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SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURAL SND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

POUNDED BY

GEORGE W, TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

. -V

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D.,

SPECIAL CURATOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY or
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

VOL. XVIII.
ACHATINID^E : STENOGYRIN^E AND CCELIAXIN^.

PHILADELPHIA :
Published by the Conchological Department,

ACADEMY OP NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

1906.

DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF VOL. XVIII.

Part 69, pp. 1 to 64, plates 1 to 10, January 20, 1906.
Part 70, pp. 65 to 160, plates 11 to 20, April 10, 1906.
Part 71, pp. 161 to 272, plates 21 to 34, October 2, 1906.
Part 72, pp. 273 to 357, plates 35 to 51, January, 1907.
Title-page, Contents and Introduction, pp. i to xii, January,
1907.

CONTENTS.

Dates of issue of the parts of Vol. XVIII ii

Classification of the Achatinida3 v

Geographic distribution of the Achatinidee vi

Anatomical and systematic notes on the Stenogyrinas . . . . vii

Descriptions of Genera and Species.
Subfamily STENOGYRIN,E, continued.

Genus BACILLUM Theobald 1

TORTAXIS Pilsbry 5

PLICAXIS Sykes 12

PROSOPEAS Morch 14

PERRIERIA Tapparone Canef ri 36

HYPOLYSIA Melvill and Ponsonby 37

EUONYMA Melvill and Ponsonby 38, 339

CURVELLA Chaper 46, 340

SUBULINA Beck. Old World species 71

American species 220

ZOOTECUS Westerlund 104, 340

PSEUDOPEAS Putzeys. Old World species 114

Subgenus Eremopeas Pilsbry 120

American species 216

Genus OPEAS Albers 122

Old World species. 123

Section Tomopeas Pilsbry 123

Comoropeas Pilsbry 123

American species 188

Genus TRISTANIA Boettger 217

LUNTIA E. A. Smith 218

TORN AXIS Martens 219

SYNAPTERPES Pilsbry 227

(ni)

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IV CONTENTS.

Subgenus Promoussonius Pilsbry 230

Chryserpes Pilsbry 231

Zoniferella Pilsbry 233

Genus RHODEA H. & A. Adams 234

OBELISCUS Beck , 240

Subgenus Protobeliscus Pilsbry 251

Stenogyra Shuttleworth 258

Pseudobalea Shuttleworth 271

Lyobasis Pilsbry 274

Genus NEOBELISCUS Pilsbry 280

Genus LEPTINARIA Beck 284

Section Neosubulina E. A. Smith 287, 322

Subgenus Ischnocion Pilsbry 287, 324

Pelatrinia Pilsbry 287, 324

Genus OCHRODERMA Ancey 325

Section Ochrodermella Pilsbry 327

Subfamily CCELIAXIN^E Pilsbry 330

Key to genera of Cceliaxince 330

Genus CRYPTELASMUS Pilsbry 331

THOMEA Girard 333

PYRGINA Greef 334

DISTCECHIA Crosse 335

CCELIAXIS Adams and Angas 336

Family STREPTAXID.E.

Genus OBELISCELLA Jousseaume 100

APPENDIX (Homorus, Euonyma and Curvella) 338

REFERENCE TO PLATES

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ACHATINID.E

"With references to the volume and page where each group is

described.

Subfamily ACHATININ^E (xvii, p. vii).

Pseudachatina, xvi, 205. Burtoa, xvi, 298.

Columna, xvii, 120. Limicolaria, xvi, 246.

Archachatina, xvii, 104. Atopocochlis, xvi, 218.

Metachatina, xvi, 307. Pseudotrochus, xvi, 219.

Cochlitoma, xvii, 76. Perideriopsis, xvi, 241.

Achatina, xvii, 1. ? 'Callistoplepa, xvii, 125.

S. g. Leptocala, xvii, 72.

Sect. Leptocallista, xvii, 75.

Subfamily STENOGYRIKMS (xviii, p. vii).

(Subulina phylum.}
Subulina, xviii, 71, 220. Chilonopsis, xvii, 171.

Sect, Nothapalus, xviii, 96. S. g. Cleostyla, xvii, 179.

Ceras, xviii, 155. Bocageia, xvii, 191.

Homorus, xvii, 130. ;S. g. Petriola, xvii, 216, 182.

S. g. Subulona, xvii, 138. ? Luntia, xviii, 218.

Bacillurn, xviii, 1. ? Tornaxis, xvii, 219.

Pseudoglessula, xvii, 156.

(Leptinaria phylum.)

Leptinaria, xviii, 284. Ochroderma, xviii, 325.
Sect. Neosubulina, xviii, 322. S. g. Ochrodermella, xviii,
S. g. Ischnocion, xviii, 324. 327.

S. g. Pelatrinia, xviii, 324.

(Opeas phylum.}

Hypolysia, xviii, 37. Pseudopeas, xviii, 114, 216.

Curvella, xviii, 46. Sect. Eremopeas, xviii, 120.

Opeas, xviii, 122. Prosopeas, xviii, 14.

Sect. Tomopeas, xviii, 123. S. g. Paropeas, xviii, 14.

Sect. Comoropeas, xviii, 123. 1 Plicaxis, xviii, 12.

Tristania, xviii, 217. ? Perrieria, xviii, 36.

(Rumina phylum.)

Clavator, xvii, 192. Rumina, xvii, 211.

Riebeckia, xvii, 204. Zootecus, xviii, 104.

(v)

Vi GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OP THE ACHATINIDAE.

(Obeliseus phylum.}

Neobeliscus, xviii, 280. Euonyma, xviii, 38.

Obeliseus, xviii, 240. Tortaxis, xviii, 5.

S.g. Prot obeliscus, xviii, 251. ? Synapterpes, xviii, 227.

" Stcnogyra, xviii, 258. S. g. Promoussonius, xviii,

" Pseudobalea, xviii, 271. 230.

" Lyobasis, xviii, 274. S. g. Chryserpes, xviii, 231.

Rhodea, xviii, 234. " Zoniferella, xviii, 233.

Subfamily CCELIAXIN^ (Vol. XVIII, p. 330.)

Cryptelasmus, xviii, 331. Distoechia, xviii, 335.

Thomea, xviii, 333. Cceliaxis, xviii, 336.
Pyrgina, xviii, 334.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE
ACHATINID^E.

The distribution of Achatinidae indicates an African center
of evolution where the group probably originated, and in
which the main phyla and genera had their rise. The early
members of the family are unknown or have not been
recognized. They are to be looked for in mid-mesozoic
deposits, with their allies the ancestral Megaspiridce and
Clausiliidce. From the African center, Stenogyrine and Cceli-
axine Achatinidoe migrated to South America before the in-
terruption of land communication across the tropical Atlan-
tic. Later, the radiation of StenogyrinaB extended to India
and the East Indies. This probably took place in the north
of Africa, above the area in which the subfamily Achatinince
had meantime arisen. The Achatinince have probably never
extended beyond their present area, being unknown in Euro-
pean or Indian tertiary strata, or in the recent fauna out-
side of tropical and South Africa and Madagascar, except
where recently imported. They are a lateral branch from
the more primitive Stenogyrince.

The Cccliaxincc are obviously an ancient group evolved in
mesozoic time, and now approaching extinction.

NOTES ON THE STENOGYRINJE. Vll

SUBFAMILY STENOGYRI1SLE.

This very extensive subfamily, comprising 29 genera and
about 500 species, has not before been made the subject of
monographic research, and although a few of the genera have
been carefully studied, there has yet been no adequate classi-
fication of the group.

Anatomical data are still lacking on many of the genera,
and very few have been sufficiently investigated. A division
of the subfamily into five series of genera or phyla is indi-
cated by data presented in this and the preceding volumes.
Three of these phyla are represented in Africa, Asia and
America. The phyla are as follows :

I. Subulina phylum. IV. Rumina phylum.

II. Leptinaria phylum. V. Obeliscus phylum.

III. Opeas phylum.

Of these, phyla I, II and III are closely related, and to-
gether form a group systematically equivalent to either of
the others.

I. Subulina phylum.

The shell varies from ovate to turrite, the latter being the
prevalent contour. The columella is truncate basally, acha-
tinoid, and the summit is bulbous and hemispherical with
few exceptions.

The genera are as follows:

America. Africa.

Subulina. Subulina.

Luntia. Ceras-

Tornaxis. Homorus.

Pseudoglessula.

8. E. Asia. Chilonopsis. (St. Helena).

Bacillum. Bocageia ( -f- Petriola) .

The positions of Luntia and Tornaxis are still uncertain.
Their soft anatomy is unknown, and I have not seen the shells.
They may possibly be Oleacinoid. Bacillum seems most akin

Vlll NOTES ON THE STENOGYRIN^.

to Homorus. The African genera seem to be closely related
except the insular Bocageia and Chilonopsis, which are spec-
ialized groups. Africa is the headquarters of the Subulinoid
group.

Subulina octona has been described and dissected very fully
by Wiegmann. The jaw varies from finely and closely striate
(pi. 50, fig. 25) to plaited, the latter condition due appar-
ently to immaturity. The radula has from 30,1,30 to 36,1,36
teeth (pi. 51, fig. 1). The middle tooth has a well-developed
cusp with more or less distinct traces of side cusps, especially
in embryos, indicating a primitively tricuspid condition. The
lateral teeth are tricuspid, and ipass gradually into the mar-
ginal type. The latter remain tricuspid, but often the ecto-
cone is split on the outer teeth.

The kidney Is long, triangular, somewhat curved, 6 or 7
mm. long, 1.8 wide at the base. It is about half as long as
the lung and three or four times the length of the pericar-
dium. The secondary ureter is closed throughout.

The genitalia (pi. 50, fig. 24) are remarkable for the great
development of the female organs, with poorly developed or
rudimentary male organs. In immature shells of 6 mm.
length there are eggs in the uterus, while the penis, etc., is
very little developed, suggesting that the female organs pre-
cede the male in functional activity. The small penis is
simple, as in Rumina, with a terminal retractor. The uterus
contains several — at most four or five — subglobular, hard-
shelled eggs 2 to 2.1 mm. in diam., the anterior ones contain-
ing embryo shells. The spermatheca has a very short duct.

The right ocular retractor passes between the branches of
the genitalia.

The dentition of Homorus, Chilonopsis, etc., has been fig-
ured in Vol. XVII.

II. Leptinaria phylum.

Ovate or turrite shells with the columella truncate at base,
and the parietal wall usually armed with a median lamella,
though it is often absent. Reproduction oviparous or vivip-

NOTES ON THE STENOGYRIN^. IX

arous. Radula of the ordinary Stenogyroid type. This
group has characters of both the Subulina and the Opeas
phyla. The genera are Leptinaria (p. 284) and Ochroderma
(p. 325).

III. Opeas phylum.

Chiefly small, thin, ovate or turrite snails, usually per-
forate or rimate, with the columellar margin dilated, straight
or concave, passing without truncation or notch into the
basal margin. No parietal lamella. Oviparous or viviparous.
Dentition as in Subulina, etc. The genera follow :

America. Africa. 8. E. Asia, etc.
Hypolysia.

Curvella. Curvella.

Opeas. Tristania. Opeas. Opeas.

Pseudopeas. Pseudopeas. Eremopeas.

Prosopeas.
Plicaxis.

Perrieria.

This phylum contains the .most widely-spread groups, such
as Opeas, which extends into Polynesia and has been found
in German miocene deposits, and Pseudopeas, which is repre-
sented in South America and Africa, and in the subgenus
Eremopeas extends into Australia, the only indigenous mem-
ber of the Achatinidcp in that continent, Except Curvella,
the other genera are restricted to comparatively small areas.
Nothing is known of the soft anatomy of most of the genera.

Opeas panayensis (pi. 50, fig. 23, after Semper) has a
larger spermatheca duct than Sulidina octona. An egg
dilates the uterus in the preparation figured. The kidney is
very short. The same species was found by Wiegmann to
have 28,1,28 teeth (pi. 51, fig. 2). There is a minute side-
cusp on each side of the mesocone of the middle tooth. The
laterals are nearly symmetrical, tricuspid.

Opeas caraccasense (= - beckianum) from Misantla, V. C.,
Mexico, has been examined by Strebel. The foot (pi. 50, fig.
22) is short, with coarse rugae, the marginal zone distinctly

X NOTES ON THE STENOGYRIN^E.

indicated. The jaw is like that of Subulina octona. The
central tooth is very small and rudimentary, without traces
of side-cusps. These are rather weakly developed on the
laterals. The .genitalia are figured, pi. 50, fig. 22. The vas
deferens is dilated before entering the penis. The penis is
rather slender, thickened club-like towards the apex, where
the retractor is seated. The very short-stalked spermatheca
is inserted on the atrium, below the insertion of the penis, a
remarkable position, which was however verified by the ex-
amination of more than one specimen. The uterus contained
either eggs or embryos in specimen dissected by Strebel, and
also in shells I have opened.

Prosopeas acutissimum has a low arcuate jaw which shows
very fine vertical striation under a high power. Radula with
about 38,1,38 teeth. The narrow middle tooth has a small
cusp. The lateral teeth are tricuspid, with long, slender
mesocones. The marginal teeth often split the ectocone (pi.
51, fig. 5). The radula of P. tchehelense is similar.

IV. Rumina phylum.

This group is somewhat heterogeneous. One genus (Ru-
mina') has a bulbous, hemispherical embryonic shell which is
lost in the adult, and it is oviparous. The others have a
rather conic and entire summit. Zootecus is viviparous. All
have the shell opaque, earthy, with the columella bulimoid,
or at least not distinctly truncate at base. The following
genera are placed here :

Madagascar. N. Africa, 8. Europe, 8.-E. Asia.

Clavator. Riebeckia, Zootecus, Rumina.

Nothing is known of the soft anatomy or reproduction of
Clavator. The dentition of Riebeckia and the anatomy of
Rumina have been described in vol. xvii, pp. 205, 211.

The teeth and jaw of Zootecus have been examined by Mr.
A. Protz (Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 1895, p. 106, pi. 8, f.
5, 6, insularis, and f. 7, 8, pullus}, and by myself. The jaw
is arcuate with rounded ends, with very fine vertical striae.

NOTES ON THE STENOGYRIN2E. XI

The radula (pi. 51, fig. 10, Z. insularis) has 19,1,19 teeth in
Z. pullus, 20,1,26 in insularis. The middle tooth is very nar-
row, with a single ovate cusp. Laterals with a long mesocone
and small ectocone, but no trace of an inner cusp. On the
marginal teeth both cusps become bifid. The absence of an
inner cusp on the side teeth is a peculiarity Zootecus shares
with Riebeckia.

The genus Cylindrogyra Repelin (Annales Musee d'Hist.
Nat. de Marseille, vii, 1902, p. G3) of the Cenomanien of cen-
tral France, may possibly belong to this phylum, but its posi-
tion is very doubtful. Pyrguliini Matheron, t. c., p. 16, is a
synonym of Cylindrogyra. The genus Nisopsis Matheron
(t. c., pp. 16, 64) is placed near Cylindrogyra by Repelin.
It is conic-turrite and umbilicate, and to me has not the ap-
pearance of a Stenogyroid snail.

V. Obeliscus phylum.

Mainly large, turrite or cylindric shells, imperforate or
nearly so, and in adults with the columella continuous with
the basal lip or rarely weakly truncate, though the young or
embryonic stage often has a truncate achatinoid columella.
Most or all of the species are viviparous. Radula, so far as
known, with unicuspid middle and tricuspid side teeth. The
following genera belong here :

America. Africa. 8. E. Asia.

Neobeliscus.

Obeliscus. Euonyma. Tortaxis.

Rhodea.
? Synapterpes.

So far as we know, there is little reason to separate Obe-
liscus, E'lioiii/iini and Tortaxis generically; yet their wide geo-
graphic separation makes such segregation useful, pending
an investigation of the soft anatomy.

The anatomy of Neobeliscus has been described in some de-
tail in the text. The teeth of Obeliscus are described below.
Nothing is known of the soft parts of the other genera.

The radula of Obeliscus obeliscus (pi. 51, fig. 9) resembles

XI! NOTES ON THE STENOGYRIN^.

vt-ry closely that of Neobeliscus. Like the young Neobeliscus,
there is a small cusp on the middle tooth, but no overhanging
cutting point, The lateral teeth are like those of Neobeliscus,
all being tricuspid. Marginal teeth not seen, the radula ex-
amined being fragmentary, taken from the remains washed
from a dry shell.

ACHATINIM [Continued]

Genus BACILLUM Theobald.

Bacillum THEOBALD in Hanley and Theobald, Conchologia
Indica, p. 17, for Achatina obtusa Blanf. and A. cassiaca
Bens. — Achatina, Glessula and Stenogyra of various authors.

Shell rather large, solid, imperforate turrited, many-
whorled, a little contracted near the obtuse, rounded summit,
the embryonic shell cylindric; sculpture of vertical rib-striae
beginning somewhere upon the first whorl (pi. 1, fig. 12) ;
the post-embryonic whorls being obliquely, regularly rib-
striate. Aperture oblique, Achatinoid, the columella con-
cave, truncate at the base, outer lip simple. Internal axis
slender, strongly sigmoid within each whorl. Soft anatomy
unknown. Type B. cassiacum.

Distribution, eastern India. Figured on plate 1.

This group would hardly be thought distinct from Homorus
were it not well separated geographically from that African
genus, at least in the recent fauna. Almost the sole distin-
guishing feature is the stronger sculpture of Bacillum. Both
groups are merely large and solid forms of the Subulina type,
so far as the shells are concerned.

1. B. OBTUSUM (Blanford). PL 1, fig. 1.

Shell elongate-turrited, whitish corneous, waxy, rather
solid, closely flexuously plicate-striate, plicate under the
suture. Spire lengthened, subcylindric towards the apex,
which is very obtuse and papillar. Suture slightly impressed,
somewhat crenulated. Whorls 12 to 14, nearly flat, the last
subangulate at the periphery. Aperture oblique, subovate;
peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 48 to 52, diam. 10 to

(1)

6 BACILLUM.

11, length of aperture 10 to 11, width 5 to 5.5 mm. ; apex 3
mm. wide (W. T. Blanf.).

Bhamo, Ava (Blanf ord).

Achatina (Glessula) obtusa BLANF., P. Z. S., 1869, p. 449.
— HANLEY & THEOB., Conch. Ind., p. 17, pi. 36, f. 6.— PFE.,
Monogr., viii, p. 290. Not Achatina obtusa Pfr., Monogr., ii,
281, which was originally described as a Glandina.

"Very close to A. cassiaca Bens., but distinguished by finer
sculpture, narrower and less numerous whorls, and much
more obtuse apex."

2. B. ORTHOCERAS (Godwin-Austen) . PI. 1, figs. 2, 3, 12.

"Shell very slender and elongate, pale gray or white, very
finely and regularly ribbed throughout, very solid, apex
blunt; whorls 13 to 14, slightly rounded, suture well im-
pressed; aperture oblique, rounded below, outer lip sharply
edged and continued as a well-developed callus upon the
strong, thickened columellar margin. Length 2.32, major
diam. 0.4 in." (Godwin- Austen} .

Khasi Hills.

Glessula orthoceras G.-A., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xliv,
part ii, 1875, p. 2, pi. 1, f. 4. — Achatina o., PFR., Monogr.,
viii, p. 289. — Stenogyra (Glessula} o., G. NEVILL, Hand List
Moll. Ind. Mus., i, p. 172.

' ' Abundant on the nummulitic limestone of the West Khasi
Hills, particularly near Nongumlai, where the finest speci-
mens were collected; a smaller variety occurred on the peak
of Laudomodo on gneiss, and was not so solid. This species
can be at once distinguished from G. cassiaca Bs. by its white
color and by the absence of the dark brown epidermis that
covers the latter; the whorls also are much more rounded,
whereas in cassiaca they are nearly flat. It is very close to
G. obtusa W. Blf., brought from Yunan by Dr. J. Anderson,
but is altogether a larger shell and differs in its general form.

' ' Fine Glessula cassiaca I only found to the eastward in the
Naga Hills, whence I suspect Griffith's specimens were ob-
tained and sent to Benson, who imagined they were from the
Khasi Hills" (Godwin- Aust en} .

BACILLUM. 3

A specimen before me measures: length 62, diam. 11,
length of aperture 12.2 mm. ; whorls 14. The apex is of the
round-topped cylindric type. Initial three-fourths of a whorl
smooth (worn in the specimen seen) ; fine vertical rib-striae
then set in. The third and fourth whorls do not increase in
diameter over the second; but with the fifth a regular but
slow increase begins. This specimen (figs. 3, 12), agrees with
the type description and figure except that the columella is
less curved.

Nevill gives the following localities for specimens in the
Indian Museum: Khasi Hills, Dafla Hills (Godwin- Austen) ;
Assam, a young sinistral specimen (Stoliczka) ; and, doubt-
fully, Andarnans, on the assertion of a native collector.

2a. B. orthoceras austeni n. subsp. PI. 1, fig. 4.

Shell with the gray color, deficient cuticle and convex
whorls of B. orthoceras, but much more rapidly tapering, the
last whorl being much wider; striation coarser. Spire
straightly tapering, very slender above. The early whorls are
broken from the type specimen, 9y2 remaining. Length
(broken) 53.8, diam. 12, length of aperture 12.5 mm.

Naga Hills (coll. A. N. S. P., from a London dealer).

In a similarly broken specimen of B. cassiacum of about
the same length as the type of Austeni there are eleven whorls
remaining, and the shell measures: length 52, diam. 10,
length of aperture 11 mm.

3. B. CASSIACUM ('Bens.' Eve.). PI. 1, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell elongate-subulate, solid, closely and rudely obliquely
plicate; white, covered with an olivaceous-brown cuticle.
Spire lengthened, the apex subpapillar. Whorls 14 to 15,
flattened, the last subangulate peripherally. Columella
strongly arcuate, abruptly truncated. Aperture subrhombic-
semioval; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 64, diam.
12, aperture 13x7 mm. (Pfr., from spec, in Benson coll.).

Naga Hills; Toruputu, 7,000 ft. (Godwin- Austen).

Achatina cassiaca Bens, mss., REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi.
17, f. 85 (June, 1849).— PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 499; iv, 615;

4 BACILLUM.

vi, 234; Conchyl. Cab., p. 310, pi. 25, f. 1. — GODWIN-AUSTEN,
P. Z. S., 1872, p. 517, foot-note. — Electro, casiaca Bens., HANL.
& THEOB., Conch. Ind., pi. 36, f. 5. — Glessula casiaca G.-Ausi.,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., xliv, pt. 2, 1875, p. 3. — Stenogyra
(Glessula) casiaca Bens., NEVILL, Hand List Moll. Ind. Mus.,
i, 172.

In 1872 God win- Austen stated that " the type of A. casiaca
in Benson's collection is a shell I obtained in the Naga Hills,
but never in the Khasi ; ' ' the latter being a different species,
which he described in 1875 as Glessula orthoceras. The local-
ity "Cassia Hills" given by Reeve on Griffith's authority is
erroneous.

A small specimen stated to be from the N. Cachar Hills, is
figured, pi. 1, figs. 6, 7. It measures : length 52, diam. 10,
length of aperture 11 mm. The apex is broken. Fig. 5 is a
copy of Reeve's type figure.

4. B. THEOBALDI (Hanley). PI. 1, fig. 8.

"Differs from A. cassiaca, of which it has been considered
a variety, by its smoothness, more convex whorls, etc." (Hani.
& Theol).).

Near the Salwin river, Shan States (Fedden).

Ackatina theobaldi Hanley in HANLEY & THEOB., Conch.
Indica, p. 9, pi. 17, f. 5. — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 290. — Acha-
tina (Glessula) theobaldiana Hanley, THEOBALD, J. A. S. B.,
xxxix, 1870, p. 395. — Stenogyra (Glessula) theobaldiana
Hani., NEVILL, Hand List, p. 172.

No full description of this species has been published.

5. B. EROSUM (Blanford). PI. 1, figs. 9, 10, 11.

Shell long-turrited, rather thick, but little shining, hardly
diaphanous, longitudinally obliquely striate, covered with a
brownish straw-colored epidermis. Spire turrited, the sides
a little convex, apex truncate, the apical whorls wanting, 7
nearly flat ones remaining; upper whorls more or less de-
nuded and worn; suture impressed. Aperture oblique, an-
gular behind, milk-white within. Peristome simple, acute.
Columella lightly arcuate, obliquely truncate at the base
(Blanf.) .

TORTAXIS. 5

Length 35, diam. 10, aperture 10x5 mm.

Length 36, diam. 10.5, aperture 10x5 mm.

Length 34, diam. 9, aperture 9x5 mm.

Darjeeling, in forest at the waterfall (Stoliczka).

Glessula erosa BLANF., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xl, 1871,
p. 43, pL 2, f. 7, la. — Achatina e., HANLEY & THEOB., Conch.
Ind., pi. 78, f. 5.— PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 283.

"This species is easily distinguished from its local associate
G. tenuispira Bens, by its thickness and opacity, and by the
character of the surface, which has none of the vitreous lustre
so characteristic of most species of the genus. The upper
whorls are generally much eroded; the lower, which retain
the epidermis, are of a dark straw-color with darker oblique
bands at intervals, apparently, marking stages of growth.
Under a lens very fine dark spiral lines are also perceptible"
(Blanford}.

Genus TORTAXIS Pilsbry, n. gen.

Spiraxis, Euspiraxis and Stenogyra, in part, of authors.

Shell Stenogyroid, rather large, imperforate or narrowly
rimate, turrited or cylindric-turrited with large, obtuse (but
not bulbous or cylindric) apex, the first two whorls smooth,
the rest glossy, rather weakly striate, convex. Aperture
ovate, the outer lip simple or with expanded edge, columella
concave above, having a spiral callous fold below, obliquely
or vertically truncate at the base. Type T. erectus (Bens.).

Distribution, southern China, Tonkin and Laos.

Most of the species are figured on plate 2.

This group differs from Prosopeas chiefly by the shape of
the columella, The shell is also smoother and less attenuate
above, and the growth-stria? bend forward less. It is not
closely related to the true American Spiraxis.

These snails are apparently viviparous. A young shell out
of T. liLbricus is globose, of 2y2 whorls, umbilicate, with a
short, concave columella which is obliquely truncated, Acha-
tina-Yike at the base. Diam. and alt. 2 mm. (pi. 12, fig. 1).

Stenogyra pachygyra Gredler, which has much the contour

O TORTAXIS.

of Tort axis, was later shown to be an Elma, family Strep-
taxidss (Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges., 1890, p. 148).

The axis is but slightly sinuated in the whorls of the spire,
not strongly so as in Bacillum.

1. T. SUPERBUS Mlldff.

Shell rimate, rather ventricosely turrited, rather solid, ob-
liquely curved striatulate and decussated with spiral lines,
greenish-yellow; apex obtuse. Whorls 9, a little convex,
noticeably increasing, the last inflated, not descending.
Aperture oblique, truncate-oval; peristome a little expanded,
very much thickened, the columellar margin dilated, not trun-
cated or twisted below. Length 40, diam. 11.5, aperture lOx
7.5 mm. (Mlldff.}.

China: Heng-shan-hsien, prov. Hunan (Fuchs).

Stenogyra ( f Opeas) superba MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. in.
Ges., 1888, p. 44.

By the umbilical crevice and shape of the columella this
appears to belong to the section Opeas, but it differs widely
from the typical species of that group by the great size and
thick peristome (Mlldff.).

2. T. PALUS (Heude). PI. 12, figs. 2, 3.

Shell of moderate size, long-turriculate ; spire strongly
attenuate, long-conic. Whorls 14, flattened, the upper mar-
gin crenulate, joined by a scalar suture, the last acute at the
base. Aperture oval. Length 28, diam. 6 mm. (Hde.).

China: Kuang-si.

Stenogyra palus HDE., Notes sur les Moll. terr. de la Vallee
du fleuve Bleu, p. 151, pi. 38, f. 25.

The generic position of this form is uncertain.

3. T. CHINENSIS (Pfeiffer).

Shell oblong-turrited, thin, under a lens seen to have hair-
like strias, glossy, pellucid, waxen-hyaline. Spire lengthened,
the apex rather obtuse, whorls 6, moderately convex, the last
one-third the total length, somewhat tapering basally. Aper-
ture subvertical, oblong. Columella callous, somewhat

TORTAXIS. 7

twisted, almost vertically truncate at the base. Peristome
simple and thin. Length 1, diam. 2.5, aperture 2.33x1.5
mm. (Pfr.).

Shanghai, China (Fortune, in Mus. Cuming).

Achatina chinensis PPR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 294; Mono-
graphia, iv, p. 614.

This* small species has not been figured. It seems from the
"almost vertically truncate columella" to be a Tortaxis rather
than a S-ubulina. According to von Moellendorff, the species
reported by Fortune and others from "Shanghai'3 really
came from the tea district in the interior of the province.

Compare also Opeas layardi etc., which may be the nearest
allies of this species.

4. T. MANDARINUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 2, figs. 27, 28, 29.

Shell imperforate, cylindric-turrited, rather solid, smooth,
glossy, buff- waxen. Spire long, the apex attenuate, obtuse;
suture margined. Whorls 8, the first rounded, the rest mod-
erately convex, last whorl about one-fourth the total length,
rounded basally; columella callous, twisted, subduplicate.
Aperture oblique, elliptic-oval; peristome simple, unex-
panded, the right margin arching forward above. Length
23, diam. 6 mm., aperture scarcely 6 mm. long, 3.5 wide
(P/r.).

China (Mus. Cuming). Province Kuang-tung (Gredler).

Spiraxis mandarina PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 9 ; Monogr., iv,
p. 573. — Stenogyra (Euspiraxis) m., GREDLER, Malak. Bl.,
ix, p. 142.

This species has not hitherto been figured. Specimens said
to be from Canton are before me, two being figured on my
plate. The shell differs from T. erecta var. fuchsiana by its
more slender shape, shorter aperture, and the form of the
columella, which in profile (fig. 29) appears doubly plicate.
Two specimens measure :

Length 22, diam. 6.1, aperture 6.2 mm.; whorls 8.

Length 28, diam. 7, aperture 7 mm.; whorls 9.

5. T. ERECTUS (Benson). PI. 2, figs. 24, 25, 26.

Shell whitish, rather solid, subulate-turrited, epidermis

8 TORTAXIS.

dirty, scabrous. Whorls 8, planulate, the suture impressed;
apex obtuse (Bens.).

Middle and southern China: Chusan, in company with
Clausilia aculus; Macao (Dr. Cantor); Siam.

Achatina erecta BENSON, Ann. and Mag. N. H., ix, August,
1842, p. 487.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 16, f. 69.— PPR.,
Monogr., ii, p. 265; iii, 500; iv, 573; vi, 190; Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 333, pi. 28, f. 6, 7 ; P. Z. S., 1855, p. 9.—Stenogyra erecta
MARTENS, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 9?;0stas. Zool., p. 52, 83 (Siam).
— NEVILL, Hand List Moll. Ind. Mus., i, p. 164 (Shanghai,
Tonnerre). — MLLDFF., Jahrb. D. M. Ges., viii, 1881, p. 302,
304 (Canton). — MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl., 1889, p. 128
(Ajuthia, Siam).— GREDLER, Mai. Bl. (n. F.), ix, 1887, p.
142. — Spiraxis erectus Bens., FISCHER & DAUTZ., Mission
Pavie Indo-Chine, iii, p. 411.

Benson's very incomplete description is given above. The
shell is imperforate, cylindric-turrited, with a very obtuse
apex; rather solid though thin, straw-colored or greenish-
yellow, but slightly translucent, very glossy, sculptured with
arcuate and rather weak growth-wrinkles. "Whorls 7!/2> mod-
erately convex. Apex rounded, smooth. Aperture oblique,
ovate, the outer lip acute, arched forward just below the
upper insertion. Columella strongly concave above, white-
calloused below, and obliquely truncated at the base, the
truncation vertical. Length 20.7, diam. 6 mm., length of
aperture 6 mm.

It is wider and less elongated than T. mandarinus or T.
lubricus and is more cylindric and more delicate than T.
minis. Specimens from Kuang-tung sent by Mr. B.
Schmacker are larger than the form considered typical of
erecta by Reeve and Pfeiffer, with 8y2 strongly convex
whorls. One is figured in pi. 2, figs. 24, 25. The lip is ob-
tuse, though not thickened outside. Specimens measure:
length 24.5, diam. 6.8, aperture 6.7 mm. ; length 24, diam.
6.7, length of aperture 6.9 mm.

6. T. MIRUS (Gredler). PI. 2, fig. 18.

Shell imperforate, turriculate, rather solid, irregularly

TORTAXIS. 9

striatulate, more strongly so at the suture, glossy and trans-
lucid, pale greenish-yellow. Apex obtuse. Whorls 9, convex,
the last slightly tapering to the base, suture deep. Aperture
quadrilateral-ovate, oblique. Peristome a little expanded,
thickened, the columellar margin short, adnate, arcuately re-
ceding; columella twisted, not truncate at the base, though
angularly channelled. Length 28, diam. 7.75, aperture alt. 7,
width 4 mm. (Gredl.) .

China: a mountain near Yin-tchu-fu (or Hen-tchu-fu),
Hunan (Fuchs).

Stenogyra (Euspiraxis) mira GREDL., Jahrb. D. M. Ges.,
xi, 1884, p. 146, pi. 3, f. 3; Mai. Bl. n. F., ix, 1887, p. 142.-
ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, ii, 1885, p. 133, with var.
megeana. — Stenogyra fuchsiana Heude, Notes Moll. terr. Val-
lee fleuve Bleu, p. 117, pi. 30, f. 16 (1884).

' ' This largest of the Chinese species is distinguished by its
unusual size, and more by the twisted axis which recalls Aclia-
tina, and by the nearly quadrangular aperture. ' '

Mr. Ancey has commented upon specimens from Kuang-
yien-shien, prov. Setchuan, measuring 27x8 mm., noting that
Gredler's figure is defective in that the spire is shown too
much attenuated and the apical whorls too small. I have not
seen topotypes, and therefore hesitate to criticize Gredler's
figure, which I have copied, pi. 2, fig. 18.

6a. Var. fuchsianus Heude. PI. 2, figs. 19, 20, 21, 22.

The specimens before me (pi. 2, figs. 19, 20) are from
Heng-Shan-Hsien, prov. Hunan, received from B. Schmaeker.
Two measure as follows:

Length 27, diam. 8, length of aperture 8 mm.

Length 28, diam. 8, length of aperture 8 mm.

There are 8y2 convex whorls. The aperture is oblique, the
outer lip only perceptibly arched forward below the upper
insertion, the edge being narrowly expanded. There is a nar-
row umbilical slit behind the reflexed columellar lip. The
surface is greenish-yellow, sculptured weakly with growth-
wrinkles, which are hardly noticeably stronger below the
suture. The apex is much larger than figured by Gredler for

10 TORTAXIS.

mira. These specimens are apparently the same as those com-
mented on by Mr. Ancey and those described by Heude as
Stenogyra fuchsiana, and differ from mira in the larger apex,
perforate axis, larger aperture, etc.

Heude 's type (pi. 2, figs. 21, 22) measured 27x9 mm., with
8 whorls, and was from Pao-k'ing-fu, in southern Hunan, col-
lected by Fuchs.

6&. Var. megeanus Ancey differs from the type by the
smaller size, shorter form and number of whorls. Length 25,
diam. 8, alt. aperture 7 mm., whorls 9 (Ancey).

Kuang-Yien-Shien, prov. Setchuen, China (Abbe Mege).

7. T. PERMIRUS (Ancey). PI. 2, figs. 15, 16, 17.

Shell solid, imperforate, elongate-turrite, with an oily gloss.
Spire regularly conic-tapering, the apex obtuse. "Whorls 10,
regularly increasing, parted by an impressed suture, the first
smooth, the rest ornamented by obsolete striae more distinct
at the suture. Last whorl hardly ascending, tapering below.
Aperture distinctly oblique, irregularly oval, narrowed at
both ends, angular above. Columella thick, a little arcuate,
then twisted-plicate, nearly vertically truncate, and forming
an angle with the base. Lip thickened, obtuse, subpatulous,
the margins remote, joined by a strong and adnate callus.
Color greenish-corneous, the apex a little paler, peristome
white. Length 32, diam. 10, aperture 10 mm. high, 7 wide
( Ancey) .

Tonkin: That-Khe (Messager).

Spiraxis pcrmira ANC., Journ. de Conch., li, 1903, p. 219, pi.
9, f. 17-20, with var. multiplicata Anc., p. 220, pi. 9, f. 21, 22.

This species especially approaches 8. mira Gredler of
Hunan, but the aperture is more ample, the columella less
arcuate, less abruptly truncate, etc. (Anc.).

la. Var. multiplicatus Anc. PI. 2, fig. 23.

Differs from the type by its more strongly longitudinally
striate or even plicate surface.

8. T. PILSBRYI (Ancey). PI. 2, figs. 13, 14.

Shell rather solid, imperforate, lengthened- turrited, little

TORTAXIS. 11

shining. Spire much produced and long-tapering, the apex
large and obtuse. Whorls 11, a little convex, the first smooth,
the rest ornamented with close, slightly oblique, irregular,
longitudinal stria?, plicate at the suture. Suture impressed
and lacerated by the plicee. Last whorl oblong, tapering
above. Aperture distinctly oblique, oblong, tapering above,
the margins joined by a glossy callus. Columella at first
arcuate above, posteriorly thickened and vertically truncate-
plicate. Lip arcuate, acute but a little thickened, but with-
out marginal lip. Color greenish-corneous. Alt. 33, diam. 8,
aperture 7 mm. high, 5 wide (Anc.) .

Tonkin: Bac-Kan and That-Khe (Messager).

Spiraxis pilsbryi ANC., Journ. de Conch., li, 1903, p. 218,
pi. 9, f. 15, 16.

This species is distinguished by the more cylindric form,
more narrowly lengthened, its aperture less high, and its peri-
stome not so much thickened (Anc.).

9. T. LUBRICUS (Dautzenberg). PI. 2, figs. 30, 31.

Shell imperforate, thin but rather strong, yellowish-corne-
ous, slightly translucent, cylindric-turrited, the apex very
obtuse. Whorls fully 9, quite convex, the apex rounded,
rather large, first two whorls smooth, the rest striatulate, the
stria? a trifle stronger and retracted near the suture. Aper-
ture small, ovate, slightly oblique, the outer lip thin ; arched
forward above. Columella concave above, then convex and
calloused, obliquely truncate below.

Length 23.5, diam. 6, length aperture 5.9 mm. ; whorls 914.

Length 23, diam. 5.7, length aperture 5.8 mm. ; whorls 9*4.

Length 20, diam. 5, length aperture 5.3 mm.; whorls 8y2.

Tonkin, near Haiphong.

Described and figured from specimens supplied by Mr.
Dautzenberg, but I have been unable to find the original de-
scription. It is a more slender, lengthened shell than T.
erectus; narrower and more cylindric than T. mandarinus.

A young shell fell out of one of the specimens. It is glob-
ular, about 2 mm. diam. and alt., with strongly truncate
columella (pi. 12, fig. 1).

12 PLICAXIS.

10. T. PFEIFFERI (Menke). PI. 4, figs. 21, 22.

Shell oblong-turrited, rather solid, lightly striate, but little
shining, Avaxy-buff. Spire long, the apex obtuse, suture mod-
erately impressed. Whorls 8, equally and slightly convex,
the last slightly exceeding a fourth the total length, base
slightly tapering. Coluniella white-calloused, slightly twisted.
Aperture suboblique, elliptical-oval; peristome simple, unex-
panded, the right margin dilated forward. Length 19, diam.
5.5, length of aperture 5, width 3 mm. (Pfr.) .

Touranne, Cochin China; Annam (Fruhstorfer).

Spiraxis pfeifferi MKE., Malak. Bl., iii, 1856, p. 68.— PFR.,
Novit. Conch., i, p. 103, pi. 29, f . 7, 8 ; Monogr. Hel. Viv., iv,
573. — Prosopeas p., MLLDFF., Nachrbl. D. Malak. Ges., 1900,
p. 134.

11. T. SERVAINI (Mabille). PI. 4, fig. 6.

Shell oblong-subcylindrie, hyaline, delicate, rather solid,
glossy, slightly striatulate under a lens. Spire elongate, the
apex obtuse, mamillate. Whorls 8, convex, separated by an
impressed, narrowly margined suture, the last whorl cylin-
dric, nearly one-third the total length, rather swollen basally,
slightly tapering. Aperture subvertical, ovate, angular be-
low; columella a little thickened, arcuate, slightly and ob-
liquely truncate at the base ; outer margin a little curved
forward; parietal callus very thin. Length 20, diam. 6 mm.
(Mob.}.

Tonkin (Balansa).

Siibulina servaini J. MABILLE, Moll. Tonk. diagn., p. 10
(May 14, 1887) ; Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 104,
pi. 4, f. 13.

The original figure, which I have copied, is evidently so
poor as to be practically worthless.

Genus PLICAXIS Sykes, 1903.

Plicaxis SYKES, Journal of Malacology, x, p. 1, March 31,
1903. — ? Rltodina DE MORGAN, Le Naturaliste, May, 1885, p.
68. Not Khodina Guenee, 1854.

Shell imperforate, dextral, cylindric, striate, the early

PLICAXIS. 13

whorls smooth, apex obtuse; whorls numerous (10-13 in
known species). Aperture irregularly piriform, the columella
excavated below, prominent at its junction with the parietal
wall. Soft anatomy unknown.

Type P. mirdbilis. Distribution, Perak, Malay Peninsula.

No definition of this group has been published by Mr.
Sykes, but its special character seems to be the presence of a
prominence on the axial border, invading the aperture. In
P. mirdbilis the columella seems to be slightly twisted, and the
parietal wall bulges above it; in P. perakensis the columella
seems to describe a wide spiral gyration. Otherwise the shell
is like Prosopeas. The two species seem from the published
figures to differ in columellar structure, and that they be-
long together is not at all certain.

1. P. MIRABILIS (Sykes). PI. 4, figs. 1, 2.

' ' Shell recalling in form Bhodina perakensis de Morgan, but
the earlier whorls increase more rapidly, and the lower half
of the shell has a more cylindrical appearance. The colu-
mella is twisted, and a revolving keel encircles the base and
ascends spirally into the shell, about half way up the colu-
mella wall ; in addition, another keel is visible from the junc-
tion of the suture line and the outer lip until, revolving
round the periphery, it fades out where it bisects the outer
lip. Whorls 13, earlier ones smooth, later ones strongly
striate. Alt. 24.5, diam. max. 3.5 mm." (Sykes}.

Malay Peninsula : Kelantan (J. Waterstradt).

Rliodina (?) mirdbilis SYKES, Journal of Malacology, ix,
1902, p. 22; t. c., p. 61, pi. 3, f. 2; x, p. 1.

This species is the type of the genus Plicaxis, though Mr.
Sykes did not actually use the combination Plicaxis mirdbilis.

2. P. PERAKENSIS (de Morgan). PI. 4, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Shell cylindric, subulate, fragile, brown, corneous, com-
posed of 10 regularly convoluted whorls ; stria? of growth very
well marked and irregular; suture linear and very strongly
impressed. Aperture triangular, oblique, at an angle of
about 30 degrees with the axis of the shell ; peristorne straight

14 PROSOPEAS.

and thin; cohimellar margin much reflexed. Length 25, diam.
in the middle 3.5, diam. of the last whorl 4.5 mm. ; length of
aperture 5, width 3 mm. Color corneous-yellow (de Morg.}.

Perak: Mt. Tchora, near Ipoh (Kinta), among dead leaves
gathered between limestone blocks, one specimen (de Morg.}.

Rhodina perakensis DE MORGAN, Le Naturaliste, iii, 7e
annee, May, 1885, p. 68 ; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x, 1885, p.
390, pi. 6i f. 9.

Genus PROSOPEAS Morch, 1876.

Prosopeas MORCH, Journ. de Conchyl., 1876, p. 358, for
Bulimus roepstorfi and B. achates.

Shell Stenogyroid, of moderate or large size, imperforate
or nearly so, with rather small, seiniglobose apex, the first 2
whorls typically smooth (but ribbed in the s.-g. Paropeas],
later whorls very densely sculptured ivith fine oblique stricc
luhich are arched forward above and retracted to the suture.
Aperture ovate, columella straight or concave, continuous
with the basal margin below, slightly or not folded above,
with a reflexed, adnate margin. Axis slender, straight or
nearly so. Reproduction by globular, calcareous-shelled eggs,
as in Opeas. Type P. roepstorfi.

Distribution, East Indies, Philippines, north to China.

The species are illustrated on plates 3, 4, 5.

Prosopeas as at present limited contains species of some-
what diverse structure, falling into three subsidiary groups :

1. Prosopeas s. str. First two whorls smooth, forming a
rounded apex (pi. 4, fig. 8). P. roepstorfi, P. tchchelense,
etc.

2. Section Paropeas Pils., n. s.-g. First two or two and a
half whorls vertically ribbed (pi. 3, fig. 88), apex rounded;
shell thin. P. aculissimum (type of the subgenus), holoseri-
cum, paioense, argent cum, lombockense, etc.

3. Group of P. liauglitoni. Large and solid, the apex
rather conic, apparently ribbed, but worn in all the specimens
seen. P. lunnjliloni, P. pealei, and perhaps P. cochliodes and
the other large Philippean species, and P. carolinum.

PROSOPEAS. 15

Many of the descriptions do not mention the apical sculp-
ture, and frequently in the larger forms it cannot be made
out in adult shells owing to erosion ; so that at present these
characters cannot be utilized in the arrangement of the species.
Most of those known from Lombock, Java and Sumatra be-
long to the subgenus Paropeas, while further north Prosopeas
proper predominates.

Opeas hedeius and 0. fagoti of Mabille, described from
Tonkin, may belong to Prosopeas, but they have not been
figured and their position is uncertain.

Distribution of Species of Prosopeas.

Philippine species : P. suturale, no. 1 ; P. cocldiodes, no. 2 ;

P. rhodiniforme, no. 3; P. elongatulum, no. 4; P.

pagoda, no. 5; P. quadrasi, no. 6; P. romblonicum, no.

7; P. macilentum, no. 8.
Caroline Is. : P. carolinum, no. 9.
East Indian species:

Moluccas: P. elongatulum, no. 4.

Celebes : P. gorontalensis, no. 10.

Lombock : P. lombockense, no. 12 ; P. discernibilis, no. 11.

Java : P. achatinaceum, no. 13 ; P. acutissimum, no. 14 ;

P. hochstetteri, no. 15 ; P. liolosericum, no. 16.
Sumatra (including Enganio) : P. liolosericum, no. 16;

P. paioense, no. 18 ; P. laxispira, no. 19 ; P. argenteum,

no. 17.

Nicobar Is. : P. roepstorfi, no. 20 ; P. achates, no. 21.
Andaman Is. : P. haughtoni, no. 22 ; P. pealei, no. 23 ; P.

tualkeri, no. 24.
Asiatic species, Malay Peninsula to Burma: P. walkeri, no.

24; P. turricula, no. 25; P. terebralis, no. 26; P. tche-

helense, no. 27 ; P. swettenhami, no. 28 ; P. hebes, no. 29.
Anam, Laos, Tonquin : P. anceyi, no. 30 ; P. henrici, no. 31.
Hainan: P. teres, no. 32.
China : P. decorticatum, no. 33 ; P. striatissimum, no. 34.

1. P. SUTURALE Moellendorff. PI. 5, figs. 23, 24.

Shell nearly subrimate, long-turrite, thin, glossy, corneous-

16 PROSOPEAS.

whitish; spire turn ted, the sides very slightly convex, the
apex rather acute. Whorls S1/?, very slowly increasing, sep-
arated by an impressed, submargined suture, the upper ones
somewhat convex, the later whorls flat in the middle, striat-
ulate, the stride oblique, sigmoid ; last whorl one-third the
shell 's length. Aperture oblique, seraioval ; peristonie simple,
acute, the right margin somewhat protracted above, columel-
lar margin oblique, somewhat straightened, and closing the
umbilical crevice with a distinct callus. Columella slightly
twisted, obliquely entering, the median part flattened, base
slightly emarginate, not truncate. Length 50.5, diam. 8.12,
aperture 9.5 mm. long, width (including callus) 5 mm.

Cebu: village of Tuburan, on the west coast.

Prosopeas suturale MLLDPF., Bericht Senck. Nat. Ges.,
1890, p. 246, pi. 8, f. 10.

Related to P. pagoda Semp. of Montalban, from which it
differs by the smaller number of whorls of full-grown shells,
convexly-turrited shape, higher and broader shell, and by
having no angle between coluuiellar and basal margins of
the mouth. Like other species of this difficult group, it varies
in the relative width of the shell. A specimen was found
only 7.37 mm. wide with a length of 30.5. Another is 8.25
wide, length 25.5 mm.

2. P. COCHLIODES (Pfeiffer). PI. 5, figs. 25, 26, 27.

Shell imperforate, turrited, solid, obliquely regularly stri-
ate, whitish; apex rather obtuse; suture impressed. Whorls
9, rather flattened, the last one-fourth the total length. Colu-
mella somewhat thickened. Aperture oblong-oval; peristonie
simple, unexpanded. Length 48, diam. 12, aperture 12.5x6
mm. (P/V.).

Philippines: Cuyo (Cuming). Sibuyan (Mlldff.). Tablas
(Mlldff., subsp. planogyra).

Biilhn-us cochliodes PFR., P. Z. S., 1842, p. 151; Monogr.,
ii, 152. — Bulimus cochleades REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 14,
f. 82. — Prosopeas c., MLLDFF., with mut. extensa Mlldff. and
subsp. planoyyra Mlldff., Abhandl. Nat. Ges. Gorlitz, xxii,
1898, p. 155.

PROSOPEAS. 17

In this large, solid species the early whorls are usually
worn in adults. I do not know whether they are costulate or
not. The columella in adult but not aged shells is narrow
and nearly straight, as usual in Prosopeas, but in old shells
it becomes very thick inwardly, and tapers strongly to the
base. The aperture is quite oblique. Three specimens from
Sibuyan (pi. 5, figs. 26, 27) measure-
Length 42, diam. 10, length aperture 11.5 mm., whorls
Length 44.5, diain. 9.5, length aperture 11 mm., whorls
Length 37.5, diani. 9.5, length aperture 11.3 mm., whorls 9.
Reeve's figure is copied, fig. 25. The varieties mentioned
by von Moellendorff have not yet been described.

3. P. RHODIN^EFORME Moellendorff.

Shell not rimate, slenderly cylindric-fusiform, thin, sub-
pellucid, delicately striate-silky, pale straw-colored. Whorls
10, rather rapidly increasing, parted by slightly impressed
sutures, flattened, the last and penultimate nearly equal in
height. Aperture moderately oblique, drop-shaped; peri-
stome simple, acute, the right margin strongly arcuate. Colu-
mella not truncate, callous, well arched below, strongly twisted
above, elevated like a lamella, spirally receding.

Length 33.5, diam. 6.5 mm.

Length 28, diam. 7 mm. (Mlldff.}.

Sibuyan (C. Roebelen) ; Tablas.

Prosopeas rhodin&forme MLLDFF., Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges.,
xxvi, p. 115, August, 1894.

4. P. ELONGATULUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 5, figs. 28, 29.

Shell imperf orate, subulate, rather solid ; under a very thin
cuticle it is striate, sometimes obsoletely decussate, white;
spire subulate, acute. Whorls 8, flattened, the last nearly
one- third the length. Columella slightly receding, callous,
flat. Aperture oblong-oval ; peristome simple, the right mar-
gin somewhat arched forward; columellar margin receding,
somewhat thickened, appressed. Length 24, diam. 5.66, length
of aperture 7, width 3.33 mm. (P/r.).

Luzon .- Calanang ( Cuming) . March, in the Ternate group
of the Moluccas (Martens).

18 PROSOPEAS.

Bulimus elongatulus PPR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 42; Monogr.,
ii, p. 154; iii, 391; iv, 453; vi, 91; Conchyl. Cab., p. 197, pi.
30, f. 5, 6.— REEVE, C. Icon., v, pi. 14, f. 80.— Stenogyra e.,
MARTENS, Ostas. Zool., Landschn., p. 373 ; Jahrb. D. M. Ges.,
ii, 1875, p. 83, footnote. — Prosopeas e., MLLDFF., Verzeichniss,
p. 155.

5. P. PAGODA (Semper).

Shell imperf orate, subulate, glossy, lightly striatulate, yellow-
ish, hyaline ; apex obtuse. Whorls 7 to 7V2, nearly flat, gradu-
ally increasing, the last tapering below. Aperture subvertical,
ovate-trigonal; columellar margin almost straight, somewhat
callous below, subtruncate, not reflexed at the insertion.
Length 16-19, diam. 5-5.5, alt. of aperture 6-6.5, width 3 mm.
The penult, whorl is to the last as l:!3/4 (Semper).

Northern Luzon (Semper). Montalban (Mlldff.).

Stenogyra pagoda SEMPER Reisen im Archipel der Philip-
pinen, iii, p. 138.

6. P. QUADRASI (Hidalgo). PI. 5, figs. 30, 31.

Shell subimperforate, long-turrited, narrow, thin, slightly
striatulate, subpellucid, whitish (corneous?). Spire much
lengthened, the apex obtuse, submamillar; suture impressed.
"Whorls 11, wide, rather flattened, the last one-fifth the total
length, somewhat tapering basally; columella thread-like,
lightly arcuate. Aperture ovate-acute, the base rounded ; peri-
stome simple, straight, Length 19.5, width 3.5 mm. (Hid.).

Cagpayao, Gigaquit, Mindanao.

Stenogyra quadrasi HID., Journ. de Conchyl., 1888, p. 35,
pi. 6, f. 2. — Prosopeas q., MLLDFF., Verzeich., p. 156.

Larger than Stenogyra panayensis Pfr.,-with more whorls
and a differently shaped aperture. It may be an Opeas.

1. P. ROMBLONICUM Moellendorff.

Shell imperforate, subcylindric-turrited, thin, pellucid,
finely curved-striatulate, rather glossy, straw-colored. Spire
tapering, the apex semiglobose. Whorls 7, flattened, the last
somewhat subangular below the periphery. Aperture moder-

PROSOPEAS. 19

ately oblique, narrowly acuminate-oval; peristome simple,
acute, the right margin curved forward above the middle.
Columella slightly twisted, callously thickened. Length 15,
diam. 4.6 mm. (Mlldff.).

Romblon.

Prosopeas romblonicum MLLDFP., Nachrbl. D. M. Ges.,
1896,- p. 12.

8. P. MACILENTUM (Reeve) . PI. 5, fig. 32.

Shell imperf orate, oblong-turrited, very thin, smooth, pel-
lucid, glossy, greenish-hyaline ; spire turrited, obtuse. Whorls
6, slightly convex, the last about two-fifths the total length,
rounded basally ; columella straightened, somewhat callous.
Aperture a little oblique, oblong-oval; peristome simple, un-
expanded, the right margin very slightly arcuate. Length
12.5, diam. 4, aperture 5x2 mm. (Pfr.).

Philippine Is. (Cuming). Cebu (Mlldff.) ; also Luzon
(Mlldff., var. luzonicum).

Bulimus macilentus REEVE, C. Icon., v, pi. 79, f. 586. — PFR.,
Monogr., iii, p. 401. — Stenogyra macilenta SEMPER, Reisen, p.
139. — Prosopeas macilentum (Rve.), MLLDFF., Bericht Senck.
Ges., 1890, p. 247 ; Abhandl. Naturforsch. Ges. Gorlitz, 1898,
p. 156, with var. luzonicum Mlldff., undescribed.

The specimens taken in Cebu by Dr. von Mollendorff are a
little larger, length 14, diam. 5, aperture 5.5x2.5 mm.

9. P. CAROLINUM (Martens). PI. 5, figs. 36, 37, 38.

Shell elongate, arcuately lightly striatulate, slightly shin-
ing, buff, apex obtuse. Whorls 7, nearly flat, with subgradate
suture, close above which there is a band formed of a dark
brown incrustation; last whorl noticeably tapering towards
the base. Aperture scarcely one-third the total length, a
little oblique, acutely angular above, dilated below the middle,
the outer margin thin, unexpanded ; columellar margin rather
wide, obliquely arcuate, pale, acuminate below. Length 22,
diam. 5.5, aperture 7x4 mm. (Martens).

Caroline Is.: Ruk, or Hogoleu (0. Finsch, Kubary).

Stenogyra Carolina MARTS., Sitzungsber Gesellsch. natur-

20 PROSOPEAS.

forschender Freunde, 1880, p. 147 ; Conchol. MittheiL, i, p. 93,
pi. 17, f. 6-8. — Prusopeas carolinum (Marts.), MLLDFF., Journ.
of Malak., vii, p. 113.

The color, suture and obtuse apex give this species a cer-
tain similarity to Tornatellina gigas. It is referred to Proso-
peas with some doubt.

10. P. GORONTALENSIS (Sarasin). PI. 5, figs. 33, 34, 35.
Shell large, drawn out very slim, irnperforate with obtuse

apex. Whorls 10, the uppermost somewhat convex, the rest
nearly flat, separated by an incised suture, slowly and regu-
larly increasing in breadth, the last whorl with the indica-
tion of an angle, tapering towards the base. Aperture nar-
rowly piriform, acute above, rounded and effuse basally, the
peristome acute, not reflexed, terminations connected by a flat
callus, the columellar margin somewhat thickened and whit-
ish. The sculpture consists of fine, closely crowded, raised,
transverse striae. The original color is no longer recognizable,
the shells appearing pure white. Length 33.75, diam. 8, aper-
ture 10x3.75 mm. ; length 33.5, diam. 7.5, aperture 9.5x4 mm.
( Sarasin ).

Celebes: southern shore of Limbotto Lake in a bank of
debris.

Stenogyra (Prosopeas) gorontalensis P. & F. SARASIN, Die
Land-Mollusken von Celebes, p. 117, pi. 26, f. 270, 271, 271a
(1899).

Smaller, more slender and thinner than P. cochliodes Pfr.

