EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY UBRART OF CALIFORNIA. .8/3. 0.1 Cla&s / mH FRONTISPIECE SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL SND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. POUNDED BY GEORGE ¥. TRYON, CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc. D., CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Vol. AUSTRALASIAN BULIMULID^E : BOTHRIEMBRYON, PLACOSTYLUS. HELICID^E : AMPHIDROMUS. PHILADELPHIA: Published by the Conehologieal Section, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 1900. EARTH SCIiNCfil LIBRARY // i THE present volume contains only Oriental and Australasian Bulimi, of the families BulimulidcB and Helicidce. The classifi- cation of Pulmonates is now in a transitional stage, and it was impossible to see, a few years ago, that the genus Bulimus would become merely a name suggestive of a certain shell-contour, and standing for no natural group. Hence, some genera which should have been intercalated in the Helicid series were left for treatment with the Bulimulidce. Amphidromus, a genus undoubtedly belonging among the epiphallogonous Hclicidce, near Papuina, Chlorites, etc., thus finds place in this volume. The genera Bothriembryon and Placostylus are true Bulimulidce, allied to the South American series. This family is a typically " Austral " group. Tn the preparation of this volume I have received material assist- ance from Dr. J. C. Cox, Prof. W. H. Dall, Prof. F. W. Hutton, Mr. Charles Hedley, and Mr. H. Suter, who have supplied specimens or notes bearing on Bothriembryon and Placostylus. Specimens of Amphidromus have been received from Messrs. C. F. Ancey, G. H. Clapp, John Ford, John B. Henderson, Jr., Chas. W. Johnson and H. E. Sargent, and Mr. Hugh Fulton favored me with colored figures of some forms of which only uncolored illustrations had been published. To all of these gentlemen my most hearty thanks are due. H. A. P. Philadelphia, November, 1900. 82011 CONTENTS. Family BULIMULIDJE (continued). Subfamily BULIMULIN^E (continued). Genus Bothriembryon Pilsbry, . . . . . 1, 234 Genus Placostylas Beck, . ...... 19 Species of New Zealand and Lord Howe I., . .22 Species of New Caledonia, . . . . . 28, 235 Species of the New Hebrides, . . . . .69 Species of New Guinea, ...... 76 Species of the Solomon Islands, . . 77, 236 Species of the Fiji Islands, . . . . .98 Subgenus Diplomorpha (New Hebrides), . . . .114 Bulimoid HELICID^E. Genus PAPUINA (Australia), . . . 120 Genus PANDA (Australia), .... .122 Genus CARYODES (Tasmania^, . . 125 Genus AMPHIDROMUS Albers, . . .127 Is. from Sumbawa to Tenimber, . . . 200-216 Java, Bali and adjacent islands, 133-140,147-156,201, 216 Celebes, Saleyer and Kalao, . 140, 147-156, 203, 232 Borneo, 158, 167, 220-228 Philippines, . . . 130-133,142-146,228-231 Sumatra and Islands northward from Sunda Strait, 157, 160, 201, 217-220 Mainland of S.-E. Asia, . . . 156, 161-199 Dates of issue of parts of Vol. XIII. 253 MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Vol. ^\\\— Genus BOTHRIEMBRYON Pilsbry, 1894. Bothriembryon PILS., Nautilus viii, p. 36 (July, 1894), type B, melo. Liparus MARTENS in Albers, Die Heliceen, 18GO, p. 229, type B. inflatus Lam. (Proposed as a subgenus of Buliminm Ehiv'nb.). PFEIFFER-CLESSIN, Nomencl. Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 282. Not Liparus ALBERS, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 172 (for B. atomatus and favannii), nor PFR., Malak. BL, 1855, p. 157 (B. atomatas, favannii* crassilabris}, nor of H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 133 (as a subgenus of Limicolaria]. Not Liparus OLIVIER, En- tomologie, ou Hist. Nat. des Insectes, vol. v, pp. 73, 283, 1807 (Coleoptera). Australian Bulimulidce with ovate- or oblong-conic shell of moder- ate solidity or thin, perforate or closed umbilicus, and simple unex- panded outer lip ; the columellar lip dilated or reflexed, not calloused or folded ; apex with l£ to 2 whorls finely pitted, like a thimble, or vertically wrinkled or costellate, the subsequent whorls differently sculptured. The jaw is arcuate and plaited, the median segment triangular or wedge-shaped. Radula about as in Bulimulus. Genital system sim- ple, much as in Bulimulus. The sculpture of the apex (plate 4) varies considerably, passing from a pattern of subvertical wrinkles, which may be close and waved (gunni, onslowi), or more spaced (spenceri), to wrinkles so much crimped as to anastomose and form a network (gratwicki, first whorl of inflatus}', thence the transition to a regular pitted pattern (as in conispira, kingi, dux} is by gradual and easy steps. This series of changes is almost exactly paralleled in the American genus Buli- mulus; and as in that genus, the vertically wrinkled pattern is prob- 2 BOTHRIEaTBRTON. ably the primordial sculpture ; the finely netted or fhimble-like pat- tern of Jcinyi and its allies having been derived therefrom. B.gunni and B. spenceri retain the ancestral nepionic sculpture, and are exactly like some American species in pattern. The nepionic sculpture of B. physoides, brazieri, bulla, baconi, ongasianus and mastersi is unknown to me. The name Liparus, by which this group has been known hitherto, was originally proposed for B. atomatus Gray, a species of Panda, and B. fuvannii Lam., the type of the later genus Leucotanius. Pfeiffer and the Adams brothers retained the group in Albers' sense ; but in von Martens' edition of Albers' Die Heliceen, the type is stated to be B. inftalus (a species not in the group as at first con- stituted), and Liparus is subordinated to Buliminus, following the erroneous theory that the Bidimuhis group was not represented in the Eastern Hemisphere. Were Liparus a valid name in Mollusca, it would supersede Leucotceniiis or Panda; but being long preoccupied for a genus of weevils, it need occupy us no longer. The name Bothriembryon refers to the pitted sculpture of the shell within the egg- The species are confined to the southern portion of Western Aus- tralia, with the exception of a few forms following the coast eastward along South Australia, and a species in Tasmania. Tropical Australia (the Northern Territory of South Australia and Queensland), and eastern Australia (New South Wales and Victoria), are without representatives of the genus. That the group is an immigrant from South America seems to be the only tenable hypothesis to account for its geographic location and Bulimuius-\'\\ie characters. Like the Bulimuli of Argentina, the shell in Bothriembryon has retained the simple ancestral form, probably because of the perpetuation of the terrestrial, or at all events non- arboreal, habits of its South American forefathers. The Placosiylus branch of the same stock, under the influence of subtropical condi- tions, has meantime become greatly modified in its later stages of growth, while the stage of infancy remains nearly unchanged. The most prolific group of species is that of B. inflalm ; and here the specific lines are more than usually arbitrary. Hedley groups melo, physoides, caslanens, bulla and rltodostoma under B. injlotus as varieties. Perhaps this may be a more synthetic treatment than present knowledge warrants; but it is significant of the broad range BOTHUIKMBRYON. 3 of variation and the indistinctness of lines of demarkation between the various nascent species. Reeve quotes Bulimus obtnsus from Australia, but this is an error for Austria (Conch. Icon, species 583). B. DUX (Pfeifter). PL 3, fig. 62. Shell large, narrowly and partly covered umbilicate, ovate, solid and strong, opaque, pale flesh-tinted. Surface lustreless, sculptured with irregular growth wrinkles, decussated by spiral incised lines on the spire. Spire conic, the apex small, earlier 1^ whorls densely and finely pitted, the pits arranged in more or less regular vertical rows. Whorls 6, hut slightly convex, the last one large and oblong. Aperture ovate, but slightly oblique, the interior, columella and parietal wall of a pale purple tint ; outer lip simply blunt ; columella broadly reflexed above. Alt. 52, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture 30—31 mill. South coast of Western Australia : King George Sound (Masters) ; Israelite Bay (Shackleford) ; 50 miles E. of Israelite Bay (Cox) ; Fraser Range (Elder Exped.). Bulimus dux PFK., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 24; Malak. Bl. 1861, p. 15; Monogr. vi, p. 108. — Cox, Monogr. Aust. Land Shells, p. 71, pi. 13, f. 4; pi. 18, f. 16. — BKDNALL, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, xvi, }>. 66 (1892). — Buliminus dux Pfr., SHACKLEFORD, Journ. of Conchology, ix, no. 7, p. 219 (July, 1899). — Bulimus (Liparus) dux Pfr., E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 94. The largest species of the genus. B. INFLATUS (Lamarck). PI. 1, figs. 1-5. Shell narrowly umbilicated, of a compact ovate form, rather solid, white under a thin straw-yellow cuticle, unicolored, or with a small brown umbilical patch, and often a brown band below the suture ; sometimes with irregularly spaced brown longitudinal streaks and some buff stria?. Surface rather shining, irregularly but not strongly striated longitudinally, obsoletely decussated on the spire, and some- times showing a few faint decussating spirals below the suture of the last whorl. Ij to 1§ apical whorls low, the first one sculptured with rather coarse oblique wrinkles^ more or less anastomosing, and changing on the last half whorl to a subregular and increasingly finer pitted pattern (pi. 4, fig. 72, 73, 74). Spire short, convexly 4 BOTHRIEMBRYON. conic ; apex obtuse. Whorls 5 to : ,. M r: : tTNIVEHSITY PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 65 Var. saxtoni " Layard " Kobelt. PI. 33, figs. 8, 9. Very narrowly rimate, solid and ponderous, compressed from front to back, smoothisb, irregularly wrinkled with growth-lines, and slightly malleated circularly ; covered with a chestnut cuticle streaked- with darker and yellowish, the spire and a subsutural band denuded. Whorls 6-J or 7, the last gibbous on the left side. Aperture con- tracted, orange-red within ; peristome whitish, shading to a peculiar golden-orange color toward the inner edge of lip, columella and pari- etal wall. Outer lip very much thickened, having a deep rounded sinus above, below which the outer lip bears a heavy, inflexed callus ; columella straight in the middle, with a tubercle at each end. Parietal wall toothless. Alt. 75, diam. 40 mill. Alt. 70, diam. 41 mill. Alt. 58, diam. 34^ mill. Coumac, west coast of New Caledonia (Layard). Placostylus saxtoni Layard, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 97, pi. 23, f. 5, 6 (1891) CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 283. The decidedly different tint of the inner edge of the peristome, and the stronger callus of the outer lip, distinguish this variety from P. pseudocaledonicus. P. SCARABUS (Albers). PL 31, figs. 16, 17 ; pi. 27, fig. 28. Imperforate or rimate, ovate, solid and ponderous ; light brown, with many conspicuous encircling chestnut lines and bands, the spire denuded. Surface sculptured with low growth-wrinkles. Whorls 6J, the last rather obese, ascending in front. Aperture oblong, dark purplish within, usually becoming red- orange in the throat; peristome thick and obtuse, white; the outer lip more or less sinused above, thickened below the sinus ; columella oblique or vertical, generally bearing a short fold close to the upper insertion, and separated from it by a groove ? the base more or less distinctly truncated. Parietal wall covered with a strong white callus, which becomes abruptly thin within, and bears the small rudi- ment of a median tooth. Alt. 57, diam. 33 mill. Alt. 60, diam. 32 mill. Art Island (Montrouzier); Belep Is. (Marie); Arama, to the N. of Balade; Poume peninsula (Gassies); Baaba /., west coast of New Caledonia (Debeaux). 66 I'LACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. BuJimus scarabus ALBERS, Malak. Bl. i, p. 219 (1854). — PFR., Novit. Conch, i, p. 12, pi. 4, f. 12, 13 ; Monogr. iv, p. 447 ; vi, 84; viii, 120 — GASSIES, Faune, i, p. 46, pi. 5, f. 2; ii, p. 82. — CROSSE, J. de C., 1864, p. 123 MARIE, J. de C., 1870, p. 385.— FISCHER, J. de C., 1871, p. 161-166, pi. 7, f. 5-8) (jaw, teeth and genitalia). — Placostylus scarabus SCHMELTZ, Mus. Godeffroy Catal. v, p. 93 KOBELT, t. c. p. 10, pi. 1, f. 2, 3 — CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 286, with var. tanouensis^ pi. 10, f. 3 B. scarabus var. tanouensis CROSSE, J. de C., 1869, p. 179. A more compact, stouter species than P. pseudocaledonicus, always ornamented with bands and lines. Kobelt mentions a specimen 65 mill. long. Var. tanouensis Crosse (pi. 31, fig. 15). Aperture pale buff inside, the peristome entirely milk white, except that the interior of the columella is purple-brown. Length 53, diam. 31 mill. Tanou, one of the Nenemas Is., New Caledonia (Marie). Var. Smithii Kobelt. PI. 33, figs. 5, 6. Shell imperforate, ovate, thick, ponderous, rudely obliquely pli- cate-striate, the lower whorls made granulous by very delicate, waved lines, visible under the lens ; whitish covered with a greenish- brown, well-preserved epidermis, which is indistinctly zoned spirally and distinctly streaked and banded with chestnut-brown on the ante- penultimate whorl. Spire convexly conic, the apex buff, slightly obtuse. Whorls 6, regularly increasing, separated by an impressed, strongly crenulate and white-margined suture ; the last whorl sub- angular, slightly compressed, strongly ascending in front. Aperture vertical, the base receding, elongate, ovate-auriform, vivid orange-brown within ; peristome reflexed, very much thick- ened, white, the ends joined by a very thick, toothless callus, ridged longitudinally; white outwardly, brownish inwardly; outer lip sin- uated above ; columellar lip depressed, dilated, armed with a com- pressed, but little prominent columellar fold, white outwardly, orange- brown within. Alt. 73, diam. 45, alt. aperture 48 mill. (Kobelt). West coast of New Caledonia (Saxton.) Placostylus smithii KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 105, pi. 26, f. 1, 2 (1891).— CROSSE, J. de C. 1894, p. 287. Described from a single specimen in Layard's collection. It differs from P. scarabus in wanting distinct spiral color bands on the last whorl, in the convex columellar fold and in the larger size. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 67 In many specimens of P. scarabus the parietal callus has a low longitudinal ridge, inside of which the color abruptly changes. Var. goulvainensis Kobelt. PI. 33, fig. 7. Rudely and irregularly costate-striate, malleated ; rose-whH€-cosf=_ ered with a yellowish-brown epidermis streaked with darker. Last whorl compressed, distinctly angulated on the left side, ascending in front. Aperture bright orange-brown inside, peristome scarcely expanded, thickened, white; parietal callus reddish changing to brownish within. Columellar margin dilated, bearing a prominent, compressed, hardly entering fold. Alt. 64, diam. 38, alt. apert. 39 mill. Near Cape Goulvain, west coast of New Caledonia (Saxton). Placostylus goulvainensis KOBELT, t. c., p. 109, pi. 26, f. 5, 6 (1891). — P. smithii var. goulvainensis CROSSC, J. de C., 1894, p. 287. Section Lcucocharis Pilsbry, 1900. Slender, thin, arboreal forms, white or but slightly guttate, only 1-J apical whorls pitted. These forms have no close relationship with Charts and Aspastus, with which Crosse associates them. They are peculiar in the reduc- tion of the nepionic pitted shell to 1^ whorls. They seem to have no closer affinity with species of other island groups than the common bond uniting all the Placostyles ; the slender contour, light texture and pale color being purely adaptive characters, assumed with arbor- eal habits and independently, by various species of Placostylus and of other groups of land snails. P. PANCHERI (Crosse). PL 33, figs. 1-4. Shell compressed-umbilicate, oblong-fusiform, thin, gray - white ; surface shining, sculptured with slight growth-stria? and on the last whorl, close, irregular •, frequently anastomosing or interrupted, spiral, white wrinkles. Spire rather slender, the apex rather obtuse ; early whorls hardly punctate. Whorls 4^, quite convex, the last more in- flated ; suture often narrowly margined. Aperture oval, gray-white inside ; peristome thin, narrowly re- flexed, white ; columella dilated above, typically orange-brown; the fold not visible from in front, being slender and deep-seated. Alt. 36, diam. 16J, length of aperture 21 mill. New Caledonia: Boulari, in the mountains (Pancher) ; environ*. 68 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. of Mont Dor, in the interior (E. Marie) ; Prony Bay (Brazier); ar- boreal. Bidimus pancheri CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 137, 411, pi. 13, f. 7 ; var. /3, CROSSE, J. de C., 1872, p. 226 ; 1874, p. 102, pi. 2, f. 5.— GASSIES, Faune Conch. N. Caled. ii, p. 91, pi. 8, f. 17 (1871). — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 60 Placostylus pancheri KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 12, pi. 1, f. 6, 7, and var. (3, p. 13, pi. 1, f. 8, 9.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 295, with var. Candida. Not closely allied to any other species except the more slender P. loyaltyensis. In the typical form the columella is orange-brown, but in the more abundant color-var. Candida Crosse (pi. 33, figs. 1, 4) the whole peristome and shell are white. P. LOYALTYENSIS (Souverbie). PI. 43, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10. Shell perforate, fusiform, thin, grayish-white with sparsely scat- tered translucent gray dots and spots or streaks, bordered on the left with opaque white. Surface shining, lightly striate, and inconspicu- ously grooved spirally, the spirals often subobsolete. Spire slender, the apex obtuse; early whorls very superficially pitted. Whorls 4J, moderately convex, the last oblong, slender. Suture narrowly margined. Aperture oblong-ovate, white within ; peristome expanded, white ; columella dilated above, with a weak entering fold. Alt. 29-32, diam. 13, length of aperture 17-18J mill. Mare, Loyalty Is. (Montrouzier). Bulimus loyaltyensis Souv., Journ de Conchyl., 1879, p. 25, pi. 3, f. 1, and var., f. 2 — GASSIES, Faune, iii, p. 42, pi. 4, f. 2 (var.). — Placostylus loyaltyensis KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 32, pi. 7, f. 6-9. — CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 296, with varieties sulaurantiaco- fulvida and lactea. Allied to the preceding species, but of much more slender form. The typical form is white with an orange-brown collumella ; the variety subaurantiacofulvida is a pale orange-fawn tint with numer- ous small fawn or transparent white spots, the columella orange- brown ; var. lactea is milk white with inconspicuous translucent spots, the entire aperture white. These are doubtless mere varia- tions, not truly varieties. In one of the specimens before me there is a faint sulphur tint within the outer lip. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. 69 SPECIES OF THE NEW HEBRIDES ARCHIPELAGO. These imperfectly explored islands have representatives of three groups of Placostylus : terrestrial species of the fuligineus group, allied to the New Caledonian P. bavayi and its allies; second, pre sumably arboreal species of the P. hartmani group, resembling Vitian and Solomon forms in their ovate contour and slender, conic spire, but smoothish, with longitudinally lineolate cuticle, sometimes cut into spiral bands or eroded ; and third, the subgenus Diplomorpka, consisting of forms of reduced size and short, compact, Partula-\ike shape, but retaining the apertural characters and color, and the apical sculpture of true Placostylus. 1. Shell solid and strong, imperforate or merely rimate ; peristome not much expanded. Section Placostylus. 2. Shell thin, perforate, the aperture ovate, lip well expanded. Section Pcecilocharis, p. 73. Section Placostylus (Group of P. fuligineus). The species are figured on plates 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, smaller figures only. a. Base of shell rounded or tapering, without a spiral ridge around the umbilical region. b. Columella rather slender, adnate ; shell distinctly mal- leated or lirate spirally ; spire conic, rather acute ; length about equal to or exceeding twice the diam. fuligineus, p. 70. bl. Columella heavy, concave above, truncate below, the outer edge adnate ; sculpture indistinct ; spire short and obtuse. heterostylus, p. 72. 62. Columellar lip rising free, flattened on its inner face ; diameter over half the length.' salomonis, p. 69. a1. A ridge encircling the umbilical region, and producing a fold on the inner lip ; penultimate whorl bulging ; form rather slender. alierius, p. 72. P. SALOMONIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 6, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9. Shell rimate, oblong-conic, rather solid and strong, streaked chest- nut and yellowish, becoming pale or reddish on the earlier whorls. Surface slightly glossy, irregularly and closely wrinkle-striate, the wrinkles usually more or less cut into spiral rows of long granules in places, though such spiral sulcation as exists is very shallow. Spire 70 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 4 j to 5, convex, the last one large, somewhat obliquely produced, convex, sometimes shallowly furrowed at the periphery. Aperture subvertical or slightly oblique, ovate, orange colored within, becoming pale in the throat ; peristome a little expanded, more or less thickened within and on its face, orange with whitish edge ; outer lip straightened and sloping, often strongly arcuate above, Columella nearly straight, concave above, twisted or weakly plicate below the middle, slightly or not truncated at the base ; its edge greatly thickened ', flattened within, rising high and free above the um- bilical chink. Parietal callus thin or moderate. Alt. 36, diam. 20, length of aperture 22 mill. Alt. 33, diam. 19, length of aperture 22 mill. New Hebrides : Erromanga. Partula salomonis PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 137 ; Monogr. Hel. Viv. iii, 446 ; iv, 510. — Bulimus salomonis PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 276, pi. 66, f. 10, 11 ; Monogr. vi, 85 — DOHRN, Malak. Blatter 1862, p. 213 CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 131, pi. 7, f. 5. — Bulimus pyrostomus PFR., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 137 ; Mai. Blatter, 1861, p. 15. — Placostylus salomonis TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Viaggio "Magenta," p. 85. — Placostylus pyrostomus Pfr., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 68, pi. 16, f. 5-8. The orange color of the lip and columella within is more extens- ively diffused than in P. fuligineus, and the columellar lip is flattened on its inner face and rises free above the umbilical chink. The variation in form is great, as the figures show. Sometimes the outer lip is built out far beyond the expansion ; and the columellar chink may be either wide or closed. A shell referable to P. salomonis as a variety is shown in fig. 9 of pi. 6. It has somewhat over 5 whorls, a heavy parietal callus and small aperture, other features being as in salomonis. Alt. 36J, diam. 18, length of aperture 20 mill. The aperture is quite oblique. Kobelt mentions specimens 43 mill. long. The identity of salomonis and pyrostomus is generally acknowl- edged. It was originally thought to be from the Solomon Is. P. FULIGINEUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 11, figs. 2, 3, 4; pi. 14, figs. 9-12. Shell imperforate, oblong, solid though not very thick, chestnut- brown or dark brown, with some darker and lighter streaks, the spire PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. 71 paler, brown or olivaceous ; earlier two or three whorls denuded and dull red. Surface dull or somewhat shining, irregularly wrinkled longitudinally and more or less distinctly decussated by coarse, shal- low spiral sulci ; a strong lens showing a dense, minute, criss-cross scratching of the whole surface. Spire conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 4| to 5, convex, the last a little compressed peripherally, and usually having a depression or sulcus plowed along the periphery, following it for some distance behind the lip. Aperture sub vertical, more than half the shells length, bluish in- side, the peristome slightly expanded, a trifle thickened within, yel- low or orange colored ; outer lip straightened or even bent in near the middle. Columella nearly straight, moderately reflexed and adnate, a little twisted, not truncated below, but with a more or less obvious projecting angle where it meets the somewhat retracted basal lip. Parietal callus thin and colorless. Alt. 40, diam. 19, length of aperture 24 mill. Alt. 37, diam. 17^, length of aperture 21 mill. Alt. 37, diam. 19, length of aperture 22 mill. New Hebrides : Aneiteam (Macgillivray). Bulimus fuligineus PFR.; P. Z. S., 1852, p. 85 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 157, pi. 48, f. 5, 6 ; Monogr. iii, 301 ; iv, 363 ; vi, 85. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 129, pi. 7, f. 4. — Placostylus fuligineus KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 44, pi. 10, f. 5-8, and var., p. 74, pi. 17, f. 8. A thinner shell than P. salomonis, with the columellar lip simply reflexed and adnate, not elevated as in the other species. P. fuli- gineus is moreover usually darker and more conspicuously sulcate spirally. PI. 11, fig. 2, is Pfeiffer's type, which is an unusually narrow ex- ample, while figures 9, 10 of pi. 14 shows a shell more swollen below the suture than the average. Figures 3, 4 of pi. 1 1 are perhaps the more normal form. Kobelt's figures (copied on my pi. 14, figs. 11, 12) look considerably like my P. heterostylus. Pfeiffer describes a var. /? as tawny with reddish apex, the peri- stome pale, columellar margin dilated and appressed. It is from Aneiteum. Kobelt figures a specimen in the Berlin Museum which Mr. E. A. Smith refers to Pfeiffer's variety (see pi. 6, fig. 10). It is 35 mill, long, and resembles Strophocheilvs rosaceus in appearance. I would consider it a doubtful member of the species. 72 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. P. HETEROSTYLUS Pilsbry. n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 11, 12. Shell imperforate, oblong-oval, solid arid strong, uniform olivaceous brown, or yellowish with brown streaks, the earlier whorls and usually a subsutural strip denuded of cuticle, the spire dull red. Surface smoothish, with slight growth- wrinkles which in places are interrupted, giving the appearance of subobsolete spiral sulci, and often with some impressed sulci plowed upon the surface of the last whorl ; a strong lens showing a dense criss-cross scratched micro- scopic pattern. Spire short, the apex obtuse, whorls 4j- to 4J, con- vex, the last oval. Aperture oblong-ovate, blue in the throat, dirty yellowish or nearly white near and upon the peristome ; peristome blunt, slightly ex- panded, thickened within ; columella heavy, concave above, decidedly truncated at base, its edge reflexed and adnate. Parietal callus mod- erate or heavy, transparent or white. Alt. 351, diam. 18-J, length of aperture 22 mill. Alt. 32, diam. 17, length of aperture 20 mill. New Hebrides. Allied to P. fuligineus, but less wrinkled, the spiral sulci almost obsolete, and with much shorter, more obtuse spire, only 4^ to 4^- whorls, and much heavier and truncated columella. P. ALIENUS Pilsbry. PL 8, figs. 18, 19. Shell imperforate, subcylindrical, with conical spire, very solid, the body-whorl buff (denuded of cuticle in the type), spire tawny. Surface with slight growth-wrinkles, stronger below the sutures. Whorls 4-J, convex, the penultimate whorl much more convex, bulg- ing, the last whorl contracted, with a shallow peripheral sulcus on its latter third, tapering toward the base, where a strongly convex ridge or basal fascicle borders the umbilical region. Aperture slightly exceeding half the total length of the shell, somewhat oblique, oblong ovate, ochre tinted inside, becoming orange toward the lip; peristome expanded, thick, very heavily calloused within, the callus orange ; face of the lip convex, thickened; columella arcuate, reflexed, a little flattened as in P. salomonis ; just above its junction with the parietal wall there is a strong fold, produced by the strong crescentic ridge which encircles the columella immediately behind the reflexed columellar lip. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. 73 Alt. 29, diam. 14 mill.; alt. of aperture 16^, width 10 mill., in- clusive of peristome. New Hebrides (Cox). Placostylus alienus PILS., Nautilus vi, p. 116 (Feb., 1893). Smaller and narrower than any other species of the New Hebrides, and with a conspicuous cord encircling the columella, producing a fold just above the junction of the columella with the parietal wall. Only remnants of a thin yellowish cuticle remain on the type speci- men, but Dr. J. C. Cox states that he has "one specimen with a thin brown epidermis on it, another with the mouth quite pale colored." Section Pcecilocharis Kobelt. Group of P. hartmani. These forms somewhat resemble the arboreal members of the Sec- tion Placocharis, of the Solomon Islands. a. Cuticle longitudinally streaked, P. hartmani, bicolor, francoisi. a1. Cuticle spirally banded, P. turneri, hebridarum. P. HARTMANI Kobelt. PI. 45, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Shell compressed-umbilicate, long-ovate, rather thin ; whitish under a pale brown cuticle, streaked with chestnut, the spire denuded, bright orange colored. Surface smooth save for slight growth-stride. Spire conic, the apex slightly obtuse ; whorls 4-J- convex, the last in- flated. Aperture purplish-white within, ovate, acuminate above ; peris- tome thin, broadly expanded and reflexed, white, the outer lip evenly arcuate, columellar lip reflexed, vertical ; columella concave below, with a weakly convex long fold above ; parietal callus trans- parent, white. Alt. 31, diam. 18, length of aperture 23 mill. (Hartman's type). Alt. 40, diam. 21, length of aperture 25 mill. (Kobelt). New Hebrides; " Aura " Island (Layard); Santo Esperito (Dr. Francois). Charts rossiteri HARTMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 91, pi. 5, f. 2, 2 a (June 18, 1889); not Bui rossiteri Brazier, 1881. — Placostylus (Charis) hartmanm KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 78, pi. 18, f. 7-9.— J. MABILLE, Soc. d'Hist. Nat. d'Autun, viiie Bulletin, p. 410, (1895). My description and figures 8-10 are from Dr. Hartman's type in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Kobelt describes fine spiral striae, which are wanting on this specimen, and his shell has a stronger columellar 74 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. fold. He proposes a subgenus Pcecilocharis for the species. The doubling of the terminal n of Dr. Hartman's name is evidently an error (quite pardonable in a German), which I have not thought it amiss to correct. P. BICOLOR (Hartman). Frontispiece, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Shell broadly and deeply rimate, ovate, thin but moderately strong ; the type denuded, the last whorl whitish, the spire orange-red, but showing traces of a thin, pale-yellow cuticle with narrow dark brown streaks or lines. Surface rather irregularly wrinkle-striate, with faint, fine spiral striation in places. Spire short, conic, the apex acute. Whorls slightly exceeding 4, rapidly widening, moderately convex, the last quite convex below the suture and at the sack -like base, the suture less oblique anteriorly. Aperture vertical or even with the base a little produced forward, ovate, bluish-white within ; peristome buff, expanded and very narrowly recurved, a little thick- ened ; the columellar margin reflexed, a little sinuous. A small, deep-seated fold may be seen by looking obliquely into the aperture. Parietal wall bearing a transparent, whitish callus, faintly thickened in the middle. Length 34^, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture with peristome 21 J mill. Alt. 41, diam. 21, alt. aperture 27 mill. (Kobelt). Aura Island, New Hebrides (Layard). Charis bicolor HARTM., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1889, p. 91, pi. 5, f. 1, la. — Placostylus (Charis) bicolor KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 81, pi. 19, f. 5, 6.— J. MABILLE, Soc. d' Hist. Nat. d'Autun, 1895, p. 410. The figured type is here described and illustrated (figs. 1-3). Like all the specimens known, it is weathered and almost totally denuded of cuticle, with the surface somewhat corroded. Kobelt figures and describes a larger specimen, more slender, with 4-^ whorls and a much more distinct parietal nodule (fig. 4). The lineolate cuticle and orange spire allies this to P. hartmani, which differs in being more slender with broadly flaring lip and a far longer aperture. It is only superficially similar to the Vitian P. ochrostoma. Hart- man's label reads " Santo Island, near Aura Island." P. FRANCOISI J. Mabille. Unfigured. Shell broadly or rather narrowly perforate, ovate-oblong, but PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. 75 little thickened, subpellucid, rather shining. Very delicately longi- tudinally striated and a little malleated, seen under the lens to be marked with subimpressed descending lines. White under a brown epidermis marked with chestnut wrinkles. Spire short, high^conic^ slightly obtuse, roseate or corneous, slightly exceeding a third the total length of the shell. Whorls 5, convex, the first decorticated, punctulate and shining, the last large, long-ovate, a little inflated, the suture slowly and regularly descending in front. Aperture ovate, nearly vertical, dull whitish inside ; peristome a little thickened, spreading, reddish inside ; columellar margin ex- panded, covering the umbilicus. Alt. 32-38, diam. 16-18 mill. (Mab.). New Hebrides: Santo Island (Dr. Francois). Placostylus (Chan's) f ran foisi MAB., Societe d'Hist. Nat. d'Autun, viii, Bulletin, 1895, p. 410, no. 89. P. TURNERI (Pfeiffer). PI. 45, fig. 5. Shell imperforate, ovate-acute, succinea-like, thin, striatulate ; corneous-whitish, ornamented with olive-brown bands, streaked with darker. Spire conic, rather acute. Whorls 4, a little convex, the last more than two-thirds the total length of the shell, slightly nar- rowed at the base. Columella compressed, callous, thread-like. Aperture a little oblique, acuminate-oval, glossy within ; peristome simple, thin, narrowly expanded, the right margin somewhat flexu- ous, columellar margin adnate. Length 32, diam. (above aperture) 17 mill. (Pfr.). New Hebrides : Erromanga 1. (Mr. Turner). Bulimus turneri PFR., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 138, pi. 51, f. 10 ; Malak. Bl., 1861, p. 11 ; Monogr. vi, p. 9 ; Nomencl. Hel. Viv. p. 284 (as Rachis). P. HEBRIDARUM J. Mabille. Unfigured. Shell perforate, subturreted-elongate, thin, subpellucid, longitudi- nally very delicately striated, marked with inconspicuous descending impressed lines, somewhat shining ; reddish-gray, the last whorl ornamented with more or less wide, brown zones. Spire raised, red- dish, much exceeding a third of the shell's length. Whorls 5, con- vex, little impressed at the sutures, regularly increasing, separated by an impressed suture ; the last whorl large, rather cylindric and lengthened, regularly descending. 76 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW GUINEA. Aperture nearly vertical, ovate, white and obscurely zoned within; peristome somewhat thickened, rose-bordered, a little reflexed, the outer margin a little reflexed at first, then curved ; columellar mar- gin dilated, thickened, covering the umbilicus. Alt. 36-38, diam. 16-17 mill. (Mob.). New Hebrides : Santo Island (Dr. Fran9ois). Placostylus (Charts) hebridarum MAB., Soc. d' Hist. Nat. d' Autun, viii e Bulletin, 1895, p. 410, no. 90. Seems to have the color-pattern of P. turneri. SPECIES OF EASTERN NEW GUINEA. P. REMOTUS Hedley. Pi. 11, fig. 9. Shell an elongated cone, narrow in proportion to length, thick and strong, anteriorly broad and blunt, posteriorly tapering slowly; scarcely perforate. Color pale ochre with a darker broad peripheral band, which is edged above and below with a pale border, and a narrow, dull white margin below the suture. Whorls 6, rounded ; apex blunt, nepionic shell a whorl and a half. Suture impressed. Sculpture*: everywhere irregularly crossed by oblique growth lines, both fine and coarse, which interrupt and distort a series of minute, numerous, irregular spiral scratches which are not to be perceived without a lens (see detail fig. 9). Aperture oblique, rudely hex- agonal, subchannelled anteriorly. Columella thickened, externally folded over a narrow umbilical chink, internally sharply bent, the upper limb a flat, deeply entering and obliquely ascending plate, the lower swelling into a slight but distinct tubercle. Outer lip inter- nally much thickened, but neither thickened nor reflected externally, forming a sharp angle at the insertion. A thin callus is spread on the body whorl. In the specimen described, the anterior corner of the aperture is externally surrounded by a series of imbricating lamellae ; this may, however, be an individual feature or repair of breakage. Length 26, breadth 12 mill. (Hedley). British New Guinea : the Mambara Goldfield (Coll. Dr. J. C. Cox). Placostylus remotus HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S. Wales (2), xxiii, p. 97 (May 25, 1898). " It is the smallest known Placostylus, and is remarkable besides for its narrow shape, blunt anterior extremity and peculiar aperture." The single specimen was found by Dr. Cox in the aperture of a large Rhysota hercules, in a collection of land shells purchased from a digger returned from New Guinea. PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 77 SPECIES OF THE SOLOMON ARCHIPELAGO. The species of the Solomons fall into three moderately well-char- acterized groups : 1. Placocharis, including ovate, smooth or spirally corrugated species, with plain brown or variegated cuticle, 2^ pitted nepionic whorls, and a moderate or strong columellar fold. Type P. rnac- gillivrayi. 2. Aspastus, with the shell white, elongated and thin, without noticeable spiral sculpture ; 2^ pitted nepionic whorls, the columellar fold very weak, not calloused. Arboreal. Type P. miltocheilus. 3. Eumecostylus, having the shell much lengthened, the spire slen- der, with 3^ pitted nepionic whorls, the columella ascending with a long strongly spiral trend. Type P. chryi. From the phylogenetic point of view, all of these are doubtless more nearly related inter se than any of them to forms of other islands ; Aspastus and Eumecostylus being derivatives from the Placocharis group, which consists of generalized forms not much modified from the ancient common stock of all the archipelagos. The differentiation of Aspastus and Eumecostylus has probably been since the period when the islands were united into a single land mass, supposing that to have been once their condition, as the species of these sections are confined to the two southern islands of the group, while the parent stock, Placocharis, is spread over the whole archi- pelago. All of the species are confined to single islands or their contiguous islets ; and as the larger islands are but little known, and some of the smaller wholly unknown malacologically, there will doubtless be many more species of Placostylus found in the group. San Chris- toval Island posesses the most divergent forms, perhaps indicating more prolonged isolation than the other islands. The distinction between arboreal and terrestrial species is less marked in the Solomon Islands than in New Caledonia. Key to Species. A. Surface densely corrugated spirally. a. With maculate color pattern. b. Fusiform, 3J early whorls punctate ; yellow with brown or olive maculation, lip more or less red ; fold moderate. sanchristovalensis, p. 97. 78 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. bl. Oblong, 2-J early whorls punctate ; light reddish-brown, with triangular chestnut spots ; lip pinkish-brown. tdiginosus and hobsoni, p. 91. b'1. Oblong, 2^ early whorls punctate ; white or yellowish with yellow or brown spots or patches, the aperture and lip pure white ; columellar fold and parietal tubercle moderate hargravesi, p. 93. a1. Yellow or greenish, somewhat streaked with brown. b. Lip expanded; aperture and lip white; columellar fold strong; a parietal tooth developed; corrugation of the surface rather coarse. scottn, p. 90. b1. Lip well reflexed ; columellar fold weak ; spiral sculp- ture fine. stutchburyi, p. 88. B. Surface not corrugated spirally. a. White or very pale, thin, openly rimate or umbilicate, the spire slender ; columellar fold weak or wanting, no parietal tubercle. b. Aperture decidedly more than half the length of the shell ; surface coarsely plicate, columellar fold often subobsolete. miltocheilus^ p. 94. b1. Aperture about half the total length ; surface smooth ; columellar fold moderate. sellersi. p. 95. a1. Reddish or tawny, denuded of cuticle, solid, 3J early whorls punctate ; columella concave with a strong spirally coiled fold, leaving a " false umbilicus" which penetrates to the apex. cleryi, p. 96. a2. Covered with a brown, yellow or olive cuticle ; umbilicus narrow or closed ; about 2^ early whorls punctate. b. Outer lip decidedly reflexed, recurved at the edge. c. Spire decidedly attenuated above ; lip white. strangei, p. 87. c1. Spire conic, not attenuated ; lip brown ; smooth- ish. palmarum, p. 85. c2. Spire conic, stout; surface densely and finely malleate spirally. stutchburyi* p. 88. b1. Outer lip expanded, or not, hardly reflexed, though often thickened within. c. Surface with microscopic waved spiral lines, weak but visible in places. PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 79 i. Lip narrow, white, not much thickened within, hardly expanded. e. Slender and long, the columellar fold weak, no parietal tooth. kreftti, p. 81. e1. Stouter in figure, with moderate fold and a parietal tooth, founaki, p. 79. dl. Lip wide or moderate, expanded, gener- ally colored or tinted. e. Shell rather thin, the last whorl in- flated ; columellar fold and tooth (when present) rather weak. palmarum var. p. 86. e1. Solid, oblong, the lip strongly thick- ened within ; columellar fold and par- ietal tooth strong. calus, p. 83 ; macgittivrayi, p. 84. e1. Surface without microscopic crowded and wavy spiral striae ; columellar fold and parietal tooth well developed. d. Oblong; aperture and lip white. macfarlandi, p. 83. rf1. Stouter; aperture and lip reddish. ffuppyi, p. 82. Section Placocharis Pilsbry, 1900. Group of P. macgillivrayi. This is a group of smooth or but faintly malleated species ; living on the ground ; colors not bright, uniform or with darker streaks, rarely with zigzag or triangular markings. P. FOUNAKI (Hombron & Jacquinot). PI. 34, figs. 10-14. Shell imperforate, oblong-fusiform, rather thin but strong, glossy, dark chestnut or olive with narrow dark streaks and zigzag yellow lines (sometimes wanting); the spire dull red or pallid and whitish ; surface beneath the cuticle white. Surface smooth, with slight growth-wrinkles and usually traces of transverse malleation. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, occasionally lost by autotomy. Whorls 5-J, the earlier 2^ punctulate, or smooth by erosion, the last convex. 80 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. Aperture blue-white within ; peristome white, hardly expanded, slightly thickened within, often lightly sinuate above. Columella broadly concave below, passing into a moderate or rather strong fold above ; parietal callus thin and translucent, bearing a white tubercle (sometimes obsolete or nearly so) near the columellar fold. Alt. 69, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 40 mm. Alt. 64, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 39 mm. Alt. 50, diam. 24, longest axis of aperture 32-J mm. Ysabel I. (Brazier, Cox, Pease) and Faro 1. (Guppy), Solomon group. Bulimus founaki H. & J., Voy. au Pol Sud, Zool., Atlas (livr. 23),' Moll., pi. 8, f. 13-15 (1842-1853); ROUSSEAU, text of same, p. 32 (1854). — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 407 (1853); iv, 467 ; vi, 85; viii, 122.