a Ord ve Ue: & wy 0 TOENTOO TOEO O WOMAN IOHM/18lN a it 7 Wy ih Uy iy 7 ; {0 H a hit ye A , | Bay in, i 7 ‘ie ee 7 7 in) Mt i ie _ i i rn ri i Moda iy ‘ ete any i Ta fi 4 UAC } ial 7 i via Le) oa eee. | | Caan ae i, Que a ma } i Vier fi) i i i ; ¥ f My ; ni i i a wn Bey en ae & i n om i “ | ! ; i TAD ieee | ng a a7, ate iV : yu i i a : oy haa Nant } -_ ne) tf i iy i a " i nt iLile iy An add n i at ; ia ; ee AG eB Ny ah 0 a A i | 1 , ‘ TN r et aha i qt hae ay rir ti ‘ Me in i , Ny! i VF Ti - te 7 1 , 7 iy Mu ie ee i F i The i a a nig) i i ne an r iy thy i iy a” ee at i : i iy) a i waa t A, UA 1 ie r Ne Othe! sis! i th ns | ely i 1, ni 7 i te r : t ii ; i n it et ba 0 Tue r ip ie { ie fi pe caer ee [ rh ae i val 7 io) ih Lie i ie i en i ' i bay re. je ne ee - r i Cie eee bey Ty fi ii 7) Rhy (Ae, ne a) ee 1 ay ve i Tan, ACOA, ’ TP ay ne eon ar i thd Crete nay Ry 1 ay , or oe yi \ Te i 4 ey 1 | yi aot i fi ' Re Rae enT a A i Te maa a rt ace i Vy ii) mid t ty i i Ti} ge mn ave Hi Dn oy mit eee uta en Wt en DT ae 1 oy : if i \ “a nu n , is : 0 i ‘ i j\ i ; , i eval \\ u 1 Ue ar 1 1 f he : ar t ne iy i iu) 1 ipa i i aan 5 te ’ } i hu i i ui AN i { iy i i ong i vi I ruin at i j 7 { fy HU H ; Pye i iy } et ' if af i - i ; } me nn j a te vill 1 i i 4 J iy i if 1 : an nie Te Goes, I : ii Ths Were : Pty kine | i 1 i Ue vi : i i ia! 1 ye iv ua ‘ i : Dee ; Wt | Th I ] i 1 r i i i i y f i i i nt - f | 1 = I oni 7 ny 1 iM no 7 A “ie : mm! | , i neat i My i 1 he : 7 < i in r i ul Uy i y Hi Nay, y } i Leo. fi A ual aN mH oe Var atk i d i | i i om? i i Ge eo if ih " ai fi it sy ae Da PLATE 14 ACMAZID~. M AeA 1 OF POL STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. — OARGICAT By GEORGE W. TRYON, Jr O * Ry CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. Voli eb iP. ACMAIDA, LEPETID#, PATELLIDA, TITISCANIID. PHILADELPHIA: Published by the Conchological Section, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. IQTH AND RACE STS, 1891. bi g he mae * epee le In the present volume the important and difficult of group Doco- glossate Gastropods, the Limpets, is monographed, and in addition a small group not heretofore included. The material studied in the families Acmeide and Patellide is exceptionally extensive. A large number of forms are herein for the first time figured and adequately described. The value of the work has been enhanced by the liberality of Dr. W. H. Dall, of Washington, who placed at the author’s disposal for study the magnificent collection of the Smithsonian Institution, a collection especially rich in species from the west coast of America, and containing the types of species described by GouLp, CARPENTER and Datu, many of which have not before been figured. No effort has been spared to make the synonymy and references complete and reliable; and it is hoped that conchologists will find the labor of classifying their collections of these intricate groups decidedly lightened. Philadelphia, June, 1891, EEA SRS MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Monographs of the Acmeide, Lepetide, Patellide and Titiscaniide. Family ACMAEID Cpr. Acmeide Crr., Maz. Cat. p. 202, 1856.—Tecturide Gray and authors.— Lottiade Gray.—Patellide, in part, of authors. Shell patelliform, conical, the apex more or less anterior, the embryonic shell conical, not spiral. Animal having a free branchial plume above the neck on the left side; radula without median teeth. Animals of this family differ mainly from the Patellide and Lep- etide in having a cervical branchial plume. The shells may generally be known from Patellidw by their dif- ferent texture and the more or less distinct internal border of the aperture. They are never iridescent within. They live on rocks and sea weeds, generally at very moderate depths. One species, Aemea fluviatilis, is known to inhabit brackish water, and a few, like Pectinodonta arcuata, are abyssal. The shells are excessively variable, as is usually the case in seden- tary mollusks. The author has examined very large suites of specimens, including nearly every species and variety described from the waters of North and South America, both east and west, and of Japan, Polynesia and Europé. The Australian and New Zealand forms are known to me by fewer specimens, and a number of the species of those regions I have not seen. In the treatment of species I have aimed to be strictly conserva- tive, reducing no described form to a variety or synonym without the most ample evidence of identity or intergradation of characters ; and on the other hand, I have refrained from burdening science with new names for the vast number of transitional or divergent forms in the collections examined. No characters diagnostic of the genera of Acmzidz can be found in the shells. (5) 6 PECTINODONTA. Synopsis of genera. I. Radula with a single lateral tooth on each side; no uncini, PECTINODONTIN&. Genus PECTINODONTA Dall, 1882. Animal blind; having a cervical branchial plume but no branchial cordon. II. Radula having three lateral teeth on each side, ACM#IN&. Genus ACMA Eschscholtz, 1830. . Animal having a cervical branchial plume but no branchial cor- don ; eyes present. Genus SCURRIA Gray, 1847. Animal having a cervical branchial plume and a complete or interrupted branchial cordon. Subfamily PECTINODONTIN&. Genus PECTINODONTA Dall, 1882. Pectinodonta Dau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 409, 1882; Blake Gastrop. p 411. Shell resembling Scutellina but with a blunt subcentral apex. Soft parts resembling Acmza except in the following details: Ani- mal blind, with the front part of the head between the tentacles and above the muzzle much produced upward and forward, extending considerably farther forward than the end of the muzzle, which is marginated with lappets at the outer corners. Jaw thin, translu- cent. Gill exactly as in Acmeea; sides of foot and mantle edge simple, nearly smooth. Dental formula 0 (1.0.1.) 0; teeth large, with transverse pectinated or denticulated cusps, the serrated edge of which is turned toward the median line. The number of teeth is the smallest in any known limpet. (Dall.) The dentition is figured on pl. 33, fig. 74. P. arcuaTa Dall. PI. 33, figs. 74, 75, 76. Shell white, elongate-ovate, moderately elevated, with a blunt polished apex, on which in young specimens, remain traces of the disk-like, chalky, embryonic shell; the slopes from the apex to the ends both convexly arched; margin simple or slightly denticulated by the radiating sculpture; within polished; scars as in Acmeza; ACMA. 7 epidermis none; sculpture externally of fine, uniform, rounded, closely set threads, radiating from near the apex to the margin and reticulated by the fine, rather prominent, regular, concentric ridges of growth, both ridges and threads averaging near the margin about three and a half to the millimeter. Length., from end to end, 14°5 mm. ; from apex to anterior end 5°5 mm.; lat. 10°0 mm.; alt. 5°5 mm. (Dall.) Off St. Lucia, 226 fms. ; off Dominica, 333 fms.; off Guadelupe, 583 fms. ; and off St. Thomas. P. arcuata DALL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 409, 1882; Blake Rep. p. 411, t. 25, f. 3, 3a, 3b. Subfamily AommIn”®. Genus ACM HA Eschscholtz, 1830. Acmea Escu., in append. Kotzebue’s Neue Reise, ii, p. 24, 1830, type A. mitra Esch.—Forpes & HANLEY, Brit. Moll., ii, p. 483.— Cpr., Mazat. Catal. p. 202—Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 237.—Wartson, Challenger Gastr. p. 28.—Fiscurr, Manuel, p. 865.—Tecture Aup. & MILNE-Epw., in Cuvier’s Rapport sur trois Mémoires, etc., Annales des Sci. Nat. xxi, 1830, p. 326, published not before 1831, type P. virginea—Tectura of Gray, H. & A. ADAMS, JEFFREYS, et al.—Patelloidea Quoy & GarMmarD, Voy. Astrol. iii, p. 349. Type P. fragilis (Chemn.) Q. & G., 1834— Lottia GRAY, in part, Philos. Trans. 1833, p. 800.— Lottia of GouLp, et al Erginus JEFFREYS Ann. Mag. N. H. 4th ser., xix, p. 231, March, 1877. Type Tectura rubella Fabr.— Collisella DaLu, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 245, 1871. Type A. pelta Esch.—Collisellina DALL, /. ¢., p. 154, type A. saccharina. L. Shell conical, patelliform, apex more or less anterior. Animal with a branchial plume at the left side of the neck above; no branchial cordon. Dentition, see below. The snells may generally be distinguished from Patella by the different texture and marginal border of the inside. The thorough discussion of the generic name of this group con- tained in the various papers of Dr. Dall and others, renders any justification of the view of its nomenclature here taken, unnecessary. Tectura and Erginus must be regarded as absolute synonyms of Acmea s. str.; Patelloidea Q. & G. will probably be found to differ somewhat anatomically, and may then be utilized for a subgeneric group. The subgenera Collisella and Collisellina are defined below. 8 ACMA. Species of the genus Acmzea are found in the littoral and lamin- arian zones of nearly all seas, except the waters adjacent to the con- tinent of Africa. The shells are subject to even greater mutations than the Patel- lidee, and species are correspondingly difficult to define and limit. More than any other shells, these must be studied with constant reference to not only habitat geographically, but station as well. For an exact knowledge of the group we must therefore wait until observations on the species are made with especial reference to their modes of life and surroundings. Such data should be attached to every limpet collected. Aecmeea has been divided by Dr. W. H. Dall into a number of groups which may be tabulated as follows : A. Muzzle with lappets; no uncini; formula of teeth 0 (3.0.3) 0, Acmea 8.8. B. Muzzle without lappets, uncini present, CoJlisella Dall. a. formula of teeth 1 (8.0.3) 1 Collisella s.s. b. formula of teeth 2 (3.0.3) 2 Collisellina Dall. The type of Acme@a is A. mitra Esch., dentition pl. 42, fig. 82; of Collisella, A. pelta Esch., dentition pl. 42, fig. 8); and the type of Collisellina is A. saccharina L., dentition pl. 42, fig. 83. It is practically impossible at present to group the species of the entire world according to anatomical characters, or to decide to what extent these divisions will prove applicable to the entire series. The most convenient and in most cases the most natural division of the genus is geographic. Thus considered, the species fall into six groups: I. North Atlantic and Arctic. Ts Western coast of North America. III. Western coast of South America. IV. West Indies. V. Japan. VI. Indo-Pacific. (VII. Species of unknown habitat.) Of these groups, the second has great affinity to the first and fifth ; the fourth may be regarded as derived from the second during the early tertiary period. J. Species oF EUROPEAN SEAS AND THE NortTH ATLANTIC. Many specimens of all of the species of this region have been examined by me. ACM ABA. ' 9 A. RUBELLA Fabricius. PI. 42, figs. 79, 80. Shell small, rounded-oval, conical, apex elevated, situated at the anterior fourth of the shell’s length; front slope steep, straight or coneave, posterior slope convex. Surface smooth, showing faint lines of growth. Color reddish-buff or orange ; inside of the same color, the border flesh-colored. Length 5, breadth 4, alt. 23 mill. Finmark, Norway ; Greenland, 5-40 fms. Patella rubella Fasr,, Fauna Gronl., p. 386, 1780.— Tectura (Erginus) rubella Jevrreys, Ann. Mag. N. H., Mar., 1877, xxl p- 231.—Sars, Moll. Arct. Norv. p. 121, t. 8, f. 5; t. ema tan |e (dentition), 1878.—Pilidium fulvum, in part, Dati, Am. Journ. Conch. v, 1869.—Aemea rubella Daun, Proc. U. §&. Nat. Mus. 1879, p. 337. This little shell is of a more erectly conical form than Pilidium fuluum, and lacks radiating sculpture. It is smaller than A. vir- ginea and not radiately painted, besides having the summit more anterior and more elevated. The specimens before me are from Greenland. It has been reported from the New England coast, but I am not sure of the correctness of the determination. A. virctneEA Miiller. Pl. 10, fig. 13, 14. Shell small, oval, conical; apex at or a little back of the anterior fifth of the shell’s length. Surface having delicate, almost obsolete radiating strize and delicate growth lines. Color a delicate pink, with numerous (about 13) pink rays. Upper part of the cone buffish- white. Inside pink or white, center flesh-colored or opaque white. Length 9-10, breadth 67-9, alt. 33-4 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic from Norway and Ice- land to the Canaries, Azores and Oupe Verde Is., low water to 60 fms. Patella virginea Muut.. Zool. Dan. Prodr. i, p. 43, 1776.—GMEL., Syst. Nat. xili, p. 3711—Aemeea virginea Han.ey, Br. Mar. Conch. p. 32, 1844.—Forses & Haytey, Hist. Brit. Moll. ii, p. 437, t. 61, £ 1, 2-—Dary, Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 243, 1871—Buquoy, Davrz, & Doutr., Moll. du Rouss. p. 478, t. 51, £12, 18.— Tectura virginea JEFFR., Brit. Conch. iii, p. 248; v, p. 200, t. 58, f. 4.— Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 121, t. 1, f. 10 (dentition).— Patella parva DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 7. t. 8, f. 11, 1778, of Donovan and Monracu.—Lottia unicolor Forses, Rep. Ag. Invert. pp. 139, 188, 1844.—L. pulchella Forses, 1. ¢, p. 137.—Lotha pellucide fo \ fa. f A ;* < ’ } ie be s Lis >, ; 5 | \2 i tie : Ny ‘eeaetiy “oe Cp, uase we Sy 10 ACMA. WeINKAUFF (not Linné) Jdurn. de Conchyl. x, p. 334, 1862.— Patelloidea virginea CoLBEAU, Moll. viv. de la Belg., p. 14.— Patella eequalis Sow., Min. Conch. t. 139.— Patella astensis BONELLI. A small and delicate species, pink rayed on a pale ground. It is widely distributed in European seas. The following mutations have received names: Form conica Jeffr. Smaller than the type, more conical, summit more elevated, nearly central. This form is figured by Wood, Crag Moll. pl. 18, f. 6c. Form rotundata Monts. More rounded than the type. Form depressa Wood. Crag Moll. pl. 18, f. 6a. Form unicolor Forbes. Of a uniform rosy color, without rays; small. Form /actea Jeffr. Milky-white. A. TESTUDINALIS Miller. PI. 9, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Shell conical, oval, the apex a little in front of the middle; pos- terior slope slightly convex, other slopes straight ; surface more or less distinctly, finely radiately striated; color yellowish-gray, with numerous blackish-brown stripes, generally broken into a coarse network, or tessellated pattern. Inside white, with a large dark brown central area, the border tessellated brown and white. Length 38, breadth 28, alt. 13 mill. North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, southeast to the English Channel, southwest to Long Island Sound; North Pacifie from Sitka (and Yesso ?) to the Arctic Ocean. Patella testudinalis Muuu., Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 287, 1766.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 70.—Tectura testudinalis JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch. iii, p. 246; v, p. 200, t. 58, f. 3—GLp., Invert. of Mass., Binney’s edit., p. 267, f. 529—Acmea testudinalis Forpes & Han- LEY, Hist. Brit. Sh. ii, p. 434, t. 62, f 8,9; t. AA, f. 2 (animal)— Daut., Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 249, t. 14, f. 13 (dentition) ; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 339.—Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p- 120, t. ii. f. 9 (dentition).—Lottia testudinalis Forses, Malac. Monensis p. 34.—GLp., Invert. of Mass., Ist edit., p. 153, f. 12— Patella testudinaria and P. tessellata Mutu.—P. clealandi Sows., Trans. Linn. Soc. xi, p. 621.—P. amena Say, Journ. Acad. N. 8. Phila. ii, p, 223.—De Kay, N. Y. Moll. p. 162, t. 9, f. 196.—P. ely- peus Brown, Ill. Conch. Gt. Br. t. 37, f. 9, 10.— Patella alveus Con- RAD, Journ. Acad. N.§. Phila. vi, p. 267, t. 11, f. 20, 1831.— Patel- ACMA. 11 loidea alveus Coutn., Bost. Journ. N. H, ii, p. 177.—Lottia alveus Gup., Inv. of Mass. p. 154, f. 13.—Zectura alveus BrNney in GouLp, Inv. of Mass., 2d edit., p. 269, f. 580.—Acmea testudinalis var. alveus DALL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 340. Atlantic specimens of this well-known shell, although very vari- able in size and coloration, are readily distinguished from the other forms, the only considerable divergence being found in var. alveus. Specimens from the Aleutian Is., according to Dr. Dall, completely bridge the gap between testudinalis and patina. I have retained the latter separate, simply as a matter of convenience ; but I do not doubt that it must be regarded as a geographic race of testudinalis. American specimens are generally larger than European; figs. 27-29 represent specimens from Maine, figs. 25, 26 from England. Var. ALVEus Conrad. PI. 42, figs. 90, 91. Small, thin, compressed at the sides; apex acute and a little hooked forward. Surface delicately striated, interruptedly striped or tessellated with brown. Inside showing the markings of the exterior. Massachusetts to Arctic Ocean; Sitka northward. Numerous transitions occur between this and typical testudinalis. The narrow form is caused by the residence of individuals on sea- weed or Zostera fronds. abet Na II. SPECIES OF THE WESTERN Coast OF NoRTH AMERICA. The author has examined specimens of all of the species of this region, including many original types. Of most species many hundreds of shells have been studied. The elaborate papers of Dr. P. P. Carpenter, and of Dr. Wm. H. Dall have been freely used, A. patina Eschscholtz. PI. 2, figs. 34, 35, 36, 37; pl. 9. figs. 6-14. Shell large, oval or rounded-oval, depressed-conic, the apex rounded and near the middle; slopes slightly convex. Surface obsoletely radiately striated, olive-gray, tessellated, or more rarely striped, with black. Inside white with an irregular brown central area and a rather wide dark or tessellated border. Length 53, breadth 46, alt. 18 mill. Aleutian Is. to San Diego, California. iY ACMA. A, patina Escu., Zool. Atlas, edit. Rathke., p. 19, t. 24, f. 7, 8— Mipp., Sib. Reise, p. 187, t. 16, f. la-d, 2a—c, 3.—Crr., Mazat. Cat. p- 207; Amer. Journ. Conch. ii, p. 333.—A. seutum Escu., not Orb.—P. mammillata Nutt., Jay’s Catal. no, 2839.—Rve., Conch. Icon f. 140.—P. tessellata Nurt., Jay’s Cat. no. 2885.—P. fenestrata Nurrt., Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 121.—P. verriculata Rve., 1. ¢., f. 87.— P. nuttalliana Rvr., l. ¢., f. 81.—P. cumingii Rve., Ll. ¢., f. 37.—Lot- tia pintadina Goutp, U.S. Expl. Exped. t. 29, f. 455.— Collisella patina Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 247, t. 14, f. 4 (dentition ).— A. testudinalis var. patina DALL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 340. P. cinis Rv., considered a synonym of patina by Cpr., belongs to A. pelta. P. strigillata Nutt. mss. is a form of fascicularis, judging from the suite deposited by Nuttall in the Academy collection. This is the commonest of all western limpets. Although it has been shown to intergrade with A. testudinalis on the Alaskan coast, yet I cannot rank it as a variety of that species in the sense in which alveus is a variety. It is thoroughly differentiated from testu- dinalis throughout most of its range. The two forms vary in quite diverse directions, patina having no form corresponding to the var. alveus of testudinalis, but having its own peculiar mutations, not found in the other species. It would be an advantage if we were to use the term “ form” (forma) for such mutations as alveus, nacelloides, etc., reserving the rank of “ variety’ for true geographic subspecies. The principle mutations of A. patina are as follows: Var. PINTADINA Gld. (pl. 9, fig: 6). Large, flat, open, apex subcentral; tessellated white and dark. P. cumingii Rv. (pl. 42, fig. 87) and tessellata Nutt. belong here as synonyms. This form passes into the striped form nuttalliana Rve. (pl. 2, figs. 32, 33, and also f. 36, 87). The last figures correspond to Reeve’s verriculata. Another mutation is the form fenestrata Nutt. (pl. 9, figs. 10, 11, 12, 18, 14), of which eribraria Gld. mss. is a synonym. ‘This shell when young is dark olive closely dotted all over with white, the eroded apex black; when adult it is usually uniform dull slate-color outside with a ring of light around the black apical spot; inside it has a wide dark border, a large, irregular central dark patch, and generally is suffused with dark brown all over. Sculpture obsolete. This form is from San Francisco, Santa Cruz, ete. Var. OCHRACEA Dall (pl. 9, figs. 7, 8, 9). Externally of a very light yellowish-brown, without spots or rays; internally white with ACM ABA. 13 the characteristic dark brown stain of patina in the visceral area. The exterior is covered with fine, regularly radiating, close, equal, thread-like riblets, which pass from apex to margin without bifur- cation, imbrication or asperities of any kind. These riblets will serve to distinguish it from any of the other limpets of the coast ; otherwise it approaches very close to some varieties uf scabra and can be traced right into some varieties of patina. (Dall.) This variety was described from Monterey, Cal.; it has also been found on Vancouver Id. A. Davuiana Pilsbry. PI. 7, figs. 57, 58, 59, 60. Shell large, oblong, depressed, rather thin. Apex low, curving forward ; length of front slope contained about 33 times in the length of the shell; posterior slope gently convex. Surface covered with close, slightly unequal radiating riblets, each rendered rasp-like by very close, regular and erect delicate lamelle ; interstices narrow, having growth-striz but no lamelle. The color is chestnut-brown, becoming dark umber in places, having short streaks and spots of white, forming a sparse tessellation. Inside light blue, with a small brown spot at the cavity of apex, and showing the color-pattern of the outside faintly through. Bor- der wide, deep brown with white spots. Length 46, breadth 32, alt. 63 mill. Angel Island, Porto Refugio, Gulf of California. This is one of the finest American Acmeas. The oblong, some- what parallel-sided and depressed contour, thin texture, and the beautifully sharp and regular file-like sculpture of the low, close riblets, are its prominent features. It is allied to A. scabra, but the enormous number of specimens of that species which I have exam- ined in the Philadelphia and Washington collections, furnish no forms leading toward the Dalliana. 'The species is named in honor of Dr. Wm. H. Dall, who outlined the classification of the Acmz- idx in essentially its modern form, twenty years ago. A.scaBRA Reeve. PI. 3, figs. 38-49. Shell thin, rounded-oval, depressed; apex situated between the center and the anterior third; surface sculptured with close, fine, minutely scaly riblets, of which larger ones are placed at regular intervals. Color light yellow, indistinctly spotted (rarely striped in divaricating pattern) with brown. 14 ACMA. Interior porcelain-white or blue-tinted, with sometimes a few faint spots of brown in the cavity. Inside border transparent-yellowish or showing faint brown markings. Length 37, breadth 31, alt. 7-8 mill. Vancouver's Island to Acapulco, western Mexico. Patella seabra Ry., Conch. Icon. f. 119.—Aemea scabra CrR., Am. Journ. Conch. ii, p. 340.— Collisella seabra Datu, l. ¢., vi, p. 251, t. 14, f. 12, 12a (dentition)—Acmea (scabra var.?) mérchii Datu, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 47. The typical form is easy to recognize by its light coloration and the fine rasp-like riblets of the surface. | Forms in which the outer layer of the shell is deep brown instead of buff, and the inside bor- der consequently blackish, are quite similar to some variations of A. patina ; but sculpture and color-pattern will usually permit one to separate them readily. Two forms have been described: Var. LIMATULA Cpr. PI. 3, figs. 38, 39, 40. Outer layer of the shell black, covered with an olive-green, or sometimes light bluish, epidermis; inside border black; a deep brown central spot. Distribution mainly southern, San Diego to Acapulco. A very beautiful color-pattern is shown in figs 45, 46, drawn from San Diego specimens. White rays alternate with dark olive. As an extreme form of this variety, Var. MorcHII of Dall (pl. 3, figs. 47, 48, 49), must be ranked. It is typically much elevated, the apex subcentral and curved forward, sculpture coarse. Otherwise like var. limatula. Locality, Tomales Bay, Lower California. The large suite of shells before me from Tomales Bay show every inter- mediate stage between the high, cap-shaped forms and the normal limatula. The former constitute a peculiar phase of development attained by comparatively few individuals. Figures 47-49 are drawn from Tomales Bay specimens. A. SPECTRUM Reeve. PI. 1, figs. 7, 8, 9. Apex rather anterior; slopes rather straight; sculptured with very strong close rough ribs, with smaller intervening riblets; cen- ter of the inside white, with dark spots and bars. Normally it is solid, rather depressed, with from 20-30 very strong, rounded ribs not evanescent anteriorly, the interstices being oceupied by intercalary riblets. The color is white, with fine lines ACMJBA. 15 of brown (not striped as in pelta and persona) between the principal ribs, which delicately dot the otherwise uniform white margin. Sometimes the principal ribs are rather sharp, palmating the margin, occasionally they are small and crowded, becoming faint at the mar- gin, when the shell presents the internal aspect of A. mitella; at other times assuming that of Patella pediculus. Generally the apex is at the anterior third; rarely at the anterior fourth, with very elongated outline; but sometimes is nearly central, with a rounded shell. In this species also there is occasionally found a var. teztzlis ; when the ribs become faint and distant, the color-lines run into net- work, and the shell is of a thinner texture. The young is extremely inequilateral, and rapidly developes the characteristic ribs. Inside the shell has a white callus, through which the dark irregular blotch appears. This occasionally takes the form of irregular ghostly bars, which gave the name to the species. ( Cpr.) Length 34, breadth 24, alt. 12 mill. Bodega Bay and San Francisco south to Lower California. Patella spectrum Ry., Conch. Icon. f. 76.—Aemeea spectrum Crr., Amer. Journ. Conch. il, p. 359.—Collisella spectrum Dawu, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 251, t. 14, f 10 (dentition).—JLottia scabra GLD. (part), Expl. Exped. Shells. The very strong ribs of the outside, and the curiously marked interior, like print of a hand, are prominent characters of this species. It belongs to a group of forms represented in South America by A. variabilis and A. ceciliana; in China by A. hieroglyphica, and in Australasia by A. marmorata, etc. All showing curiously figured interiors. A. PERSONA Eschscholtz. PI. 2, figs. 25, 26, 27,28; pl. 3, figs. 51-56. Shell oval, apex pointing forward, posterior slope long, convex, anterior slope short. Sculptured with strong, rounded ribs, usually nodulous, but sometimes obsolete. Whitish, with stripes and zigzags of blackish-brown, or olive-green variegated and speckled with white. Margin crenated by the ribs. Inside white or stained with yellowish-brown, with a large central deep brown area, rarely absent ; border articulated black and gray Sitka to Turtle Bay, L. California. A. persona Escu., Zool. Atl. v, p. 20. no. 9, t. 24, f. 1, 2.—Cpr., Amer. Journ. Conch. ii, p. 8337.—A. ancylus Eson., /. ¢., t. 24, fi 16 ACMA. 4-6.—A. digitalis Escu., 1. ¢., t. 23, f. 7, 8—P. umbonatu NuTTALL, in Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 107.—P. oregona Nutr., U. c., f. 112.—L. textilis GouLD, Expl. Exped. Sh. t. 29. f. 456— Collisella per- sona Dau, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 250, t. 14, f. 8 (dentition).— L. scabra Gup. (in part), Expl. Exped. Sh., f. 456b.—A. radiata Escu., Zool. Atl. p. 20.—Tectura persona MARTENS, Mal. BI. xix, p95; t.15,, 10,26. An excessively variable species, ranging from about 30° to 50° N. lat. The typical PERSONA is rather a smooth shell, corresponding to figs. 51, 52, of plate 3. Two main races may be distinguished. The minor modifications of each are numberless. Var. DIGITALIS Esch. PI. 2, figs. 29, 30,31; pl. 3, figs. 58, 54, 55, 56. This is the most usual form found north of San Francisco Bay. It is dull, lusterless, whitish, with stripes and zigzags of blackish- brown. The apex is usually decidedly anterior and elevated; the front ribs are obsolete, the posterior ribs strong, rounded, often uneven. Inside margin conspicuously tessellated; central area generally dark and rather narrow. ‘This is the oregona of authors, and probably radiata of Eschscholtz. It resembles the striped vari- ety of the Chilian A. ceciliana so closely that it would be absolutely impossible to separate a mixed lot. Var. uMBONATA Nuttall. PI. 2, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28. The prevalent form southward of San Francisco is an oval shell with rather spreading sides, the ribs narrow, interspaces wide and flat. Color dark olive to blackish, closely flecked with fine white dots, and usually having coarse white dashes also. This variety becomes at times wholly free from ribs. Another variety, typically equally distinct, but nameless, is found rom San Francisco to San Diego. It is a small shell resembling somewhat A. patina. There areno riblets. The surface is luster- less, white, with numerous, rather narrow, radiating brown stripes, often broken or abruptly divaricating. Inside generally without a central dark area. Gould’s figures of the synonymous L. scabra are copied on pl, 29, figs. 47, 48, 49. ACMA. 17 A. PELTA Eschscholtz. PI. 8, figs. 86-95. Shell oval, conical, apex a little in front of the middle. Surface having rather coarse low ribs. Dark border of the inside very narrow, or reduced to a series of dark scallops. Aleutian Is. and south coast of Alaska to the Santa Barbara Islands, California. A. pelta Escu., Zool. Atl. pt. v, p. 19—Carrenter, Amer. Journ, Conch. ii, p. 386.—Datt, Proce. U. §. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 338.— Patella fimbriata Gup., U. 8. Expl. Exped. atlas, f. 445.— P. leucophea (Nutt.) Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 101.—P. monticola Nurr., mss.— ? A. cassis Escn., Zool. Atl., p. 19, t. 24, f. 8—? A. pileolus Mipp., Beitr. zu Mal. Ross. ii, p. 38, t. 1, f. 4, teste Cpr— Collisella pelta Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 246, t. 14, f. 6 (dentition ).— Tectura cassis MARTENS, Mal. Bl. xix, p. 92, t. 3, f. 9, 10.— Patella cinis Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 60a, b, c —A. pelta var. nacelloides DALL., Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p, 247, t. 17, f. 36. Prominent characters of this species are the erect, conical form, rather wide coarse ribs, and the narrow margin of the inside, usually not continuous but composed of scallops or square spots. The variations may be classed under two main groups, as follows. Numerous intermediate forms occur. (1) Var. pecta Esch., typical. PI. 8, figs. 90, 91. Rather large, solid, strong, with low coarse ribs,» almost obsolete, or visible only posteriorly. Central dark spot of the interior rather small or wanting. Grayish-white, with numerous radiating black stripes, often divaricating or broken into a tessellated pattern. As the ribs become stronger this passes into— Form cassis (Esch.) Martens. PI. 8, figs. 86, 87, 88, 89. Solid, strong, having stout radiating ribs about 25-27 in number, those in front narrower or obsolete. Dark spot of the inside small or obscured ; margin with a mere dark line, or a series of scallops between the ends of the ribs. Outside dull, grayish. Another form connecting with the typical pe/éa is figured on pl. 8, figs. 92, 93, 94. It is small, conical, elevated, having much the shape of A. mitra. The color outside is gray, pink or light purple, painted with few or many black stripes. A dark spot is inside. Ribs obsolete. This is common at Olympia, Washington, growing on Mytilus. See Hemphill, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1881, p. 88. 9 aod 18 ACM ZA. (2) Var. NACELLOIDES Dall (PI. 6, figs. 45, 44, 45), agrees with A. instabilis in the blackish-brown color and in sculpture, but it is less compressed laterally, and the basal margins are level, not elevated at the ends. It is abundant, living on kelp, at Monterey. The proof of the alleged specific identity of instabilis with pelta is incomplete. The specimens collected by Henry Hemphill and described by him in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1881, p. 87, under the name instabilis, are typical nacelloides. Hemphill found that when these limpets live on the fronds and stems of kelp (Phyllospora) they have always the Nacella-like form and are black or dark brown ; when an individual leaves the kelp for a station on the rocks its additional growth is of the normal black and white striped or tessel- lated pattern usual in typical A. pelta. A specimen of this form, beginning life as nacelloides and becoming pelta, is figured on pl. 8, fig. 95. A. INSTABILIS Gould. PI. 6, figs. 32, 33. Shell narrow and oblong, the basal margin elevated at the ends; texture thin; slopes convex or bulging. Surface finely radiately striated; dark brown or black. Inside white or bluish, with or without a faint brown spot in the cavity. Large specimens measure 1} inches (38 mill.) in length by ¢ in. (23 mill.) breadth ; but the usual length is about one inch. Vancouver Id. to Monterey, Cal. e P. instabilis Guv., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 150, 1846; U.S. Expl. Exped. Atlas f. 454, 454a.—Nacella instabilis Cpr., et al— Acmea instabilis Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 245. This species has been considered by some to be a form of A. pelta ; but no specimens connecting the two species have been reported, although it is not at all improbable that such may occur. At present A. instabilis has as valid grounds for being retained as a distinct species as A. insessa or A. asmi. A. rysessA Hinds. PI. 6, figs. 36, 37. Shell rather thin but strong; outline oval or oblong, the sides often parallel; elevated, conical, the apex in front of the middle, slopes convex ; surface smooth, polished. Color varying from yel- lowish or olive-brown to chocolate ; inside usually very deep brown with a lighter border. Apex blackish, sometimes having snowy dots ACMA. 19 or two crescents, the horns of one directed forward, of the other back- ward. Length 20, breadth 11, alt. 12 mill. Sitka south to San Diego, California. Patella insessa Hinps, Ann. and Mag. N. H. x, p. 82, t. 6, f.3.— Nacella insessa Cpr., Suppl. Rep. Brit. Asso. 1863, p. 650.—Acmea insessa DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 244, t. 14, f. 3 (dentition). A small, smooth, dark species. Faint, almost obsolete, radiating lines are usually perceptible. It is much larger than A. paleacea or depicta and is not so narrow. Compared with A. asmi it is larg- er, longer, and brown instead of black. The Bay of Monterey is probably the central point for this species, in regard to numbers of individuals. It lives on the fronds of sea- weeds. A. AsMI Middendorff. PI. 6, figs. 38, 39. Shell small, thin but strong and solid, elevated, conical, the base short-oval, apex erect, a little in front of the middle; slopes of the cone somewhat convex. Surface lusterless, usually corroded, smooth except for very fine radiating striz visible with the aid of a lens, but obsolete in adult shells. Color rusty black. Inside black, with a brown zone just outside the muscle-scar. Length 10, breadth 83, alt. 7 mill. Length 82, breadth 7, alt. 8 mill. Sitka to Turtle Bay, Lower California. Patella asmi Mrpp., Mal. Ross. ii, p. 59, t. 1, f. 5—Aemea asmi Cpr., Amer. Journ. Conch. ii, p. 841.