITRINELLA, C. B. Adams. 1850. Shell minute, depressed turbiniform, white, often with spiral cearinee, widely umbilicated, and the umbilical region widely indented, whorls few, aperture large, rounded. Operculum unknown. V. VALVATOIDES, C. B. Ad. A considerable number of species have been described by Prof. Adams from Jamaica and Panama. They are mostly unfigured, and Dr. Fischer thinks that species of Cyclostrema, Adeorbis, Teinostoma and Pseudorotella are included. Genus TrErnosroma, H. and A. Adams. 1858. Shell orbicular, depressed, polished or spirally striated, spire short, obtuse, not projecting; whorls few, the last with rounded or angulated periphery ; umbilical region covered by a large, flat cal- losity ; aperture transverse, distant from the axis, peristome con- tinuous, lip sharp, simple. Philippines, Japan, Mazatlan. T. pouirum, A. Ad. Deshayes enumerates fourteen species from the Parisian Eocene. Section CaLcEoLiInA, A. Adams. 1863. Neritiform, depressed; inner lip with a large wide callus, cover- ing the umbilicus—its margin straight, simple. T.pust~ua, Adams. Japan. | Subgenus PSEUDOROTELLA, Fischer. 1857. Shell thin, diaphanous, subdiscoidal, paucispiral, finely striated ; aperture oval, peristome not continuous, outer lip sharp; umbilical region covered by a polished, transparent callus. T. SEMISTRIATA, d’Orb. West Indies. Parkeria, Gabb. 1880, Miocene of West Indies, is a synonym. Subgenus Driscopsis, Folin, 1869. Shell discoidal, much depressed, flattened above, carinated, vitre- ous white, widely umbilicated; whorls few; aperture very oblique, triangular, the margins united by a channeled callosity, prolonged posteriorly. C. omatos, Folin. Gulf of Mexico. Subgenus LEucoRHYNCHIA, Crosse. 1867. Shell small, perforate, polished; whorls few; aperture rounded, columellar and basel margins united into a callous rostrum, pro- longed past the umbilical region, but without touching it; peristome continuous, simple. L. CALEDoNICcA, Crosse. New Caledonia. Evidently nearly allied to the preceding group. 16 * CYCLOSTREMATID &. ? Subgenus Microrneca, A. Adams. 1863. Shell globosely turbinate, widely umbilicated, somewhat porcel- lanous, radiately, rugosely plicate, suture channeled and crenulated; aperture semicircular, peritreme continuous, inner lip thickened and arcuate, outer lip with thickened margin ; umbilicus crenulated. Operculum unknown. C. CRENELLIFERA, A. Ad. Japan. ? Subgenus Morcura, A. Adams. 1860. Shell obliquely oval, depressed, widely umbilicated, convex above, flattened beneath; whorls rapidly increasing, the last di- lated and ascending, embracing the others to the apex; aperture oblong, obliquely horizontal, dilated below, narrowed above, peri- treme continuous, thickened, bilabiate. Operculum unknown. C. More ett, Fischer, C. opvotura, A. Ad. Japan, China, Red Sea. ?Subgenus CrrsoNELLA, Angas. 1877. Shell minute, globosely turbinated, smooth, narrowly umbilicated ; aperture circular, peristome continuous, slightly thickened. Oper- eulum unknown. C. AusTRALIS, Angas. Australia. ?Subgenus HapLococuitias, Carpenter. 1864. Shell solid, turbinate, subperforate; aperture rounded, peristome continuous, thick, exteriorly varicose, columella not callous. Oper- culum unknown. C. cycLOPHOREUS, Carp. Mazatlan. ? Subgenus Cynisca, H. and A. Adams. 1854. Shell turbinate, depressed, with large, deep umbilicus encircled by a spiral callosity; whorls ornamented by spiral granular ribs; aperture circular, inner lip straight; outer lip rather thick, sub- crenulated, prolonged behind upon the penultimate whorl. Japan. C. GRANULATA, A. Ad. LIOTIIDA. A, Famity LIOTUDZ.. Head proboscidiform, epipodial line with a pair of conical lobes and three pairs of cirri. Dentition? Shell turbiniform or discoidal, white, with longitudinal ribs or clathrate; aperture feebly nacreous, peristome continuous, thick, with a callous varix. Operculum multispiral, hispid, corneous, with a calcareous layer formed of pearly particles spirally disposed. Genus LIOTIA, Gray. 1842. Characters those of the family. Tropical and subtropical seas. L. Peronu, Kiener. Section ARENE, H. and A. Adams. 1854. Ornamented with reddish radiating markings, periphery spinosely earinated. LL. RApIATA, Kiener. Subgenus Liorrna, Munier-Chalmas. 1877. Shell solid, cancellated, subdiscoidal, umbilicus large, with a spiral funiculum, aperture not nacreous, peristome varicose, re- flected, sub-bilabiate. L. AusrRa.is, Kiener, is a living represen- tative ; otherwise the group is Eocene. ? Subgenus ScasvoLa, Gemmellaro. 1878. Sinistral, thick, more or less conic, turriculated or conic-de- pressed, umbilicated, spire sharp, longitudinally variciformly pli- cate, crossed by spiral riblets; aperture circular. Liassic, Sicily. S. INTERMEDIA, Gemmellaro. Genus CRASPEDOSTOMA, Lindstrém. 1884. Naticiform, with longitudinal lamine; aperture circular, with a widely expanded thick peristome, which is aliformly produced to the left at the base; umbilicus narrow. Silurian of Gotland. C. ELEGANTULUM, Lindstrom (PI. 1, fig..18). ?Genus CROSSOSTOMA, Morris and Lycett. 1854. Imperforate, thick, turbinated, apex obtuse ; aperture contracted circular, entire, sharp edged, with a reflected peristome some dis- tance behind it; umbilical region with a dentiform callosity, formed by a funiculum which fills the umbilicus. Jurassic. C. REFLEXILABRUM, d’Orb. (PI. 1, figs. 19, 20). 2 18 NERITA. Famity NERITID. Genus NERITA, Adanson. 1757. Dr. von Martens, in the preface to his monograph of Nerita, now in course of publication, thus divides the genus into groups, which he considers “more or less natural,” whilst not so sharply distin- guished one from another as the similar divisions of Neritina, I find the older and more simple divisions which I have adopted full of difficulties to the systematist, which would be much increased by a more elaborate system. It is noticeable that Dr. von Martens has not arranged his own monograph by the system he proposes. His groups are :— 1. THenrosryita, Mérech. Whorls flattened, strongly ribbed, columellar area granular, the marginal teeth mostly small. Oper- culum granular. N.Textitis. Natere, Gray, is a synonym. 2. CymosryLa, Martens. With weaker spiral ribs, whorls rounder, columellar area with parallel plications, the teeth stronger. Operculum granular. N. unpara. Pila, Morch, in part, but not Pila, Klein. 3. Prua, Klein. Shell bullet-shaped, with strong rounded spiral ribs, and strong columellar teeth. Operculum concave, weakly granular or smooth. N. puiicara. Ritena, Gray, and Tenare, Troschel (not Gray), are synonyms. 4. 'TENARE, Gray. Teeth of the interior of the outer lip vanish- ing. Operculum smooth, with polished marginal zone. ’ a. PrLorRonta, Troschel. With weak spiral ribs. Marginal zone of the operculum swollen, distinct. N. PELORONTA. b. Inynerrra, Martens. Spiral sculpture stronger, teeth of the mouth weaker. Operculum with scarcely developed marginal zone. N. PLANOSPIRA. 5. Nerira (restricted). Spiral sculpture weak or wanting, colum- ellar area swollen, smooth. Operculum flat, with ribbed margin. N. ponira. Odontostoma, Morch (in part), is a synonym. 6. AmMpHINERITA, Martens. Shell as in preceding group. Oper- culum granular. N. UmMbLAAstana, N. SENEGALENSIS, etc. 7. Hemrinerrra, Martens. Outer lip not toothed, columellar margin likewise toothless. Operculum with strongly developed skinny projection on its convex margin. N. prca. This group is the most nearly related to Neritina. NERITA. 19 Section Nerira, Lam. 1799 (sensu stricto). N. AuBIcILLA, Linn. PI. 2, figs. 21-26. With wide, flatly convex ribs, separated by narrow “lee whitish, yellowish or orange color, densely or sparsely clouded, maculated or interruptedly or irregularly banded with black ; aperture white, the columellar area tuberculated, with small teeth on the middle of the margin, outer lip with numerous small teeth. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Natal, Singapore, China, Philippines, Viti Is., ete. It is N. sanguinolenta, Menke, N. venusta, Phil. (fig. 24), N. marmorata, Reeve (not Hombr. and Jacq.), = N. crassilabrwm, Smith, ?.V. marginata, Gmel., N. cornea, Forsk., N. Erythrea, Desh., and N. Forskalii, Recluz (figs. 25, 26). Ne PLEXA, Chemn. Pl?) figs: 27;.28. With rugose or somew nee nodose spiral ribs, alternately smaller, whitish, maculated with black; aperture whitish, black spotted on the fimbriated outer margin, lip numerously plicate-dentate within, columellar area with a raised plicate outer border, the face numer- ously granulate; the centre of the margin two-toothed. Diam. 50-45 mill. Eust Africa, Cape, Madagascar, India, ete. The synonyms are WN. costata, Schum., N. textilis, Gmel., N. chlo- rostoma, Lam. (fig. 28). N. Exuvia, Linn. Pl. 2, fig. 29 With strong, rugose, high ribs, broadest at the top, or somewhat overhanging, the intermediate sulcations deep, often in the larger specimens with a median thread-like, rugose, but much smaller rib- let in each, the ribs blackish or obscurely maculated, the sulci grey- ish or yellowish grey, with zigzag black stripes; aperture white, the columellar area, including the raised border, covered by very numerous small granulations. Diam. 30-35 mill. Indian Ocean, East Indies, Philippines. It is N. Malaccensis, Lam. N. chlorostoma, Lam., which I have referred to the preceding species, Dr. von Martens places here; in the outer border of the columellar area it combines the characters of both, but its exterior ornamentation is, I think, decidedly that of N. plexa. 20 NERITA. N. GRANULATA, Reeve. PI. 2, fig. 30; Pl. 4, fig. 70. Blackish, spirally subcostate or lirate; columellar area strongly. granulated, outer lip very strongly plicate within. Diam. 17 mill. Hab. unknown. N. CHAMHLEON, Linn. PI. 2, figs. 31-39; Pl. 6, fig. 4; Pl. 9, fig, 66. Shell with numerous, low, rugose spiral ribs, sometimes alter- nately smaller, the interspaces varying from a mere line to the width of the ribs, whitish, yellowish white or orange color, macu- lated with dark grey, brown or black, often forming three indistinct interrupted bands; aperture white, columellar area with a few granules behind the marginal teeth, and some plications on the raised outer margin. Diam. 25-30 mill. East Indies to Polynesia, East Africa. The synonymy includes N. stel/a, Chemn. (figs. 31-33), N. squa- mulata, LeGuillou (figs. 34-86), V. modesta, Hombr. and Jacq. (fig. 37),? N. chloroleuca, Phil., N. scabrella, Phil., N. Arabica, Reeve (fig. 88), a tessellated specimen, N. annulata, Reeve (figs. 39, 4), N. bizonalis, Lam., and probably NV. electrina, Reeve (fig. 66). N. excavaTa, Sowb. PI. 8, fig. 34. With strong, approximate, flattened spiral ribs, black variegated with white; aperture yellowish, black-margined, columellar area ex- cavated, granular, marginal teeth tumid, acute, plications of lip strong, the upper and lower larger. Diam. 22 mill. Hab. unknown. Apparently not very different from N. granulata, Reeve. N. onyzARuM, Recluz. PI. 3, fig. 40. With rather distant and faint low spiral riblets, black, with zig- zag maculations and sometimes an interrupted band of white, lip with faint plicate denticles within, columellar margin with three or four minute denticles, the area with several small granulations, its outer margin with a few plications. Diam. 1 inch. Aracan (Hanley), Bombay (Recluz). N. semrruGosa, Recluz. Pl. 3, figs. 41-48. With numerous low riblets and much narrower grooves, whitish, with usually small, frequently linear series of black maculations, sometimes undulated, or more or less confluent; lip plicately toothed within, columellar margin strongly three-toothed, the area NERITA. it convex, with a few more or less elongated granules below, the outer margin frequently plicate. Diam. 25-40 mill. Indian Ocean, Mauritius, E. Africa, East Indies, Philippines, Australia, Polynesia. The synonyms are N. maura, Recluz (fig. 43), N. histrio, Gmel* (fig. 42), N. atrata, Lam. (last whorl entirely black), and N. Chem- nitzii, Recluz. N. Lonatt, Recluz. Pl. 3, figs. 44, 45. With rather wide, close, smooth, rounded ribs, yellowish, well covered with brownish or blackish maculations, sometimes obscurely trifasciate; lip numerously toothed within, the upper two teeth strong, columellar margin tridentate, area granular, outer margin convexly raised, strongly plicate. Diam. 25-33 mill. Red Sea to Bombay. N. Hinpst, Recluz. Pl. 3, figs. 46, 47. With rather distant thread-like, granularly rugose lire, and sometimes intermediate much smaller ones, whitish, yellowish or greyish, punctate and maculated with black; aperture white, col- umellar margin minutely two to four toothed, area flattened, witha few granules. Diam. 16-20 mill. * Philippines. N. puanospira, Anton. PI. 3, fig. 48. Shell flattened above, with an obtuse shoulder angle, with ele- vated, rounded, somewhat irregular, thread-like riblets, and fre- quently much smaller intermediate lines, yellowish grey or light purplish, with maculations, bands or zigzag strigations of brownish black or purplish black ; aperture yellowish white, lip teeth obsolete, columellar margin obtusely 4-dentate, area with a few granules, outer margin with a long blotch of black. Diam. 20-30 mill. Indian Ocean, Japan, Australia, Polynesia. The synonyms are WN. atropurpurea, Recluz, N. bizonalis, Morch, and N. angularis, Hombr. and Jacq. N. RETICULATA, Karsten. PI. 3, figs. 49, 50. With very irregular crowded spiral sculpture, often with inter- mediate smaller threads, or with a pair of smaller lines between each pair of ribs, rugosely crossed by close growth-lines, whitish, unicolored, or more frequently maculated, subtessellated or undu- latingly strigate with red or black; lip with numerous small plicate denticles, columellar margin slightly sinuous in the middle with 2 ae, NERITA. 9 or 3 minute teeth, area flat, with a few granules below, and pli- cations above, marked by a central bright orange red spot. Diam. 12-20 mill. East Indies to Polynesia. The red spot on the columellar area is very characteristic and is seldom absent. The species is very generally known under the later name of N. signata, Macleay ; other synonyms are N. rudis, Wood, N. petichialis, Morch, ? VN. musiva, Gould (in part), and N. fragum, Reeve (fig. 50). ‘ N. patuA, Recluz. Pl. 3, figs. 53-56, 51, 52. With 30-40 close, unequal, fattened riblets, crossed by close strise, variegated with grey and black, sometimes with black bands articulated with white; aperture white, the lip-teeth minute, numer- ous or obsolete, columellar margin distinctly sinuous in the middle and the sinuosity indistinctly toothed, the area concave, yellowish, with a central semicircular depression, granular and blotched with black, base with a transverse plica. Diam. 18-25 mill. Moluccas, Philippines. It is N. musiva, Gould, N. Beaniana, Recluz (fig. 55), N. Dom- beyi, Recluz (fig. 56), N. dilatata, Recluz, and N. unidentata, Hombr. and Jacq. (figs. 51, 52). N. SENEGALENSIS, Gmel. PI. 5, figs. 57, 58. With numerous, low, flat-topped riblets, divided by incised lines, the sculpture often very faint, blackish, maculated and variegated with yellowish grey; lip minutely dentate within, columellar mar- gin concave and moderately 2-3 dentate in the middle, area flat- tened with a number of tubercles, outer margin narrowly elevated and plicate. Diam. 15-25 mill. W. Africa, Cape Verd Is. N. Largilherti, Phil., is a synonym. N. ANTHRACINA, Busch. PI. 26, fig. 96. Black, marbled with yellowish, spirally, and irregularly longi- tudinally striate, epidermis rough; lip toothed within, columellar margin quadridentate, median tooth minute, area concave, granular. Diam. 14 mill. Java. This species has not been identified. NERITA. De N. niGERRIMA, Chemn. PI. 8, figs. 42, 43. Shell thick, spirally grooved, grooves often becoming obsolete towards the aperture, black, polished ; aperture whitish or yellowish white, the outer lip finely denticulated within, columellar margin toothed in the middle, area obscurely wrinkled above, granular below. Diam. 1:25 inch. Australia, Polynesia. This is NV. nigerrima, Chemn., as unfolded by Reeve and others ; the original figures are not readily determinable. .N. achatina fas) fo) a 5) Reeve (fig. 45), is a probable synonym. N. macuaTA, Pease. PI. 4, fig. 61. Minutely spirally ribbed, separated by engraved lines, polished, black, minutely, numerously flecked with yellowish grey ; aperture white, lip numerously toothed within, columellar margin with two small median teeth and a larger quadrangular one above them, area concave, tubereulated. Diam. 15-18 mill. Central Polynesia. It is N. Schmeltziana, Dunker. N. arcus, Recluz. PI. 4, fig. 59. Shell smooth, indistinctly, closely spirally striate, olive brown or blackish, shagreened with minute white flecks, often apparent only on close inspection ; aperture yellowish white, outer lip with numer- ous small plicate denticles, larger at the extremities of the series, columellar margin with four minute teeth, area flattened, with a few granules. Diam. 1 inch. Philippines, Hong Kong, China. The species was described as from Rio Janeiro, but has never been authoritatively illustrated ; for convenience, Reeve’s identifica- tion of it with a rather common oriental species, is followed. N. FULGURANS, Gmelin. PI. 4, figs. 62, 63, 66-69, PI. 9, fig. 63. Shell with numerous, narrow, distinct rounded ribs, separated by incised lines, minutely scabrous from the crossing of close growth- striz, black, unicolored or maculated with yellowish grey; aperture white, lip with two stronger teeth above and below, and numerous intermediate plicate denticles, columellar margin with two minute median teeth and a larger quadrate one above them, area flattened, granwar. Diam. °75-1:25 inch. West Indies, Brazil, Panama to Gulf of California. 8) 24 NERITA. Var. precocnita, C. B. Ad. Fig. 63. Embraces the lighter colored specimens, being yellowish grey, upon which are blackish maculations composed of separate short lines and markings, sometimes forming indistinct, irregular, inter- rupted bands. — Var. Bernuarpt, Recluz. Figs. 66-69; Pl. 9, fig. 63. Spire usually somewhat flatter so as to form an obtuse, almost obsolete shoulder-angle, color varying from black to spotted, and maculated with yellowish grey or orange color. Size somewhat smaller. West Coast of N. America, Panama, Mazatlan. Usually distinguished by the above characteristics, which are, however, all shown not infrequently by occasional West Indian specimens. N. funiculata, Menke, and N. genuana, Reeve (fig. 68), are synonyms; to which may probably be added NV. albipunetata, Reeve (fig. 65, and Pl. 9, fig. 63), the locality of which is unknown. N. TESSELLATA, Gmelin. PI. 4, figs. 71-74; PI. 9, fig. 69. With ten or twelve rounded low ribs, separated by deep, narrow grooves, white, strigate, tessellated or nearly covered with black ; aperture white, lip with numerous plicate teeth within, the upper and lower ones larger, columellar edge concave, with small teeth in the middle, area flattened, with a few granules. Diam. 18-24 mill. West Indies, Florida. Sometimes the ribs are more numerous by their division, and by the interpolation of smaller intermediate ones. The species is algo subject to erosion in such manner that the black markings become elevated and the ribs obliterated, in this condition becoming J- exarata, Pfr. Other synonyms are N. varia (Meusch.), Morch, NV. Antillarum, Gmel., N. striata, Chemn., N. Listeri, Recluz (fig. 73), a nearly black condition, as is also N. nivosa, Reeve (fig. 74), re- ferred here with some doubt, and N. conma-notata, Reeve (fig. 72), and N. scalpta, Reeve (fig. 69), the localities of both of which are unknown. Section PrLoronta, Oken. 1815. N. pevoronta, Linn. PI. 4, figs. 75-77. With broad, flatly rounded ribs and narrow intervening sulei— which very seldom give rise to very small riblets; yellowish or whitish tessellated or marked in a zigzag manner with dark red and black, the tessellations sometimes forming broad spiral bands in 4 {2 NERITA. 25 which the colors alternately appear, in other cases promiscuously scattered ; aperture white, outer lip minutely dentate within, colum- ellar margin with one or two strong central teeth, area somewhat concave, with a few plicate granules, the central portion, and sur- rounding the teeth, stained blood-red. Diam. 1-1°75 inch. Florida, West Indies. The well-known “bleeding tooth.” The ribs are sometimes very faint, and occasionally the surface is entirely smooth. N. verstcouor, Gmelin. PI. 4, figs. 78, 79; Pl. 5, fig. 80. With broad, rounded ribs, separated by narrow grooves, varying occasionally to entirely smooth (fig. 80); light yellowish, rosy or whitish, tessellated, maculated or with zigzag stripes of red and black, in some cases of the latter only, in others forming alternate spiral bands of markings in one color or the other, but mostly intermingled; aperture white, outer lip dentate within, columellar margin decidedly convex, with three or four distant strong teeth, area smooth or obsoletely plicate. Diam. 75-1°25 in. Florida, West Indies. This is N. striata, Chemn., NV. variegata, Chemn., and N. tricolor, Gmelin. N. HELICINOIDES, Reeve. PI. 9, figs. 71, 72. Wohorls faintly spirally ribbed, yellowish, maculated with black or red, sometimes forming alternate bands; lip plicate within, columellar area smooth, the margin two or three dentate. Diam. 15 mill. Hab. unknown. N. pellis-serpentis, Reeve (fig. 72), is doubtless identical. Very probably this species to be referred to the proceeding, but the figures do not show its convex margined columella. es ok OK hey INTER Pe bil. Pl 9, dip. 73. Spirally costate, whitish; lip very thinly toothed within, columellar margin four-toothed, area plane, a little wrinkled. Diam. 16 mill. Moluceas. I know nothing about this species. N. incerta, Busch. PI. 8, fig. 48. Dark brownish or blackish, minutely speckled with greyish white; lip minutely denticulated within, columellar margin with five small teeth, area smooth. Diam. 14 mill. Sava. 26 NERITA. The condition of the specimen figured by Philippi was too poor to do justice to its characters; I can only guess at its relationships. N. arrava, Reeve. PI. 8, fig. 40. Black, spirally linearly grooved; aperture white, the outer lip black margined, with rather strong internal plicate teeth, columellar area smooth, the margin minutely toothed in the middle. Diam. 28 mill. Australia, New Zealand, ete. Reeve figured this species for the NV. atrata, Chemnitz—which it probably is not, and on this account von Martens preferred for it the name N. punctata, Quoy—which it ertainly is not, whilst Hutton imposed the name of N. saturata, and E. A. Smith that of N. melanotragus, both in 1884, with a probable priority of publica- tion of the former name. Watson (Voy. Challenger, xv, 152) reviews the whole subject, preferring the name N. punctata. Inasmuch as Chemnitz was not binomial and therefore not entitled to quotation, and his figures and description are neither of them sufficient for identification, whilst they indicate that at least two species were confounded by him, I think it preferable to treat him as non-existent, and quote Reeve; especially as he has been followed by others, so that his atrata has become well-known. N. nigra, Gray (who quotes Quoy) in “Dieffenbach’s New Zealand” has been cited by authors as applying to the present species, but the name is not accepted by them on account of the prior N. nigra, Chemn. They show that Quoy never described a N. nigra, but then neither did Gray; he merely mentioned the name in his above list, and it is impossible to determine what species he may have intended. Finally, different as this species is from N. nigerrima, Chemn., in its form and absence of columellar granulations—actually a group distinction, I have never- theless some suspicion that it is only a variety of it, and that it connects that species with N. morio, which, on account of its smooth inner surface of the lip belongs to still another group. In my saner moments I am well-aware that such vagaries of conjecture are simply the demoralizing result of the questionable questioning which has largely supplanted the questionless faith of the last generation of conchologists. N. ATRAMENTOSA, Reeve. PI. 8, figs. 44. Shell shghtly spirally striated, black or dark olivaceous variega- } ) g ted with black; aperture white, outer lip strongly toothed within at NERITA. 27 the extremities of a row of fine denticles, inner margin with two small teeth and a superior, quadrangular larger one. Diam. 28 mill. Swan River, Australia. N. Youpr, Recluz. PI. 9, figs. 55-57. Faintly, closely spirally striate or smooth, yellowish white macvla- ted in a zigzag manner with black, sometimes black with white markings, often with a light band on the darker specimens, or a dark band on the lighter ones; aperture yellowish, the outer lip dentate within, columellar margin minutely or obsoletely dentate in the middle, area smooth or very faintly marked by a few tubercles. Diam. 18 mill. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Hongkong. Sometimes this species, like some West Indian ones is subject to an erosion which excavates the white portions leaving the black in relief: N. haustrum, Reeve (fig. 56), and N. Perwviana, Phil. (fig. 57), which is not from Peru, are synonyms. Section Prna, Klein. 1753. N. puicata, Linn. PI. 5, figs. 81-83. Shell spirally ridged, with equal, excavated interstices, each about 18-20 in number on the body whorl, whitish or brownish white, here and there spotted and streaked with black ; lip crenated, with several minor internal teeth, with a larger one at each extrem- ity of the series, columellar margin with four strong teeth, columellar region rugosely wrinkled. Diam. 15-30 mill. Indian Ocean, Formosa, Polynesia, Sandwich Is. Sometimes unicolored whitish, sometimes regularly tessellated with black, or the spots so disposed as to form interrupted bands. Occasionally very thick specimens occur in which the sculpture is reduced to rugose strize or partially or wholly disappears. Entirely black specimens are known as N. ringens, Reeve (fig. 83). Other synonyms are: N. lactaria, Linn., N. Otaiensis, Lesson. N. cosrata, Chemn. PI. 5, fig. 84. With about 12-15 strong spiral ridges, which are black, and equal, with excavated yellowish olivaceous interspaces; lip crenula- ted, toothed as in the preceding species, columellar area tuberculated below the plications. Diam. 15-35 mill. Indian Ocean, East Indies, Japan, Australia, Philippines, ete. It is NV. grossa, Born, and N. scabricosta, Delessert. 28 NERITA. N. Grossa, Linn. PI. 5, fig. 85. With 10-12 strong, spiral ridges and rather wider deeply excava- ted sulci, frequently developing a central, much smaller riblet, white, subradiately maculated with dark grey, varying to blackish ; lip scarcely crenulated, very thick, internally bearing two strong teeth above and usually one below, with an intermediate series of numerous fine denticles, columellar teeth strong, 3 or 4, the area covered with wrinkles. Diam. 25-33 mill. Indian Ocean, Philippines, N. E. Australia. N. Ascensionis, Lam, is a synonym. N. unpata, Linn. PI. 5, figs. 86-95; PI. 6, figs. 96-3; Pl. 7, fig. 30. With 30-40, rounded, small spiral riblets and narrower shallow interspaces, yellowish, light brown or greyish with darker, olivaceous grey or black maculations, often arranged in radiating, undulating stripes, sometimes broad so as almost to cover the shell, aperture often stained with yellow, median teeth of outer lip very numerous, small, columellar area strongly rugose. Diam. 30-42 mill. East Indies, Philippines, ete. The above may be regarded as the typical system of coloration in a species varying much in this respect. It has, under different aspects received a number of names, several of which I retain as varietal, not so much because of intrinsic value as for mere con- venience, these several forms having been heretofore recognized as species. With the type may be included N. Papuana, Recluz, N. LeGuillouana, Recluz (fig. 87), N. marmorata, Hombr. et Jacq., N. Savieana, Recluz, (fig. 88), N. crassa, Gould (fig. 89), NV. undulata, Gmel. and N. Nove-Guinee, Lesson (fig. 90), the two last juveniles. ; Var. MICRONESICA, Martens. Blackish olivaceous, with two spiral black bands. Var. stRIATA, Burrow. Figs. 91-94, 100, 1. Costulations small, close, somewhat unequal, greyish, yellowish, or light ‘brownish, usually spotted, undately strigate or trifasciate with dark grey, olivaceous or black, aperture tinged with yellow. The synonyms are N. chrysostoma, Recluz (in part, fig. 91), N. undata, Gould, Var. icterina, Marts. including N. awrantia, Recluz, (fig. 92), NV. Tongaensis, Hombr. et Jacq. N. grisea, Reeve (fig. 93), NERITA. 29 N. erubescens, Reeve (fig. 100), N. Neritopsoides, Reeve (fig. 1), and N. costulata, Busch and N. Essingtoni, Reeve (fig. 94), the two latter juveniles. Var. SPENGLERIANA, Recluz. PI. 6, figs. 96-98. Greyish, maculated with white, interruptedly trifasciate with greyish black, riblets flattened, obscure, evanescent below, aperture - white. The type was a juvenile; and N. oleagina, Reeve (figs. 96, 97) is & synonym. Var. QUADRICOLOR, Gmelin. Fig. 86. Whitish, yellowish white or rosy white, the ribs maculated with purplish black, aperture white. Red Sea, Bombay, E. coast of Africa, Southward to Natal. It is N. maris-rubre, Chemnitz. Var. IncuRVA, Martens. Fig. 99. Variegated and interruptedly banded with black and yellowish grey, aperture white tinged with yellow or fulvous, the outer margin elongated and sinuated at the extremities, above and below; riblets about 30, flat, close, unequal. Diam. 30-39 mill. Mozambique, E. Africa. Var. GRAYANA, Recluz. Figs. 2, 3. Riblets rather narrow and high, sometimes with intermediate smaller ones, purplish, varying to ash grey, somewhat obscurely maculated with purplish black or darker grey. Diam. 30-34 mill. East Indies and Philippines. Somewhat distinctive in color, but the markings and sculpture of the usual patterns. Var. FUNICULATA, Reeve. Figs. 95, 30. Black, with scattered white or yellowish white spots on the ribs, aperture tinged with yellow. New Caledonia to Central Polynesia. The ribs vary in number and development, and are often irregular in size on the same specimen. Some collectors have confounded it with the West American JN. scabricosta, but that species is larger and more compressed and rounded and generally more rugose. Probably N. punctata, Quoy and Gaimard (PI. 7, fig. 30) is identical. 30 NERITA. Var. FLAMMULATA, Recluz. Yellowish grey, maculated sparsely with black, ribs about 24, alternately smaller. Diam. 23 mill. Malay Archipelago. N. scasricosra, Lam. PI. 6, figs. 5, 6. Shell with numerous, rather close rounded ribs, crossed by close scabrous longitudinal strive, dark greyish or black, more or less maculated or spotted with orange brown, occasionally irregularly banded with the latter; lip black-margined, numerously toothed within, with larger teeth at the extremities, columellar teeth very strong and prominent, the area deeply plicate, with a perpendicular series of three tubercles below, sometimes confluent or obsolete. Diam. 30-50 mill. Panama, northward to Lower California. The synonyms are NV. ornata, Sowb. (fig. 5), NV. fuseata, Menke, N. Deshayesii, Recluz (fig. 66), and N. multijugis, Menke. I retain Lamarck’s name for this species although the identification is some- what doubtful, Delessert figuring a NV. costata for it; and I do this because in the United States the species has been usually so designa- ted. Dr. von Martens calls it NV. ornata, Sowerby, a name published about the name date. The scabrous surface and compressed rounded forin well distinguish the species. Section Opon'rosroma, (Klein. 1753), Moreh. 1852. N. pourra, Linn. Pl. 6, figs. 7-11; Pl. 7, figs. 12-23. Shell thick, smooth, polished, sometimes with faintly rugose growth-lines or very obscure spiral riblets, greyish, flecked or spotted or banded with white, yellow, orange, red or black, the ground color itself varying rather unusually to one of the other colors, with or without flecks and bands; aperture porcellanous, polished, thick, outer lip smooth or obscurely dentate within, colu- mellar lip feebly dentate, the area smooth. Diam. 25-40 mill. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Polynesia, Mauritius. The immense variation of coloring in this beautiful species has been the cause of a considerable duplication of specific names. I give examples showing the usual as well as some of the rarer patterns of ornamentation. The synonymy includes V. nigra, N. flavescens, and N. hieroglyphica, Chemn., N. bidens and N. bifasciata, Gmel., NV. Orbignyana, Recluz (figs. 19, 20). NERITA. 3 Var. antiquaTa, Recluz. Fig. 17. Closely wrinkled by impressed growth-lines, aperture and colu- mella orange-tinted. Var. AURORA, Dunker. Fig. 21. Closely wrinkled as in Var. antiquata, but the shell less transverse, with somewhat elevated spire; white, with three yellowish brown bands mottled with chestnut, aperture orange-tinted. Var. UMLAASIANA, Krauss. Fig. 18. More obliquely elongated, the outer lip more extended upon the spire above, dark olivaceous, mottled with black. So. Africa. Var. Rumput, Recluz. Figs. 8-11, 16, 22, 25. Smaller, usually closely spirally striate, coloring often in definite, wide or narrow bands, but varying to unicolored, mottled or interruptedly banded. N. Doreyana (fig. 25) and N. Guamensis (fig. 22), of Quoy, are synonyms. M. maxima, Gmel. PI. 7, figs. 24, 25. Thick, lightly decussated by incremental strize and evanescent spiral suleations, yellowish grey interruptedly banded with black, and irregularly strigated and maculated with black and white ; interior of outer lip numerously denticulate, columella smooth, bearing three prominent teeth on its edge, tinged with yellow. Diam. 36 mill. Central Pacifie Qeean. Var. oBATRA, Recluz. Fig. 265. Shell olivaceous black, obscurely maculated. Var. trifasciata, Montr. from New Caledonia, appears to repeat, on a darker ground-color the banded condition of the type. N. Bisecta, Reeve. PI. 7, fig. 26. Shell with strong revolving ridges and equal intermediate sulci, the ridges black and divided in the middle by an incised line, sulci yellowish grey; outer lip many-toothed within, teeth of the extrem- ities larger, columella smooth, yellowish, the margin three-toothed. — Diam. 23 mill. West Africa. N. Ascenstonis, Chemn. PI. 7, fig. 27. Shell with strong spiral ridges and somewhat wider sulci, yellow- ish grey, strongly tessellated with black on the ridges, outer lip 32 NERITA. numerously but inconspicously minutely toothed, inner lip three- toothed, area plane and smooth. Diam. 30-36 mill. Ascension Isl. N. diversicolor, Martyn is a synonym. N. LINEATA, Chemn. PI. 8, figs. 32, 33; Pl. 7, fig. 29. Purplish grey or yellowish olive, with numerous, thread-like, purplish black spiral elevated lines, often sparsely speckled with white; outer lip numerously denticulate within, inner lip three- toothed, area smooth. Diam. 30 mill. Malaysian Is., N. Australia, ete. N. Birmanica, Phil. (fig. 29) is a synonym. WN. balteata, Reeve (fig. 33) differs only in the riblets being a little more distant. N. cerostoma, Troschel. PI. 8, figs. 36, 57. Black, with about 22 strong, rugose, rounded spiral ribs, the upper ones wider, interstices narrow; aperture yellowish, outer lip numerously denticulate, columellar area smooth, the margin three toothed. Diam, 27 mill. | Peru. N. GEMMuULATA, Reeve. PI. 8, fig. 38. Greyish, with thin, rather distant, acutely granulated spiral liree, tessellated with black and blue; outer lip without internal teeth, columellar margin obscurely tridentate, area smooth. Diam. 1 in. Hab. unknown. N. FULGINATA, Reeve. PI. 8, fig. 39; Pl. 7; fig. 28. With depressed close spiral riblets, purplish or orange red banded with black or maculated; aperture yellowish white, outer lip numer- ously minutely toothed within, columellar area smooth, the margin three-toothed. Diam. 20 mill. Singapore (Schmacker), Viti /s. (Garrett). N. alveolus, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 28), appears to be identical and if the date on the title page is correct, was published a year earlier. N. Fimosa, Reeve. PI. 8, fig. 35. Yellowish, with somewhat distant reddish, serrated, divided spiral ridges; aperture white, lip numerously toothed within, colu- mellar area smooth, the margin with four teeth. Diam. 22 mill. Hab unknown. NERITA. ey N. Georatna, Recluz. PI. 7, fig. 3 With acute, subdistant ridges, frequently in pairs, yellowish grey articulated with black; aperture yellowish, with black spots on the margin, columellar area smooth, the margin obscurely dentate, den- ticles of interior of outer lip obsolete. Diam.18 mill. King George's Island. N. morio, Sowb. PI. 9, fig. 75; Pl. 8, figs. 41, 46. Black, usually polished, an alishily impressed spiral lines; aperture yellowish, the outer lip callously thickened within, but not toothed, columellar lip minutely or obsoletely toothed in the middle, area somewhat concave, polished, smooth. Diam. 18-22 mill. Australia, New Zealand, Polynesia. Confounded with N. atrata, Linn. N. nigerrima, Chemn. N. Sene- galensis, Gmel. ete. but differs by the smooth interior of the outer lip, as well as by its oblique last whorl. It was described as a Neritina, and afterwards by Reeve as N. Neritinoides (fig. 46); another synonym is N. carbonaria, Philippi (fig. 41). N. Esstneront, Recluz. Pl. 8, fig. 45. Shell with somewhat high spire, black, conspicuously spirally suleate; outer lip smooth within, columellar lip shghtly dentate on the middle margin, the area smooth. Diam. 18 mill. Australia. Has much the appearance of V. nigerrima externally, but differs in its columellar area; also resembles N. atramentosa, except in the absence of the teeth within the outer lip. Very probably they will all prove to belong to one and the same species. N. pices, Recluz. Pl. &, fig. 47; Pl. 9, figs. 52, 70, 74; Pl. 4, fig. 60. Shell smooth, polished, with close or distant slight engraved lines, black, often showing faint minute greyish flecks, but frequently so obscure as to be scarcely visible; aperture white, outer lip without teeth, columellar margin minutely or obsoletely dentate in the middle, area flat, smooth, polished. Diam. 12—18 mill. Japan, Polynesia to Sandwich Is. I have been on the point of merging this in the preceding species as a synonym. In its unspotted state it is only distinguished by smaller size. NV. obscura, Hombr. and Jacq. (fig. 52), N. insceulpta, Reeve (fig. 74), and NV. bullula, Reeve (fie. 70), are synonyms, The shell which Philippi has -figured for N. picea (fig. 60), if that species, is a somewhat abnormal specimen. 5) o 34 NERITA. N. arrrnts, Reeve. PI. 9, figs. 51, 53,54; Pl. 8, figs. 49, 50. Shell usually transverse, closely, somewhat scabrously spirally striate, marbled and speckled with white and grey or olivaceous; aperture bluish white, minutely obsoletely toothed or edentulate within the outer lip, columellar area smooth, the margin obsoletely toothed. Diam. 10-15 mill. Viti Islands. N. Samoensis, Dunker (figs. 49, 50), NV. costulata, Busch, and probably N. Vitiensis, Hombr. et Jacq. (figs. 53, 54) are synonyms. N. pica, Gould. PI. 9, figs. 59, 60, 76. Usually smooth, sometimes spirally striate, black with cuneiform markings or reticulations of white; aperture whitish, the outer lip smooth within, columellar margin minutely denticulated, the area flattened, smooth. Diam. 15 mill. Japan, Polynesia. N. Japonica, Dunker is evidently synonymous, but the figure given for that species in Thes. Conch. and which I have inadver- tently copied (Pl. 9, fig. 58), is evidently something else. NV. melal- euca, Martens and N. rudis, Pease (fig. 76), are to be added to the synonymy. The figure of V. rudis (copied from Pease), very poorly represents the shell; the types before me are undoubtedly N. prea. N. VEXILLUM, Reeve. PI. 9, fig. 61. Spirally ribbed, with narrow intermediate grooves, orange colored, with two broad black, orange-spotted bands; aperture yellowish white, outer lip edentulous, columellar margin sharply toothed, the area flat. Diam. 22 mill. Hab. unknown. N. arcra, Hombr. and Jacq. PI. 9, figs. 64, 65. Spirally ribbed, white, with scattered dark spots; aperture with- out teeth, columellar area flattened, smooth. Diam. 17 mill. Arru Is., N. of Australia. I know nothing of this species; it has been overlooked, as most of the species of these authors have been, by Reeve and Sowerby. N. srricta, Baird. PI. 9, figs. 67, 68, 62. With low spiral ridges, and broad shallow interstices, whitish with scattered black markings, varying to greyish black; aperture yellowish, lip thickened within, edentulate, columellar area smooth, the edge obsoletely dentate. Diam. 12-15 mill. Polynesia, New Caledonia. 5 oo NERITINA. N. Nove-Caledonie, Baird (figs. 67, 68), is a synonym. My figure of NV. stricta is unfortunately taken from Sowerby’s Thesaurus, and is certainly not typical, Baird’s figure bemg exactly like ™. Nove-Caledonie in all its features except being darker colored. Unfigured Species of Nerita. N. rENEBROSA, Recluz. Solo I., N. of Borneo. N. corrosuta, Recluz. N. Guinea. N. SCABRELLA, and N. RINGICULA, Phil. Hab. unknown. N. Hiniesana, Dunker. Semoan Is. N. Nova-Hisernia, Lesson. N. Ireland. Genus NERITINA, Lam. 1809. Section NERITINA (sensu stricto), Swainson. 1840. N. gacates, Lam. Pl. 10, figs. 77-79, 97, 98; Pl. 11, fig. 6. Striulate, polished, olivaceous or brownish black, with close black zigzag lines; aperture bluish white. Diam. 18-26 mill. Mauritius, Seychelles, Isle of Bourbon. The synonyms are N. liturata, Recluz, N. Caffra, Gray, N. zigzag, Morelet. Von Martens has vars. minor (fig. 78), and subplanispira (fig. 79), the latter for depressed specimens. I think that N. ful-— gurata, Desh. (figs. 97, 98), from Isle of Bourbon, described from a single specimen, is simply a light-colored example of this species. N. NaTa.Ensis, Reeve. -Pl. 10, figs. 80, 81; Pl. 11, fig. 9. Striulate, somewhat shining, yellowish brown with oblique black strigations, more or less decurrent or reticulately confluent; aper- ture bluish white. Diam. 19-23 mill. Mozambique to Natal. It is N. zebra, Krauss. N. Moquiniana, Recluz (fig. 9), is an un- identified species from “Islands of the South Sea,” which appears to be closely related. N. varrecata, Lesson. Pl: 10, figs. 82-86; Pl. 12, figs. 23, 24. Somewhat shining, variegated with yellowish brown and black, usually in an irregular net-work pattern, the meshes large or small, sometimes the black reticulations form irregular broad bands, and occasionally they cover the entire surface so as to make it nearly unicolored ; aperture whitish or bluish white, the columella with a tinge of orange-brown. Diam. 16-25 mill. East Indies, Polynesia. 36 NERITINA. The synonyms are N. Sumatrensis, Sowb., V. pulchra, Sowb. (figs. 23, 24), N. gagates, Mérch, Clithon Zelandicus, var. helvola, Mous- son (not Gould). N. Wallisiarum, Recluz, is black, with inconspicu- ous pellucid-white or brown dots, and is probably not distinct from N. variegata; I think it likely that N. Cuviertana, Reel. (figs. 85, 86), should also be placed here. N. pulchra, Sowb. (figs. 23, 24), was described as from Panama, where it is believed no such species exists. Sowerby’s figure shows some reddish zones alternating with olivaceous, which are not present in specimens of pulchra received from Sowerby as from Panama, but of a number of specimens of variegata from the Viti Islands, collected by Mr. Garrett, two have this peculiar red banding. N. z1czac, Sowb. PI. 10, figs. 87-92; PI. 11, figs, 100, 5. Striulate, shining, olivaceous or yellowish, with zigzag or undu- lating radiating black stripes; aperture bluish white, columella often tinged yellowish-brown. Diam. 20 mill. East Indies, Polynesia. According to the relative thickness of the stripes and interspaces the pattern sometimes appears to be black on an olivaceous ground, at others olivaceous on a black ground. Originally identified with NV. ziczac, Lam., but is not that species; yet, as it has become well- known under that name, [ have not deemed it advisable to adopt another for it, as Martens has done. The synonyms are J. strigil- lata (luam.), Recluz, N. aquatilis, Reeve (fig. 100), N. Jovis, Reel. (fig. 5), V. ramosa, Meusch., and var. interstitialis, Martens, in which the olive color is replaced by orange brown. The true NV. ziczac of Lam. appears to be most nearly related to N. reclivata, Say. Var. COROMANDELIANA, Sowb. Olivaceous, with subtriangular black maculations. N. triangularis, Meusch., and N. pulcherrima and N. insignis, Mousson, are synonyms. Martens has adopted this varietal name for the species. Var. SERRULATA, Recluz. Black, with numerous small olivaceous spots. N. guttulata, Mouss., and var. «anthostigma, Martens, are syno- nyms. NERITINA. ilk N. zepra, Brug. Pl. 10, figs. 93-95. Somewhat shining, yellowish olive or orange brown, with un- dulating radiating broad black stripes; aperture whitish. Diam. 21-23 mill. Northern So. America to Brazil; Porto Rico ?, Panama?. I find no characters by which to distinguish this from varieties of NV. ziczac, unless it be by the less angulated pattern of the stripes and their greater width; moreover, I know of no such American form, and I cannot help thinking that, at least as to some of the identifications, the mistake has been made of confounding with it varieties of N. reclivata and N. virginea. Entirely similar shells are in the Philadelphia Collection, received from Cuming as from Taheiti. NV. lineolata (? Lam.), of Sowb., Reeve, ete., and N. so- brina, Recluz (fig. 95), are referred here by Martens. N. Smrrui, Sowb. PI. 10, fig. 96. Smooth, somewhat shining, light olivaceous, with close undulat- ing black lines, occasionally confluent into varicose-looking wider ones; aperture bluish white. Diam. 22 mill. Bengal. N. tigrina, Benson, and N. hamuligera, Troschel, are synonyms. N. PLUMBEA, Recl. P. 11, figs. 7, 8. Striulate, a little shining, greyish olivaceous, unicolored or with two broad dark bands; aperture whitish. Diam. 19-25 mill. Philippine Islands. Ne turers, Chemn: Pl: 11, fies. 1:2. Shell oblong conical, lightly striulate, shining, spire elevated, pointed, olivaceous or brownish with oblique, curved or somewhat flexuous black stripes; aperture bluish white, columellar area yellow tinted. Length, 25-32 mill. East Indies, Philippines, Australia. The synonyms are N. strigillata, and N. lugubris, Lam., N. no- bilis, Chenu. Var. CumMINGIANA, Recluz. Fig. 2. Strigations narrower, closer and more numerous. N. sEmiconica, Lam. PI. 11, figs. 3, 4. Olivaceous or light brownish, with two or three spiral rows of black markings, sometimes faintly olivaceous banded. Length, 25-30 mill. India. 38 NERITINA. N. fimbria, Meusch., is a synonym. Von Martens and others consider NV. semiconica a variety of V. turrita, but it appears to me to have the characters of a distinct species. N. Rosssyana, Recluz. Pl. 11, figs. 10-13. Conical, olivaceous or bluish white, with very close zigzag black lines, often wider than the interspaces, so that the whole shell ap- pears blackish; aperture bluish white, the columellar area yellow- tinted. Length, 16-20 mill. Australia to Central Polynesia. Shaped like a 1. turrita in miniature, but with the broad stripes of that species replaced by very close zigzag lines. The synonyms are N. cuprina, Recl. (fig. 11), N. chrysocolla, Gould (fig. 12), NV. Navigatoria, Reeve (fig. 13), N. rivula, Hombr. and Jacq., and N. Vitiensis, Mousson. N. Turtont, Recluz. Pl. 11, figs. 14, 15. Orange or orange-red, often with a coppery lustre, with close, undulating, oblique, broad black stripes; aperture light olivaceous or greenish white, columella bright salmon color. Diam. 18-25 mill. Viti Is., in brackish and fresh water. The locality, New Ireland, given by Hinds, needs confirmation. The synonymy includes V. dugubris, Sowb., N. Zelandica, Recluz, N. helvola, Gould, and perhaps NV. nux, Brod., a unicolored brown- ish shell from Tahiti. N. FULGETRUM, Reeve. PI. 12, fig. 30. Shell olivaceous, with blackish maculations and _ strigations ; aperture whitish, columellar area orange-red. Diam. 16 mill. Hab. unknown. The direction of the pattern of ornamentation is the principal difference between this species, which remains unidentified, and the preceding one. N. communis, Quoy and Gaimard. PI. 11, figs. 16-22. Smooth and shining, variously solidly zoned with white, yellow or purple, a portion of the banding usually overlaid with zigzag oblique black stripes; aperture bluish white, the convex columellar area white or yellowish. Diam. 15-21 mill. East Indies, Philippines ; brackish water. The figures which I have selected will give some idea of this beautiful species, but there are besides, many other combinations of 1 NERITINA. 3 coloring. N. Waigiensis, Lesson, N. strigillata, Sowb., N. zebra, Troschel, NV. elegantina, Busch, and N. elegantissima, Morch, are synonyms. N. RECLIVATA, Say. PI. 12, figs. 25-30. Shell olivaceous, sometimes light brownish, with oblique, some- what undulating or zigzag narrow black lines, usually parallel but sometimes reticulating, the aperture and convex columellar area bluish white. Diam. 15-28 mill. Florida, West Indies, Mexico, Central America N. lineolata, Lam., is now supposed to be identical, and according - to printed dates of publication has three months’ priority ; but con- ceding this, it would still be of very questionable advantage to science to substitute a name which has been variously identified for one the application of which has never been doubted, and so has become well-known. N. zigzag of Lam., not authors, has also been referred here. Other synonyms are N. microstoma, d’Orb., N gravis, Shuttl. and Morelet, N. olivacea, Wiegm., and var, conoidalis, Martens, for the conical, lineolate form with parallel strigations; V reticulata, Cristofori and Jan, for the specimens with reticulated pattern; and N. striolata, Recluz (fig. 28), N. Floridana, Shuttlew. (fig. 29), and var. rotundata, Martens, for a short-spired form. N. vrrerneéa, Linn. PI. 12, figs. 31-45. Smooth, polished, usually white, sage colored, yellowish or vio- laceous, with a fine, close painting of parallel longitudinal darker colored lines, either extending across the entire surface or inter- rupted so as to form spiral zones, upon this surface of close lines are placed miscellaneously numbers of subtriangular spots of the ground color of the shell, sometimes covering it entirely, at other times forming spiral bands of large spots, with smaller intermediate ones. Diam. 6-20 mill. West Indies to Brazil. I have figured some of the common as well as the more striking color modifications of this elegant and very variable species. There are two or three patterns of coloring which are much more common than the others, yet which cannot be called varietal ; they are Ist, whitish violaceous, covered by close violet lines upon which are triangular spots; 2d, a similar pattern, but the colors light and dark olivaceous; 3d, light sage green, with darker lines, but almost covered over by the spots which are arranged somewhat as on a 4() NERITINA. serpent’s skin. The synonymy is enormous, including N. Brastl- ana, Recluz, N. trabalis, and N. chlorina, Link, N. flavopicta and N. vinosa, Mouss., N. Listeri, Pfr., N. turriculata, Menke, N. Matona, Mérch, N. meleagris, Lam., N. elegantissima, Hartm. (figs. 44, 45), N, Jamaicensis, Ads., N. pulchella, Gray, probably N. Leachii, Recluz, and N. tenebricosa, Ads., and vars. oblonga and elongata, von Martens. N. TRISERIALIS, Sowb.. ,Pl. 12, figs. 46, 47. Whitish, closely lined with dark grey, covered by white triangu- lar spots which are usually more conspicuous in three spiral series or bands. Diam. 14 mill. Hab. unknown. This species has not been identified; its coloring resembles that of N. virginea, but its form is more globose, with the whorls a little excavated above. N. Watxuace!, Dohrn. Pl. 12, fig. 48. Striulate, greenish, with seven narrow, dark green or blackish spiral bands; aperture white, columellar area strongly callous. Diam. 18 mill. Arru Islands. N. Poucueti, Hombr. and Jacq. Pl. 12, fig. 49. Brownish, with black transverse strive; aperture large, rounded, with the columellar margin numerously dentate. Diam. 17:5 mill. Amboina. This species is only known through the original figure and de- ae v. ADANSONIANA, Recluz. PI. 13, figs. 50, 51. peter brown, flexuously strigate, and reticulate with dark olivaceous or black, usually with an overlaying pattern of miscel- laneously arranged light spots; aperture and columellar area bluish white or yellowish white. Alt. 11 mill. Senegal, Cape Palmas, W. Africa. N. Sangara, Morelet is a synonym. N. ATERRIMA, Koch. Pl. 11, fig. 99. Globosely oblong, smooth, black, the spire elate, conical, some- what acute; aperture white, columellar area flattened, the margin toothed in the middle. Diam. 15 mill. Habitat unknown. This species has not been identified. NERITINA. 