— E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 955 B. stutchburyi Pfr., var., CROSSE, J. de C., 1864, p. 142 — Bulimus hombroni CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. xix, 1871, p. 178; 1894, p. 171. — Bulimus pale- tuvianus GASSIES, Journ. de Conchyl., 1859, p. 370 ; Conch. Nouv. Caled., i, p. 48, pi. 2, f. 2. — B. rhizophorarus GASSIES, Faune Conch. N. Caled., ii, p. 91 (proposed as a substitute for B. paletuvianus) ; B. rhizophorar aus' GASSIES, index to same vol., p. 204; B. rhizo- phorareits GASSIES, Recapitulation, vol. iii, p. 100. — B. rhizophor- arum GASSIES, Journ. de Conchyl., 1878, p. 337 (as Fijian) Pla- costylus founaki KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 76, pi. 18, f. 2-6. — Placostylus macfarlandi Braz., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 33, pi. 8, f. 2, 3, not of Brazier. Varies considerably in figure, markings, size, and prominence of the parietal tubercle. Sometimes the color-pattern would be better described as triangular spots, more or less confluent into longitudinal streaks, on a greenish-yellow ground. The markings vary from olive-green to reddish-brown. The lip is always white, sometimes slightly cream-tinted, and the interior blue-white. The species was described from a young but very characteristic specimen (fig. 14). Crosse changed the name to B. hombroni be- cause "founciki" is not Latin — a trivial reason, which other authors have justly disregarded. According to Gassies, founak is a native word for chief. Var. paletuvianus Gassies. PI. 34, figs. 18, 19. Similar to the type but wanting zigzag markings, the cuticle being brownish-yellow with some narrow brown streaks. Described as PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 81 from the island Nou, New Caledonia, but rejected by Crosse from that fauna. It probably came from the Solomons, though the single specimen before me, probably received from Gassies, is labelled " New Caledonia." It is clearly not stutchburyi Pfr., as at one time- claimed by Crosse, but only a color-variety of founaki. The name is in allusion to the supposed occurrence of the form among mangroves, from the French name, paletuviers, of these shore trees. P. KREFTII (Cox). PI. 35, figs. 23, 24, 25. Shell compressed perforate, oblong fusiform, moderately solid, yellow, streaked and more or less suffused with chestnut, the spire yellowish or reddish. Surface glossy, smoothish, having slight growth-striae and an excessively minute, close, wavy spiral striation, the earlier 2-J- whorls punctate as usual. Spire a little convexly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls nearly 5-J, slightly convex, the last with a very narrow, somewhat plicate white subsutural margination. Aperture oblong-ovate, whitish within, becoming light brown to- ward the lip; peristome a little and slowly expanding on the outer and basal margins, white, and very little calloused within; columellar margin broadly dilated and reflexed above, the outer edge passing into the parietal callus, inner margin forming a long spiral fold. Parietal callus milky near the edge, not toothed. Alt. 58, diam. 24, longest axis of aperture 33 mill. Alt. 54, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 29 mill. Alt. 2.1, diam. 0.92 inch (Cox). Solomon Islands. Bulimm (Charis)kreftii Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 19, pi. 4, f. 4 PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 27. — ? Placostylus kreftii Cox, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 132, pi. 32, f. 4, 5. P. kreftii has some resemblance to P. macgiilivrayi in the rich yellowish-chestnut cuticle and microscopic waved stria?. It differs in the white peristome, the gradually widening and bifurcate columella, much less prominently folded, and in wanting a parietal tubercle. Cox's original figure (pi. 35, fig. 23) is a little more ventricose below than the specimens before me in the collection of the Academy (fig. 24) and National Museum (fig. 25). Kobelt's P. kreftii is of doubtful identity, but may be a variety of Cox's species. His comparison with P. scottii (p. 133) is due to a 6 82 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. misidentification of the latter ; and in translating Cox's English inches into millimeters he makes an error. P. GUPPYI Smith. PI. 35, fig. 26. " Shell rimate, long-ovate, acuminate above, rather solid ; rufes- cent, covered with a brown cuticle which is more or less worn off above ; longitudinally wrinkle-striate, sometimes obsoletely malleated on the last whorl. Whorls 5 to 6, rapidly increasing, the earlier 3 rather flattened or slightly convex, the penultimate a little convex, the last whorl more convex, large, oblong, submarginate and lightly corrugate-plicate below the oblique suture. "Aperture inversely ear- shaped, exceeding half the total length of the shell, pale reddish within, becoming darker towards the lip ; peristome thickened, slightly expanded, reddish, the margins joined by a thin whitish parietal callous ; col u me liar margin broadly ex- panded in the umbilical region, forming a strong white fold in the aperture, which is armed with a prominent white tubercle above the columellar fold. Length 80, diam. 37, aperture 40 mill, long inside, 19 wide" (Smith). Solomon Is. (Brazier). Placostylus guppyi E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1891, p. 489, pi. 40, f. 6. " The species does not compare closely with any other form. It is rather ventricose, but less so than P. eddystonensis, but in other respects it is quite different. The epidermis is of a rich brown color, here and there striped with a darker tint. The columellar fold and the tubercle above are strongly developed. I have named this in- teresting species after Dr. H. B. Guppy, who has considerably ad- vanced our knowledge of the fauna of the Solomon Islands " (Smith). I have seen a single specimen referable to this species. It agrees well with Smith's description and figure, except that the strong in- ternal thickening of the outer lip is whitish and extends only about two-thirds up the lip, the upper third being conspicuously thinner, and the free edge of the columellar fold is rather thin, sharp, and bent outward, making a sort of flange. It measures 79 mill, long, 38 wide, and the length of the aperture with peristome is 44 mill. There remain less than 5 whorls, the apex being amputated and plugged. This specimen was received from Dr. J. C. Cox with the locality Solomon Is. PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 83 P. MACFARLANDI (Brazier). PI. 35, figs. 21, 22. Shell perforate, oblong-fusiform, moderately solid; tawny-yellow with many narrow chestnut streaks, or sometimes of an olivaceous- brown tone ; the suture usually bordered by a white line, spire-da41 red, the apex self-amputated. Surface somewhat glossy, with slight growth-wrinkles and a variable amount of coarse spiral malleation. Whorls remaining about 5, slightly convex, the last oblong. Aperture white throughout; peristome white or slightly brown- tinted at the outer edge, the outer lip somewhat sinuous, slowly expanded below the middle, not reflexed, thickened within, the thickening heavier at and below the middle. Columella suddenly dilating at its junction with the body, produced inward in a very strong, rounded, white, callous fold; parietal wall covered with a strong white callus, which bears an oblong tubercle near the colu- mellar fold. Length 76, diam. 31, longest axis of aperture 42| mill., whorls 5. Length 72, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture 40 mill., whorls 4^. Solomon Islands (Capt. Macfarland). Bulimm (Eumeco stylus] macfarlandi BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, p. 4 (1875). — B. macfarlandi Braz., PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 604.— Cox, P. L. S. N. S. Wales (2), ii, p. 1063, pi. 21, f. 7 (1888) — B. macfarlanei Cox, PAETEL, Catal., p. 98 Placostylus macfarlandi Braz., KOBELT, Conchy], Cab., p. 67, pi. 16, f. 3, 4. Not P. macfarlandi Braz., KOBELT, t. c., p. 33, pi. 8, f. 2, 3. Somewhat allied to P. macgillivrayi, which it resembles in the thickened, not reflexed lip, and strong folds, but distinct by its larger size, wholly white aperture and some details of form. Moreover, P. macfarlandi lacks the microscopic spiral striolation of the other species. It is named for Captain Macfarland who collected the original specimens, but of whom nothing else is known to me. Three specimens seen, as well as those figured by Cox and Kobelt, are amputated at the apex. I have seen specimens bearing the MS. name B. brodiei Braz. P. CALUS Smith. PI. 35, fig. 20. Shell elongate, perforate, reddish above, the last whorl paler, cov- ered with a thin yellowish-olivaceous cuticle ; striated with delicate growth lines, and under the lens seen to be microscopically and irregularly striate transversely. Whorls 6, rapidly increasing, the. 84 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. upper but little convex, the last elongate, large, very obliquely de- scending, peculiarly swollen or gibbous at the left side. Aperture long, inversely ear-shaped, about three-fifths the length of the shell, dirty white within, becoming reddish or brownish to- wards the lip, provided with a strong white parietal tooth; columellar fold very prominent, white ; lip expanded, subreflexed, fleshy-reddish, the margins joined by a thin parietal callus ; columellar margin much retiexed, half covering the umbilicus. Length 78, diam. 33, length of aperture inside 44, width 14^ mill. (Smith}. Solomon Is. Placostylus calus E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1891, p. 489, pi. 40, f. 7. This species is about the size and general form of PL macfarlandi of Brazier, but differs in having the body-whorl a little longer in pro- portion to the spire, and the aperture is also more elongate, and the peristome is fleshy red and more expanded. It is more elongated than PL macgillivrayi Pfr., and has a less acuminate spire, but it agrees with it in the character of the columellar fold and the tubercle above it on the body- whorl (Smith). P. MACGILLIVRAYI (Pfeitfer). PL 36, figs. 27, 28, 29, 30. Shell compressed-umbilicate, oblong-fusiform, rather solid and and strong, tawny-brown, with narrow darker streaks, becoming pink or flesh-tinted on the spire (sometimes pale yellow with olive streaks, the spire flesh tinted); suture bordered with a wrhite or pink band. Surface glossy, sculptured with slight growth-wrinkles, and under a strong lens showing crowded, very fine and waved spiral strice, very superficial and sometimes lost by erosion or cleaning. Spire conic, rather stout, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5 to 5^, slightly convex, the last not ascending in front, somewhat compressed and perceptibly cylindrical. 2^ early whorls punctate. Aperture flesh-colored within, deepening to a livid reddish toward the lip (but nearly white in yellow specimens); peristome thick, flesh- colored or brownish-pink, somewhat expanded but not reflexed, strongly thickened within on the outer, basal and columellar margins, the thickening reduced toward the posterior termination of the lip, form- ing a wide, shallow posterior sinus. Columella broadly reflexed above, folded, the fold bearing a very strong white callus, which is curved outwaid forming a rounded channel along the root of the columella. Parietal callus thin and transparent, bearing a strong, erect, oblong, PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 85 obliquely entering nodule near the columellar fold, and separated from it by a deep and rather narrow sinus. Alt. 57, diam. 23, longest axis of aperture 33 mill. Alt. 51, diam. 21, longest axis of aperture 27 mill. Alt. 45, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 26 mill. Wanderer's Bay, Guadelcanar 7., Solomon group (Macgillivray). Bidimus macgillivrayi PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 108, pi. 32, f. 2; Monogr. iv, p. 379 — CROSSE, J. de C., 1864, p. 134 Placostylus macgillivrayi Pfr., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 72, pi. 17, f. 4, 5 (not characteristic). The strong development of the columellar and parietal folds, the decided callous rib widening the merely expanded lip, and excavated above in characteristic Placostyline manner, are the more striking features of this species, the microscopic sculpture being a further character of value, though shared with some other forms. The nude white or pink band below the suture is occasionally indistinct through partial loss of the cuticle on the rest of the shell. One of the specimens before me is white under a pale yellow cuticle (fig. 28) and the spire is short. The aperture, however, is typically developed. Pfeiffer's type (fig. 30) measures 59 mill, long, and is figured as being more conspicuously streaked than the specimens I have seen, but the figure may be exaggerated. Named in honor of John Macgillivray, naturalist of H. M. S. "Rattlesnake," which surveyed portions of 'the Louisiades and Torres Straits, 1846-1850. P. PALMARUM (Mousson). PI. 36, figs. 31, 32. Shell ri mate-perforate, ovate-oblong, somewhat solid, striate, with-, a few slight spiral wrinkles ; shining, chestnut-brown. Spire high- conic, regular, the apex worn, suture irregular, somewhat crenulated, broadly white-margined. Whorls 4J, regularly increasing, the nuclear punctate, the rest moderately convex, last whorl a little ascending, as long as or longer than the spire, somewhat tapering basally. Aperture vertical, oval, gray-brownish inside, provided with an oblique, oblong, parietal tubercle ; peristome brown, thickened, evenly reflexed, slightly thickened within ; the right margin arcuate above, nearly straight and more thickened in the middle ; basal 86 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. margin arcuate, columellar margin dilated. Columella thickened, white, obliquely folded. Alt. 60, diam. 25 mill. (Mouss.). Makito, San Christoval /., Solomon group, on palms (Rietman). Bulimus palmarum Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl., 1869, p. 62, pi. 4, f. 5. — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 28. — Placostylus palmarum Mouss., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 41, and var. minor, p. 42, pi. 9, f. 6-9. P. palmarum differs from P. macgillivrayi in having the lip strongly reflexed, less thickened within, and in the less developed parietal and columellar folds. It may prove to be a variety of that species. The var. minor of Kobelt differs from palmarum chiefly in the narrower lip, and might as properly, perhaps, be referred to P. macgillivrayi. Var. MINOR Kobelt. PI. 36, figs. 33, 34. The shell varies from greenish-yellow with olive streaks to a tawny yellow with chestnut streaks, the spire fleshy or red, in one shell white; a light subsutural band in all. The sculpture consists of growth-wrinkles and an excessively fine, dense spiral striation, obso- lete in places, and some very shallow spiral sulci, rather inconspicu- ous. Whorls fully 5-J, the first often amputated ; the suture not rising at its termination. Aperture bluish-white or livid within, becoming yellowish or brownish within the lip ; peristome flesh-colored or fleshy-brown (in one shell white), the outer lip hardly expanded above, becoming well expanded below, or even narrowly reflexed. Columella brown, with a white callus superposed on the fold ; parietal callus a mere transparent film, in adults. usually bearing a small, low white tubercle above the columellar fold. Length 50, diam. 23, longest axis of aperture 29 mill. Length 45, diam. 21, longest axis of aperture 25 mill. Besides its smaller size and paler color, this form differs from typical palmarum in the decidedly less reflexed peristome. It differs from P. macgillivrayi in being thinner, without the callous thicken- ing of lip and columella so pronounced in that species. I have seen over twenty specimens in the collections of the Academy, the National Museum and Mr. John Ford, showing it to be reasonably constant. Mr. Hedley informs me that Brazier regards it as a dwarf mac- gillivrayi^ and gives the locality Savu, Solomon group. PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 87 P. STRANGEI (Pfeiffer). PI. 34, figs. 15, 16, 17. Shell compressed-umbilicate, fusiform-oblong, thin, varying from straw yellow or paler to a somewhat tawny yellow with numerous inconspicuous darker streaks, the suture bordered below by a while band ; spire paler, sometimes pink-tinted. Surface glossy, sculptured with growth-wrinkles which sometimes become thread-like, and obsoletely decussated with a very shallow spiral malleation. Spire slender, with slightly concave outlines, the apex very obtuse, often amputated ; earlier 2-| whorls punctate, the last suture rising a little at its termination. Whorls 5 to 5^, slightly convex, the last swollen. Aperture slightly oblique, white or yellowish within, becoming tinted with egg-yolk yellow toward the outer lip in adult shells ; peris- tome white, re-flexed and recurved at the edge throughout ; columellar margin broadly dilated above. Columella passing into a long fold above, this fold bearing a moderate callus on or near its convex edge; parietal callus thin and transparent, in most fully adult shells bearing a small tubercle near the columellar fold. Alt. 43, diam. 19 J, longest axis of aperture 26 mill. Alt. 48, diam. 23, longest axis of aperture 28 mill. Alt. 52, diam. 22, longest axis of aperture 29 mill. Eddy stone (or Narovo) Island, Solomon group. Bulimus strangei PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 8 ; Novit. Conch, i, p. 54, pi. 16, f. 11, 12 ; Malak. Bl. 1855, p. 148 ; Monogr. iv, p. 378 ; vi, p. 23 ; viii, 28 — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 135. — Placostylus strangei FFLD., Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, xix, 1869, p. 874. — TAPPARONK-CANEFRI, Malac. Viaggio della R. Fregata "Magenta," p. 86, pi. 2, f. 11 KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 23, pi. 5, f. 4, 5, 6. The obvious differential character of this species is its noticeably more slender spire than that of allied species, the more lengthened examples recalling P. sellersi in this respect. Pfeiffer's type was a rather small form, length 46 mill., which had not developed the par- ietal tubercle, the epidermis being somewhat tawny. The tubercle varies a good deal in size, and is added only after the adult aperture is otherwise completely formed. In P. stutchburyi the spire is shorter and stouter, the aperture larger, and the spiral malleation much more pronounced. In P. macgillivrayi the lip is not reflexed and recurved, but is decidedly thickened within, the columellar and parietal projections are stronger, and the mouth is reddish. 88 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. The species is named for a naturalist who contributed shells to Cuming's collection. Eddystone, Simbo or Narovo Island is a small volcanic islet, about four miles long, and lying west of the north end of New Georgia. P. STUTCHBURYI (Pfeiflfer). PI. 36, figs. 35, 36, 37. Shell subumbilicate, ovate fusiform, rather thin, striate, slightly decussated by very fine spiral striae, shining, tawny, with radiating darker [longitudinal] lines. Spire almost regularly conic, somewhat obtuse ; suture white edged. Whorls 5, a little convex, the last three-fifths the length of shell, shortly and arcuately ascending in front, tapering at the base. Aperture reversed ear-shaped, acute above, usually with a par- ietal nodular tubercle, pearly within ; columella white, moderately folded ; peristome of a flesh-tawny color or white, the right margin almost regularly arcuate, expanded and reflexed, the columellar mar- gin dilated, flat, nearly adnate. Length 53, diam. [25], length of aperture inside 30 mill. (Pfr.). New Georgia, Solomon Js. (Brazier). Bulimus stutMuryi PFR., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 137, pi. 51, f. 8; Malak. Bl. 1861, p. 12; Monogr. vi, p. 23; viii, 27 CROSSE, J. de C., 1864, p. 142 (first reference only, exclusive of synomymy and remarks) — Placostylus stutchburyi Pfr., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 135, pi. 32, f. 8 (copy from Pfeiffer). Pfeiffer's description is translated above, and his figure copied on pi. 36, fig. 35. The specimens before me are somewhat smaller than the type: Alt. 48^, diam. 22J, longest axis of aperture with peristome 29^ mill. Alt. 46^, diam. 22^, longest axis of aperture with peristome 30 mill. Alt. 52, diam. 24, longest axis of aperture with peristome 30 mill. Alt. 50, diam. 22, longest axis of aperture with peristome 30 mill. The lip is white or faintly brown-tinted. In one old specimen (fig. 36) the lip is thickened within, much as in P. macgillivrayi^ but there is no such callous on the columella as in that species. Three out of five specimens have a small nodule on the parietal wall above the columellar fold. 2^ or 2^ nepionic whorls have the usual pitted sculpture, and in some the first whorl has been self-amputated. The sculpture is a combination of moderate growth wrinkles or some- PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 89 times fine riblets on the middle and base of last whorl, with a very fine malleation across them, produced by close, shallow, spiral de- pressions ; these impressions sometimes obvious, sometimes reduced to mere shallow depressions between growth-striae. It is ofjthe nature of the sculpture of P. elobatus, etc., but on a very small and superficial scale, and is not like that of P. macgillivrayi or palmarum. With the well-reflexed and slightly recurved lip of P. strangei, this species has another sculpture and a stouter spire. Fig. 36 is No. 159494 U. S. Nat. Mus.; fig. 37 is 4667 of the Academy collec- tion. The localities " Erumanga, New Hebrides," and "New Cale- donia," formerly given by Pfeiffer, are incorrect. It is evidently a Solomon Island species, the locality "New Georgia" being on Brazier's authority. In my opinion the shells described by Kobelt as P. (scottii, var.) mendance belong to stutchburyi. It should be noted that Kobelt had specimens of neither scottii nor stutchburyi for comparison, and might thus readily think his form a new one. The original descrip- tion follows : Var. MENDANJE Kobelt. PL 37, figs. 40, 41. Shell rimate, ovate-conic, rather solid, roughly striate-costate, arid made granose or decussated by transverse wavy striae; yellowish- brown with darker streaks, the apex paler. Spire conic, apex obtuse, beautifully granulate. Whorls 6, convex, separated by an impressed, crenulated, slightly whitish-margined suture, the last whorl large, rather inflated, double the length of the spire, descend- ing, a trifle ascending in front. Aperture large, ovate-acuminate, dilated at base, the throat whitish-brown ; peristome white, slightly thickened, moderately expanded, the margins joined by a very thin callus, outer lip very slightly sinuous above, then produced ; colu- mellar margin dilated, bearing a strong, compressed, white entering fold. Alt. 52, diam. 26, alt. of aperture 32 mill. (Kobelt). Solomon Is. Placostylus (scottii Cox var.) mendancB KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., Placostylus, p. 133,. pi. 32, f. 6, 7 (1891). Described from two specimens, one in coll. Dohrn, the other in the Berlin Museum. Named for Mendana, the discoverer of the Solomon Islands. 90 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. P. (?) coxi (Pease). Shell thick, ovate, perforate, dextral, longitudinally roughened with growth striae, whitish suffused with roseate, the spire yellowish. Whorls 4, somewhat swollen, the last three-fifths the total length of the shell. Spire short, somewhat obtuse, the suture well impressed. Aperture vertical, oval, reddish inside ; peristome pale orange, thick, the margins joined by a callus, the columellar margin nearly closing the perforation. Length 25, diam. 15 mill. (Pse.). Solomon Islands (Cox). Bulimus (? Borus) coxi PEASE, Amer. Journ. of Conch, vii, p. 197 (1871). "The above, in shape and general proportions, as well as in color, is a miniature B. rosaceus (King). The last whorl is whitish, suf- fused with rose color, spire yellowish, aperture reddish, and margin of the peristome light orange color. Its surface is not granulose, but roughened by incremental striae. I attach to this species the name of Dr. J. C. Cox, through whose active researches, during the past few years, we are indebted for an extended knowledge of the mollus- cous fauna of the Australian and Papuan provinces." (Pease.) Known by the above description only. The type is not in the Pease collection at Cambridge (Mus. Comp. Zool.), and it has not been figured. Seems to resemble P. ochrostoma Garrett, somewhat. Group of P. scotti. Shell distinctly wrinkled spirally. P. SCOTTII (Cox). PI. 37, figs. 38, 39. Shell perforate, oblong-fusiform, moderately solid, of a slightly greenish-yellow, with narrow olivaceous or olive-brown streaks, suture narrowly white-margined, the spire white above. Surface glossy, having growth-wrinkles, and covered with a rather coarse obliquely spiral corrugation of anastomosing wrinkles (fig. 39); the earlier 2J whorls punctate as usual. Spire conic, rather slender, the apex obtuse, whorls slightly exceeding 5, somewhat convex, the last long-oval. Aperture white throughout, ovate ; peristome white, the outer lip blunt, becoming expanded below, moderately thickened within. Col- umella suddenly dilated above, forked, the inner edge forming a strongly convex fold, the edge of which is somewhat curved outward; PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 91 parietal wall bearing a white callus, translucent in the middle, and provided with an oblong tubercle above the columellar fold. Length 52, diam. 23, longest axis of aperture 30 mill. " Length 2.1, diam. 1, length of aperture 1.18 inch." (Cox^ = 521, 25, 29J mill. Solomon Is. Bulimus (Eumecostylus] scottii Cox, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 152.— PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 28. The figure and description are from a specimen received from Dr. Cox, which, except in being two mill, narrower than the dimensions assigned to the type, agrees excellently with Cox's description. Kobelt's P. (scottii Cox. var.) mendance evidently has nothing to do -with this species. P. scottii is not remote from P. hargravesi, but the columellar fold is stronger, the whorls less convex, and the cuticle not figured, being merely streaked. P. ULIGINOSUS < Heimb.' Kobelt. PI. 37, figs. 46, 47. Shell covered-perforate, long-ovate, rather thin but solid, irregu- larly and quite rudely striate, sculptured with fine, confluent, trans- verse wrinkles ; covered with an adherent buff-brown glossy cuticle, ornamented with very distinct streaks and flames of chestnut. Spire conic, buff, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5 to 6, a litlle convex, separated by a distinct though scarcely impressed suture, the last whorl large, a little inflated, occupying two-thirds the length of the shell, almost lirate at the base, flattened behind the aperture, neither descending nor ascending in front. Aperture slightly oblique, ovate- acuminate, brownish-white within ; peristome unexpanded or very narrowly reflexed, white-lipped within, the margins hardly united ; outer margin but slightly arcuate, basal margin spreading, columellar margin dilated, reflexed, provided with a compressed entering white fold, the parietal wall of the aperture sometimes having a small whit- ish tooth, sometimes toothless. Alt. 50, diam. 23, alt. aperture 29 mill. (Kobelt}. Solomon Is. Placostylus uliginosus von Heimburg, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., Placostylus, p. 73, pi. 17, f. 6, 7 (1891). The following form is probably identical with or a variety of P. uliginosus : P. holsoni (Cox). PI. 37, figs. 44, 45. " Shell deeply and openly rimate, comparatively thin and light for 92 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. its size, translucent, the sculpture and markings are very visible on the body whorl through the wall of the shell by transmitted light ;. shining and lustrous, of a light reddish-brown color, the whorls of the spire becoming lighter in shade and more of a pinkish-brown ; orna- mented with many irregularly-sized and irregularly-distributed chestnut-colored tentoriform markings ; whorls slightly inflated, causing the suture to assume an impressed character. Suture mar- gined by a narrow, opaque, slightly raised, knotted, selvaged margin (not smooth and straight as represented in the figures) ; whorls lon- gitudinally irregularly marked with lines of growth and transversely subcostately ridged with rather coarse raised undulating lines, which frequently anastomose (a character quite omitted in the figures, but which is very characteristic), becoming much less distinct on the whorls beyond the body whorl, till, on the third whorl from it, they are almost invisible, and are gradually replaced by a granular punc- tation, which increases in distinctness quite to the apex ; these gran- ular punctures are disposed in two distinct transverse slanting rows, one running from right to left, the other from left to right. Aperture oblong-ovate, of a pinkish-brown color ; peristome only slightly thick- ened and everted, pinkish-brown throughout, except at the columella which is of an opaque white only very faintly tinted with pink-brown^ columella broadly expanded and dividing at its insertion, as in all the shells of this group, into two processes, the outer and smallest grad- ually blending with a thin transparent glassy callus, which runs to- wards the insertion of the upper end of the peristome, which is rather arched out from the side of the shell as it leaves its insertion. (more so than is represented in the figure), the larger process of the divided columella enters spirally the interior of the shell. In the several specimens of this species which I have seen, there is no disposition to the formation of a callosity or tooth on the body whorl in the aper- ture between the inserted ends of the peristome. Length 58, breadth 27 mill." (Cox.} Maleita Island ', Solomon Archipelago (Hobson). Bulimus (Placostylus) hobsoni Cox, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales (Series 2), vi, pt. 3, p. 567, pi. 20, f. 2, 3 (May 23, 1892). Allied to P. scottii Cox, but differing in being marked with tri- angular spots, and in the less strong columellar fold. The figures of this form published by Dr. Cox are defective ac- cording to him in not showing the sculpture nor margination of the PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 93 sutures and in representing the outer lip as less arcuate towards its upper insertion than it really is ; but as I have no specimens, these figures are reproduced on my plate. The type is in Dr. Cox's col- lection. P. HARGRAVESI (Cox). PI. 38, figs. 49, 50, 51. Shell compressed-umbilicate, oblong-fusiform, thin but moderately solid; white under a thin yellowish cuticle, spotted with triangular, oblong and irregular spots and dots of chestnut or olivaceous yellow- brown ; the markings disappearing on the spire which is more or less rose or yellow tinted. Surface slightly shining or dull, densely corrugated spirally, the wrinkles anastomosing, less pronounced than in P. sanchristovalensis, subobsolete on the spire, the earlier 2^ whorls of which are punctate. Spire conic, apex obtuse. Whorls nearly 5^, quite convex. Aperture white throughout, long-ovate; peristome white, reflexed and recurved, the outer lip thickened a little within ; columella dilated above, passing into a convex, spirally entering fold ; parietal callus transparent, bearing a strong callus nodule near the columellar fold. Length 62, diam. 27, longest axis of aperture 35 mill. Length 55, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture 31^ mill. Treasury Island, Solomon group. Bulimus hargravesi Cox, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 323, pi. 34, f. 3.— Pfr., Monogr. viii, p. 43 — Placostylus hargravesi KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 38, pi. 9, f. 2, 3, and var. heimburgi, p. 38, pi. 8, f. 6, 7 (1891). The color-pattern of P. hargravesi reminds one of P. malleatus of the Viti Is. The whorls are much more convex than in P. san- christovalensis, the^ nepionic shell is smaller, the lip wider, and a parietal tooth is well developed. The color-scheme varies a good deal, but is much less intense than in P. sanchristovalensis, and the aperture is white. Figs. 50, 51 are from a specimen in the collec- tion of the Academy ; fig. 49 from one in the National Museum, no. 159493. Var. heimburgi Kobelt. Frontispiece, fig. 5. Shell much smaller, more slender, rose-white with buff-brown streaks, cuticle almost absent. Alt. 47, diam. 21, length of aperture 27 mill (Kobelt}. 94 PLACOSTTLUS, SOLOMON IS. Section Aspastus Albers, 1850. White, arboreal species of long contour, without spiral sculpture,, inhabiting the southern two islands of the Solomon group. P. MILTOCHEILUS (Reeve). PL 38, figs. 53, 54. Shell compressed-umbilicate, fusiform, thin, white, covered with a thin pale lemon-yellow cuticle which is generally wholly lost in adult shells. Surface glossy when unworn, strongly and coarsely plicate lengthwise, the spire and base nearly smooth. Spire long and slender, the apex obtuse. Whorl 5^ (or in small forms 5), but slightly convex, the last oblong, swollen or gibbous, somewhat sack- like, at the base. Aperture fusiform, white within, the peristome ver- milion narrowly reflexed, scarcely thickened within ; parietal callus,, thin and transparent, pale yellow from the underlying cuticle; colu- mella dilated, with a weak fold above. Alt. 68, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture 40 mill. Alt. 53, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 30 mill. San Ghristoval, Solomon Is., at Port Maker a, Wanga Bay, Recherche Bay and Port Achard, on the leaves of bushes and trees (Brazier), southeast part of San Christoval (Guppy); varieties on Ugi or Gulf Island, Sesarga, Ulana or Contrariete Island, and Santa Anna Island. Bulimus miltocheilus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 49, f. 322 (Novem- ber, 1848) — PFR., Zeitsch. f. Malak., 1848, p. 120; Monogr., iii, p. 371 ; iv, 440; ri, 77; viii, 108; Conchyl. Cab., p. 147, pi. 45, f. 18, 19 DESHAYES, in Fer. Hist., ii, p. 105, pi. 154, f. 3, 4 PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib., iii, p. 98, Bui, pi. 9, f. 7 CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 148 BRAZIER, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 162 — Otostomus miltocheilus ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 151. — Aspastus miltocheilus CHENU, Man. de Conch., p. 437, fig. 3216. — Bulimus (Placostylus) miltocheilus E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 595. — B. (Aspastus] miltocheilus BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales (Ser. 2), ix, p. 569, with varieties stramineus (p. 569), minor, albolabris (p. 570) Placostylus miltocheilus KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 63, pi. 15, f. 2-5. A beautiful species, arboreal in habits. The mantle is said to be green, giving the living mollusk the appearance of a lanceolate leaf. The typical form (figs. 53, 54) is denuded of the very thin cuticle in adults, and the base is more or less markedly sack-like. PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 95 Var. stramineus Brazier (pi. 38, fig. 55). A pale straw-yellow cuticle retained in adults; shell rather short and less sack-like below, with 5 whorls; peristome very dark red, the columellar fold usually yellow. Ugi (Gulf or Golf'e) Island, close to S. Christoval to the north- ward, on the trunks of palms, four or five feet from the ground (Brazier). Var. minor Brazier. Shell small, narrow, white; peristome pale orange-yellow. Length 45 mill (Braz.}. Ulana (Ulaua or Contrariete) Island, north of S. Christoval, on palm trunks (Brazier). Ulana Island is some distance from San Christoval, but closely allied to it faunally, and probably was connected therewith later than with any other islands. The other islets inhabited by varieties of this species are immediate dependents of the larger island. Var. albolabris Brazier (pi. 38, fig. 52). White with a very pale yellow cuticle ; peristome opaque white ; form rather short, and base less sack-like than in the type. Length 55 mill. Specimen figured measures length 50, diam. 23, length of aperture 33 mill. San Christoval and Santa Anna 1. (or U-ah I., close to the S.-E. end of S. Christoval), on trunks and leaves of trees (Guppy, Brazier). According to Brazier, only the var. albolabris is found on Santa Anna, a small island at the south end of San Christoval. It is very common there. P. SELLERSI (Cox). PI. 38, figs. 56, 51. Shell compressed-umbilicate, fusiform, thin but moderately solid ; white, the lip, apex and sutural border opaque white, the rest of the shell somewhat grayish-white ; surface shining, smooth except for slight growth lines. Spire slender, with slightly concave outlines, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5-J, but slightly convex, the earlier 2-J forming a long punctate nepionic shell ; last whorl rather inflated at the base. Aperture ovate, white ; peristome expanded, thickened within ex- cept at the upper third, white. Columella dilated above., with a moderately convex fold ; parietal callus white, toothless. Length 44^, diam. 18, longest axis of aperture 23^ mill. « Length 1.9, breadth 0.66 inch " (Cox). Gaudalcanar Island, Solomon Archipelago. 96 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. Bulimus sellersi Cox, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 644, pi. 52, f. 3 — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 31. — Placostylus sellersi Cox, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 55, pi. 13, f. 6, 7. An isolated species, resembling P. miltocheilus in color, the ample umbilical rimation and slender spire, but with the lower two-thirds of the outer lip more or less thickened within, and having a stronger columellar fold. Fig. 57 is copied from Dr. Cox's type figure. Section Eamecostylus Albers, 1860. Much elongated, with 3^ early whorls pitted ; lip a little reflexed; columella curved in a long spiral fold. Other Solomon species have but 2^ pitted nepionic whorls, and a somewhat differently formed columella. Both of the species are confined to San Christoval, the most southern island of the group. P. CLERYI (Recluz). PI. 40, figs. 68, 69, TO. Shell minutely rirnate, oblong-fusiform, more or less compressed laterally and cylindrical, rather solid. Pink or flesh-colored, becom- ing purplish-red on the spire and destitute of cuticle throughout ; the surface lusterless, sculptured with low, coarse growth-wrinkles and an inconspicuous fine spiral malleation. Whorls 6J, the first often amputated and plugged, the earlier 3^ densely pitted, the last one or two whorls more rapidly descending. Aperture auriform, somewhat effuse or retracted below ; outer lip hardly expanded, somewhat thickened within ; basal lip broadly arcuate, somewhat expanded ; columella broadly concave below, curving in a strong spirally enter- ing fold (often obscurely bifid) above; parietal wall covered with a thin callus, sometimes bearing a small tubercle far within and near the columellar fold (fig. 69). Alt. 100, diam. 35, longest axis of aperture 58 mill. Alt. 103, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 50 mill. San Christoval, Solomon group, at Makira Harbor (Macgillivray) and the Koofeh district on the north coast (Guppy). Bulimus cleryi PETIT, Journ. de Conchyl., 1850, p. 56, pi. 4y f. 1. — PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 243, pi. 65, f. 3 ; Monogr., iii, p. 306 ; iv, 369; vi, 13; viii, 27.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 133. — E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 594. — Placostylus cleryi KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 57, pi. 15, f. 1 ; pi. 14, f. 1. This large and very distinct species somewhat resembles, but is * PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 9f not allied to P. seemanni in the Viti group. It varies remarkably in contour, as Mr. Smith has noted, and is sometimes greatly length- ened, a specimen taken by Mr. Guppy measuring 104 mill, long, 29 wide, while that shown in fig. 70 is almost as long. The other otdi-_ nary variation is illustrated in fig. 69, the shell being shouldered and constricted. The type (fig. G8) was a regularly oblong shell. The callus of the outer lip is more or less excavated above, as usual in the genus. Pfeiffer states that young shells have a green epidermis, but this is wholly lost in adults. * The species is named for M. Hanet-Clery, who collected the first specimens. P. SANCHRISTOVALENS1S (Cox). PI. 37, fig. 48. Shell perforate, fusiform, thin but moderately strong; yellow or olive-yellow, spotted ivith irregular longitudinal blotches, sometimes triangular, and small oval spots of blackish-brown, becoming more diluted, dusky-olive, on the latter half of the last whorl, or some- times the spots are rather large and pale olive or olive-brown throughout; the spire roseate. Surface glossy, densely corrugated spirally, the wrinkles occasionally confluent, this sculpture fainter on the penult, whorl ; the earlier 3^ whorls densely punctate. Spire slender, elongate, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5J to 6, but slightly convex, the last oblong. Aperture long-ovate, white within ; peri- stome broadly bordered with red-orange, narrowly or rather widely re- flexed, hardly thickened within. Coluraella expanded and forked at the insertion, produced in a long spiral fold ; parietal callus thin and transparent. Alt. 66, diam. 26, longest axis of aperture 36^ mill. Alt. 63, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture 36J mill. Alt. 71, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture 38J mill. San Christ oval, Solomon Group. Bulimus san-christovalensis Cox, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 172, pi. 16, f. 7. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 27. — Placostylus sanchristovalensis KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 34, pi. 8, f. 4, 5. A charming snail, somewhat like P. hargravesi in pattern, but more brilliantly colored, more strongly sculptured, and differing in form. Moreover, this species has 3^ nepionic whorls, while P. hargravesi is like the majority of the Solomon Island species in hav- ing but 2-J. Viewed from the base, the spiral trend of the columella 7 98 FLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. leaves a " false-umbilicus " penetrating the axis. Dr. Cox states that some specimens have a parietal tooth, and his figure shows a promi- nence within the middle of the outer lip, evidently abnormal, as it is not alluded to in his description, and is wanting in the specimens be- fore me. These show some variation in the blotches, which may be either rather intense and defined, or paler, larger and less definite at the edges. Moreover, the pink of the spire and lip is sometimes diluted to a flesh tint. It is undoubtedly allied to P. ckryi. SPECIES OF THE VITI OR FIJI ARCHIPELAGO. The species of this group of islands are allied rather to those of the Solomons than to New Caledonian forms. They are a coherent group of doubtless common ancestry, though the differentiation into dull terrestrial and more brilliant arboreal forms masks the similarity to some extent. Hedley adduces considerable evidence of the alliance of the Fiji and Solomon faunas (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), vii, p. 339; xxiii, 1898, p. 99). "Recent soundings have developed a plateau of a depth not greater than 1,500 fathoms in a general depth of from 2,000 to 3,000 fathoms, including Tonga and Fiji, and extending westward to Santa Cruz and Solomons." Our knowledge of Fiji land snails is chiefly due to the well-directed energy of the renowned South Sea naturalist Andrew Garrett, who not only collected most of the species, but also published two valuable papers, in 1872 and 1887, upon them. Most of the specimens described and illustrated in the present account were received from Garrett. Key to Vitian Species. a. Shell solid, dull brown or decorticated ; oblong, the last whorl more or less cylindric ; not spirally wrinkled; columella very strongly spiral. b. Large and solid, usually covered with a yellowish or brown cuticle; alt. 67-77 mill. seemanni, p. 100. bl. Smaller, wanting cuticle in adults ; alt. 47—54 mill. koroensis, p. 101. 52. Smaller, cuticle olive-yellowish ; alt. 43 mill. kantavuensis, p. 101. a1. Ovate or oblong, with more or less spiral corrugation or malha- tion ; brown or maculate with green. b. Brown or olivaceous, with a heavy parietal callus ; aper- ture whitish. PLACOSTYLt S, FIJI IS. 99 c. Ovate, the columella bearing a heavy callous lobe far within. paeteli, p. 102. c1. Ovate, columellar fold moderate ; olivaceous, with bluish- white aperture. graejfei, p. KML c1. Oblong, the columellar fold rather weak. garretti, p. 103. ft1. Striped or spotted with green on a yellowish or pale ground, the parietal callus normally thin and transparent. c. Columellar fold bearing a strong callous lobe in adults; mouth pale ; lip strongly reflexed. gracilis, p. 110. c1. Columellar fold moderate ; lip expanded rather than reflexed. d. Short and obese, the diam. more than half the alt.; aperture very large with well expanded orange lip. hoyti, p. 105. d1. Diam. about half the alt. or less. e. Cuticle yellowish maculate with green ; lip but slightly expanded, usually orange colored ; alt. about 58 mill. elobatus, p. 105. el. Olivaceous, unmarked, the mouth bluish- white, graeffei, p. 104. e2. Shell more slender, smaller, with continu- ous zigzag stripes ; alt. 41-49 mill. guanensis, p. 107. e3. Shell ovate, more or less maculate or de- nuded of cuticle ; alt. 30-41 mill, pfeijferi, p. 109 ; vitiensiS) p. 110 ; ochrostoma, p. 108. a2. Shell thin, ovate, uniform white or with brown or olive variega- tion ; lip broadly reflexed, white. b. Large, alt. 50-59 mill., roughly malleated, variegated. malleatus, p. 112. ft1. Smaller, alt. 44-50 mill., wrinkle-striate, white. morosus, p. 113. Section Euplacostylus Crosse,' 1875. Terrestrial species, with the shell solid, dull brown or denuded of cuticle, oblong and more or less cylindrical, the columella with a strong spiral trend ; 2 to 2^ apical whorls pitted when unworn. Type P. seemanni. 100 PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. P. SEEMANNI (Dohrn). PI. 39, figs. 58, 59, 60. Shell perforate or umbilicate, oblong-fusiform, solid and strong ; flesh-tinted or yellowish under a yellowish-brown, olivaceous or chestnut cuticle, which is wanting on the spire, denuded below the suture, and usually shows zigzag paler and denuded stripes radiating from above. Surface scarcely shining, roughened by moderate growth-wrinkles, the earlier 2J whorls punctate. Spire high-conic, often yellow above, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5 to 5^, moderately •convex, the last whorl long, often cylindrical. Aperture ear-shaped, white, flesh-colored or brown within, acumi- nate above ; peristome rather thick, reflexed, broad, its convex face white, buff or pale flesh-tinted ; outer lip more or less bent inward about the middle, its upper third distinctly narrower ; columella with a strong, calloused fold above ; parietal callus varying from thin to rather heavy. Alt. 77, diam. 30 ; aperture with peristome 46 mill. Alt. 67, diam. 28 ; aperture with peristome 40 mill. Kandavu Island, Viti group, on the ground (Garrett). Bulimus seemanni DOHRN, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 207, pi. 26, f. 6.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 123; 1875, p. 10. — PFR., Monog. vi, p. 13 ; viii, 27 ; Novit. Conch, iii, p. 474, pi. 102, f. 18. — GARRETT, Amer. Journ. of Conch, vii, 1872, p. 232 — PlacostyJus seemanni MOUSSON, J. de C. 1870, p. 126. — TAPPORONE-CANEFRI, Viag. "Magenta/' Zool., p. 85.— SMITH, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 270.— GARRETT, P! Z. S. 1887, p. 181.— KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 14, p. 2, f. 2-5. — Otostomus seemanni SEMPER, Reisen in Archip. Phil., Land-moll., p. 150, pi. 16, f. 9. " Though subject to considerable variation in size and shape, it may be distinguished by its rather slender form, whitish horn-color beneath a yellowish or olive-brown epidermis, which is sometimes ornamented with waved or zigzagged stripes. The surface, though . Elongated; white with horn-colored streaks, the base often faintly yellowish ; apical whorls white with black or gray band above the suture ; lower half of the last whorl strongly striate. Alt. 70, diam. 33, longest axis of aperture 35 mill. Alt. 52, diam. 26, longest axis of aperture 27 mill. Mindanao (eastern): valley of the Agusan River; Pasian Mts. (Semper); Davao (Quadras). B. maculiferus var. b, PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 319 ; Conchy], Cab. pi. 40, f. 9 — A. maculiferus var. gracilior, Pfr., FULTON, t. c., p. 74, 1896. A. maculiferus, var. strigata Mollff. MSS., FULTON, t. c., p. 75 — v. MLLDFF., Abhandl. Nat. Ges., Gorlitz, xxii, 1898, p. 149. — A. nigrofilosus Rochebr., HIDALGO, Obras Malac., in Mem. Real Acad. Ciencias, xiv, pi. 101, f. 1-4 (good!). Var. strigata is described as " like gracilior, except that the ground color is light reddish brown, with oblique stripes of the same color, only darker." The two names are of even date, but gracilior has precedence of one page, and has been figured, so that it should be retained, both on the ground of priority and of better definition. There are transitions between the brown-streaked and the corneous- streaked forms in the series before me, and von MollcndorfF has already united them. One specimen shows a dark purple varix on the penultimate whorl, lacking on all other maculiferus I have seen. Semper mentions a similar specimen from the Rio Agusan. Semper took specimens at Batuanan, Bohol, somewhat smaller than those from Mindanao, 55-60 mill, long; the apical whorls were either white or banded with blue-gray. The A. nigrofilosus of Rochebrune, described as from Cambodia, is said to be identical with this variety. If so, the name will take precedence;. I have thought it best to insert the description of that form among the Cambodian species, pending positive information upon its identity. Dr. Hidalgo separates gracilior from maculiferus as a species, under the name nigrofilosus, on his plates, but 1 have not yet seen the text, which may clear up the uncertainty. AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP Jl. 133 Subsp. INFLATUS Fulton. PL 49, figs. 25, 26, 27. Large and ventricose, with shortly conic spire and inflated body- whorl. Surface glossy, striatulate and spirally striate. Yellow or fleshy yellow, with a pale or white band below the suture often faintly brown-spotted, and with some faint light and dark streaks, the apex white with a black or gray band ; back of the peristome orange. No varices. Aperture large, pale yellow within ; peristome white or flesh-tinted, the inner border of the outer lip and the columella gen- erally reddish ; broadly reflexed and strongly recurved, Alt. 66, diarn. 38 mill. (type). Alt. 62, diam. 35, longest axis of aperture 35 mill. Alt. 64, diam. 32|, longest axis of aperture 36 mill. Alt. 54, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 32^ mill. A. maculiferus var. g, HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1888, p. 31, pi. 6, f. 1 ; Obras Malacologicas, pi. 99, f. 1, 2. — A. m. var. inflata FULTON, t. c., p. 75 (1896). Reported merely from the Philippines by Hidalgo on the authority of Baranda, and so far no definite locality is known, those before me collected by Steere and others bearing the same indefinite label. It is quite a distinct race, though varying widely in size, proportions and solidity. 2. Group of A. javanicus. Large species with coarse wrinkle-striation and usually open umbilicus, the lip reflexed and narrowly recurved at the edge, but never in the least adnate on the lack. Either dextral or sinjstral. The forms vary a good deal, and may eventually all be reduced to subspecies of two or three species. a. Lip flatly reflexed, wide, broader at base. inauris, p. 138. a1. Lip normal, reflexed, and recurved at the edge. b. Shell conspicuously streaked. javanicus, p. 140; heerianus, p. 138. bl. Shell spirally banded. robustus, p. 139. b1. Shell unicolored or with one or two varices. c. Pale yellow, no varices ; much inflated, the spire short. teysmanni, p. 134. c1. Pale yellow, no varices; a white, crenate band at the appressed suture ; long-conic, solid, appressus, p. 136. 134 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP II. c2. Pale yellow, tawny or white, usually one varix ; flatly striate. palaceus, p. 134. c3. Strongly wrinkle-striate and plicate. winteri, p. 137. A. TEYSMANNI (' Mousson ' Pfr.). PI. 47, figs. 8, 9. Shell nearly covered-perforate, ovate-conic, ventricose, short, rather thin ; irregularly wrinkle-striate, seen under the lens to be sculptured with close, obsolete spiral striae ; sulphur yellow and rather glossy above, whitish below the middle. Spire broadly conic, the vertex minute, rather acute ; suture a trifle marginate. Whorls 6, a little convex, wanting varices, the last rather inflated, about as long as the spire, rounded below. Aperture a little oblique, truncate-oblong or somewhat rhombic oval, white and glossy inside ; peristome white, calloused, rather widely expanded and delicately recurved, the mar- gins joined by a white entering callus; columellar margin vaulted, reflexed, dilated, more or less covering the narrow umbilicus (Pfr.}. Length 46, diam. 30, or length 56, diam. 32 mill. Moluccas (?) Teysmann, in coll. Mousson. Bulimus teysmanni Mouss., MSS. PFR., Novit. Conch, iv, p. 32, pi. 116, f. 2, 3 (1871); Monogr. viii, j>. 40. Of. Martens, Malak. BI., 1873, xx, p. 154. — A. teynsmanni (sic) FULTON, t. c., p. 73. Allied to A. palaceus and A. winteri, but thin, more globose, with short spire. Only the types are known. Von Martens considers it a variety of winteri. A. PALACEUS (« v. d. Busch ' Mousson). PL 47, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6. Shell oblong-ovate, perforate, transversely [in the direction of growth-lines] strongly striate, glossy, yellow or buff-tawny, the apex a little obtuse, white ; suture subcrenulated, white-margined. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last as long as the spire, somewhat inflated, the penultimate ornamented with a transverse brown band [varix]. Aperture ovate ; columella straight, subinflated ; peristome white, reflexed, thickened, the columellar margin expanded, parietal margin white-calloused. (Mousson.) Alt. 53, diam. 30 mill. (Mouss.). Java : Pardana and Tijkoya, in coffee plantations (Zollinger ; Mousson types); Palabuan (v. Martens). Bulimus palaceus v. d. Busch MS., MOUSSON, Land- und Siisswasser- Moll. Java, pp. 28, 108, pi. 3, f. 1 (1849).— PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP II. 135 1849, p. 136; Conchyl. Cab., p. 134, pi. 40, f. 6, and var., f. 5, 7, 8: Monogr. iii, p. 320. — MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 352 (ex- clusive of syn. B. mundus). — B. perversus var. it PFR., Monogi1. ii, p. 39 — Amphidromus palaceus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), x-v4Lr p. 72, with var. subaurantia, appressa and pura. The coarse striation and non-appressed outer lip readily separate this species from A. perversus and its allies. It differs from A. winteri in the flatter striae, less roughened and more glossy surface, etc., but these species approach one another very closely. The color varies from sulphur or citron-yellow of the type (pi. 47, figs. 1, 2) to somewhat orange-colored or pale salmon-pink with a reddish peripheral band (pi. 47, figs. 4, 5); the latter being the var. subaurantia of Fulton, which he incorrectly credits to von Martens. Some specimens quite bridge over the gap to var. purus, and it is not easy to tell which they are nearest to. In figures 13, 14 of pi. 46, two specimens (Clapp coll.) are illus- trated showing variations. Fig. 13 is lemon yellow with white su- tural border, a chestnut varix on the penult, whorl, and a pale reddish line below the suture on the fourth whorl. Fig. 14 is pale cream color with white suture, a purple-black varix on the last whorl, and a dark subsutural band on several early whorls. White, sulphur-yellow and light reddish-brown specimens were collected together, by G. Schneider, upon the island Nusa Gembangan (also written Kembangan and Kambangan), on the south coast of middle Java. (Martens, Nachbl., 1900, 17.) Var. purus Mousson. PL 47, fig. 3. Solid, narrowly umbilicate or subperforate, glossy, white, faintly yellow-tinted or roseate, strongly and irregularly striate ; whorls 61-7^ ; peristome broadly expanded, especially the columellar margin ; a brown varix on the ventral face of the last whorl, or on the pre- -ceding whorl. Alt. 54£, diam. 28^ mill.; alt. 49, diam. 26 mill. Java: Hakka,prov. Probolingo ; Pardana (Zollinger). B. purus Mouss., Moll. Java, p. 29, pi. 3, f. 2 PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 41 ; Novit. Conch, iv, p. 33, pi. 116, f. 6. — B. palaceus var. b, PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849, p. 136; Monogr. iii, p. 320 A. palaceus v. pura FULTON, t. c., p. 73. In some specimens the brown varix is wanting, moved back upon the penultimate whorl, or vestigial ; and in one before me from the 136 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUF II. collection of G. H. Clapp, a couple of brown stripes precede the varix stripe. The size varies within wide limits, some being as small as 43 mill. long. Var. appressus (' Mousson ' Martens). PI. 47, fig. 7 ; pi. 46, fig. 15. Shell dextral [or sinistral], nearly covered perforate, conic-elon- gate^ solid, closely, regularly and delicately striate, glossy, pale isa- belline, whitish above, lacking varices. Spire long, almost regularly conical, the apex rather acute, buff; suture oppressed, white, more distinctly striate. Whorls 7 to 7-|, a trifle convex, the last two-fifths the total length, not inflated, rounded basally. Aperture rather ob- lique, oblong-semi-elliptical, whitish and glossy within ; peristome callous, white, broadly expanded and narrowly revolute, the margins joined by a rather thick milk-white callus ; right margin regularly and slightly arched, columellar margin slightly receding, somewhat twisted and very much dilated above, almost appressed, nearly clos- ing the narrow umbilicus. Length 50-54, diam. 23 mill. (Pfr.). Java (Zollinger); at Gunung Gedeh (Strubell). Bulimus appressus Mousson in coll., MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn. p. 353 (1867) PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 26 (quoting v. Mart.); Novit. Conch, iv, p. 34, pi. 116, f. 4, 5 ; Monogr. viii, p. 41 — Ampltidromus appressus (v. Mts.) BOETTGER, Bericht Senck. naturforsch. Ges. in Frankfurt a. M., 1890, p. 145, pi. 5, f. 8. — A. polaceus var. appressa (Mouss.) Pfr., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 72. The type was dextral (pi. 47, fig. 7), but Boettger figures a sinistral example from Gunung Gedeh (pi. 46, fig. 15), of a pale sulphur color. I have not seen the species, which may well prove to be, as Mr. Fulton holds, a small-mouthed, elongate variety or subspecies of A. palaceus. Subsp. TENER Martens. A delicate, thin shell, with the last whorl comparatively large ; pale brimstone yellow. Alt. 46, diam. 28, aperture 251 mjn. {Martens}. Both sinistral and dextral. Bulimus perversus tener MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 350. — ??Btilimus aureus SWAINS., Zool. Illustr. i, pi. 47, upper and lower figures. I refer to this form, which was described as a variety of perversus, a series of shells (pi. 46, figs. 16, 17, 18) from Java which are thinner and far paler than A. perversus, whitish toward the apex and AMPH1DROMUS, GROUP II. 137 below the sutures, imperforate, and with the last whorl more or less swollen. They are brilliantly glossy, and show taint traces of the sculpture of A. palaceus, purus or appressus, though this is scarcely noticeable unless looked for. The degree of inflation is variable. _ Aperture pale yellow within, not white, as in perversns, and the spire is distinctly attenuated near the apex. A. WINTEUI (Pfeitfer). PI. 48, figs. 13, 14, 15. Shell either sinistral or dextral, openly perforate, ovate-conic, rather ventricose, solid, hardly shining, strongly and irregularly wrinkte-striate, and typically plicate, the folds wave-like, irregular, an.d obsolete below the periphery ; white, pale straw- or sulphur-tinted or pale rufous, usually unicolored but sometimes streaked. Whorls 6—7, moderately convex. Aperture slightly oblique, whitish or pale yel- low within ; peristome white, reflexed and recurved at the edge ; columella thick, vertical ; parietal callus white. Alt. 50, diarn. 30 mill. (Pfr's type, figs. 13, 14). Alt. 47, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 20^ mill. Alt. 43, diam. 22, longest axis of aperture 24 mill. Java (Winter); Tjikoya, Pardana and Hakke, in the assistant- residency Probolingo (Zollinger); Tjisurupan (Martens); Bandjar, in Banjumas (F. Jagor). Bulimus winteri PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849, p. 135 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 134, pi. 40, f. 3, 4; Monogr. iii, p. 319 ; iv, 382; vi, 25 MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 353, pi. 20, f. 4, 10 (var.), pi. 21, f. 12 (young). — Amphidrornus winteri FULTON, t. c., p. 74. — A. winberi Pfr., Nevill, Handl. Moll. Ind. Mus., i. p. 120. — Bulimus mycros- torna HASSELT, Algernene Konst en Letterbode, 1823 ; Bull, des Sci. Nat. et de Geol. (2 sect.), iii, 1824, p. 83, and an unpublished plate in Berl. Mus. 13, f. 2, according to von Martens. Typical winteri is very strongly sculptured with deeply-cut wrinkle- striae and coarse, wave-like folds, and is of a uniform pale color; but the variations apparently include forms hardly more striate than A. javanicus, and without undulations. The material before me consists of several extreme forms only, from which an independent judgment cannot be formed; but I am disposed to agree with von Martens, who claims that these several forms being united by intermediate exam- ples, do not admit of specific discrimination. In a lot of 20 speci- mens from one locality, collected by Jagor, he found 11 white, 4 dextral and 7 sinistral. 138 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP II. 2 pale yellow, 1 dextral and 1 sinistral. 6 reddish, 1 dextral and 5 sinistral. 1 banded, 0 dextral and 1 sinistral (" robustus " Fulton). The yellow ones are uniform colored, the white show traces of streaks, the reddish have numerous decidedly-pronounced narrow streaks of slightly darker, reddish-brown color ; and one specimen (pi. 46, fig. 21) shows four sharply-defined and rather wide pale- reddish spiral bands upon a white ground (this being Fulton's A. robustus, see below) ; the variceal streaks are sometimes blackish- brown, sometimes lighter brown. Transitions between those with more evenly and those with more irregularly folded sculpture exist, so that no division into two sets by this character can be made. If von Martens was right in referring the specimens commented on above to the one species winteri, we can scarcely allow that A. heerianus and A. robusttis are specifically distinct. B. junghuhni is a museum name pertaining to this species, accord- ing to von Martens. Subsp. inauris « Bttg.' Fulton. PL 48, figs. 16, 17, 18. Umbilicate, oblong, wrinkle-striate or costulate and sometimes malleate, pale sulphur-tinted or lemon, uniform, or yellow with red- dish streaks, the darker color sometimes predominating. Peristome flatly reflexed or recurved, broad, wider below. Java (Fruhstorfer). A. winteri var. inauris Bttg. MSS., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 74 (1896). — B. winteri var. 5, PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 382 (1859). Varies a good deal in form, color and sculpture, and occurs both sinistral and dextral. A. HEERIANUS (' Mousson ' Pfeiflfer). PL 48, fig. 10 (type), figs. 11, 12. Perforate, ovate-conic, rather thin, rudely striate and sculptured with very fine and close spiral striae; pale tawny-whitish, densely streaked with cinnamon ; but slightly shining. Spire broadly conic, the apex rather acute, suture superficial, somewhat hair-margined. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last more swollen, a little shorter than the spire, with a narrow white umbilical patch. Aperture slightly oblique, somewhat rhombic-oval, white and glossy ihside; peristome rather broadly expanded and narrowly recurved, white, the margins AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP II. 139 joined by an entering milk -white callus; columellar margin dilated, reflexed, alt. 43-53, diam. 24-28 mill. (Pfr.). Bulimus heerianus Mouss. MSS., PFR., Novit. Conch, iv, p. 31, pi. 116, f. 4 (1871); Monogr. viii, p. 40. Conf. v. Mart., Malak. BL xx, 1873, p. 154 A. heerianus FULTON, t. c. p. 73. The reddish specimens of winteri reported upon by von Martens, from Bandjar, Java, apparently belong to this race ; and I refer here also a pink specimen with some yellow streaks, purple-black varices, pale spire and yellow apical whorls (pi. 48, figs. 11, 12). Fulton remarks as follows : "The color of this species varies from yellow with only two or three reddish-brown stripes to specimens that are almost covered with variegated green and red-brown oblique mark- ings. The spiral lines, as seen in the type specimen, are in most specimens not so distinct, but traces of them can be found in nearly all. This species has been distributed under the manuscript names of Prillwitzi and pcecilus, both of Boettger." A specimen from coll. G. H. Clapp (pi. 46, figs. 19, 20) is yellow on the spire, becoming obscure olive with some purplish streaks on the last whorl, and with the umbilical area and a sutural zone pale yellow ; there are also faint traces in places of several light bands. The penultimate whorl has a dark varix and some brownish streaks. Spiral striae distinct in places. This specimen is referable to Boettger's unpublished variety pcecilus, and establishes a transition toward A- robustus. A. heerianus seems closely allied to both palaceus and winteri, and specimens probably occur uniting the three. Var. robustus Fulton. PL 46, fig. 21. " Shell sinistral, ovate-conic, solid, obliquely striate, almost im- perforate, white, with two brown spiral bands commencing at third whorl, above and below the suture, and continued to last whorl, which has in addition one, and sometimes two other bands on its lower half; whorls 7, convex; lip and columella white, expanded, margins joined by a white callus. Long. 50 mill., maj. diam. 31 mill." (Fulton}. Bandjar, Java. B. winteri, gebandert, MARTENS, Ostas. Zool., Landschn. p. 354, pi. 20, f. 4. — A. robustus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 73 (1896). This is the form von Martens considered an individual variation of A. winteri. 1 have not seen specimens. 140 AMPHIDKOMUS, GROUP III. A. JAVANICUS (Sowerby). PI. 61, figs. 50, 51. Shell either sinistral or dextral, im perforate or nearly so, solid, ovate-pyramidal, closely streaked with dull crimson, chestnut and blackish on an olivaceous buff, ochre-tinted or livid ground, the streaks often broken into a mottled pattern ; early whorls and a border below sutures white, pink or pale ; several blackish varices followed by whitish streaks generally present, but inconspicuous in- the general strigation. Surface glossy, distinctly striate. Spire rather straightly conic; whorls 6-|-7-J, slightly and equally convex,, separated by moderately impressed sutures marked with a white hair-line. Aperture but slightly oblique, ovate, bluish inside ; peri- stome white, expanded, subreflexed, blunt at the edge; columella nearly straight; parietal callus white, deeply entering. Alt. 50, diam. 26^, longest axis of aperlure 26^ mill, (dextral). Alt. 52, diam. 26, longest axis of aperture 26^ mill, (sinistral). Alt. 62, diam. 31, longest axis of aperture 32 mill, (sinistral). Java : near Palabuan, in the southwest (Prof. E. v. Martens)- Bidinus javanicus SOWB., Conch. Illustr., Bulinus p. 6, fig. 35, 35* (1841). — Am phidromus javanicus Sowb., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 1896, p. 73 Bulimus loricatus PFR., P. Z. S.,. 1854, p. 293; Monogr., iv, 372; vi, 16.— MARTENS, Ostas. Land- schn., p. 339, pi. 22, f. 2. The much and evenly streaked and often in places mottled color- pattern, distinguishes this from other striate Javan species, while the streaked forms of A. interruptus, inversus, etc., are distinctly smoother. Sowerby did not describe javanicus, but his illustration is character- istic, the locality Java being given. No locality for loricatus PfK was known until Dr. von Martens found it near Palabuan. 3. Group of A> beccarii. A. BECCARII (Tapparone Canefri). PI. 68, figs. 21, 22 Shell compressed-subumbilicate, fusiform-oblong, sinistral, longi- tudinally obliquely wrinkle-plicate, rather glossy, whitish-buff. Spire elevated-conic, the upper whorls more or less maculated with brown- ish, apex rather acute. Whorls 6, a little convex, separated by an oblique, appressed and submarginate suture, the last whorl large, rather convex, somewhat tapering below. Aperture ovate-oblong, nearly vertical, as long as the spire, whitish in the throat ; peristorne AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. 141 white, the margins joined by a very thin parietal callus, the outer and basal margins expanded and reflexed, columellar margin dilated, nearly straight, nearly forming an angle with the basal margin. Length 43, width 19, alt. of aperture 22 mill. (T. (?.) Celebes: Kandari, on the southeast peninsula. (Beccari.) Bulimus (Amphidroinus} beccarii T. C., Annali Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat, di Geneva, xx, 1884, p. 170, pi. 1, f. 10, 11. — A. beccarii FUL- TON, t. c., p. 74. A peculiar species, resembling the A. winteri group of Java in its plicate surface, but distinguished by the narrow, elongate mouth, oblique sutures and slender contour. Possibly belongs to the second division of the genus, which includes thin, exclusively sinistral species. 4. Group of A. perversus. Considerations of utility no less than probable phylogenetic rela- tionship induce me to segregate the species of the Philippines. Bor- neo, Celebes and Java from those living north of Sunda Strait, though the latter are not separated from these by any characters of more than specific weight. The senior species of the group, A. per- versus, has been understood to cover many and diverse species or varieties by Pfeiffer and others, and not without reason ; but it is now restricted to a solid, yellow or black-varixed form of southern Celebes and Java, around which a number of closely related forms group themselves. There seem to exist more or less complete tran- sitions between perversus, interruptus, sultanus, etc.; and even the more northern forms, melanomma, atricallosus, leucoxanthus, which I group separately, are united to perversus by various authors, as Mr. E. A. Smith and Mr. H. Fulton. Others, as Prof. E. von Martens and Dr. 0. von Mollendorflf, take a more analytical view. The fact seems to be that while most specimens are readily assignable to one or other of these names, there exist transitions between perversus and the interruptus group inhabiting the same area ; and there may be transitions where the ranges of the several closely allied forms meet or overlap. In general, I consider it best in a genus like this, where specific values are notoriously discounted, to recognize as species those forms which have a consistent or harmonic distribution, and readily recognizable characters in the vast majority of specimens. Exactly similar cases are encountered in the American genera Oxy- styla and Cerion. 142 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. The distribution and chief or typical characters of the members of the perv ersus group are as follows: a. Peristome reflexed, more or less adnate, thick, and usually dark- edged behind in adults; dark varices usually present ; im perforate or nearly so. b. Yellow, with or without dark varices, but not flammulate ; rarely white. per versus, p. 147. bl. Yellow, often greenish below, with or without brown streaks interrupted by a median light girdle : solid, rather straightly conic. Celebes, Borneo, Java. interruptus, p. 150. b'*. Yellow, with broad zigzag or straight stripes and a median golden girdle ; ventricose and thin. S. Celebes. sultanvt, p. 154. b*. Pallid, copiously streaked and with black varices the streaks not interrupted; outer lip narrow, mostly adnate; form narrow and high ; often perforate. emaciatus, p. 153. a1. Peristome not adnate behind, not dark-edged ; no dark varices ; shell not distinctly streaked or banded. b. Imperforate, yellow or white, sinistral, solid ; yellow inside except in white shells. Palawan, etc. entobaptus, p. 145. b\ Imperforate or nearly so, rather thin, glossy, yellow, the peristome narrow, white. Java. alticola, p. 147. b'1. Perforate or umbilicate, more or less distinctly decussate, uniform or somewhat streaked. Mindanao, Sulu Is. chloris, p. 142; roeseleri, p. 142. A. CHLORIS (Reeve). PI. 50, figs. 28-38. Shell usually sinistral, umbilicate or rimate, oblong-ovate, variable in color, but typically clear bright yellow, with a narrow pale or white band below the suture; no dark varices; solid, smoothish, being weakly striatulate and faintly striate spirally. Spire long, a little convexly conic, the apex obtuse, whitish. Whorls 6-^, but slightly convex, hardly compressed below the sutures. Aperture small, ovate, white or slightly rufous yellowish tinted within ; peri- stome white throughout, the outer lip thickened, reflexed and recurved but not adnate behind, the edge white ; columellar margin dilated above, with a thickened white edge passing up the parietal margin some distance ; the parietal callus elsewhere translucent and showing the underlying color, rarely thicker and whitish. AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. 143 Alt. 43, diam. 21, longest axis of aperture 21 mill. Philippines: Samboanya, S.-W. Mindanao; also Basilan. Bulimus chloris REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 37, f. 223 (Sept. 1848). — MOUSSON, Moll. Java, p. 108 PFR., Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1849, p. 137 ; Monogr. Hel. Viv. iii, 320 ; 5v, 382 ; vi, 26 ; viii, 42 ; Conchyl Cab. p. 183, pi. 49, f. 7, 8 — ADAMS & REEVE, Zool. Samarang, Moll., p. 58, pi. 14, f. 10 (living animal, Mindanao). — Amphidromus chloris Rve., SEMPER, Reisen ini Arcliip. Phil., iii, Landmoll., p. 148 — HIDALGO, Journal de Conchyl., 1888, p. 32; Obras Malaco- logicas, Mem. Real Acad. Ciencias de Madrid, xiv, pi. 99, f. 3, 4. — MOELLENDORFF, Verzeichniss der auf den Philippinen lehenden Land-mollusken, in Abhandl. Naturforsch. Gesellsch. zu Gorlitz, xxii, 1898, p. 149 Bulimus sulphurates HOMBRON & JACQUINOT, Voy. au Pol Sud, pi. 8, f. 10-12 (? 1848-1853); and text by Rous seau, p. 29 (1854) — Bulimus (perversus var.} sulfuratus MARTENS, Ostas. Zool. p. 351. Not A- chloris Jacobi, see A. meJanomma natunensis. Well distinguished from A, perversus by the more or less open umbilicus, non-adnate lip, want of dark varices, elongate form and smaller aperture ; and different in its cycle of variations, as well as geographically segregated. The specific rank of A. chloris rests upon a basis wholly different from interruptus, and far less question- able. Pfeiffer, Semper and Hidalgo luive affirmed the identity of B. sul- phuratus with chhris. The type locality of the former is Samboanga, in southwestern Mindanao, while chloris was from ** Eastern Islands." Fulton and some others have reported chloris from the Malay Pen- insula ; but I am disposed to consider this locality a mistake, or based on a similar but distinct form. If it should be correct, then the species described above will take the name sulphuratus. Semper found it rather common in marsh and mountain region about Samboanga, but not on the adjacent island of Basilan. All were sinistral, some being yellowish-white, others the typical straw color. Arthur Adams collected ua bushel" of them on the moun- tains of Mindanao, all " of the same elongated form and deep yellow color throughout, with no indication of bands or marking." The animal is of a pale brown color. The J. B. Steere expedition to the Philippines collected specimens at Samboanga typical in form and coloring (pi. 50, figs. 29, 30), and 144 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. others of stouter contour, of a very pale buff tint, almost white (pi. .50, figs. 31, 33, 34). This may be called color var. pattidulus. Two specimens measure : the stoutest, alt. 44, diam. 26-^, longest axis oi aperture 24^ mill.; and the most slender, alt. 46, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture 23^ mill. A dextral specimen of this color-form (fig. 31) is more slender, alt. 40, diam. 20, aperture 20 mill. This is the only dextral chloris I have seen or heard of, and may perhaps be re- garded as an atavistic individual. Another shell (fig. 30) is quite small, and pale lemon-yellow. BASILAN. The Steere Expedition also collected examples of chloris on Basilian island (figs. 32, 35, 36-38), where Semper did not find it. They aie identical in form with Samboanga shells, but vary in color as follows: (a) Color of the typical yellow tint, but rapidly fading to white on the spire, pi. 50, fig. 35. (b) Pile citron or greenish-yellow, the spire white, fig. 37. (c) Similar to color-var. palh'dulus, but with a slightly darker sutural border and no white band, (d) Pure white throughout, color-var. purissimus, fig. 32. (e) Pale yellow or rufous, with oblique reddish-brown streaks on the spire or throughout, the suture narrowly marked with the same, color-var. calista, fig. 36. (/) Brilliant rose-pink, with white sub- sutural band and darker sutural line to the apex, color-var. rosa, fig. 38. Figure 28 is a copy of Reeve's type figure. Figs. 29-31, 33, 34 are from Samboanga, 32, 35. 36-38 from Basilan specimens. A. ROESELERI Moelleiidorflf. Shell sinistral, half-covered perforate, ovate-conic, solid, trans- versely lightly striatulate, decussated by delicate and close but very dis- tinct spiral lines; satin-like, white. Spire moderately long, with slightly convex sides and obtuse apex. Whorls 6, moderately con- vex. Aperture moderately oblique, subauriform ; peristome rather widely expanded, white-lipped, a little reflexed, columella straight, forming a rather distinct angle with the basal margin, heavily cal- loused, dilated above, revolute, nearly covering the perforation. Alt. 47, diam. 27, aperture 24.5 mill, long, 18 wide (Mlldff.}. Sulu Island (I. Roeseier). A. roeseleri MOELLENDORFF, Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges. xxvi, p. 210 (Dec. 1894), FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 75.— A. maculiferus var., SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xiii, p. 55, pi. 4, f. 9, 9a (Jan., 1894). AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. 145 Remarkable by its pure white color, very distinct spiral striation and satin luster. Differs from A. maculiferus also by the shorter, more obese contour, somewhat more convex whorls and comparatively wider aperture. Fulton refers A. maculiferus var. of Smith (pi. 49, figs. 23, 24) r from Bilatan I. (one of the southwestern or Tawitawi group of the Sulus), to roeseleri. They are ** either pale lemon-yellow or pinkish- white," from about 50 to 55 mill, long and all sinistral, according to Smith. Fulton remarks " smaller than maculiferus^ of uniform cream-color, with a very narrow golden band at suture of lower whorls, very closely and (under the lens) distinctly spirally striated." Although A. roeseleri has been grouped with maculiferus by authors, it may prove more closely allied to A. chloris of southwestern Min- danao and Basilan, which is also umbilicated and, especially on Basilan, densely though shallowly striated spirally. It is named for a well-known collector of orchids in the East Indies. A. ENTOBAPTUS Dohrn. PI. 51, figs. 42-46. Shell sinistral, imperforate, conic-ovate, rather solid, striatulate, a little shining; [deep yellow], pale citron or whitish, the apex and sometimes a narrow sutural band white [or the whole shell white]. Whorls 5^ to 6, a little convex. Aperture acuminate-oblong, deep yellow within [or white in white specimens]; peristome thickened, narrowly reflexed, white; columella vertical, straight. (Dohrn.} Length 46, diam. 27, aperture 24 mill. Length 44, diam. 29, aperture 26 mill. Length 47, diam. 27, aperture 26 mill. Length 43, diam. 24, aperture 25 mill. Paragua (Palawan): Puerto Pnncesa (Dr. Platen); Forest of Cani- goran, near Puerto Princesa, white specimens from the same place ; and the forest of Destacamento de Bahile (Quadras). Linaeakan, Busuanga (var. gracilis) and Koran, Calamianes (var. contracta}. Bolabac Id. (Everett). Amphidromus perversus L., HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchy 1. 1888, p. 32 — A. entobaptus DOHRN, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges. 1889, p. 62. — MOELLENDORFF, Verzeich. Phil. Land-moll., p. 148, with var. grucilis and contracta (undescribed), 1898. — SMITH, P. Z. S. 1895,. p. (J9 — HIDALGO, Obras Malacologicas, in Mem. Real. Acad Ciericias de Madrid, xiv, pi. 99, f. 5-8(1900) — A, perversus var.. entobapta FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 67 (1896). 10 146 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. This species differs from A. perversus in the larger aperture, which is more oblique and more acuminate above, in the recurved but not smoothly adnate lip, and in the deep color of the inner layer of the shell (whence the name entobaptus, dyed within), which however does not hold in white examples. Dark varices are never developed. Dohrn writes as follows : "In this species the yellow layer of the shell is on the inside, but in A. perversus it is external : and there- fore the inside of the aperture in A. entobaptus is much more deeply colored than the outside, which is covered by an uncolored layer, while in A. perversus the inside is always pure white. The peri- stome of entobaptus is white, the intensely citron-yellow or eSoc. Lond., ii, p. 98 (Celebes) MLLPFF, Nachbl. d. D. Malak. Ges., 1896, p. 145 (Celebes).— P. and F. SARASIN, Die Land-mollusken von Celebes, p. 209 (1899). — A. perversus niveus P. & F. SARASIN, t. c., p. 209, pi. 26, f. 262. — Amphidromus perversus var. (citric allosus) SMITH, P. Z. S., 1895, p. 115, pi. 3, f. 19 (Borneo). — A. perversus var. atricallosus Ghl., SCHEPMAN, Moll. Dutch Borneo Exped., in Notes from the Leyden Museum, xvii, p. 156, June 9, 1896 (Borneo). Helix aurea DILLWYN, Descript. Catal. ii, p. 936 (1817). — FER., Prodr., p. 55 — (?) Bulimus aureus SAVAINSON (de novo), Zool. Illustr. i, pi. 47, upper and lower figures (1820-21). — Orthostylus aureus BECK, Index Moll., p. 50 — Bulimus perversus aurea MARTENS, Ostas. Zool., Landschn., p. 349, pi. 20, f. 13. — Amphi- dromus perversus (L.) var. aurea v. Mts., BOETTGER, Bericht Senckenb. naturforsch. Gesellsch. in Frankfurt a. M., 1890, p. 146; 1891, p. 244 (Java). Distinguished from A. interruptus chiefly by its fuller, more ovate contour, although it is less obese than most sultanus. The south Celebes and Javan form may be considered typical (pi. 51, figs. 48, 49, 50) Bornean examples diverging somewhat. The var. obesus of von Martens is referable to typical perversus. Var. aurea von Martens, which he identifies with aurea of Ferussac and Swainson, is not the earlier aurea of Martyn, and the name will have to be dropped. It pertains to orange-colored specimens which have occurred in Celebes at Tempe, and in Java at Gunung Gedeh. It seems to be an ill-defined form, probably not requiring a special name, as Boettger found it running into yellowish-white at Gunung Gedeh. CELEBES. The first reliable report of perrersus from southern Celebes was by Prof, von Martens in 1873. Dr. A. B. Meyer col- lected 25 specimens near Batu-besi cave, near Maros, which are de- AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. 149 scribed as smooth, of a beautiful citron-yellow, sometimes verging toward reddish, without flammules, but almost always with one, rarely two, black-brown varices, usually on the penult, whorl, but varying in position ; when dark varices were wanting, a white stripe replaced them, but only on two shells. The contour varied, alt. 49, diam. 24, and alt. 46, diam. 27, being the extremes. Sinistral and dextral shells were in about equal numbers. Young shells show a narrow, dark brown spiral band somewhat below the periphery. Dr. Max Weber collected similar shells at Bulu Sipong, near Maros, and at Loka, near Bonthain ; reported on by von Martens. The contour varying considerably, the smallest, alt. 37, diam. 22 mill., and the more obese examples 37-38 long, 26 wide. The var. " aureus " Mart, was taken at Tempe (Wadjo), this being the first definite locality for the orange-yellow form. Mr. A. Everett also took specimens in the region of Mt. Bonthain, similar in characters to the above typical form. They occurred with interruplus, .at a height of 2000 ft. (Smith, 1896.) Von Mollendorflf reports specimens collected by Fruhstorfer at Bua Kraenz occurring with interruptus. P. & F. Sarasin found the typical perversus at Makassar, 25 dex- tral and 7 sinistral shells, and on the Lura lake, a large, very nar- row form which is rare at Makassar, and has generally a brown- violet tinted peristome, 15 sinistral shells. Var. niveus P. & F. Sarasin. PI. 51, fig. 47. Snow white with black varices and often a dark stripe behind the peristome. Variable in proportions as well as absolute size, alt. 42 to 53 mill. Seven specimens show a narrow brown spiral line close to the suture, on the upper whorls, and in four there is the rudiment of a dark band at the periphery of the last whorl near the mouth. Celebes : Fare-Pare, on dry andesite hills, 34 specimens; EureTcang 1 specimen ; all sinistral (Sarasin). Two typical, yellow, sinistral perversus occurred with the niveus, Sarasins regarding them as atavistic individuals. JAVA. On the outliers of Gunung Gedah, Dr. Adolf Strubell found both dextral and sinistral specimens, which Boettger describes as perforate, rather glossy, obesely fusiform-ovate, of a beautiful uniform citron-yellow with white, appressed suture, which is dis- tinctly crenulated by growth-striae, and without dark varices. Alt. 48-49, diam. 27^-28, alt. aperture 25 mill, (dextral); alt. 51, diam. 150 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. 28, aperture 25£ mill, (sinistral). Other specimens are duller yellow, partly even yellowish-white, although collected alive. Still other Javan specimens agree with the typical form from S. Celebes in the yellow color, blackish varices and lip-edge ; while still others (pi. 51, fig. 51) are white, with several blackish varices, and black-brown lip-edge, thug agreeing with the Celebes form niveus. The specimen figured is from coll. G. H. Clapp. BORNEO. Mr. A. Everett collected two dextral specimens (pi. 51, fig. 52) at Sadong, West Sarawak, one of which Mr. E. A. Smith has figured ; neither of them have black varices, and the parietal wall is dark, as in atricallosus. Schepman reports similar specimens from Mt. Sekedau and Mt. Dadap, coll. by Moret, but he mentions that they have brown spots on the white zone near the suture. * This form is probably a modification parallel to, rather than genetically connected with A. atricallosus of the mainland, and may be called form similis. Swainson has figured shells with the adnate lip, black bordered on the reverse, of A., perversus, but of rather more elongate form, and having a white zone below the suture. The locality is unknown, and I do not know whether to think it a form of A. perversus or of A. leucoxanthus. The white parietal callus and different lip would se.em to remove it from A. atricallosus, though that species sometimes buries the dark parietal color under a copious white layer. See Bligh Catalogue, upper figure of first plate, and Zoological Illustra- tions vol. i, pi. 46, under the name Bulimus citrinus. A. INTERRUPTUS (Muller). PI. 52, figs. 53, 54, 55, 56. Dextral or sinistral, imperforate, rather narrow, with high spire and white apex; whorls 6^; ground-color yellow, either sulphur, maize or paler tint, with a broad purplish zone on the base; marked with numerous reddish-chestnut streaks, which are interrupted at the periphery, and fall far short of the suture above, and on the base become purplish-brown ; a white or yellow patch around the columella ; these markings obsolete on the spire or appearing as short streaks above the suture on the next to the last whorl. There is a dark varix on the penultimate and sometimes another on the last whorl. Aperture rather small ; lip white, reflexed and adnate, the edge of the reflection generally brown. Alt. 47, diam. 25, aperture 23 mill. AMI'HIDROMUS, GROUP IV. 151 Alt. 41, diam. 21, aperture 19^ mill. Color-form infraviridis Martens (pi. 52, figs. 59-65). Greenish- yellow or citron colored, the base pale green ; or with the base also greenish-yellow (pi. 50, fig. 41, 42). Color-form strigosus Martens (pi. 52, figs. 57, 58). Streaked from suture to base with continuous, rather narrow brown streaks. Java : Pardana in the Bantam residency, Rogodjampi, Banjumas res., and the island Nusa-Baron (Zollinger) ; Surabaya (Martens) forms infrapictus and strigosus. Bali: Djembrana and Bulding (Zollinger), short and conic, the markings between infrapictus and strigosus. Borneo (Schwaner), rather long strigosus, many with reddish apex, the aperture comparatively large, peristome thin ; Bandjer- masin (Bock). Celebes : the southern peninsula, plentiful (see below). Helix interrupta MXJLLER, Verm. Terrestr. et Fluv. ii, p. 94 (1774).— CHEMNITZ, Syst, Conchyl. Cab. ix, p. 154, pi. 134, f. 1213, 1214 (1786); edit. nov. pi. 10, f. 4, 5 DILLWYN, Descript. Catal., ii, 937 — Bulimus interruptus Miill., PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1849, p. 131 ; Conchyl. Cab. pi. 22, f. 4; pi. 41, f. 9, 10?— BOCK, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 633 — Bulimus interruptus var. sultanus Mouss., Moll. Java, p. 30, 31, 109, pi. 4, f. 1, 2 (Puger, on the islet Nusa- Baron) ; Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849, p. 179. — Bulimus interruptus var. infrapictus MARTENS, Ostas. Landsch. p. 344, pi. 20, f. 1, 9 (= typical interruptus} ; var. strigosus, pi. 20, f. 3, 6 ; var. infra- viridis, pi. 20, f. 2, 5, 8 (1867). — Amphidromus interruptus Miill., SEMPER, Reisen, p. 147 (anatomy; locality of specimens not stated). — MOELLENDORFF, Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges., 1896, p. 145, and var. contracta, p. 146. — Bulimus sultanus var. b, LAM., An. s. Vert. VI, pt, 2, p. 119; DELESSERT, Recueil de Coq., pi. 27, f. 6 (the strigosus form) Bulimus citrinus Brug., SWAINSON, A Catal. of the rare and valuable Shells which formed the celebrated collection of the late Mrs. Bligh, appendix p. 13, lower fig. of first plate (the strigosus form) — Bulimus dexter Miill., DESH in Fer., Hist., ii, pt. 2, p. 22, pi. 161, f. . 7, 8 ("infrapictus") Bulimus per versus L., in part, DESK, in Fer., Hist., ii, pt. 2, p. 20, pi. 161, f. 5, 6 (the "infrapictus" form. — B. perversus var., PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 39. — A. perversus interruptus SARASIN, Die Land-Mollusken von Celebes, p. 209 (1899). 152 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. The outline of this species is rather straightly conical, and the form less obese than in typical A. perversus, the aperture being smaller. The color-patterns differ from those of perversus. CELEBES. — Near Maros, in southern Celebes, Dr. von Martens collected three color-forms of interrupts s : the typical, figs. 55, 56 (also called infrapictus) ; var. strigosus, figs. 57, 58 ; and var. in- fraviridis, figs. 59-65. The species occurs in manifold contour and color-varieties, if not all combinations of both. Among the Maros examples there are two numerically prevalent forms : moderately large infraviridis of conic-ovate shape and rather thick lip, fig. 65, and small " infrapictus " of rather elongate shape with strongly thickened lip, fig. 55. The intermediate forms, as well as the quite slender and the entirely streaked, occur only in occasional individuals, though sufficient to prove the connection of the series. This is also demonstrated by comparison of the Javan examples, of which there were many connecting the varieties, and showing that a division is no more to be based upon locality than upon color and contour (Ostas. Zool. Landschn., p. 345). The above data prove that the color-forms represented on pi. 52 have no truly varietal status, but are simply individual variations comparable to the well known band variations of Helix nemoralis. Miiller's type was an individual of what Prof, von Martens has called var. infrapictus. About three-fourths of the specimens examined by von Martens are dextral. Of 10 greenish-yellow specimens before me, half are dextral. Most of them have a white or bluish varix, and some a white basal patch. The lip is white throughout. None of them are perceptibly greener below than above, but otherwise they agree with Prof. v. Martens' color-var. infraviridis. Figs. 41, 42 of pi. 50 represent a peculiar form from coll. John Ford, locality unknown, remarkable for its very elongate shape. There are 7 whorls, the last with a gray-white or greenish varix. The lip is recurved, enveloping and adnate, white throughout. Color sulphur-yellow, paler above. Length 50, diam. 21, aperture 23 mill. P. and F. Sarasin found interruptus very variable in form at Makassar, 17 dextral, 10 sinistral specimens. The ground color is sometimes very light, sometimes dark yellow, and rarely almost white. Markings typical (" infrapictus") or of the sultanus pattern, AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. 153 or the strigosus pattern ; all these intergrading completely. At Allu, on the southern coast, 2 sinistral and 1 dextral shell, with brown streaks on the base, the rest of the shell uniform light yellow. At Bungi, on the Gulf of Mandar, 19 sinistral specimens with- light yellow or nearly white ground-color, and typical " infrapictus " markings. Dr. von Moellendorff reports the species from Tempe (Weber) and from Bua Kraeng (Fruhstorfer), at 5000 ft. alt. Those from the latter locality he describes as var. contracta v. Mlldff., differing in the shorter, more ventricose shell, alt. 41, diam. 26 mill., a dextral specimen, and alt. 40, diam. 27' mill., sinistral. JAVA. — Besides the localities given above, Herr Gust. Schneider collected the form infrapictus at the islands Bali and Bawean (the latter N. E. of Java). (Martens, Nachrbl. 