— Collisella asmi DAuu, I. ¢., vi, p. 202, t. 14, f. 7 (dentition). In the suite of thirty or more of this species before me, no speci- mens show characters which warrant a union with any of the other species. It is an erectly conical, solid little shell, of a more rounded outline than A. insessa, and black instead of corneous in color. It is generally found living on Chlorostoma funebrale or other black shells. A. pEpPIcTA Hinds. PI. 6, figs. 40, 41. Shell small, thin, long and narrow, the sides parallel ; apex at the anterior fourth or third. Surface smooth, shining, having light growth-lines. Very light brown, with narrow dark brown stripes radiating from the apex and from the ridge of the back, where they form a series of v’s. 20 ACM BA. Inside bluish-white, showing the color pattern of the outside through the shell. Length 11, breadth 4, alt. 3 mill. Santa Barbara, Monterey, San Diego, California. Patelloida depicta Hryps, Ann. and Mag. N. H. x, p. 82, t. 6, f. 4, 1842.— Oollisella ? depicta Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 954. Resembles no species but A. paleacea. ‘The long narrow form is caused by growth on Zostera fronds. There is some variation in the coloring, broad bands sometimes replacing the narrow lines. The front end is generally of a decidedly darker shade. A specimen of average proportions is figured. The form of this species as developed when growing on a flat sur- face instead of a narrow frond, is shown in fig. 41 of pl. 6 drawn from a specimen in the Smithsonian collection. It measures, length 6, breadth 43, alt. 12 mill. Sculpture and coloration are as in the type. ‘ A. PALEACEA Gould. PI. 6, fig. 42. Shell small, thin, long and narrow, parallel sided; apex near the front end. Surface sculptured with close radiating riblets. Color yellowish-brown, darker toward the margins and on the front slope. Length 7, breadth 13, alt. 2 mill. Monterey, Santa Barbara and San Diego, California. A. paleacea GuLD., Mex. and Cal. Shells p. 3, t. 14, f. 5—Cpr., P. Z. S. 1856, no. 40.—Collisella paleacea Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 253 (dentition). Smaller and narrower than A. depicta, the surface radiately ribbed and not variegated. The sculpture is quite distinct under a lens of moderate power. A. TRIANGULARIS Carpenter. PI. 7, figs. 74-78. Shell small, rather thin, either oval or narrow and parallel-sided ; elevated, apex subcentral, a trifle recurved ; surface nearly smooth, but showing very fine radiating strize under a lens. Color pure white, sometimes immaculate, but usually having 6 or 7 wide brown rays, Which usually do not extend to either apex or basal margin. There is almost always a brown spot just behind the apex. Inside pure white. Monterey and Baulinas Bay, California. Nacella (? paleacea, var.) triangularis Cer. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ili, p. 215, 1866.— Collisella (2) triangularis DAL, Am. Jour. Conch. vi, p. 294.—Nacella casta Cpr. oli. ACM/BA. 21 “They present nearly every variation in form, from wide, oval and nearly flat, to narrow, triangular, high and very compressed. The extreme apex is almost always black. It is usually furnished with a few dark brown stripes, radiating from near the apex but seldom reaching the margin in adult specimens. These however are want- ing in some specimens. In all its forms it is a well marked species and cannot be united with any now known from the California coast. Dr. Carpenter proposes to rename this form specifically “ casta” and to apply the term triangularis to the compressed variety only; it is doubtful, however, if such a course would be admissible, as every transition in form can be observed in a very few specimens. (Dall.) Typical triangularis is shown in figs. 77, 78. An example meas- ures: length 6}, breadth 3, alt. 4 mill. The form called casva is illustrated by figs. 74, 75, 76. ‘This is really the normal form of the species, the other being modified by the narrow frond supporting it. A largeexample measures: length 12, breadth 9, alt. 43 mill. Var. Orcurt! Pilsbry. Pl. 42, figs. 84, 85, 86. Has the oval base cf A. casta, but the apex is decidedly anterior, as in A. persona. Surface lusterless, having rather rude growth- lines and very obsolete, low, wide radiating riblets, some at wide inter- vals slightly more prominent. Color white, or tinged with cream or green; apex obtuse, eroded, but around the eroded area there are brown dots, indicating that the young were marked like A. casta. Interior white or fleshy-cream tinted, sometimes with slight greenish or brown stains in the cavity ; border wide, darker than the rest of the interior. Length 112, breadth 9, alt. 53 mill. San Diego, California. Specimens of this curious variety were received from Mr. C. R. Orcutt. It has the coloration of some specimens of A. triangularis, but the form recalls A. persona. A. RosACEA Carpenter. PI. 7, figs. 71, 72, 73. Shell small, conical, thin, smooth or with very obsolete ribs. The young are pale roseate, with few white and brown subradiating spots; the adults have rosy brown and whitish streaks or are dotted with pale rose. Apex elevated, a little anterior; inside white or rosy. Length 8, breadth 64, alt. 33 mill. San Diego to Monterey, California. 22 ACMA. Acmea (? pileolus var.) rosacea Cpr., Proc. Cal. Acad. ili, p. 218 ; Amer. Journ. Conch. ii, p. 841.— Collisella (?) rosacea Dau. Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 256. The shell is small, obtusely conical with an erect, subcentral apex. The ground color of the surface is a translucent white, suffused with rose toward the margin, where several indistinct rays of rose color appear. These are more evident on the inside. The extreme nucleus is usually white. The apex is profusely dotted with minute dark brown and opaque white specks of color, which are not rays, nor are they often arranged with any regularity; these are more numerous on the posterior portion of the shell, but vary exceedingly, from a dark reticulated brown network of lines to wavy irregular penciling or sparse brown dots, usually most plenty on the inter- spaces of the ribs. The surface is smooth, especially in front, but from the apex radiate (especially on the posterior half of the shell) a number of very marked riblets which appear as if indented from below, and do not materially interrupt the smoothness of the surface, though the margin is rendered slightly crenulate by them. They are also of a more opaque white than the remainder of the shell, and sometimes form conspicuous white rays. (Dall.) A. sYBARITICA Dall. PI. 9, figs. 22, 23,424. Shell depressed, thin; apex subcentral, more anterior in the young. General shape rounded-oval, hardly more narrow before than behind. Surface nearly smooth, with rounded concentric lines of growth, in young specimens a few faint hardly noticeable elevated radiating lines or riblets may be observed near the margin, which is entire. Internally smooth, border polished and also the cavity of the apex above the muscular impressions. Color a clear rose-pink, varying from quite deep and a little livid in some specimens, espe- cially the young, to a very faint pink. Apex white, even in very young specimens entirely eroded, rather blunt and inconspicuous ; sides of the shell ornamented with rays of a darker shade of pink, more or less gathered in groups, and more or less evident, accord- ing to the shade of the remainder of the shell. Internally the vis- ceral area is bluish-white, usually washed with a faint yellowish- brown, often hardly evident, in which case the area is whitish ; the successive layers of brown sometimes appear externally around the apex when eroded. The inner margin, and to some extent the whole interior, exhibit the external markings or rays through the ACMZEA. 23 somewhat pellucid shell. Texture hard and brittle. Epidermis exceedingly thin, usually evanescent; translucent, brownish. (Dail.) Pribiloff Is. to Hakodadi, Japan; Aleutian Is.; southeast to Chirikof Island. A, sybaritica Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 257, t. 17, f. 34, 1871; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 341. A beautiful species. The largest specimens attain one inch in length, but those before me measure scarcely over 10 mill. It is always much depressed. Inhabits rather deep water. A. PERAMABILIS Dall. PI. 33, figs. 80, 81, 82. Shell thin, delicate, ovate ; externally of a uniform dark-rose-color, with a few scattered irregular blotches of light or dark-brown, nucleus pale. Within polished, bluish-white, with a chestnut-brown spectrum with sharply defined edges, outside of which for a short dis- tance the white is unsullied, but further toward the margin in adult specimens, radiating brown blotches may be observed forming a more or less interrupted band around the shell, which is wanting in the young. The margin is of the same deep rose as the exterior. Shell moderately elevated, with the apex well marked, sub-acute and situa- ted in the central third. Nucleus smooth, pale, sharply decurved with a chink beneath it, in front. Sculpture of fine, sharp, elevated threads which extend from the vertex to the margin without bifur- cation. These are crossed by very fine sharp lines of growth slightly elevated. Length 1-03 in. lat. 0°8, in. alt. 0°35 in. Posterior slope slightly arched. (Dall.) Shumagin group of islands; Alaska Territory, on rocks near low water mark. This lovely species has no relations with Helcioniscus Dall. First laterals anterior. ;(,'",);. Patina Gray. Third laterals posterior, denticulate ; shell peculiar. 3(.""4)3. * = * Metoptoma Phillips (fossil.) 78 PATELLIDA. Dr. Paul Fischer’s classification (Manuel de Conch., p. 866, 1885) is as follows: Genus PATELLA. Subgenus Pate//a s.s. Brachial cordon complete; no tuber- cles on the epipodial line; dentition ,4,);. P. vulgata, ete. Section Ancistromesus Dall. P. mexicana. Section Olana Ads. P. cochlear. Section Scutellastra Ads. P. pentagona. Section Cymbula Ads. P. compressa. Section Patellastra Monts. P. lusitanica. Subgenus Patinella Dall. Branchial cordon complete ; epipo- dial line scalloped ; no central tooth ; dentition ;(,'"5);. P. magellaniea. Subgenus Nacella Schum. Animal as in the last. Shell oval, thin, pellucid, summit anterior, submarginal. J. mytilina. Section? Cellana Ad. Subgenus Helcion Montf. Branchial cordon interrupted in front. Epipodial line papillose; dentition 3°); ZH. pectinatus. Synonym Patina (Leach) Gray. P. pellucida. Subgenus Helcioniscus Dall. Branchial cordon interrupted ; sides of the foot smooth ; dentition ,(.""5);. H. variegatus. Genus TRyBLiIpIuM Lindstr., 1880. Shell like Putel/a ; muscle- scar broken into a number of separate impressions (fossil.) Subgenus Paleacmea Hall, 1873. Shell like Seurria; muscle-scar like Tryblidiwm (fossil.) Dr.-Fischer places Metoptoma in Capulide on account of the pos- terior apex, which is unlike all docoglossate limpets. It is evident that a great mass of material must be examined before a just appreciation of the constancy of the characters used to separate groups in this family can be attained. A survey of all available sources of information upon the soft parts and radulze has convinced me, against my preconceived ideas, that the presence or absence of a rhachidian tooth and the continuity or interruption of the branchial cordon are not sufficiently constant to be used as characters for the separation of genera. In some cases it is evident that they are scarcely specific. The radulze should be thoroughly re-examined, as many of the published figures are not sufficiently accurate to be of much use. PATELLIDE. 79 Synopsis of Groups of Patellide. A, Two inner lateral teeth on each side anterior. Subgenus Pare.ia Linné, 1758 (restricted.) Branchial cordon complete; sides of foot having no evipodial pro- jections. Two inner lateral teeth on each side anterior, the rhachidian tooth present or absent. Apex of the shell near the center. Type P. vulgata. Section PATELLA s. str. Inner layer of the shell subtranslu- cent, exhibiting when closely examined a concentrically fibrous texture; more or less iridescent. Radula without a rhachidian tooth ; formula ;(,.,);. Type P. vulgata. Cymbula Ads. and Patellastra Monts. are synonyms. Section ScurELLAsTRA Ads., 1858. Inner layer of the shell opaque, porcellanous, not iridescent. Radula either with or without a rhachidian tooth; formula ,(.°")); or 3(.7""1)s. Olana Ads. is a synonym. Section AncistRoMEsuS Dall, 1871. Inner layer of the large, massive shell porcellanous, opaque. Rhachidian tooth of the radula developed, bearing a cusp; formula ;(,""));. Type P. mexicana. Subgenus Hetcron Montfort, 1810. Branchial cordon interrupted in front; side of foot smooth, with- out epipodial processes. Inner two lateral teeth on each side ante- rior, no rhachidian tooth. Shell oval, apex anterior. Formula of teeth: 4G 74,)5- Section Hencron s. str. Shell oval, with anterior apex ; sur- face sculptured with scaly radiating ribs. Type H. pect- inatus. Section Patrrna (Leach) Gray, 1840. Shell with anterior or subcentral apex ; radiately striated, polished. B. One inner lateral tooth on each side anterior. Subgenus NaceLLA Schumacher, 1817. Branchial cordon complete; sides of foot bearing a scalloped epipodial ridge. One inner lateral tooth on each side anterior ; rhachidian tooth none or rudimentary. Interior of shell having a satin-like or metallic luster. 80 PATELLA. Section NaceLna s. str. Gills very small in front. Shell oblong, thin, the apex curved forward, near or at the an- terior extremity of the shell. Type P. mytilina. Section ParineLLA Dall, 1871. Gills equally developed all around. Shell solid, colored, ribbed, the apex subcentral or anterior. Type P. magellanica. Subgenus Hertcroniscus Dall, 1871. Branchial cordon interrupted ; sides of the foot smooth, lacking epipodial processes. One inner lateral tooth on each side, anterior. Shell solid, having the apex subcentral or subanterior, inner layer subtranslucent, more or less iridescent or satiny. Type H. variegatus Rve. Resembles Patinella in texture of shell and dentition, but lacks an epipodial ridge, in the latter respect resembling Patella. It differs from both in having the branchial cordon interrupted in front. Genus PATELLA L., 1758. Patella L., p. Syst. Nat. x, p. 780 (in part).— Eruca TORNEFORT. — Patellites WaLtcu.—FPatellaria LiunHwyp.—? Goniclis Rar. olim. —Patellus MONTFORT. Subgenus PATELLA (restricted.) The subgenus is here considered to=Patella-- Ancistromesus of Dr. Dalls’s arrangement. It is one of the best-defined groups of the family, being characterized by (1) the continuous branchial cordon, (2) smooth sides of the foot, having no epipodial ridge or processes, and (3) having a peculiarity of the radula found in none of the other groups except Helcion-+-Patina ; viz., the two inner lateral teeth on each side are unicuspid and situated in front of the third laterals, which are larger and have several (generally three) cusps. This disposition is easily understood by reference to pl. 52, fig. 1 representing the odontophore of Patella vulgata. In some species a central or rhachidian tooth is developed, and when this is the case it is placed on the same level with the inner laterals. See under section Ancistromesus. A reference to the synopsis of groups on page 79 shows that the subgenus consists of three sections, of which the first is PATELLA. 81 Section PATELLA (restricted. ) Cymbula H. & A. Apams, Gen. Rec. Moll., p. 466, is a synonym, its type being P. compressa L. Rhachidian tooth of the radula absent. Inner layer of the shell subtranslucent, exhibiting when closely examined a fibrous texture; usually more or less iridescent. Distribution: European seas, West Africa and the adjacent islands. The oceanic and west African allies and varieties of P. cerulea are much in need of revision. Too many species have been made, most of which are here retained for want of sufficient material to show their actual specific affinities. P. FERRUGINEA Gmelin. PI. 53, figs. 1, 2,3; pl. 17, figs. 23, 24. Shell oval, conical, solid, the apex in front of the middle; slopes straight or convex ; roughly sculptured with numerous (44-50) strong, unequal rounded radiating ribs, which are wider than their inter- spaces, and which strongly denticulate the margin. Dull and lusterless, ashen, more or less stained with brown. Interior bluish-white, porcellanous ; muscle-scar deeply impressed ; central area thick, callous, opaque-white, its border well-defined. Margin strongly fluted, having a brown line at the edge. Length 62, breadth 50, alt. 20 mill. Mediterranean Sea, from the dAfgean to Spain. P. ferruginea GMEL., Syst. p. 3706.— WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. des Mittelm. ii, p. 401.—P. lamarckii Payr., Moll. de Corse p. 90, t. 4, f. 3, 4.—Desu., Exped. Sci. de Morée iii, p. 185.—P. plicata Costa, Catal. Sist. p. 119.—P. costosoplicata REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 14— Hipaueo, Journ. de Conchyl. xv, p. 416.—Lepades vertice integro, margine lacero, ovate, costoso-plicata, ete. MArrint, Conchyl. Cab. i, p. 91, t. 8, f. 66; also Lepas magna, vertice integro acuto, albo, etc., etc., t. ¢, p. 117.—P. rouwi Payr., Moll. de Corse, p. 90, t. 4, f. 1, 2.—P. pyramidata Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 327—DELEssERT, Rec., t. 22, f. 3.—P. ferruginea var. pyramidata WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. des Mittelm. p. 401. The strong rounded ribs, deeply crenulating the margin, distin- guish this from other European species. The interior is faint bluish and slightly opalescent outside of the muscle-scar ; inside of it there is a distinctly defined, opaque white callus. The ribs number from 44 to 50 in all. 6 82 PATELLA. There is no warrant whatever for the use of the name “ contoso- plicata Martini” for this shell. There is not the slightest pretension to or attempt at binomialism or the use of generic names in the first volume of Martini. De Gregorio has described the following varieties: sitta, imperat- oria, percostata, ficarazzensis (Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. x. p. 120, 124.) P. vuiteaTta Linné. PI. 10, figs. 1-6. Shell solid, oval, conical, the apex a little in front of the middle; slopes nearly straight; surface sculptured by numerous radiating ribs (often subobsolete), the spaces between the ribs having radiating strize. Color varying from whitish to pink, yellow, slate, olive, or black, the ribs generally lighter. Interior somewhat opalescent in dark specimens, usually yellow- ish and showing faint rays around the edge, the central area varying from white to dark-brown. Length 44, breadth 37, alt. 17 mill. Lofoten Is., Norway, to Spain. P. vulgata L., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1258.—ForBes & Hantey, Hist. Brit. Moll. ii, p. 421, t. 61, f. 5, 6—Jerrreys, Brit. Conch. 11, p. 236; v, t. 57, f. 1-4 (with varr. elevata, picta, intermedia, depressa, cerulea).— H1DALGo, Mol. Mar. Esp. t. 52, f. 1-8; t. 53, f. 7, 8— Datu, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 268, t. 15, f. 23 (anatomy).— Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 118, t. ii, f. 7a. 7b. (dentition).— Harvey, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxii, pt. 3, p. 601-636, 1885 (anatomy and histology).—? P. radiata Perry, Conch., t. 43, f. 1. The common Patella of northern Europe is the typical vulgata of Linné. It is more elevated than the Mediterranean shells, but some specimens of the latter can scarcely be separated specifically. The species is excessively variable: The forms recognized by Jeffreys occurring on the English coast are as follows: Form elevata Jeffry. Much smaller, rounder and higher. Form picta. Smaller and thinner; with alternate rays of reddish and dark blue. Form intermedia Knapp. Smaller, flatter and oval, with finer ribs and an orange crown; inside golden-yellow or tinged with flesh- color (occasionally cream-color) in the center, and beautifully rayed toward the margins (Ann. Mag. N. H. xix, 1857, p. 211). Form depressa Pennant (pl. 11, figs. 24, 25, 26). Much depressed, more oblong than the usual form; ribs finer but sharp; apex more anterior; inside porcellanous with a pale orange head scar or PATELLA. 83 spatula. P. athletica F. & H. is asynonym. This form is thicker and more coarsely sculptured than the var. aspersa Lam. P. c®RuLEA Linné. Pl. 10, figs. 7-12. Shell depressed, thin, spreading, usually more or less distinctly 6 or 7 angled; riblets rather fine and notably unequal. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Madeira; Azores; Canaries. P. cerulea L., I. ¢., p. 1259.— Han ry, Sh. of L., p. 421.—Putt., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 109, t. 7, f. 5—Rrrve, Conch. Icon., f. 28. —Hrparco, Mol. Mar. Esp., t. 50, f. 5, 6; t. 51, f.1, 2.—Buaq. Daurz. & Douur., Moll. Mar. Rouss., p. 471, t. 58, f. 1-7.—P. fragilis Putu., Enum. i, p. 40, t. 7, f. 6—P. subplana P. & M., Galerie de Douai, i, p. 524, t. 37, £3, 4.—P. eerulea v. subplana Bua. Dautrz. & Dour., Moll. Rouss., p. 473.—P. tarentina Lam., not v. SAuis.—P. seutellaris BLAINVILLE, not LAM. P. aspera Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 827.—P. bonnardi Rve., not Payr. P. tarentina v. Sauts; Reise ins Koenig. Neapel, p. 359, t. 6, f. 2.— P. bonnardi Payr., Moll. de Corse, p. 89, t. 3, f. 9-11. P. crenata GMEL., Syst., p. 3706.—OrB., Moll. Canaries, p. 97, t. 7, f. 6-8.—Drovet, Moll. Mar. Acores, p. 40. Separated from P. vulgata mainly on account of its more expanded, depressed, generally thinner shell and more southern range. JI am wholly inclined to believe that the line of separation is artificial, and that the two species vulgata and ewrulea fade into one another. The variations of the genuine cerulea are numerous including the following forms: Form fragilis Phil. Shell thin, the radiating strize very fine. Form intermedia B. D. & D. Intermediate between the regu- larly oval and the polygonal forms. Form adspersa B. D. & D. Dotted with white on a greenish- gray ground. Form subplana Pot. & Mich. (figs. 7,8). Large, thin, pentagonal, the apex quite anterior. This is P, seutellaris of Blainville, Reeve, and others. As mutations under it rank form stellata B. D. & D., having the angles prolonged, star-like; form cognata B. D. & D., having the pentagonal form of subplana and the rugose sculpture of aspera. 84 PATELLA. Var. ASPERA Lamarck. Pl. 11, figs. 20, 20a, 21, 22,23: pl. 53, figs. 4, 6. Solid, depressed, the growth-lines rising into more or less promi- nent scales on the conspicuous ribs. Mediterranean and Adriatie Seas. Form tarentina von Salis. Pl. 53, fig. 6. Conspicuously rayed with brown; nearly smooth, Form spinulosa B. D. & D. (pl. 53, fig. 4). Ribs spinose. Additional names applied to forms belonging to the vulgata and cerulea stock are forms comina, depressaspera, macrina, albula and cimbulata De Greg., Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. x, 1884, pp. 122, 123; P. taslei, ordinaria, goudoti, servaini and tenerifie J. Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris, 1887-1888, pp. 78-81. Var. CRENATA (Gmelin) Orbigny. PI. 54, figs. 12, 18, 14. Depressed, irregularly oval, having numerous rather low riblets, over which small granules are scattered more or less closely. Yellowish-brown or tawny outside; the inside usually bluish, more or less iridescent, white in the middle. Azores and Canary Is. Var. LOWE! d’Orbigny. PI. 53, figs. 7, 8, 9,10, 11; pl. 29, figs. 44, 45, 46. Depressed, spreading, angularly ovate, solid, the surface very densely ribbed, the ribs unequal, scaly, especially toward the mar- gins. Color varying from dull brown or rust red to blackish-brown ; sometimes rayed with white. Edge of the shell denticulate, the pro- jections compound, foliated. Inside varying from white to deep blue, iridescent, haying a fibrous texture; the central area generally white, and much thick- ened, callous. Madeira, Azores, Cape Verde and Canary Is. P. lowei Ors., Hist. Nat. Canaries, Moll., p. 97, t. 7, f. 9, 10.— DautzENBERG, Mém. Soe. Zool. France, iii, p. 161, 1890.—DRovet, Moll. Mar. Acores, p. 40.—P. azorica Nurr., teste Jay, Catal., 4th edit., 1852, p. 100, no. 2798. More spreading and angular than var. aspera, and the marginal denticulations are foliated. Figure 48 of pl. 29 is not characteristic. PATELLA. 85 The other figures are drawn from specimens before me. Dr. H. Simroth (Zur Kenntniss der Azorenfauna, in Archiv fiir Naturge- schichte 54th year, 1888, p. 215, Apr., 1889) ranks the Azores Patella under the single species aspera, with several varieties as follows : “Patella aspera Lam. a. typical form,—P. lowei Orb., P. baudont Drouet, P. specta- bilis Drouet, not Dkr. b. P. moreleti Drt., P. crenata Gm. of Orb., in Moll. Canar., and probably P. gomezi Drt. c. var. simrothiv. Martens. Narrower, oval, flat. Ribs weaker, more rounded than carinated, either entirely smooth or hay- ing distinct scales. Margin but little crenated. Color of the outside pretty regular dark reddish-brown ; inside also pretty dark, obscure violet, sometimes more reddish, sometimes more dark blue, the central area bluish-white or gray-blue, sometimes with an admixture of yellow; rarely having dis- tinct dark rays inside. The margin is often somewhat horizontally dilated. Apex at the front % Length 41, breadth 30, alt. 14 mill.; length 32, breadth 24, alt. 10 mill. Azores. Approaches J. cerulea L. but evidently deserves a separate name. d. var. accedens ad lusitanicam Gmel. Higher, broader more bluntly elevated, ribs and border similar to the fore- going. Colored outside and inside with broad dark, defined rays on a light ground. Central area lead-gray, rarely yellowish or reddish. Only small specimens, length 25 breadth 2i, alt. 11 mill., apex at 3 of the length. The P. nigrosquamata Dkr. of Drouet is perhaps this, but without rays.” P. MoRELETI Drouet. PI. 56, figs. 27, 28. Shell subdepressed, very rugose, ribbed, the ribs scaly, scarcely solid ; brownish-green outside: inside brownish or reddish, iridescent, with a white spot at the summit. Apex acute.- Aperture ovate, erenulated. Length 40, breadth 30, alt. 12 mill. (Drouet.) Fayal, Azores. P. moreleti Dr., Moll. Mar. Acores, p. 42, t. 2, f. 10, 11, 1858. Considered a variety of P. aspera by Simroth. 86 PATELLA. P. comesit Drouet. PI. 54, figs. 17, 18. Shell large, subdepressed, rugose, ribbed-plicate, rather solid; outside grayish-brown or rufescent; inside shining, brown, pearly ; apex situated at the front third of the length, obtuse; aperture oval, entire. Length 50-60, breadth 50-53, alt. 12-15 mill. (Drouet.) Bay of San Lourenzo, Santa Maria, and Pico, Azores Is. P. gomesii DRroveEt, Mollusques Marins des [les Acores, p. 39, t. he 607, 1808; More depressed and less elongated than P. candei, the ribs more conspicuous, the summit more obtuse. Referred by Simroth to P. aspera var. moreleti Drt. P. Bauponu Drouet. PI. 54, figs. 15, 16. Shell large, subelevated, coarsely ribbed, plicate, solid, thick; outside grayish-green, inside white; vertex subacute, submedian ; aperture oval, a little crenated. Length 60, breadth 50, alt. 25 mill. (Drouet ) Santa Maria and Pico, Azores. P. baudoni Dr., Moll. Mar. Acores, p. 41, t. 2, f. 8, 9, 1858. This seems to be very closely allied to P. ferruginea Gmel. It is referred by Simroth to P. aspera. P. cANDEI d’Orbigny. PI. 55, fig. 22, 23, 24. Shell elevated, conical, thick, smooth or irregularly roughened ; ovate, margin entire. Inside buff, bluish in the middle; outside pale yellow. Length 67, breadth 58, alt. 27 mill. (Ord.) Canaries. P. candei Ors., Hist. Nat. Canaries, ii, 2d part Mollusques, p. 98, t. 7, f. 11, 12, 1844.—ReErEveE, Conch. Icon., f. 34, 1854. P. crrruLius Gould. PI. 28, figs. 39, 40, 41. Shell sub-diaphanous, thin, sub-conical, moderately elevated, sum- mit prominent ; apex anterior, acute, feebly incurved, usually some- what eroded; a great number of faintly elevated lines, studded with fine tubercles or asperities, radiate from it, and become obsolete about half way towards the margin. Strize of increment coarse and irregular, overlaying each other, so as to give the shell a rude, con- centrically squamose aspect externally; disk nearly oval, a little narrowed anteriorly ; margin very thin and sharp, finely and irreg- ularly undulated. External color a dusky olive-green, with a shade PATELLA. 87 of brown showing through it, ornamented with concentric, undu- lating lines of obscure white. Interior greenish-white, with bright iridescent reflections; a slight spatulaform deposit at the fundus, bluish at the edges and forepart, passing into greenish towards the middle and posterior portions. ( Gld.) Length 14, breadth 14 inch. Funchal, Madeira Is. P. citrullus GuLp. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, p. 149, July, 1886 ; U.S. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Sh. 335, f. 448. This shell resembles somewhat the skin of a cucumber externally. The radiating strize occupy the upper half of the shell, and the lower half is somewhat imbricated by the stage of growth. It is somewhat like P. Candet D’Orb. (Gild.) I have not seen this species. It should be compared with P. cerulea var. crenata, and with P. candet. P. LusITANICA Gmelin. PI. 11, figs. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. Shell solid, conical, rounded-oval, the apex elevated and slightly in front of the middle; front slope straight, posterior slope slightly convex. Surface dull, lusterless; having close unequal, granose radi- ating riblets. Ashen-white, with blackish rays wider than the white ones, the granules on the ribs black. Interior rayed with brown or purplish-black on a lighter ground, the central area white, brown or blue-black, often surrounded by a yellow stain. Length 35, breadth 29, alt. 16 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas ; Atlantic coast of Portugal and S. W. France (Gironde) ; Madeira. P. rustica Linn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 783, teste HANLEY, Shells of L., p. 427 (Not P. rustica Linn., Mus. Ulrice, nor of REEvE, Conch. Teon., nor of MENK®r, Moll. Noy. Holl. Spec.).—P. lusitanica GMEL., Syst. p. 8715.—Pur., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 110—Hrpareo, Mol. Mar. Esp. 51, f. 3, 8—Bugq. Dautz. & Douur., Moll. Mar. Rouss. i, p. 469, t. 57.—P. granularis v. Sauis et al., not Linn.— P. nigropunctata REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 57.—P. piperata Gup., U. S. Exped. Moll. p. 338, atlas f. 449. The conical form and dark or black granules upon the radiating riblets readily distinguish this species. 88 PATELLA. P. piperata Gould (pl. 29, figs. 50-52) is identical. The P. rus- tica of Linné (Syst. Nat. x) is, according to Hanley, who has studied Linné’s type, the same as Jusitanica; but Linné afterward described another and entirely different shell under the same name, and as his original description is insufficient, the name rustica had better be dropped entirely. The conical, compact form and subgranose riblets, dotted with blackish, are characteristic. The species may perhaps be found to intergrade with P. guttata Orb., but proof of this is lacking at present. P. cutrata d’Orbigny. PI. 56, figs. 29, 30, 31. Shell elevated (the young depressed), conical, thick, unequally — ribbed, the ribs alternately large and small, longitudinally tuber- culate, the tubercles black; interior grayish, yellowish-red in the middle. ( Ord.) Length (adult specimen) 54, breadth 46, alt. 35 mill. Length (young specimen) 25, breadth 19, alt. 5 mill. Teneriffe and Grand Canary Is., Canaries. P. guttata Ors., Hist. Nat. Canaries, Moll., p. 98, t. 7b, f. 13-15, 1844.—REEvE, Conch. Icon., f. 91—DauTzENBERG, Mém. Soe. Zool. Fr. iii, p. 161, 1890.—P. frauenfeldi DunKxeEr, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, xvi, p. 914, 1866—FRAurENFELD, Reise der Oesterreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool. Theil, ii, Moll., p. 15, ta, 26: The black nodules upon the ribs and the red stained interior are prominent and characteristic marks. It is somewhat allied to P. granularis, natalensis, etc. P. nigrosquamosa Dkr. is probably a variety or synonym of this species. Von Martens (Zool. Ree. iii, p. 188) having examined part of the original specimens of P. frawenfeldi, considers them identical with guttata. The locality “‘ Madras” is an error. P. nrcGRosquaMosa Dunker. PI. 13, figs. 57, 58, 59. Shell ovate, convex-conie, whitish with large and small scaly radi- ating ribs; scales erect, blackish. Apex subcentral, rather acute. Margin crenulated. (Dkr.) Length 19 mill. Horta, Fayal Is., Azores. PATELLA. 89 P. nigrosquamosa Dxr., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 25.—P. nigro- squamosa var. minor DxKr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer. p. 41, pl. 7, f. 4-6, We must retain this name for the Azores form for which it was originally proposed. Dunker subsequently included the larger Cape species, P. natalensis. Compare P. guttata Orb. of which this may prove to be a variety. P. RANGIANA (Valenciennes) Rochebrune. PI. 58, figs. 42, 45. Shell ovate, depressed-convex, rufous; vertex submucronate, usually eroded, situated at % of the length; having larger and smaller radiating broad, very scaly ribs, scales subimbricating, obtuse, lenticular; margin undulating; interior bluish, silvery- pearly, rayed with bands and spots of purplish, the center spatulate, pale orange. Length 44, breadth 36, alt. 19 mill. (Roenebr.) Porto Praya, Cape Verdes. P. rangiana (Valence. ms.) ROCHEBRUNE, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris, 7th Ser., vi, p. 29, 1882; Nouv. Arch. du Mus. 2d Ser., iv, piezo, t.15,f 7, 1881. P. GuUINEENSIS Dunker. PI. 12, figs. 34, 35, 36, 37, 38. Shell oval, sometimes elliptical, subelevated, rather solid, con- centrically striate and subrugose; furnished with close, unequal subnodose radiating ribs, in part obsolete. Bufforange, rayed and variegated with brown. Apex projecting, inclined forward, submamillar, situated at the front 4 of the length. Interior bufforange, center milky and lurid. Margin acute, slightly crenulated, nearly simple, Length 27 mill. Ratio of length, breadth and alt. = 100: 88:30. (Dkr.) Loanda, Guinea. P. guineensis Dkr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer. p. 40, t. 7, f. 19, 20, 21; 1; 2, 3- P. sPpECTABILIS Dunker. PI. 12, figs. 45, 46, 47. Shell ovate, subdepressed, solid, buff or dull white, rayed with red- dish ; apex somewhat obtuse, situated at 3 the length, or the space in front bearing to the space behind the apex the ratio of 3 to 4. Having numerous radiating ribs, which are rugulose, subnodose, subimbricated toward the margin. Interior bluish, the center white; margin irregularly folded, crenulated, scarcely angular. Length 43, breadth 342, alt. 12 mill. A large example measures 62 mill. in length. (Dkr.) Loanda, Guinea. 90 PATELLA. P. spectabilis DKr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 39, t. 6, f. 7-9. Should be compared with P. cwrulea var. aspera. P. sAFIANA Lamarck. PI. 55, figs. 19, 20, 21. Shell ovate-oblong, convex, variable; having equal radiating flattened white ribs, the interstices brown; apex subacute, inflexed. It is of grayish whitish above, and rayed between the ribs with yel- lowish or slightly brown rays. The internal border is of a bluish nacre. (Lam.) Ocean coast of Morocco. P. safiana Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 329, 1819.