41 N. Sayana and N. pHastana, Recluz. Unfigured. Philippines. N. prota, Sowb. Pl. 13. figs. 52-55. Smooth, polished, yellowish or grey or broadly alternately banded with both, with flexuous oblique, bluish white strigations; aperture bluish, columellar area flattened, chestnut color, margin rather strongly denticulate. Diam. 11—15°5 mill. Gulf of California to Panama. Various color variations have been named vars. nigrofasciata, luteofasciata, guttata and albescens, Miller. N. Uauanensis, Lesson. PI. 15, figs. 56-68. Smooth, shining, many colored, usually yellow, olivaceous or pink, with subundulating to reticulating close longitudinal purple-black or reddish lines, continuous over the whole surface, or interrupted _ to form spiral bands, often with subtriangular light colored spots with darker margins in spiral series; aperture usually yellowish, sometimes bluish white, columellar area narrow, a little convex, yellowish, faintly coriaceous-rugulose and foveolate, the margin with a central sinus which has four or five minute teeth, and a larger one above them. Diam. 7-12 mill. Indian Ocean to Polynesia. A widely distributed species, which closely mimics the West Indian N. virginea. Like that species, it inhabits both brackish water and the ocean, and it is equally variable in its markings. It is perhaps less conical, as a rule, smaller, its columellar area is more yellowish and flatter. The operculum differs somewhat from that of \’. virginea, the rib and apophyses are well-developed, nearly equally large, with a connecting band almost equally elevated. The synonymy includes N. Oualaniensis, Lesson, N. nubila, Busch, N. Mertoniana, Recluz, N. nebulata, and N. Ceylonensis, Recluz, N. Garretti, Mousson, N. pulchella, Morch, N. cincta and N. columbaria, Recluz, N. Gaimardi, Souleyet, N. ornatella, N. delicatula, N. guttulata, and N. multipicta, Mouss. Mss. and the following color-varieties, named by von Martens: conferta (fig. 56), polydelta (figs. 57, 58), diremta (figs. 59, 60), frondicincta (figs. 61- 64), nigrobifasciata (figs. 65, 66), parcepicta (figs. 67, 68). N. NouteriAna, Gassies. PI. 13, figs. 69, 70. Solid, shining, blackish violaceous, with superimposed tent-shaped whitish or yellowish maculations, apex violaceous; columellar area 42 NERITINA. and aperture greenish yellow, the former concave, with 2-3 margi- nal teeth. Diam. 7, alt. 10-12 mill. New Caledonia. Possibly a variety of the preceding species. N. MopicELua, Desh. PI. 13, fig. 71. Oval-globose, whorls 3, the last large, rugose, blackish brown, with small greyish-white irregular scale-like spots; aperture yellow- ish white, columellar area wide, plane, smooth, the edge with a single obscure tooth-like elevation. Alt. 12, diam. 9 mill. Ins. Bourbon. Section Puprrira, Gray. 1857. N. pupa, Linn. PI. 14, figs. 72-74. Smooth, opaque, white, longitudinally more or less flexuously and anastomosely strigate or coarsely or finely. reticulated with black ; aperture light orange-brown. Diam. 8-13 mill. West Indies. The synonyms are N. delineata, Boubée, N. liturata, Schultze, N. venosa, Menke and var. tristis, d’Orb., the latter for closely reticu- lated specimens. N. RETICULATA, Sowb. PI. 14, figs. 75, 76. Solid, smooth or obsoletely spirally engraved, transverse, whitish, openly or closely reticulated with black ; aperture yellowish. Diam. 13 mill. Tahiti, Pawmotus, Mauritius. Distinguished from N. pupa by its more transverse form and sul- cations—when the latter are present. The synonyms are: V. Des- moulinsiana and N. Bensoni, Recluz. N. HOLOSERICA, Garrett. Pl. 14, fig. 77. Closely spirally striate, with sharp spire, blackish, under a thin greyish olivaceous, somewhat tomentose epidermis; aperture oli- vaceous yellow, columellar area flattened, polished, but very mi-- nutely granular. Diam. 12 mill. Viti Is. N. Amana, Gould. Pl. 14, figs. 78-80, 84. Shell transverse, whorls rapidly increasing, the last whorl swollen, spire scarcely raised ; with rugose growth-lines and slight, impressed spiral strize; greyish olivaceous or purplish-blue, sometimes with NERITINA. 43 light reddish purple bands, speckled over with white spots; aper- ture tinged with yellow. Diam. 9-11 mill. Viti and Samoa Is. N. Godeffroyana, Mousson, Pl. 14, fig. 80, and probably V. Gue- rini, Recluz (fig. 84), are synonyms: if the latter determination be correct, it has precedence in publication; it is misprinted NV. Gui- nerii, in Reeve. N. morosa, Gassies. PI. 14, fig. 81. Solid, shining, striulate, greyish black, irregularly punctate with white ; aperture bluish grey, the columellar area brown-tinged. Alt. 14 mill. New Caledonia. N. optusa, Benson. PI. 14, figs. 82, 83. Shell spirally engraved, epidermis greenish or olivaceous ; aper- ture ash color. Diam. 12 mill. India, Java. N. spiralis, Reeve (fig. 83), is a synonym. N. GurruLata, Gassies. PI. 14, fig. 85. Longitudinally and spirally striate, scarcely shining, violaceous black, sparsely white-dotted; whorls 13, rapidly enlarging; aper- ture yellowish corneous, columellar area convex, minutely sub- granular. Alt. 9 mill. New Caledonia. Appears to be allied to NV. amena, Gould. Described originally as NV. guttata, a specific name preoccupied by Recluz. N. sarmacipa, Morelet. Pl. 14, fig. 86. Thick, shining, laterally compressed, striate, with engraved spiral lines, more apparent above, greenish brown; aperture ashy white, columellar area light yellowish, the centre of its margin with two or three minute teeth. Alt. 13 mill. Comoro Is. N. Morcurana, Dunker. PI. 14, figs. 87, 88. Rather thin, olivaceous, with black zigzag narrow lines, thinly striate; aperture bluish white. Alt. 12 mill. Madras. I am not acquainted with this species. 44 NERITINA. N. IncERTA, Gassies. PI. 14, fig. 89. Solid, striate, with spiral engraved lines, whitish under a black and rosy epidermis, with black lines or flames forming three bands ; peristome whitish, interior white, yellowish or rosy. Alt. 13 mill. N. Caledonia. Only known to me by the figure and description. N. evurprica, Guillou. Unfigured. Marquisas Is. Section Nrerrropryas, Martens. 1869. N. pupra, Chemn. Pl. 14, figs. 90-95. Finely, faintly striulate, without spiral sculpture, olivaceous or orange-brown, with a fine or coarse pattern of zigzag black lines, often interrupted to form bands, sometimes only appearing here and there, or entirely absent, seldom confluent, making the entire sur- face thick ; aperture bluish white, often with an orange tint near the margin, columellar area usually tinted with yellow, varying to orange brown, the margin edentulous. Diam. 20-27 mill. East Indies, Philippines, New Caledonia, ete. The synonyms are N. fasciata, Lam., NV. lugubris, Lesson, N. rett- culata, Quoy and Gaim., N. zebroides, Lesson, N. Philippinarum, Sowb.,? N. vestita, Souleyet, NV. bella, Busch, NV. Adamsi, Issel, N. atra, Lesson. Var. APIATA, Recluz. Fig. 95. Yellowish olivaceous, transversely flecked with yellowish white. Diam 16 mill. As this has heretofore been treated as a distinct species, I retain it as a variety, but its characteristic markings shade off into those of N. dubia, of which it is a juvenile state of growth. N. cornea, Linn. PI. 14, figs. 96-100, 1. With low, flatly rounded riblets separated by incised spiral lines, the sculpture usually faint, sometimes obsolete, yellowish brown or olivaceous, generally more or less interruptedly banded and sub- tessellated with black, occasionally all black; aperture whitish, columellar area white, or more or less tinged with yellowish to orange-brown, when white often with black blotches behind, margin edentulate, varying to obsoletely minutely toothed. Diam. 25-42 mill. East Indies, Philippines, New Caledonia, Viti Is., ete. NERITINA. 45 I have included in the above description forms heretofore re- garded as distinct, but which do not appear to possess permanent differential characters. The principal mark of this species is the presence of spiral sculpture, but I have before me specimens in which this is partially obsolete, suggesting very strongly a connec- tion with N. dubia. The typical N. cornea embraces the smaller forms, with less developed sculpture, columellar area yellowish, be- coming deeper, orange or blackish on the outer edge, the margin edentulate. Here may be placed as synonyms N. amphibia and N. ampullaria, Lesson, N. morio, Deshayes, N. sulcata, Anton, N. Savesi, Gassies (fig. 1), and WN. gagates, Troschel, with var. atramentaria, Tapparone Canefti. Var. SUBSULCATA, Sowb. Figs. 98, 99. The shell is somewhat larger, often more distinctly sculptured, the color patterns more obscure or unicolored, the columellar margin obsoletely denticulated, the area white, with black blotches behind. N. subsinuata, Mousson is a synonym, being a typographical error for subsulcata. Var. Cuimmotr, Reeve. Fig. 100. The largest form of the series, with moderate sculpture and darker epidermis, unicolored or obsoletely maculated and dotted ; columellar margin edentulate, area orange-hrown. Var. Novant, Tryon. Light violaceous, with several black bands over which are scat- tered opaque white fleckings. A single specimen of this exquisite color-variety of the typical N. cornea is in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy. Section THEODOXxus, Montf. 1810. N. Danupratis, Muhlf. Pl. 15, figs. 2-9. Subglobose, occasionally spirally constricted (fig. 7), yellowish white, with irregular purple or brown undulating or zigzag lines, aperture bluish white. Diam. 11-15 mill. Lower Danube, Northern Italy, ete. The synonyms of the typical form are N. Marsigliana, Hartm., N. Danubiensis, Sadler. Var. STRAGULATa, Muhlf. Figs. 4, 5. Angulate form; spire depressed, shoulder of whorl obtusely an- gular, strigations wider, sometimes entirely black. The synonyms 46 NERITINA. of this form are N. gangrenosa, Schmidt, N. atrata, Ziegler, N. elata, Hauff., and N. nigrescens and N. fusca, Kutschig. Var. canrNnata, Kokeil. Fig. 7. Cingulate form: last whorl spirally constricted, with carinated shoulder. Var. SERRATILINEA, Ziegler. Fig. 8. Transverse furm: shell wide, with zigzag strigations, sometimes almost entirely black. The synonyms are NV. /acustris, Olivi, N. Gardensis, Stenz, NV. Benacensis, Stenz, N. Mantuana, Porro, and N. atra, Parr. Var. cHRYsostToMA, Kutschig. Fig. 9. Golden mouthed form: larger, variously strigate, aperture golden yellow, posterior portion of columellar area blackish, N. modesta, Kiister and N. incrustans, Ziegl., are synonyms. N. FLuVIATILIs, Linn. Pl. 15, figs. 10-25. Shell transverse, rapidly enlarging, last whorl swollen, white, light green, pink, violet, grey or brown with transversely elongated or subtriangular spots of white, or darker zigzag strigations, some- times irregularly banded; aperture bluish white or yellowish, show- ing the external markings by transparency, columellar margin edentulous. Diam. 6-12 mill. Northern and Middle Europe: Great Britain, France, Holland, Germany, Russia, Norway and Sweden, Italy, Dalmatia. This common European species is widely distributed in fresh water, its normal habitat, and oceurs also in thermal and salt springs, in brackish and even in sea water. Its distinguishing character is its transverse form; the colors vary considerably, but the pattern is usually either transverse, nebulous light spots and streaks on a dark ground, or oblique dark zigzags on a light ground, the difference of appearance being due to the greater or less thick- ness and frequency of the dark markings. Fig. 15 represents a form from a salt stream; fig. 16 is a marine form from the Baltic coasts, known as N. Baltica, Beck, and which is N. littoralis, Linn. in part; fig. 17, the N. thermalis of Boubée (N. Prevostiana, Dupuy), occurs in thermal springs ; figs. 18, 19 represent specimens from Southern France, described as N. Parreyssii, Villa, N. Mit- treana, Recluz, N. Reynesiana, Paladilhe, N. Pyrenaica, Moquin- Tandon, and N. zebrina, Recluz; figs. 20, 21 are from Northern Italy, and have received the local names of NV. rhodocolpos, Jan, N. NERITINA. AT trifasciata, N. Ticinensis and N. intexta, Villa; figs. 22, 25 are from Central Italy, including N. pustulata, Parr., N. meridionalis, Mar- tens, NV. Orsinii, Peechioli; fig. 24, from Dalmatia, is VN. Dalmatica, Partsch, N. Diocletiana and N. guttata, Kuster, N. Petteri, Stentz, ete.; and fig. 25 is a South Russian form described as N. dendritica, Ziegler, N. purpurata, Parr., N. subthermalis, Bourg. etc. Among the general synonyms may be enumerated NV. lutetiana, Montf., N. Europea, Leach, N. trifasciata, Menke, N. Porroi, Stabile, N. varia- bilis, Hécart, N. Bourguignati, Recluz, ?.N. lacustris, Linn., N. fon- tinalis, Brard, N. halophila, Klett, N. Bottgeri, Westerl., and vars. dilatata, Moquin-Tandon, and elongata, Broeck. N. TRANSVERSALIS, Ziegler. Pl. 16, figs. 26, 27. Shell obliquely transverse, slightly striulate, shining, greyish lead color, usually with three narrow dark bands. Diam. 10 mill. Danube and tributaries, Bavaria, Austria, Hungary, Transylvania, ete. It is NV. trifasciata, Reeve, N. trizona, Zeglr., and N. radiata, Lang. N. Dorta, Issel. PI. 16, fig. 28. Thin, distinctly striate, shining, blackish, with zigzag lighter strigations, sometimes interrupted ; aperture bluish white or yellow- ish. Diam. 6 mill. Southern Persia, in warm springs. N. trrurata, Eichwald. Pl. 16, figs. 29, 30. Transverse, yellowish to olivaceous, with oblique, more or less zigzag dark strigations, rarely replaced by small flecks irregularly arranged in bands. Diam. 5:°5-7-5 mill. Caspian, Aral and Black Seas. It is N. Danubialis, Siemaschko, N. fluviatilis, Menetries, N. ser- ratilinea, Hohenacker, and NV. pupa, Pallas. N. HEvprRercuI, Schwerzenb. PI. 16, figs. 31, 32. Obliquely transverse, closely, slightly striate, light violaceous or greyish, reticulated with white and purple, with three ill-defined zones; aperture purplish, yellow-margined, columellar area flat- tened, minutely rugulose, bluish white. Diam. 7-11 mill. Asia Minor, Candia. N. varia, Ziegler. Pl. 16, figs. 33, 34. Globosely subturbinate, slightly striated, shining, yellowish olive, with narrow red strigations, or white, red-bordered maculations ; 48 NERITINA. aperture diaphanous, showing the external mae columellar area bluish, finely punctate. Diam. 6 mill. Corfu, Cephalonia, perhaps also Dalmatia. It is N. rivalis, Zgly., N. picturata, Jan, N. lutescens, Muhlf., N. Baetica, Mousson, N. Salatana, Zelebor. N. MERIDIONALIs, Phil. Pl. 16, figs. 35-37. Turbinate, with rather high spire, last whorl obliquely transverse, very smoothly striulate, a little shining, yellowish, with zigzag red, purple or black strigations, more or less confluent, so that the sur- face sometimes appears of the darker color, with flecks of the lighter; columellar area a little hollowed, very slightly rugulose, whitish, colored above. Diam. 85 mill. Sicily. The synonyms are NV. Philippwi, Recluz, N. tessellata, Ziegler. Var. NIGROCHRULEA, Parr. Fig. 37. Smaller, slightly more globose, black, the markings obsolete. Diam. 7 mill. Sicily, Algiers. It is N. nigrita, Ziegl., N. Prevostiana, Benoit, and N. Maresi, Bourg. The latter from Algiers. N. ELONGATULA, Morelet. Pl. 16, figs. 88-40. Very obliquely transverse, slightly striulate, whitish or yellowish, with orange or purple zigzag or anastomosing lines, sometimes close enough to form a dark ground on which the lighter color appears as irregularly triangular specks; columellar area convex, white, lightly rugulose, callous and distinctly margined posteriorly. Diam. 6-12 mill. Portugal. N. Baetica, Sowb., N. violacea (fig. 39), N. inquinata, Morelet, and NV. lutesta, Reeve (fig. 40), are synonyms. The latter appears to be very similar to N. inquinata. N. HispaAvensis, von Martens. Pl. 16, fig. 41. Transversely globose, last whorl swollen, slightly rugose, orange- brown or light olivaceous, with close, subvertical, undulating or angulated black or dark brown strigations, sometimes interrupted ; columellar area convex, minutely punctulate, greyish yellow, cal- lous posteriorly, Diam. 7 mill. Southern Spain. NERITINA. 49 N. GuaprAnensis, Morelet. Pl. 16, figs. 42-44. Conoidal varying to globosely conoidal, olivaceous or yellowish, reticulated by purplish or blackish lines, with sometimes rather broad purple bands; columellar area minutely punctate, rugulose, yellowish or bluish. Diam. 65-10 mill. Southern provinces of Spain and Portugal. The typical form, with usually reticulated coloring is that shown by fig. 42, and of this NV. Anatensis, Recluz is a synonym; N. Ve- lascoi, Graells (fig. 44), is one extreme of variation, being more globose, and dark banded, and N. Valentina, Graells (fig. 43), is the other extreme, narrowly conoidal, a little constricted, and also dark banded. N. Hrpauaor, Crosse. Pl. 17, figs. 54-56. Suboval, thin, not shining, white, interruptedly, obliquely, longi- tudinally streaked or reticulated with narrow black lines, sometimes with three black bands; whorls rapidly increasing, convex ; aper- ture yellowish, translucent, showing the external bands, columellar area yellowish grey. Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill. San Julian River, near Jativa, Eastern Spain. N. cauuosa, Desh. PI. 16, fig. 45. Smooth, subglobose, white, reticulated with black lines, often forming spiral bands, and faint or vanishing in the interspaces, sometimes covering the whole surface, without bands. Diam. 8 mill. Morea. N. Prevostiana, Partsch. PI. 16, fig. 46. Subglobose, striulate, shining, black, last whorl sometimes sub- angulated ; columellar area slightly rugulose, white. Diam. 8 mill. Austria, Hungary. N. Hungarica, Kiister, is a synonym. N. Baertica, Lam. Pl. 16, fig. 47. Shell closely striulate, a little shining, brownish black, with scarcely visible spiral black lines; columellar area flat, rugulose, somewhat narrow, distinctly circumscribed, ash-colored. Diam. 6 mill. Northern Spain, Southern France. N. Sarpoa, Menke. PI. 16, figs. 48, 49. Rugosely striulate, opaque, black, often unicolored, more rarely closely undulatingly longitudinally strigate or maculated with 50 NERITINA. white; columellar area plane, rugulose, bluish white, blackish be- hind, distinctly arcuately circumscribed. Diam. 5-6°5 mill. Isl. of Sardinia. N. gymnocephala, Kiister is a synonym. N. PetoponnestA, Recluz. Pl. 16, fig. 50. Rugosely striulate, blackish violaceous, with transversely oblong white maculations; columellar area white, a little wrinkled, nar- row, flat, aperture brownish grey. Diam. 8 mill. Central Greece. It is N. Baetica, Desh., and N. melanoleuca, Kiister. N. Numipica, Recluz. Pl. 16, figs. 51, 52. Varying from semiglobose to transversely semiovate, rugosely striulate, purplish black, with white dots, or yellowish reticulated with black; columellar area plane, slightly rugulosely scabrous, bluish white. Diam. 6-9 mill. Algeria. The transverse form recalls N.. fluviatilis, Linn. The synonyms are N. Baetica, Morelet, N. algira, Kuster, N. fluviatilis, Poiret, N. Prevostiana, Terver. N. Syrraca, Bourg. PI. 17, fig. 53. Transversely semiovate, slightly rugosely striate, black, sometimes with minute white spots; columellar area plane or a little concave, slightly rugulose, bluish. Diam. 6 mill. Beirut, ete., in Syria. N. pALLIDA, Dunker. PI. 17, fig. 57. Lightly striulate, greyish yellow, nearly unicolored ; columellar area plane, very slightly rugulose, whitish. Diam. 4 mill. Persepolis, Persia. It is N. Schirazensis, Parr. N. Scuutziu, Grimm. PI. 17, figs. 58-60. Quadrately semiglobose, rugosely striate, light yellowish; body whorl depressed above and obtusely biangulated, aperture sub- quadrate, the peristome continuous, columellar margin plane, punc- tate-rugulose, yellowish white. Diam. 7 mill. Caspian Sea. This shell has much the appearance of a Pileopsis; fig. 60 is probably from an abnormal specimen. NERITINA. 51 N. Panayana, Recluz. Pl. 17, fig. 61. Lightly striulate, light yellowish olivaceous, with dark purple or blackish zigzag strigations, often subreticularly confluent ; aperture and columellar area bluish, the latter slightly rugulose. Diam. 9 mill. Philippine Is. N. Bacont, Reeve. Pl. 17, fig. 62. Spire subexserted, obtuse, whorls convex, striate, shining, colum- ellar area subcallous; ash color, reticulated or flexuously lineated with black. Diam. 14 mill. Swan River, Australia. N. Nivotica, Reeve. Pl. 17, figs. 63, 64. Conically semiglobose, smooth, a little shining, ash colored, with numerous close subundulating purplish black strigations; colum- ellar area plane, yellowish white. Diam. 8 mill. Nile River. It is N. arctilineata, Recluz, and N. Africana, Parreyss and Reeve (fig. 63), not Recluz, also N. Dongolensis, Ehrenb. N. Evpsratica, Mousson. Pie fig. 65. Somewhat solid, striulate, yellowish ash color, with close, rather wide zigzag blackish or dark violaceous strigations ; last whorl ob- tusely subangulated above, columellar area bluish white, circum- scribed posteriorly by a semielliptical line. Diam. 6 mill. Samava, Lower Euphrates. N. JORDANI, Sowb. — Pl. 17, figs. 66, 67. Ovate-conoidal, more or less constricted, striulate, solid, whitish, with subconfluent, flexuous black strigations ; aperture bluish white, columellar margin slightly sinuated, obsoletely denticulated, area plane, yellowish behind. Diam. 7°5-14 mill. | River Jordan. Fig. 67 represents a less compressed shell which may connect this species with the preceding.? N. Aleppensis, Recluz, and var. turris, Mousson, are synonyms. N. Anatouica, Recluz, Pl. 17, figs. 68-71. Semiglobose, a little shining, lightly striulate, sometimes with fine spiral sculpture, convex, often obtusely angulated, suture deep, black, or more rarely violaceous with spiral black bands or longi- tudinal wide strigations ; columellar margin edentulous, area plane, bluish white. Diam. 5-10 mill. Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Rhodes, Scio, ete. 52 NERITINA. The synonyms are N. Jordani, var. nitida, Recluz, N. nigrita, Ziegler, N. nitida, Parr., N. interposita, Mouss. I follow von Mar- tens in designating four varieties for convenience only ; their char- acters have no permanence. Var. BELLARDI, Mouss. Fig. 71. Larger, black, subangulated. N. Schirazensis, Bourg. is a synonym. Var. Hausknecut!, Martens. Fig. 68. Size moderate, obsoletely angulated, fulminately strigate. Var. OLIVIERI, Martens. Fig. 70. + Size moderate, rounded, light violaceous, spirally banded. Var. BELLADONNA, Mousson. Fig. 69. Small, rounded, subdilated, black. It is N. Trojana, Charp., and var. Boissiert, Martens. N. Macru, Recluz. Pl. 17, figs. 72-74. Globosely ovate, a little shining, lightly striulate, unicolored black, rarely fulminately strigate on a lighter color; columellar area convex, whitish, margin edentulous. Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine. Has not the spiral strize which rather indistinctly mark NV. Anato- lica. The synonyms are NV. Karasuna, Mouss., and N. Michoni, Bourg. N. Mesoporamica, Mousson. PI. 17, fig. 75. Lightly striulate, shining, black, usually unicolored, rarely ma- culated with white, whorls scarcely convex, the last somewhat flat- tened above, wider below; aperture bluish white, columellar area rather wide, plane, minutely rugulose, margin finely denticulate. Diam. 6°5-7 mill. Upper Mesopotamia. Described as a variety of N. meridionalis, and at first considered by Martens a variety of N. Anatolica. N. cINCTELLA, Martens. PI. 17, fig. 76. Lightly striulate, somewhat shining, greenish olivaceous or black- ish, last whorl tumid below the suture, then constricted, base wider ; aperture bluish white, columellar area convex, greyish, margin mi- nutely denticulate. Diam. 4°5 mill. Upper Mesopotamia. NERITINA. 53 Lives in same region as the preceding form, but is said to be con- stantly distinguished by its constricted whorl. N. Perorreriana, Recluz. Pl. 17, fig. 77. Shell globose, striulate, black, unicolored, whorls scarcely three, the last tinged at the suture; aperture bluish white, columellar area plane, narrow, middle of the margin obtusely denticulate. Diam. 9-11 mill. India, Ceylon, Pegu?. N. tristis, Phil. is a synonym. N. coLUBER, Thorpe. PI. 17, fig. 78. Undescribed, and only a single figure published, showing the back. It is yellowish green, with black zigzag markings, and (if not enlarged) is 15 mill. diam. Ceylon. N. JAyana, Recluz. Pl. 17, fig. 79. Thin, concentrically striulate, epidermis yellowish, with reticulate, flexuously angulated lines, mixed with small white spots; suture narrowly channeled ; inner lip maculated with black, aperture yel- lowish. Diam. 6 mill. An undetermined species sent by Dr. Jay of N. York to Recluz, and therefore doubtfully ascribed to North America. I believe that no one has recognized it; it almost certainly is an old-world species. N. SHOWALTER, Lea. Pl. 17, figs. 81, 82. Smooth, diaphanous, yellowish corneous, whorls 3, rapidly in- creasing, suture inconspicuous, last whorl somewhat inflated, aper- ture bluish white, edentulate, peristome continuous, forming a pos- terior. raised margin which limits the rather wide columellar area, area smooth, slightly concave. Diam. 5°5 mill. Coosa River, Alabama. Several specimens were obtained, all without the operculum. It has been suggested that this is a young Anculosa, but it has not the characters of that group; on the contrary, it more nearly ap- proaches in general Neritina erepidularia. The coloring of the epidermis more nearly resembles Anculosa however, than the other fluviatile species of Neritina. 54 NERITINA. \ Unfigured and undetermined Species of Theodorus. N. Sautcyt, Bourg. Athens. N. Maroccana, Palad. (Figure inaccessible to me). Morocco. N. purtpa, Jan. (Perhaps = Littorina obtusata, L.). Antilles. N. Euxtrna, Clessin. Dobrudscha. Section Neririura, Martens. 1879. N. succtinEA, Recluz. Pl. 17, fig. 83. Obliquely elliptical, striulate, thin, yellowish, or yellowish cor- neous; columellar area plane, very slightly rugulose, margin eden- tulous. Diam. 3°3-—4°5 mill. ; Guadeloupe, W. I. N. constmiuis, Martens. PI. 18, fig. 86. Obliquely elliptical, slightly, closely striulate, a little shining, diaphanous, corneous yellow, spire blackish ; columellar area slightly convex, and faintly rugulose, blackish, margin edentulous. Diam. 3°3 mill. Mauritius. The shell is scarcely distinguishable from that of NV. succinea, but the operculum of the former is reddish, that of consimilis trans- parent, but appearing black when the animal is enclosed. N. RUBIDA, Pease. PI. 17, fig. 84; Pl. 18, fig. 85. Transversely ovate, thin, translucent, lightly striulate, yellowish corneous, usually more or less incrusted with black (epidermal ?) ; columellar area nearly plane, ash-colored, margin edentulous. Diam. 5 mill. Central Polynesia. N. ossea, Garrett, is a synonym. N. Manoeut, Dohrn. PI. 18, fig. 87. Obliquely turbinate, lightly striulate, thin, corneous yellow, partly incrusted with black (epidermal ?) ; columellar area yellowish white, margin straight, edentulous. Diam. 4 mill. Prince’s Isl., W. Africa. Section SmMaraaptA, Issel. 1869. N. viripis, Linn. Pl. 18, fig. 88. Obliquely ovate, dorsally compressed, smooth, shining, bright green, varying to yellowish green, more or less interruptedly stri- gate or maculate with white, or sometimes with black ; columellar NERITINA. 55 area greenish white, convex, wide, margin sinuate and minutely dentate. Diam. 7:5 mill. Florida, West Indies, Mediterranean Sea. It is N. pallidula (DaCosta), Risso, N. Feutlletii, Audouin. N. Ranerana, Recluz. Pl. 18, figs. 89-92. Somewhat less oblique than JN. viridis, usually with a subangu- lated shoulder on the body whorl, greenish, occasionally varying to yellow or rose color, with short white flames below the suture, and spiral bands formed of longitudinal white lines, occasionally coal- lescing, or absent, and sometimes intermingled with reddish spots in spiral series ; columellar area convex, wide, white, margin distinctly toothed. Diam. 8 mill. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Mauritius, Philippines, Australia. I think that the unfigured NV. puel/a, Gould, from the Loo Choo Is. and WN. viridissima (figs. 91, 92), of Tapparone Canefri, fall within the range of variation in form and color usually attributed to NV. Rangiana. The latter is a New Guinea species. N. SouversBiANA, Montrouzier. Pl. 18, figs. 93-97. Smooth, shining, corneous yellow, variously longitudinally stri- gate, fasciculated, or reticulated with black lines, sometimes inter- rupted to form spiral bands, and three or four spiral series of white maculations; columellar margin sinuate and minutely denticulated, area convex. Diam. 5-7 mill. New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pt. Jackson, Australia, It is NV. semen, Tapparone-Canefri (figs. 96, 97), N. pulcherrima, Angas (figs. 94, 95). It is possibly only a variety of NV. Rangiana. Var. HELLVILLENSIS, Crosse. Besides the brown or black strigations and white maculations, there are two or three orange bands. N. Pautucciana, Gassies. PI. 18, figs. 98, 99. Moderately thick, shining, white, yellowish or light pink, dis- tantly or closely reticulated with red or black, sometimes with spiral bands ; aperture yellowish, columellar margin edentulous, area sub- granular. Diam. 4°5 mill. New Caledonia. 56 NERITINA. N. suavis, Gassies. Pl. 18, figs. 100, 1. Obliquely ovate, striulate, shining, translucent, yellowish or red- dish, with narrow red and black bands; aperture reddish, showing three bands, columellar margin obscurely dentate. Diam. 6 mill. Loyalty Is. (near N. Caledonia). N. GLABRATA, Sowb. PI. 18, figs. 2-5. Obliquely ovate, rather solid, smooth, shining, yellowish or cor- neous, with obliquely longitudinal black strigations often reticu- lated, or sometimes with spiral black or reddish bands; columellar area convex, white, margin obscurely dentate. Diam. 5-7 mill. . Gambia, Liberia, West Africa. N. Webbei, Recluz, is a synonym. Unfigured and undetermined Species. N. Maronta, Risso. Mediterranean. N. miliacea, Reel. is a synonym. N. onnata,C. B. Ad. (@=WN. viridis). Jamaica. The color is pale greenish or livid brown, ornamented with nu- merous rather small irregular spots of bright red; there are crowded spiral microscopic lines; the columellar lip is obsoletely toothed. Operculum divided into two concave regions by an acute ridge, which is curved in the direction of the growth. Section STANLEYA, Bourg. 1885. N. NERITOIDES, Smith. PI. 17, fig. 80. Imperforate, rather thin, smooth; whorls 4, convex, subolivaceous, with spiral brownish lines; columella callous, edentulous. Diam. 5, alt. 6°5 mill. Lake Tanganyika, Africa. Unfigured Species. N. Grravpi and N. Smrrurana, Bourg. Lake Tanganyika. Section Ciyprotum, Recluz. 1850. N. PULLIGERA, Linn. PI. 18, figs. 10, 11, 6-9, 12, 18; Pl. 19, figs. 14-19, 22, 24. Lightly striate, outer lip raised into a ridge above, epidermis dark brown, sometimes nearly black, or olivaceous, obsoletely or faintly minutely dotted with black; aperture yellowish with a deep NERITINA. 57 orange band parallel with the outer lip, columellar area flattened, polished, very minutely punctate, greyish black varying to yellow- ish olivaceous, edge very minutely dentate. Diam. 40 mill. East Indies, Australia, Central Polynesia. N. rubella, Miller, N. larga, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 9) NV. conglo- bata, Martens (figs. 22, 24), and vars. suleata, T. Woods, and sub- canalis, Mouss. are synonyms. Var. Kworrt, Recluz. Figs. 16-18. Smaller than NV. pulligera, body whorl without the sutural ridge, but extending over the spire, which it completely covers, epidermis jet black, unicolored; aperture bluish with an orange band within the margin, columellar area violaceous, the edge minutely toothed. Diam. 28 mill. E. Africa, Mozambique to Madagascar; Ins. Labuan, near Borneo? It is N. Beckii, Sowb., (fig. 17), and . eryptospira, Martens (fig. 18), from the last named locality. Var. CANALIs, Sowb. Figs. 6, 7. EKpidermis black, or very dark brown punctate or minutely retic- ulated with black; aperture varying from bluish to yellowish, colu- mellar area yellow becoming reddish orange posteriorly, edge very minutely dentate, or smooth. Diam. 20-30 mill. Australia, New Caledonia, Viti Is. Typically distinguished by its strong sutural ridge and interven- ing channel, but from this character insensibly merges into the parent form; the coloring of the columellar region also, varies to that of NV. pudligera through intermediate shades. N. bicanalis, Phil. is a synonym. Var. OVALIS, Sowb. Fig. 8. More transverse, with terminal apex, spirally striated, aperture yellowish, deepening to orange color on the columellar area, edge very obscurely crenulated. Diam. 25 mill. Tahiti. War Purim, Recluz: Figs, 12, 15, 19. Striate, body whorl somewhat extended above, but not covering the spire, and appressed, not ridged, dark brown, faintly black- spotted, varying to black; aperture and columellar area yellowish to orange, columellar edge minutely dentate or smooth. Diam. 30-40 mill. Indo-Australian, Central Polynesian. 58 NERITINA. N. Californica, Reeve (fig. 13), N. expansa, Gassies (fig. 14), N. Bruguierei, Recluz (fig. 15), of which N. Dunalii, Montr. Mss., N. cirrata and N. circinata Philippi, are synonyms, and N. Lenor- mandi, Gassies (fig. 19), may all be placed here. N, squamipricra, Recluz. PI. 19, figs. 27, 20, 21, 23, 25-27. Striate, shining, yellowish olivaceous to brownish, nebulous, or with reticulations or biangular markings of black lines, varying from minute to large, sometimes intensified into bands, sometimes absent or ouly apparent here and there, last whorl appressed and envelop- ing the spire; aperture bluish white to olivaceous, columellar area slightly punctate, flattened, yellowish white or pale olivaceous, margin minutely dentate. Diam. 25-35 mill. Philippines, Moluceas. I think it not unlikely that this form will prove to be only a color variety of N. pulligera, from which it is distinguished mainly by its lighter color and more prominent and diversified markings. Like that species it has its varieties depending upon the appression or erection of the sutural edge, color of interior, ete; and as in that species, so far as these differences have caused separate names to be given them, I have treated them as varieties-simply for convenience. This form is NV. pulligera, Quoy and Gairnard, NV. Delestennet, Recluz. Var. Becxn, Recluz. Figs. 20, 21, 25. Lip raised into a sutural ridge above, columellar area greyish black. It is N. ‘Knorri, Reeve (fig. 25), N. Brandti, Phil. of which N. cornuta, Reeve (Figs. 20, 21) and its Var. Pacifica, Mousson are synonumys. Var. 1R18, Mousson. Fig. 23. Spire subimmersed beneath the last whorl, yellowish olive, con- spicuously reticulated with brown or black; aperture bluish, yellow around the margin, columellar area purple-red, edge numerously dentate. Diam. 18-30 mill. Malaysian Archipelago. The synonyms are N. Knorri, Sowb., NV. testudinea, Hombr. et Jacq. NV. Delesserti, Recluz. Var. SANGUINEA, Sowb. Fig. 26. Flexuously striate, upper part of body whorl appressed to and enveloping the spire, olive yellow, reticulately mottled with black; NERITINA. 59 aperture yellowish, with marginal border of blood red, the latter color extending over the columellar area, edge edentulous. New Ireland, on stones in mountain streams. N. Powistana, Recluz. Pl. 19, figs. 28, 29. Last whorl partially enveloping the spire, raised into a ridge towards the aperture, yellowish olivaceous, reticulated or spotted with black, sometimes faintly banded with violaceous upon which are nebulous light spots; aperture and area olive yellow, columellar margin edentulous. Diam. 20 mill. New Ireland, on stones. Var. imMERSA, Martens. Fig. 29. Pale violaceous with darker bands, with white, black-bordered triangular markings; aperture yellowish. Japan? N. ASPERULATA, Recluz. PI. 19, figs. 30, 31; Pl. 20, fig. 32. Whorls very rapidly increasing, somewhat flattened above a very obsolete shoulder-angle, spire minute, but visible, not raised, spirally and longitudinally somewhat roughly striate, the spiral lines im- pressed, olivaceous brown, transversely reticulated with black, epidermis thin, rough, not shining, aperture bluish white to light yellowish, columellar margin edentulous. Diam. 16-25 mill. East Indies, N. Caledonia, Philippines. I think that WV. arecifera, Moérch (fig. 32), will prove synonymous, or at most a variety with somewhat more prodnced spire. N. pennata, Born. PI. 20, fig. 33. Semiglobose, slightly striate, somewhat shining, olivaceous or brownish with subtriangular black spots often in oblique series; aperture and columellar area yellowish to orange color, margin concave, numerously minutely toothed. Diam. 16-25 mill. East Indian Archipelago. N. piperina, Chemn. is the young of the species. N. nreroGiypnica, Wattebled. Pl. 20, fig. 34. Conically globose, solid, shining, scarcely striulate longitudinally, brownish olivaceous, with zigzag dark brown or blackish markings; aperture and columellar area bluish white or slightly vellowish, columellar margin concave, minutely dentate. Diam. 22, alt. 34 mill. Annam. 60 NERITINA. N. porcata, Gould. PI. 20, fig. 35. Equally, closely plicate, epidermis dark brown with inconspicuous black reticulations, varying to entirely black, last whorl appressed on the spire, which is partially covered; aperture yellowish with a deeper zone around the margin, columellar area flattened, minutely punctate, yellow, deepening into orange red posteriorly, margin minutely dentate. Diam. 18-27 mill. Viti and Samoan Is. It is NV. Solomonensis, Reeve, N. Graffei, and Var. frondosa, Mousson. N. sutcutosa, Martens. PI. 20, fig. 36. Closely spirally engraved, striulate, dark olivaceous brown, with- out markings; aperture bluish ash color, columellar margin sinuated, distinctly rather strongly dentate, area plane. Diam. 14 mill. Ins. Flores, E. of Java. Is V. spiralis, Martens, not Reeve. N. punotuuata, Lam. PI. 20, figs. 37-41. Nearly smooth, the striz of growth fine and inconspicuous, last whorl enveloping the spire, light brown, sometimes with a violet tinge, varying to black, covered throughout with close light colored suboval spots; aperture bluish white, varying to light yellowish, columellar area wide, flattened, minutely punctate, yellowish grey, edge minutely dentate. Diam. 20-30 mill. West Indies, Central America, New Grenada, Bay of Montija, Panama to Mazatlan. Probably inhabits the sea as well as fresh water; some of the specimens have the spire extensively eroded. The distributiou on both shores of the American continent is singular, but is well- established. The species need not be confounded with J. virginea, Linn., as has been done; in its spire-enveloping body whorl and other characters it is very distinct from that species, and completely indentified with the present group. The principal synonym is J. cassiculum, Sowb. (fig. 39), which von Martens by an erroneous reference to Sowerby’s illustrations has referred to N. reclivata, Say; other synonyms are JN. fuscilabris, Wiegmann; and NV. aperta, Budgin. I think that to these may pro- bably be added N. Bahiensis, Recluz (fig. 40), from Brazil, and N. turbida, Morelet (fig. 41), from Central America—both of them young shells. NERITINA. 61 N. Arra, Sowb. PI. 20, figs. 42-44. Very slightly striulate, spire somewhat prominent, partially en- veloped by the last whorl, yellowish olive to brown or nearly black, reticulated with black, often forming obscure spiral bands; aperture bluish white, columellar area yellowish brown, flattened, the margin finely toothed. Diam. 15-20 mill. West Coast of Africa. As in most similarly marked species, the interspaces of the reticu- lations sometimes have the appearance of nebulous spots on a dark surface. The synonyms are N. equinoxialis, Morelet, N. Listeri, Reeve (figured), N. Africana, Recluz, N. rubricata, Morelet (figs. 43, 44), and N. Calabarica, Mousson. N. FrAsERt, Reeve. Pl. 20, fig. 45. Olive black, longitudinally ridged-striate, spire but little exserted; aperture bluish white, columellar margin sinuous and minutely dentate in the middle, area flattened, yellowish. Diam. 14 mill. West Africa. This species is unknown to me. N. Sanpatrna, Recluz. Pl. 20, figs. 46-48. Growth striz crossed by very faint impressed lines, last whorl obtusely shouldered, slightly concave above the shoulder, more or less enveloping the rather high spire, brown to black, sometimes obscurely reticulated; aperture and columellar area bluish white or yellowish, columellar margin sinuous and dentate in the middle. Diam. 16-22 mill. Sandalwood Bay, Malaysian Archipelago, Viti Is. ete. N. cholerica, Gould (fig. 47), N. Vanicorensis, Hombr. (fig. 48), and N. Caffra, of Garrett are synonyms. There is but little differ- ence between this species and N. propinqua, Mousson in the appear- ance of the shell: the latter has not columellar teeth. N. apumBRATA, Reeve. PI. 20, fig. 49. Last whorl a little depressed around, but not enveloping the spire, smooth, shining, yellowish olivaceous to brown, closely or coarsely ‘reticulated with black, or appearing nebulous on a darker ground; aperture bluish white, columellar area flattened, posteriorly orange brown, edge slightly sinuous and minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 18-30 mill. Solomon’s Is. 62 NERITINA. More elevated, brighter color, and not enveloping the spire like the preceding species. N. Marcutonata, Reeve. Pl. 20, fig. 50. Rather thin, orbicular, shining, body whorl concavely impressed next the spire, with conspicuous waved yellowish and black striga- tions, sometimes nebulous; aperture yellowish, somewhat expanded, columellar area rather narrow, the edge minutely toothed. Diam. 22 mill. Marquesas Is. Unfigured Species. N. rRuNCcATA, Sganzin. Madagascar. N. nara, Dufo. Seychelles. N. RossMAssLERIANA, Recluz. Hab unknown. Section NErtrona, Martens. 1869. N. LApiosa, Sowb. PI. 21, fig. 53. Semiglobose, last whorl partially enveloping the spire, expanded at the aperture, rugosely striate, olive brown, with short black trans- verse markings; aperture large, peristome subcontinuous with the pos- terior margin of the columellar area, lip and area yellowish white to deep orange color, the margin edentulous. Diam. 35-50 mill. Celebes, Philippines. For operculum, see description of the section, p. 7. N. pLAnissiMA, Mousson. PI. 21, figs. 54, 55. Oval, depressed, striulate, olivaceous, somewhat rough; aperture bluish, columellar area orange tinted, the margin edentulous, peri- stome subcontinuous. Diam. 28 mill. Mts. in Navigator's Is. Unknown to me, but appears very closely related to the preceding species. N. Maccrniivrayi, Reeve. Pl. 21, figs. 56, 57. Depressed auriform, usually more or less eroded, smooth, brownish olivaceous; peristome subcontinuous, columellar area deep orange color, margin arcuate in the middle and edentulous, aperture bluish. Diam. 29 mill. Port Carteret, Solomon Is. NERITINA. 63 N. GRANosSA, Sowb. PI. 21, figs. 51, 52. Much depressed, covered with warts throughout, arranged some- what in quincunx order, rayed on the sides; aperture bluish white, radiated and speckled with darker short lines and spots, columellar area whitish or more or less tinged and colored with yellow, varying to reddish orange. Diam. 30-45 mill. Sandwich Is. N. papillosa, Jay and N. gigas, Lesson are synonyms. Subgenus Cirruon, Montfort. 1810. When the spines are developed, as they usually are, there is no difficulty in determining these shells; but occasionally the same species is spineless, and even some of the species referred here appear to never develope spines, in which cases they are only separable from Clypeolum by the characters of the operculum. N. toneispina, Recl. Pl. 23, figs. 3-5. Kpidermis varying from rather dark brown to nearly black, the lighter colored specimens often with black lines and bands, surface plicately rugose, with a series of long, cylindrical spines on the shoulder; aperture bluish white, showing the exterior bands, colu- mellar area flattened, smooth, usually whitish or posteriorly tinged with yellow, terminated by a distinct rounded line, margin incurved in the middle and edentulous or minutely dentate. Diam. 15-30 mill. Mauritius, Isle of Bourbon, Rodriguez, Madagascar. It is V. corona, Linn. in part, NV. coronata, Leach. Var. MauritiAna, Morelet. Fig. 5. Spines not developed. NV. despinosa, Mouss. is a synonym. N. sprnosa, Budgin. PI. 28, figs. 6, 7. Rather smooth, with a few wrinkles, shining, light yellowish brown with irregular black spiral bands, and a corona of moderately long, subeylindrical black spines; aperture bluish white, showing the bands, columellar area flattened, distinctly circumscribed pos- teriorly, often tinged with yellowish, deepening into reddish-orange — behind, margin a little incurved but scarcely dentate in the middle. Diam. 15-20 mill. Taheiti. 64 NERITINA. N. undata, Lesson, and var. inermis, Martens (fig. 7), are syno- nyms, the latter for specimens in which the spines are broken or not well developed; but I have never seen a specimen without some indication of their presence. N. SouLEYETANA, Recluz. Pl. 23, figs. 8, 9. Rather smooth, shining, black, with white or yellowish, more or less interrupted and undulated longitudinal strigations, shoulder subangulated, with distant rather short, somewhat stout spines, aperture yellowish or bluish white, columellar margin incurved and very faintly minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 15-20 mill. Marquisas Is., New Ireland, Moluccas, ete. Small specimens entirely devoid of spines are of frequent occur- ance. N. Recluziana, Guillou (fig. 10), N. hapa, Hombr. et Jacq., and N. rarispina, of the same authors, V. nigrispinis, Lesson, and var. Studeriana, Martens are synonyms. Var. KERAUDRENH, Le Guillou. The strigations replaced by numerous small rounded or subtri- angular yellowish or whitish spots. N. Armstrongiana, Hinds is a synonym. N. Mapecassrna, Morelet. Pl. 23, fig. 11. Slightly striate, somewhat plicately folded, yellowish or olivaceous, more or less variegated in spots or bands, or uniformly reddish brown, with a more or less defined shoulder, sometimes unarmed but usually cord-like with an occasional short spine; aperture bluish white or yellowish white, slightly sinuous on the middle of the columellar margin—which is minutely dentate throughout. Diam. 15-21 mill. Madagascar. It is V. corona Bengalensis, Chemn., but does not inhabit the neighborhood of Bengal. N, prApeMA, Recluz. PI. 23, figs, 12-15. Lightly striulate, smooth, shining, yellowish olivaceous, occasion- ally pale violaceous, with white, black-bordered subtriangular spots, shouldered, with usually moderately long spines, sometimes scarcely developed; aperture whitish or bluish white, columellar edge minutely dentate. Diam. 12-16 mill. East Indies, Philippines. N. aranea and N. eryptospina, Mousson are synonyms. NERITINA. 65 Var. SPINIFERA, (Recluz) Sowb. Fig. 14. Reticulated with reddish brown. It is very doubtful whether this is the spinifera of Recluz. Var. Donovana, Recluz. Figs. 12, 13. With subvertical flexuous reddish or blackish strigations. N. strigitlata, Canefri is a synonym. Var. CELEBENSIS, Mousson. With alternate orange and black spiral bands, the orange ground with triangular black-margined yellowish spots. N. BREVISPINA, Lam. PI. 23, figs. 16-18; Pl. 24, figs. 19-28, 31-34. Rugosely plicate, and usually very irregularly subgranular, often unarmed, or with a shoulder somewhat shortly spinose, yellowish brown, with granules whitish, varying to darker brown or nearly black, sometimes obscurely maculated or indistinctly banded, some- times pinkish under the epidermis; aperture yellowish or bluish white, columellar edge usually edentulous in large specimens, mi- nutely faintly dentate in small ones. Diam. 1 in. East Indies to Central Pacifie. A very common, widely distributed form which rejoices in an extensive synonymy. It is N. corona, Linn. in part (figs. 16, 20.) N. spinosa, Wood, N. variabilis; Lesson, N. cardinalis, Guillou, NV. Montucute, Recluz, N. musiva, N. flecuosa, and N. corrugata, Hombr. et Jacq., NV. subgranosa, (figs. 17,18) and var. mutica, Sowb., N. squar- rosa, Recluz, (figs. 25, 26), N. ruida, Mousson, NN. squamosa (Recl.) Sowb., N. Pritchardi, Dohrn (fig. 23),—with which may be united N. aspera, Phil., N. deltoidea, Garrett and var. Vitiana, Mousson, N. rugata, Recluz (figs. 27, 28), and its var. monilifera, Marts., in which granules tend to unite into longitudinal plice. Var. ANGULOSA, Recluz. Figs. 21, 22. Irregularly longitudinally plicate, blackish olivaceous, usually with minute yellowish spots, which are sometimes black margined, sumetimes replaced by short black lines, spines scarcely developed on the’ shoulder. Typically, this form seems very distinct, but it passes into brevis- "pina by intermediates; one of these is N. obscurata, Recl. others are N. discors, Mart. (fig. 24), and N. ruginosa, Recl. (figs. 31, 382),— of which WN. aspersa, Reel. (fig. 33), N. humerosa, Mousson NV. sub- rugata, Baird. (fig. 534) are synonyms. 66 NERITINA. N. ruytTrpopHora, Tapparone-Canefri. Pl. 24, figs. 29, 30. With elevated, obliquely longitudinal rugz, olivaceous green, or light greenish pink, with undulating brown or black lines, sometimes evanescent, and sometimes with a submedian black spiral band; aperture light yellowish or brownish grey, columellar area brownish, shining, very minutely rugulose, margin centrally incurved and finely toothed. Diam. 15 mill. Ins. Sorong, N. Guinea. N. THERMOPHILA, Martens. PI. 24, figs. 35, 36. Plicately striate, olivaceous brown, with occasional yellowish maculations, sometimes black-margined, occasionally triseriate, slightly shining, peristome yellowish within, sub-thickened, columellar margin obtusely dentate in the middle, upper tooth much larger, area slightly rugose, orange-yellow. Diam. 6°5 mill. Isl, New Britain. Only known to me by the description and figure, but appears not unlike a spineless V. brevispina. N. HaMASTOMA, Martens. PI. 24, fig. 37. Striulate, olivaceous brown, with small yellowish, black-margined spots; aperture bluish white, columellar margin slightly ineurved in the middle, with a few indistinct teeth on the upper part of the sinus, area plane, scarlet. Diam. 26°5 mill. Philippines. Described from a single specimen. N. cHLOROsTOMA, Brod. PI. 24, figs. 38, 39; Pl. 25, fig 62; Pl. 26, figs. 83-85. Smooth, somewhat shining, greyish, varying to violaceous, light ~ brown or black, with numerous, usually minute white dots and spots which, when the ground color is light, are black-margined, sometimes indistinctly darker banded; aperture whitish, yellow, olivaceous etc, columellar margin scarcely sinuous in the middle, edentulous, or obscurely dentate, area plane, smooth, often tinged with yellow posteriorly. Diam. 7-12 mill. Marquesas, Harvey, Cook's, Samoan and Viti Is. ete. The synonymy ineludes NV. pisiformis, Recluz, N. siderea, Gould, (fig. 83), N. parvula, Guillou, N. tristis, Reeve, (fig. 85), N. lentigi- nosa, Reeve, (tig. 62), N. dispar, Pease, (fig. 84), N. Harveyensis, Mousson, V. paludosa, Garrett, Ms. NERITINA. 67 N. ReErTRopicta, Martens. PI. 24, figs. 40, 41. Closely striulate, subopaque, olivaceous, with subtriangular yel- low markings, bordered on the basal margin with black, aperture bluish or yellowish, columellar margin sinuated and obtusely dentate in the middle, area light greyish yellow, slightly rugulose. Diam. 14-17 mill. Southern Japan, Siam, Viti Is. I suspect that this will prove a variety of the preceding species. The synonyms are NV. obtusa, Reeve, (fig. 41), N. nubila, Martens, and NV. obscura, Dunker. N. casTaNneA, Hombr. and Jacq. PI. 24, fig. 42. Minutely flexuously striulate, somewhat sharply so above, dark brown, with black zigzag longitudinal lines, so obscure that they are not usually visible except when the surface is wetted, epidermis of last whorl appressed to and partially or entirely covering the spire; aperture bluish white, columellar margin slightly sinuous, and scarcely dentate in the middle, area flattened, minutely punctate and rugose. Diam. 15-18 mill. Samoa and Caroline Islands. N. propinqua, Mousson is a synonym. N. retusa, Morelet. Pl. 24, figs. 43, 44. Subrugosely striate, soiled olivaceous, with scarcely visible brown- ish maculations, with short spines on the shoulder in the young state which are mostly lost in the adult; aperture yellowish white, the columellar area becoming orange color behind, edge sub-emarginate in the middle and minutely dentate. Diam. 12 mill. New Hebrides. N. SowEerByAna, Recluz. Pl. 24, fig. 45; Pl. 25, figs. 46-51. Solid, subopaque, closely, faintly striate, shining, yellowish brown, orange brown or rosy, frequently with minute white and red spots, sometimes more or less interruptedly banded or longitudinally strigate with black; aperture usually bluish white, columellar mar- gin dentate for most of its length. Diam. 10-15 mill. Gulf of Siam, China, Japan, Philippines. Great as is the typical difference between this species and NV. brevispina, Lam., I have specimens before me which seem to estab- lish a passage between that species and the granular, spineless form of the latter, N. pulchella, (figs 50, 51), Recluz, and N. Sowerbii, Reeve, (figs. 48, 49), are synonyms. 