1900, p. 17). BORNEO — Bock notes that interruptus is very abundant in the Banjermassin district of southern Borneo, both dextral and sinistral, and variously colored ; after rains the trees were quite spotted with them. " Of the rare pure white variety only one specimen was ob- tained." Specimens before me from Southeastern Borneo (pi. 50, figs. 39, 40), collected by Doherty, agree with Hombron & Jacqui- not's figures (Voy. au Pol Sud, pi. 8, f. 7, 8, as " B. mversus") of a Bornean specimen. The shell is cream-white (yellow in their figures) with much the pattern of var. emaciatus, chestnut stripes which are weak above the periphery, stronger, wider and more numerous below, breaking off abruptly at the small white umbilical patch ; apex light ; lip recurved, adnate and black-edged behind ; perforate or closed ; a black varix on the penult, whorl or none. It differs from var. emaciatus chiefly in the shorter, more ventricose form and consequently wider aperture. Occurs both dextral and sinistral. This may be called var. borneensis. Subsp. EMACIATUS (Martens). PI. 53, figs. 77, 78. Shell dextral or sinistral, perforate or closed, conic, oblong, striat- ulate, but little shining, pale sulphur colored (or white), having longitudinal brown streaks which are more sparse and paler above, but closer and darker on the base, and are not interrupted by a peri- pheral light girdle ; and one or two black varices. Whorls 6^, but little convex. Aperture less than half the shell's length, whitish within ; peristome white, reflexed, recurved, and generally with a 154 AMPHIDKOMUS, GROUP IV. dark brown edge, which is usually in large part adnate ; columella vertical, straight; parietal callus white or showing the stripes through. Length 48, diam. 25 mill. Length 50, diam. 24 mill. Length 44, diam. 24 mill. Length 52, diam. 25, length of aperture 26 mill. Java : Grisse, near Surabaya* dextral (Martens). Bali : near Buleling, sinistral and dextral (Zollinger). Oonerang (coll. A. N. S., fig. 78). Bulimus emaciatus MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 347, pi. 20r f. 7 (1868). — PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 25. The streaks generally extend to the suture above, though becom- ing narrower or diluted, and may either continue to the base or give way to a white patch around the columella. They are often more or less zigzag, and on the base tend to become darker and confluent. They are not interrupted by a light peripheral girdle. In one of the specimens before me the upper whorls are banded as in young A* sultanus, and the apex is purple. In the others it is white. One of seven specimens before me is sinistral. Subsp. SULTANUS (Lamarck). PI. 53, figs. 66-74. Shell imperforate, ovate, rather thin, finely striatulate and densely striate spirally, these stria3 sometimes obsolete ; glossy ; yellow, buff or pinkish-buff, the last whorl or two with numerous rich chestnut stripes, which are more or less zigzag, and diluted by an interrupted yellow peripheral zone, or in some shells the stripes are much re- duced ; varices one or none. Whorls 6^, the earlier ones yellow, then banded at the sutures above or below, or plain. Last whorl capacious, inflated, compressed below the suture or not percep- tibly so. Aperture whitish within ; peristome white, narrowly reflexed and slightly recurved at the edge, not much thickened ; parietal callus white. Alt. 50, diam. 28, aperture 28 mill. Alt. 41, diam. 25, aperture 23^ mill. Celebes: Makassar (Hombron and Jacquinot, Zollinger, Wallace, v. Martens), on the foliage of high trees ; Tempe (Weber). Saleyer 1. (Weber). Java: near Rogodjampi, in JBanjumas, and Banju- AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. 155 ivangi (Zollinger). Bali : Djembrana (Zollinger). Java (M. Leschenault ; type locality). Helix flarnmea sinistrorsa CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., ix, pt. 1, fig. 927; copied in edit. Kiister, Bui, pi. 6, f. 3 (bad).=-/fe&» inversa var. a FER., Prodr., no. 414 — Bulimus suit anus LAM., An. s. Vert., vi, pt. 2, p. 119, exclusive of var. b (1810); and in edit. Deshayes, viii, p. 225 — DELESSERT, Rec. de Coq., pi. 27, f. 7 — CHENU, Illustr. Conch., pi. 8, f. 10 — MARTENS, Ostas. Conch., p. 342, pi. 22, f. 1,3, 4 Amplndromus sultanus v. MARTENS, Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien, ii, p. 240 (1891). — Bulimus perversus var. f and n PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 38. — Bulimus inversus var. b, flammeus MOUSSON, Moll. Java, p. 106. — PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 318 — Bulimies mciKassariensis HOMBRON & JACQUINOT, Voy. au Pol Sud, Moll., pi. 8, f. 5, 6 Amphidromus makassariensis WALLACE, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 412. — A. perversus var. interrupta FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 68 (in part). Very good figures have been given by Hombron and Jacquinot, and by von Martens. It is well distinguished from interruptus Miill. by its more ventricose form, larger aperture and thinner sub- stance. The broad, more or less zigzag stripes and interrupted peripheral golden band are also characteristic, though much reduced, or even absent in some specimens. About half of the shells before .me are sinistral. The young (fig. 67) are either uniform yellow or have narrow bands at the suture, above and below the periphery, and around the columella. Figures 66-68 reproduce von Martens' illus- trations of specimens from Makassar. Figs. 69, 70 are further color-patterns in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. A clear yellow form, with no flammules, but with a narrow dark varix on the penultimate whorl, and a dark-edged lip, is also illus- trated, pi. 53, figs. 73, 74. This forms a transition to typical perversus in color, but has the inflated contour and narrowly recurved lip of sultanus, and is connected therewith by specimens with sparse stripes (figs. 71, 72), referable to var. mitra. Var. MITRA (von Martens). Shell short, of conic figure, beautiful golden yellow with broad reddish chestnut-brown stripes which rarely extend upon the upper portion of the last whorl ; there is a more intense golden yellow band, which, however, is not sharply defined at the edges. Length 156 AMPHIDKOMUS, GROUP V. 47, greater diam. 28, lesser 24, aperture 23 J mill, long, 19^ wide. Three sinistral examples, one dextral. Bali : Bulelwg and Djembrana (Zollinger, in coll. Mousson). Bulimus mitra MARTENS, Preussisohe Exped. nach Ost-Asien. Landschnecken, p. 343 (1867). According to von Martens, this form may lay claim to uniting sultanus and interruptus, in. which case emaciatus must also be added. B. mitra has not been figured, nor noticed by other authors hitherto, 5. Group of A. j onus. The species grouped here are not closely allied, but all of them have spiral bands, at least in some specimens. A. j 'anus has the parietal wall blackish ; A. enganoensis is distinguished chiefly by its broad columellar margin, and A. martensi is a short, obese species, with broad peristome. A. JANUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 58, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. Shell perforate or closed, dextral or sinistral, oblong-conic, rather solid, glossy, nearly smooth. Yellow with a white subsutural band, the spire with two brown or hoary-brown bands, one subsutural, the other fubmedian ; the last whorl with subsutural and supraperipheral pale green bands ; often wanting, and a green or brown-green base ; varices narrow, black brown, broadly yellow -bordered on both sides, interrupting the spiral bands and basal patch ; two or three earlier whorls uniform yellow or whitish. Spire rather high-conic ; whorls about 6^, convex. Aperture small, slightly oblique, pale-yellow or whitish within, and showing chestnut bands or basal patch, this color stopping far short of the lip ; peristome white, reflexed and recurved at the edge, thickened ; the columellar margin dilated above ; parietal callus blackish chestnut. Alt. 47, diam. 24 mill. Alt. 39, diam. 21, longest axis of aperture 20 mill. Alt. 42, diam. 21, longest axis of aperture 21 mill. Burmah (Coll. A. N. S. P.); Mergui (Theobald). Bidimus janus PFR., P. Z. S. 1852, p. 85 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 156, pi. 48, f. 1-4; Monogr. iii, p. 310; iv, 374; vi, 20; viii, 24 GASSIES, Moll. terr. Nouv.-Caledonie, i, p. 49, pi. 5, f. 5 — Canis- trum janus FFLD. — Cochloslyla janus SCHAUFUS in Paetel — Amphi- dromus janus CROSSE, J. de Conchyl. 1894, p. 172. — NEVILL, Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus., i, p. 126. — Bulimus atricalhsus Gld., AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP V. 157 HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conchologia Indica, p. x, pi. 19, f. 5 (not of Gould). Somewhat allied to A. dohrni, this species differs by its black- brown parietal callus, more deeply constricting sutures, heavier lij^ which is not appressed behind, etc. A. comes is much stouter and differently colored. The doubtful B. rircscens of Swainson had r.o dark parietal callus. A. j anus stands quite alone for an Amphidronm?, having no close companions. The bands and basal patch are brown, but show green through the citron-colored outer layer of the last whorl ; they are often wanting on the upper part of the body-whorl, and are broadly interrupted at the varices and behind the lip. The species was supposed by Pfeiffer to be from the New Hebrides. Gassies introduced it into his New Caledonian fauna on evidence which proved to be false. Specimens in our collection sub nom. B+ otricallosus bear the locality »' Burmah," which is the more probable as Hanley and Theobald figure janus for atricallosus in the Con- chologia Indica, arid Nevill records specimens from Mergui in the Indian Museum, ex coll. Theobald. Pfeiflfer's name Janus refers to ihe aperture looking in opposite directions in different specimen?. A. ENGANOENSIS Fulton. PI. 61, figs. 53, 54, 55, 56. Shell openly perforate, sinistral, oblong-ovate, solid, glossy, striafc^ ulate, ground-color olivaceous yellow (or rich \>Twi\}9 fading to pale buff toward the suture and on the spire, with some irregular olive streaks, and sometimes four reddish-brown bands — subsutural, cir- cum-umbilical, and two between, the upper two ascending the spire; early whorls uniform white, yellowish, or with a dark band above the suture. Varices narrow and brown, followed by a whitish streak, or wanting. Whorls 6^—7, convex, separated by a white-edged im- pressed sutuie, the last whorl inflated. Aperture oblique, white or lilac-tinted within, and showing the bands when present; peristome white, broadly rrftexed, recurved at the edge, the columeHa convexly folded, the reflexed margin broadly dilated, and somewhat lobed over the umbilicus, impressed near its insertion. Parietal callus translucent,. the color of the cuticle showing through it. Alt. 49, diam. '27 mill. (type). Alt. 50-51, diam. 27, longest axis of aperture, 27 mill. Alt. 54, diam. 26, longest axis of aperture, 26 mill. 158 AMPH1DROMUS, GROUP V. Alt. 38, diam. 21-J, longest axis of aperture, 19 mill. Engano Island, west from the south end of Sumatra (Dr. G. Modigliani. Mr. Wm. Doherty). A. enganoen&is FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 71, pi. 6, f. 11 (Jan., 1896). — HENDERSON, Nautilus xii, p. 15 (June, 1898). A very distinct species, varying notably both in coloration and size. Fulton describes it as with the " ground-color either yellow or rich brown, sometimes in the latter case with two or three darker brown spiral bands;" arid he figures a brown specimen (fig. 53). The shells collected by Doherty (figs. 54, 55, from coll. John B. Henderson, Jr.) are olivaceous brown, fading above as in A. aureus, though sometimes sulphur-stained on the spire, and either with or without four* brown zones. The convex columella, impressed at its root, and with more or less produced or lobed outer edge, is charac- teristic of all colors and sizes. The small form (fig. 56) was found by Doherty on Pulo Dua, an islet three miles east of Engano. A. MARTENSI Boettger. PI. 61, fig. 52. Shell large, sinistral [or dextral], very shortly rimate, broadly conic-ovate, very solid; very lightly and densely striate, subopaque, bright citron-yellow with wide white bands around the suture and rima- tion and a single basal band on the penultimate (and next earlier) whorls ; the last whorl with two wide olivaceous- green bands below the periphery, the lower one double the width of the upper ; no dark varices. Spire high conic, the right side more convex, apex pale rose-white. Whorls 6, a little convex, separated by distinct, ap- pressed sutures, the last whorl rather ventricose, not descending in front, slightly over half the length of the shell. Aperture ear-shaped, white inside and showing the two dark bands through, eight-fifteenths the shell's length ; peristome white, thick, callous, evenly broadly ex- panded and rejlexed throughout, the margins joined by a white parietal callus ; left margin strongly and evenly curved, columella vertical, callous, slightly twisted (Bttg.}. Alt. 49-53, diam. 27-30, aperture 26-28 mill. Borneo : Mt. Kina Balu (O. Staudinger & A. Bang Haas ; Everett). A. martensi BTTG., Nachrbl. d. d. Mai. Ges. 1894, p. 66 FUL- TON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 71, pi. 7, f. 10. AMPHIDRUMUS, GROUP VI. 159 In the wide white sutural band it approaches A. leucoxanthus ; in the short, obese shape, A. interruptus; but it is more solid, with more convex whorls, much more widely reflexed peristome and entirely diverse color and pattern. The original specimens _were sinistral, but Mr. Everett collected dextral examples also, one of which has been figured by Mr. Fulton. It is named in honor of Prof. E. von Martens. 6. Group of A. aureus. Includes forms allied to A. perversus, living on the mainland of southeastern Asia, the Malay Peninsula, and various islands as far south as Sunda Strait. Most of the species are more or less concave below the suture, and in only one (doh-rni), is the lip completely adnate behind, as in perversus ; some others having it imperfectly adnate, while in most it is merely reflexed or recurved. The follow- ing key is artificial and merely a temporary expedient. a. Shell with a very oblique, strong, white, raised varix on the back. Annam. costifer, p 17G. a1. Shell solid, large, alt. 64-70 mm., with three elevated girdles. Annam. ingenj, p. 175. a2. Without such sculpture. b. Uniform or nearly uniform yellow, white or greenish ; lip not adnate behind. c. Pale yellow, somewhat cylindrically elongate, peristome narrowly expanded ; alt. 39, diam. 17 mm. cochinckinensis, p. 118. c1. White or yellow, more conic, the diam. more than half the alt. Annam. metablelus, p. 174. c2. White, obese ovate, imperforate, the lip narrowly reflexed. mundus, p. 174. c3. Whitish above, greenish-yellow below, last whorl obtusely angular in front, parietal callus thin ; alt. 42, diam. 21 mm. Tonquin. dautzenbergi, p. 166. bl. Shell yellow, often with white band below suture, and blackish varices ; lip recurved. c. parietal wall white. leucoxanthus, p. 163. c1. parietal wall blackish-brown, a solitary blackish varix. btricallosus, p. 165 160 AMPH1DROMUS, GROUP VI. b'1. Shell yellow above, green below ; spire pyramidal ; lip thick, completely adnate and black -bordered behind. dohrni, p. 173. Is. Shell clouded, streaked or banded with reddish or green on a yellow ground ; stoutly ovate. conies, p. 170. I*. Shell copiously streaked with brown. c. Base abruptly darker than upper surface. inversus, p. 1 67. c. Base not abruptly darker, often pale below the sutures. d. large and solid, clouded, length 64—70 mm. cambojicnsis, p. 177. d.1 Length 40-60 mm.; streaked. aureus, p. 160. 5.5 Shell with three broad spiral bands. metabletus, p. 174. A. AUREUS (Martyn). PI. 54, figs. 70, 71, 72. Shell either sinistral or dextral, long-ovate, solid, smoothislt, yel- low, with a broad white zone below the sutures, and typically laving numerous narrow, reddish-brown, undulating stripes upon the median and basal parts, but not extending over the white zone; usually with a single varix upon the penultimate or front of the last whorl ; spire whitish, the apex typically white, but black in some varieties. Peristome reflexed and recurved, white, not brown-edged; parietal callus white. Alt. 58-60, diam. 29-31 mill., or somwhat smaller. Prince Island, in Sunda Strait, off the N.-W. extreme of Java, on the upper branches of high trees (Sir Joseph Banks). Limax aureus MARTYN, Universal Conchology, iii, pi. 115 (and Chenu's reprint, Bibliotl.eque Conchyliologique, ii, p. 28, pi. 39, f. 2). — Chersina fulva and 0. perversa (in part), Prince's Island, HUMPHREY, Museum Calonnianum, p. 63, no. 1163, 1164 (1797). — Helix perversa DONOVAN, Naturalist's Repository, or Monthly Miscellany of Exotic Nat. Hist., ii, pi. 49, f. * * typical, and f. * color- var. (1824) Not Helix, Balimus or Amphidiomus aureus of Dillwyn, Ferussac, Swainson et al. This hitherto misunderstood form is one of those brought to Europe by the heroic South Sea explorers of the eighteenth century. Jt was collected by Sir Joseph Banks, who accompanied Cook on AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. 161 his first voyage. Landing for water and wood at Prince Island, as they were leaving Sunda Strait, some lofty trees were felled by the sailors, and these shells were found among the foliage. The speci- mens figured by Martyn and Donovan (and therefore my copies, pi, 54, figs. 70-72) were from this source. The typical form of aureus has close, waved stripes (figs. 70, 71), but a plain form (fig. 72) occurs with it on the trees on Prince Island. This unstriped color-variety is practically identical in char- acters with kucoxanthus Mts. Dr. von Martens subsequently restricted the name aureus to another snail, and referred Martyn's figures to melanomma, wrongly identifying the locality with an island in the Straits of Malacca. Afterward, von Martens referred Donovan's figures of some of the Cook's voyage shells to leucoxanthus (Nachrbl., 1891, 34), still mis- identifying the island where they were collected. The forms melanomma, natunensis and leucoxanthus are apparently varying geographic races of aureus. Viir. MELANOMMA (PfeiflTer). PI. 55, figs. 80-86. Shell sinistral or dextral, irnperf orate, oblong-ovate, solid and strong; striatulate. Whitish (rose or cream tinted), with crowded chestnut streaks, often irregular or ragged, and typically interrupted by a yellow peripheral girdle, but this is frequently wanting. The streaks may be either continuous from suture to base, or weak below the suture, and leaving a white columellar patch. One or two blackish varices generally present ; upper whorls not streaked, white or brown-banded ; apex deep purple, rarely white. Whorls 6^, the last more or less concave below the suture. Aperture oblique, white within ; peristorne white, refiexed and recurved, but usually notadnate behind, the edge white. Columella vertical, thick, its refiexed edge generally covering the axial chink ; parietal callus strong and wldte, deeply entering, often dark within. Length 46, diam. above aperture 21 mill. (Pfeiffer's type). Length 41, diarn. 24, longest axis of aperture 22 mill. Length 45, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture 25 mill. Length 52, diam. 28, longest axis of aperture 27 mill. Length 40, diam. 24^, longest axis of aperture 22 mill. Islands near Singapore, esp. Riouw or Rhio; and Biliton 7., be- tween Borneo and Banka, on bushes and low trees (A. Adams),. 11 162 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. the banded form. Singapore (Friedel), with the band obsolete. Mt. Tchbra and Mt. Tchehel, Perak (de Morgan). Bulimus citrinus, in part, REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 31, f. 187 a (1848) — ADAMS & REEVE Zool. Samarang, moll., p. 58, pi. 14, f. 11, living animal (1850). — Bulimus inversus var. ft and / PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 133 — Bulimus melanomma PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1852, p. 95; Monograph ia iii, p. 310; iv, 374; vi, 19; viii, 24; Conchyl. Cab. p. 135, pi. 39, f. 28, 29 (type); pi. 41, f. 1, 2, 7, 8 MARTEN'S, Ostas. Landschn. p. 340. — Amphidromus melan- omma DE MORGAN, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France pour 1885, p. 387. MLLDFF., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 336. — A. perver&us var. melanomma FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 68 (1896). From Singapore as a center, this variety has been traced north- ward to Perak and southward to an islet off the coast of Biliton I., if what A. Adams collected there was really melanomma. The habitats "Moluccas," "Celebes" and "Sarawak, Borneo," require confirmation. The recurved edge of the lip does not completely envelop the back of the reflection as is usual in interruptus, and it has no dark line at the extreme edge; the whorls are ordinarily more convex, and the last one is perceptibly concave below the suture. Moreover, the heavily streaked color pattern seems constant in A. melanomma. and the ground color is rarely if ev'er so yellow. A. interruptus form strigosus Martens resembles some specimens of melanomma, but it has the straight-sided spire and adnate outer lip of interruptus. The name melanomma, black-eye, refers to the deep purple apical spot, which is rarely replaced by a white apex. Figures 80, 81 are Pfeiffer's type. Fig. 83 is a very dark speci- men from Singapore. Var. natunensis Fulton. PI. 55, figs. 87, 88, 89, 90. A large form, depressed below the sutures and with white-edged lip, which is imperfectly or not at all adnate, as in melanomma; the apex either purple or white. Color various: (1) " Entirely white, generally with one or more oblique brown stripes or varices. (2) White below the suture in the last two whorls, closely striped be- neath with rich brown, often pinkish towards the apex. (3) Yellow but with a broad white zone below the suture, with or without one or two oblique brown varices," or with sparse chestnut streaks. •AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. 1C3 The darker shells generally without black varices, and having a small white basal patch ; all forms occurring either dextral or sinistral. Length 54, diam. 28, longest axis of aperture 28 mill. Length 44, diam. 24, longest axis of aperture 24 mill. Bunguran, Natuna Islands (A. Everett). Amphidromus perversus SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), 1894, xiii, p. 457 A. perversus var. natunensis FULTON, Am. Mag. (6), xvii, p. 69 (1896). — (?) A. interruptus and A. chloris JACOBI. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Ixi, 1895, p. 293, pi. 14 (1896), anatomy. There is no yellow girdle at the periphery, such as occurs in the typical melanomma, though there is often a faint paler line, or a divi- sion of the color, as in A. inversus. In some specimens, as fig. 88, the white zone below the suture is nearly covered. This variety is re- markably variable in color, size and shape, and varies from 6 to 7 whorls. It seems to me clearly related to aitreus and melanomma, from which some specimens are to be distinguished only by the locality. Many shells are perforate. The specimens figured are from Bunguran Island, received from Mr. Fulton. The reference of A. chloris and A. interruptus of Jacobi to this variety rests upon the locality of his material, as he gives no infor- mation on the shells; his interruptus being from the Natunas (Bun- guran), chloris from Djemadja, one of the Anubas (Anamba) j.rroup, lying westward from the Natunas proper, and nearer the Malay Peninsula. Jacobi gives full anatomical details, ivhich show specific differences from A. interruptus. Subsp. leucoxanthus (Martens). PI. 54, figs. 73—79* Shell ovate-elongate, striatulate, glossy ; pale greenish yellow ^vith a wide white sutural band, with blackish-brown varices, usually several in a group, whorls 7, but little convex ; suture deep, tip- pressed. Aperture rounded, two-filths to one-half the length of the shell; peristome white, moderately thick, narrowly expanded, the parietal callus white ; columellar margin nearly perpendicular. Apex white (fig. 74) or black (var. ocidata, fig. 73). (Martens.) Length 49J, diam. 28^ mill.; length 41, diam. 24 mill. Length 51, diam. 27 mill.; length 37, diam. 22 mill, (var. oculata). Siam : between Chantahun and Srakeo (Pa vie). 164 . AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. Bnlimus citrinus, in part, REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 31, f. 187b. — Bulimus leucoxanthus MART., Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie, 1864, p. 526; Ostas. Conch, p. 348, pi. 20, f. 11, 12.— PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 18. — AmphidromU* leucoxanthus MORLET, Journ. de Conchy!., 1889, p. 127. — A. perrersus var. leucoxantha FULTON, 1. c., p. 60 (1896). — (t)Bulimus citrinus SWAINS., Zool. lllustr., i, pi. 46 — (?) Bnlimus citrinus (var. perversu) SWAINS., Zool. Illusir., i, pi. 47, right and left figures. — B. perversus var., PFR., Conchy 1. Cab., Bid., p. 379, pi. 39, f. 26, 27. — Bulimus leucoxarthus Mart., PFR.-CLESSIN, Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 212, no. lf>(>. Variable in form, and with the apex either white or dark ; having a broad white band below the suture, the lip white behind, and not adnate. The locality was unknown until Morelet placed specimens collected by Pavie in Siam on record. Figure 74 is von Martens' type. Specimens from Malacca (Cuming) before me have a strong, con- vex lobe on the columella. in some not visible from in front but seen in an oblique view. They have the white and yellow coloration which gave the name leucoxant/ius to the variety, and there is a single black varix on the penultimate whorl. They are either sinistral or dextral, and one is perforate (tigs. 76, 77). Some speci- mens of A. aureus natunensis have a similar columellar told. Other specimens (pi. f>4, fig. 73) bearing the locality Cochin China, are dextral, dwarfed, alt. 36, diam. 22, or a little larger ; white and pale yellow, with numerous and wide varices ; which, as they indicate growth-arrest, show that the conditions of life were locally not favorable, hence probably the small size. Still another form (pi. 54, figs. 78, 79) referable to leucoxanttius is dextral, brilliant orange, with the usual white zone and a filial I white basal patch ; apex white ; varices one or none, but there is a dark line at the periphery of the whorls of the spire, appearing above the sutures or sometimes nearly covered ; and there are occasionally some reddish dashes below the suture. The subsutural region is markedly concave, and in one specimen the white band there is I tit faintly indicated. The shell is very solid and strong, and the lip well developed, the whole aperture faintly pinkish-white. The following species is closely allied, but has the parietal wall blackish. AMPH1DROMUS, GROUP VI. 165 A. ATRICALLOSUS (Gould). PI. 58, figs. 19, 20, 21. " Shell imperforate, elongated ovate, solid, smooth, and shining, of a sulphur-yellow color ; whorls seven, moderately convexy-so«ie- what girt in near the suture ; last whorl nearly two- thirds the length of the shell ; aperture ovate-lunate, somewhat angular at base, and slightly effuse; lip white, widely revolute, not flattened; columella white, the callus uniting the extremities of the peristome, and as far within the shell as can be seen, pitchy-black ; from the midst of it, ex- tending across the penult, whorl, is a line of the same color, showing the termination of a former stage of growth. Length 2^ inches ; breadth 1 inch" (Old.). Tavoy, British Burma (Rev. F. Mason) ; Mergui and King Is. (Anderson) ; Salanga 1. (Weber) ; Penang (Martens) ; probably Siarn (Schomburgk). Bulimus atricallosus GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, i, p. 141 (1843); Bost. Journ. of Nat. Hist, iv, p. 457, pi. 24, f. 3 REEVE Conch. Icon. pi. 31, f. 188. — DESHAYES in Fer., Histoire, p. 51, pi. 130, f. 9, 10. — B. (Amphidromus] atricallosus MARTENS, Conchol. Mittheil., p. 130, 131 ; Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxi, 1889, p. 163 ; and FOstas. Landschn. p. 77. — B. perversus MARTENS, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 9 — Amphidromus perversus var. atricallosa FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) xvii, p. 69 — Bulimus perversus var., PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 309 ; Conchyl. Cab., Bui, pi. 40, f. 10, 11.—?^. atricallosus SEMPER, Reisen, Phil., Landmoll., p. 147, pi. 16, f. 20 (teeth) Bulimus eques PFR., Malak. Bl. iv, 1857, p. 158 ; Monogr. iv. 373 ; vi, 19. Distinguished by its robust contour and blackish-brown parietal callus (whence the name atricallosus), but closely allied to leuco- xanthus. It is apparently a coast species, ranging from Tavoy, in British Burma, to Salang Island and Penang. Semper doubts the identity of the specimens collected by him at Saigon, Cochin China, but gives no information about the shells. Pfeiffer, however, gives Cochin China as habitat of his B. eques, which is a synonym of atricallosus ; and this lends probability to the statement of a more eastern distribution. Von Martens saw specimens in Schomburgk's collection at Bangkok, probably Siamese. The type is in the State Museum at Albany, N. Y., no. A6524. Dr. Anderson collected 17 dextral and 4 sinistral examples in the 166 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. Mergui Archipelago ; and tlie dextral form seems to be the preva- lent one. A single black varix on the ventral side of the last whorl seems to be invariable, though it may not really be so. In one specimen before me there is a distinct white sutural band, as in leitcoxanthus. The blackish parietal wall sometimes is overlaid with a whitish layer. A- melanomma, natunensis, Ieucoxanthus,atrical1osus and aureus may prove to insensibly grade into one another. The last name is prior. B. eques Pfr. is according to Fulton a decorticated specimen of atricallosus. The description follows : Shell imperforate, ovate- conic, solid, striate and obsoletely decussated with spiral stria?, glossy, white. Spire convexly conic, somewhat acuminate, whorls 6, a little convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, slightly com- pressed at the base. Columella rather straightened. Aperture oblique, sinuate, half-oval ; peristorne white, the margins joined by a deeply entering blackish chestnut callus ; right margin narrowly expanded, columellar margin much dilated above, adnate. Length 48, diam. 23, aperture inside 22 mill. Cochin China, Mus. Cuming. (Pfr.) A. DAUTZENBERGI Fulton. PI. 62, fig. 66. " Shell dextral, oblong-conic, very narrowly umbilicated, slightly polished, of moderate solidity, whitish above, changing to greenish- yellow below, obscurely spirally striated ; suture of last whorl slightly impressed and bordered by a narrow white band ; whorls 6J, the last obtusely angulated above the aperture at the periphery, last half indistinctly malleated; aperture semi-oval, white within; peristome moderately expanded, white, margins joined by a very thin callus ; columella almost erect, rounded, widening at point of inser- tion. Alt. 42, diam. maj. 21 mill." (Fulton.) Tonkin. A. dautzenbergi FULTON, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 303, fig. Ill (October, 1899). 'i A single specimen only of this distinct new form, received with other shells from Tonkin. I have much pleasure in naming this species in honor of M. Ph. Dautzenberg." (Fulton.) A. NIGROFILOSUS Rochebrune. Shell nearly covered, perforate, ovate-pyramidal, sinistral, obso- letely striated, white, shining, obliquely painted with pale corneous AMPH1DROMUS, GROUP VI. 167 flammules ; spire elongate, the suture very minutely crenulate ; whorls 7, subconvex, the last 4 sutured with intense black, last whorl compressed at the base ; aperture broadly subquadrangular, some- what twisted at the columella ; peristome straight, white, caifatts, expanded throughout ; columellar margin strongly calloused, re- curved, violaceous. Length 66, diam. 22, length of aperture 30, width 14 mill. (Rochebr.} Mountains of Chaudoc (Dr. Harmand). A. nigrofilosus ROCHEBR., Bull. Soc. Philomath, vi, 1881-2, p. 72. Said by Mr. Fulton to be identical with A. maculiferus var. gracilior ; if so, a Philippine shell must have become mixed with Harmand's Cambodian collection. See p. 132. A. INVERSUS (Miiller). PL 56, figs. 91, 92. Shell either sinistral or dextra), perforate, ovate-oblong, striatulate, slightly shining ; whitish, irregularly streaked with chestnut , the whole color abruptly becoming darker chestnut below the periphery; the upper whorls whitish with a purple band above the suture. Whorls about 7, slightly convex. Aperture quite oblique, ovate, white within the outer lip, the parietal wall dark brown with a white mar- ginal callus ; peristome rather thick, white, reflexed, the recurved edge brown, not adnate. Columella straight and vertical ; parietal callus moderately heavy. Alt. 55, diam. 27, longest axis of aperture 26 mill. Malay Peninsula (AVallace) : Malacca (F. Jagor), Singapore (Martens, 'Magenta'). Sumatra (Hombron & Jacquinot), at the assistant residency Agam, on the west coast (Dr. Ludeking). Sunda Strait islands Pulo Sangiau and Rakata (Zollinger). Borneo: Coast of Sambas (Hallier) ; Smitau on the Kapoeas River, and Roema Manoeal on the southern foot of Mt. Kenepai (Biittikoper); Mt. Dadap (Moret); Sintang (Goedhuis). Helix inversa MULL., Verm. Terr, et Fluv. Hist., ii, p. 93, 1774. (Chemnitz, Conchyl. Cab., ix, pi. 110, f. 925, 926. and edit, nov., pi. 6, f. 1, 2). — FER., Prodr., no. 414, exclusive of var.; Histoire, pi. 161, f. 1, 2. — Bulimus inversus BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 315. —LAM., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 118; edit. Desh., viii, p. 224. MOUSSON, Moll. Java, p. 107, exclusive of variety PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849, p. 133 (var. a and e) ; Monogr. iii, p. 318, excl. of var. B. — MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 337. — Amphidromus in- 168 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. versus WALLACE, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 412 — ROCHEBRUNE, Bull. Soc. Philomathique, 1881-1882, p. 71 DE MORGAN, Moll. terr. et fluv. de Perak, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, x, 1885, p. 387.— SCHEPMAN, notes from the Leyden Museum, xvii, p. 156 (1896). — FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) xvii, p. 70. — Helix recta MULL., t. c., p. 93, and of Gmelin and Dillwyn — Bulimus perversus var. $ PFR., Monogr.,ii, p. 38 — Bulimus jay anus LEA, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., ii, 1841, p. 31; Obs. Gen. Unio, iv, p. 2.— PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 229 — Bulimus contusus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 37, fig. 220 (Sept., 1848). — MOUSSON, Moll. Java, p. 109. — Canis- trum contusum FFLD., Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xix, 1869, p. 874 (Java) — Bulimus elongatus HOMBRON & JACQUINOT, Voy. Pol Sud, pi. 8, f. 3, 4 (1848-1853). The typical form of this species is usually sinistral, though dextral shells are on record. It is elongated, with rather slender spire, rather sparse streaks of varying shades of chestnut on a whitish ground, darker below the periphery. The edge of the lip is brown, recurved but not adnate ; and the parietal wall is dark within, with a marginal band of white callus. A. atricallosus is not unlike inversus in many respects, but I can see no sufficient reason for uniting the latter with A. perversus, as some authors have done. The name inversus refers to the reversed coil of the whorls, as opposed to recta Milll., a dextral form of the same species, in all pro- bability, though positive information on H. recta is lacking. A. inversus has been recorded from Java (' Novara ' exped.) and from Cambodia and Siam (Pavie ; Morlet in Journ.de Conchyl., 1889, p. 127). Morlet mentions a var. alba, gJobosa from Tram Khna, between Kampot and Pnom-Penh, and a var. curta from Battambang, Siam. Rochebrune identifies specimens collected by Dr. Harmand on Poulo-Condor as inversus. The specific identity of these forms calls for further confirmation. M. de Morgan did not encounter inversus in Perak. Of the specimens collected by the Dutch Borneo Expedition, Schepman says that from Sambas is sinistral, the majority of the others dextral ; nearly all are rather small, measuring only 43^ and 45 mill. Var. ANDAMANENSIS (« Mousson ' Pfr.). PI. 56, figs. 94, 95, 96, 97. Sinistral, nearly covered perforate, conic-ovate, the spire rather AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. 169 •straightly conic, not swollen. Ground-color whitish, the base chestnut or tawny, and with a band of the same color below the suture', heavily streaked with chestnut, the streaks intermingled dark and lighter, and intensified on the subsutural band and the base. Whorls 6-G^but slightly convex. Aperture white within, the edge of the lip dark ; parietal wall blackish-chestnut with a marginal white callus. Alt. 38, diam. 23J, aperture 20J mill. Alt. 45, diam. 24^, longest axis of aperture 23 mill. Alt. 33, diam. 20J mill. Bulimus andamanensis Mousson MSS., PFR., Novitates Conch, iv, part 39, p. 35, pi. 116, f. 7-10 (1871); Monogr. viii, p. 39.— Bvlimus inversus Miill., GASSIES, Faune Terr. Nouvelle-Caledonie i, p. 50, pi. 3, f. 3, 4 ; Cf. CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 171. This is a small form of inversus with certain peculiarities of the more intense color pattern which probably define a geographic race. It was originally supposed to be from the Andaman Is., but no Amphidromus has been found there by recent collectors. Accord- ing to Fulton, ''the small form has been found at Sarawak and Sir- 'hassen (Natuna Is.) by Mr. Everett." Subsp. ANNAMITICUS (Crosse & Fischer). PI. 56, fig?. 98, 99, 100. Dextral, imperforate, with thick, slightly convexly conic spire, which is pink above, with a purple suprasutural band near the apex. Whorls 7— 7-|, the earlier 2 convex, several succeeding whorls almost flat, slightly marginate above the sutures ; the last 2 whorls more con- vex, pale brown with some oblique chestnut streaks, the last whorl abruptly becoming darker chestnut beneath ; one varix or none. Aperture white within, the recurved edge of the peristome dark. Parietal callus white, becoming thin and showing the chestnut color of the base within. Alt. 50, diam. 27, longest axis of aperture 26^ mill. Cambodia: Vicinity of the town of Saigon (Michau, Counillon), and the Fayen-Moth district, on trees (Le Mesle, A. Michau) ; everywhere in Cambodia, on trees bordering the rice fields (Pavie). Annam : Boloven Plateauy in western Annam, on the left bank of the Mekong (C. Roebelen). Bulimus annamiticus CROSSE & FISCHER, Journ. de Conchy]. 1863, p. 357; 1864, p. 329, pi. 12, f. 8.— PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 19. — MORELET, Series Conchyliologiques iv, p. 261 (1875). 170 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP ATI. — MABILLE & LE MESLE, J. de C., 18G6, p. 128 Cochlostyla anrtamitica TAPPORONE-CANEFRI, Zool. Magenta, p. 81 (1874).— Amphidromus annamiticus MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. 1889, p. 126 — ANCEY> Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Marseille, Ser. 2, Bulletin i, p. 141. — A. inversus subsp. annamiticus C. & F., MLLDFF., Nachbl. 1898, p. 73. Well distinguished from typical inversus by the thick spire of al- most flat whorls, faintly margined but not impressed at the sutures. The specimens examined by Crosse and Fischer and myself are dextral, but a single sinistral example is on record. It seems to be a well marked subspecies, confined so far as known to the lower Mekong drainage in lower Cochin China and Cambodia. A color-variety roseotincta of von Mollendorff is without the dark border above the sutures of the early whorls, which are of a uniform rose color. (Nachrbl., 1898, p. 73, and Fulton, /. c., p. 70, 1896.) A. COMES (Pfeiffer). PI. 57, figs. 1-5. Shell dextral or sinistral, nearly imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, striatulate, glossy. Spire almost straightly conic, rather acute ; whorls [6^ to] 7, a little convex, the earlier 5 flesh-tinted, the upper one black-margined above the suture, last 2 whorls buff, variously banded, streaked or clouded with livid-greenish, [or whitish fleshy above, becoming banded with reddish-brown along the suture both above and below, interrupted on the penult, whorl by a broad light yellow varix or two, apical whorl white with a purple band above the suture ; the last two whorls mingled yellow and greenish, clouded or banded with reddish brown shading to olive ; a broad yellow stripe behind the outer lip. Or with the spire similarly colored, the last two whorls may be bright yellow, unicolored except for narrow olivaceous or brownish streaks ; apex sometimes wanting the dark band]. Last whorl a little shorter than the spire, rotund below. Aperture ob- lique, irregularly semioval, [faintly] subangulate at base, white within ; peristome spreading and a little reflexed [the edge white, recurved but not appressed] ; parietal callus white, entering ; colu- mella rather thick, subvertical, white. Alt. 46, diam. 27, longest axis of aperture 25 mill. Alt. 51, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 27 mill. Alt. 44, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture 23 mill. Cambodia (Pfr.): in the pepper plantations of Kampot, Compenlra,. AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. 11 in southern Cambodia near the Ha-tien frontier; Tram-Klma betw. Kampot and Pnom-Penh ; Kebal-Khmoch, Kassan-Pno (Pavie). Cochin China (Morelet). Siam : environs of Battambang (Pavie). Bulimus comes PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 193 ; Novit. Conch. p^Sll, pi. 75, f. 10, 11 ; Monogr. vi, p. 19 — MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 78 — Amphidromus comes Pfr., MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. 1889, p. 126 FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 72 — FISCHER, Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. d'Autun, iv, 1891, p. 115 — Cochlostyla comes SCHAUFUS in Paetel's Catal., p. 78. — B. perversus var. comes, MORELET, Ser. Conch, iv, p. 258. ? Bulimus virescens SWAINSON, Catal. of the rare and valuable Shells which formed the celebrated collection of the late Mrs. Bligh, Appendix, p. 13 (1822) ; Exotic Conchology (edit. 2), p. 37. — Bulimus citrinus var., SWAINSON, Zool. Illustr. iii, pi. 166, f. 1, 2, 3 (1822-3). The typical form of comes (well named the companion, for its intimate relations with several other species) is slightly perforate, with recurved but not adnate lip, peculiarly blended greenish and yellow coloring on the later whorls, or wanting the green ; the flesh tint of the spire arrested by a wide but not distinctly defined yellow varix on the next to the last whorl, with a wide stripe of the same behind the outer lip. There is no white zone below the suture, such as marks various forms of A. aureus. Pfeiffer's description is given above, supplemented with bracketed notes on the series of specimens before me. PL 57, figs. 1, 2, are from Pfeiffer ; fig. 3 is a specimen from Cochin China (from Morelet) ; fig. 5 is a dextral shell from Siam, and fig. 4 a yellow individual from Cambodia. I have not much doubt that Swainson's Bulimus virescens was a specimen of comes, but until all doubt is removed, it will be better to retain the well established name. Subsp. POLYMORPHUS (Tapparone-Canefri), PI. 57, figs. 6-10. Shell either dextral or sinistral, usually im perforate and larger than comes, solid and strong ; greenish-yellow, with reddish brown, flames on the spire, changing on the last whorl to greenish or brownish- green stripes which do not quite reach the suture above, or becoming merged in a general dusky greenish-yellow color ; almost always with a pale streak behind the outer Up ; one or two black-brown varice 172 AMPH1DROMUS, GROUP VI. developed, rarely wanting ; apex white or yellowish. Whorls 7, the earlier without streaks or hands. Outer lip reflexed, recurved, adnate to the back of the Up or imperfectly so, the adnate edge fre- quently brown or even blackish bordered. Parietal and columellar callus pure white throughout, broadly spreading, extending well downward ; columella straight, or somewhat folded, stout. Alt. 55, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture 30 mill, (dextral.) Alt. 56, diam. 27-J, longest axis of aperture 27J mill, (sinistral). Alt. 60, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture, 30 mill, (dextral). Alt. 53, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture, 27^ mill, (sinistral). Alt. 44, diam. 23^, longest axis of aperture 23 mill, (sinistral). Singapore (" Magenta" voyage) ; Saigon (Couriillon) and Prov. Bate, Cochin China. Cochlostyla polymorpha T.-C., Zoologia del Viaggio intorno al Globo della R. Fregata Magenta, Malacologia, p. 82, pi. 2, f. 4 (1874); G. polimorpha in expl. of plate — Bulimus polymorphic PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 23. — Amphidromus polymorphus DE MORGAN, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1885, p. 387 FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) xviii, 71 — ANCEY, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Marseille, Ser. 2, Bull., i, p. 141. Of 13 specimens before me, 8 are dextral. Canefri based the. species upon 3 specimens, two of them sinistral. I very much doubt the locality "Singapore;" probably the original specimens were brought there from Cochin China, which is the locality of some five lots of the species I have seen from various sources. It differs from comes in being more solid^in the color-pattern, especially the absence of spiral bands on the spire, and in having black varices, also in the more or less adnate outer lip. In this respect it stands between comes and dohrni. When denuded of cuticle the markings are seen to be reddish or purplish brown ; and the same color is prominent inside the aperture in young shells. Each varix is usually preceded by a yellow and followed by a whitish stripe, and usually the reddish flammules are narrower and closer before than after a varix. The last whorl occa- sionally has a dark spiral band, or traces of a pale peripheral band. There seems to be always a small white basal patch, but on some shells the pale stripe behind the lip is wanting, though it is as con- spicuous in some others as in A. comes. Var. polymorphus was figured in Ferussac, pi. 161, f. 3, 4, but ap- AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. 