—DELEssERT, Ree. de Cog. t. 22, f. 2. The following species, conspicua Ph., is probably identical with this forgotten Lamarckian shell. P. consprcua Philippi. PI. 56, figs. 25, 26, 26. Shell rather thick, ovate, a little broader behind than before, with about 54 flat, somewhat sharply angular, coarse ribs, and about double that number of weaker riblets in their interspaces; the border is irregularly toothed and crenated by these ribs. The apex lies at the front third of the length; the front slope is straight, back slope convex. The color is whitish, with blackish-brown interrupted rays, here and there connected by transverse strie. Inside, the outer portion is whitish, showing the external black rays through the shell ; in the center more or less reddish-yellow. Sometimes the reddish-yellow color includes the central area and the muscle-im- pression, sometimes the muscle-impression is the darkest reddish- yellow, and the centrum itself lighter. (Phil.) Length 80, breadth 62, alt. 24 mill. Gaboon, Guinea. P. conspicua Putu., Abbild. iii, p. 71, t. 3, f. 1, October, 1849.— Dxr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 48.—? RErve, Conch. Icon., f. 12. I have not identified this species with certainty. The original figures and description are given. It is doubtful whether Reeve’s figures represent this species. I have copied them on pl. 21, figs. 47, 48. P. LuGUBRIs Gmelin. PI. 57, figs. 32, 38, 34, 35; pl. 12, figs. 39, 40, 41, 42, 48, 44. Shell conical, short-oval, solid; the apex situated in front of the middle; slopes slightly convex; sculptured with numerous (54 to PATELLA. 91 37) strong radiating ribs, most of which are compound, as if formed by the coalescence of several smaller ribs. Color dull black, some- times rayed with white. Interior blue, the central area either blue or white; border crenu- lated. Length 60, breadth 50 alt. 20 mill. Loanda and Benguela, Guinea; Cape Verde Is. P. lugubris GMELIN, Syst. p. 3705.—Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 52, 1854.—DunkeEr, Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer. p. 38, t. 7, f. 9-11, 22-24. The uniform black color is sometimes relieved by light rays, visi- ble inside, and sometimes the whole central area is white, the black rays not extending to the apex. These color-marks are best seen by looking through the shell at a strong light. The ribs are usually seen to be compound, or partially split into several smaller riblets ; but of the principal ribs there are generally about 54. P. PLUMBEA Lamarck. PI. 24, figs. 11, 14, 15; pl. 57, figs. 38, 39. Shell low-conic, oval or elliptical, rather solid; apex at the ante- rior two-fifths of the shell’s length; slopes convex. Surface sculptured with numerous riblets, sometimes narrow, irregular and close, sometimes separated. Color dull black, sometimes rayed with grayish, the rays scarcely perceptible outside. Interior blue, the central area elongated, white, often clouded or stained with rich brown. Margin crenulated. Length 53, breadth 42, alt. 15 mill. Senegal ; St. Helena. P. plumbea Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 528, 1819.—Desn., /. ¢. vil, p. 5380.—REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 5 and 46.—E. A. Suiru, P. Z. 8S. 1890, p. 296.—P. cerulea Quoy & Garm., Voy. de l’Astrol. Moll., iil, p. 342, t. 70, f. 4-6—P. eyanea Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, ii, p- 417.—P. canescens Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 103, This species is extremely variable in sculpture. The ribs are narrow, rathex separated, but often increased in number and close- ness by the secondary ribbing which transforms each rib into three, the middle one larger. The ribbing is finer than in P. lugubris, the shell is more elliptical, more depressed, and the central spatula of the interior is longer and narrower. The variations exhibited by the series before me cause me to regard P. safiana Lam. and conspicua Phil. as close allies, possibly varieties of this species. 92 PATELLA, The form called P. canescens by Reeve is figured on pl. 57, figs. 36,57. It has quite a different appearance, but I am disposed to believe that Mr. Smith is justified in placing it in the synonymy. Var. VATHELETI Pilsbry. PI. 57, figs. 40, 41, 42, 43. Shell low-conic, ovate-rectangular, solid; sculptured with numer- “ous unequal riblets, and having about nine larger but often indis- tinct ribs or angles, distinguished by white stripes, giving a more or less polygonal outline to the shell. The radiating ribs and riblets are closely cut or crenulated by concentric striz. The principal ribs are white, the intervals black. Upper part of the cone eroded, grayish-white. Interior whitish, somewhat stained with yellow, blotched around the margin with black, the central area either coal-black or mar- bled black and white. Length 28, breadth 22, alt. 7 mill. Senegal. These small shells are evidently allied to P. plumbea, but differ in contour, in the very short, broader central area of the interior, etc. They were collected by the Abbé A. Vathelet. P. apansonit Dunker. PI. 12, figs. 30, 31, 32, 33. Shell oblong-ovate, subelliptical, moderately elevated, sculptured with about 80-100 unequal ribs ; whitish, marbled and striated with black, brown and olive. Apex situated in front of the anterior third of the length. Interior bluish, the central area white and rufescent, sometimes rather flesh-colored or liver-colored; toward the edge rayed with reddish. Margin subcrenate-dentate. (Dkr.) Length of large specimen 50, breadth 41, alt. 17 mill. Loanda, West Africa. P. adansonii DKR., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 42, t. 6, f. 10-15, 1853. This species is evidently closely allied to P. plumbea Lam., differ- ing mainly in the varied coloring of the exterior. The number of riblets is very variable; one specimen has 120. There is a small riblet on each side of the larger ones, as in conspicua, plumbea, and many other species from this region. P. kRAusstr Dunker. PI. 13, figs. 54, 55, 56. Shell ovate, thin, rather depressed, pale brown, subcorneous, radiately ribbed and transversely striated, ribs unequal, subundulat- PATELLA. 93 ing; apex acute, curved over, somewhat hooked, situated nearly at 4 of the length. Margin acute, obsoletely plicate and crenulated be- neath. Interior somewhat hoary and bluish, the center dull white and yellowish. Length 31, breadth 22, alt. 8 mill. (Dkr.) Loanda, West Africa, P. kraussti Dkr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 42, t. 6, f. 4-6, 1853. There are 100-120 radiating 1ibs; the intervals between the larger ribs are occupied by 2 or 3 smaller riblets. The larger ribs are scaly and nodulous; and the whole surface is very delicately lineated. P. compressa Linné. PI. 61, figs. 68, 69, 70. Shell thin, narrow, oblong, the sides compressed and parallel ; con- ical, the apex in front of the middle and curving forward. Covered with close unequal radiating riblets; dull straw-colored, the young often finely dotted, spotted or rayed with bright crimson, pink or orange often marked with opaque-white dots or triangles. Interior white, or in the young marked like the outside: Edge of the shell even, the ends elevated. Length 94, breadth 45, alt. 35 mill. Cape Good Hope. P. compressa Lrxn., Syst. x, p. 783.—Krauss, Stidaf. Moll. p. 50.—Q. & G. Voy. de l’Astrol., iii, p. 338, t. 70, f 1—REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 18a, and of authors.— P. miniata Born, Test. Mus. Cees Vindob. p. 420.—Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 333.— Krauss, Die Stidaf. Moll. p. 51.—P. umbella GMEL., Syst. p. 3706—Lamarck, An. s. Vert. vi, p. 327.—ReEEveE, Conch. Icon. f. 17.—P. sanguinolenta GMEL., Syst., xiii, p. 3716, no. 180.—P. sanguinalis Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 95. This species is readily known by its compressed sides, elevated end-margins, and straw-yellow color. It is occasionally found varie- gated with red on the upper part of the cone, and the young are almost always so marked. Dead specimens have been found at St. Helena, doubtless drifted thither on seaweed. (See Smith, P. Z. S., 1890, p. 248.) The typical form of this species is never found living on shore. It lives upon large seaweeds, as one might readily tell by the form of the shell. When living on rocks it develops into the form known as P. miniata. Specimens which have changed their stations and show a corresponding abrupt change of sculpture are not very 94 PATELLA-—SCUTELLASTRA. infrequent. Parallel mutations occur in Acmea pelta, Patella gran- ularis, Patina pellucida, ete., ete. Var. MINIATA Born. PI. 26, figs. 22-27. Shell thin, varying from depressed and broadly ovate to conical and narrowly ovate; sculptured with numerous acute unequal radi- ating riblets, more or less destinctly decussated by growth-striz. Riblets white or yellowish, interstices occupied by red rays; the young speckled and blotched with red (rarely brown or purple- black). Interior having an opaque-white central area, the outer portion transparent and showing the color-rays. Length 70, breadth 58, alt. 13 mill. (normal.) Length 58, breadth 42, alt. 18 mill. (more elevated specimen; figs. 23, 24.) There is great variation in the form, still greater in the sculpture of this shell. Some young specimens are nearly smooth, having fine, subequal radiating riblets, scarcely decussated, whilst others have the riblets distinctly cut into close, compressed beads by the con- centric sculpture. In young shells the apex is much nearer the anterior end than in adults. P. ELECTRINA Reeve. PI. 18, figs. 33, 34. Shell orbicular, attenuated in front, rather depressed; sharp at the apex ; radiately densely ridged, ridges rough, irregular, bluntly squamate. Light fulvous, rusty about the apex and between the ridges. Interior transparent white. (/ve.) Australia. P. electrina Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 55. Dec., 1854. Of a transparent texture, stained with amber rust about the apex and between the ridges, the color showing conspicuously through in the interior. (Rve.) Compare P. miniata and P. lowei. Section ScurELLAsTRA H. & A. Adams, 1858. Scutellastra Aps., Genera Rec. Moll. i, p. 466, types P. gorgonica Humph., pentagona Born, plicata Born.—Olana Ans. l. ¢., type P. cochlear Gmel. Inner layer of the shell opaque, porcellanous, not iridescent nor fibrous in texture. PATELLA—-SCUTELLASTRA. 95 Animal similar to Patella, except that a small rhachidian tooth is frequently developed. Distribution, S. Africa to Central Pacific. I have separated this group from Patella s. s. mainly on account of the different texture of the shell. Although this distinction has not heretofore been noticed, 1 am confident that it is constant and of sufficient systematic value to warrant the course here taken. (1) Group oF P. BARBARA. Erect, oval shells, with numerous ribs or riblets. P. ARGENVILLEI Krauss. PI. 22, figs. 15, 16; pl. 58, fig. 44. Shell large, solid, elevated-conical, ovate, apex in front of the middle, slopes nearly straight. Surface closely sculptured with numerous (80-100) crowded, obtuse radiating riblets, obscurely alternating in size, and roughened by the low, scaly growth-lines. Color blackish, having concentric lighter zones. Interior white, stained at the muscle-scar with brown or yellowish- brown, the edges of the central area well-defined, laciniate, stained: border brown, closely crenulated by small teeth arranged in pairs. Length 81, breadth 62, alt. 43 mill. Table Bay, South Africa, P. argenvillei Krauss, Die Stidafric Moll, p. 49.—RErEve, Conch Tcon., f. 20.—? Lepas écaillé ARGENVILLE, La Conchyl., p. 504, t Oscte Ge P. NEGLECTA Gray. PI. 20, figs. 41, 42; pl. 58, figs. 40, 41. Shell large, solid, elevated-conical, elliptical or ovate; apex at about the front third; slopes nearly straight. Surface sculptured with coarse, irregularly subnodose, unequal radiating riblets. Ribs whitish, interstices blackish brown. Interior white, tinged with flesh-color, having some yellowish- brown clouds or stains in the central area; muscle-scar distinct, light-buff or flesh-tinted. Edge of the shell crenated, conspicuously marked with black-brown blotches, mostly in pairs. Length 95, breadth, 68, alt. 40 mill. Length 106, breadth 80, alt. 41 mill. King George's Sound, Mistaken Island, and Swan River, Aus- tralia. ? P. rustica Lrxn., Mus. Lud. Ulric p. 694, (not of Linn. Syst. Nat. x, = P. lusitanica Gm., q. v.)—P. rustica L., MENKE, Moll. 96 PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA. Nov. Holl. p. 33, 1843; and also Zeitschr. f. Malac. 1844, p. 62.— P. pileus Mxe., mss—? P. indica GMEL., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 3716, founded on Gualtieri, Testarum, t. 8, f. E, and Martini, Conch. Cab. i, p. 106, t. 7, f. 49.—P. melanogramma ? SowERBy, Genera, Patella, f. 1 (good!); not P. melanogramma Gmel., Syst. xiil, p. 3706, no. 74.—P. neglecta GRay, in Capt. King’s Survey of the Inter-tropical and Western Coasts of Australia, ii, appendix, p. 492, 1827.—P. zebra REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 7, Oct. 1854. This large species is much more strongly ribbed than P. argent- villei. The ribs are very unequal. The position of the apex is more anterior in my specimens than in Reeve’s figures, in one speci- men being decidedly in front of the anterior third, nearly reaching the fourth. The ribs are rudely nodular in young or half grown shells, but become obsolete and eroded with age. Notes on synonymy.—That this species is not the P. rustica of Linneus’ Systema x, is obvious (see under P. lusitanica, this volume). Whether it is the rustica of his later publications (Mus. Lud. Ulrice, p. 694, ete.) or of Gmelin, is a useless question into which we need not enter, but with Menke, I am disposed to believe that it is. Reeve’s P. rustica has nothing to do with this species, being either a large P. Jowet or animmature P. patriarcha. The P. indica of Gmelin, founded upon Gualtieri’s figure and Martini’s embellished copy of it, is very doubtful at best. Sowerby gave a most excellent figure under the name melanogramma, but it is not the shell so named by Gmelin. Gray fixes the identity of his P. neglecta by stating that it is the P. melanogramma of Sowerby’s Genera, not of Gmel. P. BARBARA Linné. PI. 59, figs. 50,51, 52, 53, 54, 55; pl. 15, figs. 12. , Shell rather large, depressed or conical, ovate; apex central ; slopes nearly straight. Sculptured with numerous elevated, acute narrow riblets, which bear conspicuous narrow vaulted spines. White or tinged with brown, the spines usually tipped with brown. Interior white, either immaculate or having the central area stained with light orange-brown. Margin strongly toothed, having a colorless border. Length 72, breadth 60, alt. 27 mill. Habitat unknown. P. barbara Lryyn., Syst. Nat.x, p. 782.—Han.ey, Shells of Linneeus, p. 4$18.—Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 325.—P. plicata Born, PATELLA—SCUTELLASTRA. 97 Mus. Ces. Vindob., t. 18, f. 1—Rkrrve, Conch. Icon., f. 16.—P. barbata Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 326—DELEssERT, Rec. de Coq,, t- 21, f. 1.—P. spinifera Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 326.—DELESSERT,, Rec., t. 21, f. 2—?? P. cypria GMEL., Syst. xiii, p. 3698. In all the variety of forms and names in which this species masquerades, it may be known by the acute, high, compressed ridges, which bear vaulted or sometimes solid spines, usually touched with brown at their tips. The ribs are unusually variable in number, 24 to 30 being developed on moderate sized individuals, not counting a few small interstitial riblets. The spines are rarely as numerous as: Reeve’s figures show. These are reproduced on pl. 15, figs. 1, 2. An elevated, conical form is figured on pl. 59, fig. 55. A form which may be known as var. OVALIs is figured on pl. 60, figs. 56, 57, 58. It is ovate and has about 41 ribs. Interior pure white. Length 95, breadth 70, alt. 31 mill. (2) Group oF P. sTELL#FORMIS. Shell having coarse, unequal ribs or riblets. P. prcA Reeve. PI. 22, figs. 9,10, 13, 14; pl. 59, figs. 47, 48, 49 ; pl. 26, figs. 28, 29. Shell solid, depressed, apex a little anterior, ovate, broad behind, more or less narrowed in front; having numerous (about 21) rude angular radiating ribs, and more or less obviously radiately striate. Whitish or ashen, irregularly blotched with black. Interior white, the central area sometimes stained with yellowish or brown. Edge crenated, having a narrow border which is usually whitish-buff dotted and blotched witheblack, but sometimes lacks all dark markings. Length 43, breadth 31, alt. 10 mill. Length 47, breadth 37, alt. 10 mill. Mauritius and Reunion. P. pica Rerve, Conch. Icon., f 45, 1854; also fi 68—P- chitonoides REEVE, f. 52.—Desu., Moll. Réunion, p. 48.—P. moreli. Du., Moll. Réunion, p. 43, t. 6, f. 18.—P. levata Du., 1. c., p. 44, t. 6, f. 14.—? P. dentata Duro, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1840, p. 204. The outline is somewhat spoon shaped, approaching that of P. cochlear. The ribs are usually subequal, and about 21 in number, but sometimes they are very irregular, as in the figures on pl. 59. fi 98 PATELLA—SCUTELLASTRA. In the form called chitonoides Rv. (pl. 26, figs. 28, 29) the ribs are somewhat more numerous, and the entire surface is purple-black. Iam unable to find differential characters in the P. moreli of Deshayes. I have copied the original figure on pl. 58, fig. 45, re- presenting an immature specimen. The same is true of P. levata Dh. (pl. 59, fig. 46). This species seems to be more than usually encrusted with calcareous growths, alge, etc. The specimens before me are from Mauritius, collected by Robillard. P. exusta Reeve. PI. 24, figs. 9, 10. Shell ovate, a little attenuated in front, flatly convex, rather spread ; apex inclined anteriorly; radiately ribbed, ribs with the surface rude, irregularly, obscurely prickly-scaled, interstices obsoletely latticed, with rather distant concentric ridges; burnt- black, red-tinged, interior marble-white ; edge remotely denticulated, purple-black. An extremely characteristic species, marble-white within, reddish- burnt black without, but of singular rude irregular, obsoletely latticed sculpture. (fve.) Habitat unknown. P. exusta Rvet., Conch. Icon., f. 35, Oct., 1854. This may prove to be the same as P. pica Reeve. If so the name exusta will take precedence. P. FUNEBRIS Reeve. PI. 60, figs. 59, 60, 61. Shell ovate, slightly attenuated in front, elevately convex ; smooth, rayed with tubercled ribs, tubercles swollen, sometimes rather distant. Dull black, rusty-white at the apex. Interior opaque white, sometimes rust-tinged. (Rve.) Habitat unknown. P. funebris Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 54. Dee., 1854. P. sTELL“#FORMIS Reeve. PI. 17, figs. 25, 26,27; pl. 61, figs. 62-65. Shell solid, low-conic, angularly oval, the apex central. Surface vary irregularly and roughly sculptured with carinated radiating ribs and riblets, 8 or 9 being more prominent in the typical form of the species. The ribs are rude, irregular, often somewhat scaly. White, sometimes marked in the interstices with black or rusty- black. PATELLLA—SCUTELLASTRA. 99 Interior white, frequently slightly stained in places with yellow- ish; central area white or stained with fleshy-brown, the muscle- scar sometimes outlined with reddish-brown. Margin very irregu- larly toothed. Length 45, breadth 35, alt. 14 mill. Japan to Port Jackson, S. Australia; eastward to Viti, Cook’s and Society Archipelagos. P. stelleformis REEve, Conch. Syst. ii, p. 15, t. 136, f. 3, 1842.— Dunker, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 156.—P. pentagona REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 48, 1854 —LiscuKer, Jap. Meeresconchyl. i, p. 114 (not P. pentagona Born).—Anaas, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 221—DAtt, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 272, t. 15, f. 22 (dentition).—P. pawmo- tensis GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 150, 1846; U.S. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Sh., p. 339, f. 440.—P. eretacea REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 58.—P. tramoserica Av., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1868, p. 369. This excessively variable species is allied to P. pica, differing mainly in not being narrowed anteriorly asa general rule. The main distinction, however, is geographic, the present form being Pacific, in distribution, whilst pica (and its immediate allies or varieties) is from the western part of the Indian Ocean. I doubt the occurrence of true ste//eformis in the last mentioned area. It is impossible to say what P. pentagona Born (Mus. Test. Cees. Vindob., p. 421, t. 18, f. 4, 5) is intended for. It is certainly not this species. Von Martens surmises that it may not belong to the Patellide. The figures somewhat resemble a large Siphonaria. The typical form of sted/e@formis has 8 to 10 larger ribs. Among the large number of minor modifications, typically quite diverse but intergrading by easy stages with the types, the following may be noticed : Var. PAUMOTENSIS Gld. (pl. 47, figs. 4, 5). Outline much more regularly oval; riblets very numerous and subequal. P. cretacea Rv. is asynonym. Another slightly differing form is figures on pl. 61, figs. 62, 63, 64. It is large, oval, coarsely ribbed, with fine secondary radiating stric. The interior is marked with brown. The specimen figured on pl. 61, fig. 65 has a great similarity to Reeve’s P. stellaris, and I am inclined to believe it is the same. It is very distinctly octoradiate, the ribs wide ; both ribs and intervals finely striated radially. See p. 51 of this volume for remarks on Reeve’s stellaris, and pl. 36, figs. 65, 66, copies of the original figures. 100 PATELLA—SCUTELLASTRA. Var. NIGROSULCATA Reeve (pl. 61, figs. 66,67). “ Ovate, rather solid, radiately grooved, grooves narrow, rather distant; rough chalk-white, grooves more or less black; interior yellowish-white, border faintly lineated.” ‘This seems to be a regularly oval form smaller than v. paumotensis, and more stained with rust-red inside, Numbers of shells before me correspond with Reeve’s figures. P. ACULEATA Reeve. PI. 25, figs. 20, 21 ; pl. 62, figs. 71, 72; 73; Shell oblong-oval, solid, conical, the apex at the front third. Sur- face dull, having numerous (about 23) strong, carinated, and more or less scaly-nodose ribs. White, with inconspicuous rust-reddish concentric bands. Interior whitish, tinged toward the middle with orange-brown, the cavity of the apex white with blue-black stains. Edge of shells dentate, having several narrow short reddish lines in each interval. Clarance River to Twofold Bay, Australia; Tasmania. P. aculeata REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 90, 1855:—Awneas, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 221.—TEnston-Woopns, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1877, p. 22. —Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. xiii, p. 224, 1883.—P. squamifera Rv., l. ¢., f. 94.—ANGAS, J. ¢., p. 221. There are about 23 large ribs, and some smaller ones in the interstices. The apex is at the anterior third, not central as it is in P. stelleformis, and the ribs are scaly. It is a common form at Port Jackson. The description of Reeve’s P. squamifera, which Brazier considers a mere synonym of this variable shell, is as follows: P. squamifera Reeve (pl. 62, figs. 74, 75). Shell ovate, somewhat depressed, rather thick, apex nearly central; radiately roughly ribbed and ridged, ridges irregularly rudely scaled. Whitish tinged with ash and black. Interior bluish-white. This is a solid, ash-colored shell, roughly sculptured. throughout with irregular scaly ribs and ridges. (Rve.) P. MORBIDA Reeve. PI. 15, figs. 3, 4. Shell ovate, rudely depressed, rotundately raised in the middle, radiately fimbriately ridged, more or less eroded, ridges obsoletely short-spined. Interior yellowish-white, more or less irregularly stained with black; exterior rust-eroded. (Rve.) Cape of Good Hope. P. morbida Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 64, Jan..1855. Of a characteristic depressedly furbelowed growth round the mar- gin, the radiating ridges armed here and there with short, sharp PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA. 101 black and white spines. Exteriorly the shell is roughly rust-eroded ; interiorly it has a peculiarly diseased look. (ve.) P. cHAPMANT Tenison-Woods. Unfigured. Shell ovate, somewhat broad behind, reddish or scorched and nebulously brown, apex acute, submedian ; with 8 radiating ribs more or less valid, and depressedly rounded, profusely radiate with very fine lire, and girdled with irregular sulci; margin angulate, nodulose. White within and clouded pale rose color, spatula searcely visible. Length 20, breadth 15, alt. 5 mill. (7'-W.) Tasmania. P. chapmani T.-W., Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1875, p. 157, 1876. Very rare. Four of the ribs are posterior, and the four anterior are smaller. (7.- W.) P. ustuLATA Reeve. Pl. 22, figs. 11, 12. Shell somewhat squarely ovate, a little attenuated in front, pos- teriorly convexly depressed, anteriorly tumidly umbonated, apex obtuse ; radiately elevately striated, strize scabrous next the mar- gin; burnt-red, neatly rayed with rather distant narrow white bands, striz more or less black next the margin, interior white. (Rve.) Tasmania (Tenison- Woods). P.ustulata Rve., Conch. Icon f. 88, Jan., 1855.—TrEntson- Woops, Proce. Roy. Soc. Tasm, for 1876, p. 49, 1877.—P. tasmanica T.-W., 1. c. for 1875, p. 157, 1876. Tenison-W 00d’s description of his P. tasmanica is as follows : Shell ovate, solid, sordidly yellowish white, often corroded, apex sub-median with about 21 valid, angular radiating ribs, and the in- terstices rayed profusely with very fine subimbricated lire; within ivory white and shiny, more or less tinged with yellow; margin narrow, elegantly pectinated ; margined with a very fine blue line within, and an interrupted dusky brown line outside. Spathula scarcely defined. Recherche Bay and south generally. Nearer to P. alticostata Angas than any other. Length 49, width 38, alt. 20 mill. (7.-W). “Tf I am right in my identification of this shell, it must be the same as my P. tasmanica described in last year’s Proceedings of this Society. Reeve gives no habitat for his shell, which from appear- ance was worn and corroded. The unworn specimens found living 102 PATELLA—SCUTELLASTRA. = on the rocks are as different as possible, the ribs and riblets being then conspicuous, and the whole shell a dull yellowish-white with no trace of the scorched coloring. When dead, however, and thrown on the beach this feature is conspicuous. It has many fine riblets between the coarse, somewhat nodular ribs, and the margin is very finely pectinated. A peculiarity of the animal is that it seldom comes above low water mark, and prefers situations where it is much exposed to the waves. It is very stationary, often being sunk into a regular pit in the rocks, and appears to live upon the fine green ulva on the rocks. It is nearly always covered, not only with confervoid growths, but also nulliporze so as to quite alter its shape and appearance. This often alters the height of the shell, which is usually depressed, and changes the position of the apex, which is usually submarginal. The interior is white and the spatula not defined. “The animal is of uniform pale yellow at the base; white above the foot, gills semi-pellucid and continued as a delicate fringe al/ round the mantle I, however, noticed one exception where, like the former species, the gills were discontinued in front of the head, mantle without*tentacles ; head livid, with semi-pellucid tentacles ; eyes very small and at exterior base; buccal mass red and fleshy ; cartilaginous jaws long and less tumid than most limpets; odonto- phore scarcely as long as shell; not coiled, but bending with ivotes- tine in two folds, Teeth closely set and not high, composed of five central small curved cusps, and two tri-lobed laterals, all narrowly tongue-shaped, laterals more acute. The five centrals have the middle tooth often small. Teeth brown, lighter on the summit.” (3) Group oF P. GRANULARIS. Shell oval, sculptured with numerous granose riblets, none of them notably larger. Central tract of the inside and border generally dark. Dist., S. Africa. P. GRANULARIS Linné. PI. 63, figs. 80, 81, 82, 83. Shell solid, conical, ovate; apex in front of the middle; sculpt- ured with numerous (about 50) regularly granose riblets ; the gran- ules usually like small solid scales. Color dull brown, blackish, or ashen, dull reddish above. Inside opaque-white, with a broad black or dark brown border and a large reddish-chestnut central area. Length 58, breadth 48, alt. 26 mill. : Cape Good Hope. PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA. 103 P. granularis Lryn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 782.— Haney, Sh. of Linn. p. 419.—Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 3830.—ReEeEveE, Conch. Icon. f. 31.—Krauss, Die Stidafric. Moll. p. 52—Quoy & GAIMARD, Voy. de l’Astrol. iii, p. 341, t. 70, f. 12-15. Characterized by the closely granose riblets of the outside and the broad dark border and large orange-brown central area of the interior. It is not at all iridescent within. In one specimen (pl. 63, fig. 83) of this species before me the earlier portion is black, finely but obsoletely radiately striated, dif- fering totally from the normal later growth. A similar change of structure has already been noticed in this volume, page 18, under Acmea pelta var. nacelloides. P. NATALENSIS Krauss. PI. 13, figs. 65, 66, 67. Shell oval or oblong, conical, rather solid, slopes straight; apex at the front third. Surface sculptured with 40-46 rather separated regularly granulose riblets. Color ashen or blackish, the granules black ; apex generally eroded. Interior white, the margin intensely black, having a border of blackish-brown flames; central area dark reddish-brown. Length 31, breadth 23, alt. 12 mill. Length 27, breadth 20, alt. 11 mill. Natal, northward to Guinea. P. natalensis Krauss, Die Siidafric. Moll., p. 58, t. 3, f. 10, 1848. —P. echinulata Krauss, l. ¢., p. 52, t. 3, f. 15.—P. nigrosquamosa var. miliaris Put., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 162.—P. nigrosquamosa var. 1, Dxr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 41, t. 7, f. 7, 8. This is a compact, long-oval species. The outside is blackish with black tubercles on the riblets. The eroded apex is brown or clouded with brown, and surrounded by a white tract, which usually is digitate or rayed more or less, as figure 66 shows. The black outer layer is quite thin. The margin is intensely black. The central spatula varies from olive-brown to a deep red-brown. Philippi’s miliaris=Dunker’s var. 1 of nigrosquamosa (pl. 13, figs. 63, 64) is a synonym. Var. ECHINULATA Krauss. PI. 13, figs. 60, 61, 62. Smaller, narrower; grayish-brown, rayed with whitish. The basal side-margins are somewhat raised, so that the shell rests upon the ends only. Table Bay. 104 PATELLA—SCUTELLASTRA. P. vipua Reeve. PI. 63, figs. 78, 79. Shell ovate, moderately convex; strongly, sharply ribbed, ribs alternately smaller, minutely scaled, scales distant, the alternate rib sometimes nearly obsolete; rusty-black, eroded at the apex. Inte- rior whitish, with a broad rusty-black band at the edge; nucleus pale rust. (ve.) Island of Camiguing, Philippines. P. vidua Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 22, Oct. 1854. A moderately convex shell, rayed with sharp ribs, alternately Jarger and smaller, each rib being roughened with minute, some- what distant scales. The chief characteristic of this species lies in its broad deep rust-black marginal border. (fve.) (4.) Group oF P. COCHLEAR. Shell spoon-shaped, produced and narrowed in front; ribs numer- ous, subequal. P. cocHLEAR Born. PI. 27, figs. 34, 35. Shell spoon-shaped, depressed, solid; apex subcentral. Surface having numerous close radiating riblets, grayish or blackish, usu- ally encrusted or eroded. Interior white or purplish-blue, the muscle-scar black. Length 60, breadth 45, alt. 15 mill. Cape Good Hope. P. cochlear Born, Mus. Ces. Vindob. p. 420, t. 18, f. 3—REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 186, f. 5; Conch. Icon. f. 24.—Kravss, Die Stidafric. Moll. p. 48. The curiously narrowed anterior end gives a spoonlike appear- ance to this shell. Some specimens are almost perfectly flat, and have a red central callus. It has been made the type of a subgenus by the Adams brothers, but a number of other species approach it in contour, and form con- necting links with the oval limpets. (5) Group or P. LONGICOSTA. Shell large, having some (usually 7-11) of the ribs decidedly larger, rendering the outline more or less polygonal. Distribution, S. Africa. PATELLA—SCUTELLASTRA. 105 P. PATRIARCHA Pilsbry. PI. 64, figs. 84, 85; pl. 65, fig. 86. Shell very large and solid, conical, the apex a little in front of the middle; rounded oval, nearly as wide as long. Surface dull, coarsely ribbed, 9 or 10 primary ribs radiating from the summit, the secondary ribs numerous, some of them nearly as prominent as the primaries ; radiating striz also are to be seen in some places; growth-lines fine, inconspicuous. Color dull reddish-ashen. Interior pure white, the edge reddish-brown, bordered by a narrow subtranslucent band, sometimes not conspicuous. Length 127, breadth 112, alt. 45 mill. Length 117, breadth 105, alt. 48 mill. Cape Good Hope. ? P. rustica Rerve, Conch. Icon., f. 8, 1854, not P. rustica Linné (1758), nor P. rustica Menke (1843.) This is, next to P. (Ancistromesus) mexicana, the largest limpet I have seen, one of the specimens before me attaining a length of five inches. The interior is pure white, totally lacking the fibrous texture which renders P. cerulea and its allies iridescent. The shell figured by Reeve as “ P. rustica Linn.” is probably an immature specimen of this species, having the sculpture sharper. The true rustica of Linné is the small shell known to us as P. lusitanica (q. v.). The rustica of Menke is the same as P. neglecta Gray (q. v.) P. TABULARIS Krauss. PI. 16, figs. 9, 10. Shell ovate, solid, much depressed, whitish, with radiating reddish lines; radiately ribbed and striate, the striz and ribs unequal, cari- nated, scaly; larger ribs 12-14 in number. Margin digitately toothed; vertex obtuse, situated at two-fifths to one-third the length. Inside white, having a peripheral border of dull yellow spotted with brown, 2 mill. wide; space between border and muscle-impres- sion white; the muscle-scar and central area pale brownish. Length 59, breadth 46, alt. 8 mill. Table Bay, S. Africa. P. tabularis Krauss, Die Stidafric. Moll. p. 47, t. 3, f 8—Dxr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer. p. 41.—P. obtecta Kr, /. e. p. 49, t. 3, f 11. Reported by Dunker from Benguela, W. Africa. The strongly angular, star-like form and closely scaly ribs and strie are the prominent characters of this shell. 