68 NERITINA. N. AVELLANA, Recl. Pl. 25, figs. 52-50. Solid, irregularly striate, subopaque, somewhat shining, olive grey, yellowish or orange-red, with articulated black bands; aper- ture bluish white, columellar area minutely punctate, the margin sinuous in the middle, and obsoletely dentate. Borneo, Formosa, Philippines. I fear that this will prove synonymous with the preceding species. The synonyms are NV. dubia, Issel (var. Isseliana, Martens) and vars. petholata, and chlorosticta, Martens. N. FABA, Sowb. PI. 25, figs. 57-60. Solid, irregularly striulate, shining, yellowish or reddish, more or less interruptedly strigate or reticulated with chestnut or black, sometimes black-banded; aperture bluish white, columellar margin scarcely sinuous in the middle, obsoletely dentate. Diam. 15 mill. Western part of the Indian Archipelago, Singapore, ete. My only specimens of this species, types from its author, strongly indicate identity with MN. Sowerbyana. N. Baliensis, Mousson, and the color-varieties strigosa, sagittata and fasciata, Martens are synonyms. N. InTERRUPTA, Recluz. Pl. 25, fig. 56. Solid, striulate and occasionalty subplicate, yellowish, with fine olivaceous somewhat anastomosing longitudinal lines, often interrupt- ed partially, ‘to form lighter colored spiral bands, young shells frequently and old ones occasionally with several short spines above; aperture bluish or yellowish, the columellar margin dentate nearly throughout, with stronger teeth at the extremities of a central sinus, area subrugose and minutely punctate, usually tinged with bluish black behind; often the base of the shell has a jet-black fasciole. Diam. 9-16 mill. Philippines; New Caledonia. Von Martens considered the species of Recluz a synonym of N. avellana; on the contrary it appears to possess all the characters of the more recently named New Caledonian N. nucleolus, Morelet, (fig. 63). NV. plicata, and N. Pazii, Gassies, and var. spinifera, Martens are synonyms. The unfigured N. costulata and N. Artensis of Gassies, likewise New Caledonian, are probably to be added. NERITINA. 69 N. RARISPINA, Mousson. PI. 25, figs. 65, 66. Striate, dark greenish, minutely punctulate with black, last whorl obtusely angulated, and obsoletely or shortly spinose; aperture bluish, columellar area rather narrow, plane, margin with a dentate median sinus. Diam. 6—9 mill. Java. According as the shell is with or without spines, Mousson has made varieties spinosa and destituta,—which, of course, have no varietal value. The species itself has not been identified. N. Trironensis, Guillou. Pl. 25, fig. 61. Greenish, with arcuate longitudinal yellowish lines, spire entirely eroded, flat; aperture oblique, with a rather narrow, flat area, its margin subarcuate, unidentate, lip rounded, depressed above. Triton Bay, New Guinea. The above is a copy of the original description—which was not illustrated. The figure is from Reeve, and I cannot believe that it pertains to the same species; it looks more like N. chlorostoma, Brod. N. Biconor, Recl. Pl. 25, figs. 68, 67, 69; Pl. 26, fig. 75. Shell plicate-striate, the body whorl enveloping the spire, some- what shining, closely finely strigate with alternate yellowish and olivaceous green, sometimes minutely punctate with the lighter color upon the darker, as though serrating the margins of the strigations; aperture bluish white, columellar area flattened, subrugose, margin slightly incurved and faintly dentate in the middle, the curve boun- ded by a stronger tooth above. Diam. 15-27 mill. East Indies to Philippines. It is WN. celata, Recluz, (fig. 69), N. subpunctata, Recluz, (fig. 67), N. rugata, Souleyet, N. rugosa, Bush, N. punetifera, Mousson, and varieties glandiformis, Molluccensis and tricolor of Martens—the latter with reddish brown rugz and a basal zone of the same, with elongate triangular diaphanous yellowish maculations. I have not seen this variety, nor has it been figured except a section showing coloring, but I can scarcely believe it to belong here—the pattern is more like N. avellana. Finally in N. Wallisii, Mousson (fig. 75) =N. rugata, Gallies, we have a sparsely spinose form which appears to connect very closely with the spinose form of the next species. WIOLIVACHA, Reeluz. Pl. 26, fies. 71, 72: Pl. 25, fig.:70. Smooth, slightly striate, dark olivaceous varying to brownish with obscure black undulating lines, often obsolete, occasionally with one 70 NERITINA. or two short spines above, but mostly without them; aperture bluish white, columellar area flattened, subrugose, sometimes bounded by a callous orange-brown fasciole, edge incurved in the middle and dentate there, and slightly so above the curve. Diam. 15-24 mill. Moluccas, Philippines, Viti Is. N. inconspicua, Busch is a juvenile, and N. subocellata, Schepmann (fig. 70), a spinose specimen ; other synonyms are N. solium, Recluz, = WN. dolium, Rve., (fig. 72). Isuspect that this will, after all, prove a smooth form of N. bicolor, Recluz. Mousson has described a var. Vitiana. N. FLAVOVIRENS, Busch. PI. 26, figs. 76, 77. Lightly striulate, shining, greenish with yellow, black-margined maculations, sometimes a few spines at the suture; aperture bluish- white, columellar margin with a denticulate sinus, terminated by a larger tooth above and below, area convex, very slightly punctate rugulose, Diam. 15 mill. , Java, Borneo, ete. The synonyms are N. emergens, Mouss., N. Cochinsine, Recluz, NV. cyanostoma, Morelet (fig. 77). N. spINIPERDA, Morelet. Pl. 26, fig. 78. Uniform olive green, roughly longitudinally ridged, ridges some- times articulated, young shells with an obtuse shoulder bearing an occasional short spine; aperture bluish or livid white, columellar area callous, dilutely maculated with orange color or greyish green, margin arcuated and dentiulated, with a median larger tooth and another below. Diam. 18 mill. Ins. Nossi-be, near Madagascar. Perhaps a variety of NV. bicolor, Recluz. N. FULIGINOSA, Busch. PI. 26, fig. 79. Plicately striate, shining, olivaceous brown, with numerous pallid dots scarcely visible ; aperture whitish, black-bordered ; columellar area white, plane, faintly rugose, margin arcuate and dentate in the middle, with a larger tooth above and below. Diam. 13-15 mill. Batavia. NV. Bataviensis, Mousson, is a synonym. N. acuLEATA, Gmelin. PI. 26, figs, 80, 81. Shell with revolving ridges elevated into nodes and short spines, olivaceous brown; aperture bluish white with yellowish bands, col- NERITINA. 71 umellar margin slightly .concave, multidentate, area flattened, mi- nutely punctate. Diam. 18-25 mill. Indian Archipelago. It is NV. squamespina, Mousson and JN. suleata, Nyst. N. crrgcumvouura, Recluz. Pl. 26, fig. 82. Smooth, fulvous, or pink, with minute white maculations, with two or three spiral black bands articulated with white; aperture bluish white, the columellar margin slightly arcuate and minutely dentate in the middle, with a stronger tooth at either extremity. Diam. 18 mill. Ins. Negros, Philippines ; on stones in a mountain stream. N. tuctuosa, Recluz. PI. 26, fig. 86. Shell small, smooth, greyish, with close undulating black striga- tions; columellar area plane, narrow, whitish defined on the middle and base by a semicircular line, margin slightly arcuate in the middle, the tooth above the sinus prominent. Diam. 3°5-7 mill. New Guinea, Norfolk Island. N. Precuensts, Blanford. Pl. 26, fig. 87. Striulate, shining, greenish or yellowish olivaceous, sometimes in- distinctly darker banded, covered with minute white dots, shaded in front with brown or black; aperture bluish white, columellar area bluish grey, slightly corrugated, margin slightly sinnous in the mid- dle, the sinus and above it minutely toothed, with a stronger tooth between. Diam. 14 mill. Trawadi River, Pegu, Burmah. It is N. fuliginosa, Theobald. N, RevIFERA, Benson. PI. 26, figs. 88, 89. Lightly striulate, yellowish olivaceous or greenish, with oblique angulated reddish or blackish lines, sometimes forming a coarse re- ticulation; aperture bluish white, columellar margin incurved and minutely dentate in the middle with a stronger tooth at the top, area somewhat convex, wide, whitish. Diam. 9-12 mill, Caleutta, Madras. The synonyms are N. Michaudi, Recluz, (fig. 89) N. reticularis, Sowb., WV. capillulata, Gould, of Sowb., N. Mérchiana, Frauen., N. humeralis, Theob. . Perhaps N. fulgetrum, Reeve (Pl. 12, fig. 50) which I have described on p. 38, and for which no habitat is given, should also be referred here. te 74 NERITINA. N. Driver, Recluz. Pl. 26, figs. 90, 91. Rather thin, whorls obliquely rugulose, with yellow bands on.a blackish ground, sometimes obliquely longitudinally strigate with black or brownish and yellow; aperture bluish, tinged with yellow around the margin and on the columellar area, columellar margin subarcuated and dentate in the middle. Diam. 12 mill. Hanover Bay, N. Australia. N. FLexvuosa, Gassies. Pl. 26, fig. 92. Oblique, flexuous, striulate, scarcely shining, thin, yellowish oli- vaceous, somewhat anatomosely strigate with longitudinal black lines, sometimes obscurely yellowish banded; aperture yellowish, columellar area bluish white, flattened, subpunctate, margin sub-in- cised, with a superior, rather strong tooth. Diam. 5, alt. 7°5 mill. New Caledonia. N. unIDENTATA, Recluz. Pl. 26, fig. 93. Thin, olivaceous, with oblong, oblique yellowish maculations, last whorl a little angulated and ftattened above; aperture yellowish green near the margin, columellar lip narrow, whitish, its margin with a single superior tooth, and scarcely arcuated. Diam. 12 mill. Taheiti. Sometimes a short spine occurs at the superior angle of the lip. The species has not been recognized. N. Comorensis, Morelet. PI. 26, figs. 94, 95. Solid, irregularly striulate, not shining, greenish grey; brown- spotted; aperture grey or greyish brown, columellar area plane, yellowish, the margin with one to three obtuse denticles. Diam. 9 mill. Comoro Is. Unfigured species, probably belonging to Clithon. N. RARISPINA and N. Lesion, Recluz. Sicily. The locality is doubtless erroneous. N. gurrata, Recluz. New Guinea. N. PFEIFFERIANA, Recluz. New Ireland. N. BouRGAINVILLEI, Recluz. Samoa Is. N. Dacost#, Recluz. Philippines. N. Menxkeana, Recluz. Taheiti. NERITINA. iss N. Troscue.t, Recluz. Hab. unknown. N. cORONOIDEs, Lesson. — New Guinea. N. PENICILLATA, Gould. New Ireland. Subgenus NERIPTERON, Lesson, 1830. In the diagnosis of this group (p. 8), the columellar margin is stated to be edentulous, but this is in fact, only occasionally the case ; usually there are traces of teeth, and sometimes they are very dis- tinct, although small. N. AuRicuLATA, Lam. PI. 21, figs. 58-63. Rather convex, slightly striate, somewhat shining, brownish or oli- vaceous, obsoletely reticulated with black lines or with lighter spots ; aperture yellowish white, bluish black around the lip and on the columellar area, margin of columella a little arcuate in the middle, and minutely or obsoletely toothed. Diam. 15-25 mill. Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, Viti Is. It is WV. subalata, Recluz, N. subawrieulata, Recluz (fig. 60), N. ros- trata (figs. 61, 62), and NV. Layardi (fig. 63,), Reeve, as well as var. inaurita, Moérch. N. rupicunpA,; Martens. PI. 21, figs. 64, 65. Convex, very slightly striulate, yellowish brown or chestnut, uni- colored, a little shining ; aperture ash color, peristome reddish, col- umellar margin minutely multidentate, area large, a little rugose, slightly convex. Diam. 12 mill. Kapera River, Borneo, on floating timber. Supposed to differ from the preceding species by its small size, want of reticulated markings, etc. I think it will prove identical. N. Taurrensis, Lesson. PI. 21, figs. 66, 67. Striate, and spirally slightly engraved with subdistant lines, light olivaceous brown, without markings; aperture greyish blue or yel- lowish grey, columellar margin slightly sinous and minutely dentate in the middle, columellar area slightly rugose and minutely punc- tate. Diam. 19-25 mill. Ins. Taheiti, Samoan Is., Sandwich Is. The synonyms are N. auriculata, Sowb., N. Lamarckii, Desh., N. marginata, Hombr. and Jacq., NV. vespertina, Nuttall (PI. 22, fig. 71), and N. Sandwichensis, Reeve (Pl. 22, fig. 75). 74 NERITINA. Von Martens separates N. vespertina on account of a slight differ- ence in convexity of whorls, and habitat, but in the large series before me from both Taheiti, and Sandwich Is., the supposed local peculiarities disappear. N. CurisrovaLensis, Reeve. PI. 21, figs. 68, 69. Convex, striulate, yellowish, with spiral bands of reddish chestnut markings; aperture yellowish, columellar area slightly arcuate and minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 19 mill. San Christoval, Solomon’s Is. N. BICANALICULATA, Recluz. Pl. 21, fig. 70. Rather depressed and somewhat widely winged; olive brown, rather closely reticulated and sometimes banded with reddish chest- nut; aperture bluish white clouded or changing to greyish yellow, columellar margin without teeth, area minutely punctate. Diam. 15-20 mill. Philippines, Viti Is. The ears are usually broader than in the specimen figured, but the depressed form and markings are pretty constant in the series before me. It is NV. biawriculata, Recl. N. Lecontet, Recluz. PI. 22, figs. 74, 75, 76. Very convex, with numerous elevated close spiral lines, olivaceous brown, spirally more or less lineated with black ; aperture lead color or yellowish grey; columellar margin incised, minutely and reg- ularly dentate in the middle, area rugose and minutely granular. Diam. 1 in. New Caledonia. N. Nove-Caledonica, Reeve, (fig. 76) is a synonym. N. actcuLatTa, Morch. PI. 22, figs. 77, 78. With small, distinct, obliquely lateral spire, closely radiately striated, dark olivaceous, unicolored; columellar margin arcuate and dentate in the middle. Diam. 17 mill. Nicobar Is.; Sumatra ? It is N. navicularis, Moreh (undescribed). N. MARMORATA, Brazier. Unfigured. New Guinea. “I ' NERITINA. Section Anna, Recluz, 1842. N. carrosa, Gray. PI. 22, figs. 79-81. With distinct growth lines, and sometimes engraved spiral strie, body whorl convex, swollen, dilated into wings above and below, spire visible, flattened, epidermis black or very dark brown, with numerous close minute yellowish spots, sometimes scarcely visible ; aperture bluish, sometimes yellowish, columellar margin scarcely arcuate in the middle and slightly dentate, terminating with a larger superior tooth. Diam. 18-25 mill. Sandwich Is. In young specimens the wings are often not developed, and then the shell would scarcely be taken for a member of this group. Von Martens changes the name to NV. Sandwichensis, Desh. because he thinks that Gray’s figure should be referred to N. Mauritii, Lesson ; I do not agree with him: the figure appears to me to be decidedly that of the present species. Other synonyms are V. Nuttalli, Recluz. N. convexa, Nuttall, NV. solidissima, Sowb., N. lugubris, Phil., N. per- striata, Mousson, N. tristis, Phil., N. affinis, Recluz., (—=WN. lugubris, Sowb. fig. 83.) N. Mavriri, Lesson. Pl. 22, fig. 82. Rather more depressed than the preceding species, with the wings larger and more dilated, somewhat rugose, epidermis black, unicol- ored; aperiure bluish white, columellar margin minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 18 mill. Mauritius, Ins. Bourbon, Mas Karene Is., E. coast of Madagascar. It is NV. auriculata, Sowb., N. alata, Robillard, N. Deshayesti, Pease, N. Sandwichensis, Desh, N. Lirouana, Gassies. Pl. 22, fig. 84. Spirally striulate, shining, light yellowish, unicolored, translucent ; aperture yellowish white, columellar margin with about five minute teeth in the middle. Diam. 18 mill. New Caledonia. I have not seen this species. N. pruaTaTa, Brod. PI. 22, figs. 85, 86. Shell broadly winged, rather regularly striulate, yellowish olive, sometimes with three indistinct spiral pink bands, covered through- 76 NERITINA. ish grey, columellar margin slightly arcuate and dentate in the middle. Diam. 16 mill. out with zigzag black reticulations ; aperture bluish white or yellow- Taheiti, in streams. N. navicellina, Guillou, N. florida, Recluz are synonyms. Von Martens refers here NV. Oweniti, Wood’s Index Test. Suppl. t. 8, f. . 16, but it appears to me to belong to the next species. N. tatisstma, Brod. PI. 22, fig. 87-89. Finely striulate, with produced but broadly rounded ears, oliva- eeous or brownish black, reticulated with black or triangularly marked with numerous light, black margined spots; aperture bluish or yellowish grey, columellar margin a little concave, scarcely in- curved but minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 20-37 mill. West coast of Central America. The synonyms are N. globosa, Brod., N. intermedia, Sowb. (fig. 89). Var. Pinseryi, Uryoa. Pl, 22 fe. 91 A color variety characterized by a purplish or pink very fine re- ticulation upon a white ground, upon which are numerous subtri- angular white spots with dark margins. Var. FonTAINnEANA, d’Orb. PI. 23, figs. 92,93. Smoothish, olivaceous, reticulated with black, with one or two greenish or blackish zones. Less winged than the type. - Guayaquil, Equador. It is NV. Guaquilensis, Sowb. (fig. 94.) N. Owentana, Gray. Pl. 22, fig. 90. Slightly, closely striulate, yellowish or brownish olivaceous, with asmall or large reticulating pattern of black lines, often forming triangular light spots, last whorl usually enveloping the spire; aperture bluish white to greyish yellow, showing the external pat- tern, columellar margin nearly straight, edentulous, or obscurely, minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 18-25 mill. West coast of Africa; Ins. Fernando Po, Cape Palmas. N. cristata, Morelet. Unfigured. Gabon, W. Africa. N. ALATA, Brod. and Sowb. ~— Taheiti. =~] ~I NERITINA—NAVICELLA, Subgenus Dostta, Gray, 1840. N. CREPIDULARIA, Lam. PI. 23, figs. 95-99. Very convex, lightly striulate, sometimes unicolored, varying from light yellowish, or olivaceous to blackish, but usually reticulated, checkered or spotted with a light color on a dark ground or dark on a light ground, frequently the darker tint is violaceous, and some- times it is reddish; aperture bluish, bluish grey, yellowish grey etce., peristome continuous, columellar area slightly rugose, margin a little arcuate and dentate in the middle. Diam, 15-25 mill. Indian Ocean, India to Malay Archip., China, Philippines, New Caledonia. The form is pretty constant, but the coloring exhibits considerable variation, within rather narrow limits, however; not sufficient to excuse the immense synonymy. It is N. violacea, Gmel. in part, N. purpurea and N. gracilenta, Budgin, N. concentrica, N. plumata and N. mitrula, Menke, N. intermedia, Desh., N. cornucopiw, and N. de- pressa, Benson, N. melanostoma, Troschel, N. Indice and N. Tour- annensis, Souleyet, N. Siquijorensis, N. exaltata, and N. pileolus, Recluz, NV. Schleflii and N. compressa, Mousson, and N. Montrouzieri, Gassies. N. Lirvensts, Angas. Unfigured. To Vaitiss Tes N. uacusrris, Jan. Unfigured. Brazil. Unassigned species described as NERITIN-. N. pyomma, C. B. Adams. Jamaica. IN; PUSILLA-©.: B.. Ad. = Teinostoma. N. NEGLECTA, Pease. Sandwich Islands. N. minima, Recluz. Nukahiva. N. Hesse, Bottger. Mouth of River Congo, W. Africa. Genus NAVICELLA, Lam., 1809. Section Crmper, Montfort, 1810. The shells of the Navicellze are modified in form and convexity according to the nature of the surface to which they adhere; thus the form called N. lineata, is a N. tessellata, higher and laterally compressed from inhabiting the stems of sea-weed, whilst the typical N. tessellata is from surfaces giving the shell a chance to spread; so 78 NAVICELLA. also the projection of the apex varies so that it may reasonably be considered as effected by environment; again, the central projection of the septum, usually conspicuous in NV. Freycineti, is sometimes want- ing in that species, whilst it occasionally occurs in others. Thus the sectional characters (made subgeneric by Messrs. Adams), insensibly coalesce. As to coloring, certain patterns have been regarded as characteristic of species, but there appear to be no breaks in the modifications by which most of the species may be connected. In the interest of scientists (and so, perhaps, of science) it becomes necessary to set up some arbitrary landmarks, be they varieties, species or sections, it matters not, for the recognition of certain stages of the variations else in unbroken progresssion, and to these stages the names given by naturalists at a time when species were entities have been applied. This task Dr. von Martens has per- formed as well as his opportunities, learning and experienced judg- ment permitted: if I have succeeded in making any improvement, it is due to having his work as a foundation. N. Borgonica, Bory. Pl. 27, figs. 2-12. Rather convex, apex small, somewhat attenuated, produced be- yond the posterior margin ; color varying from dark chestnut brown, unicolored to light olivaceous brown, or tinged with purple and marked with radiating reticulations, interior bluish or blackish, the posterior margin usually with a long black stain on either side. L. 25-40 mill. Mauritius, Ins. Bourbon, Madagascar, Seychelles Is. It is N. elliptica, Lam., (fig. 3) N. tabernaculata, Montf., N. por- cellana, Recluz, not Linn., NV. Cookii, Recluz (figs. 4, 5), WV. bimac- ulata, Reeve (fig. 6), var. triloba, Martens. apiata, Sowb. in part (fig. 7), WV. livida, Rve. (fig. 9), very similar to var triloba, var. com- pressa, Martens = WN. affinis, Reeve (fig. 8). I do not separate as such the two varieties given by Dr. von Martens, because such forms occur in all the species and are the result of station upon the growth of the individual. The black markings which Reeve has commemorated in his name bimaculata are very usually, but not always present, and unfortunately occur in other species. A more depressed form has been treated by von Martens as a distinct species, but seems to con- nect insensibly with Borbonica; it is called N. depressa, Lesson, (figs. 10, 11), and NV. zebra, Lesson, N. haustrum, Reeve (fig. 12) and NAVICELLA. 79 its var. fissa, Mousson, NV. hupeana, Gassies and N. affinis, Mousson are referred to it as synonyms. It occurs from New Caledonia to Tahiti. Both N. borbonica and the form depressa have been referred to N. porcellana, Linn., but that species, devoid of epidermis, must re- main unrecognizable. Morelet has figured (Jour. de Conch., Oct. 1887) a color variety from the Comoros Is. It is large, and bimaculate with vermillion inside in young as well as adult individuals. N. MACROCEPHALA, Guillou. Pl. 27, figs. 15-16. Convex, laterally compressed, beak much produced, large, worn away below, epidermis dark chestnut color, with somewhat rugose erowth lines. L. 25-35 mill. New Caledonia to Viti Is. N. sanguisuga, Reeve (figs. 15, 14), V. scarabeus, Reeve (figs. 15), and its var. decapitata, Mousson, and N. magnifica, Reeve (fig. 16), with its var. truncata, Mousson, are synonyms. NV. parva, Mousson (Pl. 28, figs. 23, 24), from the Malay Archipelago appears to have no distinctive character, except its much smaller size: I think it is identical. N. scutpra, von Martens. PI. 27, fig. 17, 18. Elliptical, lateral margins compressed, beaks large, dark chestnut color, without markings, distinctly longitudinally, granularly lirate. L. 18 mill. Sumatra. N. Luzonica, Souleyet. Pl. 27, fig. 19. Chestnut brown, rather smooth and somewhat shining, very mi- nutely radiately reticulated, the markings barely visible except on the beak; convex, beak narrow, recurved, projecting beyond the margin. L. 20-40 mill. Celebes,. Philippines, Marquesas Is., ete. The insufficient distinction of this species rests on the fineness of its reticulating dark lines. NV. crepiduloides, Reeve (Pl. 28, fig. 20), = var. compressa, Martens (PI. 28, fig. 21) and var. adspersa, Mar- tens (Pl. 28, fig. 22) are synonyms. N. BourGAINVILLE!, Recluz. Pl. 28, figs. 25, 26. Broadly elliptical, chestnut color or yellowish olivaceous, with a large pattern of radiating, transverse, black reticulations. L. 20-30 mill. New Caledonia to Viti Is. 80, NAVICELLA. The synonyms include N. macrocephala of Sowb. and Reeve (figs. 27, 28), N. Freycineti, Gould, N. Caledonica, Morelet, N. affinis, Gassies, NV. ornata, Adams and Angas, N. undulata, Mousson, JN. squama, Mousson, and N. nana, Monty. (juvenile). N. Cuminerana, Recluz. PI. 28, fig. 29. Olivaceous yellow with irregular concentric greenish brown or blackish bands and reticulations. L. 15-30 mill. Philippines. The undulating, transverse alternate series of light and dark col- ored stripes give character to this species; it is scarcely as convex as N. Bourgainvillei. N. JANELLA, Recluz. Pl. 28, figs. 30-33. Broadly ovate, laterally somewhat produced, convex, with high, narrow, recurved beak, olivaceous yellow, with numerous, close ra- diating strigations of greenish black, sometimes coalescing, smooth, shining. L. 30-45 mill. Philippines, Marianne Is., Moluccas. N. lentiginosa, Reeve (fig. 33) is a synonym. N. Laprerovsel, Recluz. PI. 28, fig. 34. Convex, elliptical, with compressed sides, chestnut color, with here and there a black longitudinal strigation, sometimes forking, postero-lateral margins of the lip black stained. LL. 18-25 mill. Marianne, Guam, Ponape Is. Will probably prove a variety of WV. macrocephala, Guillou. It is WN. elliptica, Quoy. N. tures, Martens. Pl. 28, figs. 35, 36. Broadly oval, convex, epidermis thin, yellowish, without mark- ings, apex reddish, interior light greyish. L. 17:5 mill. Vita Is. Subsection Parra, Gray, 1867. N. Freycrnett, Recluz. Pl. 28, figs. 837-41. Oval, convex, yellowish brown, varying to chestnut color, diver- gently radiated and coarsely reticulated with black; septum trun- eately produced in the middle. L. 17-35 mill. New Hebrides to Viti Is. The synonyms are NV. pala, Mousson and its var. Vitiensis, Mouss., var. compressa, Martens, which includes N. suffreni, Recl., N. psit- tacea, Reeve (figs. 40, 41), and . pala, var. profunda, Mouss. NAVICELLA. 81 N. Juneuuant, Herklots. Pl. 28, figs. 42, 43. Sub-rotund, smooth, shining, convex, dark olivaceous brown, the apex often purplish, with undulating transverse black lines, rest of surface without markings; septum a little produced in the middle. L. 30-35 mill. Java. Section ELara, H. and A. Adams, 1854. N. SUBORBICULARIS, Sowb. PI. 29, fig. 44. Rounded oval, rather elevated, apex elevated and recurved, inter- marginal, a little oblique, epidermis yellowish green, varying to oli- vaceous brown, the lighter colored specimens sometimes purple tinted above, with triangular radiating markings or irregular ra- diating blackish strigations. L. 20-50 mill. Andaman, Is., to Java, and Philippines. The synonyms are ? N. porcellana, Linn., N. picta, Schum, N. el- liptica, Blainv. (in part), NV. orbicularis, Reeve (figs. 45, 46), 1. squamata, Dohrn, N. Javanica, Mouss., N. Forstenii, Herklots, N. Urvillei, Recluz, and its vars. Gaimardi and Quoyi, Recluz, and N. pulcherrima, Tapparone-Canefri. I am also compelled to unite with this species NV. variabilis, Recluz, (figs. 47, 48); typically it is somewhat higher and more elliptical in outline, but shades away in both respects: N. Schmeltziana, Mousson, is a synonym of it. Philippines, Viti Is. N. aprata, Guillou. Pl. 29, fig. 49. Obovate, apex high, blunt, olivaceous yellow, variegated with black, so as often to form large tear-like radiating blotches of the lighter color. LL. 25-82 mill. Marquesas to Viti Is. IN. TESSELLATA, Lam. Pl. 29, fig. 57. Subelliptical or oblong, rather depressed, spire narrow, recurved, not terminal, thin, not much shining, olivaceous yellow, tessellated with purple brown or black, with obscure rays, varying to olivaceous or purplish brown, with a few short radiating lines and minute spots of white. L. 18-30 mill. Ceylon, Java to Philippines. The synonymy includes N. elypeolum, Recluz (figs. 50-52), 1. Reeluzii, and N. variabilis, Reeve (fig. 53, 54), N. ambigua, Recluz, N. atra, Reeve, N. radiata, Reeve, var. subrostrata, Martens, and its 6 82 NAVICELLA. synonyms NV. pulchella (fig. 56) and N. insignis, Reeve (fig. 55), var. oblonga, Martens, and its synonym N. maculifera, Mousson, var. compressa, Mart., and its synonym N. Entrecasteauai, Recl., (fig. 59) N. reticulata, Reeve (fig. 62), including, NV. eximia, Reeve (fig. 61) — and its var. compressa, Martens (fig. 67), of which N. Livesayi, Dohrn is a synonym, and JN. cerulescens, Recl. (figs. 63, 65), with its syn- onyms V. plumbea, Sowb., N. compressa, Benson, and N. orientalis, Reeve (fig. 66). Section SrENopoMA, Gray, 1867. N. pingEATA, Lam. PI. 29, fig. 58. Shell compressed elliptical, light yellowish, with a radiating pat- tern of chestnut or purplish longitudinal reticulations, forming tes- sellations and triangular markings of the lighter color, very thin, translucent, interior showing all the exterior markings, ight bluish or yellowish. L. 25 mill. Philippines, Viti Is. Von Martens unites this species with NV. tessellata, Lam., and I have no doubt that he is correct, but the latter might with equal propriety be united with VV. suborbicularis, ete.: im fact, the charac- ters in this group anastomose in every direction. N. navicula, Fér., and N. picturata, Garrett (fig. 60) are syn- onyms: in the latter the ground color varies from yellow to pale purple, and the tessellations are often replaced by distinct radiating bands. Unfigured species of Navicella. N. APONOGETONIs, Vahl. East Indies. N. EXceLsaA and N. MoreELETIANA, Gassies. New Caledonia. These two have the interiors only, figured, and those have no characters. Famity NERITOPSID. Genus NERITOPSIS, Grat, 1832. N. RapDuLA, Linn. PI. 29, fig. 68: Shell opaque, thick, white, with thick, close, beaded, spiral ribs, the narrow interstices pitted ; outer lip fluted by the ribs. Alt. *75-1°5 inch. Singapore, Java, Mauritius. ADEORBIS. 83 Famiry ADEORBUDE. Genus ADEORBIS, S. Wood, 1842. A. piana, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 69, 70. Much depressed, last whorl obliquely flattened, broad, spirally striated, umbilicus very large, its wall spirally flattened, aperture wide, oblique, white. Diam. 12 mill. Philippines, Japan. A. ELEGANS, A. Adams. PI, 30, fig. 71. White or yellowish white, depressed, closely striate and with im- pressed spiral lines, last whorl obliquely flattened in front, umbilicus large, its wall rounded, aperture wide, obliquely subtriangular. Diam. 10-12 mill. Ins. St. Thomas, W. I. A. DEPREssus, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 72. Much depressed, broad, smooth, last whorl not obliquely flattened above, umbilicus moderate white. Diam. 4 mill. Mino-Sima, Japan. A. STRIATELLA, Montr. PI. 30, figs. 78, 74. Spirally striate with impressed lines and suboblique curved lines of punctations, white, subtranslucent, shining, umbilicus narrow, spire somewhat elevated, aperture transversely oval. Diam. 5°5 mill. New Caledonia. A. ORBELLA, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 75. White, moderately depressed, with somewhat elevated spire, whorls sloping above, umbilicus very large, defined, aperture obliquely rounded. Diam. 4 mill. Mino Sima, Japan. A. oravusus, A. Ad. Pl. 30, fig. 76: Finely concentrically striated, translucent, spire convexly de- pressed, whorls somewhat flattened above, umbilicus partly covered by callus. Diam. 3 mill. Mino-Sima, Japan. A. Japonicus, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 77. Depressed, smooth, semipellucid, concentrically obliquely striated, whorls slowly increasing, rounded, with impressed suture, umbilicus wide, bordered by a strong rib. Diam. 2°5 mill. Gotto Is., Japan. 84 ADEORBIS. A. ApAmst, Fischer. PI. 30, fig. 78. Convexly depressed, with sharp spire, sinuously concentrically striate, umbilicus rather wide, aperture wide, obliquely oval. Diam. 4 mill. Guadeloupe, W. I., Cedar Key, Fla. A. Sreurenzianus, Tryon. PI. 30, fig. 79. White, widely umbilicated, whorls very oblique, spire elevated, suture impressed, microscopically striate, with intermediate spiral lines, last whorl very oblique, umbilicus surrounded by an obtuse angle of the base. Diam. 4 mill. ; Italy, Sicily ; 11-108 fms. Seeuenza describes this species as A. depressus, preoccupied by A. Adams. A. FRAGILIS, G. O. Sars. PI. 30, fig. 80. Thin, fragile, whitish, or slightly brownish, spire elevated, reg- ularly spirally striate, whorls convex, with deep suture, last whorl obliquely flattened above, aperture obliquely ovate, patulous, umbil- icus large, defined by an obtuse angle. Diam. 2 mill. Loffoden Isl.; W. coast of Norway ; 60-190 fms. A. PROMINULA, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 81, 82. Umbilicus moderate, slightly bordered; thinly concentrically stri- ate, translucent, polished, whorls scarcely prominent, rapidly increas- ing, aperture obliquely rounded. Diam. 2 mill. Mino-Sima, Japan. A. MANULA, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 83. Moderately umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal, the spire a little exserted, whorls rounded, slowly increasing, umbilicus bordered, aperture rounded, Diam. 2°5 mill. Mino-Sima, Japan. A. TRocHULA, A. Ad. PI. 80, fig. 84. Umbilicus small, defined by a rib, spire rather elevated, trochiform, the whorls sloping above, periphery bluntly angulated, aperture rather round. Diam. 3°5 mill. Gotto Is., Japan. A. PATRUELIS, A. Adams. PI. 30, figs. 85, 86. Semipellucid, white, spire slightly elevated, last whorl sloping above, obtusely triangular, rather flattened below, umbilicus some- what narrow, columellar lip erect. Diam. 3 mill. Mino-Sima, Japan. ADEORBIS. 85 A. suBancuLatus, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 87, 88. _Umbilicus narrow, defined by an angle, rather solid, last whorl gibbous and obscurely angular near the suture, outer lip sinuously produced above. Diam. 5 mill. Gotto Is., Japan. A. Stnensis, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 89, 90. Depressed, solid, opaque, spire slightly elevated, decussated by minute concentric and spiral strize, whorls rounded, umbilicus rather large, aperture nearly round. Diam. 3 mill. China Sea. Av nipipus, A. Ad: PI. 30, figs. 91, 92. Whorls rounded, with impressed suture, spire slightly elevated, umbilicus large, defined by an angle, aperture nearly round. Diam. 3°5 mill. Philippines. A. cartnatus, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 93, 94. Whorls rounded, the last gibbous towards the suture, flattened on the base, which is surrounded by a keel, becoming stronger towards the aperture, umbilicus rather large, defined by an angle, aperture obliquely subquadrate. Diam. 4 mill. Seto-Uchi, Japan. A. PLANORBULUS, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 95, 96. Shell much depressed, planorbiform, spire not raised, whorls round- ed, the last rapidly increasing towards the aperture, umbilicus very large, not defined, aperture round. Diam. 45 mill. Philippines. A. SUBCARINATUS, Montagu. PI. 30, fig. 97. Depressed turbinate, white, subcostulate-striate, encircled by two or three equidistant spiral threads above, sometimes obsolete, occa- sionally developed into ridges, base convexly flattened, bicarinated, umbilicus moderate. Diam. 3 mill. Europe. It is A. carinatus, Wood, and Delphinula pusilla, Phil. A. Angas, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 98, 99. Much depressed, discoidal, thin, white, convexly flattened above, whorls few, rapidly increasing, periphery sharply carinated and erenulated by radiating strong growth strix, which also crenulate 86 ADEORBIS. the suture, concavely flattened below, with the folds of the growth strie very prominent, umbilicus wide, aperture large, basal. Diam. 4:5 mill. Australia ; Singapore (Archer). A. VincEenTIANUs, Angas. PI. 30, fig. 100. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, semipellucid, white; whorls 35, rapidly increasing, the last very large, convex, finely undulately concentrically striated, obtusely keeled below the periphery, and with a basal keel surrounding the umbilical region, which is slightly crenated by rude growth-lines; aperture semilunar, the inner lip nearly straight, sinuously angulated above. Diam. 6 mill. Aldinga Bay, St. Vincent's Gulf, Australia. A. SCABER, Phil. Pl. 30, figs. 99 a, 6. White, scabrous, with elevated, subserrated spiral lines above, and sublamellar incremental lines below, whorls rapidly increasing, the last with acutely angulated periphery. Diam. 3 mill. , Panama. A. TENUILIRATUS, Smith. Pl. 30, figs. 1-3. Moderately umbilicated, yellowish, marked with spiral interrupted lines and oblique radiating streaks of dark olivaceous, base yellowish white, unicolored; whorls 4, convex, rapidly increasing, with deep suture, obliquely striate, and with thin spiral lire; aperture sub- circular, receding at the base, whitish, showing the external mark- ings. Diam. 3 mill. San Christoval, Solomon Is. I think this will prove to be a Trochus; there are slight evidences of pearly nacre on the specimens before me. Unfigured and doubtful species. A. cosratus, Garrett. = Fossarus Garretti, Pease, Manual, ix, 272. A. vARIus, Hutton. —Fossarina, Manual, ix, 276. A. ABJEcTA, C. B..Ad. — Fossarus, Manual, ix, 274. A. srrratus, Chemn. =Circulus striatus, Phil. A. iMpErspicuvs, Monts. Steily, A. Orpienyt, Fischer. | Cuba. A. FIMBRIATUS, Martens. New Guinea. A. pictus, Tenison-W oods. Tasmania. ARCHYT@A. 87 Genus ARCHY TA, Costa, 1869. I have added to this genus a number of species described as Ad- eorbis, but which are related to the following type species by the characters of the shell. A. DELICATUM, Phil. PI. 30, fig. 6. Moderately umbilicated, thin, semipellucid, white; whorls 33, convex, the last large, suture well impressed, base a little flattened ; surface smooth, microscopically decussated ; aperture oval, peristome simple, nearly continuous. Diam. 1°1 mill. Norway ; fossil in Sicily. Var. EXPANSA, Sars. PI. 30, fig. 7. Shell and aperture more oblique, dilated below. Diam. 1:4 mill. Norway. A. suTURALE, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 4, 5. Rather narrowly umbilicated, very finely concentrically striated, thin, semipellucid, white, spire a little elevated; whorls somewhat convex, rapidly increasing, suture deep ; aperture rounded. Diam. 1°5 mill. Tsu-Sima, Japan. A. cornnicutum, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 8, 9. Umbilicus narrow, defined by an angle, white, translucent, very minutely striated ; whorls somewhat convex, rapidly increasing, the last rounded, large; aperture round. Diam. 2 mill. Mino-Sima, Japan. A. piaPpHANUM, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 10, 11. Narrowly umbilicated, globose, transparent ; whor!s rounded, the last inflated ; aperture round. Diam. 1°5 mill. Gotto Is., Japan. A. Exqguisirum, Jeffreys. Pl. 30, figs. 12, 13. Rather widely, deeply umbilicated, white, rather thin, transparent and glossy, microscopically decussated, the crossings slightly nodose ; whorls 3, convex, with deep suture; aperture obtusely subtriangular. Diam. 1°75, alt. 2°5 mill. Mediterranean Sea. Subgenus Pseuporstis, Monts., 1884. A. GRANULUM, Brugnone. PI. 30, fig. 14. White, subglobose, spire a little exserted, whorls 3, spirally ribbed, ribs elevated, scarcely umbilicated, peristome subcontinuous. Diam. 1.5 mill. Mediterranean Sea. 8s CYCLOSTREMA. Famiry CYCLOSTREMATIDE. Genus CYCLOSTREMA, Marryait, 1818. Section CrcLosTREMA, (sensu stricto). C. anaciypra, A. Ad. PIL 31, figs. 15, 16. ; Turbinate, with broad, flattened umbilicus, last whorl with three spiral, beaded ribs, convex, white, solid, lip externally crenulated. Diam. 4 mill. Seto- Uchi, Japan. C. micans, A. Ad. PL 31, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20. More depressed than the preceding species, thick, white, last whorl with three spiral nodulous ribs, the middle one more promi- nent, peristome continuous, thick, externally crenulated, umbilicus rather small. Japan, Singapore, Australia. C. pulchella, Dunker, (figs. 19, 20) is a synonym. C. Catament, Jousseaume. PI. 31, figs. 21, 22. Rather widely umbilicated, white, thick, solid, minutely costulate, with an obscure spiral line above, periphery angulated, base with three carine crossing the radiating striz, producing a subnodulous surface. Diam. 25 mill. Prince's Isl. W. Africa. C. Marcuer, Jousseaume. Pl. 31, figs. 23, 24, 25. Rather widely umbilicated, white, thick, solid, with spiral mblets, that in the middle of the upper surface tuberculated, riblets closer on the base. Diam. 25—£5 mill. Poulo-Penang, Singapore, Viti Is. The larger diameter and last locality are for Vitrinella seulpthlis, Garreit (fig. 25), an undoubted synonym, the types agreeing com- pletely with Singapore specimens collected by Archer. C. Reeveana, Hinds. Pl. 31, fig. 26. Moderately umbilicated, white, radiately lirate, crossed above by several spiral ridges, of which the centre one is more prominent, forming an angle, ridges close below, spinously tuberculated by the radiating lire, umbilical wall radiately closely striate. Diam. 16 mill. Singapore. CYCLOSTREMA. 89 C. CANCELLATA, Marryatt. PI. 31, figs. 27, 28. White, sublenticular, flattened convex above, more convex below, with oblique radiating riblets, interrupted by an obtuse peripheral rib, the interstices of the riblets finely spirally striated, umbilicus moderate. Diam. 6 mill. West Indies; Philippines ? C. EBURNEA, Nevill. PI. 31, figs. 29, 30. Narrowly umbilicated, thick, white, shining, longitudinally ob- liquely plicate, the interstices spirally striated, suture narrowly mar- gined, periphery with a corded carina, bordered by an impressed line above and below, base sculptured like the upper surface. Diam. 475 mill. Pooree, Bay of Bengal. The Philippine specimens referred to C. cancellata, Marryatt by Sowerby, may prove to belong to this species. C. ALVEOLATA, Jousseaume. PI. 31, figs. 31, 32. Depressed, widely umbilicated, rather thick, transparent, vitreous white, with an occasional spiral ridge, between which are radiating riblets, both above and below, the interstices spirally striate. Diam. 1°5 mill. Hab. unknown. C. Scoramni, Fischer. PI. 31, fig. 53. Subdepressed, spire rather flattened, whorls excavated below the suture, with strong, oblique, sharp radiating ribs. Diam. 3°5 mill. Isl. Guadeloupe, West Indies. C. ArcHERI, Tryon. PI. 33, fig. 84, 85. Rather widely umbilicated, shell depressed, spire scarcely elevated, whorls rounded, with regular convex longitudinal ribs, the inter- stices finely spirally lirate, peristome thickened. Diam. 2°5 mill. Singapore (Archer). 97 C. Ammonoceras, A. Ad. PI. 31, figs. 34, 35. Depressed, spire slightly elevated, last whorl flattened near the suture and around the moderate umbilicus, with rather thick, dis- tant longitudinal ribs, the interstices finely spirally striated, aperture large, outer lip thin. Diam. 3 mill. Japan. Less depressed, with more distant and prominent ribs than the preceding species; differs also in the thin peristome, and sutural and basal flattening of the body whorl. 90 CYCLOSTREMA. C. EXCAVATA, Carpenter. PI. 31, figs. 36, 37. Flatly convex above, flattened below, the wide umbilicus defined by an angle, minutely spirally striated, last whorl angulated at the base, peristome thin. Diam. 6 mill. China Sea. C. aromus, Issel. Pl. 31, figs. 38, 39. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, greenish, a little shining, obliquely longitudinally striate; whorls 44, rapidly enlarging, slightly convex, the last subangulated at the base, umbilical area longitudinally crispate; peristome thickened, continuous. Diam. 1:5 mill. Suez. C. Nevitu1, H. Adams.. Pl. 31, fig. 40. Narrowly umbilicated, disk-like, subpellucid, shining, thin, spirally lirate and radiately striate, smooth at the periphery, spire subplane, - suture scarcely impressed; whorls 4, moderately increasing, flattened, the periphery angulated, base more convex; peristome simple, um- bilicus with callous margin. Diam. 45 mill. Ceylon. C. MILITARIS, Jousseaume. PI. 51, figs. 41, 42. Widely umbilicated, depressed, thin, pellucid, slightly convex and faintly, finely, irregularly striate above, base nearly plane, equally striate, the strize becoming stronger upon the walls of the umbilicus, with a spiral thread-like carina near the periphery of the base, and another close to the umbilicus. Diam. 2°75 mill. Prince’s Isl., W. Africa. C. AREOLATA, Sars. Pl. 31, figs. 438-45. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, solid, semipellucid, white, finely spirally lirate, crossed by close incremental strize; whorls 3, convex, moderately increasing; aperture orbicular, peristome thin. Diam. 1°4 mill. Arctie Norway. C. VERRILLI, Tryon. PI. 31, fig. 46. Widely umbilicated, depressed, with low spire, white, finely, longi- tudinally. obliquely striate, with several spiral lines on the body whorl above the periphery, more numerous and closer on the base; whorls 34, the last large, very convex, base oblique; aperture large, very obliquely ovate, periphery thin and sharp. Diam. 2°2 mill. Off New England ; 545 fms. Described by Verrill as C. cingulatum, a specific name twice pre- occupied, CYCLOSTREMA. 9] C. pIAPHANA, Verrill. Pl. 31, fig. 47. Narrowly umbilicated, depressed trochiform, thin, translucent, white, smooth, shining; whorls 32, very convex, with deep suture, smooth, except twenty to twenty-five close spiral lines around the umbilical perforation. Diam. 3 mill. Off New England; 98 fms. C. DuNKERI, Tryon. PI. 32, figs. 48, 49. Widely umbilicated, depressed, with a spiral rib near the suture, another on the periphery, and a third circumscribing the umbilicus. Diam. 2°5 mill. Japan. Described by Dunker as C. cingulata, a name preoccupied by Philippi. C. Puiipptt, Issel. Pl. 32, figs. 50, 51. Widely umbilicated, yeliowish white, obsoletely radiately plicate- striate, with three spiral ridges, one near the suture, the other defi- ning a narrow peripheral area; whorls 3}, rapidly increasing, flat- tened above, a little convex below, umbilicus defined by a granular rib. Diam. 1°5 mill. Swez. C. crneuLata, Philippi. Pl. 32, figs. 53, 54. Narrowly umbilicated, with radiating low, broadly rounded un- dulations above, scolloping the periphery, quadricarinate in the adults, bicarinate in the young, the carinze being more acuate, sin- uately dentate, and dotted with brown; aperture subcircular in the adult. Red Sea. The only figure represents a young shell, 1°5 mill. in diam. The size of the adult is not given. C. VERREAUXII, Fischer. Pl. 32, fig. 52. Moderately umbilicated, whorls rapidly increasing, the last en- circled by three keels, of which the peripheral one is most. prom- inent, and produced at the aperture into a tongue-shaped lobe, umbilical wall flattened, defined by an angle, peristome produced by the peripheral keel. Diam. 4°5 mill. California. I believe that the indefinite locality given by Fischer thirty years ago remains unverified. 92 CYCLOSTREMA. C. Brporcata, A. Ad. PI. 32, figs. 56, 57. Rather narrowly umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, last whorl with two sharp keels of which the lower is most prominent, aperture rather rounded, outer lip two-lobed. Diam. 2°5 mill. Seto- Uchi, Japan. C. Lzvis, Kiener. Pl. 32, fig. 55, 59, 60. Widely umbilicated, depressed, smooth, last whorl encireled by a number of rather distant keels, one of which forms an angular periphery, umbilicus with a flat wall, defined by a rib. Diam. 15 mill. Port Lincoln, Australia; Japan; Viti Ls. It is C. diatreta, Gould, and Delphinula nivea, Reeve. The latter attributes his species to Chemnitz, who in this, as in many other instances was not binomial. C. actea, Jouss, (figs. 79, 60), a species described as differing from /evis in the regularity of its keels, also appears to belong here, for the keels are very irregularly developed in number, prominence and spacing; it was described from a single specimen, without locality. C. pupticata, Lischke. PI. 32, fig. 58. Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, striate, carinate at the suture, bicarinate at the periphery, with two less developed carinze on the base, circumscribing the flat-walled umbilicus; periphery thickened. Diam. 4 mill. Japan. C. ViRGINIe, Jousseaume. Pl. 32, figs. 61, 62. Widely umbilicated, thick, solid, opaque, white, with about eleven rounded spiral ribs on the last whorl, the intervening grooves longi- tudinally striate, the striz more prominent around the umbilicus, whorls 43, rapidly enlarging, convex; peristome thickened. Diam. 6 mill. Madagascar? Has more ribs than C. cingulifera, A. Ad. C. ANcuLATA, A. Adams, PI. 32, figs. 63, 64, 65. Widely umbilicated, periphery keeled, with spiral lire above it, base with a submedian keel, defining the umbilicus, and producing the basal margin of the peristome. Diam. 12 mill. Isl. Zebu, Philippines; Guadeloupe, St. Martin, W. Indies. C. angulata, A. Ad. was described as from the Philippines on the authority of Cuming, but as that great collector sometimes made CYCLOSTREMA. 93 mistakes, the locality needs confirmation. There can be no doubt of the identity with this species of C. Beawi, Fischer (fig. 63), a West Indian species. C. TRICARINATA, Smith. Pl. 32, figs. 66-68. Widely umbilicated, depressed, white; whorls 5, rapidly increas- ing, spirally lirate, the last whorl acutely tricarinated, the peripheral carina strongest; aperture subhexagonal, peristome acute. Diam. 3 mill. Whydah, West Africa. C. ROSEOTINCTA; Smith. Pl. 32, fig. 70. Moderately umbilicated, rosy white; whorls 4, convex, distantly, slightly, spirally lirate, decussated by faint incremental striz, suture depressed; peristome thin. Diam. 1°75 mill. Whydah, W. Africa. C. cartnaTta, H. Adams. PI. 32, fig. 71. Widely umbilicated, solid, with regular, angular spiral carine, the interstices radiately sculptured; whorls 4, convex, rapidly in- creasing, the last dilated in front; aperture subcircular, peristome thickened, subecontinuous. Diam. 2°5 mill. Persian Gulf. C. cINGULIFERA, A. Ad. PI. 82, figs. 72, 73. Widely, flatly umbilicated, depressed, whorls rapidly increasing, the last encircled by six prominent, very sharp ribs; peristome ex- ternally fluted. Diam. 3°5 mill. Philippines, Japan. C. Tater, Angas. Pl. 32, figs. 74, 74a. Widely, deeply umbilicated, moderately thin, shining, pearly white, microscopically striated; whorls 4, rounded, flattened and slightly excavated next below the suture, with one, or sometimes two, narrow thread-like keels at the upper part, and strongly keeled round the umbilical region, suture distinct; aperture subcircular, lip simple. Diam. 2°5 mill. South Australia. “The above is the normal condition of the species; but examples occur which are thinner and have a greater number of keels, some- times as many as seven or eight. At first I was inclined to regard the many-keeled variety as specificaily distinct; but on the examina- tion of a large series by Professor Tate, he assures me that the number of keels varies so greatly that it would be impossible to separate them. The thin hyaline examples with many keels are probably younger shells.” 94 CYCLOSTREMA. I have figured both the illustrations given by Mr. Angas. If his above remarks be well-founded, which I am very willing to believe, several species herein described, and which are principally distin- guished by the number of revolving riblets will need to be suppressed ; that of the inconoclast himself will be deservedly lost in the general ruin which he has caused. C. rornata, A. Ad. PI. 82, figs. 75, 76. Rather narrowly umbilicated, depressed-subglobose, spire slightly elevated; whorls slowly increasing, rounded, spirally six-ribbed; aperture rounded. Diam. 4°5 mill. Japan. C. sutcata, A. Adams; PI. 32, figs. 77, 78. Umbilicus very wide, grooved, spire convexly depressed, whorls recularly spirally sulcated, the last broad, aperture nearly rounded. Diam. 4 mill. Philippines, Japan. CU mxiewa, Phil; “Pls2yfeso92 30: Rather widely umbilicated, subdiscoidal, with radiating riblets fimbriating four spiral carine. Diam. 2°53 mill. Aden, Arabia. C. Watson!, Tryon. Pl. 32, figs. 81, 82. Widely umbilicated, rather depressed, with a narrow, concave shoulder on the whorls, periphery rounded, umbilicus broadly funnel- shaped, bordered by a thread-like carina, with another within it; white, under a slightly mottled or longitudinally banded smoky brown membranous, epidermis; whorls 4, rapidly increasing. Diam. 28 mill. Off Pernambuco, Brazil; 675 fms. This is C. sulcata, Watson; preoccupied by A. Adams. C. contca, Watson. Pl. 35, figs. 83. Narrowly umbilicated, conical, with about 17 longitudinal lamellee, the interstices spirally striate, white, suture well-impressed; whorls 43, well-rounded, rapidly increasing, the last tumid; peristome con- tinuous, but not solute. Diam. 1°5 mill. Off Pernambuco; 350 fms. Looks more like a Scalaria than a Cyclostrema. CYCLOSTREMA. 95 Unfigured species, described as Cyclostrema. C. FLucTUATA, Hutton. = Turbinide. C. IMMACULATA, and C. sprnosa, Tenison-W oods. Tasmania. C. MopEsta, Gould. Hong Kong. -This has been referred to C. micans, A. Ad. but the description does not agree. C. PENTEGONIOSTOMA, Carpenter. Red Sea. C. CARBONNIERI, Jousseaume. Aden. C. HarRiett#, and C. mrcra, Petterd. Tasmania. C. JounstTonti and C. BRUNNIENSIS, Beddome, Tasmania. C. conspicua, and C. DEPREsSA, Monts. Mediterranean. Section Tusproua, A. Ad. 1864. C. conNUELLA, A. Ad. PI. 33, fig. 14, 15. Widely umbilicated, depressed turbinate, smooth, spire somewhat elevated, whorls rounded, rapidly increasing, the last large, aperture rounded. Diam. 2 mill. : Japan. Is possibly a Skenea. C. JosEpHt, Tenison-Woods. PI. 33, fig. 9. Widely umbilicated, obliquely turbinate, thick, white, opaque, maculated with very pale chestnut; whorls 5, rounded, closely spirally striate ; peristome thick, posteriorly produced. Diam. 3 mill. Tasmania. C. susonts, Tenison-Woods. PI. 33, fig. 10. Widely umbilicated, depressed, translucent white, polished, spire slightly exserted, whorls 4, rounded, aperture simple, orbicular. Diam. 1°5 mill. N. coast of Tasmania. C. Wetpt, Tenison-Woods. Pl. 33, fig. 11. Moderately umbilicated, umbilicus margined, depressed turbinate, somewhat translucent, thin, shining, smooth, with faint growth striz, whitish; whorls 6, depressed convex; aperture rounded, everted posteriorly. Diam. 2 mill. Long Bay, Tasmania. C. Micra, Tenison-Woods. PI. 33, fig. 13. Perspectively umbilicated, turbinate, minute, polished, white; whorls 5, rounded, with deep suture; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 1°5 mill. Long Bay, Tasmania. 