11. P. DISCERNIBILIS (Martens). PI. 5, fig. 39.

Shell turrited, subrimate, sculptured with subelevated, ver-
tical, close and unequal striolae, rather glossy, uniform yellow
Apex obtuse. Whorls 9, the first small, scarcely projecting,
second and third almost double its size, of equal width, sub-
globose, smooth ; following whorls regularly and slowly in-
creasing, nearly flat, striatulate, with slightly impressed
sutures, the last whorl oblong, the lower third noticeably
tapering. Aperture oblique, lanceolate, the peristome thin,
unexpanded, the outer margin lightly arcuate, basal margin

PROSOPEAS. 21

narrowly rounded, columellar margin vertical, somewhat
thick, tapering below and rapidly passing into the basal mar-
gin, outwardly expanded in a distinct parietal callus, leaving
an extremely narrow umbilical fissure. Length 31, diam. 8.5,
aperture 10x5 mm. (Marts.} .

Lombock Island (Fruhstorfer) .

Stenogyra discernibilis MARTS., Sitzungsber. Ges. natur-
forsch. Freunde, Berlin, 1896, p. 162.— E. A. SMITH, Proc.
Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, p. 30, pi. 2, f. 13 (fig. of type).

"The height (length) of the visible part of the penult,
whorl, on the back, has the proportion of 5:71/0 to its width.
The upper five whorls in grown examples are worn, dull and
whitish, but in younger ones they are as glossy and yellow
as the following ones. 8. lanceolata Pfr. of Natal seems the
most similar species of those known to me."

By its smooth early whorls this form might be a typical
Prosopeas, but the sculpture of the later ones is not typical.

12. P. LOMBOCKENSE (Smith). PI. 6, fig. 75.

Shell lengthened, slightly rimate, buff-gray, obliquely
painted with white hydrophanous streaks, sculptured with
delicate, close, subgranulous growth-lines. Spire elongate,
very obtuse at the apex. Whorls 8, the upper three closely
and strongly costulate, convex, the rest a little convex, parted
by an oblique suture, the last whorl lengthened, a little nar-
rowed in front. Aperture elongate, acute above, one-third
the total length; lip thin, arched forward in the middle, the
margins joined by a thin parietal callus; columellar margin
straight, narrowly reflexed. Length 26, diam. 8 mm. (Smith).

Lombock Island (A. Everett).

Stenogyra lombockensis E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc.
Lond., iii, p. 29, pi. 2, f. 14 (April, 1898).

"Differs from S. discernibilis Martens in sculpture, color,
etc. The fine costulas on the protoconch exhibit a very pretty
crenulated appearance at the suture. ' '

13. P. ACHATINACEUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 5, figs. 40, 41.

Shell imperforate, long-turrited, solid, closely, rudely stri-

22 PROSOPEAS.

ate, opaque, waxen. Spire elongate, rather acute. Whorls 8,
a little convex, the last about one-third the length. Colu-
mella straightened, nearly reaching the base. Aperture ob-
long-oval ; peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin very
narrowly reflexed, adnate. Length 13, diam. 4.5, aperture
4.5x2.66 mm. (P/r.).

Java (v. d. Busch, Zollinger). Sumatra at Palembang, at
the tombs of the Sultans. Western Borneo at Singkawang,
Bengkajang, Seminis and Mampawa, on dry, sandy ground,
even near the sea (Martens). Saleyer (Weber).

Bulimus achatinaceus PFR., Symbol, iii, p. 82; Monogr.,
ii, 156; iii, 393; iv, 454; vi, 92. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi.
67, f. 470. — MOUSSON, Die Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken
von Java, p. 35, pi. 4, f. 4 (1849). — Stenogyra a., MARTENS,
Ostas. Zool., p. 375, pi. 22, f. 9 ; Weber's Zool. Ergebn. Niederl.
Ost-Ind., p. 243.— ISSEL, Moll. Borneo, p. 51.

14. P. ACUTISSIMUM (Mousson). PI. 3, figs. 85, 86, 87, 88.

Shell irnperforate, subulate, closely and regularly trans-
versely striate, the stria? a little curved ; opaque, covered with
a pale corneous cuticle. Spire long, acute, the suture deep.
Whorls 8!/2, widely coiled, flattened, the last somewhat taper-
ing, one-fourth the total length. Aperture oblong-oval, some-
what compressed above; peristome unexpanded, acute, the
right margin somewhat arched forward, basal margin reced-
ing, subhorizontal, columellar margin straight, narrowly re-
flexed, somewhat truncate at the base. Length 23.5, diam.
5.5 mm. (Mouss.).

Buitenzorg, near the botanical gardens, Java (Zollinger,
Weber). Gunung Salak (Strubell).

Bulimus acutissimus Mss., Journ. de Conchyl., 1857, p.
159. — PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 453. — Stenogyra a., MARTENS in
Weber's Ergebn. einer Reise in Niederl. Ost.-Ind., ii, p. 243.
— Prosopeas a., BOETTGER, Bericht Senck. Ges. Frankfurt,
1890, p. 147.

Boettger reports specimens from Gunung Salak, Java, as
with 9 whorls and 20-2iy2 mm. long, 5-514 wide, aperture
, width 3% mm. The spire is more acute than in P. laxi-

PROSOPEAS. 23

spirum of Sumatra, and the aperture longer proportionately.
Specimens before me measure —

Length 23.7, diam. 5.5, length of aperture 7 mm., whorls 91/4.

Length 21, diam. 5, length of aperture 6.5 mm., whorls 9.

The first 2^4 whorls are vertically costulate, the riblets
worn off on the convex shoulder of the whorls. The aperture
is qujte oblique, very narrow, and somewhat effuse basally.
The columella and parietal wall are almost in a line, the
angle at their junction being inconspicuous. The eggs are
cream-white, globular and hard-shelled, 1.8 mm. in diameter.

14a. Var. hastatum Boettger, n. var. PI. 3, figs. 89, 90, 91.

Shell somewhat larger and wider than acutissimum, the
columellar callus heavier; aperture wider. Narrowly rimate.
Length 26, width 6.2, length of aperture 7.7 mm. ; whorls
9!/2 ; spire noticeably attenuated above.

Java. Types 78446 A. N. S. P.

15. P. HOCHSTETTERI (Zelebor).

Shell imperforate, oblong-turrited, solid, closely subrugn-
lose-striate, white covered with a waxen cuticle. Spire a little
convexly turrited, the apex minute. Suture simple. Whorls
11/2, a little convex, the last two-fifths the total length, a little
tapering basally. Aperture slightly oblique, acuminate-oval,
whitish inside, glossy. Columella callous, receding, slightly
folded above. Peristome simple, unexpanded, the margins
joined by a thin callus. Length 19.5, diam. 6.5, aperture
8.3x3.3 mm. (Zel.}.

Java ('Novara' cruise).

Bulimus hochstetteri ZELEBOR in Pfr. & Zelebor, Verb,
zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvii, 1867, p. 806.— PFR., Monogr. Hel.
Viv., vi, 107 (1868).

' ' This species is very similar in structure and sculpture to
B. acutissimus Mouss., also from Java."

Since the "Novara" lay at Batavia for the greater part
of May, 1858, and touched nowhere else in Java, it is likely
that this species was taken in the neighborhood of that port.

24 PROSOPEAS.

16. P. HOLOSERICUM Boettger, n. sp. PI. 3, figs. 93, 94.
Shell subrimate, slender, turrited, thin, pale greenish-cor-
neous, very densely and finely striate, the stria? oblique,
arched forward below the suture, the first 2y2 whorls verti-
cally costellate, usually worn. Whorls 8l/2, convex, the last
two much less so, somewhat flattened. Suture narrow but
deeply incised, oblique. Aperture narrow, oblique. Colu-
mella straight, with reflexed, not wholly adnate edge. Length
19.5, diam. 4.8, length of aperture 6 mm.

Java. Sumatra at Sukuranda (G. Schneider).

P. holosericum BTTG. in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci., no. 69973.—
MARTENS, Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges., 1900, p. 9 (no description).

This is apparently described here for the first time; or at
all events, I have been unable to find a description of the
species. It is a smaller shell than the closely related P. acu-
tissimum, with the mouth narrower below, and the columellar
reflection not wholly appressed, leaving a long but very nar-
row umbilical fissure.

17. P. ARGENTEUM Henderson. PI. 6, fig. 71.

Whorls fully 8, slightly convex. Apex obtuse. Sutures
well impressed. Aperture oblique, elongate, pointed above,
dilated in the middle, narrow below. Lip sharp and thin;
columella slightly arcuate; ends of lip connected by an ex-
ceedingly thin shining callous. Growth-lines closely crowded,
strong and roughened. First or apical whorl regularly costu-
late. Color shining silvery-white, becoming yellowish toward
the base. Length 23, diam. 6 mm. (Henderson).

Enganio Island, southwest of Sumatra (Wm. Doherty).

Prosopeas argentca HENDERSON, Nautilus, xii, p. 16, pi. 2,
f. 10 (June, 1898).

'The Stenogyras are widely distributed throughout the
Malayan province, being represented in all the islands by
more or less closely allied species. This resembles Opeas acu-
tissima Bttg. (0. hastatus Bttg.), of Java, in color and sculp-
ture, but is less slender and has fewer whorls. It is a much
larger shell than 0. achatinacea Pfr., of Java. It differs
from Opcas paioensis Bock, of Sumatra, in being a larger

PROSOPEAS. 23

shell with a smaller apex. Stenogyra eckelensis de Morg., of
Perak, bears a strong resemblance to this Enganio form"
(Henderson).

18. P. PAIOENSE (Bock). PL 5, figs. 42, 43.

"Shell elongate, subulate, imperforate, of a dirty grayish-
white color, covered with a somewhat deciduous and coarsish
olive epidermis. Whorls 12, apical ones obtuse, glossy, vit-
reous, these and the few succeeding rather convex and slowly
enlarging, the five last proportionally longer and flatter, in-
creasing more in length than breadth, and separated by a
rather oblique deepish suture. Sculpture consisting of coars-
ish, oblique, flexuous, indistinctly subgranose, raised lines of
increment. Aperture elongate, subpiriform, acute above, oc-
cupying rather more than one-fifth of the entire length of the
shell. Outer lip (viewed laterally) oblique, a little excurved
near the suture, simple, thin. Columella whitish, slightly
arcuate and thickened, appressed to the whorl, connected with
the extremity of the labrum by a very thin callosity. Length
40, diam. T1/^, aperture 9 mm. long, 3 mm. broad" (Bock).

Sumatra : Paio, in the Padang district, 1,500 feet above the
sea (Bock) .

Bulimus (Stenogyra) paioensis Bock, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, May, 1881, p. 630, pi. 55, f. 5.

"The animal is of a yellowish color, has a short foot, and
carries its shell in an oblique position.

"I never met with this interesting species in any other
spot in the highlands; and even at Paio it appeared to be
rare; for in all, after close search, I found but fourteen
specimens" (Bock).

A specimen, probably one of the original lot, measures, alt.
33.8, diam. 6.5, length of aperture 9 mm. It is imperforate,
very thin, whitish-corneous, composed of fully 11 whorls.
The apex, though small, is obtuse and hemispherical, the next
4 or 5 whorls are convex, much wider than high, and increase
the diameter of the shell rather rapidly ; the last 4 whorls are
nearly flat, very high, and increase the calibre of the shell
very slowly. The sculpture consists of fine vertical riblets on

26 PROSOPEAS.

the first two or three whorls, the riblets weaker near the
upper suture. On the later whorls the sculpture is of very
fine, densely crowded strife, quite oblique, and arched forward
below the suture. "Where fresh and unrubbed, there are min-
ute and delicate cuticular hairs arranged in spiral lines on
the striae; when rubbed off, these hairs leave very slight de-
pressions visible as weak spiral lines in a favorable light.
The stride and hairs hold a thin coating of earth, giving the
shell the appearance of having a dull brownish cuticle. The
columella is narrowly reflexed and adnate. The parietal cal-
lus is so thin as to be hardly visible.

P. paioense is related to P. laxispirum, but is larger, more
robust, with a thinner parietal callus.

19. P. LAXISPIRUM (Martens). PI. 3, fig. 92.

Shell imperforate, subulate, rudely striate, dull brown,
opaque; apex very obtuse. Whorls 11, the first a little con-
vex, subglobose, the following, from the fifth, flattened, elon-
gate; suture very oblique, somewhat channelled, distinct; last
three whorls subequal; base noticeably tapering. Aperture
slightly oblique, narrowly piriform, the columellar margin
white, reflexed and adnate throughout, passing above into a
distinct parietal callus, slightly twisted below and obliquely
subtruncate. Length 27 to 30, diam. 5 to 5.5 mm. ; aperture
6 to 7.5 mm. high, 2.5 to 3 wide. Length of the visible part
of the last whorl to the penultimate as 1 : l1/^ or 1% (v.
Marts.}.

Sumatra: mountains of the interior at Kepahiang, on the
ground; not rare (Marts.).

Stenogyra laxispira v. MARTS., Ostas. Zool., Landschn., p.
373, pi. 22, f. 14 (1867).— Bulimus L, PPR., Monogr., vi, p. 92.

Distinguished by the size, rough sculpture, want of an um-
bilical chink, distinct parietal callus, noticeable truncation of
the columellar margin, but especially by the very slow increase
of the individual whorls in height and width, therefore re-
maining almost equal. Only the upper whorls are wider than
high, so far as their visible parts are concerned, the fifth
to last being as high as wide, whereby the whole shell appears

PROSOPEAS. 27

very slender. The growth-striae are somewhat arched for-
ward. The description of Mousson 's Bui. acutissimus applies
in great part, but he gives only 8l/2 whorls for a specimen
but little smaller, and terms the shell regularly, closely stri-
ate; moreover, the present shell cannot well be called "very
acute" (v. Marts.}.

20. P. ROEPSTORPI (Morch). PI. 3, figs. 97, 98, 99.

"Related to Stenogyra elongatula Pfr. (Martens, Ostas.
Zool., p. 379, pi. 22, f. 12), but differing as follows: Shell
straw-colored, costulate-striate, the sutures deep; aperture
dilated, almost fig-shaped, white in the throat; columella
twisted, imperforate. Length 22.5, diam. 6, length of aper-
ture 7.5 mm." (Morch).

Nicobar Is.: Kamorta (Roepstorf).

Bulimus (Prosopeas) roepstorfi Men., Journ. de Conchyl.,
1876, p. 358, 367.

I figure a specimen received as P. roepstorfi. There are
nearly 8 whorls, the first globose and smooth, the rest moder-
ately convex and sculptured with forwardly arcuate, thread-
like strias. The aperture is quite oblique, long and narrow,
the thin outer lip arched forward, the columellar lip nar-
rowly reflexed above and imperfectly appressed. The colu-
mella is concave, slightly folded at the upper insertion.
Length 16, diam. 4.7, length of aperture 5.2 mm.

21. P. ACHATES (Moerch). PI. 12, figs. 4, 5.

"Differs from roepstorfi by the smaller, short shell, covered-
perforate. Length 14, diam. 5, length of aperture about 6
mm." (Moerch).

Kamorta, Nancouri, Nicobar Is. A variety from Kamorta
and Nancouri is "smaller, smoothish, length 11, width 9,
length of aperture 5 mm." Another from Nancouri is rather
solid, length 13, width 4.16 mm., aperture 4 mm.

Bulimus (Prosopeas) achates MOERCH, J. de Conch., 1876,
p. 359.

Morch places Stenogyra achatinacea Pfr. in the synonymy
of his achates, without explanation of so irregular a course.

28 PROSOPEAS.

I have figured a Nicobar shell which seems to me referable to
Mo rch's form. It is rather obese below, subregularly taper-
ing to the obtuse, smooth apex, sculptured with narrow,
spaced, thread-like riblets which curve forwards above the
periphery and are much weaker below it. Whorls slightly
more than 7, moderately convex. The aperture is long, the
outer lip arched forward above, and the columella reflexed
narrowly, leaving a narrow umbilical fissure. Length 13.3,
diam. 4.5, length of aperture 5.5 mm.

This form seems to differ from P. achatinaceum by its
larger aperture.

22. P. HAUGHTONI (Benson) . PI. 6, figs. 76, 78, 79.

Shell imperforate, oblong-conic, subturrited, solid, striate,
costulate-striate towards the apex and suture. Whitish, cov-
ered with a very finely corrugated olivaceous cuticle. Spire
long-conic, suddenly tapering towards the somewhat obtuse
apex ; suture impressed. Whorls 7, a trifle convex, rather
flattened, the last whorl subangulate towards the periphery.
Aperture slightly oblique, ovate-elliptical, blue-whitish inside,
the right margin thin, acute, columellar margin callous, flat,
a little expanded, slightly emarginate towards the base, the
margins joined by a thin, expanded, parietal callus. Length
20-30, diam. 10-11, aperture 11 mm. long, 5 wide (Bens.).

Andaman Is.: Port Blair (Dr. Walker; Maj. Haughton).

Spiraxis haughtoni BENS., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3d ser.),
xi, p. 90, with var. oxynter Bens. (Feb., 1863). — PPR.,
Monogr., vi, p. 189. — HANLEY & THEOB., Conch. Ind., pi. 19,
f. 1; pi. 79, f. 5 (var.).

Two typical examples of this species before me measure:
length 27, diam. 10.7, length of aperture 10.5 mm., and 28,
11, 10.7 mm., both having a trifle over 7 whorls. They are
solid, strong shells, nearly denuded of the thin, olivaceous-
yellow cuticle. The columella is distinctly sigmoid, and the
parietal callus arising from it is wholly appressed at the edge,
not raised seam-like as in P. pcalei.

22a. Var. oxynter Benson. PI. 6, figs. 77, 82, 83, 84.

"Shell long-turrited, more slender. Length 30, diam. 8 mm.

PROSOPEAS. 29

There is a tendency in the stouter form to verge towards the
variety which I have called oxynter, though the extreme speci-
mens might be considered as separate species" (Bens.).

I have assumed that the second figure published by Hanley
and Theobald, under the title Spiraxis li aught oni var. Bens.,
pertains to the var. oxynter, though it measures a little larger
than Benson's dimensions, possibly being slightly enlarged by
the artist. Two specimens referable to this form are figured,
pi. 6, figs. 82, 83, 84. The cuticle is dark olive. They differ
from P. pealei chiefly in the shape and direction of the colu-
mellar margin, which is less sinuous than in P. haughtoni.
Length 34, diam. 10, length of aperture 10 mm., whorls Sy2.

23. P. PEALEI (Tryon). PI. 6, figs. 80, 81.

Shell imperforate, solid, turrited, white under a thin green-
ish-yellow cuticle, with a few narrow darker streaks; the
apical whorls worn. Spire with straight lateral outlines.
Whorls 8%, slightly convex. Aperture long-ovate, oblique,
bluish-white inside; outer lip straightened above, thin and
acute. Columella slightly arcuate, passing without angle into
the parietal margin, not excised or sinuous at the 'base. Pari-
etal callus brownish, with distinct outer edge. Length 36.3,
diam. 10, length of aperture 11.3 mm.

Andaman Islands.

Opeas (Bulimus) pealei TRYON, American Journ. of Conch.,
v, p. 110, pi. 10, f. 5 (Oct. 7, 1869).

The type specimen is described above and figured. It has
been referred to P. haughtoni Bens, as a synonym, but it
differs from that by the non-sinuous columella, which does
not form an angle with the parietal wall, by the narrower
mouth, more numerous whorls and slenderer shape. The var.
oxynter of Benson, while nearly as slender as pealei, differs
by having the columella at an angle with the parietal wall.

24. P. WALKERI (Benson). PI. 6, fig. 70.

Shell imperforate, cylindric-turrited, arcuately very strongly
striated, whitish under the cuticle. Spire slender, the apex
obtuse, suture rather deep. "Whorls 9, a little convex. Aper-

30 PROSOPEAS.

ture oblique, elliptical; the right margin thin, acute, arcuate
above ; columellar margin callous, suddenly revolute. Length
14, diam. 3.5 mm. (Bens.).

Port Blair, Andaman Is. (Major Haughton). Shan States,
Burmah (Fedden). Lampun, Siam (Daly).

Spiraxis ivalkeri BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3 ser.), xi,
p. 90 (Feb., 1863).— PPR., Monogr., vi, p. 189.— HANLEY &
THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, pi. 79, f. 4. — Opeas walkeri (Bens.).
THEOBALD, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix, pt. 2, 1870, p.
395 (Shan States). — BLANFORD, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., v,
p. 280 (Siam).

25. P. TURRICULA (v. Martens) . PI. 3, figs. 95, 96.

Shell rimate, subulate, closely and finely striate, the striae
arching forward; with a silky luster, waxen. Apex obtuse,
subglobose. Whorls 8, the suture deep, the upper ones con-
vex, penultimate and last whorls more flattened, the last
noticeably tapering downwards. Aperture subvertical, piri-
form-oblong, the columellar margin nearly straight, a little
dilated, at the base attenuate, not truncate, narrowly reflexed
at the insertion. Length 15, diam. 4, length of aperture 5,
width 2 mm. (Martens).

Siam (Mouhot), purchased in London in 1859-60 for the
Berlin Museum.

Stenogyra turricula MARTENS, P. Z. S. Lond., 1860, p. 9.—
Achatina t., PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 236. — MORELET, Ser. Conch.,
iv, p. 267, pi. 12, f. 3. — Stenogyra turricula MARTENS, Ostas.
Zool., Landschn., p. 82, pi. 22, f. 7. — Bulimus t., PFR.,
Monogr., vi, p. 98. — Opeas t., FISCHER & DAUTZ., Mission Pavie
Indo-Chine, iii, p. 411 (Muok Lek, Siam).

"This species stands quite near 8. achatinacea Pfr., but on
comparison of original examples of both it is seen to differ
by the slimmer, less conic shape and finer striation. The
upper whorls in both are conspicuously more convex, the
penult, and last are swollen only under the suture, then the
slope becomes more rectilinear" (Martens).

Prof, von Martens' first description (P. Z. S., 1860) was
based upon a larger specimen, length 18, diam. 6 mm., aper-

PROSOPEAS. 31

ture 5 mm., in which the columella was stated to be strongly
obliquely truncate. Morelet explains the discrepancy between
this statement and that in his second description (in the
Ostasiatische Landschnecken) by supposing that the shells
described differed in age, but really belong to one and the
same species. I am wholly inclined to believe that the differ-
ences are due partly to age, partly to different ways of de-
scribing the tapering base of the columella.

Some authors have referred this species to P. ivalkeri Bens.

26. P. TEREBRALE Theobald.

Shell lengthened, imperforate, thin, corneous, not polished.
Whorls IQi/o, depressed-convex, joined by an impressed suture,
closely striate, the last whorl scarcely a third the total length ;
epidermis scabrous. Peristome acute, the columellar margin
very narrowly reflexed, slightly twisted. Length .95, diam.
.17, alt. aperture .22 inch (Theol).).

Shan States (Fedden).

Stenogyra (Opeas] terebralis THEOB., Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, vol. 39, 1870, pt. 2, p. 401.— Bulimus t., PFR., Monogr.,
viii, p. 133. — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. xi.

27. P. TCHEHELENSE (de Morgan). PI. 4, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.
Shell imperforate, turrited, pale yellowish-brown (or with

a greenish tint where the soft parts show through) , lusterless.
Whorls 8y2, convex, the first !!/•> smooth, whitish, the next
two sculptured with strong, rather widely and unevenly
spaced, arcuate, thread-like striae; subsequent whorls very
densely and finely striate, the striae arcuate. Last whorl
strongly tapering below the periphery. Aperture narrowly
ovate, the outer lip arched forward above the periphery, re-
tracted at its sutural insertion. Columella sinuous, concave
above, retracted at the base.

Length 16, diarn. 4.5 mm., aperture 5 mm. (specimen).

Length 23, diam. 5 mm., aperture 6 mm. (de Morg.).

Malay Peninsula : Gunong Tchehel, in the Pluss valley, 300
meters elevation (de Morgan) ; Gunong Tnas, 3,000 ft. (Skeat
exped.) ; Perak, Belimbing, Ligeh, Biserat, Jalor (Skeat
exped.).

32 PROSOPEAS.

Stenogyra tchehelensis DE MORGAN, Le Naturaliste, May,
1885, p. 69 ; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x, p. 388, pi. 6, f . 7.-
Prosopeas t., MLLDPF., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 337. —
COLLINGE, Journ. of Malac., ix, p. 83. — Stenogyra (Opeas)
terebralis NEVILL, Hand-list Ind. Mus., 1878, p. 166.

The disparity in sculpture between the earlier and later
whorls is characteristic. The apical whorls (fig. 8) are not
costulate. The above description is from a specimen received
from M. de Morgan. Dr. von Moellendorff considers 8. swet-
tenhami synonymous.

Mr. Collinge states that the eggs are exceedingly large for
the size of the animal, and are enclosed in a hard, calcareous
shell. Specimens having 8 whorls were found to be sexually
mature. The largest shell met with was one with 12 whorls.

28. P. SWETTENHAMI (de Morgan). PI. 4, figs. 11, 12.
Shell subulate, elongate, brown, corneous, obtuse at the

summit, composed of 12 or 13 whorls which are very regularly
convoluted and ornamented with fine striae along the growth-
lines; suture linear and well marked, covering a very obtuse
carina on the preceding whorl. Aperture oval, oblique ; peri-
stome straight and acute, the columellar margin reflexed.
Length 29, diam. 5, length of aperture 6, width 3 mm. Eggs
spherical, calcareous, .5 mm. in diameter (de Morg.).

Perak: Mt. Tchora, near Ipoh, in crevices of the rocks (de
Morgan) .

Stenogyra swettenhami DE MORG., Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
x, 1885, p. 389, pi. 6, f. 6.

'This species is distinguished from 8. tchehelensis by its
cylindric shape and by having a carina on the lower part of
the whorls of the spire. ' '

29. P. HEBES (Blanford). PI. 12, fig. 6.

Shell imperforate, turrited, corneous, rugose-striate. Spire
subulate, the apex very obtuse, suture whitish-edged. Whorls
7, but little convex, the last about one-third the length,
rounded basally. Columella a little calloused, a trifle twisted,
short. Aperture nearly vertical, long-oval ; peristome simple,

PROSOPEAS. 33

straight, the right margin arcuate above. Length 15, diam.
4, aperture 4.5x2 mm. (Blanf.).

Nilgiri Mts.

Spiraxis hebes W. & H. BLANF., Contrib. to Indian Malac.,
no. 2, 1861, p. 15, pi. 1, f. 15, in Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,
xxx, 1861, p. 361.— PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 190.— HANL. &
THEOB.., Conch. Indica, pi. 79, f. 10.

The above are the dimensions of the largest specimen found.
It may be easily distinguished from 8. gracilis, the only re-
lated Indian species, by its very obtuse apex, less numerous
whorls, etc.

30. P. ANCEYI Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 6, figs. 72, 73.

Shell fragile, subpellucid, glossy, subulate, very narrowly
and almost vertically subrimate; under a lens, sculptured
with close and arcuate growth-striaa. Spire long, gradually
tapering, the apex obtuse, quite large and smooth. "Whorls
10, plano-convex, rather rapidly increasing, separated by an
impressed, very minutely and regularly crenulated suture.
Last whorl cylindric-oblong, tapering basally, hardly ascend-
ing. Aperture vertical, oblong, narrowed above and below,
the base receding. Columella slightly arcuate, a little thick-
ened, reaching to the base of the aperture, scarcely truncated.
Columellar margin lengthened and narrowly dilated above the
rimation. Lip acute, rounded and produced in front. Color
pale grayish-corneous. Length 15.25, diam. 3.25, aperture
4x2 mm. (Ancey).

Bac-Kan, Tonquin (Messager).

Prosopeas macilentum ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl., 1903, p.
220, pi. 9, f. 23, 24. Not of Reeve.

This species is especially remarkable for its subulate,
•greatly lengthened form. The name proposed by Mr. Ancey
is preoccupied for a Philippine species.

31. P. HENRICI (Ancey). PI. 4, figs. 14, 15.

Shell very long, produced-turrited, thin, pale corneous,
with a somewhat oily gleam, scarcely perforate; provided
with flexuous growth-strias which are arched forward below

34 PROSOPEAS.

the suture. Spire slender, regularly tapering to the obtuse
apex. Whorls ll1/^, slowly increasing, the first convex, the
rest plano-convex ; suture well impressed, suboblique ; last
whorl oblong, slightly wider than the preceding, rounded an-
teriorly to the middle, tapering below. Aperture subvertical,
oblong, angular above, anteriorly produced arcuately near the
insertion, the base receding, somewhat narrowed. Columella
hardly truncate but arcuate, and at the base subplicate within.
Peristoine simple, giving off a small lamina over the very
minute perforation. Length 27.5, diarn. 5.75, aperture 6 mm.
(Anc.).

Laos: Luang-prabang (Henri Counillon).

Stenogyra henrici ANC., Annales du Musee d'Histoire Na-
turelle de Marseille (ser. ii), i, p. 134, pi. 9, f. E (Sept., 1894).

This handsome Stenogyra of the group Prosopeas seems to
me to have affinities with 8. pagoda Semper, of Luzon, and
not with other forms now known from Indo-China (Ancey) .

32. P. TERES (H. Adams). PI. 4, fig. 13.

Shell turrited, rather thin, 'obliquely minutely striate, pale
fulvous. Spire lengthened, the apex obtuse, suture somewhat
channelled. Whorls 9, a little convex, the last tapering bas-
ally, slightly more than one-third the length. Columella
arcuate, not reaching the base of the aperture, subtruncate.
Aperture suboval, peristome simple, unexpanded, the right
margin sinuous. Length 25, diam. 6 mm. ; aperture 7x3.5
mm. (H. Ad.).

Hainan (Mr. Swinhoe).

Rumina (Subulina) teres H. AD., P. Z. S., 1870, p. 8, pi.
1, f. 14. — Ackatina t., PFR., Mouogr., viii, p. 288.

33. P. DECORTICATUM (Reeve). PI. 6, fig. 74.

"Shell subulate, rather solid, scarcely umbilicate, whorls
eight in number, concentrically rather rudely plicately stri-
ated, columella thin, reflected, aperture rather small, oblong-
ovate, lip thin; dull greenish horn" (Reeve).

Length 10.3 mm.

Macao, China (Dr. Cantor, in Benson coll.).

PROSOPEAS. 35

Bulimus decorticatus RVE., Conch. Icon., v, pi. 80, f. 592,
(Dec., 1849). — PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 402. — Stenogyra d.,
MARTS., Ostas. Zool., p. 53.

"A shell of rather solid growth, longitudinally sculptured
throughout with rude, plicate stria?" (Eve.).

Von Martens considers this to be identical with B. fortunei
Pfr., which is described thus :

B. fortunei Pfr. (pi. 12, fig. 10). Shell slightly subper-
forate, turrited, rather solid, longitudinally closely costulate-
striate, scarcely shining, subdiaphanous, waxen. Spire reg-
ularly turrited, the apex obtuse. Whorls TI/O, a little convex,
the last about one-third the total length, rounded at the base.
Columella lightly arcuate. Aperture oblique, oval, rounded
basally; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin
spreading, columellar margin narrowly reflexed. Length 11,
diam. 4, alt. aperture scarcely 4 mm., width 2 mm. (Pfr.).

Shanghai, China (Fortune).

Bulimus fortunei PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 137 ; Monogr., iii,
p. 398; Conchyl. Cab., p. 255, pi. 69, f. 6-8.— Stenogyra f.,
MARTENS, Ostas. Zool., p. 53.

According to von Martens, this species is very closely re-
lated to O. panayensis. Gredler (Malak. Bl. n. F., ix, p.
142) places decorticata Reeve and scalaris Desh. in the syn-
onymy of Opeas subula, which he records from southern
Shensi, Peking and middle China, abundant.

34. P. STRIATISSIMUM (Gredler).

Shell nearly covered rimate, subulate, deeply and closely
striate, the stria? about straight, slightly arched forward;
waxen, opaque, lusterless; apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls 7,
convex except the last two which are less so ; last whorl one-
third the total length, convex below; suture rather deep.
Aperture subvertical, narrow, elliptical-piriform. Columella
subarcuate, not truncate, nearly forming an angle at its junc-
tion with the outer margin ; columellar margin a little dilated,
noticeably tapering downwards, slightly reflexed above.
Length 9, diam. 3 mm. (Gredl.) .

China: province Shan-tung; at Tsi-nan-fu (Gredler).

36 PERRIERIA.

Stenogyra striatissima GREDLER, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., ix,
p. 49, 1882. — Opeas striatissa GREDL., Malak. Bl. (n. F.), ix,
p. 142 (1887).

Of the shape and size of 8. fortunei Pfr., but closely and
deeply stria te, the whorls less numerous, with the exception
of the last two, more convex, etc. The intervals are not
wider than the striae. The generic position is uncertain. In
his later list, Gredler writes the name " striatissa Gredl.
(nicht 'striatissima')."

Genus PERRIERIA Tapparone Canefri.

See Man. Conch., vol. xvi, p. 189.

At the time my monograph of this genus was prepared the
internal structure of the shell of Perrieria was unknown, and
no specimens were accessible to me. Mr. E. R. Sykes has re-
cently shown that there are no internal lamella? or plicae, and
the slender axis is strongly sinuous. He suggests that the
genus may belong to the Achatinidce. This change of family
position seems to be justified by our present knowledge ; and
pending an examination of the soft anatomy, I would place
Perrieria in the vicinity of Prosopeas or Tortaxis. the external
sculpture most resembling the former, the columella the latter
genus. Ccelocion, which I have examined, is certainly very
unlike Perrieria in internal structure. It is surely not Acha-
tinoid, and should remain, I believe, in the Megaspirida.

P. CANEFRIANA Sykes. PI. 4, figs. 16, 17.

"Shell sinistral, spire elongate and gradually tapering to-
wards the apex, truncate, uniform dark chestnut-brown in
color, somewhat polished; sculpture well marked lines of
growth; whorls remaining 7, plano-convex, regularly increas-
ing to the last whorl, very little, if at all, ascending in front ;
aperture somewhat piriform, dusky brown within, peristome
whitish, continuous, somewhat thickened, the outer margin
a little expanded, and the columella rather twisted and trun-
cate. Alt. 24.5, diam. max. 6.4; alt. apert. 7.3, diam. apert.
5 mm." (Sykes).

Island of Obi.

HYPOLYSIA. 37

Perrieria canefriana SYKES, Journ. of Malac., 1904, xi, p.
91, pi. 9, f. 3, 4.

"This interesting discovery extends the range of the genus,
hitherto known only from New Guinea. The present species
is by far the smallest of the three described and may be
separated from P. minor Smith by its darker color, more
tapermg form, and by the columella being more twisted. As
Mr. Pilsbry states (Man. Conch., ser. 2, vol. xvi, p. 189) 'the
internal structure of the shell has not been investigated,' I
have broken up a specimen, which is now figured. The axis
is much twisted, and I am unable to trace any armature upon
it. I doubt if Perrieria belongs to the Megaspirida ; may it
not be really referable to the Acliatinida ? " (Sykes}.

Genus HYPOLYSIA Melvill & Ponsonby.

Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), viii, p. 318 (Oct., 1901).

"Shell slender, fusiform, tapering, as in Subulina, but
thickened throughout close to the suture." Aperture ovate
as in Opeas, the outer lip projecting as a rounded lobe far
forward, deeply retracted to the suture. Columellar margin
reflexed above. Type H. ftorentice (pi. 10, f. 66, 67).

Distribution, Natal. From the figure the axis seems to be
perforate or rimate, but nothing is said about it in the text.
The columella is said to be truncate at base, but the trunca-
tion must be inconspicuous and oblique, since it is scarcely
indicated in the figures. The group is apparently near Opeas,
but distinct by the forwardly projecting lip, excised at the
suture. This is an exaggerated form of the structure seen in
Curvella, and weakly shown in Opeas itself.

H. FLORENTLE Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 10, figs. 66, 67.

Shell elegantly tapering, thin, delicate, crystalline white.
Whorls 9 to 10, of which the apical two are mamillate, obtuse,
the rest thickened near the suture, tumid, under a lens longi-
tudinally oblique-striate ; last whorl exceeding in length the
preceding four. Aperture small, oblong; peristome thin,
evolute above ; columella straight, truncate towards the base.
Length 11.5, diam. 2.5 mm. (M. & P.).

38 EUONYMA.

Natal: Durban (Burnup).

Hypolysia florenticc M. & P., Am. Mag. N. H. (7), viii,
1901, p. 318, pi. 2, f. 8; (7) xii, p. 596, pi. 32, 1 13.

The figure shows no trace of columellar truncation, at
least in a front view.

Genus EUONYMA Melvill & Ponsonby.

Euonyma M. & P., Annals and Magazine of Natural His-
tory, 6th ser., xviii, p. 316 (Oct., 1896), for Subulina lao-
cochlis.

Rather large, slender Stenogyroid snails with the apex
rounded, hemispherical and smooth, not deciduous; whorls
numerous, striate or smooth; texture as in Opeas, or more
solid. Aperture ovate, columellar lip reflexed, adnate or
leaving an umbilical crevice, the columella concave or
straight, not truncate, continuous with the basal lip ; outer
lip sample. Egprs globular, as in Opeas, Subulina, etc. Type
E. laococlilis.

Distribution, South Africa ; one species from as far north
as Ussambara. Illustrated on plate 10.

This genus was proposed, without definition, for a single
sinistral species, which in all other characters agrees with a
somewhat numerous group of South African snails which
have been referred by Melvill and Ponsonby to Subulina,
and by Sturany more correctly to Opeas. From the latter
group they differ chiefly by the larger size and general
aspect, which is quite that of the typical American Steno-
gyra, a group practically identical with Euonyma concholog-
ically. Euonyma is kept separate from Stenogyra solely by
the diverse distribution, Stenogyra in the restricted sense
comprising only tropical American species.

As an abstract proposition, I do not favor the separation of
genera purely upon the ground of diverse geographic distri-
bution. But the South African fauna is so totally unlike the
tropical American that it seems likely when a careful com-
parison of the whole structure can be made, that some differ-
ences of generic value will be found between Euonyma and
Stenogyra.

EUONYMA. 39

Aside from Stenogyra, the affinities of Euonyma seem to
be with Opeas, Tortaxis and Prosopeas.

No species referable to Subulina has 'been reported from
South Africa. Several species of Opeas have been described.

1. E. L^EOCOCHLIS (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 10, fig. 68.
"Shell sinistral, fusiform, the upper whorls somewhat at-
tenuate ; whorls thirteen in number, mostly very narrow,
broadening distinctly towards the base. The specimens (two)
before us being dead, we cannot tell the color, but probably
it is pale olivaceous. The whorls are nearly smooth, but are
obscurely longitudinally obliquely stria te, the basal whorl
slightly angled in front ; aperture oblong, the columellar mar-
gin being straightly produced and slightly reflexed" (Melv.
& Pons.).

Length 1T37, width -^ inch.
Humansdorp, St. Francis Bay.

Subulina laocochlis M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6),
xviii, p. 316, pi. 16, f. 3 (Oct., 1896).

2. E. LYMNE^EFORMIS (Melvill & Ponsonby) . PI. 10, fig. 69.

Shell conspicuous, olivaceous straw-colored, tapering-fusi-
form, cylindric, thin, glossy. Whorls 10 to 11, of which the
upper three are dull white, but little shining, the apex itself
being obtuse, more or less worn in our specimens; remaining
whorls a little impressed at the sutures, slightly swollen, deli-
cately and irregularly striate under the lens; last whorl
about equal to the preceding three, narrow, prolonged. Aper-
ture ovate-lunar; peristome thin, a little contracted above,
slightly effuse basally, the columellar margin a little thick-
ened, uniplicate.

Length 39, diam. 8.25 mm.

Length 34, diam. 7.5 mm. (M. & P.).

Natal: Karkloop Bush (J. McBean) .

Obeliscus lymneceformis M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(7), viii, p. 317, pi. 2, f. 5 (Oct., 1901).

"A fine species, with no near ally in its fauna. The two
examples before us vary slightly inter se, the larger being

40 EUONYMA.

basally more attenuate and not possessing the slight labial
effusion of its fellow, while the substance is more pellucid
and the color clear straw. Both are more or less apically
detrite" (Melv. <& Pons.).

3. E. LANCEOLATA (Pfeiffer).

Shell imperforate, turrited, rather solid, longitudinally
subarcuate-striate, diaphanous, whitish straw-colored; spire
lengthened, rather acute ; suture light, crenulate. Whorls 13,
nearly flat, the last forming two-sevenths the total length,
slightly tapering basally. Columella somewhat twisted above,
then straightened. Aperture little oblique, acuminate-oval,
subangulate basally; peristome simple, straight, the columel-
lar margin very narrowly reflexed. Length 52, diam. 14,
aperture 15x7 mm. (P/r.).

Cape Natal (Plant, in Cuming coll.). Durban (Dr. Pen-
ther) .

Bulimus lanceolatus PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 292; Monogr.,
iv, p. 455. — Obeliscus I., MELV. & PONS., Proe. Malac. Soc.
Lond., iii, p. 179. — Bulimus micans PFR., Malak. Bl., iv, 1857,
p. 156; Monogr., iv, p. 452. — Stenogyra (Obeliscus) I., STU-
RANY, Denkschr. K. Akad. Wissensch., Ixvii, 1899, p. 595.

Melvill and Ponsonby include Bulimus micans Pfr. as a
synonym of lanceolata. The original description follows:
Bulimus micans. Shell imperforate, turrited, rather thin,
closely plicate-striate and obsoletely a little decussate, silky,
tawny-waxen. Spire regularly tapering, the apex rather ob-
tuse, suture subcrenate. Whorls 10 to 11, flattened, the last
not a third the total length, subangular in the middle. Colu-
mella vertical. Aperture oblique, elliptical-oblong, peristome
simple, the right margin straight; columellar margin shortly
reflexed, adnate, its junction with the basal margin suban-
gular. Length 36, diam. 9, aperture 11x4.5 mm. In the re-
gion of Natal (Pfr.).

This form, like lanceolata, was described from specimens
collected by Plant, and in the Cuming collection.

4. E. ACUS (Morelet). PI. 10, fig. 70.

Shell covered-rimate, rather solid, turrited, irregularly stri-

EUONYMA. 41

atulate, slightly shining, pale tawny. Spire long, the apex
subacute. Whorls 13 to 14, planulate, joined by a simple
suture, the last whorl one-fourth the total length. Aperture
small, acutely oval; outer margin of the peristome simple,
straight; columellar margin dilated, reflexed. Length 28,
diam. 6 mm. (Morel.).

Natal, near Port Elizabeth (Crawford).

Stenogyra acus MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl., 1889, p. 8, pi.
1,.,-^. 6. Not Bulimus acus Pfr., a Calostele.

This shell belongs to the group of B. lanceolatus Pfr. which
inhabits the same region. It reproduces that species in min-
iature, having a shell of the same sort, epidermis the same
color, and an equal number of whorls; but it is smaller and
more delicate, the last whorl is less developed, the aperture
smaller, and finally, the left border of the peristome is more
widely dilated and leaves an umbilical crevice, which does
not exist in its congener B. lanceolatus (Morelet) .

5. E. NATALENSIS (Burnup). PI. 10, fig. 72.

"Shell elongate, attenuate above, very narrowly umbili-
cate, thin, yellowish- white, shining, subtranslucent ; with 9%
rather ventricose whorls, the last being one-third of the whole
length of the shell, and all, except the first two apical whorls,
being ornamented with close, fine, sharp, curved, transverse
lirae, the apical whorls being smooth, and the apex itself ob-
tuse ; aperture ovate ; outer lip very thin, simple, arched for-
ward rather above the middle, and receding towards the base ;
inner lip rolled closely back over the columella, which is
arcuate. Length 21.5, lat. 6.75 mm." (Burnup).

Umbogintwini, near Durban, Natal (Burnup).

Obeliscus natalensis BURNUP, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., vi,
p. 304, pi. 16, f. 9 (June, 1905).

The close lirate sculpture, which gives the whole shell a
soft, silky appearance, readily distinguishes this species from
0. lanceolatus (Pfr.), which is the nearest South African ally
known. In the type the exceedingly thin labrum is slightly
broken away at the base, for which due allowance has been
made in the measurements given. On the parietal wall the

42 EUONYMA.

sculpture is almost obliterated by the beginning of the for-
mation of a callus. A second example of this shell, found at
Table Mountain (Natal), at a distance of about 50 miles
from Umbogintwini, and at an altitude of fully 2,000 feet
above the sea (while the last named locality is little above
sea-level), has the callus, which is almost pure white, in a
more advanced state of development, and the labrum more
triangularly reflexed, and is 23 mm. long by 7 mm. broad.
It also has the thin labrum slightly damaged (Burnup}.

6. E. CACUMINATA (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 10, figs. 71,
73, 74.

Shell acutely turrited, slender, pellucid, whitish-corneous,
very smooth throughout, glossy. Whorls 10, the last five
nearly equal, gradually gradate towards the apex; apex
somewhat papillar. Aperture ovate ; peristome simple, acute.
Length 21, diam. 5 mm. (M. & P.).

South Africa: Bedford (Farquhar).

Stenogyra cacuminata M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6),
ix, p. 85, pi. 6, f. 2 (Jan., 1892).— Subulina c., M. & P., Proc.
Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, p. 179.

"A remarkably delicate, shining, pellucid shell, differing
from all the species of the genus hitherto described, though
its characters are simple enough" (If. & P.).

Two specimens are before me, the larger being figured, pi.
10, figs. 73, 74. The shell tapers almost straightly, but is
just perceptibly contracted near the obtuse, rounded sum-
mit. It is very glossy, pale greenish-yellow, corneous, and
shows only very weak wrinkles of growth. The upper whorl
is smooth, hemispherical; the third whorl is 2 mm. in diam.
The whorls increase very slowly, and the last is short. Aper-
ture oblique, ovate, the columella concave, its edge reflexed
and adnate. Length 32.7, diam. 7.8, length of aperture 6.5
mm. ; whorls 12.

7. E. PURCELLI (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 10, fig. 75.
Shell fusiform, tapering above, thin, a little shining, rather

smooth, pale olive-greenish. Whorls 9, the first two mamil-

EUONYMA. 43

late, very obtuse, the rest swollen; last whorl short. Aper-
ture ovate ; peristome thin, a little effuse, the columellar mar-
gin a little thickened, white, somewhat truncate towards the
base. Length 17, diam. 4.5 mm. (M. & P.).

Cape Colony: Caledon (Mr. Purcell).

Subulina purcelli M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), viii,
p. 317; pi. 2, f. 6 (Oct., 1901).

"A Subulina of unusual form, perhaps not quite adult.
The tumid whorls, extremely obtuse apex, want of sculpture,
peculiar olive-green hue, and somewhat compressed body-
whorl amply characterize it" (M. & P.).

8. E. GLAUCOCYANEA (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 10, fig. 76.
Shell fusiform, corneous, bluish, a little glossy. Whorls

10 to 11, a little flattened, obscurely striate, the striae nearly
straight. Aperture ovate-oblong; peristome outwardly thin,
the columellar margin reflexed, straight. Length 22, diam.
5 mm. (M. & P.}.

Port Elizabeth.

Subulina glaucocyanea M. & P., Ann. and Mag. (6), xviii,
p. 317, pi. 16, f. 5 (Oct., 1896).

"Allied, doubtless, closely to 8. turriformis Krauss, the
commonest and best known South African species, but differ-
ing in the following particulars: (a) greater size; (&) tex-
ture, being more transparently corneous; (c) color, a livid
glaucous blue; and (d) lastly, in the whorls being less im-
pressed at the sutures" (M. & P.).

9. E. TURRIFORMIS (Krauss). PI. 10, fig. 77, 78.

Shell subrimate, long-turrited, thin, glossy corneous, nearly
smooth. Spire long, rather acute. Whorls 9, a little con-
vex, the last one-third the total length. Columella straight-
ened. Aperture oblong-oval; peristome simple, acute, unex-
panded, the columellar margin shortly reflexed, basal margin
appressed. Length 7.5, diam. 2.2 lines (Krauss}.

Natal (J. A. Wahlberg) ; Port Elizabeth; Lydenburg,
Transvaal (Craven) ; The Kowie (Dr. Penther).

Bulimus turriformis KRAUSS, Die Sudafrikanischen Mol-

44 EUONYMA.

lusken, p. 78, pi. 5, f. 2 (1848).— PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 392.-
MORELET, J. de Conchyl., 1889, p. 19. — Bulimus (Stenogyra)
turriformis CRAVEN, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 615. — Opcas turriforme
Kr., STURANY, Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixvii, 1899,
p. 596. Not Bulimus turriformis Reeve, 1850.

Specimens before me from Pinetown are about typical in
size and form, length 14.5, diam. 4.4 mm., aperture 5 mm.
long, are of a greenish-corneous tint, rather opaque. The fine
strise are arcuate and stronger near the suture, almost obso-
lete on the base ; whorls 81/2, the first smooth, hemispherical.
The early whorls are just perceptibly attenuate. Suture
deeply impressed. The apex is small ; the diam. of the third
whorl 1 mm. Some eggs of these specimens are globular,
1.2 mm. in diam.

E. turriformis sarissa n. subsp. PI. 10, figs. 84, 85.

Shell perforate (more openly than in turriformis), acu-
minate-turrited, the upper fourth perceptibly contracted, the
apex small, obtuse; bluish-corneous under a very thin pale
yellowish cuticle, subtrauslucent, the columellar axis faintly
visible through; thin, glossy. Sculpture of fine, irregular
wrinkles of growth, arcuate and strongest near the suture.
Whorls 10, moderately convex, separated by an impressed
suture, faintly margined by translucence below. Aperture
long-ovate, the outer lip arched forward above, somewhat re-
tracted basally. Columella nearly straight with triangularly
reflexed edge. Length 20.7, diam. 6, length of aperture 7
mm. ; diam. of apex 1 mm.

Natal.

This form is represented by a dozen specimens presented to
the Academy by John Cassin many years ago. It is in every
way larger than turriformis, more transparent, with more
whorls and a narrower aperture, but in other respects it
agrees closely.

10. E. LINEARIS (Krauss). PI. 10, figs. 79, 80.

Shell subrimate, turritcd-subulate, thin, somewhat glossy,
corneous, very finely striate. Spire elongate, the apex rather

EUONYMA. 45

acute. Whorls 10, rather flat, the last one-fourth the total
length. Columella straightened. Aperture oval; peristome'
simple, acute, the right margin arcuate, columellar margin
shortly reflexed, basal appressed. Length 5.8, diam. 1.3 lines
(Krauss).

Port Elizabeth; Durban Bluff, Isipingo, etc. (Dr. Pen-
ther) ^ Mt. Mohapaani, on the Limpopo river (J. A. Wahl-
berg, type loc.), Wynberg, Orange River Colony, and Lyden-
burg, Transvaal (Craven).

Bulimus linearis KRAUSS, Die Sudafr. Moll., p. 78, pi. 5,
f. 3 (1848).— PPR., Monogr., ii, p. 157; Conchyl. Cab., p. 257,
pi. 69, f. 15-17.— REEVE, C. Icon., v, fig. 648.— CRAVEN, P. Z.
S., 1880, p. 616.— MORELET, J. de Conch., 1889, p. 19.— Opeas
linear e STURANY, Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixvii, p.
597, 1899.

"B. turriformis 'and B. linearis are closely related to one
another, but the last is comparatively much longer and nar-
rower, almost cylindric, distinctly striate, has 10 whorls, and
the mouth is but little lengthened. The strias (which are vis-
ible only under a lens), as well as the right margin of the
peristome, are arcuate" (Krauss).

Sturany remarks that this species has a thread-like suture,
other characteristic marks being the glossy surface, the num-
ber of whorls (10), and the size, about 12.5x3 mm.

11. E. CRYSTALLINA (Melvill & Ponsonby) . PI. 10, fig. 81.
Shell very glassy, very slender and very thin, glossy,

wholly smooth. Whorls 11, impressed at the suture, grad-
ually increasing, straight, the last a little produced. Aper-
ture small, ovate; peristome thin and simple. Length 15,
diam. 3 mm. (M. & P.}.

Pietermaritzburg.

Subulina crystallina M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6),
xviii, p. 316, pi. 16, f. 4 (Oct., 1896).

"A very graceful, glossy species, separable at a glance
from its South African congeners. ' '

12. E. MAGILENSIS (Craven). PI. 10, figs. 82, 83.

"Shell turriform, sub transparent, solid, very glossy, show-

46 CURVELLA.

ing the lines of growth very plainly, of a pale olive-brown
color, rather lighter near the apex; apex large and obtuse,
spire elongated; whorls 9 to 10, very slightly convex and
gradually increasing; aperture pyriform, occupying rather
less than one-sixth of the entire length of the shell; labrum
simple, columella somewhat oblique and faintly reflexed;
suture very deep but narrow, slightly puckered at its edges.
Length 30 to 35, diam. 9, aperture 7x4.5 mm. (Craven).

Magila, Ussambara, under moss growing on rocks (Craven) ;
Zanzibar coast, in woods under stones (Dr. W. Schmidt).

Bulimus magilensis CRAV., P. Z. S., 1880, p. 217, pi. 22, f.
3. — Opeas magilense MARTS., Beschalte Weichthiere D. Ost-
Afr., p. 126.

Peculiar by its bright gloss and thick-edged aperture,
broadly rounded below; imperf orate. Prof. von. Martens
gives the measurements of Dr. Schmidt's specimen as length
50, diam. 8, aperture very oblique, 7.5x5.5 mm., whorls

Genus CURVELLA Chaper, 1885.

Hapalus ALBERS, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 140, for Bulimus
grateloupi Pfr. Not Hapalus Billberg, Enum. Ins., p. 37,
1820 (Coleoptera). — Curvella CHAPER, Bull. Soc. Zool. de
France, x, pp. 48, 49 (1885), for C. sulcata and C. inornata.

Shell oblong-conic, perforate or imperforate, thin, translu-
cent, covered with a thin, pale cuticle (as in Opeas) ; growth-
lines strongly arcuate. Apical whorl obtuse, rounded and
smooth. Aperture ovate, the outer lip acute, arching forward
in the middle, retracted at suture and base ; columella slightly
sinuous or straight, curving into the basal margin. Central
tooth of the radula narrow, laterals tricuspid. Type C. sul-
cata Chaper.

Distribution, Africa, India, East Indies. Illustrated on
plates 6 to 9.

This genus is separated from Opeas by the forwardly
arched outer lip, the shorter, wider contour, and usually
smaller number of whorls. The columella is frequently sin-
uous. In some cases the separation from Opeas seems some-

CURVELLA, WEST AFRICA. 47

what arbitrary, and the boundaries of the two groups in de-
tail are still unsettled.

The species were considered Bulimi in the older classifica-
tions, but there is no doubt that they are Achatinoid.

Reproduction is by globular eggs, small and calcareous-
shelled, as in the closely related group Opeas.
The ^pecies may be grouped thus :
African species:

West Africa, species 1 to 10.
East Africa, species 11 to 20.
South Africa, species 21 to 28.
Indian and Chinese species, no. 29 to 37.
East Indian and Philippine species, no. 38 to 45.

Key to West African species of Curvella.

I. Axis perforate.

a. Aperture half the length of shell or more.
b. Length 5.5, diam. 2.5 rmn., whorls 6.

C. ovata, no. 7.
bb. Length 12 mm.

C. guineensis, no. 9 ; C. concentrica, no. 8.
aa. Aperture decidedly less than half the length.

C. terrulenta, no. 10 ; C. redfieldi juv., no. 3.
II. Axis irnperforate in adult shells :

a. Columella straight or nearly so.

b. Sculpture of growth-striae; 5 convex whorls;

length about 10 mm. C. inornata, no. 6.

bb. Sculpture of growth-striae and spaced

grooves ; whorls 5y2 ; 9x4, aperture 4.5 mm.

C. liberiana, no. 5.
aa. Columella decidedly sinuous.

b. Aperture less than half the total length;

sculpture of stria? or growth- wrinkles only.

c. Length 11, diam. 4.7, apert. 5 mm.;

6y2 whorls. C. decepta, no. 4.

cc. Length 10.7-11, diam. 3.5-4, apert. 4-

4.3 mm. ; 7 whorls. C. redfieldi, no. 3.

48 CURVELLA, WEST AFRICA.

bb. Aperture half the shell's length; sculpture of
arcuate, spaced grooves.

c. 9x4 mm., whorls 5. C. sulcata, no. 1.
cc. S^xS1/^ mm., whorls 7.

C. daillyana, no. 2.

1. C. SULCATA Chaper. PL 7, figs. 1, 2.

The shell is very regularly conic and composed of 5 whorls ;
thin, transparent, olivaceous, the whorls not globose, and the
suture in consequence not very deep. They are ornamented
with flat, glossy plaits, very regularly spaced, separated by
narrow intervals, and curved like the lip-edge. The colu-
mella is a little curved. Length 9, diam. 4 mm.

Coffee plantation of Elima, lagune d'Assinie, on the Ivory
Coast (Chaper).

Curvella sulcata CHAPER, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1885,
p. 48, pi. 1, f. 10, 11. — C. striata JOUSSEAUME, Proces-verbaux
de la Soc. Zool. de France, 1885, p. xxii (error for sulcata).

Type is in the collection of the Ecole des Mines. The aper-
ture seems from the figure to be about half the length of the
shell.

2. C. DAILLYANA Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 7, fig. 3.

Shell subfusiformly long-ovate, imperforate, glossy, sub-
perpendicularly arcuately impressed sulcate ; spire long-conic
with rather obtuse apex. Whorls 7, a little convex; separ-
ated by a margined, impressed suture, slightly ascending at
the aperture; last whorl tapering basally, about half the
length of the shell. Aperture vertical, sinuate-long-ovate;
columella strongly twisted ; peristome unexpanded, acute, the
right margin noticeably arcuate, moderately produced arcu-
ately in the middle ; columellar margin widely reflexed above,
adnate, callously thickened forming a duplication; below
bending strongly to the left, joining the basal margin with a
curve. Length 8.5, diam. 3.33 mm. (d'Ailly).

Kamerun: Ekumba-Liongo (Duzen) ; Buea (Jungner).