106 PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA. Var. opTECTA Krauss. PI. 16, figs. 7, 8. In sculpture like P. tabularis; but narrower, more elevated, less strongly ribbed. The central area of the interior is brown. Length 30, breadth 22, alt. 8 mill. Table Bay. P. GRANATINA Linné. PI. 62, figs. 76, 77. Shell large, rather thin but solid, conical, angularly ovate; apex subeentral, eroded, rust-color or dark brown. Surface having unequal radiating ribs or carinee, of which one at each side and three in the rear are especially prominent. Color dull whitish, closely marked with black spots, often zigzag or angular. Interior white, the portion outside of the muscle-scar haying a dis- tinctly fibrous appearance ; central area blackish-brown, sometimes mottled with white. Border very narrow, finely dotted with black and brown. Length 85, breadth 72, alt. 30 mill. Cape of Good Hope. P. granatina L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 782.—Lamarck, An. s. Vert. vi, p. 824.—Krauss, Die Stidaf. Moll., p. 48.—REEvs, Conch. Icon., f. 4.—P. apicina LAMARCK.—DELESSERT, Rec. de Cogq,, t. 21, f. 4.— ? P. picta Perry, Conchology, t. 438, f. 7. The prominent ribs of the exterior and the spotting of black (sometimes lost by erosion) are characteristic; inside the white, fibrous appearance and deep brown center are excellent diagnostic points. In old specimens the dark center is often considerably invaded by white in the middle and forward. P. ocuLus (Born) Auct. Pl. 27, figs. 30, 31, 32. Shell large, angularly oval, conic or depressed, solid. Apex in front of the middle. Sculptured with large angular unequal ribs, which project at the margins; and having a secondary sculpture of radiating strize when not eroded. Color blackish or dull brown outside; usually eroded. Interior having a very broad blackish-brown border, a light zone just outside the muscle-impression, the latter strongly marked, bluish-white. Area inside the impression callously thickened, yellow- ish flesh-colored. Length 88, breadth, 75, alt. 25 mill. Length 64, breadth 63, alt. 12 mill. (younger shell). Length 110, breadth 106, alt. 42 mill. (largest specimen seen). Cape of Good Hope. PATELLA—ANCISTROMESUS. 107 P. oculus Born (in part), Mus. Ces. Vindob. p. 418.—Sows., Conchol. Manual, f. 229.—Rereve, Conch. Icon. f. 2.—P. badia Gmel. Syst. p. 8700.—P. fuscescens GMEL., Syst. p. 8701.—P. schree- teri Krauss, Die Siidafric. Moll. p. 45. Allied to P. granatina, but not variegated outside except in the young (fig. 32), and entirely different in color inside ; this species being broadly black bordered with a light central area. The more markedly stellate forms, such as fig. 31, approach P. longicosta in outline, but the coloring of the interior is constantly distinct. It seems advisable to retain the well-known name oculus for this species, despite the fact that Born included another and probably * distinct species with this, in his references. P. tonercosra Lamarck. PI. 28, figs. 37, 38. Shell depressed, star-shaped, having 7 to 9 principal ribs which are carinated and project at the margins, and a variable number of smaller projecting ribs. Color black, usually rayed with whitish. Interior white, the central area often yellowish or flesh-colored, in the young generally stained or mottled with blue-black. The laciniate edge is bordered with black, often dotted with gray-white, rarely entirely white. Length 75, breadth 70, alt. 20 mill. Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope. P. longicosta Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 326, 1819.—DELESSERT, Ree., t. 21, f. 3 ——Rreve, Conch. Syst. ii, p. 136, f.6 ; Conch. Icon., f. 11—Por. & Mrcu., Galerie, i, t. 37, f.7, 8.—P. gorgonica Humpn. mss., teste Reeve. Allied to some forms of P. oculus, but much more distinctly stellate, and having a narrower black border within. Section Ancistromesus Dall, 1871. Ancistromesus Datu, Amer. Jour. Conch. Apr. 4, 1871, p. 276. Shell very large and heavy, its inner layer porcellanous, opaque. Animal with a complete branchial cordon, the lamella long and slender, subequal ; sides of foot smooth; radula furnished with a simple rhachidian tooth having a cusp; the two inner laterals on each side anterior to the third pair, which are large and quadri- dentate ; uncini simple. Formula of teeth ,(,"",)3. Pl. 31, fig. 62. The shell resembles very closely, in texture, sculpture and form, the larger South African species of Patella (Scutedlastra of my 108 PATELLA—HELCION. arrangement), some of which also possess a rhachidian tooth, as Hogg and others have demonstrated. P. Mexicana Broderip & Sowerby. PI. 31, figs. 59-62. The shell is very large, thick and heavy, oval, conical, with central summit. The dull, soiled white, eroded surface shows about 10 low angles or obsolete ridges, and young shells are rather finely striated (fig. 61). The interior is pure white or tinged with flesh-color, having also, usually, some brown or purplish stains. The muscle-scar is ,con- spicuous, roughened. Length 200, breadth 150, alt. 80 mill. Mazatlan! San Blas! Acapulco! W. Mexico; also Central” America. ; P. mexicana B. & §., Zool. Journ. iv, p. 369.—MkE., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1851, p. 37 —Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 1.—CarpEenrer,’ Mazat. Cat. p. 199.—Ancistromesus mexicanus Datu, Amer. Journ.'Conch. vi, p. 266, t. 15, f. 21 (dentition).—Lottia gigantea Gup., ms. in B. M.— Patella maxima Orp., Voy. Amér. Mérid. p. 482, and in B. M. Catal. d’Orb. Moll., p. 53. This is the largest living species of limpet, frequently attaining a length of 8 to 14 inches. The animal is black, more or less mar- bled and streaked with white. The shell is often used as a wash- basin in Central America. (See Dall, 7. ¢.) D’Orbigny described this species as P. maxima, giving the locality Payta, Peru. Subgenus Hretcron Montfort, 1810. Heleion Montr., Conch. System. ii, p. 62.—Gray, Guide, p. 176. —Datt, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 276. Helcion is composed of limpets differing from Patella s. s. in hay- ing the gill-cordon interrupted in front, the shell cap-shaped, apex curving forward. Two sections are distinguishable: Hrtcron (restricted), having a strongly convex solid shell with scaly radiat- ing ribs, and Parrna, in which the shell is nearly smooth and thinner. Section HELCION s. s. The gill-cordon is interrupted over the head, composed of small and filiform strands. PATELLA—PATINA. 109 The dentition is said by Dall to be the same as Patella except that the third or outer cusp of the third lateral tooth is obsolete. The shell is cap-shaped, scaly-ribbed, the apex strongly curving forward. P. PECTINATA Born. PI. 51, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell solid, oval, elevated, cap-shaped, the apex curved forward, nearly to or over the anterior margin. Surface sculptured with numerous close, densely prickle-scaled riblets, alternately larger and smaller. Riblets black, the intervals buff or pinkish. Interior of a dull lead color, sometimes a little iridescent at the edge. Length 27, breadth 22, alt. 14 mill. Cape of Good Hope. Patella pectinata Born, Mus. Cees. Vindob. p. 423, t. 18, f. 7, (1780).—Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 334.—Por. & Mtcu., Galerie, i, p- 529, t. 37, f. 11, 12—Krauss, Die Stidafric Moll. p. 57.—Not Patella pectinata Linn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 783, nor of GMELIN, Syst. xiii, — Siphonaria !—Patella intorta SowERBy, Genera of Shells, Cephala, Patella, f. 5—Patella pectunculus GMELIN, Syst. xiii, p. 3713.—Helcion pectinatus Montr., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 63.—Gray, Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. B. M., p. 126 (deser. of branchize).— Dat, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila. 1876, p. 244 (dentition). This cap-shaped, scale-ridged black species is unlike any other limpet, having much the contour of Scutedlina. Linneeus is gener- ally but erroneously quoted as the authority for the name. It isa common Cape species. Section Patina (Leach) Gray, 1852. Patina LEacu, Moll. Gt. Brit. (Gray’s edition) p. 223, 1852.— Gray, Syn. Br. Mus. 1840 (mame only no definition; no type mentioned).—Ansates SowB., Conch. Man. edit. ii, p. 68.— Helcion, Patella and Nacella sp., of authors. The branchial cordon is interrupted in front; side of the foot with- out an epipodial ridge or papillee. Dentition, pl. 52, fig. 2. Two inner lateral teeth on each side an- terior, having simple cusps, the third lateral having a broad tri- partite cusp. Formula of dentition A Gee re Epipodial papillee have been ascribed to this group by a recent authority, but I have satisfied myself that none are present by an examination of specimens. The sides of the foot are as smooth as in Helcioniscus exaratus. 110 PATELLA—PATINA. The shell has the contour and texture of Helcion but is generally thinner and the radiating sculpture is obsolete. P. PELLUcIDA Linné. PI. 51, figs. 4, 5, 9, 10. Shell thin, oval, elevated, the apex curved forward, near the an- terior end. Surface polished, smooth except for very faint radiating strie. Dark olive or brownish horn-color, reddish or blackish at the apex, and usually having a few radiating interrupted lines of vivid blue. Interior brownish, reddish or dusky within the cavity. Length 20, breadth 15, alt. 8 mill. Lofoten, Norway, to Cascaes Bay, Portugal. P. pellucida L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 783.—Forses & Han ey, Hist. Brit. Moll. ii, p. 429, t. 61, f. 54; t. AA, f. 1 (animal).—P. cerulea Putr., Cat. Dorset., t. 23, f. 6—P. bimaculata Monr., Test. Brit., p. 482, t. 13, f. 8.—P. ewruleata Da Costa, Brit. Conch., p. 7, t.1, £5, 6.—P. elongata and elliptica FuEM., Encye. Edin., t. 204, f. 2, 8.— P. cornea Por. & Micu., Galerie Douai, p. 525, t. 37, f. 5, 6—? P. intorta PENNANT.—P. minor WALLACE and P. cornea MICHAUD, teste Jeffr.— Patina pellucida Lracu, Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 224—Da.., Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 280, t. 16, f. 30 (dentition).—Helcion pellucidum JeFFR., Brit. Conch. ili, p. 242, t. 5, f. 4—Nacella pellucida Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 119, t. 2, f. 8 (dentition). —P. cypridium Perry, Conchology, t. 48, f. 6—P. levis PENNANT, Brit. Zool. iv, p. 144, t. 90, f. 151.—Patina levis Leacn, l. ¢., p. 224. —Patella cornea HEEBLING, Beitriige zur Kenntniss neuer u. seltener Conchyl., in Abhandlungen einer Privatgesellschaft in Béhmen zur Aufnahme der Mathematik, der Vaterlandischen Geschichte und der Naturgeschichte, iv, p. 107, t. 1, f. 8, 1779. A delicate cap-shaped shell, common on fronds of laminariz throughout the seas of northern Europe. Var. LAVIS Pennant. PI. 51, figs. 6, 7, 8. Shell more erect, the summit more nearly central; solid, thick, more obviously radiately striated and having coarse concentric wrinkles. Length 22, breadth 18-20, alt. 8-10 mill. The distribution is the same as the typical pellucida. The differ- ences are the result of station, the devis living imbedded in the stems of fuci. Specimens of all sizes may be found haying the typi- cal levis form, but frequently a devis is surmounted by an earlier growth of the pellucida type, like the similarly caused forms of P. granularis, compressa, Acmea pelta, ete., ete. PATELLA—PATINA. 111 P. TELLA Bergh. PI. 51, figs. 12-26. Under this name Bergh has given the following description and figures of the soft parts of a specimen, the shell of which had been detached and lost. The body measured in length 8°5, breadth 5 mill. The sole of the foot (fig. 14) is oval, 8 mill. long, 43 broad. The color is light brown, the sole having a median longitudinal band shining like a tendon, not quite reaching to the posterior end. The foot was very strong, having a narrow fringe except at the head and behind, but not scalloped as it is in P. pellucida. The branchial cordon is inter- rupted in front. The head is strong, exactly similar to that of P. pellucida. At the three-cornered, kidney-shaped anterior end (fig. 15) is the broad three-cornered mouth, and behind it the oblique, as if cleft, front end of the buccal mass. The tentacles were pretty short, quite cylindrical (figs. 12, 13), similar to those of P. pellucida. Unlike the latter, the eyes were not visible through the integument. On the upper side of the head the radula showed blackly through. The mantle-margin shows none or slight trace of a clothing with closely placed, short, tentacular bodies. The positions of anal and infra-anal papillze could not be determined. Above in the mouth-opening projected the edge of the upper jaw. The buccal mass wasstrong; about 2.5 mill. long by 1.5 broad. The form of the basal-plate of the jaw was not observed. The cutting (anterior) plate (fig. 17) was large, 1°3 mill. broad, light brownish- yellow, darker at the back margin, half-moon-shaped, a little nar- rower in the middle than at the sides, with obliquely excavated . anterior margin, thin back margin. The tongue was similar to that of P. pellucida, strongly black-pigmented at the side areas. The teeth had fallen off. ‘The number of rows, however, seems to have been 11. The odontophore sheath is very long, reaching over the upper surface of the foot. The posterior end is lacking; the remain- der has a length of 7 mill., its middle brownish, the sides with a peculiar greenish-yellow luster. In the sheath there are 38 devel- oped, 2 nearly developed (lighter colored) and 6 colorless, unde- veloped, transverse series of tooth-plates. The dentition agrees in all important characters with that of P. pellucida, as figured by Lovén. In each row there are 12 teeth, the formula being 3¢")3 On the rhachis there is in the middle-line (figs. 19, 20), a low, elongated, narrow (median) ridge, without cusp: (homologous with the rhachidian tooth in Ancistromesus), and on ay PATELLA—PATINA. each side of it three strong lateral teeth, of which the inner one is more or less fused with the median at their bases. The inner lat- eral (fig. 21) and the median lateral were rather similar to one another, the second lateral (rig. 19a, a, 20a,.a) heing only somewhat stronger, with somewhat S-shaped base (fig. 19); the cusps being on both strong but narrow. The outer lateral was much stronger than the others; the basal-plate broader (fig 25); the cusp broad, three-cuspidate, the outer cusp shovel-shaped, the two inner nar- rower, more acute. Of the 3 uncinal teeth on the pleura of each side (figs, 25-26), the outer is larger (fig. 23), the inner the smallest. They show themselves often as if fastened on the upper part of the basal-plate of the outer lateral tooth (figs. 28, 24). All three pairs of lateral teeth show the basal part and the outer portion of the cusp amber-yellow, the intermediate part was almost: as clear as glass. The side cusps were light horn-yellow. The length of the basal-part of the middle lateral tooth is about 0°15 mill.; the height from 0°15-0'16 mill. The length of the base of the outer lateral tooth 0°145-0:15, the breadth 0:14 mill.; the height of the tooth 0:16-0°18 mill.; the breadth of the cusp was about 0:12-0:13 mill. ; the length of the outer side-cusp 0:1, the middle 0:08, the inner 0:056 mill. The cusp of the outer was 0:025 mill. high. In the stomach was found a large-celled vegetable mass, similar to that found in various Pleurophyllids. Sargasso Sea. Patina tella Beran, Beitrige zur Mollusken des Sargassomeeres, in Verhandlungen der k.-k. zool.-bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, xxi, p. 1297, t. 12, f. 12-26 (1871.) The explanation of figures is as follows: 12. Head, from above. 13. Head, from in front. 14. Sole of the foot. 15. Buccal mass from the side; a anterior end, 6 broken radula sheath. 16. Buccal mass from below, a, 6, as above. 17. Front or cutting plate of the jaw, cutting edged turned up- ward. 19. Median ridge, inner and middle lateral teeth from the under side. 20. Median ridge, inner and a middle lateral tooth, obliquely from beneath. HELCION—PATINA. 1 is: 21. Inner lateral tooth, from the side. 25. Outer lateral tooth and side cusp, from the inner side. 24. The same, from the outer side. 25. The same, from the posterior side. 26. The three uncini. P. prurnosa Krauss. PI. 51, figs. 11, 11; pl. 13, figs. 68, 69. Shell oval, depressed-conical, nearly smooth, the apex near the front fourth of the length. Surface having faint radiating stric. Color varying from yellowish-olive to blackish-olive often mottled or rayed, and having fine interrupted radiating lines of blue. Interior olivaceous, dusky-whitish in the cavity. Length 28, breadth 21, alt. 6 mill. Length 31, breadth 24, alt. 9 mill. Cape Good Hope. P. pruinosa Krauss, Die Stidafric. Moll., p. 56, t. 3, f. 9—REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 109.—Patinastra pruinosa TarELE, Das Gebiss der Schn. ii, p. 326, t. 28, f. 24, 25 (dentition and jaw.) It is larger and more depressed than P. pellucida. The blue lines are broken into minute dots. It has the same indistinct radiating strie that are to be seen on the European species. Dr. Thiele has made this the type of a new genus, Patinastra, founded upon a very slight difference in the dentition, which is inter- mediate between that of Patina and Helcion. TCA E ok P. RosEA Dall. PI. 50, fig. 44. Shell small, egg-ovate, of a deep rose color; externally smooth except for very faint radiating ridges divaricating from the apex, and for lines of growth. Margin entire; apex minute, produced before the anterior margin. Interior smooth, white except the margins, which are polished and of the same color as the exterior. Nacre, especially when weathered, silvery. Length °35, width ‘27, alt. -12 inch, of largest specimen. (Dall.) East side of Simeonoff Island, Shumagins. Nacella (#) rosea Datu, Proc. Cal. Acad, Sci. iv, p. 270, t. 1, f. 2 (Oct. 8, 1872.) The soft parts have not been examined. ‘The position of this shell in Nacella where originally placed, is therefore, doubtful. It may 8 114 NACELLA. prove to be a Patina, which the types, seen by me in the U.S. National Museum, resemble as much as they do Nacella. Subfamily Nacetiin#, Thiele. The researches of Thiele have demonstrated that there are but two lateral teeth on each side in Nacella, Patinella and Helcioniscus, whilst Patella, Helcion, Patina, etc., possess three on each side. This difference is undoubtedy of considerable value, and I therefore depart from the arrangement adopted in the synopsis of groups on page 79, and consider the forms in my second division “ B. One inner lateral tooth on each side anterior” as constituting the sub- family NACELLIN”!. The subfamily differs from Patelline in possessing the character- istic dental formula ;(,,);, and in the shells having a distinctly metallic luster inside ;—the genus Patella having the formula of teeth 3("",); and the inside of the shell either transparent and fibrous, or opaque, porcellanous. On pages 79, 80, I have divided this group into two subgenera: (1) Nace, with sections Nacella s. s. and Patinella Dall, and (II) Hetcroniscus Dall. These divisions are used in the same limits by Thiele (/. ¢.), except that he considers the three as of generic rank, as Dall has already done. Genus NACELLA Schumacher, 1817. Nacella Scuum., Essai d’un nouv. Syst., p. 179.—Daux, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 274, 1871.—Tu1ELr, Das Gebiss der Schn. i, p. 329.—not Nacella of CARPENTER, Sars, et al. The gill-cordon is continuous. The foot is encircled by a scalloped epipodial ridge, interrupted in front. The dentition is practically the same as in Helcioniscus (q. v.), differing notably from that of Patella and Helcion-+ Patina. The shell has the apex subcentral or anterior, and is characterized by a peculiarly metallic texture, having the central area of the in- terior generally of a red-bronze color. ; The shell and dentition of Nacella approach near to Helcioniscus, but from this and all other Patedlide it is sundered by the presence of a developed epipodial ridge. Cape Horn was evidently the birth place of Nacel/a and Patinella. Thence they have been distributed eastward to the Falkland, New NACELLA. 115) Georgia and Kerguelen islands, by the eastward sweeping Antarctic current, carrying them upon sea weeds. A number of West American species placed under Nacella by Carpenter and others belong to Aemea. Two sections, having but slight distinctive characters in either shell or soft parts, have been instituted : (1). Nacella s. str., having the gills smaller in front, the shell thin, light, nearly smooth, the apex far forward. (2). Patinella Dall, in which the gills are equal all around, the shell more solid, and deeply colored. Section Nacel/a Schum. (restricted.) The dentition has been figured by Dall, and lately with more exactness by Thiele. According to Thiele, the typical NV. mytilina is more closely allied in dentition to Patinelia than to the other species of Nacella recognized by him, N. vitrea and N. hyalina. The rhachidian tooth is rudimentary and bears no cusp. ‘The inner side-tooth (homolo- gous, according to Thiele, with the second lateral in Pated/a) is broad, truncated, and has an outer cusp ; the second side tooth is posterior, and bears a small cusp on each side of the broad, truncated median cutting edge. PI. 74, fig. 3, represents N. vitrea Phil.; pl. 74, fig. 4, represents NV. mytilina Helbl. Only one species of this section, as restricted, is known. It lives upon the great sea weeds of the Tierra del Fuego shores. N. mytitrna Helbling. PI. 50, figs. 32-39. Shell thin or fragile, elliptical, convex, the apex strongly curved forward and downward near the anterior end; surface smooth except for narrow, faint, separated radiating riblets, more distinctly devel- oped in front. Color usually light brownish, the apex coppery. Inside silvery, large specimens usually having a coppery stain in the middle. Length 41, breadth 24, alt. 17 mill. Sts. of Magellan; Kerguelen Is. P. mytilina Hetpsirinc, Abhandl. einer Privatgesellsch. in Bohmen zur Aufnahme der Mathematik, der vaterlandischen Geschichte u. der Naturgeschichte, iv, p. 104, t. 1, f. 5, 6, A779).— P. mytilina Gn., Syst. xii, p. 3698—Scuus. & Waen., Conch: Cab. xii, p. 124, t. 229, f. 4052, 4053.—P. conchacea Gm., /. ¢., p. 116 NACELLA. 3708.—Nacella mytiloides Scuum., Syst. Vers Test. p. 179.—W. cymbularia Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 385.—Putt.., Abbild., ii, t. 1, f. 2 (not P. cymbularia DELEssERT, Rec. de Cog. t. 23, f. 8, =P. enea Martyn).—P. cymbuloides Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 422.— Nacella cymbalaria (sic) RoCHEBRUNE & MABILLE, Mission Cape Horn p. 97.—Nacella compressa MABILLE & RocHEBRUNE, l. ec. p. 98, t. 5, f£. 9.—P. cymbium Putt, Arch. f. Naturg. 1845, p. 60; Abbild. p. 7.—P. vitrea Putu., Abbild., t. 1, f. 4—Nacella vitrea THIELE, Das Gebiss, 11, t. 28, f. 28 (dentition).—P. hyalina PHIL., l.¢., f. 3.—Nacella hyalina THIELE, /. ¢., f. 29 (dentition).— Nacella mytilina Datu, Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 274, t. 16, f. 26 (dentition). . THIELE, J. ¢., t. 28, f. 30, (dentition).—P. (Nacella) mytilina SMirH, Philos. Trans. elxviii, p. 181. The thin texture, oblong form and anterior apex are diagnostic of this delicate species. It varies considerable in the position of the apex ; in some specimens it is nearly marginal. The color is also variable, “some being of a general grayish tint, varied at intervals with darker concentric rings and often a few radiating palish stripes on theribs. Others are uniformly yellowish-brown, others pale luteous broadly striped with black, and finally, others are of a uniform pale horny color, but all have the apex cupreous.” (S.) There is no reason for ignoring Helbling’s work on this species except that his book is not a common one. But surely if Martyn’s names are to be accepted, one cannot close the door upon the properly proposed names of the German author. The synonymous P. compressa Mab. & Rochebr. is figured on pl. 50, fig. 37. Var. HYALINA Phil. PI. 50, figs. 38, 39. Apex at or very near the anterior margin. The specimens before me show numerous forms between this and the typical mytilina. A large series of radulze must be examined before the differences found by Thiele can be acknowledged to be of specific value. This organ no doubt varies just as the shells do, in minor characters. In- deed there is often considerable variation in the teeth ofa single odontophore ! Section Patinella Dall, 1871. Patinella Daux, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 272.—THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 830, 1891. NACELLA. ial This section differs from Nacedla s. s. in having the branchial pro- cesses equally developed all around, and the shell more solid and more intensely colored. The dentition is in all essentials similar to that of Nacella s, str. Indeed there are no characters upon which a separation more than specific can be based. At the same time, there is some considerable variation observed among the various species of Patinella, part of which may be specific, part merely individual variation. A large number of radulee must be examined before safe specific characters can be based upon this organ, as it varies just as do the shells. PI. 74, fig. 5, represents the dentition of NV. venosa ; pl. 74, fig. 7, 8, that of N. fuegiensis. The New Zealand species referred by Hutton to Patinella belong to Helcioniscus (q. v.). They have the branchial cordon incomplete in front, and no epipodial ridge has been observed in them,—this last character being the main diagnostic mark of Nacella+ Patinella. N. ane Martyn. PI. 15, figs. 5, 6; pl. 45, figs. 22, 23. Shell solid, elevated, ovate, the breadth three-fourths of the length ; apex somewhat anterior, but behind the anterior third, and always somewhat curving forward. Sculptured by 34-38 rather strong radiating ribs, which are typically closely scale-grained, but as frequently almost smooth. Color brownish-ashen with several con- centric dark brown zones; when worn, of a ferruginous-brown all over. Interior lustrous, whitish or of a bronze tint, the center with an irregular red-bronze area, which is generally (but not alvaye) rather small and indistinct. Margin scalloped. Length 63, breadth 48, alt. 26 mill. Straits of Magellan. P. enea Martyn, Universal Conchologist i, t. 17.—ReEEve, Conch. Icon., f. 9—Smiru, Philos. Trans. vol. 168, p. 179, 1879.— ? P. rustica PeRRy, Conchology, t. 43, f.2.— P. guadichaudi Buarny, Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxviii, p. 93 (1825.) Typical enea is thicker than var. deaurata ; the dark stripes of the exterior are faint or imperceptible within; the apex is more central. It is more ovate than var. magellanica, the apex less erect. The description and figures given above, as well as the synonymy, apply to typical enea only. 118 NACELLA. The series of this species before me is very extensive, and shows such remarkable variations that it is not unlikely that all described species of Patined/a will be found to be connected by intermediate forms. The specimens of @nea may be separated by moderately definite characters into three varietal types: (1) typical anEaA, de- fined above ; (2) var. DEAURATA; and (8) var. MAGELLANICA. Var. DEAURATA Gmelin. PI. 46, figs. 28-36. Shell rather thin, oblong, depressed, the apex in front of the an- terior third, somewhat curving forward. Interior showing bronze-brown radiating stripes on a light ground, the central area reddish or blackish bronze, oblong, generally dis- tinct. Length 56, breadth 38, alt. 16 mill. Straits of Magellan. P. deaurata Gmeu. Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3703.—P. cymbularia DELEssSERT (not Lam.) Rec. de Coq. Lam’k., t. 23, f. 8.—P. fer- ruginea Sows., Genera of Shells, Patella, f. 4—P. delessertii PHIL., Abbild. iii, p. 9, t, 1, f. 5—P. varicosa ReEve, Conch. Icon. f. 21.— ? P.adunca Perry, Conchology, t. 43, f. 5.—Nacella strigatella Rocuesr. & Mas., Mission du Cap Horn, Moll., p. 96, t, 5, f. 8— P. ferruginea Woop, Index, Patella, f. 32. Distinguished from typical enea by being more depressed, thinner, the apex more anterior. The riblets of the outer surface are some- times nearly obsolete, sometimes strongly developed ; and they may be either smooth or granose, the grains having a scale-like character, as in @nea. I am much disposed to consider P. polaris of Martens and Pfeffer a form of this variety. | Specimens in which the stripes anastomose and branch were called varicosa by Reeve (pl. 46, figs. 33). I surmise that Gmelin’s. P. flaminea (Syst. xiii, p. 3716) and Woods’ P. flaminea (Index, pl. 38, f. 71) are identical with varicosa. The outer surface is frequently bluish-white, ribs yellowish, but sometimes the ribs are rust-brown. I have seen specimens of a clear yellow, lacking radiating stripes; and others occur in which the stripes unite to make a uniform dark brown shell. This variety is further modified into oblong forms having the anex decidedly curved over, and near to the anterior end. Such a form is that called cymbularia by Delessert (pl. 44, fig. 20), and striga- NACELLA. 119 tella Rochebrune and Mabille. These forms are like Nacella mytilina in contour, but they are more solid and ribbed. Var. MAGELLANICA Gmelin. PI. 44, figs. 9-17; pl. 43, figs. 1-6. Shell rounded-oval, high-conical, the apex nearly erect ; varying from strongly radiately ribbed to smooth. Unicolored, radiately streaked, or having oblique stripes. Interior generally very dark, the muscle-scar sometimes snowy- white. Length 45, breadth 36, alt. 27 mill. P. magellanica GMEL., Syst. xiii, p. 3703.—REEvE, Conch. Icon., f. 19.—Patinella magellanica Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 273, t. 15, f. 24 (soft parts and dentition).—Patella atramentosa Rvr., Conch. Icon., f. 41.—P. venosa Rv., f. 18.—P. chilensis Rv., f. 98.— P. meridionalis RocHEBRUNE & MABILLE, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris 7th Ser., ix, p. 109, 1885; Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, vi, p. 94, t. v, f. 4.—P. metallica R. & M., U. ¢., p. 91, t. 5, f. 5—P. pupillata R. & M., 1. ¢., p. 92, t. 5, f. 6—P. tincta R. & M., 1. ¢., p. 93, t. 5, £ 7. Rounder than typical enea, and having a more central, erect and elevated apex. Here belong a number of forms described by Reeve years ago, and by Rochebrune and Mabille recently. The paper by the last authors, on the mollusks of Cape Horn, is an admirable specimen of how systematic zoological work should not bedone. The ignorance displayed is only excelled by the lack of judgment. We should, however, give MM. Rochebrune and Mabille the benefit of the doubt as to whether their species and groups were intended seriously or as a jest. This variety is well represented by the figures 9-11 of pl. 44, drawn from specimens collected at Santa Cruz River, Patagonia. The ribs are strong and carinated in some specimens, almost com- pletely obsolete in others, this comparative smoothness not being the result of erosion. The central area of the interior is sometimes partly of a snow-white color (pl. 44, fig. 12) ; sometimes the muscle- sear is white (pl. 44, fig. 16.) P. meridionalis R. & M. (pl. 48, figs. 1, 2), P. pupillata R. & M. (pl. 43, figs. 3, 4), P. tincta R. & M. (pl. 48, figs. 5, 6) and P. metallica R. & M. (pl. 44, figs. 17) are ordinary forms of magellanica. The form called atramentosa by Reeve (pl. 44, figs. 13, 14,) has the ribs wide and subobsolete ; whitish with broad blackish rays. 120 NACELLA. Reeve’s P. chiloensis (pl. 45, figs. 20, 21,) is similar to atramentosa but darker, The P. venosa Rve. (pl. 45, figs. 24-27) is rounded, the ribs almost completely obsolete, painted with divaricating stripes. The interior is peculiarly rich in coloring, being suffused with bronze-red, the muscle-scar lilac. Numbers of this form are before me. I suppose the P. areolata Gmel. (Syst., p. 3716 ; Wood’s Index, pl. 38, f. 70) to be the same as venosa. N. ryrapiata Reeve. PI. 20, figs. 48, 44. Shell ovate, elevately convex, somewhat compressed at the sides, everywhere rather obsoletely, radiately latticed ; whitish, obscurely rayed with a very few red lines in pairs, lines irregular, distorted. Interior white, red lines distinct, chestnut in the middle. (Rve.) Habitat unknown. P. inradiata REEv®#, Conch. Icon., f.77.. Jan., 1855. A deep cup-like opaque-white shell, obscurely latticed throughout, irregularly rayed with a few straggling red lines, which are most dis- tinctly seen in the interior. (Ave.) This is a form Ihave not seen. It may prove to be one of the many color-varieties of P. enea var. deaurata. N. potaris Hombron & Jacquinot. PI. 49, figs. 21-27. Shell oblong-ovate, more or less compressed, sculptured with rounded, rather distant, sparingly nodose radiating ribs, often obsolete; margin roundly crenated; exterior usually eroded brown; interior shining bronze-black; vertex inclined forward, situated at the front 3-3 of the length. (IL) Length 51, breadth 386, alt. 23 mill. Length 48, breadth 35, alt. 26 mill. (especially high.) Length 59, breadth 40, alt. 22 mill (the longest, rather flat.) Length 47, breadth 33, alt. 14 mill. (the flattest.) South Georgia. P. polaris Martens & PFEFFER, Mollusken von Stid Georgien, in Jahrb. der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten ili, p. 101, t. 2, f. 11-18 (1886).—P. polaris H. & J., Ann. des Sci. Nat. (ii) xvi, p. 191, (1841.) P. kerguelensis E. A. Smith is notably wider posteriorly, and is not so dark inside. (Mart.) NACELLA. IAI P. polaris approaches certain forms of P. enea var. deaurata, but the ribs are more obsolete and the interior darker than is usually the ease in that form. N. KERGUELENSIS E. A. Smith. PI. 48, figs. 7, 8. Shell oval, a little narrowed in front, rather elevated convex, the apex prominent and well toward the front, especially in the young ; widely radiately ribbed, the ribs little prominent, and often with interstitial smaller riblets ; sculptured with elegantly undulating and close concentric growth-lines. Exterior bluish-ashen, the ribs usually darker, toward the apex ferrugineous in eroded examples. Interior bronze-brown, generally paler toward the margin, which is a little undulating; muscle-scar visible; a large example measures, Length 82, breadth 70, alt. 45 mill. (Smith.) Swain’s Bay and Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island, in about 1 fm. P. ferruginea (Sows. MS. in Mus. Cuming) REEvs, Conch. Icon., f. 40, not P. ferruginea Gmel. nor P. ferruginea Sowb. Genera of Shells, f. 4—P. kerguelensis E. A. Smiru, Zool. of Kerguelen Id., Moll., in Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. vol. 168, p. 177, t. ix, f. 13, 13a, (1879.) Differs from P. enea Martyn in having the shell less prominently costated, differently colored, and in the apex being very prominent and much curved over, so as to give it a capuliform appearance, a character constant in all specimens, young and old, elevated and de- pressed ; it also differs in the coloration of the animal. (Smith.) N. ruEGcrensis Reeve. PI. 49, figs. 28, 29, 30, 31. Shell oval, rather thin, semitransparent, rather compressly raised ; apex rounded, inclined anteriorly; radiately ridged, ridges thin, numerous, densely crossed with concentric striz ; greenish, more or less stained and blotched with chestnut-brown, apex bronze; interior iridescent-bronze, radiately grooved, grooves sometimes partially obsolete. ( Reeve.) Tierra del Fuego; Orange Bay; Falkland Is.; Royal Sound and Swain’s Bay, Kerguelen Id., everywhere common on the submerged fronds of long floating kelp (Macrocystis) bordering the shore. P. fuegiensis REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 75, (1855).—Patella (Patinella) fuegiensis Smrru, Philos. Trans. vol. 168, p. 180, t. 9, f. 14, 14a.