96 CYCLOSTREMA. C. prvisaA, Adams. PI. 33, figs. 87, 88. Widely umbilicated, turbinate, spire elevated, with obtuse apex, white; whorls 3, rounded, last whorl obliquely descending, becoming free; aperture obliquely ovate. Diam. 4 mill. - Europe. C. serpuloides, Mtg. is a synonym, C. nivEA, A. Ad. Pl. 33, figs. 89, 90. Widely umbilicated, obliquely semiglobose, convex above, some- what flattened below, spire slightly elevated, whorls rapidly increas- ing, aperture large, obliquely ovate. Diam. 5 mill. Japan. Adams very curiously publishes this as Chemnitz’s nivea, and says that it is exactly similar to the figures in the “Conchylien Cabinet.” The latter, is however, not being binomial, a synonym of C. levis, Kiener, and neither agrees with the description nor the figures published by Adams (which I copy). C. RuGULOSA, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, figs. 91, 92. Narrowly umbilicated, pellucid, yellowish white, with short, obtuse spire, smooth, microscopically rugulose and spirally striate ; whorls 3, convex, the last large, suture well-impressed. Diam. 1:3 mill. Norway, Mediterranean, New England (Verrill). C. BASISTRIATA, Brugnone. PI. 33, figs. 93, 94. Narrowly umbilicated, shining, smooth; whorls 42, tumid, with deep suture, rapidly increasing, base with oblique, arcuate strize running into the umbilicus. Diam. 2°25 mill. Spitzbergen to Drobak ; 50-1353 fms. Fossil, Italian plioiene. The striz sometimes extend over the whole shell, this state being C. profundum, Friele; C. striolatum Sars ms., is another synonym. C. minutuM, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, fig. 95. Perforate, thin, transparent, polished, white; whorls 3, convex, rapidly increasing; peristome continuous, partly appressed. Diam. 62 mill. Mediterranean Sea. C. CuTLeriANA, Clark. Pl. 33, fig. 96. Narrowly umbilicated, depressed globose, spirally striate, white, whorls convex, rapidly increasing, suture deeply excavated. = Diam. 2 mill. Europe. Helicella mutabilis, Costa, is a synonym. COn bo | CYCLOSTREMA. Co mi@eNs (Phyl) Pls33, dig. 97. Narrowly umbilicated, more depressed and thicker, more glossy than the preceding species; there are a few indistinct grooves on the upper part of the umbilicus, otherwise the surface is smooth and polished. Diam. 87 mill. Europe. Margarita pusilla, Jeftreys is a synonym. Var. ALDERI, Jeffreys. Shell thinner and more transparent. Skenea levis, Forbes and Hanley is possibly identical. ’ C. TROCHOIDES, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, figs. 98, 99. Perforate, somewhat solid, white, opaque, smooth, shining, base sometimes with a few faint oblique, curved lines; whorls 4, convex, with deep suture; columellar lip vertical, forming a slight angle with the outer lip at their junction. Diam. 2 mill. é Norway. It is C. Peterseni, Friele. C. Dau, Verrill. PI1.-33, fig. 100. Umbilicus imperforate or narrowly rimate, yellowish white, smooth except for minute grooth-lines; whorls 33, rapidly enlarging, well rounded, with deep suture, base with seven or eight spiral incised lines. Diam. 2°25 mill. Off N. England Coast. It is C. trochoides, Verrill, not Jeffreys. Var. ORNATUM, Verrill. Pl. 33, fig. 1. Spiral lines of the base crossed by thin, impressed, oblique lines. C. BITHYNOIDES, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, fig. 23. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, the fine growth lines crossed by microscopic close-set spiral striz, giving the surface a frosted appear- ance, whitish; whorls 33, rapidly increasing, the last tumid; peri- stome continuous, but partly adnate. Diam. 1°25, alt. 1°66 mill. European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.), Mediterranean. C. aFFInis, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, fig. 5. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, semitransparent glossy, with- out sculpture, white, suture narrow but deep; whorls 4, swollen, rapidly increasing; periphery simple, acute. Diam. 1°87 mill. Bay of Biseay, Palermo; 103-9135 fms. 7 98 CYCLOSTREMA. C. pRoximA, Tryon. PI. 33, fig. 4. ; Narrowly umbilicated, faintly striate, with a few indistinct spiral lines below the suture, and numerous well defined ones on the base, around the umbilicus the inferior striz stronger, surface smooth, greyish white, suture impressed, whorls very convex, rapidly in- creasing; periphery round, thin, slightly in contact. Diam. 2°2 mill. Off New England Coast; 843 fms. Said to be closely allied to C. basistriata, Brugnone. Described by Prof. Verrill as C. affinis, preoccupied by Jeffreys for the pre- ceding species. C. TENERA, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, fig. 6. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, semitransparent, lustreless, with nearly microscopic spiral strie, which are wanting on the base and replaced by a rugose or fretted appearance, pale yellowish white, with a faint greenish tinge, suture very deep; whorls 4, convex; mouth circular, peristome thin, slightly expanded. Diam. 2°5 mill. European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.) C. stmiuis, Jeffreys. PI. 33, fig. 7. Moderately umbilicated, depressed turbinate, rather thin, glossy, opaque, without sculpture; whorls 43, convex, rapidly increasing, suture wide and deep; mouth nearly circular, slightly appressed, peristome thin. Diam. 1:25 mill. European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.) C. VALVATOIDES, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, fig. 8. Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, opaque, glossy, with a few irregular growth-lines, yellowish white, spire with rather flattened apex, suture deep; whorls 4, well-rounded; peristome considerably expanded. Diam. 3°12 mill. European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.) C. SPHEROIDES, S. Wood. Pl. 32, fig. 69. Narrowly umbilicated, white, spirally costate; whorls three, rapidly increasing, suture deep. Diam. 1°25 mill. Bay of Biscay, Described as a fossil of the Crag, Sutton, England, and said to be nacreous in the original diagnosis. CYCLOSTREMA. 99 C. TUBERCULOSA, d’Orb. PI. 35, fig. 65a. Narrowly umbilicated, thick, white, with six tuberculated spiral ribs; whorls 4, convex, the last large; aperture rounded, peristome thick, externally tuberculated. Diam. 2 mill. Cuba. Section Darontra, A. Adams. 1854. ©. cycrorma, A. Ad. Pl. 33, fig: 16. Umbilicus large, flat within, surface smooth, spire flat, last whorl rapidly increasing, not contiguous, aperture subangular above. Diam, 4 mill. Japan. C. SUBEXCAVATA, Tryon. PI. 33, figs. 17, 18. Umbilicus wide, perspective, shallow, whitish under a yellowish brown, membranous epidermis, spire scarcely raised, suture broadly, angularly impressed, a little below the suture there is a bluntly angulated spiral keel, and on the middle of the base, towards the mouth there is another keel; whorls 4, rather slowly increasing, until the last, which is rather large; mouth a little oblique, peristome simple, thin. Diam. 2°15 mill. Off Culebra Isl., W. Indies; 390 fms. Described by Watson as C. excavata, preoccupied by Carpenter. C. CATENOIDES, Monts. PI. 34, figs. 20, 21. Widely umbilicated, closely spirally striated throughout, with several spiral chain-like lines on the base, whorls convex, regularly increasing. Diam. 1:25 mill. Harbor of Civita Vecchia, Italy. C. sEMISULCATA, Issel. PI. 34, fig. 22. Widely umbilicated, subpellucid, shining, closely spirally sulecate above, smooth below; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, convex; peris- tome simple, acute, margin interrupted. Diam. 3 mill. Red Sea. C. ocToLyRaTA, Carpenter. PI. 34, figs. 24, 23. Widely umbilicated, with eight spiral lire covering the last whorl; whorls 33, convex, regularly increasing; peristome thin, modified by the lire. Diam. 1°75 mill. Red Sea. The figure is from a shell identified by Issel with Carpenter’s description. — 100 CYCLOSTREMA—VITRINELLA. C. sprruLA, A. Ad. PI. 34, figs. 25, 26. Very widely umbilicated, planorbular, spire excavated, whorls rapidly increasing, spirally striated, with a sloping, smooth sutural margin, last whorl becoming disjointed; aperture large, round, outer margin of periphery crenate. Dimensions not stated. Philippines. C. suspissuncTA, H. Adams. PI. 34, fig. 27. Widely umbilicated, spire somewhat elevated, suture deep, white, subpellucid, with numerous spiral riblets, the interstices very mi- nutely longitudinally striate; whorls 3+, rounded, rapidly increasing, the last solute and descending in front; peristome continuous, simple. Diam. 10 mill. Ceylon. Subgenus TuHarsis, Jeffreys, 1883. C. RoMETTENSIS, Seguenza. PI. 34, fig. 28, Imperforate, solid, polished, white; whorls somewhat convex, with well-impressed suture; aperture round, peristome simple, continuous, but slightly appressed, columellar margin callously reflected over the umbilicus. Diam. 2°25 mill. European Atlantic, Mediterranean. Subgenus Ganesa, Jeffreys, 1883. C. NITIDIUSCULA, Jeffreys. Pl. 34, fig. 29. Rimate, opaque, rather glossy, with remote, flexuous growth strize, peristOme sharp, simple, interrupted by the parietal wall. Diam. 3°12 mill. | Between the Hebrides and Faroé Is., 570 fms. C. prutnosa, Jeffreys. Pl. 54, fig. 30. Narrowly rimate, semitransparent, frosted by minute numerous white tubercles, which are partly embedded in the substance of the shell, on one specimen there are slight spiral lines below the suture; whorls 4, swollen, rapidly increasing, suture deep. Diam. 3°75 mill. European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.) Genus VITRINELLA, C. B. Adams, 1850. As stated under the generic description, this is probably a group of heterogeneous shells, many of which might be referred to other genera. The resemblance of the following species described by Garrett to Cyclostrema and Daronia is striking. VITRINELLA. 101 VY. puRA, Garrett. Pl. 34, fig. 31. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, smooth, shining, white, with faint microscopic growth-lines; whorls 4, flatly convex, rapidly in- creasing, the last large, rounded, slightly deflected in front, base somewhat angular near the umbilicus, suture channeled, umbilicus spirally grooved; peristome rather thick, nearly continuous. Diam. 2 mill. Viti Is. V. tigicincra, Garrett. Pl. 34, -fig. 32. Widely umbilicated, hyaline, white, shining; whorls 4, convex, rapidly increasing, the last encircled by from 9 to 11 ridges, most crowded on the base, suture linear, umbilicus spirally ridged; peri- stome nearly continuous. Diam. 1°5 mill. Viti Is. V. CmLATA, Garrett. Pl. 34, fig. 33. Narrowly umbilicated, vitreous, shining, subpellucid, white; whorls 53, augular, the last one trigonal, angles slightly carinate, crossed by small closely-set, rounded, slightly flexuous ribs; peri- stome thick, continuous. Diam. 2 mill. Viti Is. V. Noposa, Garrett. Pl. 34, fig. 54. Umbilicus large, crenulated, shell discoidal, with flat spire; whorls 53, convex, rapidly increasing, the last rounded, subtrigonal, trans- versely nodose, crossed by crowded thin elevated striz; peristome nearly continuous. Diam. 2 mill. Viti Is. V. PonceiAna, Folin. Pl. 34, fig. 35. Moderately umbilicated, very minute, discoidal, thin, hyaline, pellucid; whorls 4, the last large, with thin spiral ridges, the inter- stices radiately striate, suture subimpressed ; peristome simple, nearly continuous. Diam.2 mill. ~ : Bay of Panama. V. parva, C. B. Adams. PI. 34, fig. 36. Narrowly umbilicated, white, with numerous stout, prominent transverse ribs; whorls 523, the last very large with a spiral ridge above and another below the periphery; aperture very oblique, lip slightly thickened. Diam. 1:2 mill. : Panana—Mazatlan. V. clathrata, Carp. is a synonym. 102 VITRINELLA. V. pEcussaTa, Cpr. PI. 34, fig. 37. Moderately umbilicated, turbiniform, thin, porcellanous, white; whorls 42, rounded, the last with about 15 spiral ridges, decussated by more or less distant radiating strize; peristome continuous in the adult. Diam. 1 mill. Mazatlan. V. MONILE, Carp. PI. 34. fig. 38. Narrowly umbilicated, subelevated, heliciform, diaphanous, white; whorls 43, very minutely decussately striate on the last whorl, the spiral lines being about twenty in number; peristome continuous, sinuous as in Janthina. Diam. 1°3 mill. Mazatlan. The decussating sculpture enters the umbilicus; the interstitial spaces are suboval, punctate, appearing (in a favorable light) like rows of pearl necklaces. V. SUBQUADRATA, Carp. PI. 34, fig. 39. Widely umbilicated, subhyaline white, smooth, shining, discoidal planate, whorls 4, sometimes striate at the suture, the last whorl subangulated near the umbilicus and below the periphery; aperture subquadrate, lip sinuated at the suture and in the middle. Diam. 1 mill. Mazatlan. V. HELICOIDEA, C. B. Ad. PI. 34, figs. 40, 41. Widely umbilicated, discoidal, white, opaque or translucent, with an impressed sutural line, and transverse unequal striz, spire convex, scarcely elevated; whorls 4, subconvex, the suture scarcely impressed; peristome subthickened; umbilicus defined by a spiral angle. Diam. 1°87 mill. Jamaica. V.srriaTa, d’Orb. Pl. 34, figs. 42, 43. Narrowly umbilicated, translucent, whitish, spirally striate; aper- ture oblique, peristome slightly thickened, slightly sinuous; pe- riphery subangulated. Diam. 1 mill. Cuba. V. ANOMALA, d’Orb. PI. 34, figs. 44, 45. Umbilicated, subdiscoidal, translucent, smooth, whitish; whorls 5, flatly convex, periphery subangulated; peristome slightly thickened. Diam. 2 mill. Cuba. Unfigured Species. Neither Adams nor Carpenter figured any of the numerous species described by them. I have been able to illustrate a few of the species of both authors, by drawings from authentic specimens; many VITRINELLA—TEINOSTOMA. 103 of the others might be identified in the type collections of these authors, but the labor and expense attending such an investigation would scarcely be repaid by the result. The paucity of material and minuteness of the species must prevent satisfactory conclusions, most of the descriptions being based upon dead specimens, unique or few in number. V. PANAMENSIS, V. CONCINNA, V. JANUS, V. MODESTA, V, SEMI- NUDA, V. TRICARINATA, C. B. Adams. Panama. V. exicua, C. B. Ad. (V. Tr1Gonata, Cpr. a synonym). Panama—Mazatlan. V. HYALINA, V. INTERRUPTA, V. TINCTA, C. B. Ad. Jamaica. V. mEGAsToMA, C. B. Ad. (?= Ethalia). Jamaica. V. REGULARIS, V. VALVATOIDEs, V. MiInuTA, C. B. Ad. (?=Ethalia). Panama. V. MONILIFERA, V. LIRULATA, V. BIFILATA, V. BIFRONTIA, V. CORONATA, V. ANNULATA, V. CINCTA, V. CARINULATA, V. NATI- COIDES, V. PLANOSPERATA, V. ORBIS, V. TENUISCULPTA, V. SPI- RULOIDES, V. ORNATA, Carpenter. Mazatlan. V. PERPARVA, C. B. Ad. and var. Noposa, Carp. Panama—Mazatlan. Genus TETINOSTOMA, H. and A. Adams, 1853. T. potitum, A. Ad. PI. 34, figs. 46, 47. Much depressed, flattened above, polished, white, periphery sub- angulated, peristome thickened above and below. Diam. 7°5 mill. Philippines. T. CARPENTERI, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 52, 53. Much depressed; spire nearly covered by a callous deposit, only exposing the apex, last whorl flattened, periphery faintly angulated, umbilical callus rounded. Diam, 2°75 mill. Gulf of Pechil. T. concenTRicuM, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 54, 55. Depressed convex, finely spirally striate, white, body whorl round- ed at the periphery, aperture transversely ovate. Diam. 2°75 mill. Takano-Sima, Japan. T. RapiATUM, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 56, 57. Depressed orbicular, convex above, somewhat flattened on the base, periphery rounded, ridged by strong growth-lines, peristome callously projecting above, basal callus somewhat excavated. Diam. 3 mill. Kino- O-Sima, Japan. 104 TEINOSTOMA. T. puNcTATUM, Jousseaume. PI. 54, figs. 48, 49. Depressed convex, solid, subtranslucent, yellowish white, more flattened below, umbilicus almost covered, surface covered by mi- croscopic, close granular spiral striz, more apparent at the suture and around the umbilicus. Diam. 2°5 mill. Prince’s Isl. W. Africa, T. Moruiert, Jousseaume. PI. 34, figs. 50, 51. Subopaque, milk-white, slightly convex above, nearly flat below, umbilicus almost completely covered, suture narrow-margined, surface microscopically spirally striate. Diam. 3°5 mill. Martinique. In this species the heavy umbilical callus joins at a somewhat acute angle with the columellar lip, of which it-is an extension, the angle forming a pit. T. Lucipum, A. Adams. PI. 35, figs. 58, 59 Depressed orbicular, smooth, white, spire enveloped with callus, umbilicus covered by a heavy, convex callous deposit, aperture a little oblique. Diam. 1°5 mill. Japan. T. AMPLECTANS, Carpenter. Pl. 35, figs. 60, 61. Depressed-convex, white, whorls very rapidly increasing, spire small, last whorl large, oblique, periphery subangulated, aperture subtriangular, umbilical region covered by a large callus. Diam. 2°5 mill. Mazatlan. T. sUBSTRIATUM, Carp. PI. 35, figs. 62, 63. Shining, smooth, white, very minutely impressly striated near the suture, callus strong,convex, narrow, coiling round the umbilical fissure, lip thick. Diam. 2 mill. Mazatlan. T. DIAPHANUM, d’Orb. PI. 35, figs. 64, 65, Depressed orbicular, thin, diaphanous, vitreous, smooth, shining, white, umbilicus slightly callous, whorls convex, rather slowly in- creasing. Diam. 1°5 mill. St. Thomas, W. L. T. cARINATUM, d’Orb. PI. 35, figs. 66, 67. Depressed convex, lenticular, periphery strongly carinated, the carina forming a sutural margin above, smooth, thin, diaphanous white, umbilicus minutely callous. Diam. 1°5 mill. St. Thomas, W. I. TEINOSTOMA. 105 T. sotrpum, E. A. Smith. PI. 35, fig. 68. Shell solid, small, light fulvous, smooth; whorls 4, rapidly increas- ing, the last smooth above, base flattened, with three exterior spiral sulci, umbilical region callous; peristome receding at the base. Diam. 5°35 mill. Whydah, W. Africa. Unfigured Species. T. CaRBONNIERI, T. DescHampst, T. RHINOCERAS, Jousseaume. Aden. Section CaLcEeoLina, A. Ad. 1863. T. pustttum, C. B. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 69, 70. Orbicular-depressed, very minutely striated, suture tmpressed, last whorl large, aperture widely lunate, columellar lip septiform, with straight margin, whence a wide callus spreads over the umbili- eus. Diam. 1°5 mill. : Jamaica, Japan (A. Adams). This species, figured from Japanese specimens, is said by A. Adams to be identical with the above named Jamaica species; I have no means of verifying this. 7. anomalum, H. and A. Adams is a synonym. Subgenus PsEUDOROTELLA, Fischer, 1857. T. SEMISTRIATA, d’Orb. PI. 35, figs. 71-73. Orbicularly depressed, thin, diaphanous whitish, closely, minutely spirally striate above, smooth below, with a somewhat flat, shining, transparent umbilical callus; whorls 4, slightly convex, slowly in- . creasing, peristome thickened. Diam. 1°5 mill. Cuba. Subgenus Discopsis, Folin, 1869. T. omALOos, Folin. Pl. 35, fig. 74. Shell much depressed, disk-like, thin, diaphanous, vitreous, shin- ing, almost plane above; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, the last whorl spirally tri-lirate, widely cristate at the periphery, base slightly con- vex, umbilicated, aperture large, oblique, subtriangular, peristome acute, left margin a little reflected, separating into a thickened tongue-like projection at the base. Diam. 1:7 mill. Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, W. I. 106 TEINOSTOMA. T. cosruLatum, Folin. PI. 35, fig. 75. Deeply umbilicated, depressed, disk-like, very slightly convex above, subplanate below, vitreous, whitish, longitudinally minutely costulate, above the base these are decussated by a spiral thread; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, base with cord below the periphery; aperture oblique, subcordiform, margins subacute, joined by an oblique channel above the penultimate whorl. Diam. 2 mill. Cape Sta. Anne, W. Africa. Subgenus LeucornyNcura, Crosse, 1867. T. CALEDONIcUM, Crosse. PI. 35, figs. 85, 86. Subdiscoidal, slightly convex above and below, polished, shining, whitish ; whorls 3, flattened, rapidly increasing, periphery carinate ; peristome continuous, simple, thickened at the base and produced into a tongue-like callus past the umbilicus, leaving a perforation between it and the columellar wall. Diam. 3 mill. New Caledonia. T. Crosser, Tryon. Pl. 35, figs. 86a, 860. Differs from the above in having a rounded periphery; surface polished, without a trace of striz. Diam. 3 mill. Singapore, (Archer). Subgenus Microrweca, A. Ad. 1863. T. CRENELLIFERUM, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 76, 77. Thick, globose, broadly umbilicated, longitudinally, somewhat obliquely plicate, whorls crenulated at the channeled suture, umbuli- cus with a crenulated marginal angle, peristome thick. Diam. 3°5 mill. Japan. Subgenus Morcuta, A. Adams, 1860. T. opvotutTa, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 78, 79. Obliquely ovate, laterally compressed, last whorl angular above and below, the spire depressed, umbilicus wide, its margin suban- gulate, aperture obliquely ovate, peristome thick, continuous. Diam. 3°5 mill. Japan. T. More ETI, Fischer. Pl. 35, figs. 80-82. Depressed, whitish, whorls 4, the first ones obliquely immersed, the last embracing, obliquely flattened with a tuberculate-crenate TEINOSTOMA. 107 peripheral carina, prominent and crenate at the suture, base flattened, widely umbilicated, the umbilicus bordered by a crenate angle ; aperture horizontal, subbasal, peristome thickened, duplicate, con- tinuous, callously reflected. Diam. 2 mill. China Sea. A bizarre affair, which differs widely in appearance from the type of the group. T. BIPLICATA, Fischer. Like the preceding species, but smaller, more convex above, and concave below, last whorl radiately ribbed, carinated below, ribs paired, uniting in a pre-sutural tubercle. Diam. 1°75 mill. China Sea. Unfigured. Subgenus CrrsONELLA, Angas, 1877. T. AUSTRALE, Angas. PI. 35, figs. 83, 84. Globosely turbinate, narrowly umbilicated, semi-opaque, smooth, shining, white; whorls 4, convex; the last large, rounded at the periphery ; aperture circular, peristome continuous, slightly thick- ened on the columellar margin. Diam. 2 mill. Botany Bay, N.S. Wales, Australia. Subgenus HapLococurtias, Carpenter, 1864. T. CYCLOPHOREUs, Carp. Compact, small, solid, whitish or light yellowish ; whorls 5, rap- idly enlarging, suture impressed; very minutely spirally striate, shining ; aperture rounded, peristome continuous, thickened, varicose exteriorly, inner lips distinct; umbilicated in the juvenile, adult rimate. Diam. 5 mill. Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. Subgenus Cynisca, H. and A. Adams, 1854. T. GRANULATUM, A. Adams. Orbicularly depressed, widely umbilicated, white, with granular spiral ribs, last whorl rounded, umbilicus patulous, perspective, cal- lously margined, aperture rounded, columella sinuate, lip thickened within, suberenulated. Philippines. No dimensions or figure. T. Japonica; A. Ad. Unfigured. Japan. This is said to = Collonia pilula, Dunker. 108 LIOTIA. Famity LIOTUDA. Genus LIOTIA, Gray, 1842. L. sCcALAROIDES, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 87. Subglobose, white, stained with chestnut, with seven distant oblique varices, crossed by a few raised spiral strize, umbilicus moderate, with angular margin, interior of aperture salmon-colored. Diam. 15 mill. Philippines. L. DEPRESSA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 88. Flatly rounded, spire remarkably depressed, last whorl somewhat shouldered, distantly obliquely costate. with distant spiral ribs, the Intersections subspinous or nodose, interstices punctate in spiral series. Diam. 21 mill. Philippines. L. varicosa, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 89. Angularly globose, with longitudinal thick varices, rendered nod- ulous by the crossing of spiral liree, interstices punctate. Diam. 18 mill. Philippines. L. crpARIs, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 90. Depressed globose, solid, rounded, with broad varices and rather wider interspaces, crossed by spiral ribs, of which two median ones are more prominent, lower part of the body whorl deeply punctate, Diam. 21 mill. Philippines. L. Peron, Kiener. PI. 36, figs. 91, 92. Shell shouldered, radiately distinctly ribbed to the shoulder, be- low which they become obsolete, with a spiral rib forming the shoulder and another just below it, tooth somewhat tubercular, and numerous small elevated spiral lirse, becoming granular below, be- tween the lirze are minute punctations, and a row of large, deep pits revolves around the base, outer lip strongly, crenulately varicose. Diam. 12-20 mill. China, Australia, Philippines, Mauritius, Viti Is. L. Hermanni, Dunker is a synonym. L. craAsstpasis, KE. A. Smith. Pl. 36, fig. 94. Solid, umbilicated, smooth ; whorls 4, plane above, scarcely slop- ing, bicarinate, radiately ribbed, and spirally lirate, base produced and greatly thickened, forming a very thick basal lip. Diam. 14 mill. Hab. unknown. LIOTIA. 109 L. CLATHRATA, Reeve. — Pl. 36, fig. 95. Somewhat discoidal, with rounded whorls, regularly latticed by equidistant spiral and longitudinal ridges, the former more prom- inent, lip varicose, umbilicus very large. Diam. 12 mill. Philippines, Australia. L. GRANULOSA, Dunker. PI. 36, fig. 96. Depressed subglobose, with rounded whorls, with spiral riblets, which above are granular, umbilicus wide; whitish or rosy, some- times white with the ribs colored. Diam. 6:4 mill. Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius It is Monilea spuria, of Gould. T. SEMICLATHRATULA, Schrenck. PI. 36, figs. 98-100. Depressed turbinate, whitish, spirally costate, the coste slightly tuberculate above, suture channeled, lip crenately varicose, umbili- cus large, bicarinate within, crenulately margined. Diam. 6°25 mill. Amur region, E. Asia. L. FENESTRATA, Carp. PI. 36, fig. 97. Depressed, clathrate by equidistant spiral and radiating riblets, with deep interstices, sculpture terminating with a spiral ridge sur- rounding the rather wide, deep umbilicus. Diam. 4°5 mill. Catalina Isl., California. L. acuticosraTa, Carp. Pl. 36, fig. 1. Turbinate, with revolving riblets, which are more or less nodose above, imperforate. Diam. 4 mill. Catalina Isl., California. L. CANCELLATA, Gray. PI. 36; fig. 2. Turbinate, whorls convex, regularly latticed with equidistant spiral and longitudinal ribs, umbilicus moderate, defined by a spiral rib. Diam. 5 mill. é Cobija, Peru. L. Cobijensis, Reeve is a synonym. Has the sculpture and umbilicus of L. fenestrata, Carp., but is more elevated. L. piscorpEA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 3. Discoidal, with flattened spire, periphery with two prominent ribs, connected by lattices which subspinously project, surface with clathrate ridges, the interstices of which are finely striated. Philippines. No dimensions are given, but the figure is said to be magnified. 110 LIOTIA. L. Aneast, Crosse. Pl. 36, fig. 4. Moderately umbilicated, strong, solid, light brownish or greyish, with about five strong revolving series of rounded tubercles, the last defining the umbilicus, peristome tubercularly varicose. Diam. 3 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. L. spEctosa, Angas. PI. 36, figs. 5, 7, 8. Rather solid, depressly orbicular, pale brown, with three prom- inent spiral ribs, and longitudinally finely, distantly plicate, the intersections nodose, suture excavated, umbilicus moderate, encircled by a rib, its walls decussated with concentric and radiating strie, outer lip a little thickened, with continuous peristome. Diam. 2 mill. ° Port Jackson, Australia. Notwithstanding some differences in the descriptions, I think this will prove synonymous with the preceding species. L. Gowllandi, Brazier (figs. 7, 8) appears to me to be synomymous, judging from description and figure. Mr. Brazier states that it ap- proaches closely to L. speciosa, but does not give distinctive charac- ters. It comes from Percy Isl., N. E. coast of Australia. L. asrertscus, Gould. Pl. 36, fig. 6. Solid, brownish white, with about twenty radiating ribs, cut by a subsutural suleus, another at the periphery and a third around the moderate umbilicus; whorls 4, convex, very minutely spirally striate. Diam. 1:5 mill. Hong Kong. Figured from a type specimen. Too close to the two preceding species. L. SIDEREA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 10. Depressed turbinate, with three prominent spiral ribs on the mid- dle of the body whorl, and smaller ones above and below them, crossed by distant, sharp longitudinal ribs, forming nodosely spin- ous intersections, suture deeply channeled, umbilicus very wide, perspective. Philippines. The peculiarity of the species is its star-like projectioa of tubercles on the periphery of the whorls. The figure is enlarged, and dimen- sions not given. LIOTPA. iletiatt L. BELLULA, H. Adams. PI. 36, fig. 11. Widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, whitish, cancellated by dis- tant longitudinal and spiral sculpture, suture crenulated ; whorls 32, tabulate above, the last crenulately, carinate at the periphery and on the base; umbilicus scalariform, with a marginal crenulated rib, and another interior rib. Diam. 2°5 mill. Persian Gulf. L. Krenert, Phil. PI. 36, fig. 14. Planorbiform, encircled by three distant, sharp ribs on the middle of the last whorl, and smaller ones above and below them, clathrate by distant, sharp radiating ridges, the intersections nodosely spinous, umbilicus very wide, perspective. Diam. 10 mill. St. Thomas, W. I. (Swift), Philippines (Cuming). Described by Kiener as L. cancellata, preoccupied by Gray. L. ANNULATA, Tenison-Woods. PI. 36, fig. 20. Planorbiform, opaque white, flattened above, rounded below, with somewhat distant longitudinal lamelle, above and below, otherwise smuoth, umbilicus wide. Diam. 1°5 mill. ; Blackman’s Bay, Tasmania. One of the ring-like lamellze forms the peristome. Section ARENE, H. and A. Adams, 1854. L. RADIATA, Kiener. PI. 36, fig. 9. Subtrochiform, spire exserted, with deep suture, periphery strongly earinate, with scale-like spines, radiately striate, one or more tuber- culate or shortly spinose cinguli below the periphery; base gran- ularly concentrically striate, umbilicus large, encircled by two or three granular riblets, white, with radiating red strigations. Diam. 12-15 mill. West Indies. The locality ‘“‘ Indian Seas” given by Kiener, is very questionable. L. CRENATA, Kiener. PI. 36, figs. 12, 13. Depressed turbinated, spire whorls somewhat exserted, all showing a pair of peripheral keels, which are strongly, or subspinosely cren- ulated, whorls encircled by a spiral series of granules above, base smooth, umbilicus moderate, defined by a riblet ; peristome strongly crenately varicose; whitish stained with chestnut. Diam. 15 mill. Philippines (Cuming). Ay LIOTIA. L. sTELLARIS, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 15. Discoidal, flat and smooth above, with a spinose periphery, scaly- spinose and convex below; whitish, tinged with chestnut. Diam. 18 mill. Eastern Seas. L. muricaTa, Reeve. PI. 36, figs. 16, 17. Rather narrowly umbilicated, pale orange yellow, radiated and spotted with a reddish chestnut, whorls with three scaly-prickly keels at the periphery, slopingly flattened above, suture excavated, surface above and below with minutely beaded revolving striz. Diam. 12-20 mill. Australia, Philippines. L. TAMSIANA, Dunker. PI. 36, fig. 21. Moderately umbilicated, whorls with three somewhat distant spiral tuberculated ridges, shouldered above, spire exserted, suture excaya- ted, base with less conspicuous series of beaded striz, a stronger one surrounding the umbilicus; peristome crenately varicose; whitish, distantly rayed with chestnut. Diam. 4 mill. Pto. Cabello, Venezuela. Subgenus Lrormya, Munier-Chalmas, 1877. L. AusTRALIS, Kiener. Pl. 36, figs. 18, 19. Rather widely umbilicated, white, whorls rounded, with spiral riblets and longitudinal strize, a beaded riblet winds into the umbil- icus ; peristome varicose, the inner margin produced below and above. Diam. 14 mill. Australia, Polynesia. This, the only living example of the group, has also been referred by Mr. A. Adams to Cynisca (p. 107). Unfigured species of Liotia. ‘L. DAEDALA and L. TanTiLua, A. Ad. Japan. L. PAULLA, Phil. China Sea. L. Locutosa (Loo Choo), L. FULGENS ( Cape), L. sonipULA ( China) of Gould. L. agmata, A. Ad. Korea Strait. L. cARINATA, L. srRIULATA, L. ApAmst, Carp. Mazatlan. L. compacta, and L. LoppErR&, Petterd. Tasmania. L. 1ncerta, L. Tasmanica, Tenison- Woods. Tasmania. L. prnuna, Dunker (= Collonia), Japan. ? L. Bryareus, Dall. Off Havana, Cuba. L. SaHanp1, Hutton (? = Turbo). New Zealand. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. NERITIDA, ADEORBII DA, CYCLOSTREMATIDA, LIOTIIDA, Abjecta (Adeorbis) C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., —= Fossarus abjectus, Ad. Manual ix, 274, Achatina (Nerita) Reeve. Conch. Icon., if 68, 1855. == N. nigerrina, Chemn. Aciculata (Neritina) Morch. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 108, 1855, : : : ; : : Aculeata (Neritina) ‘Gmelin. Syst. Nat. Ed. xiii, p. 8686, Acuticostata (Liotia) Carp. Second Report 652, 1863, Adamsi (Neritina) Issel. Ann. Mus. Genova vi, t. 7, figs. 23, 24. == N.dubia, Chemn. . ? Adamsi | (Liotia) Carp. Mazat. Cat. 249, : Adamsii (Adeorbis), Fischer. Journ. de Conch., 173, ti 10, f. Piel Shy, Adansoniana (Neritina), ‘Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p- 313, - Adeorbis, S. Wood. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., ix, 530, 1842, Adspersa (Navicella Luzonica, Souleyet, var. ) Martens, Kiist. ConehyCabsip. 16; 02, 69-1. , ‘ Adumbrata (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon. eG pl. 12 ples Aequinoxialis (Neritina), Morelet. Rev. Zool. 1848, P 355. = N. afra, Sowb. Afra (Neritina), Sowb. (onel iil no. 39, f. 13, Africana (Neritina), Parreyss in Hartmann, Gasterp. d. Schweitz. 1840, 8, 1383. = N. Nilotica, Reeve. Africana (Neritina), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 198, 1848. =— JN. afra, Sowb. Affine (Cyclostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. 5 Way p. 199, piaz, 1.15.) == Cy proxima, Tryon. 5, Affinis (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 81, 1855, Affinis (Navicella), (Reeve) Gassies. Fauna Conch., Nouv. Caledon. p, 112, pl. 8,f. 15. = N. Bourgainvillei, Reel. Athnis (Navicella) Reeve. Conch. Tcon., f. 15, 1856. = N. Borboniea, var. compressa, Martens. Anis (Navicella), Mousson. Journ. de Conch., 1865, P. . 189. = N. depressa, Less. Affinis (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i 1850, p. 153. == N. cariosa, Gray, 8 (113) Afline (Cyclostrema), Jeffreys. P. Z.S., 1883, p- 92 pl. 19, f PAGE. 114 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Alata (Neritina), Robillard in coll. =- N. Mauritii, Less. . : : : , See 6, Alata (Neritina), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, p. oti = N.Nuttalliemecl: " 76 Albescens (Neritina Bee Sowb. var.), Miller. Mal. Blit. 1879, 168, : 41 Albicilla (Nerita), Linn. " Syst. Nat., Ed. x, p. 778, , 4, AG Albipunctata (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon. ,f. 61, 1855. — N. fulgurans, Gmel. : : : ; .. 24 Alderi (Cy clostrema nitens, var.), Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., ii, Poo : é : : : ar ei Aleppensis (Neritina), Recluz. = N. Jordani, Sowb. ol Algira (Neritina), Kiist., Saran Cab., 1863, 7 35 fi 8, 9. — N. Numidica, Reel. : 3 ; 00 Alina, Recluz. Rew Zool., 235, 1842, i P ; : 8, 75 Aveolata (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Guerin’s Mag. 1872, p: 392, t. 19, f. 4, " , : 3 : , P . 89 Alveolus (Nerita), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Astrolabe et Zelée, v, p. 66, pl. 17, f. 8-10, 1854. ae fulginata, Reeve. 5 on Ambigua (Nav icella), Recluz. akan de (Conch: will 18: 50, p. 376. = i tessellata, Lam. : 81 Ammonoceras (Cy Ce A. eae Acie and “Mag. Nat. Hist., 1863, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 73, : : : . 89 Amoena (Neritina), Gould’ Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii 1847, p. 258, : 49, 43 oes (Nerita), Lesson. V oy. de la Coquille. Zool. li, p. 2, pl. 16, f. 1. = Neritina cornea, Linn. 45 eee Martens. © Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., Bh 1887, 18 Amplectans (Teinostoma), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 255, hoe Anaglypta (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. P. Z.S., 1863, p.73,. 88 Anatensis (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i, 1851, p. 150. = N. Guadianensis, Morelet. : ‘ ; ; 2 ae Anatolica (Neritina), Recluz. Rey. Zool., 1841, p. 342, 51, 52, 55 Angasi (Liotia), Crosse. Journ. de Conch., 543, t. 15, f. 4, 1864, . : : ; - ALO, Angasi (Adeorbis), A..Ad. P. wh 5: 424, t. aT f. au 12. 1863, : 85 Angularis (Nerita), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astralabe. et Zelée., v, p. 61, pl. 16, f. 7-11. =N. planospira, Anton. . 21 Angulata (Cyclostrema), A. Ad. P.Z.S., 44, 1850, : +492 Angulosa (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z.8., 1842, p. 173. = N. brevispina, Lam., var. : . 65 Annulata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 78, 1855. = N. chameleon, Linn. ; : . 20 Annulata (Liotia), Tenison- Woods. ore Roy. Soc. Tasm., 121, 13877, ‘ ; ‘ : mel Annulata (Vitrinella), Carp. “Mazat. Cat. 246" 9 : : 103 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 115 PAGE. Anomala (Rotella), @Orb. — Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 64, t. 18. f. 32- 34, = Vitrinella anomala, d’Orb. . : : . 102 Anomalum (Teinostoma), H. and A. Adams. Gen. Ree. Moll., I, 120. == Calceolina pusillum, C. B. Ad. : . 105 Anthracina (Nerita), Busch, in Phil. Abbild. u. Beschreib. neur. Conch., 7, : : ; : : : . 22 Antillarum ‘(Nerita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, p. 3685. = N. tessellata, Gmel. é : ‘ : : 3 eta. Antiquata (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 106. = N. polita, Linn. : : : ‘ 5 De hes = ol Aperta (Nerita), Budgin ms. Sowb. Cat. coll. Tankerville, .45. = Neritina punctulata, Lam. +) 2.60 Apiata, (Neritina), Recluz. Proce. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 72. = N. dubia, Chemn., var. 44 Apiata (Navicella), Guillow in Reel., Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 376, 81 Apiata (Navicella), Sowb. Thes. ii, p. 549, pl. 117, f, 14, 15. in part = N. Borbonica, var. triloba, Martens. 78 A ponogetonis CMa) Vahl. Skrifter naturhist., Selskab, Kopenhagen iv, 2, 1798, p. 153, . ; Sm tee Aquatilis (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. icons ix, ‘pl. 15, f. 73. ane : 36 Arabica (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 20, 1855. ?= N. chameleon, Linn. . ‘ f : v2 Aranea (Neritina), Mousson in coll. = N. diadema, Recluz. : ; é : . 46 Architea, Costa. Ann. Mus. Nap., iii, 1869, , cree te pata Archer (Cyclostrema), Tryon. ; : els, Arcifera (Neritina), Morch. Journ. de Conch. exe 1872 2, p. 324. ?= N_asperulata, Recl. .. . d9 Arcta (Nerita), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Astralabe et Telée, V, p. 62, pl. 16, £. 12-13, 5 . 34 Arctilineata (Neritina), Recl. ms. in Sowb., Thes. Conch., i p- 531, pl. 116, f. 223, 224. == N. Nilotica, Reeve. : : : : ' . rane Arene, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll. 1, 404, 1854. 17, 111 Areolata (Cyclostrema), Sars. Moll. arct. Norv. 345, t. 34, f. 6 , 5 ‘ ‘ ; 90 Argus (Nerita), Recluz. ‘Rev. “Zool., 1841, p. 150, : . 23d Armata (Liotia), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Es 1861, : Bo bd ee Armstrongiana (Neritina), Hinds. Ann. Nat. Hist., a 85 86. = N. Souleyetana, Recluz. . 64 Artensis (Neritina), Gassies. Jout. ‘de Conch., , 1866, p- 51. _ ?=N. interrupta, Gassies. : . 68 Ascensionis (Nerita), Chemn. Conch. Cab. 4 oad Ascensionis (Nerita), Lam. An. s. Vert., vi, p. 193. = N. grossa, Linn. . of 2G Aspera (Necitinay Phil. Arch. f, Nature. ip 1845, P 63. —INetrtenardi, Dohrn. _.. . 65 116 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. AGE, Aspersa (Neritina), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., iv, 1853, P. 319, t. 7. f. 6. == N. brevispina, Lam., var. Asperulata (Neritina), Recluz in Sowb. Thes. Conch., i, p. 512, pl. 144, f. 160, 161, oe Asteriscus (Liotia), Gould. Proce. Bost. Soe., Vii, p. p. 142, « LLO Aterrima (Neritina), Koch. Phil. Abbild. u. Beschweib. neuer Tope 28.) Neritina, tial isa es a : : : 1 4D Atomus (Liotia), Issel. Mal. Mar. Ross., p. 217, t.2,f.11, . 90 Atra (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Syst., pl. 199, f. 4. — N. tessellata, Lam. 81 Atra (Neritina), Parr. Teste V illa, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ttal., iv, 3, 1871. ?==N. Danubialis, Muhlf var. serratilinea, Ziecl. 46 Atra (Neritina), Less. Voy. de la Coquille ii, pt. i, p. 376. — N. dubia, Chemn. . 44 Atrata (Nerita), Chemn. Conch. Cab. vol. vy, ,p. 296, i 1954, 1955. ?= N. atrata, Reeve. 26 Atrata (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 16, 1855, : 26 Atrata (Nerita), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vi, 191. — N. semirugosa, Recluz. . 4 : A ‘ ; ook Atrata (Neritina), Ziegler. mss. = N. Danubialis, Munhle, var. : . 46 Atramentaria (Neritina cornea, L. var.), “"Tap- Canefri. Ann. Mus. Genova, ix, p. 286, . : . 45 Atramentosa (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 25, 1855, 26, 33 Atro-purpurea (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 107. = N. planospira, Anton. . : ; é s ; ak Aurantia (Nerita), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., vol. i, pl. x1, f: Ui = Ne striata, burrow. ; ‘ : : ; Ue Auriculata (Neritina), (Lam.) Sowb. —‘Thes. cen ii, 508, t. 113, f. 129, 130. = N. Mauritii, Less. 75 Auriculata (Neritina), Tam. Encye. Meth. Vers, ll, pl 455, 73 Auriculata (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. Ill, foie: = N. Tahitiensis, Less. : ; = wales Aurora (Nerita), Dunker. Phil., Abbild., if p. Si, +t, daemon =N. polita, Linn., var. , : ‘ : : ; 2 wo Australis (Liotin a), Kiener. Monog. pasate Coq. Viv., Po O;.26, fF. 15 ; ee Wy A Australe (C irsonella), Angas. P. Z. S., 38, t..D, f, 16, 1877, 16, 107 Avellana (Neritina), Recl. Rey. Zool., 1842, p- 76, : 68, 69 Baconi (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., 1, pl. 28, f. 127, -Apolt Baetica (Neritina), Lam. An. s. vert., p. 188, 49 Baetica (Neritina), (Liam.) Morelet. Journ. de Conch., 12, 1853, p. 29% = N. numidica, Recl. \. 50 Baetica (Neritina), Desh. Exped. au Moree, be 155, pl 19, f.1-5. == N. Peloponnesia, Recluz. . 50 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 117 PAGE, Baetica (Neritina), (Lam.) Sowb. Conch. IIl., No. 23, f. 45. = N. elongatula, Morelet. : ‘ : : : . 48 Baetica (Neritina), Mousson. Ein Besuch auf Corfu u. Catalon- ien p. 73. =N. varia, Ziegler. . ‘ : Su AS Bahiensis (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 154, ple ge 0." 2 Ns punctulata, Lam. Fst) Baliensis (Neritina), Mousson in coll, —N., faba, Sowb. 68 Balteata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f, 28. — N. lineata, Chemn. : : oe Baltica (Neritina), Beck. Oerstzd de region. mar., 1844, p. 69. =—N. fluviatilis, Linn. : : . 46 Basistriata (Cyclostrema), Brugnone. Mise. “Malacol., lig lee 1876; Jeffr. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser. xix, p 234, LO we Ae Oe OO; LBB ae | #96898 Bataviensis (Neritina), Mousson, in coll. = N. fuliginosa, Busch. _.. 3 : : lO Beaniana (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. es 1843, p- 200. == N.patula, Rech . 22 Beanii (Adeorbis), Fischer. Jour. de Conch., 1857, p: ies pl 10, f. 12. = C. angulata, A. Adams. . 93 Becki (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, P 275. = N. squamipicta, Recl., var. . ; . 58 Beckii (Neritina), Sowb. — Thes. Conch., il, P 572, pl 1096 13:) = N, Kuorri, Recluz. 57 Bella (Neritina), Busch. Phil. Abbild. neuer Conch., 2 it: ' if. 38) == N: dubia, Chemn: ; - 44 Belladonna (Neritina), Parreyss, in coll. Mouss. Jour. de Conch., p. 16. = N. anatolica, Recluz., var. . 52 Bellardii (Neritina), Mousson. Naturf, Gessel. Zurich., vl, 1861, p. 62. =N. anatolica, Se ie var. 52 Bellula (Liotia), cae Adams. P. Z. S., 1873, p. 206, pl. 23 <: (i 111 Benacensis (Neritina), Stentz. ‘Recluz, Jour. de Conch., i, 1850, p- 150. = N. Danubialis, Mthlf., var. serratilinea, Ziegl. . 46 Bengalensis ( (Nerita corona), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi. t. ‘197, f. 1911. = Neritina, madecassina, Morelet. i 64. Bensoni (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 150. = N. reticulata, Sowb. : : 24D Bernhardi (Nerita), Recluz. Journ. Conch., vol., i, p- 285. = N. fulgurans, Gmel., var. : rd DA. Biauriculata (Neritina), Recluz. Journ, Conch., 5 1850, p. 145. =N: bicanaliculata, Recluz.. : : Ca 6 Bicanalis ( (Neritina), Phil. Arch. f. Nature., 1, 1845, p. 64; Zeit. Malacol., 160, 1848. = N. canalis, Sao ps ; hae oY Bicanaliculata (Neritina), Recluz. Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 509, f. 135-137... , : ; : ; tN Bicolor (Neritina) Recl. EA ©: 1842; p. 172, -. ar ooa 118 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE Bidens (Neriia), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii. = N. polita, Linn. : : : . 930 Bifasciata (Nerita), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed., xiil. == N. polita, Linn. : . + (30 Bifilata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 241, ; : . 103 Bifrontia (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 249, «LOS Bimaculata (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 2, 1856. = N. Borbonica, Bory. (Juv.) . 78 Biplicata (Morchia), Fischer. Jour. de Conch. - 1877, p. 208, 107 Biporeata (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 18635 BoZ 08. 1865, pare, 92 Birmanica (Nerita), Phil. Sowb. Thes., f. 82. — N. lineata, Chemn. ; : : im toe Bisecta (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., sg 39, 31 Bithynoides Oe Jeffreys. P. Z. S., 1883, p- 93, pl ; ‘ 97 Bizonalis (Nerita), Lam. Encye. Meth., pl. 454, == N. chameleon, Linn. : é ee, Bizonalis (Nerita), March. Yoldi Cat., 168, 1852. = N. planospira, Anton. . : : , ; i iPad Boissieri (Neritina), Martens. Conch. Cab., 86. = N. anatolica, Recl.. var. : ‘ ; . O2 Borbonica (Navicella), Bory St. V incent. aes dans le qua- tre princip. iles d’A frique, 1, P- 287; pl Sie fz, -9. - GET Bottgeri (Neritina), Westerl. = N. ‘fluvi atilis, var. é . A7 Bourgainvillei (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 159, : wt eS) See Bourgainvil lel (Navicella), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p- 79, 80 Bourguignati ( (Neritina), Recluz. Jour. de Conch. ili, 293, 1352. ‘= N. fluviatilis, Tanne. ‘ Ww AE Brandti (Neritin a), Phil. Zeitschr. f. Malak. zool., 1848, p. 61. =N. Becki, Recluz. , « 108 Brasiliana (Neritina), Recluz. Rew Zool.; 314, 1841, = N. virginea, Linn. . ‘ 40 Brevispina (Nerita), Lam, An.s. vert., vi, 2 2, p. 188, 65, 66, 67 Bniareus (Turbo), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Lool. {3x pies 112 Bruguierei (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 274. = IN? Petitn; Recluz, = : ; , . som Bruniensis (Cy clostr ema), Beddome. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1882, p. 168, ; : 4 : ; « 95 Bulli (Nerita), Rye Ganch: Tens, fig. 76, 1855. = N. picea, Reel. : . 33 Burgersteinia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Lettres Mal, 61. = Neritodonta, Be usina, . : sy Scie Ceelata ees Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phila., 1873, p. 214, jo a ed ee , : : : ; . 101 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Ceerulescens (Navicella), Recl. Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 550, pl. 118, f. 129, pl. 118, figs. 36-38. ==\N, ‘tessellata, Lam. Caffra (Neritina), Wood, Garrett, in coll. —= N. sandalina, Recl. Caffra (Neritina), Gray, i in Wood. Suppl. vill, AM: == N. gagates, Lam. Calabarica (Neritina), Mousson coll. = N. rubricata, Morelet, ‘ ; : ; ; Calameli (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Rev. Zool., 1872, p. 393, pl xix, ft. 5; ; ; . : ‘ Calana, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus, 1844, = — Tomostoma, Desh. . ; ; : : ; Calceolina, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xi, 264, 18638, 15, Caledonica (Leucorhynchia), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 1867, 20) tld, a. ‘ 15, Caledonica ‘(Navicella), Morelet. Test. Nov. Austral., 1857, p- 6. = N. Bougainvillei, Recl. ; Californica (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon. fig. 20. = N. Petiti,.Recluz, . Callosa (Neritina), Desh. Exped. Scientif, de Moree, iil, “Zool. p. 156, pl. 19, figs. 16-18. . : Calvertia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Tuenbes Mal., 50. == Neritodonta, Brusina. : ‘ 5 Canalis (Neritina), Sowb. Tankerville coll. Catal., p. 44, 1825. N. pulligera, Linn. var. . Cancellata (Liotia), Kiener. Coq. Viv. Delphinula t. 4, £10. == eeiwienert. bhi): ‘ Cancellata (Liotia), Gray. Spicil. Toul. 3, 1829 Cancellata (Cyclostrema). aaa Trans. Linn. Soc., 1818, VOLES P.doos. 3 : : Capillulata (Neritina), Gould. Sowb. Thes., f, 267. = N. retifera, Bens. -. Carbonaria (Nerita), Phil. Abbild. u. Beschreib. neuer Conch. es, b14, 100, == N. morio,Sowb.. . : Carbonnieri (Teinostoma), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zoul. , France, 1881, p. 184. ; Carbonnieri (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool., 1881, p: koi, ; Gardinalis (Nerita), erilone Tee ‘Zool. 1841, p. 345. = Neritina eee Lam. Carinata (Adeorbis), A. Adams. P. Z. se 1863, p: 75. Carinata (Liotia), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 248. : t Carinata (Rotella), d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, 1 G2 alte 18, f, 26-28. . Carinata (Neritina Danubialis, Muhlf. var.), ‘Kokeil. Ferd. Schmidt, Land und Siiss-wasser Conch. in Krain, 1847. = N. Danubialis, Mthlf. var. PA 119 GE, 82 . 109 89 120 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Carinata (Cyclostrema), H. Adams. P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 207, pl. 23,4. 8: Carinatus (Adeorbis), Wood: == ke subcarinatus, Monte. Carinulata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 246, ; Cariosa (Neritina), Gray, in Wood Index. Test. Supplement, 1828, fig. 11, : : Carpenteri (Teinostoma), "A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1861, Cassiculum (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. Ill., no. and f. 55. = reticulata. Castanea (Neritina), ‘Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Zool, li, p. 68, pl. 17, fig. 24-26, : Catenoides (Cyelostrema), Monts. Ann. Mus. Civico Genova ANT. ties “re aa (Humphrey, 1797), Se ainein, Malae a, 1840. == ‘Navicella,Wam./>) Celata (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S. 1845, P 120. = Neritina bicolor, Recluz, Ge\dbeuais (Neritina), Mousson in coll. = N. diadema, Recluz, 2 : i 5 } : ? Cerostoma (Nerita), Troschel. Arch. f. Naturg., 1852, P. 180, RS Ey Ceylonensis (Nerita), Recluz. Journ. Conch., in 1851, p. 202. = Neritina Ualanensis, Less. : Gremecleon (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. me 779; ed. als 1250, . - : Chemnitzii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. TZool., 103, 1841, = N. semirugosa, Reel. Chimmoi (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., vol. ix “pl. 37, fig. Lu. > == No cores. Ginn. hvar. "? Chlorina (Vitta), (Link), Morch. Cat. Yoldi,, p- 167. = N. virginea, Linn. Chlorosticta, (Neritina avellana, Recl. var.) Martens in Conch. Cab. p. 174, fig. 5-9. . Chloroleuca (Nerita), Phil: Tenteoh f. Mal., 1848, p- 14. ?— N. chameleon, Linn. . : : : ; , ; Cholerica (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1847, p. 225. . Sandalina, Recluz, : Chlorostoma (N Verita), Lam. Ans. Vert., vol. viii, p. 603. = N. plexa,Chemn. . : 3 Chlorostoma (Neritina), Brod. P.Z.S , 1832, p- 201, 2366 Christovalensis (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., ix, pl, 59, fig. 150; 155 Chrysocolla (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., il, 1847, p. 225. = N. Roissyana, Recluz. : ‘ Chrysostoma (Ne rita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 104. = N. striata, Burrow. : Chrysostoma (Neritina Danubialis, Minhlf. var), Kutschig, Kiisters Verkauts-Katalog., 1845. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 121 PAGE. Cidaris (Liotia), Rve. Zool. Proc., 1843; Conch. Icon. *P. 27, 108 Cimber, Montf. Conch. Syst., 1, 82, 1810, : : eke Cincta (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 245. . 108 Cincta (Neritina), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., 1850, i ipup: 158. = N, Ualanensis, Less. : 4] Cinctella (Neritina), Martens. Norderasiatische Conch., 1874, etn a cee spe Ai ot reo ec Cingulata (Cyclostrema), ‘Dunker. Mal. Bath. Vi-ps 229, 3) 194 Cingulata (Cyclostrema), Philippi. Kiister’s Conch. Cab. Del- phinula, p. 24, 1853, . : : : : we bil Cingulatum (Cyclostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 198, pl. 82, f. 14, é t : ; 2°30) Cingulifera (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1850, p. 43, 92, 93 Cireumvoluta (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. ey 1842, p. 17s: aa (a Circinata (Neritina), Philip. Menke Zeitsch., 1848, p- 161. = N. Brugiueri, Reel. 5. 