Hapalus sulcatus D'AILLY, Mollusques terrestres et d'eau
douce de Kameroun, in Bihang till K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl.,

CURVELLA, WEST AFRICA. 49

xxii, afd. iv, no. 2, p. 60, pi. 5, f. 5, 1896. Not C. sulcata
diaper.

This species seems to be very closely related to C. sulcata
Chaper; but that shell, while larger, is said to have but five
whorls. The columella is twisted more than in C. decepta
Rve.

3. C. REDFIELDI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 6, 7.

Shell imperforate, turrited, slender, the diameter contained
21/2 to 3 times in the length, thin, subtranslucent, yellow or
corneous-yellow, glossy. Surface sculptured with fine, irreg-
ular growth-wrinkles only, without impressed grooves, the
wrinkles moderately arched forward in the middle, retracted
above and below. Whorls 7, moderately convex. Aperture
decidedly less than half the length of the she'll, irregularly
ovate. Outer lip thin, acute, moderately arched forward;
columella rather thick, sinuous, the reflexed columellar margin
completely appressed in adult shells.

Length 10.7, diam. 3.5, aperture 4 mm. (type).

Length 11, diam. 4, aperture 4.3 mm. (widest specimen).

Length 8, diam. 3.3, aperture 3.7 mm. (immature shell with
6 whorls.

Liberia, with Subulina angustior, etc. ( J. H. Redfield) ;
Cape Palmas (A. N. S. coll.). Types no. 58202 A. N. S. P.

A series of ten specimens is before me, most of them 8 mm.
long, with 6 whorls, and having a very small perforation be-
low the columellar reflection, which is appressed except close
to the columellar lip. I take this to be a sign of immatur-
ity, although most of the specimens contained eggs. In two
specimens of more than 10 mm. length the axis is wholly
closed. C. decepta is a wider, more conic shell, with the colu-
mella more twisted. C. inornata differs by its straight colu-
mella; while C. sulcata and daillyana are more strongly
sculptured shells with the aperture larger, half the shell's
length. The globular, dirty white, calcareous eggs are 1 mm.
in diameter.

4. C. DECEPTA (Reeve). PI. 7, fig. 10, 11.

"Shell somewhat fusiformly conical, whorls seven in num-

50 CUBVELLA, WEST AFRICA.

her, smooth, shining, obscurely concentrically striated from
the sutures, columella tortuous, receding, callous at the edge,
aperture oblong, lip simple; greenish- glassy, transparent"
(Bve.).

Length 11, diam. 4.5, aperture 5x2.25 mm. (Pfr.).

Liberia: Cape Palrnas.

Bulimus interstinctus Gld., PFR., Monogr., ii, 1848, p. 169
(not of Gould). — Bulimus deceptus REEVE, Conch. Icon., v,
pi. 68, f. 488 (May, 1849).— PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 435.

It is related to C. guineensis, but differs by the shorter
last whorl, not tapering base, more twisted columella, etc. It
is imperforate, while guineensis is described as rimate.

Specimens are before me from Cape Palmas, Liberia, one
being figured, pi. 7, fig. 11. The spire is straightly conic,
apex obtuse, whorls 6^/2. The glossy surface is sculptured
with close but weak growth-wrinkles, which arch forwards in
the middle and are moderately retracted above and below.
The columella is thick, cord-like, and strongly twisted, imper-
forate. Length 11, diam. 4.7, length of aperture 5 mm.

5. C. LIBERIANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 12, 13.

Shell imperforate, ovate-turrited, thin, glossy, translucent,
yellow. Surface sculptured with rather wide-spaced, for-
wardly-arcuate grooves, which on the last half whorl become
much more numerous and closer. Between the grooves there
are slight growth-wrinkles. The spire is straightly conic,
apex obtuse. Whorls 5l/2, convex. Aperture narrow, half
the length of the shell, the outer lip moderately arched for-
wards. Columella subvertical, nearly straight, thick, ab-
ruptly terminating below, the basal lip being thin and some-
what retracted. Length 9, diam. 4, alt. of aperture 4.5 mm.

Liberia, with C. redfieldi, Subulina angustior and 8. stri-
atella. Type no. 58201 A. N. S. P.

This species seems to be well distinguished by the grooves
of the surface and nearly straight columella. C. inornata
diaper is described as having a straight columella, but with-
out grooves. In C. sulcata and daillyana the columella is
strongly twisted.

CURVELLA, WEST AFRICA. 51

6. C. INORNATA Chaper. Unfigured.

Similar in shape to C. sulcata, having also 5 whorls, but
differing in three constant characters: the whorls are more
globose, the sculpture consists of simple growth-striae usually
gathered into groups, very variable in prominence and often
inconspicuous ; and finally the columella is perfectly straight.
The species is also a little larger.

Plantation Elima, Assinie, on the Ivory Coast (Chaper).

Curvella inornata CHAPER, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1885,
p. 49.

7. C. OVATA (Putzeys). PI. 7, fig. 8.

Shell oblong-turrited, covered umbilicate, thin white, sub-
diaphanous, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, ornamented with
close, arcuate, longitudinal riblets. Aperture oblong, the lip
acute, arched in the middle; columella straight, vertical, the
columellar margin reflexed over the perforation. Length 5.5,
diam. 2.5, length of aperture 2.5 mm. (Putz.).

Congo basin: Nsendwe, Manyema.

Hapalus ovatus PUTZ., Ann. de la Soc. Roy. Malac. de
Belgique, xxxiv, 1899, Bulletins, p. Iviii.

8. C. CONCENTRICA (Reeve). PI. 7, figs. 9, 14, 15.

"Shell somewhat acumlnately oblong, scarcely umbilicated,
whorls seven in number, rather ventricose, concentrically
finely striated, columella thinly reflected, aperture rather
large, sinuated at the upper part; transparent straw-color"
(Eve.}.

Length 12, diam. 5, aperture 5.5x2.33 mm. (P/V.).

Liberia (Rve., Cuming coll.) ; Cape Palmas (A. Gould).

Bulimits concentricus RVE., Conch. Icon., v, pi. 88, f. 656
(Feb., 1850).— PFR., Monogr., iii, 437.

Reeve's figure is copied, pi. 7, fig. 9. Numerous specimens
from Cape Palmas are before me, one being drawn in figs. 14,
15. They have a straightly conic spire of 6l/2 to 7 convex
whorls, the later ones densely sculptured with fine, unequal,
strongly arcuate stride. There is a small umbilical perfora-
tion below the reflexed columellar lip. Two shells measure:

52 CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA.

Length 12.8, diam. 5.5, aperture 5.8 mm.
Length 11.2, diam. 5, aperture 5.5 mm.

9. C. GUINEENSIS ('Jonas' Phil.). PI. 7, figs. 4, 5.

Shell rirnate, oblong conic, very thin, hyaline, pale citron-
colored, very finely striated, the spire acute. AVhorls 7, a
little convex, the last half the length of the shell. Aperture
ovate-oblong, lip acute, colurnella slightly twisted. Length 6,
width 2 lines (Phil.). Length 12, diam. 5, aperture 6^x3
mm. (Pfr.).

Guinea.

Bulimus guineensis Jonas, PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib.
neuer Conch., i, p. 54, pi. 1, f. 4 (Oct., 1843).— PFR., Monogr.,
ii, p. 178. — REEVE, C. Icon., v, pi. 86, f. 641. — Bulimus guin-
aicus BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. de 1'Abyssinie, p. 65, in Ann. des
Sci. Naturelles, Zoologie, xv, 1883 (new name).

The outer lip is weakly arched forward. It is more slen-
der than C. sulcata, very fragile and transparent.

10. C. TERRULENTA (Morelet). PI. 9, figs. 42, 43.

Shell finely perforate, ovate-conic, rather thin, slightly
shining, sculptured with close delicate riblets; corneous-
brownish. Spire conic, the apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls
7, convex, joined by an impressed suture, the last whorl ob-
scurely angnlar at the base, slightly more than one-third the
length of the shell. Aperture oval; peristome acute, unex-
panded, the right margin arcuate, columellar margin dilated,
narrowly expanded. Length 11, diam. 5 mm. (Morel.).

Lope, on the banks of the river Ogooue (Ogowe), Gaboon
(French Congo).

Bulimus tcrrulentus MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl., 1883, p.
398, pi. 10, f. 3.

The surface sculpture consists of an oblique, regular, dense
and low costulation. This species may be an Opeas; it seems
not to have the sinuous peristome of Curvella.

East African Species.
C. subviridesccns is imperf orate; the others are more or

CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA. 53

less perforate or umbilicate, and are here arranged by size,
from larger to smaller, in the absence of data sufficient for
a natural grouping.

11. C. SUBVIRIDESCENS (E. A. Smith). PI. 9, fig. 41.

Shell imperforate, elongate, thin, glossy, subpellucid, pale
greenish. Whorls 7, slightly convex, sculptured with curved
growth-strise ; spire obtuse at the apex. Suture slightly ob-
lique, distinct; aperture inversely subauriform, five-thir-
teenths the length of the shell; lip very thin, projecting in
the middle, curved. Columella somewhat twisted, whitish,
slightly and delicately reflexed, joined to the outer lip by a
delicate callus. Length 14, diam. 5%, aperture 5 mm. long,
2i/2 wide (Smith).

Mamboia, 4,000 to 5,000 ft. elevation (Last).

Bulinnis (Hapalus) subviridescens SMITH, Ann. Mag. N.
H. (6), vi, p. 156, pi. 5, f. 12 (August, 1890).

"This is a more slender species than Hapalus grateloupi
Pfr., the type of the group, has a somewhat shorter body
whorl, and a less distinct spiral curve on the columella. In
one of the specimens there are about half a dozen roundish
eggs, which are seen through the transparency of the shell,
as in many species of Stenogyra" (Smith).

12. C. SINULABRIS (Martens). PI. 8, figs. 25, 26.

Shell perforate, elongate, thin, sculptured with incised
arcuate strise, somewhat shining, pale yellowish ; apex obtuse.
Whorls 8, the first convex, following ones nearly flat, the last
whorl oblong, tapering at the base, perceptibly descending in
front. Aperture oblong, acutely angular above, narrowly
rounded below, the outer margin unexpanded, thin, arcuate,
sinuously receding at the insertion; colurnellar margin
dilated, reflexed, half covering the perforation. Length 18
to 18.5, diam. 6, aperture 6.5 to 7 mm. long, 3 wide (Martens).

Kipopotue in TJkamba (Hildebrandt).

Stenogyra (Opeas) sinuldbris MARTENS, Monatsberichte d.
Akad. d. Wissensch. in Berlin, 1878, p. 295, pi. 2, f. 3, 4.-
Hapalus s., MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 130.

54 CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA.

< < i

'The arcuate, forwardly bowed growth-lines, the reflexed
columellar margin, the delicate, transparent structure of the
shell, and small number of whorls for a Stenogyra, indicate
the natural position of this species in the genus Hapalus,
where it belongs next to subviridescens and elongatus. The
structure of the radula, especially the small size of the middle
tooth, which formerly led me to place the species in Steno-
gyra, also agrees with Hapalus according to the latest re-
searches. Stenogyra javana Rve., Opeas semperi Hid. and
0. ternatana Bttg. are closely related to this species and may
well belong also to Hapalus" (Martens}.

13. C. SUTURALIS (Martens). PI. 8, fig. 20.

Lanceolate, with very narrow but circular umbilicus and
moderately strong striae, bent back below the suture ; whitish ;,
7 whorls, regularly increasing, the suture being bordered be-
low by a somewhat raised girdle ivhich is bounded by a
groove; the last whorl gradually tapering downwards, ob-
liquely descending to the mouth. Aperture scarcely oblique,
less than half the length of the shell, acute-angularly ellip-
tical with unexpanded, simple margins. Outer lip arcuate
above, lower margin narrowly rounded, columellar margin
thickened and strongly twisted, reflexed above and appressed,
half closing the umbilicus, and continued as a distinct layer
upon the parietal wall. Length 14, diam. 5.5, aperture 6.5
mm. long, 3 wide (Martens).

Kitohaui, on the plateau between Ukuledi and Umbekuru,
in the district of Mgao, southwestern part of the German
Protectorate (Lieder).

Hapalus suturalis MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 129,
pi. 5, f. 15.

14. C. DISPARILIS (E. A. Smith). PI. 8, figs. 16, 21.

Shell perforate, ovate, a little acuminate above, whitish or
waxen, glossy. Whorls 6, slightly convex, parted by a light,
oblique suture, longitudinally sharply striated, the striae
curved, more or less vanishing below ; last whorl large, rather
swollen; apex rather obtuse. Aperture long, inversely auri-

CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA. 55

form, more than half the total length of the shell; lip thin,
prominent in the middle, curved, incised or sinuate at the
suture. Columella slightly oblique, expanded and reflexed,
slightly twisted. Length 13, diam. 6.5, aperture 6% mm.
long, 3 wide (Smith}.

Mamboia, 4,000 to 5,000 ft. elevation (Last); Butumbi;
west side of Runssoro, 1,175 meters, on the Itiri river, etc.
(Stuhlmann).

Bulimus (Hapalus) disparilis SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6),
vi, p. 156, pi. 5, f. 13 (Aug., 1890). — Hapalus d., MARTENS,
Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 128, with fig. of genitalia; pi. 1,
f. 12, shell.

"In the single specimen from the above locality the striae
upon the upper whorls are strongly marked near the suture
above, and become weaker towards the lower part. On the
last volution, however, the striae are equally strongly incised
all over the surface, being especially distinct near the outer
lip. There is a. slight depression below the suture in this
whorl, but it may only be an individual peculiarity.

In three specimens collected by Sir J. Kirk in Usagara,
which are smaller than the type, the strias are still stronger
and continue from suture to suture. They also differ in hav-
ing the whorls slightly more convex and in being imperfor-
ate; but this may be due to the immaturity. Notwithstand-
ing these differences, on placing them side by side they all
appear to belong to the same species" (Smith).

Dr. Stuhlmann noted that the soft parts are pale citron-
yellow, the tentacles light reddish. Length of the foot 10
mm. It always contained eggs. The columella of the shell,
in those collected by Dr. Stuhlmann, was always more or less
twisted, and they are a little more slender than Smith's type;
but in all other respects they agree well. The impressed,
arcuate striae are especially well developed in this species.
The genitalia, from a drawing by Schako, are figured, f . 16.

15. C. KRETSCHMERI (Martens). PI. 8, fig. 17.

Shell long-lanceolate, with the umbilicus not very narrow,
with weak striae somewhat bent back below the suture ; whit-

56 CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA.

ish. Whorls 7, regularly increasing, pretty flat, only a little
convex below the suture, the last whorl rounded beneath, de-
scending to the aperture. Aperture scarcely oblique, much
less than half as long as the shell, pirif orm, with unexpanded,
simple margins. Outer lip weakly arched above, more so
below ; basal margin narrowly rounded ; columellar margin
thickened, triangularly expanded and reflexed, not covering
the umbilicus. Length 12, diam. 5 mm., aperture 5 mm. long,
3 wide (Martens) .

British East Africa, Dschala Lake, southeast of Kilima-
Njaro (Dr. Kretschrner).

Ha pal us krcisclnneri MARTENS, Beschalte "Weichthiere D.
O.-Af., p. 129, pi. 5, f. 22.

"Midway between H. disparilis and H. delicatus, being
narrower than the former, fuller and wider than the latter."

16. C. CONOIDEA (Martens). PL 8, fig. 18.

Shell conic-ovate with circular umbilical opening and im-
pressed arcuate lines, which distinctly bend back near the
suture; somewhat glossy, yellowish- white. Six regularly in-
creasing whorls with moderately deep suture, the last whorl
rounded beneath, not conspicuously deflexed in front. Aper-
ture vertical, pirif orm; peristome simple, the outer margin
forwardly convex, basal margin rounded, columellar margin
somewhat dilated and expanded outwardly. Length 10, diam.
5.5, aperture 4.5x2.5 mm. (Marts.).

East Africa: Migere in Butumbi, on the south shore of
the Ngesi, in leaf -mould of the forest (Stuhlmann).

Hapalus conoideus MARTS., Sitz.-Ber. d. Ges. nat. Freunde,
1892, 177; Beschalte Weichthiere D. O.-Af r., p. 129, pi. 5,
f. 14.

Differs from the other species 'by its open umbilicus and the
rather dilated columellar margin, but it shows the character-
istic arcuate striation of the genus.

17. C. NYASANA Smith. PI. 9, fig. 50.

Shell elongate, ovate-conoid, whitish, subpellucid, narrowly
umbilicate, sculptured with strongly curved, riblet-like

CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA. 57

growth-lines. Spire elongate-conic, obtuse at the apex.
Whorls 6 to 6!/o, a little convex, regularly, slowly increasing,
separated by a lightly oblique suture. Aperture ovate, acu-
minate above, about half the total length ; peristome thin, the
right margin prominently curved in the middle, deeply re-
ceding to the suture; columellar margin oblique, broadly ex-
panded and reflexed. Alt, 12.5, diam. 6.5, aperture 6x3 mm.
(Smith).

British Central Africa : Mt. Chiradzulu, Masuku plateau,
6,000-7,000 ft. ; Nyika range, 7,000 ft.

Curvella nyasana SM., P. Z. S., 1899, p. 588, pi. 33, f. 44.

"This species may prove to be the same as Hapalus conoi-
deus of Martens, but judging from the figures, it seems to be
longer and narrower with a more produced and less pointed
spire."

A variety from Zomba Plateau is "larger than the type,
wider, the spire shorter, the upper whorls shorter; length
18.5, diam. 11 mm."

18. C. ASSOCIATA (E. A. Smith). PI. 8, fig. 19.

Shell elongate, narrow, scarcely perforated, glossy, whitish
or waxen. Whorls 6, convex, slowly widening, sculptured
with strong, regular, close, subhorizontal, slightly curved
strife; separated by a slightly oblique suture; the last whorl
small. Aperture small, about three-eighths the total length;
lip thin, lightly arcuate ; columella slightly twisted, expanded
and reflexed, joined to the outer lip by a thin callus. Length
7.5, diam. 3% mm.; aperture 3 mm. long, 1.5 wide (Smith).

Mamboia, 4,000-5,000 ft. elevation (Rev. Last).

Bulimus (Hapalus) associatus SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H.
(6), vi, p. 157, pi. 5, f. 14 (Aug., 1890).

"This species has the sculpture very like that of Hapalus
disparilis, but is quite distinct on account of its very differ-
ent form."

19. C. WHYTEI Smith. PI. 9, fig. 47.

Shell elongate, obtuse at the apex, imperforate, thin, pale
straw-colored, glossy, very delicately arcuately striated.

58 CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA.

Whorls 6 to 7, a little convex, parted by an oblique suture,
the last whorl long. Aperture vertical, inversely auriform;
peristome thin, simple, the columellar margin reflexed, ap-
pressed, the right margin projecting, curved. Length 12.5,
diam. 4.33, aperture 4.33x2 mm. (Smith").

Mount Chiradzulu and Zomba Plateau, 5,000 ft.

Curvella whytei SM., P. Z. S., 1899, p. 588, pi. 33, f. 45.

" Martens writes concerning this species: 'Distinct from
all my species by its slender form; C. delicata the nearest,
but also somewhat broader than yours. '

20. C. DELICATA ('Gibbons' Taylor). PI. 8, figs. 33, 34, 35.

''Shell conic- turrite, elongate, very thin, semi-transparent,
glossy, of a pearly-gray color, clouded and rather opaque in
places, finely but very distinctly striulate transversely, the
striulge rather curved, with the convexity towards the aper-
ture; epidermis very thin; whorls 7-8, rather tumid, rapidly
enlarging, especially after the fourth or fifth whorl, the last
being much the largest and most tumid ; apex rather obtuse ;
suture deep and distinct; mouth rather narrow, ovate, some-
what oblong, lips almost parallel, outer thin and sinuous,
inner slightly reflected behind anterior end of aperture,
rounded; umbilicus narrow but rather deep. Length 0.275,
breadth 0.093 inches" (Taylor}.

Zanzibar (Gibbons, Schmidt) ; Derema, Ussambara (Con-
radt), Monyonyo, Uganda (Emin Pasha).

Opeas delicata Gibbons MS., TAYLOR, Quart. Journ. of
Conch., i, p. 281, pi. 3, f. 3. — Hapalus d., MARTENS, Beschalte
Weichthiere, p. 130, p. 5, f. 16, with var, gracilior.

"Rather diffused around Zanzibar, but not common;
usually under stones. A number were found by Mr. Gib-
bons in the interstices of a small piece of coral, lying on the
ground under a tree; a few yards away great quantities of
dead and old shells were lying among the grass, near some
bushes.

"In March this species contains 3 or 4 large calcareous-
ehelled eggs" (Taylor).

Var. gracilior Martens. Length 7, diam. 2.5, aperture 2.5x

CURVELLA, SOUTH AFRICA. 59

1.33 mm. Ongenya, west of the Semliki river, in the forest
region, in mould of a banana plantation.

South African Species.

21. C. CALOGLYPTA Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 8, fig. 22.
Shell ovate, subrimate, thin, subpellucid. Whorls 5, in-
cluding the depressed, minute, apical one, all impressed at
the suture, gradate-ventricose, longitudinally very closely
and obliquely lirate throughout. Last whorl much larger
than the preceding. Aperture ovate ; peristome thin, the
columellar margin a little thickened, triangularly reflexed.
Length 4.5, diam. 3 mm. (M. & P.}.

Otto's Bluff, near Pietermaritzburg, Natal (Burnup).

Curvella caloglypta M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7),
viii, p. 320, pi. 2, f. 12.

"From the three Curvellce hitherto found in the South
African region, C. catarractiz, sinuosa, and globosa M. & P.,
this most delicate species differs in the more quadrate whorls,
compressed sutures, and especially in the close and regular
oblique longitudinal liration, which needs, of course, a lens
to bring out its beauty. It has only hitherto been found in
very small quantity" (Melvill & Ponsonby).

22. C. CATARRACT^ (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 8, fig. 23.
Shell ovate-fusiform, translucent, very thin, smooth, very

pale corneous-olivaceous. Whorls 5, the apical one obtuse,
the last rapidly increasing, a little inflated, immaculate.
Aperture small, ovate; outer lip thin, simple; columella
rather straight, triangularly reflexed over the umbilical re-
gion. Length 4.5, diam. 2.5 mm. (M. & P.).

Howick, a waterfall near Pietermaritzburg, Natal.

Hapalus catarracta M. & P., Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6), xix,
p. 635, pi. 17, f. 4.

23. C. CROSLYI Burnup. PI. 8, figs. 27, 28.

"Shell imperf orate, fusiform, white, thin, shining; with 6
whorls, the last three being more ventricose than the others,
slightly impressed at the sutures, irregularly ornamented with

60 CURVELLA, SOUTH AFRICA.

curved, transverse striae, which are crossed by a greater
number of regular, microscopic, spiral strife, the last whorl
being less than the spire ; aperture ovate ; labrum thin, simple,
well arched forward in the middle, labium thickened and
thrown back, quite covering and closing the umbilicus; colu-
mella slightly curved obliquely to the left ; callus-scar extend-
ing from the suture well above the columella, and com-
pletely covering the umbilical region. Long. 6.5, lat. 2.75
mm. (Burnup).

Makowe, Zululand, Natal (J. Crosly).

Curvella croslyi BURNUP, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi,
1905, p. 302, pi. 16, f. 3, 4.

"This beautiful shell is much the largest of the South
African Curvella yet discovered, and I have much pleasure
in naming it after the discoverer, Mr. J. Crosly.

'It is a thin, white, shining shell of six whorls, of which
the last three are rather ventricose, and the upper three
flatter. The irregular transverse sculpture, following the
line of growth, which, like the outer lip, is well curved for-
ward, is easily seen with a weak lens; while the fine spiral
sculpture is only visible under a strong magnifier.

'With the type are four 'dead' specimens, probably not
quite mature, the largest measuring only 10.5 mm. in length,
in which the umbilicus is open and the callus not well de-
veloped, but in other respects they agree with the type. I
have also before me two of the calcareous eggs which were
syringed from the shell ; they are white, nearly spherical, and
measure about 1.3 mm. in diameter" (Burnup) .

24. C. ELEVATA Burnup. PI. 8, figs. 29, 30.

"Shell elongate-conic, umbilieate, pale ashy straw-color,
thin shining, translucent; with 6 slightly ventricose whorls,
not much impressed at the sutures, the apex being blunt, and
the last whorl 2.5 mm. of the length of the shell, very finely,
irregularly sculptured with curved, transverse striae, with
traces of microscopic spiral lines over the umbilicus; colu-
mella paler, nearly straight, slightly bent to the left. Long.
6.5, lat. 3 mm. (Bitrnup).

CURVELLA, SOUTH AFRICA. 61

Grahamstown, Cape Colony (J. Farquhar).

Curvella elevata BURNUP, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi,
1905, p. 304, pi. 16, f. 10, 11.

"Broader at the periphery, which is situate lower on the
body-whorl and with straighter sides, and therefore of more
pyramidal outline, this shell is more elegant in form than
either .of the preceding allied species, C. straminea and C.
succinea, from which it is easily distinguished" (Burnup) .

In the above description, in place of "last whorl 2.5 mm.
of the length of the shell" should probably be read, "last
whorl contained 2.5 times in the length of the shell."

25. C. GLOBOSA (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 8, fig. 31.

Shell ashy-white, glossy, thin, inflated, ovate. Whorls 6,
the apical one obtuse, the rest rather swollen, almost smooth,
under a lens seen to be irregularly striatulate longitudinally ;
the last whorl large, inflated. Aperture ovate; peristome
thin, with a wedge-shaped narrowly reflected process over the
umbilicus, which is very narrow. Length 6, width 3 mm.
(M. & P.}.

Stella Bush.

Hapalus globosus M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), ii, p. 128,
pi. 7, f. 6 (August, 1898).

It differs from H. catarracttz in substance, color, greater
inflation of whorl, and one or two other particulars.

26. C. SINUOSA Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 8, fig. 32.

Shell fusiform, glossy, thin, pale and bright straw-color.
Whorls (including the papillar, obtuse, and very smooth
apex) 7, impressed at the sutures, nearly smooth, under a
lens longitudinally flexuous-striatulate. Aperture ovate;
peristome sinuous, simple, the columellar margin straight.
Length 6.5, diam. 3 mm. (M. & P.).

Umkomaas, Natal.

Curvella sinuosa M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), iv, p.
198, pi. 3, f. 12 (Sept., 1899).

"An elegantly fusiform Curvella, quite distinct from the
two other recently described species (catarractae and globosa

62 CURVELLA, SOUTH AFRICA.

M. & P.), but equally delicate and remarkable. The chief
peculiarity of the shell now before us is, as indicated by its
specific name, the sinuous lip."

27. C. STRAMINEA Burnup. PI. 8, figs. 36, 37.

Shell oblong-ovate, umbilicate, thin, shining, straw-colored,
subtranslucent ; with 5y2 rather ventricose whorls, impressed
at the sutures, ornamented with close, clear, fine, arched,
transverse striae; aperture oval; peristome thin, simple, tri-
angularly reflexed over the narrow umbilicus ; columella and
callus white, the former being slightly curved inwards at the
base. Length 6.5, width 2.75 mm. (Burnup).

Walmer, near Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony (Miss Hickey).
Several specimens.

Curvella straminea H. C. BURNUP, Proceedings Malacolog-
ical Society of London, vi, 1905, p. 303, plate 16, figs. 5, 6.

This pretty little species is more elongate and slender than
its South African allies, and is conspicuous by its straw-color
a,nd distinct sculpture, which follows the arcuate contour of
the outer lip (Burnup).

28. C. SUCCINEA Burnup. PI. 8, figs. 38, 39.

"Shell oblong-ovate, narrowly umbilicate, pale horn-color,
thin, shining, translucent; with 5y2 slightly ventricose
whorls ; not much impressed at the sutures, nearly smooth,
with faint, and very slightly curved, transverse sculpture
crossed with very close, microscopic, spiral stria? ; apex rather
blunt; aperture oval, about one- third of the length of the
whole shell ; peristome thin, simple, reflexed, and- entire, cov-
ering, but not closing, the umbilicus; columella and callus
pale straw-color. Length 5.75, width 2.5 mm." (Burnup}.

Maestrom Forest, Bedford, Cape Colony (J. Farquhar).

Curvella succinea H. C. BURNUP, Proc. Malac. Society Lon-
don, vi, 1905, p. 303, pi. 16, f. 7, 8.

"This delicate little shell, though much resembling in gen-
eral appearance the last species described (C. straminea), is
easily distinguished from it by its smaller size, richer color,
smoother surface, less ventricose whorls, and shallower

CURVELLA, ASIA. 63

sutures, while the fine, microscopic, spiral strife, only to be
seen with the aid of a strong lens, are not traceable in C.
straminea, and the characteristic arch of the outer lip is not
so pronounced in this as in the last-named species" (Burnup) .

Species of India, Farther India and China.

C. plicifera, no. 29, has an entering parietal lamella. Its
generic position is doubtful.

Hapalus travankoricus Theobald, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.,
1876, xlv, pt. 2, p. 186, pi. 14, f. 5, is according to Blanford
the young of Cataulus calcadensis or some closely related
species. See J. A. S. B., xlix, pt. 2, p. 215 (1880).

29. C. PLICIFERA (Blanford). PI. 9, fig. 45.

"Shell obtectly perforated, ovately conical, rather thin,
horny, finely striated. Spire conical, apex obtuse, suture
marginate, scarcely impressed. Whorls 5, planulately convex
above, the last longer than the spire, somewhat tumid, rounded
at the base. Aperture vertical, truncately oval, subpiriform;
peristome simple; right margin curved forwards; columella
callous, subvertical, slightly curved, rather broadly reflexed;
margins united by a callus bearing a small re-entering lamella
about the centre. Length 9, diam. 5.5 mm." (Blanford).

Thayet Myo, Pegu; rare.

Bulimus plicifer W. T. BLANFORD, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Ben-
gal, xxxiv, pt. 2, p. 77. — PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 151. — HANL.
& THEOB., Conch. Indica, pi. 80, f. 8.

"A more tumid shell than B. putus Bens., and easily dis-
tinguished from all other Indian and Burmese forms of the
genus by the re-entering parietal plait."

The systematic position of this species is uncertain. I have
not seen specimens.

30. C. PUTA (Benson). PI. 9, fig. 46.

Shell perforate, ovate-acute, thin, striatulate, whitish under
a thin corneous epidermis. Spire conic, the apex rather ob-
tuse, suture well impressed. Whorls 6, convex, the last
slightly exceeding half the shell's length. Aperture vertical,

64 CURVELLA, ASIA.

semioval, rather large ; peristome acute, unexpanded, the
colmnellar margin reflexed. Length 7, diam. scarcely 5 mm. ;
aperture scarcely 4 mm. long, 2.5 wide (Bens.).

Tavoy (Theobald); Pegu (Blanford).

Bulimus putus BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2), xix, p.
330 (April, 1857).— PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 502.— HANLEY &
THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, pi. 80, f. 9. — Hapalus putus
NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus., p. 175.

31. C. PUSILLA (Blanford). PI. 9, fig. 48.

"Shell imperforate, ovate, thin, yellowish- white, costu-
lately striated. Spire cbnically pyramidal; sides straight;
apex rather acute; suture impressed. Whorls 5, convex, the
last longer than the spire ( ratio = 4:3) and rounded be-
neath. Aperture rather oblique, subpirif orm ; peristome sim-
ple, acute, much curved forwards on the right margin; colu-
mella scarcely twisted, reflexed, appressed on the whorl.
Length 6, diam. 3.5, length of aperture 3.2 mm. (Blanf.).

Prome district, Pegu.

Spiraxis pusilla BLANF., Contrib. to Ind. Malac., v, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Beng., xxxiv, pt. 2, p. 78. — Bulimus pusillus
HANL. & THEOB., Conch. Ind., p. xi, pi. 79, f. 8. — PFR.,
Monogr., vi, p. 192.

"I am not quite sure if all of the few specimens I possess
of this peculiar small form came from Akoutoung, or whether
some may not be from Thayet Myo. The shell resembles
young specimens of Bulimus putus Bens, so closely that it
can only be distinguished by the absence of any perforation."

32. C. SCROBICULATA (Blanford). PI. 9, fig. 49.

' ' Shell subobtectly perforated, turritedly ovate, thin, horny,
yellowish-white, marked with vertical, subarcuate, rather
irregular, closely set, raised lines. Spire turrited, apex ob-
tuse, suture simple, impressed. Whorls 6, convex, the last
rounded beneath. Aperture vertical, truncately ovate ; peri-
stome simple, thin; right margin considerably curved for-
wards; columellar vertical, curving to the left near the base,
frequently straight, rather broadly reflexed. Length 7, diam.
3.5, length of aperture 3.5 mm." (Blanf.).

CURVELLA, ASIA. 65

Pegu, west of the Irawady (Blanf.).

Bulimus scrobiculatus BLANF., Journ. Asiat. !Soc. Bengal,
vol. 50, pt. 2, p. 77, 1865.— PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 151.— HAN-
LEY & THEOB., Conch. Indica, pi. 79, f. 9. — Hapalus s., NEVILL,
Handlist Ind. Mus., p. 179.

'The nearest ally of this species is its congener B. putus
Bens., .which inhabits the same localities, and differs in its
greater tumidity and less marked sculpture. There is, how-
ever, much variation in the first-named character, and de-
spite the great difference between the two forms in general,
there is some appearance of a passage. Two specimens of B.
putus which I possess, measuring respectively 7 and 8l/2
millm. in length, are both 5 millm. in diameter."

33. C. MUNIPURENSIS ( Godwin-Austen) . PI. 9, figs. 51, 52.
"Shell rimate, elongately turrited, thin, covered with a

pale ochre or straw-colored epidermis, and strongly and ob-
liquety striated; spire turrited, apex blunt; whorls iy2, con-
vex, suture strongly impressed; aperture oblique, rounded
below, milky-white inside; peristome acute, outer and upper
margin arched well forward; columellar margin straight,
strong, and slightly twisted forward; a thin white callus on
the parietal margin. Animal pale orange, fainter tint above
the head ; foot short ; eye-peduncles short, swollen at the base,
lower tentacles very blunt projections."

"Alt. .88, diarn. .30; apert. alt. .35, apert. lat. .17 inch."
Hengdan Peak, on the Munipur boundary, 7,000 ft. eleva-
tion, among dead leaves in forest.

Bulimus (Harpalus) munipurensis G.-A., P. Z. S., 1872, p.
516, pi. 30, f. 8.— THEOB. & HANL., Conch. Ind., p. 59, pi. 148,
f. 1, 4. — Bulimus m., Pfr., Monogr., viii, p. 182. — Hapalus m.,
NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus., p. 174.

34. C.KHASIANA (Godwin- Austen). PI. 9, figs. 53, 54, 55, 58.
' ' Shell subperf orate, ovately turrited or acutely ovate, thin,

diaphanous, fresh specimens often glassy, becoming dull white
or pale straw-color with age; minutely striated under lens;
spire conical, apex blunt, suture moderate ; whorls 6-7, slightly

66 CURVELLA, ASIA.

convex, the body- whorl large and tumid; aperture vertical,
semi-oval; peristome simple, sharp, rounded and arched con-
siderably forward at the upper angle, the columella is curved
forward from behind and the margin slightly reflected."

"Animal with a short foot pointed behind, pale yellow
tint, eye-tentacles dark to the base, lower very short" (G.-A.).

Alt. .59, diarn. .28, apert. .29x.l6 inch (N. Cachar Hills).

Alt. .41, diam. .20, apert. .23x.l2 inch (Cherra-Poonjee).

Khasi, Jainta, and Naga Hills, in the deep shady forest
among decaying wood and leaves at the foot of trees ; Dik-
rang valley, Dana Hills, 2,500 ft, (G.-A.).

Bulimus (Harpalus) khasianus G.-A., P. Z. S., 1872, p.
516, pi. 30, f. 7, la.— THEOB. & HANLEY, Conch. Ind., p. 59,
pi. 148, f. 7. — Bulimus k., PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 183. — Hapa-
lus k., NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus., p. 174. — Bulimus (Har-
palus) kliasiacus G.- AUSTEN, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., xlv,
pt. 2, p. 317 (1876).

"It appears to be very close to Bui. putus Bs. (Annals
and Mag. Nat. Hist., April, 1857), from Tavoy. Specimens
differ very much in size from different collections. The shell
is very finely developed in the high parts of the North Cachar
Hills at 6,000-7,000 ft. (fig. 53). At Cherra-Poonjee it seems
a more tumid form (fig. 55), and it is very frequently
dwarfed to the length of only 0.36 inches, especially in its
lower habitats; but these variations are not of sufficient spe-
cific importance."

35. C. SIKKIMENSIS (Reeve). PI. 9, figs. 59, 60.

Shell ovate, somewhat inflated; spire rather short, obtuse
at the apex; whorls 4 in number, the last much the largest,
concentrically finely striated; sutures impressed; columella
slightly twisted, thinly reflected; aperture oblong, slightly
sinuated at the upper part; pale olive, semi-transparent
(Eve.}.

Shell slightly perforate, subfusiform-ovate, rather solid,
closely plica4:e-striate, semipellucid, slightly shining, greenish-
buff; spire pyramidal, obtuse; whorls 5, flattened, the last
longer than the spire, tapering basally, subcompressed.

CURVELLA, ASIA. 67

Aperture narrow, oblong, subangular above and at the base ;
peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin lightly arcu-
ate, columellar margin somewhat twisted, calloused, sub re-
flexed. Length 7.75, diarn. 3.75, aperture 4.75x2 mm. (Pfr.,
from spec, in Benson coll.).

Darjeeling (Benson, Blanford, et al.).

Bulimus sikkimensis REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 87, f. 651,
Feb., 1850 (young). — PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 436. — BENSON,
Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3), v, p. 464.— HANLEY & THEOB., Conch.
Indica, p. 10, pi. 19, f. 7 (adult). — Hapalus s., NEVILL, Hand-
list, p. 174.

The type was a very young shell (fig. 59). It attains a
larger size, as figured in the Conchologia Indica (fig. 60),
and described by Pfeiffer. According to Benson the species
attains a size of 17 mm. long by nearly 10 diam., with 7
whorls.

36. C. JOUSSEAUMEI (de Morgan). PI. 9, figs. 56, 57.

Shell turriculate, thin, fragile, translucent, white, imper-
forate, smooth, ornamented with extremely fine lines of
growth; composed of 5 to 6 regularly convoluted whorls.
Aperture vertical, elliptical, widely invaded by the penult,
whorl; peristome straight and acute; columellar margin re-
• flexed as in Spiraxis; the outer edge forming a rounded pro-
jection in the middle. Length 7, diam. 3, length of aperture
2.5 mm. (de Morg.}.

Perak: Gunong Tcheura, near Ipoh, Kinta (de Morg.).

Hapalus j., DE MORGAN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1885, p.
372, pi. 5, f. 2.

37. C. BOETTGERI (Gredler). PI. 9, fig. 44.

Shell small, imperforate, long-oval, thin, pellucid, very
glossy, superficially and wide-spaced striatulate, waxy- whit-
ish; apex obtuse. Whorls 7, rapidly increasing, very convex,
the last about equal in length to the others together. Aper-
ture large, ovate-piriform, perpendicular; columella twisted,
receding at the basal sinus, peristome unexpanded, the colu-
mellar margin very short, reflexed at the insertion; outer

68 CURVELLA, PHILIPPINES.

margin protracted, connected with, the other by a very thin
callus. Length 9, diam. 4, alt. aperture 4 mm. (Gredl.) .

China: Li-uan, in the province Hunan (Fuchs).

Hapalus bottgeri GREDL., Archiv fur Naturg., vol. 50, 1884,
p. 270, pi. 19, f. 2; Malak. Bl. (n. F.), ix, 141.

Resembles C. grateloupi in miniature.

Philippine and East Indian Species.
a. Shell imperforate, species 38 to 40.
&. Shell rimate, perforate or umbilicate, species 41 to 45.

38. C. GRATELOUPI (Pfeiffer) . PL 6, figs. 68, 69.

Shell imperforate, ovate-oblong, rugulose-striate, very thin,
glossy, pellucid, straw-whitish. Whorls 6 to 7, a little con-
vex, the last a little shorter than the spire ; columella callous,
bent backwards. Aperture semi-oval; peristome acute, sim-
ple, the right margin arching forwards. Length 18, diam. 8,
aperture 9x4.5 mm. (P/r.).

Philippine Is.: Albay, Luzon and Dingle, Panay (Cum-
ing) ; Luzon, Katanduanes, Sarnar, Leyte, Cebu, Guimaras,
Panay (Mlldff.).

Bulimus grateloupi PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 42 ; Monogr., ii,
p. 169 ; Conch. Cab., p. 240, pi. 63, f . 19, 20.— REEVE, C. Icon.,
v, pi. 14, f. 81. — Stenogyra grateloupi Pfr., SEMPER, Reisen,
p. 139. — Hapalus grateloupi Pfr., MLLDFF., Syst. Verzeich.,
Abh. Naturf. Ges. zu Gorlitz, xxii, 1898, p. 154; Jahrb. D.
M. Ges., xiv, 280 ; Bericht. Senck. Ges., 1890, 244.

39. C. DECURTATA (Quadr. & Mlldff.).

Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, pellucid, very finely
curve-striatulate, glossy, yellowish-white. Spire convex-con-
oid, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5y2, & little convex, parted by
an appressed, distinctly margined suture, the last whorl a
little tumid, as long as the spire. Aperture slightly oblique,
rounded-rhomboidal ; peristome unexpanded, acute, the right
margin arcuate, receding above; columella callous, somewhat
twisted. Length. 10.5, diam. 6 mm. (Mlldff.}.

Luzon, Mt. Mariveles (Q. & M.).

Hapalus dccurtatus Q. & M., Nachrbl., 1895, p. 118.

CURVELLA, PHILIPPINES. 69

40. C. BREVIS (Quadr. & Mlldff.).

Shell imperforate, ovate-oblong, finely arcuately striate,
somewhat shining, hyaline. Spire moderately elevated, the
sides a little convex, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, a trifle con-
vex. Aperture slightly oblique, rounded-rhombic; peristome
unexpanded, acute ; columella strongly twisted, callous, ap-
pressed above. Length 8.6, diarn. 4.5 mm. (Mlldff.).

Philippines: Bohol.

Hapalus brevis QUADRAS & MLLDPF., Nachrbl. D. M. Ges.,
xxviii, p. 87 (August, 1896).

41. C. QUADRASI (Mollendorff) .

Shell very narrowly and half-covered perforate, ventricose-
fusiform, thin, pellucid, arcuately striatulate, pale straw-
colored. AVhorls 7, slightly convex, separated by a suture
somewhat appressed and marginated, the last whorl a little
more convex and descending forwards. Aperture slightly
oblique, truncate-oval; peristome simple, acute, the upper
margin receding a little towards the insertion; columellar
margin reflexed, dilated above, nearly closing the perforation.
Length 14.5, diarn. 5.75 mm. (Mlldff.).

Northern Luzon, at the villages Magapig, Alcala, Gattaran
and Napayacan (Quadras).

Hapalus quadrasi MLLDPF., Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., 1893,
p. 177.

42. C. SCALARIS (Quadr. & Mlldff.).

Shell rimate, rather ventricosely turrited, thin, transversely
very lightly striatulate, decussated with very close spiral
lines, hirsute \vith a very short pile, visible under a strong
lens, silky, pale straw-colored. Spire much lengthened, reg-
ularly conic, gradate, the apex obtuse. Whorls 8, moderately
convex, separated by a deeply impressed suture. Aperture
but little oblique, elongate, roundly rhomboidal, peristome
simple, unexpanded, the outer margin moderately arcuate,
columellar margin dilated above, a little reflexed. Length
18.5, diam. 7.5 mm. (Mlldff.}.

70 CURVELLA, PHILIPPINES.

Philippines: Catanduanes; also at the village Caramuan,
Luzon.

Hapalus scalaris Q. et MLLDFF., Nachrbl., 1895, p. 117.

43. C. PERPORATA (Moellendorff). PL 9, figs. 61, 62, 63.

Shell perforate, turrite-ovate, rather solid, waxen, opaque;
spire regularly turrited, the apex rather acute. "Whorls 6 to
7, a little convex, rather rapidly increasing, parted by an
impressed suture; microscopically costulate-striate, the striae
strongly sigrnoid, and decussated by minute spiral lines, al-
most granulose. Last whorl spirally compressed below the
suture, base regularly rounded ; more than half the length of
the shell. Aperture slightly oblique, at the base a little re-
ceding, irregularly piriform, broadly channelled above, im-
pressed at the sinulus; peristome simple, acute, the upper
margin deeply receding at the suture, then almost angularly
roundly arching forwards; columellar margin dilated, half
covering the perforation, the margins joined by a distinct cal-
lus. Colurnella long, straight. Length 20, diam. 1Q1/4, aper-
ture 101/4x61/4 mm. (Mdllff.).

Luzon: Montalban, province of Manila.

Hapalus perforatus MLLDFF., Bericht. Senck. Ges., 1890,
p. 246, pi. 8, f. 7.

Distinguished from H. grateloupi by the perforation, but
this is much narrower than in H. umbilicatus, from which it
further differs in the fine granulation, visible only under a
lens, which gives the shell a dull appearance, H. utiibilicatus
being glossy.

44. C. PHILIPPINICA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 6, figs. 66, 67.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, thin, oblong-conic, corneous-
subopaque. Spire with nearly straight sides and very obtuse
apex. AVhoiis 51,4, rather convex, parted by a deeply incised
suture, which is bordered below by a white line. The surface
appears somewhat dull, and is sculptured with fine, irregular,
close growth-striae, which are everywhere weak, but are a little
stronger and conspicuously arcuate below the suture on the
last whorl. Aperture vertical, irregularly piriform or drop-

SUBULINA. 71

•

shaped, acuminate above, well rounded basally. Outer lip
strongly arched forward above, retracted to the suture. Colu-
mella slightly concave, its edge well reflexed, dilated above.

Length 10.2, diam. 4.8, alt. aperture 5 mm.

Length 10. diam. 4.5, alt. aperture 4.8 mm.

Cagayan, Luzon. Types no. 58203 A. N. S. P.

C. ulnbilicata has a much wider umbilicus. C. perforata is
about double the size, and has decussating spirals. In C.
philippinica very faint traces of spiral striation may be
traced in places on the last whorl. Both the wider (fig. 67)
and the more slender specimens are illustrated.

45. C. UMBILICATA (Moellendorff ) . PI. 9, figs. 64, 65.

Shell moderately umbilicate, conic-ovate, thin, glossy, hya-
line; spire high conic, with convex sides and rather acute
apex. Whorls 6, rather rapidly increasing, a little convex,
parted by a deeply impressed suture, striatulate, the strias
strongly sigmoid ; the last whorl about half the length of the
shell, flattened above, rather swollen and somewhat baggy
towards the base, subcompressed around the umbilicus.
Aperture oblique, the base receding, irregularly drop-shaped,
narrow above, base almost subangular; peristome simple, un-
expanded, acute, the lip receding as it nears the suture,
curved forwards in the middle. Columella dilated, a little
protracted above, not thickened, the margins joined by a dis-
tinct parietal callus. Columella vertical, long and rather
straight. Length 14, diam. 7% mm.; aperture 8x4 mm.
(Mlldff.) .

Cebu, on the western coast.

Hapalus umbilicatus MLLDFF., Bericht. Senckenbergische
naturf. Ges., 1890, p. 245, pi. 8, f. 6.

Conspicuously different from C. grateloupi by its open
umbilicus.

Genus SUBULINA Beck, 1837.

Shell imperf 'orate, at all stages of growth, narrow, turrited,
or subulate, thin, corneous or brownish, usually more or less
translucent; apex obtuse, rounded, the embryonic shell either

72

SUBULINA.

smooth, plicate below the sutures or vertically ribbed. Last
whorl angular or rounded at the periphery. Aperture small,
oblique, ovate, the columella concave above, obliquely or ab-
ruptly truncate at base. Eggs with a calcareous, oblately
spheroidal capsule.

Distribution, tropical America and Africa; one species,
S. octona, more widely spread by commerce.

Subulina in the modern sense is not widely distributed in,
the Old World, being confined to tropical Africa and the im-
mediately dependent islands. It is closely related to
Homorus. Some other genera, such as Pseudoglessula and
Bacillum seem to belong to the same phylum. Tort axis is
probably descended from the Subulina stock, judging by the
structure of the columella in the embryonic shell. At pres-
ent we know too little of the soft anatomy of these forms to
define their relationships with precision. The species are
grouped as follows:

1. Generally distributed species, S. octona, no. 1.

2. Species of West Africa and the Congo Valley, no. 2 to 15.

3. Species of Northeast Africa, no. 16 to 19.

4. Species of East and Central Africa, no. 20 to 35.

5. Species of the Comoro Islands, no. 36 to 43.

6. The American species will be described in the second
part of this volume.

1. S. OCTONA (Bruguiere). PI. 12, figs. 8, 9.

Shell thin, translucent, yellowish corneous, turrited, almost
regularly tapering to the obtuse summit, very glossy, rather
coarsely and irregularly striatulate. Whorls 9, quite convex,
separated by a deeply impressed suture, the first three turns
of which are regularly crenulated by a border of short folds.
On the later whorls it is also irregularly crenulate in places.
Last whorl rounded. Aperture oblique, ovate ; columella con-
cave above, obliquely truncate at its base (Ternate specimen).

Length 19, diam. 4.6, aperture 4.3 mm., whorls 9 (Ternate).

Length 13, diam. 3.7, aperture 3.6 mm., whorls 7*/2
(Sumatra).

Length 12, diam. 3.3 mm., whorls 7!/o (Seychelles).

SUBULINA. 73

Length 15.5, diam. 4 mm., whorls 8y2 (Ceylon).

West African coast, Senegambia to Angola ; Nossi-Be, Zan-
zibar and other East African islands; Ceylon (0. Collett!) ;
Batu Sangkar, Sumatra. (Harrison & Hiller, 1900!) ; Java;
Manila; Moluccas; New Caledonia; New Hebrides. Also in-
troduced in some European hothouses.

Achatina octona MORELET, Series Conchyl. i, p. 72 (Zanzibar,
Dr. Vesco, under rotten wood not far from the shore) ; Voy.
Welwitsch p. 80, pi. 6, f. 5 ( Golungo-Alto, Angola, etc., at
elevation of 2000 ft.). — Stenogyra octona Chemn., CEOSSE,
Journ. de Conchyl. 1889, p. 100 (Kanala, New Caledonia).
MORELET, t. c. p. 363 (Madagascar). — SELL, Nachrbl. D. M.
Ges. 1905, p. 40 (plant house in Copenhagen) — v. MARTENS
in Webers Zool. Erg-ebnisse einer Keise in Niederlandisch
Ost-Indien ii, p. 244 (Padang, Sumatra; Weber). — DAUTZEN-
BERG, Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg. xxxiv, Memoires p. 6, pi.
1, f. 3 (environs of Indrapoera, west coast of Sumatra, Dr.
Weyers ; also Mauritius, Seychelles and Zanzibar, M. Alluaud) .
— Subulina octona (Chemn.), BOETTGER, Bericht. Sencken-
berg. Ges. 1890, p. 147 (Gunung Salak, Java, Ad. Strubell) ;
-1891, p. 273 (Amboyna and Haruku, in some quantity, Ad.
Strubell). — MLLDFF., Abhandl. naturforsch. Ges. Gorlitz,
1898, p. 156 (Manila). — BOETTGER, Nachrbl. d. D. Malak.
Ges. 1890, p. 90 (Loucoube and Nossi-Be, Ant. Stumpff;
Seychelles). — MARTENS & WIEGMANN, Seychellen-Mollusken,
in Mittheil. Zool. Sammlung Mus. f. Naturkunde in Berlin,
i, 1898-1900, p. 23 (Mahe, Seychelles, Dr. Brauer), p. 91
(Anatomy). — MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere D. Ost-Afrika,
p. 123 (Zanzibar). — SYKES, Proc. Malae. Soc. Lond. v, p. 198
(Port Fila, Efate, New Hebrides, J. J. Walker). — Journ. of
Malacology vii, 1898, p. 91 (Kew Gardens and Manchester,
in hothouses).

Ackatina crotallaria SCHUMACKER, Essai d'un nouv. Syst.
Test Vers, p. 202. — Subulina crotalaria Schum., MOERCH,
Journ. de Conchyl. 1872, p. 337 (Tranquebar).— S. crota-
laria Schnm., Beck, Index Moll. p. 77, no. 10 (Tranquebar).

Achatina mamillata CRAVEN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880,
p. 215, pi. 22, f. 8 (Nossi-Be, under dead leaves in woods

74 SUBULINA.

near the sea-shore). — Subulina mamillata Craven, CROSSED
Journ. de Conch. 1881, p. 201 (Nossi-Comba, E. Marie). -
CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Madag. pi. 24, f. 4.

The above references apply only to the occurence of
S. octona in the Eastern Hemisphere.

It is generally and I believe correctly held that this species
in the tropics of the Old World is an emigrant from America.
Dr. Boettger has already remarked that it seems to have only
lately invaded the Indo-Malayan and Papuan islands, for
earlier and closely observant naturalists made no note of it.
It appears first to get foothold in centers of trade and agri-
culture, and to spread with extraordinary rapidity into neigh-
boring districts.

Subulina in a state of nature appears to be restricted to
Africa and America; but by commerce S. octona has spread
to the East Indies and as far as the New Hebrides. I have
examined specimens from West Africa, the Seychelles, Cey-
lon, Sumatra and Ternate, and am satisfied of their identity
with the Antillean S. octona. The figures on plate 12 are
from Ternate shells. It was first noticed in New Caledonia
in 1887 or 1888, appearing by thousands (Layard, P. Z. S.
'88, 358).

Reproduction begins before the shell has attained two-thirds
its maximum size, and usually several eggs may be seen
through the shell within the penultimate whorl. The egg-
capsules are hard-shelled, white and flattened, measuring 1.8
xl.5 mm. (pi. 12, figs. 11, 12).

West African species.
2. S. MORELETI Girard. PI. 11, fig. 86.

Shell conic-turrited, thin, but slightly shining, covered with
a dark reddish-brown epidermis, and ornamented from the
summit with a quite prominent, narrow-spaced, nearly regu-
lar, straight and quite oblique costulation. Spire of 9 con-
vex whorls, separated by a deep suture, the convexity de-
creasing from the first to the last. Summit quite acute. Last
whorl obtusely carinate, occupying nearly a fourth of the

SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 75

total length. Aperture rounded-oval, slightly subrhom-
boidal, quite oblique. Columella arcuate, a little obliquely
truncate. Peristome simple, sharp, the outer margin straight
in front. Length 12.5, diam. 3.75, aperture 3.5 x 2 mm.
(Girard).

Prince Island, at Quilala-Faluiha at 500 meters elevation
(F. Newton).

Subulina moreleti GIRARD, Jornal Sci. etc Lisboa, 1893, p.
104, pi. 1, f. 12.

This species seems to have much affinity to 8. muscorum
Morel. [Man. Conch, xvii, p. 161], but seems to differ by the
more convex whorls, the last relatively a little smaller, and
the columella more arcuate (Girard) .

3. S. NEWTONI Girard. PI. 11, fig. 87.

Shell subulate, thin, transparent, brightly glossy, pale
yellow, with excessively fine growth-strise which are quite ir-
regular. Spire composed of 9 nearly flat whorls, separated
by a well marked suture, and terminating in a rounded sum-
mit. Last whorl rounded, one-fifth the total length. Aper-
ture oval, slightly oblique, columella arcuate, very obliquely
truncate before reaching the base. Peristome simple, acute,
the margins joined by a weak parietal callus. Length 20,
diam. 4.5, aperture 4.5 x 2.5 mm. (Girard}.

Prince Island: Ferreiro Velho, S. Joas and Quilala Fal-
uiha, 1-500 meters elevation (Newton).

Subulina newtoni GIRARD, Jornal de Sciencias Math., Phys.
e Nat. Acad. Real das sci. Lisboa, 1893, p. 104. pi. 1, f. 11.

4. S. STRIATELLA (Rang). PI. 11, fig. 89, 90, 91, 92.

This shell is long, turrited, nearly cylindric, thin, trans-
lucent, with an epidermis of a slightly darkened dirty-yellow
shade, especially towards the summit. The surface is finely and
regularly striated throughout ; the summit is obtuse, and the
9 whorls are rounded, with the exception of the last one,
which is angular. The aperture is oval, small, its length
nearly parallel to the axis of the shell, but its plane quite
oblique. The columella is very concave and the right lip

76 SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA.

simple and acute. The animal is dirty-white. Length 20 to
22, diam. 4 to 5 mm. (Rang).

Prince Island, at the foot of the mountains near the sea, in
numbers under stones (Rang). St. Thome at Roca Boa Eir-
trade and Rio do Ouro ; also Ilheo das Rolas (Greef) ; numer-
ous localities up to 750 meters (Newton). Also occurs on
the mainland.

Helix striatella RANG, Ann. des Sci. Nat. xxiv, 1831, p.
38, pi. 3, f. 7. — Achatina striatella MOREL., Ser. Conch, i, p.
26; Voy. Welwitsch, p. 79. — GREEF, Zool. Anzeiger 1882, p.
519. — PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 235. — Stenogyra (Subulina] s.,
DOHRN, Malak. Bl. 1866, p. 127. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conch.
1888, pp. 25, 302. — Subulina striatella GIRARD, Jornal de
Seiencias Math., Phys. e Nat., Acad. Real das Sci. de Lisboa,
(2) iii, p. 103 (August, 1893). — WOLLASTON, Testae. Atlantica
p. 206 (Madeira, introduced).

Achatina petrensis MORELET, Journ. de Conch, xiv, 1866,
p. 161; cf. Voy. Welwitsch p. 79. — PFRV Monogr. vi, p. 235.

Dohrn, who distinguished S. angustior from striatella, gives
the following diagnosis of the latter: Shell turrit ed, thin,
whitish-waxen, glossy, longitudinally closely rib-striate, the
stria? oblique to the axis; apex rather obtuse. Whorls 8 to 9,
a little convex, the last scarcely one-fourth the total length,
angular in the middle ; columella arcuate, obliquely truncate.
Aperture oval. Length 20, diam. 5.5, aperture 4.5 x 3 mm.