—P. fuegiensis RocHEBRUNE & MABILLE, Miss. Sci. du Cap Horn, Moll., p. 95. £23 NACELLA. “The description given by Reeve is very good, but he does not lay sufficient stress upon the beautiful raised concentric ridges. He calls them strize, which term scarcely gives the idea of thread-like lirations such as these. They are very closely packed and undulate very prettily on and between the numerous radiating ribs. “The figure, except in outline and the position of the apex, gives but a poor idea of this beautifully sculptured Patella. It represents the number of ribs at about forty, whereas there are usually about sixty. The specimens from Kerguelen’s Island are a trifle narrower and much more depressed than examples from the Falkland Islands; in fact, it is only near the apex that they are at all raised, and to- ward the margin they are upturned, so that the dorsal surface is concave, and this form of the shell certainly prevents the animal from entirely concealing itself when adhering to a flat surface: But this peculiarity of form only exists in adult specimens, for several small ones are like ordinary species in this respect. The radiating ribs are almost obsolete in the flat examples, but the undulating concentric lirations, which are more prominent and farther apart than in the type form of the species, define their position ; in young shells they are more pronounced. Color generally uniformly purplish slate, with the apical region ferrugineous ; interior similarly tinted, but rather more deeply. One shell has a white border. They are all very thin and fragile, and the edge is very liable to break off in a line with the concentric raised lines of growth. “The animal has the sides and sole of the foot greenish-grey, the edge of the mantle and gills pale buff, the tentacular filaments on the margin of the mantle blackish except at their tips, tentacles short and thick, pale buff, with a black spot above. “The frill-like expansion of the foot, similar to that of P. enea and P. kerguelensis, is a little above its edge, is bluntly serrated, and interrupted beneath the head. “Teeth of the lingual ribbon slightly hooked, in pairs, scarcely diverging; the central pair two-pronged, the inner prong much larger, spear-head shaped; the lateral pairs alternating with the central ones are four-pronged, the innermost prong smallest, the next two subequal, and the outside one situated nearly at right angles to the rest of the tooth, about the same size or a trifle larger.” (Smith.) N. CLYPEATER Lesson. PI. 50, figs. 40, 41, 42, 43. Shell circular or rounded-oval, rather thin but solid, de- pressed, the apex a little in front of the middle. Outer surface HELCIONISCUS. 123 lusterless, sculptured with fine and rather close radiating riblets, sometimes subobsolete. Brownish or tawny, the riblets often lighter, usually mottled with whitish toward the apex. Interior bright silvery, the central area of a deep red-bronze, muscle-scar snowy-white, surrounded with red-bronze. Length 61, breadth 58, alt. 143 mill. Coast of Chili at Valparaiso and Saint Vincent. P. clypeater Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., p. 419, (1830).— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 38, 38b. A nearly circular, depressed shell, having the bronze-brown color- ing characteristic of Patinella. The interior sometimes has no white -horse-shoe ; and in some examples the silvery outer zone is consider- ably invaded by bronze stains. This species has been reported from California, Lower California and Japan, but not correctly. Genus HELCIONISCUS Dall, 1871. Helcioniscus Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 227, (type Patella variegata Reeve).—THIELE, in contin. Troschel’s Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, pt. 7, 333 (full discussion and figures of the dentition). —Cellana H. Apams, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 274, (type WV. cernica.) The gill-cordon is interrupted in front. There are no epipodial processes or ridge on the sides of the foot. The formula of teeth is 3(,'"))s. The radula is long and spirally rolled. | The rhachidian tooth is narrow, with a variously shaped forward appendage. The inner lateral has an outward wing, and a simple, long, cusp; the outer lateral has an inner long point with an outer side-cusp, besides a short, mostly rounded longitudinal cutting-edge. The marginal teeth are characteristic in appearance, the posterior part being divided from the anterior, the connection being so thin as to be im- perceptible. The inner marginal tooth has a cusp on its front end (pl. 74, fig. 6, P. capensis Gmel.) The shell is conical, apex subcentral or subanterior; inside hav- ing a silvery and mica-like luster. Distribution, Indian and Pacific Oceans, but not found on the American shores north of Chili. No species have been found in the Atlantic Ocean. This group is closely allied to the Patinella section of Nacella, having a very similar radula. It differs in the lack of an epipodial ridge, in having the gill-cordon interrupted, and in the silvery- 124 HELCIONISCUS. micaceous rather than bronzed-metallic luster of the interior of the shell. ; I have adopted below a division of the numerous species of Helcioniscus into geographic groups as follows : 1. Chilian species. . Polynesian and East Indian species. . Japanese and Chinese species. . Species of New Zealand and Australia. 5. Species of East Africa from the Red Sea to the Cape, and the adjacent islands. 6. (Species of unknown locality.) Without having examined all of the species, a perfectly natural ” zoological grouping would be impossible. Certain apparently natural groups, however, force themselyes upon us. Such are the group of P. sagittata, containing sagittata, tahitensis, ardosica, amus- sitata, toreuma, nigrolineata. The group of P. exarata, containing exarata, argentata, melano- stoma, boninensis, nigrisquamata, stearnsii, grata. The group of P. rota, containing rota, capensis, novemradiata, vari- abilis, dunkeri, cernica, ewcosmia, garconi, ete. The New Zealand and Australian species also form a natural group of equal value with the preceding. A number of outlying forms, as well as some described species the shells of which I have not seen, apparently belong to neither of these four assemblages. H OF bO (1). CHILIAN SPECIES. The limpets of South America belong mainly to demeide. The Patellide being represented by Nacella+Patinella and by one or two forms of Helcioniscus. Of these, the habitat of P. ardosica is unquestionable, but that of P. nigrisquamata may still be con- sidered open to revision. H. arposr#us Hombron & Jacquinot. PI. 32, figs. 65, 64, 65, 66. Shell erectly conical, short-oval or nearly circular, the apex nearly central; slopes straight. Sculptured with close radiating strix, which are not granose, every fourth one being somewhat larger. Slate colored or light bluish-olive, darker on the upper part of the cone, the eroded apex usually reddish. Interior bluish- white, with silvery and opalescent reflections, the central callus opaque-white tinted more or less with reddish, the HELCIONISCUS. 125 front segment often darker, the edges more or less leaden. Edge of shell narrowly bordered with slate-color. Length 58, breadth 52, alt. 19 mill., (fig. 65.) Length 48, breadth 40, alt. 24 mill., (fig. 66.) Island of Juan Fernandez. P. ardosiea H. & J., Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 190, (1841). —P. clathratula REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 30, (1854.) This is a very distinct form, allied to P. tahitensis Pse. but not granulose (although there are concentric strix), and not variegated. There are often very fine concentric wrinkles inside; and the interior sometimes has an opaque white or lemon-tinted peripheral zone, or rarely the entire surface between the reddish spatula and the narrow border is silvery-yellow. Half-grown specimens greatly resemble Hutton’s P. olivacea except that that species has the apex slightly more anterior, the spatula broader in front and not reddish, and the border narrower and blacker. This is one of the few species of Hombron and Jacquinot’s paper which is portrayed by them with unmistakable accuracy. The specimens orginally described and those of Reeve, as well as the originals of my figures 64, 65, 66, were from Juan Fernandez. H. NIGRISQUAMATUS Reeve. PI. 19, figs. 35,36; pl. 48, figs. 13, 14, 15. Shell solid, oval, erectly, straightly conical, the altitude about half the breadth ; apex erect, acute, a little in front of the center. Sculp- tured with strong, narrow, closely nodule-scaled ribs, obscurely or obviously alternating in size, and about 46-51 in number. Color yellowish, often blackish-gray above and orange around the circum- ference, having here and there scattered black scales or nodules. Interior silvery, more or less orange-tinted and decidedly iri- descent, the central area small, dark chestnut colored. In young or half-grown shells.the interior shows black spots corresponding to the black nodules of the outer surface, but in adults they are obscured by the enlarging central callus. Edge having a narrow distinct fleshy- orange border. Length 63, breadth 52, alt. 28 mill. Length 83, breadth 71 mill. Concepcion, Chili (Dr. Ruschenberger) ; Australia (Reeve.) 126 HELCIONISCUS. Patella nigrisquamata Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 3, (1854).— Patella mazatlandica Sows., Zool. Beechey’s Voy. Moll., p. 148, t. 39, f. 12, 1831. This species may be known by its erectly conical form, narrow ribs, having close, high solid scales or nodules, of which some are black, especially upon the upper part. The central area is small, brown. The young (pl. 54, fig. 13) are spotted inside. The P. nigrisquamata of Reeve, is a shell exhibiting but little variation. Reeve gives the locality “ Australia,” but this has not been confirmed. One tray of the specimens before me are from Concepcion, Chili, collected by Dr. W.S. W. Ruschenberger. The others lack record of locality. The P. mazatlandica of Beechey’s Voyage, was said to come from Mazatlan, but this is of course a mistake. Carpenter at one time referred it to one of the Californian Acmeas as a synonym, but later concurred in Hanley’s opinion that it was the same as P. exarata Nutt. This opinion I am not prepared to endorse, for the internal central callus of P. exarata is white, or sometimes partly black or violet-purple, but it is never, I believe, chestnut brown, as in the figures and description of Mazatlandica, which correspond exactly with young specimens of nigrisquamata, now before me. The name mazatlandica has priority, but in view of the doubt attaching to its use, and the fact that it isa misnomer, I have deemed it wisest to retain Reeve’s designation. Compure also Patella boninensis Pilsbry. The scattered black spots found on the upper part of the cone are also seen in some specimens of P. exarata, and some other allied species. (2). East IyprIan AND POLYNESIAN SPECIES. This region possesses species of two groups: strong, conical, rib- bed species, such as exarata, argentata; and lower, more delicately sculptured forms, sagittata, tahitensis, testudinaria. The Chilian forms are evidently derived from this fauna, and the Japanese species are very closely allied, belonging to the same two gronps. H. exaratus Nuttall. Pl 47, figs) 1,2, 36) 7,:6,.95 10; ipa: Shell oval, conical, the apex slightly in front of the center ; slopes nearly straight. Surface sculptured with many very strong black ribs on a slightly lighter ground, the ribs subequal, about 38-48 in HELCIONISCUS. Tor number; afew small intervening riblets often developed. Color typically almost black. Interior somewhat silvery, leaden-bluish, showing the dark ribs; central area black, whitish in front, sometimes entirely white; often of a beautiful purple. Length 40, breadth 34, alt. 16 mill. Sandwich Islands. Patella exarata Nurv., Jay’s Catal., p. 88; Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 47a, 47b, and 62a, 62b, 1854.—Prasr, Amer. Journ. Conch. vii, p- 198, 1872.—P. sandwichensis Prasr, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 537; Amer. Journ. Conch. vii, p. 198, 1872.—P. undato-lirata REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 59.—Helcioniseus exaratus Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 279, t. 16, f. 29 (dentition)— Patella lugubris Blainv., Desu. Trait. Elém. de Conchyl., Atlas, t. 62, 18,14. (non Blain.) This common Patella of the Sandwich Is. is readily known by its numerous strong black ribs. It is so variable, and intermediate forms are so numerous, that varietal names are scarcely admissible. Some individuals (figs. 6, 7) are drab or gray, closely spotted with black on the upper part of the cone, and having the ribs nodulose, as in Patella nigrisquamata. This species has been reported by Schrenck from the bay ot Hakodadi, Japan. His specimens were identified by a comparison with Reeve’s figures, not by comparison with actual specimens. In all probability the Japanese specimens were imported, as were those said by Reeve to be from Oregon. The typical exarata, as first defined and figured by Reeve, is dark, with black ribs (figs. 8, 9, 10.) Pease states that his sandwichensis differs from typical exarata in being thicker, more elevated, ribs generally larger, wider apart, more prominent, and crenate or scabrous, generally having smaller inter- mediate riblets. It is generally white inside. It inhabits deeper water, and according to Mr. Pease, differs in taste from typical exarata ! The form called Jutrata Nutt. (pl. 47, figs. 1,2, 3) is white, with a few of the ribs brown. The central callus of the interior is white. H. ARGENTATUS Sowerby. PI. 18, figs. 29, 30; pl. 65, fig. 93. Shell large, solid, of a dome-like conical form, oval; slopes con- vex ; apex subcentral (in the young more or less anterior). Sculp- tured with very numerous unequal radiating riblets. Color chest- 128 HELCIONISCUS. nut-brown, becoming coppery when rubbed; apex usually eroded and coppery. Inside having a large, distinct central callus of pure white, a lusterless whitish zone around the muscle-impression, outside of which it is bright, shining, and silvery or of a pale golden tint. Dimensions of a moderate-sized individual: length 90, breadth 79, alt. 42 mill. , Sandwich Is. Patella argentata SowERBY, in Zool. Beechey’s Voy., H. M. 8. Blossom, Moll., p. 148, t. 39, f. 7, (1839).—? Helcioniscus ? argenta- tus “Gray” Datu, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 278, (This may be P. clypeater Less.).— Patella cuprea REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 15, Oct., 1854, (See also, errata to Patella, at end of index, Conch. Icon.).— Patella talcosa Gup., U. 8. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Sh., p. 334, atlas f. 452.—P. opea NuTTALL, according to specimens deposited in Mus. Acad. N.S. Phila. by Nuttall (not P. opea Rve.) A large, dome-shaped species, brown outside, pale-golden with a white central callus inside. This species has been reported from Australia, Chili and Japan, but upon wholly insufficient evidence. In Beechey’s Voyage, the species is said to be from Chili, but as the expedition also touched at Tahiti, and many of their shells be- came mixed, there is no doubt of the true locality whence the types were brought. The description and figure are unmistakable. Several writers on the Japanese fauna have confused this with P. clypeater, but this species is more raised than that, more solid, and never marked with brown inside. H. ARTICULATUS Reeve. PI. 65, figs. 87, 88. Shell hexagonally ovate, attenuated in front, rather flatly de- pressed, everywhere radiately ridged and striated ; olive, yellow rays at the angles, ridges articulated with purple-black and white. In- terior rather silvery. A rather compressly flattened species, divided on the surface into seven to ninesubangular areas, rayed with neatly articulated ridges. (Rve.) Island of Ticao, Philippines. P. articulata REEVk, Conch. Icon., f. 97, 1855. H. TEsTUDINARIA Linné. PI. 25, figs. 16, 17, 18, 19. Shell large, thick and solid, oval, conic or depressed, the apex at about the front third; posterior slope convex. Surface nearly smooth, but showing inconspicuous, close, low radiating riblets, gener- HELCIONISCUS. 129 ally more obvious in the young. Broadly rayed with alternate dark chestnut and soiled white or pinkish, the dark rays spotted with light, the light rays with dark. Interior varying from bluish-white to yellow, somewhat translucent and with a micaceous luster, the central area white, often outlined with brown or yellow; border colored by the dark rays of the ex- terior. Length 85, breadth 75, alt. 33 mill. Length 87, breadth 74, alt. 24 mill. Philippines (Rve.) ; Singapore (Phil. Acad. Coll.) ; Cape Good Hope (Frauenfeld.) P. testudinaria Linn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 783—Hantey, Sh. of Linn., p. 427.—ReEeEveE, Conch. Icon., f. 6—P. insignis DuNKER, Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, 1866, p. 941——FRAUENFELD, Reise der 6sterreichischen Fregatte ‘ Novara’ um die Erde, Zool. Theil, ii, Moll., p. 14, t. 2, f 25, 1868.—P. rumphii Buatnv. Dict. Sci. Nat. XXXVili, p. 95, (1825.) A large solid species, nearly smooth, rayed and curiously spotted with brown and whitish. H. TAutrensis Pease. PI. 67, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Shell conical, rounded-oval, the apex erect, and situated within the middle third of the length. Slopes but slightly convex. Surface sculptured with closely granulose lirulze, indistinctly alternating in size. Color dusky, with indistinct reddish zigzags; but if held to- ward the light a beautiful pattern of distinct reddish zigzag stripes on a light ground, is seen. Interior silvery-blue, the central callus white in front, becoming indistinct and leaden posteriorly. Length 34, breadth 30, alt. 11 mill. Tahiti. Tectura tahitensis Psr., Amer. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 98, t. 11, f. 21, (1868.) Decidedly more erect than P. sagittata, with coarser radiating lirulze and different coloring. It is more coarsely sculptured than P. amussitata. Fig. 8 represents the color-pattern as seen by look- ing through the shell. The zigzag or v-shaped markings are much broken in one spec- imen before me (fig. 7), and there are several broad red dashes on one side. A large series would doubtless show further variations and interruptions of the typical pattern. 9 130 HELCIONISCUS. H. sacitratus Gould. PI. 65, figs. 89, 90, 91, 92. Shell depressed, rounded-oval, the apex curving forward, situated at about the front fourth; surface closely sculptured with radiating strie, which are granose in front, usually less so behind. ‘Color dusky olive-green, with obscure radiations of dusky; but if held up to the light the whole shell is found to be most beautifully reticulated and radiated with arrow-head dusky spots, often articulated with whitish.” Interior blue or bluish-white, the central callus orange in adults, yellowish-green in the young, its outlines not sharply defined. Length 38, breadth 34, alt. 13 mill. Length 39, breadth 36, alt. 9 mill. Viti and Fiji Islands. P. sagittata Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 11, p. 148, July, 1846; U.S. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Sh., p. 337, atlas, f. 449. A rounded-oval, depressed and arched species, having finely granose radiating lirule. The coloring is dusky, indistinctly pat- terned, but if held toward the light an elegantly figured design is seen. There are usually separated narrow radii of alternate dark and light, the intervals variously reticulated ; but these articulated rays are often lost in the general dusky net-work. This species differs from P. amussitata in having the apex more anterior, the ribs finer, the pattern of coloring different. It is not so elongated as P. torewma and differs in color-pattern and sculpture. H. REYNARDI Deshayes. PI. 66, figs. 94, 95. Shell ovate, thin, fragile, depressed, radiately striated, strize un- equal, subgranose; apex obtuse; margin entire; interior pearly, central dise white; outside having radiating reddish-brown bands. Length 50, width 40 mill. (Dh.) Ceylon. P. Reynaudi Du., in Belangers’ Voy. aux Indes-Orientales, Zool., p. 411, atlas t. 2, f. 11, 12; Da. in Lam’k.,, vii, p. 548. H. FLexuosus Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 66, figs. 96-98. Shell small, fragile, orbicular, angulate, arcuate, the vertex only elevated; margins flexuous, obsoletely striated, whitish-brown dotted, apex rosy; inside bluish, cavity orange. Length 10 lines. (Q. & G.) Island of Vanikoro. P. flecuosa Q. & G., Voy. de l’Astrol. iii, p. 844, pl. 70, f. 9-11. HELCIONISCUS. 131 (8). JAPANESE AND CHINESE SPECIES. The Patellas of this region may be distinguished by the key given below. Neither P. clypeater nor P. argentata (cuprea) inhabit Japan, the citations of these species by Schrenck and Dunker being erroneous. Key to Japanese Patellide. Shell more or less silvery or iridescent inside (Helcioniscus.) Conical, having about 50 strong, close elevated riblets, alternating [or subequal in size. Large, light buff; border of the inside narrow, yellowish, H. Boninensis Pils. Variegated with brown; border of the inside conspicuously black-blotched, Hi. Stearnsii Pils. Conical, having several smaller riblets in each interval between the larger ribs, H, pallidus Gld. Ribs fine or obsolete. Solid, with radiating dark lines; spatula orange-red; ribs obsolete, H. nigrolineatus Rye. Thin, with very finely beaded riblets or strize, H. amussitatus Rve. Thin, with very fine strize, not beaded, FH. toreuma Rve. Shell porcellanous inside, opaque, not iridescent (Scutellastra.) Depressed, having strong irregular ribs, P. stelleformis Rve. H. BonINENSIS Pilsbry. Pl. 66, figs. 1, 2; pl. 67, fig. 3. Shell large, solid, oval, erectly, straightly conical, the apex a little in front of the middle; posterior slope a little convex, the other slopes straight; basal side-margins a little elevated, so that the shell is supported by the ends alone when resting upon a plane sur- face. Sculptured with numerous (48-55) subequal radiating ribs (and sometimes some small interstitial riblets), the ribs varying from closely and rather weakly crenulated to strongly tubercled. The color is a uniform light buff, somewhat soiled, and having sometimes a few small black spots around the apex. Interior: the muscle-impression is of a snowy or bluish-white ; outside of it there is a broad band varying in different individuals from creamy-brown to deep chestnut, outside of which there is a silvery, slightly iridescent zone, extending to the narrow yellow 132 HELCIONISCUS. border. The large central area is either cream-colored with a dis- tinct dark laciniate outline, or is of an umber-brown, lighter in the depth. From each angle of the anterior head-segment of the central callus, a narrow dark band radiates, passing through the dark zone which surrounds the muscle-scar. Length 100, breadth 85, alt. 40 mill. (no. of riblets 53.) Length 90, breadth 75, alt. 40 mill. (no. of riblets 50.) Length 88, breadth 77, alt. 40 mill. (no. of riblets 48.) Bonin Is., north of Japan. Patella (Helcioniscus) boninensis Pruspry, The Nautilus, Nov- ember, 1891, p. 79. This magnificent limpet approaches the P. nigrisquamata of Reeve, but may be readily distinguished by its much larger central callus inside, the two diverging brown streaks mentioned in the description, etc. The two forms are moreover widely separated geographically. The specimens were seen and purchased by Mr. Frederick Stearns, of Detroit, Michigan, at the Third National Exhibition at Tokyo, 1890. They are called in Japanese, Yome-gai-sara, “ Bride- cup shells.” H. stEarnsil Pilsbry. PI. 48, figs. 16, 17, 18. Shell solid, elevated-conical, oval; apex a little behind the front third of the length; front slope straight or concave, posterior slope convex. Sculptured with about 51 unequal closely nodulose ribs, separated by deep interstices. Surface lusterless, soiled whitish, hav- ing irregular rays of reddish-brown, and speckled with the same on the upper part of the cone. Interior bluish-white rayed or mottled with darker by the dark rays of the exterior; central area strongly defined, reddish-brown with a white stain in the cavity of the apex; edge of the shell scalloped. The dark rays become vivid deep brown or black at the border, the dark blotches alternating with white. Length 41, breadth 313, alt. 27 mill. Length 38, breadth 29, alt. 21 mill. Province of Ki, Japan. P. (Helcioniscus) Stearnsii Pruspry, The Nautilus, Jan., 1891, p- 100. This handsome shell is sculptured with closely nodulose ribs, obscurely alternating in size. There are 10 or 11 irregular dark rays on the outside, much broken into spots on the upper part of the HELCIONISCUS. 133 cone. The apex is at the front ¢ of the length. The interior shows fine transverse wrinkles when examined under a lens. It is not especially iridescent except at the border, where there is a narrow strip of fiery-orange iridescence between the blue-white of the interior and the blackish stained border. The species is named in honor of Mr. Frederick Stearns of Detroit, Michigan, who collected the shells when traveling in Japan. H. pauiipus Gould. PI. 67, figs. 9, 10. Shell subovate, elevated, erectly-conical, solid; white both out- side and within, or whitish-yellow ; having close concentric sulci and strie, and radiating unequal ribs, the ribs plicate or obsoletely plicate-tuberculate ; there are 20-25 larger ribs radiating from the summit itself; of the smaller interstitial riblets there are about 60. Apex subcentral or at the front } of the length. Margin of the aperture undulating. (Schrenck.) Length 40, breadth 33, alt. 24 mill. Length 60, breadth 51, alt. 29 mill. Hakodadi, Japan. P. pallida GouLD, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 162.—Dxr., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 156—P. lamanonii Scurencx, Reisen und Forsch. im Amurl. ii, p. 303, t. 14, f. 6-9. Characterized by its light color and the sculpture, consisting of radiating ribs, and having several riblets in each interval. I have seen none but immature specimens. H. NIGROLINEATUS Reeve. PI. 14, figs. 71, 72, 73, 74; pl. 18, figs. 48, 49, Shell solid, oval, rather depressed ; apex at the front third ; slopes slightly convex; surface nearly smooth, the young having sub- obsolete radiating riblets; bluish, with numerous narrow radiating stripes of red, or sometimes black. Interior dark-silvery, showing (especially in young shells) black radiating stripes. Central callus bright orange-red, veined with black, its front portion white or nearly so. Length 74, breadth 60, alt. 18 mill. Enoshima (Fr. Stearns), Nagasaki (Lischke) and Tsus-sima (Ad.), Japan; Camiguan, Philippines (Rve.) P. mgrolineata Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 43—LiscuKr, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. i, p. 111, t. 8, f. 5-11; ii, p. 108, t. 7, f. 1-6, 134 HELCIONISCUS. A magnificent species, the handsomest of the Japanese limpets. The rays of the outside are generally dull red, but sometimes are brown or dull black. Between them the surface is normally of a peculiar light blue tint. In some specimens (pl. 13, figs. 48, 49), there are numerous fine, close waved concentric reddish lines, and these shells generally show a peculiar mottled pattern inside. The spatula is normally orange-red, more or less veined with black, but the black sometimes predominates. There is, in all the specimens I have seen, a light or white tract on the forward part of the spatula. My description is drawn from specimens kindly furnished me by Mr. Frederick Stearns. Var. DIVERGENS Pilsbry. PI. 73, figs. 81, 82, 88, 84. A Helcioniscus between nigrolineata and toreuma. It is rather thick and solid, at least as thick as nigrolineata. Surface haying a distinct sculpture of subgranose, crowded unequal radiating striz. Apex at the front fourth. Color purplish-brown, having rays of greenish-white, of which nine extend to the margin. Interior dark, leaden, with silvery reflections, showing the white rays. Spatula opaque white in front, leaden-brown behind. Length 423, breadth 82, alt. 83 mill. Enoshima, Japan. Fig. 84 represents the shell as it appears when held between the eye and a strong light. The color-pattern, otherwise obscure, is thus distinctly seen. H. amussitatus Reeve. PI. 14, figs. 75-79; pl. 68, figs. 11, 12, 138. Shell thin but rather solid, ovate, conical; apex in front of the middle; slopes nearly straight. Surface sculptured with fine, close,. regularly and closely beaded radiating riblets or striz. Light yel- lowish-brown, with inconspicuous darker rays, usually 11 in num- ber, and sometimes speckled with reddish and opaque white, or mottled with purplish. Interior bluish-silvery, iridescent, conspicuously finely crenulated toward the border; central area not distinctly outlined, whitish or dull brown. Length 44, breadth 36, alt. 123 mill. Bonin Is. and Japan to Philippines. P. amussitata Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 83.—ScHRENCcK, Reis. und Forsch. im Amurl. ii, p. 30, t. 14, f. 4, 5—LiscuKxe, Jap. Meeres- Conch. i, p. 109; ii, p. 100, t. 6, f. 7-11—Dkxr., Ind. Moll. Mar. HELCIONISCUS. 135 Jap. p 156.—Deperavux, in Journ. de Conchyl. 1863, p. 245.—P. granostriata REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 126. This species is extremely variable in degree of elevation. It is never so variegated as P. torewma, is more elevated, thicker, and the fine riblets are distinctly, finely and regularly beaded. From the Japanese species of Acmwa which have similar sculpture, it is of course separated by the lack of a defined oe border to the lip- edge. I am now disposed to consider Patella granostriata Reeve as a synonym of amussitata. H. TOREUMA Reeve. PI. 13, figs. 50, 51, 52, 53. Shell depressed, long-oval, thin, the apex between the front third and fourth of the shell’s length‘ front slope straight or concave, posterior slope gently convex. Surface having fine close radiating strize separated by interstices slightly wider than themselves, the strize sometimes a little irregular but not distinctly beaded. Color excessively variable, usually greenish or buff, rayed or blotched with purplish-black and dotted with white; sometimes without dark markings. Interior silvery or bluish, showing distinetly the dark and light markings of the exterior, the central area dusky, white or rich chestnut, its edges not sharply defined. Length 40, breadth 31, alt. 9 mill. Nagasaki, Tokio, ete., Japan; China. P. toreuma Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 69.—Liscukr, Jap. Meeres- Conchyl. i, p. 109, t. 8, f. 12-15; ii, p. 102, t. 6, f. 12. HRs Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. p. 156. A thin species, always depressed, remarkable for the endless variety of its mottled coloring. It is allied to P. amussitata, but the delicate riblets or strize are not beaded as in that species. P. gRaTA Gould. Unjigured. Shell ovate-conic, elevated, apex acute, very much anterior ; out- side rude, ashen, with elevated compressed radiating ribs which are tubulose toward the margin; margin expanded, denticulate. In- side ochraceous variegated with brown, spatula and submargin intense chestnut. Length 30, width 24, alt. 14 mill. (Gd.) North shores of Niphon. 136 HELCIONISCUS. Patella grata Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 161 (Dee. 1859) ; Otia Conchologica, p. 115. This may be an Aemaa. It has not been figured, and I have not seen it. (4.) New ZEALAND AND AUSTRALIA SPECIES. The Patellas of New Zealand are all, with the exception of P. tramoserica, confined to that province. They have been referred by Hutton to Patinella, but erroneously, the branchial cordon being interrupted in front as in all Helcioniscus, a group with which they agree in dentition as well. The correct synonymy of many of the species is here given for the first time. The dentition of several species has been figured by Hutton, Trans. N. Z. Institute, xv. A useftil paper on the anatomy of P. radians has been published by J. A. Newell, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix, p- 157, plate xi, 1887. H. REDIMICULUM Reeve. PI. 23, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5. Shell oblong, rather depressed, solid, the apex between the front fourth and sixth of the shell’s length, and inclined forward. Sculp- tured with about 22 rounded ribs. Ribs dark or buff, intervals bluish-white ; having several darker concentric streaks, and marked near the apex with oblique black stripes. Interior somewhat iridescent, obscurely rayed, having a cream- white central callus, often more or less bordered behind with olive; muscle-sear slightly pinkish. Length 41, breadth 32, alt. 12 mill. Length 43, breadth 34, alt. 123 mill. Southern New Zealand and Auckland TJs. P. redimiculum Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 50, (1854).—Hurron, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. 1880, p. 107.—E. A. Smrru, Voy. Erebus & Terror, Moll., p. 4,t. 1, f.24.—P. radians Gm., REEv®, Conch. Icon., f. 25, (not of Gmelin).—P. pottsi Hurron, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. 1873, p. 44, teste Hutton Patinella redimiculum Rv. Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ix, p. 375, (1884.) The rounded ribs are nearly smooth. The coloring of oblique blackish stripes around the anteriorly curved apex is characteristic, but shared by some other species. HELCIONISCUS. 137 H. srricitis Hombron & Jacquinot. Unfigured. Shell oval, convex, obliquely conical; two-colored outside, above blackish-rufescent, below brownish-rufescent, having few white dots ; principal radiating ribs 24, subequal, obtuse, subprojecting beyond the margin; vertex obtuse, white, excentric. Interior blackish- purple, the depth pale yellowish. Length 65, breadth 50 mill. (H. & J.) Auckland Is. (H. & J.); Banks’ Peninsula to Shag Point, Otago, New Zealand; Auckland Is.; Campbell Id. (Hutton). P. strigilis H. & J., Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xvi, p. 190 (1841).—P. magellanica Hurron, Trans. N. Z. Institute xv, t. 16, f. A (denti- tion only); Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 107 (1880), not of Gmelin !—Pati- nella strigiiis Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, ix, p. 374 (1884). The original description is given above. This species I have not seen. It certainly has nothing to do with Patinella magellanica, cenea, kerguelensis or fuegiensis. Hutton’s description in P. L. 8S. N.S. W., 1884, is as follows: “Shell large, solid, obliquely conical, high, with about 20-30 low radiating ribs; the apex subcentral or rather anterior. Brown, obscurely marked with yellowish; interior greenish or yellowish- brown above the muscle impression, bluish-white and iridescent below it, the margin brown.” The description in Man. N. Z. Moll. does not, of course, apply to this shell. H. ornatus Dillwyn. PI. 68, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19; pl. 19, figs. 39, 40. Shell solid, oval or oblong, rather low-conical, the apex at about the front third, erect. Surface having larger radiating, coarsely nodular ribs, about 11 in number, with a somewhat smaller rib be- tween each pair of larger ones, the intervals radiately striated ; growth-striz fine, often quite distinctly cutting the radial strie. The larger ribs are light, the intermediate ribs are black dotted with white, especially in the young, this coloring being less obvious on large shells. Interior having alternating silvery and black rays, the latter usually 11 in number ; the large central area black, suffused more or less with cream color in the depth of the apex. Length 32, breadth 25, alt. 10 mill. Throughout New Zealand. 