173 parently not referred lo in the text. Figures 9, ID are Canefri's originals, 6-8 representing specimens in the collection of the Academy. A. DOHKXI (Pfeitfer). PI. 58, figs. 11, 12, 13 ; pi. 59, figs. 24-27. Shell either dextral or sinistral, ovate-pyramidal, im perforate, rather solid, smoothish, lightly striatulate. Bright straw or greenislt- yellow, the base of the last whorl green, or in some shells the darker color invades most of the hist whorl or even the penultimate whorl ; shell-substance purple under the green, white under the yellow. One or two black varices usually present. Spire high-conic, the apex white or yellow. Whorls 7, slightly convex. Aperture oblique, purplish and white inside ; peristome white, somewhat thickened, re volute and closely adnate upon the reverse of the lip, the adnate edge conspicuously black-bordered. Parietal callus rather strong, white. Alt. 45, diam. 24, longest axis of aperture 2(H mill. Alt. 39, diam. 23, longest axis of aperture 19i mill. Alt. 47, diam. 25> longest axis of aperture 23 mill. Cochin China (Pfr., coll. A. N. S.); Poulo- Condor (Morelet\ Bulimus Dohrni PFR., P. Z. S. 1863, p. 525; Novit. Conch, p. 312, pi. 75, f. 12, 13; Monogr. vi, 20. — B. perversus var. dv/>rni MORELET, Ser. Conchyl. iv, p. 260 — A. dohrni FULTON, t. c., p. 72 (exclusive of synonym). The completely adnate, black-edged lip reminds one of A. , cr- versas and inter ruptus. The typical form is rather pyramidal, v'.:h only the base green (pi. 59, figs. 26, 27), and is usually dextral; Li:t much shorter specimens than those figured are before me, both •.! ::- trtil and sinistral. A more solid, more ovate form also occurs (pi. 58, figs. 11, 12, 13) in which the green color is more extended, and sometimes be- comes brownish on the penultimate whorl ; there is often a dark line along the edge of the parietal callus, and as in the typical shells it coils either way, and varices may be present or absent. These shells approach certain forms of A. conies, though the development of the lip and brighter yellow of the spire sufficiently distinguish them. The name is to honor Dr. Anton Dohrn. The quotation of A. iiderruplus infraviridit'to* a synonym of dohrni by some authors, is an error. There is no direct connection between them. 174 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. A. MCNDUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 61, figs. 57, 58, 59. Shell im perforate, ventricose-ovate, rather solid, nearly smooth, uniform white, glossy, without cuticle. Spire convexly conic, the apex somewhat teat-shaped ; suture simple, whorls 63 a little convex, the penultimate one subangulate, last whorl slightly shorter than the spire, colurnella vertical, somewhat compressed. Aperture oblique, oval, somewhat effuse at base ; peristome slightly thickened, nar- rowky expanded and reflexed, the margins joined by a thin callus; columellar margin dilated, adnate. Length 35, diam. 19, aperture 17 mill, long inside (Pfr.). Singapore (Gruner. type) ; Borneo? (Coming)'. Bulimus mundus PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1853, p. 57 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 261, pi. 70, f. 21, 22; Monogr., iii, p. 651 ; viii, p. 24.— Amphidromus mundus Pfr., FULTON, Ann. Mag. (6), xvii, p. 71. — This work, vol. viii, pi. 11, f. 20 (not good). I have given Pl'eiffer's description and figures (f. 57, 58), as well as his apochryphal localities. The specimens before me agree with his, part being from an unknown locality, part marked "Philip- pines." They are either dextral or sinistral, glossy white through- out, rather swollen, the 3ubangular periphery of the penult, whorl visible at the suture. The lip is moderately thickened on its face, and is narrowly recurved but not adnate. From the whiteness of the parietal wall I conclude that there is no colored cuticle; in fact the specimens before me have no appearance of being denuded of their cuticle. Pfeiffer mentions larger specimens, u giganteus, dex- trosus, long. 50, diam. 23 mill. Nova Caledonia? Mus. Cuming;" and these are also probably what Fulton refers to. The name alludes to its clean, white appearance. A. METABLETUS Mollendorff. Shell imperforate, dextral or sinistral, ovate conic, rather solid, decussated throughout with minute but distinct spiral lines, scarcely shining ;. white or yellow, uniform or ornamented with three brown bands, at suture, periphery and around the columella. Spire almost regularly conic, the sides nearly straight, apex obtuse. Whorls 7^, the upper 5 nearly Hat, lower ones a little convex, separated by a nar- rowly pale margined suture, the last whorl about two-fifths the total alt. Aperture moderately oblique, oval, slightly excised, somewhat effuse at base ; peristome moderately expanded, thickened, refiexed, AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. 175 almost revolute. Columella straightened, hardly twisted, forming an indistinct angle with the basal margin. (Mlldff.) Alt. 49, diam. 26 ; length of aperture 23, width outside 17, inside 11.5 mill. Alt. 43.5, diam. 23.5 ; length of aperture 21, width outside 16.5, inside 1 1 mill. Annam : " Mother and cldld " mountain (Roebelen). A. metabletus MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. d. Malac. Gesellsch. xxxii, p. 22 (Feb., 1900). '' In this beautiful form I at first thought to recognize A. cochin- chinensis Pfr., known to me by description only ; but that is decidedly narrower, 39 by 17 mill., the ratio of length to breadth being 100:43.6, while our new species has the ratio 100 : 53. The spire is riot so straightly conic, the sides being distinctly convex in cochin- c/tineiisis, and moreover Pfeiflfer calls his species smooth and glossy, while A. metablelus is distinctly striate and rather dull, and also Ims fine, close spiral lines. It has also a wider peristome, with thicker lip, and recurved. Mr. Fulton has been so kind as to compare with the type of A. cochinchineusis in the British Museum, and confirms the distinctness of the two, especially on account of the more slender, almost cylindrical contour of PfeifFer's species. The latter has spiral sculpture, but it is hardly visible because the cuticle is nearly worn oH Of color- and band-variations it occurs (a) uniform, either pure white or yellow, and (b) banded, on a white or yellow ground." (Mlldff.) ' A. INT, ENS Mdllendorff. Shell shortly rimate, dextral or rarely sinistral, ovate-conic, solid, lightly plicate-striate, decussated with minute spirals; whitish? Spire high conoid, with convex sides, the apex rather acute. Whorls 7, the upper nearly flat, impressed at the sutures, the last encircled by three elevated girdles, of which the median one is wider and higher, below the middle excavated in a rather deep furrow, generally mal- leated in places. Aperture but little oblique, subauriform, the base rather effuse ; peristome widely expanded, strongly thickened, colu- mella nearly straight, strongly thickened with callus above, forming a rather distinct angle with the basal margin ; margins joined by a very thick callus. (Mlldff.) Alt. 75, diam. 40 mill. 176 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. Alt. Gl, diam. 47.5 mill. Annam : " Mother aud child" mountain (Roebelen). A. m^/zsMLLDFF., Nachrbl. xxxii, p. 23 (Feb., 1900). " This very remarkable form exceeds the largest species known to this time, A. cnmbojfertsis Rve. in size, and is very notable for the singular girdling with three strongly raised welts, and the deep fur- row below the middle welt. This structure is lost upon the penulti- mate whorl, and is represented on the earlier whorls onlv by a grad- ually weakening impression along the suture. The rather prolonged base of the mouth somewhat recalls A. inauris Bttg. of Java. Noth- ing certain can be said of the color, but it appears to he pure white. The specimens, though obviously collected alive, are partly covered with algse, and show no trace of a colored cuticle." (Mildjf.) A. COSTIFER Smith. PI. 59, figs. 22, 23. Shell rimate, ovate, dextral, solid; whitish, the last whorl more or less streaked and variegated with purple-brown above. Whorls G, a little convex, separated by a slightly oblique suture, striated with growth-lines (rugose on the last whorl), cut by obsolete spiral striae, the last whorl having a very oblique* strong white varix on the hack. Aperture widely subauriform, half the total length of the shell, whitish within ; peristome white, thickened, the right margin sliirhtly reflexed, columellar margin widely dilated, joined to the lip by a very broad, thick, white callus; columella subperpendioular, slightly twisted. Spire conoid, with convex outlines. Length 47, diam. 24, aperture inside 21 mill. long. (Smith.') Annam: "dans les montagnes boitees du Huyen de Triphuoc, pro- vince Binh-dinh" (E. Eudel). Amphidromus costifrr E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, .p. 12, figs, in text (1893). — FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (G), xvii, p. 91, pi. 7, f. 6, 6a (189G). "This species is remarkable for its short, ovate form, the some- what rugose lines of growth, and its irregular auriform aperture ; but especially for the varix or former lip on the back of the body-whorl. This apparently indicates a period of arrested growth, probably of the previous year. It occurs in all the specimens as yet known, seven in number, with the exception of one of immature growth. This is in nice fresh condition, and shows that the color of the species is much brighter in the young shells. Beneath the suture the whorls AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. 117 are faintly margined with pale yellow, and between the varix on the back of the last whorl and the lip the surface is whitish, the purple- brown markings which occur on the rest of the whorl ceasing at the varix. This species sometimes attains larger dimensions than thosje given above, the finest specimen having a length of 54 mill.'* (Smith.) A. COCHINCHINENSIS (Pfeiffer). PL 54, fig. 69. Shell im perforate, fusiform-ovate, solid, smooth, glossy, pale sul- phur-colored or whitish. Spire a little convexly turreted, the apex somewhat obtuse, suture light, pale. Whorls 6 to 7, the upper a little flattened, the following more convex, last whorl about two-fifths the total length, tapering at base, subcompressed. Columella cord-like, slightly twisted. Aperture a little oblique, elliptic-oval ; peristome somewhat thickened, the right margin narrowly expanded, columellar margin dilated, adnate. Length 39, diam. 17, aperture 18-19 mill. (Pfr.). Cochin China (Pfr.). Bulimus cochinchinensis PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 331 ; Monogr. iv, p. 373 — Amphidromus cochinchinensis Pfr., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 1896, p. 69, pi. 6, f. 6. Mr. Fulton has figured the type of this species. He remarks : "A cylindrical elongated form of a uniform pale yellow color. May pos- sibly prove to be but a variety of perversus." A. CAMBOJIENSIS (Reeve). PI. 59, fig. 32. Shell dextral or sinistral, oblong-conic, solid, striatulate; whitish, irregularly marbled with flames and streaks of brown. Spire thick, terminating in a rather obtuse cone. Whorls 8, the upper ones flat- tened, last 3 more convex, the last whorl about equal to three-sevenths the length, distinctly striate. Columella thick, somewhat twisted, white. Aperture oblique, oval, deep purple inside, glossy; peristome thickened, expanded, white, the margins joined by a thick, white cal- lus. Length 70, diam. above apertwre 32, aperture 33 mill, long (Pfr.}. Breliim, in the Stiengs country, or Mo'i, on the eastern frontier of French Cochinchina, 60 leagues north of Saigon (Morelet) ? Cam- bodia (Mouhot). Bulimus cambojiensis REEVE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), vi, p. 204 (Sept., I860); and in Mouhot's Travels in the central parts of Irdo- China, etc., ii, p. 185 PFR., Malak. Blatter, 1861, p. 11; 12 178 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. vi, p. 16 — B. perversus var. B. cambodiensis Rv., MORELET. Ser. Conch, iv, p. L'60 (1875) A. cambojensis Reeve, FISCHER, Soc. d' Hist. Nat. d' Autun, 4me Bull., 1891, p. 114. — A. cambojiensis Rve., FULTON, t. c., p. 91, pi. 7, f. 7. A very large, solid species, with pure white peristome and parietal callus, and purplish within the mouth. Morelet remarks that of seven specimens, four were dextral and three sinistral ; the smallest one measuring 64 mill. long. According to the same author, the species does not occur in Cambodia. I do not remember that it has been noticed that the wood-cut given for Helix cambojiensis in Mouhot's Travels, ii, p. 184, is Camcena illustris. A. PLACOSTYLUS Mollendorff. Shell dextral, notrimate, ovate-oblong, solid, lightly plicate-striate ; olive-brown, with wide brown streaks. Spire moderately elevated for the genus, swollen-conoid. Whorls 6J, a little convex, impressed below the margined suture, the last wljorl quite convex, about four- sevenths the total alt. of shell. Aperture moderately oblique, ample, subauriform, the peristome rather broadly expanded and reflexecl, thick lipped ; columella nearly straight, forming an obtuse angle with the basal lip, the callus widely appressed. Alt. 70, diam. 41, length of aperture 42, width, with callus, 31, inside 17^ mm. (Mttdff.') Phuc-son, Annan t. A. placostylus MLLDF., Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges., Oct., 1900, p. 132. This fine species, next to A. ingens the largest of the genus, recalls Placostylus in its general form. I know of no other Amphidromus nearly allied to it, but evidently it belongs in the same group as A. ingens. There are numerous citations in the literature of the mollusks of Indo- China, of southern, insular species, such as A. perversus, chloris and sultanus, from localities in the Malay Peninsula or Cambodia. It is almost certain that these were based upon species different from those of Java, Celebes, etc.; and probably the specimens would prov* identical with some of the known Cambodian or peninsular species if they could be re-examined in the light (or darkness) of present knowledge. The chief citations of this sort here follow : AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VII. 179 " Bulimus perversus L.," MABILLE and LE MESLE, J. de C. 1866, . p. 129. Poulo Condor and Saigon; with the following varieties: ventricosa, shell short, with the last whorl extremely obese, shell thick. Elongata, shell thick, narrow, lengthened, nearly subulate the whorls of the spire a little swollen. Viridescens, shell of the typical form, with inconspicuous strias, of a deep green color with yellowish zones ; the summit reddish violet. Littoral of Cochin China and Siam MORELET, Ser. Conch}' 1. j^cyi „ p. 257. _ u; .ft!! Perak (P. Townsend) ; Siam (Richthofen) ; Saigon and Poulo. v Condor, French Cochin China (Michau) ; Singapore (J. Irwing). CROSSE, Jour, de Conch. 1879, p. 337. Throughout the territories of Perak and Patani, from the plains to 1500 meters ; either sinistral or dextral, and very often white, but the yellow variety often met with. J. DE MORGAN, Bull. Soc. Zool.. France, 1885, p. 386. Luang-prabang, Laos ; dextral, imperforate, of a light yellow color with white, relatively oblique aperture, and quite short contour. ANCEY, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Marseille (2), i, p. 133, 1898. '•"Bulimus sultanus Lam.," MABILLE & LE MESLE, Journ. de. Conchyl., 1866, p. 129. Saigon; Ponlo-Condor. Also MORELET, Ser. Conch, iv, 258, Cochinchina (Vesco). "'Bulimus chloris Reeve," MABILLE & LE MESLE, Journ. de Con. chyl., 1866, p. 129. Saigon and Poulo-Condor (Le Mesle). MORE- LET, Ser. Conch, iv, p. 259. Saigon. J. DE MORGAN, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, x, 1885, p. 387 (Larut plain and Kinta valley, Perak); cf. MLLDFF., P. Z. S., 1891, p. 336. "A. perversus var. chloris" FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 67 (Malay Peninsula). 7. Group of A. schomburgki. Rather solid species, either dextral or sinistral, with dark or bril- ? liant coloring, the peristome rather wide, and purple or pink. Dis- tribution, Burma, Siam and Annum, to the upper Mekong Valley. A. MONILIFERUS (Gould). PI. 62, figs. 73, 74. Shell conic-oblong, usually sinistral, smooth ; ashen buff' with lon- gitudinal flames, a linear sutural band and an interrupted band be- low the suture, of brown; umbilical tract brown, divided by a butt line. Whorls 7, the last subcarinated. Aperture subovate, an»uUite 180 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VII. at the base, subeffuse ; lip reflexed, reddish-purple, dilated at the col urn ell a ; throat purple. Length 1.2. width .7 inch. (Gld.) Tavoy, Burma (Rev. F. Mason); Mortaban (W. Theobald). Yangtaw, Tenasserim (W. Theobald). Bulimus moniliferus GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 99 (1846): Otia Conch., p. 198. — PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 384 (exclusive of syn- onymy); vi, 32. — Amphidromus moniliferus Old., NEVILL, Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus., i, p. 126.— MLLDFF., P. Z. S., 1894, p. 150 — FULTON, t. c., p. 90, pi. 7, f. 9 — Bulimus theobaldianus BENSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), xix, p. 329 (April, 1857). — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indira, p. xi, footnote 8, and p. 10, pi. 19, f. 10. — PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 473 — A. schomburgki var. theobaldi Bs., NEVILL Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus., i, p. 126. — A. theobaldianus Bs., THEOBALD, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, xlv, pt. 2, p. 187, pi. 14, f. 8 (1876). "Differs from B. contrarius and B. Icevus Miill., by its angular aperture, and the color of its lip and throat. The interrupted line just in front of the suture, exists in all the specimens I have seen. It does not always occur reversed. Compare B. theobaldianus " (Gld,). The identity of moniliferus '(fig. 73) with theobaldianus (fig. 74,) hinted by Gould, PfeiflTer, and the authors of the Concholoyia Jitdica, is confirmed by Fulton. It is a smaller shell than others of the »roup. Dr. von Mollendorff reports a single dead specimen which sei-ms to agree with this species, from the Samui Islands, near the neck of the Malay Peninsula on the east side. A. moniliferus evidently stands near A. glaucolarynx. A. GLAUCOLARYNX (Dohrn). PI. 60, fig. 49. Shell (dextral or sinistral) rimate, ovate-turreted, rather thin, smooth, buff under a corneous cuticle, broadly streaked and bonded with blue-brown or purple-brown. Spire conic, rather obtuse, purple, rarely livid; suture submargined, broadly encircled with white. Whorls 6 to 7, a little convex, the last three-ninths the total length, the base subangular and encircled by a wide straw-colored hand. Aperture oblique, semi-oval, effuse at base, violaceous within.; peri- stome expanded, violaceous, the margins joined by a thin callus (Dohrn). Length 45, diam. 17 mill., aperture 17^ mill, long inside ^ Dohrn). Siam (Cuming coll.) : " Pexabvrl'' (Bocourt). AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VII. 181 Bulimus glaucolaryux DOHRN, P. L. S., 1861, p. 207, p). 26, f. 7. — PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 31 MORELET, Ser. Conchy 1. iv\ p. 264. — Amphidromus glaucolarynx ROCHEBRUNE, Bull. Soc. Philomath, vi, p. 71 A. glauco larynx Dohrn, FULTON, t. c., p. 90 — Bulimus schomburgki var. fasciatus M«ARTENS, Ostas. Zool., p. 80, pi. 21, f. la, 16 (1867). — A. glaucolarynx var. fasciata Mart., FULTON, t. c., p. 90, pi. 7, f. 3. The dark interior and lip are doubtless constant characters. Ful- ton mentions a specimen in the British Museum 48 mill. long. A young shell before me (fig. 45) has the last whorl olive-brown, with a bright blue-green sutural border edged below with white, and a buff umbilical patch. The spire changes to a pink tone, the earlier whorls deep pink, paler below the sutures, the apex purplish. There are some darker streaks on the spire, and some early whorls have an interrupted brownish line below the suture. Form fasciatus (Martens). PL 60, figs. 46, 47, 48. Greenish- yellow with broad brown streaks ; a white or light-green band at the suture, and usually a second along the periphery of the last whorl. Peristome between rose red and violet ; whorls but little convex (Mart.}. Length 37, diam. 20, alt. of aperture 18 mill. Length 34, diam. 20, alt. of aperture 16 mill. Siam: Petshaburi (Martens) Scarcely distinguishable from the typical form except in the shorter contour and smaller size. The localities given " Pexaburi " and " Petshaburi " are merely variations of spelling for a place near the head of the Gulf of Siam, on the west side, sometimes spelled Phayt-che-booree. Var. PERRIERI Rochebrune. Dr. Jousseaume compared a specimen of fasciatus with the type of A. perrieri, for Mr. Fulton, and stated that he could not separate them. The description of perrieri follows : Shell sinistral, elongate- conic, very solid, delicately striatulate, painted with spaced, wide, square spots arranged in two spiral series. Spire elongate, the vertex rather acute, reddish. Whorls 7, convex ; suture deep, blue- zoned. Last whorl elongate, half the length of the shell, the base with two wide violet-blue bands. Aperture narrow, long, somewhat narrowed anteriorly ; peristome white, inflexed, somewhat calloused; 182 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VII. columellar margin straight. Length 38, diam. 14, length of aper- ture 17, width 9 mill (Rochebrune). Cambodia: Forests of Prek-Scholl, south of Cratate (Dr. Har- mand). The biserial arrangement of spots and white peristome do not agree well with the Siamese species ; more information is needed. A. SCHOMBURGKI (Pfeiffer). PL 59, fig. 30. Shell subimperforate, dextral or sinistral, solid, striatulate ; green with darker streaks when fresh (violaceous when worn), the apex purple-black. Spire conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 7, a little convex, the upper ones banded with violaceous, last whorl shorter than the spire, tapering at base. Columella inflated, somewhat straightened, violaceous. Aperture a little oblique, truncate-oval, white within ; peristome thickened, reflexed, lilac colored, the margins joined by a blackish-chestnut parietal callus ; columellar margin dilated, reflexed and overhanging, subadnate. Length 48, diam. above aperture 23, aperture inside 21 mill. long. (Pfr.) Siam : Srakao ; mountains of the Elephant chain-, on bamboos (Pavie). Bulimus schomburglci PFR., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 137, pi. 51, f. 9 ; Malak. Blatter 1861, p. 12; Moriogr. vi, p. 18. — MORELET, Ser. Conch, iv, p. 262 (includes B. crossei). — MARTENS, Ostas. Zool. ii, pp. 79, 80, with varieties legitimus (= typical schomburgki*), crossei, mouhoti,fasciatus. — Amphidromus schomburgkiYfr., MORLET, Journ- de Conchyl. 1889, p. 127.— FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 90 (1896) Bulimus crossei PFR., Journ. de Conchyl. 1862, p. 43, pi. 5, f. 1 ; Monogr. vi, p. 26. The typical schomlurgki is "a stout shell with a well-developed and 'thickened lip, the last two whorls almost covered with oblique bright green stripes ; lip, columella and callus of a purple color " (Fulton). It was named for Sir Robert Schomburgk, Her Majesty's Consul-General to Siam, 1857-1864, who first obtained specimens. Var. crossei Pfr. PL 59, fig. 31. Roseate under a fugacious greenish cuticle ; outer lip violet, colu- mella and parietal wall dark brown. Length 37-35^ mill. It occurs both dextral and sinistral. Siam. The type was in coll. Bernardi. A. H^EMATOSTOMA Moel!endorflf. Shell imperforate or rimate, sinistral, ovate-conic, rather solid, AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VII. 183 delicately striatulate, glossy. Whorls 6-^-7, a little convex, the upper 3 punctate-granulate, the last somewhat inflated. Aperture rather oblique, subauriform, the peristome broadly expanded, a little reflexed, labiate, bright purple, outwardly margined with black prolti- mella twisted, excavated above, broadly appressed, joined with the outer margin of the lip by a broad purple callus. Alt. 37, diam. 2(% length of aperture 19, width 14 mill. (Mlldff.) Boloven Plateau, in western Annam, on the left bank of the Mekong (C. Roebelen). Amphidromus hcematostoma MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges., xxx, p. 74 (June, 1898). Von Moellendorff records two color-forms, of which the green one may be considered typical. 11 A. viridis. Shell green, becoming pale above, with a narrow dark line at the suture and a slightly wider yellow band disappearing above ; the early whorls whitish, the last one with a rather wide bright yellow zone around the columella. "B. varians. Shell bright yellow, the upper 3 whorls pale red- dish, succeeding whorls with very wide, curved, chestnut streaks, last whorl uniform yellow.' " There lie before me three entirely similar examples of the green, two of the yellow form. Notwithstanding the conspicuously diverse color and pattern, they belong together specifically, for the contour, the characters ot the aperture and all the rest are quite identical. By the fine blood-red lip, which especially in the green form con- trasts beautifully with the ground-color, it certainly belongs to the group of A. schomburgki, with which it also shares the finely punctate embryonal whorls ; but still in form, color and marking they are very different." (Mlldff.) A. LAOSIANUS Bavay. PI. 62, figs. 60, 61. Shell either sinistral or dextral, oblong-conic, imperforate. Whorls 7J, a little convex (the last more so), joined by a distinct, slightly margined suture, which is sometimes black-bordered on the earlier whorls, sometimes not bordered, or with a white sutural band on the last whorl ; longitudinally minutely striate ; the first ones of a buff-white tint, two or three later whorls closely striped longitudinally with brown, the stripes of unequal intensity, extending to the suture ; last whorl with a brown varix-band. Aperture oval, long, angular 184 AMPHIDROMUS. above, rose colored inside. Columella a little twisted, brighter rose tinted ; peristome reflexed, roseate, the ends joined by a rose-tinted callus. Length 52, diam. 25. aperture 24 mill. (Bavay). Rhone, on the upper Mekong river (Massie). A. laosianus BAVAY, Journ. de Conchyl. xlvi, 1898, p. 15, pi. 2. f. I, 1 a; with var. albo-ccerulescens, p. 16, pi. 2, f. 2, 2 a. The pink aperture and peristome give individuality to this species. There is a single black-brown varix on the last or penultimate whorl, and in this it differs from the species with which I have provisionally associated it. Color-var. albocaruhscens Bavay. PL 62, figs. 62, 63. Bluish-white, with paler streaks representing the brown ones of the typically colored form. Aperture roseate, but paler. One or two black varix-bands on the last whorl. Occurred with typical laosianus. II. SINISTRAL DIVISION (Section Syndromus). Shell always sinistral, usually thin, and never marked with varix- stripes; the parietal callus usually thin and transparent. The epiphallus and flagellum are much shorter than in typical Amphi- drornus. Species of this division extend along the island-chain from Java east to the Tenimber Islands, in Celebes, Borneo and the adjacent extreme of Paragua, Sumatra, and on the continent northward to the Sylhet Hills and the southern border of China. The species are excessively variable, and some forms from continental Asia are sin- gularly like species of Java and even Timor. The xiengensis and porcellanus groups are thus merely continental and insular forms of the same type. The species are if possible more arbitrary than among the large forms of the genus. The following key to groups is quite artificial. Groups of Southeastern Asia (mainland), a. Shell longitudinally ribbed, thin, the peristome brown. Group of A. begini, p. 188. a1. Not ribbed. b. Peristome colored ; shell yellow or with green lines. Group of A. mouhoti, p. 185. bl. Peristome white ; shell yellow or with two bands at base; columella with a shallow groove at its insertion. Group of A. sylheticus, p. 188. xt AMl'HIDROMUS, GROUP VIII. 185 52. Peristome white , no noticeable groove at root of colu- mella ; spire with longitudinal flames bisected by a me- dian light line, or without markings. Group of A. xiengensis, p. 193. Groups of the East Indian Islands. a. A small nodule at the posterior angle of aperture, separated from the outer lip by a groove. Group of A. contrarius, p. 210. a1. No such nodule developed. b. Yellow, with two orange bands and usually 3 or 4 dark bands; no flames; umbilicate, solid. Group of A. ICBVIS, No. xvii. bl Elongate, umbilicate, more or less streaked, not banded ; colors dull. Northern Celebes. 'Group of A. sim'stralis, No. xix. &a. Flammulate, striped, or spotted in spiral series. c. Lip roseate or black ; no roseate umbilical tract ; flames of spire when present bisected by a light spiral. Islands east of Java. Group of A. latestrigatus, p. 205. c1. Lip white ; spire with flames cut by a median light girdle ; base generally with two dark zones. Java, S. Celebes and islands southward. Group of A. porcellanus, p. 200. c2. Plain yellow or whitish, or with 2 spot-bands above and 2 continuous bands below. Allor and Pura Id. Group of A. inconstans, p. 209. c3. Species of Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Paragua. Group of A. adamsi, No. xviii. 8. Group of A. mouhoti. Rather small sinistral species with green-lineate or yellow cuticle, the peristome pink, brown or purple. Siam to Annam. a. Shell whitish or yellow, the last whorl or more covered with green lines. b. peristome pink. c. form narrow ; upper whorls often maculate with brown. mouhoti, p. 186. 186 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VIII. c.1 form broader ; spirally striate, not maculate above. roseolabiatus, p. 188. bl. peristome dark brown • diam. less than half the length. smithii, p. 186. a1. Shell pale yellow with roseate apex ; last whorl obtusely an- gular, with an orange sutural border ; peristome purple. cruentatus* p. 187. A. MOUHOTI (Pfeiffer). PI. 60, figs. 33, 34, 35. Shell sinistral, subperforate, oblong-conic, thin, very delicately striatulate, little shining ; buff] closely painted with hair-like green streaks. Spire long-conic, the apex rather acute, reddish. Whorls 7, scarcely convex, the upper ones sometimes tessellate with brown ; last whorl three-sevenths the total length, subangulate in the middle, tapering basally and subcompressed. Columella little thickened, twisted, pale lilac. Aperture oblique, semi-oval, the base somewhat effuse ; peristome thin, expanded, lilac-rose colored. Length 34, diam. 14, aperture 15 mill (P/r.). Siam (Mouhot) ; Brelum^ in the Stiengs country, Cochinchina (Massin). Bulimus mouhoti PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 194; Novit. Conch., p. 170, pi. 46, f. 5, 6; Monogr. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 30 MORELET, Series Conchyliologiques iv, p. 263 — B. schomburgki var. mouhoti MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 80 — Amphidromus mouhoti Pfr., FISCHER, Soc. d'Hist. Nat. d'Autun, iv Bull., 1891, p. 116.— FULTON, t. c., p. 88, pi. 7, f. 11 (1896). The light green striae of the last whorl vary from numerous to merely vestigial. The species is named in honor of M. Henri Mouhot, the intrepid Cambodian traveler, who lost his life by fever in exploring the Mekong valley. A. SMITHII Fulton. PI. 60, figs. 37, 38. " Shell sinistral oblong-conic, imperforate, rather thin, white ; suture impressed and slightly crenulated, last one and a half whorls covered with close-set oblique green lines, which are crossed by fine spiral lines of a darker color ; a narrow, dark green band at the suture of the lower whorls fading to yellow above ; whorls 7, slightly convex, third whorl with two spiral rows of light-brown spots ^ columella straight, scarcely expanded above ; lip narrowly expanded and reflected ; lip and columella dark brown " (Fulton}. AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VIII. 187 Long. 35 millim., maj. diam. 16 millim (mature specimen). Long. 39 millim., maj. diam. 17 millim (lip not expanded). Annam (Eudel). A. smithii FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 88, pi. 7, f. 12, 12« (Jan., 1896). " This species is described from two specimens in my collection. One is evidently full-grown, except that the lip is not expanded ; this specimen has its green epidermis in fine condition. The other specimen is perfect in form, but rather worn, and only shows traces of the epidermis. It chiefly differs from Mouhoti in its dark brown lip and colurnella, its longer form, and in not being subangulate at .the periphery. Named after Mr. Edgar A. Smith, of the British Museum" (Fulton). Var. ventrosulus Mollendorff. Fruhstorfer collected a magnificent Amphidromus at Phuc-son, Annam, which agrees very well with Fulton's description ; but he does not mention that the apex, about 3 whorls, is brownish-red. The fourth whorl shows brown, partly zigzag, spots, at the suture, but no second row of them. The lip and columella are not dark brown, but red-brown or violet-brown. The contour is stouter, diam. 2l£, alt. 40, to 25, 48 mm. (Mlldff., Nachrbl. 1900, p. 132). A. CRUENTATUS (Morelet). PI. 60, figs. 39, 40. Shell sinistral, imperforate, oblong-conic, smooth, glossy. Pale straw colored, washed with pale green at the base, the apical two whorls roseate, the third dotted with reddish-brown. Whorls 6J to 7, a little convex, the last swollen, obtusely angular, delicately costu- late on the back, a little shorter than the spire ; suture marked with an orange line. Columella vertical or slightly receding. Aperture oblong, angular below, white within ; peristome well expanded, deeply stained with carmine outwardly, purple inwardly, the margins joined by a thin purple callus, columellar margin dilated. Length 33, diam. 15, aperture 16 mill. (Morel.). Cambodia. Bulimus cruentatus MORELET, Series Conchyliologiques, iv, p. 264, pi. 13, f. 5 (April, 1875) — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 24.— A. cruentatus Morel., FISCHER, Soc. d. Hist. Nat. d'Autun, 4 Bull., p. 115 — FULTON, t. c., p. 89. The purple peristome is a characteristic feature of this species. 188 AMPH1DKOMUS, GROUPS IX, X. A. ROSEOLABIATUS Fulton. PL 60, figs. 36. " Shell sinistral, ovate-conic, moderately umbilicated, rather solid ; whorls 6^-, slightly convex ; obsoletely angulated at the periphery ; white above, lower whorls pale lemon, with oblique close-set light green lines; spirally striated; lip and columella pink, expanded, lip somewhat reflected ; interior of aperture white. Long. 36 mill., maj. diam. 21 mill" {Fulton}. Siam. A. roseolabiatus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 89, pi. 6, f. 8 (January, 1896). ** This species is described from two specimens (young and adult); they were upon a tablet with the type of Mouhoti, from which they can be separated by the much broader form, the more distinct spiral striae, and by the absence of markings on the upper whorls" (Fulton). 9. Group of A. begini. A. BEGINI (L. Morlet). PI. 59, figs. 28, 29. Shell sinistral, almost covered rimate, fusiform, thin, shining ; white, ornamented with irregular brown flames, and covered with irregular longitudinal ribs, some of them forked. Spire elevated, composed of 6-7 convex and rapidly increasing whorls, separated by a noticeably crenulate suture ; the first three whorls smooth, with bright brown apex, the others ribbed ; last whorl swollen, two-thirds the entire length of the shell. Aperture subangular below, white within, showing the flames by transparence; peristome brown, rounded, a little thickened and reflexed ; columellar margin straight, bright brown, dilated and in large part covering the umbilical chink. Length 25, diam. 13, aperture 12 mill. (Mori.}. Cambodia : Plateau of Stung-Trang (Pavie). Bulimus (Amphidromus) begini L. MORLET, Journ. de Conchyl., xxxiv, 1886, p. 74. — Amphidromus begini L. MORLET, Journ. de Conchyl., xxxvii, 1889, p. 128, 177, pi. 6, f. 4 FULTON, t. c., p. 88. The corrugated surface readily distinguishes this from all other species known. 10. Group of A. sylheticus. Small, sinistral species, uniform pale yellow or with two bands on the base, the peristome white, a shallow groove or gutter at the junction of the columella with the body. Apex punctate. Khasi Hills to the Mergui Is. and eastward. AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP X. 18& A. SYLHETICUS (Reeve). PL 63, figs. 97, 98. Shell sinistral, umbilicate, ovate conic, polished, striatulate, the first whorl weakly punctulate ; greenish-yellow below the periphery, paler above, fading on the spire, the early whorls and apex whitish Whorls 51, slightly convex, the last but weakly convex above, very convex, full and sack-like below. Aperture ovate, oblique, slightly brown or ochre tinted within; the peristome white, rejlexed; colu- mella with slightly convex inner edge, broadly dilated, guttered at its union with the body of the shell; the dilated edge overhanging a rather large umbilicus, and a little thickened where it passes upon the parietal wall. Parietal callus thin and translucent. Alt. 26, diam. 15, longest axis of aperture 14 mill. Alt. 24, diam. 14, longest axis of aperture 12^ mill. Western India : Southern slopes of the Khasi and Garo Hills (God win- Austen) ; southward to Sylhet ? (Reeve). Bulimus sylheticus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 77, f. 564 (Aug. 1849) PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 322; viii, 42; Conchyl. Cab., p. 68, pi. 20, f. 25, 26. — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conchologia Indica, pi. 19, f. 9. — GODWIN-AUSTEN Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xlv, 1876r pt. 2, p. 316. — Amphidromus sylheticus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6)> xvii, p. 79 (1896) — Buliminus (Napucus} sylheticus MAKTKN& in Albers, Die Hel., p. 234. — A. sinensis var. sylhetica Btjns.r NEVILL (in part), Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus., i, p. 127. One of the most northwestern species in distribution. Godwin- Austen doubts its occurrence at Sylhet, but perhaps the district, not the town was intended, in which case the name is appropriate enough. Fulton considers B. lepidus Gld. a synonym. The distinctly greenish yellow color of the lower portion, s;ick- like base (particularly noticable in a rear view), and the sort of gutter at the root of the columella, are characteristic features. A. MASONI (Godwin-Austen). PI. 62, fig. 72. " Shell sinistral, acuminately oblong, thick, side of spire rather flat, whorls 7, smooth and shiny, under lens finely and spirally striate, color sea-green, intenser below the keel, paling towards the apexr the columella dark purple, a narrow fillet of same color borders the suture closely below, commencing at the upper and outer angle of the aperture. Aperture oval, angular above, lip slightly reflected. The last whorl slightly keeled " (G.-A.}. 190 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP X. Alt. 1.2, diam. 0.5 inch (30, 12J mill.). Assam : Dihiri Parbat, Dafla Hills, 2000 ft. elev. (Godwin- Austen). Bulimus masoni G.-A., Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, xlv, 1876, pt. 2, p. 316. — A. masoni FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 81, pi. 6, f. 2 — Amphidromus daflaensis Godwin- Austen, NEVILL, Hand-list Moll. Ind. Mus. i, p. 127 (1878). This handsome Bulimus is very similar in form to B. sylheticus Reeve, but this latter shell is smaller, exhibits no trace of spiral stri- ation, has its surface more polished, while the columellar margin and outer lip is pure white ; and in dozens I have collected no trace of a band is ever seen. In color too B. sylheticus differs from the new form in being lemon-yellow with a greenish tinge on the body whorl (G.-A.). It is named in honor of Mr. J. Wood Mason. A. LEPIDUS (Gould). PI. 63, fig. 99. Shell small, usually sinistral, slightly perforate, ovate-conic, ele- vated, polished, citrine. Whorls 6, convex, the last ventricose; suture well impressed. Aperture subcircular ; peristome white, re- flexed, dilated at the columella, the ends approaching. Length of axis seven-eighths, diam. one-half inch (Gld.). Mergui Islands (Rev. J. Benjamin). Bulimus lepidus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, p. 12 (Oct., 1856) ; Otia Conch, p. 219 — PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 33.— HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conchologia Indica, p. 34, pi. 80, f. 6. '* A pretty shell, grouping with Icevis, adamsii and moniliferus, but smaller, proportionally shorter and more ventricose, and differing en- tirely in coloring, texture and the broadly rounded form of the aper- ture " (Gld.). The authors of the Conchologia Indica remark that "except in being shorter, with more rounded whorls, and without a notch at the commencement of the pillar-lip, it might be taken for sylheticus." Fulton considers it a synonym of A. sylheticus ; but as that is a species of the hills and this inhabits a region rather differ- ent faunally, I allow it to stand pending further comparisons of a good series of the Mergui form with Reeve's species. A. SINENSIS (Benson). PI. 62, figs. 64, 65. Shell sinistral, narrowly umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid, rather AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP X. 191 smooth ; buff-whitish, with two reddish bands on the base. Spire conic, the apex rather acute, suture deep, whorls 6, a little convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, the base rounded. Columella short, subvertical. Aperture oblique, oval ; peristome somewhat thickened, pale lilac colored, the margins converging, outer margin expanded, a brown streak back of it ; columellar margin reflexed, overhanging, channelled transversely at its upper termination. Length 31, diam. above the aperture 16 mill. (Pfr.) " Southern China" ^Benson) ; Pegu (Theobald, -Stoliczka) ; Khasi Hills (Nevill). Bulimus sinemis BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1851, viii, p. 264. — PFR , Monogr. iii, p. 320 ; iv, 382 ; vi, 27 ; viii, 42 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 67, pi. 20, f. 1, 2 (description and figures from Benson's type) — Amphidromus sinensls NEVILL, Hand-list Moll. Ind. Mus. i, p. 126, with var. globosa Nevill, flava Pfr., and sylhetica Rve FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 1896, p. 80, with var. vicaria and yracilis. I have not seen this species, and the type is said to be lost from Benson's collection in the Cambridge museum. Perhaps it was not returned by PfeifFer, and is now in Dohrn's collection. It resembles A. sylheticus in the globose base and groove at root of the columella, but differs in being stouter in form, two-banded be- low, and with a brown streak behind the lip, which is said to be pale lilac colored. Nevill mentions but does not describe a var. gfflbosa from Chittagong, probably identical with the following: Var. vicarius Fulton. PI. 62, figs. 67, 68, 69. Differs from A. sinensis " in being not so broad in proportion to its length and in coloration. It is broader than sylheticus, and in- stead of being an uniform green color, it is yellow, with two (some- times three) more or less distinct dark brown bands encircling the lower part of the last whorl. This variety varies a great deal in size and form. I give here dimensions of two specimens out of a series in the British Museum : length 33, diam. 17 mill.; length 21, diam. 14 mill." (Fulton}. ^Sheeoay Gheen" or Shwegyeen, Pegu (figs. 67, 68); Chittagong (fig. 69). B. sinensis HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. 11, pi. 21, f. 5, 6. — A. sinensis var. vicaria FULTON, 1. c. The specimen from Chittagong before me is more slender fl an 192 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP X. A. sylheticus, not "baggy" below, and almost white with a faint ochre band above each of the purple-black ones. The apical whorls are corneous-white, and weakly punctate, and there is a perceptible groove at the root of the columella. The peristome is pure white, and there is no dark stripe behind the lip. Alt. 26, diam. 141, longest axis' of aperture 13 mill. (fig. 69). Var. GRACILIS Fulton. PL 62, fig. 71. "A very narrow, solid form ; pale yellow with two purple-brown bands at lower part of last whorl ; the third and fourth whorls encir- cled with four rows of light brown spots; lip and columella thickened and expanded." (Fulton.) Pegu (British Museum). A. sinensis var. gracilis FULTON, t. c., pi. 6, f. 10 (1896). This may belong nearer A.flavus. I have not seen specimens. Var. INDISTINCTUS n. v. PL 62, fig. 70. Pale yellow, with a subperipheral bluish band and a circumcolu- rnellar dusky reddish one ; bluish above the periphery with faint pale lines, and a buff band below the suture; the spire bluish, 1^ early whorls white, sparsely punctate, with u black apical spot. Whorls 6, the last rather baggy below. Peristome white, reflexed, the colu- mella dilated and recurved, its face convex; noticeably grooved at the root; the umbilicus quite small. Alt. 30^, diam. 16^, longest axis of aperture 15 mill. Laos Mts* A. ROEMERI (Pfeiffer). PL 63, figs. 95, 96. Shell sinistral, perforate, ovate-conic, rather solid ; lightly striate and somewhat decussated by very close spiral striae visible under a lens ; flesh-colored with a pale band at the suture. Spire conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 6, a trifle convex, the last about as long as the spire, subangulate and with two reddish bands below the mid- dle, the base rounded. Aperture oblique, auriform ; peristome sim- ple, the outer margin narrowly expanded, columellar margin sub ver- tical, dilated, reflexed and overhanging above. Length 23^, diam. above aperture 13J, aperture 12 mill. long. (P/r.^). Laos Mts. (Mou hot). Bulimus roemeri PFR., P. Z. S., 1862, p. 274, pL 36, f. 4; Mou- hot's Travels in the central parts of Indo-China, ii, plate opp. p. 186, f. 4 (1864); Novit. Conch., p. 217, pi. 57, f. 10, 11; Monogr. vi, p. 44 — (?)MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 81. — A. roemeri Pfr., FUL- TON, t. c. p. 80. AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XI. 193 On first view similar to A. sinensis Bens., but differs by its flatter whorls, spiral striation, non-thickened peristome, etc. (Pfr.) A. HEMICYCLUS Rochebrune. Testa obtuse perforata, elliptice pyramidata, sernicircularis, solida, politissima, alba, fasciis latis violaceis spiraliter cincta ; anfractibus 6 ; penultimo sub quadrate ; ultimo spiram superante, intense cur- vato ; apertura elliptica, interne acuta ; peristomate sub recto, labro reflexo, albo ; columella reflexa, obliqua, curvata. Long. 30, lat. 10 mill. (Rochelr., Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vi, 1881-2, p. 117. Bangkok (Bocourt). Dr. Jousseaume, who examined the type, thinks this species near A. Itzvis Mull., but distinct. The description does not seem very lucid, and is given without translation. 