Plate 11, fig. 92 is a copy of Rang's original illustration.

A large series from Cape Palmas, Liberia, Senegal, and
Prince Island is before me, none quite so large as the descrip-
tions of Dohrn and Rang indicate. A Liberian shell figured
(pi. 11, figs. 89, 90, 91) measures 18.5 mm. long, 4 wide, aper-
ture 4 mm. long, this being about the maximum size in a
series of some hundreds. The color is brownish-yellow.
Sculpture of very regular rib-striae, much weaker and in part
disappearing below the angle of the last whorl. In fig. 90
they are too strong on the base. The first 2 whorls are nearly
smooth and glossy, but show a regular crenulation below the
suture, apparently representing the elsewhere vanished rib-
lets, as in some species of Ilomorus. Whorls nearly 11. The

SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 77

columellar truncation is strong but subvertical, and aperture
quite oblique. This form may be readily separated from the
S. angustior with which it seems usually to occur, by its more
regular sculpture. Like S. angustior, it is oviparous, the
eggs noticeably flattened or oblate.

Var. striata (Lea). PI. 11, fig. 97.

A set of specimens labelled Liberia consists of paler shells,
greenish-corneous, sufficiently transparent to show the eggs
plainly through. They are a little wider, length 16, diam.
4, aperture 3.7 mm., with 9% whorls. The original descrip-
tion follows.

"Shell somewhat cylindrical, horn-color, thin, longitudin-
ally and beautifully striate; sutures impressed; whorls 8,
rather convex. Aperture small, elliptical; columella in-
curved. This is a beautiful little species, rather larger than
the folliculus Lam. In form it resembles Bulimus octoneus
Rang (Achatina), but is not quite so large. Its minute and
close ribs distinguish it at once, as the octoneus is perfectly
smooth. The aperture is about one-fourth the length of the
shell, and the strise do not extend below the middle part of
the lower whorl. Length .38, diarn. .12 inch. [9.5 x 3 mm.]
Liberia, Dr. Blanding." (Lea).

Achatina striata LEA, Proc. Anier. Philos. Soc. ii, 1841, p.
31 ; Observations iv, p. 3.

Dr.W.H. Ball, who kindly compared the types with specimens
of striatella, writes as follows: "I have carefully compared
the specimens sent by you with Lea's types of striata, and
with specimens named striatella Rang received from various
sources. Your shells to my eye are exactly what we have
under the name of striatella. Lea's shells are so close to this
that I do not think a figure could be made which would
enable any one to discriminate them by form or sculpture.
There are however the following differences: Lea's shells are
all pale greenish-yelloiv like S. octona ; yours and all our
striatella are of a ferruginous brown. Specimens can be
picked out showing identical sculpture and form, but on
the whole there is more of a tendency of the sculpture in

78 SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA.

striatella to become obsolete or irregular [these specimens are
S. angustior, H. P.], while in Lea's specimens it is quite uni-
formly even and regular throughout. I should be disposed to
regard the two shells as varieties of the same species. ' '

Var. petrensis Morelet.

Slightly less lengthened and a little more ventricose than
typical striatella, making the shell more conic; also thinner,
more transparent, engraved with less pronounced striae ; of a
yellowish-fawn tint. Length 16, diam. 5 mm, (Morel.).

Freetown, Sierra Leone (Dr. Welwitsch).

There are 9 to 10 whorls, the last less than a third the total
length, and obtusely angular. It was originally described as
a distinct species, but subsequently united to striatella by
Morelet. It probably is a distinct as 8. vivipara and some
of the other closely related continental forms.

5. S. CEREA (Pfeiffer). PI. 11, fig. 88.

Shell oblong-turrited, thin, finely and regularly striate,
glossy, pellucid, pale wax-colored. Spire rectilinear, the apex
obtuse, suture moderate, minutely crenulate. Whorls 8,
slightly convex, the last scarcely more than one-fourth the
total length, subangular below the middle. Columella curved,
abruptly truncate. Aperture oblique, oblong ; peristome sim-
ple, unexpanded, the right margin lightly arcuate. Length
14, diam. 4.66, aperture 4 x 2.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Fernando Po (Fraser).

Achatina cerea PFR. P. Z. S. 1852, p. 86 ; Conchyl. Cab. p.
338, pi. 37, f . 5-7 ; Monogr. iii, p. 501.

This form seems to be a little wider than 8. striatella. Dr.
Boettger reports it from Bibundi, Kamerun, and Gabun
(Nachrbl. 1905, p. 178) .

6. S. ANGUSTIOR (Dohrn). PI. 11, figs. 96, 98 to 101.

Shell turrited-subulate, rather solid, slightly glossy, waxen,
longitudinally closely striate, the strice slightly oblique; apex
rather obtuse. Whorls 8 to 9, nearly flat, the last -one-fifth
the length, angular in the middle. Columella arcuate, ob-

SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 79

liquely truncate. Aperture oval. Length 14, diam. 4, aper-
ture 3.5 x 2 mm. (Dohrn).

Prince Island, common on the roots of trees and at the
bases of walls, (Dohrn). Cameroons at Bonjongo, (Buch-
holz) , and many other localities, common and generally dif-
fused (d'Ailly).

Stenogyra (Subulina) angustior DOHRN, Malak. Bl. xiii,
1866, p. 127.— MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876,
p. 262, pi. 3 f. 14, 15.— Achatina a., PFR., Monogr. vi, 236.-
A. striatella PFR., Monogr. ii, 263; Conchyl. Cab. p. 341, pi.
37, f . 17, 18 ; in Philippi, Abbild. ii, p. 216, pi. 1, f . 7.

Subulina a., GIRARD Jornal de Sci. etc. Lisboa, 1893, p. 103.
— d'AiLLY, Moll. terr. et d'eau douce de Kameroun, Bihang
K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxii, p. 111.

"In both angustior and striatella the columella may be
either more or less obliquely truncate, sometimes almost ver-
tical, slight modifications consequently taking place in the
shape of the mouth " (Dohrn}.

Von Martens has figured a specimen from Bonjongo
Kamerun, his figures being copied on pi. 11, fig. 101. He
notes that the largest specimens are 23 mm. long, 5 wide, the
aperture somewhat less than one-fourth the length, whorls
9 to 10, the two upper ones globose and smooth, the striation
of the others finer than in Homorus pileatus ; columellar mar-
gin strongly arcuate. The visible part of the third and fourth
whorls from the base is almost as high as wide.

The flatness of the whorls is one of the principal distinc-
tive features of the species, but is subject to some variation.
In Pfeiffer's figures referred by Dohrn to his species (my pi.
11, figs. 96) they are much less flattened than shown in von
Martens' figures of Karnerun specimens.

In Prince Island shells before me the whorls are moder-
ately convex (pi. 11, figs. 98, 99, 100). The striation is
weaker and less regular than in 8. striatella. The specimen
figured measures, alt. 14.7, diam. 3.9, aperture 3.7 mm., and
has 8!/2 whorls.

Many shells before me from Senegal and Liberia agree with
angustior in sculpture but reach a larger size than Dohrn 's

80 SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA.

types, the length being 17, diam. 4, aperture 3.9 mm., whorls
over 9; the whorls are a trifle more convex than in Prince
Island specimens. The smooth embryonic shell has sub-
sutural crenulation as in S. striatella. The color is a slightly
brownish olivaceous yellow.

7. S. VIVIPARA (Sowerby). PI. 11, figs. 94, 95.

"The shell is commonly about an inch long, consisting of
about 9 volutions, the apex being blunt and rounded, the
volutions longitudinally striated and the base smooth; the
whole nearly white, semitransparent, and covered with a
thin olivaceous horny epidermis.

' ' Three or four fully developed young shells may generally
be found upon breaking up a full-grown shell, occupying
commonly a great portion of the second, third and fourth
volutions from the base. The young ones consist of three
volutions before they quit the parent" (Sowerby). Local-
ity not given.

Ackalina vivipara SOWERBY, The Malacological and Con-
chological Magazine, part 1, 1838, p. 27. — PFR., Symbols iii,
p. 91; and in Philippi, Abbild. u. Beschreib. neuer Conchyl.
ii, p. 216, pi. 1, f. 5 (specimen received from Sowerby) ;
Monogr. ii, p. 264 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 340, pi. 37, f . 15, 16.-
REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 16, f. 70.

Pfeiffer describes a specimen received from Sowerby as fol-
lows: "Shell turrited-subulate, rather solid, longitudinally
closely rib-striate, rather shining, waxy-whitish. Spire elon-
gate, the apex rather obtuse, whorls 10, convex, the last one-
fourth the total length, angulate. Columella slightly arcu-
ate, not reaching the base, obliquely truncate. Aperture
semioval, the peristome thin. Length 20, diam. 5.5, aperture
5x3 mm." His figures of this shell are copied on my plate.

This species differs from S. angustior in the following fea-
tures : " It is a stronger shell, less slender, and has usually a
whorl less in the same length. The rib-striae are nearly
parallel to the axis throughout, and are a little stronger.
The whorls are less convex, the last more acutely angular.
The aperture is wider, and the columella far more bluntly

SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 81

truncate. The aperture occupies at least one-fourth the total
length of the shell." (P/V.).

Achatina sulcata Gray (pi. 11, fig. 93). "Shell turrited,
pellucid, corneous, the apex obtuse; whorls 8 to 9, convex,
concentrically sulcate in the middle, at the base smooth; lip
thin. Length .7, diam. .2 inch" (Gray}. Habitat not given.

Achatina sulcata GRAY, Annals of Philos., N. Ser., ix, p.
415 (1825). --REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 17, f. 86.--PFR.,
Monogr. ii, p. 267 ; iii, p. 500 ; iv, 615 ; vi, 235.

Reeve's figure of a Cumingian specimen is copied. Pfeiffer
in the later volumes of the Monographia considered A. vivip-
ara Sowerby a synonym of sulcata. The latter name has
priority, but is hardly defined with sufficient precision, and
the type specimen has not been figured.

8. S. TOTISTRIATA n. sp. PI. 13, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Shell thin but strong, imperforate, turrited-subulate, cor-
neous-white, somewhat translucent, glossy; strongly, densely
and finely but a little irregularly striate throughout. Whorls
10, convex, separated by a deeply impressed suture, which is
irregularly, rather coarsely but not conspicuously crenate in
places. Spire regularly tapering to the obtuse apex. The
first half whorl is smooth, the next with coarser, more spaced
riblets than those on subsequent whorls. The last whorl has
a very weak angle at the periphery, often hardly noticeable,
were it not that the stride abruptly become weak there, leaving
the base much smoother. Aperture quite oblique, less than
one-fourth the length of the shell, ovate; columella concave,
obliquely truncate below. Eggs yellowish, spheroidal.
Length 16, diam. 3.8, length of aperture 3.75 mm.

Senegambia. Coll. A. N. S. Phila.

This species differs from others of the group by its sculp-
tured embryonic shell, like that of Pseudoglessula. In the
latter genus the color of the shell is darker, the eggs oblong,
and the peripheral angle is generally more emphatic than in
this species; but some species such as P. duseni and P. fus-
cidula do not exceed the size of S. totistriata.

82 SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA.

9. S. NORMALIS (Morelet). PI. 13, figs. 25.

Shell subulate-turrited, with somewhat obtuse apex, thin,
diaphanous, glossy, finely and densely striate, corneous.
Whorls 9, a little convex, the first smooth, the last indistinctly
angular, more than one-third the total length. Columella
callous, obliquely truncate, not reaching the base. Aperture
semioval, peristome unexpanded, acute and thin. Length 21,
diam. 5.5 mm. (Morel.}.

Toumby, not far from Landana.

Stenogyra normal-is MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl. 1885, p.

24, pi. 2, f. 7.

Morelet further notes that the increase is slow and gradual,
the whorls moderately convex, suture strongly impressed, the
surface glossy, engraved with straight, regular fine strioe
except the embryonic whorls which are smooth. The chief
difference between this shell and S. octona is, aside from the
size, in the convexity of the whorls of the spire, much more
pronounced in the latter, which in general shape is turrited,
while normalis is rather subulate.

Specimens received from Morelet resemble rather closely
von Martens' figure of 8. angustior; but the embryonic
whorls have a finer subsutural crenulation and the inter-
mediate whorls are more regularly though I think less sharply
striate than 8. angustior.

10. S. GRACILENTA (Morelet) . PI. 13, fig. 20.

Shell turrited-subulate, thin, covered with a corneous-ful-
vous epidermis, with an oily glass, sculptured with narrow,
straight striae. Whorls 9, slightly convex, the last one-fourth
the length of the shell, indistinctly angular around the base.
Columella straight, obliquely truncate. Aperture small, semi-
oval, the margins thin and unexpanded. Length 12, diarn.
3 mm. (Morel.).

Mayumba, north of Landana.

Stenogyra gracilenta MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl. 1885, p.

25, pi. 2, f. 8.

Distinguished by the slim shape and tapering spire, which

SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 83

is much less obtuse at the summit than in any of its con-
geners. The whorls increase slowly, and are but slightly
convex, though the suture is quite deep. The shell has a
horny appearance, covered with a russet epidermis, and
shows fine, superficial striae which tend to become obsolete
on the last whorl.

11. S. 'MEGASPIRA Mabille.

Shell turrited-subulate, imperforate, very glossy, sooty-
corneous, very finely striatulate. Whorls 13^, a little con-
vex; separated by a well impressed, simple suture, the last
whorl distinctly angular, exceeding one-fifth the length of
the shell. Aperture small, ovate; the peristorne unexpanded,
acute; 'Columella thin, incurved, distinctly truncate. Length
20 to 22 mm., length of aperture 5, width 2.5 mm. (Mai.).

Congo region.

Subulina megaspira MAB., Bull. Soc. Philomathique de
Paris, (7 ser.) viii, 1884, p. 40.

Differs from Achatina involuta Gld. by the number of
whorls, the slimmer shape, lighter color not different on the
base, etc. It may possibly be a Homorus, but the very bril-
liant gloss and polished surface, on which growth-lines are
visible only with the aid of a strong lens, are features more
like Subulina.

12. S. KASSAIANA Ro'chebrune & Germain. PL 12, fig. 13.

Shell imperforate, very slender, long-cylindric, rather solid,
translucent, a little shining, corneous greenish, moderately and
regularly striatulate. Spire veiy long, cylindric, obtuse at
the summit, apex obtuse, the embryonic whorl very minute.
Whorls 8, convex, slowly increasing, separated by a deep
euture, the last whorl convex. Aperture oblique, ovate, buff
within ; peristome unexpanded, acute ; columella short, rather
stout, abruptly truncate below. Length 12.5 to 14.5, diam.
3 to 3.5 mm., aperture 3 x 2 or 2.5 mm. (E. & G.).

Congo, confluence of the Kassai, 300 meters elevation
(Bozas exped.).

Subulina kassaiana R. et G., Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris,

84 SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA.

1904, no. 3, p. 142 ; Mem. Soc. Zool. de France xvii, 1904, p.
16, pi. 1, f. 9.

13. S. LEIA Putzeys. PI. 13, fig. 24.

Shell imperf orate, conic-turrited, tliin, glossy, eorneous-
whitish, obliquely striolate under a lens. Spire long, the apex
mamillar, smooth. Whorls 8~y2, & little convex, the suture
impressed, not very deep, irregularly denticulate. Aperture
small, oblique, oval, the lip acute; columella arcuate, taper-
ing-truncate. Length 13, diam. 3.2, aperture 2.7 mm. long.
(Putz.).

Congo Valley: Nsendwe, Manyema.

Subulina leia PUTZ., Bull, des seances de la Soc. Roy. Malac.
de Belgique 1899, p. Ivii, fig. B.

14. S. SUBANGULATA Putzeys. PL 13, fig. 23.

Shell imperforate, conic-turrited, thin, glossy, corneous-
whitish, the apex obtuse, smooth. Whorls 8, a little convex,
the first two smooth, the rest obliquely striolate, the last whorl
more dilated, subangular a little below the middle ; the suture
impressed, not very deep, irregularly denticulate by the ends
of the striae. Aperture small, oval, oblique, the lip acute;
columella arcuate, obliquely truncate. Length 12.5, diam.
3.5, aperture 3 mm. long (Putz.).

Congo Valley at Nsendwe, Manyema.

Subulina subangulata Putz., t. c. p. Iviii, f. 9.

15. S. SEABRAI Nobre. PL 24, fig. 42.

Shell turriculate, of 6 regularly rounded whorls ornamented
with excessively fine striae, visible only under a lens; suture
not very deep, ornamented below with a narrow band per-
fectly differentiated from the rest of the shell. Columella
recurved; lip simple and acute. Color vitreous, semi-trans-
parent. Length 5.5, diam. 2 mm. (Nobre.).

Angola: Forest of Mupepe, under dry leaves.

Subulina seabrai NOBRE, Molluscas terrestres e fluvises da
exploracao de Francisco Newton em Angola, p. 11, pi. 1, f.
23, 24, in Annaes de Sciencias Naturaes ix, 1905.

SUBULINA, N. E. AFRICA. 85

In one worn specimen there are milk-white bands parallel
to the suture. The generic position of this form is uncertain.

Species of Northeast Africa.

Probably some of the northeast African species placed in
Eomorus might better have been left in Subulina.

16. S. SENNAARIENSIS (Pfeiffer). PL 14, figs. 54.

Shell oblong-turrited, thin, smooth, pellucid, glossy, buff-
corneous ; spire with slightly curved outlines, the apex obtuse,
suture narrowly margined. Whorls 7%, a little convex, the
last nearly one-third the total length, rounded basally; colu-
mella arcuate, somewhat calloused, narrowly truncated at
the base. Aperture slightly oblique, sinuate-oval; peristome
unexpanded, thin. Length 13, diam. 4.33, aperture 4 x 2.33
mm. (Pfr.).

N.-E. Africa: Sennaar (Damaud).

Achatina sennaariensis PFR., Malak. Bl. 1855, p. 169 ; Novit,
Conch, i, p. 104, pi. 29, f. 17, 18; Monogr. iv, 612.—
Subulina s., JICKELI, Moll. N.-O. Afr. p. 136.

17. S. CHIARINII Pollonera. PI. 14, fig. 55.

Shell imperforate, subulate, waxen-glossy, transparent,
longitudinally striate under a lens ; suture rather oblique, sub-
crenulate. Whorls 8, nearly flat, the last one-third the total
length, tapering at base. Aperture oblique, narrowly oval,
acutely angular above, slightly receding basally. Columella
arcuate, oblique and shortly truncate. Length 12.5, diam.
3.25 mm. (Poll.}.

Let-Marefia, near Ankober, in the forest of Fehere-Ghem-
bre (Dr. Ragazzi).

Subulina chiarinii POLL., Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp.
Univ. Torino, ii, 1887, no. 34; BuU. Soc. Malac. Ital. xiii,
1888, p. 74, pi. 2, f. 31.

18. S. MABILLIANA Bourguignat. PI. 14, fig. 56.

Shell imperforate, slender, and long, not much attenuated,
fragile, glossy, diaphanous; uniform corneous, frequently

86 SUBULINA, N. E. AFRICA.

with, minute scattered whitish dots ; smooth, appearing some-
what striatulate under a very strong lens. Spire long, mod-
erately tapering, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7 to 8, quite eon-
vex, regularly increasing, parted by a deep suture; the last
whorl oblong-rounded, scarcely one-fourth the total length,
slowly descending above. Aperture oblique, oblong; peris-
tome unexpanded, acute. Columella short, slightly arcuate,
quite abruptly truncated below; the margins joined by a
transparent parietal callus. Length 8 to 9, diam. 2, alt.
apert. 2 mm. (Bgt.) .

Abyssinia: Mt. Abouna Yusef, 4000 meters elevation
(Raffray).

S. mabilliana BGT., Malacologie de I'Abyssmie in Ann. Sci.
Nat. (Zool.), xv, 1883, p. 83, pi. 9, f. 68, 69.— POLLONEEA,
Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, xiii, no. 313,
p. 8 (1898).

Differs from 8. tnunzingeri by the less attenuated less acu-
minate form, uniform corneous color, less numerous and quite
convex whorls separated by a deep suture, etc.

A "mutation" elongatula Pollonera, is longer, length 12
mm., with the spire more produced. Based on a single shell
from Adi-Caie, Erythrea.

19. S. MUNZINGERI (Jickeli). PI. 14, figs. 52, 53.

Shell imperforate, subulate, thin, glossy, hyaline, whitish,
longitudinally striatulate under a lens. Whorls 8, subin-
flated, separated by a rather deep, oblique suture, the last
descending, one-fourth the total length. Aperture oblique,
vertically piriform; columella arcuate, very obliquely trun-
cate ; lip thin, acute. Length 9.5, diam. 1.75, aperture 2 x 1.33
mm. (Jick.) .

Beniamer near Weld Jawa, 2814 ft. elevation, on the bank
of the Falkat; Nakfa, Habab, at the roots of plants (Jickeli).
Mt. Abouna Yousef, 4000 meters elev. (Raffray).

Stenogyra munzingeri JICK., Malak. Bl. 1873, p. 103.—
Acicula m., JICK., Fauna der Land- und Susswasser-Mol-
lusken Nord-Ost-Afrikas, in Nova Acta Acad. Cass. Leop.-
Carol. Germanic Nat. Cur. vol. 37, p. 133, pi. 2, f. 3 (jaw

SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA. 87

and radula), pi. 5, f. 21 (shell). — Subulina m., BGT., Malac.
Abyssinie, p. 82, pi. 9, f. 65-67.

A very slender shell, resembling 8. intermedia Taylor in
this respect.

Species of East and Central Africa.

20. S. .ELEGANS Martens. PI. 14, fig. 35.

Shell conic-turrited, with wide-spaced vertical riblets,
glossy, chestnut-brown, with obtuse apex. Whorls 9, the
first small, globular, smooth, the second inflated, rather
low, with distinct riblets, the third whorl not wider than the
second, the rest of the whorls regularly increasing in breadth,
weakly convex, with rather deep sutures; last whorl angular
at its greatest diameter, rather flattened and only weakly
striate beneath. Aperture scarcely oblique, rounded-quad-
rangular, about one-fourth the total length. Outer lip thin,
slightly arcuate; basal margin broadly rounded; columellar
margin strongly arcuate, somewhat thickened, white, dis-
tinctly truncate below. Length 10, diam. 3, aperture 2.33 x
1.5 mm. (Marts.}.

Between Ngesi and Mwutan lakes, on the southwestern
side of the latter, also south side of Ngesi, various places in
Uganda, etc. (Stuhlmann).

Subulina elegans MARTS., Nachrbl. 1895, p. 185; Beschalte
Weichthiere p. 121, pi. 1, f . 16 ; pi. 5, f . 17.

From the angle on the last whorl and the rather rapid in-
crease of the whorls in breadth one might think these to be
immature specimens of some other species ; but it agrees with
none of the larger ones collected in the region. The shape
of the second whorl reminds one of Pseudoglessula calabarica.
The intervals between riblets are double the width of the
riblets themselves. (Marts.}

21. S. LASTI (E. A. Smith). PI. 14, fig. 36.

Shell slender, subulate, polished, olivaceous-brown, here and
there streaked with a darker shade; spire narrowed above,
mamillate at the apex. Whorls 11, -convex, striated with
delicate oblique growth lines. Aperture small, acutely oval,

SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA.

one-fifth the total length. Columella arcuate, truncated in
front. Length 15, diam. 3.66, aperture 3 x 1.66 mm. (Smith).

Mamboya, 4-5000 ft. elevation (Last) ; Ituri (Stuhlmann).

Stenogyra, (Subulina) lasti SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), vi,
p. 158, pi. 5, f. 18 (August, 1890).— 5. lasti MARTS., Beschalte
Weichthiere, p. 121.

'The two specimens of this species at hand are probably
not full-grown, as a faint angnlation at the periphery of the
body-whorl suggests this opinion. In that case the number
of whorls and the proportion of the aperture to the total
length may hereafter require modification. S. involuta
Gould, is similarly colored, but is a larger and thicker shell. ' '
(E. A. Smith).

The specimens collected by Stuhlmann are a little larger.
The dark brown, somewhat streaked coloration is character-
istic of this species and S. elegans. Perhaps they would be
more correctly placed in Homorus.

22. S. PINGUIS Martens. PL 14, fig. 37.

Shell club-shaped-turrited, very weakly striate, glossy, pale
yellowish. "Whorls 91/4, somewhat convex, the first compara-
tively small, rather globose, the second and third of nearly
equal size, the following whorls slowly increasing in breath,
with rather deep, somewhat crenulate suture; the last whorl
scarcely convex above, rounded beneath. Aperture acutely
ovate, rather oblique; outer lip thin, unexpanded; basal mar-
gin shortly rounded, columellar margin weakly arcuate, some
what thickened, whitish. Length 26%, diam. 8, aperture
8x4 mm. (Marts.)

Migere, Butumbi, in leaf mould. (Dr. Stuhlmann).

Subulina pinguis MARTS., Nachrbl. 1895, p. 185; Beschalte
Weichthiere p. 121, pi. 5, f. 18.

To be recognized by the comparatively wide contour and
glossy-smooth surface; in shape like Homorus mamboiensis
but decidedly smaller.

23. S. EMINI (E. A. Smith). PI. 14, fig. 38.

Shell elongate, slender, pyramidal, subpellucid, pale green-

SUBULJNA, EAST AFRICA. 89

ish or yellowish- green, polished. Whorls 9, a little convex,
slowly increasing, very lightly striate with growth-lines,
separated by an oblique, rather deep suture. Apex obtusely
rounded. Aperture small, oval, acute above, slightly exceed-
ing one-fifth the total length. Columella quite arcuate, ob-
liquely truncate in front, covered with a thin white callus.
Length* 16, diam. 3.66, aperture 3.25 x 2 mm. (Smith').

Mamboya, 4-5000 ft. elevation (Last).

Stenogyra (Subulina) emini SM., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(6) vi, p. 159, pi. 5, f. 19.

"This species bears a general resemblance to S. stricta
Poey, from Cuba, but differs in having much rounder whorls,
a more arcuate columella, with a distinct basal truncation.
S. lasti is differently colored and has shorter and more nu-
merous whorls. 8. mammillata Craven is a larger species
with a strongly puckered suture." (E. A. Smith).

24. S. PERSTRIATA Martens. PI. 14, fig. 39.

Shell turrited, closely covered with vertical rib-striae, whit-
ish, lusterless, with obtuse apex. Whorls 8y2, the first small,
rather globular, scarcely projecting, but distinctly striate;
the second and third of about equal breadth, the following
whorls regularly and slowly increasing in width, somewhat
convex, with a moderately deep suture ; the last whorl roundly
tapering below. Aperture rather oblique, one-fourth the
total length, rounded-oval, the outer lip thin, arcuate, the
columellar margin rather thin, weakly arcuate, distinctly
twisted, very oblique below, and weakly truncate, above pass-
ing into a distinct callous deposit on the parietal wall.
Length 24!/o, diam. 6, aperture 5.66 x 3.5 mm. (Marts.)

Migere in Butumbi, in forest mould. (Stuhlmann) .

S. perstriata MARTS., Nachrbl. 1895, p. 184; Beschalte
Weichthiere p. 122, pi. 5, f. 24.

On first glance similar to the West African S. striatella
Rang, but well distinguished by the sculpture of the apex;
moreover it is larger with fewer whorls, and comparatively
less slender. It might be nearest allied to solidiuscula and
lent a, but both of these are notably larger. (Marts.).

90 SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA.

25. S. BICOLUMELLARIS Martens. PI. 14, fig. 40.

Turrited, closely rib-striate, dirty brownish, lusterless, with
obtuse apex. Whorls iy2, the first rather globular, some-
what projecting, the second globose, smooth, the third still
of the same diameter but rib-striate ; the following whorls
regularly and slowly increasing in diameter, somewhat con-
vex, with moderately deep suture, the last whorl tapering and
rounded below. Aperture moderately oblique, three-tenths
of the shell's length, long-ovate; outer margin thin, a little
arcuate ; columellar margin rather vertical, formed of two
spiral cords ascending adjacent to and upon each other,
separated by a deep furroiv; below obliquely truncate.
Length 15, diam. 5, aperture 4.5 x 2 mm. (Marts.)

Karevia, on the western foot of Runssoro, at an elevation
of about 1175 meters (Stuhlmann).

8. bicolumellaris MARTS., Nachrbl. 1895, p. 186; Beschalte
Weichthiere p. 122, pi. 5, f. 25.

Peculiar in the structure of the columellar margin, which
is formed of two adjacent cords. In one example, which
served for the illustration, these cords ran parallel and are
separated by a furrow ; in two others they are somewhat more
separated, somewhat diverging, and parted by a small flat
surface. Finally, there are from the same place two larger
specimens 17.5 mm. long, in which the upper cord is weakly
developed but the other scarcely indicated. There seems
thus to be a certain measure of variability, and perhaps in
old examples a reduction ( resorption ? ) takes place (Marts.).

The structure of the columella reminds one of Digonaxis
cingalensis.

26. S. SUBCRENATA Martens. PI. 14, fig. 41.

Turrited, very weakly striate, yellowish, with pretty ob-
tuse apex. Whorls 9, the first small, wart-like, the second
and third inflated, nearly globular, equal, and smooth; the
following whorls regularly, slowly increasing in diameter,
scarcely 'Convex, ivith irregularly crenate suture ; the last
whorl tapering below and rounded. Aperture oblique, three
tenths the lengtHi, acutely ovate. Outer margin thin, a little

SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA. 91

arcuate; basal margin rounded. Columellar margin strongly
arcuate, distinctly truncate basally, continued in a thin de-
posit above upon the parietal wall. Length 13, diam. 3.5,
aperture 6 x 2.5 mm, (Marts.)

Migere in Butumbi, in leaf mould of the forest (Stuhl-
mann).

S. siCbcrenata MARTENS, Nachrbl. 1895, p. 186; Beschalte
Weichthiere p. 123, pi. 5, f. 26, 26a.

27. S. PERGRACILIS Martens. PL 14, fig. 42.

Shell very slenderly turrited, quite weakly striate, yellow-
ish, with rather obtuse apex. Whorls 10, the first small, wart-
like, the second and third equal, convex, smooth, the follow-
ing whorls regularly but very slowly increasing, rather flat
with simple, shallow suture ; the last whorl tapering below
and rounded. Aperture oblique, scarcely one-fourth the
shell's length, ovate. Outer lip thin, rather arcuate; basal
lip rounded; columellar margin strongly arcuate, obliquely
truncate below. Length 13, diam. 3, aperture 2.5 x 1.25 mm.
(Marts.).

Bukende on the Issango (Dr. Stuhlmann) .

8. pergracilis MARTS., Beschalte Weichthiere p. 123, pi. 5,
f. 27.

Differs from S. subcrcnata Martens by the more slender
shape and absence of sutural crenation. In general similar
to the well-known 8. octona, but notably more slender.
(Marts.').

28. S. INTERMEDIA Taylor. PI. 14, figs. 43, 44.

"Shell elongated, very slender, conic-cylindrical, very thin
glossy semi-transparent, of a glossy straw color, very finely
striolate in the line of growth; epidermis very thin; whorls
8-8^/2, very oblique, convex, gradually tapering to apex, which
is obtuse and abrupt; the last whorl is but little larger than
the penultimate ; suture very oblique, deep ; mouth broadly
ovate; outer lip thin and curved; columella truncate with a
thin and somewhat indistinct layer of callus; umbilicus obso-
lete. Length 0.375, breath 0.076." (Taylor}.

92 SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA.

Length 10, diam. 2.5, aperture 2x1 mm. (Smith).

Zanzibar (Gibbons) ; Mamboya (Last) ; Kingani in
Ukami, and Vuami valley, Ussagara (Bgt.).

Subulina intermedia TAYLOR, Quart. Journ. of Conch, i,
p, 282, pi. 3. f. 5 — MARTS., Beschalte Weichthiere p. 124.-
BGT., Moll. Afr. Equat. p. 114. — Stenogyra (Subulina) i.,
SMITH Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), vi, p. 159.

"This is a pale straw-colored glassy shell with rather long
whorls, which are minutely (not very distinctly) puckered
above at the suture. This feature is not mentioned by Mr.
Taylor in the original description (Quart. Journ. Conch, vol.
1. p. 282), nor is it depicted in the figure (pi. 1. fig. 5), in
which the aperture is drawn rather too narrow." (E. A.
Smith) .

29. S. CONRADTI Martens. PI. 14, fig. 45.

Very slenderly turrited, closely, weakly striate, glossy,
translucent, pale yellow, with rather blunt apex. AVhorts 8,
the first globular, the second and third convex, comparatively
large, nearly equal in diameter; the following whorls regu-
larly increasing in diameter, only weakly convex, with mod-
erately deep suture. Aperture somewhat oblique, three-tenths
the shell's length, between piriform and ovate. Outer margin
thin, almost straight, basal margin rounded, columellar mar-
gin a little arcuate, somewhat thickened, weakly and obliquely
truncate below. Length 12, diam. 2.5, aperture 3.5 x 2 mm.
(Marts.).

Derema in Ussambara (Conradt).

S. conradti MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere p. 124, pi. 5,
f. 28.

It stands between S. pergracilis and intermedia, but while
the upper whorls are more equal, the lower increase more
rapidly in diameter than in these two species. In this re-
spect, and the bright gloss, it approaches S. paucispira some-
what (Marts.).

30. S. CHAPMANI (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 14, fig. 46.
Shell very slender, thin, white, acicular, long-turrited ;

SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA. 93

whorls 9, a little gradate at the sutures, two at the apex
effuse ; longitudinally obliquely striate ; the last whorl oblong,
straight, columella truncate. Aperture oblong-ovate; peris-
tome simple and thin. Length 9.5, diam. 2.25 mm.
(M. & P.).

Ovampoland (Mr. Chapman).

Stenogyra chapmani M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6),
ix, p. 90, pi. 6, f. 3 (Jan., 1892).

"An extremely pretty though very small shell, of which
the three specimens in Mr. Layard's collection are all more
or less imperfect. They bear a decided superficial resem-
blance to certain marine forms of the genus Chemnitzia, the
shell being very delicate, white, eight- or nine-whorled, the
whorls gradated at the sutures and longitudinally finely
ribbed with raised strise." (Melv. & Pons.)

31. S. CHIRADZULENSIS E. A. Smith. PI. 14, fig. 47.

Shell elongate, irnperforate, pale corneous, thin, subpel-
lucid, striated with delicate oblique growth-lines. Spire mod-
erately acuminate, submamillate apically. Whorls 9,
slightly convex, bordered by a narrow pellucid line below
the suture. Aperture inversely auriform, slightly more than
one fourth the total length. Columella arcuate, obliquely
truncate in front, the lip simple, thin. Length 18, diam. 5
mm. (Smith}.

Mt, Chiradzulu, 5000 ft., British Central Africa (Whyte).

Subulina c., SMITH, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 588, pi. 33, f. 46.

Allied to 8. subcrenata Martens. The lines of growth are
somewhat strong below the suture, producing a subcrenulated
appearance. Prof. E. von Martens (in litt.) informs me that
it is distinct from all he has described, but comes near his
8. pinguis, being distinguished by its broader whorls and
the different form of the upper part of the spire (Smith) .

32. S. UNCTA E. A. Smith. PI. 14, fig. 48.

Shell elongate, thin, pellucid-corneous, polished; whorls 8,
rather rapidly increasing, convex, sculptured with oblique,
scarcely visible growth-lines, the last whorl elongated. Spire

94 SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA.

marnillate at tihe apex; suture oblique, linear, bordered be-
low with a pellucid line. Aperture inversely auriform,
scarcely one-third the total length; lip thin and simple.
Columella arcuate, truncate in front, covered with a thin re-
flexed callus. Length 17, diarn. 5.25, aperture 5x3 mm.
(Smith}.

Lagari, British East Africa (Steuart Betton).

Subulina uncta SM., Journ. of Conch, x, p. 318, pi. 4, f. 18
(Apr. 1, 1903).

"It is remarkable for its very smooth glossy surface and
form."

33. S. DOHERTYI E. A. Smith. PI. 14, fig. 49.

Shell lengthened, ovate-fusiform, thin, pellucid, pale cor-
neous, glossy. Whorls 6, rapidly increasing, the upper two
smooth, convex, the rest a little convex, parted by a deep
oblique suture, regularly sculptured with delicate, oblique,
subflexuous strias, the last whorl lengthened, very obliquely
descending. Aperture ovate, acuminate above, the lip very
thin. Columella arcuate, shortly truncate in front, covered
with a thin callus. Length 9.5, diam. 2.75, aperture 3x2
mm. (Smith).

Eastern Uganda (Doherty).

Subulina dohertyi SM., Journ. of Conch, x, p. 319, pi. 4,
f. 19. (Apr. 1, 1903).

"The form of this species is rather unusual, and the striae
are distinct and regular."

34. S. VITBEA (Mousson). PI. 14, fig. 50.

Shell minute, imperforate, acuminate-turrited, rather thin,
glassy, transparent, striatulate, glossy, pale yellowish. Spire
regular, the summit obtuse, suture linear. Whorls 8, slowly
increasing, the nuclear whorls rounded, following whorls
somewhat flattened, the last whorl one-fifth the total length,
oval, more convex beneath, not ascending. Aperture sub-
oblique (making an angle of 30 degrees with the axis), oval.
Peristome unexpanded, acute, the margins remote ; right mar-
gin slightly, basal more arcuate; columella concave, obliquely
cut at the base. Length 8, diam. 4 mm. (Mouss.).

SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA. 95

Southeast Africa : Ku-Ganab, southeast of Ondonga, under
stones (Dr. Schintz).

Stenogym (Subulina) vitrea Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl.
1887, p. 296, pi. 12, f. 6.— MARTS., Archiv f. Naturg. 1897,
Ixiii, vol. i, p. 40. — Opeas vitreum Mouss., STURANY, t. c.
p. 597.

A small species, almost as clear as glass, with the colurnella
well truncate at the end.

35. S. PAUCISPIRA Martens. PL 14, fig. 51.

Shell elongate, almost turrited, without umbilical fissure,
finely striate, the growth-strige just below the suture some-
what stronger and somewhat curving backward; glossy,
pale yellowish, translucent. Whorls 8, the first globose, form-
ing an obtuse apex, the second hardly wider than the first;
from the third whorl on it increases regularly in diameter,
with a very slightly sunken suture, the last whorl rounded,
gradually tapering. Aperture rather oblique, about a third
the total length, acutely ovate; outer margin thin, moder-
ately arcuate; basal margin, narrowly rounded; columellar
margin strongly arcuate, obliquely but very decidedly trun-
cate. Length 25, diam. 7.5, aperture 8x4 mm. A slender
example measures, length 23, diam. 6.5, aperture 7 x nearly
4 mm. (Marts.} .

Forest region between Albert Edward and Albert Nyansa
lakes; Karevia; Bundeko-Bukendo in Bugundi (Stuhl-
mann) ; Eldoma ravine, south of Lake Baringo (Bishop
Tucker) .

Subulina paucispira MARTS., Sitz. Ber. d. Ges. nat Freunde
zu Berlin, 1892, p. 177 ; Beschalte Weichthiere p. 124, pi. 5,
f. 23; pi. 1, f. 14.— SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, 1894,
p. 165.

This species has on first sight the appearance of a Hapalus
(Curvella), from its thin, very glossy shell, the comparatively
large last whorl and the retraction of the striae below the
suture ; but the structure of the columellar margin is wholly
that of Sululina. Also, the further course of the growth-
striae is not arched forward, and the obtuse apex agrees better
with Sululina. (Marts.)

96 SUBULINA, COMORO IS.

For this species a section Notkapalus has been erected, char-
acterized by the shell resembling Curvella, with comparatively
large last whorl.

Species of the Comoro Islands.

S. ferriezi is a type of the prevalent form of Subulina in
the Comoro Is. These shells are very smooth and glossy,
with the whorls nearly flat or but weakly convex, and the
embryonic shell with a smooth suture, without crenulate bor-
der (pi. 13, fig. 30). All the species seem to conform to this
type except four.

S. cereola no. 42, and S. canonica no. 43, are finely striate.

8. avenacea has the short contour of Opeas, and a very
oblique columellar truncation. It belongs I think to Opeas.

S. octona, no. 1, easily recognized by its convex, smoothish
whorls and denticulate-bordered suture of the embryonic
shell, is found in Madagascar and the Seychelles.

36. S. FERRIEZI ('Marie' Morelet). PI. 13, figs. 28, 30, 31.

"Shell elongate, turrited, thin, smooth, pellucid, extremely
glossy, brownish horn colored. Spire subulate, apex rather
obtuse. "Whorls 10, a little convex, suture impressed, smoothly
united, the last whorl not equal to one-fourth the entire length
of the shell. Columella arcuate, obliquely truncate. Aper-
ture oval ; peristome thin and unexpanded. Length 18, diam.
5 mm." (Morelet).

Comoro Is.: Mayotte I. (Marie).

Stenogyra ferriezi Marie MS., MORELET Jour, de Conch.
xxx, p. 187, pi. 10, f. 12 (July, 1882).

This shell, one of the most remarkable of the genus among
those which live in the Comoro Islands, approaches, in form
and size, the large individuals of Sten. striatella. But its
aperture is longer, and the shell, of a slightly darker rufous
tint, is smooth, glossy and absolutely black when the animal
is within. The whorls of the spire are but little convex, and
yet plainly separated by a suture bordered by a blackish line
which is more or less confluent with it. The suture as it
revolves becomes more oblique in the last whorls of the spire."

SUBULINA, COMORO IS. 97

(Morelet). Fig. 28 is a copy of Morelet's; 30 and 31 are
drawn from a specimen.

37. S. SIMPLEX (Morelet). PI. 13, figs. 29, 34.

"Shell iinperf orate, subulate, thin, very smooth, pale horn-
colored, shining, transparent. "Whorls 9, planulate, joined
by a submarginate suture, the last hardly exceeding one-
third the entire length of the shell. Aperture small, piri-
form, external margin acute, unexpanded, columella arcuate,
obliquely truncate. Length 10, diam. 3 mm." (Morelet.)

Comoro Islands: Mayotte I. (Marie).

Stenogyra simplex MORELET, Journ. de Conch, xxx, p. 188,.
pi. 10, fig. 9 (above figure 14) ; July, 1882.

The features which characterize this shell in a genus where
similar forms are so numerous, are in the first place, the pol-
ish of its surface, the brevity of its columella, and the slight
relief of the whorls of the spire. It has 9 whorls, at first a
little convex, then more and more flattened as they approach
the aperture. The aperture is small, almost exactly pear-
shaped, with the columellar border short, strongly arcuate,
and truncated near the base. The shell is transparent, of a
pale horn color, smooth, polished, without a trace of strige, to
the naked eye; and hardly distinguished with the aid of a
hand lens." (Morelet"). The short, very concave columella
is well shown in fig. 34, representing a shell received from
Marie.

38. S. GLABELLA (Morelet). PI. 13, fig. 21.

"Shell imperf orate, pyramidal, thin, diaphanous, shining,
smooth, pale yellow. Spire subulate, apex rather acute.
Whorls 8, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last obtusely
angular at the base, equal to one-third of the length of the
shell. Suture narrowly margined, a dark line accompanying
it. Aperture oblong, margin thin, unexpanded, columella
shortly arcuate, obliquely truncate. Length 13, diam. 5 mm. ' '
(Morelet.)

Comoro Islands: Mayotte (Marie).

Stenogyra glabella MORELET Journ. de Conch, xxxi, p. 195,
pi. 8, f. 11. July, 1883.

98 SUBULINA, COMORO IS.

"The shell is of a very pale fawn color, is glossy, trans-
parent, smooth to the naked eye, but feebly and irregularly
striate under sufficient magnification." (Morelet).

39. S. PYRAMID ALIS (Morelet). PI. 13, fig. 22.

"Shell imperforate, turrited, thin, smooth, polished, trans-
lucent, pale horn colored. Spire pyramidal, apex acute.
Whorls 9, convex, obsoletely wrinkled below the impressed,
brown-margined suture, the last subangulate at the base,
scarcely exceeding one-third of the length. Aperture oblong,
biangular, external margin thin, unexpanded, columella
truncate, shortly canaliculate. Length 15, diam. 5 mm."
(Morelet.)

Comoro Islands: Mayotte (Marie).

Stenogyra pyramidalis MORELET Journ. de Conch, xxxi,
p. 194, pi. 8, f. 9. July, 1883.

Morelet adds that this species is distinguished by its pyra-
midal, acuminate shape. It is smooth, polished and fragile,
of a clear transparent tawny tint. The superficial striae with
which it is engraved are quite numerous on the first whorls of
the spire, but lose their regularity on reaching the last, where
they may be seen below the sutures indistinctly. It is quite
distinct from all others of the same region.

40. S. TEREBELLA (Morelet) . PI. 13, fig. 26.

"Shell acutely turrited, thin, subdiaphanous, smooth, shin-
ing, uniform horn colored or obscurely banded; spire pyra-
midal, apex rather acute. Whorls 9, a little convex, joined by
an impressed suture, the last slightly ventricose, over three-
sixths the entire length of the shell. Aperture semioval, ex-
ternal margin thin, columella abruptly truncate. Length 17,
diam. 6^/2 mm." (Morelet).

Comoro Islands: Grand Comoro (Humblot.)

Stenogyra tercbclla MORELET Journ. de Conch, xxxiii, p.
290, pi. 14, f. 1. October, 1885.

"The shell is glossy, very superficially striate, of a grey-
ish-horn color, with indistinct, irregularly spaced lines. A
variety has in place of this ornamentation, a diffuse brown-

SUBULINA, COMORO IS. 99

ish zone below the suture. One finds a similar coloration in
Stenogyra nebulosa from Landana. " (Morelet).

41. S. ORNATA (Morelet). PL 13. fig. 27.

' ' Shell imperforate, turrited, thin, obsoletely striate, waxen,
horny-yellow, purple flamed 011 the last whorl. Spire subu-
late, apex somewhat acute. Whorls 8 nearly flat, joined by
a slightly margined suture, the last dilated, equaling three-
sevenths the entire length of the shell. Columella slightly
arcuate, abruptly truncate, touching the base. Aperture
semioval, margins thin and unexpanded. Length 14, diam.
5i/2 mm." (Morelet}.

Comoro Islands: Grand Comoro (Hurnblot).

Stenogyra ornata MORELET, Journ. de Conch, xxxv, p. 287,
pi. 9, f. 6. October, 1887.

"One might at first be tempted to consider this shell to be
a small variety of Steno. terebella, which it reproduces al-
most exactly in shape; but this similarity does not hold good
when the details are examined. Without mentioning the size,
which is a variable character, one sees that the whorls of the
spire are less convex in the new species, and that it is com-
plete in eight instead of nine. They are, moreover, distinctly
margined, a particular that does not exist in 8. terebella, the
same with the mode of coloration, which is rare in the genus
and maybe considered specific." (Morelet).

42. S. CEREOLA (Morelet). PI. 13, fig. 32.

"Shell elongate turrited, apex obtuse, rather solid, finely
hair-striate, shining, pellucid, yellowish white; whorls 8, a
little convex, separated by a minutely denticulate suture, the
last subangulate below the middle, hardly exceeding one quar-
ter the length of the shell. Columella arcuate, obliquely
truncate, not reaching the base of the aperture; aperture ob-
long; peristome simple, acute and unexpanded. Length 14,
diam. 4 mm." (Morelet.)

Comoro Islands: Mayotte and Moheli under dead wood
near the shore. (M. Vesco) .

Achatina cereola MORELET Series Conchyliologiques ii, p.
71, pi. 5, f. 3 (November, 1860).

100 OBELISCELLA.

"The last whorl is modified in shape by an obtuse peri-
pheral angle, sometimes accompanied by a very faint yellow-
ish-green band, which continues to the second half of the last
whorl, in the line of sutural development.

"This species is distinguished from A. octona by having a
shorter more conical spire generally composed of fewer
whorls, as well as by the angular form of the last whorl.
It is moreover, more distinctly striate." (Morelet.)

43. S. CANONICA (Morelet). PL 13, fig. 33.

"Shell subulately turrited, apex acute, very finely striate,
at the suture plicatulate, shining, horny brown. Spire regu-
lar. Whorls 9, planulate, the last hardly equal to one-fourth
the entire length of the shell. Columella strongly arcuate,
short and obliquely truncate. Aperture semioval, peristome
acute, unexpanded. Length 19, diam. 5y2 mm." (Morelet.)

Comoro Islands: Grand Comoro (Humblot.)

Stenogyra canonica MORELET Journ. de Conch, xxxiii, p.
291, pi. 14, f. 8. October, 1885.

This species, which enlarges very regularly, approaches 8.
simpularia of Anjouan I., but the columella is short, strongly
arcuate and obliquely truncate; and after the fourth whorl
one sees fine and not very regular strite, of which some more
prominent than the rest, make it plicate below the sutures.
(Morel.).

Genus OBELISCELLA Jousseaume.

Oleliscella Jouss., Bull. Soc. Malac. France vi, 1899, p.
359 (0. lucidissima the only species mentioned).

Shell impcrforate, turrited, with obtuse, rounded smooth
apex and glossy surface, composed of 9 or 10 nearly flat
whorls. Aperture oblique, ovate, the outer lip obtuse, being
slightly thickened but not in the least reflexed, straight, not
retracted above or below. Columella continuous with basal
and parietal margins, slightly concave, rounded, reflexed and
closely appressed; parietal callus distinct. Type 0. lucidis-
sima (Palad.).

Distribution, Southern Arabia and probably East Africa.

OBELISCELLA. 101

The name Obeliscella was proposed as a substitute for
Obeliscus Beck, but it was first used for the species B. lucidis-
simus, which is, in fact, the only species mentioned in Jous-
seaume's note. Professor von Martens, whose general know-
ledge of land shells has probably never been surpassed, re-
cognized features which led him to suspect an affinity to
Ennea. ' Although we have as yet no anatomical knowledge
of the Arabian form, I have little doubt that it will prove
to belong with Ennea, Elma, Streptostele etc., in the Agna-
thous family Streptaxidce. The genus is included here merely
for temporary convenience, because the shell would naturally
be looked for in or near Opeas.

0. LUCIDISSIMA (Paladilhe). PI. 26, figs. 35, 36, 37.

Shell imperforate, elongate-subcylindric, nearly smooth,
very glossy, subpellucid, amber or white-hyaline, quite solid.
Spire a little attenuated above, the apex obtuse. Whorls
91/4, scarcely convex, slowly increasing, separated by a super-
ficial suture which is margined below; the last whorl at the
aperture over one-fourth the total length, a little ascending
to the aperture; its free margin straight oblique, strongly
receding. Aperture oblique, rounded-subpiriform, angled at
the insertion of the outer lip ; peristome unexpanded, slightly
subpatulous; columella rather wide above, reflexed, narrow
below; right margin much longer, rather arcuate, the mar-
gins joined by a conspicuous callus. Length 15, cliam. 4
mm. (Palad.)

Arabia: near Aden (Issel) ; debris of the torrent Kursi
near Aden (Jouss.).

Bulimus lucidissimus PALAD., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova iii,
1872, p. 17, pi. 1, figs. 18, 19.— PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 134.-
Obeliscella lucidissima Bgt., JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Mai.
France vi, 1889, p. 359.

Readily distinguished by its regularly tapering, obtuse-
topped shape, brilliant gloss, the closely appressed columellar
callus and blunt, smooth lip. A single specimen before me
measures 13.5 mm. long, 3.8 wide, the aperture 3.5 mm. long.
It has 91/<5 whorls. The dimensions are therefore between

102 OBELISCELLA.

those given by Paladilhe and by von Martens. The form de-
scribed by von Martens has been renamed by Jousseaurne,
without seeing specimens or indicating any differences.
While somewhat smaller than the types, there seems to be no
adequate reason for giving it a name. The description
follows :

Var. martensi Jousseaume. Shell cylindric-turrite, lightly
striatulate, glossy, reddish- corneous; apex obtuse, subglobose.
Whorls 9, flattened, joined by a whitish, moderately impressed
suture, regularly increasing, the last shortly tapering at the
base. Aperture a little oblique, over one-fourth the total
length, subovate, acutely angular above, the peristome unex-
panded; a little thickened. Columellar margin rather ob-
lique, basal subangular, above dilated and appressed, pass-
ing into a distinct parietal callus. Length 11.5, diam. 3.33,
aperture 3 x 2 mm. (Marts.).

Ennea f lucidissima MARTENS, Nachrbl. D. Malak. Ges.
1889, p. 152. — Obeliscella f Martensi Jouss., Bull. Soc.
Malac. France, vii, 1890, p. 99.

Foothills of Badjil and on the Gebel Bura at Chalifa, in the
western outliers of the Yemen mountain region (Schwein-
furth) .

0. BENTUE (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 26, fig. 34.

Shell cylindric, tapering, scarcely pellucid, straight, pale
ochraceous; whorls 10, smooth, but slightly ventricose.
Aperture ovate, peristome simple, a little thickened. Length
14, width 4 mm. A conspicuous shell, pale ochraceous in
color, non-transparent, cylindrical, attenuate, etc., named in
honor of the collector, Mrs. Bent (M. & P.).

Southern Arabia: Dhofar (Mrs. Bent).

Stenogyra India- M. & P., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. ii, p.

1, pi. 1, f. 4 (April, 1896).

The opacity of this shell may perhaps be due to the dead
condition of the specimens. In other respects it seems to
bear a suspiciously close resemblance to Obeliscella lucidis-
sima. I have not seen the species. Melvill and Ponsonby
institute no comparisons, and do not seem to have given much
attention to the literature of Arabian snails.

OBELISCELLA. 103

0. SUBVARICOSA (v. Martens). PI. 26, figs. 38, 39.

Imperforate, turrite-lanceolate, with sliarp, narrow, verti-
cal striae, very glossy, yellowish-white with a few pale green-
yellowish growth-arrest streaks on all the Whorls; rather
acute above. 10 whorls, the first small, approaching globular,
the second and third swollen, of subequal size, without striae ;
the following whorls regularly increasing, somewhat convex,
the last but little tapering below. Aperture but slightly
oblique, one-third to two-fifths the shell's length, lanceolate;
outer margin thin, slightly curved, basal margin narrowly
rounded ; columellar margin vertical, thick, white, continued
on the parietal Avail in a very thin deposit. Length 17, diam.
5, aperture scarcely 5 mm. long, 2y2 wide (Martens}.

German East Africa: Runssoro in bamboo forest, 2600
meters elevation; camp no. iii, at 3100 m. elevation (Dr.
Stuhlniann) .

Opeas subvaricosum MARTS., Beschalte Weichthiere
Deutsch Ost-Afrikas, p. 126, 296, pi. 5, f. 29 and 21.

A shorter, somewhat more ventricose form, length 14, diam.
5 mm. (fig. 39), but perhaps not full grown, was taken also
at Stuhlmann's Camp III on Runssoro.

The investigation of the radula of a spirit example by Dr.
Meissner has shown that this snail belongs to the Agnatha
near Ennea. It may be referable to the genus Obeliscella
Jouss., up to this time known only from southern Arabia.
(Marts.}

0. RETTERI (' Rosen ' Kobelt). PI. 26, figs. 40, 41.

Shell imperforate, long-subcylindric, slowly tapering to-
wards the apex, thin, translucent, very smooth, but seen to
be very delicately striate under a strong lens; deep amber-
brown. Spire turrite, gradually tapering-conic towards the
summit, the sides slightly convex, apex acute, minute, paler.
Suture linear, distinct, appressed-maKginate below. Whorls
9, a little convex, gradually and regularly increasing, the last
slightly larger than the preceding, subcompressed at base,
scarcely ascending in front. Aperture small, ovate, com-
pressed above and below, colored within like the outside;

104 ZOOTECUS.

peristome unexpanded, very thin, margins unequal, hardly
connected, the outer very thin and fragile, columellar short,
slightly arcuate, very delicately filiform-thickened. Length
14, diam. of penult, whorl 4.25, alt. apert. 4 mm. (Kob.).

Turkestan: Aulie-ata, in the Syr-Darja district (coll.
Rosen).

Stenogyra retteri Rosen mss. KOBELT, Nachrbl. d. Deutschen.
Malak. Ges. xxxvi, p. 87, June, 1894; and in Rossmassler's
Iconographie xii, p. 11, pi. 305, f. 1953.

The first true Stenogyrid from Turkestan. Only one ex-
ample. It appears adult, but perhaps the peristome is not
completely developed (Kobelt).

While the generic position of this snail is not certain, yet
its characters indicate, I think, a place in Obeliscella.

Genus ZOOTECUS Westerlund.

Zootecus WESTERL., Fauna der in der Palaarctisehen Re-
gion lebenden Binnen-Conchylien, iii, pp. 3, 75, 1887 (for
B. insularis, adenensis, ducoureti, soleilleti) . Mastus, Buli-
mus, Rumina and Buliminus in part of authors. — Chilogym-
nus JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 289
(for C. insularis Ehr.).

Shell rather small, pale or white, perforate, pupiform, cy-
lindric with conic summit or cylindric-tapering, composed of
7 to 10 compactly coiled whorls, the last rounded below;
striate or decussate, glossy. Summit conic, entire, the pro-
toconch striate like the following whorls, not bulbous. Axis
slender and straight, narrowly perforated throughout. Aper-
ture small, widely ovate, the peristome thickened, "blunt,
columellar margin straight or concave, with reflexed edge,
continuous with the basal lip. Reproduction viviparous.
Dentition Achatinoid. Type Z. insularis (Ehr.).

Distribution: Cape Verde Is. and the Sahara eastward to
Arabia, India and Burma, chiefly in arid or barren regions.

A group of small, Pupiform snails, largely eremitic in
habits, generally occurring in large numbers, and varying
within wide limits in size and degree of taper. Most gath-
erings from one place show shorter and longer individuals,

ZOOTECUS. 105

as in Holospira and Cerion; the diameter remaining more
constant for any one colony. The proportion of diameter
to length is therefore individually variable. There is a good
deal of local variation in size and texture, and hence a
superabundance of names.