5S Cirrata (Neritina), Phil. Arch. f. Nature., i 1845, ee 64. = N. Brugiueri, Recl. 7206 Cirsonella, Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 38, 187 7, , GO Clathrata (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. "Toon. Delphinula, a 29; 134350. 209 Clathrata (Vitrinella), Carp. ‘Cat. Mazat. — V_ parva, C. Bs Ad. ; ‘ : . 101 Clausa (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Amn. Mag., 245, 1861, ; 2 On Clithon, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 326, 1810, ; . t, 63 Clypeolem (Navicella), Recl. PZ, Se, 1842, 2 157. = N. tessellata, Lam. : ee! Clypeolum, Bechan Jour. de Conch. i 1850, : (ahs Cobijensis (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon, Delphinula, =p 22, 1843. = L. cancellata, Gray, . 109 Cochinsinae (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch. ip 1850, p. 159. = N. flavovirens, Busch, . 70 Coluber (Neritina), Thorp. Hanl. and Theobald.’ Conch. Ind. p. 64, pl. 157, fig. 10, 3) Columbaria (Neritina), Recku Piz. S., 1845, p. 121, = N. Ualanensis, Less. ; ; pe Ad Comma-notata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Teon, fig. 72, 1855. = N. tessellata, Gmel. : ; ; : sa 2 Communis (Neritina), Quoy and Gaim., Voy. de l’ Astrolabe, Zool., ili, p. 195, pl. 65, fig. 12-14. 38 Comorensis (Neritina), Morelet. Journ. Conch., 1877, KV, p 345, pl. 13, fig. 6 6, Compacta (Liotia), Petterd. Jour. de Conch., iv, 135, : 4 Compressa (Neritina), Mousson, in coll. = N.crepidularia, Lam. . 17 Compressa (Navicella tessellata, Lam. var. 4 Martens, i in Conch. Cab. p. 38, t. 8, fig. 4-8-194, : : ; ‘ i 82 122 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Compressa (Navicella), Benson. J. A. S. B., v, 1836, p. 749. = N, cerulescens, Recl. — . 82 Compressa (Navicella reticulata, Rve. var.) Martens, in Conch. Cab., p. 41, 82 Compressa (Navicella Luzonica, Souleyet, var.) Martens, in Conch. Cab., p. 16, t. 2, fig. 16-18, , 79 Compressa (N avicella Freyeineti, Reel. var. ) Martens, i in Conch. Cab., p. 21, t. 3, fig. 23-24, : 80 Compressa (Navicella Borbonica, var.) Martens, in Conch, Cab. pel, tol, fier OS 12s) ae: : 78 Concentria (Neritina), Menke. Verzeichn. d. Conchyl. Sammi. des Fr. v. Malsburg, 1829. == N. crepidularia, Lam) S287 Concentricum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. H., 267; 1363, % : ‘ : s : . 103 Concinna (Vitrinella),sC. 'B. Ad. Panam, Cat., No. 258, «103 Conferta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less. var.), Martens, in Conch. Cab: p. 193. i. 20 sheep. a. 41 Conglobata (Neritina), Martens, in Conch. Cab., P 57, t. 8, f. ea) aie pulligera, Linn. 57 Conica (Cyclostrema), Watson. Challenger Rept., XV, 122, t. 8, i0. . 94 Conoidalis (Neritina reclivata, Say. var.) Martens, in Conch. Cab. p. 119; : 39 Consimilis (Neritina), Martens, in Conch. Cab., p- 243, t. 123, f 25,26, . 54 Conspicuum (Cyclostrema), Monts. Nuova Revista, ?. 23, £198 Convexa (Neritina) Nuttall, in Jay’s Cat., 3rd edition, p. 66. —) N. -cariosa,) Gray. ae . ; ; lashes Cookii (Navicella), Recluz. P. Z. S. 1843, pel Oe = N. Borbonica, Bory St. Vincent. . , ‘ P 2hALS Cornea (Nerita), Forsk. Dese. Anim., 123, 1775. = N. albicilla, Linn. : ‘ : : s , A eaales) Cornea (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 777, . 44, 45 Corniculum (Archyteea), A. Ad. Ann. ee Mag. ., 245, 186i eee Cornu-copiz (Neritina), Benson. J. A.S. B., v, 1836, p. 748. . ==N. crepidularia, iam. —. ; : : : 5 att Cornella (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Zool. Proe., 74, 1863, . 95 Conuta (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, f. 63. JN. (Brandt hile oi j : . 68 C oromandeliana (N eritina), Sowb. ‘Coneh Ill. no., 53, f. 52. — N. ziczac, Sowb. var. ; 206 Guronaia (Clithon), Leach. Teel: Mise. 1815, ph 104. = Neritina longispina, Recluz.. he6S GC Mapanate (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Car Q44, ; 2 . 108 Corona (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit. x, 777; edit. xii, 1252. in part = N. brevispina, Lam. : ‘ d JltG Corona (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed., x, ay 7, in part = Neritina longispina, Recluz. : : ‘ be INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 123 AGE. ‘Coronoides (Neritina), Lesson. Voy. de la Coquille. Zool., ii, p- 381, : : ete: Corrosula (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p- 177, : 35 Corrugata (Neritina), Hombr.et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Zool., Wy, pacO; ple 17; f. 45, 47. = N. brevispina, Lam. 65 Costata (Nerita) Chemn. Conch. Cab., Vv; 299, vl 191, f. 1966, 1967, 27 Costata (Nerita), Schum. Nouv. Syst. 287, 1817. == N. plexa, Chemn. . ; ay ai Costatus (Adeorbis), Garrett. “Proc. Cal. Acad., i; p. 103. = Fossarus Garretti, Pse. Manual, ix, 272, . 2 86 Costulata (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch. 1866, p- 52. ? = N. interrupta, Gassies, . : 68 Costulata (Nerita), Busch. Phil. Abbild., i, 86, 1844. — N. striata, Burrow, niged Costulata (Nerita), Busch. Cat. Godeftroy, n no. iv, “99; No. Vv; 144. —N. affinis, Reeve, . o4 Costulatum (Discopsis), Folin. Fonds de la Mer. 3 i, 205, 1869, 106 ‘Craspedostoma, Lindstrém, 1884, . Pas i Crassa (Nerita), Gould. Expl. Exped., p. 166, f, 195, 195a. = N-undata; Tina: ; . 28 Crassibasis (Liotia), Ek A. Smith, P.Z.S _ 1880, e 484, pl. / Fores hal | a : . 108 Crassilabrum (Nerita), Smith. P.Z.8. 603, 1885. = N.albicilla, Linn. . : 4019 Crenata (Liotia), KKiener. Cog. Viv. Delphinula, t. Ash Syrcuie plea Crenellifera (Teinostoma), A. Adams. Sowb. Thes. Conch., il, Cyclostrema, f. 41, 42, ; : ‘ , ‘ ‘ Crepidularia (Neritina), Lam. An. sans Vert. vi; pt, 22 9 106 a ae py cOnenl ad ‘Crepiduloides (Navicella), ‘Reeve. fig. 19, 1856. = N. Luzonica, Souleyet var. compressa, Martens, , atk, Gristata (Neritina), Morelet.. Journ. Conch., xii, 1864, p. 288, 76 Crossei (Leucorhynchia), Tryon, . : ; : : . 106 ‘Crossostoma, Morris and Lycett. Moll. Gt. Oolite, 1854, ade lef Cryptospina (Neritina), Mousson in coll. — N. diadema, Recluz, s 64 ‘Cryptospira (Neritina), Martens. Kiist. Conch. Cab. ip: 61 pl St tte IN Knorr, Recluz,' . o7 ‘Cumingiana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842 2s P- 7A. — N. turrita, Chemn. var. . : ayes ‘Cumingiana (Navicella), Recl. P. a at 1842, p- 157, , 12 80 Cuprina (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 151. = N. Roissyana, Recluz, . 38 Cutleriana (Cyclostrema), Clark. ‘Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Veep: 424, . 0 96 Ble tana (Neritina), Recl. Rev. Zool., 1841, p- ona . 36 124 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Cyanostoma (Neritina), Morelet. Journ. Conch., iv, 1853, P. 373, pl. 12, f. 9,10. = N. flavovirens, Busch, Cyclidea, Rolle, 1862. = me Grat. . 12 Cyclophoreus (Haplocochlias), Carp. Ann. ee N. Hist., 3d. Ser., xii, 474, 1864, . fee Cyclostrema, Marryatt. ear! ea Soc: abe 1818, ’ 88, 14 Cyclotina (Cyclostrema), A.-Adams. Sowb. Thes., f. 30, 00.) ae Cymostyla, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., 9, L887, Pneiae, Cynisca, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i. 406, 1854, 16, 112, 107 DaCostze (Neritina), Recl. P. Z.S., (1843, pelgoe:. ‘ ee htt Deedala (Liotia), A. Adams. P. Z.S , 1863, p: «02, Mie Ob Dalli (Cyeclostrema), Verrill. iene Conn. Acad. V, Pp. 532, pl. Sige iearats eee 97 Dalmatica (Neritina), Partsch. Sowb. Conch. Hits No. 44, fig. 57. = fluviatilis. Linn. var. : ‘ ; : : 1 0AF Danubialis (Neritina), Mthlf. Land und Wasser Schnechen, Pixe, 1828) t Ssh. ies : : : ‘ : . 45 Dannbialis (Neritina), Siemaschko. Bull. Soe. va Moscou, 1847, p. 102. =—N. liturata, Eichwald, . ae Danubiensia (Neritina), Sadler. Sowb. Conch. n., ‘No. A7 = IN. Danubialis; Mubli> .. : i 45. Menara. A. Ad. Sowerby’s Thes. Conch., 1864, ; 14, 99, 100 Decapitata (Navicella scarabzeus Rve. var.), Mousson. Jour. de Conch. xvii, 1869, p. 384. == N. macrocephala., eee 12 Decussata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 239, . 102 Deficiens (Neritina), Mabille. Bull. Soe. Mal. Fr, iv, 160, 1887, ; Dejanira, Stoliczka, Sitzb. Akad. Wi ien., XXxviii, 488, 1860, 9 Delessertii (Neritina), Recluz. Jour. de Conch, iv, p. 260, pl. ii 2.) = Noinisy Mousson: : é ; ; : . 58 Melesicanene (Neritina), Recher: Jour. de Conch., iv, 1853, p. 209, pl, 7, f. 3. == N. squamipicta, Recluz, . : : 08 Delicatula (Neritina), Mousson in coll. =- N. Ualanensis, Less. : ; ; : : . nae Delineata (Neritina), Boubée. Villa, Disp. syst., 1841, iv, 38. == N. pupa, Linn: : : : , ; P : loa Delicatum (Archytea), Phil. Moll. Sicil., 11, 222, 1844, Nae Delphinoidea, Brown. Ill. Conch. Gt. Brit., t. 51, 1827. = Cyclostrema, Marryatt, . . 4 Deltoidea (Neritina), Garrett Ms. “Mousson, Jour. “de Conch. xviil, 1870, p. 224. = N. Pritchardi, Dohrn. . . 65 Dendritica i ( Neritina), Ziegler. Villa disp, Syst. Conch., 1841, paoom, — NN. fluviatilis, Linn. var. > 47 Depressa (Navicella), Less. Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., il, 1830, Pucoe: i ——aN.. Borbonica, Bory. : 78 Depressa (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ‘sp. 14, 1843, : - 108 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Depressa (Cyclostrema), Monts. Enum. e Sinon. p. 20, Depressa (Neritina), Benson. J. A.S. B., v, p. 1836, p. 748, = N.crepidularia, Lam. . Depressa (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. ‘Nat. ‘Hist. 245, 1861, Depressus (Adeorbis), Seg. Bull. Page Chane leat Ital. iiace: 2, p. 882, 1874. = A. Seguenzianus, Tryon, Divisa (Cyclostrema), Adams. Linn. Trans., ili, 254, Deschampsi ( eee Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool., France, 1881, p. 182, : Deshaysia, Raulin, 1844, Deshayesii (Neritina), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch. i iV, 1869, P 130. = N. Mauritii, Less. Deshayesis (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p- 104, — N. scabricosta, Desmouliz isiana (Neritina), Recluz: Journ. Conch i, 18: 50, P 153, 162. —N. reticulata, Sowb. Despinosa (Neritina), Mousson in coll. = N. longispina, Recluz. Destituta (Neritina rarispina Mouss. var), Mousson. Moll. Java., p. 84, : iiademna (Neritina), Rechuat ies Fool. 1841, iP 977, , Diaphana (Teinostoma) d’Orb. Moll. Cibas G2)\ te 18s a 23-25, Diaphana (Archytzea), ‘A. Adams. P. Zi S., He fe ta Diaphanum (Cylostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 199) Pl232; £16. , Dilatata (Nerita), Recluz, Ms. Kiister’s Conch. Cs ab., 53. == IN. patulas Reels... : Bilatata (Neritina), Brod. P. ”. S. 1832, p. 901, : Dilatata (Neritina fluviatilis L. var.), Moq.-Tand., p. 549, Diatreta (Cyclostrema), Gould. Bost. Proce. Soc. N. skorts 1847; Moll. Wilkes Exped., f. 126. = C. levis, Kiener, Diocletiana (Neritina), Kiist. Verkaufskatalog. —N. fluviatilis, Linn. Diremta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less. var.), Martens, in Conch. Cab, p.- 193; t. 20, £17 -19, Discoidea (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, sp. 15, 1843, Discopsis, ‘Folin. Fonds de la Mer, 190, 205, 1869, i es Discors (Neritina), Martens. Ktist. Conch. Cab., p. 160, t, 17, ify dhol” kb : Dispar (Neritina), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., iil, 1367, p- 285, pl. 24, f. 3. = N. chlorostoma, Brod. : Diversicolor (Nerita), Mart. Univ. Conch., t. 108, ‘1784, = N. Ascensionis, Chemn. . ; Doingii (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. Si 1845, ae 121, — Neritina Dringii, Recl. : H ~I bo “1 01 bo we) bo 126 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE.. Dolium (Neritina) Recluz), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 15. — N. solium, Reel. : , : E . ; : an Dombeyi (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 149, é . 22 Dongolensis (Neritina), Ehrenberg. Ms. in Berlin Mus. = N. Nilotica, Reeve. . : : , : : : etek Donovana (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. 8., 1848, p. 73. = N. diadema, Recluz. ' : : : : : » apd. Doriz (Neritina), Issel. Mem. Acad. Torino., 1865, p. 25, t. 6, tls, be 47 Doreyana (Nerita), Quoy ‘and Gaim, Voy. Astrolabe i ill, P 190, pl. 65, f. 43-44. = N. polita, var. Rumphii. ol Dostia, Gr ay. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840, .. : : i eis Dringii (Neritina), Recl. P.Z.5., 1845, p- 121, ‘ : ge Dubia (Neritina), (Chemn) Issel. “Moll. omen: = N. avellana, Recluz. , ; ; ; : : £408 Dubia (Neritina), Chemn. Conch. Cab., bd. v, p. 524, t. 124, f. 2019, 2020, : . 44, 45 Duplicatum (Cyclostrema), Lischke. Mal. Blat;,.xt, p12 Dunalli (Neritina), Montrouzier, mss. — N. Bruguieri, Reel. . : : ; , ; ; Ds Dunkeri (Cyclostrema), Tryon. ‘ : ‘ : ‘ ool Eburnea (Cy clostrema), G.. and H.Nevill.. J; A. 8S: Bs xix pt. 2, p. 101, pl. viti, gee i ; 5 : wioe Elana, ‘Gre ay>) -P.Zn8:,.994) 1867 5 -: slo Elara, H. and A. Ngati Gen. Ree. Moll., As "387, 1854, 10,082 Elata (Neritina), Hauff. Krain, p. 55. . stragulata, Muhlf . . ‘ . 46 Elea, Ziegler. Fitzing. Syst. Verz., ‘116, 1833. — Theodoxus, Montf. . Elegans (Adeorbis), H. Nile. BAZ. S 44, 1850, ; 83 Elegantina (Neritina), Busch. In Phil. ‘Abbild., i. m. 25, t. ie f.3. == N. communis, Quoy and Gaim... 39 ilegantiesns (Neritina), Hartmann. Gastropod. d. Schweiz, 1841, p. 189. = N. virginea, Linn. —. : . 40 Elegantissima (Neritina), Morch. Yoldi Cat., 166. = N.elegantina, Busch. . ; : {jae Electrina (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 70, 1855. — N. squamulata, Le Guillou. . ; , 20 Elliptica (Navicella), Lam. Phil. Zool., 1809. = N. Borbonica, Bory St. Vincent. . 78 Elliptica (Septaria), Blainville. Man. de Malacologie, pl. 36, bis, fi 1. = Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb. 81 Elliptica (Navicell a), (Lam. ) Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de ’Ur- anie., Zool., p. 458. : 80 Elliptica (Neritina), Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, P. 346, 44 Elongata (Neritina virginea, L. var.), Martens. Mal. Bhitt., ail S. 63. = N. virginea, Linn. ; INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Elongata (N. fluviatilis, Linn. var.), Broeck. Ann. Soc. Mal. Balzcv; ps2, 3 ‘ ; : : > Elongatula (Neritina), Morelet. Desc. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 96, pl. 9, fig. 4, ; ‘ : : : : Emergens (Neritina), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., 1857, p. 162. = N. flavovirens, Busch, . ; ‘ ; : 3 ‘ Entrecasteauxi (Navicella), Recl. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 380. = N. tessellata, Lam. : , ; : ; : Erubescens (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 54, 1855. = N. undata, Linn. var. . Z / A 5 Erythrea (Nerita), Desh. Laborde, Voy. Mer Rouge. = N. albicilla, Linn. f Kssingtoni (Nerita), Recluz, Petit, Journ, Conch. i, pl. i £9; Essingtoni (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. feon.,.£29. = N. striata, Burrow, ‘ : : : : Euphratica (Neritina), "Mousson. Jour. de Conch., 1874, p. 49, ; : : : : : A Eur opeea (N eritina) Toeach. Brit. Moll; Menke, Zeit. fiir. Mal., Wie tedo. 8 == N-ifuviatilis, inn: L : 3 : Euxina (Neritina), Clessin. Mal. Blatt. N.S., viii, p. 55, Exaltata (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 66. —N.crepidularia, Lam. . c é Exarata (Nerita), Pfr. Wiegm. Archiv Naturg., vl, 256, 1840. — N. tessellata, Gmel. : : Excavata (Nerita), Sowerby. “‘Thes. Conch., p. 109, f. 84, Excavata (Cyclostrema), Carpenter. Proce. Zool. Soe., 1850, Excavatum (Cyclostrema), Watson. Challenger Mollusca, xv, 17a St. 10; : ; ‘ ; ‘ : Excelsa (Navicella), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., xviii, ry! p- Nouv. 150, Caled., t. 8, f. 4, : Exigua (Vitrinella), C.B. Ad. Panama Cat., No. 2! DY; Exiguum (Cyclostrema), Phil. Zeitsch f. Mal., 1849, p. 25, Eximia (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. 6 £726; 18 26. = N. reticulata, Rve. . : : : : : Expansa (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., 1875, p. 231, = N. Petitii. Recluz, : 3 : Expansa (Trachysma delicatum, var.), ‘Sars. Moll. Arct. INotyo2t2. taza, de. D7. : : : Equisitus (Adeorbis), Jeffreys. Ann. and Mag., Xi, p: 399, 88: : : b Exuvia (Nerita), Linn. Mus. ‘Reg. Ulricae, p. 682, Faba (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. IIL. no., 38, f. 16, ; ‘ Fasciata (Neritina faba, Sowb. var.) Martens, in Conch. Cab., poddo, £ 16, ; : : : ; ; Fasciata (Neritina), Lam, Anim. sans Vert., vi, 186. = N. dubia, Chemn. . : Fenestrata (Liotia), Carp. Second Report, 652, 1863, 128 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. / PAGE. Fenilletii (Neritina), Andouin. Descr. Egypte vol. xxii, yy v; fle S627.) = Ne viridis: ain, : s Filosa (Nerita), “Rve. Conch. Tcon., f. 48, 1855, : Fimbria (Neritina), Menke. Syn. Moll. ed. 2, p. 48, : and 139, = N. semiconica, Lam. : : Fimbriatus (Adeorbis), Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 1881, p- 64, Fissa (Navicella haustum, var.), Mousson. Journ. de Conch., xvi, 1669,/p: 383. 9— aay depressa, Less. . Flammulata (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 180, 1841. = N. undata,, bin. var, ©. F Flavopincta (Neritina), Mousson, in . coll. . virginea, Linn. . : , 5 : Flavovirens | (Neritina), Busch in Phil. " Abbild., 1, Sp. 26.8, i fb; ; ; : : ‘ Bilpweccens GN erita), Chemnitz Cine Cab. = N. polita, Linn. ; : ‘ y : Flexuosa (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. " Voy. au Pole Sud. Moll., p. 69, pl. 17, f, 89-41. ispl Flexuosa (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., 1878, p. 342, . Florida (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 160, pl. (£6) i = Ne dilatata, Brod:.: é ' ; , ; Floridana (Neritina), Shuttlewerth ms. | Rve., Conch. Icon., {. 85. =N. reclivata, Say. ; d : : ; : Fluctuata (Cyclostrema), Hutton. N. Z. Journ. Science., i, p. A77. == Turbinide. : : : : , ; . Fluviatilis (Nerita), Poiret. Voy. en Barberia, ed. 11, p. 33. — Neritina Numidiea, Recluz. . E ; : ‘ : Fluviatilis (Neritina), Menetries. Catal. rais. Hist. Nat. Cauease., 1832. = N. liturata, Eichwald. Fluviatilis (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat.,ed. x, p.777, . 46, Fontaineana (Neritina), Orb. Voy. dans l Amer. Mer. Moll., p: 406; pl Gide 1415 ING latissima, Brod., var. . Fontinalis (Nerita), Brard, Hist. Nat. d. coquilles Paris 1815, p. 196, pl. 7, f. 11. == Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. : Forskalii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 147, 1841. — N.albiclla, Linn: ; Forstenii (Navicella), Herklots in Leiden Museum. — suborbicularis, Sowb. j : Fragilis (Adeorbis), G. O. Sars. Moll. Reg. Art. Norv., p. 213, teed Ohare s ; F Fragum (Nerita), Rve. ‘Conch. Icon., if AL, 1855 — N. reticulata, Karsten. . Faseri (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon. : ‘ Guttata (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. S18 Guttata (Neritina), picta, Sowb. var. ) Miller. Mal. Blitt, 1879, 168, Catia (Ner itina), Kiister. Verkaufskatalog. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. : : : INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Guttata (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., 1875, >P. 230. — N. guttulata, Gassies. Guttulata (Neritina), Mousson in coll. = N. Ualanensis, Less. 5 : é : Guitulata (Neritina), Gassies. Nouv. Caled., iii, 90, : Guttulata (Neritina), Mousson in coll. == N. ziezac, Sowb. Gymnocephala (Neritina), Ktist. Anton Verzeichn. Conch., 1839, p. 30. = N. Sardoa, Menke. Haemastoma _(Neritina), Martens. Ktist. Conch. Cab. p. 167, le 13, ie 6, 7 ie ° . . - Halophila (Neritina fluviatilis var. r.), Klett. ; é Hamuligera (Neritina), Troschel. Arch. f. Naturg., iii, 1837, iotie = N Smith; Sowb: : : : : : 2 Hapa (Neritina), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Zool. i, p. 68, pl. 17, f. 33-35. —= N. Souleyetana, Recluz. : : Haplocochlias, Carpenter. Ann. Mag. N. et xill, 476, 1864, : lb) Harriette (Cy clostrema), ‘Petierd. Journ. Conch., iv, p. 141, Harveyensis (Neritina), ee ms. — N. chlorostoma, Br. Haustrum (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon. a Tala pl 4, £18 == N. depressa, Less. . Haustrum (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., £ 34 1855. == N- Yoldi, Rechuz. ; , : : ; Hausknechti (Neritina), Martens. Conch. Cab., 86. == N. anatolica, Recluz, var. < ; : , Heldreichi (Neritina), Schwerzenbach. Samml. von Prof. Mousson. ‘ F 4 : : Helicinoides (N erita), Taney Conch. Icon., f. 80, 1855, Helicoidea (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Monog. Vit. 9, 1850, Hellvillensis (Neritina Scuverbiana, Montrouzier, ae Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 1881, p. 208, . Heminerita, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. ‘Cab., 9, 1887, Helvola (Neritina), Gould. Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i into a2), 1847,, == Ne Turtoni, Reeluz:: 4 ; : ; Helvola (Clithon zelandicus, var.), Gould. Mousson Jour. de Conch., xvii, 1869, p. 374. — Neritina variegata, Lesson. . Hermanni (Liotia), Dunker. = L. Peronii, Kiener. Hessei (Neritina), Bottger. Ber. Offenb. V er., XXIV-XXV, 192, HSS.) ‘ : : Hidalgoi () (Neritina), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 1880, p- 320, pl xi; f2 3 : : Hieroglyphica (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. =N. polita, Linn. ‘ s : : 5 i Hieroglyphica (Neritina), Wattebled. Jour. de Conch., 68, 1886, : ; Hilleana (Nerita), Dunker. Mal. Blit., xviii, Pp. 167, e534 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE Hindsii (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z.8., 1843, p. 201, . ot Hispalensis (Neritina), Martens. in Congh, € Cab., : 220, on 22, . ee OO Ae: 3 : : A A 48 Histrio (N erita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3681. — N. semirugosa, Recluz. - : ; : : : i ae Holoserica (Neritina), G xarrett. Am.Journ. Conch., viii, 1872, poe ply nO este : , i ; : . 42 Eiameralis (Neritina), Theobald ms. — N. retifera Benson. va Humerosa (Neritina), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., xiii, 1865, p. 188.. ='N. ruginosa, Recl. “. : : ; : . 65 Hungarica (Neritina), Ktist. Conch. Cab., t. 3, f. 13, 1863. — N. Prevostiana, Partsch. : : , ; : . 49 Hupeana (Navicella), Gassies. Faun. Conch. Nouv. Caledon., p:. 114, pl. 3. 18, ==2Nodepressay Lesson. : a ais: Hyalina (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Monog. Vit., 5, 1850, ‘ S108 Hypodema, Koninck. 1853. = = Neritopsis, Gat. ; Fie Wl! » Icterina (N. striata, var.), Martens. Ktister, Conch. Cab., 37, 28 Ilynerita, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., 9, 1887, oats Immaculata (Cyclostrema), Tenison- Woods. Roy. Soc. Tas- mania, 1876, p. 128, . 95 Immersa (Neritina), Martens. "Mal. Blitt, 1860, p: 61. = N. Powisiana, Recl. var. : Br 5, Imperspicuus (Adeorbis), Monts. Nouv. Revist: 36, . . 86 Inaurita (Neritina subauriculata, Recl. var.), Morch. Jour. de Conch., 1872, p. 323, , : i E : 8 Incerta (Liotia), Tenison: Wand’: Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1678, polls; : . 112 Incerta ( Nerita) Busch in Phil. Abbild, a a 85, tie is f. 6, aes Incerta (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., 1878, p- 341, . 44 Inconspicua (Neritina), Busch. Phil. Abbild. i, p, 27, [et le! se == NN: olivacea, Reel juv. -. : ; ; : ; oe Incrustans, (Neritina), Ziegler, ms. ING Danubialis, Miibl. var. chrysostoma, 5 . 46 Incurva (Nerita), Martens. Ktister’s Conch. Cab. 50. = N. undata, Jinn. vars . 4 : : 5 : : ale 5, Indica (Neritina), Souleyet. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 269. = N. crepidularia, ama.” oh Inermis (Neritina spinosa, Sowb. var.), Martens. in Conch. Cab. DAL Stil, tool wiley a. : . 64 Inquinata (Neritina), Morelet. Desc. | Moll. ene et fluv. Portugal, p. 93, f. 2. == N. elongatula, Morelet, : . 48 Tnsculpta (Neritina), Rve. Conch. “Teon., ANS 1855. = Nerita picea, Recl. : . ‘ ; . 33 Insignis (N eritina), Ronson in Rall — N. ziczac, Sowb. var... : 5 : : . OG (aeons (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Teon., f. 21. — N. tessellata, Lam. . ; s : ; ; , .° 82 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 133 PAGE. Intermedia (Neritina), Deshayes. Belanger Voy. Ind. Orient., pee2a OM ple ley ty Tae ee Lam. : Use ah Intermedia (Neritina), ,Sowb. P.Z.S . 1832, e 201, = N. latissima, Brod. 7 Interposita (Neritina), Mousson in coll. = N. Anatolica, Recluz, . i : ; ; 52 Interrupta (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad; Monog. Vit., 6, 1850, "103 Interrupta (Neritina), Recl. P. Z.8., 1842, p. 175, : Sis) Interstitialis (Neritina ziczac, poe var.), Martens. Kiist. Conch. Cab., p. 101, t. 60, : De Na. o8 Intexta (Neritina), Villa dispos. Conch. 1841, p. 38, 60. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. ; . AT Tris (Neritina), Mousson. Land und Siissw. Moll. von Java, 1849.5, 81. -t.. 12, f. 10, VY. squamipicta, Reel. var. . 908 Isseliana (Neritina avellana Recl. var.), Martens. Kaist. Conch. Cab. p. 170, ‘ : : : ; : : : 508 Jamaicensis (Neritina), C. B. Adams. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. Nea Sp, p. 20. —— Ni; vireinea, Linn, ©. : 40 Janella (Navicella), Reeluz. Rey. Zool., 1841, P 876. . 280 Janus (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat. No. 260, . 103 Japonica (Cynisca), A. Ad. Ann. Mag., viii, 244, 1861. == Collonia pilula, Dunker. ‘ ; ; ‘ ; Slog Japonica (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 246, 1861, SEE. Japonica ae Dunker. Mal. Blat., vi, p. 233, 1859; Moll. Japon., t. 2, f. 23. =N. pica, Gould. ; : . o4 Javanica (Navicella), Mousson, in seiner Sammlung. = N. suborbicularis, Sowb. ; : ok Jayana (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. ‘Conch., i, 185 0, p- 157, pl. Bea ; ; yas Meinnetoni (Cy clostrema), peddome: erat! Roy. Soe., Tasmania, 1882, p. 168, : A ee Toiaee (Neritina), Soni Conch ion No. 48, re 49, 51 Josephi (Cyclostrema), Tenison-Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1876, Ay ; , a LAT, ; " 4 : ; 95 ae (N eritina), Recs Proce. Zool. Soe., 1848, p. 72 == N. ziczac, Sowb. . . : ; egal o) Junghuhni (Navicella), Herklots. Kuster, Conch. Cab., “29, ,, ol Karasuna (Neritina), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., xxii, 1874, p. o4. = N. Maerii, Reeluz. : : ; : ; nh Oe Kerondrenii (Nerita), Le Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 546. = Neritina Souleyetana, Recluz. : . ; 64 Kieneri (Liotia), Phil. Kiister’s Conch. Cab. Delphin., 29, t. Sete 19. : , ; ; ‘ : ; Gola ia! Renarni (Neritina), Sewn hess Conch:,'1, polls pli tia, £. 05) == INo iris, Mousson. . : : ‘ : ; Ato) 134 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Knorri (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 6. — N. Becki, Recluz. . a : , ' : : aS Knorri (Neritina), (Recluz). Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 274. = N. pulligera, Linn., var. . : : : 5 eit Labiosa (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. IIL, f. 48, . 62 Lactaria (Nerita), Linn. Mantissa, poten: plicata, Linn. 27 Lacteum (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Guerin’s Mag., 1872, p. 508, pl. 19, ty YC lewis, Kener: .. 92 Lacustris (? Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. ares —= Neritina fluviatilis, Linn., var. : . AT Lacustris (Neritina), Jan. Conspect. Meth. Test., p. (i rare Lacustris (Nerita), (L.) Oliv. Zool. Adriat., 1792, p- 181, 182. = Neritina Danubialis, Muhlf., var. . 46 Levis (Cyclostrema), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Delphinula, p 12, led. eG oe : 92, 720s Levis (Skenea), F Gries aul Mignles: Brie Moll., i, 165. ? = Cyclostrema nitens, var. Alderi. . : Boake i leimagekii (Neritina), Deshay es. Lam. An. s. Wig Vill, p.5 578. == iN, Teens Less. : , : es Te tintoxconn: owe Malacol, 350, 1840. = Neritina, Lam. : : : SAG Laodia, Gray. P.Z.S 996, 1867, 3 : kG Laperousei eae evan Rey. Zool., 378, 1841, 80 Larga (Neritina), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud. Zool., ii, p. 67, pl. 17, £17, 18. = N. pulligera, Linn. Figs Largillierti (Neritina), Phat Menke Zei tsch, 1840, 160. = N. Senegalensis, Gmel. . : 5 122 Latissima (Neritina), Brod.) 7. s; Loa2; p: 200, 76 Layardi (Neritina), Reeve. f. 104, 105. — N. auriculata, Lam. : ; : ; : 5 Re |: Leachii (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 312. ='N. virginea, Linn. . : : 4 : ‘ : . 40 Lecontei (Neritina), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., 1853, p. 257, lee te con eee 4 : , : ; ‘ : , . 74 Le Guillouana (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 178. = N. undata, Linn. . é ; 5 ; : eee) Lenormandi (N eritina), Gassies. Journ. ri xviil, 1870, pulo0. == —N Petit theclugayar 58 Lentiginosa (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., xX, pl. : 25, f. 110, 66 Lentiginosa (Navicell a), Reeve. Conch. Tcon., f, 9, 1856. = N. Janellei, Recl. Gjuv.) : : : : : L36 Lessoni (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 311, .. 3 Leucorhynchia, Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 319, 1867, ; 15, 106 Leymeria, Munier-Chalmas, 1884. =: Dejanira, Stol. : 3 : ; : : : | Lifouana (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., 1878, p. 543, 75 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. as Lifuensis (Neritina), Angas. P. Z.8., 1860, p. 36, 77 Limosa (Neritina Jordani, var.), Reena eva Os 1845. — N. varia, Ziegler, ‘ Lineata (N avicella), Lam. Eneye. “Meth. 5 pl: 356, f. 4, 00582 Lineata (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab., Vols, fs, L9. 58: 1959, : , , 2 : : N32 Lineolata Qeritina): ? Lam. Sowb. Conch. Ill, f. 37, Reeve, ete. ra, Brug. : : ; ‘ : 37 ineolata Nata), an Am. ss! Vert; ed. i, vi, 2, P 186, Apr..1822: = N.-reclivata, Say. ‘ 3 39 Liotia, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 57, 89, 1842, ; F : ie 108 Tiotina, Munier-Chalmas, 1877, : , Pages eo aerate (Vitrinelia), Garrett. P. A.N.S. 1873, p- 213, a ie q : ; ‘ , tod Hirulata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 241, . ; : . 103 Lissochilus, Pethé. 1882, : , ; f , : as Listeri (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 71. — N. Afra, Sowb. , : : : ; Sor Listeri (Nerita), Recluz. Rew Fool. oe 108 aa — N. tessellata, Gmel. : ? ; A ee (Neritina), L. Pfr. Wiegmann’s Aeeline f. Naturg., 1840, 8. 225. = N. virginea, Linn. : : : . 40 Toes (Nerita), Tinn. Fauna Seucie, ed. ii, 2195. — Neritina fluviatilis, Linn, var. J : : 5 » 46 Liturata: (Neritina), Eichwald. Bull. Soc. ae Moscou., 1837 p. 147, ; : : 3 AT Liturata (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. 7 Hees 1841, P B15: —= Neritina gagates, Lam. 30 Be icsts (Neritina), Schultze, in coll. —N- pupa, Linn: . ; : . A2 Livesayi (Navicella), Dohrn. Py S., 1858, pl 39 — N. reticulata, Reeve, var. compressa, } Merreneal : 5 tos Livida (Navicella), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 13, 1856. = N. Borbonica, Bory. : ; : BGs: Loculosa (Liotia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soe., vii, p. 141, . aaliee Lodderz (Liotia), Petterd. Jour. de Conch., iv, 1385, . BS Aba Longii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 178, : Saber Longispina (N eritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 312, . 63 Lucidum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 267, 1863, . ; : : : 3 . : . 104 Lucutosa (N Jeritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1741, p. 317, . ae ct Lugubris (Neritina), Philippi. Abbild, i, sp. 29, t. 1, f. 9. == N. cariosa,'Gray. 4 . 4 : : . eo he) Lugubris (Neritina), Sowb. Thes., 1, p. 115, pl. 111, f. 271. ane carlos Gray.) P ’ ; : é : Late fabris a eritina), Lesson. Voy. de la Coquille. Zool., ii, p. 378. = N. dubia, Chemn. : t : d ; . 44 136 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Lugubris (? Neritina), Lam. An. s. Vert., ed. i, vi, 2, p. 185. = N. turrita, Chemn. . ; : : , : : : Lugubris (Neritina), Lam. Sowb. Conch. me no. 8, f. 38 — N. Turtoni, Recluz. ; ‘ Lurida (Neritina), Jan. Catal. Conch. Sect. 2 1832, p..8, Lutea (Navicella), Martens. in Conch. Cab., p. 30, i.) fa = Luteofasciata (Neritina picta, eae var.) Miller. Mal. Blitt, 1879;>p, LOS, Lutesta (Neritina), Morelet, ms. Reeve, Conch. ‘Teon., £. 137. — N. elongatula, Morelet. : Lutescens (Neritina), Muhlf. Sowb. Conch. Ul, no. 46, f. 56. = N. varia, Ziegler. . Lutetianus (Theodoxus), Montfort. Conch. Syst, ii, 18 310, P 351. = Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. . Luzonica _(N avicella), Souleyet. Rev. Zool., 1841 ,D. Lyosoma, White, 1882. == Otostoma, d’Ar ch. Macgillivrayi (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, Neritina, ply 4k. 16; : : : : : : ; , Maclurea, Lesueur. Jour. Philad. Acad., i, pt. 2, 312, 1818, Maculata (Nerita), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 24, pl. Dak Ge j : ; : , : ‘ Maculata (N eritina), vi ia. In collections. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. 4 Macrii (Neritina), Recluz, ms. Sow b. Thes. Conch., il, P 531, Macrocephala (Navicella), : (Le Guillou), Sowb. Thes., p. 5AT, fon aa Bougainvillei, Reel. : : ; Macrocephala (Navicella), Guillou. Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, Shs 4 ; : f ‘ ; Macélifera (N avicella), Moussa: Land und Stiss-wasser, Moll. Java, p. 80, t. 12,7. 13: = N. tessellata, Lam. . Madecassina (Neritina), Morelet. Series Conch., ii, 1860, p- 122, pl Get 2, Malacensis (Nerita), Lamarck. Anim. s sans Vert., xp ii, 193. = N.-exuvia, Liman.) |. Manoéli (Neritina), Dohrn. Mal. Bhitt, Xiil, p 135, : Mantuana (Neritina), Porro. Betta, Mal. V eneta, 1870, P. 102. = N. Danubialis, Muhlf., var. serratilined, Ziegl. Marchei (Cy clostrema), Jousseaume, Rev. Zool., 1872, p. 391, (0) ee: Oa takes ’ ; : ‘ 3 : Marchionata (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pl. 3, £42 Maresi (Neritina), Bourg.’ Mal. de l Algerie, ii, 1864, a 201, ph Pot. 295" HN; meridionalis, Phil. Marginata (Nerita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3678 (aay albicilla, Linn. ‘ f ; ‘ Marginata (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud. Zool., v, 1854, p. 67, pl. 17, f. 22, 23. Ny Tahitensis, Less. , PAGE. 37 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. A si7e PAG Marisrubre (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab., v. 304. — N. quadricolor, Gmelin. . : : 3 Bt) Marmorata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Tcon., i 67, 1855. —N.albicilla, Linn. . : : A : : ‘ 19 Marmorata (Neritina), Brazier. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., il, p. 29, 74 Marmorata (Nerita), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Moll, t. 16, f. 14-17. == N. undata, Linn. 28 Maroceana (Neritina), Paladilhe. Rev. Zool., (iii) 3 3, 1875, p. 95, pl. 6, f. 26-28, , ; : : : ; . o4 Marsigli: ana (N erita), Har Pe Sturm Deutschl. Fauna, vi, pt. 5, 8,57. = Neritina Danubialis, Mihlf : 3 . 45 Matoni (Vitta), (Reel. ) Morch. Cat. Yoldi., p. 167. = Neritina virginea, Linn. . . 40 Matonia (Neritina), ), Risso. Hist. Nat. Europ. “Mer. 1, p. 271, 56 Maura (Nerita), ipeehice Rey. Zool 1842, p. 179. = semirugosa, Recluz. 21 Mauritii (Neritina), Lesson. Vv oy. ‘de la Coquille, ae i P ao4, 1830, . ; 75 - Mauritiana (Neritina), Morelet. hour ale C ‘em. 1867 p p. 440, Ss Oe Maxima (Nerita), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3683 ; : Se Megastoma (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Monog. Vit., fee Wci0are 2 eall{Cls' Melaleuca (Nerita), Martens. Mal. Blatt, vii, 1860, p. 52. —— Ne pica, Gould: : : : : Be er: Melanotr: agus (Nerita), E. A. Smich. Zool. sara p- 69, 1884. = N. atrata, Reeve. . : F Oe(5) Miieuolenca (Neritina), Ktist, Conch. Galt: 3s 13-15 5, 1863. — N. Peloponnesia. Recluz. : : , . dO Melanostoma (Neritina), Troschel. Archiv. f. eS 1837, p. 179. = N. crepidularia, Lam. CU Meleagris at eritina ), Lam. An.s. Vert. ed. L, Vi, 2, Dp: va = oN virginea, Linn. . j : : : : « 40 Menkeana (Neritina), Reeluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 183, ay) ee Meridionalis (Neritina), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, 1856, p. A OF ioe) ae slo : : , : ; : ; . 48 Meridionalis (Neritina), (Phil.) Martens. Mal. Blatt, xx1, 1857, p. 186, 158. =N. fluviatilis, Linn... ; . AT, 52 Mertoniana (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z.S., 18438, p. 71. —= Neritina Ualanensis, Less. ; i ; , ‘ hc 3! Mesopotamica (Neritina), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., xxii, 1874, Mesopotamica (Neritina Anatolica, var.), Martens. Vorder- asiat, Conch., 1873, p. 33, t. 5, f. 42. —= N. Mesopotamica ,Mousson. . . . 02 Magnitica (Navicella), Gime: Conch. eons f. 16, 1856. — N.macrocephala, Guillou. . . ie Micans (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. P. Te 1850, p. 44, . . 88, 95 Michaudi (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., i841. p. 315. — Neritina retifera, Bens. . ’ , ; : : Sel 138 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Michonii (Neritina), Bourg. Test. Noviss. 1852, p. 25. = N. Maerii, Recluz. . :; : : : : . 2 Micra (Cy clostrema), Petterd. Journ. de Conch:,iv5p.. fades Micra (Cyclostrema), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasma- nia, 1876, p. 147, : : : : v6 Micronesica (Nerita. undata, var. W.), Martens. Kiister’s Conch. Cab.. : 28 hens (Neritina), Orb. ‘Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Vv; p. 177 pl 17, f. 32. = N. reclivata, Say. : 39 Microtheca, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., i; 264, 1863, : ; ~ “Te eoite Miliacea (Nerita), Recluz. Rey. Zool., 1841, p. 316. — Neritina Matonia, Risso. : , ; ; F . “66 Militaris (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Guerin’s Mag. de Zool., 16725 p. 894, plat?, £16; ; : : : : ; Maes |) Minima (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 346, . Tie Minor (Neritina gagates, Lam. var.), Martens. Kist., Conch. Cab., p. 94, t. 10, “fare nOR 2 ; é : oo Minuta (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., No. PA ol Se . 105 Minutum (Cyclostrema), Jeffreys. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5 ser. xi, p. 395, pl. 16, f. 1, : : ‘ 4 ; 296 Mittreana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 181. = N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. ; : . 46 Mitrula (Neritina), ieee Syn. Moll., 48, 18: a0: == N. crepidularia, Lam. . : Nee ih Modesta (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., No. 262, : 2 L203 Modesta (Nerita), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud., t. 16, f. 5. Os T= Netehi rmeeleon, Linn. A pools é ‘ LP20 Modesta (Neritina), Ktister. Conch. Cab., t. 4, f. 23-26, 1863. — N. Danubialis, Mthlf. var. chrysostoma. : d aC 46 Modestum (Cyclostrema), Gould. Proe. Bost. Soe., vii, p. 148, 95 Modicella ( Neritina), Desh, in Maillard Notes sur Vile Reunion Moll p70, pli foe ; : ’ ; a ae Moluccensis (Neritina subpunctata, eee var.), Martens, Keist., Conch, Cab., p. 180, . : : a GS Monile ( Vitrinella), C arp: Mazat. Cat. 33 240, , s . 102 Monilifera (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 240, : . 108 Monilifera (Neritina rugata, Recl., var.), Martens. Kuist., Conch. Cab., p. 164, t. 16, f. 27-29, : : 65 Montacuti (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z.S., 1842, p. 174. = N. brevispina, Lam. : : , , ¢ ; aaa Montrouzieri (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., 1875, p. 228. = N.crepidularia, Lam. . : : : : : : Moquiniana Dae Recluz. Journ. Conch., 1, 1850, p. 156, plead OES: : ; : : : , : | oo Marchia, re Adams. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., v, 301, 1860, 16, 106 Mérchiana (Neritina), Dunker. Verh. Zool.—Bot. Gessell, Wien, 1866, p. 913, .. ’ ; : : ; L oo AS INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 139 PAGE. Morchiana (Neritina), Frauenfeld. Reise Navara, Moll., t. 2, f.54. —N. retifera, Bens. . : ; d 2 : SH all Moreleti (Morchia), Fischer. Jour. de Conch., 1877, p. 202, pl. itl Os taal Os « ! : ; : : 106 Moreletiana (N avicella), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., xiv, 1866, p. 52; Nouv. Caled., t. 8, f. 3, : : : : : Oe Morlieri (Teinostoma), Jouss. Guerin’s Mag., 535, 1872, t. 18, ec: ae : ‘ : eal Morio (Neritina), Deshayes, in Lam., ‘An. s. vert. ed. 2, viii, p. 585. = N. cornea, Linn. ; : : : © 45 Morio (Neritina), Sowb. P. Z.S., 1832, p. 201, ‘ IG 33 Morosa (Neritina), Gassies. Journ. Conch., 1870, p. 149, a MAS Multijugis (Nerita), Menke. Zeit. ces 179, 1847. — N. scabricosta, Lam. 2130 Multipicta (Neritina), Mousson in coll —N.U alanensis, Less. 41 Muricata (Delphinula), Reeve. Cone ‘ Teo Delphinula, sp. Paersas” | Bost la Musiva (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Ve oy. Pole Sud. Zool. p. 70, pl. 17, f. 42-44. — N. brevispina, Lam. ‘ wTO5 Musiva (Nerita), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc., p. 258. —— IN. patula, Recluz. . F : : , : : NOD Mutabilis (Heliciella), Costa. Microdoride Mediterranea, 2 62, t. x, f. 4,5. = Cyclostrema Cutlerianum, Clark. . 96 Mutica (Neritina brevispina, Lam., var.), Sowb. Conch. Te ine Oa : , E : } ; ‘ : 65 Nana (Navicella), Montrouzier. Jour. de Coneh., xxvii, 1879, pean — NN. Bougainvillei, Recl. (Gjuv.) . : : . 80 Nanula (Adeorbis) ). A. Ad. Ann. aos Mag., 245, 1861, 5 vot Natalensis (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., eto : Se aD Natere, Gray. Zool. Proc., 92, 1858. — Nerita, Adanson. . ; F ‘ ; : ; sy, 8h Naticoides (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 246, . ; Os Naticopsis, M’Coy. Carb. Foss. Ireland, 1844, : : Hee Navicella, Lam. Phil. Zool., 1809, 2 Gey Navicellina (Neritina), Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, ?. 346. = ~Novdilatata, rod. ~ : s f : : 2 6 Meera (Septaria), De Férussac. Bull, Se. Nat., x, 413, 1827. — Navicella lineata, Lam. . : : . ; ; Keo Navicularis (Neritina), Méreh. Catal. Coll., 1852, p. 164. — N. aciculata, Mérch. : : F . ¢4 Navigatoria (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. leone fc 102. — N. Roissyana, Recl. : ; : : , E vO Nebulata (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. 8., 1844, p. 71. — Neritina Ualanensis, Less. : . Al Neglecta (Neritina), Pease. P. Z. S., 1860, p- 435, 77 Neridomus, Morris and Lycett. 1850, 9 9 Neripteron, Lesson. Voy. Coquille, ii, 384, 183 0, 8, 73 140 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Nerita, Adanson. Hist. Senegal, 188, 1757, . ; ' 4, 18 Neritzea, Roth. Martens, Ktister’s Conehylien Cab. Neritina 16, 1879, ; : ‘ : ; sig Neritella (Humphrey 1797), Gray. 1847. —= Neritina, Lam. : : : : sl ae Neritilia, Martens. KKiister, Conch. Cc ab., 1879, : é 7, o4 Neritina, Swains. Malacol., 347, 1840, 7 : ; 6, 35. Neritina, Lam. Phil. Zool., 1809. : : ; ~ ONG stare Neritinoides (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 21, 1855. — N.morio, Sowb. ; : ; j : : : ers 3. Neritoconus, Kobelt. Cat. Eur. Binnenconch., 66, 1871, > tant Neritodonta, Brusina. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell,, 1884, . A 5 ae Neritodryas, Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 1869, . 6, 44 Neritoglobus, Kobelt. Cat. Europ. Binnenconch., 67, 1871. — Theodoxus, Montf. é i Neritoides (Lithogly phus), Smith. Ann. Ma; ag. N Nat. Hist., Vi, 426, 1880; Zool. Proc., 287, 1881; (Tanunyien Crosse, Jour. de Conch., 126, 288, 1881. = Stanleya. . : 7, 56. Neritoma, Morris. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soe., v, 339, 1849, seo Neritomopsis, Waagen. Pal. Indica, series xiii, p. 106, . ae Neritona, Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 1869, , ; (Pay Neritopsis, Grateloup. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., v, 129, 1832, 12, 82: Neritopsoides (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 67, 1855. == N. undata, linn. var é \ ; 2S Nevilli (Cyclostrema). H. Ad. P. Z. S. 1868, be 293, pl.-23 ee At. ; : : : 90). Nigerrima (Nerita), Chemn. “Conch. C: ab., ep: 309, pl. 192, f. 1985, 1986, 2 5 : : : 7B 26, 33 Nigra (Nerita), (Quoy and Gaimard), ene Dieffenbach’s ae Zealand, vol. ii, p. 240, : ‘ ; , : £2126 Nigra (Nerita), hentnity: Conch. Cab. = 'y. polita, Linn. : : : E 26S mage Bede (Neritina), Kutschig, ms. — N. Danubialis, Mthlf, : . 46 Ni eee (Clithon), Less. vi oy. de la Coquille, p. 382. =.N. Souleyetana, Recluz. , : ; : . 64 Nigrita (Neritina), Ziegler. Recluz, Journ. Conch., i, P 149, 1851. = N. meridionalis, Phil., var. . fw Nigrita (Neritina), Ziegler in coll. Jan. € ‘atal., 183 30, pe ve — N. anatolica, Recluz. : : : ot see Nigrobifasciata (Neritina U alanensis, Les sson, var.), Martens. Kust., p. 193, t. 20, f. 18-15, : oad Nigroczerulea (Neritina), Parreyss. In Anton, Verzeich. d. Gonch., 1839, p. 30. = N. meridionalis, Phil. var. . 48: Nigrofasciata (Neritina picta, Sowb. var.), Miller. Mal. Bhitt, 1879, p. 168, ‘ ‘ : : : : : , Nilotica (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., t. 54, fig. 157, 5x, Al INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 141 PAGE, Nitens (Cyclostrema), pare Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 146, Biceoete ue : ‘ : pols Nitida (Nerita orden var.), Recluz. PS Z-8.1845) pol2i. — Neritina Anatolica, Recluz, . : soo Nitida (Neritina), Parreyss. V illa, Dee. syst., 1841, —N. Anatolica, Reeluz, . : sme Nitida (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 43, 1350, : iM 80 Nitidiuscula (Ganesa), Jeffreys. a va S., 1883, p. 94, pl. ils) 1 a eo : ; : . 100 Nivea (C yclostrema), A. Ad. Sowb. Thes. Conch., t: 255, f 39, 36, : : : 3 f 96 Nivea (Delphinula), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, sp. 26, 1843. = Cyclostrema levis, Kiener. . p eg? Nivosa (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 66, 1855. ? = N. tessellata, Gmel. - . : : : ey: Nobilis (Neritina), Chenu. Man. Conch., 1859, i, p. 336, f. 2452, = -N-turrita, Chemn. . : F ont Nodosa (Vitrinella), Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phila., 1873, p. 214, pleZl£ U7, » 104 Nodosa (V itrinella perparva, var.), Carp. Mavat. Cat. 5 243, lide Nolani (Neritina cornea, var.), Tryon, . ? 5 ale Nordquisti (Neritina), Westerl. Vega, Exped., iil, 211, LFarts), 2 lOot, ; ; : ‘ : , Nouletiana (Neritina), Gassies. eral Cee. ern and Fluy. Nouv. Caledon., p. 104, pl. 8, f. 5, : : é 3 f (4tl Novee-Caledoniz (Nerita), Baird. Cruise of Curacoa, p. 439, pl. 38, f. 12-138. = N. stricta, Baird, : HAS Novee-Caledonica (Ner eritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., icf, 207 — N. Lecontei, Recluz, : ; ; wait: Novee-Guineze (Nerita), Lesson. Penis EIGueG: Cancke i, ap: 283., — No undata. Linn. . ; Z y : 4 . 228 Novee-Hiberniz (Nerita), Lesson. Voy. oe Way pts ape one Noph3 : : : 35 Nubila (Neritina), Busch. Phils A bbls 1,:s 30, fi ill ate ‘43: — N. Ualanensis, Less. 5 el Aad Nubila (Neritina), Martens. Mal. Bhitt., me 1860, = N. retropicta, Martens, . - eG Nucleolus (Neritina), Morelet. Jour’ de Conch 1869, p. 180, Test. Nov. Austral., 1857, p.6. = N. interrupta, Recluz, . 68 Numidica (Neritina), Recluz. Rve. Zool., 1841, p. 543, . 00 Nuttalli (Neritina), Recluz. Rve. Zool., 1841, p- 276, == N*ecariosa, Gray. . ‘ care Nux (Neritina) Brod. Zool. Proc, ‘201, 1832, iN. Turtoni, Reel. ‘ : -2 30 Obatra (Nerita), Recluz, Jour. de Conch., ii, os 203, pl. v, £ 4,5. = N. maxima, Gmel. : , « oul 1A? INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Oblonga (Navicella tessellata, Lam: iets Martens. Kiist. p. BO; tose loon : ' : Pets Oblonga (Neritina virginea, L. var, Ni Martens. Mal. Blitt., xii, p. 63. = N. virginea, Linn. 46 Obscura (Neritina), Dunker. Catal. von | Godeffroy coll. = N. retropicta, Martens, . ions Obscura (Nerita), Hombr. vee Jacq. Voy. Astrolabe et Ze- léeiv, 9p. 6D; pliligt t=2e, t= N picea, Recluz. 2 . O38 Wnscuraie (Neritina), oe Rev. Zool., p. 183, 1842. = N. brevispina, Lam. R : : : : : 2109: Obtusa (Neritina), (Bens.) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 116. = N. retropicta, Martens. . : : : , : «enor Obtusa (Neritina), Benson. Jour. As. Soc., x, 1836, p. 749, . 43 Obvoluta (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1860, : : : . 106 Octolyrata (C yclostrema), C arpenter. PoZes , 1856, p- 169, 99 Odontostoma (Klein, 1758), Méreh. Cat. Yolls 167, 1852, 5, 3 Oleagina (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 47. = N. Spenglerisna, Recluz.. ' : ; ; Soo Olivacea (Neritina), Wiegmann. Mus. Berlin. == N. reclivata, Say. —. : : . : ; ; se Olivacea (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z.S., 1842, p. 172, : AO Olivieri (Neritina), Martens. Conch. Cab., 86. — N. anatolica, Recl., var: .- : ; : ; : Bair Omalos (Discopsis), F olin. Fonds de la Mer., i,’ 190.205: 1369. 2 ; ‘ : : : ; : : ; . 105 Omatum (Cyclostrema Dalli, Verrill, var.), Verrill. Trans. Conn: Acad., 1i,p:/209, pl. 32,2..17,, . uh DD Onalaniensis (Neritina), Less. Voy. de la & Coquille, ii, pe Tiger: oe A ee . 5 ; ay Oncochilus, Pees: 1882. ; : ; é ‘ : Bea Orbella ( ‘Adeorbis), A, Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 245, S61 o, : ; , : s ‘ x83 Orbic mate (Nav icella), ee Conch. Icon., f. 5, 1856. — N. suborbicularis, Sowb. . ; : : : : Aso Orbignyana (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 108. —N. polita, Linn. 5 : : . ; ; sates Orbignyi (Adeorbis), Fischer. Jour. de Conch., vi, 286, 1857, 86 Orientalis (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon.. f. 53. — N. cxrulescens, Recl. , é : : x ee Orbis (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat. 247, ‘ . 103 Ornatus (Catillus), Adams and Angas.- P. VA Shy 1864, p 36. — Navicella Bougainvillei, Reel. : : 480 Ornata (Nerita), Sowb. Gen. Shells. no. 10. — N. seabricosta, Lam. : ; : : ; . 930 Ornata (Neritina), C. B. ‘Adams. Contr. to Conch., vii, 1850, p12, : . 06 Ornata (Vitrinella), “Carp. Zool. Proc., 270, 1865. : . 108 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 143 PAGE Ornatella (Neritina), Mousson in coll. — N. Ualanensis, Less. : : : ; ; Real Orsinii (Neritina), Pecchioli in coll. = N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. ‘ : : ene: 27 Orthopoma, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, ; : : 10 Oryzarum (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Toole ilfors IBS ral WAcpa ee fee 20) Ossea (Neritina), Garrett. ms. == N. rubida, Pease. . we se! Otaitensis (Nerita), Less. Voy. Coquille, ii, pt. 1, p. 370. = Ne plicdtas iam) = E : : s : f ee AT Otostoma, d’Archiae. Bull. Soe. Geol. a same Sl asp Os 2 ale5 Ovalis (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 507, ‘pl. 113, 1DII22- == Ne pullicera; Linn. : 57 Oweniana (Neritina), Gray. In Wood, Ind. Test. suppl, ni. f. 8, : : : : 76 Pacifica (Neritina cornuta, Rve., var.), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., 1870, p. 219, . : 3 : ; ; : = 58 Pala (Navicella), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., ae 1865, p, 189, 201. =—N. Freycineti, Recl. . : yO) Pallida (Neritina), Dunker. Mal. Blitt, vill, 'p. 40, : m0) Pallidula (Nerita), Da Costa. Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., lV, p. 131, 271. = Neritina viridis, Linn. - . : : SD Paulucciana (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. Conch., xviii, 1870, p. q 02 A ee : : ? é E ; . oo Paludosa (N eritina), Garrett. ms. = N.chlorostoma, Brod. . ; 66 Palme (Neritina reclivata, var.), Dall. Proc. Nat. “Mus., 2 25$ 9, 1885, . : pen oY) Panamencis (V Gammeliay Ha Bo Ad. “TEaanae Oni: DBO Ces ~ L038 Panayana (Neritina), Pe Py Zo. 1642 5.p- 10: : oy Van Papillosa (Neritina), Jay. Cat. of Shells, 1839, pl. 4, f. 11. = N. granosa, Sowb. . : ‘ : : ; ; ap eiOe Papuana (N erita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., ae 1841. == N.undata, Linn, . d . 28 Parcepicta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less., var. eo [artens. Kiuist., p- 193, t. 20, f. 20-24, . ; ; ak Paria, Gray. Pe ZS 1867, p. 997, : : : Ose S0 Parkeria, Gabb. Jour. Philad. Acad. ., 1880. = Pseudorotella, Fischer. . : p : : ; 2 Parreyssi (Neritina), Villa. Dispos. Syst. Conch., ge p. 3 and 60. = N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. . . 46 Parva (Navicella), Mousson. Land und Siiss-w asser, “Moll. Java, p. 119, t. 22. = N. macrocephala, Guillou. : 79 Parva (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., 187, 316, . 101 Parvula (Neritina), (Guillou.) Recluz. Jour. Conch., i, p. 148. —N. chlorostoma, Brod. . : : 3 : : 5 66 Patruelis (Adeorbis). A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 245,1861, . 84 Patula (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 148, : 5 22 144 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Paulla (Liotia), Phil. Kdister’s Conch. Cab. Delphin., 24; . 112 Paya (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., vii, 1858, p. 71. / == N interrupta, Recluz.. —. 68 ~ Peguensis (Neritina), Blanf. Jour. “ Asiat: Bloc, il, p. 68, ‘pl. it f 1-16. ; 71 Pellis-serpentis (Nerita), es, Peon: teoue f. 83, 1855. — N. helicinoides, Reeve. . ; . 2d Peloponnesia (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., ie 1851, p- AQ, - : 3 : ‘ . 80 Peloronta, Oikent Zool., : 360, 1815, e 4, 18, 24 Peloronta (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 718: : . 24 Peltarion, Deslongchamps. ‘Bull. God. iene Norm., 11, 1a3, 1858. = Neritopsis, Grat. : : ‘ : : : Se Penicillata (Neritella), Gould. Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vil, p.49, : : ; : ‘ : 5 oe hes Pennata (Neritina), Born. Index rerum Nat. Mus. Caes. Vin- dob:, 17,78,0n- 42, Seow A ; : ./ shoe FP, entegoniostoma ( (C ye lostrema), ¢ varpenter. P. Z.8., 1856, p. 169,. . ; ; . ; : : Pr 5, Peronii (Liotia), Kiener. Cog. Viy. Monog. Delphinula, t. 3, dees : : ; : : .. ty ne Perparv a (Vitrinella), C: B. Ad. Panam. Cat., 187, 316; Carp. Mazat. Cat., 243, ; : : ; : . 