11. Group of A. xiengensis. Farther -Indian representatives of the Java- Timor group of A. por- cellanus. Rather slender and thin, the spire with flames bisected by a median light line, the base with two spiral bands; or with some modification of this fundamental pattern, or rarely without markings. Apex tipped with a blackish dot. Peristome usually white. Suture generally with a colored border or line below. A number of identifications by various authors of Javan or Bor- nean species from Indo-China, were apparently based upon forms of the present group, though the literature, in the absence of descrip- tions, gives no certain clue. The chief references follow : A. furcillatus Mouss., ROCHEBRUNE, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris, vi, 1881-2, p. 71. Bords du Prek-Scholl, Cambodia (Dr, Harmand). A. lavus Miill., ROCHEBR., 1. c. Montagues de Chaudoe [Chau- doc] (Dr. Harmand). A. adamsi Reeve, ROCHEBR., t. c., p. 72. Prek-Scholl, au sud de Cratate (Dr. Harmand). Bulimus adamsii Reeve, MABILLE & LEMESLE, Journ. de Con- chyl., 1866, xiv, p. 129. Banone, near Battambang; Phnum- Kretch, Cambodia. A. contrarius Miill., MORLET, Journ. de Conchy 1, 1889, p. 127 r Mountains of the Elephant Chain, Cambodia. 13 194 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XI. A. SEMITESSELLATUS (L. Morlet). PI. 60, figs. 41, 42, 43, 44. Shell sinistral, slightly rimate, rather solid, smoothish, striatulate. Pale buff, fading to white on the spire, the first 1^ whorls uniform white minutely marked with brown at the apex, following whorls of the spire with two spiral series of brown spots, those of the upper series square or rhombic, the lower elongated ; the suture with a conspicuous black or purplish border below ; last whorl uniform buff without mark- ings other than the sutural band, or with a wide purple-black band below the periphery and another encircling the columella. Aperture •white, half-oval, the peristome reflexed, white ; columella rounded, dilated above and partially appressed ; parietal callus a transparent film. Length 35, diam. 16, aperture with peristome 16^ mill, (type, figs. 41, 42). Length 29-J, diam. 15J, longest axis of aperture 15 mill. (figs. 43, 44). Cambodia: Mountains along the Mekong river below Stung- Trang ; forests and mountains of Kampot at Kompong-Son ; Mountains of the Elephant chain. Siam: Srakeo (Pavie). Bulimus (Amphidromus) semitessellatus L. MORLET, Journ. de Conchyl., 1884, xxxii, p. 387, pi. 11, f. 2, 2a. — A. semitessellatus MORLET, J. de C., 1889, p. 128 FISCHER, Soc. d'Hist. Nat. d'Autun, iv, 1891, p. 117.— FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 87. Rather more solid than most members of its group, and with a special pattern of its own. The basal zones of the last whorl (figs. 43, 44) do not continue to the lip, or may be entirely absent, as in Morlet's type (figs. 41, 42). A. XIENGENSIS L. Morlet. PI. 63, figs. 75, 76. Shell sinistral, narrowly perforate, elongate, conoid, subfusiform, glossy. Growth-striae very fine on the upper whorls, gradually becoming more prominent on the last whorl, near the aperture. Spire conic, the apex bluish ; whorls 6^-7, the two earlier yellow, those following ornamented on a light yellow ground with long radial brown and curved flames, cut in the middle by a narrow yellow spiral zone; the suture bordered by a harrow yellowish zone below which there is a series of little brown spots. Last whorl having a continuous reddish- brown sutural zone, and on its upper part, a crowded series of brown AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XI. ^195 flames cut by a median yellow spiral, its lower or basal part having three concentric zones (a yellow one between two brown ones). Aperture suboval, somewhat angular below, whitish inside, the margins joined by a very thiu and transparent callus ; columeBa thick, rounded, white ; lip widely reflexed, white. Length 38, diam. 17^-18, length of the aperture 14-16 mill (Morlet). Laos : Plateau of Xieng-Moi, and the forest on the banks of the Menam-Pinh (Pavie) ; Luang-prabang (Counillon) ; Prang ( W. L, Abbott). Amphidromus xiengensis L. MORLET, Journ. de Conchyl., 1891, p. 27, 232, 240, pi. 5, f. 4. — Ancey, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Mar- seille (Ser. 2), Bulletin, i, 1898, p. 134. — DALL, Nautilus, xi, p. 37. — A. porcellanus var. xiengensis Morlet, FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 79 (1896). Very closely allied to the Javan A. porcellanus, but somewhat more solid and a little larger, with a subsutural series of dots on the upper whorls and a reddish line below the narrow pale sutural border on the last whorl. The dark apical dot is also larger. I am quite unable to agree with Fulton in his reference of this form and multi- fasciatus to porcellanus and contrarius respectively. Unless the whole porcellanus group be lumped, as some authors have treated the perversus group, the present species (as herein constituted to include color-varieties) has as good a right to stand as any of those recognized. Ancey reports specimens less elongated than the figured type, but agreeing with it in coloration and other characters. I suppose "A. porcellanus Mouss." of Rochebrune (Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris, vi, 1881-2, p. 71), from the forests of Owglu, Cochinchina, collected by M. Pierre, is really xiengensis. Var. multifasciatus Fulton. PI. 63, fig. 77. " Like maculatus, but more solid; the umbilicus almost covered. Pale lemon color, with oblique brown stripes interrupted by three or four narrow yellow bands; a narrow red band just below and encirc- ling the suture" (Fulton}. Cambodia (British Museum). A. contrarius var. multifasciata FULTON, Ann. Mag. N, H. (6), xvii, p. 78, pi. 7, f. 5 (January, 1896). Var. clausus n. v. PL 63, figs. 79, 80, 81, 82. Imperforate or nearly so, sinistral, thin but moderately solid, glossy, striatulate. Buff, with oblique or longitudinal brown flames not reach- 196 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XI. ing to the suture above, obsolete on the latter half of the last whorl; cut into oblong spots by a light band revolving midway betiveen sutures and sometimes a number of other less complete bands; the base en- circled by a brown or purplish band below the periphery and a broad circum-columellar band, brown toward the outer edge, fleshy within ; the space between the two bands and a very narrow umbilical patch yellow. A narrow red band revolves very near the suture, but is re- placed on the earlier whorls by a series of brownish spots ; apex black. Whorls 6^, slightly convex, the last somewhat tapering be- low. Aperture banded or white inside, the peristome reflexed, white; columella dilated and oppressed above, closing or nearly closing the perforation ; parietal callus very thin and transparent. Length 32, diam. 15^, longest axis of aperture 14^ mill. Length 31, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 15 mill. Laos Mts., Cambodia (coll. A. N. S. P.). This form differs from xiengensis and midtifasciatus in the obsoles- cence of the pattern on the last half whorl, and the less interrupted flames. The ground color might be called light fawn rather than buff, especially on the last half whorl of some of the specimens ; the light basal band being yellow. Var. TRYONI n. v. PI. 63, fig. 78. Similar to var. clausus in the narrow or closed perforation, form, black apex and buff or pale yellow ground-color. Spire pale ; third and fourth whorls with a subsutural row of brown dots, and several narrow brown lines, continuous or interrupted ; last two whorls with an orange line below the suture ; the base with two red-brown or blackish bands, one subperipheral, the other around the columella, a yellow space between them. Columella spreading and rounded above, not in the least grooved at its root. Length 32, diam. 15 J, longest axis of aperture 14^ mill. Length 33, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 16^ mill. Laos Mts., Cambodia (coll. A. N. S.). Somewhat like the smaller A. fultoni in color, but in my opinion allied to the preceding forms, from which it is differentiated chiefly by the total loss of flammules on the last two whorls. The subsutural line has become yellow, as in A. porcellanus, but it is not crowded to the suture as in that species, but separated therefrom by a pale line, as in xiengensis. In some specimens the lower band is bisected or divided into two bands. Compare A. flavus var. proximus Fulton, AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XI. 197 which probably belongs to xiengensis rather than to flavus, if indeed the whole series does not intergrade. A. FULTONI Ancey. PI. 63, figs. 83, 84. Shell sinistral, short, ovate-conic, minutely perforate, thin, ob- liquely striate, subangulate at the periphery, chiefly at the beginning of the last whorl. Spire rather shortly conic, apex with a quite small dark brown dot, the first 1J whorls minutely and sparsely punctulate. Whorls 6, the first ones distinctly, the later barely con- vex, last whorl rather ventricose ; 3^ earlier whorls white, lower of a pale lemon color ; the third whorl ornamented with two series of pale brownish and very small spots ; the last whorl with a narrow yellow zone below the suture, circumscribed by an indistinct broad white band, and furnished with two fine brown revolving lines more or less evanescent towards the aperture, the upper one just below the periphery, the other around the yellow umbilical area; the immedi- ate vicinity of the umbilicus flesh-tinted. Aperture strongly oblique ; columella straight, thin, triangularly expanded, white. Lip thin, white, narrowly expanded. Length 23^, diam. 14, length of aperture 11 mill. Length 22, diam. 13, length of aperture 11 mill. Cochinchina. Amphidromus fultoni ANC., Nautilus xi, p. 62 (Oct. 1, 1897). " This, as well as the following [A. eudeli\ are members of the group of A. flavm Pfeiffer, according to Mr. Hugh Fulton, who kindly examined the specimens and declared them to be new species. From the former it differs in being shorter, in having 6 whorls only, a dark-colored apex, two narrow revolving bands on the last whorl and other particulars. Named in honor of Mr. Fulton, who has very thoroughly and carefully monographed this difficult genus." (Ancey). The pale biserial dotting of the third whorl, yellow line below the suture of the last, black dot at the apex and two basal bands, show this form to be near var. tryoni of A. xiengensis ; but that shell is more solid, more elongate, with less oblique, longer aperture, etc. Figured from the type specimen kindly lent by Mr. Ancey. A. FLAVUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 63, figs. 92, 93. Shell sinistral, scarcely perforate, ovate-conic, thin, nearly smooth, 198 AMPHII>ROMUS, GROUP xi. somewhat glossy ; uniform sulphur yellow. Spire conic, the vertex white, rather acute. Whorls 6^, a little convex, the last nearly three- sevenths the length of the shell, the base swollen. Columella scarcely inflated, subvertical. Aperture oblique, inverted auriform ; peristome thin, expanded and a little reflexed. Length 25, diam. above aper- ture 12, aperture 11^ mill. (Pfr.}. Siam (Mo a hot); Laos: Luang -prabang (H. Counillon); Cochin- china : Thu- Dan-Moth (Eyries), and the arroyo of Long-ho, near Ving-Long (Le Mesle). Bulimus flavus PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 194; Novit. Conch., p. 171, pi. 46, f. 7, 8 ; Monogr. vi, p. 32. — MORELET, Series Conchyl. iv, p. 265 (1875). — Amphidromus flavus Pfr., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 1896, p. 81. — ANCET, Annales Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Marseille (2), Bull. I, p. 134 (1898). I have not seen this species, which seems near the banded and maculate multifasciatus and xiengensis. Fulton remarks that it is more solid than adamsi var. inornatus, with a faint reddish hand at lower part of last whorl. The locality " Siam " is doubtful, or pos- sibly correct for the eastern edge of that country. Var. PROXIMUS Fulton. PI. 63, fig. 94. " Differs from flavus in being more elongate, has two indistinct bands at basal part of last whorl, and has a spiral line of equidistant light brown spots just below suture of third and fourth whorls. A single specimen in my own collection, locality unknown " (Fulton}. This variety may perhaps be referable to A. xiengensis rather than flavus ', and near my var. tryoni. A. AREOLATUS (Pfeiffer). PL 63, figs. 85, 86. Shell sinistral, subperforate, ovate-conic, thiu, striatulate some- what glossy ; buff- whitish, painted with broivn flames which generally fork above. Spire conic, the apex minute, brown ; suture submargi- nate. Whorls 6^, moderately convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, rounded beneath, having a roseate patch at the coliunella, surrounded by a brown and a buff band. Columella somewhat swollen, slightly twisted. Aperture oblique, inverted auriform ; per- istome thin, rather broadly expanded, the columellar margin nar- rowly reflexed. Length 23, diam. above aperture 11, length of aperture 10^ mill. (Pfr.}. Siam (Mouhot). Bulimus areolatus PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 194; Novit. Conch., AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XI. 199 p. 172, pi. 46, f. 11, 12 ; Monogr. vi, p. 33. — Amphidromus areolatus Pfr., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 81. " A thin shell somewhat like porcellanus, but with close forked markings on the upper whorls " (Fulton). A. ZEBRINUS (Pfeiffer). PL 63, figs. 90, 91. Shell sinistral, subperforate, oblong-conic, rather solid, lightly striate ; white, closely painted with rather wide, nearly straight or some- what waved black-brown stripes. Spire slender, conic, the vertex a little acute, and black ; suture shallow, white. Whorls 6-J- the upper convex, the rest slightly so, last whorl two-fifths the total length, .a trifle tapering below. Columella subinflated, rather straightly re- ceding. Aperture oblique, semi-oval ; peristome simple, rather broadly expanded, the columellar margin reflexed, overhanging. Length 25, diam. above aperture 10^, length of aperture 11 mill. (Pfr), Siam (Mouhot). Bulimus zebrinm P-FR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 194; Novit. Conch., p. 172, pi. 46, f. 9, 10 ; Monogr. vi, p. 32. — Amphidromus zebrinus Pfr., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 1896, p. 81. Var. EUDELI Ancey. PI. 63, figs. 87, 88. Shell sinistral, rather solid, oblong-conic, obliquely striate, narrowly rimate ; spire conic, apex dark brown ; whorls 7, convex, the first ones dull white, the fourth and lower ones cream, with oblique bluish-gray stripes, becoming reddish-brown on the spire, interrupted at the middle on the penultimate and preceding whorls by a submedian light spiral line, and evanescent at the suture ; last half-whorl bluish-gray, with a cream-yellow band around the middle of the base, and an umbilical area of the same tinge ; a narrow infra-sutural line of a reddish-brown color on the last and penultimate whorls. Aperture small, oblique, expanded, interior greyish. Colum- ella thick, reflected, paler at the upper part. Lip thickened, dark- brown externally, purple inside, particularly so near the umbilicus. Length 28, diam. 14, length of aperture 11 mill. (Ancey). Length 26, diam. 12^, length of aperture 12 mill, (specimen). Annam: near Binh-Dinh, in forests (E. Eudel). A. eudeli ANC., Nautilus xi, p. 63 (Oct. 1, 1897). — A. zebrinus subsp. fuscolabris MLLDFF-, Nachrbl., 1898, p. 75. This is allied to A. zebrinus Pfr., but is apparently larger and 200 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XII. more solid, and differs in having a purple peristome, externally black-brown, wider stripes, and a reddish subsutural line. Figured from one of the types, kindly sent by Mr. C. F. Ancey. Dr. von Mollendorff describes an A. zebrinus subsp. fuscolabris as somewhat larger than typical zebrinus, length 27, diam. 13 mill., the lip less expanded, dark brown ; otherwise the same. It is from the Boloven Plateau, western Annam, on the left bank of the Mekong River (C. Roebelen). This form is apparently identical with A. eudeli Ancey. 12. Group of A. porcellanus. ' Spire decorated with flames or stripes bisected by a submedian light line. Distribution, Java, Southern Celebes and islands to the southward of Celebes, above the Timor-Java chain. The separation of this from the preceeding group is merely one of convenience. A. POECILOCHROA ' Bttg.' Fulton. PI. 64, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell nearly or quite imperforate, sinistral, thin, ovate-conic, polished and glossy, faintly striatulate. Pale lemon-yellow, fading to whitish on the spire, marked above the periphery with wide purple- brown stripes not reaching to the suture, and bisected by a yellow spiral band running about midway between sutures, on the last half- whorl changing to reddish, and accompanied by a narrow dark band ; many of the stripes on the spire forked above ; base with two wide purple-brown spiral bands and an umbilical patch, separated by two paler bands, the upper one narrow and yellow, the lower wider and reddish. Whorls 6^, the earlier \\ uniform fleshy brown ; suture moderately impressed, narrowly edged with black-brown below, this bordered again by a whitish .margin. Aperture showing the color pattern within ; peristome narrowly expanded, flesh-tinted. Columella vertical, its edge rather narrowly reflexed. Alt. 35, diam. 19 mill. (type). Alt. 34, diam. 18, longest axis of aperture 17 mill. Sumbawa Island. A. poecilochroa (Boettger MSS.) FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 77, pi. 6, f. 7 (Jan., 1896) — Bui. contrarius MOUSSON, Moll. Java, p. 115. Evidently allied to A. porcellanus, differing in the more ventricose shape and consequently longer aperture, narrower columella, and AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XII. 201 some details of color pattern. It has not the thickened parietal callus of A. contrarius, but is evidently the form Mousson reported as an immature contrarius from Dompo, near Bima, Sumbawa (not Celebes as Mousson says), having " Ausgezeichnet starker in quadra- tischen Flecken bestehender Zeichnung." A. PORCELLANUS (Mousson). PI. 64, figs. 5, 6, 7. Shell sinistral, perforate or sometimes closed, long-conic, thin, glossy, striatulate. White or buff, with two broad brown zones on the base and flames or stripes of the same color above and on the spire, cut in the middle by a narrow white spiral band, usually obsolete above this band on the last whorl ; suture narrowly yellow-bordered, a small black-brown dot at the apex. Whorls 6^-7, convex. Aperture small, banded within ; peristome narrowly reflexed, white ; columella dilated above ; parietal callus scarcely visible. Alt. 33, diam. 14^. longest axis of aperture 14^ mill. Alt. 30, diam. 14^, longest axis of aperture 13^ mill. Alt. 27, diam. 13^, longest axis of aperture 12 mill. Western Java : Warong Kapangdangan f (v. Hasselt); Buitenzorg (Weber, Strubell). Sumatra : Deli, on the north coast (Leop. Mar- tin). Bulimus zebra VAN HASSELT, Algemeerie Konst en letterbode, 1823, p. 233 (no description), and an unpublished plate 13, f. 1, copied in SchlegePs Handleiding, atlas, Weekdieren, pi. 1, f. 10. Not B. zebra Brug. — Bulimus pore ellanus MOUSSON, Die Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken von Java, p. 33, 110, pi. 3, f. 4 (1849) — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 328; iv, 384; vi, 32 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 138, pi. 41, f. 14, 15 (?). — MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 365 — Amphi- dromus porcellanus (Mouss.). M'ARTENS in Weber's Zool. Ergebnisse, ii, p. 241 — WIEGMANN, in the same work, vol. iii, p. 204, pi. 15, f. 2-11 (anatomy) — BOETTGER, Bericht Senck. Naturforsch. Ges., 1890, p. 146. This species differs from A. contrarius in its thin parietal film, without a denticle above. In color-pattern it is much like the larger and more ventricose A. poecilochroa, though the lower band is wider and extends to the root of the columella. The chief variation is in the flames or stripes of the last whorl, which may be narrow and extend upward nearly to the suture, or short, even completely want- ing. This is sufficiently shown in the figures. The length of the shell varies more than the diameter. 202 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XII. A. FILOZONATUS (* Mousson ' Martens). PI. 64, fig. 4. Shell sinistral, long-conic, rather solid, lightly striatulate, glossy ; the last whorl grayish-brown with narrow whitish bands and a [per- ipheral] black-spotted band ; the whorls above buff-whitish with squarish blackish blotches cut by a band, the upper whorls white with black apex. Aperture oblong-ovate, angular below, brown inside, about two-fifths the length of the shell ; peristome rather thickened, white, narrowly reflexed ; scarcely any parietal callus ; columellar margin nearly straight, dilated (Martens). Alt. 35, diam. 17, aperture 15 mill. Java : near Grisse, not far from Surabaya, in eastern Java (Mar- tens), and on the neighboring island Madura (Zollinger). Bulimus Icevis var. DESH. in Fer. Hist., pi. 161, f. 9 — PFR., Con- chyl. Cab., pi. 41, f. 5, 6. — B. filozonatus Mousson in coll., MAR- TENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 358, pi. 21, f. 4 A. filozonatus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 78. Von Martens mentions two varieties: the typical, with distinct blackish blotches and black-spotted band, and a paler form, orange- Isabelline, with the band and blotches obsolete. The whorls are less convex than in contrarius, and there is no nodule or thickening on the parietal wall. The coloring of one or several narrow whitish bands on the last whorl and maculate spire is characteristic, the peripheral tessellated band being sometimes obsolete. A. MACULATUS (Fulton). PL 64, figs. 9, 10, 11. "A shorter shell than contrarius, somewhat thinner, and the whorls less convex. In maculata the interrupted markings are smaller and more distant from each other, and fade away on the last whorl, the last half volution being quite plain except for two basal bandts. Below and encircling the suture of the upper whorls there is a spiral band of equidistant small brown spots (Fulton). Celebes: Macassar (type locality, Fulton); Macassar and Ban- timurong (Sarasins); Bua-Kraeng (Fruhstorfer). A. contrarius var. maculata FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 78, pi. 7, f. 4 (Jan., 1896). — P. & F. SARASIN, Land-Mollusken von Celebes, p. 211, pi. 26, f. 259, 260 (shell); pi. 31, f. 302 (radula). — MOELLENDORFF, Nachrbl. d. Malak.Ges., 1896, p. 146. — A. con- trarius Mull, var., SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. ii, p. 102. — A. maculatus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 102, 103, under A. kalaoensis (1896). AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XII. 203 Described as a variety of A. contrarius, but as von MoellendorfF has pertinently pointed out, it differs from that species in the import- ant character of having a weak, thin-edged parietal callus, and no nodule near the posterior angle of the aperture, nor raised ledge- below. I do not think it especially related to contrarius. A. JUCUNDUS (Fulton). PL 64, fig. 8. u Smaller than typical filozonatus, rather more solid ; last whorl grayish-brown, with a yellow band around lower part ; upper whorls white, with dark brown stripes interrupted by a narrow pale yellow band. Alt. 28, diam. 14 mill." (Fulton). Celebes: Macassar (Fulton); Bua Kraeng (Fruhstorfer). A. filozonatus var. jucunda FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 78, pi. 7, f. 8 (Jan., 1896) — A.jucundus Fulton, MOELLENDORFF, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges. 1896, p. 146 — A. filozonatus SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. ii, 102. I agree with von Moellendorff that there is little ground for unit- ing this with the Javan A. filozonatus. It may prove a variety of maculatus. A. ANN^E Martens. PL 64, figs. 13-16. Shell sinistral, elongate-conic, rather thin. Very lightly striatu- late, rather glossy. Pale yellow with diluted-brown streaks, interrupted by one or several zones of the ground color above, continuous on the last whorl, the apex violet black, following 1^ whorls uniform red- dish. Whorls 7^, rather flat, the suture narrowly appressed. Aper- ture three-sevenths the length of the shell, the parietal wall covered with a rather broad reddish callus, palatal interior pale, showing the bands through ; peristome slightly thickened and expanded, whitish ; base slightly rose-tinted, columellar margin rather wide, white, dis- tinctly differentiated from the parietal callus (Martens). Length 44, diam. 17, aperture 15 mill. Saleyer Islands (Weber). A. annae v. MART., in Max Weber's Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien, ii, p. 240, pi. 14, f. 19-22 (1891) — FULTON, t. c., p. 87. — SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 149, pi. 10, f. 11 (1896). "Variable in color; plain yellow with flesh-colored apex and rose columellar callus, or obliquely striped with black, the stripes being 204 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XII. more or- less interrupted. Some specimens are stronger and heavier than the type " (Smith). Named for Anna Weber, who accompanied her husband in his East Indian explorations. A. OSCITANS v. Martens. PI. 67, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell sinistral, ovate-conoid, rather thin ; yellow, painted with rather wide brown stripes, which are continuous , nearly straight or a little bent, and below the suture rarely forked. Apex minute, reddish- brown. Whorls 7, the upper ones nearly flat, the suture appressed and whitish, last whorl rather convex beneath. Aperture about half the shell's length or a little more, acutely ovate; peristome rather thin, the columellar margin vertical, appressed, the outer lip a little expanded, white ; throat pale yellow showing the brown stripes through (Martens). Length 40, diam. 19^-, aperture incl. peristome 22 mill. Length 40, diam, 18, aperture incl. peristome 20 mill. Allor Island (Rolle, Everett) ; Pura or Poera 1. (P^verett). A. inconstans var. D, FULTON, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 10, 213 A. oscitans MARTENS, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Ixv, p. 29, pi. 3, f. 3, 4 (April, 1899). " Most nearly allied to A. sumbaensis Fulton, from Sumba, but easy to distinguish by the white, not red, color of the peristome. The streaks are never interrupted by light spiral bands, as the rule is in A. contrarius, but only below the suture in places are dislocated ; mostly simple, seldom forked above" (Mart.). A specimen before me, from Allor Island (pi. 64, fig. 17) has 6 whorls, the last whitish above, retaining a thin greenish-yellow cuticle below ; decorated with many purplish stripes, which on all but the last whorl are cut by a narrow white spiral band, as in A. contrarius. The stripes are dislocated above on the fourth whorl, forming a spot-band below the suture. Length 34, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 18-J mm. A. KALAOENSIS Fulton. PI. 67, figs, 4, 11. Shell sinistral, narrowly perforate, long conic, thin but moderately solid, glossy and lightly striatulate. Pale yellow, lighter on the spire, with two belts of squarish or oblong dark brown spots and some- times a dark suprasutural line on the spire, Jive on the last whorl, that around the umbilicus and the next one nearly or quite continuous AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIII. 205 bands. Whorls about 6^, rather convex, the earlier 1^ white with a black-brown apical spot ; suture with a faint white line. Aperture ovate, white and showing the spots within ; lip expanded, white ; columella dilated above, white or lilac tinted ; parietal callus light red, thin and translucent. Alt. 32, diam. 16 mill. (type). Alt. 34, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 15^ mill. Kalao Island (A. Everett). A. kalaoensis FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 102 (July, 1896) SMITH, same vol., p. 148, pi. 10, f. 10. This species is intermediate between A. anncz and A. inconstans, having the pink parietal wall of the former, and the spot-bands of some forms of the latter species. A. maculatus, annce and kalaoensis^ are doubtless closely allied and derived from a common ancestor. Fig. 4 is Fulton's type, fig. 11 a more elongate specimen differing a little in markings. 13. Group of A. latestrigatus. Shell solid for this group, witli well-expanded, reflexed or recurved lip, which is rose-colored or black. Coloring various, but spots of the spire, when present, are cut by a median pale band, and there is a tendency to split the continuous stripes of the last whorl or two into narrow spots forming interrupted bands. There is no pinkish or rosy umbilical tract. a. Lip black ; Flores Island. A. floresianus, p. 205. a1. Lip pink or purple-rose. b. Lip reflexed and recurved; Timor; reflexilabris, p. 206. bl. Lip moderately expanded or slightly reflexed. c. Broadly striped ; form rather stout ; Sumba I., latestrigatus, p. 207. c1. Striped ; form more slender ; Sumba I., sumbaensis, p. 208. c2. No stripes, but a narrow basal band ; Sumba and S. FJores, consobrinus, p. 208. A. FI.ORESIANUS Fulton. PL 65, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20. Shell narrowly perforate, sinistral, oblong-conic, solid and opaque, smooth but rather lustreless, weakly striatulate. Color and pattern exceedingly variable ; the first 1 J whorls are uniform pink with a 206 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIII. black-brown apical dot ; the next whorl is paler with a series of brown stripes or spots bisected by a median light girdle ; the ground- color then changes to whitish, and then pale straw-yellow, which becomes more intense toward the base, and may be either uniform or with "one to ten brown spiral lines, which are sometimes contin- uous, sometimes interrupted." In some specimens the brown flames of the early whorls continue to the last, where they spread over the whole surface (figs. 19, 20). Whorls about 6^, a little* convex- Aperture white or tinted within, becoming brown or lilac near the reflexed, intensely black-brown peristome. Columella dilated, black- brown outwardly, lilac within, continuous with the parietal callus, which is brownish toward the edge, translucent lilac or nearly color- less within. Alt. 44, diam. 20 mill. (type). Alt. 42, diam. 20J, longest axis of aperture 20J mill. Southern F lores (Everett). A. floresianus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xx, 211, pi. 6, f. 2 (August, 1897). Although extremely variable in color, the black lip is constant in the specimens collected. To the type figure (rig. 17), I add others representing varying phases of coloration, figs. 19, 20 representing a pattern of which only very few specimens occurred. A. REFLEXILABRIS Schepman. PI. 65, fig. 21. " Shell sinistral, elongately conical, slightly striated, imperforate, varying much in color, yellow with green streaks, pale or orange yellow, with the upper whorls yellowish or brown, apex yellow or black brown, upper whorls nearly always with brown flames or blotches, lower whorls commonly with a white zone beneath the sutures ; whorls 6, slightly convex ; aperture elongately-ovate, angular above, angularly rounded and slightly effused beneath, occu- pying with the peristome about half the length of the shell, interior white ; lip strongly reflected, so as to reach and even partly to cover the back side of the shell and forming a canal having the appearance of a very thick peristome; columella thickened, like the lip of a pale rose-color, margins connected by a thin callosity " (Scheprn.). Alt. 39^, diam. maj. 1SJ, ap. alt. incl. perist. 29| mill. Alt. 42, diam. maj. 21, ap. alt. incl. perist. 21 mill. Alt. 50, diam. maj. 23^, ap. alt. incl. perist. 27 mill. Timor: Amarassi (Dr. Ten Kate). AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIII. 207 A. reflexilabris SCHEPM., Notes Leyden Mus. xiv, p. 152 (1892). FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 89, pi. 7, f. 2 (1896). ''This species varies very much in size and color, no two speci- mens being alike; the largest (somewhat bleached) one is totally yellow except the peristome, the smallest is yellowish orange, with white sutural zone, a dark apex and a few faint brown blotches ranged in two rows on the upper whorls; a third full-grown speci- men and a juvenile one are yellow with more or less green, disposed in streaks on the last whorl, and have a white sutural zone; the full- grown specimen has a yellowish apex and two rows of brown blotches on the next whorls, which cease abruptly on the penultimate whorl; the younger specimen has a dark apex and dark flames, of which only a few are divided by a narrow white spiral zone ; the penulti- mate whorl is partly brown-shaded. This species shows affinities to many other species of the East Indian Archipelago, the upper whorls of some specimens recall in mind A. contrarius Mull., the green whorl resembles some varieties of A. furcillatus. They differ from every known species by the uncommon development of the peristome, which is most characteristic and suffices to recognize the species at first sight " (Schepm.}. A. LATESTRIGATUS Schepman. PI. 67, fig. 10. " Shell sinistral, ovately-conical, nearly smooth, perforated, apical whorl blackish-brown, next whorl rose-color, the following whorls are white, then pale yellow, last whorl darker yellow, total number of whorls ^about 6^ ; they are slightly convex, the four last with broad brown flames, which on the last whorl become greenish gray and are often confluent towards the base, sutures with a narrow white margin, accompanied by a blackish one (wanting in one specimen) ; aperture ovately oblong, angular above, rounded beneath, occupying less than half the length of the shell, bluish white in- teriorly ; lip moderately expanded ; columella nearly straight ; like the lip dark rose-colored, margins connected by a thin callosity of the same color. Alt. 36^, diam. maj. 21, apert. alt. incl. perist. 18^ mill. Alt. 37, diam. maj. 19, apert. alt. incl. perist. 17 mill." (Schepm.). Sumba (Soemba) Island : Massoe, in the central southeast, and near Waingapoe on the north coast (Dr. H. Ten Kate). A. latestrigatus SCIIEPMAN, Notes from the Levden Museum, xiv, 208 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIII. p. 151 (1892) — A. latistrigatus Schepmann, FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 89, pi. 7, f. 1 (1896). " This species differs from all the allied ones, by the broad flames, and the fine rose-color of the aperture ; this last peculiarity is also found in A. suspectus Martens, A. annce Martens and in the next species, but they differ in so many other respects that they may be easily recognized. " The measurements taken from specimens from Massoe, show that they vary in form. In nearly all the specimens the flames of the upper whorls are traversed by a narrow zone of the ground color ; the yellow color of the last whorl is more or less bright. " A juvenile specimen from Massoe has the space near the umbi- licus rose-color, with two brown spiral bands beneath the periphery. This and two adult specimens from the same locality, are in the finest condition, the other are more or less bleached " (Schepm.}. A. SUMBAENSIS Fulton. PI. 67, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8. Shell sinistral, perforate or umbilicate, rather solid, opaque, smooth- ish. Whitish, becoming cream or pale yellow on the base and pink on the upper whorls, 1^ earliest uniform reddish-purple with a black tip, the subsequent whorls striped with reddish-brown changing on the last whorl or two to bluish-gray, these stripes rarely bifurcate above, often showing traces of spiral color-lines, not reaching quite to the white- edged suture, and on the early whorls generally cut by an indistinct median pale spiral. Whorls 6-6-J, rather convex. Aperture ovate white with bluish stripes within, the lip rather narrowly expanded* purple-rose colored; columella purple, dilated above; parietal callus thin, rose tinted. Length 34, diam. 16 mill. (type). Length 34J, diam. 17, longest axis of aperture 17 mill. Length 26-|, diam. 13J, longest axis of aperture 13^ mill. Sumba Island (Fulton). A. sumbaensis FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 102 (July, 1896); xx, p. 214, pi. 6, f. 1 (1897). Allied to A. latestrigatus Schepman, but narrower, with darker apical whorls, and less solid. A. CONSOBRINUS Fulton. PI. 67, fig. 9. "Shell sinistral, oblong-conic, slightly perforate; whorls 6, con- AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIV. 209 vex, yellow below fading to dirty white above, first three whorls of a semi-transparent flesh color, tipped at the apex with dark brown, last whorl obsoletely keeled at the periphery ; there is a narrow greenish- blue band just above the umbilical area, which is continued spirally upon the parietal wall ; lip and columella pale purple, connected by a thin reddish-brown callus; lip slightly expanded and reflected; in- terior of aperture white. Long. 32 mill., maj. diam. 15 mill." (Fulton). South f lores Island (Everett); Sumba Island. A. consobrinus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xx, p. 211, pi. 6, f. 3 (August, 1897). Probably a variety of A. sumbaensis, but as I have not seen speci- mens I follow Fulton's estimate of its rank. " Some specimens have an additional narrow spiral band just be- low the periphery. This species is very closely allied to my A. sum- baensis, but can easily be distinguished by its different coloration. Type in British Museum " (Fulton). 14. Group of A. inconstans. A. INCONSTANS Fulton. PI. 67, figs. 12-17. Shell sinistral, perforate, oblong-conic, glossy, striatulate. Ground color yellow, fading to white on the spire, the early whorls and apex uniform white; typically the last whorl \u\sfour spiral bands, the upper two composed of squarish blackish-chestnut spots alternating with pale intervals, and ascending the spire ; the lower two bands continu- ous or irregularly interrupted. Or in some shells (a) all bands are absent, the shell yellow, or (b) with a single band below the periph- ery, or (c) with two basal bands. Spire slender, the summit very obtuse. Whorls about G, slightly convex. Aperture oblique, effuse at the base, white or banded within. Colurnella straight, rounded, convexly reflexed and rolled back above, tapering and very slender at its base, usually with a more or less pronounced angle at its junc- tion with the basal lip. Parietal callus a mere translucent film. Length 38, diam. 19, aperture 19 mill. (type). Length 35, diam. 17, aperture 16^ mill. Length 30J, diam. 15^, aperture 15J mill. Length 29, diam. 16, aperture 16 mill. Allor { Ombai) Island, north of Timor ; Pantar /., west of Allor ; Pur a (Poera) Island (Everett). A. inconstans FULTON, Proc. Malac. Soc, Lond., iii, p. 10, fig. in 14 210 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XV. text (April, 1898); p. 213 (Mar., 1899). — A. inconstans var. gracilis MARTENS, Conchologische Miscellen, in Archiv f. Naturg. Ixv, p. 29, pi. 3, f. 2 (April, 1899). This species is near A. kalaoensis, but the aperture is somewhat longer and more effuse below, the earlier whorls and apex are invar- iably white, with no dark apical dot, and the parietal callus and um- bilical area show none of the pink color of kalaoensis. The figures, drawn from specimens of the original lot, sufficiently show its varia- bility in markings. The uniform yellow form with white top (a) occurred upon Allor, Pantar and Pura Islands, the other stripe- varieties upon Allor, and form b on Pura also. Professor von Martens has distinguished the shells with only a peripheral band or none, and rather slim contour (forms a and b of Fulton) as var. gracilis (pi. 67, fig. 16); but there seems a minimum of use in such distinction, as it is quite impossible to draw a line between b and c, and the latter is equally near the typical form. If used at all, the varietal name gracilis should apply to figs. 14—17, while figs. 12, 13 represent the typical inconstans. The striped form, " var. D" of Fulton, while probably of common ancestry with inconstans, may not be actually connected therewith, and will probably stand. See A. oscitans. 15. Group of A. contrarius. Slender, sinistral forms, in which the parietal wall bears a small callous nodule near ihe posterior angle of the aperture, separated from the lip by a narrow channel. The coloring is similar to the patterns of the group of A. porcellanus. A: CONTRARIUS (Muller). PI. 68, figs. 22-27. Shell umbilicate or perforate, sinistral, oblong turreted, thin but moderately solid, polished and glossy, faintly striatulate above, some- what coarsely wrinkle-striate on the base. Ground-color of a pale flesh-tint, white on the spire, flammulate with oblique purple-brown stripes which do not reach to tie suture above, and are bisected by a yellow band (white on the spire] which revolves midway between sutures, and frequently has dark borders on the last whorl ; the flames abruptly terminating at a wide yellow band revolving below the peri- phery,and bordered above and below with narrow dark bands ; a large flesh-colored ba?al area below the band. Whorls about 6, quite con- AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XV. 211 vex, the first one black ; penultimate and last whorls strongly convex; suture impressed, marked by a white line below, which is often bordered by an indistinct pink band. Aperture small, oblique, sliovv- ing the bands within ; peristome white both inside and out, reflexed, thin ; columella oblique, its outer margin triangularly reflexed above, continued some distance as a thickened ledge upon the parietal wall. Parietal callus thin, showing the bands through, thickened at the edge bdoiv and near the posterior angle, where there is a subtriangular tuber- cle, separated from the termination of the outer lip by a deep but narrow channel, which continues along the suture inside (fig. 25). Alt, 36, diarn. 19, longest axis of aperture 18 mill. Alt. 34, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 16 mill. Alt. 24^, diam. 15 mill. Timor: Southern part of the inland from Kupang and Babauw in- land to Okabita, not uncommon (v. Martens); Pariti and Taimanan (Gazelle Exped.); Amarassi (Dr. H. Ten Kate; a variety?) Rotti (a small island near the west end of Timor): Talae (A. Wichmann). . Helix contraria MULLBR, Verm. Hist, ii, p. 95. — GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3644. — FERUSSAC, in Freycinet's Voy. autour du Monde, 1'Uranie et la Physicienne, Zool., p. 474, pi, 67, f. 8, 9 Helix interrupta sinistrorsa, etc. CHEMNITZ, Conchy 1. Cab. ix, p. 101, f. 938, 939 (Miiller's type).— H. interrupta var. DILLWYN, Catal., ii, p. 937. — Bulimus interruptus'var. BRUG.. LAM. — KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 14, pi. 9, f. 5, 6 (copied from Chemnitz). — HOM- BRON & JACQUINOT, Voy. au Pol Sud, Moll., pi. 8, f. 1 Bulimus contrarius DESH, in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 226 ; in Fer. Hist., p. 19, pi. 161, f. 10, 12, 13.— MOUSSON, Moll. Java, p. 110 PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849, p. 138; Conchyl. Cab. p. 136, pi. 41, f. 3, 4; Monogr. iii, p. 327; iv, 384; vi, 30; viii, 40 (always exclusive of varieties) — MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn, p. 363, pi. 21, f. 7a, 6,c, 10, and var. subconcolor, p. 365, pi. 21, f. 9 (1867); Mai. Blatt. x, 1863, p. 171 ; Monatsber. K.-P. Akad. Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1877, p. 278 (1878). — Orthostylus contrarius BECK, Index Moll. p. 50. Amphidromus contrarius WALLACE, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 412 SEMPER, Reisen in Archip. Phil., iii, p. 147, pi. 16, f. 24 (denti. tion). — SCIIEPMAN, Notes Leyden Mus. xiv, 1892, p. 153. — MARTENS, in Weber's Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Nieder. laudisch Ost-Indien, ii, p. 241 ; and F. WIEGMANN, iii, p. 208, pi. 15, f. 12-17 (anatomy). — FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 77 (exclusive of varieties). 212 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XV. The long spire, very convex whorls, and especially the nodule on the parietal wall close to the posterior angle of the aperture, are char- acteristic; and while the color-pattern varies within rather wide limits, it does not merge into that of porcellanus. Generally there are two distinct yellow bands on the last whorl, the lower one much wider and bounded by dark bands ; but there is a good deal of varia- tion in the flame markings, and the rose color of the base and sub- sutural band fades rapidly after death, as von May tens remarks. Fig. 23 is the typical coloration. Var. subconcolor Martens. PI. 65, fig. 28. Entirely like slender individuals of contrarius in contour, thick- ness and gloss of the shell, and peristome, but nearly uniform yellow- ish white, more yellow toward the base, where the two pomegranate- yellow bands of suspectus appear, similar in position to the two citron- yellow ones of contrarius. No trace of streaks or black bands, but the apex is purple-black, as in contrarius^ suspectus and l&vis. Kupana, Timor, one adult and three young specimens (Martens). JB. contrarius var. subconcolor MARTENS, 1. c. — A. l&vis, part/ Fulton, t. c. p. 76. The ledge and superior nodule of the parietal wall show this to belong to contrarius, not to Icevis as Fulton stated. The specimens were collected by von Martens himself. Var. crassus Fulton. PI. 65, fig. 29. ''This shell is similar in shape to the typical form, but is a much more solid shell ; the columella is thick and round, not thin and ex- panded as in the type; whilst the aperture is somewhat higher in proportion to the height of the shell, and the interrupted oblique color-stripes of the type are absent on the last whorl of this species. Diam. 20, alt. 40 mill." (A. contrarius var. crassa Fulton, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 213, 215, pi. 11, f. 8, March, 1899.) O'inainisa, southwestern Timor (Everett). The typical form also occurred at the same place. A somewhat remarkable variety of contrarius is represented by a single specimen before me bearing the locality " Pegu," probably in- correct. It has the characteristic tubercle at the posterior angle, but the shell is very solid, abnormally elongated, with the two basal bands interrupted and the. light band of the upper surface obsolete on the last whorl (pi. 65, fig. 24), AMPIIlDROMUS, GROUP XVI. 2l3 A. SUSPECT us (von Martens). PI. Go, fig. 30. Shell siliistra], ovate-conic, rather solid, lightly striatulate, glossy ; buft* whitish, wiili tico black bands on the base and two Sul/jhur-ye/lotO ones, the. umbilical region roseate, ajtex broadly marked wit/t brown- black. Whorls 6, rather convex. Aperture ovate, three-sevenths to four-ninths the length of the shell, j>eristome moderately thick, nar- rowly expanded, violaceous-brown; colurncllar margin broadly dilated, reflexed, paler ; parietal callus forming a little tooth abore at the insertion of the lip. (Mart.