The group was instituted by Westerlund as a section of
Buliminus. Kobelt, in his great monograph of the "Buli-
m/inida'" also leaves Zootecus therein, though uncertain as to
its position. Bourguignat struck nearer the mark in refer-
ring the species to Rumina, for I find the dentition to be of
the Stenogyroid type. It is however not closely related to
Rumina, which differs markedly by its smooth, globose pro-
toconch and attenuated, cylindric, subsequent neanic whorls.
Riebeckia is perhaps the nearest akin to Zootecus. Opeas
and its brood belong to another line of differentiation.

Captain Hutton found the large Indian form (pullus] to
be viviparous, three or four young shells lying in the oviduct.
I have confirmed this by opening dry shells of Z. insularis.
The young are ovate-conic, perforate, of two or three whorls,
and like the adults have the columella entire below.

There seem to be only two well-marked species, but
Z. insularis has a multitude of local races.

1. Z. CONTIGUUS (Reeve). PI. 26, figs. 19, 20.

Shell elongately cylindrical, not umbilicated, whorls 9,
flatly convex, smooth, polished, faintly impressed-crenulate
at the sutures; columella broad, vertical. Aperture minute,
margins thickened, reflected, joined above by a callosity.
Ivory-white. (Reeve}. Length 12 mm.

Island of Sokotra (Reeve) ; Abd-el-Kuri, under stones on
the peak Gebel Saleh, 800-1500 ft. elevation (H. 0. Forbes).

Bulimus contiguus RVE., Conch. Icon. v. pi. 79, f. 582
(Sept., 1849).— Buliminus (Mastus) contiguus (Rve.) SMITH,
Natural History of Sokotra and Abd-el-Kuri, p. 152; 1903.—
Bulimus teres PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1849, p. 90 (Nov.,
1849).— B. contiguus Rve., PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 253, pi. 68,
f . 14, 15 ; Monogr. iii, 403 (description of teres repeated un-
der the name contiguus}.

106 ZOOTECUS.

"While 'closely related to Z. insularis, this insular form dif-
fers 'by its very glossy and smooth surface without the char-
acteristic decussation of that species except on the earliest
whorls. The striation is weak except just below the sutures.
The lip and parietal wall are more heavily calloused than
usual in insularis, and the aperture is smaller. Reeve's fig-
ure represents a shell in which the dried animal shows darkly
through the shell. The specimen drawn in fig. 119 measures,
length 12, diam. above aperture 3.7, length of aperture with
peristome 3.3 mm. ; whorls 9.

Z. contiguus has been erroneously reported from Zanzibar.
Its presence on the island of Sokotra has not been confirmed
by the recent explorations there of several naturalists, but it
was found on the neighboring islet of Abd-el-Kuri.

Bulimus teres (fig. 20) . Shell subimperf orate, rather solid,
cylindric, very finely (especially at the sutures) striatulate,
glossy, fleshy-whitish. Spire tapering above, apex obtusely
conic, suture impressed, submarginate. Whorls 9, a little
convex, the last about two-sevenths the length, subascending
in front. Aperture vertical, subpiriform; peristome lipped
and somewhat thickened, margins joined by a callus, the
right margin straight, subdilated in the middle, columellar
margin vertical, short, reflexed. Length 13, diam. 4, oblique
alt. apert. 4, width 3 mm. (P/r.).

2. Z. INSULAKIS (Ehrenberg). PI. 26, fig. 21, and vars. figs.
22-33.

" Subcylindric, apex tapering, subacute, glossy, whitish-
corneous, very finely transversely striate, the string narrower
towards the apex, pellucid, aperture semiovate, the margin a
little reflexed, lightly calloused, whorls 7 to 8, the three first
subequal in diameter.

"Length 5y2, width 1% lines, whorls 8.

"Length 514, width 1% lines, whorls 7." (Elirenberg) .

Cameran Island, in the Red Sea (Ehrenberg). The vari-
ous forms of the species extend from the Cape Verde Is. and
Senegambia eastward to Egypt, Abyssinia, southern Arabia,
Beluchistan, Hindustan and Ceylon, and as far east as Upper
Burma.

ZOOTECUS. 107

Pupa insularis EHRENBERG, Symbolse Physicae, Animalia
Evertebrata, Ser. I, Mollusca, fourth signature, page third.
1831. — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 307. — Bulimus insularis PPR.,
Monogr. Hel. Viv. iii, p. 403; iv, 463; Conehyl. Cab. p. 125,
pi. 36, f. 26-28.— REEVE, C. Icon, v, pi. 67, f. 476.-
MORELET, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. iii, 1872, p. 198 (Dahalac
and Rqs Gherar Is.). — HANLEY & THEOB., Conch. Ind. p. 11,
pi. 22, f. 10 (Delhi, Bundelkund, etc.).— BGT., Mai. de
I'Abyssiuie, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. xv, 1883, p. 65 (includes
Pupa pulla Gray, P. cylindrica Hutt., B. contiguus Rve. and
adenensis Pfr. as synonyms). — Rumina insularis BGT., Moll.
Choa. p. 22, 1885. — JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Malac. France vi,
1889, p. 359 (includes B. adenensis Pfr., ducoureti and soleil-
leti Bgt. as synonym ; vii, 89. — Bulimiiius insularis Ehr.,
JICKELI, Moll. N.-O. Afrikas p. 108, pi. 5, f. 4. — POLLONERA,
Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital. xiii, p. 70 (Havash valley) ; Boll. Mus.
Zool. ed. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino xiii, no. 313, p. 6 (Mas-
saua, Assab). — • SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 142
(Oman, Arabia). — MARTENS, Nachrbl. D. Malac. Ges. 1889,
p. 151 (Badjil a,nd Chalifa on the Gebel Bura). — Chilogym-
nus insularis JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Zool. France vii, 1894,
p. 289 (Ceylon). — Cylindrus insularis Ehr., THEOB., Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Beng. xlvii, pt. 2, 1878, p. 146 (Kashmir) .-
Pupa (Cylindrus} insularis Ehr., G. NEVILL, in Anat. and
Zool. researches and Zool. Results of the Yunnan Expedi-
tions, i, p. 882, 1878 (includes pullus Gray and cylindrica
Hutt.}. — "Pupa . . . (mihi} cylindrical?," HUTTON, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal iii, p. 93, 1834 (no. 6, genus Pupa, p. 85) ;
quoted as " Pupa cylindrica Hutt." by authors. — Bulimus
cylindricus auct.

The sculpture consists of fine, close, subvertical striae, a
little bent near the suture, and intersected by several (usu-
ally three to six) very narrow smooth spiral bands. These
may be obsolete on the last whorl or two, though usually per-
sistent. The whorls are moderately convex, the last ascend-
ing a trifle to the aperture. The outer lip is somewhat thick-
ened inside, giving the appearance of a low white welt be-
hind it externally. The edge itself is obtuse but not ex-

108 ZOOTECUS.

panded. The columellar margin is dilated, thickened, and
arches over the very small umbilicus.

The species is excessively variable, but the typical form is
small, specimens measuring as follows:

Length 10, diam. above aperture 3.8 mm., whorls 8%.

Length 9, diam. above aperture 3.3 mm., whorls iy2.

Length 8, diam. above aperture 3.2 mm., whorls 71/4-

This small form is common in Arabia and India. The shell
is thinner and usually more whitish-corneous, less opaque-
white than the larger forms.

Shells of the same general type but more robust have been
found in both Africa and India, and numerous nominal
species have been based upon them. It is quite likely that
some of these may be found to be local races worthy of re-
cognition by name ; but pending a thorough study of the sub-
ject by some naturalist with the requisite local knowledge,
it seems best to give in this place merely the original docu-
ments, with such notes on the shells and figures as may
seem useful.

African forms.

In Eastern Africa Z. insularis has been reported from
Egypt (Letourneaux) ; around Massaua, in the Bogos country
and on the Hamacen plateau, Abyssinia (Raff ray) ; western
shore of Lake Stephanie, British East Africa (Dr. A. Donald-
son Smith, 1896). Much further west it has been found at
Oued-Anissait, north of Insala, in the Algerian Sahara, a
place in about 27° N. Lat., nearly south from Algiers (Soleil-
let, B. soleilleti Bgt.). Still further west it occurs in Sene-
gambia (coll. A. N. S. P.) and on the Cape Verde Islands,
where it is known as B. subdiaphanus King.

The specimens collected by Dr. A. D. Smith at Lake Steph-
anie are quite cylindric, sharply finely striate, with the
characteristic decussating spiral grooves (pi. 26, fig. 22).
They measure from 10 x 4.2 to 11 x 4 mm., whorls 7% to 8.
The parietal callus is not very thick.

Bourguignat's specimens from the Algerian Sahara de-
scribed as B. soleilleti (Species noviss. Moll, in Eur. Syst.

ZOOTECUS. 109

detects, p. 21, 1876) are larger, 13 x 4 mm., with. Sy2 whorls
and a strong parietal callus, being similar to var. pullus.

Some specimens from Senegambia before me are quite like
typical Z. insularis except in being in the average a little
more cylindrical, 10 x 3.8 mm., some of them with the spiral
grooves obsolete.

Var.. subdiaphanus (King). PI. 26, fig. 33. Shell min-
utely perforate, conic at the summit, the last 3 or 4
whorls subcylindric, but slightly tapering, bluish-white un-
der a very thin yellow or brownish, cuticle. Sculpture of
fine, often nearly effaced striae, strongest below the suture, and
which in some specimens are interrupted by shallow spiral
grooves. Whorls ll/2 to 8y2, slightly convex, the last a little
thickened behind the lip. Aperture small, widely ovate, the
peristome quite obtuse; columellar margin dilated and ex-
panded. Parietal callus usually rather thick.
Length 16.7, diani. above aperture 5.5 mm.
Length 12, diam. above aperture 4.2 mm.
Length 12, diam. above aperture 3.8 mm.
Length 9.8, diam. above aperture 3.4 mm.
Cape Verde Islands: Porto Praya (King, type loc.) ; S.
Nieolao, S. lago, Fogo and Brava under stones, especially in
barren places near the sea (Wollaston) ; S. Vicente, S. Antao,
Branco (Fischer).

Pupa subdiapliana KING, Zoological Journal v, p. 340 (last
half of 1831). — Bulimus subdiaplianus King, PFR., Symbols
ii, p. 122; Monogr. ii, 163; iii, 404; iv, 464; vi, 102; viii, 140;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 53, pi. 16, f. 7, 8.— REEVE, Conch. Icon, v,
pi. 69, f. 493.— MORELET, Journ. de Conch. 1873, p. 238.-
Buliminus s., DOHRN, Malak. Bl. 1869, p. 11.— FISCHER,
Journ. de Conch. 1884, p. 380. — Stenogyra siibdiapliana
WOLLASTON, Testacea Atlantica p. 511 (1878).— Helix bam-
louclia Fer., RANG, Bull. univ. des Sci. i, 1827, p. 306 (no
description). — Bulimus lambouclia WEBB et BERTH., Ann.
Sci. Nat. xxxviii, p. 325. — Bulimus labouclia, POTIEZ et
MICHAUD, Catal. Moll. Galerie du Douai i, p. 134, pi. 14, f.
5, 6. (1838).

The Cape Verde Island specimens are so similar to some

110 ZOOTECUS.

forms of insularis that without the locality they could not,
I think, be distinguished. A form of insularis is known
from the adjacent African mainland (Senegambia), as well
as from points in the Sahara; and it will probably be found
to extend across the continent in the arid zone.

Cape Verde I. specimens vary a good deal, doubtless lo-
cally. Some specimens 10 mm. long have as many whorls
as others of nearly 17 mm. length. Captain King gives the
length of the type as a little less than four-eighths of an inch.

Asiatic forms.

Z. insulans is generally distributed in southern Arabia.
Jousseaume gives the localities: Mascat; near Aden; Dyobla,
between Aden and Sana Mahala, between Aden and Steamer
Point, to which we may add Djobla, north of Aden, the lo-
cality of Bulimus ducoureti Bgt. (Species noviss. Moll in Eur.
Syst. detects, p. 20, 1876). Nevill states that in the Indian
Museum there are specimens from Sind, Kutch, Suliman
Range, Trichinopoly, Ceylon, Poona, Burwani Hills, Tinali
(Benares), Saharunpur (N.-W. Provinces), Pagan, Upper
Burma, etc. It is not found around Calcutta, These locali-
ties doubtless pertain to several forms of the species, not to
typical insularis alone. Ancey has given a review of the
Asiatic forms in Bull. Soc. Malac. France iii, 1886, pp. 60-64.
While typical insularis is common in India, the prevalent
type is

Var. PULLUS Gray (pi. 26, figs. 26-28) a larger, opaque,
whitish shell, more or less tinted with reddish-brown on the
spire, and measuring as follows :

Length 15, diam. above aperture 5 mm. ; whorls 9.
Length 13, diam. above aperture 4.9 mm. ; whorls
Length 10, diam. above aperture 4.3 mm. ; whorls
Length 9.7, diam. above aperture 4.5 mm. ; whorls
Length 8, diain. above aperture 3.8 mm. ; whorls
The Arabian adenensis Pfr. and ducoureti Bgt. are scarcely
separable from pullus Gray.

"Bulimus pullus. Shell ovate, subcylindric, subimperfor-

ZOOTECUS. Ill

ate, pellucid, whitish, delicately striate, apex conic, rather ob-
tuse, pellucid. Whorls 9 or 10, scarcely raised. Aperture
small, subrotund, semilunate ; lips somewhat thickened,
rounded. Length 8, diain. 21/2 lines. Eastern India on the
banks of the Ganges, Dr. Royle. It varies greatly in size and
is often smaller" (Gray).

Bulimus pullus GRAY, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 66. — PFR., Monogr.
iv, p. 463 ; vi, p. 101. — Rumina pulla GRAY, Ancey, Bull. Soc.
Mai. France iii, p. 61 (distribution).

Bulimus adenensis Pfr., (pi. 26, fig. 30). Shell subper-
forate, subcylindric, solid, srnoothish, glossy; white, irregu-
larly strewn with grayish corneous spots. Spire long, taper-
ing above, the apex conic, rather acute, hyaline. Suture
light. Whorls 9, scarcely convex, the last about two-sevenths
the total length, subascending in front, rounded below. Aper-
ture vertical, subrhombic-semioval ; peristome unexpanded,
the margins joined by a thick callus, right margin obtuse,
columellar margin thick, dilated. Length 13, diam. 4.25,
aperture scarcely 4 mm. long, 2 wide (Pfr.).

Arabia: on volcanic rocks at Aden (Benson, type loc.),
and on the island Dakulak in the Red Sea (Riippel).

Bulimus adenensis PFR., Zeitschr. f . Malak. 1851, p. 27 ;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 78, pi. 21, f . 12, 13 ; Monographia iii, p. 404.
—Pupa edentula RUPPEL mss. in Cuming Coll.

Var. AGRENSIS Kurr (pi. 26, figs. 24, 25) comprises stouter,
white and chalky forms. B. cliion Pfr. (pi. 26, fig. 32) is
only a small form; while estellus Bens. (pi. 26, fig. 29) differs
in being still more robust. The figured specimen of cliion
(fig. 32) measures length 12, diam. 5.2 mm., whorls

B. agrensis Kurr. (PI. 26, figs. 24, 25). Shell perforate,
cylindric-turrite, smooth, glossy, white; spire long, gradually
tapering above, the apex rather acute, suture impressed.
Whorls 9, a little convex, striate at the sutures, the last not
one-third the total length, somewhat ascending in front,
rounded basally. Aperture vertical, rounded-lunar; peris-
tome simple, unexpanded, the right margin lightly arcuate,

112 ZOOTECUS.

columellar margin subvertical, narrowly refiexed, overhang-
ing. Length 16, diarn. 6, aperture 5 x 3% mm. (Kurr).

Agra (Munich Museum).

Bulimus agrensis KURR, Malak. Bl. ii, 1855, p. 107. — PFR.,
Novit. Conch, i, p. 57, pi. 16, f. 9, 10; Monogr. iv, p. 463-
HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica pi. 23, f. 1.

I have not seen this form, which seems to differ from in-
sularis by the smooth surface ; yet I think it should probably
be ranked as a subspecies of the wide-spread insularis.
Hanley figures a more tapering form than the type figured
by Pf eiffer.

B. chion Pfr. (PI. 26, fig. 32). Shell perforate, oblong,
solid, striatulate, white. Spire long, terminating in a some-
what acute cone. Whorls 7 to 8, moderately convex, the last
a little more than one-third the total length, somewhat as-
cending in front, the base rounded. Aperture vertical, ovate-
lunar; peristome calloused, the margins joined by a callus,
columellar margin short, somewhat straightened, dilated.
Length 12, diarn. 5.5, oblique alt. of aperture 4.33, width
3 mm. (Pfr.).

Mouth of the Indus river and in the Punjaub (Shiplay), in
Cuming Coll.).

Bulimus chion PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 332; Monogr. iv, p.
463.— HANLEY & THEOB., Conch. Indica p. 11, pi. 22, f. 1.-
Rumina chion Pfr., ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France iii,
1883, p. 60.

Bulimus estellus Benson. (PI. 26, fig. 29). Shell narrowly
perforate, oblong, cylindric, rather remotely grooved spirally,
the intervals between grooves being very closely rib-striate;
whitish ; spire cylindric, the apex conic, rather acute ; suture
impressed; whorls 8, slightly convex, the last ascending in
front, about one-third the length of the shell, the base slightly
compressed around the perforation. Aperture vertical, an-
gulate-oval ; peristome obtuse, the columellar margin vertical,
thickened and refiexed. Length 18, diam. 6 mm. (Bens.) .

India: in the district of Sind (Col. "W. E. Baker).

B. estellus BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2), xix, April,

ZOOTECUS. 113

1857, p. 327.— PPR., Monogr. iv, 462.— HANLEY & THEOB.,
Conch. Indica, pi. 22, f. 4.

"At once distinguished from the allied B. pullns Gray by
its stouter form and by the ascent of the last whorl near the
aperture" (Bens.}.

Var. POLYGYRATUS Reeve. (PI. 26, figs. 31). "Shell pyra-
midally turrited, minutely umbilicated, whorls 9 to 10, rather
narrow, rounded, finely plicately striated, columella' reflected,
aperture small, lip simple ; bluish- white. An erect, closely
convoluted shell, of which the sutures are rather impressed"
(Reeve).

The habitat of the type was unknown. Nevill refers here
specimens from Gwadar, Beluchistan; Aden; Bender Abbas,
Persia; and Rohra Hills, Sind.

Bulimus polygyratus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 79, f. 578
(1849. — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 404. --Pupa insularis var.
polygyrata Rve., NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus. i, p. 195. —
Bulimus polygiratus Reeve, ISSEL, Mem. Real Accademia della
Scienze di Torino (2 ser.), xxiii, p. 416, pi. 2, f. 25-28, 1866
(Bender Abbas).

This is a comparatively narrow, cylindric form. Accord-
ing to Nevill, B. pertica Bens, is an aberrant specimen of
polygyratus. The description follows.

B. pertica Benson. (PL 26, fig. 23). Shell imperforate,
exactly cylindric, very much lengthened, very closely arcuate-
striolate, and sculptured with some inconspicuous spiral
grooves. White. Spire cylindric with conic, rather obtuse
apex ; suture impressed. Whorls 10, nearly flat, the last one-
fifth the length of the shell, slightly descending in front,
rounded basally. Aperture very oblique, piriform; peris-
tome thin, the basal margin thickened, subeffuse, columellar
margin expanded, appressed. Length 20, diam. 5 mm.
(Bens.).

India: in the region of Sind (Col. W. E. Baker).

Bulimus pertica BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2), xix,
April, 1857, p. 328.— PPR., Monogr. iv, p. 462 —HANLEY &
THEOB., Conch. Indiea, pi. 22, f. 7.

114 PSEUDOPEAS.

"At once distinguishable from B. pullus Gray and its allies
by its lengthened, cylindrical form, its slenderness, and by
the obliquity of the aperture " (Bens.).

Genus PSEUDOPEAS Putzeys, 1899.

Pseudopeas PUTZ., Annales de la Societe Roy ale Malacolo-
gique de Belgique, xxxiv, 1889, Bull, des seances p. 1'viii.—
Beccaria BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. Abyssinie, in Annales des
Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, xv, 1883, p. 119 (for 8. isscli
Jick) . Not Beccaria Trinchese, Ann. Mus. Civ. di Stor. Nat.
di Genova, i, 1870, p. 47 (Nudibranchiata).

Shell iniperforate or perforate, similar to Opeas but with
the protoconch of about 2 whorls spirally striate, subsequent
whorls longitudinally ribbed or rib-striate. Aperture as in
Opeas, the coluniellar margin reflexed. Type P. pulchellum
Putz.

Distribution: tropical West Africa; Abyssinia; Comoro
Is.; Central Australia; South America.

This is one of the most distinct of the groups dismem-
bered from Opeas, though its special features can scarcely
be seen without a compound microscope. It was first re-
cognized by Bourguignat, who knew it only from Jickeli's
account; but the generic name given by him had been used
many years before. Dr. Putzeys in 1899 proposed Pseud-
opeas as a new sub genus for ribbed Opeas, without knowing
of Bourguignat 's work, and in the belief that the protoconch
was smooth. Only Jickeli and d'Ailly have noticed the api-
cal sculpture.

That the West and East African species are closely related
there can be no reasonable doubt; but the Australian form
referred to the genus may prove to be an unrelated but con-
vergent branch from the Opeas stem. The same may be true
of the American species.

Subgenus PSEUDOPEAS s. sir. Shell short, of 5 to 1% more
or less ribbed whorls; protoconch very minutely engraved
spirally. Reproducing by large globular eggs, as in Opeas.

Prince Island, Gulf of Guinea: P. crossei.

PSEUDOPEAS. 115

West Africa and Congo Valley: P. saxatile, plebeium,
egens, pulchellum, scalariforme.

Abyssinia: P. isseli.

Comoro Is. : P. pusillum.

Subgenus EREMOPEAS Pils., nov. Shell long, of 7 to 9
whorls, densely and evenly striate; protoeonch sculptured
with rather coarse, low, weakly nodose spirals. Viviparous,
bringing forth young of an oblong shape with about 2y2
whorls. Type P. interior-is (Tate), Central Australia.

N. E. Australia : P. tuckeri.

1. P. CROSSEI (Girard). PI. 15, figs. 60, 61.

Shell conic-turriculate, subperforate, thin, transparent,
somewhat shining, yellowish, ornamented with small, slightly
curved riblets, quite separated and regularly spaced. Spire
composed of 6 very convex whorls of regular increase, parted
by a deep suture; the embryonic 1^ whorls smooth, summit
obtuse. Last whorl rounded, slightly less than one-third the
total length. Aperture oval-rounded, slightly oblique; peris-
tome simple, acute, the margins joined by a very weak callus ;
columellar margin straight, reflexed, forming a very indis-
tinct angle with the basal margin; outer margin noticeably
arched forward. Length 4.5, diam. 2, aperture 1.5 x .8 mm.
(Girard}.

Prince Island, 0 que S. Joao at an elevation of 200 meters,
(F. Newton).

Opeas crossei GIRARD, Jornal Sci. Math. Phys. e Nat. Acad.
Real Sci. Lisboa iii, 1893, p. 105, pi. 1, f. 13.

Differs from Opeas pauper in shape and ornamentation.
The small number of whorls, deep sutures and ornamentation
cause me to refer this species to Pseudopeas, in the belief
that Girard overlooked the extremely minute sculpture of
the protoeonch.

2. P. SAXATILE (Morelet). PI. 25, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

"Shell perforate, turrited, finely costulate-striate, opaque,
a little shining, covered with a brownish-green epidermis.
Whorls 7, a trifle convex, the last slightly exceeding one-third

116 PSEUDOPEAS.

of the entire length of the shell ; columella slightly receding.
Aperture oblong-oval. Peristome simple, thin, columellar
margin dilated. Length 7 to 9, diam. 2 to 2.5 mm. ' ' (Morelet) .

West Africa: near Landana.

Stenogyra saxatilis MORELET Journ. de Conch. Jan., 1885,
p. 27, pi. 2, f. 1.

"This little shell, together with the following, belongs to
the group Opeas characterized by an umbilical perforation and
by a weak reflection of the columellar border. The species is
formed of 7% moderately convex whorls, united by a quite
deep suture ; the last whorl, relatively longer than the others,
is plainly perforated. The somewhat oblique columellar bor-
der is weakly dilated throughout its extent, but particularly
at its point of insertion, where it is reflected over the umbili-
cal perforation. The shell, of a greenish-brown, deeper at
the base, is opaque, slightly shining, covered with a fine and
irregular costulation, less pronounced on the last whorl of
the shell" (Morelet).

A small specimen received from Morelet, 6 mm. long with
6 whorls, is figured. The color and epidermis mentioned by
Morelet, are less obvious than he would lead us to expect.
Three large eggs show through the penult, whorl. The first
1% whorls appear smooth, but under the compound micro-
scope they are seen to be densely and very beautifully en-
graved spirally.

3. P. PLEBEIUM (Morelet). PI. 25, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8.

"Shell narrowly perforate, ovately oblong, apex acute, thin,
opaque, slightly shining, under the lens arcuately striolate,
brownish-green. Whorls 6, a little convex, the first three
smooth, the last enlarged, equal to three-sevenths of the- en-
tire length of the shell. Aperture oblong, with simple mar-
gins, columella straight, narrowly dilated, reflexed. Length
5 to 7, diam. 2.5 to 3 mm." (Morelet).

West Africa: near Landana.

Stenogyra plebeia, MORELET Journ. de Conch. 1885, Jan.,
p. 27, pi. 2, f. 2.

The shell, of the same nature and color as saxatilis, is also

PSEUDOPEAS. 117

ornamented with, a fine and superficial costulation inter-
mingled with simple striae ; but it has a whorl and a half less,
the last, by its development, approaches more to a bulimoid
form. These differences, which seem sufficient to justify a
separation, are accompanied by other modifications of detail ;
the columella is less dilated, the aperture is larger and the
points -of insertion of the peris-tome are much more remote.
This last character is very apparent." (Morelet).

A specimen not quite full grown, of 5 whorls, is figured.
The apical whorl is very finely and densely engraved spirally,
though this sculpture is visible only under the compound
microscope.

4. P. EGENS (d'Ailly).

Shell minutely perforated, turrited, densely arcuately pli-
cate-striate, pale corneous, thin, diaphanous, with a waxen
luster. Spire turrite, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6, the
embryonic ones a little convex, seen under a lens to be very
minutely and densely striate spirally; the following whorls
flattened, more or less terraced, regularly increasing, separ-
ated by an impressed suture, under the lens seen to be deli-
cately crenulate and indistinctly margined; last whorl two-
fifths the length, angular or terraced at the suture and com-
pressed around the perforation. Aperture oblong, vertical,
peristome simple, the margins joined by a very delicate cal-
lus, the right margin arching forward, unexpanded, colu-
mellar margin with a long reflection; columella subvertical,
generally bending a little towards the left. Length 5 to 6,
diarn. 1.5 to 2 mm. (d'Ailly).

Kamerun: Kitta (Sjostedt).

Opeas egens d'AiLLY, Moll. terr. et d'eau douce de Kam-
eroun, in Bihang till K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., xxii, p.
113 (1896).

The spiral sculpture of the protoconch ''is of extreme fine-
ness, and may be seen distinctly only under a strong lens in
a favorable light. Almost all of our examples contain per-
fectly spherical eggs arranged in a single series in the oviduct,
visible by transparence through the shell."

118 PSEUDOPEAS.

This species differs from the others by its flattened whorls,
terraced at the sutures.

5. P. PULCHELLUM Putzeys. PL 25, fig. 13.

"Shell imperf orate, ovate-turrite, thin, yellow, diaphanous,
with obtuse submamillafte apex. Whorls S1/^, convex, the first
two smooth, the rest ornamented with raised, sublamellose,
slightly oblique ribs, and parted by a deep suture, the last
whorl a little swollen. Aperture oval; columella straight,
reflexed, nearly reaching the base, and forming an angle with
the lip anteriorly; margins joined posteriorly by a very thin
callus. Length 3.5, diam. 1.6, length of aperture 1.33 mm."
(Putz.).

Congo Valley: Nseudwe, Manyema.

Pseudopeas pulchellum PUTZ., Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac.
Belgique xxxiv, 1899, Bull, des seances p. lix, fig. 11.

Although Dr. Putzeys states that the first two whorls are
smooth in this species and the next, I do not doubt that when
seen under a high power they will be found to be
spirally engraved.

6. P. SCALARIFORME Putzeys. PL 25, figs. 9, 10.

"Shell imperf orate, turriculate, elongate, thin, yellowish,
the apex obtuse. "Whorls 6y2, convex, quite regularly increas-
ing and joined by a deep suture, the first two whorls smooth,
the rest ornamented with many longitudinal lamellar riblets.
Aperture oval, the lip acute; columella twisted, subplicate,
columellar margin reflexed, continuous with the anterior lip-
margin. Length 4.5, diam. 1.7, length of aperture 1.5 mm."
(Putz.).

Congo Valley: Nseudwe, Manyema.

Pseudopeas scalariforme PUTZ., t. c., p. lix, f. 12, 13.

7. P. ISSELI (Jickeli). PL 25, fig. 11, 12.

Shell oblong-ovate, thin, rather glossy, whitish, glassy-
fliaphanous, under the lens seen to be strongly ribbed length-
wise, the upper whorls ornamented with spiral strise. Spire
long-conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls scarcely 5, inflated,

PSEUDOPEAS. 119

separated by a deep and somewhat oblique suture, the last
whorl long, nearly half the total length. Aperture vertical,
oblong, acuminate above ; peristome thin, simple and acute ;
•colurnellar margin straight, a little reflexed and thickened.
Length 2.75, diam. 1.5, aperture 1.5 x 1 mm. (Jick.) .

Abyssinia: Bogu Valley, Bogos (Beccari).

Subulina isseli JICK., Fauna der Land- und Siisswasser-
Mollusken Nord-Ost-Afrikas, in Nova Acta K. Leop-Carol.
Deutschen Akad. der Naturforscher, xxxvii, 1874, p. 138, pi.
5, f. 22. — Beccaria isseli BGT., Malac. Abyss., in Ann. Sci.
Nat. xv, 1883, p. 119.

Described from a single specimen thought by Jickeli to be
not full grown.

8. P. PUSILLUM (Morelet). PI. 25, figs. 14, 15, 16.

"Shell very small, rimate, turrited, rather thin, whitish
horn-color, shining, minutely costulate, apex somewhat obtuse.
Whorls 51/2, plano-convex, joined by a moderately impressed
suture, a little terraced, the last nearly equal to one-third of
the entire length of the shell. Aperture oval; peristome
simple, acute, columellar margin descending vertically,
shortly reflexed as far as the base. Length 3, diam l1/^ mm. ' '
(Morelet).

Comoro Islands: Mayotte (Mane).

Stenogyra pusilla MORELET, Journ. de Conch. July, 1881,
p. 220, pi. 10, f. 4. Not Achatina pusilla Pfr., nor Bulimulus
(Ena) pusilla Ad.

"This shell, of which I have two fully adult specimens be-
fore me, is doubtless the smallest species of the genus. Its
minute size is sufficient, in the absence of all description, to
make it recognizable. The five whorls 'of wrhich the spire is
composed are plainly separated and even a little turriculate ;
the first two are smooth, the remaining finely costulate. The
columella is straight but truncate." (Morelet).

Figured from specimens received from Marie. The con-
spicuously ribbed surface and diminutive size distinguish it
from other species of the Comoros. The protoconch has
sparse, almost subobsolete spiral striae.

120 PSEUDOPEAS.

Subgenus EREMOPEAS Pilsbry.

9. P. INTERIORIS (Tate). PI. 25, figs. 17, 18.

"Shell cylindrical, spire very long and tapering to an ob-
tuse apex; very thin, shining, greenish-white or pale yellow-
ish ; ornamented with slender, crowded, slightly arcuate axial
riblets, approximately as wide as the interspaces. Whorls
nine, almost flat, but abruptly descending to the deeply im-
pressed suture. Aperture elongate-oval; peristome simple,
acute ; columellar margin nearly straight, thinly and narrowly
reflected, and almost concealing a minute umbilical fissure.
Length 10.5, diam. about 2.25 mm," (I* ate).

Central Australia: extending east and west from Hart's
Range to Stokes' Pass, and north and south from the north
and outer flanks of McDonnell Range to Ilpilla Gorge (Tate).

Stenogyra interioris TATE, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aus-
tralia xviii, 1894, p. 191 ; Report Horn Exped. to Central
Australia, pi. 2, Zoology, p. 203, pi. 18, f. 14, 1896.

With the exception of Pseudopeas tuckeri of the tropical
Queensland coast, this is the only Opeas-like snail of Australia.
Hedley has referred it to 0. gracile, but without, I think,
sufficient consideration. The shells I opened contained ob-
long embryonic shells of about 2!/o whorls, arranged in a
single series like the eggs of Opeas. This acceleration is prob-
ably an adaptation to conditions of excessive aridity, unfav-
orable to the development of young from eggs.

The sculpture of the protoconch (pi. 25, fig. 18) has not
been noticed hitherto. There are low weakly tuberculate
spiral threads, which cease at the conclusion of the nepionic
Btage. My specimens were received from Professor Tate, and
are part of the original lot.

10. P. TUCKERI (Pfeiffer) . PL 22, figs. 7, 8 ; pi. 24, figs. 27, 28.
Shell perforate, cylindric-subulate, thin, longitudinally dis-
tinctly, striate, rather glossy, waxen. Spire long, the apex
rather acute ; whorls 9, a little convex, the last scarcely one-
fourth the total length. Columella obliquely receding. Aper-
ture oval-oblong; peristome simple, acute, the columellar mar-

PSEUDOPEAS. 1 21

gin dilated above. Length 9, diam. 2.75, aperture 2x1.25
mm. (P/V.).

Sir Charles Hardy's Island, on the northeast coast of
Queensland (Tucker, type locality) ; also Fitzroy, Sunday
and Lizard Islands (Macgillivray), and other islands within
the Great Barrier reef and Torres Straits; mainland of
Queensland; Prony Bay, New Caledonia.

Bulimus tuckeri PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 30; Monogr., ii, p.
158 ; viii, 138.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 68, f . 481.— FORBES,
Voy. H. M. S. Rattlesnake, ii, p. 372 (N. E. coast Australia) .
-Cox, Monogr., Austr. Land Shells, p. 69, pi. 13, f. 9 (Bris-
bane to Cape York, Queensland ; Clarence Heads, N. S. Wales ;
introduced at Sydney) . — PETTERD, Journ. de Conch., 1877, p.
361 (Emigrant Creek, sources of Tweed River and southern
Queensland). — BRAZIER, Quart. Journ. of Conch., i, p. 272
(Is. of Torres Sts.). — Stenogyra tuckeri TATE, Rep. Horn
Exped., Zool., p. 203 (Port Darwin).

The shell tapers straightly to the obtuse summit. The
whorls are very convex just below the suture, and are sculp-
tured with very fine but distinct, almost thread-like striae,
which are almost vertical, but a little curved forward. The
first 1% whorls have only very faint spiral lines, less distinct
than in P. interioris, but of the same nature. The suture in
well-sculptured shells is irregularly crenate by reason of small
denticles formed by the coalescence of groups of striae; but
this appearance is often hardly noticeable, and some shells
seem to have an even suture. Instead of the usual round
white eggs, sexually mature shells contain minute, subglob-
ular young shells. Specimens measure as follows :

Length 8.2, diam. 2.5, aperture 2.3 mm., whorls 71/2-

Length 7.3, diam. 2.4 mm., whorls 6%.

Length 7.6, diam. 2.2 mm., whorls 7%.

While P. tuckeri is evidently related to P. interioris, yet it
certainly differs by the wider contour, larger mouth and
fewer whorls in specimens of the same length. The sculpture
of P. interioris is coarser. P. tuckeri has been confused by
all recent authors with the Polynesian Opeas junceum, a
species which I think differs generically.

122 OPEAS.

Whether the form reported as introduced at Sydney is cor-
rectly identified as P. tuckeri I do not know; but it is more
likely to be Opeas gracile, 0. javanicum, or some of their
errant brothers.

Genus OPEAS Albers, 1850.

Opeas Alb., Die Hel., p. 175, first species B. subula Pfr. —
HEKMANNSEN, Indicis Generum Malac., Suppl., p. 96, Dec.,
1852, B. subula, Pfr. mentioned as type. — CROSSE ET FISCHER,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll., i, p. 592; same type. — MARTENS,
Die Hel., edit. 2, 1860, p. 265 (Stenogyra goodalli selected as
type).

The shell is small, thin, turrite, usually perforate, with
large, obtuse, rounded apex and convex or flattened whorls,
corneous or yellowish. Embryonic whorls smooth. Aperture
small, ovate, the outer lip thin, usually arched forward, colu-
mella straight or concave, not sinuous, the columellar lip re-
flexed, curving into the basal lip and not toothed or truncate
below. Oviparous, the egg-capsules large and spheroidal.
Type 0. subula Pfr. (0. gracile Hutt.).

Opeas contains small, thin, oviparous Stenogyrine snails
with the apex large, obtuse, rounded and smooth, and the
columellar margin reflexed, rounded below, or at least not
distinctly truncate. The species are spread throughout tropi-
cal and subtropical regions, but as yet none is known from
Australia. A few species colonize freely, and have spread
wherever commerce reaches in suitable climates. Others, re-
stricted to special stations not to be found in cultivated areas,
are as local as most other land snails. Owing to the similar-
ity of the shells, their determination is difficult, and demands
the greatest application.

Opeas stands very close to the groups Prosopeas and
Curvella. The former differs by merely such minor features
as the rougher, often minutely lamellose sculpture, the greater
size and flatter whorls, but these give the shell a rather differ-
ent aspect. Curvella in its typical forms differs by the short
and Bulimoid shape; but some of the species are arbitrarily
referred to one or the other genus. The distinction between

OPEAS. 123

Opeas and Curvella is 'by no means convincing ; yet even small
differences have significance which, may usefully be recog-
nized in dealing with large groups of similar species.

Opeas and SubuUna begin to reproduce before the shell has
attained its full size, usually when it is about two-thirds
grown.

Dimorphism. In many species two forms co-exist in the
same colony, a more slender and a stouter ; all other features
remaining the same. Intermediate contours usually occur if
a large gathering is at hand. See plate 16, figs. 89, 90. This
dimorphism must be kept in mind, especially when dealing
with small sets.

The species are here separated geographically into (A)
Old World and (B) American species.

(A) OLD WORLD SPECIES.

Excepting a few forms spread by commerce or other means,
the Old and New World species are distinct. Most of the
Eastern forms belong to typical Opeas.

Several minor groups are indicated by slight conchologic
features. In one group which may be called Tomopcas, n.
sect., the columella is calloused below and subtruncate. Type
0. layardi (pi. 16, fig. 83) ; also 0. avenaceum, 0. soror,
0. brevior.

In another group which I term Comoropeas, n. sect., the
shell is wholly imperforate, covered with a colored cuticle;
first whorl rounded, the rest rather flattened, the first two
smooth. Type 0. apiculum Morel. ; 0. longulum also belongs
here. These forms may not belong to the genus Opeas ; they
seem related rather to the Trichodinas of the Comoros (see
vol. XVII, p. 188) ; yet they have not trochoidal apices like
that group, but an obtuse, rounded summit, much as in Opeas.

Another series may eventually be transferred to Prosopeas,
including the species javanicum, pilosum, pruinosum, kus-
aiense and fagoti, characterized by the densely striate and
briefly lamellose surface.

A single species, 0. carinatum, no. 38, is described as with

124 OPEAS.

the last whorl car-mate. All other forms have the whorls
rounded.

The species are grouped geographically, thus:
I. Generally distributed, colonizing species, no. 1 to 4.
II. "West African, no. 5 to 14.

III. East African, no. 15 to 21.

IV. South African, no. 22 to 26.

V. Species of the Comoro, Mascarene and other East

African islands, no. 27 to 34.
VI. Species of Southeastern Asia, Ceylon to Tonkin, no.

35 to 43.

VII. Chinese species, no. 44 to 68.
VIII. Japanese Empire, no. 69 to 71.
IX. East Indian species, Nicobar Is. to New Caledonia,

no. 72 to 80.

X. Philippine and Caroline species, no. 81 to 90.
XI. Polynesian and Micronesian species, no. 91 to 93.
(Australian species, see Pseudopeas) .

I. Generally distributed species.

Several species of Opeas in each hemisphere have been en-
abled, by their hardiness and adaptability to life in culti-
vated areas, to colonize over a large part of the tropical and
subtropical zones. There cannot be much doubt that the car-
riage of living plants from place to place has been a chief fac-
tor in the dispersal of Opeas, and of Subulina, octona, Val-
lonia, Agrolimax Itzvis and other snails as well. The habits
of these forms are such that they find practically the same
environment anywhere in zones of similar temperature, and
their spread from new centers is often very rapid. Opeas
gracile is probably the most widely distributed land snail in.
the world.

Three American s'pecies have been introduced into the Old
World: 0. goodalli Mill., frequently found in English hot-
houses, and acclimated in Rodriguez, the Cape Verde and
Hawaiian Islands, and 0. siviftianum Pfr. and micra Orb. in
Mauritius, where they were taken by Nevill.

In some islands the whole Stenogyrine fauna has apparently

OPEAS GRACILB. 125

been introduced by commerce. I believe this to be the case
in the Mascarene and Hawaiian groups, where the following
species have been found:

Mauritius. Hawaiian Is.

0. gracile. 0. oparanum.

0. 'davulinum. 0. clavulinum hawaiense.

*

O. mauritianum. 0. inauritianum.

0. javanicum. 0. javanicum.

0. swiftianum. 0. opella.

0. micra. 0. goodalli.

At least four species of the above lists may be expected to
occur anywhere in the warm zone. The failure to recognize
this has resulted in numerous synonyms.

1. 0. GRACILE (Hutton). PI. 18, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.

"Shell transparent, thin and pale-colored or rather color-
less; spire gradually tapering; whorls 12, body-whorl equal
to the two preceding ones. Aperture longer than broad,
semi-ovate; pillar-lip straight and slightly reflected; right
lip edged. Length 6y2 lines. I have only one of this
length, the generality being about 5 lines. It has also 12
whorls while the others have about 9 or 10 " (Button} .

India, type locality Mirzapur, Ceylon and the East Indies,
China, Formosa and Japan, etc. ; Mascarene Islands ;
Polynesia.

Bulimus gracilis HUTTON, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal iii,
1834, p. 93 and p. 84 (no. 5, Bulimus ?) . — REEVE, Conch.
Icon. pi. 69, f. 495.— PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 79, pi. 21, f. 18,
19; Monogr. ii, 157; iii, 399; iv, 458; vi, 96.— HANLEY &
THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 23, f. 4. — Stenogyra gracilis Hutt.,
MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn. p. 83, 375, pi. 22, f . 13 ; pi. 19, f . 5
(Bangkok; Ganges valley, India; Poiute de Galle, Ceylon;
Pulo Pinang, near Malacca; Sumatra; Java, Borneo, Celebes,
Timor, Adenare and Solor; Amboina, Burn, Ceram, Banda-
Neira). — NEVILL, Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus. i, p. 164 (Assam;
many localities in British India and Ceylon; Andaman Is.;
Singapore ; Sarawak ; Jalk, Persia) . — BLANFORD, Obs. on

126 OPEAS GRACILE.

i

Geol. and Zool. of Abyssinia, 1870, p. 476 (Adabagi, Tigre,
identification not positive) .-- CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl.

1874, p. 229 (Rodriguez)— G. NEVILL, J. A. S. Bengal, xlvi,
pi. 2, p. 25, 1877 (Tsagain and Bhamo, Yunnan exped.).—
CROSSE & FISCHER in Grandidier, Moll. Madagascar, pi. 24,
f. 1.-- MARTENS, Landschneckeii des Indischen Archipels,
in Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn. einer Reise in Niederlandich
Ost-Asien, ii, p. 243, 1891 (Sumatra & Celebes). — TAPPERONE
CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 88 (Aru Is.) ; xx, p.
144 (Amboina). — BOETTGER, Nachrbl. 1890, p. 89 (Nossi-Be,
Hongkong, Canton, Macau, Hainan, Barma, Bombay; Len-
koran on the Caspian Sea, dead and accidentally introduced).

Opeas gracile (Hutt.) BOETTGER, Bericht Senckenbergische
naturforscli. Gesell., Frankfurt, 1891, p 272 (Moluccas:
Amboina, Haruku, Saparua, Buru; also Banda Neira, Banda
Is., Adenare and Flores) ; Land fauna der Marschall-Inseln,
in Zool. Jahrb., abth. f. Syst. Geogr. u. Biol. Thiere, xx, p.
410, 1904 (Nauru, Marshall Is.; also Art I., Mindanao, Cebu,
Luzon, Paragua). — SCHMACKER & BOETTGER, Nachrbl. 1891,
p. 178 (Formosa).— MLLDFF., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 337 (Bukit
Pondong, Hungerford) ; Nachrbl. 1892, p. 99 (Tenimber
Is.) ; P. Z. S. 1894, p. 151 (Sarnui Is.) ; Journ. of Malac. vii,
1900, p. 113 (Yap & Ponape Caroline Is.) ; Nachrbl. 1900,
p. 134 (Touranne). — GOODWIN- AUSTEN, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 443
(Andaman Is.). — BLANFORD, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. V, p.
280, 1903 (Lampun, Siam). — Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl.
1881, p. 201 (Nossi-be, Nossi-Comba) . — FISCHER & DAUT-
ZENB., Mission Pavie Indo-Chine, Zool., p. 411 (Haiphong,
etc.). — Mt Soutem near Chieng Mai (Pavie; Morlet) J. de
C. 1891, p. 232; Obi (Dautzenb., J. de C. 1903, 14).-
Opeas gracilis Alb. var. Op. ccgyptiaca, Bourg., JOUSSEAUME,
Bull. Soc. Malac. France vii, p. 101, pi. 3, f. 4-6 (Suez,
Egypt) . — E. A. SMITH, The Fauna and Geography of the
Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes i, pt. 2, p. 143 (Maldive
and Laccadive Is.). — JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Malac. France
vi, 1889, p. 358 (Aden, Djeddah, Suez). — Limicolaria bour-
guignati PALADILHE, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva iii, 1872, p. 18,
pi. 1, f. 13, 14 (Aden). Cf. Blanford, J. A. S. Bengal,

1875, and BGT., Moll. Afric. Equat, p. 91, footnote.

OPEAS GRACILE. 127

Bulimus indicus PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 40; Monogr. ii, p.
135 (East Indies). -- Opeas indicus Pfr., DAUTZENBERG,
Journ. de Conch, liii, Dec. 1905, p. 102 (Tonkin). — Bulimus
cereus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus no. 501, pi. 17
Achatina, f. 81, July, 1849. (Moradabad, India). — Bulimus
apex MOUSSON, Land und Siisswasser Moll. Java p. 35, pi. 4,
f. 5 (Java).

Bulimus subula CROSSE & FISCHER, Journ. de Conch. 1863,
p. 361, pi. 14, f. 6 (Saigon, and Fuyen-Moth, Cochin China).

-" Opeas subulata Pfr.," Hungerford in coll., teste Garrett
(Hong-Kong). — Opeas subula Pfr., MLLDFF., Annuaire Mus.
Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, VI, 1901, p. 390 (Tapa
on the Tung river; between Shuang-liu and Hsin-dshing,
Sytshuan, China). SMITH, monograph of Christmas Island
p. 57, 1900 (Christmas I., Ind. 0.).

? Bulimus decorticatus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 80, f.
592 (Macao, China) ; Cf. p. 34.

Helix clavulus QUOY et GAIMARD, Voy. de 1 'Astrolabe, Zool.
ii, p. 133, pi. 11, f. 30-33 (He de France).

M. Dautzenberg states that Hutton described this species
without specific name in 1834; but Hutton on p. 93 of his
paper gives a table of the names, expressly indicating those
he had named.

This species, including 0. subula which I agree with Boett-
ger is not separable from gracile, has a wide range in the
tropics of both hemispheres. In the Old World it is especi-
ally characteristic of the Oriental Region of Wallace, but
passes beyond into Polynesia, and in the northeast reaches
to Japan, which has an Oriental land-snail fauna. West-
ward it reaches Aden, probably Abyssinia, British East
Africa and the Mascarene Is.

It is perforate, slender, ' and regularly, straightly taper-
ing to the small, obtuse apex, pale-yellowish corneous, with-
out much gloss. The moderately and regularly convex
whorls are very distinctly, arcuately striate. The suture is
usually a trifle irregular, and often quite distinctly crenu-
late, and the surface below it is more or less distinctly puck-
ered. The aperture is long, rhombic-ovate, and the columel-

128 OPEAS GRACILE.

lar margin is widely reflexed. Two specimens from Ahmed-
nuggur measure:

Length 12, diam. 3.5, aperture 3.8 mm., whorls 8y2.

Length 13, diam. 3.1, aperture 3.7 mm., whorls 9.

These shells (pi. 18, figs. 3-5) illustrate the slender and
stouter phases of the species, usually to be found in any
large lot from one place.

The series before me from Mauritius, Ceylon, India, China,
the Philippines, etc., shows but little variation except in size.

Specimens from Okinawa, Ryukyu, have slightly more
convex whorls, the striation is a trifle weaker and they are
more glossy (pi. 18, fig. 6), the one figured measuring 12.8
x 3.5 mm., with 8% whorls. Further north 0. gracile has
been found by Mr. Hirase in Kyushu, Hondo and even as far
as Kayabe, Ojima, in the island of Yesso — further north
than any other species of the genus. A shell from this place
measures 11.3 x 3 mm., with 9 whorls. It has been found
by Mr. Hirase 's collector on Kita-iwojima, one of the Sulphur
group, near the Bonin Islands, and on Hahajima, Ogasa-
wara (Bonin Is.) ; the form occurring there (pi. 22, fig. 10)
being small, 8 mm. long, with 7 whorls, the suture subtly
crenulate in places. It is thin and delicate, as might be ex-
pected on volcanic soil.

The Chinese Bui. fortunei Pfr. and "B. scalaris Desh."
have been considered synomyms of 0. subula Pfr. by Gredler.
The former is placed in the synomyms of Bui. decorticatus
Reeve by von Martens. I have not the material for decid-
ing this question. See page 34. Bulimus cereus Reeve (pi.
18, fig. 7) was based on an Indian specimen of gracile.

The following form from the Nicobar Islands is apparently
synonymous. "Opeas apex Mouss., var. nicoltarica. Shell
narrowly turrited, waxen outside, white within, with 71/2
quite convex whorls, the first two smooth, yellow, the rest
irregular, costulate-striate, the riblets obsoletely sigmoid, es-
pecially on the last whorl, and with very obsolete spiral lines,
stronger on the base. Suture deep, subcrenate, more dis-
tinctly so in the middle whorls. Aperture subelliptical, some-
what narrow anteriorly, inner lip reflexed, with a very obso-

OPEAS GRACILE. 129

lete fold in the middle; rimation punctiform. Length 9,
diam. 2.5, aperture 2.5 mm. long" (Moerch, Journ. de
Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 313).

Nicobar Is. : Nancouri, one specimen under the bark of a
tree (Kjellerup).

"Opeas apex of Java differs by its thicker epidermis, its
wider columella pnd less narrow umbilicus." A small form
found with the type is less narrow, the suture more strongly
crenulate in the middle, aperture shorter and rounded, not
narrowed, in front; length 8, diam. 1.5 to 2.66 mm.

In Mauritius (pi. 23, fig. 23) the shells do not reach so
large a size as in Ceylon, etc., but are otherwise practically
typical. A series collected by Sir Charles Eliot at Takaungu,
on the coast of British East Africa in lat. 3° 42' south (pi.
23, figs. 24, 25) also fall short of the maximum size, the two
figured measuring 10 x 3 and 8 x 2.6 mm., both with 7*4
whorls, the suture crenulate in the upper half of the shell's
length.

New Caledonian form. — The original description and fig-
ures of 0. souverbianum (pi. 24, fig. 31) and of 0. artense
(pi. 24, fig. 32) are given below. These seem to me to per-
tain to the more obese and more slender phases respectively
of one and the same species, which I am unable to distin-
guish from 0. gracile. E. L. Layard, of Noumea, the well-
known collector of New Caledonian shells, "maintained that
there was no difference between S. souverbiei, S. artensis,
8. tuckeri and the Ceylon species," the latter being 0. gracile
(P. Z. S. 1888, p. 358). The specimens before me from
Noumea, Art Island and He Casy, received from G. Dupuy
and E. Marie, support the reference to 0. gracile. They are
however a small form, not reaching the dimensions of typical
0. gracile. Shells from Noumea (pi. 24, figs. 40, 41, slender
phase) measure 8.8x2.8 and 8.8x2.2 mm., with 73,4 and 8
whorls. The stride are stronger below the somewhat crenu-
late suture, as usual.

B. souverbianus Gassies. (PL 24, fig. 31). "Shell tur-
binate, elongate, not umbilicate, pellucid-buff, fragile, di-
aphanous, longitudinally delicately striate ; whorls 7, regularly

130 OPEAS GRACILE.

increasing, the last half the total length ; suture deep. Aper-
ture ovate-elongate; columella slightly 'calloused, peristome
simple. Length 7, diam. 2.5 mm. (Gass.).

New Caledonia: Art Island (Montrouzier).

Bulimus diaphanus GASS., Journ. de Conchyl. vii, 1859,
p. 370; not of Pfr. 1854. — Bulimus 'souverbianus GASS.,
Faune Conch. Nouvelle-Caledonie i, p. 52, pi. 2, <f. 5 (1863).
— PFR., Monogr. vi, 98. — Opeas s., CROSSE, J. de C. 1894,
p. 299,

B. artensis Gass. (pi. 24, fig. 32). Shell imperforate,
turbinate, rather lengthened, pale corneous, thin, diapha-
nous, glossy, longitudinally delicately striate. Whorls 7 to 8,
slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last forming one-
third the total length; suture deep, apex rather obtuse.
Aperture ovate-elongate, columella arcuate, slightly cal-
loused; peristome simple, acute. Length 9, diam. 2 mm.
( Gass. ) .

Art Island, New Caledonia.

Bulimus artensis GASS., Journ. de Conchyl. 1866, p. 50;
Faune N.-Caled. ii, p. 94, pi. 3, f. 9.— PFR., Monogr. vi, 98-
Opeas artense CROSSE, J. de C. 1894, p. 300.

Var. neocaledonicum nov. (PL 24, fig. 29.) A narrow,
slowly-tapering and attenuate-spired form perhaps refer-
able to 0. gracile as a variety, is before me from New Cale-
donia (Marie). This slender form differs from 0. gracile
by its shorter aperture and obliquely drawn-out whorls. The
suture is narrowly margined, not crenulate; the striation is
fine and delicate, the whorls long, the last two rather flat-
tened. The specimen figured measures 7.9 mm. long, 2 wide,
with fully 7 whorls. This will probably prove to be a dis-
tinct species. There are several narrow species, which need
comparison, in the East Indies arid China. 0. pyrgula of
Japan has a stronger sculpture.

Polynesian forms of 0. gracile. — In Polynesia I have seen
forms of 0. gracile from the Viti, Samoan and Society groups,
and from Washington (or New York) island. It has been

OPEAS GRACILE. 131

reported from Funafuti, the Marshall and the Caroline
Islands.

The shells before me are all smaller than typical gracile.
In most of them the suture is finely but distinctly denticu-
late in places, chiefly in the upper half of the shell. I have
figured a shell from Tahiti, pi. 22, fig. 4, nine mm. long with
over 7 whorls and nearly smooth suture, and a more slender
Samoan shell, pi. 22, fig. 11, received from Schmeltz as
"upolensis Mouss. " It is 8.8 mm. long, with 7% whorls.

Bulimus junceus Old. was based upon the small Polynesian
race of gracile. The description follows, with a 'copy of
the original figure.

B. junceus Old. (pi. 22, fig. 6). "Shell small, thin, trans-
lucid, elongated, turreted, of a pale green color, obtuse at
apex, covered with delicate longitudinal strise. Whorls seven,
slightly convex, presenting a broad shoulder above. Aper-
ture long ovate : lip simple, on the left slightly reflected over
a minute umbilical chink : the last whorl a-bout one-third the
length of the whole shell. Length of axis three-tenths of an
inch ; breadth one-tenth of an inch ( Gould) .

"Inhabits Tahiti and Eimeo. This shell very closely re-
sembles a West Indian species, and is, perhaps, the same, and
may be a denizen of the cocoanut or banana, wherever found.
B. bacterionides agrees in form, but this is not 'smoother than
octona,' and has not nine whorls." (Gould.)

Bulimus junceus Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. Dec. 1846, p.
191; Expedition shells p. 32; Moll. U. S. Exploring Exped.
p. 76, pi. 6, f. 87.— PFR., Monogr. ii, 220; viii, 138.— Steno-
gyra juncea Gld. BINNEY Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 100,
(teeth of Huahine specimen). — Opeas junceum Gld., MAR-
TENS, Sitzungsbr. Nat. Freunde 1898, p. 156 (Cocos I.).—
BOETTGER, Bericht Senck. Ges. 1891, p. 272 (Moluccas,
Hainan, etc.) — Opeas juncea- Gld. var., GREDLER, Malak. Bl.
(n. F.) ix, p. 142 (Macao I.). — SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H.
xx, 1897, p. 521 (Botuma). -- Stenogyra gracilis Hutton,
HEDLEY, Mem. Austr. Mus. iii, 1899, p. 488 (Funafuti).

Var. PANAYENSE (Pfr.). (PI. 18, figs. 1, 2.) Shell imper-

132 OPEAS GRACILE.

forate, subulate, thin, smooth, pellucid, waxen, hyaline.
Spire elongate, the apex obtuse. Whorls 8, wide, a trine con-
vex, the last scarcely one-fourth the total length; columella
short, rather straightened. Aperture oval-oblong, the base
subangulate; peristonie simple, unexpanded, the columellar
margin shortly renexed, appressed. Length 11, diam. 2.5,
aperture 2.5x1.33 mm. (Pfr.).