1038 Perottetiana (Neritina), Recs Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 337, . a3 Perstriata (Neritina), Mousson, ms. Ktister, Onc: Cab., 276. == N.. canosa, Gray. . . é oe ae jana (Nerita), Phil. Abbild. p- 2, ph. A fi 4, —— NN Oldieheckiz : : : : ; Mea Peterseni (Cyclostrema), Frie le. Vid. Forh., 1872. — C. trochoides, Jeff. var. : : , oe Petholata (Neritina avellana, Recl. ‘var.), Martens. Kiist., p: 174, f. 7-11, : 3 . 68 Petichialis (Nerita), ‘Mérch. Volar Cat., 167, 1852. = N. reticulata, Karsten, . : ; : =. oe Petiti (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 9 = N. pulligera, Linn. var. : : of eh Petrettinia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Lettres Mal, 50. — Neritodonta, Brusina. : : ; : , : Petteri (Neritina), Stentz. Porro. Cat. Conch. terr and fluv. Europ., 1839, p. 4. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. : : . AT Pfeifferiana (N eritina), Reel.’ P22. S.,, 1843, p. 72; : By lh: Phariana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 75, . +4 el Philippii (Cyclostrema), Issel. Mar. Rosso., p. 189, : a eh Philippi (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, P d41. — Neritina meridionalis, Phil. . . 48 Philippinarum (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. Ill. no. 54, f. 53. = N. dubia, Chemn. ot tae Pica (Nerita), Gould. Proe. Bost. Soe. Nat. "Hlist., vii. p. 48, 34 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 145 PAGE Picea (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 151, . 3 Pictus (Adeorbis), Tenison- Woods. Roy. Soe. Tasmania, 1876, p. 146, ; ‘ : > 186 Picta (Neritina), Sowb. Pp. Z. i 1832, p. 201, P ’ Pol Pictum (Sandalium), Schumacher. Essai d’un nouy. Syst., 1817, p. 185. = Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb. ; ae oi Picturata (Navicella), Garrett. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 224, pl do: £113... —— No lineata:s Bam. : , ro Picturata (Neritina), Jan. Rossmiiss. Icon., h. it 1835. = N. varia, Ziegler. . i ; : : : 48 Pila, Klein. 1753, ‘ : 4, 18, 27 Pileolus (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch. * i, 1850, p. 65, pl. 3, f.3. =N. crepidularia, Lam. ; : etl Pileolus (Cookson), Sowerby. Genera of Shells, 1823, i sn Pilula (Liotia), Dunker. Mal. Blitt, vi, p. 2 226, E LOT TAD Piperina (Neritina), Chemnitz. Crack, Cab. bd. ix, 1795, Dp: 1738, t. 197, f. 1905, 1906. = Neritina pennata, Born. 5S) Pisiformis (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 181. = Neritina chlorostoma, Brod. . : : OG Plana (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 43, 1850, : : (83 - Planissima (Neritina), Mousson. Jour. ‘de Conch., 1869, p. 578 ple oe feo. : ; , : F 2.62 Planorbula (A deorbis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 48, 1850, ; 71285 Planospira (Nerita), Anton Verzeich., p. 30, 1839, : “2 Planospirata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 246, : . 108 Plexa (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab., vol. v, p. 190; £ 1944, 1945, . d ie) Plicata (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Coneh., vii, 1858, p. 372. =—N. interrupta, Recluz. . : 268 Plicata (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. D-¢ .P 779, : 4 oe 2e Plumata (Neritina), Menke. Syn. Moll., ‘1880, PP 39. = N.crepidularia, Lam. . ; ; a | Plumbea (Navicella), Sowb. In coll. : — N. cerulescens, Recl. . : 82 Plumbea (Neritina), Recl. ms. Sowb. Thes. Conch., P. Goo. pli li2 ft 119 120, ! 37 Polita (Nerita), Linn. Syst. } Nat., ed. xs ». 778, : ; Se) Politum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 1854, . : Os Polydelta (Neritina Ualanensis, Lesson, var.), Martens. Kiist., p. 193; f.1=4,°7, ~ : : : tl Poneeliana (Vitrinella), Folin. Meleagrinicoles, p. 51, t. 5, f. Bee , : LOL Eh sits (Neritina), (Cauld: ieee. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., 0 1847, p. 2 : : ; ‘ : 2-60) Porcellana (Navicelia), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 372, 1841. —=N. Borbonica, Bory. : 78, 79 Porcellana (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x; “1758, >. Ton: = Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb. : 5 Pueto} 10 146 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Porcellna (Navicella), (L.) Gould. U.S. Expl. ey Moll, p: 106; /f. 178: == Ni. depressa; ess"). : LEoik Porroi (Neritina), Stabille. Fauna Helv., p. AG. — N. fluviatilis, Linn. : : : : ee Poucheti (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud. Moll., p. 66, pl. 17, f. 11-18, ; : ; : re) Powisiana (Neritina), Recluz. Zool. Proc; 71, 184357 7 58 Preecognita (Nerita), C. B. Adams, Ms. in Mus. Cuming. — N. fulgurans, Gmel. var. : : s ‘ : . 24 Prevostiana (Neritina), Dupuy. Moll. France, 549, — N. fluviatilis, Linn. ; : : : : : . 46 Prevostiana (Neritina), Partsch. Terver, Cat. Moll. du Nord. del’ Afrique, p. 38. == N. Numidica, Reel. : . 50 Prevostiana (Neritina), eariccn Pfr., Land und Wasser Schnecken, ii, 49,1828, ; ‘ : » 49 Prevostiana (Neritina) (Par tsch), Bence Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital., 1875, p. 162. == (N/meridionalis, Phil.” ) | g . 48 Prevostianus (Theodoxus), Partch. Issel. Moll. della Pur. Pisa., 1866. = Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. . 46 Pritchardi (Neritina), Dohray “PAS. 1st. 206, pl. 26, fees 65 Profanda ‘(Navicella pala, Mousson, var.), Mousson, Cat. Mus. Godeftroy, p. 97. Ne Frey cineti, Recl. var. compressa, Martens. 5 BON Peedi (Cyclostrema), Friele. Jeffreys, Zool. Proe., 91, 1883. = C. basistriatum, Brugnone, :* 96 Prominula (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. % 245, 1861, . 184 Propinquus (Clithon), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., XVll, p. 373, pl. 15, f. 8. = Neritina castanea, Hombr. et Jacq. 61, 67 Proxima (Cyclostrema), Tryon, : 98 Pruinosa (Ganesa), Jeffreys. P. Z. 8., 1884, p. 94, pl. 19, f; S 100 Pseudorbis, Monterosato. Nom. Gen. e Spee. Coneh. Med. p- 109, 1884, . : : } : ; . hae Pseudorotella, Fischer. Jour. de Conch., vi, 52,1857, . 15, 105 Psittacea (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, f. 38. = N. Freycineti, Reel. ; 80 Puella (Neritella), Gould. pe Bost eben Nat. Hist., Vil, p 43. ?=—N. Rangiana, Recluz, . 55 Pulchella (Nerita), Retlan Pe Zehr 1842. p- ‘175 Di — Neritina Sowerbiana, Recl. . 2 , . OT Pulchella (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 20: — N. tessellata, ilyairin ; ; : : 82 Pulchella (Cyclostrema), Dunker: Mal. Blatt., vi, p. 225) 1860. =O. micans. Ac -Adamsa.. . ; . : aGG Pulchella (Neritina); Gray. Wood’s Index Test. Suppl., t. 8, f. 18. = N. virginea, Linn. : : i . i . AD INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 147 PAGE. Pulchella (Neritina), Moreh. Vidensk. Meddelels Naturh. for Kjobenhavn, 1872, p. 27. = N. Ualanensis, Less. : oygeal Pulcherrima (Septaria), Pe eel Ann. Mus. Gen- ova, 1883, p. 895, 81 Pulcherrima (Neritina), Mousson, Journ. de Conch., vi, 1857, p. 164. =N. ziczac, Sowb. var. 36 Pulcherrima (Vitta), Angas. Boas, 1871, p. 19; 96, pl 5 f. 25. = Neritina Sowerbiana, Montrouzier, : 55 Pulchra ( (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. Meno. 07. £59: = N.variegata, Lesson, . 36 Pulligera (Neritina), Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., iii, p. 198, pl. 65, f. 6. == N.squamipicta, Recluz.. . 58 Pulligera (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1253, 56, 57 Punctata (Nerita), Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrolabe, iii, p. 185, pl. 65, f. 41-42. ?— N. undata, Linn., var. funiculata. . bees | Punctatum (Teimostoma), Jouss. Guerin’s Mag. 337, t. 18, f. 5, 1872 : ; : : : : . 104 Punctifera (Neritina), Mousson. “In coll. — N. subpunctata, Recluz. . : ae) enmeen lata (Neritina), Lam. Enceye. Meth. il, ‘pl. 455, £2 Det 7 ol) Pupa (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 378, : . A2 Pupa (Nerita), Pallas, Reisen d. verschied. Prov. d. “Russ Reiches, vol. i, p. 345. —=N. liturata, Eichwald. . : . AT Puperita, Gray. Guide Moll. Brit. Mus., 137, 1857, 5 - 42 Pura ee) Garrett.” P. A.N.S., Phila., 1873, p- 218, jolla rd ke ee . . 101 Purpurata (Neritina), Parreyss, i in coll. Ne awe aitilis, Linn. AT Purpurea Ves Budginr. Mss. in Sowb., Cat. Tankerv. Coll., 1828, p. 45. = Neritina crepidularia, Lam... el Pusilla ( (Neritina), C. B. Adams, Cont. to ener , Pe lt ame fl Pusilla (Natica), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, 141, t. 24, f. 1844. = Adeorbis subcarinatus, Mioutasa : 85 Pusilla (Margarita), Jeffreys, Zool. Proc., 91, 1883. = Cyclostrema nitens, Phil. : : : od Pusilla (Neritina), C. B. Ad., Contrib. Conch., 112. = Calceolina. . : : : : . 105 Pustulata (Neritina), Parreyss, in coll. —N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. AT Pyomea (Neritina), C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ia SRY i Se ril Pyrenaica (N Veritina ‘fluviatilis, L. var.) Moq.- Tand. 7p: 549, . 46 Quadricolor (Nerita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, p. 3684. = N undata; Ikinn? *. eee) Quoyi (Navicella Urvillei, var. on Recl., een Foal 2841, p- Sie — suborbicularis, Sowb. : 4 , Z aon 145 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Radiata (Liotia), Kiener. Coq. Viv., Monog. miei ieee HUIS nse i .abtol _ Radiata '(Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Syst., pl. ISS £7. — N. tessellata, Lam. . + om Radiata (Neritina), Lang. Jan. Conspect. Meth. Test., 10, P. 7. = N. transversalis, Ziegler. . : 47 Radiatum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Ann. Ma ag. N. ‘Hist., 267, 1860, . : : ; ! : . 105 Badula (Neritopsis), ne, Syst. Nat., ed. il LAD ; Oe Radula, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840. = Neritopsis, Grat. 12 Ramosa (Neritina), Meusch. Morch. Cat. Yoldi, P 166, 1852. = N. ziczac, Sowb. ; L180 Rangiana (Neritina), Recl. Rew Zool. 1841, p38 : .- oe Rara (Neritina), Dufo. Ann. d. Sci. Nat. (2) x Xv, ” 1840, p- 195, .. i , ; ’ , . 62 Rarispina (Ner itina) , Mousson. Land und Sitiss-wasser, Moll. von Java, p. 83, t. 12, £ 5-6; t. 12, £12, 4 : ; Oo Rarispina (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 311, ah Rarispina (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. V oy. Pole Sud, Zool., v, p. 69, pl. 17, f. 36, 38. == N. Souleyetana, Recluz. . 64 Reclivata (Neritina), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii 2, July 1822, p. 207, ; | pO, roe "39, 60 Recluzii (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Syst., ii; pl,-199; t16: — N. tessellata, Lam. . ; . Sa Recluziana (Neritina), Guillou. Rev. Zool, 1841, p. 345, = N.Souleyetana, Recl. . : : ; ‘ : . 64 Reeveiana (Cyclostrema), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur., p. 52, pl. Ree Lies ge re Regularis (Vitrinella), GC. 'B. Ad. ' Panama Cat., No. 266, . 103 Reticularis (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. Il, no. 51, f. 44. —N. retifera, Bens. . 4 : : ‘ t 5 -° deta Reticulata (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, 1856, pl. 5, f. 20. —N. tessellata, Lam. . ; ; : : : io! Reticulata (Nerita), Karsten. Mus. Lesk., 296,1789, . > week Reticulata (Neritina), De Cristofori et Jan. Cat. Rev. eh: 1832, p.7. = N. reclivata, Say., var. reticulata. 39 Reticulata (Neritina), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 201, . 42 Reticulata (Nerita), Quoy et Gaimard. Voy. de I’ As strolabe, Zool., ii, p. 193, pl. 65, £3, 4. = Neritina dubia, Chemn. 44 Retifera (Neritina), Benson. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ii, 1836, p. 749, : ; é : : an Retropicta (N eritina), Martens. Kiist. Conch. Cab., p. hy ti. 17, f. 18—20, : 67 Retusa (Neritina), Morelet. Journ. de Conch., AV; 1853, p. 372, pl vin, Ge, 9, 10; : : ; : = OM Reynesiana (Neritina duyiatilie L. var.) Palade Dubreuil, ae Moll. Terr. et fluy. de ? Herault, 1869, D. 79. —N. fluviatilis, Linn. 2 : ‘ is INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 149 PAGE, Rhinoceras (Teinostoma), Jousseaume. Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1881, p. 184, ; . 105 Rhodocolpos (Neritina), Jan. " Conspect. Meth. Test., 1830, P. i — Nefuviatihis. Linn. var. = 46 Rhytidophora (Neritina), Tap- -Canetri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, MNO 1Osab tb, to, Os oy G6 Ringicula (Nerita), Philip. Veieoh if Mal. 1851, p. 86, aap Ringens (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 75. == N-*plicata, Linn. . : : : eat Ritena, Gray. Zool. Proc., 92,1858. = — Pila, Klein. ; 4 Rivula (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole. Sud. Moll., Dada. pl. 13.6 27-29) == N- Roissyana, Recluz.. : 38 Rivalis (Neritina), Ziegler. Jan. Conspect. Meth. Test., 1830, pote == N: varia, Ziegler. : 48 Romettensis (Tharsis), Sesuenza. erncile: aWese! Esp. Nowe ete. a 7, 1877; Jeffreys, Zool., Poe dob. 1, 1.1; 1883, 5 . 100 oeearnices (Cy clostrema), 1 re Simith. ZOOL Proc, ps lon pled, 127, 13h 8, : : le eeerniceleciane (Neritina), iechua lena A re 1845, p. 119, . .62 Roissyana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 841, p- 338, oOo Roissyi (Neritina), Recluz. Jour. de Conch, 1850, p- 151. —N. Roissyana, Recl. : : Ae) Rostrata (Neritina), Reeve, Conch. idem, a 151. — N: auriculata, Lam. : : : : A «es Rotundata (Neritina reclivata, Say. var.), Martens. Mal. Blatt, Sie SOO. sole, ——INE reclivata, S Say. . a9 Rubella (Nerita), O. F. Miiller. Hist. eran li, p. 195. = Neritina pulligera, Linn. ‘ : : : : 2 OM Rubricata (Neritina), Morelet. Series Conch., i, 1858, 30, pl ose, 5 : ; 61 Bainteamaer (Neritina), Martens. Kiister Conch. Cz ae > p: o2 ig OA ti 20255 : : , y : eli; Rubida ( Neritina), ‘Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., 1, ie p- , 285, an Dee eve) re SO Rudis (Nerita), Wood. Index Test. Suppl. t: es f. ‘ig 1828 —N. reticulata, Karsten. . Ze, Rudis (Nerita), Pease. Am. Jour. ‘Conch., 8), vt. 24, ie A, 1867, == Ne pica; Gould. ; : it ; : oe Rugata (Nerita), (Recl.) Souleyet. Voy. de la Bonite, Zool., il, p. 566, pl. 34, f. 24-27. = Neritina subpunctata, Recluz. 69 Rugata (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool,, 1842, p. 75. = N. brevispina, Lam. 4 ; : : : : . 65 Ruginosa (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., ee Pp. SLO: — N. brevispina, Lam., var. : pen 5 Rugosa (Nerita), Busch i in Phil. Abbild., te BS 4, = Neritina subpunctata, Recl. . : : : Oe 150 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Rugulosum (Cyclostrema), (Jeftrey’s Mss.), Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 129, pl 2 fl; Ruida (Neritina), Mousson. Journ. Conch., vil, 1857, p- 162. — N. squarrosa, Recluz. . ; Rumphii (Nerita), Recluz. Rey. Zool., 1841, P. 147. = N. polita, var. Sagittata (Neritina faba., Sowb. var.), Martens. Kiist. ay 176, ELS, tla Ly, Saint-Simonia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Lettres, “Mal, 50). — Neritodonta, Brusina. ; Salatana (Neritina), Zelebor. In litt. = N. varia, Ziegler. Salmacida (Neritina), Morelet. Jour. de Conch., 1879, p. 312, pl. xi. o, ; : , Salonitana (N eritina), Lanza. In collections. — N. fluviatilis, Linn: : , ! : : Samoensis (Nerita), Dunker. “Mal. Blatt, xviii, p. 167. —N. affinis, Reeve. . ; F : Sandalina (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842 5p: 76, Sandwichensis (Neritina), Deshayes. Conch. Visle Réunion, pol, = iN. Mauritius Less: : , ; Sandwichensis (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 82. —= N. vespertina, Nuttall. Sandwichensis (Neritina), Deshayes es. An. s. Vert., 2nd, ed., 1838, p. 519. N. cariosa, Gray. . Sangara (Neritina), Morelet. Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 355. = N. Adansoniana, Recluz. . Sanguinea (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., il, p. 513, pl. (i Sanguinolenta (Nerita), Menke. Verzeichn., 15, 1829, = N. albicilla, Linn. Sanguisuga (N avicella), Bees Conch. Jcon:, tx, pl avi = N. macrocephala, Guillou. Sardoa (Neritina), Menke. Syn. “Moll, edn 1830, p. 49, 140, Saturata (Nerita), ETECGE Bee ian ‘Soc., 'N. S. Wales bas p. 354. = N. atrata, Reeve. Sauleyi (Neritina), Bourg. Test. Nov., p. 25, Savesi (Neritina), Gassies. .Jour. de. Oa 1878, f. 345. — N. cornea, Linn. Savieana (Nerita), Recluz, Ms. Mus. Cuming, @ouch. Tcon., f. 07, 1855, :: = N. undata, linn: sy Sayana (Neritina), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 199, Seaber (Adeorbis), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 129, 1848, : Seabrella (Nerita), Phil. Zeitsch. f. "Mal., 1848, p- 14, Scabrella (Nerita), Phil. Zeit. f. Mal., 14, 1849. — N. chameleon, Linn. PAGE. 68 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Heyl PAG E Scabricosta (Nerita), Lam. An. s. Vert., vi, 2, p. 194, 1822, : : : : ee 2OrESO Scabricosta (Nerita), Delessert. Ree. de Cogq,., t. 32, f. 6. = N. costata, Chemn. . , 21 Seszyvola, Gemmellaro. Bull. Soe. Se. Palermo, Sen Oe 1878, Steal Scalaroides (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., Sp. 11, 1845, hs Scalpta (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 31, 1855. — N. tessellata, Gmel. ; ; i eno Scaphanidea, Rolle, 1862. = — Neritopsis, Grat. yal Scarabzeus (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pl. 3, f. 12. = N. macrocephala, Guillou. . BEE Schlaflii (Neritina), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., 1874, i. 49. = N.crepidularia, Lam. . Sh Frige Schiragensis (Neritina), Parreyss in ‘coll. =. pallida, Dunker. : 50 Schiragensis (Neritina), Bourg. Issel, Moll. Miss. Ital. Pers. p. 24. = N. Anatolica, Recluz., var. 52 Schmeltziana (Nerita), Dagke —— ee genase pee , 2023 Schmelziana (Navicella), Mateos Jour. de Conch., xviii, 1870, p. 227. = N. variabilis, Recl. . 81 Schraumii (Cy clostrema), Fischer. Jour. de Conch. ape 10, f. 1OS1SOT. 4 ; 89 Schnlaii (Neritina), (Cane Kaspinskoe more enamel: ie 1877, Pate OoteliG)/:, ; : , : : » fou Sculpta (Navicella), Martens. Kist., Conch. Cab. p. 15, t. 2, f, 5-8, 79 Seulptilis (Vitrinella), Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phila., p- 213, pl 2, f. 15, 1873. == Cyclostrema Marchei, Jouss. : 88 Seguenzianus (Adeorbis), Tryon. . : = G4 Semen (Neritina), Tap-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Genova vil, p. 1031. = Souverbiana, Montr. . . OO Semi-clathratula (Liotia), Schrenck. Amur-land Moll., p.3 370, 109 Semi-conica Sena). Mam. Ans s. Vert: ed. I. vi, 2; p: 187, : . a1, 38 Seminuda (Vitrinella), OF B. Ad. Panam. Cat., No. 267, 108 Semirugosa (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 102. . Semistriata (Pseudorotella), d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 61., t. 18, f. 20-22, . ‘ . 105 Semisulcata (Cyclostrema), Issel, Mar. Rosso, 287, t. eich tee woke, Senegalensis (Nerita), Gmel., Syst. Nat., p. 3686, —. . 22, 38 Septaria, Fér., Essai d’une méth. etc. 1807. = — Navicella, I Be 1h oy Oe ; : ‘ ; ; STO Serpuloides (Helix), Montagu, “Test. Brit., suppl., e TA ti 21, f.3. == Cyclostrema divisa, Ad. : 96 Serratilinea oe Hohenacker., Bull. Soe. imp. Moseou, 1837, p. 147. = N. liturata, Eichwali. : : . 47 52 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGF. Serratilinea (Neritina Danubialis, var.), Ziegler, Jan, Conspec- Meth. Test. 1830, p. 7 ‘ ; : . 46 Serrulata (Nerita), Barli, Rev. Zool., 1842 , p. 76. == N: ziezac, Sowb., var... : : é + 36 Shandi (Liotia), Hutton, Cat. N. Z. ‘Moll. p. 99. = ?juv. Turbo creniferus, Kiener. 112 Showalteri (Neritina), Lea, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1861, p.55, . 53 Siderea (Liotia), Rve., Couch. Teon. sp. a f iN) Sideria (Neritina) Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist i il, 1847, p. 228 ING chlorostoma, ‘Brods% 66 Signata (Nerita) Macleay, Lam., An. s. Vert., vi, Pt. 2, p. 175. —N. reticulata, Karsten. . F : ; see Simile (Cyclostrema) Jeffreys. P. Tae 1883, p92} pli ft?) tae Sinensis (Adeorbis) A. ae face ‘Mag. Nat. Hist., 1861, D. pon ‘ 85 Siquijorensis (Neritina) Recluz, P.Z.8 ry 1843, p- 198. = N.crepidularia, Lam. . 4 : aiyed Smaragdia, Issel, Mal. Mar Rosso, p. 212, 1869, : 7, O4 Smithiana (Stanleya), Bourg., Notice Lac Tanganyika, ls 88, 1885, . : : : ‘ 56 Smithi (Neritina) Sow be Conch. All. fotOOs Wh: : ; ston Sobrina (Nerita) Recluz., P. Z. 8 1845, p. 119. — Neritina zebra, Brug... : 4 fat Solida (Teinostoma), E. A. Smith, P. Z. S. ips 737 , toed Sale : : : ; ; . 105 Solidissima (N Ban) Sone Pease 1849. == IN. cariosa, Gray. : ste Solidula (Liotia) Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc., Vil, p. 141, : + lD, Solium (Neritina) Recluz, PSZ. S.,.184bep: 20: ==) N.. olivacea ech : : : ' : Ge) Solomonensis ( Neritina) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fio. 106. = N. porcata, Gould. A : : GU Souleyetana (Neritina), Recluz, Rew, Fool 1842, c » EG Souverbiana (Neritina) Montrouzier, Jour. de Conch, 1863, p. fo, AT), pha ligvon ; SHES Sowerbiana (Neritina) Recluz, Pas. 5 1842, p. 174, : smn Sowerbii (Neritina) Reeve, Conch. Icon. 3 teOo: — N. Sowerbiana, Recl. . ; : : ; é 67 Speciosa (Liotia), Angas. P. Z.5S., p. 19, t. 1, f. 26, 1871. tae Spengleriana ( Nerita), Recluz. P. Z.S., 1843, p. 201. — N. undata, Linn., var. . 29 eee (Cyclostrema) ye NY ood, Ann. Mag. p. 533, t tacos toy LOAD: Jeffreys, Pi Ze Se p96, beso ae . 98 Spine ra (Neritina), ecluz, Rev. Zool., 1842, p- 183. —N. Diadema, Recluz. . ? Se Spinifera (Neritina), (Recluz), Saabs Thes., ii, p- 526, pladg, fig. 53, 54. — N. diadema, Recl. b ; ; ; . 64 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 153 PAGE Spinifera (Neritina nucleolus, Morelet, var.) Martens. LKiuist. Conch. Cab., p. 177, t. 16, fig. 4—6, : 68 2 ae (Neritina), Morelet. Series Conch. Beil, p. 121, pl. 6. Pita! Siimcee (Nerita), Wood. Suppl. Ind. Test. p- 25, pl. 8, fig. 12. = Neritina brevispina, Lam. : : : : OD Spinosa (Neritina rarispina Mouss., var.) Mousson., Moll. Java, p. 84, . 4 69 Spinosa (Cyelostrema) Tenison- Woods, Roy. ‘Soe. “Tasmania, 1876, p. 147. ; 95 Spinosa (Neritina) (Budgin) Sowb. f Cat. Coll. Tankerville, p. 45,1845, . . 63 Spiralis (Neritina) Reeve, Coneh. Icon., Use, te, 23, fig. 99, . obtusa, Benson. . : . 43 Spiralis (Neritina) Martens (not Reeve), Kust. Conch. Cab., p- 69. = N. sulculosa, Mart. é . 60 Spirula (Cyclostrema) Ned, POR, 1850, p. AA, . 100 Spiruloides ( Vitrinella) Carp., PxZe S., p. 169, 1650, 7”. . 105 Spuria ey Gould. = Liotia granulosa, Dunker. : 109 Squama (Navicella) Mousson, Cat. Mus. Godetfroy iv, 1869, p. 28. = N. Bourgainvillei, Recl ; é . 80 Squameespina (Neritina) Mousson, in coll. = N. aculeata, Gmel. : : ; 4 ees! Squamata (Navicella) Dohrn, Pez, 8.16) 8, p. 135. — N. suborbicularis, Sowb. : ces! Squuamipieta (Neritina) (Recluz in mus. C uming) Sow Ds Thes., pills o, 58 a ane (Neritina) (Recl.) Sowb. Thes. Tos 527, pl. 119, fig. 26,27. = N. squarrosa, Recluz. . 65 Squamulata (Nerita) Le Guillou, Rey. Zool. p. B44, 1841. = N, chameleon, Linn. : Biers) Squarrosa (Neritina) Recluz, P. Z. Sy 1842, p- cee : mod) Stanleya, Bourguignat, Notice Lac Tanganyika, p- 86, 1885, 7, 56 Stella (Nerita) Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., xi, pl. 197, fie. 1907, 1903." == chamaeleon, Linn. . 20 Stellaris (Delphinula) Ads. and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, te U1, 5 : : iy Stenopoma Gray, P. Z. ae 1867, p- 998. k 10, 82 Stragulata (Neritina Danubialis, Muhlf. var.) Muhlf. Land und Wasser Schnecken, pt. 3, 1828, t. 8,19, . . 4 Striata (Rotella) a’ Orb., Moll. Cuba, HW, p: 63, 913; f 29-31, 2 hO2 Striata (Nerita) Chemn., Conch. Cab., v, p. 311, t. 192, f. 1992- eo. aN: versicolor, Gm. : ; 2d Striata (Nerita) Chemn., Conch. Cab., v, p. "298, t; 191, f. 9G2—520,—— Ne tessellata, Gmel. eo Striata (Nerita) Burrow, Elem. Conch., p 172, 1815. — N. undata, Linn: var. .. , ‘ 25 154 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Striatella (Adeorbis) Montrouzier, Jour. de Conch., 1869, p. A : : : : ! 85 Striatus (Adeorbis) Chemu, Manuel de Conch., _p. 352. f 2589, 2590. = Circulus striatus, Phil. : 86 Stricta (Nerita) Baird, Cruise of Curacoa, p. 438 , pl. 38, fi. 1 : 34 Strigillata (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. SES No. ie: fie. 4, — N. communis, Quoy et Gaim. Ree ts. Strigillata (Neritina) Lam., An. s. Vert., ‘ed. ep 1 p. 187. = N. turrita, Chemn. ; oT Strigillata (Neritina) ( Lam.) Recluz, Jour. de Conch., i, p. 151. — N. ziczac. (Lam.) Sowb. . 36 Strigillatus (Clithon) Tapparone-C Canefri, Zool. R. Freg. “Mag- enta, Mal., p. 54, t. 1, fig. 6. —N. Donovana, Recluz. . 65 Strigosa (Neritina faba, Sowb. var.) Martens, Kiist. Conch. Cab., p- 176, : . 68 Striolata (Nerita) Recluz, Rey. Zool., 1841, p- 387. = Neritina reclivata, Say, var striolata. : i ae Striolatum (Cy clostrema) Sars, Mss. = C. basistriatum, Jeffr.. ; ; peli Striulata (? Liotia) Carp., Mazat. Gute p- ‘248, . ‘ Be i bi Studeriana (Neritina Souleyetana, Recl. var.) Martens, “Mon- atsb. Berlin, p. 284, 1877. = = Souleyetana, Recluz. . 64 Suavis (Neritina) Gassies, Jour. de Conch., xxvii, 1879, p.134, 56 Subalata (Neritina) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1862, p. 269. — N. auriculata, Lam. - te Subangulata (Adeorbis) A. Adams, Pp. ZL. 8.1 1863, p. 16: 85 Subauriculata (Neritina) Recluz in Sowb., Thes. Gonch., il, p. 510, fig. 188. = N. auriculata, Lam. : 73 Subcanalis (Neritina pulligera, Linn, var) Mousson, Jour. de Conch. xiii, 1865, p. 205, . 57 Subcarinatus ‘(Adeorbis), Montagu, Test. Brit., L 438, t. 7, £9, 85 Subdisjuncta (Cyelostrema) H. “Adams, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 293, pl. 28, £18, : ‘ ; : . 100 Subexcavata ‘ ‘Cyclostrema) Tryon. 2 : : Pees: Subgranosa (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. IIL, fig. 14, = N. brevispina, Lam. ; : : . 65 Subocellata (Neritina) Martens, Schepmann, Notes Leyden Mus., vu, 49, t. 4, 3, 1885. -==.N. olivacea, Recl: >. od Suborbicularis (Navicella) Sowerby, Cat. Tankerville Coll. 1825, appendix x. : : ; : ‘ é i est | Subplanospira (Neritina gagates, Lam. var.), Martens, Kuster. Conch. Cab., t. 18, fig. 8, : ; joDproe Subpunctata (Neritina) Recluz, P.Z.S. , 1843, poo ae - 08 Subquadrata (Vitrinella) Carp., Mazat. Cat. wy wal, ; . 102 Subrostrata (Navicella tessellata, Lam. var.) Martens, Kiist. Conch. Cabi, pia ti 7, ues, Line : : : oi! INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 155 PAGE. Subrugata (Neritina) Baird, Cruise of Curacoa, p. 438, ep i figs. ao nN brevispina, Lam. var. 65 Subsinuata (Neritina) (Sowb.) Mousson, Jour. de Conch., XVII, p. 222. — N. subsuleata, Sowb. : : . 45 Substriatum (Teinostoma) Carp., Mazat. Cat., O54, . ; Zé . 104 Subsuleata (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. Conch. IIL, fig. 50. = N. cornea, Linn. var. . : ie 40 Subthermalis (Neritina fluviatilis, ‘Linn, var.) Bourg. , Issel, Moll. Miss. Ital. Persia, p. 23, . ‘ ea Succinea (Neritina) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 343, : = eee Suffreni (Navicella), Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 374, 375. = N. Freycineti, Recl. var. compressa, Martens. ~ 30 Suleata (Neritina) Nyst, Recluz, Journ de Conch., i, p. 149. — N. aculeata, Gmel. . ‘ bind iG Sulcata (Cyclostrema) A. Adams, Pay BP 1850, p- ‘AA, . 94 Suleata (Neritina pee Lam. var.) Tenison- Woods, Proc. in. Soc7 N28: Wi lSis;y pio; : sao Sulcata (Nerita), Anton, Verzeichnis, 1839, p- 29, = Neritina cornea, fini: 45 Suleatum (Cyclostrema) Watson, Challenger Rept. p. 121, t. = Pall, 94 Sulculosa (Neritina) Martens, Kiister’s Conch. Cab., 277, t. a f. 23-26," : Sumatrensis (Neritina), Sowb., “Conch. Ill, fig. 5 DA, = N. variegata, Lesson. . 36 Susonis (Cyclostrema) Tenison- W pode: Brae Roy. Bor: [aera nia, 1876, p. 147, : . 99 Suturalis (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., p. 245, 1861, Oe Syriaca (Neritina) Bourg., Cat. Raisonne “Moll., Recueillies, [S55 pe tL, E ; : : : : : : apou Tabernaculatus (Cimber) Montfort, Conch. Syst., 11, ave p- 82. = Navicella Borbonica, Bory St. V. . elo Tahitensis Gis Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., i, up. 385, Bares Tamsiana (Liotia), (Dunker) Phil., Ktister’s Conch. Cab., Del- pins 16. tao: £9: : : ly: Tantilla (Liotia) A. Adams, PZ. Gi. 1863, p- 72, 5 2 et Tasmanica ( Liotia) Tenison- aye Proc. Roy. Soe. Tasmania, 1875, p. 155, : 12 Tate (Cyclostrema) Angas, Pp; VAS 1878, p- 862, pl. 54, if; 10, 93 Wenare, Gray. - P.\Z. S.,/1858, p. 92. — Peloronta,Oken. . 4 ten ebrenes (Neritina) C B: Nae res Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1852, p. 99. = N. virginea, Linn. : . 40 Tenebrosa (Nerita) Reelin, Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 18 0, By) Tenerum (Cyclostrema) Jeffreys, Lee Seeks 1883 iy 91, pl 19, bie ee : : ; : : : i 98 156 INDEX AND SYNONOMY. PAGE. Teinostoma, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., 1, p. 122, Loooree : ~ 15; wos Tenuiliratus (Adeorbis) oe Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, 597, t.. 30,91. 18, 1876; : . 8&6 Tenuisculpta (Vitrinella) Carp, P.Z.8 3 p. 270), 1865, : . 108 Tessellata (Navicella) Lam., Eneye. Meth., pl. 456, fig. Ate ae 82 Tessellata (Nerita) Gmel., Syst. Nat. sD: 36. 85, 24 Tessellata (Neritina) Tiogles, Valle: aa Syst., 1841, p 33. — N. meridionalis, Phil. : ; 48 Testudinea (Neritina) Homb. et Jacq., Vv oy au Pole Sud, Pp. 67, pl. 17, fig 14-16. = N. Iris, Mousson. ; 58 et (Ne erita) Gmel. .. Syst. Nat., p. 3683. xa, Chemn. . . : : IS Tharsis, Jeffreys, 1 Edy Aes ee 1883, Done 93, 14, 100 Theliosty la, Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, 167, 18 — Nerita, Adanson. . 4 ‘ ANE gc) Theodoxus, Montfort, Conch. Syst., 351. 1810, : 6 Thermalis (Neritina) Boubeé, Bull. a Tig Nat. France, 1833, p: 11, 12..:== No duvistilis, Dinn. war 46 Thermophila ( (Neritina) Martens, Monatsb. erlin INES) 284, tk, he he is os . 66 Ticinensis ( ‘Neritina) Villa, Dispos. ‘Syst. ‘Conch., p- re 60. ane fluviatilis, Linn. ; 2 Ah Tincta ( Witrinellas Cub. Ad: Monog. Vit. 8, 1850, : 108 Tiatina (Neritina) Benson, Jour. Asiat. Soe. Calcutta, v, 1836, p. 449. == N. Smith, Sowhb. : : ‘ ; : Sn Tornata (Cy clostrema ) A. Adams, Sowb., Thes., f.13, . . 94 Tomostoma, Desh., Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, Dec. 19, 1823, d i] Tougaensis ( (Werte Homb. et Jacq., Voy. Pole Sud., € 16, f. 15-20; -==Nesinaia, Burrow. ; ey Tourannensis ( Nerita) Souleyet, Rey. Zool., 1842, p. 269. = Neritina crepidularia, Lam. é at Trahalis Vitta), (uam.) Moreh, Cat. Yoldi. P 167. a geet virginea, Linn. F . 40 dimelydorars Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. “Tl, 2 1866, 13 Trachy sma, Jeffreys, Sars, Moll. Arct. Norveg, 211, 1878. == - Architeea, Costaied| 15 Transv ersalis (Neritina) (Ziegler) Porro, Mal. Comasca, P. 107, = N. fluviatilis, Linn. 46 ee ersalis (Neritina) ( Ziegler). Pfr. Deutsche Land und Wasser Schnecken, pt. 11, 1828, t. 8, figs. 13, 14, 3 sag Triang ularis (Neritina), Meusch. Méreh., Cat. Yoldi, 1852, p. 166. = N. ziczac, Sowb., v aN ee ; : ; ; i: va Tricarinata (Cyclostrema) E. A. Smith, P. Z.8., 1871, p. 737 pl. 75, f. 26, : 95 Pecahinats (Vv itrinella) CUB. Ad. Panama. Cat., No. 268, 31038 INDEX AND SYNONOMY. 157 PAGE. Tricolor (Nerita) Gmel., Syst. Nat., ed. xii. = N. versicolor, Gm. . : ; : , ; : “ano Tricolor (Neritina subpunctata; Recl. ia Martens, Kist. Conch. Cab., p. 180, fig. 19, ; é : 469 Trifasciata (Nexitina) Menke, Syn. Moll. ?. BA, —N. fluviatilis, Linn. ; : » AD Tr iacei ata (Neritina) (Menke) Villa, Dispos. Sys t. Conch., p. 38. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. e : : ; 47 Trifasciata (Neritina) (Menke), Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 147. = N. transversalis, Ziegler. : : : : : ren i) Trifasciata (Nerita obatra, Recl. var.) Montrouzier, Jour de Conch., 2d ser. iv, 113. = N. maxima, Gmel. var. .. cul Trigonata (Vitrinella), Carp., Mazat. Cat., 244. = V. exigua, C. B. Ad. ‘ : 103 Triloba (Navicella Borbonica, v ) Martens Kiister’ s Conch. Cab., 11, : 5 : a he Tripaloia, Letourn. Bourg. 5 Foss. Dalmat. Lettres Mal., 50. — Neritodonta, Brusina. . 5 repel Triserialis (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. iL, fie. 60, : : . 40 Tristis (Nerita) Phil. Expl. pl. Ist part of Kiister Conch. Cab. = Neritina Perottetiana, Recluz. : : se wlare: Tristis (Neritina) Phil., Abbild., Nerita. I, Register. aN sGARLOSH. GTA... « : cm Gs Tristis (Neritina pupa, L., var.), d’ Orb., Moll Cuba, p- 176, « 42 Tristis (Neritina) (Orb.) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 144. = N.chlorostoma, Brod. . : .. 66 mricoueusis (Neritina) Guillou, Rev. Toole 1841, p.! ALG) Trizona (Neritina) Ziegler, Kreglinger, Binnen- epee: Bole - N. transversalis, Ziecler. f ; ; a) AT Pensclieli ( Neritina) Recluz, Jour. de Conch., i, 1850, p. L695. f3 Trochoides (Cyclostrema), Jeff., Friele, . ‘ ou Trochoides (Cyclostrema ) Verrill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus, 1880, prold. == C, Dall, Verrill. : . sonnel Trochula (Adeorbis) me Gams. es, 2s 1863, Pay Ose si Trojana (Neritina) Charpentier in coll. = N. Anatolica, Recluz, var. . : 5 : : ye De Truncata (Navicella magnifica, Rve. var.) Mousson, Jour de Conch., xvii, 1869, p. 885. = N. macrocephala, Guillou. . 79 Te ona (Neritina) Sganzin Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasbourgh, ill, 2, 1845, p. 20, 62 Tuberculosa (Liotia ?) a’ Orb., Moll. ‘Cuba, il. 69, i 19, if 28, 30, Jo Pabiola, A. Ad.PZ. 8: p. ae 1864, : : ; 14, 95 Turbida (Neritina) Morelet, Test. Novissima, Paris, 1849, p. 27, = N. punctulata, Lam. . 60 AAS (Neritina) Menke, Syr D. Moll., ed. 1, 1828, p. 27, 84. = N. virginea, Linn. . d : ; ; 3 a A 158 INDEX AND SYNONOMY. PAGE. Turris (Neritina Jordani, Sowb. var.) Mousson, Naturf. Gesell, Zurich, vi, 1861, p. 62, 51 Turrita (Neritina) Chemn. Conch. ‘Cab., xe 1786, ti 124, fie. 1085, . é 37, 38 Turtoni (Neritina) Recluz, Pas 5. 1843, p- ine . : 2 36 Ualanensis (Neritina) Less., Voy. de la peg Zool., i, : 379, 41 Umlaasiana (Nerita) Krauss, Siid-A fr, Moll. P 89, e 5, £25. = N. polita, Linn, var. ‘ saaoll Undata (Nerita) Linn. = Syst: Nat. x, , D. 779, . 28 Undata (Nerita) Gould, Wilkes Expl. Exp. Shells, 167. : = N. striata, Burrow. . 28 Undatus (Clithon) Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., li, 1830, p. 381, pl. 13, fig. 13. — Neritina spinosa, Sowb. : . 64 Undulata (Nerita) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 36, 78. == N:\undata, Linn.” . 28 Undulata (Navicella Bougainvillei. Reel. var 2 Mousson, ‘Jour. de Conch., xiii, 1865, p. 206, 80 Unidentata (Neritina) Recl, Journ. “de Conch., a 1850, p. 158, pking fies85% 72 Unidentata ( Nera) Eomibr et Jacq,, Voy. Acirolale et Telee: v, p. 66, pl. 17, f. 6-7, : ‘ F . 22 Urvillei (Navicella) Recluz, Rev. Zool. 378 , 1841, = N. suborbicularis, Sowb. : : é 2! ane (Neritina) Graells, Cat. Moll. Terr. a aS p. 21, fig: 31-34. =—N- Guadianensis, Morelet. . 49 Valy atoides (Cyc clostrema) Jeffreys, P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 92 pl. 19, to. 98 V aleetoides (Vitrinella), C. B. Nile eanana are No. 269, ‘ - 103 Vanikorensis CNeninina)) Hombr. et Jacq., Voy au Pole Sud., Moll., p. 68, pl. 17, figs, 30, 32: == N.Sandalina; Reel.” (796d Varia (Neritina) Ziegler, “Menke, Synops. Moll., 1828, pray. soa Varia (Nerita) Meusch, Moreh, ( Cat. Yoldi, 168. = N. tessellata, Gmel. : 24 Variabilis (Neritina.) Hécart, Mem. Soc. Agri. Valenciennes, 1833, p. 146. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. . ; ae Variabilis (Navicella) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 155, : 81 Variabilis (Clithon), Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., il, p. 383, t. ix, f. 14. = Neritina brevispina, Lam. . 65 Variabilis (N avicella) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 8. —N. tessellata, Lam. . 81 V aricosa (Liotia) Reeve, Conch. Icon., Delphinula, sp. 12, 1843, 108 Variegata (Nerita) C ‘hemn., Conch. Cab. = N. versicolor, Gmel. : : : : 3 : af cee INDEX AND SYNONOMY. 159 PAGE. Variegata (Neritina) Lesson, Voy. de la ee ore ii, 1830, p. 378, : . 39 Varius (A deorbis) Hutton, Cat. Moll. N. Z. .?p. Oo. — Fossarina, (Manual ix, 276.) . 86 Velascoi (Neritima)» Graells, Cat. Moll. Terr. Espana 1846, p. 20, figs. 25-30. == N. Guadianensis, Morelet. . . 49 Velatella, Meek, Geol. Surv. Terr. 499, tates. : e Ouedg Velates, Monttort, Conch. Syst., ii, "354, 1810, ‘ : a teres Venosa (Neritina) Menke, Synops. Moll., ed. i, 1828, p. 26, 83. = N. pupa, Linn. : . 42 Venusta (Nerita) Dunker, Phil., Abbild. i 0 86, be 4, fl . == N. albicilla, Linn. . none Versicolor (Nerita) Gmel., Sy st. Nat., p- 3684, ; ae) Vespertina (Neritina) Nuttall, Jay’s Cat. of Shells, p. 68, 73, 74 Vestita (Nerita) Souleyet, Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 269. ? = Neritina dubia, Chemn. : 4} Verreauxii (Adeorbis) Fischer, Jour. de ‘Conch., Vl, Malta 1857 91 Vexillum (Nerita) Reeve, Conch: Icon., fig. 65, 1855, ; 2 eA Vidovichii (Neritina) Sandri, in collections. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. 46 Vincentianas (Adeorbis) Angas, Pos. , 1880, ne 417, pl 40, EeOkr p< : 86 Vinosa (Neritina) Mousson, in coll. = N. virginea, Lino. . 40) Violacea (Neritina) Morelet, Desc. Moll. Terr. et fluv. Por tugal, p. 92, fig. 1. == N.elongatula, Morelet. . : : to Violacea (Nerita) Gmel., Syst. Nat., p. 3686. = Neritina crepidularia, Lam. . sels Virginie (Cyclostrema) Jouss., Guerin’s Mag. 1872 re 19, fe 2, 92 Virginea (Neritina) Linn., Syst. Nat.) ed-'x;'p. ee Be eile Viridis (Neritina) Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. Me POMos) te . O4, 56 Viridissima (Neritina) Tap.- Canefri, Ann. Mus. Genova, 1K ee 287... ?= N. Rangiana, Recluz. . : 08515) Vitiana (Neritina olivacea, Recluz, ye Mousson, Jour. de Conch., 1870, p. 223, -. 70 Vitiana (Neritina Pritchardi, Dohrn, var. r.) Mousson, Jour. de Conche LevOs po 219)”: 65 Vv itiensis (Navicella pala, Mouss. var. 5 anesom Jour.de Conch., Vii, p. 230. == N. Freycineti, Recl. . . 80 Vitiensis (Neritina) Mousson, Jour. de Conch, xy 1865, P. 304; 1870, p. 218. = N. Roissyana, Recluz. . 38 Vitiensis (Nerita) Hombr. et Jacq., Voy Astrolabe et Zelee, V; p- 651, pl. 17, f 3-5. = N. affinis, Reeve. . . 38 Vitrinella, C. B. Adams, Monog. V itrinella, 1850, . af td Pap iensls (Neritina) Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. vie ee communis, Quoy Gaim. . ‘ : A . 39 160 INDEX AND SYNONOMY. PAGE. Wallacei (Neritina) Dohrn, P. Z. 8., 1861, p. 206; pe 26, fig.1, 40 Wallisiarum (Neritina) Recluz, Sour de Conch a »p: Lbijapk vii, figs. 11; 12, 1850. = N. variegata, Lesson. . ; <2) oO Wallisit (N eritina) Mtousson! in coll. =="N. bicolor, Reeluz. - a Oe Webbei (Neritina) Recluz, ene de Conch., te 1850, p- (oe —N. glabiata, Sowb. . 56 Weldii (Cyclostrema ) Tenison-W oods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas- mania, 1876, p. 147, . 3 95 Winteri (Nerita) Phil, Abbild, i ape "86, t. its f, LOS : , ae Xanthostigma (Neritina ziczac, Sowb. var.) Martens, Kiist. @onch. Cab. ps 1015). : P 5 ; ; . . 06 Yoldii (Nerita) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 151, . ; Oe Zebra (Neritina) Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, p. 177, t. 16, fig. 11. — N. communis, Quoy et Gaim. . : ae Zebra (Neritina) (Lam.) Krauss, Stid-afr. Moll. p. 88. —= N. Natalensis, Reeve. . Bo Zebra (Neritina) Brug., Mem. de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, 799, pl 20, 37 Zebra (Navicell a) Lesson, Voy. ae if Coquille, Zool., ll P. 386. — N. depressa, Lesson. «< Lt8 Zebrina CN cian Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 341. —N. fluviatilis, Linn. var. ; ; . 46 Zebroides (Nerita), Lesson, in coll. = Nemins ainha. Chemn. 44 Zelandica (Nerita) Recluz, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 120. — Neritina Turtoni, Recl. . . 308 Ziczac (Neritina) Sowb. (et Auct.) Thes. Conch., if 105, 106, 14 36 Zigzag (Neritina) Lam, (not of seuupiie An. s. vert. vill, p. 570. 2? — N. reclivata, Say. >) Gage Zigzag (Neritina) Morelet, Series @onch., ina y 120, = N. gagates, Lam. . ; ; : oe MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Vout. X, Part SECOND MONOGRAPHS OF THE TURBINIDEH AND TROCHIDA, BY H. A. PILSBRY, Conservator of the Conchological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Famity TURBINID. Animal with an oval, broad or narrow foot, truncated anteriorly ; rostrum rather short, truncate; tentacles long, slender, cylindrical, the eyes on peduncles at their exterior bases. Across the front of the head, between the tentacles extends the more or less developed “veil”; and from a point below the tentacles, a fleshy ridge, the “epipodial line” extends backward parallel with the margins of the foot, and bearing usually several slender cirrhi on either side. Radula rhipidoglossate, usually with the formula « *5:1'5:00 , but sometimes lacking the median and one outer lateral tooth. The lateral teeth are all of nearly the same form; so that a transverse row of teeth shows only three distinct forms. _ Jaws usually present. Shell turbinate or trochiform, generally solid, smooth or rugulose ; aperture circular, oval or subtetragonal; peristome simple. Oper- culum calcareous, heavy, flat or concave with a thin corneous layer internally, convex and calcareous externally, the nucleus multispiral and either subcentral or at the margin. | The nervous system is chiastoneurous; (i. e. oie viceral nervous loop surrounding the intestine is Ania into a figure 8 form—the right cord passing above the left—by that torsion of the viceral mass which brings the outlet of the digestive tract to the right side of the neck.) The Turbinide are mostly litoral in station, and inhabitants of tropical and subtropical seas. They are herbivorous. ie (161) 162 TURBINID&. Dr. Paul Fischer, in his excellent Manuel de Conchyliologie, divi- des the Turbinide into three subfamilies, defined as follows: “T, Phasianelline—shell not nacreous; Il, Turbinine—shell na- creous; outer surface of operculum with few whorls; III, Cyclonem- atine,—shell nacreous, outer surface of operculum conical, elevated, scalariform, with very numerous whorls.” The last group, embracing Cyclonema Hall, Oriostoma Munier- Chalmas, and other exclusively fossil genera will not be further considered here. Contrary to the usual custom, the more aberrant subfamily, Phas- ianellinee, will be considered before taking up the Turbinine ; this course being less objectionable than the unnatural sequence of groups which would result from interpolating the Phasianellze between the Turbines and the Trochids. Subfamily PHAstANELLIN&. Shell bulimiform or subglobose, polished, without epidermis or na- cre, variegated with bright colors; operculum heavy, calcareous, inter- nally paucispiral, with nucleus near the basal margin, externally convex, white; animal with long tentacles, and usually pectinated head lobes; epipodial line generally with cirrhi; branchial plume long; foot narrow, long, pointed posteriorly, rounded before, below divided longitudinally by a median groove; jaws rhomboidal, coy- ered with imbricating scales. Radularather short ; formula of teeth typically c °5°1°5: o&, but sometimes lacking the median and outer lat- eral teeth. The considerable diversity which has been observed in the denti- tion of the Phasianelline renders a brief review of our knowledge of that organ in the various groups desirable. Unfortunately the soft parts of Eucosmia, Chromotis and Aleyna have not been observed ; and I have been unable to obtain specimens of them containing the animal, Phasianella (typical). The radula of P. australis has been figured by Eberhard. A transverse row of teeth forms a w- shaped line. The median tooth is wide, oval, a simple plate, without cusp, over- lying the bases of the inner laterals; the lateral teeth (“ Zwischen- platten ” of Troschel) are of a rhomboidal form, and bear well de- veloped cusps with a long and several small denticles; the outer (fifth) one is narrow; marginals (“Seitenplatten”) with long simple cusps, except the inner, which bears accessory small denticles TURBINIDZ. 163 at the base of the cusp. (PI. 61, fig. 1.) It is desirable that ad- ditional specimens be examined. Tricolia. The type species, P. speciosa, has a broad simple median tooth, overlying the bases of the inner laterals ; these are sub-rhom- boidal, produced at their outer angles into wings which overlie the bases of the adjacent tooth outward, and have denticulate cusps. The outer lateral is narrow, not produced on the outer angle. The marginal teeth have long simple cusps. (pl. 60, fig. 72.) | Troschel has figured the radule of P. pulla, (pl. 61, fig. 2.) P. Kochii and P. capensis, all agreeing with P. speciosa. The following also I have found to be of the same type; P. tenwis, P. umbilicata, P. compta, P. affinis, P. fordiana. The jaws of the latter species are figured (pl. 60, fig. 69). Several of these species lack the outer lateral tooth, the formula heing a 4° 1, °4° 2%. Orthomesus. In this group the median tooth is reduced to a lin- ear rudiment or wholly absent. The lateral teeth are of a squareish form, their outer angles scarcely or not at all “winged,” and but slightly or not at all projecting over the adjacent tooth. They form straight rows across the middle of the membrane, not V-shaped, as in the preceding groups. In the typical species, P. variegata, the laterals bear long cusps, with minute spurs at their bases; the inner marginals are very large, with enormous cusps, the outer ones with long denticulate or laciniate cusps (pl. 61, figs. 3, 4.) Troschel fig- ures this type of dentition for P. variegata, P. flammulata, Phil. and P. lineolata. I have found the same in P. nivosa Rve., (—P. varie- gata Lam.). In P. virgo Angas (pl. 60, fig. 70) I have found an ex- tremely peculiar and interesting modification of the Orthomesus type of dentition. The two inner lateral teeth are united by their inner edges, forming a pseudo-median tooth; the free laterals remaining are three in number on either side, and are of the same form as the one shown in the figure. As in the smaller species of Tricolia, the narrow outer (fifth) lateral has evidently been lost. The marginals all have long laciniate cusps. The lateral teeth have the basal plate projecting at the upper outer angle, forming a sort of hood, which reminds one of a similar structure in the median teeth of Littorina. This *‘ hood,” marked a in the figures, is probably homologous with the similarly marked basal plate which projects above the cusps in P. variegata, etc. The reduction in number of the teeth in this form is probably due to the same cause which has, I believe, acted in the more minute members of the Pulmonata and other groups which 164 PHASIANELLA. have numerous teeth ; if the individual teeth were reduced in size in the proportion that the shell is, they would be too minute to fulfil their function as efficient rasps. The Phasianelline have been monographed by Philippi, in Ktister’s Conchylien Cabinet, 1853. Reeve, in the Conchologia Iconica, 1862. Fischer, in Kiener’s Coquilles Vivants, 1873. Sowerby, in the Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 1884. Philippi’s work is perhaps the best; but ‘he describes many species characterized only by the color-pattern. Reeve unites all the smaller and more difficult species, and redescribes most of the larger several times. Fischer’s work includes only a few species, but these are well described and beautifully figured. Key to subgenera. Columella smooth, arcuate, not dentate, shell ovate, elongated, im- perforate; radula with median teeth. Large species; head with frontal Jobes. . : Phasianella, Small species; head without frontal lobes. . ‘ Tricolia. Shell as in Phasianella; radula without median teeth. Orthomesus. Shell subglobular, small, imperforate; aperture large. Chromotis. Shell minute, globose, umbilicate. . ; 3 ; Eucosmia. Columella with a strong curved denticle. . Aleyna. Genus PHASIANELLA Lam., 1804. Shell bulimiform or oval; columella smooth, concave. Type, P. australis Gmel. Eutropia (Leach) Gray is a synonym. Subgenus PHASIANELLA 6. str. Shell rather large, bulimiform, imperforate ; epipodial line bearing cirrhi; head with pectinated frontal lobes. S. African and Australian Provinces. P. AusTRALIS Gmelin, 1788. PI. 37, figs. 22-28. Pl. 38, fig. 46. Shell large, elongated, rather thin, nointed-ovate; spire conical, elevated; whorls 7-8, somewhat convex, slightly flattened below the sutures; aperture long-ovate, somewhat pyriform, usually less than half the total length of shell; outer lip thin; columella with more or less white shining callus ; surface “ variously longitudinally cloud- PHASIANELLA. 165 ed and transversely articulated with red and purple olive” on a polished flesh-colored, cream or white ground. Alt. 50-100 mill. Tasmania; South Australia. The synonyms are Buccinum tritonis, ete., Chemnitz, P. tritonis, Auct., P. bulimoides and P. varia Lam., P. picta DeBlain, P. /eh- manni and P. preissi Mke., P. decorata Chenu. Specimens are frequently found exceeding the dimensions given above. The color pattern is extremely variable, as is shown by the figures. There is one form which is omitted in my illustrations ; it is of a pinkish-cream color, with rather distant, narrow, spiral white and deep red articulations. The form is either very elongated, or rather short ; it is always, however, longer and with much less convex whorls than P. ventricosa... Var. VENUSTA Reeve, 1862. PI. 37, fig. 24. Entire surface tessellated by revolving series of squarish red blotches. A variety is figured (Pl. 37, fig. 26) which reverses the arrange- ment of colors in venusta. Var. SUBSANGUINEA Pilsbry, 1888. Pl. 38, fig. 52. Shell turreted, elongated ; painted with broad longitudinal irreg- ular deep red stripes; aperture small. P. VENTRICOSA Quoy et Gaim., 1833. PI. 38, figs. 89-43. Shell large, solid, ovate; spire conic, short; whorls 6, very con- vex, except immediately below the deeply impressed sutures ; aper- ture ovate, acutely angular above, broadly rounded below, usually exceeding half the entire length of shell; surface polished, light colored, variously marked with revolving series of arrow-shaped, square or oblong blotches, or longitudinally striped with white- edged pinkish-purple festoons, or broad crimson flammules. Alt. 40 mill. S. Australia; Tasmania. A deep water form. ee Se eee See ee CTC mee ee TURBO. Diltsy Var. LAMELLOsUs Brod. PI. 43, fig. 54; pl. 49, fig. 47. Shell more depressed; last whorl strongly carinate at periphery ; eolor light. Alt. 50, diam. 68 mill. This is 7. heteroclitus Kiener and var. sulcata Reeve. Subgenus MopeE tia Gray, 1840. Shell depressed, imperforate, granulate all over; “operculum with a convex subcentral granular rib and a sharp-edged submarginal keel.” Australo-Zealandic Province. T. GRANosus Martyn, 1784. PI. 48, fig. 39. Shell orbiculate, depressed-conic, imperforate, pinkish yellow, uni- colored, or clouded with purplish or brown; whorls 7, rounded, the upper two smooth, the others closely minutely granulose in regular spiral series; last whorl rounded, descending; aperture subcircular, white and iridescent within; columella wide, white, subexcavated in the center, callus thin, shining, rose-tinted. Alt. 40-64, diam. 50-65 mill. New Zealand; Chatham Is. “Operculum ovate, flat within, with 5-6 whorls and subcentral nucleus ; outside white, thick, subgibbous, and minutely tuberculate at center, subcanaliculate at periphery.” “T. rubvcundus Chemnitz” of authors is a synonym. This species was first figured by Chemnitz in 1781 under the des- criptive name of cochlea lunaris rubicunda granosa etc. Reeve in his Conch. Syst. figures the shell, naming it T. rubiewndus, and re- ferring to P. Z. S., 1842, for description. His reference has been copied by subsequent authors, but curiously enough, the species is not even mentioned in the “Proceedings,” for 1842 or any other year. Martyn’s figure is excellent, and being the first publication of the species under a binominal name, has been here adopted. © currataA A. Ad., 1863. Pi. 638, fig. 39. Shell turbinate-conic, umbilicns covered by callus, spire elevated ; flesh-colored, gold-tinted, punctate with reddish; sutures canalicu- late, deep ; whorls convex, cingulate with rows of bead-like separa- ted granules, interstices longitudinally obliquely striate, at the suture ornamented with a series of squamiform tubercles ; aperture circular, suleate within, a thin wide callus covering the umbilicus. Tatiyama, Japan. 214 TURBO. Subgenus Ocana Adams, 1861. “Shell turbinate, solid, smooth; axis imperforate; spire short, conical ; aperture subcircular, wider than long, inner lip flattened, excavated, scarcely produced anteriorly, with an extended thin cal- lus. Operculum with a convex granular spiral rib, axis deeply per- forated, outer lip simple.” South African Province. T. crparis Gmel., 1788. Pl. 50, figs, 62, 63; pl. 56, fig. 81. Shell depressed, heliciform, imperforate, smooth and polished ; red- dish, brown or yellow, usually flammulate above, variously marked below, with white; spire short, whorls 5-6, the upper ones bicari- nate, the last often considerably descending, rounded ; aperture circu- lar, oblique, white within, rounded below; columella wide, callous, excavated at the umbilical region. Alt. 25-40, diam. 55-48 mill. South African Coasts. Operculum slightly concave inside, with six whorls and subcen- tral apex; outside sharply granulate, white, convex, spiral, with a central pit. I have not had an opportunity to examine 'either animal or operculum of this species. : , T. CIRCULARIS Reeve, 1848. PI. 41, fig. 24. Shell orbicular, conoid, imperforate, pale flesh-color, maculated with bright rufous; apex acute; whorls convex, spirally sculptured with granulose lirz; aperture. circular, columella wide, callous, slightly dilated, bounded outside by a spiral funicle. Alt. 32, diam. 34 mill. Adelaide, and St. Vincents Gulf, S. Australia. T. gruneri Phil. (pl. 56, fig. 82) is a synonym. There is some uncertainty about which of the above names has priority for this species. The volume of the Conchylien Cabinet in which Philippi’s description occurs, bears date of 1846; but it was not completed until after the publication of Reeve’s monograph of Turbo in the Iconica. Philippi begins to cite Reeve in his synonymy on p. 69 of his work, so that from that point onward we may be certain that his work appeared subsequent to Reeve’s; but whether his description of T. gruneri (p. 52 of the Conch. Cab.) was actually published before Reeve’s description Iam unable to decide. Brazier TURBO. 