138 HELCIONISCUS. Patella ornata Drtuwyn, Descriptive Catal. Recent Shells, ii, p. 1029, (1817)).—P. nodosa Hompron & Jacquinot, Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 191, (1841).—Patella margaritaria, testa ovali, ete., CuEmnitz, Conchyl. Cab. xi, p. 180, t. 197, f. 1914, 1915 (1795).— P. denticulata E. A. Smiru, Voy. Erebus & Terror, Zool., ii, Moll., p. 4, t. 1, f. 26.—P. luctuosa Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 150, (1846); U.S. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Sh., p. 336, f. 446.— Patinella denticulata Hutron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 375; Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, t. 16, f. B (dentition).—P. inconspicua Gray, in Dieffenbach’s N. Z. ii, p. 244, (1843).—Patinella inconspicua Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. ix, p.375.—Patella margaritaria REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 74. Easily distinguished by its coarsely nodose ribs, eleven-rayed in- terior with black central area, and in the young by the alternately white-spotted riblets. It is a very distinct species, but it has been afflicted with a number of names unusual even in this genus. It has no especially close relations with P. denticulata Martyn (q. v.) Reeve’s figures of margariluria are copied on pl. 19, figs. 39, 40. They represent a large, rather round specimen. The correct synonymy is herein given for the first time. The name margaritaria Chemnitz cannot be used, as that author was not a binomialist. Var. nconspicua (Gray) Hutton. PI. 68, figs. 20, 21, 22. Shell conical, high, the altitude often more than half the length ; apex subcentral. Interior brown, with about twelve radiating white stripes. (Hutton.) Wellington to Dunedin, New Zealand. The figures represent the ductuosa Gld. (not Hombr. & Jacq.) which is the same as inconspicua. Gray’s description is very poor. P. DENTIGULATA Martyn. PI. 68, figs. 23, 24; pl. 21, figs. 49, 50. Shell solid, oval, elevated, the apex more or less anterior ; sculpt- ured with about 31 principal ribs, and some smaller interstitial rib- lets all of them closely scale-granose. Color blackish-brown. Interior bluish, having a distinct, opaque, flesh-colored or dull orange-brown central area. Spotted with brown around the edge. Length 55, breadth 45, alt. 24 mill. Wellington to Dunedin, New Zealand. HELCIONISCUS. 139 Patella denticulata Martyn, Univ. Conch. 1, t. 65 (1784).—P. imbricata REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 95 (1855), not P. imbricata Linné. —P. reevei Hurron, Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 108 (1880).—Patinella reevet Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, ix, p. 8376 (1884). Differs from other New Zealand species in the closely scaled ribs, opaque “rust orange” or fleshy central area of the interior, etc. It is a solid species, attaining a considerable size. Reeve referred denticulata Martyn to P. granularis as asynonym . and made a new species, “imbricata” of the New Zealand shell. Hutton has followed Smith in mistaking the P. ornata Dillw. (mar- garitaria Chemn.) for Martyn’s shell—an error immediately de- tected by a reference to the excellent figures in the Universal Con- chologist. In order to finally settle the name and synonymy of this species, I have copied Martyn’s original figures on my plate 68, figs. 23, 24. P. RADIANS Gmelin. PI. 69, figs. 25-39; pl. 23, figs. 4, 6, 7, 8. Shell ovate, depressed, thin but solid, slightly narrower in front, the apex at the front fourth or fifth, not prominent. Surface sculptured with decidedly separated, narrow radiating riblets, hav- ing a number of smaller riblets (sometimes obsolete), in each inter- val, and decussated by fine, crowded growth-striz, often obsolete, but usually cutting the surface just in front of the apex into fine granules. Color bluish-white, usually buff around the apex, striped in a divaricating pattern, or irregularly blotched and rayed down the ribs with brown or olive. Interior buffish-olive, with a silvery luster, showing the color- markings of the outside, having a white or brown central callus, often ill-defined. e Length 44, breadth 34, alt. 8 mill. (typical form). Throughout New Zealand; Australia. P. radians GMEL., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 3720 (1789)—Hurron, Man. Mar. Moll. N. Z. 1880, p. 108; Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, t. 16, f. & (dentition).—P. argentea Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. Zool. ii, p. 545, t. 70, f. 16, 17 (1834).—P. argyropsis Lesson, Voy. Coyuille, p. 419 (1830).—P. radiatilis Hompr. & Jacq, Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 191 (1841).—P. decora Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 162 ; Abbild. t. 3, f 3—Rver., Conch. Icon. f. 33.—Patinella radians Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 336 (1884).— Patella earlii REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 71 (1855).—P. flecwosa Hurron, Cat. 140 HELCIONISCUS. Mar. Moll. N. Z. p. 45 (18783), not of Q. & G.—Lottia radians Sow- ERBY (de novo), Genera, Lottia f. 3.—Patella affinis REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 108, (1855.)—P. fusea Linn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 784 Han.ey, Shells of Linn., p. 428, t. 4, f. 9 (fig. of Linnzeus’ type specimen).— P. sagittata Donovan, Rees’ Encyclop., Conchol. t. xvi. The earliest name proposed for this shell is that of Linné, P. fusca. It was defined in an absurdly inadequate manner, however, and as Hanley justly remarks, no claims to precedence can be grounded upon the mere preservation of the original specimens. Typically depressed, but sometimes as elevated as P. redimiculum. The sculpture of narrow separated riblets, having in the intervals a smaller riblet, or numerous minute riblets (sometimes obsolete), is characteristic. Sometimes the whole surface between the larger ribs is finely granulose, and most specimens retain this granulation in front of the apex. The connecting forms are so numerous that I am unable to diagnose any of the following as varieties worth naming. Typical form (pl. 69 figs. 25-28). Much depressed, thin, riblets often subobsolete ; conspicuously striped and blotched with brown or red on a bluish-white ground, yellow around the apex. The form called argentea by Q. & G. is dark, mostly olivaceous, depressed. The P. decora of Philippi (pl. 69, figs. 29-31) is yellowish with about 24 narrow, reddish-brown ribs, alternating with small riblets. Reeve’s decora is intermediate between this and argentea Q. Reeve’s P. earlii (pl. 21, figs. 51, 52) is typically more elevated, rounder, “pale green, broadly wave-variegated with olive-black.” It is very closely connected by intervening forms with the type. The P. affinis of Reeve (pl. 69, figs. 32, 33) scarcely differs from the typical radians. “The surface is carved throughout with simple smooth, slightly waved, close-set ridges and striz.” Var. PHOLIDOTA Lesson. PI. 69, figs. 38, 39. Ribs small and uniform; apex very anterior, about one-seventh of the length from the anterior end. Olive-brown, largely blotched with white, or white with brown radiating bands. (Hutton.) Throughout New Zealand. P. pholidota Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 420 (1830).—P. sturnus Hompr. & JAcq., Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 191, (1841). HELCIONISCUS. 141 P. floccata ReEvE, Conch. Icon., f. 106, (1855).—P. radians var. pholidota Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 377, (1884). The figures represent the synonymous P. floccata of Reeve. H. or1vaceus Hutton. PI. 70, figs. 46, 47, 48. Shell short-ovate, conical, the apex at about the front third ; closely but subobsoletely radiately ribbed, the riblets about 70 in number, and of nearly equal size; uniform olive colored. Interior greenish-olivaceous, iridescent, the center whitish ; edge narrowly black-bordered. Length 33, breadth 28, alt. 14 mill. Dunedin to the Bluff, New Zealand. P. olivacea Hutton, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, p. 133, (1883), pl. 16, f. p (dentition)—Patinella radians var. olivacea Hutton, Proce. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, ix, p. 377, (1884.) The apex is less anterior than is usually the case with P. radians, and it is more erect. It is further distinguished by the uniform olive color, and more equal ribbing. My illustrations are from a specimen received from Prof. Hutton. This species seems quite distinct from the P. radians, of which I have seen many examples. Prof. Hutton, however, considers it a variety of that species, no doubt having good reasons for the union. There is a prior P. olivacea of Anton, and a still earlier P. olivacea of Gmelin, but as both are totally unrecognizable, the name im- posed by Hutton may be allowed to stand. H. sTELLIFERA Gmelin. PI. 70, figs. 48, 44, 45. Shell depressed, oval, with small granular ribs; reddish with white rays at the apex, or two white lines at the posteriorend. In- terior white. Apex anterior. Length 25, breadth 19, alt. 7 mill. (Q. & G.) Oooks’ Straits to Bank’s Peninsula, New Zealand. Patella stellata, seu stellifera, etc. CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. x, p. 329, f. 1617 (1788).—P. stellifera GMELIN, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3719. —P. stellularia Quoy & Gatm., Voy. Astrol. Zool. iii, p. 347, t..70, f. 18-20 (1834).— Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 96.—Patinella stellifera Hurrton, Proce. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 378. Readily recognized by the central white star. 142 HELCIONISCUS. H. TRAMOSERICA Martyn. PI. 70, figs. 49, 50, 51, 52. Shell solid, short-oval, conical, the apex erect, near the center or somewhat anterior. Surface sculptured with numerous (about 40) narrow ribs, with usually an interstitial small riblet in each interval, the concentric strie of growth crowded, sometimes prominent enough to finely crenulate the radiating ribs. Color varying from yellowish with blackish-brown rays, to reddish-brown with whitish rays. Interior yellowish, lustrous, having dark rays and spots; central area having a whitish, orange or olive callus. Length 46, breadth 40, alt. 17 mill. Wellington, New Zealand; Chatham Is.; New South Wales, Aus- tralia. P. tramoserica Martyn, Univ. Conch. i, t. 16.—RrEEvE, Conch. Icon. f. 27.—P. antipodum E. A. Smiru, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Moll. p. 4, t. 1, f. 25 (1874).— Patinella tramoserica Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 377 (1884).—? P. pecten GMEL., Syst. xiii, p. 3702. The ribs are numerous, their narrow intervals usually haying an interstitial riblet. The color is dull yellow or reddish, with dark rays, which are sometimes seen to be fretted or dotted if held toward the light. H. riavus Hutton. Ovate, conical, radiately ribbed; apex recurved; margin crenated ; pale yellow, inclining to orange toward the apex ; interior, above the muscular-impression more or less orange, below silvery. Length 2°2, breadth 1°8, alt. 1 inch. (dZutton.) Poverty Bay to Stronghurst, Canterbury, New Zealand. P. flava Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z., p. 44, (1873) ; Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 109, (1880).—Patinella flava Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soe. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 378. The description of this form is scarcely sufficient. H. muuminata Gould. PI. 70, figs. 40, 41, 42. Shell elevated conical, with an arched outline, the apex at about the anterior fourth ; surface covered with numerous small, obtuse, radiating ribs, with from one to three intervening striz ; concentric lines of growth crowded, very faint. Color sooty, with scattered, yellowish spots, about twenty in number somewhat regularly dis- HELCIONISCUS. 143 posed, which are transparent when held up to the light, those near the margin elongated. Aperture ovate, the margin slightly irre- gular; interior a very dark claret-color, with brilliant silky and golden reflections, and yellow spots, corresponding to those of the ex- terior ; central spatula dull bufFcolor. ( Gd.) Length 13, breadth 1%, alt. $ inch. Auckland Is. (Gld.); Campbell and Macquarie Is. (Hutton.) P. illuminata Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 149, (1846) ; Exped. Moll. & Sh., p. 340, atlas f. 441—Hurron, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, t. 16, f. c (dentition).— Patinella illuminata Hurton, Proce. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p.3876.—? Patella terroris FinnoL, Compt. Rend. xci, (1880.) Ky Australian species. H. urmpata Philippi. Pl. 71, figs. 53, 54, 55,-56; pl. 17, figs. 28, 29. Shell solid, oval, the apex near the front third; sculptured with from 21 to 31 broad rounded ribs. Brown or reddish, the intervals | between the ribs brown-striped. Apex eroded. Edge scalloped by the ribs. Inside whitish, tinted with flesh-color or lilac, the central callus generally opaque-white mixed with bluish, becoming olive toward its edges. There is a distinct yellow or brown border, within which the stripes of the exterior make a ring of vivid blotches, these stripes being also, at times, visible through the tinted lining of the shell. Length 47, breadth 41, alt. 20 mill. Length 59, breadth 52, alt. 29 mill. Port Lincoln, 8. Australia ; Tasmania. P. limbata Putu., Abbild. u. Beschreib., iii, p. 71, Patella t. 3, f. 2.—REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 29.—Anaas, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 185.— Trentson-Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1876, p. 48 (animal). A large, solid species. The broad, rounded ribs, narrow inter- stices striped with brown, and distinct internal border are charac- teristic marks of this species. The eroded apex is usually stained with bluish. The number of ribs is excessively variable, sometimes as many as 37 being developed. H. LATistRicATa Angas. Shell very similar to P. limbata, but more elongated ; liver-colored, rayed with a few very broad brown-black stripes. Ornamented with 144 HELCIONISCUS. about 12 to 14 irregular, rounded ribs. Spatula of an intense brown- black, margined with white. (Angas.) Length ‘7, breadth °45, alt. *2 inch. Aldinga Bay, South Australia. P. latistrigata ANGAs, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 154, 186. H. GEALEI Angas. Similar to P. Jacksoniensis, but the interior splendidly metallic, a little tinted with golden; margin narrow. Spatula lurid, clouded with leaden and brown. (Angas.) Length ‘1, breadth °86, alt. ‘4 inch. St. Vincent’s Gulf, S. Australia. P. gealei AnG., P. Z. S. 1865, pp. 57, 186. H. ARANEOSA Reeve. PI. 71, figs. 57, 58. Shell suboblong-ovate, attenuated in front, rather thin, compressed at the sides, apex rather sharply acuminated, anterior; radiately densely striated, strize corded, minutely crenulated with concentric strie. Olive-green, conspicuously rayed with numerous opaque- white lines. Interior semitransparent. A somewhat depressed species, pinched and sharply pointed to- ward the apex, which inclines very much to the front, and of a dull greenish-olive color, curiously rayed throughout with fine opaque- white lines. (Rve.) Australia. P. araneosa REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 111. March, 1855. Gould described in 1846 a different species under this name, but itis probably an Aemea. See appendix to this volume. (5.) Spectres oF SouTH AND East AFRICA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS. Limpets of the genus Helcioniscus are not found on the West African coast, which is inhabited by the typical groups of Patella. Upon the East African shores, however, typical Patella is not numerous in species, hut Helcioniscus abounds fromthe Red Sea to the Cape. H. rota Gmelin. PI. 72, figs. 65-80. Shell oval, low-conical, the apex at the front third or behind it. Sculptured with numerous subequal or unequal, obsoletely granu- lous radiating striz. Outside whitish, having purple-brown rays which sometimes branch to form v’s, sometimes are spotted with light HELCIONISCUS. 145 or split into several narrow stripes. ‘The rays are generally eleven in number, but often some of them are multiplied by splitting. Interior yellow (or silvery), showing the rays as vividly as the outside; the central area red-chestnut in color. Suez and Mozambique (Reeve); Madagascar (Dall); Reunion (Nevill, in Phil. Acad. Colln.). Patella rota, testa subrotunda, etc., CHEMN., Conchyl. Cab. x, p. 330, t. 168, f. 1619.—P. rota GmeL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3720.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 39a.— Helcioniscus rota DALL, Amer. Jour. Conch. vi, p. 278, pl. 16, f. 28.—Patella variegata Rrrvr, Conch. Syst. t. 186, f. 1—P. petalata Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 56.—P. luzonica Rve., /. ¢., f. 86—P. scalata Rve., l.¢., f. 89—?? P. argentaurum Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 414. An excessively variable species. It is closely allied to P. novem- radiata, but in that species the rays do not bifureate, although — they are often split into two, and the indistinctly defined central callus is white with more or less bright yellow tint. It is even more closely allied to P. capensis Gmel and P. variabilis Krauss, and the three may prove to be one species, although in some details they differ. I have seen too few of the Cape species to write confidently upon their constant characteristics. Var. RovA, typical, (figs. 65-69) may be restricted to the forms with chestnut or reddish spatula. As a synonym I have placed P. variegata Reeve, founded upon a typical specimen of rota, although Reeve afterward shifted the name to a different species. The following seem to belong here: P. petalata Rve. (pl. 72, figs. 70, 71). “Shell ovate, rather de- pressed, obsoletely cancellately ridged ; transparent yéllow, painted with broad blackish-purple rays. Interior transparent horny, nucleus chestnut-purple. Australia.” (Reeve.) P. luzonica Reeve, (pl. 72, figs. 72,73). “Shell rotundately ovate, rather depressed, radiately finely ridged, ridges granuled; apex sharp, anterior minutely hooked ; transparent yellow, rather horny, promiscuously stained with large black blotches. Interior trans: parent, subiridescent, dark chestnut in the middle. Luzon, Philip- pines.” (Rve.) P. sealata Rve. (pl. 72, figs. 74,75). “Shell ovate, rather sharply convex ; apex scarcely central; radiately obtusely striated, and here and there linearly grooved; livid-white, rayed with black 10 146 HELCIONISCUS. bands peculiarly bi-forked, or diagonally linearly streaked. Interior subtransparent, horny. Philippine Is.” (Rve.) Var. orientalis Pilsbry. Pl. 72, figs. 76, 77. Shell more solid, the central area of the interior whitish or more or less stained with olive or orange. Viti Islands (A. Garrett). Var. DISCREPANS Pilsbry. PI. 72, figs. 78, 79, 80. Surface with growth-lines but no radiating sculpture whatever. Soiled white, with purple-brown rays torn into oblique shreds. Length 29, breadth 24, alt. 10 mill. Probably a distinct species. |The two specimens I have seen are unlike any described Helcioniscus in their smoothness and lacerated rays. H. capensis Gmelin. Pl. 16, figs. 15, 16, 17. Shell ovate, thin, depressed-conical ; dull white, variously painted with brown radiating bands and spots ; radiately striated, the strize close, equal, granulose ; vertex acute, erect, situated at about } the length ; margin denticulated. Interior yellowish-silvery, with a pearly luster, having rays and spots of brown; central spatula, brown or orange, rarely whitish, but always marked with white under the vertex and a brown spot in front. (ixrauss.) Length 59, breadth 29 mill: Natal. P. capensis GMEL, Syst., p. 3720.—Kravuss, Die Stidafric. Moll. Pe 05) tS teal: There is a white area in the depth of the interior, having an orange or brown bar across it, as in pl. 16, figs. 16,17; or the white is reduced to a bar in the same place. Compare P. rota Gmel. H. NOVEMRADIATUS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 30, figs. 55, 56, 57, 58. Shell low-conic, rownded-oval, rather thin but solid, the apex slightly in front of the center. Surface lusterless, c/osely, finely striated radially, the strize somewhat granulose, often subobsolete ; growth-lines obvious or obsolete. Whitish, broadly rayed with olive-brown or dull rust-red. Interior layer translucent, iridescent, conspicuously showing the rays of the outside, which become vivid brown at the edge; central HELCIONISCUS. 147 area having an ill-defined callus, which is more or less deeply stained with bright gamboge yellow. Length 40, breadth 34, alt. 10 mill. Mauritius. _P. novemradiata Q. & G., Voy. de l Astrol. p. 346, t. 70, t 2onee. —P. aster REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 80, 1855. A splendid species. The rays are broad and about nine in num- ber, but more frequently they are twice as numerous by the splitting of each broad one into two. Quoy & Gaimard described a very young shell. Reeve figured under the name P. aster, a small speci- men from an unknown locality. The series before me is from Mauritius (Robillard Coll.). It is a much larger, more spreading and vividly colored shell than the allied P. profunda. There is little besides coloring to sunder this species from P. rota Gm. Compare also P. capensis and P. variabilis, the former of which may be the same. It should be noted that Gmelin refers to Kaemmerer, t. 2, f. 1, 2, as an’ illustration of his capensis. These figures represent the typical novemradiata. H. VARIABILIS Krauss. Pi. 16, figs. 18, 19, 20. Shell ovate, thin, depressed-convex ; whitish or ashen-yellow, painted with radiating bands and spots of ashen or brown; radiately striated, striz or riblets unequal, transversely very minutely striated ; vertex acute, looking forward, situated at the front third; margin denticulated. Interior yellowish, rarely whitish, having radiating bands and spots of brown, shining. Central area not distinct, yellowish or whitish. (Kvrauss.) Length 32, breadth 24, alt. 7-9 mill. si Natal. P. variabilis Krauss, Die Siidafric. Moll., p. 35, t. 3, f. 12 (mot P. variabilis Sowb., a species of Acmea.) This is a flatter shell than the preceding, rather thin, translucent, rarely eroded at the apex. The apex is more forwardly directed than in P. capensis. From it many (70-80) alternately larger striz radiate, which are cut by very fine concentric striz, scarcely visible with the naked eye. The color outside is usually dirty white or yellowish with many grayish-brown or brown radiating strize or flecks, which are visible with more intense color through the gray- ish-yellow or whitish-yellow shining (but never silvery and pearly) 148 HELCIONISCUS. layer of the interior. The centrum is not sharply defined, generally scarcely darker than the circumference. (Kvrauss.) Compare P. rota Gmel. The following variations are described by Krauss: Var. fasciata (fig. 18). Shell whitish, spotted with brown, painted with six broad blackish-brown bands. The typical form is irreg- ularly and interruptedly striated and flecked, but this has broad bands. Var. radiata (fig. 19). The usually somewhat stronger riblets are white, and the smaller riblets and grooves are brown or blackish- brown. Under a lens young examples are seen to be sprinkled with little light-blue flecks. The centrum is yellowish. Var. concolor. Shell unicolored, blackish-ashen or tawny. Always smaller, totally unicolored. Centrum whitish. H. punker!I Krauss. PI. 16, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14. Shell small, ovate, convex, very thin; subpellucid; whitish or dull yellowish, having 11 radiating black bands and reddish striz, sometimes painted with rose and spots of bluish-green; radiately striated, the striz fine, subequal; vertex acute, inclined forward, situated at the front fourth; margin very finely denticulated, not gaping. Interior shining, colored like the outside, the center yellowish or ashen-whitish. (Kr.) Length 17, breadth 11, alt. 43 mill. Natal. P. dunkeri Kr., Die Stidafric. Moll. p. 55, t. 3, f. 14—ReErEve, Conch. Icon. f. 124.—Puit., Abbild. t. 2, f. 9. The thinnest of the South African species. It is somewhat inter- mediate between P. variabilis and P. pruinosa, according to Krauss. Compare also P. compressa young, and P. araneost Rve. H. rucosmia Pilsbry. PI. 71, figs. 61, 62, 63, 64. Shell oval, conical, the distance in front of the apex contained from 2} to 3 times in the length of the shell. Posterior slope some- what convex. Sculptured with fine closely granulous radiating riblets, of which every fourth one is usually somewhat larger. Out- side gray-white, spotted all over and indistinctly rayed with rusty- brown. Interior yellowish, conspicuously blotched, spotted and rayed with purple-brown or black-brown; the rays being usually 11 or 12 in number, either wide or narrow, and spotted with light. The cen- HELCIONISCUS. 149 tral callus is dark orange-brown, sometimes encircled by a whitish ring. Length 40, breadth 32, alt. 15 mill. Suez (Fischer); Red Sea and Gulf of Akaba (Smithsonian Cabi- net): Japan at Hakodadi (Stimpson and Anthony in Phil. Acad. Colln.); Australia. (Rve.) P. variegata ReEvE, Conch. Icon. species 38 (Dec. 1854), not P. variegata REEVE, Conch. Syst. pl. 136, fig. 1 (1842).—P. variegata Fiscuer, Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 167.— Helcioniscus variegatus Datu, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi. p. 277, t. 16, f. 27 (animal and den- tition)—Not Patella variegata DE BLAINVILLE, Dict. des Sci. Nat. xxxvili, p. 100 (1825). Readily distinguished from P. rota by its blotched and speckled color-pattern. Part of the localities given above are no doubt incorrect. I have examined a very large series, and find but little variation from the typical form. I have seen no specimens approaching P. rota. Reeve in 1842 described and figured a specimen of typical P. rota Gm. under the name variegata. In 1854 he shifted that name to the present species, giving no reason for such change, nor even admitting that he had made a change. Under these circumstances it becomes necessary to give a new name to the present species, and thus avoid the confusion otherwise inevitable. It should also be noted that there is a prior P. variegata of Blainville, 1825. H. cernica (Barclay) Adams. PI. 71, figs. 59, 60. Shell thin, ovate, depressed-conic; decussated with numerous obtuse radiating ribs and close, elevated, undulating concentric liree; whitish, ornamented with reddish-brown rays. Apex sub- central, obtuse ; aperture ovate. Interior sculptured and colored like the outside, shining, somewhat pearly ; margin more or less widely crenulated. Length 39, breadth 29, alt. 10 mill. (Ad.) Barkly Island, Mauritius. Nacella (Cellana) cernica Barcl. ms., H. ApAms, P. Z. S. 1869, p. tho, t..19,f. 7, 1a. This species is the type of H. Adams’ subgenus CeLnAna. It probably belongs to Helcioniscus rather than to Nacella or Patinella. 150 HELCIONISCUS. The name Cedlanu has priority over Helcioniscus but it has not been adequately defined. H. prorunbus Deshayes. PI. 65, figs. 94, 95, 96. Shell small, elevated-conical, solid, apex a little anterior, the slopes straight ; surface finely closely and evenly radiately striated, white with purplish or brownish rays; the rays usually 10 in number, articulated with darker spots which are often angular. Inside white, showing the rays faintly; the central area light chestnut or outlined with light chestnut, edge of the shell smooth, articulated with white and chestnut. Length 16, breadth 12, alt. 7 mill. Length 20, breadth 153, alt. 8 mill. Island of Réunion. P. profunda Du., Moll. Réunion, p. 44, t. 6, f. 15, 16, 1865. A small conical species, nearly smooth, the radiating striz being quite fine. The rays are more obvious on worn examples. The central area is not calloused. It has very much the appearance of an Acmea. Var. MAURITIANA Pilsbry. PI. 65, figs. 97, 98, 99. Shell thicker, heavier, more elevated; dull white with reddish rays, which are not visible within, and only faintly visible at the edge, which is minutely crenulated; basal side-margins slightly curving upward; radiating striz of the surface coarse, unequal. Central area of the interior having an orange-tawny callus. Length 21, breadth 17, alt. 11 mill. Mauritius. H. Garcont Deshayes. PI. 66, figs. 100, 101. Sheli ovate, little narrowed in front, conical; vertex acute, sub- central; ornamented with small granulous radiating striz ; blackish- brown, vividly pearly inside, toward the apex whitish. (Dh.) Regularly oval, conoidal, the summit elevated, pointed, very slightly directed forward, situated at the front two-fifths of the length. From the apex radiate a great number of very fine, regu- lar, rather equal riblets, which bear long, obtuse granules. The margins are simple and sharp. The interior is lined with very bright nacre of a whitish-brown, the central callus quite large, white, sharply defined by the muscle-scar. The shell is thin, semi- HELCIONISCUS. 15] transparent, of a uniform brown-blackish, but if held up toward the light, a few rays of a beautiful red become visible. (Dh.) Length 23, breadth 19, alt. 9 mill. Island of Réunion. P. garcont Du., Moll. de He Réunion, p. 42, t. vi (xxxiil), f. 11, 12. I have not seen this species, which apparently resembles P. oliva- cea and P. ardosiea; but those species are truly unicolored, whilst this shows rays when held toward the light. It is probably allied to P. profunda Dh. H. pepsta Reeve. PI. 20, figs. 45, 46. Shell ovate, thin, rather depressed, raised in the middle, rather compressed at the sides; apex sharp, anteriorly minutely hooked ; radiately striated, strize raised toward the margin ; reddish-chestnut, sometimes faintly rayed with greenish-yellow. Interior livid horny. A nearly smooth reddish-chestnut shell, with a sharp minutely hooked apex. (Rve.) Macao and Island of St. Paul. P. depsta Rerve, Conch. Icon., f. 85, 1855. H. sANGUINANS Reeve. PI. 30, figs. 53, 54. Shell oblong-ovate, rather convex, apex rather anterior; decussated with concentric strize and small superficial ridges; whitish, here and there peculiarly rough, marked with promiscuously flowing blood-red streaks, rough surface red-dotted. Interior semipellucid white, con- spicuously red rayed. A fine new species of an oblong-oval form, rather flattish, with the apex situated somewhat anteriorly. It is of a reddish-white ground, painted with promiscuous streaks of red, like blood flowing, and the ground is singularly overlaid here and there with an opaque, rough coating dotted with red. (Rve.) Cape Natal, S. Ajrica. P. sanguinans Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 10a, 10b. Oct., 1854. I have not seen this species. It is not mentioned by Krauss or other writers on the Cape fauna. (6.) SPECIES OF UNKNOWN HABITAT. H. mMeLAnostomus Pilsbry. PI. 32, figs. 67, 68, 69. Shell solid, erectly elevated-conical, the base ovate; slopes nearly straight ; apex subcentral, erect. Surface sculptured with numer- 152 HELCIONISCUS. ous (43-45) strong rounded ribs, closely but usually rather super- ficially cut by concentric striee. Color clear buff, unicolored or hav- ing the ribs black or black-spotted. Interior white and silvery, the central callus of a more or less in- tense purple-black. Length 61, breadth 51, alt. 34 mill. Length 50, breadth 41, alt. 30 mill. Habitat unknown. Distinguished at once by the unusual coloring of the interior, and the sculpture of the outside. All of the specimens before me have the upper portion of the cone eroded. In one the central black callus is very thick. The ribs are alternately larger and smaller. They are scarcely strongly enough represented in the fig- ure. Specimens having black ribs possess also two short dark streaks radiating from the forward angles of the “ head-mark” as in P. boninensis, with which species this is probably most nearly allied. H. ENNEAGONA Reeve. PI. 28, figs. 35, 36. Shell ovate, a little attenuated in front, depressed, rather thick, obtuse at the apex, subattenuated and inclined, densely crenulately ridged, peculiarly nine-sided, the three front areas narrow. Yellow- ish, the nine areas diagonally reticulately streaked with deep purple. Interior silvery, iridescent. (Reeve.) Habitat unknown. P. enneagona REEV®, Conch. Icon., f. 44. (Dec., 1854.) H. trvescens Reeve. PI. 73, figs. 99, 100. Shell ovate, rather thin, depressly convex, rather sharply pointed at the apex, radiately densely granulately striated, striz slightly waved; apex rather anterior. Pellucid blue-green, rayed with blackish-purple, rays sometimes broken up into opaque blotches. Interior iridescent-silvery, more or less transparent. (/ve.) Mazatlan (Reeve.) P. livescens Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 75, 1855. A very delicate subpellucid greenish-blue shell, painted with dark purple rays which show through into the interior. The sculpture consists of numerous slightly waved granuled lines. (Fve.) The locality given by Reeve is more than doubtful. It seems near P. rota Gmel. HELCIONISCUS. gas H. pirus Reeve. PI. 78, figs. 88, 89. Shell ovate, erectly conoid, densely radiately ridged and ribbed, ribs and ridges very closely broken up intosmall warts. Dark blue- black, sub-iridescent in the interior. Although a similarity prevails between the figures of this and the preceding species [ P. guttata Orb.], they are very different. P. dira being of a deep, erectly conical form, rayed throughout with close- set ribs and ridges, crenated with small tumid warts. (Rve.) Habitat unknown. P. dira REEve, Conch. Icon. f. 92, 1855. H. runcus Reeve. PI. 44, figs. 18, 19. Shell ovate, depressly conoid, apex raised, subcentral; radiately densely ribbed and ridged, ribs and ridges narrow, small, every where finely noduled. Dull ash, dotted around the apex and near the mar- gin with reddish-brown, with nodules whitish. Interior semitrans- parent, iridescent. A dull ash, depressly conoid shell, densely rayed with finely noduled ribs and ridges, sparingly marked with reddish-brown dots, which are seen most distinctly in the interior of the shell. (/ve.) West Indies (Rve.) “ Tectura fungus MruscHen ” teste Reeve.—Patella fungus Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 105, 1855. This seems to be a Helcioniscus of the H. exaratus type. The locality given by Reeve is in all probability incorrect. H. (?) aDELz Potiez & Michaud. PI. 67, figs. 11, 12. Shell ovate, depressed, blackish, painted with nearly regularly placed oblong white spots; radiately most finely costulated, the rib- lets very numerous, unequal, subgranulous. Vertex anterior, acute and tawny; margin acute, entire. Inside blackish in the depth of the cavity, the margin maculated, intermediate space whitish. Length 15, breadth 10, alt. 4 mill. (P. & ML) Habitat unknown. P. adele P. & M., Galerie des Moll., Mus. de Douai, i, p. 523, t. 37’ fol, 2) 1838: H. trneatus Lamarck. PI. 73, figs. 85, 86, 87. Shell oval, convex, buff-brown, painted with 10-12 yellow lines ; excessively numerous longitudinal close strie; vertex acute, buff. Length exceeding one inch. (Lam.) Habitat unknown. 