Philippines: Dingle on the island Panay (Cuming, type
locality) ; see next paragraph for further localities.

Blimus panayensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 33. — REEVE,
Conch. Icon, v, pi. 14, f. 76.

Stenogyra panayensis Pfr., MARTENS Ostas. Zool. p. 83,
376, pi. 22, f. 8 (Siam, Timor, Ternate) ; Webers Zool. Ergeb-
nisse Reise in Niederl. Ost-Indien, ii, p. 243 (Maumeri,
Flores) ; Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Dec. 1896,
p. 163 (Lombok). — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1888, p. 34
(Philippines). — SEMPER, Reisen, p. 137, pi. 8, f. 15, pi. 11,
f. 17, 21 (Philippine Is.; living animal, genitalia and teeth).
— TAPPERONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova xix, 1883, p.
87 (Aru Is.); xx, p. 144 (Amboina). — Opeas panayensis
Pfr. FISCH. & DAUTZ., Mission Pavie Indo-Chine, iii, p. 411
(Siam, Tonkin, Saigon).

As originally described, this form would seem to differ
from 0. gracile by the imperf orate axis, more slender shape
and smooth surface. The above description and figure 2
apply to this type form, which subsequent investigators do
not seem to have found.

Prof, von Martens identified as panayensis a perforate
shell with striate whorls, typically more slender than
0. gracile, but believed by competent recent authorities, von
Moellendorff for instance, to intergrade with gracile, of
which it would be considered a synonym. Von Marten's fig-
ure is copied, pi. 18, fig. 1. All but the first two references
given above seem to pertain to this Martensian panayensis,
which, if rightly identified by various authors, has a general
distribution from Indo-China to the Moluccas and Aru Is.

OPEAS MAURITIANUM. 133

2. 0. MAURITIANUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 17, figs. 92 to 96.

"Shell subperforate, somewhat eylindrically turrited,
rather thin, striated (some of the lines more elevated), diaph-
anous, waxen; spire elongated, somewhat acute; whorls 7,
a little <xmvex, the last almost equal to one-third of the
length of the shell, slightly tapering towards the base ; colu-
mella rather straightened. Aperture vertical, oblong-ovate,
peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin evenly arcu-
ate, columellar margin very narrowly reflexed to the base.
Length 9, diam. 3, length of aperture 3, breadth ~Ly2 mm."

(Pfr.)

Island of Mauritius (Pfr.) ; Petit Sable, Mauritius
(Mobius) .

Bulimus mauritianus PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, xx.
p. 150, (1852) ; Conch. Cab. (Bulimus) p. 86, pi. 30, f. 15, 16;
Monogr. iii, 1853, p. 402; iv, p. 462; vi, 100.— f Subulina
mauritiana Pfr., NEVILL Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, p.
64 (Mahe and Silhouette, Seychelles). — Stenogyra (Opens')
mauritiana Pfr., MARTENS in Mobius, Beitr. zur Meeresfauna
der. Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen, Reise nach Mauri-
tius 1874-75, p. 199. — ? Stenogyra (Opeas) clavulinus P. &
M., G. NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. 39, pt. 2, 1870,
p. 409 (Bourbon).

Pfeiffer 's description and figure (pi. 17, fig. 96) were from
an immature shell. When full grown (pi. 17, figs. 92-94,
Mauritius) there are fully 8 whorls. It is very glossy, only
weakly striate, and the spire has distinctly convex outlines,
being wide above, with the subcylindric contour Pfeiffer men-
tions. This characteristic shape is much less noticeable in
young or immature shells, the form of which is fairly well
shown in Pfeiffer's figure. The outer lip is moderately
arched forward. Length of an adult shell 11.5, diam. 3.4,
aperture 3.3 mm.

The specimen shown in figs. 92 to 94 is from Mauritius.
The apex is badly drawn in fig. 92. Nevill's record of the
species from the Seychelles needs confirmation, as I learn
from specimens of Opcas received from him that his iden-

134 OPEAS MAURITIANUM.

tifications of these difficult forms were sometimes ill-founded.
His 0. davulinus from Bourbon was probably 0. mauri-
tianum, at least in part.

Fig. 95 of pi. 17 represents a specimen from Maui,
Hawaiian Is., measuring length 12.7, diam. 3.5 mm. Like
the rest of the Opeas fauna of the Hawaiian group, it is
doubtless an immigrant there. I have also specimens col-
lected in Washington, D. C., probably from a greenhouse.
They were sent about twenty years ago by Rev. E. Lehnert,
a reliable and at that time well-known collector.

Opeas prestoni Sykes of Ceylon differs by having the spire
a trifle less obese, more straightly tapering than the most
strongly characterized 0. mauritia.num, yet in a series of
both, these differences would not serve to separate them if
mixed. I doubt whether the nominal rank of a variety can
be upheld except on purely geographic grounds.

Var. prestoni Sykes. PI. 17, figs. 98, 99, 100.

Shell subperforate, long-cylindric, translucent, thin, cor-
neous or waxy-corneous, the apex somewhat obtuse; whorls
8!/2, plano-convex, longitudinally striated with growth lines,
the last whorl about nine-twentieths the total length; suture
well impressed; aperture elongate-ovate; peristome simple,
acute, the columellar margin narrowly renexed to the base,
nearly covering the perforation. Length 11, diam. 3.25, aper-
ture 3x1.8 mm. (Sykes).

Ceylon: Uda Pussellawa (Preston).

Opeas prestoni SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 73,
pi. 5, f. 4 (July, 1898).

Fig. 98 is a copy of Sykes' original. Figs. 99, 100 are
from Ceylon specimens received from Mr. Collett.

Var. obesispira Pilsbry. PI. 17, figs. 101, 102.

Shell minutely perforate, turreted, translucent, corneous,
the columella visible through the shell; glossy, Avith faint,
arcuate wrinkles. Lateral outlines of the spire decidedly
convex above. Whorls about 8i/>, moderately convex, separ-
ated by impressed sutures, which appear to have a trans-

OPEAS CLAVULINUM. 135

lucent margin 'below. Aperture subvertical; outer lip thin,
arched forward in the middle, somewhat retracted below.
Columella subvertical, with a distinct spiral twist below, its
edge reflexed above. Length 12, diam. 3.3, longest axis of
aperture 3.3 mm.

Kyukyu Is.: Okinawa (Hirase).

Opeas obesispira PILS., Proc. A. N. S., Phila,, 1904, p. 638.

Very closely related to 0. mauritianum, but the whorls
are more convex and smoother, and the sutural margin
distinct.

3. 0. CLAVULINUM (Potiez et Michaud) . PI. 23, figs. 17, 21, 22.

"Shell turrited, fragile, glassy, shining, diaphanous;
whorls 6, convex, the last larger; aperture ovate above and
to the left angular ; peristome simple, acute ; apex obtuse.
Length 8 mm.

'This shell makes, so to speak, a transition from Bui.
clavulus to Bid. oryza, which is the shortest; its last whorl is
proportionately larger than that of its two congeners, its
summit is more obtuse and it is a little more ventricose."
(P. & M.)

Bourbon Is. (P. & M.) ; Mauritius (Nevill) ; Seychelles
(Brauer).

Bulimus clavulinus P. & M., Galerie des Mollusques du
Mus. de Donai i, p. 136, pi. 14, f. 9, 10, 1838. --Opeas
clavulinum MARTS., Land und Stisswasser-Mollusken der
Seychellen, in Mittheil. Zool. Sammlung Mus. f. Naturkunde
Berlin, i, p. 23, 1898.

The original description and figures (fig. 17) are given.
The species has been so variously identified, that references
to the literature would foe useless and misleading.

The species I take to be clavulinum is related to johanni-
num and to mauritianum, but it is smaller than the latter,
with the spire less swollen above. The specimens figured
are from Mauritius (pi. 23, figs. 21, 22). The shell is
openly perforate, pale yellowish-corneous; striate, but the
sculpture is decidedly weaker than in 0. gracile; glossy.
The sides slope almost straightly, but are a little convex

136 OPEAS CLAVULINUM.

near the obtuse apex. The upper part of the spire is wider
than in 0. gracile. Whorls 7, moderately convex; the suture
slightly irregular but not crenulate. Aperture about as in
0. gracile. Compared with 0. johanninum, this species is
smaller, less conic, and less deeply-grooved longitudinally.
Length 7, diam. 2.4 mm.

Specimens collected by Dr. A. Brauer in Mahe, Seychelles,
in the plain and lower valleys, are described by von Martens
as 8 mm. long, fully 2 wide, with 7 whorls.

The following forms are scarcely separable except by their
distribution. Both, however, seem to be less openly perforate.

Var. ha/waiiense Sykes. PI. 17, fig. 97.

"More cylindrical [than O.prestoni],i. e., the earlier whorls
increase more rapidly and the later ones less so, the color is
pale yellowish-white whereas the Ceylon shell is a light horn
color, the texture of the shell is thinner and more transpar-
ent, and the specimens I have seen are, on the average,
smaller" (Sykes}.

"Hawaii: Kawailoa, Mauna Loa, at 1500 ft. (Perkins);
Hilo (Henshaw)." Also Honolulu (Dr. Win. H. Rush).
Kauai : Hanalei (Dr. B. Sharp, 1893) . Maui (D. D. Baldwin) .
Oahu, at Round Top and Manoa Valley (Bishop Museum).

Opeas prestoni n. var. hawaiiensis SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc.
Lond. vi, p. 113, fig. 3 (June, 1904).

Mr. Sykes figures a specimen which from the size-mark was
9 mm. long. Most of those before me are smaller, about 7
mm. long. The perforation is very small, as in the Japanese
form which I have called kyotoense. Probably this Hawaiian
snail was brought there from Japan. A copy of Mr. Sykes'
original figure is given.

Var. kyotoense Pilsbry. PI. 21, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.

Shell almost imperforate, turrited, translucent, waxen
whitish, glossy, arcuately, inconspicuously wrinkle-striate,
smoother below. General slope of the sides straight, apex
very obtuse. Whorls 71/2, quite convex, separated by deeply
impressed sutures. Aperture slightly oblique, somewhat ef-

OPEAS CLAVULINUM. 137

fuse below; outer lip sinuous, thin; columella straight, verti-
cal, the edge reflexed and appressed except for a minute
umbilical chink.

Length 10, diam. 3.3, aperture 3.3 mm. (Kayabe).

Length 7, diam. 2.8, aperture 2.7 mm. (Kyoto).

Length 7.7, diam. 2.7, aperture 2.3 mm. (Kyoto).

Japan: Kyoto, Yamashiro. Types No. 78,757, A. N. S. P.
Also Kashima, Harima, etc.

0. kyotoensis PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1904, p. 638
(Nov. 2, 1904).

This form is much more glossy than 0. gracile, less deeply
striate. It is not quite so glabrous as 0. mauritiamim pres-
toni, which moreover is more swollen near the summit, and
larger, with shorter whorls. The straight, vertical columella,
not expanding above, and forming a distinct angle with the
parietal wall is also characteristic. It resembles 0. clavu-
linum in almost every detail except the umbilical perfora-
tion, which is smaller, nearly closed. The aperture is rather
short and wide. The apex is large and the suture even, not
crenulate. Figs. 3, 4, 6 represent typical specimens from
Kyoto, 6 being a young shell.

Some specimens which I refer to this species from Kayabe,
Ojima, in Yesso, are larger and a little more distinctly striate,
with the columella slightly arcuate. Others from Sado
Island are similar.

A form from Kikai-ga-shima, Osumi, in the Oshima group
of the Ryukyu Is., differs by having a narrower aperture
(pi. 21, fig. 5).

There is a tendency in Kyoto specimens toward a stout
form, when young resembling 0. brevispira to some extent.
One of these is figured, pi. 21, fig. 6. I have some doubt
whether kyotoensis can be considered even varietally distinct
from hawaiense.

0. c. kyotoensis appeared in large numbers in Phipp's
conservatory in Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1897.
Specimens from this source were distributed by Mr. G. H.
Clapp at that time.

138 OPEAS JAVANICUM.

4. 0. JAVANICUM (Reeve). PI. 12, figs. 14, 16; pi. 16, figs.
81, 88 ; pi. 22, fig. 9.

Shell oblong, turrited; whorls 8, rounded, obscurely, very
finely, rudely striated ; columella thin, attenuately truncated ;
aperture small. Pale straw color. (Rve.) .

Java: Wonosari (Zollinger). Flores at Larentuka and
the neighboring island of Adenare. Moluccas on the islands
Ternate and Amboina (Martens), Sumatra, China, Japan,
Hawaiian Is., Mauritius, etc.

Achatina javanica RVE., Conch. Icon, v, pi. 17, f. 79
(1849). — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 493. — Stenogyra j., MARTENS,
Ostas. Zool., Landschn. pp. 30, 377, pi. 22, f. 11 ; Sitzungsber.
Ges. Nat. Freunde zu Berlin, 1877, p. 105 ( Japan). —
Hapalus j., MARTENS, Beschalte "Weichthiere D. Ost-Afr. p.
130. — ? Opeas davulinum (Pot. Mich.) BTTG., Nachrbl. d. D.
Malak. Ges. 1891, p. 179 (Takao, Formosa; Canton, Hong-
kong, Amoy, Hainan, etc., China; Nagasaki and Hakodate,
Japan) ; Bericht Senck. Naturforsch. Ges. Frankfurt, 1891,
p. 271 (includes S. javana Marts.; Amboina group of the
Moluccas; Mauritius, Ceylon, Java, Flores, Adenare, Ternate,
Cebu, Mindanao).

Stenogyra striatissima Gredler, which I have included in
Prosopeas (p. 35), should be compared with 0. javanicum.
I suspect that it is either identical or very closely related.

Reeve's figure is copied, pi. 16, fig. 88. An average Javan
specimen measures, length 9.5, diam. 3.4 mm., aperture 3.2
mm., whorls 7y2. The stria tion is very fine, crowded and
thread-like, somewhat arcuate and under the compound mi-
croscope, weak spirals may be seen in unworn shells.

From Sumatra, at Batu Sangkar in the Padangsche Boven-
land, specimens which I refer to 0. javanicum were brought
by Messrs. Harrison and Hiller in 1891. One is figured, pi.
16, fig. 81, the specimens being not quite full grown. The
shell is imperforate or very narrowly rimate, conic-turrite,
thin corneous, opaque, very densely and finely, sharply, arcu-
ate striate, the striae superficially cut by impressed spiral lines,
which are very fine and most distinct on the penultimate
whorl. Whorls 7 to 71/->, moderately convex, parted by a

OPEAS JAVANICUM. 139

deeply impressed suture, the apex obtuse, smooth. Aperture
narrow, the outer lip thin, arched forward near the upper
insertion, retracted to the suture. Columella vertical, nearly
straight, calloused and obliquely truncate lasally, the colu-
mellar margin reflexed and appressed. Length 9, diam. 3.1,
aperture 3.1 mm.

The oblique but distinct •columellar truncation and the
fine spiral striation (not readily visible with an ordinary
hand lens) are prominent features of this species. Half-
grown specimens have the columella as strongly truncate as
the larger ones. Probably none of the lot have reached
maximum size.

0. javanicum occurs also in Mauritius (pi. 23, fig. 18), at-
taining a larger size than elsewhere, well-grown shells being
13 mm. long, while the largest measure, length 15, diam. 4.1,
aperture 4 mm., whorls 9%, or a little shorter with the same
diameter. The sculpture of sharp, densely crowded stride is
the same in shells from Mauritius, Java, Sumatra and
Hawaii. When unworn, the strice bear narrow brownish
cuticular laminae.

It remains to be determined just what relation 0. javani-
cum bears to achatinaceum Pfr. which I have placed in
Prosopeas (p. 21), since I have not myself seen achatinaceum.
If javanicum were larger it would probably be considered to
be a Prosopeas. It has the sculpture of that group, and had
I studied it fully before the monograph of Prosopeas was
published, I would have included javanicum therein.

'This species seems to have been mistaken for 0. clavulinum
by some authors. Mr. Sykes agrees with me in considering
the following Hawaiian form a synonym.

0. henshaivi Sykes. (PI. 12, figs. 14, 16.) "Shell subper-
forate, turreted, somewhat solid, with closely-set, well-
marked, curved, longitudinal strise; light-yellowish horn-
color. Spire well drawn out, suture well marked, but the
whorls not so shouldered as in 0. junceus. Whorls S1/^,
plano-convex, the last whorl inflated, and measuring about
half the total length of the shell, somewhat compressed at the

140 OPEAS JAVANICUM.

base. Mouth somewhat axe-shaped, the columellar margin
reflexed and rather sinuous above. Alt 12.5; diam. max.
4 mm." (Sykes).

Hawaii: Hilo (type loc. Henshaw) and Waipio Pali,
Hamakua district (Thaanum) ; Oahu : Honolulu (D. Thaanum,
Dr. "W. H. Rush). The Bishop Museum at Honolulu has
specimens from Manoa, Oahu, and from Kauai.

Opeas henshawi SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. VI, p. 112,
f. 2 (June, 1904).

' ' The salient features of this form are its yellow color, the
well marked, curved strige, the size and inflation of the last
whorl, and the slightly sinuous columellar margin, which
bends to the left above and is not vertical. I have seen about
twenty specimens, a few of which are slightly narrower in
proportion to the length. This may, very possibly, be the
manuscript 0. striolata of Pease." (Sykes.)

This is quite unlike other Polynesian species by its sinu-
ous, obliquely subtruncate columella at least in the most
strongly .characterized specimens, and the better developed,
dense and sharp striation, which on the newest part of the
shell in unrubbed individuals has a delicate cuticular lamin-
ation. The imperforate or almost imperforate axis is another
characteristic feature of the shell. The larger specimen fig-
ured (pi. 12, fig. 14 from Hilo) measures length 11.5, diam.
3.75, aperture 4 mm., whorls 8. The young one figured from
the same lot is 7 mm. long, both are from Hilo, the type
locality of henshawi. A Honolulu specimen measures 12 x 4
mm.

0. kusaiense of the Carolines is a somewhat less lengthened
and openly perforate species, otherwise of much the same
structure. On the specimens from Hilo and some of those
from Honolulu I see no spiral striation, but in a Honolulu
lot collected by Dr. Rush, U. S. N., there are fine spirals on
the penultimate whorl, as in the Sumatran specimens de-
scribed above. It is likely that 0. javanicum (henshawi) is
a newcomer in the Hawaiian islands, from Java, Sumatra or
some neighboring East Indian locality.

Besides the large and robust form of javanicum described

OPEAS, WEST AFRICA. 141

as henshawi, there is a much more slender, smaller form,
which I have received from Honolulu (coll. by Thaanum),
and figured on pi. 22, fig. 9. It has the typical sculpture of
dense sharp striae, which bear, when quite unworn, cuticular
lamina. Length of figured specimen 10, diam. 3 mm., whorls
fully 8.

II. West African Species.

1. Cape Verde promontory, species no. 5.

2. Islands in the Gulf of Guinea, species no. 6 to 8.

3. Mainland of tropical W. Africa, species" no. 9 to 14.
Bulimus terrulentus Morel., from Gaboon, included in

Curvella (p. 52) may be an Opeas or Pseudopeas, but the
shell is more thick-set than usual in these genera.

5. 0. HANNENSIS (Rang). PI. 15, fig. 59.

This little shell is long, conic, thin, transparent, smooth and
of a slightly soiled, yellowish tint, darker towards the sum-
mit, which is somewhat obtuse. The whorls number 6, are
noticeably rounded, and the last is smaller than the others
taken together. The aperture is oval and nearly parallel to
the axis in plane and direction. The columella is straight,
and is continuous, without truncation, with the outer margin,
which is sharp and simple. The animal is of a beautiful yel-
low color, visible by transparence through the shell. Length
4 to 5, diam. 1.5 to 2 mm. (Rang}.

West Africa : village of Hann, Cape Verde peninsula, close
to fresh water, particularly that collecting about barrels
sunken in the earth (Rang).

Helix hannensis RANG, Ann. Sci. Nat. xxiv, p. 41, pi. 3, f. 8
(1831).— Bulimus h., PFR., Monogr. ii, 160.— Cf. MORELET,
Journ. de Conch. 1873, p. 239, and WOLLASTON, Testacea
Atlantica, p. 510.

This species in the original locality seems to have remained
unknown to subsequent naturalists. It has been reported
by Morelet from the Cape Verde Is.; and Wollaston, who
identified the island form with Opeas goodalli, reduces han-
nensis to a synonym of that form. Whether this course was

142 OPEAS, WEST AFRICA.

well-founded is a question which must remain unsettled until
specimens from Rang's original locality can be compared.

6. O. PAUPER (Dohrn). PI. 15, fig. 62.

Shell minutely perforate, oblong-turrited, striate, whitish-
corneous, thin, diaphanous, waxy-shining. Spire turrite, the
apex rather obtuse ; suture impressed. AVhorls 6, nearly flat,
moderately increasing, the last about one-third the total
length, 'compressed around the perforation. Aperture oblong,
vertical; peristome simple, the right margin arcuate, unex-
panded. Columellar margin a little expanded, reflexed.
Length 6, diam. 2.5, aperture 2x1.5 mm. (Dohrn}.

Prince Island : under rotten wood in a forested ravine.
(Dohrn).

Stenogyra (Opeas) pauper DOHRN, Malak. Bl. xiii, 1866,
p. 126, pi. 5, f. 14-16.— CROSSE, J. de Conch. 1888, p. 302.-
Bulimus p., PPR. Monogr. vi, p. 103. — Opeas p. GIRARD,
Jornal, etc., iii, 1893, p. 105.

7. 0. DOHRNI Girard. PI. 15, fig. 63.

Shell turriculate, narrowly perforate, thin, diaphanous,
slightly glossy, dirty yellowish, sculptured with very fine,
quite regular and slightly arcuate growth strige. Spire re-
gularly increasing, composed of 6 or 7 quite convex whorls
separated by a deep suture, and terminating in an obtuse
summit. Last whorl contained 3y2 times in the total length,
rounded. Aperture long-oval, slightly oblique; peristome
simple, acute, the margins joined by a very distinct callus;
columellar margin straight, reflexed, basal margin a little ef-
fuse, outer margin noticeably arched forward. Length 8.5,
diam. 2.75, aperture 2.5x1.25 mm. (Girard).

Prince Island, with 0. crossei; St. Thome in the ravines of
the Northwest coast, etc. (F. Newton).

Opeas dohrni GIRARD, Jornal, etc., iii, p. 105, pi. 1, f. 14.

It is astonishing that this species which inhabits Prince Is.
and is quite common on St. Thome, has been collected only by
Mr. Newton. It belongs near 0. gracile Hutt. and apex
Morch. The specimens from St. Thome sometimes have the

OPEAS, WEST AFRICA. 143

basal lip more flaring than those of Prince Island, but this
character is inconstant (Girard).

8. 0. GREEFFI Girard. PI. 15, figs. 64, 65.

Shell turriculate, subperforate, thin, subtransparent, a little
shining, of a yellowish- white tint ; sculptured with very fine,
quite regular and very arcuate strias of growth. Spire com-
posed of. 6 nearly flat whorls, separated by a suture which is
not much impressed, and is slightly denticulate by the striae ;
terminating in an obtuse apex. Last whorl rounded, slightly
more than one-third the total length of the shell. Aperture
narrow, long oval, slightly oblique. Peristome simple, acute,
the margins joined 'by a very feeble callus; the columellar
margin straight, reflexed; basal margin a little effuse; outer
margin strongly arched forward. Length 6.5, diam. 2.33,
aperture 2.5x1 mm. (Girard).

Prince Island, with 0. crossei; St. Thome at Cafini (New-
ton).

Opeas greeffi GIRARD, Jornal, etc., p. 106, pi. 1, f. 15.

" This Opeas seems to be diverse from all the species now
known, but approaches a new one found 'by Mr. Newton on
Anno-Bom. "

9. 0. HAMONVILLEI (Dautzenberg) . PI. 15, fig. 70.

Shell narrowly perforate, long-turrited, thin, a little trans-
lucent. Spire elevated, quite attenuate at the summit, com-
posed of 8 rather convex whorls separated by a well-marked
suture. Surface ornamented with very fine longitudinal rib-
striae decussated with finer descending [spiral] lines, giving
the shell when examined under a lens, a latticed appearance.
Aperture oval, long; columella straight, feebly dilated and
reflexed. Lip simple and acute. Uniform yellowish white.
Length 11, diam. 3, aperture 3.5 x 2 mm. (Dautz.}

Senegambia: Bakel (Capt. Em. Dorr).

Stenogyra h., DAUTZ., Mem. Soc. Zool. France iii, 1889, p.
130, pi. 1, f. 7a, 7b.

Remarkable for its spiral striation, which however is very
minute. It is more openly perforate than 0. javanicum, and
the arcuate stride are not so strong.

144 OPEAS, WEST APRICA.

10. 0. ACMELLA (Morelet). PI. 24, fig. 37.

"Shell rather small, turrited acieulate, apex a little ob-
tuse, crystalline, smooth. Whorls 7 slightly convex, mar-
gined with a denticulate suture ; the last whorl equal to one-
fourth of the entire length of the shell. Aperture ovately
lunate, with simple, arcuate margins, columellar margin a
little dilated above, renexed. Length 4.5, diarn. 1.25 mm."
(Morelet) .

West Africa: environs of Mayomba, 120 miles N. W. of
Loango.

Stenogyra acmella MORELET, Journ. de Conch. Jan. 1885,
p. 26, pi. 2, f . 4.

"After Stenogyra pusilla from the Comoros which meas-
ures only 3 mm. in height, this species is the smallest that is
known to me. The columella of this species is not truncated ;
the whorls of the spire, a little convex, are joined by a nar-
.rowly margined suture, where the incremental striae, which
disappear on the rest of the surface, assume the form of
fine and regular folds. The shell is white, transparent and
crystalline." (Morelet).

11. 0. RECISUM (Morelet). PI. 24, fig. 38.

Shell imperforate, shortly turrited, thin, with arcuate in-
cised striae, hyaline, corneous, very glossy, pale brown. Spire
conoidal, apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6 plano-convex, the last
enlarged, exceeding one-third of the entire length of the
shell. Aperture semioval, margins simple, the columellar
margin sinuous, shortly revolute above. Length 6; diana.
2.25 mm." (Morelet).

W. Africa : Mayomba, 120 miles N. W. of Loango.

Stenogyra recisa MORELET, Journ. de Conch. Jan. 1885, p.
28, pi. 2, f. 5.

"This little species, at first sight, recalls a little our
Ferussacia lubrica of which it has the gloss and form. It is
composed of six whorls a little convex, and the last relatively
more developed, which gives it the appearance of a Bulimus.
The aperture, in consequence, is rather large in proportion to

OPE AS, WEST AFRICA.

145

the size of the shell. The columella is sinuous but not trun-
cate. Finally, the glossy, transparent shell, of a pale fawn
color, is engraved with arcuate striae, quite strongly impressed,
and more apparent at the suture." (Morelet).

12. 0. BOCAGEI Nobre. PI. 24, fig. 34.

Shell turriculate, perforate; spire 'Composed of 7 or 8 dis-
tinctly rounded whorls; suture quite deep, ornamented with
denticulations produced by fine and nearly vertical grooves.
Columella weakly arcuate, the margin reflexed over the nar-
rowly open umbilical perforation; lip simple and a little re-
flexed. Color milk white with pearly reflections. Length
10, diam. 2.5 mm. (Nobre).

Angola: forest of Mupepe, under dry leaves. (Newton).

Opeas bocagei NOBRE, Molluscos terrestres e fluviaes da ex-
ploracao de Francisco Newton em Angola, p. 9, pi. 1, f. 15, 16,
in Annaes de Sciencias Naturaes, ix, 1905.

13. 0. VIEIRAI Nobre. PI. 24, fig. 35.

Shell elongate, turriculate, perforate, thin, longitudinally
striate. Spire composed of 7 or 8 much rounded whorls;
suture deep. Aperture oval, lengthened; columella straight
and a little bent to the left, reflexed over the umbilical cav-
ity; lip simple and sharp. Color corneous. Length 11.5,
diam. 2.75 mm. (Nobre).

Angola: Gumba (Newton).

Opeas vieirai NOBRE, Molluscos etc., p. 9, pi. 1, f. 17, 18, in
Annaes de Sci. Nat. ix, 1905.

14. 0. WELWITSCHI Nobre. PI. 24, fig. 43.

Shell turriculate, perforate, thin, ornamented with very
distinctly recurved striae, oblique from left to right. Spire
of 4 to 5 quite rounded whorls, the last forming more than
half the length of the shell. Aperture rounded-oval, a little
oblique; columella nearly straight, the margin reflexed over
the umbilical cavity which is narrow. Color yellowish, often
noticeably ferruginous. Length 7.5, diam. 3 mm. (Nobre).

Angola: forest of Mupepe (Newton).

146 OPEAS, EAST AFRICA.

Opeas ivelwitschi NOBRE, Mollucos etc., p. 10, pi. 1, f. 19,
20, in Annaes de Sci. Nat. ix, 1905.

Three examples from Luinha are of a greenish color. In
some examples there is a very narrow band at the suture.

III. East African Species.

15. OPEAS BAWRIENSE n. n. PL 15, fig. 66.

Shell slender, diaphanous, nearly smooth, glossy. Whorls
7, rather flattened, gradually increasing, the last larger and
more swollen. Apex rather obtuse. Aperture ovate-ellipti-
cal, lip arcuate; columella a little reflexed. Length 5.5,
diam. 2 mm. (Gibbons).

Bawri Island, Zanzibar (Gibbons).

Stenogyra lucida GIBBONS, Journal of Conchology ii, p.
144, pi. 1, fig. 4, May, 1879. Not Achatina lucida Poey, 1851,
also an Opeas.

"Allied to 8. delicata [Curvella delicata], but perfectly
distinct, being much smaller with the whorls flatter and nearly
smooth, and the aperture less elongated."

16. 0. CRENULATUM E. A. Smith. PI. 15, fig. 67.

Shell slender, subulate, pellucid, glossy, thin, whorls 12,
slowly increasing, the two apical smooth, convex, the rest a
little convex, obliquely lightly striatulate, at the suture min-
utely crenulate; separated by a slightly oblique suture, the
last whorl short. Aperture inversely ear-shaped, small;
peristome thin, the 'columellar margin expanded and reflexed.
Length 12, diam. 3, aperture 2*4 mm. long. (Smith).

British East Africa, near the terminus of the Uganda R. R.
between Sept. 1900 and April, 1901 (Wm. Doherty).

Opeas crcnulata SMITH, Journ. of Malacology viii, p. 96,
fig. 6 (Dec. 30, 1901).

"Well characterized by the numerous short whorls and the
minute plication at the suture. The form is somewhat vari-
able, some specimens being more slender than others."

17. 0. VENUSTUM E. A. Smith. PI. 15, figs. 69.

Shell long, slender, pellucid, glossy, slightly striate.

OPEAS, EAST AFRICA. 147

Whorls 10, very slowly increasing, the first two globose, the
rest a little convex, the last short. Aperture small, inversely
ear-shaped; peristome thin, the right margin arcuate, colu-
mellar margin dilated and reflexed at the insertion. Length
9, diam. 1.5, aperture 1x0.75 mm. (Smith).

Eastern Uganda (Wm. Doherty) .

Opcas venusta SMITH, Journ. of Conch, x, p. 319, pi. 4,
f. 21, April 1, 1903.

"More slender and smaller than 0. crenulata Smith from
the same locality, and without any crenulations 'beneath the
suture. The increase of the whorls is very gradual and there
is scarcely any difference in the height of the last five whorls."

18. 0. LENTUM E. A. Smith. PI. 15, fig. 68.

Shell long, slender, thin, pellucid, glossy, obliquely closely
and very finely striate. Whorls 10, slowly increasing, the
first two smooth, convex, the rest a little convex, separated
by a rather deep oblique suture, the last scarcely descending.
Aperture small, inversely ear-shaped, lip thin, lightly and
very narrowly expanded; columella expanded and convexly
reflexed. Length 10, diam. 2.75, aperture 2 x 1.5 mm.
(Smith).

Eastern Uganda (Doherty).

Opens lenta SMITH, Journ. of Conch, x, p. 319, pi. 4, f. 20,
April 1, 1903.

"The raised striae are very slender, closely packed, thread-
like and oblique. Two or three at distant intervals, former
labra, are more conspicuous than the rest."

19. 0. STENOSTOMUM (E. A. Smith). PI. 15, fig. 71.

Shell narrowly rimate, elongate, slender, tapering above,
at the apex obtuse, rounded; glossy somewhat greenish-
pellucid. Whorls 8, slightly convex, sculptured with arcuate
growth-striae, separated by an oblique suture; the last whorl
elongate, cylindric. Aperture elongate, narrow, about two-
sevenths the total length ; lip thin, curved forward ; columella
nearly vertical, narrowly expanded and reflexed. Length
10.5, diam. 3, aperture 3x1.5 mm. (Smith).

148 OPEAS, EAST AFRICA.

British East Africa: Mamboya, at an elevation of 4-5000
ft. (Last).

Stenogyra (Opeas) stenostoma SMITH, Ann. and Mag.
N. H. (6), vi, p. 160, pi. 5, f. 20. August, 1890.

' ' This species has a long body- whorl and aperture, recalling
to mind the little Cecilianella acicula."

20. 0. LIMPIDUM Martens. PL 15, fig. 72.

Imperforate, conic-turrited, weakly and closely striate,
translucent, glossy, of glassy clearness. Whorls 9 to 9^, the
first globular, smooth, the second and third of nearly equal
size, strongly convex, the following regularly and slowly
increasing, convex, with rather impressed whitish sutures,
the last whorl rounded below. Aperture rather oblique,
rounded-squarish, comprising a little more than one-fourth
the length of the shell ; outer lip thin, scarcely arcuate ; lower
margin rather narrowly rounded, columellar margin vertical,
rather thick, white, narrowed below, and forming a distinct
angle with the basal margin. Length 11, diam. 3, aperture
2.66 x 1.75 mm. (Marts.} .

East Africa: Bukende on the Issango (Dr. Stuhlmann).

Opeas limpidum MARTS., Beschalte Weichthiere p. 127, pi.
5, f. 31.

"Reminds one of Streptostele by the shape and luster of
the shell, but the columellar margin is not so distinctly twisted
and the outer lip is not thickened." The imperf orate axis
is unusual in Opeas, if the species really belongs here.

21. 0. STREPTOSTELOIDES Martens. PI. 15, fig. 73.

Elongated-conic' with an umbilical fissure, closely rib-
striate, with a yellowish-brown cuticle, in part deciduous;
very obtuse above. Whorls G1/^, scarcely convex, with a
rather deep suture, regularly increasing, the last rounded,
convex below. Aperture occupying one-fourth the total
length, of a rounded obliquely quadragular shape; peris-
tome unexpanded, the outer margin nearly vertical, receding
above; basal margin rounded; columellar margin vertical,
thickened above, and obliquely entering the interior of the

OPEAS, SOUTH AFRICA. 149

aperture, but spreading outwardly in a broad and distinctly
defined deposit. Length 9, diam. 3, aperture 2.25 x 1.75 mm.
(Marts.).

Uganda: Buddu coast, in the shore forest (Emin Pasha,
Stuhlmann) .

Opeas s., MARTS., Beschalte Weich. p. 127, pi. 5, f. 30.

"The shape of the mouth reminds one of Streptostele, but
the columellar margin is less spirally twisted, the outer lip is
not thickened and the surface of the shell is not smooth and
glossy. The young shells of Streptostele costulata are dis-
tinctly more slender than this snail."

IV. South African Species.

22. 0. CRAWFORDI (Melvill & Ponsonby) . PI. 15, fig. 74.
Shell very thin, glassy, tapering, cylindric, whorls 5,

smooth, ventricose, longitudinally very delicately striatulate
under the lens; last whorl produced. Aperture oblong;
peristome simple, unexpanded; columellar margin a little
thickened. Largest specimen, length 4.5, diam. 1.5 mm.
(M. & P.]

South Africa: Van Staaden's River (J. Crawford, Esq.).

Stenogyra crawfordi M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6)
xii, p. 105, pi. 3, f. 4 (Aug. 1893).

"A smoothish glossy species, to which we cannot assign
a place as the young of any South African form with which
we are acquainted, several of the specimens before us being
apparently full-grown. ' '

23. 0. DURBANENSE Sturany. PI. 15, figs. 75, 76.

The conic shell, composed of 6y2 whorls, is more or less
gradate; it is translucent, slightly glossy, and of a greenish
color, with obtuse apex and a quite weak thread-like suture.
Only the most delicate growth-strias are visible under the
lens. The columellar margin of the peristome is somewhat
reflexed, leaving only an inconsiderable umbilical crevice.
Length 8.7, diam. 3.3, length of the aperture 3.5, width 1.7
mm. (Sturany}.

Natal : Durban (Dr. Penther) .

150 OPEAS, SOUTH AFRICA.

Opeas durbanense STURANY, Anzeiger K. Akad. Wissensch.
Wien, 1898, p. 7; Denkschr. K. Akad. Wissensch. Ixvii, p.
597, pi. 2, f. 42-44 (1899).

A single specimen taken. It seems to be related to
0. crawfordi M. & P.

24. 0. STRIGILIS Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 15, fig. 79.

Shell minute, rimate, very slender, tapering-fusiform, crys-
talline, of a silvery golden straw color. Whorls 8, the api-
cal one nearly immersed, obtuse, the rest delicately and very
closely obliquely striate, last whorl lengthened. Aperture
narrowly ovate; peristome thin, the columellar margin re-
flexed. Length 7.25, diam. 2 mm. (P. & M.}.

Natal: Karkloof Bush, near Pietermaritzburg ( J. McBean).

Subulina strigilis M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), viii,
p. 318, pi. 2, f. 7 (Oct. 1901).

"A beautifully striate species, of which we have seen four
examples, slightly varying in size, but in all other respects
uniformly alike " (M. & P.).

25. 0. TUGELENSIS (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 15, fig. 78.

Shell attenuate, fusiform, pellucid, rather delicate, very
thin, milk-white. Whorls 7, the apical very obtuse, papillate,
the rest rather swollen, smooth, the last produced. Aperture
oblong, peristome thin, simple; 'columellar margin straight.
Length 14, diam. 4 mm. (M. & P.}.

Natal: Lower Tugela River.

Subulina tugelensis M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), xix,
p. 637, pi. 17, f. 9 (June, 1897).

' ' An interesting form, more glossy than most of the hither-
to recognized South African species, of a beautiful translu-
cent milky- white color."

26. O. MCBEANI Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 15, fig. 77.

Shell tapering, fusiform, delicate, subpellucid, pale straw
colored, whorls 10, the two apical mamillar, the rest im-
pressed at the sutures, rather tumid, longitudinally minutely
oblique-striate throughout. Aperture small, the lip thin,

OPEAS, COMORO AND MASCARENE IS. 151

columellar margin nearly straight, a little thickened, glossy,
white. Length 9.5, diam. 2 mm. (M. & P.).

Transvaal: Boksberg (Burnup).

Opeas mcbeani M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), xii, p.
604, pi. 31, f. 8 (Dec. 1903).

"Differs from its near ally Siibulina strigilis M. & P. in its
more globular apical whorls, finer striation and smaller aper-
ture. In that species, too, the last whorl is not so prolonged
proportionately, and the upper whorls are less ventricose
than in this new form." Compare 0. gracile.

V. Opeas of the Comoros, Seychelles, Mauritius, etc.

The Comoro Is. have a rich and peculiar Stenogyrine fauna
of African type, indicative of long isolation. The fauna!
history of these islands has had nothing in common with the
Mascarene and other islands of the region.

The Mascarene islands owe their Stenogyrine chiefly if
not wholly to importation, probably since the period of settle-
ment. Their position as ports of call between the East and
Europe early brought in Oriental Opeas, a number of which
were first described from Mauritius, etc. Any Mascarene
Opeas may be expected to turn up in the East; and the ori-
ginal center of dispersal of such forms as 0. mauritianum,
clavulinum, gracile and javanicum may never be known,
though it was doubtless somewhere in the East Indies or
southeast Asia.

The American species 0. goodalli, 0. swiftianum and 0.
micra occur as immigrants, the former reported from Rod-
riguez, the two latter sent by Nevill from Mauritius.

27. 0. APICULUM Morelet. PI. 23, figs. 12, 13.

"Shell turrited subulate, thin, closely striate, the earlier
whorls costulate-striate ; horny reddish, not shining. Spire
elongate, the apex rather acute. Whorls 8, planulate, the
last equal to one-third of the entire length of the shell.
Columella slightly receding, hardly truncate. Aperture of
medium size, semioval. Peristome simple, acute, unexpanded.
Length 12, diam. 3 mm." (Morelet}.

152

OPEAS, COMORO IS., ETC.

Comoro Is.: Grand Comoro (Humblot}.

Stenogyra (Opeas) apiculum MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl.
Oct. 1885, p. 292, pi. 14, f. 10.

"A small shell of the same group as the preceding
(S. longula), of which it reproduces almost exactly the char-
acters. It is equally subulate, with the whorls of the spire
flattened, eight in number, instead of nine as in its con-
gener. Its aperture is relatively not so long, and its
columella less twisted. Moreover, it is engraved with strong
striae which assume the appearance of a costulation on the
earlier whorls of the spire. It is impossible to confound it
with the young of the S. longula. (Morelet}.

The shell is without trace of umbilical perforation, and is
olivaceous-yellow rather than " corneorufa." The apex is
obtuse, side-slopes just perceptibly convex. The first 2y3
whorls are smooth, then stride set in, which become coarser,
so that the intermediate whorls are irregularly costulate.
The last whorl or two are rather finely, irregularly striate.
All the whorls but the first one are decidedly flattened. The
piriform aperture is quite oblique, the thin outer lip is arched
forward a little near the upper insertion. The columella is
oblique, its lower, callous portion being very obliquely ex-
cised below. The reflexed edge is thin and closely adherent.
The largest specimen I have seen measures, length 12.5, diam.
3.7, aperture 3.9 mm., and has 8 whorls.

28. 0. LONGULUM (Morelet). PL 15, fig. 80.

"Shell subulately turrited, rather thin, irregularly hair-
striate, corneus brown, a little shining. Spire elongate, apex
rather acute. Suture impressed. Whorls 9 planulate, the
last hardly exceeding one-third of the entire length of the
shell. Columella twisted, receding, not truncate. Aperture
elongate, not very wide, base subeffuse; peristome thin.
Length 19 diam. 5 mm." (Morelet}.

Comoro Is.: Grand Comoro. (Humblot.)

Stenogyra (Opeas} longula MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl.
Oct. 1885, p. 292, pi. 14, f. 9.

"This Stenogyra, with a spire composed of nine depressed

OPEAS, COMORO IS., ETC. 153

whorls, separated by a very distinct suture, is elongated in
the form of an awl. The stria with which it is engraved
from about the fourth whorl, are very irregular. The epi-
dermis is of a uniform brown color without gloss. The long
and narrow aperture is slightly effuse at the base. The colu-
mella is not truncated, but it is a little twisted spirally."
(Morelet).

29. 0. AVENACEUM (Morelet). PI. 16, figs. 86, 87.

"Shell imperf orate, oblong, thin, somewhat glossy, smooth,
brownish-waxen; whorls 7 a little convex, the last equal to
three-sevenths the entire length of the shell. Columella
straight, obliquely truncate, not reaching the base. Aperture
semi-oval, margins simple unexpanded. Length 7 diam. 2^2
mm." (Morelet).

Comoro Islands: Mayotte (Marie).

Stenogyra avenacea MORELET Jour, de Conch, xxix, July,
1881, p. 219, pi. 9, f. 3.

" It is distinguished from S. johannina, which is much more
shining, by being imperforate ; from gracilis and clavulina by
the truncate columella; from mauritiana (a doubtful form)
by the two preceding characters and its absolutely smooth
surface. The other species of the same group are much
larger. The columella, in this shell, is obliquely truncate
before reaching the base ; the aperture forming a round shal-
low sinus below the truncation." (Morelet).

The specimen drawn in fig. 86 is from E. Marie. I am
entirely inclined to place this shell in Opeas. The oblique
truncation of the columella is not greater than in 0. layardi
and some other species. The very fine growth-stria are al-
most straight, not distinctly arcuate as in Opeas generally.

30. 0. JOHANNINUM (Morelet) . PI. 23, figs. 16, 20.

"Shell subimperf orate, turrited, rather solid, arcuately
hair-striate, shining, diaphanous, white or pale yellow, in
specimens a long time dead, waxen ; spire elongate, conic, some-
what acute, whorls iy2, slightly convex, the last equal to two-
fifths the length of the shell ; columella almost vertical, gradu-

154 OPEAS, COMORO IS., ETC.

ally tapering; aperture oblong, base rotund, peristome sim-
ple, unexpanded, exterior margin evenly arcuate, columellar
margin narrowly reflexed. Length 10-11, diarn, 4-41/4 mm.
Length of aperture 4, breadth 2 mm." (Morelet) .

Comoro Islands : Johanna ( Anjuan) (Bewsher) and Mayotte
(Marie). Also Nossicumba( Marie), and Nossi-Be (Stumpff).

Bulimus (Stenogyra) johanninus MORELET, Journ. de
Conch., Oct. 1877, p. 333, pi. 12, f. 3. — Opeas johanninus
(Mor.) BOETTGER, Nachrbl. 1890, p. 90. — CROSSE, Journ. de
Conch. July, 1881, p. 201. — Stenogyra jokannina MORELET,
Journ. de Conch. July, 1881, p. 219; J. de C. Oct. 1885, p.
293. — 0. johanninus CROSSE & FISCHER in Grandidier, Hist
Phys. Nat. et Politique de Madagascar, 1889, xxv, pi. 24, f. 2.

Morelet writes as follows: It differs from B. mauritianus
Pfr., known to me only by the description and figure, in the
height, the texture of the shell, by the fullness of the whorls
of the spire which gives it a more foulimoid form, the aper-
ture is also a little wider, and the apex more obtuse.
B. johanninus is distinguished by a quite swollen spire, of
which the last two whorls are longer than the rest of the
shell. It is found in great abundance in dry places on the
shore. The specimens collected at Mayotte by E. Marie are
more slender and do not exceed 6x3 mm. Boettger, writ-
ing of Nossi-Be specimens, says that the species belongs to
the immediate group of 0. clavulinus P. & M., but is sharply
distinguished from that 'by the greater size, more conic shape,
more rapidly increasing whorls, and especially by the rela-
tively much higher aperture. But the 0. clavulinus of
Boettger is evidently not the species so identified by von
Martens and the writer, but apparently is 0. javanicum
(Rve.).

The specimens before me from Nossi-Be (pi. 23, fig. 20),
received from E. Marie, are evidently related to 0. mauri-
tianum, but are more conic, and differ by having a sculpture
which in places may be termed closely, irregularly, arcuate-
etriate; but elsewhere would be better described as closely
but irregularly grooved. The sculpture is much less dense
than in 0. javanicum. The larger shells measure, length

OPEAS, COMORO IS., ETC. 155

10.3, diam. 3.9, aperture 3.9 mm., whorls 7. They have
the usual clear corneous color.

Var. MAYOTTENSE nov. PI. 23, fig. 19.

Shell openly perforate, clear whitish-corneous, very thin.
Sculpture of fine striae and grooves, the post-embryonic
whorls being very regularly grooved. Length 7, diam. 2.3
mm., whorls 7.

Comoros: Mayotte (E. Marie).

This form is very similar to 0. clavulinum, but differs by
the regular and stronger sculpture of the spire. It is much
smaller than 0. johanninum and less conic. Some of the
specimens contain eggs.

31. 0. VULGARE (Morelet). PI. 23, fig. 14.

"Shell rimate, turrited, rather thin, arcuately hair-striate,
shining, diaphanous, pale corneous; apex somewhat obtuse.
Whorls 8, a little convex, the last more dilated, nearly equal
to one-third the length. Columella nearly straight, entire.
Aperture truncate-oblong, columellar margin longitudinally
dilated, reflexed. Length 8, diam. 4^/2 mm." (Morelet).

Comoro Islands: Anjuan (Humblot.)

Stenogyra vulgaris MORELET, Journ. de Conch, xxxv, Oct.
1887, p. 286, pi. 9, f. 4.

According to Morelet, this species resembles S. octona, S.
cereola and S. simpularia. The resemblance to S. octona is
superficial, but the columella in vulgaris is not truncate. In
8. simpularia and cereola the columella is also truncate,
though very obliquely so, but these two are larger, more
deeply colored and decidedly less strongly striate. It seems
to be closely related to 0. johanninum, from the same island,
yet differs by its much greater width. I have not seen
specimens.

32. 0. SPINULA (Morelet). PI. 23, fig. 15.

"Shell small, arcuately rimate, turrited, apex tapering,
shining; very finely costulately-striate, translucent, corneous-
whitish. Whorls 7, rather convex, joined by an impressed,

>

o

156 OPEAS, COMORO IS., ETC.

narrowly margined suture, the last whorl compressed about
the umbilical rimation, exceeding one-third of the entire
length of the shell. Aperture oblong, external margin sim-
ple, unexpanded, columellar margin dilated, reflexed. Length
51/2, diam. 2 mm.'' (Morelet).

Comoro Is. : Mayotte (Marie) .

Stenogyra spinula MORELET, Journ. de Conch., July, 1883,
p. 194, pi. 8, f. 10.

"Among those which live on the islands of East Africa
and on the neighboring continent, Stenogyra clavulina,
S. joliannina, as well as the young individuals of 8. clavulus,
are the only ones which approach the present species. But.
it is distinguished from the first two by the more acieular
form, the last whorl being decidedly less inflated, whilst the
spire is more elongated ; by its sutural margin, and finally by
the columella being more broadly dilated. As to the young
specimens of S. clavulus, they have six whorls in the spire, in-
stead of seven, when they are the same size, and the last whorl,
as in the preceding, is more developed. The shell, moreover,
is more solid, less glossy, less transparent, and the suture is
not margined. The species really differs therefore from all
others found in the same region." (Morelet) .

33. 0. BRAUERI (Martens). PI. 12, fig. 15.

A very small snail, 4.5 mm. long, last whorl 1.5 mm. wide
below, aperture 1.5 mm. long; yellowish-white, with nearly
vertical striae, convex forwardly; not glossy. Whorls 5y2,
rather rapidly but regularly increasing, with impressed su-
ture, the first forming an obtuse apex, which however is not
thickened into a head as in Elma. Aperture long, pear-
shaped, very acutely angular above, narrowly rounded below.
Outer lip simple, thin, steeply rising, convex forwardly, and
under the suture noticeably retracted. Columellar margin
vertical, thick, passing into the basal margin in a short bend
without emargination, leaving a narrow umbilical slit be-
hind it. (Martens).

Seychelles: Mahe, at Anse aux Pins, on cocoanut planted
strand.

OPEAS, CEYLON. 157

Hapalus braueri MARTENS, Mittheil, aus der Zoolog. Samm-
lung des Mus. f. Naturkunde in Berlin, i, p. 24, pi. 2, f. 18.

Resembles Acicula mauritiana H. Ad., in size and form, but
in that the penult, whorl is comparatively longer, and separ-
ated from the last whorl by a deeper suture. The reference
of this species to Hapalus seems to me of very doubtful ex-
pediency. It may be related to 0. goodalli; and indeed I
cannot readily see how it differs from that widely-spread
species.

34. 0. SWIPTIANUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 23, fig. 26.

Shell very slender, imperf 'orate, thin, yellowish-corneous,
glossy, very weakly sculptured with faint growth-wrinkles
which are nearly straight. Spire slender, with straight out-
lines and obtuse apex. Whorls iy2, moderately convex; su-
ture impressed, even, a narrow border below it slightly puck-
ered. Aperture small, ovate, the columella a little calloused,
very slightly excised below, and at the insertion above it
curves to the right. Length 7.8 diam. 2, length of aperture
2 mm.

Mauritius (Nevill) ; introduced from the West Indies.

This form is more slender than 0. gracile and much
smoother, and is imperf orate, the coluniellar reflection being
closely appressed. The suture is not crenulate.

VI. Species of Ceylon, India and Southeastern Asia.

Opeas gracile, 0 mauritianum and probably some other of
the widely spread forms, occur in Ceylon, the former also in
India, east to Tonkin. Nevill, in his Handlist Ind. Mus. i,
p. 165, lists "Stenogyra (Opeas) nevilli G. Ad." from the
Dafla Hills. It is undescribed and unknown to me.

35. 0. SYKESI n. sp. PI. 21, fig. 1, 2.

Shell perforate, resembling 0. gracile in sculpture but with
the whorls much shorter, more compactly coiled, more numer-
ous in shells of the same length. Spire straightly and regu-
larly tapering to the small apex. Whorls 8^2 to 10, the
embryonic 1% smooth except for a minute subsutural radial

158 OPEAS, CEYLON.

striation, which becoming stronger on the post-embryonic
whorls produces a fine, irregularly developed crenulation of
the suture, the latter becoming smooth again lower down.
Later whorls somewhat flattened. Suture well impressed.
Aperture vertical, much shorter than in 0. gracile; outer lip
weakly arcuate, a little arched forward; basal margin well
arched; columella rather straightened, the edge reflexed.

Length 11, diam. 3.4, aperture 2.9 mm. ; whorls 8^.

Length 12.9, diam. 3.5, aperture 3.1 mm. ; whorls 10.

Ceylon. Types no. 58330 A. N. S. P.

This form is readily selected from among 0. gracile by
its short whorls and small, wider mouth, with a deep bay
where the columella joins the parietal wall. I do not see, in
the great number of 0. gracile before me, any approach to
this form. Named for Mr. E. R. Sykes of London.

36. 0. LAYARDI (Benson) . PI. 4, figs. 19, 20 ; pi. 16, figs. 82, 83.

Shell imperforate, elongate-turrited, thin, arcuately striat-
ulate, whitish, covered with a thin, corneous epidermis. Spire
elongated, the apex obtuse, suture somewhat deep, occasion-
ally eroded-denticulate. Whorls T1/^, convex, the last im-
pressed behind the columella. Aperture oblique, long-ovate,
narrow above ; peristome thin, acute ; lip arcuate, the colu-
mellar margin thickened, moderately twisted. Length 12.5,
diam. 4 mm.; length of aperture 4, diam. scarcely 2 mm.
(Bens.).

Ceylon: Moopana, Bootelle, etc. (Layard).

Spiraxis layardi BENS., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3 ser.), ix,
p. 90, 1863. — PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 190. — HANLEY & THEOB.,
Conch. Indica, pi. 79, f. 2, 3.

This is a form of somewhat uncertain relationships. The
subtruncate, calloused columella recalls Tortaxis, yet the deli-
cacy of the shell, its small apex, and the oviparous repro-
duction, are characters of Opeas. It is probably related to
0. avenacea Morel., javanicum Bve., etc., which have the
columella similarly truncate.

Shell is pale yellowish-corneous, more or less transparent,
very glossy, with weak sculpture of arcuate growth-wrinkles.

OPEAS, CEYLON AND TONKIN. 159

Old shells (fig. 83) become opaque; the upper whorls are
eroded, and the cuticle is liable to fungoid attack which
erodes it in dots, often at the suture. When fully adult the
shell is imperforate and measures, length 11, diam. 4, length
of aperture 4 mm., whorls iy2. Specimens of 8y2 mm. length,
rirnate and with obviously immature peristome, often contain
numerous eggs. The figures on pi. 4 are from the Concho-
logica'Indica. On plate 16, figs. 82, 83, one of the specimens
received from Nevill is drawn.

37. 0. MARLE Jousseaume. PL 19, fig. 21.

Shell subperforate, long-turrited, rather solid, opaque, ar-
cuately striate, white, with a yellowish-white cuticle, slightly
glossy. Spire long, the apex obtuse, suture immersed, crenu-
late. Whorls 8, a little convex, the last four-ninths the total
length. Aperture oblong-oval, obliquely truncate above;
peristome simple, acute, the right margin depressed ajbove,
nearly straight, coluniellar margin widely dilated and re-
flexed, partly bounding the perforation. Length 9, diam.
2 mm. (Jouss.) .

Ceylon: Kandy (E. Simon), one specimen.

Opeas maria Jouss., Mem. Soc. Zool. France vii, 1890, p.
290, pi. 4, f. 9.

Unknown to me. Sykes suggests that it may be 0. gracile.

38. 0. CARINATUM ( Wattebled) . PI. 19, fig. 19.

Shell imperforate, veiy minute, conic-elongate, the apex
acute; subpellucid, pale tawny. Whorls 6, a little convex,
gradually increasing. Suture well marked, bordered above
by a fine carina which is stronger on the middle of the last
whorl where it becomes visible to the naked eye. Aperture
subquadrate; peristome simple, unexpanded and acute, the
columellar margin arcuate, outer margin angular. Length
3, diam. 0.75 mm. (WatteUed) .

Cochin-China: Long-Xuyen. (Capt. Dorr).

Stenogyra carmata WATTEBL., Journ. de Conch. 1884, p.
125, pi. 6, f. 1.

A very small form differing from all other Opeas known by

160 OPEAS, TONKIN.

its peripheral keel. The imperforate axis also is unusual in
this genus, to which the species is referred with some doubt.

39. 0. FAGOTI Mabille.

Shell high-subpyramidal. Slender, thin, rather fragile,
subpellucid, pale buff, rather glossy, ornamented with dense,
arcuate, subcostulate striae. Spire long, acuminate, the apex
obtuse, mamillate, glossy, smooth. Whorls 10, gradually and
regularly increasing, separated by an impressed, very min-
utely tuberculate suture; the last whorl larger, nearly one-
third the total length, slowly descending to the aperture,
compressed basally. Aperture vertical, oblique, narrowed;
columella slightly arcuate, a little thickened, reaching to the
base of the aperture; peristome thin, unexpanded; margins
joined by a very thin callus, forming an inconspicuous um-
bilical crevice. Outer margin slightly attenuate. Length 21,
diam. 6 mm. (Mabille).

Tonkin (Balansa).