215 (Trans. Roy. Soe. S. Australia, ix, p. 125) gives priority to gruneri, “Philippi in Zeitschrift fir Malak., p. 98.” The species was never published in the 4eitschrift. The operculum is unknown to me; the species may perhaps be found to group elsewhere. Subgenus MarmMorosToMA Swainson, 1840. Shell depressed-turbinate, very solid, deeply and widely umbili- cate (except .in YT. coronatus), smooth, lirate or nodulose; spire depressed, of few whorls; aperture round, produced but not chan- nelled at base. Operculum circular, nucleus subcentral, outside convex, smooth or granulose. Australo- Zealandic Province. T. PORPHYRITES Martyn, 1784. PI. 50, fig. 58. Shell depressed-turbinate, solid, umbilicate, greenish or blackish, irregularly marked with maculations and angular patches or with spiral bands of white and dark; spire depressed, obtuse; whorls 5, the upper ones frequently carinate; suture subcanaliculate, or often scarcely at all impressed, sometimes bordered below by a series of obsolescent undulations; upper whorls spirally striate or granulate, the sculpture becoming obsolete on last whorl but sometimes re- appearing around the base; last whorl somewhat descending, large ; aperture oval, angulate above and below, white and _ iridescent within, frequently margined with greenish; parietal wall frequently excavated or callous; broad, somewhat flattened below the deep narrow umbilicus, dilated and produced or rostrate at base. Alt. 35, diam. 40 mill. Indian O.; Philippines; New Caledonia; Solomon Is.; Australia, ete. Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 49) inside flat, with five whorls and sub- central nucleus; outside very convex, white, the outer part green, obsoletely granulose, nearly smooth. This is ZT. versicolor, mespilus, ludus and porphyrites Gmel. T. lugubris Kiener (Pl. 50, fig. 57). T. versicolor Rve. (pl. 42, fig. 39,) is somewhat intermediate between porphyrites and porcatus. T. mespilus is said by Fischer to be thinner, more uniform in color, more rostrate at base, last whorl more descending; but all the characters are so variable that I cannot draw the line between the several forms. 216 TURBO. Var. porcAtTus Rve. 1848. Pl. 48, fig. 34. Shell depressed-globose, solid, umbilicate; spire obtuse; suture slightly undulating; whorls 5, spirally lirate, and with lirulee in the interstices; aperture, color and operculum as in J. porphyrites. N. Austraha; New Ireland. Separated from 7. porphyrites by the strong spiral sculpture. T. uNpULatTus Martyn, 1784. PI. 42, fig. 40. Shell depressed-globose, solid, umbilicate, bright green, longitudi- nally strigate with white under a brown epidermis; spire dome- shaped, or low-conic, obtuse; whorls 5, the upper ones sometimes angulate, spirally lirate, the liree wider than their interstices, on the body-whorl often subobsolete; last whorl descending, somewhat concave below the suture; aperture oval, white within; columella with a very wide white flattened callus which extends over the umbilical tract ; umbilicus wide and deep. Alt. 35-58, diam. 40-63 mill. New Zealand; Australia. Sometimes unicolored green, or with the white strigations broken into tessellations. Reeve’s figure which I have copied is more de- pressed than most specimens. Var. srmMsont Tenison-W oods, 1876. Unfigured. Separated from JT. undulatus by the smaller size, the numerous red and black radiating flammules and the peculiar raised carina on the upper side of the last whorl, continuing around the suture in a kind of hem. Alt. 9, diam. 12 mill. Georges Bay Head and Blackman’s Bay, Tasmania. T. coronatus Gmel., 1788. Pl. 50, figs. 59-61. Shell depressed-turbinate, diamater greater than the altitude, solid imperforate, covered with irregular spiral series of nodules and gran- ules, of which the subsutural series and two on the median portion . of body-whorl are more prominent; spire depressed, dome-shaped, apex frequently eroded and red; whorls 4—5, the last very large ; aperture large, round, iridescent within; columella wide, flattened and excavated, deflexed recurved and somewhat chanelled at base. Alt. 40, diam. 50 mill. Indian Ocean; Japanese and Chinese Seas. Operculum inside flat, greenish and golden, iridescent, with about 5-6 whorls and subcentral nucleus ; outside convex, greenish, sparce- ly granulate all over. “ Man, TURBO. DAME T. lugubris Reeve, T. hemprichi Troschel, T. creniferus, Kiener and 7. ducalis Phil. are synonyms. Usually smaller than the dimensions above given. The figures illustrate the wide variation to which this species is subject. The passage from the strongly tuberculate forms into those in which the transverse striz simply cut the lire into diamonds or granules is made by imperceptible degrees. Var. GRANULATUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 46, fig. 18. Shell typically more elongated than T. coronatus, altitude about equalling the diameter; umbilicate, finely granulose all over, with subsutural and coronal series of tubercles, and sometimes one or two additional series upon the median part of body-whorl. Indian O.; Chinese Seas, ete. T. granulosus (KKiener) Sby., T. modestus Phil., are synonyms. Var. COREENSIS Recluz. PI. 47, fig. 19. Similar in sculpture to var. granulatus, but imperforate. Alt. 19, diam. 22 mill. Corea; Japan. T. smaraGcpus Martyn, 1784. PI. 62, fig. 13. Shell depressed, heliciform, imperforate, solid, covered with a strong blackish cuticle, beneath which it is green; usually eroded at apex; whorls 4-5, upper ones spirally sulcate or carinate, the last large, flattened above, with incremental wrinkles and subobso- lete spiral sulci; aperture large, oblique, rounded, pearly white with- in; outer lip thin, black-edged, columella arched, with a pearly eal- lus; umbilico-parietal area excavated, concave, white. Alt. 40-50, diam. 50-60 mill. New Zealand; Fiji Is. Operculum (pl. 59, fig. 3,) flat inside with four whorls, the nucle- us more than one-third the distance across the face; outside deep green except on the side of increment which is white; very minute- ly remotely granose ; according to Hutton, smooth. It is T. helicinus Born, 1780. This name has precedence over Martyn’s; but I doubt the expediency of changing the well-known name at this late day. I am not sure that the species belongs in Marmorostoma, but it certainly should not be placed in Turbo ss. as is usually done. Var. rricostatus Hutton, 1884. Unfigured. Body-whorl with three spiral ribs. Wellington to Dunedin, N. Zealand. 218 TURBO. Subgenus SArmaticus Gray, 1840. Shell depressed, ventricose, imperforate, smooth or nodulous; aperture oblique, large, columella wide. Operculum composed out- side of a dense tuft of club-shaped processes; inside flat, with sub- central nucleus. South African Province. Cidaris Swainson, 1840, (not of Klein nor Bolt.) is a synonym. T. sarmMaticus Linn., 1758. PI. 40, fig. 17. Shell globose-depressed, imperforate, dull brownish, above flam- mulate, below more or less banded or maculate with white, usually showing more or less of the underlying orange-red layer, between which and the nacre there is a stratum of intense black; spire very short, conic; whorls 5-6, convex, the upper ones with revolving lire, frequently carinated, the last traversed by several rows of nodules, of which the coronal is the more prominent and constant, concave above; aperture large, very oblique, beautifully nacreous within, orbicular; outer lip thin, margined with intense black within, nacre not extending to the edge; columella arcuate, wide, slightly produced below, broadly excavated above; parietal wall eroded, showing a black blotch. Alt. 60-100, diam. 70-120 mill. Cape Region of S. Africa. Operculum (pl. 59, figs. 13, 14) flat within, with 5-6 whorls and submedian nucleus; outside convex, whitish, composed of a dense tuft of club-shaped profoundly separated agglomerated processes. S. classarius Gray 1s Synonymous. This species, the “ Turk’s Cap” of the shell dealers, is extremely abundant at the Cape. T. NATALENsIS Krauss, (January) 1848. PI. 56, figs. 85, 84. Shell orbicular depressed, imperforate, olivaceous or brownish, radiately maculate above, irregularly below, with rufous and whit- ish; spire depressed-conic, obtuse, apex crimson, whorls 5-6, con- vex, compressed below the sutures, spirally coarsely lirate, the last whorl with about twelve rather widely separated ribs; aperture subeireular, oblique, pearly within, outer lip thin, columella more or less tinged with yellow or green, concaye, broad above, with a deep curved pit in the place of the umbilicus. Alt. 20-30, diam. 25-40 mill. Natal. Operculum like that of 7. sarmaticus. T. natalensis Reeve (Jan.) 1848, is a synonym. Fischer mentions a uniform orange variety. — TURBO, 219 Subgenus PrisoGasTeR Morch, 1850. Shell very solid, ovate or subglobular, dark colored, imperforate ; aperture large, oblique; Operculum inside yellow, subconcave, with submarginal, basal nucleus; outside very convex. Peruvian Province. Amyzxa Troschel, 1852, is a synonym. T. NIGER Gray, 1839. PI. 42, fig. 42. Shell ovate, very solid, imperforate, deep dull purplish or bluish black ; spire short, convex, blunt; whorls 5-6, somewhat flattened below the sutures, with superficial spiral liree, and marked with light incremental strize ; aperture large, very oblique, ovate, silvery inside, rounded below; outer lip slightly fluted within; columella wide, white, bearing on its face a longitudinal rib which rises in the region of the umbilicus; parietal wall eroded, white, smooth, or with three white transverse ruge. Alt. 25-27, diam. 25-30 mill. Coasts of Chili and Peru. Amyxa nigra Toone and possibly 7. dugubris King, (1831), are synonymous. Operculum oval, concave within, buff, with 2-3 very rapidly in- creasing whorls, nucleus one-fourth the distance across the face from basal margin; outside white, very convex, obsoletely rugose. (pl. 69, figs. 32, 33. The animal has four lateral filaments upon the epipodial line on either side. An example of which Fischer gives measurements is larger than any I have seen. Alt. 38, diam. 35 mill. T. ELEVATUS Souleyet, 184 . Pl. 46, figs. 12-14; pl. 55, fig. 73. Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, ashy-black, spire acute, elevated ; whorls 5, convex, slightly excavated at sutures, nearly smooth, ob- soletely spirally lirate; last whorl large, convex below; aperture ovate, silvery within; lip black; columella planate, depressed-con- eave, not produced at base. Alt. 13, diam. 12 mill. Coast of Chili. Operculum yellowish inside, ovate, with two to three whorls and sublateral nucleus; outside convex, white, rugose, subumbilicate. T. propinquus Hupé (pl. 55, fig. 73,) is a synonym. 220 ASTRALIUM. Genus ASTRALIUM Link, 1807. Shell trochiform, generally more or less flattened above or below; imperforate or umbilicate; young specimens always carinated and spinose at the periphery ; operculum oval or oblong, with (except in Bolma) submarginal or terminal multispiral nucleus; the last whorl forming far the greater portion of the operculum, usually with one or several ribs exteriorly, following the course of the spiral and most elevated at the distal extremity. The synonyms are Calcar (Montf.) Fischer and other authors, Imperator (Montf.) Auet., Trochus, in part, of all earlier authors, and Turbo, in part, Sowerby Jr. and others. Authors have been considerably at variance in regard to both the limits and the proper designation of this genus. I have exam- ined the history of every name proposed for species of the group, either as generic or subgeneric, and find that none prior in date to that of Link (1807) are entitled to any standing in nomenclature. I am indebted to Dr. W. H. Dall for a copy of Link’s description of Astralium. It was defined im the Beschreibung der Naturlien- Sammlung der Universitat zu Rostock, von D. H. F. Link, Professor, ete., p. 134-135, May 17, 1807; the genus is briefly described by Link and A. deplanatum given as the first species, with a reference to figures in Chemnitz, which fix the identity of deplanatum with Lamarck’s A. costulatum, a species of the West Indian group. Those species having a turbinate form, convex base and rounded periphery, such as A. rugosum, A. celatum, A. tuber, have been frequently adduced by authors as supplying the connecting links between Turbo and Astralium; but such resemblance as they have to Turbo is to be attributed not to any real relationship, but to a secondary mod#ication which they have undergone from the stellate forms of Astralium. That this is the case is shown by the young of the turbinate species, which we find to be flattened, acutely carinated and spinose, precisely as in typical Astralium. Asarule, the young of species of this genus are depressed, carinated and spinose at the periphery, the spines frequently being reduced in size or lost in the adult ; whilstin Turbo the young are in the spinose species smoother than the adult, the spines becoming always more prominent with age. The real connecting forms between these genera the student must look to paleontology to supply; for the recent species which at first seem to be intermediate in characters are undoubtedly descending from stellate types of Astralium. oe 4h! ASTRALIUM. 221 Like Turbo, this genus is composed of a number of quite diverse subgenera of various degrees of affinity to each other. I am in- clined to divide them first into two series: those with the central teeth of the radula composed of several plates overlying each other, and without a reflected cusp at the superior margin, and those with a reflected cusp above. The natural sequence and affinities of the subgenera are shown in the following table: ( { Astralium, s Centra! teeth of radula bee Lithopona. with cusps. ( Imperator. { Guildfordia. | Bolma. ( aml Cyclocantha. Central teeth of radula Tey without cusps. Cookia. Pomaulax. Peerchypoda. > ———— Subgenus Asrratium, Link, s. str. Shell conical, elevated or depressed, narrowly umbilicate or im- . perforate, carinate at the periphery, base planulate or convex, whorls above flattened or concave, costate or tuberculate; operculum oval, outside smooth or nearly so, very convex, excavated near the center. ; West Indian Province. Calear Schum., 1817, is a synonym. A. toneispInA Lam., 1822. Pl. 51, figs. 1- Shell depressed conic or lens-shaped, umbilicate or imperforate ; white, yellowish or light brown; apex obtuse ; whorls 5-6, acutely carinated at periphery, concavely flattened above, obliquely plicate or spirally lirate, the liree bearing tubercles or squamose processes ; periphery armed with recurved triangular obliquely wrinkled spines, usually thirteen to eighteen in number en the last whorl, and more or less projecting at the sutures; base gently convex, densely lamel- lose radiately striate, and with about four concentric subnodose lire ; aperture transversely ovate, angled and canaliculate at termination of carina; columella short, curved, somewhat dilated over the slight- ly indented umbilical tract ; umbilicus generally very narrow or not perforated. Alt. 50, diam. 65 mill. Entire West Indies; Bahamas; Bermuda; Tortugas (Simpson) ; Guatemala. 222 ASTRALIUM. Operculum (pl. 60, figs. 57, 58) oval, nucleus sublateral; outside white or slightly brownish, very convex, nearly smooth, excavated near the center. Trochus orichalceus (figs. 8,9) T. aster, and T. heliacus Phil., T. planus (Gm.) Phil., Astralium deplanatum Link and perhaps: T. mermis Gmel. are synonymous. An abundant and variable species. Figs. 1, 2, represent the typ- ical form. The following variety has typically a very distinct as- pect; but Iam unable to separate it specifically by constant or well marked characters. Var. sPINuULOsUM, Lam., 1822. PI. 51, figs. 4—6. Shell conically elevated, imperforate; whorls flattened above, ra- diately costulate or spirally lirate, or both, and tuberculate or squa- mose; peripheral carina generally subspinose or nodose ; concentric liree on the base three to six in number, the inner generally nodose. Two specimens measure as follows: Alt. 32, diam. 61 mill; alt. 38, diam. 45 mill. W. Indies; Florida. Fig. 6 is drawn from a specimen from Key West, Florida, collec- ted by Hemphill. Lamark’s 7. costulatus (pl. 51, fig. 7), is in form intermediate between typical longispina and var. spinulosum; it is umbilicate and obliquely plicate above. I cannot tell what species Reeve figured as 7. spinulosus; it seems to be a very depressed form of A. petrosum Mart. Itis certainly not the spinulosum of Lamarck. A, ARMATUM Phil, 1848. PI. 51, figs. 10, 11. Shell conic, apex acute; sculpture as in var. spinulosum. Alt. 16, diam. 27 mill. Antilles (Philippi); St. Croix. A single specimen of this form I found in a suite of A. longispina from St. Croix. From that species it differs in the conical acute apex. A. BREVISPINA Lam., 1822. Pl. 52, figs. 12, 13. Shell conic, imperforate, solid; whorls 6-7, flat above, obliquely costate below the sutures, then with several revolving series of gran- ules; periphery sharply carinate, armed with short triangularspines which festoon the sutures and project more or less, about 10-15 in number on the last whorl; base a little rounded, radiately lamel- lose striate and concentrically lirate, the lire three to five in num- ber, mostly tuberculate, especially in the young; aperture transverse, oval, channelled at outer angle; columella short, arched; place of ASTRALIUM. 223 the umbilicus excavated, whitish, bounded by an intensely orange- vermillion tract. Alt. 28, diam. 40 mill. West Indies; Florida Keys (Simpson); Costa Rica; Venezuela. T. aurispigmentum Jonas is synonymous. It is frequently larger than I have indicated. A. LATISPINA Phil. 1844. Pl. 63, figs. 21, 22. Shell imperforate, conic, greenish, brown maculated; whorls 7, subplanate, obliquely costulate below the sutures, then with two beaded spiral lirae; margins of whorls exserted, expanded, com- pressed, armed with triangular spines; last whorl sharply carinate ; base radiately lamellose and ornamented with three or four granose concentric costs; umbilical area depressed, pale greenish or yellow- ish, aperture oblique, angulate. Alt. 35, diam. 50 mill. Gulf of Mexico to Rio Janeiro. Operculum oval, outside white, smooth, with a single arcuate wide rib; inside flat, chestnut colored, nucleus submarginal. T. buschi Wiener, and T. tentoriwum Anton are synonyms. This form I have not satisfactorily identified with any shells I have seen. It seems to be closely allied to the preceding species. Subgenus Lirnorpoma Gray, 1850. Shell turbinate or trochiform, elevated, imperforate, periphery earinated or rounded, whorls above radiately plicate; operculum oval, outside coarsely granulose, and either simply convex or with a curved spiral rib with its terminations connected by a straight one ; nucleus submarginal. West Indian Province. A. Turbinate species with rounded periphery. A. ruBer Linn., 1767. PI. 56, figs. 79, 80. Shell turbinate-conic, imperforate, very solid, dirty white or pale green, radiately maculated with brown above, irregularly marked and lighter below; whorls 6, upper two smooth by erosion, the fol- lowing obliquely coarsely plicate and finely wrinkled in the same direction above, somewhat shouldered, obtusely angular near per- iphery, above which several obscure beaded lire revolve, shagreen- ed by intersection of incremental strize and oblique wrinkles; base nearly smooth ; aperture very oblique, oval, silvery within; colu- mella short, wide, generally bituberculate at the base, excavated over the location of the umbilicus. Alt. 45, diam. 50 milf. West Indian Province ; Florida 224 ASTRALIUM. Operculum (pl. 60, figs. 42, 43) oval, nucleus submarginal; out- side white, excavated around the upper edge, with a heavy coarsely granulose rib following the central part of the spiral, its ends con- nected by a short rib. The young are subspinose at the periphery ; adults generally lose the more minute suface-sculpture described above. A. ceLATUM Gmel., 1788. PI. 57, figs. 45, 46. Shell conic, solid, imperforate, soiled white, more or less tinged with green and brown; spire elevated, apex acute; whorls 6-7, convex, with fine incremental striz and oblique radiating folds above ; periphery with several prominent squamose or spinose liree ; base somewhat flattened, with close squamose lire separated by deep interstices; aperture silvery within, transversely ovate, very oblique, its margins fluted; columella extended, oblique, arcuate. Alt. 80, diam. 80 mill. West Indies; Bahamas, ete. Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 44) oval, nucleus submarginal; outside convex, white or brown tinted, coarsely granulose. This is the Trochus caelatus ete. of Chemnitz, 7. celatus Chemnitz of authors. B. Conic species, with carinated periphery and flattened base. In this section of Lithopoma the species are very variable, and it is difficult to find characters salient enough to satisfactorily sepa- rate several of them. Much more material than I have before me must be studied before the synonymy and limits of the various forms can be settled. A. AMERICANUM Gmel., 1788. PI. 52, figs. 18-20. Shell trochiform, elevated, imperforate, solid, white or yellowish ; whorls 7, the upper three smooth in adults by erosion of the sculpt- ure, flattened or concave on their upper surfaces, longitudinally obliquely plicate, the folds numbering about thirty-six on the last whorl, terminating on the periphery in nodules (or spines in the young,) generally intersected about the middle by two to four spiral impressed lines, periphery angled, more or less swollen; base nearly flat, more or less sharply radiately striate, and spirally lirate, the lire about six in number, or sometimes more, frequently nodulose ; aperture very oblique; outer lip usually crenulated; columella short, heavy, bituberculate at base, bounded by a radiately plicate eordon. Alt. 35, diam, 30-35 mill. West Indies; Florida Keys. a ) | ASTRALIUM. 225 Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 45) oval, light brown within, with sublat- eral nucleus; outside convex, white, granulose, more or less excava- ted around the upper margin,excayated near the center; young with a stout curved central rib following the spiral, its ends connected by a short straight rib. A. cuBANUM Phil., 1848. PI. 56, figs. 77, 78. Shell elevated-conic, imperforate, solid, whitish or pale yellow; whorls 7, upper two smooth by erosion, sutures moderately impress- ed; whorls flattened above, longitudinally coarsely plicate, nodulous on the periphery, the folds about twenty-two to twenty-eight in num- ber on the last whorl, cut xbout the middle by a few spiral impress- ed lines; base slightly convex, concentrically lirate, and radiately densely striate, the liree about six in number, sometimes nodose ; aperture wide, subtrapezoidal; columella arcuate, grooved slightly at position of umbilicus, bituberculate at base, surrounded by a ra- diately plicate cordon. Alt. 58, diam. 35 mill. West Indies ; Tortugas (Simpson). Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 48) with a strong central spiral granular rib, with its terminations joined by a short riblet, the interval be- tween them deeply excavated. Allied to A. americanum, but separated by the more decidedly granulate and ribbed operculum, which resembles closely that of A. olfersit. The peripheral nodes are less numerous than in A. amer- tcanum, and more numerous than in A. offersii. A. PAPILLATUM Potiez et Michaud, 1838. PI. 52, figs. 14-17. Shell conic, elevated, imperforate, solid greenish-olivaceous, ob- scurely banded, spire acute ; whorls 7, nearly flat, slightly excavated in the middle, finely obliquely striate and radiately costate, folds white, oblique, slightly prominent above, at.the periphery tuberculose; last whorl ecarinated, with about fourteen short tubercles on the carina; base a little convex, radiately striate, with five concentric subnodose lire separated by very shallow grooves; aperture transverse; colu- mella arcuate, bituberculate at the base; umbilical tract bounded by a plicate cordon. Alt. 25, diam. 29 mill. West Indies. Operculum nearly like that of A. cubanwm. Figs. 16, 17 are from the original ones of Potiez and Michaud. The species is nearly allied to A. cubanum, perhaps identical. 15 226 ASTRALIUM. A. GUADALOUPENSE Crosse, 1865. Pl. 53, figs. 45-45. Shell imperforate, solid, elevated-conic, longitudinally suboblique- ly wrinkled, reddish orange, marked in places with white and oli- vaceous; suture impressed, irregular ; whorls 62, subplanulate above, slightly concave in the middle, the apical one or two smooth, the following longitudinally plicate, the folds cut in the middle by two impressed spiral lines, projecting at the carinated periphery, and about twenty-three in number on the body-whorl; base nearly flat with radiating striz and five subgranose lire; aperture oblique, rhomboidal, columella white, arcuate, bidentate at base, umbilical tract pale violaceous, bounded by a plicate cordon. Alt. 233, diam. 25 mill. Be Guadaloupe, West Indies. Operculum outside convex, with a median rib, minutely granulose, excavated near the middle. It is closely allied to A. papillatum P. & M., but may be separa- ted by the flatter base and perhaps the number of the basal lire. Compare also A cubanum. In the only specimen of this species L have seen (fig. 45) the peripheral tubercles number twenty on the body-whorl. I believe that this species will be found to be a form of A. cubanun or A. papillatum. A. otFERSI Troschel, (18 ?). Pl. 57, figs. 47-49. Shell imperforate, solid, conic, gray, olive-green and reddish brown; longitudinally plicate, the folds about thirteen in number on the last whorl; periphery nodulose ; base slightly convex, with four concen- tric lire ; aperture subtrapezoidal, white; columella arcuate, bitu- berculate at the base. Alt. 45, diam. 52 mill. Brazil (Philippi); Bahia (Cléry). Figs. 48, 49 are drawn from the original ones. I have seen no specimen corresponding with them. The variety figured by Kiener (pl. 57, fig. 47) scarcely looks the same to me. It differs in the “less oblique and more numerous longitudinal folds, which are more in- terrupted about the middle and more nodulose above.” A specimen of this variety before me is marked “ West Indies.” Operculum (pl. 59, figs. 22, 25) oval, granulose outside, strongly ribbed. T. saxosus Phil., is a synonym. A. IMBRIcATUM Gmel., 1788. PI. 55, fig. 70. Shell conie, solid, imperforate, tinereous or light brownish ; whorls 7, planulate above, very obliquely striate, and longitudinally plicate, ASTRALIUM. DIE the folds generally eighteen to twenty in number on the last whorl, , sub-interrupted or excavated about the middle, produced at the sharply carinate periphery into squamose square somewhat descend- ing spines; base flattened, radiately striate, and with four to six concentric irregular subnodose lirze; aperture very oblique, wide: lip scalloped, chanelled at outer angle; columella bidentate below, its face slightly grooved. Alt. 40, diam. 45 mill. Honduras (Reeve); West Indies. T. corolla Reeve is synonymous. A. TuBEROSUM Phil. PI. 64, figs. 57, 58. This thick-shelled Trochid stands near to 7. eelatus, but is distin- guished by the following characters ; the whorls are flat, not arched, in the middle; the superior nodules are situated near to the suture, are hemi-spherical and solid; the last whorl has but a single row of nodules; the carina is sharper, the base flatter, with only three con- centric nodose lirze; the aperture is lower, more rhomboidal; color reddish brown, more or less verging on violet. Coast of Mexico. I have translated from Philippi the more important portion of his description. J am unable to identify the form with any shells I have seen. It is probably immature. A. PLICATULUM Philippi. PI. 64, figs. 62, 63. Shell strictly conic, imperforate, yellowish white; whorls planu- late, the last acutely angled, obliquely plicate, the folds small, about forty in number on the body-whorl, intertupted by two spiral fur- rows, of which the upper is in middle of the whorl, the lower midway between that and the wavy lower margin of the whorl ; base nearly flat, with six strong, elevated concentric lire, and radiating lamel- lose strie. Alt. 23, diam. 25 mill. Habitat unknown. Known to me only by Philippi’s figure and description from which the above is taken. It probably does not belong to this group. Subgenus Imperator, Montfort, 1810. Shell large, trochiform, concave and umbilicate below, carinated and spinose at periphery, whorls convex and granulose above ; oper- culum oval, outside smooth, obsoletely unicostate. Australo-Zealandic Province. Canthorbis Swainson, 1840, and in part Guildfordia Gray, 1850, are synonyms. 2260 ASTRALIUM. A. HELIOTROPIUM Martyn, 1784. PI. 56, fig. 87. Shell large, depressed-conic, below widely umbilicate and concave, spire dome-shaped, of 5 convex whorls; suture rendered zigzag by the prominent compressed triangular recurved vaulted spines which arm the acutely carinated periphery ; whorls above and below with numerous spiral series of granules; umbilicus wide, deep, coarsely obliquely striate within; aperture transversely oval, oblique, pearly within, peristome continuous; columella slightly dilated, impinging upon the umbilicus; color brownish or purplish above, light below. Alt. 50-60, diam. 100-120 mill. New Zealand; Hauraki Gulf, Foveaux Sts., Cook's Sts., Bay of Tasmania. Operculum (pl. 59, figs. 5,6) oval, with excentric nucleus; outside smooth, obsoletely unicostate. Thesynonyms are. Trochus solarium imperalis etc. Chemnitz, T. imperialis Gmel., and of most authors, Imperator aureolatus Mont- fort, and Guwildfordia heliophorus Gray. This large handsome species was brought to Europe for the first time by the famous Captain Cook. Subgenus GuUILDFORDIA Gray, 1850. Shell wheel-shaped, imperforate ; low-conic and granulose above, convex below, periphery armed with long slender radiating spines, which are concealed at the sutures; operculum flat, with a subobso- lete arcuate rib outside. Japonie Province. A. TRIUMPHANS Phil., 1841. PI. 58, figs. 67, 68. Shell low-conic, imperforate, metallic brownish-purple above, nearly white below; whorls 6, slightly convex above; body-whorl armed around the carinate periphery with long slender closed tubu- lar radiating spines, about eight in number on the body-whorl, and which are reabsorbed as the growth advances leaving only short stumps to festoon the sutures; upper surface with close revolving series—generally eight to ten on the last whorl—of minute laterally compressed granules; base slightly convex, usually with a marginal row of granules, and several rows surrounding the central callus; aperture transversely ovate, angulate and channelled at peripheral carina, iridescent within; peristome sinuous above; umbilical re- ASTRALIUM. 229 gion covered with a heavy callus, more or less stained with pinkish, somewhat excavated at center, and obsoletely spirally ridged. Alt. 25, diam. Gineluding spines) 70 mill. Japan. Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 60). T. guildfordie Reeve is a synonym. Subgenus Bouma Risso, 1826. Shell turbinate, spire conic, imperforate, whorls rounded at the periphery, the upper ones spiny, base convex; operculum nearly round, nucleus excentric, outside polished, concave in the middle, with a convexity or rib upon the center of the spiral. Mediterranean and Japanese Seas. Tubicanthus Swains., 1840, is a synonym. Tn the Mollusca of the Challenger, p. 151, Watson corrects the orthography of this name, making it Bolina. But I find that Gray and authors generally have not deviated from the orthography of Risso. (see Hist. Nat. de ? Europe méridionale iv, p. 117). A. RuGosuM Linn., 1767. PI. 40, fig. 20; pl. 56, fig. 85. Shell solid, conic, imperforate, brown or cinereous ; suture canalic- ulate, bordered below by a series of curved radiating tubercles; whorls 6-7, obliquely lamellose striate, the upper ones carinate and tuber- culate or spinose at the periphery, the last descending, rounded or bicarinate, spirally lirate ; base conspicuously radiately striate ; aper- ture obliquely, transversely oval, pearly within; columella arched, white, and pearly, with an orange callus dilated over the umbilical region and extending over the parietal wall. Alt. 50, diam. 55 mill. Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic shores of Spain and S. W. France ; Azores, Madeira and Canary Is. Operculum (pl. 60, figs. 59, 40) short-oval, brown within, with four whorls, the nucleus situated one-third the distance across the face; outside bright orange, polished, with a spiral callous ridge. T. cumanensis Val. is a synonym. ) A. mopEstum. Reeve, 1842. PI. 55, figs. 63, 64. “Shell imperforate, conically turbinated, orange-rose ; whorls con- vexly sloping, then encircled with two rows of scales, papillary- grained throughout; base rather flat, tinged with chrome orange.” (Reeve). Japan. 230 ASTRALIUM. Var. GIRGYLLUS Reeve, 1861. PI. 55, fig. 65. “Very closely related to the preceding, but distinguished by a more square form, while the scales are curiously expanded.” ( Reeve.) China. A. rursicus Reeve, 1848. PI. 48, fig. 55. Shell somewhat pyramidally ovate, imperforated ; sutures of spire excavated ; whorls spirally squamately ridged, slanting around the upper part, sharply angled, erectly squamate at the angle; aperture small; yellowish, beautifully rayed with scarlet red. Alt. 22, diam. 22 mill. ; Philippine Is. Calear turcicus (Rve.) Fischer is the same. Reeve’s figure and description are copied above. Of this form Mr. E. A. Smith says: This beautiful species is well characterized by its style of paint- ing. It is whitish with broad scarlet rays, particularly distinct on the sloping upper surfaces of the whorls; these are sometimes edged with black posteriorly, and the suture is more or less stained with that color. The lower part of the body-whorl is for the most part scarlet with a few narrow white streaks (sometimes black-spot- ted) radiating from the umbilical region. The operculum is white, thick, convex, and granose externally. (Zool. Coll. H. M. 8. “Alert. p. 504.) T. tursicus was collected by the ‘Alert’ at Darros Island, one of the Amirante group. I have copied on pl. 69, fig. 27, Mr. Smith’s figures. The species apparently is not a Bolma, but with- out examining the shells and ascertaining the position of the nucleus and nature of the whorls of the operculum, I am not able to form an opinion as to its true position. Subgenus CycLocanrua Swainson, 1840. Shell conic or depressed trochiform, usually imperforate ; whorls above smooth, granulate or plicate ; periphery spivose, tuberculate, or with a projecting flange; base convex, flat, or concave, concen- trically lirate; columella with a more or less obvious tubercle at the base; operculum oval, convex outside, with a more or less prominent curved central rib, its terminations connected or nearly so by a straight short accessory rib. Indo-Pacific, Australo-Zealandic and Japonie Provinces. ASTRALIUM. 931 Synonyms: Ste//a (Klein) H. and A. Adams, 1858, (type, A. asteriscus Rve.), Calcar Montfort, 1810, (type, A. calear Linn. ?) and Carinidea Tenison- Woods, not Swainson. There has been considerable diversity of opinion regarding the group above defined, both as to its contents and its proper designa- tion. Stella was the first name proposed for it; but since the no- menclature (almost) universally adopted by zodlogists dates from the publication of the tenth edition of Linnzeus (1758), we are com- pelled to reject the names proposed by Klein in 1755. This course is rendered the more imperative by the nature of Klein’s work ; for his “ genera” are as often denominated by a phrase as by a single word. Cualcar of Montfort was probably founded on a species of this subgenus. But this is very uncertain, as his figure might be- long to any one of several very different forms. (See also Fischer, Man. de Conch. p. 815.) As to Carinidea Swains., which Tenison- Woods has supposed to include the group of A. fimbriatwm, A. ten- tortiforme etc., there is no warrant for using it in any such sense ; for Swainson’s two types are (1) an wmbilicated species of Trochus, and (2) a species of Uvanilla, (A. buschii Phil.). Hercoles Montf. referred to this group by some authors, is not a molluse. As to the limits and contents of Cyclocantha as here defined, I am aware that there is room for controversy. Fischer and others have distributed a portion of the species among several adjacent subgenera. I have included with considerable hesitation A. fimbriatum and A. tentorit- forme; but I do not think that they would be any better placed with A. olivaceus ete. in Uvanilla. It is very difficult to express in a diagnosis the differences be- tween the shells of this group and of Astralium, s. s. Both contain flattened wheel-shaped umbilicate forms, with long peripheral spines, and both have compact trochiform species. The two groups occupy almost opposite areas upon the globe. A. catcaR Linn., 1758. Pl. 52, figs. 27, 29, 30; Pl. 56, fig. 74. Shell conoid, more or less depressed at apex; grayish greenish, or brownish cinereous; whorls 6, flattened above, and radiately pli- cate, the folds rather unequal and irregular; periphery carinated spinose, bearing about twelve radiating more or less foliated spines upon the body-whorl; last whorl deeply descending toward the aperture ; base convex, concentrically more or less densely squa- mosely lirate, the outer lirze generally prominent and subspinose, sometimes causing the periphery to appear bicarinate; aperture 282 ASTRALIUM. transversely oval, very oblique, generally golden within, and stained with purple or blue on the columella. Alt. 28, diam. 40 mill. Indian Ocean; Australia ; Philippines; New Caledonia ; Java, ete. Operculum oval, nucleus submarginal; outside deep bluish-green, excavated around the upper margin and near the middle, edges: rugose, center nearly smooth. Trochus aculeatus Gmel. is a synonym. An extremely variable species. In form it may be either conic with nearly flat base, or flat above with very convex and umbilica- ted base. The spines are generally triangular and obliquely wrink- led above, but are often square and elaborately foliated at the ex- tremities. Restricting the typical calcar to shells with moderately exserted scalariform spire, depressed apex, and body-whorl deflected toward the aperture, we may define several varieties which are typ- ically quite distinct, but which, in the large series before me, are connected with each other and with the type by insensible grada- tions. Var. HELICINUM Gmel. PI. 52, figs. 28, 31. Last whorl not descending ; spire conical, not much depressed at. apex ; marginal spines generally short. Usually larger than the typical form. A specimen before me measures: alt. 40, diam. 70 mill. Var. LAcINIATUM Gould. PI. 53, figs. 32, 33. Shell bullet-shaped in the adult; aperture subcireular, white within; columella generally stained with purple. Alt. 28, diam. 22 mill. Philippines (Gould), Viti Is. Young shells are like var. helicinwm; the adults are very differ- ent in shape, and sometimes even more elongated than in the figure. Var. PLANORBIS Pilsbry. PI. 56, figs. 75, 76. Spire planulate, scarcely at all exserted ;, base very convex, um- bilicated. Alt. 10, diam. 27 mill. A curious form, very different from the preceding. A. STELLARE Gmel., 1788. PI. 55, figs. 66-68. Shell imperforate, conoid, solid, more or less elevated, whorls 5-6, obliquely radiately costate, imbricately spinose at periphery, the last carinated, carina with about ten long vaulted spines; base ASTRALIUM. 233 with about ten concentric squamose lirze, columella oblique, white, generally rosy margined, rarely bluish; aperture angulated. Alt. 34, diam. 35 mill. East Indian Seas. Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 67) granulose outside, white or green. Animal (fig. 68) without lateral filaments. T. chemnitzii Val. and T. asperatus (Lam.) Phil. are synonymous. This species seems to be very closely allied to A. helicinwm Gmel. Var. AsteRIscus Reeve, 1842. PI. 55, fig. 69. Shell conical; whorls obsoletely wrinkled, produced at the carina into prominent vaulted spines; basal callosity rose-red or blue- green. Port Essington, Australia. Identified by Fischer with T. chemnitzii Val., but that form seems to me to differ in no respect from typical ste/lare. A. LAPInLus Reeve, 1861. PI. 64, fig. 49. Imperforate, obtusely turbinated, fulvous, tinged with red at the base ; whorls convexly sloping next the suture, then tumidly round- ed, longitudinally rudely ribbed, ribs irregularly wrinkled and tuberculated ; base convex, very closely irregularly scaled. (eeve.) Habitat unknown (Reeve) ; Levuka, Fiji, 12 fms. (Challenger Expd.) Watson, who places this species in “ Bolina” (— Bolma), says: “There are two specimens of this species in the British Museum, which differ from one another in the number of spirals on the base and have only a faint tinge of purple at the pillar. In the two Challenger specimens, the scaly spirals are much fewer, and a bril- liant crimson streak to the left of the pillar, and also in front of it on the left corner of the basal mouth lip, is a marked feature. I observe, however, that as is often the case with these brilliant col- ors, the crimson has somewhat faded during the years the shell has been in my hands.” A.’strius Gould, 1849. Pl. 45, figs. 93-95. Shell small, low pyramidal, pale emerald green ; whorls 4, acute- ly compressed at periphery, above with about ten oblique folds on the lower half of the whorl, each of which is produced into a trian- gular spine at the periphery, and with spines intercalated making about eighteen on the periphery of last whorl; surface corrugated by oblique wrinkles; base nearly flat, imperforate, with about five 234 ‘ ASTRALIUM. delicate, distantly nodose, concentric, inequal lire; aperture cireu- lar, augulate at carina, lip below horizontal; columella smooth, rounded, arcuate. Alt. 72, diam. 12 mill. Australia. Seems to be a young shell. A. PETROSUM Martyn, 1784. PI. 64, figs. 65, 66. Shell conic, imperforate, solid, greenish or cinereous; whorls 6, above planulaté, obliquely radiately plicate or wrinkled ; periphery bicarinate, with two rows of rather short radiating spines, about 12 in number on the body-whorl in the upper row, smaller and more numerous in the lower; base flattened, concave toward the center, concentrically densely squamose-lirate; aperture transverse, white, pink or blue inside, channelled at the carina; peristome crenulate, columella wide, with a slight semilunar groove and a denticle near the base, generally more or less purplish, pink or bluish. Alt. 80-35, diam. 32—40 mill. Viti and Hawaiian Is.; New Caledonia; Indian Ocean.(?) Operculum (pl. 64, fig. 64) oval, rugose, outside, with a broad central curved callosity ; center excavated; color usually the same as the columella. T. rhodostomus Lam., and T. tuberosus Reeve (not Phil.) are syn- onyms. ‘. spinulosus Reeve is probably a depressed form of this species. Martyn’s name has been overlooked by most authors, but I see no reason for rejecting it for that of Lamarck. His figures in the “Universal Conchology ” are so superior as to compare favorably with modern work ; and represent unmistakably the typical form, with the two subequal rows of spines upon the periphery. Var. CONFRAGOSUM Gould, 1848. PI. 54, fig. 56. Shell low conical, rugose, the wrinkles small, rounded, irregular, oblique, slightly squamose here and there; whorls 6, somewhat shouldered above, declivous at the upper part, obtusely biangulate toward the base; periphery angulate, stellate by the projection of folded ribs; base plane, encircled with about eight squamose ridges. Dean’s Is., Pawmotus Group. I have copied Gould’s figure of this form and have added two which are identified by Dr. Fischer with it. These last are much more prominently plicate above, and have colored columella, a character not mentioned by Gould. ASTRALIUM. 235 Var. PLICATOSPINOSUM Pilsbry, 1888. PI. 54, figs. 59, 60. Rather low-conic, conspicuously radiately plicate above, the folds somewhat sigmoid and oblique, bearing a series of short rounded knobs above, and terminating in short spines, eighteen to twenty in number, at the carinated periphery; base flat; squamosely lirate ; aperture tinged with green, especially at the columella. Alt. 20-25, diam. 25-30 mill. Hawaiian Is. Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 50) deep green, wrinkled. Var. VIRESCENS Pease, 1869. PI. 49, fig. 50. Shell conoidal, slightly swollen at the middle; whorls concave above, rudely irregularly rugosely plicate ; lower margin of whorls encircled by two rows of nodose contiguous scales; upper whorls deeply pitted, the last acutely carinated at periphery; base planu- late, with about nine concentric unequal squamose lirre. Alig 25, diam: 25 mill Ins. Tarawa, Polynesia. A. HENICUS Watson, 1879. Pl. 52, figs. 25, 26. Shell conical, elevated, light yellowish ruddy, paler below ; whorls 7-8, apex round, first whorl flattened, upper three whorls radiately rib- bed, the following radiately slightly plicate in the direction of lines of growth, with aspiral series of rather large white separate beads upon the edge of the flattened shoulder below the suture, and six series of distinct small beads, separated by interstices of half their breadth upon the slope of the whorl; periphery sharply bicarinate, the upper carina stellate with sharp compressed hollow spines, about twelve in number on body-whorl ; lower carina with thirty to thirty-five vault- ed scales, becoming spines toward the aperture; between the carinz there are four rows of beads; base flat, with about ten concentric rows of very regular beads; aperture oblique, white within; colu- mella bluntly toothed below; umbilical tract polished, slightly ridged, white. Alt. 20, diam. 25 mill. Matuka, Fiji, 315 fms. in coral mud. Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 59) oval, within flat, brown ; outside thick, white, granulose, with a slight flange on the outer margin. Differs from other species of the petrosum group in being granu- late instead of plicate on the upper surface. A. PREVOsTI Sowerby Jr., 1886. Pl. 63, fig. 38. Shell rather wide-conic, imperforate, green, brown tinged and banded ; whorls about six, subconvex, sloping, encircled by minute 236 ASTRALIUM. granulose liree, above nodose-plicate, last whorl subacutely angled below, the angle bearing square, thick vaulted scales; base imbri- * cately quadri-lirate ; aperture suboblique; columella arcuate, silvery, umbilical callus white. Habitat wnknown.. “A trochiform species in which the longitudinal ribs may be only faintly traced, leaving nodules at the top of the whorls, and strong obtuse square looking scales at the margin, while the whorls are en- circled in the middle with two or three rows of minute granules.” Sowerby’s description and figure are given. Compare A. tubero- sum Phil. p. 227. A. PAGODULUM Sowerby Jr., 1886. Pl. 63, fig, 28: “Shell imperforate, conical, orange-drab; whorls slopingly convex, obliquely wrinkled-plaited, plaits, rather large, swollen, basal margin of the whorls prickly sealed, base scale-ridged around the callosity.” Habitat unknown. Trochus aculeatus Reeve (preoc.) is a synonym. The original figure and description are given. A. pAGODUS Tenison-Woods, 1879. Unfigured. Shell narrowly pyramidal, thin, pale roseate, variegated with wide longitudinal olive bands; whorls 6, concave, very acutely angular at the suture, armed with a regular row of short spines, and girdled with four or five lines of indistinct granulose lire; spines numerous, obtusely angular, concave, 18 in number at the periphery of the last whorl; apex acute; aperture obliquely quadrate, de- pressed smooth inside, nacreous; labrum acute; columella curved, truncate; base quite flat, spirally. lirate and very finely transversely striate, pale yellowish white and very faintly spotted with brown. Alt. 15, diam. 18 mill. ( Tenison- Woods) Moreton Bay, Australia. The original description is giving above. Ido not know the exact systematic position of the form. A. HE®MATRAGUS Menke. PI. 54, figs. 57, 58. Shell imperforate, pale ashen, elevated-conic, apex acute; whorls 7, planulate above, with radiating oblique folds, which are produced into short spines at the periphery; last whorl carinated, with ten to twelve spines in a single series; base plano-concave, concentrical- ASTRALIUM. Dae ly squamose-lirate ; aperture transverse, channelled at the carina; columella arcuate, purple or blue margined, dentate at base. Alt. 27, diam. 32 mill. Japanese and Chinese Seas. T. columellaris Phil. and T. gratus Phil. are synonyms, and in part, perhaps, 7. asteriscus Rve. Base more-concayve than in A. petrosum, peripheral spines in a single series, and finer than in that species. A. HEXAGONUM Phil. PI. 64, figs. 44-46. Shell perfectly conic, imperforate, reddish-white, redder in the furrows, costate and obliquely rugose-sulcate, the ribs six in number, subcontinuous, terminating in small vaulted spines at the base ; per- iphery acute, angulate, stellate, with twelve points; base flat, squa- mosely eight or nine lirate ; aperture suborbicular, angulate at out- er margin. Alt. 15, diam. 15 mill. - » Habitat unknown. Philippi’s description and figure are given. The species may be an immature form of A. hamatragum. A. sEMIcosraTuM Kiener. PI. 63, figs. 15-18. Shell elevated-conic, solid, imperforate, olive-brown or cinereous, apex acute; whorls 6—7, sharply carinated, upper surface concave, longitudinally more or less finely and irregularly plicate below the sutures ; coarsely plicate on the lower half of the whorls, the folds terminating in short nodes at the periphery, twelve to sixteen in number on the last whorl, and also scalloping the sutures; base flat, somewhat depressed around the middle, finely concentrically lirate and radiately striate, the lirze about eight to sixteen in number ; aperture very oblique, suboval, white within, slightly channelled at the carina, but scarcely angulate ; columella bluish, rosy or white, short, curved, dentate below ; base of aperture horizontal, sometimes with a submarginal row of minute tubercles within. Alt. 27, diam. 25:mill. Indian Ocean; Australia (2) This is Trochis stellatus of Philippi and of Reeve. It may possi- bly be the stellatus of Gmelin. That species was said by him to be West Indian. In some specimens the peripheral spines are rather long and direct- ed outward. The lirz of the base are sometimes coarser than the ‘figures indicate; and in fully matured individuals the outer ones be- \ 238 ASTRALIUM. come obsolete; finally, the base of the aperture acquires the arma- ture shown in fig. 18. A: BABELIs Fischer, 1874. PI. 52, figs. 21, 22. Shell imperforate, conic, elevated, pale yellowish, apex acute; whorls 7, slightly convex, obliquely radiately costate with distant folds, which are prominently nodulose at the sutures and periphery ; interstices smooth; last whorl carinated, the carina bearing about eight nodules; base flat, smooth, with fine oblique incremental strive; aperture angulated; columellar region white, blue margined, uniden- tate at base. Alt. 20, diam. 19 mill. Habitat unknown. I have not seen this species. The original-figures and description are given. T. barbelis Sowb. is the same. A. HEIMBURGI Dunker, 1882. Pl. 58, figs. 65, 66. Shell conic, imperforate; whorls 5, flattened, subgranosely dense- ly lirate; periphery carinated, armed with compressed imbricated subdeflexed spines; base plano-convex, ornamented with spiral subimbricated lire; columella with an oblong excavation at its ter- mination; aperture subrotund, silvery margaritaceous within ; shell whitish, subroseous at the base. Alt. 12, diam. 20 mill. Japan (?) Operculum and animal unknown. It is Uvanilla heimburgi, Dkr. I am undecided about the real position of this species, but do not believe it to belong to Uvanilla as restricted in this work. The following species have been placed in Uvanilla by Fischer ; but they do not seem to be as nearly allied to U. olivacea, the type of that group, as to Cyclocantha. The dentition is unknown in all of them. A. RoruLARIUM Lamarck, 1822. | Pl. 54, fig. 55; pl. 64, figs. 50, 51. Shell subdepressed, conoid, white, imperforate; spire subacute ; whorls 6, obliquely finely costulate ; with numerous prominent 1m- bricating laterally compressed plicze at the sutures; last whorl cari- nated, carina plicate-nodose, base convex, squamosely concentrically lirate; columella arcuate, white, not dentate; aperture oblique. Alt. 25, diam. 36 mill. Australian Seas (Reeve). Sl Nt 2. ASTRALIUM. 