} Alt. 31, diam. 17^, aperture 14 mill. Alt. 27-|, diam. 14, aperture 13 mill. Alt. 24 J, diam. 12J, aperture 11^ mill. Alt. 34J, diam 18, aperture 16J mill. Timor : Kupang, in company with A. contrarius (Martens, Wich- mann. Bulimus suspectus MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch., Ber- lin, 1864, p. 526; 1877, p. 279; Ostas. Zool. Landschn., p. 362, pi 21, f. 8. — PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 27 — A. suspectus SCIIEPMAN, Notes Leyden Mus., xiv, 1892, p. 153 (Soembal.). — MARTENS, in Weber's Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-lndien, ii, p. 241. — FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xyii, p. 78, with var. albolabiata, p. 79, pi. 6, f. 9. Close to A. contrarius in having a nodule at the posterior ajigle of the aperture, but, as Fulton says, it " differs in coloration, being white above with two dark brown and two pale yellow bands on the last whorl, the topmost yellow band being continued above ; lip and columella pink." I think it would be more justly ranked as a variety of A. contrarius. Schepman's single young specimen from Sumba Island may not be this species, as the characteristic tubercle at the mouth angle is not developed until maturity. Var. albolabiatus Fulton. PI. 65, fig. 31. " Differs from suspectus in being larger, in having a white lip and columella, and only two dark-brown bands on last whorl, the upper being continued at the suture of the upper whorls." (Fulton.) Timor. 16. Group of A. cohimellaris. A. COLUMELLARIS Moellendorff. PI. 65, figs. 32, 33. Shell sinistral, narrowly perforate, slenderly conic-oblong, rather 214 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVII. solid, very lightly striatulate, glossy. Pale yellow, painted with rather wide green stripes, sometimes interrupted, and brown above, and encircled by three rose colored bands, one at the suture, another below the periphery, and a third at the umbilical region ; with gen- erally other green, rarely brown bands. Spire turreted-conic, the apex rounded, black. Whorls 7, rather flat, slowly increasing, sepa- rated by an appressed, white-margined suture ; the last whorl a little ascending in front. Aperture slightly oblique, narrow, somewhat auriform ; peristorne but little expanded, white-lipped within, the margins joined by a thin, pellucid callus. Columella strongly spirally twisted, revolute at the perforation. (M lldff.) Length 32, diam. 14, longest axis of aperture 14 mill. (Mlldjf.) Tenimber Is. (W. Micholitz.) A. columellaris MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges., 1892, p. 99, pi. 1, f. 9 FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6). xvii, p. 79. The particular island whence the types came is not recorded. Dr. von Moellendorif found the specimens, about 24 in number, to vary but little in form or coloration. The three roseate bands were present on all of them. The convexly twisted columella is a remark- able character. Fulton writes that he has " some light colored specimens without the narrow red band at suture, under the manuscript varietal name of gloriosa Bttg." Other specimens have red bands at suture and columella, bwt none at the periphery, the base with two bluish-green zones separated by a yellow band ; the stripes above bluish-green or black-brown, bisected midway by a narrow light band, the first whorl black, the next brown. Lip and columella are white, the latter with only slightly convex edge (fig. 33). This may be called var. sierah- ensis. It is from Sierah Island. 17. Group of A. Icevis. A. VEVIS (Miiller). PI. 66, figs. 49-54. Shell sinistral, umbilicate, ovate-turreted, rather solid, nearly smooth, glossy. Yellow, varying from lemon to tawny (or rarely almost white), frequently fading to white on the spire, encircled by two orange bands, sometimes very faint, and occasionally with a third, subsutural band. In addition to these, three or four purple or red-brown or greenish bands are often developed between the orange ones, and there may be a red line below the suture and a fleshy- AMPHtDROMUS, GROUP XVIt. 2lo purple umbilical area. Apical whorls reddish, fleshy or white, usually with a terminal black spot. Whorls 6 (to nearly 7), convex, the last inflated. Aperture small, oblique, flesh-tinted inside ; per- istome white, narrowly reflexed, the columellar margin triangularly dilated ; columella oblique, a little convex ; parietal callus thin and quite transparent. Alt. 29, diam. 15, longest axis of aperture 13^ mill. Alt. 36, diam. 17^, longest axis of aperture 17 mill. Alt. 43, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 18 mill. Moluccas: Keffing 7s., off the eastern end of Ceram (Capt. Schulze). Helix laeva MULLEU, Verm. Terr. Hist., ii, p. 95. — CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., ix, p. 103, pi. Ill, f. 940-949 — GMELIN, 'Syst. Nat., p. 3644. — DILLWYN, Descript. Catal., ii, p. 935. — Buli- mus ItEvis BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 317. — KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 15, pi. 9, f. 9-16. — PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 39; Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849, p. 138 ; Monogr., iii, 321 ;-iv, 382; vi, 27 — REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 37, f. 216 b — MOUSSON, Moll. Java, p. 110 — DESK, in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 18 MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 359 (1867). — Bulimus (Amphidromus) Icevis Mull., TAPPARONE-CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. di S tori a nat. di Geneva, xx, 1884, p. 146. — Amphid- romus ICBVIS Miill., MARTENS, Monatsber. K. P. Akad. Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1877, p. 279, and in Weber's Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien, ii, p. 251 (1891). — FUL- TON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 76. Usually banded in rather gaudy colors on a yellow ground, two rather faint orange bands being especially constant; and further differing from its allies in never being flammulate or obliquely striped. It varies interminably in color and band-pattern. Although known to naturalists of the last century, the locality of this species still remains uncertain. Timor, the Tenimber islands, and the Moluccas have all been given as its habitat, but lack con- firmation by recent collectors. The locality Keffing Is. is upon the authority of a German who, returning from the Dutch East Indies, assured Prof, von Martens that it came from that place. The speci- mens in collections were collected by Malays, and obtained at the seaports, from Singapore down. It must be abundant where found. The name lavis would be as appropriate to most Amphidromus, as nearly all the species are smooth. 216 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. Amphidromus kobetti Rolle (Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges., April, 1893, p. 34) is considered a synomyn by Fulton, but from his re- mark on its coloration it is evident that h-e had not seen a typical specimen. The original description is as follows : shell rimate-per- forate, sinistral, ovate-conic, obliquely striatulate ; buff with two brown bands on the whorls of the spire, a very narrow one above the suture and a wider one in the middle; the last whorl having a third and wider band below the periphery ; spire whitish, apex small, sub- mamrnillate. Whorls 6, regularly increasing, a little convex, sepa- rated by a linear suture, the last whorl nearly as long as the spire, a little inflated. Aperture very oblique, angularly ovate-semilunar, buffin the throat; peristome callous, white, the margins joined by a very thin callus ; left margin well arched, reflexed, forming an angle with the columellar margin, which is vertical, callous, and dilated above, roofing over the perforation. Alt. 32, diam. 20 mill. The locality is unknown. The form and coloring described lead me to agree with Fulton that this is identical with Iceris, though the dimensions differ a little from ordinary specimens ; a normal Ian-is before me 32 mill, long is only 16 mill, in diameter. However, von Martens gives alt. 30J. diam. 19 mill, as the measurements of a specimen, and this is as wide as kobelti. 18. Group of A. adamsi. Rather small, sinistral, imperforate or but slightly rimate shells, varying enormously in color and pattern, but no doubt of common ancestry; characteristic of Borneo, but spreading across Balabac Strait to the islands or mainland of southwestern Paragua (Palawan), and on the other side reaching Sumatra and Java. Illustrated on plates 66, 69, 70, 71. A wonderful series of forms, remarkable even in Amphidromus for the instability of coloration. The species are largely arbitrary, for while extreme forms may be remarkably distinct, there are many connecting specimens. In the group of forms included under A. quadrasi the intergradation is demonstrated by series before me ; but the subspecies of the A.adamsi group probably have true racial value. A. FURCILLATUS (Mousson). PI. 66, figs. 38, 39, 40. Shell sinistral, long-conic, subperforate, smooth, glossy; buff-white with grayish-brown flames. Whorls 7, a little convex, regularly in- AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. 217 creasing, the tip of the apex black ; last whorl two-fifths the length, uniform or spirally two-handed below, flammulate above, the flames bifurcate or trifurcate, disappearing at the suture. Aperture ovate, white, showing the bands through ; parietal wall yellowish ; peris4ome thin, reflexed, white, joining the straight and slender columella at an angle, nearly covering the perforation. Alt. 35, diam. 18.2 mill. (Mousson}. Java : Coffee plantation of Pangang-Lele (type locality) ; Litgin and Rogodjampi) in the Banjuwangi residency (Zoilinger) ; Mi. Lamongan Probolingo residency (F. Jagor) ; and Balong, Bezuki residency (Dr. Semmelink). Bimah I. (Zoilinger). Helix IcBve CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. ix, f. 949. — Bulimus Icevis (in part) REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 216a. — KUSTER, in part, Conchyl. Cab., pi. 9, f. 16 — Bulimus elegans MOUSSON, Moll. Java, p. 32, 110, pi. 3, f. 3 (1849); not B. elegans Pfr B.furcillatus Mouss., t. c., p. 115 (1849) — MARTENS, Ostas. Zool., Landschn., p. 357, with v&Y.flammulatu.s (== typical furcillatus) and virescens, p. 358, pi. 21, f. 3. — B. contrarius var. b, PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 327. Amphidromus furcillatus Mouss., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 76. Mousson's original description, translated above, was from a speci- men in rather poor condition, according to Fulton ; the ground-color having faded. In fresh specimens the ground is buff, with a rather wide pale zone below the suture (which has a yellow or sometimes pink margin), and fading to whitish on the spire. This ground on the last whorl is closely and more or less conspicuously streaked with grass-green lines. The purple- brown oblique stripes or flames are forked or broken into three branches above, with great regularity, upon the pale belt below the sutural margin. When these flames continue to the aperture, we have typical furcillatus, but when they fade upon the last whorl, and the green streaks are conspicuous there, it is the form virescens (figs. 38, 39). In the typical form the bases of the purple-brown stripes may be more or less united by a spiral band, and sometimes there is another defining a small dull reddish columellar area. This area is to be seen also in the var. virescens. Fig. 40 is a copy of the type figure. The coloration is strikingly like certain forms of A. quadrasi. A. ANDAMANICUS (< Thorp,' Hanley & Theobald). PI. 66, fig. 41. Defined by a figure, in which the last whorl is green-striped on a 218 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. yellowish ground, marked by a reddish-brown sutural band ; the spire is buff with oblique chestnut stripes, which are simple, not forked above ; 3 or 4 earlier whorls uniform buff. "The aperture is white with a broad purple-lake band above the pillar." It is sinistral. Andaman Is. (Hanley & Theobald). Bulijmis andamanicus Thorp, MSS., HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conchologia Indica, p. 59, pi. 148, f. 10 (1876 or earlier) — Arnphi- dromus sp., NEVILL, Handlist of Moll. Ind. Mus., pt. 1, p. 127, no. 21 (1878). — A. furcillatus var. andamanica FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 77. — A. andamanicus var. nicobarica Nev. MS., GODWIN-AUSTEN, P. Z. 8., 1895, p. 443, 450. The similarity in coloring to A. furcillatus and A. quadrasi is re- markable, but on account of the widely separated localities it may be inadvisable to unite andamanicus with either, without full investiga- tion. I have not seen the species, and no sufficient account of it has been published. Godwin-Austen says of var. nicobaricus * Nevill ' G.-A.; " Of this species I have one specimen from Katchall (Nicobar Is.). It is somewhat larger than Andaman shells, and in color is far paler, and with few markings, and those pale. These differences might not hold good in a large series." Fulton states that andamanicus varies 4< from very light to quite a dark color." The figure is a copy of the original. A. SUMATRANUS (Martens). PI. 66, figs. 35, 36, 37. Shell sinistral, long-conic, smooth, very glossy; buff-whitish, marked with a row of brown spots, and on the base two or three brown bands, the apex pale. Whorls 6, nearly flat. Aperture ovate, three-sevenths the length of the shell ; peristome rather thick, white, somewhat widely expanded ; no parietal callus ; columellar margin slender, straight, nearly perpendicular, making a distinct angle with the basal lip, at the insertion narrowly reflexed and flatly adnate. (Martens.) Length 33, diam. 17, aperture 15 mill. Length 27, diam. 14^, aperture 12 mill. Sumatra : central mountain region near Kepahiang (Martens) ; Indrapcera (Weyers, figs. 36, 37) ; Silago (Snellman). Bulimus sumatranus MARTENS, Monatsber. Berl. Akad. Wis- sensch., 1864, p. 526 ; Ostas. Zool., ii, p. 366, pi. 21, f. 6.— PFR. AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. 219 Monogr., vi, p. 27. — SCHEPMAN in Veth's Midden Sumatra, Moll., p. 8 (1880) A. sumatranus Mart., FULTON, t. c., p. 88 (1896). — DAUTZENBERG, Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg., xxxiv, p. 6, pi. 1, f. 2, 2 a (1899) ? Hulimus (Amphidromus) adamsi Reeve, BOCK, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 630. The shell is smoother and more glossy than other members of the group, the last whorl bluntly angular. The upper two-thirds of the last whorl, and the visible portion of the preceding whorls, is yellow- ish gray-white, with one or two white bands with regularly spaced brown spots ; the upper bund (sometimes absent) runs below the pre- ceding suture, the lower close above the following suture and at the periphery of the last whorl ; and besides there are pale grayish nebulous streaks, forked above (y-like), and ending below in the spots of the lower band. If these cloudy markings were brown, the pattern would resemble that of A. furcillatus. At the base of the last whorl there are three narrow blackish spiral bands, the space be- tween the first and second yellowish brown, that between the second and third whitish yellow. The third band frequently is lighter, even green ; and the umbilical tract defined by it is not roseate, but of a greenish-yellow color, darker than the rest of the shell. It is likely that the shells collected by Mr. C. Bock at Sidjoend- joeng, Paio, etc., in the Padang district, and identified as A. adamsi, were really A. sumatranus, but no details of color, etc., are given. See under A. adamsi var. pictus. A. SEMIFRENATUS Martens. A peculiar form, between porcellanus and sumatranus, having the slender contour in common with the former, and in a few specimens the two wide brown bands on the base; but the upper surface of the last whorl and the visible part of those preceding is more similar to sumatranus, being pale greenish or bluish white, with small pale brown spots in one or two spiral rows- The last whorl is more yel- low throughout than in the two species named, and the brown bands may vanish to a greater or less extent, but in that case there still re- mains of the lower one a narrow black-brown bandlet which winds around the insertion of the columella, and is continued on the outer side of the peristome to the middle of its height. A few examples are other- wise quite uniform yellow, but show this dark brown columellar band- let and this dark bro\vn streak behind the reflection of the white per- 220 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. istome. This does not occur in porcellanus or sumatranus, so far as 16 of the former, 3 of the latter show. There are three pattern- varieties : (a) Two brown bands on the under side, two rows of paler spots on the visible portion of the earlier whorls, (b) Bands of the under side vanished, excepting the narrow one about the columella; the two spot-rows of the upper whorls equally distinct in one specimen, in the other disappearing on the penultimate whorl, very pale on the two preceding, (c) Uniform yellow except for the band around the columella and behind the lip. (Martens.) Sumatra: Deli (L. Marten, form a); Sukaranda, Upper Lankat (Schneider, forms b and c). Amphidromus semifrenatus MARTENS, Nachrbl. d. d. Malak. Ges., xxxii, p. 8 (Feb., 1900). A. HOSEI Smith. PI. 63, fig. 89. Shell small, rimate, sinistral, elongate, conic ; a narrow reddish- purple line encircling the middle of the last whorl, and above the suture, and toward the apex spotted with brown, under a very thin pale yellow cuticle. Whorls 7, a little convex, striated with very delicate, oblique growth-lines, slowly and regularly increasing, the last one short, stained with black around the narrow umbilical chink. Aperture inverted auriform, pale yellowish with a median reddish- purple line, a little exceeding one-third the total length of the shell ; peristome white, narrowly expanded and reflexed, the columellar margin thickened and narrowly dilated. Length 31, diam. 14, aper- ture 11 mill. long. (Smith). Borneo : Men, Sarawak (C. Hose). Amphidromus hosei E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., June, 1895, p. 115, pi. 3, f. 20 — FULTON, t. c., p. 81. "A small species, rather like A. suspectus Martens, from Timor and Sumbawa. It is differently colored, the increase of the whorls is slower, and the body-whorl and aperture are smaller. The apex is not black, and the fourth and fifth volutions exhibit some pale brown spots or stripes. Only a single specimen examined " (Smith). " Near flavus in form, with a thin yellowish green epidermis as in sylheticus, but easily distinguished from both by the single color-band encircling the last whorl " {Fulton). AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. 221 A. ADAMSI (Reeve). PL 69, figs. 32-50; pi. 66, figs. 44, 45. Shell ovate-conic, sinistral, imperforale, thin, variously colored (see below), but generally with a distinct yellow or reddish border^ be- low the suture, and a pink or purple umbilical area; many forms with yellow or reddish bands above and below the periphery. Glossy, slightly striatulate, and showing excessively fine spiral striae under a lens, the apex punctulate. Whorls about 6, slightly convex, the last rather swollen, aperture ovate, oblique, white or marked with dark brown inside ; the peristome thin, expanded, white ^ columella usually carmine or purple, slender or straight, narrow below, suddenly dilated and appressed above ; parietal callus a mere color- less varnish. Islands on the Borneo side of Balabac Strait, and N. Borneo. Bulimus adamsi REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 13, figs. 73 a, b, c, d (June, 1848). — ADAMS & REEVE, Zool. « Samarang,' Moll., p. 58, pi. 15, f. 1. — PFR., Monogr. iv, 385 ; vi, 32 ; viii, 46 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 89, pi. 31, f. 11, 12 — MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn. p. 356, var. A and D ; not the description. — Bulimus moniliferus Old., PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 328 (exclusive of reference to Gould); not B. moni- liferus Gld. — Amphidromus adamsi Reeve, FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 82, with varieties subunicolor " Martens," p. 5, f. 5; articulata, pi. 5, f. 7 ; duplocincta, pi. 5. f. 4 ; luteofasciata, pi. 5, f. 2, 2 a; ornata, pi. 5, f. 14 ; p. 83, var. rufocincta^ pi. 5, f. 1 ; superba, pi. 5, f. 10 ; simplex, pi. 5, f. 12 ; inornata, pi. 5, f. 6 ; aureocincta, pi. 5, f. 3, 3 a (Jan. 1896). An extremely variable species, the limits of which may well be amplified to include hamatus, placidus, angulatus and pictus as sub- species. The forms from Banguey and an islet between that island and Balambangan are merely color-phases of the typical form, similar in rank to those of Liguus fasciatus, described in Vol. XII of this work, and deserving names neither more nor less than these. On the mainland of Borneo a number of forms occur which may be con- sidered either species or sub-species, at the option of the naturalist ; for while their actual intergradation with typical adamsi may not as yet be proven, the variation known renders it highly probable that intergradation occurs. The species was named in honor of Arthur Adams. Typical form. PI. 69, figs. 32, 33. Thin, smooth ; white or grayish with three yellow bands, one below the suture, others above 222 AMPHIDKOMUS, GROUP XVIII. and below the periphery, the latter enclosing a peripheral series of squarish or long brown spots alternating with white intervals, which appear above the suture on the spire; a purple area surrounding the columella; several early whorls and the apex white. Alt. 30, diam. 16, aperture 14^ mill. Jslet between Banguey and Balambangan, Balabac Strait, N. E. Borneo, on a tall tree (A. Adams). There is some pink color back of the lip in some specimens. The figures in the zoology of the Samarang and figs. 73 a, b of Reeve rep- resent this form. My fig. 33 is also drawn from a specimen of the original lot. In the same locality specimens (pi. 69, fig. 34) occur of a yellow color, paler above, and with a yellow subsutural band but otherwise bandless ; the columellar patch and white apex as in the typical form. Reeve's figs. 73 c, c?, represent this form. Color-varieties from Banguey Island. Form subunicolor Fulton (pi. 69, fig. 3/5). " Yellow ; lip, colu- mella and umbilical area pink ; third and fourth whorls plain or ornamented with a reticulated band just above the suture." In specimens received from the author there is a broad white band above, the apical whorls are pink, with sometimes a blackish terminal dot, and the outer lip is white with a purple spot at the angle. Fulton wrongly gives von Martens as the authority for the name. When the spot band of the early whorls is continued upon the last, this becomes Form articulatus Fulton (pi. 69, fig. 36). u Like subunicolor, but with a band composed of square dark-brown spots encircling the periphery and continued at the suture of upper whorls ; ground-color may be either yellow or reddish-brown." Form duplocinctus Fulton (pi. 69, figs. 37, 38). Ground-color either yellow or reddish-brown, with two narrow purple-brown bands, one peripheral, often showing above the suture on the spire, the other on the base, generally split. Columella and area carmine, lip and apical whorls pink. The brown form has a light-red subsutural bor- der, and sometimes there are two series of brown spots on some early whorls. Form simplex Fulton (pi. 69, fig. 44). " Ground-color lemon, which is sometimes suffused with orange; a pink spiral band below the suture ; upper whorls either plain or with some brown spots above the suture of third and fourth whorls. Length 26, diam. 15 mill." AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. 223 Form ornatus Fulton (pi. 69, fig. 41). " Ground-color either yel- low or reddish -brown, with a broad spiral band of short oblique equi- distant dark-brown stiipes at the periphery, continued above at_the suture ; lip, columella and umbilical area pink." Form luteofasciatus Fulton (pi. 69, figs. 39, 40). Yellow bands below the suture and above and below the periphery, and a pale band around the purple eolumellar tract, the intervals between bands of a peculiar drab or bluish color, sometimes with distant white spots along the peripheral band^; two series of brown spots on some early whorls ; a dark apical dot. Lip and columella pink. Allied to the following. Form superbus Fulton (pi. 69, fig. 43). "A most beautiful variety of a bluish-grey ground-color, ornamented with three spiral color- bands, a pink one just below the suture, one, either yellow or pink, at the centre of the whorls, and the third (a yellow one) at the lower part of the last whorl ; on the upper whorls are oblique stripes, which are interrupted by the spiral bands ; lip, columella and umbilical area pink." (Fulton.) Form mangsianus Pilsbry (pi. 66, figs. 44, 45). Short and ventri- cose, thin ; whitish with yellow suffusion toward the base and lip, and a golden subsutural band ; marked with deeply branching brown flames interrupted on the base by a yellow belt, the eolumellar area reddish. Another color-form has the same ground-color, but with merely traces of the flames appearing as spots above the suture and on the upper part of some early whorls, the last whorl with a sub- peripheral and a basal dark interrupted line. Island of Many si, Balabac Strait. B or man forms. Form rufocinctus Fulton (pi. 69, fig. 42). " Ground-color fawn or light brown, with three pink spiral bands, one immediately below the suture, and the other two above and below the periphery, the upper one continued above." Columellar patch carmine, lip and columella pink. Form inornalus Fulton. PI. 69, fig. 45. " Thin, pale lemon color, first three whorls semitransparent, and with some oblique and more or less indistinct brown stripes ; suban- gulate at the periphery ; suture slightly channelled ; lip and columella white ; umbilical area sometimes tinged with pink." North Borneo. 224 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. Subsp. AUREOCINCTUS Fulton. PI. G9, figs. 46, 47, 48. Shell more solid and often more elongated than adamsi ; yellowish fawn, rather streaked below, fading to whitish on the upper part of the last whorl and the spire, the suture with a golden border below ; umbilical region golden or purple. Aperture, lip and apex white : columella white or purple. Length 41, diam. 16 mill. Length 36, diam. 18 mill. Length 29, diam. 14 mill. North Borneo. Subsp. RUBIGINOSUS Fulton. PL 69, figs. 49, 50. Imperforate or nearly so, oblong-conic, rather solid, striatulate, hardly striated spirally. Dead-leaf brown, streaked with darker, fading to whitish on the upper part of last whorl and on the spire. Sometimes having irregularly bent brown stripe markings on the spire and some spots at the periphery, the suture plain or with a reddish brown line near it below ; apex white, sometimes with a dark dot. Lip and columella white, the latter surrounded by an obscure or blackish area. Whorls 6J. Length 38, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 17J mill. Length 33, diam. 17, longest axis of aperture 15^ mill. North Borneo. A. adamsi var. rubiginosa FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 84 (Jan., 1896). — Bulimus Icevis, in part, DESHAYES, in Fer., Hist. pi. 161, f. 11, 14, 15, 18. This very distinct variety resembles var. aureocinctus in solidity and the dull coloralion. It is sometimes irregularly striped above, sometimes stripeless save for some basal streaks. The absence of a sutural border is noteworthy. It is a wider shell than A. sinistralis, with different columella and closed umbilicus. Subsp. HAMATUS Fulton. PI. 70, figs. 51-60. Minutely rimate or subimperforate, thin ; yellow or flesh colored, with a sub peripheral brown band from which short curved flames arise t the surface above th m unicolored, or the flames may be continued in irregular stripes to the suture, and some short ones intercalated above ; varying to forms without flames or without any markings. But there is never a band bordering the suture beloic1, as in adamsi. A small purplish umbilical crescent or none. Periphery usually AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. 225 noticeably angular in front. Aperture marked within, the lip thin, white. Length 27, diam. 15 mill. Length 22J, diam. 12 mill. Labuan Island, off north coast of Borneo. A. hamatus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 84, pi. 5, f. 13 (Jan. 1896). — Bulimus adamsi, var. E and F, ISSEL, Molluschi Borneensi, in Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Geneva, vi, p. 413, pi. 5, f. 28, 29 (1874). Rather more fragile than adamsi, but differing chiefly in the dif- ferent development and variations of the color-pattern. It has not the three yellow bands so frequent in adamsi. The flames along the periphery are usually hooked, from which character the name was given. In the large series before me there is every gradation between uniform yellow or fleshy specimens and elaborately striped and banded. Beginning with examples striped above and one or two banded below (fig. 51), the pattern changes by loss of the narrow stripes on the upper surface, then diminution of the peripheral hooked flames (figs. 53—57), and finally narrowing and disappear- ance of the spiral bands (fig. 58). Enough figures are given to show the chief stages in the loss of brown pattern, but in the series before me the change is seen to progress by such gradual steps that it would be absurd to define '' varieties." This Labuan form was first noticed by Issel, who gives two good figures. Schepman has noted the occurrence of a similarly marked specimen collected by the Dutch Borneo-Expedition at Siritang (Notes Leyden Mus. 1895, xvii, p. 156), where one would expect the forms of subsp. pictus; but doubtless the Sintang form is what von Martens records from Mandhor, as transitions between the spot- girdle form and that with wide green-gray stripes. PI. 70, fig. 60, is Fulton's type of hamatus. Form placidus Fulton. PL 70, fig. 64. " Shell sinistral, broadly conical, slightly perforate, thin, obliquely striate, somewhat angulate at the periphery; whorls 6, slightly con- vex, apex brown, apical whorls white, lower of a pale lemon color; columella straight, rather thin, slightly expanded, white at upper part ; lip pale purple-brown, expanded and slightly reflected. Long. 31 mill., maj. diam. 16 mill." (Fulton}. East Borneo, 15 226 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. A. placidus FULT., t. c., p. 84, pi. 5, f. 11 (1896). Seems to be hardly separable from the last except by the tinted lip. Type in British Museum. Subsp. ANGULATUS Fulton. PI. 70, fig. 61. "Shell sinistral, ovate-conic, thin, more or less sharply angulate at the periphery, obliquely striate, umbilicus almost covered ; whorls 6J to 7, slightly convex ; color either fawn with oblique brown stripes on upper whorls or pale yellow with bluish-green stripes, banded at lower part of last whorl; columella white, straight, rather thin ; lip somewhat expanded, white ; interior of aperture dark brown." (Fulton.} Long. 37 mill., maj. diam. 20 mill. Long. 35 mill., maj. diam. 19 mill. Sarawak, Borneo. A. angulalus FULT., t. c., p. 84, no. 42, pi. 6, f. 3 (1896). " Chiefly distinguished by its dark coloration and angular per- iphery. I think it probable that hamatus, placidus, and angulatus are only varieties of Adamsi." (Fulton.} A. PICTUS Fulton. PI. 70, fig. 62. Shell sinistral, subi in perforate, conic, moderately solid, polished. Ground color yellow, fading to corneous on the earlier 1^ whorls, the next whorl with reddish- brown stripes, following whorls covered with broad, oblique bluish- yray or brownish-gray stripes, which but rarely fork, the lest whorl broadly striped above, having a more purple- gray band below (he periphery and another on the base, a red crescent encircling the whole columella. Suture with a very narrow light bor- der below. Whorls 6^, the apex with a brown dot. Aperture deep purple-brown within, with white hands and stripes ; peristome re- flexed, white. Columella triangularly dilated, white or tinted. Length 34^-37^, diam. 19, longest axis of aperture 17-18 mill. Length 37, diam. 17 mill. Kina Balu, North Borneo ; also Sarawak territory (Uoria & Bec- cari). A. pictus FULT., t. c. p. 85, pi. 5, f. 8; with var. concinna pi. 5, f. 9 (1896) B. adamsi Martens, Ostas. Zool., p. 357, pi. 21, f. 5b. — ISSEL, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., 1874, p. 413, " individuo raccolto a Sarawak." Form concinnus Fulton. PI. 70, fig. 63. " Color bluish-grey, with a dark-green zone encircling lower half nfor) •A.MPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. 227 of the upper whorls, interrupted by equidistant, short, oblique stripes ; this interrupted band is continued on last whorl at the periphery; lip and columella pink. Compared with pictus the whorls are more convex, the aperture smaller ; the basal bands are sometimes absent in this variety." (Fulton.) Kina Balu. Form . . . (pi. 64, fig. 18). With very broad and confluent greenish-gray stripes, leaving very narrow vertical buff intervals ; an indistinct whitish sutural zone. Sinykawang, on the west coast of Borneo (Martens). B. adamsi var. C. MARTENS, Ostas., p. 357, pi, 21, f. 5 a. Differs from the preceding by its want of spiral bands on the base. ^t is very widely separated geographically^ Further inland, at Mandhor, von Martens obtained pale buff speci- mens (" var. B ") with greenish-gray rather wide continuous stripes, forked above, without a sutural zone. They occurred with transi- tions toward the above described form, and toward the marking of typical adamsi. , Schepman (Notes Leyden Mus., xvii, 1895, p. 156) reports speci- mens agreeing with this form from the foot of Mt. Tiloeng (Butti- kofer), and Mounts Dadap and Sekedau, Ketoengau River (Moret), collected during the Dutch Borneo Ex pediti on (A. adamsi; .Notes Leyden Mus., xvii, 1895, p. 156). These localities are in the in- terior of Dutch Borneo west and southwest. It is clear that forms referable to the general type of pictus occur in the interior, from Mt. Kina Balu in British North Borneo to western and southwestern Borneo ; and at the present stage of our knowledge it is probably inadvisable to give names to isolated color- forms, which are likely to prove mere individual phases of no truly racial character. Color-form connecteiis Fulton. PJ. 70, fig. 69. u Differs from evcretli in being larger and having no basal color-bands ; body-color of a light yellowish-brown. Like versicolor in size and form, but distinguished from that species , by its dark-colored lip and its narrow reddish-brown sutural band." (A. everetti var. connectens Fulton, t. c., p. 87, pi. 5, f. 17.) North Borneo. A Bornean specimen before me (pi. 66^ fig. 46) agrees with con-, nectens in the dark lip and red-brown sutural band, but retains nar- row traces of yellow stripes on the yellowish-umber last whorl, and 228 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. has a couple of yellow bands on the base. It is merely a somewhat less developed pattern of the same form. I doubt whether connectens has any direct connection with everetti, of which Fulton makes it a variety, but think it holds a i elation to A. pictus parallel to the relation between dubius and everetti. FORM FROM SUMATRA, probably referable to A. sumatranus. A single specimen collected at Singkarah by Dr. Max Weber " agrees best with my var. B. from Mandhor [see above]. It shows quite dis- tinctly the pale uninterrupted greenish gray stripes on all the whorls, but no spots and no specially colored sutural band ; on the base of the last whorl there is only one narrow dark-brown band, which stops a half whorl short of the aperture. The immediate vicinity of the perforation shows the characteristic dark rose-red color well developed, and the interior of the aperture is light. It cannot well be doubted that this specimen belongs to A. adamsi and not to A. sumatranus, which has the same smooth, glossy shell with very superficial sutures, but only quite slight traces of stripes, and regular spots at the periphery," etc. (Martens, in Max Weber's Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien, ii, p. 241. Wiegmann, op. cit., iii, p. 191-204, pi. 14, f. 1-19; pi. 15, f. 1, anatomy of same.) Mr. C. Bock collected specimens at Sidjoendjoeng, Paio, etc., in the Padang district of Sumatra, which he refers to A. adamsi, with- out giving any information on their characters (P. Z. S., 1881, p. 630). A. LINDSTEDTI (Pfeiffer). PI. 70, figs. 70, 71. Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, striatulate, glossy, white [see below]. Spire long-conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6^, a little convex, the last about three-sevenths the total length, obsoletely angulated, the base rounded. Columella subver- tical, slightly twisted. Aperture oblique, somewhat semi circular, the peristome slightly thickened, expanded, margins joined by a cal- lus of the same color. Length 39, diam. above aperture 17 mill. (ffr-) Balabac Island (Everett). Bulimus lindstedti PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 388 ; Monogr. iv, p. 374 ; vi, p. 20 — A. lindstedti FULTON, op. cit. p. 85, pi. 5, f. 15, 15a (1896). " The type specimen of this species is in a bleached state ; when AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP Xvni. 229 in good condition it is yellow at lower whorls, fading to white above ; sometimes the lower whorls are ornamented with oblique narrow pale green stripes, with a narrow orange band at the suture" (Fulton). The locality given by Pfeiffer is " Malacca (F. W. Lindstedt) ; " but if Fulton's identification of the species from Balabac Island is correct, the original locality must have been mistaken. It has not been confirmed by any later collector. I have not seen the species, which may probably not prove specifically separable from A. quadrasi. A. QUADRASI Hidalgo. PI. 71, figs. 72-78. Shell sinistral, imperforate, oblong-conic, somewhat solid, rather glossy and striatulate. 2^ later whorls yellow, densely covered with green lines and streaks, with a carmine border below the suture and patch encircling the columella, both usually bordered with clear yellow ; the upper whorls and apex white or faintly pink tinted, immaculate. Aperture oblique, white within; peristome expanded, white ; columella lilac tinted or white; parietal callus thin and trans- parent. Length 35, diam. above aperture 15 mill, (type, fig. 77). Length 33^, diam. 17 mill. (fig. 78). Islet Candaramanes near Balabac (Quadras) and Balabac 1. (Everett). A. quadrasi HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 36, pi. 2, f. 2; 1888, p. 33; Obras Malacologicas, pi. 101, f. 5, 6 (1900) SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xi, 1893, p. 350, pi. 18, f. 10 (typical form), 11—13 (varieties) — FULTON, Ann. Mag. 1896, p. 85; with var. solida, p. 86, pi. 5, f. 16 — A. versicolor Fulton, torn. cit. p. 86. — A. dubius FULTON, t. c, p. 86, pi. 6, f. 1, 1 a — HIDALGO, Obras, pi. 101, f. 7, 8 A. everetti FULTON, t, c., p. 87 — A. contrarius Mull., HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1888, p. 34. Close to certain Bornean forms of A. adamsi from which it may be distinguished chiefly by the different color-patterns, green lines on a yellow ground, with red at the suture and columella being especially characteristic of the typical A. quadrasi. Mr. E. A. Smith described a number of color variations from Balabac Island, his specimens having been collected by Alfred Everett. Mr. Fulton has given a part of these specific rank ; but having before me specimens received from Fulton, as well as a quan- tity collected some years ago by Mr. J. B. Steere, I find that the 230 AMPHIDKOMUS, GROUP XVIII. latter shells connect the supposed species in every direction. Selected specimens may be classified according to Mr. Fulton's arrangement, but the intermediate forms repudiate it as unnatural. My plates were arranged before the forms were completely studied, and so do not show the connections as well as might be desired ; but as an inT stance of the color-form chains occurring, I would mention one con- necting guadrasi and versicolor through pi. 71, fig. 78, f. 75, pi. 66, f. 47, f. 43, pi. 71, f. 91 ; or from pi, 6G, f. 47, we may pass to pi. 71, f. 89. And the immature shells of this last form are exactly like some dub ius, in stripe and band marking. The latter form (dubius) also connects directly with the maculate form of guadrasi (pi. 71, f. 74, 75) through several specimens before me. Color-form solidus Fulton. PL 71, fig. 76. " Smaller and more solid than typical guadrosi, subangulate at the periphery; last whorl either white, reddish-brown or yellow, with a broad white spiral band just beloxv the suture; upper whorls either plain white or with narrow, oblique, interrupted, light brown stripes" (Fulton). Palawan. Fig. 76 is Fulton's type. Specimens before me (pi. 71, figs. 72, 73, 74, 75 ; pi. 66, figs. 47, 48), have the last whorl yellow except for a broad white belt below the suture, -with close blue-green lines or scarcely any, the suture with a yellow or red margin or none; the spire whitish with purplish flames forked above, or cut by a median whitish line into two series of purplish spots, the upper series split or forked, apex with a small dark dot ; the columella with a small reddish area or none. Some- times the purplish rnaculation of the early whorls extends upon the last ; and in most of the shells the parietal wall shows a basal spiral band visible on looking into the aperture, but not reaching the last whorl. The specimens figured are from Balabac. This series forms a practically complete transition to versicolor and dubius. Color-form versicolor Fulton. PI. 71, figs. 84—91. Variable in form from oblong- to ovate-conic, imperforate. Apex usually with a blackish dot, the spire either plain whitish or fleshy or striped with brown flames forked or dissected above ; the last whorl either (fig. 87) cream-buff, the tint deeper below, or (fig. 86) yellow, suffused toward base and suture with carmine, and with some greenish spiral lines, the lip pink, columella red-purple, or (figs. 90, 91) buff with wedge-shaped dark green bands behind the lip, or (figs. 88, 89) AMPHlDROMUS, GROUP XIX. 231 streaked with reddish-brown except for a pale belt below the suture, and with a greenish belt below the periphery, or (fig. 85) pale yellow with faint green oblique lineation, interrupted at periphery. Aperture and lip white except in the red stained form ; the columelhi and its vicinity either white or pink-tinted. Length 47, diam. 20. Length 43, diam. 22. Length 38, diam. 18. Length 35, diam. 18-19. Length 33, diam. 16J. Length 24^, diam. 14 mill. Balabac Island. In a series of four specimens from Fultm, collected, by Everett, and six collected by Steere, no two are alike in markings or size. The smallest specimen before me is figured, pi. 66, fig. 42. It lias 5^ whorls and a peripheral brown band. The largest shells have fully 7 whorls. Steere collected green-lineate specimens with and without a red sutural line connecting with the typical quadrasi. Color-form dubhis Fulton. PJ. 71, figs. 79-83. Ground-color yellow below, whitish on the spire, copiously striped above the peri- phery with bluish gray, becoming brown on the spire, the stripes con- tinuous or branching above; the base with a band below the periphery and usually another midway, the columellar region pale or stained with red ; suture with a pale or a red margin. Aperture usually dark within, the lip white, columella white or pink. Some- times the stripes coalesce to a uniform bluish band over the whole upper surface of the last whorl. Dimensions variable. Balabac Island. Figures 79, 80 are Fulton's types, figs. 81-83 other specimens col- lected by Steere. The periphery may be subangular or as rounded as in qiiadrasi, indifferently. It is distinguished from A. adamsi pictus by the locality ; from A. everetti by the white lip. Color-form everetti Fulton. PI. 70, figs. 65, 66, 67, 68. Yellow, fading to white on the earlier whorls, the apex black, copiously striped with purple-brown on the spire, olive on the last whorl, the stripes simple or branching above ; the base with two wide blackish- olive girdles and a reddish columellar area, Suture with either a pale or red border. Aperture dark within ; Up blackish-brown, ex- panded. Length 40, diam. 18-20. Length 30, diam. 16 mill. Palawan. 19. Group of A. sinistralis. Elongate forms with convex whorls and rather dull coloring, char- acteristic of northern Celebes. 232 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIX. A. SINISTRALIS (Reeve). PI. 68, figs. 23-31. Shell sinistral, umbilicate, long-conic, rather slender, moderately solid, glossy, usually fleshy buff or yellow, fading to whitish on the spire, marbled or dotted with translucent-gray, and often more or less streaked obliquely with gray or pinkish gray. Slightly striatulate and obsoletely striate spirally. Spire long and straightly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6J to 7, convex. Aperture small, oblique, white, yellow or brownish inside; peristome white, expanded, the columellar margin triangularly dilated above, the edge thickened at the insertion above the umbilicus. Alt. 37, diam, 18, longest axis of aperture 16J mill. Alt. 39, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 15J mill. Celebes: northern peninsula from Paguat westward. Bulimus sinistralis REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 81, f. 603 (Decem- ber, 1849).— PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 137, pi. 41, f. 11-13; Monogr. iii, p. 321 ; iv, 382; vi, 23 — MARTENS, Ostas Laridschn., p. 355, pi. 21, f. 2o, b, c, 11 ; Malak. BL, xx, 1872, p. 173 TAPPARONE- CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. di Geneva, xx, 1884, p. 147 (with var. decolor)-, 169. — Helix Iceva QUOY & GAIMARD, Zool. As- trolabe, ii, p. 120, pi. 10, f. 4 (living). — Bulimus l&vis DESH. in Fer. Hist., pi. 161, f. 11, 14-18 Amphidromus sinistralis WAL- LACE, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 412.— SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., iii, p. 146, pi. 16, f. 22 (teeth) — BOETTGER, Bericht Senckenb. Nat. Ges., 1891, p. 269. — FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 76, with vars. rosea and lutea. — KOBELT, Abhandl. Senckenb. Natu- forsch. Gesellschaft, xxiv, p. 79, 80, pi. 7, f. 8, 8.— P. &. F. SARA- SIN, Die Land-Mollusken von Celebes, p. 212, pi. 31, f. 303 (teeth), 1899. The translucent -grayish dots, blotches or streaks on a pale yellow or pinkish ground are characteristic, though a wide range of coloring obtains. Reeve's type (pi. 68, fig. 23) was decidedly streaked. It has been reported from Java, Timor and the Moluccas, but no doubt erroneously. Sarasins give the following -localities and color-forms: Menado : yellow with reddish apex and sparse translucent flecks ; yellow, with dark greenish streaks. Kema ; yellow or reddish, with numerous dark flecks, the origin of which by dissolution of streaks is shown by a few shells. Tomohon ; uniform yellow, reddish, yellow with a lighter spiral band upon the last whorl, or upon the others, with AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIX. 233 flecks, or dark-streaked. Limbotto Lake ; two yellow specimens, alt. 40J and 34 mill., one with dark streaks. Coast of Paguat, west of Gorontalo ; small, alt. 32 and 29 mill., uniform reddish. Var. fasciata Sarasin (pi. 68, fig. 26). Gorontalo. " Last whorl very richly banded with chestnut brown, yellow, reddish and clear green, the penultimate with two bands, passing into streaks above ; peristome bluish, a dark margin behind it, passing into the chestnut brown umbilical band ; alt. 33, diam. 141 mi\\. A similar shell is described by Kobelt from Minahassa (fig. 27, 28), this having the last half whorl streaked, the rest of the shell banded, peristome dark as in our specimen." It occurred among other forms of sinistralis. Tapparone-Canefri proposes the name var. decolor for a yellowish white shell with transparent spots above. Fulton distinguishes a var. rosea, " the same form as sinistralis , but of a pale rose-color, and without the dark color inside aperture," and var. lutea, " a fawn col- ored variety with white interior." He credits the names of these varieties to von Martens, who however did not name them, but merely distinguished them by the letters C and B respectively. In view of the wide range of individual variation in color demonstrated by the Sarasins, the utility of naming these mutations is questionable. Figs. 24, 25 represent a specimen received from Mr. Fulton as var. rosea ; fig. 30 as var. lulea. P. batavia Grateloup. . (PI. 65, fig. 34.) Shell reversed, ovate- ventricose, imperforate, smooth, glossy, chestnut, obliquely banded. Aperture subovate, the lip whitish, reflexed. Columella twisted inward (intorta}. Partula batavice GRAT., Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xi, p. 425 (39 of separate copies), pi. 2, f. 12 (1840) — Bulimus batavice PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 40. Said to be decidedly lighter colored than Partula otaheitana Fer., and ornamented with slightly oblique, longitudinal tawny flames, the columella nearly straight and short, whorls 6. Alt. 30, diam. 18 mill. Said to be from Batavia, Java; but as many of the localities given by Grateloup in the same paper are glaringly false, no great dependence is to be placed upon this. A. KRUUTi P. & F. Sarasin. PI. 68, figs. 18, 19, 20. Shell large, always sinistral, narrowly conic, with round, half- covered umbilicus, solid. Whorls 7-J, convex, separated by deep 234 APPENDIX. sutures, ,sometimes somewhat angular near the suture, with a narrow impressed margin, the last whorl comparatively short. Aperture less than half the shell's length, vertical, long-oval, the lip thin but broadly reflexed like the mouth of a trumpet, white, with a thin parietal callus ; the basal margin forming an angle with the columel- lar margin, the latter triangularly dilated above. The sculpture consists of growth-lines crossed by very closely-crowded, fine spiral lines. Color either uniform yellowish white, the interior yellow, or secondly, uniform pale greenish-yellow, with a few translucent dark dots (as in A. sinistralis), or thirdly, reddish-white, with darker streaks, also reddish, and a few translucent dark spots. (Sarasins.) Length 53.5, diam. above aperture 21, height of aperture 24.5 mill. Length 44, diam. above aperture 20, height of aperture 22 mill. Celebes, northern and north-central, at Karoa ; Mintinang chain, 500-1500 meters; Buol ; northern shore of Posso Lake. A. krutjti P. & F. SARASIN, Die Land-Mollusken von Celebes, p. 213, pi. 26, f. 263, 263a, 264 (shell), and pi. 31, f. 304 (radula). 1899. Resembles the smaller A. sinistralis Rve., also from northern Cel- ebes. Figs. 18, 19 from a Buol specimen ; fig. 20 from Karoa. SPURIOUS AND UNDEFINED SPECIES. Bulimus (A.) cosmandanus Crosse, Pa3tePs Catalog, Edit. 4, p. 210= Helicostyla cossmanniana Crosse. B. (A.} crichtoni Brod., ibid. = Drymam. B. (A.) imbricatus Gass., t. c., p. 212= Placostylus imbricatus. B. (A.) rhombostomus Pfr., t. c., p. 216 = Buliminus. B. (A.) temllum Dall, t. c., p. 218 = Buccinum. B. (A.) trifasciatus Ch., t. c., p. 218= Beddomea, see vol. XIV. Bulimus quagga van Hasselt, Algemeene Konst en letterbode, 1823, p. 233 (see Ferussac's Bull, des Sci. Nat. iii, 1824, p. 83), is a nude name applied to a Javan species of Amphidromus. APPENDIX TO VOL. XIII. BOTHRIEMBRYON. B. PHTSODES (Menke). Page 9. Mr. Charles Hedley has called my attention to the fact that the above name was published by Menke in 1848, and therefore will re- APPENDIX. 235 place Reeve's name physoides. Being buried in the text under B. melo, I overlooked the name when consulting Menke's work. Menke considered physodes one of four varieties of melo, which he collected and defined ; giving the following description : "a. Testa ovato-elliptica, rufa, in anfractu infimo vitta una vel altera albida vel fusca, basi fascia nigra, huic fascia albida superius adnata picta, spira mediocri. Long 9, lat 5 lin — Bulimus physodes, m. olim, in lit." (Molluscorum Novae Hollandiae Specimen, p. 7.) Menke's var. b. was probably typical melo ; c. and d. may have been inflates. All were collected in October, 1840, in the Hay dis-. trict. PLACOSTYLUS. P. SHONGII (Less.). Page 22. I am informed by Mr. H. Suter that this name is incorrect, and should stand hongii, as the chief for whom the species was called, was named Hongi, not u Shongi." This information is valuable and interesting from an historical standpoint ; but even those who cannot endure halting Greek in nomenclature, would probably not insist upon elegant and correct Maori, when it involves the alteration of a specific name. P. FIBRATUS (Martyn). P. 39. The type locality of the original P. fibratus has been unknown, and as its discovery is of importance in connection with the study of the distribution of the varieties, I quote the following interesting ex- tract from a letter received from Charles Hedley : "It may be worth mentioning what has escaped the notice of Crosse and everybody else, that we can recover the exact original locality of P. fibratus. At the time of Martyn's Universal Concholo- gist, no Europeans except Cook's party had visited New Caledonia. Therefore it was collected by them. Cook landed twice in New Caledonia, firstly at Balade, secondly at a ' mere sandbank not ex- ceeding three-fourths of a mile in circuit,' between the mainland and the Isle of Pines. Vide voyage of the Adventure and Resolution II, 1779, p. 139, map opposite p. 24. This he called Botany Island ; modern French charts the lie Amere. Now P. fibratus as you remark does not occur at all in the north, and since Montrouzier lived for years at Balade itself we can confi- 236 APPENDIX. dently assert that it does net-exist there. So you see there is no es- cape from the deduction that Cook's people took it at the He Amere." P. ALEXANDER var. PATULus Kobclt. Page 35. Differs from the type by the spreading aperture, obsolete parietal tooth, black-brown epidermis zoned with black, dull buff color of the aperture and orange throat. Alt. 100, diam. maj. 62, min. 43, ob- lique length of aperture 62 mill. Neighborhood of Kanala. (Kobelt, Conchyl. Cab., p. 115, pi. 28, f. 1.) P. PORPHYROSTOMUS var. UMBILICATUS Kobelt. Widely but half-covered perforate ; thick and ponderous ; the lip much thickened, white. Alt. 81, diam. 37, aperture with peristome 40 mill. Govuro, on the west coast of New Caledonia (Layard coll.). Kobelt states that this variety represents an abnormal condi- tion become constant. (See Conchyl. Cab., p. 119, pi. 29, f. 5, 6.) P. CLERYI (Recluz). Page 96. Frontispiece, figs. 7, 8. Since the account of this species was printed, I have received from Dr. J. C. Cox a magnificent specimen retaining the cuticle on all but the earlier whorls. It is green, the last whorl streaked with darker, and with a whitish border along the suture; the penultimate whorl becoming yellowish-green with oblong olive spots, as in P. sanchris- tovalensis. Above this the cuticle is absent, and the color a lively pink. The aperture is flesh-colored within, lip reddish-brown ; the columellar fold being nearly white. The spiral corrugation is well developed. This specimen confirms the close relationship claimed to exist be- tween cleryi and sanchriftovalensis (p. 98). P. MILTOCHEILUS ALBOLABRis (Braz.). Page 95. Frontispiece, fig. 6. A decollate and nearly white example was figured on plate 38. The specimen now shown, which I owe to the liberality of Dr. Cox, is decidedly yellow, has 5 whorls, of which 1^ are punctate, and the base is but slightly saccate. Alt. 54, diam. 23^, aperture 34 mill. • P. HARGRAVESI HEIMBURGI Kobelt. Page 93. A specimen received from Dr. Cox is slightly stouter than Kobelt's figures. It has a thin pale buff cuticle indistinctly mottled with APPENDIX. 237 dilute olive, the spire salmon-tinted above. The peristome is less expanded than in the typical form, and there is no parietal tubercle. Whorls 5J. Length 48, diam. 24, aperture 29 mill. This is a well-marked sub-species. P. HOBSONI Cox. Page 91. Frontispiece, figs. 9, 10. A specimen generously sent by Dr. Cox is figured. The color is a rich chestnut-yellow, with triangular reddish-chestnut spots on the last 1^ whorls. Whorls slightly exceeding 5, convex, the earlier 2^ punctate, the last whorl a little more coarsely corrugated than P. elobatus or sanchristovalensis, the spirals but little interrupted or branching on the base. The aperture is not oblique, is slightly whitish in the throat, becoming somewhat orange-brown or golden- brown toward and upon the lip, which is slightly expanded ; the lus- ter and color of the interior being peculiarly changeable. Columella nearly white, broadly dilated, arched upward over the umbilicus. Length 51, diam. 25, aperture 33J mill. I think this form will be considered a variety of P. uliginosusy from which it may differ in not being lipped with white. AMPHIDROMUS. A. INVERSUS subsp. ANNAMITICUS C. & F. Page 170. In the text I failed to give the original reference to var. roseotincta. Dr. von Mollendorff writes : "Near Chaya [on the east side of the Malay Peninsula] Mr. Roebelen collected a fine variety of A. anna- milieus Cr. & Fisch. with rose-colored apex which I name var. roseo- tincta" (MIMff., P. Z. S., 1894, p. 150, under A. moniliferus). A. METABLETUS Mlldff. Dr. von Mollendorff reports a form of this species from the island Bay-min. (Nachrbl. 1900, 133). EXPLANATION OF PLATES. VOL. XIII. FRONTISPIECE. FIGUKE PAGE 1,2, 3. Placostylus bicolor Hartm. Shepperd, del., . . 74 4. Placostylus bicolor Hartm. After Kobelt, . . .74 5. Placostylus hargravesi heimburgi-Kob. After Kobelt, 93, 236 6. Placostylus miltochilus var. Sliepperd, del., . . . 236 7. 8'. Placostylus cleryi Reel. Sliepperd, del., . . . 236 9,10. Placostylus hobsoni Cox. Shepperd, del., . . . 237 (Figures 6-10 drawn from specimens in coll. Dr. J. C. Cox.) PLATE 1 (Bothriembryon). 1, 2. Bothriembryon inflatus Lam. Rec. de Coq., . . 3 3, 4, 5. Bothriembryon inflatus Lam. Shepperd, del., . .3 6. Bothriembryon rhodostoma Rve. Conch. Icon., . . 14 7, 8. Bothriembryon inflatus melo Q. & G. Shepperd, del., . 5 9, 10. Bothriembryon inflatus melo Q. & G. Voy. Astrolabe. 5 11. Bothriembryon inflatus castaneus Desh. Voy. Astrolabe, . 5 12, 13, 14. Bothriembryon inflatus maculiferus Pils. Shep- perd, del., ........ 5 15, 16, 17. Bothriembryon inflatus conispira Pils. Shep- perd, del., . . . . . . . .6 18. Bothriembryon inflatus castaneus Desh. Shepperd, del., . 5 19, 20. Bothriembryon spenceri Tate. Shepperd, del., . . 6 PLATE 2 (Bothriembryon]. 21, 22, 23. Bothriembryon kingii Gray. Shepperd, del., . 7 24. Bothriembryon kingii Gray. (B. sayi Pfr., alter Reeve.), 7 25, 26. Bothriembryon kingii Gray. (B. trilineatus Q. G., Astrolabe), ....... 7 27. Bothriembryon kingii Gray. Cox coll., Shepperd, del., . 8 28. Bothriembryon kingii solidus Pils. Shepperd, del., . . 9 29. Bothriembryon kingii variety. King George Sound. Shep- perd del., ........ 8 30. Bothriembryon kingii variety. Cape Naturalist. Shep- perd del., ........ 9 31. 32. Bothriembryon gratwicki Cox. Shepperd, del., . . 9 33, 34. Bothriembryon physodes humilis Pils. Shepperd, del., . 10 35. Bothriembryon physodes Rve. Conch. Icon., . . 9, 234 36, 37. Bothriembryon physodes Rve. P. Mai. Soc. I., 9, 234 ( 238) EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XIII. 239 FIGURE PAGE 38, 39, 40. Bothriembryon physodes brazieri Ang. P. Z. S., 1871, 10 41. Bothriembryon mastersi Cox. Shepperd, del., . . .17 42. Bothriembryon baconi Bens. After Cox, . . .16 PLATE 3 (Bothriertibryon). 43,44. Bothriembryon onslowi. After Cox, . ... .11 45, 46. Bothriembryon onslowi minor Pils. Shepperd, del., . 12 47. Bothriembryon onslowi minor Pils. After Smith, . .12 48. Bothriembryon onslowi Cox. After Smith, . . .11 49. Bothriernbryon leuwinensis Smith. After Smith, . . 13 50. 51. Bothriembryon gunni Sowb. Shepperd, del., . . 18 52. Bothriembryon gunni Sowb. Original figures, . . 18 53. Bothriembryon gunni brachysoma Pils. Shepperd, del., . 19 54. 55. Bothriembryon augasianus Pfr. After Cox, . . 16 56, 57. Bothriembryon mastersi Cox. After Cox, . It 58-61. Bothriembryon indutus Mke. Shepperd, del., . .13 62. Bothriembryon dux Pfr. Shepperd, del., . . .3 63-65. Bothriembryon indutus pallidus Tate. Shepperd, del., 15 PLATE 4. 66, 67. Papuina macleayi Braz. After Canefri, . . . 121 68. Papuina macleayi Braz. Shepperd, del., . . . 121 69, 70. Papuina folicola Hedley. After Cox, . . .120 71. Bothriembryon inflatus conispira Pils. Shepperd, del., . 6 72—74. Bothriembryon inflatus Lam. Shepperd, del., . . 3 75. Bothriembryon onslowi minor Pils. Shepperd, del., . 12 76. Bothriembryon gunnii Sowb. Shepperd, del., . . .18 77. 78. Bothriembryon kingii Gray. Shepperd, del., . .7 PLATE 5 (Panda., Caryodes). 79, 80. Panda larreyi Braz. Shepperd, del., . . . .124 81. Panda atomata Gray. Conch. Icon., . . . .122 82. Panda atomata elongata Hedl. Cox, Monograph, . . 124 83. Panda atomata (Bui. ponsonbyi Aug.) P. Z. S., . . 124 84. Panda atomata kershawi Braz. After Hedley, . .123 85-88,90,91. Caryodes dufresnii Leech. Shepperd, del., . . 125 89, 92, 93. Caryodes dufresnii Leech. After Tenison-Woods, 125 PLATE 6 (Placostylus). 1. Placostylus eddystonensis Pfr. Novit. Conch.,, . . 30 2, 3. Placostylus eddystonensis Pfr. After Kobelt, . . 30 4,5. Placostylus savesi Crosse. J. de C. 1886, . . .33 6. Placostylus salomonis Pfr. J. de C. 1886, . . . 69 240 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XIII. FIGURE PAGE 7, 8, 9. Placostylus salomonis Pfr. Shepperd, del., . . 69 10. Placostylus fuligineus var. After Kobelt. . . 7 1 PLATE 7 (Placostylus). 11, 12. Placostylus heterostylus Piis. Shepperd, del., . . 72 13. Placostylus bavayi C. & M. J. de C. 1868, . . .31 14. Placostylus bavayi C. & M. After Kobelt, . . .31 15. Placostylus bavayi dupuyi Kobelt. After Kobelt, . . 31 16. Placostylus bavayi dupuyi (bavayi, var.). J. de C. 1868, 31 17. Placostylus curtus Crosse. J. de C. 1894, . . .33 PLATE 8 (Placostylus). 18. 19. Placostylus alienus Pilsbry. Shepperd, del., . . 72 20. Placostylus bondeensis C. & S. After Kobelt, . . .32 21. Placostylus bondeensis C. & S, J/deC. 1869, . . 32 22. Placostylus bondeensis edentulus C. & S. J. de C. 1869, . 32 23. Placostylus curtus Cr. (layardi Kob.). After Kobelt, . 33 24. Placostylus curtus Cr. (layardi Kob.). J. de C. 1894, . 33 PLATE 9 (Placostylus]. 25. 26. Placostylus ouveanus Dotz. J. de C. 1869, . . 47 27. Placostylus corpulentus Kob. After Kobelt, . . .37 28. Placostylus senilis subsenilis Gass. Faun. N.-Caled., . 53 PLATE 10 (Placostylns). 27. Placostylus guestieri Gass. Shepperd, del., . . .51 28, 29. Placostylus pseudocaledonicus incertus Kob. After Kobelt, 63 30. Placostylus senilis Gass. Faun. N.-Caled., . . . 53 PLATE 11. 1. Placostylus bivaricosus cuniculinsulae Cox. Shepperd, del., 26 2. Placostylus fuligineus Pfr. Conchyl. Cab., 48, 5, . .70 3. 4. Placostylus fuligineus Pfr. Shepperd, del., . . .70 5-8. Placostylus shongii Less. Shepperd, del., . . .22 9. Placostylus remotus Hedley. After Hedley, . . .76 PLATE 12 (Lord Howe Island.) 1. Placostylus bivaricosus Pfr. Pilsbry, del., . . .25 2. Placostylus bivaricosus Pfr. After Etheridge, . . .25 3. Placostylus bivaricosus Pfr. P. Z. S., 1854, . . .25 4. Placostylus bivaricosus Pfr. After Gassies, . . .25 5. Placostylus bivaricosus cuniculinsul* Cox. P. Z. S., 1872, 26 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XIII. 241 FIGURE PAGE 6, 7. 8. Placostylus bivaricosus solidus Eth. After Etheridge, 27 1), 10. Placostylus bivaricosus etheridgei Braz. Mem. Austr. Mus., 26 PLATE 13. 1,2. Placostylus alexander Crosse. Shepperd, del., , . 35 3. Placostylus salomonis (an incorrect figure). 4. Placostylus boulariensis Souv. Faun. N.-Caled., . . 50 5. Placostylus goroensis Souv. Faun. N.-Caled., . . .54 PLATE 14. 6. Placostylus alexander leucostoma Cr. J. de C., 1875, . 36 7. Placostylus alexander crassa Cr. After Kobelt, . . 36 8. Placostylus alexander Crosse, typical. Rev. Zool., 1855., . 35 9. 10. Placostylus fuligineus Pfr. J. de C., 1864, . .70 11,12. Placostylus fuligineus var. After Kobelt, . . .71 PLATE 15. 13, 14. Placostylus fibratus danieli Crosse. Rev. Zool., . . 43 15. Placo«aylus fibratus Martyn. Type figure. Univ. Conch., 39 IB, 18. Placostylus fibratus var. After Kobelt, . . .42 17. Placostylus fibratus var. Ross, del., . . . .42 19. Placostylus fibratus strigatus Pils. Ross, del., . . . 4K PLATE 16. 20. Placostylus fibratus ovatus Crosse. Conch. Icon., . . 45 21, Placostylus fibratus Martyn. Faun. N.-Caled., . . . 39 22, 24. Placostylus fibratus Martyn. Ross, del., . . .39 25. Placostylus fibratus bairdi Rve. Faun. N.-Caled. I, . . 42 PLATE 17. 25. Placostylus fibratus ventricosus Kob. After Kobelt, . . 45 26. Placostylus fibratus pinicola Gass. After Gassies, . . 42 27. Placostylus fibratus pinicola (sinistral). J. de C., 1881, . 42 28. 29. PJacostylus fibratus peculiaris Kob. After Kobelt, . 42 PLATE 18. 30. Placostylus fibratus crassus Kob. After Kobelt, . . 45 31, 32. Placostylus fibratus mareanus Crosse. After Kobelt, . 46 33. Placostylus fibratus ovalis Kob. After Kobelt, . . 45 34. Placostylus fibratus knoblauchi Kob. After Kobelt, . 43 16 242 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XIII. PIGURE PAGE PLATE 19. 35. Placostylus fibratus bairdi Rve. Conch. Icon., . . 42 36, 37. Placostylus fibratus strigatus Pils. Ross, del., . . 4(5 88. Placostylus fibratus bairdi Rve., . . . . .42 39. Placostylus fibratus edwardsianus Gass. Ross, del., . . 45 40. Placostylus fibratus edwardsianus Gass. Faun. N.-Caled., 45 PLATE 20. 41. Placostylus fibratus bovinus Brug. Ross, del., . . .42 42. Placostylus senilis minor Kob. After Kol»elt, . . .53 43. Placostylus resopeus Gass. After Gassies, . . .48 44. Placostylus arenosus Gass. After Gassies, . . .46 45. Placostylus abbreviatus Gass. After Gassies, . . .37 PLATE 21. 46. Placostylus guestieri rhinocheti Kob. After Kobelt, . 52 4t. Placostylus fibratus imbricatus Gass. J. de C., 1873, . 44 48. Placostylus guestieri confusus Pils. (^Cicatricosus Kob.). After Kobelt 52 49, 50. Placostylus guestieri orientalis Kob. After Kobelt, . 52 PLATE 22. I, 2, Placostylus kanalensis tchioensis Kobelt. After Kobelt, 38 3. Placostylus lamberti Gassies. After Gassies, . . .49 4. Placostylus souvillei Morel. After Kobelt, . . .48 PLATE 23. 1. Placostylus kanalensis Crosse. Ross, del., . . .38 2. Placostylus kanalensis Crosse. J. de C., 1894 . . 38 3. Placostylus kanalensis Crosse. After Kobelt, . . .38 4. Placostylus kanalensis subeft'usus Kob. After Kobelt, . 39 PLATE 24. 9. Placostylus guestieri Gass. After Kobelt, . . .51 10. Placostylus guestieri gatopensis Cr. J. de C., 1894, . . 51 II. Placostylus guestieri Gass. After Gassies, . . .51 12. Placostylus rossiteri Braz. After Kobelt, . . .34 13. Placostylus rossiteri Braz. J. de C., 1881, . . .34 PLATE 25. 14. Placostylus buccalis Gass. Faun. N.-Caled., . . .53 15,16. Placostylus guestieri Gass. Ross, del., . . .51 17. Placostylus fibratus insignis Petit. J. de C., 1850, . . 43 18. Placostylus fibratus insignis Petit. After Kobelt, . . 48 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XIII. 243 FIGURE PAGE PLATE 26. 19. Placostylus submariei Souv. J. de C., 1870, . . 20, 21. Placostylus submariei Souv. After Kobelt, . . 55 22. Placostylus mariei C. & S. Shepperd, del., . . .55 23, 24. Placostylus mariei C. & S. J. de C. 1867, . . 55 PLATE 27. 25. Placostylus ouveanias Dotz. J. de C. 1875, . . .48 26. Placostylus monackensis Crosse. J. de C. 1894, . . 58 27. Placostylus monackensis Crosse. J. de C. 1875, . . 58 28. Placostylus scarabus Alb. Shepperd, del., . . .65 29. 30. Piacostylus neckliaianus Kob. After Kobelt, . . 56 PLATE 28. 31. Placostylus porphyrostomus Pfr. After Kobelt, . . 57 32-34. Placostylus porphyrostomus Pfr. Shepperd, del., . 57 35. Placostylus porphyrostomus debeauxi Gass. J. de C. 1881, 58 36. Placostylus porphyrostomus singularis Morel. Faun. N.-Caled., ......... 58 PLATE 29. 37. Placostylus caledonicus Petit. Faun. N.-Cal6., . . 60 38. 40. Placostylus caledonicus Petit. After Kobelt, . . 60 39. Placostylus caledonicus Petit. Shepperd, del., . . 60 41. Placostylus duplex Gass. J. de C. 1894, . . .59 PLATE 30. 42. Placostylus poyensis goyottensis Crosse. J. de C. 1894, . 62 43,44. Placostylus poyensis Kob. After' Kobelt, . . .61 45, 46. Placostylus duplex nyapagionis Pils. After Kobelt, . 60 PLATE 31. 10. Placostylus pseudocaledonicus Montr. J. de C. 1858, . 62 11. Placostylus pseudocaledonicus subatratus Cr. (nigra Gass.) After Gassies, ........ 63 12. Placostylus pseudocaledonicus pouenanus Kob. After Kobelt, ...... . 63 13. Placostylus pseudocaledonicus hybridus Kob. After Kobelt, 63 14. Placostylus pseudocaledonicus dentatus Gass. After Gassies, 63 15. Placostylus scarabus tanouensis Crosse. J. de C. 1894, . 66 16,17. Placostylus scarabus Alb. Novit. Conch., . . .65 244 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. Xlll. FIGURE I'A(4K PLATE 32. 19. 20. Placostylus pseudocaledonicus annibel Souv. J.. de C. 1870, ......... C>4 21. Placostylus annibel Souv. After Gassies, . . . 64 22. Placostylus pseudocaledonicus chrysochilus Cr. After Gassies, . . . . .. . . . .64 23. Placostylus pseudocaledonicus chrysochilus (guadryanus) After Gassies, . . . . . . . .64 PLATE 33. 1. Placostylus pancheri candidus Crosse. J. de C. 1894, . 68 2, 3. Placostylus pancheri Crosse. J. de C. 1870, . . 67 4. Placostylus pancheri candidus Crosse. Shepperd, del., . 68 5, 6. Placostylus scarabus smithi Kobelt. After Kobelt, . 66 7. Placostylus scarabus goulvairiiensis Kobelt. After Kobelt, 67 8, 9. Placostylus pseudocaledonicus saxtoni Kobelt. After Kobelt .65 PLATE 34. 10, 13. Placostylus founaki Hombr. After Kobelt, . . 79 11,12. Placostylus founaki Hombr. Shepperd, del., . . 79 14. Placostylus founaki Hombr. One of the original figures . 79 15,16. Placostylus strangei Pfr. Shepperd, del., . . .87 17. Placostylus strangei Pfr. After Kobelt, . . . .87 18, 19. Placostylus founaki paletuvianus Gass. After Gassies, 80 PLATE 35. 20. Placostylus calus Smith. P. Z. S., 1891, . . .83 21. 22. Placostylus macfarlandi Braz. Shepperd, del., . . .83 23. Placostylus kreftii Cox. P. Z. S., 1872, ... 81 24, 25. Placostylus kreftii Cox. Shepperd, del., . . .81 26. Placostylus guppyi Smith. P. Z. S., 1891, . . .82 (Fig. 25 is from no. 159,496, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) PLATE 36. 27-29. Placostylus macgillivrayi Pfr. Shepperd, del., . . 84 30. Placostylus macgillivrayi Pfr. P. Z. S., 1855, . . 84 31, 32. Placostylus palmarum Mouss. J. de C., 1869, . . 85 33. Placostylus palmarum minor Kob. Shepperd, del., . . 86 34. Placostylus palmarum minor Kob. Alter Kobelt, . . 86 35. Placostylus stutchburyi Pfr. P. Z. S., 1860, . . .88 36. 37. Placostylus stutchburyi Pfr. Shepperd, del., . . 88 (Fig. 36 from no. 159,494 coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XIII. 245 FIGURE PAGE PLATE 37. 38,39. Placostylus scottii Cox. Shepperd, del., . . . 90 40, 41. Placostylus stutchburyi mendanas Kob. After Kobelt, SB 42, 43. Placostylus pfeifferi Kobelt. After Kobelt, . . 109 44, 45. Placostylus hobsoni Cox. (See frontispiece.) After Cox, . . . . . . . . 91, 237 46, 47. Placostylus uliginosus Heimb. After Kobelt, . .91 48. Placostylus sanchristovalensis Cox. Shepperd, del., from No. 159,498 coll. U. S.Nat. Mus., ... 97 PLATE 38. 49. Placostylus hargravesi Cox. Shepperd, del., from No. 159,493 U. S. Nat. Mus. coll., . . . .93 50. 51. Placostylus hargravesi Cox. Shepperd, del., . . 93 52. Placostylus miltocheilus albolabris Braz. Shepperd, del., . 95 53. Placostylus miltocheilus Reeve. After Reeve, . . .94 54. Placostylus miltocheilus Reeve. Shepperd, del., . . 94 55. Placostylus miltocheilus stramineus Braz. Shepperd, del., 95 56. Placostylus sellersi Cox. Shepperd, del., . . . .95 57. Placostylus sellersi Cox. P. Z. S., 1871, . . . .95 PLATE 39. 58. 59. Placostylus seemanni Dohrn. Shepperd, del., . . ICO 60. Placostylus seemanni Dohrn. After Kobelt, . . . 100 61. Placostylus koroensis Garrett. J. de C., 1875, . . . 101 62-65. Placostylus koroensis Garrett. Shepperd, del., . . 101 66, 67. Placostylus kantavuensis Crosse. J. de C., 1871, . 101 PLATE 40. 68. Placostylus cleryi Reel. J. de C., 1850, . . .96, 236 69, 70. Placostylus cleryi Reel. Shepperd, del., . . 96, 236 71, 72. Placostylus ochrostoma rambiensis Garr. Shepperd, del., 108 73, 74. Placostylus ochrostoma Garrett. Shepperd, del., . 108 PLATE 41. 75,76. Placostylus malleatus Jay. After Kobelt, . . . 112 77. Placostylus malleatus Jay. Shepperd, del., . . .112 78. Placostylus morosus Gld. Shepperd, del., . . .113 79. Placostylus morosus Gld. After Kobelt, . . . .113 80-83. Placostylus gracilis Brod. Shepperd, del., . . . 110 •84. Placostylus guanensis Garr. Shepperd, del., . . . 101 246 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XIII. FIGURE PAGE PLATE 42. 85-88. Placostylus hoyti Garrett. Shepperd, del., . . . 105 89, 90. Placostylus rugatus Garrett. Shepperd, del., . .112 91, 92. Placostylus rugatus crassilabris Garr. Shepperd, del., 112 93, 94. Placostylus guanensis Garr. Shepperd, del., . . 10T PLATE 43. 1. Placostylus elobatus Gld. J. de C., 1875, . . .105 2,3,4. Placostylus elobatus Gld. Shepperd, del., . . 105 5. Placostylus elobatus albino Pils. • Shepperd, del., . . 106 6. Placostylus graetfei Crosse. J. de C., 1875, . . .104 7. Placostylus loyaltyensis Souv. J. de C., 1879, . . 68 8. 9. Placostylus loyaltyensis var. J. de C., 1879, . . 68 10. Placostylus loyaltyensis lacteus. Shepperd, del., . . 68 11, 12, 13. Placostylus pseteli Kob. After Kobelt, . .102 14,15. Placostylus pasteli Kob. Pilsbry, del., . . .102 16, IT, 18. Placostylus garrettii Pils. Shepperd, del., . . 103 PLATE 45. 1. Bothriembryon spenceri Tate, young shell X 12. Pilsbry, del 6 2-4. Bothriembryon gratwicki Cox. After Hedley, . .11 5. Placostylus turneri Pfr. P. Z. S., I860, . . T5 6. Placostylus fibratus leucolenus Crosse. J. de C., 1895, . 42 T. Placostylus fibratus ouensis Gass. Faun. N.-Caled., . 43 8, 9, 10. Placostylus hartmani Kob. (type specimen of rossiteri Hartm.). Shepperd, del., . . . . . T3 11, 12. Placostylus hartmani Kob. After Kobelt, . . . T3 PLATE 46. 13, 14. Amphidromus palaceus Busch. Shepperd, del., . . 135 15. Amphidromus palaceus appressus Mouss. After Boeltger. 136 16-18. Amphidromus palaceus tener Mart. Shepperd, del., . 136 19, 20. Amphidromus heerianus pcecilus Bug. vShepperd, del., 139 21. Amphidromus heerianus robustus Fult. Ostas. Landschn. 139 (Figures 13, 14, 19, 20 from specimens in coll. G. H. Clapp.) PLATE 47. 1,2. Amphidromus palaceus Busch. Moll. Java, . . . 134 3. Amphidromus palaceus purus Mouss. Novit. Conch., . 135 4, 5. Amphidromus palaceus Busch. Conchyl. Cab., . . 134 6. Amphidromus palaceus Busch. Sliepperd, del., . .134 T. Amphidromus palaceus appressus Mouss. Novit. Conch., . 136 8, 9. Amphidromus teysmanni Mouss. Novit. Conch., . . 134 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XIII. 247 FIGURE PAGE PLATE 48. 10. Amphidromus heerianus Mouss. Novit. Conch., . . 13& 11,12. Amphidromus heerianus Mouss. Shepperd, del., . ,—138 13, 14. Amphidromus winter! Pfr. Conchyl. Cab., . . 137 15. Amphidromus winteri Pfr. Shepperd, del., . . . 137 16, 17. Amphidromus winteri inauris Bttg. After Fulton, . 138 18. Arnphidromus winteri inauris Bttg. Shepperd, del., . . 138 PLATE 49. 19. Amphidromus maculiferus Sowb. Conch. Illustr., . . 130 20. Amphidromus maculiferus Sowb. Conch. Icon., . . 130 21. Amphidromus maculiferus Sowb. Shepperd, del., . . 130 22. Amphidromus maculiferus gracilior Fult. Shepperd, del., . 132 23. 24. Amphidromus roeseleri Mlldff. Ann. Mag. N. H., . 145 25. Amphidromus maculiferus inflatus Fult. After Hidalgo, . 133 26, 27. Amphidromus maculiferus inflatus Fult. Shepperd, del., 133 PLATE 50. 28. Amphidromus chloris Reeve. Conch. Icon., . . . 142 29,30. Amphidromus chloris Reeve. Zamboanga. Shepperd, del., . 142 31, 33, 34. Amphidromus chloris var., Zamboanga. Shepperd, del., 144 32, 35-38. Amphidromns chloris var., Basilan. Shepperd, del., 144 39, 40. Amphidromus interruptus borneensis Pils. Shepperd, del., .'..., .153 41, 42. Amphidromus interruptus var. (from coll. John Ford). Shepperd, del., 152 PLATE 51. 42-44. Amphidromus entobaptus Dohrn. Busuanga. Shepperd, del., . 145 45, 46. Amphidromus entobaptus Dohrn. Shepperd, del., . 145 47. Amphidromus perversus niveus Sarasin. After Sarasin, . 149 48-51. Amphidromus perversus L. Shepperd, del., . . 147 52. Amphidromus perversus sirnilis Pils. P. Z. S., 1895, . 150 PLATE 52. 53,54. Amphi.dromus interruptus Mull., typical. Shepperd, del., 150 55, 56. Amphidromus interruptus Mull., typical (infrapictus Mart.). Ostas. Landschn., . . . . . 150 57, 58. Amphidromus interruptus strigosus Mts. Ostas. Landschn., ........ 151 59, 60. Amphidromus interruptus infraviridis Mart. Ostas. Landschn., . . 151 248 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XIII. FIGURE PAGK 61-64. Amphidromus interruptus infraviridis Mart. Shepperd, del., .151 65. Amphidromus interruptus infraviridis Mart. Ostas. Landschn., . . . . . . . .151 PLATE 53. 66-68. Amphidromus interruptus sultanus Lam. Ostas. Landschn., . . ... . . . . 154 69, 70. Amphidromus interruptus sultanus Lam. Shepperd, del., 154 71, 72. Amphidromus interruptus sultanus, subvar. mitra Mart. Shepperd, del., ....... 155 73, 74. Amphidromus interruptus sultanus Lam. var. Shep- perd, del., 155 75, 76. Amphidromus alticola Fult. After Fulton, . . 147 77. Amphidromus interruptus emaciatus Mart. Ostas. Land- schn., 153 78. Amphidromus interruptus emaciatus Mart. Shepperd, del., 153 PLATE 54. 70-72. Amphidromus aureus Marty n. Nat. Repository, . 160 73, 74. Amphidromus aureus leucoxanthus Mart. Ostas. Land- schn., 163 75-79. Amphidromus aureus leucoxanthus Mart. Shepperd, del., 163 PLATE 55. 80, 81, 84. Amphidromus aureus melanomma Pfr. Conchy]. Cab., 161 82, 83, 85, 86. Amphidromus aureus melanomma Pfr. Shep- perd, del., . 161 87-90. Amphidromus aureus natunensis.Fult. Shepperd, del., 162 PLATE 56. 91, 92. Amphidromus in versus Miill. (elongatus H. & J.). Voy. Pol Sud, 167 93. Amphidromus inversus Mull, (contusus Rve.). C. Icon., . 167 94. Amphidromus inversus var. After Gassies, . . .168 95. 96. Amphidromus inversus andamanensis Mouss. Novit. Conch., .168 97. Amphidromus inversus andamanensis Mouss. Shepperd, del., 168 93. Amphidromus inversus annamiticus C. & F. J. de C. 1864, 169 99, 100. Amphidromus inversus annamiticus C. & F. Shep- perd, del., . . . .169 EXPLANATION OK PLATES, VOL. XIII. 249 FIGURE PAGE PLATE 57. 1, 2. Amphidromus comes Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . . 170 3-5. Amphidromus comes Pfr. Shepperd, del., . . TTO 6-8. Amphidromus comes polymorphus T.-C. Shepperd, del., 171 9,10. Amphidromus comes polymorphus T.-C. Viag. Magenta, 171 PLATE 58. 11-13. Amphidromus dohrni Pfr. Shepperd, del., . . 113 14-16. Amphidromus janus Pfr. Conchyl. Cab., . . . 156 11,18. Amphidromus janus Pfr. Shepperd, del., . . . 156 19. Amphidromus atricallosus Gld. Bost. Journ., . . .165 20, 21. Amphidromus atricallosus Gld. F£r., Hist., . . 165 PLATE 59. 22, 23. Amphidromus costifer Smith. Ann. Mag. 1896, . 176 24, 25. Amphidromus dohrni Pfr. Shepperd, del., . .173 26, 27. Amphidromus dohrni Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . . 173 28, 29. Amphidromus begini Mori. J. de C. 1889, . . 188 30. Amphidromus schomburgki Pfr. P. Z. S. 1860, . . 182 31. Amphidromus schomburgki crossei Pfr. J. de C. 1862, . 182 32. Amphidromus cambojiensis Rve. Ann. Mag. 1896, . .177 PLATE 60. 33. 34. Amphidromus mouhoti Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . 186 35. Amphidromus mouhoti Pfr. Ann. Mag. 1896, . . 186 36. Amphidromus roseolabiatus Fult. Ann. Mag. 1896, . . 188 37,38. Amphidromus smithii Fult. Ann. Mag. 1896, . . 186 39, 40. Amphidromus cruentatus Morel. Ser. Conch., . . 187 41, 42. Amphidromus semitessellatus Morel. J. de C. 1884, . Iy4 43,44. Amphidromus semitessellatus Morel. Shepperd, del., . 194 45. Amphidromus glaucolarynx fasciatus Mart. Shepperd, del., 181 46, 47. Amphidromus glaucolarynx fasciatus Mart. Ostas. Landschn, ........ 181 48. Amphidromus glaucolarynx fasciatus Mart. After Fulton, 181 49. Amphidromus glaucolarynx Dohrn. P. Z. S. 1861,. . 180 PLATE 61. 50,51. Amphidromus javanicus Sowb. Shepperd, del., . . 140 52. Amphidromus martens! Bttg. After Fulton, '. . . 158 53. Amphidromus enganoensis Fult. After Fulton, . . 157 54-56. Amphidromus enganoensis Fult. Shepperd, del., . 157 57, 58. Amphidromus mundus Pfr. Conchyl. Cab., . .174 59. Amphidromus mundus Pfr. Shepperd, del., . . . 174 250 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XIII. FIGUEE PAGE PLATE 62. 60-63. Amphidromus laosianus Bavay. J. de C., 1898, . . 183 64, 65. Amphidromus sinensis Bens. Conchyl. Cab., . . 190 66. Amphidromus dautzenbergi Fulton. P. Malac. Soc., . 166 67, 68. Amphidromus vicarius Fult. Conch. Indica, . . 191 69. Amphidromus vicarius Fult. Shepperd, del., . . . 191 70. Amphidromus indistinctus Pils. Shepperd, del., . . 192 71. Amphidromus sinensis gracilis Fult. After Fulton, . . 192 72. Amphidromus masoni G.-A. After Fulton, . . . 189 73. Amphidromus moniliferus Gld. After Fulton, . . . 179 74. Amphidromus moniliferus Gld. (theobaldi). After Theo- bald, . .180 PLATE 63. 75. 76. Amphidromus xiengiensis Morlet. J. de C. 1891, . 194 77. Amphidromus xiengiensis multifasciatus Fult. After Fulton, 195 78. Amphidromus xiengiensis tryonianus Pils. Shepperd, del., 196 79-t82. Amphidromus xiengiensis clausus Pils. Shepperd, del., 195 83, 84. Amphidromus fultoni Ancey. Shepperd, del., . . 197 85, 86. Amphidromus areolatus Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . 198 87,88. Amphidromus zebrinus eudeli Anc. Shepperd, del., . 199 89. Amphidromus hosei Smith. P. Z. S. 1895, . . .220 90,91. Amphidromus zebrinus Pfr. Novit. Conch. , * . . 199 92, 93. Amphidromus flavus Pfr. Novit. Conch 197 94. Amphidromus flavus proximus Fult. After Fulton, . .198 95, 96. Amphidromus roemeri Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . 192 97, 98. Amphidromus sylheticus Rve. Shepperd, del., . . 189 99. Amphidromus lepidus Gld. Conch. Indica, . . .190 PLATE 64. 1. Amphidromus poecilochroa Fult. After Fulton, . . 200 2, 3. Amphidromus poecilochroa Fult. Shepperd, del., . 200 4. Amphidromus filozonatus Mouss. After v. Martens . . 202 5-7. Amphidromus porcellanus Mouss. Shepperd, del., . 201 8. Amphidromus jucundus Fult. After Fulton, . . . 203 9. Amphidromus maculatus Fult. After Fulton, . . . 202 10, 11. Amphidromus maculatus Fult. After Sarasin, . . 202 12. Amphidromus maculatus bungiensis Pils. (A. contrarius var. subconcolor Mart., Sarasins, Land moll. Celebes, p. 2-10, pi. 26, f. 258. Bungi, on the Gulf of Man- dar.) After Sarasin 202 13-16. Amphidromus annae Mart. Zool. Ergebn., . . 203 17. Amphidromus oscitans Mart. Shepperd, del., . . . 204 18. Amphidromus pictus var. After Martens, . . . 227 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XIII. 251 FIGURE PAGE PLATE 65. 17. Amphidromus floresianus Full. After Fulton, . . _2Q5 18-20. Amphidromus floresianus Full. Shepperd, del., . . 205 21. Amphidromus reflexilabris Schepm. After Fulton, . . 206 22—25. Amphidromus contrarius Mil 11. Shepperd, del., . . 210 26, 27. Amphidromus contrarius Miill. After v. Martens, . 210 28. Amphidromus contrarius subconcolor Mart. After v. Mar- tens, 212 29. Amphidromus contrarius crassus Fult. P. Mai. Soo. iii., 212 30. Amphidromus suspectus Mart. After v. Martens, . . 213 31. Amphidromus suspectus albolabiatus Fult. After Fulton, . 213 32. Amphidromus columellaris Mlldff*. After v. Mollendorff., . 213 33. Amphidromus columellaris sierahensis. Shepperd, del., . 214 34. Amphidromus bataviae Grat. Actes Soc. L. Bord. xi., . 233 PLATE 66. 35. Amphidromus sumatranus Mart. After v. Martens, . .218 36. 37. Amphidromus sumatranus Mart. After Dautzenberg . 218 38, 39. Amphidromus furcillatus Mouss. Shepperd, del., . 216 40. Amphidromus furcillatus Mouss. Moll. Java, . . . 216 41. Amphidromus furcillatus andamanicus Thorp. Conch. In- dica, 217 42. Amphidromus quadrasi versicolor Fult. Shepperd, del., . 230 43. Amphidromus quadrasi versicolor Fult. Ann. Mag. N. H., 230 44. 45. Amphidromus adamsi mangsianus Pils. Shepperd, del., 223 46. Amphidromus pictus connectens Fult. Shepperd, del., . 227 47, 48. Amphidromus quadrasi solidus Fult. Shepperd, del., . 230 49, 50, 52-54. Amphidromus laevis Miill. Shepperd, del., . 214 51. Amphidromus Isevis Miill. Conch. Icon., . . . 214 PLATE 67. 1-3. Amphidromus oscitans Mart. Archiv. f. Naturg., . 204 4. Amphidromus kalaoensis Fult. Ann. Mag. xviii., . . 204 5. Amphidromus sumbaensis Fult. Ann. Mag. xx., . . 208 6—8. Amphidromus sumbaensis Fult. Shepperd, del., . . 208 9. Amphidromus consobrinus Fult. Ann. Mag. xx., . . 208 10. Amphidromus latistrigatus Schepen. Ann. Mag., 1896, . 207 11. Amphidromus kalaoensis Fult. Shepperd, del., . . 204 12. Amphidromus inconstans Fult. P. Malac. Soc., . . 209 13. Amphidromus inconstans Fult. Shepperd, del., . . 209 14. 15. Amphidromus inconstans gracilis Mart. Shepperd, del., 210 16. Amphidromus inconstans gracilis Mart. Archiv. Naturg., 210 17. Amphidromus inconstans gracilis Mart. Shepperd, del., . 210 252 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XIII. FIGURE PAGE PLATE 68. 18-20. Amphidromus kruijti Sarasin. Moll. Celebes., . . 233 21, 22. Amphidromus beccarii T.-C. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., 140 23. Amphidromus sinistralis Rve. Conch. Icon., . . . 232 24, 25. Amphidromus sinistralis roseus Fult. Shepperd, del., . 233 26. Amphidromus sinistralis fasciatus Sarasins. After Sarasin, 233 27,28. Amphidromus sinistralis fasciatus Sarasins. After Kobelt, 233 29. Amphidromus sinistralis Reeve. After v. Martens, . . 232 30. Amphidromus sinistralis luteus Fult. Shepperd, del., . 233 31. Amphidromus sinistralis luteus Fult. After v. Martens, . 234 PLATE 69. 32. Amphidromus adamsi A. & R. (typical). Samarang Zool., 221 33. Amphidromus adamsi A. & R. (typical). Shepperd, del., . 221 34. Amphidromus adamsi subunicolor Fulton. Conch, Icon., 222 35. Amphidromus adamsi subunicolor Fulton. After Fulton, . 222 36. Amphidromus adamsi articulatus Fulton. After Fulton, . 222 37. Amphidromus adamsi duplocinctus Fulton. After Fulton, 222 38. Amphidromus adamsi duplocinctus Fulton. Shepperd, del., 222 59. 40. Amphidromus adamsi luteofasciatus Fulton. After Fulton, 223 41. Amphidromus adamsi ornatus Fulton. After Fulton, . 223 42. Amphidromus adamsi ruficinctus Fulton. After Fulton, . 223 43. Amphidromus adamsi superbus Fulton. After Fulton, . 223 44. Amphidromus adamsi simplex Fulton. After Fulton, . 222 45. Amphidromus adamsi inornatus Fulton. After Fulton, . 223 46. 47. Amphidromus adamsi aureocinctus Fulton. After Fulton, ........ 224 48. Amphidromus adamsi aureocinctus Fulton. Shepperd, del., 224 49, 50. Amphidromus adarnsi rubiginosus Fulton. Shepperd, del., . .224 PLATE 70. 51-59. Amphidromus adamsi hamatus Fult. Shepperd, del., . 224 60. Amphidromus adamsi hamatus Fult. After Fulton, . 224 61. Amphidromus adamsi angulatus Fult. After Fulton, . 226 62. Amphidromus adamsi pictus Fult. After Fulton, . . 226 63. Amphidromus adamsi pictus concinnus Fult. After Fulton, 226 64. Amphidromus adamsi hamatus, form placidus Fult. After Fulton 225 65—67. Amphidromus quadrasi everetti Fult. Shepperd, del., 231 68. Amphidromus quadrasi everetti Fult. After Fulton, . 231 69. Amphidromus pictus connectens Fult. After Fulton, . 227 70,71. Amphidromus lindstedi Pfr. After Fulton, . . 228 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XIII. 253 FIGURE PAGE PLATE 71. 72-75. Amphidromus quadrasi Hid. var. Shepperd, del.. . 229 76. Amphidromus quadrasi solidus Fult. After Fulton, . ~2&0 77. Amphidro-mus quadrasi Hid. J. de C., 1887, . . .229 78. Amphidromus quadrasi Hid. Shepperd, del., . . . 229 79. 80. Amphidromus quadrasi dubius Fult. After Fulton, . 231 81, 82, 83. Amphidromus quadrasi dubius Fult. Shepperd, del., 231 84-91. Amphidromus quadrasi versicolor Fult. Shepperd, del., 230 PLATE 72. 1—5. Placostylus (Diplomorpha) layardi Braz. Shepperd, del., 11& 6. P. (D.) brazieri Hartm. Shepperd, del., . . .116 7,8. P. (D.) peasei Cox. Shepperd, del., . . . .117 9. P. (D.) peasei Cox. P. Z. 8., 1871, . . . .117 10-12. P. (D.) delatouri Hartm. Shepperd, del., . . . 117 13, 14. P. (D.) coxiana Pils. Shepperd, del., . . .118 15. P. (D.) ruga Hartm. Proc. A. N. S., 1890, . . .119 16. P. (D.) bernieri Hartm. Proc. A. N. S., 1890, . . 119 17. P. (D.) layardi Braz. Apex. Shepperd, del., . .14, 115 18. P. hargravesi Cox, Apex. Pilsbry, del., . . . 93 DATES OF ISSUE OF VOLUME XIII. Part 49, pp. 1-64. plates 1-15, April 23, 1900. Part 50, pp. 65-112, plates 16-34, August 3, 1900. Part 51, pp. 113-176, plates 35-48, October 17, 1900. Part 52, pp. 177-253, plates 49-72, December, 1900. Title-page, Preface and Contents, December, 1900. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 1 8 10 15 o 11 16 12 17 18 19 20 BULJMULIDyE. PLATE 2 21 I mm 29 30 28 22 23 26 33 35 31 36 32 37 4 4 38 39 40 41 BULIMULID^. PLATE 3 65 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 4 78 MACROOGONA PLATE S. 93 BULIMULID^. PLATE 6- 10 PLATE 7. BULIMULID./E. PLATE 8 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 9. BULIMULID/E. PLATE 1O 30 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 11 8 Of TMJt UNIVERSITY BULIMULID^B. PLATE 12. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 13 f TTNIVERSITJ . BULIMULID^E. PLATE 14 8 11 12 BULIMULIDvE. PLATE 16 UNIVERSITY BULIMULIDyE. PLATE 16. -.- r ; - e*T^ ! BULIMULID^S. PLATE 17, BULIMULID^E. PLATE 18 OFTHK UNIVERSITY BULIMULJD^E. PLATE 19 38 40 BULIMULIDvE. PLATE 20. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 21, %TI"^ER< . BULIMULID^E. PLATE 22. '•'V? . f ITNIVEHSITY ^^CAl PLATE 28. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 24, BULIMULID/E. PLATE 2B. 17 16 18 T XJHIVERSITY BULIMULID^E. BULJMULID^. PLATE 27. vTBRA*> OJC TH« UNIVERSITY' BULIMULIDyE. PLATE 28. PLATE 29. 38 39 0*TH* - UNIVERSITY BULIMULIDvG. PLATE 3O. OF THJC UNIVERSITY BULIMULID./E. PLATE 31 BULIMULID^). PLATE 32. 21 22 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 33 BULIMULID^G. PLATE 34 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 36. 22 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 36. 36 37 BULIMULID^. PLATE 37. UNIVERSITY CAL1FC ' BULIMULID^. PLATE 88. 57 BUL-IMULID^E. PLATE 39. 65 3??- OF THK UNIVERSITY^ sP^" />* . ^^mt+^i BULJMULIDvE. PLATE 4O. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 41. 5 BULIMULID^E. 38 39 90 91 BULIMULIDyE PLATE 43. 10 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 44. BULIMULID/E. PLATE 4B. -AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 46. 19 20 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 47. AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 48. 16 ^RHK UNIVERSITY kP^ r> A i id AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 49. AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 5O. AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 81. AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 82 « AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 38. 78 AMPHIDROMUS PI-ATE 54. AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 66 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 86. • V' "A (ir 100 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 87. CAL: AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 88. 19 21 ^RAfTJT O.K THK EHSITf - AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 89. AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 60, AMPHIDROMUS 56 f XTNIVEHB AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 62 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 63 95 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 64 WEHSITT AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 66 •• Of I tTNXVEH, ,• •• ••;, Of ^ ^*i AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 66 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 67. 16 17 AMPHIDROMUS A PLATE 68. 31 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 69. Jk v m 35 4,7 50 7' H THS tJNIVEKSITY AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 7O. 70 71 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 71, BULIMULID^E. PLATE 72 IV, 17 J