Opeas fagoti MAB., Moll. Tonk. Diagn. p. 10 (May 14, 1887;
Bull. Soc. Mai. France iv, p. 106.

This unfigured species may be a Prosopeas.

40. 0. HEDEIUM Mabille.

Shell minute, perforate, long-turrite, thin, fragile, corn-
eous, slightly shining, densely arcuately hair-striate ; apex
minute, glossy, rather acute. Whorls 9, gradually and regu-
larly increasing, a little convex, separated by an impressed,
obscurely marginate and very minutely granulate suture, the
last whorl subcylindric, inflated, scarcely one-third the length
of the shell, a little descending to tb° aperture. Aperture
vertical, roundly arcuate at the base ; columella subarcuate, a
little thickened, calloused, extending to the base ; outer margin
nearly straight, columellar dilated, half covering the per-
foration. Length 15, diam. 3 mm. (Mabille).

Tonkin (Balansa).

Opcas hedeius MABILLE, Moll. Tonk. diagn., p. 11, 14 May,
1887; Bull. Soc. Mai. France iv, p. 105. --Opeas hedenes
Mabille, FISCHER, Catal. et Dist. Geogr. des Moll. terr. etc.

OPEAS, S.-E. ASIA. 161

d'un partie de 1'Indo- Chine, p. 36; in Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat.
d'Autun iv, 1891.

Perhaps this is a well-developed form of 0. gracile, from
which it seems to differ in being longer and more slender..
It has not been figured.

41. 0. PILIFORME Moellendorff. PI. 19, fig. 22.

Shell rimate, very slenderly turrite, thin, finely and very
closely striatulate, glossy, pellucid, whitish; spire gradually
tapering, the apex a little obtuse. ANTiorls 7y2, a little con-
vex, slowly increasing, separated by a rather impressed suture.
Aperture moderately oblique, narrowly acuminate-oval; peri-
stome unexpanded, acute; columellar margin a little thick-
ened, reflexed. Length 5.5, diam. 1.5 mm. (Mlldff.)

Samui Is., Gulf of Siam. (C. Koebelen) .

Opeas filiforme MLLDFF., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1894, p. 15,
pi. 16, f. 11.

"I do not know of any similar small and slender species of
Opeas. The comparatively great number of whorls shows
that it is adult."

42. 0. DIDYMA (Westerlund). PI. 19, fig. 13.

Shell rimate, subulate, closely, finely striate, the striae
•curved outwardly, vitreous, rather glossy, the apex obtuse.
Whorls iy2, the upper convex, the first subcylindric, the
rest a little convex, all rather truncate above, separated by
a deep, margined, crenulate suture which is horizontal above,
then oblique. Aperture subtrigonal-piriform, obtuse at base,
the slightly oblique parietal wall forming a deep angle with
the columella; columellar margin nearly straight, not trun-
cate at base, reflexed, nearly closing the perforation; right
margin lightly curved. Length scarcely 8, diam. 2.5 mm.
(West.}

Singapore (Vega Exped.).

Stenogyra didyma WESTERL., Vega-Expeditionens Veten-
skaplige Arbeten, iv, p. 197, pi. 3, f. 9 (1887) ; Nachrbl. 1883,
p. 51.

162 OPEAS, CHINA.

43. 0. LATEBRICOLA ('Bens.' Reeve) . PI. 19, figs. 20, 23.

"Shell acuminately oblong, compressly umbilicated, whorls
6 in number, somewhat rounded, smooth or concentrically
striated; transparent straw-color, polished. A very delicately
colored, transparent species." (Eve.}

Shell subperforate, turrite-oblong, rather thin, striatulate,
slightly shining, diaphanous, whitish straw-colored. Spire
turrited, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6 to 6i/2> slightly
convex, the last a little more than one-third the total length,
rounded at base; columella somewhat straightened, vertical.
Aperture vertical, oblong; peristome simple, unexpanded, the
margins subparallel, columellar margin narrowly reflexed.
Length 7.33, diam. 3 mm., aperture 2.66 x 1.66 mm. (Pfr.,
from specimen in Coll. Benson) .

Western Himalayas: Landour, 4-7000 ft, elevation.

Bulimus latebricola, Bens., REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 80,
f. 572 (Dec. 1849).— PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 74, pi. 20, f. 5, 6;
Monogr. iii, p. 401. — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p.
34, pi. 79, f. 7.

Reeve's original figure is copied, fig. 23 ; also that of Hanley,
fig. 20. The species is not known to me by specimens. It
seems to be related to 0. davulinum, or perhaps 0. layardi,
with which Nevill associates it, Handlist Ind. Mus.

VII. Chinese Species.

The material is not extant, outside of the 'collections of
Heude and Gredler, for a revision of Chinese Opeas. That
part of the species are identical with those described from
other regions is probable ; and moreover it seems unlikely that
ho many distinct species exist. They are illustrated on plates
19 and 20.

Opeas gracile is common in at least part of the ports of

China. Achatina chinensis Pfr., which I have provisionally

placed in Tortaxis (p. 6), may 'be an Opeas related to

•r<li or javanicum. Bulimus decorticatus Reeve, B. for-

tunei Pfr. (see p. 34, 35) may also belong to Opeas. 0. pyr-

in s. & B. (no. 71) has been reported from China. Prob-

OPEAS, CHINA. 163

ably 0. clavulinum will be found to include some of the de-
scribed forms.

44. 0. SCHENSIENSE Sturany. PI. 19, fig. 18.

The turrited, yellowish-white shell with nipple-like apex
consists of 71/2 convex, delicately transversely striate whorls.
The umbilicus is crevice-like. Length 6.4, diam. 2.1, aper-
ture 1.8x1.2 mm. (Sturany).

China: Southwestern Shen-si, in loess of the left bank of
the Tung-ho river (Obrutschew).

Opeas schensiense STURANY, Denksch. Kais. Akad. Wis-
sensch., Wien., Ix, 1901, p. 37, pi. 3, f. 10.

0. fauvelianum and 0. filare Hde. are related forms.

45. 0. AMDOANUM Moellendorff.

Shell minutely rimate, very slenderly turrited, thin, closely
striatulate, pale straw-colored. Spire much lengthened, very
slender, regularly tapering. Whorls 121/2, flattened, some-
what terraced, somewhat angulate at the margined, subcrenu-
late suture. Aperture narrowly oval, moderately excised;
peristome unexpanded, acute, the columellar margin shortly
reflexed, nearly closing the umbilical crevice. Length 11.5,
diam. 2.1 mm. (Mlldff.)

China: province Gan-su, between Yu-linguan and Wen-
hsien ; Dshie-dshou.

Opeas amdoanum MLLDFF., Annuaire du Musee Zoologique
de 1'Acad. Imp. Sci. de St. Petersb., vi, 1901, p. 390.

'No similar slender and acute species is known to me, and
there is none closely related among Heude's species."

46. 0. TURGIDUM (Gredler). PI. 20, figs. 29, 30, 31.

Shell subperforate, turrited or conic-fusiform, thin, lightly
mgulose-striate, the striae arching forward, evanescent above,
glossy, waxen. Apex obtuse. Whorls 7^/2, convex, the su-
ture rather deep, last whorl rounded below, one-third the
total length. Aperture subvertical, narrowly piriform;
columella subarcuate, vertical, scarcely truncate; columellar
margin dilated and reflexed above, adnate, gradually taper-

164 OPEAS, CHINA.

ing downwards, not truncate ; right margin arching forward,
joined to the columellar by a very delicate callus. Length
9, diam. 3 mm. (Gredl.) .

China: Western Yun-tcheu-fu, southern Hunan (Gredler).

Stenogyra turgida GREDLER, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. viii,
1881, p. 21, pi. 1, f. 3.— HEUDE, Memoires p. 57, pi. 20, f. 22.
— Opeas clavulina P. & M., GREDLER, Malak. Bl. n. F. ix,
p. 142.

In a later list (1887) Gredler considered his species to
be a synonym of 0. clavulinum, with which Dr. Boettger
identified it; but in Nachrbl. 1890, p. 153, he again allows it
to stand as a species. The original figure is copied in my
fig. 31, Heude gives more enlarged views, copied on plate
20, figs. 29, 30.

47. 0. NUTANS (Gredler). PI. 20, fig. 32.

Whorls 10y2, while even the large Chinese species such as
erecta Bs. and mandarina Pfr. have but 8. The putative
novelty is moreover remarkable for its small diameter, ex-
cepting the rather inflated and high last whorl, 5 mm. in
diam., while the visible part of the penult, whorl measures
only 3 mm. The somewhat bent axis may well be in-
dividual and abnormal.

China: western part of the district Yun-tcheu fu.

Stenogyra (spec. nov. f), GREDLER, Jahrb. d. D. Malak.
Ges. viii, 1881, p. 22, pi. 1, f. 4. — Stenogyra nutans GREDL.,
Nachrbl. 1890, p. 153. — Stenogyra (Opeas) nutans Gredl.
var. macra GREDLER, Zur Conchylien-Fauna von China, xvii
Stuck, Wien, 1892, p. 7.

Var. macra Gredler. The shell is distinctly narrower, sut-
ure more oblique, and the length greater. Alt. 19.5, diam.
4 mm.

48. 0. GRACILIUS (Gredler). PI. 20, fig. 33.

Shell slightly rirnate, very slenderly subulate, thin, irre-
gularly and closely wrinkle-striatulate, the striae arching for-
ward, disappearing above; hyaline, rather glossy, the apex
obtuse. Whorls 8, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last

OPEAS, CHINA. 165

rounded at the base. Aperture slightly oblique, small, long-
oval; colurnellar margin lightly arcuate, a little dilated, not
truncate. Length 8, diani. 1.66, aperture 1.75 mm. long.
(Gredl).

China: Hunan, very likely on the Ape Mountain (Fuchs) ;
Kuang-si.

Stenogyra gracilior GREDL., Jahrb. d. M. Ges. viii, p. 117,
pi. 6, 'f. 3; Nachrbl. 1890, p. 153.— Opeas pyrgula A. Ad.,
GREDL., Malak. Bl. ix, 1887, p. 142.

An extremely slender shell, which Gredler subsequently
referred to 0. pyrgula A. Ad., I think erroneously. It is
certainly related to 0. filaris Hde.

49. 0. VESTITUM (Heude). PI. 20, figs. 34, 35.

Shell oblong-turriculate, covered-perforate, covered with a
silky epidermis, whitish, striatulate. Spire long-conic;
whorls 8, regularly increasing, joined by a slightly impressed
suture, the last whorl less than a third the total length.
Aperture obliquely piriform, sinuated, the columellar margin
dilated, a little reflexed, umbilicus very narrow. Length,
14, diam. 3.5 mm. (Hde.} .

China: Shanghai and ravines at Song-kiang, quite com-
mon. (Hde.}.

Stenogyra vestita HDE., Notes sur les Mollusques terrestres
de la Vallee du Fleuve Bleu, Memoires concernant 1'Histoire
Naturelle de 1'Empire Chinois, p. 55, pi. 17, f. 26 (1882).

50. 0. HYEMALE (Heude). PI. 20, figs. 36, 37.

Shell turriculate-elongate, covered with a brownish, silky
cuticle, striatulate, pellucid ; spire conic, the apex rather ob-
tuse, whorls 7, flattened, joined by a scalar suture, the last
whorl more than half the total length. Aperture oval, colu-
mellar margin nearly equal to the outer lip, subarcuate, a
little reflexed; umbilicus very narrow. Length 8.5, diam.
2.5mm. (Hde}.

China : high on the mountains of Kiun-tcheu, Hupe.

Stenogyra hyemalis HEUDE, Mem., p. 56, pi. 17, f. 25.

166 OPEAS, CHINA.

51. 0. FILARE (Heude). PI. 20, figs. 38, 39.

Shell subpellucid, striatulate, slightly ta wny- whitish ; spire
filar and scalar, whorls 7, a little flattened, and separated by
an impressed suture; the last whorl half the total length.
Aperture rounded at base, narrow, the columellar margin
straight, short; outer margin strongly oblique, the umbilicus
very narrow. Length 7, diam. 2 mm. (Hde.).

China: Limestone rocks of the mountains of Ning-kuo fu;
two specimens (Hde.}.

Stenogyra filaris HDE., Mem. p. 56, pi. 17, f. 27.

Related to 0. gracilior and 0. pyrgula.

52.. 0. FUNICULAEE (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 40.

Shell turriculate-filar, glossy whitish, striatulate. Spire
long, acute. Whorls 7, rather flattened, separated by a wide
and quite deep suture, regularly increasing, very oblique, the
last less in length than the rest of the shell. Aperture regu-
larly oval, rather acute above; columellar margin very short,
a little dilated and reflexed over the narrow umbilicus.
Length 9, diam. 2.5 mm. (Hde.}.

China: Shanghai and at Song-kiang fu, quite abundant
(Hde.}.

Stenogyra funicularis HDE., Mem. p. 56, pi. 17, f. 28.

53. 0. NANKINGENSE (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 41.

Shell turriculate-conic, white, pellucid, striatulate; spire
long, rather obtuse ; whorls 7, regularly increasing, joined by
a scalar suture, the last as long as the others taken together.
Aperture rounded-rectangular, the lateral margins subpar-
allel, a little unequal, columellar margin rather wide, dilated
over the umbilicus. Length 8.5, diam. 2.5 mm. Animal
yellowish- white (Hde. } .

China: hills below Nanking, very rare.

Stenogyra nankingensis HDE., Mem. p. 57, pi. 17, f. 24.

54. 0. LUCIDULUM (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 42.

Shell turriculate-conic, pellucid corneous, striatulate ; spire

OPEAS, CHINA. 167

obtuse ; whorls 6, regularly increasing, a little convex, joined
by a deep suture, the last half the total length. Aperture
squarish-rounded, the lateral margins subparallel, subequal,
lower margin slightly arcuate, umbilicus narrow. Length
7.5, diam. 2.5 mm. (Hde.).

China: on the city wall of Ning-kuo fu, very rare.

Stenogyra lucidula HDE., Mem., p. 58, pi. 17, f. 23.

Described from one specimen.

55. 0. LAPILLINUM (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 43.

Shell turriculate-conic, pellucid, striatulate; spire obtuse;
whorls 6, a little flattened, joined by a deep suture, regularly
increasing, the last half the total length. Aperture widely
oval, lateral margins unequal, the columellar margin short,
narrow, subarcuate, the outer margin straightened, long,
basal margin widely arcuate, unibilicus narrow. Length 8,
diam. 2.5 mm. (Ede.).

China: hills of Song-kiang, rare.

Stenogyra lapillina HDE., Mem. p. 58, pi. 17, f. 22.

"It is less swollen than the preceding, and the angle of
the columellar with the upper margin is decidedly more
rounded. ' '

56. 0. SPOLIATUM (Heude). PL 20, fig. 44.

Shell turriculate-conic, whitish, subpellucid, striatulate ;
spire obtuse; whorls 6, convex, joined by a subscalar suture,
the last whorl as long as the rest of the spire. Aperture
quadrate-oval, the columellar margin narrow, straight, and
forms nearly a right angle with the basal margin ; basal mar-
gin oblique, slightly arcuate; outer margin nearly straight;
umbilicus narrow. Length 7.5, diam. 2.5 mm. (Hde.).

China: Shanghai, not common.

Stenogyra spoliata HDE., Mem. p. 58, pi. 17, f. 21.

"It approaches S. lucidula; the last whorl is larger, the
mouth wider, and the columellar margin narrower and long.

57. 0. INFLATULUM (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 45.

Shell conic-ovoid, rather solid, white, striatulate; spire

168 OPEAS, CHINA.

conic, obtuse ; whorls 5, joined by a scalar, impressed suture,
at first regularly increasing, the last whorl swollen and
greater than half the total length. Aperture oval-piriform,
quite narrow; outer margin nearly straight, basal margin
obliquely convex, columellar margin short and dilated above
over the very narrow umbilicus. Length 6, diam. 2.5 mm.
(Hde.).

China : south of Ning-kuo f u, on ruined walls and stones.

Stenogyra inflatula HDE., Mem. p. 59, pi. 17, f. 20.

58. 0. TURGIDULUM (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 46.

Shell ovoid-conic, pellucid- whitish, striatulate; spire short,
obtuse; whorls 5, joined by a scalar suture, the first three
slowly, fourth and fifth more rapidly increasing. Fifth
whorl ample, two-thirds the total length, and very much
swollen. Aperture quadrate-oblong, the sides unequal, outer
margin longer, straightened, basal margin slightly convex,
columellar margin short, dilated, forming nearly a right angle
with the basal. Umbilicus narrow. Length 5.5, diam. 2.5
mm. (Hde.).

China: Shanghai and hills of Song-kiang fu, common.

Stenogyra turgidida HDE., Mem. p. 59, pi. 17, f. 19.

"This Stenogyre is quite common in Shanghai and its en-
virons. It is the most egg-shaped of our species. The whorls
are more oblique to the axis than those of S. inflatula."

59. 0. AUBRYANUM (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 47.

Shell small, fragile, ovate-conic; spire acute; whorls 7,
joined by an impressed scalar suture; epidermis dirty, but
slightly adherent. Aperture straight, oval, the columellar
margin straight. Length 11, diam. 5 mm.

Stenogyra a., HEUDE, Mem., p. 117, pi. 30, f. 18.

China: Province Koue-tcheou.

60. 0. UTRICULUS (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 48.

Shell small, fragile, glassy-pellucid, conic-pupoid, the spire
attenuate, whorls 6, subinflated, joined by an impressed sut-
ure, the last whorl half the total length. Aperture straight,

OPEAS, CHINA. 169

rhombic, the columellar margin straight. Length 9, diam.
4.5 mm.

Stenogyra u., HEUDE, Mem. p. 117, pi. 30, f. 19.

China: Tchen-k'eou.

61. 0. FARGESIANUM (Heude). PL 19, fig. 11.

Shell small, elongate-conic, subpellucid, spire conic, whorls
7, a little swollen, regularly increasing. Aperture straight,
columellar margin short, straight. Length 10, width 2 mm.
(Hde.).

China: Tchen-k'eou.

Stenogyra f., HDE., Mem. p. 117, pi. 30, f. 20.

62. 0. PAUVELIANUM (Heude). PI. 19, fig. 12.

Shell small, turriculate-conic ; spire acute; whorls 7, flat-
tened, joined by a subimpressed suture, regularly increasing;
aperture straight, small; columellar margin very short, di-
lated. Length 9, diam. 2 mm. (Hde.).

China: Han-k'eou (A. Fauvel) ; Yong-tcheou fu (Fuchs).

Stenogyra f., HDE., Mem. p. 117, pi. 30, f. 21.

63. 0. SETCHUANENSE (Heude). PI. 19, fig. 17.

Shell thin, fragile, 'covered with a worn cuticle, long-conic;
spire acute, whorls 8, regularly increasing, inflated, joined by
an impressed suture. Aperture straight, narrow; columellar
margin straight, dilated, subreflexed. Length 14, diam. 5
mm. (Hde.}.

China: Koue-tcheou fu, quite abundant.

Stenogyra s., HDE., Mem. p. 118, pi. 30, f. 17.

64. 0. HUNANENSE (Gredler). PI. 19, fig. 14.

Shell turrited-cylindric, subperforate, obtusely and not
regularly striate, glossy, pellucid, whitish-corneous. Whorls
91/2 to 10, a little convex, joined by an impressed suture,
gradually increasing, the last moderate in size. Aperture
tetragonal-ovate, columella rather straight, twisted, narrowly
arcuate at the base, not subtruncate, the columellar margin
reflexed, free, not adnate. Length 15 to 16, diam. 3.5 mm.;
penult, whorl 2, last whorl 3 mm. high. (Gredl.).

170 OPEAS, CHINA.

China: province Hunan (Fuchs).

Stenogyra (Opeas} hunanensis GREDL., Archiv f. Natur-
geschichte 1., 1884, p. 271, pi. 19, f. 3.

According to Gredler it differs from 8. nutans by the
smaller size, the last whorl not dilated, and the vertical
columella. It is characterized among Chinese species by the
cylindric form and the size, which is exceeded by S. nutans
only.

65. 0. KUANGSIENSE (Gredler). PI. 19, fig. 15.

Very similar to S. hunanensis, but more slender, long-tur-
rite, more strongly and regularly striate, especially at the
more sloping and impressed suture, glossy, waxy-whitish.
Whorls 8%, rather flat, very slightly terraced at the sutures,
regularly increasing, the last whorl slightly widened. Aper-
ture narrow, long-ovate, subperpendicular ; columella arcuate,
converging to the base, slightly truncate, outer margin of the
peristome straight behind the middle, a little inflexed.
Length 14, diam. 3 mm. (Gredl.}.

China: northeastern part of the province Kuang-si.

Stenogyra, (Opeas) kiiangsiensis GREDL., Archiv f. Naturg.
1, 1884, p. 272, pi. 19, f. 4.

Stands so near to 0. hunanus [hunanensis] that it can be
distinguished only by comparison. The more slender shape, the
less breadth of the upper and middle whorls especially, are
conspicuous. It is also less conically turrited, more fusiform
than hunanus, the whorls are flatter and the suture less im-
pressed. It is smaller than hunanensis and has a whorl less.
( Gredler} .

66. 0. ARCTISPIRALE (Gredler). PI. 19, fig. 16.

Shell small, subperforate, subulate, very densely hair-
striatulate, with a silken luster, whitish (?). Whorls 10, a
little convex, slowly increasing, twice as wide as high, the
last and penultimate whorls subequal. Aperture tetragonal-
ovate, short ; columella a little arcuate, the columellar margin
narrowly expanded, scarcely adnate. Length 9, diam. 2.33
mm. (Gredl.}.

OPEAS, CHINA. 171

China: Patong, in southwestern Hupe (Fuchs).

Stenogyra (Opeas) arctispira GREDLER, Arehiv f. Naturg.
\, 1884, p. 273, pi. 19, f. 5; not of Martens, 1867.— Opeas
arctispiralis GREDL., Malak. Bl. (n. F.) ix, p. 142.

A small and slender, acuminate-turrited species, character-
ized by the close convolution of its 10 whorls and the low
mouth, scarcely higher than the penult, whorl. The fine
thread-lite striation, which it shares with several Chinese
species, dims its gloss and gives the cuticle a silky appear-
ance (Gredler).

67. 0. PELLITUM (Gredler).

Shell perforate, turriculate, densely and strongly striate,
pale-corneous tout clothed with a brownish hair-striate, silky
epidermis, the apex smooth and rather obtuse; spire acute.
Whorls 8y2, the first 4 convex, small, the rest gradually in-
creasing, high and flatter, joined by an oblique, impressed
suture. Aperture narrow, long-ovate, the columellar mar-
gin dilated, a little reflexed, the outer lip rather inflexed.
Length 10.5, width 2.5 mm. (Gredl.).

China: district of Yin-tcheu-fu, Hunan (Fuchs).

Stenogyra (Opeas) pellita GREDL., Jahrb. d. D. Malak.
Ges. xi, 1884, p. 147.

Comparable in aspect with a large Stenogyra gracilior or
a small funicularis. From the figure of the last, pellita
differs in having the last whorl less inflated. The shell is
clothed with a transversely striate, fibrous, brownish
epidermis.

68. 0. HEUDEI n. sp. PI. 24, fig. 30.

Shell rimate, turrite, regularly tapering, the sides straight ;
thin, faintly yellowish-corneous, glossy, weakly wrinkle-stri-
ate. "Whorls 7i/2, moderately convex, the suture deeply im-
pressed. Aperture ovate, contained about 3y2 times in the
length of the shell. Columella slightly concave, rather broadly
reflexed above. Length 8.5, diam. 2.7, aperture 2.5 mm.

China: Hangchow, type loc., and Soochow (Hirase).

This species has a smaller apex and more slender, tapering
spire than 0. clavulinum or its Japanese form, kyotoense, but

172 OPE AS, JAPAN.

has about the same size and sculpture. It is slightly more
distinctly striate than 0. mauritianum var. prestoni. 0. gra-
cile is much more strongly striate. While there would seem
to be enough Chinese species described to satisfy anybody,
still I can find none agreeing well with these shells. The
Soochow specimens are more slender, length 8.5, diam. 2.5
mm., with 8 whorls.

VIII. Japanese Species.

Besides the species described below 0. gracile occurs in the
southern islands of the Japanese Empire. 0. javanicum has
been found by von Martens at Tokyo; and A. Adams has
reported 0. fortunei and 0. juncea. The identity of the
latter two is doubtful. Nevill reports a Stenogyra (Opeas)
dubia A. Ad. from Japan (Handlist Ind. Mus., i, 164), but
it is undescribed.

69. 0. SATSUMENSE n. sp. PI. 18, figs. 8, 9.

The shell is imperforate or nearly so, turrite-conic with
straight lateral outlines, thin, greenish-corneous, subtranslu-
cent. The surface has a moderate gloss, and is rather weakly
and very irregularly striate, there being rather coarse, low
wave-like wrinkles with narrower ripples over and among
them, all strongly arcuate; the base is much smoother.
Whorls 7!/2, much flattened, especially the later ones. Suture
narrow and well impressed. The aperture is narrow and
piriform, the outer lip thin, arched forward above, the basal
margin retracted. Columella straight and vertical, not reach-
ing the base, the margin below it bending to the left and re-
tracted; columellar margin is reflexed and closely adnate in
adults, a very narrow perforation existing in the young.

Length 9.8, diam. 3.3, aperture 3.8 mm.

Japan: Kaimonzan, Satsuma (Y. Hirase).

A much more conic shell than 0. gracile, and less sharply,
less regularly striate. The excised base of the columella
reminds one of 0. javanicum and its allies, which however
are not otherwise closely related. 0. kyotoense differs by its
distinct perforation and the shape of the aperture.

OPEAS, JAPAN. 173

70. 0. BREVISPIRA Pilsbry. PI. 21, fig. 7.

Shell perforate, oblong, very short for the genus, corneous,
translucent, glossy, weakly, wrinkle-striate, the strije arcuate.
Spire short, regularly tapering to the obtuse apex. Whorls
5^, moderately convex. Aperture long, rhombic-ovate, the
outer lip arched forward in the middle, columellar lip re-
flexed, net adnate except at the insertion, columella straight.
Length 6, diam. 3, length of aperture 2.6 mm.

Opeas brevispira PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1904, p. 637.

Japan: Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase) ; Sakura Island,
in Kagoshima Bay.

Similar to 0. kyotoensis in the obtuse apex, open perfora-
tion, bright gloss and striation, but differing in being very
much shorter and broader. The short contour is quite un-
usual in this genus. It needs comparison with 0. turgidulum
and 0. utriculus Heude, of China, one of which may prove to
be identical with brevispira. Opeas opella is also allied.

71. 0. PYRGULA Schm. & Bttg. PI. 21, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Shell moderately rimate, slender, subulate, thin, glossy,
hyaline ; spire regularly elongate-turrite, apex rather obtuse.
Whorls 7y2, very slowly increasing, very slightly convex,
separated by a deep, subcrenulate suture, irregularly striate,
the stria1 deeply curved, stronger below the suture; the last
whorl flattened, rounded peripherally, one-fourth the alt. of
the shell. Aperture subvertical, the base a little receding,
elongate-rhomboidal, or oblong and angular at both ends.
Peristome simple, acute, the margin above rather straightly
descending, slightly rounded forward, below a little curved.
Length 8, diam. 2%, alt. apert. 2%, width 1% mm.
(S. & Bttg.}

Japan: Kobe (Maltzan, type loc.) ; Hirado, Hizen; Kas-
hima, Harima; Kyoto; Sado I.; Tsukiyashi, Mino (Y. Hirase).
Chichijima, Bonin Is. (Hirase), South Cape, Formosa.
China: Macao, Yanghu near Fuchow, Hunan and Hainan
(Schmacker).

Opeas pyrgula (A. Ad.) SCHMACKER & BOETTGER,

174 OPEAS, EAST INDIES.

Nachrichtsblatt. D. Malak. Ges. 1891, p. 179, 180.— ? Opeas
pyrgula A. ADAMS, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1868, i, p. 459 (nude
name; no locality). — MLLDFF., Journ. As. Soc. Beng. liv., pt.
2, 1885, p. 61 (no description).

The shell is very narrow. The last two or three whorls
are much flattened, only slightly convex, but parted by deep
sutures which are more or less crenulated in places by short
slender stria? below them, the rest of the surface being only
rather weakly wrinkle-striate. The columella is concave,
Avidely reflexed above. The outer lip is only very weakly
arched forward. Specimens measure:

Length 9, diam. 2.1, aperture 2.3 mm., whorls 7y2. Hirado.

Length 7, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm., whorls 7. Mino.

Well distinguished by its club-like shape, narrower than
()[>eas gracile, and by the deep, weakly crenulate suture,
separating somewhat flattened whorls. The aperture
is longer than in related forms. Fig. 8 is from Kashima,
Harima; figs. 9 and 10 from Chichijirna (Peel Island), in
the Bonin group.

IX. East Indian species : Sumatra, Java, Celebes and the
Moluccas, etc.; New Caledonia.

Opeas gracile occurs throughout this region, and 0. javani-
c-uin is widely distributed in the northern islands.

72. 0. DENSESPIBATUM (Mousson).

Shell subumbilicate, .shortly turrite, rudely and irregularly
transversely striate, the striae oblique and straight, and
marked with other very minute, interrupted, decussating
strias, covered with a pale, opaque cuticle. Spire truncate-
involute, rather acute; suture much impressed. Whorls 7~y2,
convex, the last one-third the length of the spire, tapering.
Aperture oblique, long-ovate; peristome unexpanded, acute;
onlcr margin straight, rather remote above, basal regularly
arcuate, columellar long, straight, widely reflexed over the
narrow umbilicus. Length 18, diam. 6.5 mm. (Mouss.}

Java: near Buitenzorg, very rare (Zollinger).

Bulimus densespiratus Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl. 1857,

OPEAS, EAST INDIES. 175

p. 159. — Stenogyra d., MARTS., Ostas. Zool. p. 374; Pfr.,
Nomenclator Hel. Viv. p. 320 (but by error "8. densestriata
Mss." in index, p. 596). — Acicula fusiformis Hasselt, on un-
published plate 14, fig. 2, according to von Martens.

"Similar to arctispira, but with the same number of
whorls it is larger, with fine spiral strise, the last whorl one-
third the total length" (Marts.).

*

73. O. ARCTISPIRA (Martens). PL 19, fig. 25.

Shell rimate, conic-turrite, lightly striatulate, eostulate at
the suture, rather glossy, apex somewhat acute. Whorls 8,
gradually increasing, obese, a little convex, parted by a mod-
erately impressed suture, the last whorl slightly larger than
the penultimate, rounded, somewhat flattened basally. Aper-
ture nearly vertical, rhombic-ovate, small, less than a third the
total length; columellar margin perpendicular, reflexed
above, tapering towards the base, not truncate. Length 7,
diam. 3, aperture 1x1.5 mm. (v. Marts.)

Java: Anjer, on Sunda Strait (Marts.) ; Buitenzorg
(Zollinger).

Stenogyra arctispira MARTS., Ostas. Zool., ii, p. 374, pi. 22,
f. 10 (1867). — Bulimus arctispirus Marts., PFR. Monogr. vi,
p. 102.

"Distinguished from all Indian species known to me by
the slow increase of the whorls, which are always much wider
than high. In this feature it finds a parallel only in the
somewhat larger American Stenogyra caraccasensis."

74. 0. KEMENSE (Sarasin). PI. 19, fig. 27.

Shell conic, turrite, obese, obtuse above, very narrowly
umbilicate, thin and glossy. Whorls 6y2, lightly convex,
rather rapidly increasing, separated by a deeply cut suture,
the last whorl ventricose, fully half the shell's length, and
about double that of the penult whorl. Aperture vertical,
narrowly pirif orm ; peristome acute, the ends connected by a
thin callus in some specimens, the columellar margin vertical
and thickened, slightly twisted, reflexed. Sculpture a very
fine arcuate striation. Color white with a yellowish tone.
Length 8, diam. 4 mm.; length 7.75, diam. 3.75 mm.

176 OPEAS, EAST INDIES.

The animal contained very large yellowish eggs.

Celebes: Kema, in the northern part.

Stenogyra (Opeas) kemensis P. et F. SARASIN, Die Land-
Mollusken von Celebes, p. 145, pi. 26, f. 269 (shell), pi. 31,
f. 306 (radula).

''This species is nearly related to 0. ternatana Bttg., but
much smaller and relatively decidedly more ventricose. " It
has much the contour of Curvella.

75. 0. TERNATANUM Boettger. PI. 19, fig, 24.

Similar to a gigantic Opeas clavulinum, but the shell is
more conic, the apex more acute. Shell shortly rimate, conic-
turrited, ventricose, thin, corneous-yellowish, slightly shin-
ing. Spire conic-turrite, the sides slightly convex, apex
acute. Whorls 7, a little convex, rather rapidly increasing,
separated by a linear, impressed suture ; arcuately striatulate,
more distinctly so at the sutures ; the last whorl rather tumid,
two-fifths the shell's length. Aperture perpendicular, nar-
rowly piriform; columella vertical, straightened; slightly
thickened or twisted in the middle; peristome simple, acute,
the margins joined by a callous, right margin arcuately
protracted, basal margin receding, columellar margin spread-
ing and slightly thickened. Length 12.5 to 13.5, diam. 5.25
to 5.5, alt. apert. 5.5, width 3 mm. Alt. to diam. as 1 : 2.42 ;
alt. aperture to alt. of shell as 1: 2.36 (Bttg.)

Moluccas: Ternate.

Opeas ternatanum BTTG., Bericht Senck. naturforsch.
Gesellsch. 1891, p. 273, pi. 3, f. 13.

Similar large and obese forms are foreign to the Moluccas.
The very dull oily luster of the living shell agrees better
with Opeas than with Hapalus ; but by von Martens it is re-
ferred to the latter genus.

76. 0. ACULEUS (Tapperone Canefri).

Shell very similar to panayensis, but much narrower and
longer; whorls 10 or 10y2, plano-convex, separated by a deep,
channelled suture, the last whorl shorter, a half longer than
the penultimate (T. C.)

OPEAS, LOMBOCK AND NEW CALEDONIA. 177

Moluccas: Axnboina (Dr. Beccari).

Stenogyra, aculeus T. C., Annali Mus. Civ. Geneva xx, p.
144, 1884.

77. 0. SOROR (Smith). PI. 16, fig. 84.

Shell turrite, rimate, corneous-pellucid, glossy, sculptured
with oblique, flexuous growth striae; spire subgradate, obtuse
at the apex. Whorls 7, very convex, slowly increasing. Ap-
erture straight, inversely auriform, about one-third the total
length; peristome thin, the outer lip arcuately projecting,
columellar lip reflexed, obliquely subtruncate below. Length
11, diani. nearly 4 mm. (Smith).

Lombock I.

Subulina (Nothus) soror E. A. SMITH, Proe. Malac. Soc.
Lond. iii, p. 30, pi. 2, f. 15 (April, 1898).

"Very like 8. simplex Guppy from Trinidad in form, but
not so strongly sculptured. Stenogyra semperi Hid. from
Mindanao is also an allied species."

78. 0. BREVIUS (Smith). PL 16, fig. 85.

Shell 'Covered-perforate, turrited, thin, pellucid, corneous,
glossy, sculptured with growth striae. Spire moderately
lengthened, obtuse at the apex; whorls 6, conspicuously con-
vex. Aperture inversely auriform, scarcely one-third the
total length; peristome thin, the outer margin arching for-
ward; eolurnella lightly thickened, reflexed, slightly truncate
obliquely or somewhat twisted below. Length 9, diam. 4
mm. (Smith).

Lombock Island (A. Everett).

Subulina, (Nothus) brevior E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc.
London iii, p. 30, pi. 2, f. 16 (April, 1898).

"Shorter and proportionally broader than 8. soror, with a
more indistinct columellar truncation or oblique basal fold or
twist."

79. 0. PRONYENSE (Gassies). PI. 24, fig. 33.

Shell very minute, imperforate, pale corneous, translucent,
thin, diaphanous, glossy, longitudinally delicately striatulate.

178 OPEAS, NEW CALEDONIA, PHILIPPINE IS.

Whorls 5, slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last form-
ing half the total length; suture deep, apex rather obtuse.
Aperture ovate-rounded; columella arcuate, calloused above,
slightly spreading below ; peristome continuous, simple, acute.
Length 3.5, diam. 2 mm. (Gass}.

New Caledonia: Prony Bay (Rossiter).

Bulimus (Subulina) pronyensis GASS. Journ. de ConchyL
1879, p. 126; Fauna Conchyliologique terr. et fluv. de la
Nouvelle-Caledonie iii, 1880, p. 43, pi. 3, f. 18 (in Actes Soc.
Linn, de Bordeaux, vol. 34) .

A single specimen, now in Gassies' collection was found
inside the shell of Diplomplialus megei. Its most prominent
feature is the callous thickening of the parietal wall near the
posterior angle of the aperture, which if normal indicates
that the species is not an Opeas.

80. 0. BLANCHARDIANUM (Gassies). PL 24, fig. 33a.

Shell imperforate, elongate, thin, corneous, pale, covered
with a very thin cuticle, very minutely striated longitudin-
ally. Whorls 8, rounded, gradually increasing, the apex
papillar, the last whorl angulate at the base; suture deep,
crenulate. Aperture ovate, columellar margin covering the
umbilical crevice. Peristome simple, slightly thickened.
Length 8, diam. 3.5 mm., diam. at summit 1.5 mm. (Gass.).

New Caledonia: in the interior (coll. Raynal).

Bulimus blanchardianus GASS., Fauna Conch. Nouvelle-
Caledonie, 1863, p. 53, pi. 6, f. 1. — Subulina f Uanchardiana
Gass., CROSSE, Journ. de Conch. 1894, p. 300.

"It is especially remarkable for the nearly right-angled
lower margin. ' ' A form known only by the original descrip-
tion and figure which may have been based upon a broken
or abnormal shell, or possibly upon a marine form.

For other New Caledonian species see under 0. gracile.

X. Philippine and Caroline Island Species.

81. 0. SEMPERI (Hidalgo). PI. 19, fig. 28.

Shell slightly perforate, oblong-turrite, thin, lightly striatu-
late, pellucid, glossy, corneous. Spire elongated, the apex

OPEAS, PHILIPPINE IS. 179

rather obtuse ; suture impressed. Whorls T1/^, convex, the last
one-third the total length. Coluniella narrow, vertical, a
little reflexed above. Aperture vertical, ovate-sub truncate,
basally rounded; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length
10.5, diam. 3.5 mm. (Hid.}.

Mainit, Mindanao.

Stenoyyra, semperi HID., Journ. de Conchyl. 1888, p. 36,
pi. 6, f. 3.

A specimen before me seems to be a short, stout Opeas,
not unlike some forms of Japan and China. The outer lip
is strongly arched forward. The vertical columella shows, in
some specimens, a barely noticeable oblique truncation be-
low. The species seems closely related to 0. ternatanum
Bttg., a larger and more distinctly truncate species. It is
more obese than 0. mauritianum.

82. 0. PILOSUM (Semper).

Shell conic-turrited, covered perforate, densely and very
minutely striate, encircled with hair-bearing spiral lines, the
hairs very minute ; apex rather acute. Whorls 6, slowly in-
creasing, slightly convex, the last tapering below. Aperture
subvertical, long-ovate ; columellar margin straight, rather
broadly reflexed at the insertion, over the very narrow um-
bilicus. Length 10, diam. 4, aperture 4x2 mm. (Semper}.

Luzon : Mt. Mariveles near Manila, at 2-3000 ft,

Stenogyra pilosa SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Land-
Moll., p. 138.

Distinguished by the hairs on the fine and close spiral lines,
which are so small as to be visible under the lens only in a
good light.

83. 0. MONTANUM (Semper).

Shell ovate-oblong, the apex rather obtuse, covered perfor-
ate, smooth, glossy, very pale-corneous. Whorls 6, convex,
the last about two-fifths the total length, base rounded.
Aperture ovate-tetragonal, the columellar margin straight,
broadly reflexed, nearly closing the narrow umbilicus.
Length 5.5, dia<m. 2.33, aperture 2x1 mm. (Setup.*).

180 OPE AS, PHILIPPINE IS.

Luzon: Mt. Arayat and Antipole Mts.

? Stenogyra montana SEMP., Reisen p. 139.

84. 0. ARAYATENSE (Semper).

Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, the apex obtuse, pellucid,
very smooth, glossy. Whorls 7, rounded, gradually increas-
ing, the base of the last rounded, one-third the total length.
Aperture ovate- trigonal, subvertical, the columellar margin
inflexed at base, strongly reflexed at the insertion. Length
8, diani. 3, aperture 2.5x1.5 nun. (Semp.).

Luzon: Mt. Arayat,

f Stenogyra arayatensis SEMPER, Reisen p. 139.

85. 0. MINUTUM (Semper).

Shell ovate-conic, glossy, diaphanous, waxen, covered per-
forate, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5y2, nearly flat, the last one-
third the total length. Aperture ovate-oblong; columellar
margin widely reflexed at the insertion. Length 5, diani. 2,
aperture 1.5x1 mm. (Semp.)

Luzon: Mt. Arayat.

£ Stenogyra minuta SEMPER, Reisen p. 139.

86. 0. HEXAGYRUM Boettger. PI. 19, fig. 26.

Shell small, rimate, cylindric-turrite, thin, glossy, hyaline ;
spire high-turrited, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, very slowly
increasing, planulate, separated by a deep, very narrowly
hair-line margined suture, striatulate, the striae deeply
curved ; the last whorl slightly subangular at the periphery,
two-sevenths the shell's length, the base sloping. Aperture
oblique, the base strongly receding, suboval, angular at both
ends; peristome simple, acute, the upper margin straight-
ened, roundly protracted above, lower margin moderately
curved, forming a subacute angle with the columella, which
is lightly reflexed above over the umbilical chink. Length 5,
<li;im. 1.r>, aperture 1.5 x .75 mm. (Bttg.).

Cebu: Monte Licos (Mlldff.).

Opeas hcxagyrum BTTG., Bericht Senckenb. Ges. 1890, p.
248, pi. 8, f. 11.

OPEAS, PHILIPPINE IS. 181

"No similar small slender blunt-spired forms are known
to me in this genus." (Bttg.). It resembles 0. pyrgula
very closely in shape, but is smaller and a little more deeply
striate.

87. 0. NITIDUM Quadras et Moellendorff.

Shell rimate, slenderly fusiform, thin, pellucid, very lightly
striatulate, very glossy, yellowish; spire gradually tapering,
the apex obtuse. Whorls 6y2, planulate, separated by a very
deeply impressed, subinarginate, subcrenulate suture. Aper-
ture nearly vertical, roundly rhomboidal; peristorne thin,
acute, the outer margin strongly arched forward; columellar
margin dilated above, reflexed. Length 6.5, diam. 2 mm.
(Mlldjf.).

Northern Luzon: villages of Lallo and Sanchez Mira
(Quadras).

Opeas nitidum Q. & M., Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges. Nov.-Dec.
1893, p. 177.

88. 0. SUBCRENULATUM Moellendorff.

Shell rimate, slenderly subfusiform, thin, subpellucid, very
closely but distinctly striatulate, silky, pale-yellowish. Spire
gradually tapering, slender, the apex obtuse. Whorls Q1/^,
a little convex, flattened in the middle, more distinctly striate
at the deeply impressed suture. Aperture a little oblique,
rounded- rhomboidal, the peristome unexpanded, acute; colu-
mellar margin reflexed, appressed. Light 11.5, diam. 3 mm.
(Mlldff.).

Caramuan, Camarines province.

Opeas siibcrenulatum Mlldff., Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges. xxvii,
July- Aug. 1895, p. 118.

89. 0. PEUINOSUM Moellendorff.

Shell slightly rimate, a little ventricosely turrite, covered
with very short and very deciduous membranous scales;
silky, pale grayish-straw colored. Spire turrite, with slightly
convex sides, the apex rather obtuse, whorls 9, a little con-
vex, separated by a rather deep suture. Aperture vertical,

182 OPEAS, POLYNESIA.

subrhomboidal, the peristome unexpanded, acute, the right
margin arched forward, columellar margin reflexed, ap-
pressed. Length 12.75, diarn. 4.75 mm. (Mlldff.}

Caroline Is.: Ponape (Kubary).

Opeas pruinosum MLLDFF., Journ. of Malacol. vii, 1900,
p. 114.

"This species belongs to the group of 0. clavulinum
P. & M. but is well characterized by the curious sculpture
which gives it a somewhat hoary aspect."

90. 0. KUSAIENSE Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 16, figs. 89, 90, 91.

Shell perforate or rimate, turrited-conic, rather short, with
nearly straight lateral outlines, olivaceous-corneous, a little
translucent, often more or less varied with white spots and
dots; not glossy, but having a silky luster. Sculpture of
very close, fine, deeply cut, strongly arcuate stria?. Whorls
7 to 7%, quite convex, parted by a well-impressed suture, the
last whorl rounded below. Aperture ovate-rhombic. Colu-
mella concave in the middle, somewhat protruding below,
where it tapers or is obliquely subtruncate. Columellar mar-
gin reflexed as usual. Length 9.5, diam. 3.6, length aperture
3.4 mm.

Length 10.3, diarn. 3.8, length aperture 4 mm.

Caroline Is.: Kusaie (L. M. McCormick).

A stouter, more compact shell than 0. javanicum, but with
similar sculpture. 0. pruinosum Mlldff. is doubtless closely
related, but is larger with differently developed sculpture.
In 0. kusaiense there seem to be delicate cuticular lamellae
on the rib-striae, Avhich gather and hold a coating of soil. On
washing the shell, these laminae are removed. The most obese
specimen in the type lot of over fifty shells measures, length
9, diam. 3.9, aperture 3.9 mm., whorls 7.

XI. Polynesian and Microncsicm Species.

Opeas gracile and 0. oparanum are the prevalent species
in this region. In the Hawaiian islands a number of wide-
ranging forms have colonized, the following being known :
0. oparanum (pyrgiscus] , 0. mauritianum, 0. clavulinum

OPEAS, POLYNESIA. 183

kawaiense, 0. javanicum, 0. opella, and 0. goodalli, the lat-
ter being found in Manoa valley, Oahu.

Probably not one of these is truly indigenous, though
0. oparanum may have been introduced with the Hawaiian
race. The rest were probably brought within the period of
commerce, together with Zonitoides minuscula, Philomycus,
and Agriolimax.

In general, 0. oparanum has a more eastern, 0. gracile
a more western distribution in the Pacific.

91. 0. OPARANUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 22, figs. 1, 2, 3, 12; pi. 24.
fig. 39.

••&•

Shell subimperforate, subulate, longitudinally distinctly
striate, thin, waxy-hyaline; spire subulate, rather acute;
whorls 9, slightly convex, the last about two-sevenths the
total length; columella slightly arcuate. Aperture oblong-
oval; peristome simple, unexpanded, columellar margin very
narrowly reflexed, adnate. Length 11, diam. 3, aperture 3
mm. long, 1.5 wide (Pfr.).

Opara (= Rapa) Island at the roots of plants south of the
Paumotu group (Cuming coll.). Also Polynesia generally.

Bulimus oparanus PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 34 (published in
May, 1846) ; Monogr. ii, p. 158. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi.
87, f. 646.— Opeas o., SMITH, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xx, 1897, p.
414 (Kapaur, New Guinea). — Opeas oparica Pfr., SYKES,
Proc. Malac. Soc. v, p. 198. (New Hebrides on Efate, Vanua
Lava and Valua.)

Stenogyra, tuckeri Pfr., GARRETT, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. viii, p. 392 ; ix, p. 43 : P. Z. S. 1887, p. 185 ; Bull. Soc.
Mai. France 1887, p. 20; Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1887, p. 131
(synonymy; range in Polynesia). — Opeas tuckeri Pfr.,
MLLDFF., Journ. of Malac. vii, 1900, p. 113 (Caroline Is.).

Stenogyra upolensis Mouss., Journ. de Conch. 1865, p. 175
(Upolu, Samoa), with var. minor (Nukuiona, Uvea). — Buli-
mus u., PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 100.

Stenogyra, novemgyrata Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl. 1870,
p. 126 (Oneata). — Bulimus n., PFR. Monogr. viii, p. 138. —

184 OPEAS, POLYNESIA.

Stenogyra gyrata MOUSSON MS. in Mus. Godeffroy, 1885
teste Garrett (undescribed).

Opeas junceus Gld., SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. vi, p.
112, f. 1. (Hawaiian Is.).

Bulimus pyrgiscus PFR. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 24; Malak. Bl.
1861, p. 15; Monogr. vi, p. 97; Novit. Conch, p. 425, pi. 96,
f. 10-12. — Opeas p., SYKES, Proe. Malac. Soc. vi, p. 113, f. 4.

"Differs from 0. subula chiefly by the distinct longitudinal
striae" (Pfr.). The short aperture, not much exceeding one-
fourth the shell's length, and the deep suture, below which
the whorl is abruptly swollen, are characteristic, and in full-
grown shells serve to separate the species from 0. gracile.

In this species the whorls are not very convex but the su-
tures are very deeply impressed. The surface is finely striate
and usually not very glossy. Under a compound microscope
some fine spiral strife may usually be seen. The umbilical
crevice is very narrow. There is often a small prominence
near the base of the columella, but in many lots this is want-
ing. The apical whorls are smooth. There is a good deal
of variation in size.

Mr. Sykes gives no reference to connect his 0. oparica with
Pfeiffer's B. oparanus, yet the similarity of the names sug-
gests that oparica, is an emendation or error. The references
given above probably pertain in part to 0. gracile. Steno-
gyra (Opeas) striolata Pease, Sandwich Is., (W. Newcomb),
recorded in Nevill, Handlist Ind. Mus., Moll., pi. 1, p. 166,
1878, Stenogyra bacillaris Mouss., Paetel, Catalog, p. 104,
Tutuila, and Obeliscus annaensis Beck, from I. Annaa, Index
Moll. p. 62, are nude names, applying perhaps to forms of
0. oparanum or gracile.

Andrew Garrett considered all Polynesian Opeas to be-
long to one species, which he called 0. tuckeri Pfr. I have
elsewhere shown that the real tuckeri does not enter Poly-
nesia. The Polynesian specimens I have seen are divisible
into two species: (1) 0. gracile with regularly rounded
whorls usually puckered below the suture, and. a long, rather
narrow aperture, and (2) a form with the later whorls more
flattened, tumid below the deep suture, the aperture de-

OPEAS, POLYNESIA. 185

cidedly shorter, and the whole shell usually more lengthened.
The names B. oparanus and B. pyrgiscus Pfr., 8. upolensis
and 8. novemgyratus Mousson seem to 'be based upon vary-
ing forms of species (2). It is likely that further study with
large series, would result in the recognition of a number of
local subspecies; but this must be left to some one who can
give some weeks to the question.

Pfefffer did not illustrate his type of oparanum. Reeve's
figure of a supposed topotype, copied in my pi. 22, fig. 12,
may not be the same species. I have seen numerous speci-
mens from the following groups: Hawaii, Marquesas, Pau-
motu, Society.

In the Hawaiian Is. the form has been called 0. pyrgiscus
Pfr. The original description and figure follow. B. pyrgis-
cus, pi. 22, fig. 5. Shell subperforate, turrite, rather solid,
very lightly striate, whitish; spire elongate, the apex rather
acute, suture deep. Whorls 9, a little convex, the last two-
ninths the total length, not tapering at base ; columella very
slightly arcuate. Aperture slightly oblique, angular-oval ;
peristorne simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin nar-
rowly reflexed, subadnate. Length 13, diam. 3, aperture 2.75
x 1.5 mm. Sandwich Is. (Pfr.}.

A large specimen from Maui is figured, pi. 22, fig. 1. It
measures, length 11.3, diam. 3, aperture 3 mm., with 8!/2
whorls. One from Oahu, pi. 22, fig. 2, is 9.3 mm. long, diam.

2.4, aperture 2.4 mm., whorls 8y2. The suture is distinctly
crenulate. Others are before me from Hilo, Hawaii and
Kaunakakai, Molokai (R. C. McGregor, 1900), and from
Manoa valley and Round Top, Oahu, and Kona crater, Kona,
Hawaii (Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum). Young shells,
one-third to a half grown, have much the appearance of
0. gracile. The smallest one I have seen containing an egg
is 7 mm. long.

Marquesas Is. A large series consists wholly of rather
small and short though mature examples, pi. 22, fig. 3, length

9.5, diam. 2.8, aperture 2.8 mm., with 8 whorls.' The suture
is not crenulate, but the whorl bulges abruptly below it. The
columella is concave and thin below.

186 OPEAS, POLYNESIA.

Society Is. (HuaJiine) and Gambier I. or Mangareva in the
Paumotu group have a form similar to the Hawaiian pyrgiscus
in shape, but the columella is thickened by a low tooth-like
callus below (pi. 24, fig. 39, Mangareva). Half -grown shells
have the same columellar thickening. The specimen figured
is 10.8 mm. long. Those from the Society Is. are somewhat
smaller. A single specimen said to be from New Caledonia
is similar, but I am not certain of the locality.

92. 0. HEPTAGYEUM Boettger.

Differs from the allied species by the small peculiarly cyl-
indric shell of sufooqual whorls, the apex obtuse, suture very
deep. Shell small, perforate-rimate, subcylindric-subulate,
thin, silky, waxy-hyaline ; spire subulate, very slowly in-
creasing, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7, a little convex, flattep
below, separated by a very deep suture, distinctly but very
delicately striate, slowly increasing; the last whorl slightly
flattened in the middle, one-fourth the length of the shell.
Aperture small, oblong-oval; peristome simple, acute, the
right margin a little straightened, columellar margin very
narrowly reflexed; columella slightly arcuate, concave.
Length 6.12, diam. 2, alt. aperture 1.5, width 1 mm. (Bttg.).

Marshall Is.: Nauru (Paul Schnee).

Opeas heptagyrum BTTG., Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst.,
Geogr. u. Biol. Thiere, xx, 1904, p. 411.

"Seems to stand near 0. tuckeri Pfr. from Sir Charles
Hardy's Island, etc., but differs from the original diagnosis of
Pfeiffer by the decidedly obtuse apex, 7 instead of 9 whorls,
and by the index of width 1 :3,06, while 0. tuckeri has the in-
dex 1 :3,27, and must thus be narrower. Both are distin-
guished from other related species by the cylindric shape and
conspicuously short last whorl. (Bttg.).

This is probably identical with 0. oparanum, or varietally
distinct by its smaller size. I have seen no Opeas from the
Marshall group.

93. 0. OPELLA Pilsbry & Vanatta. PL 24, fig. 36.

Shell cream-colored, glossy, indistinctly irregularly striate,

OPEAS, POLYNESIA. 187

rather stout, apex obtuse, whorls six, moderately convex,
body-whorl high, umbilicus very small, aperture ovate more
than one-third the height of the shell, outer lip evenly arched,
columella sinuous and reflexed over the umbilical perforation.
Alt. 6.8, diam. 2.9 mm.

Hawaiian Is.: Honolulu (W. H. Rush, type loc.) ; Hilo,
Hawaii (McGregor).

Ope'as opella P. & V., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. for 1905, p.
785, fig. 1.

This species is a little larger and more slender than 0.
brevispira Pils. and has the aperture more elongate. It is
smaller and more openly umbilicate than 0. semperi Hid.
0. hawaiense Sykes is rougher and more slender. (P. & V.).

I do not feel wholly satisfied that such short forms of Opeas
as this one, 0. brevispira and some described Chinese forms,
are really valid species. They may be shortened local or in-
dividual variations of species ordinarily longer, such as
0. mauritianum and 0. clavulinum. A collector on the
ground must determine such questions.

I do not regard 0. opella as a native Hawaiian species.
It should be looked for in the East Indies or China.

Part II. AMERICAN ACHATINIO€.

Genus OPE AS (continued).

Opeas is represented in America by four species extending
over nearly the whole tropical region, and by a number of
local forms. Most of the American species do not differ
much from the Oriental forms, but one, 0. beckianum, has
short rounded whorls and a distinct umbilicus at all stages of
growth. A form of this species has been made the type of a
new genus, Synopeas, by M. Jousseaume. This might be re-
tained as a subgenus, yet it is 'connected with ordinary Opeas
by the intermediate species 0. micro,. The species are ar-
ranged as follows:

Generally distributed forms, species 1 to 4.

Antillean forms, species 5 to 8.

South American forms, species 9 to 15.

Central American and Mexican forms, species 16 to 23.

SPECIES COMMON TO SOUTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA AND THE

ANTILLES.

The four common American Opeas are very distinct and
easily recognized, though their wide range and variability has
resulted in an extensive synonymy.

0 beckianum. Umbilicate, stout, with closely coiled whorls.
Length 6.2 to 9 mm., with 8 to 9j/2 whorls. Surface more or
less ribbed.

0. micra. Perforate, with very obtuse summit, more or less
ribbed on the spire, with 7 or 8 whorls in a length of 6 to
9 mm., diam. 2 to 2.7 nun.

0. gracile. Perforate, slenderly tapering, closely arcuately,
striate, with ll/2 to 8^2 whorls in a length of 9-11.5 mm.

0. goodalli. Slender, minutely perforate, with straightly
conic spire, very arcuate strice and outer lip, and about
whorls in a length of 6 to 7 mm.

(188)

AMERICAN OPEAS. 189

1. 0. BECKIANUM (Pfeiffer). PL 27, figs. 42-46, 54, 55.

Shell perforate, ovate-oblong, acuminate, thin, diaphanous,
greenish-hyaline, densely costulate-striate, the riblets stronger
at the crenulated suture. Whorls 9, convex, the last about
one-fourth the total length, base rounded, columella short,
rather straightened. Aperture wide, semioval ; peristome sim-
ple, aaute, the columellar margin spreading. Length 9, diam.
3.5, aperture 2.33 x 1.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Eastern Mexico from the State of Vera Cruz southward;
Central America; Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad; Barbados,
St. Vincent, Antigua ; Haiti. Brazil, at Para, Rio de Janeiro,
Sao Paulo, and Fernando Noronha, and Peru.