154 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. P. lineata Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 531.—DELEssErRT, Ree. de Coq. t. 28, f. 6. I do not recognize Delessert’s figures of the type of this species. Deshayes (in Lam. 2d. edit.) gives no additional information, as he did not have access to Lamarck’s cabinet. H. nimpus Reeve. PI. 35, figs. 30, 31. I have described this under Acmwa, page 61, but it may be a Helcioniscus. I have not seen the species. Spurious, Unidentified and Unfigured Limpets. The following list consists mainly of such species as I have been unable to identify with known forms, and which seem to me fairly unidentifiable. A certain proportion of the number I have identified with certainty ; and others with doubt, as will be seen by my notes below. It will be understood that I have no desire to revivify names or species which have passed from the memory of man. It is at least a half century too late for that. It is not too late, however, to avoid the use of these dead names for new forms. The frequent duplica- tion of specific names in Pated/a has shown the necessity of a com- plete list such as that here given. I have deemed it neither nec- essary nor desirable to change well-known modern names which are preoccupied by the old and insufficiently defined names given below, although there exist a considerable number of such duplications. The species of Clyptreide, Fissurellide, Siphonariide and Gadi- niide, ete., included by older writers in Patella, have been excluded, as far as the original descriptions have enabled me to judge of them. ? NACELLA sSUBSPIRALIS Cpr. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ili, p. 213),. belongs to the Siphonariide. TECTURA RADIATA Pse. (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 437), is a synonym of Williamia gussoni Costa—Siphonariide. P. vrrtpris Dufo (Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv, p. 204, 1840). Seychelles and Amirantes. Unidentified. P. AURIFERA Dufo (Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv, p. 204). Mahé, Sey- chelles. Unidentified. P. vircinuM Dufo (Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv, p. 205). Mahé, Sey- chelles. Unidentified. UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. 155 P. maticotor Dufo (Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv, p. 205). Mahé Sey- chelles. Unidentified. P. pIEMENSIS Philippi. Shell ovate-elliptical, convex conic, rather solid, whitish, having about 54 brown grooves; interior white, margin crenulated, the inside marked with brown dots at the crenations; apex at two- fifths of the length. Length 163, breadth 14, alt. 8 lines. (Phil) Hobarttown, Tasmania. P. diemensis Pu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 162. Compare Helcioniscus limbata and tramoserica. P. crassa Lesson (Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. 413, 1830). A very thick, massive species, measuring, length 3%, breadth 3, alt. 12 inches. Said to be from New South Wales. P. cosrata Lesson, (Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. 415, 1830). The summit is said to be recurved posteriorly; sculptured with radiating striz fine above, wide at the edge, surmounted by lamelle. Outside green, surrounded with blackish toward the apex, having the elevations on the ribs bright chestnut. Inside golden red in the middle, silvery outside, rayed with blackish-purple at the positions of the ribs. Length*12, breadth 9, alt. 3 lines. Island of Buru, Moluccas. P. BouRoUNIENSIS Lesson, (Voy. de Ja Coq. Zool. 11, p. 415, 1830). Much depressed, oval, white, with black ribs outside, ete. Summit much posterior. Length 14, breadth 12, alt.32 lines. Bay of Cajeli, Buru. P. crocara Lesson (Voy. de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 415, 1830). Irregularly oboval, little elevated, not thick, summit conical, nearly central, margins thin and angulose. Covered with close little ridges separated into little groups by shallow, spaced grooves. Color whit- ish with purple-violet rays. Inside white, tinted with yellow and silvery. Center saffron-yellow; border spotted with purple. Length 11, breadth 10, alt. 4 lines. Port Praslin, New Ireland. P. concepsronis Lesson (Voy. de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 418, 1830). Evidently an Acmea or a Scurria, perhaps A. variabilis (Sow.) Rve. Province of Concepcion, Chili. 156 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. P. JACKSONIENSIS Lesson (Voy de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 418, 1830). A species said to resemble P. vulgata. From Port Jackson, N. S. Wales. P. GRANULOSA Lesson (Voy. de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 422, 1830). Island of Buru. (Bourou.) P. GIGANTEA Lesson (Voy. de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 423, 1830). A very large shell, length 7, breadth 5 inches. It is massive, very thick, oval, convex, submedian. Muscle-impression deeply marked. Interior smooth, whitish, the cavity reddish. Outside covered with Serpula tubes. Coral reefs off Borabora, Society Is. P. opLonGA Perry (Conchology, t. 45; f. 4). Unknown and un- knowable. P. LAMPEDUSENSIS DeGreg. An unfigured, imperfectly described form, from the Sea of Lampedusa. (Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., x, p. 121.) P. GRANULATA Philippi. Shell ovate-elliptical, depressed, brown, tessellated with little-con- spicuous brown spots; roughened by elevated very close, minutely granose radiating lines. Apex at the front fifth of the length. In- terior bluish, margin brown, articulated with whitish. Length 10, breadth 73, alt. 23 lines. (Ph.) * China. P. granulata Pu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 162. Compare Acmeea schrenckii and concinna. P. aLtBA Hombron & Jacquinot. Shell ovate-elliptical, depressed, white; having sharp carinated crests, toothing the margin; apex excentral, obtuse. Interior white, shining, the depth and the margin submaculated with black. Length 37, breadth 30 mill. (H.& J. in Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, 1841, p. 190.) Tahiti. P. TESsELLATA Hombron & Jacquinot. Shell elevated-elliptical, convex-conic ; yellow outside and inside, ornamented with undulating, transverse black-reddish lines and bands; having close radiating striz, the chief of which number about 32. Vertex acute, gray; cavity of the same color. Length UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. Lla7 28, breadth 22 mill. (H.& J. Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 190, 1841.) Island of Mangareve. P. opscurA Hombron & Jacquinot. Shell elevated-elliptical, convex, obliquely conical, blackish-brown, lightly tessellated with whitish. Inside bluish-white, the cavity reddish-black. Vertex excentral, subobtuse. Margin entire, encircled by a black zone within. Len oth 26, breadth 20 mill. (CH. & J. in Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2) xvi, p- 191, 1841.) Taleahuano, Chili. Evidently an Acmea or a Scurria. P. tuctuosa Hombron & Jacquinot. Shell very angular, star-shaped, elliptical, rough, brown-black ; with separated radiating ribs, of which 5 are principal and 9 or 10 adjunct, all extending beyond the margin. Vertex obtuse, excen- tral. Inside shining, white-bluish; margin angular, black-zoned. Length 33, width 28 mill. (CH. & J. in Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xvi, p. 191, 1841). Mindanao. May be the same as Acmea saccharina. P. cruENTATA Hombron & Jacquinot. Shell oval, convex-depressed, white, painted with white and brown radiating bands, ribs close, numerous, radiating; vertex brown- blackish, acute, central: margin unequally undulating, subdenticu- late ; inside pearly, deeply blood-stained. Length 24, breadth 19 mill. (H. & J., Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 191, 1841.) New Guinea. PATELLOIDES ANTARCTICA Hombron & Jacquinot. Shell convex-oval, smooth, brownish-olive, painted around the margin with greenish-white bands. Vertex incumbent; inside white in front, sooty behind, the cavity rufo-castaneous ; edge entire, encircled by a black zone spotted with white. Length 31, breadth 23 mill. (H. & J. in Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 192, 1841.) Auckland Is. P. caLLtosA Hombron & Jacquinot. Shell oval, depressed; radiately painted with black and white bands; mside white, the depth thickened, callous, white. Apex ele- 158 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. vated, very acute; margin entire, colored with alternate black and white lines. Length 18, breadth 14 mill. (H. & J. in Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 192, 1841.) Vavao. P. oRICHALCEA Philippi. Shell ovate-elliptical, depressed-conoid, rather thin, pellucid, pale corneous; having about 20 narrow, reddish-brown low radiating ribs, and sometimes reddish-brown decurrent streaks in the inter- stices. Interior beautiful silvery-golden, the center pale brown; apex at + to 4 of the length. Margin subdentate by the ribs. Length 18, breadth 14, alt. 53 lines. (Ph.) New Zealand. P. orichalcea Putu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 163. Compare P. radians and its varieties. P. RETICULATA Anton. Oval, widened in front; apex posterior ; strong-shelled; finely longitudinally striated. _Ground-color yel- lowish-white, with brown reticulated markings, which in front flow into a broad ray. Length 7, breadth 72 lines. (Anton, Verzeich- niss, p. 25, 1859.) P.sontipa Anton. Oval, strongly arched; apex nearly in the middle. Strong-shelled, ribbed, irregularly rayed and flecked with white and brown. Muscle-impression very large. Length 6, breadth 43 lines. (Anton, Verzeich. p. 25.) P. oLtvAcEA Anton. Refers to Gualtieri pl. 8, fig. R. No de- scription. The cited figure is unidentifiable. (Verzeich. p. 26.) P. LINEOLATA Anton, Oval, high. Apex at the first third of the length; white, with many small lines and strokes. Cavity of the inside brown, otherwise white within, Length 6, breadth 4 lines. (Ant., Verzeich. p. 26.) P. arBA Anton. No description. Refers to Gualt. t. 8, fig. L, =P. cerulea! (Verzeich. p. 26.) P. SERPULZFORMIS Anton. Oval, pretty high, with 10 ribs, some projecting over the margin; brown; inside yellowish-white. Muscle-impression with. brown vermiform lines. Length 10, breadth 83 lines. (Verzeich. p. 26.) UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. 159 P. purpurAsceNS Anton. Oval, with 19 equal ribs, which slightly project at the margin. Apex moderately high, blackish-red. Apex and ribs yellow, showing on the inside. Length 11, breadth 9 lines. (Verzeich. p. 26.) P. contca Anton. Equals P. vulgata Lam., ete., the varieties with equal broad and somewhat separated ribs and conic form. Blainv. 49,1; Mart. 1, 38. (Anton, Verzeich. p. 26.) P. ALBESCENS Anton. Oval, nearly round, conical; apex wart- like, inclined forward. Very finely longitudinally, and still more finely transversely striated. Yellowish-white; inside pure white, with a brown margin around the muscle-impression, below the mar- gin horn-colored. Length 1, breadth 11 lines. Antilles. (Anton, Verzeich. p. 26.) P. picHoroma Anton. Oval, conical, white with brown longitu- dinal lines, which below mostly divide gable-wise [ A-shaped]. In- terior whitish. Length 62, breadth 53 lines. Has the muscle-im- pression of Patella and the outward aspect of Siphonaria. (Anton, Verzeich. p. 26.) This may possibly be Aemwa cubensis Rve. (H. A. P.) P. (? TOREUMA, VAR.) TENUILIRATA Carpenter. Shell much depressed, oblong, diaphanous; corneous, irregularly flamed with brownish-purple ; about 22 very delicate lire, the inter- stices obsoletely striated ; apex subprominent, situated about at the front fifth. Interior very iridescent. Length 1°38, breadth 1, alt. ‘28 inch. ( Cpr.) Monterey (Hartweg) in Cuming Coll. This shell appears to agree with P. toreuma Reeve in all essential respects; but instead of the fine regular striz of that species, there are a few delicate principal ribs, with obsolete strize between. As its neighbor P. oregona sometimes developes large ribs, and is at other times nearly smooth, this has not been considered a sufficient difter- ence to constitute a species until more is known of its variable powers. (Cpr. in P. Z.S. 1855, p. 233.) P. rustica Linn. Born has attempted the identification of this perplexing limpet, his selection being perhaps the P. lusitanica, His description is on p. 426 of the Mus. Ces., pl. 18, fig. 11. See under P. lusitanica and P. neglecta, this volume. 160 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. P. tacryosa Linné., Syst. x, p. 781. Unidentified ; ? possibly=P. stelleformis. P. TUBERCULATA Linné., Syst. x, p. 782. Unidentifiable. All Linnean Patelle other than these two and those referred to in the foregoing text of this volume, belong to other groups, such as Fissurellide, Calyptreide, Capulide, Siphonariide, Ancylide, (q. v.) _ISLANDICA Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 8698, ?=P. vulgata. . RUBRA Gmel., p. 3700. Unidentified. . HEPATICA Gmel., p. 8700. Unidentified. FUSCESCENS Gmel., p. 3701. Unidentified. MACULOSA Gmel., p. 3701. Unidentified. ROTUNDATA Gmel., p. 8701. Unidentified. coRRUGATA Gmel., p. 3702. Unidentified. ALBORADIATA Gmel., p. 8702. Unidentified. OLIVACEA Gmel., p. 3702. Unidentified. CEREA Gmel., p. 3702. Unidentified. IMPREsSA Gmel., p. 8702. Unidentified. AURANTIA Gmel., p. 3703. Unidentified. MELANOZONIAS Gmel., p. 8703. Unidentified. ocuLATA Gmel., p. 3703. Unidentified. OCHROLEUCA Gmel., p. 8708. Unidentified. DENTICULATA Gmel., p. 8703. Unidentified. nopuLosa Gmel., p. 3703. Unidentified. CINEREA Gmel., p. 3704. Unidentified. EXALBIDA Gmel., p. 3704. Unidentified. Levis Gmel., p. 3704. Unidentified. ARGENTEA Gmel., p. 3704. Unidentified. Fr ee OVO Ne ee) SO ne Were enmness Grey eo why e NUraae cupREA Gmel., p. 3704. I do not know this apparently well- marked species. It may be a form of P. magellanica. SANGUINEA Gmel., p. 3705. Unidentified. INEQUALIS Gmel., p. 3705. Unidentified. . FLAVEOLA Gmel., p. 3705. Unidentified. . INFUNDIBULUM Gmel., p. 3705. Unidentified. acila-ila- lacie: . oyArHus Gmel., p. 3705. Unidentified. UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. , 161 P. uLyssiPoNnensis Gmel., p. 3706. This is a form of P. cwrulea. P. MELANOGRAMMA Gmel., p. 3706. Unidentified. P. REPANDA Gmel., p. 3707. Probably=P. aspera of the Mediter- rean. P. ANGULOSA Gmel., p.3707. Unidentified. P. TIGRINA Gmel., p. 3707. Unidentified. P. monopis Gmel., p. 8707. ?=P. oculus Born. P. cuLorosticra Gmel., p. 38707. ?=P. cwrulea var. crenata. P. MARGARITACEA Gmel., p. 8707. ?=P. cerulea. P. TENvIS Gmel., p. 3708. ?=P. cerulea. P. PLIcARIA Gmel., p. 8708. ?=—=P. barbara Linn., p. 96. P. srANNEA Gmel., p. 3709. ?==P. enea Martyn. P. rascrATA Gmel., p. 3713. Unidentified. P. ELEGANS Gmel., p. 3713. Unidentified. P. squamosa Gmel., p. 3715. Unidentified. P. squaALIDA Gmel., p. 3714. Unidentified. P. crocea Gmel., p. 3714. Unidentified. P. canDIDA Gmel., p. 3714. Unidentified. P. mrnrma Gmel., p. 3714. ?=Aemea virginea Mill. P. TRANQUEBARICA Gmel., p. 3714. An unidentifiable Oriental Aemea. P. SURINAMENSIS Gmel., p. 3716. Unidentified. P. virELLINA Gmel., p. 3716. Unidentified. P. LavIGATA Gmel., p. 3717. Unidentified. P. crrrina Gmel., p. 3720. Unidentified. P. curtata Gmel., p. 3721. Unidentified. P. scuTIFORMIS Gmel., p. 3721. Unidentified. P. CRATICULATA Gmel., p. 3722. Unidentified. P. cRUENTATA Gmel., p. 3722. Unidentified. P. PAPYRACEA Gmel., p. 8722. Unidentified. P. cyLinpRIcA Gmel., p. 3722. Unidentified. P. pEcussATa Gmel., p. 8723. Unidentified. P. n&MosticTa Gmel., p. 3723. Unidentified. P. ASTEROIDES Gmel., p. 3725. ° Unidentified. P. RUBELLA Gmel., p. 3723. Unidentified. 11 162 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. SPECTABILIS Gmel., p. 3723. Unidentified. . CONSPURCATA Gmel., p. 3724. Unidentified. . ArRA Gmel., p. 3724. Unidentified. . SPECULARIS Gmel., Be 3724. Unidentified. CANESCENS Gmel., p. 3724. Unidentified. VIRESCENS Gmel., p. 3724. Unidentified. . PULLA Gmel., p. 9725. Unidentified. .REVOLUTA Gmel., p. 8725. Unidentified. . SQUAMATA Gmel., p. 5725. Unidentified. . TESTACEA Gmel., p. 3725. Unidentified. CAPILLARIS Gmel., p. 3725. Unidentified. .GLAUCA Gmel., p. 3725. Unidentified. . OBSCURA Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified. . EXOLETA Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified. . AFFINIS Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified. FuscATA Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified. . MELLEA Gmel., p. 83726. Unidentified. GUINEENSIS Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified. COMPLANATA Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified. . NAVICULA Gmel., p. 3727. ?=P. miniata. cINGULATA Gmel., p. 8727. Unidentified. A portion of these species of Gmelin may belong to Siphonarude, although all species belonging elsewhere than in Patellide and Acmeide have been purposely omitted in the above list. P. tuTEOLA Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 327. Unidentified. P. TUBERCULIFERA Lam., An.s. Vert. vi, p. 333. Unidentified. P. raprata Born, Test. Mus. Cees. Vindob., t. 18, £10. (CP. virgata Gmel., Syst. xiii, p. 3727). Unidentified. P. porntANA Helbling, Abhandl., p. dinalis. P. zonata Schubert & Wagner, Conchyl. Cab., p. 125, t. 229, f. 4056, 4057. Unidentified. P. yiraata Donovan, in Rees’ Encyel., Conch., pl. xvi. Unidentified. P. auricULA Donovan, in Rees’ Encyel., Conch. pl. xvi. Unidenti- fied. Dee eae oie oe ees .—Acmeea testu- UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. 165 P. srriGAtA Donovan, in Rees’ Encyel., Conch. pl. xvi. Unidenti- fied. P. onycurres Menke, Moll. Noy. Holl. Spec., p. 34. Unidentified. Western Australia. ’ P. PpuLcHELLA Blainyille, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, XxXvili, 1825, p. 92. This may be Patina pruinosa. P. nopaTA Blainv., L.¢., p. 93. This is either a strongly costate form of Nacella mytilina, such as N. compressa of Rochebr. & Mabille, or a nearly smooth N. deaurata. P. cASTANEA Blainv. L. ¢., p. 94. Unidentified. P. VIRIDESCENS Blainy., L. ¢., p. 95. Probably a form of Nacella enea. Falkland Is. P. TENUISTRIATA Blainv., L. c., p. 96. Unidentified. P. niGRA Blainv., L. ¢., p. 96. Unidentified. P. MacuLaTA Blainv., L. ¢., p. 97. Probably it is P. capensis or P. variabilis. From the Cape. P. pepREsSA Blainv., L. ¢., p. 97. Unidentified. P. tucuskis Blainy., L.c¢., p.99. A Helcioniscus, like H. amussitatus. Ry. From the Moluccas. P. AURANTIACA Blainv., LZ. c., p. 99. Unidentified. Habitat un- known. P. varrecaTa Blainy., L.¢., p. 100. Unidentified. From Botany Bay. | SQUAMA (Gualt., t. 8, f. L.) Blainv., Z. ¢., p. 101.=P. coerulea. GRISEA Blainv., L. ¢., p. 102.—=P. aspera. From Greece. ALBORADIATA Blainy., D. c., p. 102. Unidentified. a iP; le P. PARALLELOGRAMMICA Blainy., Z. ¢., p. 103. Unidentified. P. HEPYAGONA Blainy., LZ. ¢., p. 104.—=Acmea saccharina. P. cHILENSIS Blainy., L. ¢., p. 104.—Siphonaria ? PB: conrca Blainv., Z.c, p. 107. Island of Maria. This is a large species, perhaps Helcioniscus argentatus. P. CAMPANIFORMIS Blainy., L. ¢., p. 108.=Siphonaria ? P. cARpDITOIDEA Blainv., LD. ¢., p. 110.—=Nacella deaurata ? P. RaRIcostA Blainv., L.¢., p. 110. Unidentified. P. sotipa Blainy., Z.c¢., p. 110. Unidentified. Australia. P. RUBROAURANTIACA Blainv., £.¢., p. 111. Unidentified. 164 TITISCANIA. P. aticosTaTa Blainv., L.¢, p. 111. Probably this is P. neglecta Gray. P. NIGROALBA Blainv., L.¢, p. 111. Unidentified. Cape Good Hope. P. pERONII Blainv., DL. ¢, p. 111. Unidentified. Port of King George, Australia. . P. MADAGASCARENSIS Blainy., Z.¢., p. 112. Unidentified. P. viouacea Blainv., L.c., p. 112. Perhaps=—P. vulgata. . ATROMARGINATA Blainv., LZ. ¢., p..113.=P. granularis. . SUBGRANULARIS Blainv., D. ¢., p. 118.=P. lusitanica. . ZEBRA Blainv., L.c., p. 115. Unidentified. . UNGULIFORMIS Blainv., J. ¢., p. 115. Unidentified. alee allah ae, Family TITISCA NID. Animal limaciform, naked, without a shell; radula rhipidoglosate, neritoid, but lacking median teeth like the Neritopside. This shell-less, limaciform type belongs, as its internal anatomy and the armature of the radula show, to the group of the Neritacea ; and the lack of median teeth places it evidently in the Neritopsoid division of that group. Genus TITISCANIA Bergh, 1890. Titiscaniu Beran, Morphol. Jahrbuch, xvi, (1), p. 3. Type, 7. limacina. T. rrmacina Bergh. Plate 41; pl. 39, figs. 28, 29. Form quite limaa-like, long-oval, convex above, flat beneath, rounded in front and behind. The color above is clear yellowish, whiter in the middle, where the violet-gray entrails show through, and with a few whitish transverse bands. The back is quite even, only with a few white salient points; anteriorly above is the trans- verse branchial slit, the end of the gill projecting out of the slit in several individuals. The gill has 35 to40lamine. In front of the gill-slit is the flat and rather wide head with rather long, pointed tentacles, having the black, nearly sessile eyes at their outer bases. In the male there is behind the right eye a little whitish hump or pit (opening) for the end of the seminal duct. The entire length is 103 mill. Camiguin, Philippines ; Mauritius. TITISCANIA. 165 Titiscania limacina Bereu in Semper’s Reis. Archip. Phil. I, ii, Heft ix, t. xli, f. 10; Morphol. Jahrb. xvi, p. 3. t. 1, 2. The coloration of the specimens from the Philippines is described above. 9, breadth scarcely 4, alt. 2-23, length of tentacle 12 mill.) the color whitish, the entrails not showing through, with the exception of the anterior female genital mass which conspicuously shows through. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 65. The specimens from Mauritius were mostly smaller (length Explanation of figures, plate 41. Anterior end of animal from below, showing front gill- commissure with retracted gill, then tentacles, oral aper- ture and sole of foot. Anal papilla. Alimentary canal. The living animal, enlarged after a drawing by Semper. Tentacle with eye. Radula (x100). a, Lateral tooth lying prostrate; 6. Three inner teeth of the second row; e. Two inner supporting plates. Outer plates. Innermost of the outer plates. Outermost plate. Outer end of a row of teeth. A few teeth from the same. Plate 39, figs. 28,29. Nerve ganglia. 166 APPENDIX—ACM EID. Appendix. Family ACM HID Cpr. Dr. THIELE, in his continuation of Troschel’s Das Gebiss der Schnecken, recognizes two subfamilies of Acmeide, identical with those adopted by me on p. 6 of this volume. ACMA VIRIDULA Lam. (p. 32). Reeve, on a suppressed page of the Conchologia Iconica, names this species P. nivalis. ACMA VARIABILIS Sowb. (page 34.) Philippi changed the name of his P. lineata to P. grammia in the index to the Abbildungen. ‘This name will also fall into line in the procession of synonyms after A. variabilis. ACMA ANTILLARUM Sowb. (p. 38). This name will take precedence over that of candeana, elegans, etc., the former of which was used in the text, p. 38. Sowerby’s figure of Lottia antillarum, on the plate first cited below, is an excellent and characteristic picture of this species in its finest development. The synonymy will stand as follows: Lottia antillarum SowERBy, Genera of Shells, fig. 4. (Issued before 1831.) Lottia antillarum SowERBy, A Concholog. Manual, p. 59, fig. 231, 1839. (A somewhat different color-form.) Lottia antillarum Sowb., REEveE, Conchol. System., pl. exxxvii, f. 4 (printed from same plate as Sowerby’s Genera) 1842. Acmea antillarum Sowb., Pitspry, The Nautilus, Dec., 1891, p. 85. Patella tenera C. B. Apams, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 8 (1845). Patella tenera Ad., REEVE, Conch. Icon. fig. 104. Patella candeana Orxs., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 199, atlas pl. 25, figs. 1-3. Acmea candeana Orb., Datu, Catal. Mar. Moll. 8. E. U. S., p. 159. Acmea candeana Orb., Pitspry, Manual of Conchology, xiii, p. 38, pl. 5, figs. 91-95, and pl. 42, figs. 92-95. ? Patella (Acmeea ?) elegans Putuiprt, Abbild. u. Beschreib. ii, p. 34, Patella p. 6, pl. 2, fig 2 (1846). ? Not P. antillarum Sowb., Parurprs, Abbild. iti, Patella, pl. 2, fig. 12. APPENDIX—ACM-EIDE. 167 ACMA ONYCHINA Gould. PI. 73, figs. 96, 97, 98. The original figures of this species are not very satisfactory, although Gould’s description is very good. Figures are here given drawn from specimens lately collected at Bahia, Brazil. The diagnostic characters are, besides the orbicular and rather depressed form, the sculpture, which consists of a variable number of low, rounded radiating ribs (often nearly obsolete), the entire surface being finely radially striated. The erosion of the surface is generally, so far as my specimens show, extensive, the sculpture being lost to a corresponding degree. The interior is characterized by a black-brown spatula which often has a “tail-piece” similar to the usual head-segment, and nearly always there are broad rays extending to the front and posterior margins from the central spatula. The marginal border is either black or tessellated. This species has a wide distribution along the east coast of South America, ex- tending as far south as Santa Caterina, in S. Lat. 32° 30’, where it has been collected by Dr. H. von Ihering (see Dall, in The Nautilus, Aug., 1891, p. 44). See also the locality of the synonymous P. millert Dkyr., this volume, page 43. The name Acmea subrugosa was published by Orbigny prior to the Gouldian name onychina, but the diagnosis given is scarcely sufficient for recognition. It is as follows : A. testa ovato-convexiuscula, striato-costata; striis incequalibus ; - albido-virescente zonis fuscis radiata; intus fusco; margine sub- erenatu, lutescente, fusco-maculato. Diam. 18 mill., alt. 8 mill. (Orb.) Mr. E. A. Smith has recently described a form closely allied to this species, from the island Fernando Noronho. It should prob- ably be considered a variety of the A. onychina. Var. NORONHENSIS E. A. Smith. PI. 73, figs. 98, 94. Shell ovate, wider behind, moderately elevated, blackish, painted with pale rays, eroded and black at the apex, which is situated a little in front of the middle; radiately delicately striated, sculptured with lines of increment. Interior blackish within the muscle-scar, toward the apex having a thin whitish callus; outside of the muscle-scar, nearly to the edge, it is bluish-white; at the margin narrowly edged with black; havy- 168 APPEN DIX—ACM ®ID®. ing a wide dark ray extending from apex to margin in front, and a broader one behind. (Smith.) Length 24, width 19, alt. 9 mill. Island of Fernando Noronho, off Brazil. Acmea noronhensis Smitu, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xx, p. 495, t. 30, f. 3, 8a (1891.) This species has a smoother surface than A. subrugosa, d’Orbigny (= Lottia onychina Gould), from Rio Janeiro. Like that species, however, it has in the interior a broad obscure ray from the apex to the margin in front and a broader one at the opposite end. These rays, however are more distinct in the present species than in the Brazilian shell. The external radiating striz being very fine, do not, as a rule, produce a crenulated margin, but in some instances a slight crenulation occurs. The surface within the muscle scar is almost black, forming a marked contrast to the pallid space be- tween it and the black margin, shells found attached to rocks, when placed upon a flat surface, rest upon the anterior and posterior mar- gins only, so that the sides are slightly raised. (Smith.) ScuRRIA ZEBRINA Lesson. (page 63.) Following Dall, I included “ Patella concepcionensis Lesson” in the synonymy of zebrina on page 63. Lesson described no such species, his name being “ concepsionis” ; and its pertinence to zebrina is doubtful. See at foot of page 155, this volume. New Zealand Acmeide. AcM#A LACUNOSA Reeve (p. 52). Hutton omits this name from his latest revision of the New Zea- landic Acmeeids (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 372, 1884). He considers A. corticata a good species. Figures 9, 10, 11 of my plate 37 represent specimens of corticata received from Hutton, and figs. 7, 8 of pl. 387 are Reeve’s originals of lacunosa. A. CINGULATA Hutton (p. 53). Add to references: Hurron, N. Z. Journ. of Sci. i, p. 477, 1883 ; Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 372. A. RUBIGINOSA Hutton (p. 53). This unfigured species I have not seen. It may = A. lacunosa. Hutton considers Patella campbelli Filhol (Compt. Rend. xci, p. APPENDIX—ACM AIDE. 169 1095, 1880) a probable synonym. PP. campbelli is insufficiently diagnosed. A. CONOIDEA Q. & G. (p. 53). Hutton records this from Banks’ Peninsula, N. Z. A. FLAMMEA Q. & G. (p. 57). Hutton reports this from New Zealand, Auckland to Dunedin. A. crucrATa Linné. PI. 73, fig. 95. Shell oval, moderately solid, varying in elevation from subde- pressed to subconical, usually found smooth, but rayed in fresh and perfect individuals with very fine raised strie. Coloring rather variable, yet almost always exhibiting a more or less cruciform arrangement ; when most characteristic, displaying four broad white rays upon a white spreckled ground of blackish-brown that are usually bisected, as they spread, by a short dark streak which at times becomes so broad as to produce the appearance of there being eight narrow white rays, or of a cross with white edges and a brown center; occasionally, too, there are narrower interstitial rays besides. Apex blunt, yet prominent, always white both within and without, placed at rather more than one-third the space from the narrower end. Interior with a faint central brown spatula-shaped stain, intersected by the external rays, which appear more or less visibly through the very thin white glaze that lines the rest of the cavity. Length three-fourths of an inch; breadth half an inch. Worn in- dividuals exhibit a brown cross upon a white ground. (Hanley.) Habitat unknown. Patella eruciata L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 784—Scurarer, Hialeitung in die Conchylien-Kenntniss, i, p. 452, t. 5, f. 6—Aemea ecruciata Hantey, Shells of Linn., p. 429; Wood’s Index Testac., p. 189, t. 38, f. 78, (edit. Hanley).—? Patella insignis Mxe., Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec., p. 34; Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1844, p. 62. Compare Acemea crucis Tenison-Woods. The figure is reduced in size. P. rystanis Menke. Shell ovate, convex, shining, subpellucid, obsoletely concentric- ally striated, vertically subsulcate behind, whitish, painted with five or six rather wide reticulated brown rays. Vertex excentric, mar- 170 APPENDIX—PATELLID®. 7 gin entire, length 7:4, breadth 5:7, alt. 5 lines, (Mke. in Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec.. p. 34.) Western Australia. This is not P. insignis Dkr., a synonym of P. testudinaria. It is probably the same as Aemea cruciata Linn. ACMA ARANEOSA Gould. PI. 73, figs. 90, 91, 92. Shell small, thin, rounded, slightly elevated, smooth, and without ribs or sculpture; apex nearly central, obtuse. Color pale yellow- ish-green, reticulated with very fine rusty-brown lines, branching off like rootlets towards the margin. The interior is whitish, with a rusty ring just within the muscular impression ; the edge is sharp and simple, and has a well-defined limbus, so thin as distinctly to repeat the external linear markings. Length five-eighths of an inch; breadth half an inch} height one-fourth of an inch. (Gd.) A pretty little shell, most probably a Lotti, resembling some of the species figured by Quoy, especially his orbicularis. Indeed it is so like the reticulated variety figured in Quoy’s pl. 71, fig. 33, that the examination of a more extensive series might show them to be identical. ( Gd.) Sooloo Sea. Patella (Lottia?) araneosa Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ui, p. 152 (1846); U.S. Exped. p. 347, figs. 450. PATELLA BARBARA Linné. (Page 96.) No locality is given in the text for this species. I am informed by Mr. Gro. W. Taytor that it is abundant at the Cape of Good Hope. Hetcronrscus REYNAUDI Desh. (Page 130). By a typographical error this name is spelled incorrectly in the text. Family PATELLID 2. Dr. Thiele, in his continuation of Troschel’s Das Gebiss der Schnecken (received at Philadelphia since the publication of part 50 of the MANnuAtL, in which my own classification of Pateliide was out- lined), divides the family according to the characters of the radula into groups as seen below. The great merit of Dr. Thiele’s work consists in his demonstration of the existence of a rhachidian tooth APPENDIX—PATELLID. 17a in all groups of Patellide; in his recognition of the fact that the primary division of the family is into two groups, based upon the number of anterior side teeth—a generalization which I had made before seeing his publication, as will be seen by my synopsis on page 79 of this volume. I am satisfied that no generic distinctions can be based upon the degree of development of the rhachidian tooth. It varies in differ- ent species from a mere rudiment to a tooth as well-developed as the laterals. It is to be expected that the examination of more material . will bridge such gaps as still exist in the range of its variation. Dr. Thiele’s arrangement is as follows. I have quoted in brackets the species investigated by him of each group. Family Patellide. Subfamily PATELLIN& [equals in limits and contents, division A of my synopsis on p. 79.] Genus Ancistromesus Dall. [P. chitonoides, P. pica.] Genus Patellidea Thiele. [P. granularis. ] Genus Patellona Thiele. [P. granatina, P. plumbea?, P. adan- soni. | Genus Olana Ads. [P. cochlear. ] Genus Cymbula Ads. [P. compressa. ] Genus Patellastra Monts. [P. lusitanica, P. guttata, P. ferruginea. ] Genus Patella L. [P. tarentina, P. crenata, P. ccerulea, P. scutellaris, P. aspera, P. lugubris, P. moreleti, P. vulgata. ] Genus Patellopsis Thiele. [P. ? shell unknown. ] Genus Helcion Montf. [P. pectunculus Gm.=P. pectinatus Born. | Genus Patinastra Thiele. [P. pruinosa.] Genus Patina Leach. [P. pellucida, P. tella.] Subfamily NaceLiinz [Equals in limits and contents, division B of my synopsis on page 79.] Genus Nacel/la Schum. [P. vitrea, P. hyalina, P. mytilina.] Genus Patinella Dall. [P. deaurata, P. venosa, P. fuegiensis, P. atramentosa. | Genus Helcioniscus Dall. [P. toreuma, P. amussitata, P. testu- dinaria, P. exarata, P. rota. ] Different authors entertain such diverse views upon the amount of divergence sufficient to give generic rank to a group, that any discussion of this matter would be futile. Such differences of ee, APPENDIX—PATELLID®. opinion are inevitable, and it must be left to the zoologists of the future to sift these things down to a just, convenient and uniform usage. It should be noted, however, that most of the above “ genera” are founded upon the degrees of development of a single organ. I have copied on pl. 52, fig. 6, Thiele’s figure of the radula of Patellidea granularis. On pl. 74, fig. 1, dentition of Patellona grana- tina. On pl. 52, fig. 7, the dentition of Olana cochlear.. On pl. 74, fig. 2, that of Cymbula compressa. On pl. 52, fig. 8, that of Patellastra lusitanica. On pl. 52, fig. 5, that of Patella aspera. On pl. 52, fig. 9, that of Patellopsis sp., a Cape species of which the shell is unknown. Pl. 52, fig. 4, represents the dentition of Heleion pectinatus. PI. 52, fig. 3, that of Patinastra pruinosa. Pl. 52, fig. 2, the dentition of Patina pellucida. On pl. 74, fig. 3, the dentition of Nacedla vitrea is figured. PI. 74, fig. 4, represent that of N. mytilina. PI. 74, fig. 5, that of Patinella venosa. PI. 74, figs. 7, 8, that of P. fuegiensis. Pl. 74, fig. 6, represents the dentition of Helcioniscus capensis. _ it is likely that naturalists of all schools could agree upon some such arrangement of this family as the following: REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE PATELLID2. Family Patellide. I. Subfamily Paretiinm. Lateral teeth of the radula three on each side, two of them anterior. 