239 A. Nopitis Gray, 1847. Pl. 63, fig. 37. “Shelltrochiform imperforate, pale white; spire conical ; whorls nearly flat, smooth, the outer edge of the upper whorls being fur- nished with a broad expanded margin, which is broadly plaited on the upper side; the plaits becoming thicker and more prominent on the edge of the last whorl; front [base] of last whorl with regular spiral ridges, each crossed with regular imbricate-arched scales, the second and third near the circumference largest, and those nearest to them closer together” aperture crenated, throat silvery pearly.” Darnley Is., 8. Pacific. The original description and figure are copied. I have not seen this species ; it is evidently closely allied to A. rotularium. A. FIMBRIATUM Lam., 1822. Pl. 54, figs. 46-54. Shell conic, more or less depressed, imperforate; whorls 5-6, flattened above, obliquely striate, generally more or less longitudi- nally finely plicate below the sutures, and spirally lirate ; periphery acutely carinated, the margin pinched out into a thin, generally undulating flange or rim, which is usually projecting above the sut- ures; last whorl generally descending; base slightly convex, spir- ally lirate and radiately striate; aperture very oblique, transverse- oval, channelled at the outer angle, white or pinkish within; colu- mella broad, flat; color grayish, variegated above with brown, base lighter. Alt. 20, diam. 26 mill. Australian Seas; Tasmania. An extremely mutable type. The following*varieties have been, considered distinct species, but I cannot find characters stable enough to separate them. Var. PILEOLUM Reeve, 1842. PI. 54, figs. 53, 54. Shell grayish white; sculpture obsolete above and nearly so be- low; keel very broad and thin. | Alt. 23, diam. 34 mill. T. limbiferus Kiener is synonymous. Neither was ever described by their authors. The aperture is often more deeply deflected than in the specimen figured. The young are plicate above as in A. fimbriatum. Var. CUCULLATUM Kicner. PI. 54, figs. 50, 51. Shell conical; whorls 7-8, somewhat plicate, and except the up- per ones, densely granose-lirate above and below. Alt. 35, diam. 46 mill. More conical and elevated than the type. 240 ASTRALIUM. Var. SQUAMIFERUS Koch. PI. 54, fig. 52. Similar to the type; but flange not exserted at the sutures, and ‘scarcely undulating. Alt. 19, diam. 30 mill. A. TENTORUFORME Jonas, 1845. Pl. 53, figs. 41, 42. Shell elate-conic, imperforate, solid, pale yellowish, spire elevated, whorls 7-8, very obliquely finely wrinkled, flat above, base concave; periphery acutely carinated, above the carina obscurely longitudi- nally folded; base with numerous regular concentric squamose lirse; aperture very oblique, silvery within, angled at the carina, basal margin nearly straight, tinged with pink; columella short, wide, arcuate, sometimes pinkish, terminating in a tubercle below; parietal callus usually covering more than half the surface of the base, its margin often elevated. Alt. 35, diam. 35 mill. Australia. Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 46) oval, brown within with sublateral nucleus; outside white, with a curved sub-obsolete central rib and an obsolete short basal rib. Synonyms: J. urvillei Phil., T. georgianus Quoy, fide Kiener. Some specimens are more elevated, others more depressed than the figures. A. AUREUM Jonas, 1844, PI. 64, figs. 52-54. Shell small, depressed-conic, solid, golden yellow or olive, imper- forate; spire low-conic; whorls 5, scarcely convex above, plicate at the sutures, the folds becoming fainter and frequently, bifurcating toward the periphery, spirally lirate, the lirse below rather coarse, beaded, above finer, cutting the folds more or less into granules; last whorl generally descending toward the aperture, compressed toward the periphery, which is subangular except in large specimens; aper- ture rather small, oblique, pearly white, columellar callus dilated over the umbilical region, and excavated there, and with an indis- tinct denticle near its base. Alt. 10-14, diam. 12-19 mill. Australia. A very attractive little species, quite distinct in aspect from its nearest allies. Subgenus UVANILLA Gray 1850. Shell conic, imperforate, periphery sharply carinated, carina nodose, spinose or nearly smooth; whorls flattened above, flat or —r ASTRALIUM. QAI concave below; operculum oblong, nucleus nearly on the margin, subterminal, outer face with two strong ribs. Panamie and Californian Provinces, Carinidea Swains., in part, is a synonym. A. OLIVACEUM Wood. PI. 53, figs. 39, 40. Shell conic, acute, imperforate, olive-green or brownish; whorls 6-7, slightly convex, obliquely finely striate, longitudinally finely plicate, the folds at right angles to the strize, and interrupted one- third of the distance from the suture to the periphery by two spiral impressed furrows; suture undulating, linear; peripheral carina slightly nodose; base concave, radiately finely lamellose striate, with a somewhat nodulose rib revolving midway between the pe- riphery and the center; aperture silvery white within, oblique, angled and channelled at outer side; base nearly straight; columella arched, deeply excavated at position of umbilicus, the whole umbilical area brilliant vermillion, with a black spiral rib. Alt. 55, diam. 65 mill. Central America to Gulf of California. Operculum (pl. 59, figs. 24, 25) oval, black to yellowish inside, with marginal apex, frequently concealed by growth of the last whorl; outside white, strongly bicostate. TJ. erythropthalmus Phil. and 7. brevispinosus Val. are synonyms. A. Buscuit Phil., 1844. PI. 53, figs. 37, 38. Shell conic, imperforate, solid, olivaceous brown, maculated ob- scurely above with brown, green or white; whorls 7, longitudinally costate below the sutures and above the periphery, with two spiral series of tubercles around the middle of the flattened upper surface, or sometimes finely irregularly plicate over the whole upper surface; periphery acutely carinated, bearing numerous short compressed triangular radiating spines; base flat, densely radiately lamellose- striate, with a strong rib revolving midway between periphery and center; aperture oblique, pearly white within, transversely ovate, deeply channelled at periphery; columellar region white, strongly bicostate, deeply excavated at position of umbilicus; parietal callus not much extended. Alt. 30-40, diam. 40-50 mill. Panama to the Gulf of California. Operculum (pl. 59, fig. 27) oblong, nucleus submarginal; outside white, with a strong curved central rib, its terminations joined by a A-shaped ridge. 16 9492 ASTRALIUM. T. brevispinosus Sowb., T.inermis Lam. and some authors, are syn- onymous. Differs from MAE 56.: Neritina ualanensis Lesson. Ktister, Coneh. Cab. t. 20, f. 5, : : : ‘ ; 8 oT, 58. Nerina alone var. lbidti20. ieee ~ (AX 59, 60. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 17, 19, | ay 61-63. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 9, 10, 12, mee 1 64-66. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f.13,14,15, . 48 67, 68. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 21, 23, . 48 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. 69, 70. Neritina nouletiana Gass. Moll Nouv. Caled. II, t. Backs ree : ales Nenana qaodeeella est ’ Moll. Reunion, tl 10, fe 3. PLATE 14, 72. Neritina pupa Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 93,6, . 73. Neritina pupa var. tristis d’Orb. Ibid. f. 93, ¢, : d 74. Neritina tristis d’Orb. (= pupa L.) Moll. Cuba. t. ili fa); ‘ é : : : ‘ i ; F ; Woe 1G: Neritina reticulata Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 121, a, 6, 77. Neritina holoserica Garrett. Am. Jour. Conch. VII, t. 1S ae ol Ra 78, 79. Neritina codeffroy: Conch. Cab. t. as f. 4, 5, ; : : 80. Neritina amecena, Gould. Moll. Wallces Exped, f. 192, 81. Neritina morosa, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. IJ, t. 8, f. 7, 82. Neritina obtusa Bens. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 15, f. 11, 85. Neritina spiralis, Rve. (= obtusa.) Conch. Icon. f. 99. a, 84. Neritina guerini Recl. (= ameena.) Ibid. f. 128, 6. : 85. Neritina guttulata, Gassies. Moll. Nouy. Caled. ITI, t. 4, f. 4, ‘ 5 j 3 : ‘ i i : 86. Neritina salmacida, Morel. Jour. de Conch. t. 12, f. 5, IRAs eee ‘ 5 . : , 2 87, oe Neritina Morchiana, Dkr. Moll. Novara Exped. t. ripe iad ; : : ; ; : : 89. Neritina incerta, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. iii, t. 4, f. 6, 90-93. Neritina dubia, Chemn. Conch. Icon. f. 90, . : 94. Neritina dubia, Chemn. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 12, f. 4, 95. Neritina apiata, Recl. Conch. Icon. f. 98, b, 96. Neritina cornea, Linn. Ibid. f. 7, }, 97. Neritina cornea, Linn. Kiister, Conch. Cab.. ie 12, £18, 98. Neritina subsuleata, Sowb. Conch! leon 10:03. © 99. Neritina subsuleata, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. a ey f a.) Kuster, 1s , ; ; 100. Neritina chimmoi, Reeve, bide ted eS oes : : 1. Neritina saves, Gassies, (= cornea I.) Moll. Nouy. Caled. tii, t. 3, f. 12, PAG A TE LS, 297 PAGE, 41 42 42 42 2-7. Neritina ee Muhlf. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 3,_ f. 7-29, A 8. Neritina anhalt var. serratilinen, Zgl. Ibid. t. 22, f. 3) : 9. Neritina danubialis v var. chrysostoma, Kutsch. Ibid. t. 22, fel: 10. Neritina fluviatilis, Line Cancel. Leow. f. 125, By) kz : 11-25. Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 21, ISG t. 3, £38, ; : : : 3 : 298 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 16. Se PAGE. 26,27 eae transversalis, Zgl. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. “99, ied , : ‘ s . AT 28. Neritina Bynes Issel. Ibid. ts OA, f, 22 ae 4/0 29, 30. Neritina liturata, Eichw. Ibid. ibe D1, 1 24-26, . AT 31, 32. Neritina heldreichi, Schw. Ibid. t. 29, fos 10, ee 99 33, 34. Neritina varia, Zglr. Ibid. t. 21, f. 17, 19, : . AT 35, 36. Neritina meridionalis, Phil. Ibid. as Py Aa ean OBB Kes a 37. Neritina nigrocerulea, Parr. Ibid. t. 22, f. 14. : . 48 38. Neritina elongatula, Morel. Ibid. t. 22, f. 16, : 48 39. Neritina elongatula, var. violacea, Morel. Thid. ‘Sn 29 £. 18, , : ‘ : : . 48 AQ. Neritina lutesta, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 137a, . ; 48 41. Neritina hispalensis, v. Mart. ay Conch. Cab. t. 22, ey, | oie 5 48 ADA: Neritina ouadianensis; Morel. “Thid. tis 29, f. 29, 24, 49 43. Seay guadianensis, var. valentina, Graells. Tbid. t. De. 2 ce : : : : . 49 AD. Shoes aullenes Desh. Thids t..227- 221, : : eg 46. Neritina prevostiana. Kister, Conch. Cab. t. 3; 1-0) — See 47. Neritina baetica, Lam. Ibid. t. 23, f. 1, ; : . 49 48. Neritina sardoa, Mke. Ibid. t. 4, f. 21, A : . 49 A9. Neritina sardoa, Mke. Ibid. t. 28, f. 3, : : eee) 50. Neritina peloponnesia, Rec]. Ibid. t. 3, f. 15, : OU 51, 52. Neritina numidica, Recl. Ibid. t. 23, f. 5,8, . « Foe PLATE 17. 53. Neritina syriaca, Bourg. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, £9, 50 54-56. Neritina hidalgoi, Crosse. Jour. de Conch. t. 11, f. 2 1880: . ; ; ¢ : . : 449 57. Neritina pallida, Dkr. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f.11, 50 58-60. Neritina schultzii, Grimm. — Ibid. t. 25, f. 192: Ly 17, 50 61. Neritina panayana, Recl. Ibid. t. 23, f.17, . 50 62. Neritina baconi, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 127, 51 63. Neritina africana, Parr. (= nilotica.) Thid. a 38, b, 51 64. Neritina nilotica, Rve. Ibid. f. 157, 6, . 51 65. Neritina euphratica, Mouss. Ktister, Conch. ‘Cab. ‘t. 15, £9, 5 , ; : : : : : : : ROE 66. Neritina jordani, Sowb. Ibid. t. 2, f. 15, : : ~~ ow 67. Neritina jordani, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 129, a, : 51 68. Neritina anatolica var. hausknechti, Mart. Thid. £4148, a; ae 69. Neritina anatolica var. boissieri, Mart. Kuster, Conch. Cab. tz 3. 4to. : ‘ : . , : s EDS 70. Neritina anatoliea var. olivieri, Mart. Ibid. t. 13, f.1&,. 52 71. Neritina anatolica var. bellardii, Mart. Ibid. fi. bootie 2D oe 72-74. Neritina macrii, Recl. Ibid. t. 4, f 12; t. 13, f 13, 28, A : : ; 52 75. Neritina mesopotamica, Mouss. Ibid. t. 13, f. 20, : a REFERENCE TO PLATES. 299 FIGURE. PAGE. 76. Neritina cinctella, Martens. Ibid. t. 13, f. 22, ; ae 77. Neritina perottetiana, Recl. Conch. Icon. f. 124, a, oe 78. Neritina coluber, Thorpe. Conch. Ind. t. nae vie I . O38 79. Neritina jayana, Recl. Jour. de Conch, aed we 13, . Oo 80. Neritina neritoides. Zool. Proc. t. 33, f. 19, 1881, : roe 81, 82. ue showalterii, Lea. Obs. Gen. Unio. ix, t. 35, 83. Neus succinea, Reel. Coneh. Icon. f. 158,40, . . D4 84. Neritina rubida, Pse. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f.19,°. 54 PrarE 16: 85. Neritina rubida, Pse. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f.-20, 54 86. Neritina consimilis, Mart. Ibid. t. 23, f. 25, . : estoy: 87. Neritina manoeli, Dohrn. Ibid. t. 23. ey Le : . 204 88. Neritina viridis, Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 153, a, ; et: 89. Neritina rangiana, Recl. Ibid. f. 142, a, ‘ ; . 00 90. Neritina rangiana, Recl. Kuster, Genel Cabiitz2a.te 24, ea 91, 92. Neritina viridissima, — pein, Ann. Mus. Genova, Reeve Lede LOO ts : é : See 93. Neritina souverbiana, Montr. "Moll. N vouv. Caled. i, t. 8, Haat Ns : : : : 2 wD 94, 95. Neritina pulcherrima, Angas, (== souverbiana.) Zool. ee tl, 25, ae : : ; : 3 ; 00 6, Neritina semen, Tap-Can. (= souverbiana.) Ann. ae Genova, xix, t. 1, f. 8, 9° ; P i : . | oo) 98. Neritina pauluceiana, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. ii, t 8, 1.-6, . ; ; 50 99. Neritina paulucciana, Gassies. Specimens, 5D 100, 1. Neritina suavis, Gassies. Moll. Nouy. Caled. iii, t. 4, coe Cae ; - 1.56 2-5. Neritina elabrata, Sowb. @onch: Renn! t 134, 135, SON Ot 6. Neritina canalis, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f ny dT 7. Neritina canalis, Sowb. Conch. Icon. a Na ali : 57 8. Neritina ovalis, Sowb. ‘Govt? Ga eg Were ie , f ee 9. Neritina larga, H. et J. (= pulligera.)’ Voy. Astr. ie touy ee LO. ‘ : é : : : On 10. Neritina pulligera, Linn. Voy. Astrol. t. 65, f. 1, . . 56 11. Neritina pulligera, Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 9, a, : wl 12. Neritina petiti, Recl. Ibid. f. 8, b, . ; ‘ : J Po 3. Neritina californica, Rve. Ibid. f. 20, 8, s 108 PLATE 19. 14. Neritina expansa, Gassies. (= ae) Moll. Nouv. Caled. Vian ie: Sn be 5) 15. Neritina bruguieri, Recl. - petiti.) Conch. Icon. f. 46, b, 5 16. Neritina knorri, Rve. (= pulligera.) Kuster, Conch. Cab. tS) £ Ay : : ; : as : rol \ : 300 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. We 18. 19. _ Neritina listeri, Rve. ( Neritina beckii, Recl. (= pulligera, Var.) Conch. Icon. entiae eryptospira, Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 8, f Nertina lenormandi, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. TG 8, bo Oi Neritina co cornuta, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 63, a, b, , 24. Neritina conglobata, Mart. _Kiister, Conch. Cab. fe oi Me to : : : ; Deena iris, Mouss. hid t.29,4. 5; . Neritina knorri, Rve. (= Beckii Recl.) . Neritina sanguinea, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 44, at, 27. Neritina squamipicta, Recl. Ibid. f. 4, a, 28. Neritina powisiana, Reel. Ibid. f. 76, b. 29. Neritina immersa, Mart. Ktister, Conch. Cab. im 9, f, 18, 31. Neritina asperulata, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. ioe GAD PLATE 20. 2. Neritina arcifera, Mérch. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 9, f. 28, . Neritina piperina (= pennata). Conch. Icon. f. 19, 6 b Neritina hieroglyphica, Watteb. Jour. de Conch. t. 3, 2 1, 1886, . Neritina aolemonense Poe = poreata, Conch. Icon. f. 106, d, : Neritina spiralis, Mart. & suleulosa.) ‘Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 8, £. 24, 38. Neritina punctulata, Lam. Conch. Icon. f. AB, « a, b, . Neritina cassiculum, Sowb. (= punctulata.) Ibid. f. 118, b, 5 : oe bahiensis, Reel. (== punctulata.) Jour. de Conch. 4d, tool ; Nevitin’a turbida, Morel. & punctulata.) Conch. Icon. f{-138-00, afra.) Ibid. f. 71, b, “ 44. Neritina rubricata, Morel. (— afra.) Kuster, Gonche Cab. &. 132891, ). Neritina fraseri, Reeve. Conch. Teon: f. 113, b, 5. Neritina sandalina, Recl. Ibid. f. 58, 6, 47. Neritina cholerica, Gld. (= sandalina.) Moll. Wilkes, Exped. f. 187, : : . i : ; 48. Neritina vanicorensis (=s sandalina.) Voy. Astrol. et Zel. t. 17, f. 30, : 2 : : 49. Neritina adumbrata, Rve. Couch. Icon. f. 57, a, ol. . Neritina mar chionatal Rye. Dbid: £126; PLarE 21. 52. Neritina granosa, Sowb. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f. lem, =) PAGE. 62 63 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 301 FIGURE. PAGE. 53. Neritina labiosa, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 3, b, 62 54, 55. Neritina planissima, Mouss. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. Sere lees ; : : 62 56, 57. Neritina macgillivrs iyi, Rve. Corich. Icon. f. 16, a, b, 62 58, 59. Neritina auriculata, Lam. Thbid. f. 83 OO. : 73 60. Neritina subauriculata, Recl. Ibid. f. 80, a, 2 : nes 61, 62. Neritina rostrata, Rve. Ibid. f. 151, a, 6, : Male 63. Neritina layardi, Rve. Ibid. f. 105, a, . : : Par lics: 64, 65, Neritina rubicunda, Mart. Kister, Conch. Cab. t. Grok 22, ; : : 3 : ca 66, 67. Neritina taheitensis Less. Conch: leon, £. 62) 103 56, 57. Teinostoma radiatum, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 47, “48, : . 103 58, 59. Teinostoma lucidum, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 49,50, . . 104 60, 61. Teinostoma amplectans, Carp. Ibid. f. 51, ipa . 104 62, 63. Teinostoma substriatum, Carp. Ibid. f. 53, 54, . 104 64, 65. Teinostoma bec ‘Orb. Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 18; f. 23, 24, : . 104 65a. Teinostoma Paneredincaa Thid. fis 19, i 29, ; ; 66, 67. Teinostoma carinatum, Orb. Ibid. t. 18, £. 26, 27, . 104 68. Teinostoma solidum, FE. re Smith. Zool. Proc! t.Wiogahs 2s Lien Ae . : ; . 105 69; -70: Teinostoma pusillum, ©. B. Ad. Thes. Conch. t. 256, 50250; : : : ; . 105 71-75, Teailone semistriata, d’Orb. “Voy Cuba, t. 18, f. 20-22, : : : : ‘ . 105 oe Teinostoma émalos: inal Fonds de la Mer. I, t. 23, f. 6, 105 Teinostoma costulatum, Folm« bid. 1, 29 hae . 106 76, 77. Teinostoma erenelliferum, A. Ad. Thes. Conch. t. 256, 14 AD : f : . : 106 78. 79. Teinostoma obvoluta, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 255, £..48, 44, 106 80- 89, Teinostoma moreleti, Fischer. Jour. de Conch. t. 4, f. llreal earn ; : p ; : . 106 83, 84. Teinostoma australis, ‘Angas. Zool. Proc: f2o.telias Sitar 5 F : all i 85, 86. Leucorhynchia caledonica, ‘Orc sse Jour. de Couch. Padi ca GS EC al : : : : . 106 86a, 86). Leucorhynchia crossei, Tryon. Specimen, . . 106 PLATE 36. 87. Liotia scalaroides, Rve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, f. Diese , : : ; : f : 10S 88. Liotia depressa, Rve. Ibid. f. 14, 8, ; : : . 108 89. Liotia varicosa, Rve. Ibid. f. 12, d, : 3 ; . 108 90: ‘Liotia cidaris, Rive:;” Ibidet27, 9): . 108 91, 92. Liotia peronii, Kien. Coq. Viv. Delphin. tion f 5, . 108 93. Liotia hermanni, Dkr. (= peronii Kn.) Specimen. . 108 94. Liotia Guasei basis, Smith. Zool. Proe. t. 48, f. 10, 1880, . 108 95. Liotia clathrata, Rve. Conch. Ieon. Delph. £. Dib: . 109 96. Liotia granulosa, Dkr. Stidafr. Moll. t. 5, f. 28, . . -L09 97. Liotia fenestrata, Carp. Thes. Conch. t. 478, f. 23, . 109 °° REFERENCE TO PLATES. 511 @IGURE. PAGE. 98-100. Liotia semiclathratula, Schr. Amurl. Moll. t. 16, f. 19-21, hog 1. Liotia acuticostata, Carp. Specimen. : . 109 2. Liotia cobijensis, Rve. (= cancellata Gray. ) Reeve, Delphin. f. 22 ; 109 3. Liotia discoidea, Rve. Thid. fi i a: a. : F ; a ALO, 4. Liotia angasi, Crosse. Jour. de Conch. 3d Ser. iv, t. 18, ie eae : : : : 3h 5. Liotia speciosa, Angas. Zool.sProe: t. it. 26.1870, 110 6. Liotia asteriscus, Gld. Specimen, . 110 7, 8. Liotia gowllandi, Brazier. Zool. Proc lik 83, a ce De 1874, ; sei 9. Liotia radiata, ian Gamat ean Delphin. if OA, il, iT 10. Liotia siderea, Rve. Ibid. f. 23, b. . ; 110 11. Liotia ellaley He Ad? Zool. Proc! fg Be i ts 1873. 1910 12, 13. Liotia crenata, Kn. Conch. Icon. eee ite El) gel! 14. Liotia cancellata, Kn. (= Kiener, Phil.) Ibid. f. 25, a, 111 15. Liotia stellaris, Ads. & Reeve. Thes. Conch. t. 478. f.14, 112 16, 17. Liotia muricata, Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphin. f. 18, 112 18, 19. Liotia australis, Kien. Coq. Viv. Delphin. t. 4, f. 7, 112 20. Liotia annulata, Tenison-Woods. Specimen, . po 21. Liotia tamsiana, Dkr. Ktister, Conch. Cab. Delphin, t 5) liked) ; : , , ; x 5 ek? PLATE 37. ‘22, 25. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Conch. Icon. xii, f. 1a, ie) ; : ; ; ; : : 2 164 23. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 1, f 1a, 164 24. Phasianella venusta, Rve. (= australis, saune Conch. Icons 2a, : 165 26. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Thid. f. le, 164 27, 28. Phasianella australis, oa es Viv. t. i f, GIO; oes 164 29-39. Phasianella vieuXxil, Pay (== 5) “‘Thid. (its ' : : 167 '33. Phasianella vieuXli, var. spirolineata, Moll. Rouss., t. 40, f. 14, 167 o4, 30. Phasianella histrio, Rve. Con. Teon. f. 15, 166 36. Phasianella jaspidea, Rve. Ibid. f. 11, . ees 37, 38. Phasianella kochii, Phil. Ibid. f. 13, 170 PLATE 388. 39. Phasianella venosa, Rve. (= ventricosa.) Con. Icon. f. Da, . 165 40, Phasianella sanguinea, Rve. ec ventricosa.) ‘Thid. f. 3b, 165 41. Phasianella ventricosa, Q. et G. Ibid. f. 68, 165 42. Phasianella reticulata, Rve. (— ventricosa.) Ibid. £7 i, . 166 43. Phasianella zebra, Rve. (= ventricosa.) Ibid. f. 4, 166 312 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 44. Phasianella jaspidea, Rve. Ibid. f. 11, . me hs 45. Phasianella sanguinea, Rve. (= ventricosa.) ‘Thid. f. 3a, 165. 46. Phasianella bulimoides, Lam. (= australis.) Coq. Viv. Teal ii 164 47, 48. Phasianella rubens, Lam. es variegata Lam.) ‘Tid. t. 4, f. 4, : ; : , ; : ite 49, 50. Ph Semele nivosa, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 8a, 8e, - ae 51. Phasianella lentiginosa, Rve. (= variegata, Lam.) Ibid. f. 10a, . . 179 52. Phasianella australis, var. “ subsanguinea, Pils. “Specimen, 165 53, 54, Phasianella aethiopica, Phil. Con. leon. £126, 126) 166 55. Phasianella fulgurata, Rve. (= variegata.) Ibid. f. ‘9, a ES 56, 58. Phasianella pulla, L. Ibid. f. 20, a, 8, ¢, . 168: 59, 60. Phasianella pulla, L. Coq. Viv. t. 5, fd: . 168. 61, Phasianella strigata; Rve. (= dubia.) Con. leon. ‘a 19, > 469 62. Phasianella perforata, Pink bid ay . 172; PLATE 39. 63-66. Phasianella brongniarti, Aud. (= splendida Phil.) Savieny, Moll. Eeypte t. Deleon é - BTL 67, 68. Phasianella angasi, Crosse. Ge de Goneh. 1864, t. 13, f. 5 | AS 69-72. Phasianella compta, Gould. Specimens, 173 73, 74. Phasianella wisemanni, Bd. Voy. Curacoa, t. ioe. £ eh ten: : : ; a at 5, 76. Phasianella histrio, Rve, Gon: Teou: & 15, a, = . 166: 77-80. Phasianella tenuis, Mich. Moll. Rouss, t. 39, f. it. 2, 168 81, 82. Phasianella graeffei, Dkr. Specimen, : . 181 , Phasianella vitreea; Desh, Moll. Is. Reunion, t. 8, f. $, . 169 84, 85. Ph asianella petiti, Craven. Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg. vil telel sates : : : 169: 86-88. Ph: aaidelas capensis, Dkr. Thes. Coneh. t. 476, f. 34-56, . Be i 89, 90. Phasianella munieri, Velain. Arch. Zool. Exper. vi, ti Ay acyl ee - 176 91. Phasianella brevis, (— munieri. ) Tiel t. Af. 3, . 176 92. Phasianella rosea, Angas. P. Z.S. 1867, t. 13, f£. 24, . 174. 3. Phasianella virgo, Angas. Ibid. f. 25, s . 181 94. Phasianella aethiopica, Phil. Con. Icon. f. 12a, . 166. 95. Phasianella umbilicata, @Orb. Specimen, . : ~ wae 96. Phasianella unifascialis Kn. Coq. Viv. t.4, f. 2 . 179 97, 98. Phasianella variegata, Lam. Ibid. t. 4, ie i i 17 99, 100. Phasianella zebrina, d’Orb. (= tessellata P. et tM) Moll. Cuba, t. 19, f. 55, 36, Beet A 1, 2. Phasianella affinis, C. B. ‘Ad. Specimens, . : - 17 3, 4. Phasianella umbilicata, d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 19, ie 39, : 39, : . : : : : . 17 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 39a. FIGURE. PAGE 5. Phasianella splendida, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 3, f. 6, 6,7. Phasianella rubens, iam.. Ibid. t. 2, f- 11, 15, ie 8. Phasianella (“ ele solida, Born. Test. Mus. Cees. Vindob, t. 4, 7%. 2, . ; : : : . 166 9. Phasianella flammulata, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 4, f. 1, 180 10. Phasianella bicarinata, Dkr. Ibid. t. 4, f. 10, 176 11. Phasianella amoenula, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 7, f. 7, 180 12. Phasianella perforata, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 14, he 13. Phasianella strigata, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 6, . 168 14. Phasianella grata, Phil. Ibid. t. 3, f. 8, aD) 15. Phasianella pygmea, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 11, . 174 16. Phasianella guttata, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 15, ens a: iy Phasianella ecoturnix, Phil. - Ibid:-t. 4, f: 2, . 166 18. Phasianella fulgens, Koch. Ibid, t. 4, f.18, . . ETS 19. Phasianella inconspicua, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f 16, . a. 20. Phasianella pulchella, Recl. (= pulla, L.) Ibid. t. 5,3, 168 21, 22. Phasianella variabilis, Pse. Specimen, : . 176 25-25. Phasianella elongata, Krauss. Specimen, . 168 26-29. Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry. Specimen, . 247 30, 31. Leptothyra verruca, Gld. Specimen, . 207 39. Leptothyra rubricincta, Migh. Specimen, Laie 39. Leptothyra bacula, Carp. Specimen, . 248 34. Turbo trochoides, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 58, OT PEATE 40; 5. Phasianella fordiana, ne bry. Specimen, ? Let ee 6, 7. Aleyoa rubra, Pse. Con. Icon. f. ; : ssl Ms 8, 9. Eucosmia brevis, @Orb. Moll. Cuba. ZO LO 2Oo alin 10, 11. Phasianella neritina, Dkr. Specimen, . . arto 12. Aleyna occellata, A. Ad. Jour. de Conch. 1868, t. 4, f. . 182 13. Turbo magnificus, Jonas. Con. Icon. f. 166, , AD 14. Turbo petholatus, iy loidest IZ, ©. : . 193 15, 16. Turbo variabilis, Rve. (== petholatus. ) Ibid. f. 8, . 194 17. Turbo sarmaticus, L. Ibid. f. il, 218 18. Turbo margaritaceus, Rye. = auruyrostomus, ‘Ibid. f. 29, 198 19. Turbo chrysostomus, L. Ibid. f. 2 . 200 20. Astralium rugosum, L. Ibid. f. o : : ? 229 21, 22. Trochus viridis, Gmel. Ibid. f. 79a, 79D, ; V ae Re Puate 41. 23. Turbo marmoratus, L. Conch. Icon. f. 2, Ot 24. Turbo circularis, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 460, . : 214 25, 26. Euchelus asper, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 94, f. 3, Vol. xi. 27. Eutrochus scitulus, H. Ad. Ibid. t. 90, f. 3, : Vol. xi. 28. Calliostoma eximia, Rve. Ibid. t. 64, f. 1, ; Vol. xi. 29. Calliostoma bicingulatum, Lam. ‘Ibid. t. 64, f. 2, Vol. xi. 30. Calliostoma granatum, Chem. Ibid. t.15,f1, . Vol. xi. ay 14 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 31-33. Trochus cariniferus, Beck. Ibid. t. 75, f. 1, 2, Vol. oa: 34. Calliostoma doliarium, Mart. Ibid. t.16,f1, . Vol. xi. 35. Calliostoma meyeri, Phil. Ibid. t. 17, f. 2, : Vol. sar 36. Calliostoma pellucida, Val. Ibid.t.15,f2,. . Voli 37. Calliostoma moniliferum, Lam. Ibid. 16, f. 2, Vol. xi, PLATE 42, 38. Turbo torquatus. (= stamineus.) Con. Icon. f. 25d, . 212 39. Turbo versicolor. (= porphyrites.) Ibid. f. 19, . 215 40. Turbo undulatus, Martyn. Ibid. f. 3a, yOhG 41. Turbo argyrostomus, L. Ibid. f. 7, ea 7 42. Turbo niger, Gray. Ibid. f. 49, . . 219 43. Turbo spenglerianus, Gmel. Ibid. f. 20, . 208 44. Turbo nivosus. (— radiatus.) Ibid. f. 43, 200 45. Turbo Cae Rve. (= erassus, Wood.) Ibid. f. Ale . 194 46. Turbo nivosus, Tee, vee riaeae Gm.) Thid. He 44, . 200 47. Trochus lineatus, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 28,f.2, © Vol. xi. PLATE 48. 48, 49. Turbo fluctuosus, Wood. Con. Ieon.f. . . 210 48a, Turbo tessellatus, (— fluctuosus.) Con. Icon. f. 18, - Zio ah Turbo cornutus, Gmel. Ibid. f. 4, « 2kO Turbo ticaonicus, Rve. Ibid. f. 23, ; . 202 2S Turbo japonicus, Rve. (= cornutus.) Ibid. f.3 oa. Lo 53. Turbo imperialis, Gmel. Ibid. f. 6, cle 54. Turbo lamellosus, (== foliaceus.) Ibid. f. 25, . 201 55. Trochus surgillatus, Reeve. Ibid. f. 85, . : Vol. xi. 56. Euchelus gallina, Forbes. Coq. Viv. t. ii, f. 2, Voller 57. Trochus tenebricus, Reeve. (== sandwichensis: Soul: ) Con. Teon. f. 81, : : : ; Vol. xi. a Trochus sacclluan oh Var. |Qaskc laste vitohs. : Vol. xi. Trochus fastigiatus, Ad. Ibid. f. 88, . ; : Vol. xi. a Trochus cumingi, Ad. Ibid. f. 87, : t Vol. xi. 61, 62. Omphalius impressus, Jonas. Coq. Viv. i: Shi : : ; : : Vol sai: 63. Trochus textilis, Reeve. con iene fe 82, : : Volar PLATE 44. 64, 65. Turbo smithi, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f, 182, 183, . 206 66, 66a. Turbo squamatus, Ad. Sowb. Ibid. f. 88, . 264 67. Turbo pyropus, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 61, . 263 68. Turbo gemmatus, Rve. Ibid. f. 62, . 206 69. Turbo gemmatus, Rve. Thes. Conch. f, 56, 4 ‘ . 206 70. Leptothyra pusio, Anton. Conch. Cab. t. 16, £10; . 260 71. Turbo bicolor, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 33, : / 198 72. Turbo splendidulus, Sowb. Ibid. f. 181, . mia sf 73, 74. Turbo parvulus, Phil. Conch. Cab. maksigie 15, 16, . 206 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 515 FIGURE, PAGE. ().. Lurbo letus, Phil. Dbid. t:.17, £. 1, é LOT 76. Turbo moluccensis, Phil. Ibid. t. 11, f. 5, . 203 77. Turbo ferrugineus, Ant. Ibid. t. 17, f. 7, . 199 78. Turbo cepoides, Smith. Thes. Conch. f. 65, . : ROS 79. Turbo quadriseriatus, Ant. Conch. Cab. t. 17, f. 8, . 204 80. Turbo pustulatus, Brocchi. Savigny, Desc. Egypte t. 5, eee me h : , 3 : ; : : 4s LUG 81. Turbo cernicus, Sowb. (= Japonicus, Rve.) Thes. Conch. £29; mF PrAre. 45; 88, 89. Turbo castaneus, Gm. Cog. Viv. t. 27, f. 1,2 2; wes 90. Turbo crenulatus se castaneus. ) Con, ae f. 38, S208 dle beeen . Cog. Viv. t. 36, f. 5, 93-95. Astralium sirius, Gld. "Wilkes en t; 12). 208; 233 96. Turbo artensis, Montr. Jour. de Conch. 1861, t. 11, f. 5, 196 97. Turbo artensis, Montr. Cog. Viv. t. 37, f. 1, . 196 98. Turbo articulatus, Rve. Con. Icon. t. 39, é » 202 99. Turbo petholatus, var. caledonicus. Coq. Vi livsits 24 flay lero 100. Turbo margaritaceus, (— argy aes Thid. t. Siti op eloe 1. Phasinella tessellata, var. concolor Ad. aS. Wal PLATE 46. 4. Turbo articulatus. Con. a eecelle : F 4 . 202 5, 6. Turbo elegans, Phil. (— T. intercostaiis.) Cog. Viv. t Aleiieste : : é y 202 . Turbo pulcher, ‘Rye. Con. Icon. f. 4), . 203 8 Turbo argvrostomus, L. Coq. Viv. t. Toe Tha 5 Se 9. Turbo lamelliferus, (—foliaceus.) Ibid. t. 28, f. 1, . 201 10. Turbo pustulatus, Rve. (— subcastaneus. ) Con. Icon. f. 59: : . 204 11. Tnrbo Sabedetarieue: Pils bry. ‘Specimen, . 204 12, 13. Turbo elevatus, Souleyet. Cog. Viv. t. a f, eS 14. Turbo elevatus, Souleyet. Voy. Bonite. t. 37, f. 15, 219 15. 16. Elenchus peroni, Phil. Coq. Viv. t. 50, o 4, Vol. xe 17. Elenchus peroni, Phil. var. Ibid. t. 51, f. 8, Vokpxt: £5. Curbo coronatus,-yar. Ibid. t.28, f 2. PLATE 47. 19. Turbo coronatus, var. coreensis Recl. Jour. de Conch. LESS toh: : ; : é : 20. Turbo Crassus, NVonteesGog:Vave telly tle, ; : 21..Turbo canaliculatus, Kn. (= crassus.) Ibid. t. 21, f. 2, . 22. Turbo ticaonicus, Reeve. Ibid. t. 32, f. 2, 23. Turbo spinosus, Gmel (= radiatus.) Con. Teon. f. 74, 24. Turbo speciosus, Reeve. Coq. Viv. t. 33, f. 1, ; 25. Turbo carduus, Fischer. Coq. Viv. t. 42, f. 6, 26. Turbo sparverius, Gmel. Ibid. t. 21, f. 1, . 216 516 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE- 27. 28. Leptothyra, sangarensis Schrenck. Ibid. t. 39, f. 4, . 250 29. Elenchus leucostigma, Mke. Ibid. t. 52, f. 1, Vok rz PLATE 48. 30. Turbo aurantius, Kn. Cog. Viv. t. 27, f.3, . : . 198. 51. Turbo saxosus, Wood. *Con. Icon. t. 14b, : : B41) 32. Turbo saxosus, Wood. Coq. Viv. t. 16bis, f. 2, : ey a 33. Turbo funiculosus, Kn. Ibid. t. 30, f. 1, é : . 196 34. Turbo poreatus, Rve. Ibid. t. 35, f. Ohne ‘ : 206. 35. Turbo tursicus, Rye. Con. Icon. f. 60) : ‘ . 230 36. Turbo filosus, Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 13, f. 2, . ; . 205 37. Turbo cailleti, Poets bid: teso ot 3. ‘ . 205 38. Leptothyra Tenner: (Eases cock: ita. ) Thbid. t. 39, 1, 3, 205 39. Turbo granosus, Martyn. Tord st sl2 ee Lely : . 213 40. Turbo regenfussi, Desh. Ibid. t. 15, f. i, ; : aS. 41. Turbo japonicus, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 55, ; d . 196 PLATE 49. 42. Turbo lajonkairii, Desh. Coq. Viv. t. 17, f. 1, - eee 43. Turbo squamiger, Rve. ee Teon. f sah : ; . 204 44, 45. Turbo moltkianus. Specimen, . : é : . 204 46. Turbo torquatus, (— stamineus.) Voy. Astrol. t. 60, f. 15, : ‘ ho ie 47, Turbo heteroclitus, Kn. = lamellosus, Brod.) Coq. Viv. [ra rie : : 21s 48, 49. Leptothyra sanguinea, L. nbd: iF 39, {2 . 249 50. Astralium petrosum, var. virescens, Pse. Am. Jour. Conch. Witieecee beater : . 235 51. Elenchus fulmineus, Kn. (peroni Phil.) “Coq. Viv. t. 50, f. 8, j Vol. xi 52. Blenchus nia! Kien. a eracilis, Anton.) Ibid. i Silat De , ; ; : y ‘ © Volias 53. Turbo jourdani, Ken. 9) Cog. Viv. i182 ; ; . 192 PLATE 50. 54. Turbo fluctuosus, var. tessellatus, Kn. Coq. Viv. t.9, #2, 211 55. Turbo assimilis, Kn. (= fluctuosus.) Ibid. t.34,f.1, . 211 56. Turbo saxosus, Wood. Con. Icon. f. F Baril! 57. Turbo lugubris, Kiener. (== eg ne ese Coq. Vi lv. D8. tos < io 58. Turbo porphyrites, Martyn. Ibid. t. 28, £9 Die. 4 . 215 59. Turbo coronatus, Gmel. Con. Icon. f. 29, s . 216 60. Turbo creniferus, Kn. (= coronatus.) Coq. Viv. t. 34, ff Ds : : : : : : : ; ? + BEE 61. Turbo coronatus, var. Ibid. t. 40, f. 4, . é ‘ 2G: 62, 63. Turbo cidaris, Gmel. Ibid. t. 5, f. 2, : : . 214 64. Turbo stenogyrus, Fischer. Ibid. t. 41, f. 3, . i . 200 65. Turbo spenglerianus, Gmek) Ubidite25. ide es 4 . 208 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 317 PLATE 51. ®IGURE. PAGE. 1. Astralium longispina, Lam. Coq. Viv. t, 4, f. : : wazen 2. Astralium longispina, Lam. Specimen, . 221 3. Astralium longispina, Lam. (juv.) Coq. Viv. th 4, i La, 221 4, 5. Astralium longispina, var. costulosum. Ibid. t. 5, f. 2, 222 6. Astralium longispina, var. spinulosum. Specimen, . 222 7. Astralium longispina, var. costulosum. Coq. Viv. t. 5, f. ile : : : : : : ; i ‘ 222 8, 9. Astralium longispina, (A. ean hae Phil.) | Conch. Calte4a ate 2: : ; ; F Dee 10, 11. Astralium armatum, Phil. Ibid. (ifae: 8 Isr ied eee =D PLATE 52. 12, 13. Astralium brevispina, Lam. Coq. Viv. t.7,f.2, . 222 14, 15. Astralium papillatum, P. et. M. Ibid. t. 78, Toye t. aap 16, 17. Astralium papillatum, P. et. M. Galerie Moll. t. 30, vies MO Per ale j : ; : ; ; : F = 22) 18. 19. Astralium americanum, Gmel. Specimens, F . 224. 20. Astralium americanum, Gmel. Con. Icon. f. 31, . . 224 21, 22. ‘Astralium babelis, Fischer. Coq. Viv. t. 78, f:2, . 238 23, 24. Lcpioeh ym transenna, Watson. Challenger, Rept. t, Gadel? : : : : ; ; 262 ay,) 26: Astralium henicum, W atson. Pid t, Gately S285 27, 30. Astralium ae L. var. aculeatum. Cog. Viv. te! Zar Ply ' : ; : : ’ ; P ae Do, ols Astralium C: calear, “ire enermum. Lb. tae, tones oe 29, Astralium calear, var. aculeatum. Con. Icon. f. 52c. S232 PLATE 53. 32. Astralium calcar, var. laciniatum, Gld. Coq. Viv. t. 79, tee? : : : : : : ; Be a. Astralium calear, var. laciniatum, Gld. © Wilkes Exped. Mollrt. 12:6 204, : : ; ; : Y 232 34, 36. Astralium unguis, Wood. Conch. Cab. t. 46, f.2, . 242 35. Astralium unguis, Wood. Con. Icon. f. 50, . ; . 242 37. Astralium buschi, Phil. Ibid. f. 42. , F : weal 38. Astralium buschi, Phil. Cog.. Viv. t. 14, f. 2, : Bye a 39, 40. Astralium olivaceus, Wood. Ibid. t.13,f2, . 24 41. Astralium tentoriiforme, Jonas. Conch. Cab. t. 32, f.4, . 240 42. Astralium tentoriiforme, Jonas. Con. Icon. f. 43, . . 240 43, 44. Astralium guadalouper nse, Crosse. Jour. de Conch. cltel aay siete NOP Ma ke : ; : : 3 S226 45. Astralium euadaloupense, Crosse. Specimen, ; 226 PLATE 54, 46. Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 32, f. 2a. ~ . 239 47. Astralium fimbriatun, Lam. Delessert, Recuel. ete. t. 34, dln. : : ; : : : : : . 239 318 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 48, 49. Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 32, f.2, . 239 50, 51. Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. Ibid. t. 32, f. 3, . . 239 52. Astralium fimbriatum, var. squamiferum. Specimen, . 240 53, 54. Astralium fimbriatum, var. pileolum. pes Viy. t. 37 ae L ; . 239 55. Astralium rotularium, Lam. Con. Icon. f. 48, 238 56. Astralium confragosum, Gld. Wilkes Exped, t. 12, f 7A A : : . 234 57, 58. Netralien hematragus. Cog. Vi Iv. t. 78, 2 ais . 236 59, 60. Astralinm plicatospinosum, De Specimen, . 235 61. Leptothyra purpurata, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 9, f. dig 251 62. Leptothyra cicer, Menke. Conch. Cab. t. 29, f 24, . 254 PLATE 955. 63. Astralium modestum, Rve. Coq. Viv. t. 109, f. 1, . 229 64. Astralium modestum, Rve. Ibid. t. 76, f.1, . 229 65. Astralium modestum, var. girgyllus. Con. Teon. £. 53, 230 66. be chemnitzii, i stellare.) Moll. ee Venus, tr 2 bis falar , . 200 67. Astralium stellare, Gmel. Cog. Viv. t. 3, £2 2 . 232 68. Astralium stellare, Gmel. Voy. Astrolabe, i261, Bie = tee 69. Astralium asterisous, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 44, f ; . 233 70. Astralium imbricatum, Gmel. Ibid. f. 37, . ; 226 71, 72. Leptothyra amussitata, Gld. Specimen, . . 250 73. Tarte Ore ae (= elevatus Soul.) Hist. Chili, be 4D, Oe aoe : . 219 PLATE 56. 74, Astralium calcar, L. var. Specimen, . : , . 2o8 75. 76. Astralium calear, var. planorbis. Specimen, . , 282 77. Astralium cubanum, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 40, f. 5, . 225 78. Astralium cubanum, Phil. Coq. Viv. t beOE tse nae . 225 79; 80. Astraliumm tuber, i: bid. t- 35.4, J: : : .. 225 O1.. Turbo cidaris. 9 indi ooieke : : Oe 82. Turbo gruneri, Phil. (= circularis ee Conch. Cab. t. Le ‘ wee 83. Turbo Tata Krauss. Coq. Waly 49, fE aes . 218 84. Turbo natalensis, Krauss. Con. Icon. t. 1, f 1, i » 2S 85. Astralium rugosum, L. Coq. Viv. t. 15, f. 1, Dee 87. Astralium helotropium, Martyn. Con. ‘Icon. f. 30, . 228 PiAre bi, 45, 46. Astralium coelatum, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 23, f.1, . 224 48, 49. Astralium olfersi, Phil. Conch. ‘Cab, bee a le oae6 47. Astralium olfersi Phil, Coq. Viv. t. 77, f.1, . , . 226 50. Turbo saxosum, Wood. Con. Icon. f. 14a, : peralldl 51, 52. Astralium ineequale, Martyn. Coq. Viv. t. 14, f. 1, . 244 53. Leptothyra munda, A. Ad. P. Z. S. 1873, t. 238, f 6: es 2on REFERENCE TO PLATES. 31% FIGURE. PAGE. 54, 55. Leptothyra roseopunctata, Angas. Ibid. 1880, t. 40, oP am , : , : : : : : . 258: 56, 57. Leptothyra cunninghami, Smith. Ibid. t. 4, f.10, . 249 58. Leptothyra sanguinea, Folin, (== folini.) Fonds de la Meret Oste bi d : ; : : E = 2028 59. Leptothyra granulosa, Pse. Am. Jour. Conch. iy, t. 11, PA sya ; : : : i . 259 60. Leptothyra maculosa, Peet Ebidbaveta kth. 256 PLATE 58. 51. Leptothyra marginata, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 57, : . 248 52. Leptothyra marginata, Rive. Thes: Conch.f. 94; |. . 248 52a, Leptothyra semilugubris, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 9, ey oe ‘ : ; : : . 202 53, 54. Leptothyra Galifornicus, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 16, f. 3, 260 5d, 06. Leptothyra nanina, Souverbie. Jour. de Conch. 1875, AC AVS ee a 259 57, 58. Leptothyra filifer, Desh. Moll. Reunion, iteaten f E12, 15, : ; : ‘ : . 254 59. Leptothyra pilula, Dkr. “Specimen, : 258 60. Leptothyra ene tan Savigny, Dese. Egypte, t. 5, f. 21, ; : : . 261 61. Leptothyra arsinoensis. ae t. ie f 28, : . 261 62. Leptothyra murreus, Reeve. Con. Icon. nf 54, : ; 264 65. Astralium japonicum, Dkr. Coq. Viv. t. 36, f. la, . 248 64. Astralium japonicum, Dkr. Con. Icon. f. 23, _ 248 65, 66. Astralium heimburegi, Dkr. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. t. 6, feeO eis 235 67, 68. Astralium triumphans, Phil. Coq. Viv. t. Quite 2, . 228 69. Astralium undosum, Wood. Ibid. t. 12, f.1, . f cn ee 70. Astralium undosum, Wood. (juv.) Specimen, : 243 PLATE 59. (OPERCULA). 1, 2. Turbo argyrostomus, L. Specimen, : : ; sly, 3. Turbo smaragdus, Martyn. Specimen, . ; : » ale 4. Turbo chrystomus, L. Specimen, . : : F 200 5, 6. Astralium heliotropium, Mart. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 61, f. 3,4, . ; : : : . 228 7. Turbo argyrostomus, L. (juv.) Specimen, . : « LO 8. Turbo castaneus, Gmel. Specimen, : : : . 208 10. Turbo lajonkairii, Desh. Specimen, : 199 11, 12. Turbo foliaceus, Phil. Voy. Astrol. et alee (tp ae f. BOS his. yi: : , : é : . 201 15, 14. Turbo sar maticus, iE Specimen. ; 218 15, 16. Turbo stamineus, Mart. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 60, ¢ 17, 18, : . 212 17. Astralium unguis, Wood. Specimen, : : 3 . 242 18-20. Astralium| undosum, Wood. Specimen, . 4 «Dee 320 FIGURE. PAGE. 21. Turbo marmoratus, L. Cog. Viv.t.1, . i HON 22, 23. Astralium olfersii, teen Tbid. eal bs f. Ag ten : 226 24, 25. Astralium olivaceum, Wood. Specimen, ‘ 3 . 241 26. Astralium sulcatum, Mart. Specimen, . : : . 242 27. Astralium buschii, Phil. Specimen, . 3 : 2a 28. Astralium tentoriiforme, (see pl. 60, f. 46.) Specimen. 29. Turbo fluctuosus, Wood. Specimen, . : i . 210 30, 31. Turbo saxosus, Wood. Specimen, . : : : 2a 32. Turbo crassus, Wood. Specimen, . , : A ote PLATE 60. (OPERCULA AND RADULZ.) 33. Turbo cornutus, Gmel. Specimen, . : s : ~ 200 34. Turbo cornutus, Gmel. (juv.) Specimen, ; é . 210 35. Turbo spenglerianus, Gmel. Specimen, . . 208 36, 37. Turbo radiatus, Gmel. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 60, f. 4,5, 200 38. Turbo tumidulus, Rve. Specimen, : : . 202 39, 40. Astralium rugosum, L. Specimen, 4 . . 229 41. Turbo petholatus, L. Specimen, . E f ; ales} 42, 43. Astralium tuber, L. Specimen, : : ; » 225 44. Astralium ccelatum, Gmel. Specimen, . : 1 eee 45. Astralium americanum, Gmel. Specimen, . : . 224 46. Astralium tentoriiforme, Jonas. Specimen, . ; . 240 47. Turbo ticaonicus, Rve. Specimen, : : 5 . 202 48. Astralium cubanum, Phil. Specimen, Bor : .. 220 49. Turbo porphyrites, Martyn. Pe eee 215. 50. Astralium plicatospinosum, Pilsbry, : ; . 235 51, 52. Leptothyra amussitata, Gid. Specimen, : : . 250 53. Turbo filosus, Kn. Specimen, : : : : . 205 54, 55. Leptothyra sanguinea, L. Specimen, : . 249 56. Leptothyra transenna, Watson. Chellenger, Rept. . 262 57, 58. Astralium longispina, Lam. Specimen, . 221 59. Astralium henicum, Watson. Challenger Rept. t. f lie, 255 60. Astralium triumphans, Phil. Ads. Gen. Rec. Moll. t. AA, 228 61. Collonia ee Lam. (shell and operculum.) Desh. Coq. Foss. t. 23, f. 18, 20, 246 62. Collonia ean Lam. Woodwards’ Manual, t 10, f. 15, : . 246 63. Leptothyra pict a, Pse. Am. Tone Conch. : ie ey . 256 64. Astralium chemnitzi, Val. Voy. Venus t. 2 2 his, £1. eae 65. Leptothyra lzta, Montr. Specimen, : : . 208 66. Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry. Specimen, . 247 67. Astralium stellare, Gmel. Astrolabe, t. 61, f. 6, 7 . 232 68, 68a, Astralium inzequale, Martyn. Specimen, : . 244 69. Tricolia fordiana, Pilsbry (jaws.) Specimen, : . 163 70. Orthomesus virgo, Angas. (central, Ist ae and Ist, 2d and 3d marginal teeth.) Specimen, ; 163 71. Lithopoma americanum Gmel. (central tooth.) " Specimen, 186 REFERENCE TO PLATES. REFERENCE TO PLATES. oi FIGURE, PAGE, 72. Tricolia speciosa, Muhlf. (central, 1st lateral, Ist, 2d and 3d marginal teeth.) Specimen, . 163 73. Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry. (central, ‘Ist lateral, 6th, 7th, 8th, 11th and 12th marginal teeth.) Specimen. . 188 PuaTE 61. (RapDuLz.) 1. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Troschel, Das Gebiss der Schnecken ii, t. 18, f. 9, ‘ ; ; : “162 2. Tricolia pulla, sige dct oe 10, . 165 3, 4. Orthomesus lineolata, Lam. Tid frlSa techie we Ge 5. Turbo argyrostomus, L. Ibid. t. 19, f. 4, : : . 185 6. Turbo radiatus,Gm. Ibid. t.19,f. 7a, . ‘ ’ . 185 7. Sarmaticus sarmaticus, L. Ibid. t. 19, f. 14, : . 186 8. Lithopoma tuber, Gmel. Ibid. t. 20, f.13, . : . 186 9. Prisogaster niger, Gray. Ibid. t. 20, f. 6, 3 . 186 10. Marmorostoma porphyrites, Gmel. Thid. t. 20, f. i . 185 11. Pomaulax undosum, Wood. Specimen. 3 3 . 187 12. Astralium spinulosum, Lam. ee : ; . 186 15. Bolma rugosa, L. Specimen, . : : g . 186 14. Cyclocantha plicatospinosa, Pilsbry. Specimen, . - 137 iy: Leptothyra sangarensis, Shrenck. Specimen, : . 188 PLATE 62. 1. Turbo radiatus, Gmel. Cog. Viv. t. 20, f.1, . : . 200 2. Turbo histrio, Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 39. : = 20 3-5. Leptothyra exilis, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 15, f. 6, . 257 6. Turbo filosus, Kn. Specimen, : : . 205 7. Turbo intercostalis, Specimen, ; ‘ ‘ . 201 8. Turbo imperialis. Coq. Viv. t. 3, f. it : : . 192 9. Turbo turbinopsis, Lam. Ibid. t. 42, £ 4, : ; : 199 10-12. Leptothyra globula, Phil. Specimen, : : . 262 13. Turbo smaragdus, Martyn. Con. Icon. f. 13, . : oat. 14. Turbo speciosus, Rve. Ibid. f. 35, . , : 2 204 PLATE 63. ee; 16. Astralium semicostatum, Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 38, f. 1, . 237 18. Astralium semicostatum, Kn. Specimens, . 231 19 Turbo semicostatus, Pse. Thes. Conch. t. 14, f. 199, . 206 20. Turbo corallinus, Rve. (= pee sangarensis. Con. Leon? £. 56}... ’. : : : ; . 250 21, 22. Astralium latispina, Phil. Coq. Vivotesilyin . 223 23, 24. Leptothyra albida, Dall. Specimea, ¢ : . 258 25, 26. Turbo exquisitus, Angas. P. Z. 8. 1877, t. 26, f. 1S 20% 7. Leptothyra pancicostata, Dall. Am. Jour. Canal 1872, teclori LO, :. : . 248 28. Astralium aculeatum, Rye. Con. Icon. f. G2 ; : 29, 30. Leptothyra laeta, Montr. Jour. de Conch. 1863, t. Date. : : ; , ; ; . 258 21 322 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 31. Astralium taylorianum, Smith. P. Z. 8. 1880, t. 48, £9, 244 32. Turbo setosus, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. ‘ : : 496 33. Turbo setosus, var. patulus, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 17, f.5, 195 34. Leptothyra peloritana, Cantraine. Mal. Med. t. 6, f. 23, 252 35. Leptothyra carinata, Cantraine. Ibid. t. 6, f.22, . . 252 36. Leptothyra induta, Watson. Challenger, Rept. t. 6, f. 1, G6; 0,765" : é ‘ : s . 258 37. Astralium nobilis, Gray. Voy. H.. M.S. Fly; t. 2, £27; 22e8 38. Astralium prevosti, Sowb. Thes. Conch. t. 12, f. 134, . 235 39. Turbo guttatus, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 7, f. 68, : . 213 40. Leptothyra candida, Pse. Ibid. t. 13, f. 162:"% . 256 PLATE 64. 40-43. Phasianella deaniana, Pilsbry. Specimens, . 169 44, 46. Astralium hexagonum, Phil. Conch Cab. t. 22, af: 6, 237 47, 48. Leptothyra fluctuosa, Hutton. Specimens. . 259 49. Astralium lapillus, Rve. Con. Icon. f.65, —. . 233 50, 51. Astralium rotularium, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 12, £2, . 238 52. Astralium aureum, Jonas. Ibid. t.104,f.3, . . 240 53, 54. Astralium aureum, Jonas. Con. Icon. f. 58, 59, . 240 55. Astralium suleatum, Martyn. Coq. Viv. é ; . 242 56. Leptothyra globula, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 35, f.3, . 262 57, 58. Astralium tuberosum, Phil. Ibid. t. 22, f. 2, 22k 59. Leptothyra sangarensis, Schrenck. Specimen, . 250 60, 61. Leptothyra sanguinea, Linn. Specimen, . . 249 62, 63. Astralium plicatulum, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 32, i 5, 227 64-66. Astralium petrosum, Martyn. Specimen, . . 234 PLATE 65. 6. Delphinula imperalis, Rve. (= melanacantha.) Con. Icon. 268 if Delphinula distorta Kn. = melanacantha Rve.) Coa. Viv. t. 2, f 2 268 8. Delphinula rugosa, Kn. je distorta Lam.) Ibid. t. 3, f 4a, ; . 268 a Delphinula fort mosa, “Rye. (== laciniata.) Conch. Cab. t. 5 LOA . . . 267 10. Delphinula (?) nitida, Verrill and Smith. Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, t. 44, f. 21, : . 269 die Delphinula formosa, Rve. (= laciniata.) ‘Con. Icon. f, 26, 267 PLATE 66. 12, 18. Telpianle tyria, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 6, . . 268 14. Delphinula aculeata, Rve. (= laciniata.) Ibid. f. 2S . 26% 15. Delphinula atrata, Rve. Ibid f. 4, : . 267 16. Delphinula incisa, Rve. (= laciniata.) Ibid. f 5, . 267 17. Delphinula euracantha, (= laciniata var.) Thes. Conch. t. Ali ee, : ; ; 267 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 320 FIGURE, PAGE, 18. Delphinula nodosa, Rve. (= laciniata.) Con. Icon. f. : : : : : : 5 : . 267 19. Delphinula martinii, A. Ad. P. Z. 8. 1854, t. 27, f. 8, . 268 PLATE 67. 1. Delphinula laciniata, Lam. Coq. Viv. t.1,f.1, . . 266 2 Delphinula laciniata, Lam. Con. Icon. f. 9a, . : . 266 3. Delphinula, formosa, Rive: jlbid. 4.2, \. 267 4.. Delphinula aculeata, var. & Rve. (= ‘laciniata.) Ibid. f. 3b, : 2267, 5. Delphinula spheerula, Kiener. Cou. Viv. t. 3, i ay . 268 PLATE 68. 6-3. Angarina lesourdi, Wright. Jour. de Conch. 1898, t. Spiele. . : : ‘ 269 9-11. Neritina nordquisti, Westrl. Vega Exped. t. 5, f. 24, : ; ‘ : (4) 12, 13. Delphinula distorta, Lam. Specimen ; . 268 14-19. Leptothyra roseocineta, Martens. Mébius Reise n. Mauritius, t. 20, f. 22-25... 2254 20, Delphinula spheerula, Kiener. Spec. ‘Delphinula, t. 5, i 3, 268 PLATE 69. 21. Turbo magnificus, Jonas. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 14, f 1, 192 22, 23. Turbo heterocheilus, Pilsbry. Specimen, . a 20a 24. epic eh yea ee Dkr. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. t. 12, f..2, . 261 20. Leptothyra marmoreus, Pse. Thes. Conch. t. B. f iba . 263 26. Leptothyra rubra, Dkr. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap, t. 12; £9,251 27. Turbo tursicus, Reeve. Zool. H. M.S.‘ Alert’ t. 44, f vu, 230 28. Turbo militaris, Reeve. Thes. Conch. t. vii, f. 64, . 5 Al 29, 30. Turbo gestroi, Caramagna. Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. xiii, enon Gon a ae : ; ; : : ‘ : . 262 31. Turbo militaris, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 40, ; ‘ 2 32, 33. Turbo niger, Gray, (operculum. ) Specimen, : wails 35. Leptothyra picta, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch. 1868, t. rile ay oes : : ; ip Ls beh 4 A EaALy f NERITID&. PLATE 2 Ag) NERITIDA. “en EME Sher a c ce ll \ 7 ; ee ee NM i = rc Lo : LAs 4 NERITIDA. PLATE 4 OO ROP ea Loe ie, Oy Le * f ri ¢ 4 a i 1. Tp 7 ‘ : - . wy i ! ‘ f < # ; *, NERITIDé. PLATE 5. i) Mktg NERITID@. PLATE 6 Se” i Be eo OP eee ee u*,5 ain ; ad slew! A a 7 | = Pon 7 4 , s ej Fi ~ NERITIDZA. as “ 1 A HN? i tiv lk: DAL NERITID@. PLATE 8 NERITIDZ. PLATE 9 NERITIDA. PLATE 10 NERITID&. PLATE i114 NERITID~. PLATE. 12 i) a Se. | or ee. a —— 5 abe eee — ts ‘ ay a ~~ = += s/o = SS ee oe aw a sel ee ae PLATE 18 NERITID&. (% ] Yd ; : j A é. . NERITIDZ. PLATE 14 — ne oo at a ae eS ee f r NERITIDZ. = (9) PLATE 415 < Pia ——— r >) a ¢ J ——— Sige a ae voce 7 i —————— pa Paces —. » _ a a >= 2 wae in od = a NERITID. PLATE 16 e& G jaa) Co Op Co jw iy 7 ‘ r ! oe PL ae WRT PS ~*~ - oa , i ’ 7 NERITIDA. PLATE 17 7 aa NERITID&. PLATE 18 F Cara PLATE 19 NERITIDZ. : ae ee . ox NERITID. & PLATE 20 eae a, At, ae Ki ee roe “ W + 7) PLATE 24 NERITIDé@. ee i . J &. - ’ ae : J Ted, | hail y A : i Dae Te Nek Ba a ’ rary i a ibe ches oe i % -s “2 > "oe = : ss ; Lao ~ - 7 oF tae 4 > ™ z t 2 5 e - Le a -o re ~~ aol = = ——, ™ —.9° a Te - a ete — = ae ee ’ 5 aon - ‘ Py : ? . . Ai ay ‘ar . 5 r ‘ . i: 5 ' . ‘ wy ' * oF, F ‘ ‘a “ ti; , ‘ , . r ’ PS he 5 4 *& ; + oo 5 ‘ “ . Mie ' Ay fe Oy é] ‘ é : = : — a f ‘- + , Day) 0 pee a | Sua x ; ¢ ee i eee heh) NERITID&. PLATE 22 - AAD EAA ME EoD Vir eey on PLATE 23 NERITID:. 1] ! ‘ ® © J j i ) i) ae U om ° t a Vt \) ni? yrs y a, ; ie re i A es ee ee ee NERITIDA. PLATE 24 NERITIDZ. PLATE 25 Penmaes oa * i be Lh i i : ae } 4 i i, PLATE 26 NERITIDZ. : y , : Ue ) ? re " =" : ¢ y Nlidtg TPA) bow y ay . ws f i To hs hy ren ee et ae ee - =. ee . a =<) ee ay a ee ee Fn nel od * a NERITID. PLATE 27 gore arene ¢ wail silat PLATE 28 NERITID&. ia i Tali Ps Bnet ae 7.9 - eile ae a . Fe = a - ta a a » a ee oe ee J ee eo eee € —— : : Ds ay a" . iy! r J 17 1P uy j cC iy RY. ia 5 ‘ PLATE 29 NERITID&@. oo oe = 7 ADEORBUD&. PLATE 30 CYCLOSTREMATID@. PLATE 383i CYCLOSTREMATID2. i ‘ rh te eee al oe tas ne PLATE 833 e CYCLOSTREMATIDZ& CYCLOSTREMATID-. PLATE 34 My ee Ha ‘ Paes “2 i i t ts CYCLOSTREMATID2. PLATE $35 LIOTIIN 42. PLATE 36 4 a ; i 5 : | PHASIANELLINA. PLATE 37 | PLATE 38 PHASIANELLINZ. PHASIANELLINA, 7 , Ve * t we 2 ’ , al + Ae a" ei) 4 : Fa inde fhe 4 ae ‘on % 4 ; s | 7 , eee ; 4 r ; | a a = 4 ae ‘ & ’ , ‘ . , ‘ > S — : ? ia F <= ‘ 3 i . oe ls ; ‘ Satie f ae i L ; ' whe SoM ri ~ a ry. : i = i - i TURBINIDA, Etc. eet Se Rae || . and ee _ = ee ko gg =~ = . a 7 il ; - @. “eS a ee * | \ I - | - in 1. A ise As ry pe S-). } TURBINIDA, Ete. TURBINID&, Etc. PLATE 42 ® TURBINID, Ete. PLATE 43 " r p ¢ eo a 7 . oo = Veo se =) i. P: TURBINID&. atl TE TURBINIDZ, Ete. PLATE 45 TURBINID#, PLATE 46 ys. a ~— - “oe i a © er i a ae a hae do ee, et veel ,\ ' Ki ‘? _ _ a ce 4 barn =~ ah ar" \ fj wo Avil - ¥ u ¥? o or ha! AT ' Ls | ' I | i La / ieee Ay? TURBINID&, i PLATE 39a Se a * Ss a és TURBINID#., > TURBINIDA. \ eC hae rere aa] 4 te * = ; it u ia 4 ii \ be i — (2 TURBINID#., PLATE 49 TURBINID&., PLATE 50 PLATE 51 TURBINID&. inet 1 Ta Cn 4 j i | Ser Rasy os ee a es ~~ , a4 4 i ; é i a ~s ¢ ‘ al] TURBINID&. PLATE 52 PLATE 53 TURBINID2:, ee ae tn pd = , aa = (ant =) TURBINIDA., PLATE 54 z & . x : PLATE 55 TURBINIDA= H : 4 Ae fl - TURBINID&2., ( TURBINID2., PLATE 57 ha TURBINIDA. G& PLATE 59 TURBINID&. PLATE 60 ss del. PetRo H, TURBINID&, PLATE 61 TURBINIDA, TURBINIDA, PLATE 62 TURBINID#&, : PLATE 683 a ee td SA TURBINID#@, PLATE 64 te DELPHINULA. PLATE 65 AS on bcc ce€E? 22> 22595 HDS > st ‘* = DELPHINULA. PLATE 66 tH S ~ pee Din Bees DELPHINULA. | PLATE 67 DELPHINULA. TURBINID2, ni Ve ei Uy yi mi hf vy RT ita iy Ivy a ye ite i APRAL Nite \ Eb 4 Tia a) ty } ly MA tai trl Te ; H i na e NY uh ve ie ay) tent Nj i Pithe er Sei sf ikea a Pp og