1. Genus Patella L. Branchial cordon complete; apex of shell near the center. 2. Genus Helcion Montf. Branchial cordon interrupted in front ; apex of the shell anterior. II. Subfamily Nacetiin. Developed lateral teeth but two on each side, of which one is anterior. 3. Genus Nacella Schum. An epipodial ridge developed upon the sides of the foot; branchial cordon complete. 4. Genus Helcioniscus Dall. Sides of foot smooth, with no trace of an epipodial ridge. Branchial cordon inter- rupted in front. REPERENCE TOSPUATES: VOL. XIll. PuaTe 1. FIGURE. 1, 2. Acmea viridula Lm. Conch. Icon., 3-6, Acmea viridula Lm. Original, 7-9. Acmeea spectrum Ry. Original, 10. Seurria zebrina Less. Original, 11. Seurria zebrina Less. Conch. Icon., PLATE 2. 12-17. Acmeea concinna Lischke. Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., 18-20. Acmeea heroldi Dkr. Moll. Jap., 21-24. Acmeea schrenckii Lischke. Jap. Meeres- -Conchyl., 25-28. Acmeea persona Esch. Original, : 29. Acmeea persona Esch. (P. oregona Rve.). Conch. Icon., 30, 31. Acmea persona Esch. var. Original, 32, 33. Acmea patina Esch. (P. nuttalliana Rv. a C. Tcon., 34-37. Acmeea patina Esch. Original, PLATE 3. 38-40. Acmeea scabra var. limatula Cpr. Original, 41. Acmea seabra Rv. Conch. Icon., , : 42-44, Acmeea secabra Rv. Original, ‘ 45-46. Acmezea scabra var. limatula. Original, 47-49. Acmeea scabra var. morchii Dall. Original, 50. Acmzea mitra Esch. Original, 51, 52. Acmeea persona Esch. typical. Mal. BI., 58, 54. Acmeea persona var. digitalis Esch. Mal. Jaslly 55, 56. Acmzea persona var. digitalis Esch. Original, PLATE 4, 56, 57. Acmezea cubensis Rv. (melanolenca Ry.). C. Icon., 58-60. Acmza cubensis Ry. typical. Original, 61, 62. Acmzea cubensis var. Original, 63. Acmza cubensis v. simplex Pils. Original, 64, 65. Acmeea cubensis v. simplex (leucopleura Ry.). C. Te., 66-68. Acmzea cubensis v. simplex Pils. Original, 69, 70. Acmzea cubensis Rv. Conch. Icon., (173) 174 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 71-73. Seurria punctatissima Ph. Abbild., . 64 74— ia Scurria parasitica Orb. (Lottia cy ‘mbiola Gia.) 1B) S. Expl. Exp., Oe 77, 79. Acmeea scutum Orb. Ameér. Mérid., : ; Siow 78, 30, 81. Acmezea scutum Orb. Original, : gs) 89 —~S4. Acmza nisoria Ph. Abbild., : : ; ae 85-87. Acmezea albescens Ph. Abbild., ; : ; oO 88, 91. Acmeea coffea Rv. Conch. Icon., : : . hoo 89, 90, 91. Acmeza exilis Ph. Abbild., ' ‘ : ahs PLATH oO. 9), 92. Acmeea antillarum Sowb. Original, . 38, 166 93-95. Acmeea antillaram Sby. (candeana Orb.). Moll. Cuba, 38 96-98. Acmeea elegans Phil. Abbild., : 3 : SCS) 99, 100, 1-5. Acmea punctulata. Original, : : ook 6. Acmzea punctulata. Conch. Icon., ; : ‘ Re" 7. Acmeea antillarum var. Conch. Man., : fee 8-10. Acmeza antillarum Phil., not Sowb. Abbild., 43 11-13. Acmeea punctulata Gm. (cubaniana Orb.). Moll. Cuba, 37 14, 15. Acmea cimeliata Ry. (=leucopleura Gm.), : . Al 16-21. Acmza leucopleura Gm. typical. Original, . ae) 22, 23. Acmeea leucopleura (albicostata Ry.). Conch. Icon., 40 24, 25. Acmza balanoides Rv. (=leucopleura). C. Icon. 40 26. Acmeea occidentalis Rv. (=leucopleura). Conch. Icon., 40 PLATE 6. 27, 28. Acmea stipulata Rve. Conch. Icon., : 3 oe 29-31. Acmezea stipulata Rve. Original, F col 32, 38. Acmea instabilis Gld. U. s. Expl. Exp., : ge le: 34, 35. Acmea pediculus Phil. Conch. Icon., : . 30 36, 37. Acmzea insessa Hinds. Original, ; s . aS 38, 39. Acmzea asmi Midd. Original, : ; 5 aS) 40. Acmeea depicta Hinds. Original, : . : 29 41. Acmza depicta var. Original, : : : : Add 42. Acmea paleacea Gld. M. & C.8h., E : . 20 43-45. Acmeea nacelloides Dall. A. J.C, : : Se) 46, 47. Acmsa mitella Mke. Conch. Icon., 3 é eee) 48, 49. Acmezea mitella Mke. Original, : : : . 29 50, 51. Aecmeea fascicularis Mke. Original, : ‘ mn 301 52, 53. Acmeea fascicularis Mke. Conch. Icon., . : ye) PLATE 7. (With the exception of figs. 68-70, the figures of this plate were drawn from the type specimens, by the author.) 57-60. 61-63. Acmeea Dalliana Pils. Original, . ; : aS Acmeea atrata Cpr. Original, : : . See REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. 64, 65. Acmeea atrata Cpr. young. Original, 66, 67. Acmza apicina Dall. Original, 68-70. Acmeea pediculus Phil. Original, 71-73. Acmeea rosacea Cpr. type. Original, 74-76. Acmeea triangularis v. casta Cpr. type. Original, 77, 78. Acmea triangularis Cpr. type. Original, 79-82. Acmeea filosa Cpr. type. Original, 83-85. Aemiea strigatella Cpr. type. Original, PLATE 8. 86, 87. Acmea pelta v. cassis Esch. Original, 88, 89. Acmea pelta v. cassis Esch. Mal. BI., 90, 91. Acmzea pelta Esch. typical. Original, 92-94. Acmeea pelta var. Original, : ; 95. Acmeea pelta plus nacelloides Dall. Original, 96, 87. Scurria mesoleuca Mke. Original, 98, 99. Scurria mesoleuca (Patella vespertina Rv.) Conch. Teon. OO. Scurria mesoleuca (de, striata Rv ) Conch. Tcon., 2. Scurria mesoleuca. Original, PLATE 9. 3-5. Acmzea discors Phil. Abbild., . 6. onee patina var. pintadina Gildy Uae Exped., 7-9. Acmea patina var. ochracea Dall. A.J. C., 10, 11. Acmeea patina v. fenestrata Nutt. Conch. Tcon., 12-14. Acmea patina v. fenestrata. Original, 15, 16. Acmeea dorsuosa Gld. Chall. Gast., ; 17, 18. Acmea heroldi v. conulus Dkr. Original, 19-21. Acmeza heroldi v. pygmezea Dkr. Moll. Jap., 22-24. Acmeasybaritica Dall. A.J.C., . : 25, 26. Acm«zea testudinalis L. F. and Hanl., 27-29. Acmeea testudinalis L. Original, 30. Acmza concinna Lischke var. Original, PLATE 10. 1-6. Patella vulgata L. Moll. Esp., 7-17. Patella cerulea L. Moll. Esp., . 13, 14. Acmeza virginea Mill. Detbes & Hanl., Puate 11. 15-19. Patella lusitanica Gmel. Moll. Esp., ; 20-23. Patella czerulea v. aspera Link. Moll. Esp., 24-26. Patella athletica F. & H. (=vulgata) F. & H., 27-29. Patella czerulea v. lowei Orb. Moll. Guin., ° 176 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PuaTE 12. FIGURE. 30-33. Patella adansoni Dkr. Moll. Guin. Inf., . 34-38. Patella guineensis Dkr. Moll. Guin. Inf., 39-44, Patella lugubris Gmel. Moll. Guin. Inf., 45-47. Patella spectabilis Dkr. Moll. Guin. Inf., PrLAtE, 13. 48, 49. Helcioniscus nigrolineatus Rv. var. Jap. Meeres- Conch., 50-53. Helcioniscus toreuma Rv. J ap. “Meeres-Conch., - 54-56. Patella kraussii Dkr. Moll. Guin. Inf, . 57-59. Patella nigrosquamosa Dkr. Moll. Guin. ak, 60-62. Patella echinulata Kr. Stidaf. Moll., 63, 64. Patella miliaris Ph. (—natalensis). Moll. Guin, 65-67. Patella natalensis Kr. Stidaf. Moll., 68-70. Helcion pruinosa Kr. Siidaf. Moll., Puate 14. 71-74. Helcioniscus nigrolineatus Ry. Jap. Meeres-Conch., 75, 76. Helcioniscus amussitatus Rv. Conch. Icon., 77-79. Helcioniscus amussitatus Rv. Jap. Meeres-Conch., PLATE 15. 2. Patella barbara Linn. Conch. Icon., . 4. Patella morbida Ry. Conch. Icon., 6. Nacella zenea Martyn. Conch. Icon., SUS PLATE 16. 7, 8. Patella obtecta Kr. Sitidaf. Moll., A 9,10. Patella tabularis Kr. Sitidaf. Moll. . 12-14. Helcioniscus dunkeri Kr. Stidaf. Moll., 15-17. Helcioniscus capensis Gmel. Siidaf. Moll., 18-20. Helcioniscus variabilis Kr. Stidaf. Moll., . 21, 22,22. Acmza araucana Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid., PLATE 17. 23, 24. Patella ferruginea Gmel. Conch. Icon., 25-27. Patella stelleformis Rv. Conch. Icon., 28, 29. Helcioniscus limbata Phil. Conch. Icon., PLATE 18. 29, 30. Helcioniscus argentatus Sowb. Conch. Icon., 31, 32. Acmeea saccharina L. Conch. Icon., 33, 34. Patella electrina Rv. Conch. Icon., REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 19. FIGURE. 39, 36. Helcioniscus nigrisquamatus Rv. Conch. Icon., 37, 38. Acmeea striata Q. & G., Y ; 3 39, 40. Helcioniscus ornatus Dillw. Conch. Icon., 41, 42. Patella neglecta Gray (zebra Rv.). Conch. Icon., PLATE 20. 43, 44. Nacella inradiata Rv. Conch. Icon., 45, 46. Helcioniscus depsta Rv. Conch. Icon., 47, PLATE Jie 48. Patella conspicua Ph. Conch. Icon., 49, 50. Helcioniscus denticulatus Martyn (type ofE. cata 51, Rv.). Conch. Icon., Iran, DAL 9,10. Patella pica Rve. Conch. Icon., 11, 12. Patella ustulata Rve. Conch. Icon., 13, 14. Patella pica Rv. Conch. Icon., 15, 16. Patella argenvillei Kr. Conch. Icon., » PEATE 23. 1-3. Helcioniscus redimiculum Rv. . 4, 6-8. Helcioniscus radians v. decora Pht PLATE 24. 9,10. Patella exusta Reeve. Conch. Icon., 11, 14, 15. Patella plumbea Lm. Conch. Icon., : 12, 13. Acmea saccharina L. (lanx Rv.) Conch. Teon., PLATE 25. 16-19. Helcioniscus testudinaria L. Original, 20, 21. Patella aculeata Rv. Conch. Icon., PLATE 26. 22-25. Patella miniata Born. Original, 26, 27. Patella miniata Born. Conch. Icon., 28, 29. Patella chitonoides Rv. Conch. Icon., PLATE 27. 30, 32. Patella oculus Born. Original, . F 34, 35. Patella cochlear Born. Conch. Icon., 12 52. Heleioniscus radians v. earlii Rv. type. C. Icon., 178 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 28. s FIGURE. 35, 36. Helcioniscus enneagonus Rv. Conch. Icon., 37, 38. Patella longicosta. Conch. Icon., . 39-41. Patella citrullus Gld. Expl. Exped., PLATE 29. 43. Patella rustica Rv. (reduced). Conch. Icon., 44-46. Patella ccerulea v. lowei Orb. Original, 47-49. Patella seabra Gld. Expl. Exped., 50-52. Patella piperita Gld. Expl. Exped., ; 87, 88 PLATE 30. 58, 54. Helcioniscus sanguinans Ry. Conch. Icon., 55-58. Helcioniscus novemradiatus Q. Original, PEATE oie 59, 60. Patella mexicana Brod. } nat. size. Original, 61. Sculpture of a young specimen. Original, 62. Dentition, from Dall., 3 : PLATE 32. 63-66. Helcioniscus ardosizus H. & J. Original, 67-69. Helcioniscus melanostomus Pilsbry. Original, PLATE 33. 70, 71, 73. Acmeea carpenteri Pils. Original, 72. Acmeea carpenteri. Interior of a young specimen, . 74. Teeth of Pectinodonta arcuata Dall. Blake Rep., 75. Basal plate, the cusp removed, of P. arcuata. Blake Rep. 76. Pectinodonta arcuata Dall. Blake Rep., 77-79. Acmea hieroglyphica Dall. ) . 1 y has 5-8. Acmeea variabilis Sowb. Original, 9,10. Acmea pretrei Orb. Amér. Mérid., . b REFERENCE TO PLATES. 179 FIGURE. . PAGE. 11-18. Acmzea subpersona Pils. rypr. Original, . ; ake 14-16. Acmeea ceciliana Orb. var. Original, , } . “33 17-19. Acmeea ceciliana Orb. ryprE. Am. Mér., : . oo 20, 21. Acmea ceciliana Orb. U.S. Exped, . : . 33 22-24. Acmea onychina Gld. U.S. Exped., wae, LOT PrATE 35: 25, 26. Acmea borneensis Ry. Conch. Icon., : d . 48 27-29. Acmeea striata Q. Original, . ; f > Ah 30, 31. Helcioniscus nimbus Rv. Conch. Icon., ; . 154 32, 338. Acmza mixta Rv. Conch.Icon., . : : 2 OS 34, 35. Acmza squamosa Ry. Voy. Astrol., : - (60 36, 37. Acmea lacinata Rv. Conch. Icon., a : Poo 38, 39. Acmea achates Rv. Conch. Icon., . : ; Set 030) 40-42. Acmeea fluviatilis Blanf. J. A.S. B., ‘ ; . A8 45-16. Acmza chathamensis Pils. Original, ‘ : . 56 PLATE 36. 60-62, 78. Acmeea saccharina Linn. Typical. Original, . 49 63, 64. Acmza saccharina v. stellaris Q. Original, — . = 90 65, 66. Patella stellaris Rv. not Q. & G. Conch. Icon., 99, 51 67, 68. Acmzea saccharina »v. stellaris Q. Voy. Astrol., es) 69-71. Acmea perplexa Pils. Original, —. ‘ : eo ya0 72, 73. Acmea alticostata Ang. (=costata Sby). P.Z.8., . 41 74-77. Acmea costata Sowerby, Original . . . Sl IP AUDEN Oe 78-83. Acmea flammea Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., 84, 85. Acmiea conoidea Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., 86, 87. Acmea elongata Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., 88, 89. Acmza punctata Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., 90-92. Acmeea pileopsis Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., Cons 1 One Gr or O71 T™ coco 93, 94. Acmza septiformis Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., 55 95-97. Acmea orbicularis var. Voy. Astrol., : : +08 98, 99. Acmea orbicularis Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., 57 1, 2. Acmzea cantharus Rv. Conch. Icon., k ; Pes 3, 4. Acmza calamus C. & F. J. de C. ; A : . o4 5, 6. Acmea rugosa Q. & G.. Voy. Astrol., : : ere , 8. Acmza lacunosa Rv. Conch. ]eon., . : Oa OS 9-11. Acmea corticata Hutt. Original, . ; : . 168 12,13. Acmeea crucis T.-W. Original, . . ; 008,09 14, 15. Acmeea fragilis Q. & G. Original, . 4 : 5. Ds 17-19. Acmeea crucis var. Original, . ; : : . 08 20, 21. Acmeea lentiginosa Rv. Conch. eons yi d ae) 180 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 38. FIGURE. 5) s= 122 t= itGs Ife 2,4. Scurria gigantea Sowb. Original, ee gigantea dentition. A.J.C., . . Seurria gigantea (kochii Phil.). Abbild., PLATE 39. 11. Propilidium ancyloide Forbes. Moll. Reg. Arct., The same, young shell. Moll. Reg. Arct., 15. Dentition and mandible vf the same. Blake Rep., Seurria scurra Less. Original, Dentition of Lepetella tubicola, . Lepetella tubicola Verrill. Trans. Conn. . Ae, . Lepetella tubicola, enlarged embryonic apex, 21. Lepeta coppingeri Smith. P. Z.58., 22. Scurria mesoleuca, dentition. A.J. C., 26, 28, 29, Sle oe ao. 339) 36, 38, 53- 66- 69, 70. Acmzea marmorata var. submarmorata. Original, , 24. Scurria scurra, enlarged apex. Original, 5. Scurria scurra, animal. Voy. Am. Meér., 27. Seurria scurra Less. Original, 29. Nervous system of Titiscania limacina Bergh. (Ss pl. 41.) PLATE 40. 30. Lepeta czeea Mull. Moll. Arct. Norv., Lepeta ceca, dentition. Moll. Arct. Norv., Lepeta ceca, apex,x 4. A.J.C, . 34. Lepeta concentrica Midd. Laois Om Lepeta concentrica, dentition. OT 99 NO 80, - 109, REFERENCE TO PLATES. 183 PLATE 53. FIGURE, PAGE, 1-3. Patella ferruginea Gmel. Original, . ee 4, Patella caerulea v. spinulosa. Original, . », Od 6. Patella caerulea v. tarentina. Original, . ‘ ’ ; ~o4 7-11. Patella cerulea vy. lowei Orb. Original, . : . 84 PLATE 54. 12, 13. Patella cerulea v. crenata Orb. Moll. Can., . . O46 14. Patella cerulea v. crenata Orb. Original, . ; ae 15, 16. Patella baudoni Drt. Moll. Acores, : 7 OG 17, 18. Patella ceerulea v. gomesii Drt. Moll. Acores, : . 86 PLATE 55. 19-21. Patella safiana Link. Deless. Ree., . , 0) 22-24. Patella candei Orb. Moll. Can. ad C: Teon., é . 86 PLATE 56. 25, 26, 26. Patella conspicua Ph. Abbild., (—safiana Lmk.) 90 27, 28. Patella cerulea v. moreleti Drt. Moll. Acores, / 8D 29-31. Patella guttata Orb. Moll. Can. . ; 5 els PLATE 57. 32. Patella lugubris Gm. Conch. Icon., ; ; : Sy)! 33-39. Patella lugubris. Original, : : c 4 ly) 36, 37. Patella plumbea v. canescens Ry. Conch. Icon, . 91 38, 39. Patella plumbea Lmk. Original, — . : : eh 40-43. Patella vatheleti Pils. Original, : : Al oe Oe PLATE 58. 40, 41. Patella neglecta Gray. Original, ” , : te oS 42, 43. Patella rangiana Val. Nouv. Arch., . ; ; to 44. Patella argenvillei Kr. Original, . ; : ange) 45. Patella moreli Dh. Moll. Réun., . ; : : FeO Si de PLATE 59. 46. Patella levata Dh. Moll. Réun., . ; : ‘ STs) 47-49. Patella pica Rv. Original, ; E : : wey 50-55. Patella barbara L. Original, . , : : Ww OG PLatTeE 60. 56-58. Patella barbara v. ovalis Pils. . ; : : oy 59-61. Patella funebris Rv. Conch. Icon., . . : 2°98 184 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 61. FIGURE. 62-64. Patella stelleeformis v. paumotensis Gld. Original, 65. Patella stelleformis Rv. var. Original, 66, 67. Patella nigrosuleata Rve. Conch. Icon., 68, 69. Patella compressa L. Conch. Icon., 70. Patella compressa L. Original, PLATE 62. 71-73. Patella aculeata Rv. Original, 74, 75. Patella squamifera Rv. Conch. Icon., 76, 77. Patella granatina Gmel. Conch. Icon., ’ PLATE 63. 78, 79. Patella vidua Rve. Conch. Icon,, 80. Patella granularis Link. Conch. Icon., 81-83. Patella granularis Link. Original, PLATE 64. 84, 85. Patella patriarcha Pilsbry. Original, PLATE 65. 86. Patella patriarcha Pilsbry. © Original, 87, 88. Helcioniscus articulatus Rv. hack Icon., 89-92. Helcioniscus sagittatus Gld. Original, 93. Helcioniscus argentatus Sowb. Original, 94-96. Helcioniscus profundus Dh. Orig. and Moll. Réun., 97-99. Helcioniscus profundus v. mauritianus Pils. Original, PLATE 66. 1, 2. Helcioniscus boninensis Pils. Original, 94, 95. Helcioniscus reynaudi Dh. V. Ind. Orient., 96-98. Helcioniscus flexuosus Q. V. Astrol., 99. Nacella strigatella R.& M. C. Horn, . 100, 101. Helcioniseus garconi Dh. Moll. Réun., PLATE 67. 3. Helcioniscus boninensis Pils. Original, . 4-8. Helcioniscus tahitensis Pse. Original, 9, 10. Helcioniscus pallidus Gld. Amurl. Moll., 11, 12. Helcioniscus adele P. & M. Galerie, PLATE 68. 11-13. Helcioniscus amussitatus Rv. Original, 14-16, 18, 19. Helcioniscus ornatus Dillw. Original, PAGE. 99 99 - 100 93 93 . 100 . 100 . 106 . 104 . 102 . 102 . 105 . 105 . 128 . 130 127 150 150 peas)! . 130 . 130 . Lts . 150 et st ~ ag . 188 . 153 . 134 ise FIGURE. REFERENCE TO PLATES. 17. Helcioniscus ornatus Dillw. Voy. E. & Ter. 20-22. Helcioniscus ornatus v. inconspicuus (luctuosa Gld.). Expl. Exped., 28, 24. Helcioniscus denticulatus Martyn. Univ. Conch., 25-28. 29-31. 32, 33. 34-56. PLATE 69. Helcioniscus radians Gm. Original, : Helcioniscus radians v. decora Ph. Abbild., Helcioniscus radians v. affinis Ry. Conch. Icon., Helcioniscus radians v. earlii Rv. Original, 37. Helcioniscus radians Gm. Original, 38, 39. Helcioniscus radians v. pholidota Less. (floccata Reeve). Conch. Icon., 40-42. 48, 44, PLATE 70: Helcioniscus illuminatus Gld. U.S. Exped., Helcioniscus stelliferus Gm. Conch. Icon., 45. Helcioniscus stelliferus. Q. & G., 46-48. Helcioniscus olivaceus Hutt. Original, 49. Helcioniscus tramoserica Mart. Conch. Icon., 50-52. aoe: Helcioniscus tramoserica Mart. Original, PramEy al: Helcioniscus limbatus Ph. Abbild., 56. Helcioniscus limbatus Ph. Original, 57, 58. 59, 60. ‘ : 61, 62, 64. Helcioniscus eucosmius Pils. (variegata Ry.). Helcioniscus araneosa Rv. Conch. Icon., Helcioniscus cernicus H. Ad. P. Z.S., Conch. Icon., ‘ 63. Helcioniscus eucosmius Pils. Original, PLArEoT 2: . Helcioniscus rotaGm. Original, . Helcioniscus petalata Rv. Conch. Icon, 3. Helcioniscus luzonica Ry. Conch. Icon., . Helcioniscus scalata Rv. Conch. Icon., . Helcioniscus rota v. orientalis. Original, 0. Helcioniscus rota v. discrepans Pils. Original, . PLATE 73. 4. Helcioniscus nigrolineatus v. divergens. Original, . Helcioniscus lineatus Lmk. Deless., . Helcioniscus dirus Ry. Conch. Icon., . Acmeea araneosa Gld. U.S. Exped., ; 5 94. Acmeea onychina var. noronhensis Smith. Lin. Soc. J., 167 186 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 95. Acmeea cruciata L. Wood’s Index, : c : . 169 96-98. Acmzea onychina Gld. Original, . : : 167 99, 100. Helcioniscus livescens Ry. Conch. Icon., : . 152 PuaTeE 74. 1. Patella granatina. Dentition. Das Gebissd.Schn., na if 2. Patella compressa L. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn., . 172 3. Nacella vitrea Ph. Dentition. Das Gebissd.Schn., . 172 4, Nacella mytiloides. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn., . 172 5. Nacella venosa Rv. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn. 172 6 . Helcioniscus capensis Gm. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Sehn.4 ¥. é : : : : : : : alte . Nacella fuegiensis Rv. Jaw. Das Gebissd. Schn. sky . Nacella fuegiensis Ry. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn. 172 Co “I INDEX FO VOL. AI Nore.—The names of valid species and varieties are printed in Roman type; of genera and other groups in SMALL CAPITALS; of synonyms in Jtalic. Achates Rv., Acma Esch., ACMAIDA, 5 AcmM #IN Pils., Aculeata Rve., . Adansonii Dkr., Adelze P. & M., : Adspersa B. D. & D., Adunca Jettr., : Adunca Perry, . Enea Martyn, . Aiqualis Sow., . MHruginosa Midd., Affinis Gmel., Affinis Rve., Alba Ant., Alba Dall, Alba H. & J., Alba Ten.-W., Albescens Ant., . Albescens Phil., Albicosta C. B. Ad., Albicostata Rv., . Alboradiata Blv., Alboradiata Gmel., Albula Greg., Alticostata Ang., Alveus Con., Ameena Say, Amussitata Rv., ; ANCISTROMESUS Dall, Ancyloide Forbes, Ancyloides Midd., Ancylus Esch., Angulosa Gmel., 40, 40, . 60 , Ansates Sowb., 109 . 6,.7 | Antarctica H: & J., 157 5 | Antillarum Phil., 43 . 6, 7. Antillarum Sowb., 166 100 | Antipodum Smith, 142 92 | Apicina Dall, 24 153 | Apicina Lmk., 106 83 | Aquitanense Loc., 73 61 | Araneosa Gld., . 170 118 | Araneosa Rv., . 144 117 | Araucana Orb., . ; pores 8) 10 | Arcuata(Pectinodonta) Dall, 6 31 | Ardosixa H. & J., 124 162 Areolata Gm., AZO 140 | Argentata Sowb., pelea 158 | Argentaurum Less., . . 145 70 | ArgenteaQ. & G., —. 139, 140 156 | Argentea Gmel., . 160 54 | Argenvillei Kr., 95 159 | Argyropsis Less., 139 36 | Articulata Rv., . 128 41 | Asmi Midd., a ao 41 | Aspera Lam., 84, 85 163 | Astensis (Bon.), . I, 160 | Asteroides Gmel., 161 84 | Aster Rve., ; 147 52 | Athletica F. & H., 83 11 | Atra Gmel., 162 10 | Atrata Cpr., 29 134 | Atromarginata Bly., . 164 107 | Atramentosa Rv., 119 72 | Aurantiaca Blv., 163 31 | Aurantia Gmel., 160 15 | Auricula Don., . 162 161 | Azorica Nutt., 84 187 90 Q9 ad ; ho 188 Badia Gmel., Balanoides Rve., Barbara L., Barbata Lm., Baudonii Drt., Bickmorei Dall, Bimaculata Mont., Biradiata Rve., . Boninensis Pils., Bonnardi Payr., Borneensis Rv., . Borniana Helbl., Bourouniensis Less., . Crea Mill., Cecoides Cpr., . Ceruleata Da C., Cerulea Q. & G., Cerulea L., Cerulea Pult., Calamus Cr & F., Callosa H. & J., Campaniformis Bly., . Cumpbelli Filhol., Jandida Gmel., . Candeana Orb., Candei Orb., Cundida Couth., Canescens Gmel., Canescens Rv., Cantharus Rve., Capensis Gm., Cupillaris Gmel., Carditoidea Blv., Carpenteri Pils., Cassis Esch., Casta Cpr., Castanea Blainv., Ceciliana Orb., . Cellana H. Ad., . Cerea Gmel., Cerea MOIL., Cernica Ad., Chapmani T.-W., Chathamensis Pils., Chilensis Blv., Chilensis Rve., . Chitonoides Rv., 40, 5), 25, 58, INDEX. Son ONG, | Chlorosticta Gmel., 40, 41 | Cimeliata Rv., 96, 170 | Cinerea Gmel., . . 97 | Cingulata Gmel., 86 | Cingulata Hutt., . 48 | Cinis Rve., . 110) Citrina Gmel., . 49° Citrullus Gld., . 131 Clathratula Rv., 83 Clealandi Sowb., 48 Clypeus Brn., 162. Clypeater Less., 155 Cochlear Born, .. Coffea Rv., i : 68 | Cognata B. D. & D., . 69 CoLLIsELLA Dall, 110 | CoLuIsELLiNA Dall, . 91 | Comina DeGreg., 83 Complanata Gmel , 110 Compressa L., 54 Compressum Jeffr., 157 | Compressa Rochebr., . 163. Concentrica Midd., 168 Concepcionensis Less., 161 | Coneepsionis Less., 38 Conchacea Gm., 86 | Concinna Lisch., 68 | Concolor Kr., 162 | Confusa Gldg., . 91 | Conica Blv., 55 Conica Gld., 146 Conica(virginea var.) Jeffr., 162 Conoidalis Pse., . ; 163 Conoidea Q. & G., 39 Conspicua Ph., 17. Conspureata Gmel., 21 Contosoplicata Rv., 163 Conulus Dkr., : . 33 Coppingeri Smith. . 123, 149 | Corrugata Gmel., : . 160 | Cornea Helbl., 68 | Cornea Mich., . 149 | Cornea P. & M., 101 | Corrugata Rve., 56 | Corticata Hutt., . 163 | Costata Less., 119 | Costata Sowb., 98 | Crassa Less., INDEX. Craticulata Gmel., . 161 | Diaphana Rve., Crenata Gm., 84, 85 | Dichotoma Ant., Cretacea Rve., . 99 | Diemensis Phil., Cribraria Gld., . 12 | Digitalis Esch., . Crocata Less., AL 5S: |) ira Riv. OCrocea Gmel., . 161 | Diseors Phil; Cruciata L., . 169 | Discrepans Pils., Crucis T.-Woods, . 58 | Divergens .Pils., Cruentata Gmel., . 161 | Dorsuosa Gld., Cruentata H. & J., . 157 | Dunkeri Kr,, CRYPTOBRANCHIA Midd., 67, 68 Earlii Rv., Echinulata Kr., Electrina Rv., Elegans Gmel., . Elegans Phil., Klegans Ver., Elevata Jeftr., Elliptica Flem., Elongata Flem., Elongata Q. & G., Emarginuloides Phil., Enneagona Rv., Erginus Jefir., Eruca Torn., Eucosmia Pils., . Exalbida Gmel., Exarata Nutt., Exilis Phil., Exoleta Gmel., Exusta Rve., Fasciata Gmel., . | Fasciata Kr., | Fascicularis Mke., Fenestrata Nutt., Ferruginea Gmel., | Ferruginea Rve., Ferruginea Sowb., Ficarazzensis Greg., | Filosa Cpr., ‘ _ Fimbriata Gld., . Flammea Q. & G., Flava Hutt., _ Flaveola Gmel., . Oubaniana Orb., 38 Cubensis Rve., 4] Cumingii Rve., . moni Cuprea Gmel., . 160 | Cuprea Rve., chs Cyanea Less., god Cyathus Gmel., . . 160 Cylindrica Gmel., : Eko Cymbalaria R. & M., . ea Cymbiola Gld., . : 638 Cymbium Phil., . ALG Cymbula Ad., 81 Cymbula Hup.. Sty Cymbularia Deless., pele Cymbularia Lm., akG Cymbulata Greg., . 84 Cymbuloides Less., Stlib Cypria Gmel., a Cypridium Perry, 0) Dalliana Pils., . : atl es: Deaurata Gmel., TS Decora Phil., 139, 140 Decussata Gmel., Bete Delessertii Phil., 118 Dentata Dufo., 97 Denticulata Gmel., 160 Denticulata Hutt., 138 Denticulata Martyn, . 138 Denticulata Smith, 138 Depicta Hinds, . 19 Depressa Blainv., 163 Depressa Penn., aoP: Depressa (A. virginea var.) Wood, : : 10 Depressaspera Greg., . 84 Depsta Rv., 151 Flexuosa Hutt., . Flexuosa Q. & G., Floccata Rv., 1 GO Yo pa oo SD Ae —~— ~ — bs ore or a Wo Se VI . eS 190 Fluviatilis Bens., Forbesti Smith, Fragilis Phil., Fragilis Q. & G., Franklini Gray, Frauenfeldi Dkr., Fuegiensis Rve., Fulva Mill., Funebris Rve., Fungus Meusch., Fungus Ryv., Funiculata Cpr., Fusea Linn., Fuscata Gmel., Fuscescens Gmel., Galeola Jeffr., Garconi Dh., Garrettii Pils., Gealei Angas, Gigantea Gray, . Gigantea Less., . Glauca Gmel., Gomesii Drt., Gonieclis Raf., Gorgonica Humph., Goudoti Mab., Grammia Phil., Granatina L., Grandis Gray, Granostriata Schr., Granostriata Rve., Granularis L., Granularis v. Salis, Granulata Ph., Granulosa Less., Grata Gld., Grisea Blv., Guadichaudi Blainv., Guineensis Dkr., Guineensis Gmel., Guttata Gmel., Guttata Orb., Hemosticta Gmel., Hamillei Fisch., Hetcioniscus Dall, Hewcron Montf., INDEX. 48 | Hepatica Gmel., . 160 71 | Heptagona Blvy., . 163 83 | Heroldi Dkr. . 45 59 Hieroglyphica Dall, 49 oe _ Hyalina Phil., 116 121 Illuminata Gld., » 142 70 | Imbricata Rv., 139 98 Imperatoria Greg., 82 153 Impressa Gmel., 160 1538 Inequalis Gmel., 160 25 Inconspicua Gray, a8 140 Indica Gmel., 96 162 | Infundibulum Gmel., 160 107 Inradiata Rv., + 120 Insessa Hinds, 18 61 Insignis Dkr., 129 150 =Insignis Mke., . 169 47 | Instabilis Dall, 69 144 Instabilis Gld., 18 65 Intermedia B. By & De 83 156 Intermedia Knapp, 82 162 | Intorta Penn., 110 86 Intorta Sowb., AS 80 Jothia Gray, 70 .107 Islandica Gmel., 160 84 166 Jacksoniensis Less., 156 106 Jacksoniensis Ry., 58 66 44 Kerguelensis Sm., 121 135 | Kochi Phil., 66 102. Kraussii Dkr., v2 Si 156 | Laciniata Rve., 5d 156 | Lacinosa L., , : PAO 135 | Lactea (A. virginea var.) 163 Jeffr., : 2 10 117 | Lacunosa Rve., 52 89 | Levigata Gmel., 161 162 | Levis Gmel., I'60 161 | Levis Penn., 110 88 | Lamanonii Schr., 133 Lamarckii Payr., 81 161 | Lampedusensis Greg., 156 36 | Lanz Rve., : 50 80, 123 | Laticostata Blv., 164 79, 108 | Latistrigata Angas, 145 Lecania Cpr., Lentiginosa Rv., LEPETA Gray, Lepeta puntarenze Mirch, LEPETELLA Ver., LEPETELLINZ Dall LEPETIDA, LEPETINE, Dall, Leucophea Gld., Leucophea Phil., Leucopleura Gmel., Leucopleura Rve., Levata Dh., Lima Ry., Limacina ‘Bergh, Limatula Cpr., Limbata Phil., Lineata Lmk., Lineata Phil., Lineolata Ant., Livescens Rv., Lobata Blainy., Longicosta Lmk., Lorrra Gray, Lottiade, Lowei Orb., Luctuosa Gld., Luctuosa H. & J., Lugubris Blv., Lugubris Desh., . Lugubris Gmel., Lusitanica Gm., Luteola Lmk., Lutrata Nutt., Inzonica Rv., _ Macrina Greg., . Maculata Blv., Maculosa Gmel., Madagascarensis Blv., Magellanica Gm., Magellanica Hutt., Malicolor Dufo, Mammillata Esch., Mammillata Nutt., Margaritacea Gmel., Margaritaria Chem., Marmorata 'Ten., INDEX. Mauritiana Pils., Maxima Orb., . Mazatlandica Sowb., Melanogramma Gmel., Melanogramma Sowb., Melanoleuca Gm., Melanoleuca Rv., Melanosticta Cpr., Melanosticta Gm., Melanostoma Pils., Melanozonias Gmel., Mellea Gmel., Meridionalis Roch. & Mab., Mesoleuca Mke., | Metallica Roch. & Mab., _ Meroproma Ph., Mexicana B. & S., 3 | Miliaris Phil., _ Miniata Born, | Minima Gmel., Minor Wall, Mitella Mke., Mitra Esch., Mixta Rv., Monopis Gmel., Monticola Nutt., Monticula Nutt., Morbida Rve., | Mérehii Dall, | Moreleti Drt., Moreli Dh., Milleri Dkr., Mutabilis Mke., Mytilina Helbl., Mytiloides Sch., . NacELLA Schum., NACELLINZ, | Nacelloides Dall, | Nana Dkr., Natalensis Kr., Navicula Gmel., Navicula Rve., Neglecta Gray, . : | Nigra Blainv., obs . 138 Nigrisquamata Rv., Nigroalba Blv., 52 | Nigrolineata Rv., 192 Nigropunctata Rv., Nigrosquamosa Dkr., Nigrosquamosa Dkr., Nigrosulcata Rve., Nimbus Rv. Nisoria Phil., Nivalis Rv., Nodosa H. & aS Nodulosa Gmel., Noronhensis Smith, Novemradiata Q. & G., Nuttalliana Rve., Oblonga Perry, . Obscura Gmel., . Obscura H. & J., Obtecta Kr., ; Occidentalis Rv., Ochracea Dall, Ochroleuca Gmel., Oculata Gmel., Oculus Born., Octoradiata Hatt., Olana Ad., Olivacea Ant., Olivacea Gmel., . Olivacea Hutt., . Onychina Gld., Onychites Mke., Opea Nutt., Opea Rve., Orbicularis Q. & G:, Orcutti Pils., Ordinaria M ab., Oregona Nutt., Orientalis Pils., . Orichalcea Ph., . Ornata Dillw., PaLt#acmma Hall, Paleacea Gld., Pallida Gld., Pallida Sby., Papyracea Gmel., Parallelogrammica Blv., Parasitica Orb., Parva Da Costa, Parva Seg., 73 Pileopsis Q. & G., Pileus Mke., 79, 17h 80, INDEX. Sig PARI RAr eco re . 103 Patellaria Lihwyd, 88 Patellastra Monts., . 100 | PatTELLipz, : 61, 154 | PareLurpEa Thiele, . . 383 | Patellites Walch., : 166 Patelloidea Q. & G., . 138 Patelloides, H.& J. . 160 | Parettona Thiele, 167 | Pareviopsis Thiele, . 146 Patellus Montf., 12 | Patina Leach, Patina C. B. Ad., 156 Patina Esch., 162°) ParrnastRa Thiele, 157 | PaTInELLA Dall, . 106 Patriarcha Pils., 40, 41 Paumotensis Gld., . 12 | Peeten Gmel., 160 | Pectinata Born., 160 Pectinata I.., } 106 Prcrrroponta Dall, 51 | Pecrinopontin# Pils., 94 Pectunculus Gmel., 158 Pediculus Phil., 160 Pellucida L., . 141) Pellucida (Lottia) Weink, . 167, 43 | Pelta Esch., 163 Peltoides Cpr., 128 | Penicillata Rve., 26 Pentagona Born., 57 Pentagona Rve., 21 Perambilis Dall, 84 Percostata Greg., 16 | Peronii Blv., 146 Perplexa Pils., . 158 Persona Esch., . 137 | Personoides Midd., | Pertenue Jeffr., . 78 | Petalata Reeve, . 20 Petterdi Ten.-W., . 138 _ Pholidota Less., 62 | Pica Rve., : 161 Picta Jeffr., 163 Picta Perry, 63 Pileolus Midd., Pruipium Fbs., Pintadina Gld., Pintadina Gld., . Piperata Gld., Plana Phil., Plana Rve., Plicaria Gmel., Plicata Born, Plicata Costa, Plumbea Lmk., Polaris Fou a Jacq, es Pottsi Hutt., Pretrei Orb., Profunda Dh:, PROPILIDIUM FP. & Ee Pruinosa Kr., . Pulchella Blainv., 3 Pulchellu (Lottia) Fbs., Pulcherrina Gldg., Pulla Gmel., Punctata Gray, . Punetata Lm.,. Punctata Q. & G., Punctatissima Phil., Punctulata Gmel., Puncturata Lm., Puntarence Morch, Pupillata Roch. & Mab., Purpirascens Ant., Pusilla Jeftr., . Pustulata Helbl., Pyomeea Dkr., . Pyramidata Lam., Radians Gm., Radians Rve., Radians Sow., Radiata Born., Radiata Esch., Radiata Kr., Radiata Perry, . Radiata Pse., Radiatilis H. & J., Rangiana Val., Raricosta Blv., Redimiculum Rv., Reevei Hutt., Repanda Gmel., INDEX, 193 67, 70 | Reticulata Ant., 158 12 | Revoluta Gmel., 162 65 | Reynaudi Dh., 170 . 87 | Rosacea Cpr., 21 33, 35 | Rosea Dall, 113 39 | Rostrisepta Seg., ((?} 161 | Rota Gmel., : 144 96 | Rotundata Gmel., . 160 81 | Rotundata(A. virgineavar.) 91 | Monts., 10 120 | Rouai Payr., 81 136 | Rubella Fabr., 9 33 | Rubella Gmel., 161 150 | Rubiginosa Hutt., 53 67, 72 | Rubra Gmel., 160 113 | Rubroaurantiaca Blv., 163 163 | Rugosa Q. & G., 52 9 Rumphii Blainv., 129 38 Rustica Born, : . 159 . 162 | Rustica L.. 87,88, 96 32 | Rustica Mke., 9535196 38 | Rustica Perry, Be el 59 | Rustica Rve., 105 64 | 37 | Saccharina L., 49 38 | Safiana Lmk., 90) 31 | Sagittata Don., 140 119 | Sagittata Gld., 130 159 | Sandwichensis Pse., ri 61 | Sanguinea Gmel., . 160 38 | Sanguinalis Rv., 93 45 Sanguinans Ryv., Selo 81 | Sanguinolenta Gm., 93 | Scabra Gld., 15 139 | Scabra Rve., 13 136.) Seabrilirata Angas, 56 140 | Seabrosum Jeffr., 73 162 | Sealata Rv., 145 16 | Schrenckii Wiehe 44 148 | Schreteri Kr., 107 82 | Scurra Less., oe Oo 154 | Scurrtia Gray, . Gs, (60 139 | Scutellaris Blainv., Sac5 89 | ScureLLastra Ad., 79, 94 163 | Scutellina Sars., we tO 136 | Seutiformis Gmel., 161 139 | Seutuwm Esch., 12 161 | Seutum Orb., 32 194 Septiformis Q. & G Serpuleformis Ant., Servaini Mab., Simplex Pils., Simrothi Mts., Sitta Greg., : Solandri Colenso, Solida Ant., Solida Blv., Spectabilis Dkr., Spectabilis Gmel., Spectrum Rv., Specularis Grell Spinifera Lm., . Spinulosa B. D. & Squalida Gmel., Squama Blv., Squamata Gmel., Squamifera Rve., Squamosa Gmel., Squamosa Q. & CG. 2 Stannea Gmel., Stearns Bile Stelleformis Rve., Stella Less., , Stellaris Q. & G., Stellaris Rve., . Stellata B. D. & D., Stellata Chem., Stellifera Gmel., Stellularia Q. & G., Stipulata Rve., Striata Q. & G., Striata Rve., Strigata Don., . Strigatella R. & M., Strigatella Cpr., Strigilis Hebe X AY: ree Str igillata Cnr: Sturnus H. & J., Subgranularis Blv., Submarmorata Pils., Subpersona Pils., Subplana P. & M., Subrotundata Cpr., Subrugosa Orb., Subspiralis Cpr., Subundulata Ang., INDEX. 55 | Surinamensis Gmel., . 158 | Sybaritica Dall, 84 42 | Tabularis Kr., 85 | Tahitensis Pse., 82 | Talcosa Gld., 59 wrentina v. Sal., 158 | Taslei Mab., 163 | Tasmanica T.-W., 89 | Tectura Auct.; . 162 | Tecture Aud. & Edw., 14 | Tecturella Cpr., 162 | Tecturide, 97 Tecturina Cpr., 84 Tella Bergh, 161 | Tenera Ad., 4 163 Teneriffe Mab., 162. Tenuilirata Cpr., 100 | Tenuisculpta Cpr., 161 | Tenuistriata Blainv., 60 | Tenwis Gmel., . 161 | Terroris Filhol., 132 | Tessellata H. & J., 98 Tessellata Mill., 50 | Tessellata Nutt., 50 Testacea Gmel., . 99 | Testudinalis Muall., 83 Testudinaria Linné, 141 | Teatilis Gld., 141 | Tigrina Gime : 141. Tineta Roch. & Mab., 31 | Tretscanta Bergh, j 47 | Titiscania limacina Bergh, . 65 | TIrrIscANIID#, . 163 | Toreuma Rve., 118 | Tramoserica Matrt., 27 | Tranquebarica Gmel., 187 | Triangularis Cpr., 27 | Trysiipium Linds., 140 | Tuberculata L., . 164 Tuberculifera Link., 52 | Tuhicola Ver., 34 83 | Ulyssiponensis Gmel., 28 | Umbella Gmel., 43 | Umbonata Nutt., 154 | Uncinata Rv., . 57 | Undatolirata Rv., Unguis-alme Less., Unguliformis Blv., Unicolor (Lottia) F bs, Ustulata Rve., Variabilis Kr., Variabilis Sow., Varicosa Rve., Variegata Blv., Variegata Reeve, Vatheleti Pils., Venosa Rve., Verriculata Rve., Vernicosa Cpr., Vespertina Rve., Vidua Rv., Virescens Gmel., INDEX. 59 | Violacea Blv., . 164 |) Virgata Don., 10 | Virgata Gm., 101 | Virginea Mill, Virginum Tus. 147 Viridescens Blainv., 3 Viridis Dutfo., 118 Viridula Gld., : . 163 | Viridula Lam., . 145, 149 | Vitellina Gmel., . 92 | Vitrea Phil.; 119 | Vulgata L., 2 28 Zebra Blv., 65 Zebra Rve., 104 _ Zebrina hee a 162 | | Zonata S. & W., _ Norr.—The Parts of Vol. XIII of the Manvat were issued to subscribers upon the following dates: Part 49, including pp. 1-64, plates 1-15, August 3, 1891. Part 50, including pp. 65-112 Part 52, including pp. 161-196, plates 56-74, March, 1 , plates 16-35, November 3, 1891. Part 51, including pp. 113- 160, plates 36-55, January 30, 1892. PLATE 2 ACMAZLIDA:. ACMAID. ACMAIDA. PLATE 4 ee = ACMAEID 2. yy heyy yo” 92 PEATE “6 -_ PLATE 7 ACMAIIDA. ACMAZID€. ACMAZIDA2. PLATE 10 PATELLIDA@. ~ PATELLID#. PLATE 11 a PATELLID~. \ in 7 _ y PATELLID. PLATE 13 a PLATE 14 PATELLID&. Sao ENG “gail gr Sal 5 SR aha CRA PEATE 15 PATELLID. - t- ate - - . i i : ~ 4 ) i : . A = ‘ . , ean PLATE 16 PATELLID~. \ \ #%, # se 8 38 Pole ‘ + aes ® Y 7» ¥ ' 5 a>), ol 4 ; i AY i Y A ein , k ) vi ie i N ie f ‘ . : ‘ x 7 j \ ; : re > i ‘ y - * F sf . NA ‘ . i j i i j , H ’ { —- ‘ PEATE A7. PATELLID2. ee km PATELLIDA. PLATE, 20 PATELLID. PATELLID~2. PLATE 21 ee, a See a a= Vey —_i PLATE 22 PATELLID&. pam EN aa Ree 2 ied j j > 7 7 4¥ a ? + ial ; oe fiaeah a i ih ii ie : t - a¢@ 1 a a ij . 4 , - \ 7 i) i. ¥ ' i i ‘ : j ¥ \ . ' : 1 ' * fs / — ‘ PATELLID~€. 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