Bulimus beckianus PFR., Symboke ad Hist. Heliceorum iii,
p. 82 (1846) ; Monogr. ii, 164; Conchyl. Cab. p. 125, pi. 36,
f. 29-31. — Opeas beckiana Pfr., SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. i, p.
309; Journ. of Conch, viii, p. 236; Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond.
xx, Zool., p. 502, 1890 (I. Fernando Noronha). — ? Bulimus
oryza BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 333. — DESH. in Lam., An. s.
Vert, viii, p. 263.— REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 68, f. 480.
Bulimus caraccasensis REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 79, f. 580
(Sept. 1849). — PFR., Monogr. iii, 404; viii, 140. — Opeas car-
acasensis CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Mex. i, p. 599, pi. 26, f. 6.
-STREBEL Beitrag v, p. 99, pi. 7, f . 8 ; pi. 17, f . 30 ; pi. 18, f .
4, 10, 11 (anatomy). — CROSSE, Jourii. de Conchyl. 1890, p.
45 (Trinidad, St. Lucia, Grenada, Guadeloupe, etc.). — Opeas
micro, and var. caracasense MARTENS, Biologia Centrali Arner.,
Moll. p. 294, pi. 17, f. 10, 11. — Synopeas caracasensis Jouss.,
Mem. Soc. Zool. France ii, p. 239, 1889. — Stenogyra caracca-
sensis Reeve, MAZE, Journ. de Conch, xxxi, 1883, p. 6, 41
(Guadeloupe).

Bulimus regularis PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1852, p. 94;
Monogr. iii, p. 402 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 152, pi. 39, f . 20-22.-
HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacifico p. 123. — Opeas regularis Pfr.,
STREBEL, Beitrag Mex., etc., v, p. 102, notes on type.

Stenogyra gabliana ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 485, pi. 40,
fig. 17. — Bulimus vitrcus Muhlf. in ANTON, Verzeichniss, p.
42, nude name, 'according to Pfr.

190 AMERICAN OPEAS.

The locality was supposed by Pfeiffer to be the island
Opara, but no form similar to this has been found in Poly-
nesia. Pfeiffer 's description and figures agree fully with
Central American examples, such as that shown in pi. 27, figs.
44-46, from Polvon, Nicaragua. The shell is narrowly um-
bilicate, the columella being hollow and large throughout (fig.
44). The shape is characteristic, the upper third of the
length tapering conically while the rest of the shell is sub-
cylindric. It is very pale yellowish-corneous, somewhat
translucent, very glossy. The riblets are strong and regular
below the suture, which is crenulated by them, but become
weaker or even subobsolete downwards below the middle of
each whorl; and they often give place to striae on the last
whorl. Whorls Sy2 to 9, strongly convex, the last rounded
below. The aperture is vertical. Columellar margin well
dilated. Length of figured specimen 9.1, diam. 3.5 mm. Pol-
von, Nicaragua.

Further north, in the State of Vera Cruz, the shells are usu-
ally more slender and taper more regularly. The ribs are
strongly developed on the intermediate whorls, subobsolete on
the last one or two. Specimens from Mirador (pi. 27, fig. 55)
measure :

Length 9.8, diam. 3 mm., whorls 9l/2.

Length 8.3, diam. 2.7 mm., whorls 9.

Other lots before me from Orizaba, Antigua and Vera Cruz
are similarly sculptured though some of the shells are wider.
Strebel has treated in detail of the distribution and dimensions
of East Mexican specimens, and Von Martens also has entered
fully into its distribution.

A large series from Carthagena, Colombia, are very small,
length 7, diam. 2.4 mm., whorls 8y2, in other respects being
typical, or with the riblets below the suture very short, the rest
of the surface merely striate, and the umbilicus smaller.
Similar lots are before me from Venezuela, Trinidad and
" Brazil."

A series from Para, Brazil, consists of rather weakly sculp-
tured shells, reaching the length of 7 mm., with Sy2 whorls.

Barbados shells are 7 to 9 mm. long, with typical or weaker
sculpture and a small umbilicus.

AMERICAN OPEAS. 191

A set before me from Antigua consists of rather narrow
shells with delicate riblets, and a more tapering shape than
the types.

In Haiti (pi. 27, fig. 54) this species is found at S. Domingo
City (H. Prime) and around Port au Prince (Henderson and
Simpson) . The shells are small, length 6.2 mm. with 8 whorls
to 8 mm. with 9y2 whorls. The riblets below the suture are
very short, the rest of the surface being striate. This small
form imitates the Colombian examples described above.

A variety with very strong, regular ribs (pi. 27, figs. 42, 43)
is before me from Caracas, Venezuela, collected by F. R.
Cocking in 1860. The shells measure about 8x3 mm., with
8% whorls, some being smaller.

Mr. Smith states that specimens from Fernando Noronha
are more strongly costulate than the Brazilian specimens com-
pared (Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xx, p. 502).

Bulimus oryza, of Bruguiere, from Guadeloupe was probably
based upon this species, but the description is not wholly con-
clusive ; the number of whorls especially does not agree.

Two forms described by Jousseaume from Caracas seem to
be referable to 0. ~beckiainnn, either as synomyms or varieties.
The descriptions follow.

"Synopeas simoni. PI. 27, fig. 40. Shell perforate, cylin-
dric-turrite, rather thin, slightly striatulate, waxy, marked
with small scattered whitish spots; spire elongate, turrite,
rather acute ; whorls 8y2, convex, separated by a deep suture,
the last scarcely one-fourth the total length, rounded at the
base. Aperture oboval; peristome simple, unexpanded, the
columellar margin shortly spreading. Length 7, diam. 2.5
mm." (Jotiss.).

According to M. Jousseaume, this differs from 0. caraca-
sensis by the smaller size, less apparent strias, by the white
spots and narrower umbilicus. Four specimens taken, one
adult at the colony of Tovar, the others young, at Caracas.
This is evidently identical with the form from Carthagena,
etc., which I have commented on above.

The smoothness is an individual character, though colonies
where the average or majority of the shells are of the smooth-
ish type might be recognized by a varietal name.

192 AMERICAN OPEAS.

"Synopeas carinulata. PI. 27, fig. 41. Shell perforate,
cylindric-turrited, rather thin, ribbed with hair-like striae, red-
dish-yellow; spire elongate, conic and turrited, the apex ob-
tuse. Whorls 7y2, subconvex, separated by a deep suture, the
last one-fourth the total length, carinate in the middle. Aper-
ture subtrigonal-oval, the peristome simple, unexpanded, the
oolumellar margin straight, slightly reflexed. Length 6, diam.
'2.25 mm." (Jouss.).
Caracas, Venezuela (Simon).

Synopeas carinulata Jouss., Mem. Soc. Zool. de France ii,
p. 240, pi. 9, f. 6, 1889.

Described from two specimens which I think are probably
young shells. It is said to be distinguished from caracasense
and simoni by the smaller size, stronger, more spaced stria,
the more projecting carina of the last whorl, less convex
whorls, and the triangular shape of the mouth. Cf. 0. micro,.

Var. gabbianum (Angas). PL 27, figs. 52, 53.

"Shell perforate, elongately turreted, moderately thin, pale
straw-colored, sculptured with somewhat distant raised
thread-like descending stria?, that are strongest on the upper
whorls and become evanescent towards the sutures and the
base of the last whorl; whorls 8, convex; apex blunt, papil-
lar; aperture vertical, quadrately semilunar; outer lip, arcu-
ate, thin, simple ; columellar margin a little expanded over
the perforation. Diam. l1/^, alt. 3y± lin." (G. F. Angas).

Costa Rica ; a single specimen ( Gabb ) .

"A somewhat sparsely and strongly ribbed species, distinct
from S. caraccasensis Reeve, which is described by that author
as a Bulimus." (Angas).

Var. regular e (Pfr.).

Surface striatulate, being much more weakly sculptured
than beckianum, but denticulate at the suture.

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (Macgillivray, Hidalgo).

Length 6, diam. 2^ mm., whorls 7 (Pfr., young shell).

Length 8, diam. 3 mm., whorls 7 to 8 (Hidalgo).

Strebel's examination of the type leaves no doubt of the
rank of this form as a local variety of 0. beckianum.

AMERICAN OPEAS. 193

2. 0. MICRA (Orbigny). PL 27, figs. 49, 56-57.

Shell elongate, turriculate, thin, translucent, very strongly
striated with small sharp and raised ribs : nearly umbilicate ;
epire long, nearly conic, with the end obtuse, composed of 8
not much rounded whorls ; aperture oval, with sharp margins ;
columella straight. Color yellowish-white. Length 6, diam.
2.5 mm. This species is especially related to B. clavulus but

•

differs chiefly by its raised ribs. (Orb.}.

Bolivia : easternmost foothills of the Bolivian Andes, not far
from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, under stones (Orbigny, type
loc.). Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (Orb.) ; Fernando Noronha I.;
Para (Hubbard). Colombia at Honda (T. Bland). Trini-
dad (Guppy).

Central America and Mexico: Polvon, Nicaragua (McNiel) ;
Utilla I., Honduras (Simpson) ; Progreso, Izamal, Ticul, Tun-
kas and Tekanto, Yucatan (Heilprin exped.) ; San Juan Bau-
tista, Tabasco (Rovirosa) ; Vera Cruz Heilprin exped.) ;
San Rafael Jicaltepec (Townsend) ; Antigua and Texolo,
V. C. (Rhoads).

West Indies: Grenada, Grenadines, Barbados, St. Vincent,
Guadeloupe, Antigua, St. Eustatius, St. Bartholomew, St.
John, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Porto Rico, Haiti, Cuba and
Jamaica. Also reported by Tate from St. Lucia.

Florida: Miami.

Introduced in Bermuda (Heilprin!), Charleston, S. C.
(Binney) , Mauritius (Nevill !) .

Helix micro, ORB., Mag. de Zool. 1835, p. 9. — Bulimus micra
ORB., Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll., p. 262, pi. 41, f. 18, 19, 20.-
PFR., Monogr. ii, 165 iii, 400 ; iv, 462 ; vi, 100. — REEVE Conch.
Icon, v, pi. 14, f. 78; pi. 79, f. 579 (Chilon, Bolivia) .—Opeas
micra Orb., SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 309, 318, 322
(St. Vincent, Grenada, Grenadines) ; Journ. of Conch, viii, p.
237 (Trinidad).

Bulimus octonoides C. B. ADAMS, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist. 1845, p. 12 (Jamaica). — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 84, f.
593.— PFR., Monogr. ii, 160; iii, 400; iv, 460; vi. 99.— Steno-
gyra octonoides MAZE, Journ. de Conch. 1883, pp. 6, 41 (Guad-
eloupe).— BINNEY, Terrestrial Moll, v, p. 194, Man. Amer.

194 AMERICAN OPEAS.

Land Shells, p. 425 (Ft. Dallas, Fla. ; Charleston, S. C.).-
ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 485 (Costa Rica). — SMITH. Journ.
Linn. Soc. London xx, Zool., p. 502 (Fernando Noronha).—
Opeas octonoides Crosse, Journ. de Conch., 1890, p. 246
(Cuba, etc.); 1892, p. 28, 62 (Porto Rico, Vieques).— MAR-
TENS, Biologia Centr. Amer. Moll., p. 293, pi. 17, f. 9
(Mexico, etc.). — Bulimus subula Pfr., BINNEY, Terr. Moll.
U. S. ii, p. 285, pi. 53, f. 4. — Bulimus contractus POEY, Me-
mories i, p. 205, 212, pi. 26, f. 19-21 (San Diego de los Banos,
Cuba). — Stenogyra (Opeas) striosa Ad., Henderson, Nautilus
viii, p. 20, no. 114 (Jamaica). — Opeas dresseli MILLER, Malak.
Blatter (n. F.) i, 1879, p. 123, pi. 14, f. 1 (Guayaquil,
Ecuador) .

0. micra is the most widely distributed American Opeas.
It was described from Bolivia, near or at the southern extreme
of its range. The type figures, copied on pi. 27, fig. 49, are
good except in showing the apex too acute, an error commonly
made in figuring Opeas. The shell is perforate, and tapers
regularly to the very obtuse apex. The first 2 or 2^2 whorls
are smooth; then widely spaced thread-like stria; appear in
high relief on the weakly striatulate surface, and are usually
strongest near the suture above. On the last whorl the striae
became less emphatic and closer. This description applies to
well-sculptured shells, such as pi. 28, fig. 58 from Honda,
Colombia, measuring 6.8 x 2.1 mm., with 7 whorls. Very
often the stride are much weaker, almost obsolete except im-
mediately below the sutures; and there are, in most lots, in-
termediate forms also. Part of the Colombian and Para
shells before me are of this sort.

The Central American shells are similar to Colombian ; but
in Yucatan a longer, more slender form prevails, quite like
the large Cuban type. One from Izamal measures 8.8 x 2.5
mm., with 8 whorls. Most shells in a very large series from
San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, are deficient in riblets (pi. 28,
fig. 59) . The specimens from the State of Vera Cruz are also
rather weakly sculptured.

In Cuba some diversity is encountered. Some shells, as at
Marianao near Havana, are typical. Others (pi. 27, fig. 57),

AMERICAN OPEAS. 195

are much elongated 9.6 x 2.7 mm., with about 8y2 whorls, and
rather irregular sculpture. This is B. contracta of Poey. If
it be thought varietally separable from micra, part of the
Yucatan shells would be referred to the same race.

In Haiti, 0. micra was taken by Messrs. Henderson and
Simpson at Cape Hatien, Charmette three miles southward,
and at Sans Souci, and by H. Prime at Santo Domingo City.
It is a rather diminutive race, usually not well sculptured,
the largest measuring 7 x 2.1 mm., with 7 whorls, but most
individuals are smaller.

Jamaican specimens vary like those of Cuba in form and
sculpture, but do not reach quite so large a size. A common
form is illustrated, pi. 27, fig. 56, (Kingston), but others in
the same lot are larger and less ribbed. The J. B. Henderson
collection contains specimens from near Port Antonio, Black-
stone River, Bluefield, Bogwalk, Bowden, Hope River, Mona
House, Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, Mt. Pleasant, and Rockport,
near Kingston.

Bulimus octonoides C. B. Ad., of which I have examined
Adams' type series, is absolutely equivalent to 0. micra.

In the lesser Antilles, only very small specimens are be-
fore me from St. Thomas and St. Eustatius. In the other
islands the shells are not distinguishable from the ordinary
Jamaican form.

In the United States, 0. micra is known to me from Miami
in southeastern Florida, where I have found it abundant.
Half-grown and adult specimens are figured (pi. 28, figs.
60, 61).

Achatina lucida Poey was based upon a single young speci-
men of micra. The original description follows: shell ovate-
oblong, vitreous, whitish, elegantly sculptured with regular
transverse riblets; apex obtuse; whorls 6, convex, the suture
profound. Aperture small, margin acute ; columella straight,
narrowly folded back, covering the umbilicus completely.
Length 3 mm. Near the Canimar river, on the east side of
Matanzas Bay, coll. Dr. Gundlach. Poey's figure is copied on
my pi. 28, fig. 64.

Pfeiffer subsequently identified specimens from Havana as

196 AMERICAN OPEAS.

the adult of lucida, giving a new description and figures.
Specimens received from Poey as lucida are undoubtedly
micro,.

Acliatina lucida POEY, Memorias sobra la Historia Natural

de la isla de Cuba, i, pp. 207, 212, pi. 12, f. 30, 31.—Stenogyra

L, POEY, t. c. p. 396.— GUNDLACH, Malak. Bl. iv, 1857, p. 44.

—Bulimus lucidus Poey, PFR., Novit. Conch, p. 430, pi. 96,

f. 36-38 (Havana) ; Monogr. iv, 459; vi, 98.

Var. margaritaceum (Shuttleworth). PI. 28, fig. 62.

Shell narrowly perforate, turrite, sharply and remotely
striate, with a pearly luster, diaphanous, waxen. Spire ob-
tuse; whorls 6, a trifle convex (vix convexiusculi) , the last
about two-sevenths the total length; suture deep; columella
rather straight. Aperture ovate-oblong, the right margin
of the peristome somewhat flexuous, columellar margin re-
flexed. Length 5, diam. scarcely 2, aperture about 1.25 x .75
mm. (Shuttl.).

Porto Rico : Rio Blanco in the Sierra de Luquillo. (Blauner) .

Sienogyra (Opeas) margaritacea SHUTTL., Diagnosen
neuer Mollusken no. 6, p. 139, extracted from Mittheil. natur-
forsch. Ges. in Bern, 1854, p. 47. — Bulimus margaritaceus
Sh., PPR., Monogr. iv, p. 460.

I figure a specimen from Rio Blanco, determined by Thomas
Bland. It agrees perfectly with Shuttleworth 's diagnosis in
size, but has a larger aperture, nearly 2 mm. long, and the
whorls are moderately convex.

Var. tryonianum (Tate). PL 28, fig. 63.

"Shell conic-ally subulate, semipellucid, not umbilicated,
whorls seven in number, rather flattened, shouldered at the
suture, ornamented with numerous nearly straight longi-
tudinal costag, interstitial spaces smooth; suture somewhat
impressed ; columella a little thickened ; aperture elliptical ,.
outer lip straight and simple. Total length of shell .22 inch;
breadth 0.075 inch ; height of last whorl 0.075 inch. ' ' ( Tate ) .

"In the forest on an island in the lagoon of Boco del Toro,
on the borders of Panama and Costa Rica." (Tate).

Bulimus tryonianus TATE, Amer. Journ. of Conch, v, p. 157,

AMERICAN OPEAS. 197

pi. 16, f. 4 (Feb. 3, 1870).— Opeas t., MARTENS, Biol. Centr.
Amer. Moll., p. 296, with var. subovale, pi. 17, f. 12.

The type or a cotype of this species received from Tate is
bleached and minutely perforate. It tapers regularly to the
very obtuse apex. The surface is sculptured with very regu-
lar and delicate riblets, straight on the spire, but somewhat
arcuate on the last whorl. These riblets are a trifle closer and
weaker 'than in the Yucatan 0. micro,. In other respects I
am quite unable to see any difference from micro, of the same
size. The shell measures, length 4.9, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm. ;
whorls 5%. This is the specimen badly figured in Amer.
Journ. Conch., and corresponds in size with Tate's measure-
ment, but it has not the number of whorls called for in his
description, which I think may have been partly taken from
0. goodalli, of which there were specimens in the same vial.
Tate's identifications of Stenogyrina? were chiefly erroneous;
and this applies also to a good many other snails, listed in
his paper, as I know from the set sent to Mr. Tryon.

Var. siibovale Martens (PL 28, fig. 65), "a little more ovate,
umbilicus narrow but not closed. Shell ovate-subturrited,
vertically lightly striatulate, whorls 6, -a little convex, the
last, measured at the back, contained 2% times in the alt. ; nar-
rowly perforate, the aperture rhombic-elliptical, columellar
margin slightly thickened. Length 5.5, diam. 2 aperture
2 x 1.33 mm. S.-W. Costa Rica at Turubanes, 500 meters
elevation. ' '

Var. cuencanum (Pfeiffer).

Shell subperf orate, oblong- turrite ; rather solid, chordate-
costulate, pellucid, greenish-white. Spire regularly turrite,
the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last
about one-third the total length, slightly compressed basally.
Columella vertical. Aperture vertical, truncate-oval, peris-
tome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin shortly re-
flexed, somewhat free. Length 8, diam. 3.25 mm. ; aperture
2.66x1.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Ecuador: Province of Cuenca (Fraser; Cuming coll.).

Bulimus cuencanus PFR., Malak. Blatter v, 1858, p. 239;

198 AMERICAN OPE AS.

P. Z. S. 1859, p. 26; Monogr. vi, p. 98. — Rumina cuencana
H. AD., P. Z. S. 1870, p. 375.

This unfigured form may prove identical with, or a variety
of, 0. micro, which is known from Ecuador. The description,
given above gives no adequate ground for considering it a
distinct species.

3. 0. GRACILE (Button). PI. 28, fig. 70.

Cf. p. 125. This species occurs in tropical America in
forms indistinguishable from those of the Oriental region,
though Occidental specimens have usually been known as
0. subula Pfr. Its chief characters are the straight, high
spire, very equable and moderate convexity of the whorls, the
distinct, arcuate striation, usually appearing a little puckered
below the suture, and the long aperture. As in the Orient,
a slender and a stouter form may be recognized, usually oc-
curring together. Local variation is chiefly in size and num-
ber of whorls, different colonies in one general locality often
showing the extremes of variation, as in the following from
around Havana :

Length 9, diam. 2.9, length aperture 2.9 mm., whorls
(ElVedado).

Length 11.5, diam. 3, length aperture 3.2 mm., whorls
(Marianao).

It often- reaches a large size, quite equal to typical gracile,
some from Merida, Yucatan being 13.5 mm. long, with 9l/2
whorls.

Distribution, entire West Indies; South America as far
as Para and Guayaquil ; Southern Mexico and Central Amer-
ica. I have examined specimens from the following places.
Cuba : Havana and environs, Formosa, Castillo de Jagua at
entrance of Cienfuegos Bay, Santiago. Haiti : Sans Souci,
St. Mark, Port au Prince (Henderson and Simpson) ; Jeremie
"3. octonula" Weinland) ; Santo Domingo City (H. Prime).
Jamaica: Kingston (W. J. Fox). Porto Rico: San Juan. St.
Thomas, St. Croix, St. Bartholomew, St. Johns, St. Eustatius,
Antigua, Guadeloupe, Barbados, Trinidad. Brazil: Para.
Venezuela: Maracaibo (E. S. Penny, 1853). Colombia. Also

AMERICAN OPEAS. 199

reported from Guayaquil, Ecuador (as 0. acutius Mill.).
Panama (Gabb), Chontales, Nicaragua (R. Tate) ; Utila, I.,
Honduras (Simpson). Also reported by von Martens from
British Honduras at Belize; Guatemala at Coban and Anti-
gua; Nicaragua at Acoyapa; Costa Rica at Puerto Viejo.
Mexico: Merida, Yucatan (Heilprin) ; San Juan Bautista,
Tabasco (Rovirosa) ; and reported by von Martens from the
additional States of Vera Cruz, Jalisco and Chiapas.

A few other localities are recorded in the literature, see
below. It has been found in a hothouse at Exeter, England
(Coll. A. N. S. P.).

Achatina subula PFR., in Wiegmann's Archiv f. Naturge-
schichte, 1839, i, p. 352. — Bulimus subula PFR., Symbols ad
Hist. Hel. i, p. 85; Monogr. ii, 158; iii, 399; iv, 458; vi, 97;
viii, 136 ("Cuba, common around Havana and Matanzas") ;
Malak. Bl. 1854, p. 196.— REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 69, f. 494.

—Stenogyra subula Pfr., SHUTTLEWORTH, Diagnosen, etc., no
6, p. 138, in Mittheil. naturforsch. Ges. in Bern, 1854, p. 46.

-PoEY, Memorias, i, p. 396. — MARTENS, Malak. Bl. xii, 1865,
p. 49 (Mex.).— BINNEY, Terrestr. Moll. U. S. v, 195, fig.
97 (jaw), 99; pi. 4, f. P (dentition) ; Man. Amer. Land Shells
p. 426, f. 473 (Mobile, Alabama). — MAZE, Journ. de Conchyl.
1883, p. 6, 41, 47, 51 (Guadeloupe) ; Journ. de Conch., 1890,
p. 22 (Guadeloupe and dependencies). — SMITH, Journ. Linn.

Soc. Lond. xx, p. 502 (Fernando Noronha).

Opeas subula FISCHER et CROSSE, Miss. Scient. au Mexico,
Moll., i, p. 600, pi. 26, f. 7.— ANCEY, Ann. de Malac. 1886, p.
250 (Utila L, Simpson). — MARTENS, Biologia Centr. Amer.,
Moll., p. 291, 637, pi. 18, f. 3 (living animal) .—SMITH, Proc.
Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 317 (Grenada). — CROSSE, Journ. de
Conch. 1890, p. 246 (Cuba) ; 1891, p. 150 (Santo Domingo) ;
1892, p. 28 (Pto. Rico). — Stenogyra octonula WEINLAND,
Malak, Blatter xxiii, 1876, p. 171, pi. 2, f. 7, 8 (Jeremie,
Haiti) . — Bulimus octonulus PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 613.—
Opeas o., CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 150. — Bulimus octonoides
d'C-RBiGNY, in Sagra's Hist. Cuba, Moll., i, p. 177, pi. xi bis,
f. 22-24.— Opeas acutius MILLER, Malak. Bl. (n. F.) i, 1879,
p. 124, pi. 13, f. 3 (Guayaquil, Ecuador) ; cf. Strebel, Beitrag

200 AMERICAN OPEAS.

v, p. 106 (Opeas acutior). — Opeas junceum Gld., MARTENS,
Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1898, p.
156 (Cocos I.)- — Bulimus hortensis C. B. ADAMS, Contrib. to
Conch, no. 9, p. 168, 1851 (gardens in Kingston, Jamaica).

The several names comprised in the above references are
absolute synonyms. S. octonula of which I have two speci-
mens from the author, is a typical gracile of the slender phase.
One is figured, pi. 28, fig. 71. B. hortensis Ad. of which I
have seen Adams' specimens, was based on the stouter form
of the species, in which the whorls are less oblique. It is
common at Kingston, but so far as I know, not spread over
the island. 0. acutius Miller has been from a study of the
types pronounced subula by Strebel, a conclusion fully sup-
ported by the description and figures.

I have figured also a rather small specimen, fig. 70, length
9 mm., from Havana, the type locality of siibula Pfr.

4. 0. GOODALLI (Miller). PI. 28, figs. 72, 73, 74.

"A subperf orated, turretted, pellucid, pale corneous, or
almost white shell, having from six to seven volutions, and an
ovate aperture.

"Observations. — The inhabitant a limax of a green-yellow-
ish 'color, which is transmitted through the shell, and gives it
that tinge when found with the animal in it. On account of
the pine bed being frequently disturbed, full grown specimens
are rare, and I possess but few that show seven volutions, the
major part having from four to five. "When full gro\vu, one-
third of an inch, or rather more, long." (/. 8. Miller.}

Imported into England : Bristol, on the boards that line a
pine (Bromelia) bed, Miller, type loc., and other hothouses
near London, Manchester, etc. ; also Cape Verde Is. ; St.
Helena; Rodriguez; Hawaiian Is. at Manoa Valley, Oahu
(Bishop Mus.).

West Indies : Cuba, around Havana, Matanzas, Sancti
Spiritus, Trinidad and Santiago. Haiti, at Cape Hatien and
Port au Prince (Henderson and Simpson). Jamaica: west
of Port Antonio (Henderson and Simpson). Porto Rico,
San Juan and other places. St. Thomas; St. Eustatius; St.

AMERICAN OPEAS. 201

Lucia; Barbados. — South America: Para (Dr. Hubbard) ;
Venezula (R. Tate) ; Colombia (Swift coll.). Also reported
from Boliva, Argentina and Ecuador. — Central America: Pol-
von, Nicaragua (McNiel Exped.) ; Boca del To>ro, on Panama
and Costa Rica boundary (R. Tate). San Juan Bautista,
Tabasco, Mexico (Jose N. Rovirosa, 1892).

Helix goodalli J. S. MILLER, a list of the freshwater and
landshells occurring in the environs of Bristol, with observa-
tions, Annals of Philosophy n. ser. iii, 1822, p. 381. — Bulimus
goodalli GRAY in Turton's Manual of the L. 'and F.-W. shells
of the British Islands, new edition, 1840, p. 6, pi. 6, f. 61-
PPR., Monogr. ii, 159; iii, 400; iv, 461; vi, 100; viii, 138.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 84, f. 621. — FORBES & HANLEY, Hisit.
Brit. Moll, iv, 1853, p. 93. — MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. 1875,
p. 24 (Rodriguez). — Stenogyra goodallii WOLLASTON, Testae.
Atlantica p. 510 (Cape Verde Is. S. Antao, S. Nicolao, S. lago
and Brava). — SHUTTLEWORTH, Diagnosen no. 6, p. 139 (Porto
Rico. — MAZE, Journ. de Conch. 1883, p. 7, 42, 47 (Guade-
loupe) . — Opeas goodallii Mill., SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond.
i, p. 308 (St. Vincent). — CROSSE, Journ. de Conch. 1890, p.
245 (Cuba) ; 1892, p. 29 (Pto. Rico).

Helix (CocJilicella) elavulus FER., Prodr. p. 52, no. 381
(Guadeloupe; no description). — MORICAND, Mem. Soc. Phys.
et d'Hist. Nat. de Geneve vii, 1836, p. 424 (Bahia; no descrip-
tion).— Bulimus elavulus TURTON, Manual of the land and
fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, p. 79, fig. 61 (1831).
— ORBIGNY, Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid. p. 261 (Bolivia and
Argentina) . - - ? POTIEZ et MICHAUD, Galerie, etc., i, p.
151, pi. 14, f. 27, 28 (Guadeloupe). Not H. elavulus
Quoy = 0. gracile. — Bulimus compressilabris BENSON, Ann.
Mag. N. H. (2), xviii, Nov. 1856, p. 434 (public garden,
Jamestown, St. Helena) = 0. goodalli Mill., teste E. A.
SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 259. --Opeas
aciculaforme MILLER, Malak. Bl. (n. F.) i, 1879, p. 125, pi. 13,
f. 4.— STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. etc., v, p. 106, pi. 17, f. 13.-
Stenogyra ascendens POEY, Memorias i, p. 422 (1854).—
GUNDLACH, Malak. Bl. iv, 1857, p. 44 (description of living
animal) . — Opeas ascendens CROSSE, J. de Conch. 1890, p. 246.

202 AMERICAN OPEAS.

—Bidimus assurgens PFR., Malak. Bl. ii, 1856, p. 156 ; Monogr.
iv, 459; Novit. Conch, p. 431, pi. 96, f. 39-41. Cf. SMITH,
P. Z. S. 1892, p. 269.

Bulimus pumilus PFR., Archiv f . Naturg. 1840, p. 252 ;
Mai. Bl. v, p. 184.

B. pauperculus C. B. AD. in part, Contrib. to Conch., p. 27.
0. goodalli is very minutely perforate, straightly conic, with a
very obtuse apex. The surface is not very glossy and is densely,
sharply sculptured with irregular and rather strong striae very
deeply curved, or arcuate. The outer lip is thin, and so
much retracted above as to appear incised at the suture, as in
some Pleurotomidce. The aperture is well rounded below,
and the columellar lip is reflexed as usual in Opeas.

The general shape, the sculpture, and the retraction of the
-outer lip at the suture, make this species easy to recognize.

Length 6, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm., whorls 6l/2. Para.

Length 6.3, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm., whorls 61/o. Havana.

This wide-spread little species was originally described from
a colony found around "pines" in Bristol, England. Since
"Bromelia" bracteata, imported from Jamaica in 1785, was
the only species of pineapple at that time cultivated in Eng-
land, it is likely that the original stock of goodalli came in
dirt around the roots, and from Jamaica ; though the ultimate
habitat of the pineapple was probably Brazil, a country
equally inhabited by the Opeas. The snail is said to have
been first observed about 1816. It is now found in many
hothouses in England, around London, Manchester, etc. It
has also been imported into various tropical countries, and
will doubtless attain as wide a range as Subulina octona and
Opeas gracile in time.

Mr. Miller's description is not very good, but subsequent
publications referring to his specimens indicate conclusively
their identity. It was named by Ferussac at about the same
time, but he did not define his H. clavulus, which remained
a nude name until 1831, when Turton excellently figured it
from Bristol examples. The two names goodalli and clavulus
are therefore absolutely synonymous. Whether the clavulus
of Moricand and Orbigny is the same is not certainly known ;

ANTILLEAN OPEAS. 203

but Quoy & Gaimard's clavulus is surely 0. gracile (q. v.).

I have already alluded to the distribution of 0. goodalli in
the Old World, see pp. 141, 151, 157. 0. hannensis Rang
and 0. braueri Mts. may perhaps prove to be synonyms.

Stenogyra ascendens Poey, renamed B. assurgens by Pfr.,
is stated by Poey to differ from 0. goodalli by having the
right margin ascending at the suture ; the shell agreeing in
other Respects with goodalli. This was probably an individual
feature, as no conspicuous ascent is noticeable in specimens
sent out by Poey, or in Pfeiffer's figures, or in the Cuban
specimens collected by myself in 1903. B. pumilus Pfr., from
Havana or Matanzas provinces was based upon a small 0.
goodalli, as Pfeiffer himself recognized later. It measured
1.8 x. 66 lines.

C. B. Adams included specimens of 0. goodalli with some
other species in his B. pauperculus. See under Spiraxis.

0. aciculcE forme Miller is evidently a synomym. The ori-
ginal figures are copied, pi. 28, figs. 66, 67. "Shell scarcely
perforate, subulate, straw-colored, with very arcuate fine striae,
but little shining; spire conic, the apex rather obtuse.
Whorls 71/0, nearly flat, parted by a lightly impressed suture,
the last whorl two-sevenths the length. Columella straight.
Aperture slightly oblique, ovate-oblong, acuminate above, re-
ceding below ; peristome simple, the right margin straightened,
receding above and below, columellar margin narrowly re-
flexed, adnate above; the margins subparallel. Length 7,
diam. 2, aperture 2x1 mm. Distinguished from 0. rarum
by the flat whorls, the shallow and very oblique suture, the
outer lip which is not arcuate above, and the growth-lines
which above bend backwards to the suture ; also by the slim,
needle-shaped contour " (Miller).

Ecuador: Guayaquil (Wolf).

ANTILLEAN SPECIES.

A few forms of Opeas, none of them well known, have been,
described from the West Indies, in addition to the generally
distributed 0. gracile, micro,, beckianum and goodalli.

204 ANTILLEAN OPEAS.

5. 0. PLICATUM ('Guilding' Pfr.) Unfigured.

Shell imperf orate, oblong, pale corneous, thin, pellucid,
longitudinally closely plicate. Spire obtuse. "Whorls 5, con-
vex, the last a little shorter than the spire. Columella nearly
straight. Aperture oval; peristome unexpanded, acute, the
columellar margin shortly reflexed, appressed. Length 4,
diam. 2 mill. Aperture 1% mill, long, 1 wide (Pfr.).

West Indies (coll. Metcalf ) .

Bulimus plicatus Guilding, PFR., Monographia Hel. Viv. ii,
p. 170 (Bulimulus plicatus Guilding, MSS.)

Not figured, and known by the above description only.

6. 0. SANTANENSE (Pfeiffer). PI. 40, fig. 15.

Shell nearly imperforate, turrited, thin, slightly striatulate,
covered with an olive-buff cuticle; spire regularly tapering,
the apex acute; suture obsoletely crenulate. Whorls 9, con-
vex, the last about two-sevenths the total length, rounded.
Columella straightened. Aperture subvertical, truncate-oval ;
peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin slightly
reflected. Length 11, diam. 3.75, aperture 3x2 mm. (Pfr.).

Haiti: Pico de Santana in the Sierra Monte Cristi (Hjal-
marson) .

Bulimus santanensis PFR., Mal-ak. Bl. v, 1858, p. 151, pi. 3,
f. 14, 15; Monogr. vi, p. 97. — Opeas s., CROSSE, J. de Conch.
1891, p. 150.

A conic-turrite shell with very short whorls, known by the
unique type only.

7. 0. ALABASTRINUM (Shuttlewortli) .

Shell very narrowly perforate, turrite-subulate, remotely
costulate-striate, slightly shining, pellucid, white. Spire
rather acute. Whorls 7 to 8, a trifle convex, the last scarcely
one-fourth the total altitude. Suture deep. Columella
straight. Aperture semiovate ; peristome with the right mar-
gin slightly sinuous, the columellar margin reflexed, nearly
closing the perforation. Length 7, diam. 2. 2, aperture 1.33
x .75 mm. (Skuttl.) .

Porto Rico: San Juan, very rare (Blauner).

SOUTH AMERICAN OPEAS. 205

Stenogyra (0 peas') alabastrina SHUTTL., Diagnosen no. 6,
p. 139, from Mittheil. naturforsch. Ges. in Bern, 1854, p. 47.—
Bulimus a., PFR., Monogr. iv, 460.

This very slender species has not been figured, and like
the next, is known by the original description only.

8. 0. GOMPHARIUM ( Shuttle worth ).

Shell very narrowly perforate, conic-turrite, remotely and
irregularly plicatulate, slightly shining, wax colored. Spire
rather acute, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, the
last two-sevenths the total length; suture moderate. Colu-
mella straight. Aperture semioval; peristome with the right
margin slightly sinuous, columellar margin very narrowly re-
flexed, nearly closing the perforation. Length 6.5, diam. 2.5,
aperture 1.75 x 1 mm. (Slmttl.).

Porto Rico: San Juan, 3 specimens (Blauner).

Stenogyra (Opeas) gompharium SHUTTL., Diagnosen neuer
Moll. no. 6, p. 139, in Mittheil. etc., 1854, p. 47.— -Bulimus g.,
PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 461.

SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Besides species 1 to 4 and 9 to 14, the 0. guatemalense of
Strebel (no. 20) has been reported from Colombia and
Ecuador.

9. 0. MARTENSI ( Strobe!) . PI. 29, fig. 86.

Shell subperf orate, turrite, thin, hyaline, glossy; greenish
buff- white ; spire regularly tapering, the apex obtuse, suture
deep. Whorls 7 to 8, a little convex, the first smooth, the
rest very delicately striate, the last whorl scarcely one-third
the total length, rounded basally. Aperture sub rhombic- oval,
not oblique; peristome simple, the margins joined by a very
thin callus; columellar margin narrowly reflexed, basal mar-
gin somewhat rounded ; columella straight, somewhat twisted
in young specimens. Length maximum 20, minimum 9 mm.
(Strolel).

Argentina: Palermo in the environs of Buenos Ayres, rare
(Strobel).

Stenogyra martensi STROBEL, Materiali per una Malacos-

206 SOUTH AMERICAN OPE AS.

tatica di terra e di acqua dolce dell' Argentinia meridionale,
1874, p. 27, pi. 1, f. 5.

This form has, if the figure is correct, shorter whorls than
0. gracile, while the general shape is similar to that species.
An indigenous Opeas would hardly be expected to occur
around Buenos Ayres; and I suspect that when specimens are
compared, 0. martensi will turn out to be one of the numerous
aliases concealing Opeas gracile. The type figure is copied
on my plate.

10. 0. PELLUCIDUM (Pfeiffer). PL 29, fig. 80.

Shell subperforate, turrite, very thin, striatulate, glossy,
pellucid, buff-corneous. Spire long, the apex obtuse. Whorls
7, a little convex, the last one- third the total length. Colu-
mella somewhat twisted; aperture squarish oval; peristome
simple, acute the columellar margin shortly revolute.

Length 11.5, diam. 4, aperture 4x2 mm. (P/r.).

Colombia: province of Merida (Funck; Cuniing coll.).

Bulimus pelkicidus PFR., P. Z. S. 1847, p. 231; Monogr.

11, p. 156. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 68, f. 487.

This shell seems to have the texture of the more lengthened
0. octogyrum. I have not seen it.

11. 0. OCTOGYRUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 29, figs. 75 to 79.

Shell imperforate, subulate, thin, rather smooth, pellucid,
waxy- whitish. Spire long, the apex obtuse ; suture margined.
Whorls 8, flattened, a little swollen at the suture; the last
whorl about one-fourth the total length, slightly tapering
basally. Aperture oblique, oblong, the peristome simple, un-
expanded, the right margin arched forward above ; eolumella
thread-like, slightly arcuate. Length 12.5, diam. 2.66; aper-
ture 3 x 1.5 mm. (P/r.).

Venezuela: Caracas (E. Klocke).

Bulimus octogyrus PFR., Malak. Bl. iii, 1856, p. 45 ; Monogr.
iv, 458. — Opeas o., STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. etc., v, p. 107, pi.
7, f. 20, 6; pi. 17, f. 29.

"This species, according to Pfeiffer's type specimen (pi. 29,
fig. 79), comes near to 0. sulula in general structure of the

SOUTH AMERICAN OPEAS. 207

whorls, but it is much more slender, with relatively larger em-
bryonic whorls, and rather flat, little convex, proportionally
lower whorls, at the same time having a distinctly marked
suture. The sculpture is very inconspicuous, and hence the
shell is rather glossy. The columellar reflection is distinctly
developed, leaving an umbilical slit, and it has a thickening on
the inner side below " (Strebel).

Strebel figures also a smaller form, 9.5 mm. long with 7y2
whorls, also from Venezuela. Fig. 79 is a copy of Strebel's
photographic figure of the type of octogyrum.

Stenogyra plicatella Guppy is identical with octogyrum, or
at most may be distinguishable as a local variety. The de-
scription follows.

Var. plicatellum Guppy, (pi. 29, fig. 75). "Shell subu-
late, long-cylindric, subperforate, corneous, a little shining,
sinuously striate; whorls 8 to 9, slowly increasing, a little
convex, the last swollen; suture strong; aperture long, oval;
peristorne simple, a little sinuous above, the margins joined
by a thin callus; columella straight, widely reflexed over
the umbilicus.

" Length 13, diam. 3.5, height of aperture 3 mm.

"Length 15, diam. 3.5, height of aperture 2 mm.

"Length 9, diam. 2, height of aperture 1.5 mm." (Guppy).

Trinidad (Guppy, type loc.) ; Grenada and St. Vincent
(Guppy, H. H. Smith) ; St. Lucia (Tate).

Bulimus octonoides GUPPY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xvii,
1866, p. 50, not of Adams. — Stenogyra plicatella GUPPY, Ann.
Mag. (4), i, 1868, p. 434; Proc. Scient. Asso. Trinidad 1869,
p. 239; Journ. of Conch, vii, 1893, p. 213; P. Z. S. 1875, p.
320. — Bulimus p., PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 137. — Opeas plicatella
Guppy, CROSSE Journ. de Conch. 1890, p. 45, pi. 2, f. 2.—
SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 308, 317, pi. 21, f. 15;
Journ. of Conch, viii, p. 236.

In 0. octogyrum the whorls are much flattened, especially
the later ones, and they are very oblique, the individual whorls
being very high. The striation is weak, quite unlike 0. subula
(gracile), consisting of arcuate irregular wrinkles of the very
glossy surface. The axis is faintly visible through the shell.

208 SOUTH AMERICAN OPEAS.

Towards the apex there is some appearance of puckering be-
low the suture. The spire tapers straightly and is slender
above, as in typical 0. gracile. The smooth apex is conspicu-
ously obtuse. The aperture is oblique, long-ovate or piriforni;
and the columellar margin is rather narrowly reflexed, ap-
pressed except for a small crevice. A specimen before me
was received from Mr. Guppy about 40 years ago. Three
Trinidad specimens measure:

Length 13.5, diam. 3, aperture 3.2 mm. ; whorls S1/^.

Length 14, diam. 3.1, aperture 3.5 mm;, whorls 8y2 (fig. 75) .

Length 12.8, diam. 3, aperture 3.4 mm. ; whorls 8.

A series before me from Demerara (pi. 29, figs. 76, 77)
•consists of smaller but evidently adult shells, imperforate or
nearly so.

Length 10.2, diam. 2.5, aperture 2.9 mm. ; whorls 7 (fig. 76) .

Length 9.5, diam. 2.5, aperture 2.9 mm. ; whorls 6% (fig. 77).

In other respects they are like the Trinidad shells. Some
of them show irregularly scattered whitish spots due to inci-
pient disintegration of the surface. Guppy has described a
small form also from Trinidad.

Var. amazonicum n. var. PI. 29, fig. 78.

Shell imperforate, more slender and elongate, but like
octogyrum and plicatellum in the yellowish tint and in sculp-
ture. Closely peppered with whitish dots. Length 10.2,
diam. 2.2, aperture 2.5 mm. ; whorls 8y2. The type contains
two large eggs in the penult, whorl. Para, Brazil (Dr.
Hubbard) .

12. 0. RARUM Miller. PI. 29, figs. 82, 83.

Shell narrowly perforate, oblong-turrite, thin, corneous,
brownish above, very glossy; spire convexly conic, the apex
rounded. Whorls 7, convex, parted by a deep suture, the last
not a third the total length; columella somewhat twisted,
receding below. Aperture oblique, suboval, strongly receding
below; peristome simple, the right margin slightly arcuate,
columellar margin narrowly reflexed adnate above. Length
8, diam. 2.6, aperture 2.5 x 1.5 mm. (Mill.) .

SOUTH AMERICAN OPEAS. 209

Ecuador: Guayaquil (type loc., Dr. Th. Wolf) ; Guatemala
and Eastern Mexico (Strebel).

Opeas rarum MILL., Malak. Bl. (n. F.), i, p. 125, pi. 14, f. 2
(1879).— STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. etc., v, 1882, p. 103, pi. 17,
f. 8, 17; pi. 7, f. 5.

Differs from 0. acutius Mill. [0. subula Pfr.] by the wider
shape, more convex whorls, narrower perforation, greater
gloss, reddish color of the upper whorls, and the more strongly
retracted base of the aperture. The very delicate growth-
strias are strongly arcuate. (Mill.) .

Strebel remarks that Miller's type which he examined has
not such terraced whorls as 0. octonoides, and the last whorl
is represented too full in Miller's figure (copied on my
plate). The larger of Miller's two specimens measures 8.4
mm., with 6y2 whorls. The whorls may increase in height and
breadth a little faster than in octonoides. The shell is glossy,
and has a sculpture more like 0. subula than like octonoides
or lucidum, the columellar reflection also resembling that of
siibula more than that of caraccasense [beckianum] or even
octonoides [micro,] . The same form according to Strebel was
collected by Stark at San Miguel Jucuma, Guatemala. A
form referred by Strebel to the same species as a "form B"
was taken by him at the plantation Mirador (State of Vera
Cruz) . It is somewhat smaller, 7.2 mm. long with 6% whorls,
the whorls are more distinctly terraced, and the sculpture is
a little more sharply developed than in typical 0. rarum.

It is not known to me by specimens.

13. 0. CAMBA (Orbigny). PI. 27, figs. 50.

Shell much elongated, turriculate, thin, little transparent,
smooth to the naked eye, but seen to be perceptibly striate un-
der the lens ; spire elongated, nearly conic, with obtuse apex ;
composed of 9 swollen whorls, quite wide and separated by a
deep suture. Aperture oval, straight, with acute peristome,
visibly reflexed, the columella flattened and recurved, leaving
a sort of umbilicus. The general tint is dull white or a little
brownish, the lip white with an indication of a light violet
border. Alt. 14, diam. 4 mill. (Orb.) .

210 SOUTH AMERICAN OPEAS.

Bolivia : Banks of the Rio Grande, province of Santa Cruz
de la Sierra (Orb.), probably transported by water from
the mountains.

Bulimus camba ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid. p. 263, pi.
41, f. 15-17 (not pi. 34, f. ^-1--E. munsterii) . — PFR., Monogr.

11, p. 115, probably not B. camba of later volumes of the
Monographia. — Not B. (Peronacus) camba PARAVICINI, Boll.
Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, ix, no. 181, p. 7.

This species is compared by d'Orbigny with B. scabiosus
Sowb., but differs by its smoothness. The generic position
is uncertain. Unknown to me. It has a more convexly conic
spire than 0. gracile, according to the fignres.

14. 0. MIMOSARUM (Orbigny). PI. 27, figs. 47.

Shell turriculate, short, thin, translucent, smooth or with
a thick, deciduous epidermis usually marked with transverse
lines; subumbilicate ; spire swollen at the third of its length,
towards the posterior extremity, and cylindric towards the
mouth; apical end obtuse; whorls 9, close, narrow and not
much raised. Aperture oval with acute margins. Color fawn-
gray. Length 10, diam. 4 mm. (Orb.).

Bolivia : north side of the Rio Grande between that and the
village of Pucara, at the foot of the Andes, province of Valle
Grande, Dept. of Santa Cruz de la Sierra; found chiefly at the
bases of mimosas (Orbigny) .

Helix mimosarum ORB., Mag. de Zool. 1835, p. 20. — Bulimus
m., ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid. Moll., p. 262, pi. 41, f.

12, 13, 14.— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 162 ; in, 398 ; iv, 457 ; vi, 96.
-REEVE, C. Icon, v, pi. 68, f. 484.

According to d 'Orbigny this differs from micra by the
closer and narrow whorls of the spire, the shorter, more pu-
poid shape, by the absence of stride, the transversely striated
epidermis, and finally by being double its size. It evidently
stands close to 0. beckianum, but differs by the absence of
sculpture. Pfeiffer describes a specimen in Cuming's collec-
tion as 12 man. long with 10 convex whorls.

15. 0. GLOMERATUM (Reeve). PI. 27, figs. 51.

Shell conically subulate ; not umbilicated ; whorls 9, rounded,

MEXICAN OPEAS. 211

smooth ; sutures rather constricted ; aperture nearly orbicular ;
lip simple; transparent horny. (Eve.}.

Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.).

Bulimus glomeratus R.VE., Conch. Icon, v, pi. 80, f. 591
(Dec. 1849).— PPB., Monogr. iii, p. 366; iv, 435; vi, 75; viii,
105 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 133, pi. 42, f . 36-38.

This form, which seems to belong close to 0. beckiamim and
0. mimosarum, is still known by the original lot only.
Pfeiffer gives another figure (pi. 27, fig. 48) and a more de-
tailed description. "Shell subimperforate, oblong-turrite,
thin, striatulate, pellucid, pale corneous; spire regularly
tapering, the apex obtuse. Whorls 9, moderately convex, the
last scarcely two-sevenths the total length, rounded basally;
columella subarcuate ; aperture diagonal, nearly semicircular ;
peristome thin, the margins somewhat converging, the right
margin narrowly expanded, columellar margin very shortly
reflexed, subappressed. Length 10, diam. 4 mm. ; aperture
3x2 mm."

SPECIES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

Besides several widely spread species described above, and
those following, an undescribed 0. torulosa Morel, is credited
to Panama in Nevill's Handlist Ind. Museum, i, p. 163.
Strebel reports 0. rarum (no. 12) from eastern Mexico.

16. 0. ARGUTUM n. sp. PI. 28, fig. 68; pi. 40, fig. 9.

Shell very narrowly perforate, tapering-oblong, very thin,
corneous, subtransparent ; spire slowly tapering to a very
obtuse summit. Whorls 5y2 to 6y2> convex, the first 1%
smooth, the rest densely, arcuately and sharply striate; the
striae obsolete on the nearly smooth base of the last whorl.
Aperture subvertical, ovate ; outer lip thin ; columella vertical,
weakly plicate obliquely near the base, its margin triangularly
reflexed above.

Length 6.8, diam. 2.5, aperture 2 mm. (Orizaba).

Length 6, diam. 2.3, aperture 2 mm. (Orizaba).

Length 5.6, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm. (Texolo).

Mexico: Orizaba, 500 ft. above the town (Heilprin exped.) ;
Texolo, State of Vera Cruz (S. N. Rhoads).

212 MEXICAN OPEAS.

This species imitates the contour of 0. micro,, but it differs
conspicuously from that in the dense, sharp sculpture. Fig.
68, of pi. 28 represents a specimen from Texolo, pi. 40, fig. 9,
a larger one from Orizaba, type locality.

17. 0. YUCATANENSE n. sp. PI. 28, fig. 69.

Shell very narrowly rirnate, cylindric-turrite, thin, pale
yellowish corneous, subtransparent, the axis showing faintly
through. Surface glossy, very finely, weakly striatulate.
Spire straightly tapering to the very obtuse summit. Whorls
6l/2, tumid just below the deeply impressed suture, elsewhere
moderately convex. Aperture subvertical, trapezoidal-ovate.
Columella subvertical, with narrowly reflexed edge. Length
6.5, diam. 1.9, aperture 1.9 mm.

Yucatan: Ticul (Heilprin exped., 1890).

This cylindric-tapering form has a deep but narrowly im-
pressed suture, the whorl below it rising steeply. The sur-
face is more glossy than 0. gracile and much less sharply
striate. I have not been able to compare 0. rarum, but with
the same number of whorls that is a longer shell.

18. 0. SEMISTRIATUM (Morelet) . PL 29, figs. 84, 85.

Shell narrowly and deeply rimate, subelongate-couic, thin,
minutely striate, hyaline, pale corneous-whitish. Spire ob-
long-conic, the apex rather obtuse. Suture deeply impressed.
"Whorls 7, a little convex, the embryonic 2 smooth, the third
and fourth having rather wide-spaced riblets, which disap-
pear on subsequent whorls; last whorl inflated, shorter than
the spire; columella, nearly straight, whitish. Aperture acu-
minate-oval, colored within like the outside ; peristome simple,
the margins joined by a thin callus; columellar margin di-
lated, partly covering the umbilicus, basal and outer mar-
gins acute. Length 12, diam. 5, aperture 4.5 mm. long,
scarcely 3 wide (C. & F.).

Mexico: Forest of Palenque, in the State of Chiapas
(Morelet).

Bulimus semistriatus MORELET, Testae, novissima ii, p. 10
(1851). — PFR., Monogr. iii, 441. — Bulimulus s., CROSSE et
FISCHER, Moll. Mex. p. 555, pi. 20, f. 14, 15 (description and
figures of type). — Opeas s., MARTENS, Biologia, p. 296.

MEXICAN OPEAS. 213

"This little species is chiefly characterized by the riblets
observable on some of the whorls of the spire, usually the
third and fourth, and which wholly disappear on the last
or penultimate whorls " (C. & F.}.

19. 0. BOCOURTIANUM (Crosse et Fischer) . PI. 29, figs. 87, 88.
Shell imperforate, subelongate-turrite, thin, translucent,

slightly ' striatulate, nearly smooth, pale corneous- whitish.
Spire long, the apex obtuse; suture impressed. Whorls 8,
rather flattened, the embryonic 2 smooth, whitish, the last
whorl much shorter than the spire (as 2 to 7). Aperture
subvertical, oblong-oval; peristome simple, unexpanded, the
margins remote, columellar margin a trifle dilated, basal and
outer margins acute. Length 9, diam. 2, aperture 2 x 1.25
mm. (C.&F.}.

Guatemala: Province of Vera Paz (Bocourt; Paris Mus.),
in stomach of Glandina plicatula.

Stenogyra bocourtiana C. & F., Jourii. de Conchyl. xvii,
1869, p. 424. — Bulimus &., PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 136. — Opeas
b., C. & F., Moll. Mex. p. 602, pi. 26, f. 8.— MARTENS, Bio-
logia, Moll., p. 292, with var. pittieri, pi. 17, f. 6 (1898).

"Distinctly broader and more conical than 0. subula."

Var. pittieri Martens. PI. 29, fig. 90.

"Somewhat broad, glossy, diaphanous, distinctly striate;
whorls a little more convex, 7 only; general shape as in
,0. bocourtianum, umbilicus almost closed, punctiform; colu-
mella somewhat twisted. Length 10, diam. 3, aperture 3.5 x 2
mm." (Martens}. Central Costa Rica at La Palma, 1500
meters above the sea, beneath tuna plants (cactoids).
(Pittier} .

20. 0. GUATEMALENSE Strebel. PI. 29, fig. 91.

Shell rather strong, rather glossy, light yellowish corneous
and translucent. The sculpture consists of somewhat irregu-
larly strong, very fine, closely crowded folds. The first l1/^
whorls form a cupola, the following increase in width very
slowly, are but little convex, and are weakly step-like at the
deep suture; the last has a weak callus deposit on the aper-

214 MEXICAN OPEAS.

tural side at the lower half. Length 10.8, diam. 3, aperture
2.5 x 1.3 mm. ; whorls 8y2. (Strebel).

Guatemala: Coban (Sarg, type loc.) ; Antigua, on moist
walls (Stoll). Also along the Rio Goto in the Golfo Dulce,
Costa Rica (Pittier).

Opeas guatemalensis STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. Land- und
Susswasser-Conchyl. v, 1882, p. 105, pi. 7, f. 2a. — MARTENS,
Biologia p. 293, with var. ma jus, pi. 17, f. 7.

This form differs from 0. subula as follows: the shell is
less acuminate, the whorls are comparatively lower, increase
more slowly in breadth, and are less convex ; the last is weakly
keeled, and in dorsal view appears not so tapering downwards.
The sculpture is not so sharp and is somewhat more irregu-
lar (Strebel}.

Strebel also reports a form of the species from Colombia, of
somewhat wider contour, especially below, and with somewhat
coarser sculpture (Beitrag pi. 7, f. 3; pi. 17, f. 26). He also
reports it from Ecuador.

Var. majus Martens. PI. 29, fig. 89.

Very solid, pale yellowish, somewhat shining, finely stri-
ated ; whorls 9, somewhat angulate and whitish at the suture,
which is rather deep. Colurnellar margin of the aperture
straight, vertical, broad, provided with a very fine fold, which
runs from inside obliquely to the middle of the outer margin.
Length 15, diam. 3.5, aperture 3.5 x 2 mm. ; whorls 9.
(Martens} .

TV. Guatemala: Miramar, near San Francisco, in the Costa
Cuca (Stoll).

21. 0. GLADIOLUS Crosse et Fischer. PI. 29, figs. 93.

Shell covered-rimate, long, subulate-turrited, thin, slightly
striatulate, diaphanous, pale waxy-whitish. Spire much
lengthened, the apex rather obtuse, suture much impressed.
Whorls 12, rather flat, the embryonic 2 smooth, the last whorl
much shorter than the spire, tapering basally. Aperture sub-
vertical, sub-ovate, colored within like the outside; peristome
simple, unexpended, the margins remote, columellar margin
somewhat dilated, covering the umbilical crevice in part,

MEXICAN OPEAS. 215

basal and outer margins acute. Length 14.5, diani. 2.5, aper-
ture 2 x 1.25 mm. (C. &F.}.

Guatemala (F. Sarg).

Opeas gladiolus C. &. F., Journ. de Conchyl. xxv, 1877, p.
272 ; Moll. Mex. i, p. 604, pi. 26, f . 10.— MARTENS, Biologia, p.
293, pi. 17, f. 8 ? (Merida, Yucatan).

This species, of a veiy elongate shape with many nearly
flat whorls, seems very distinct from its 'congeners in Mexico
and Guatemala. It is not without similarity to 0. colimense,
but it is more slender, more subulate, the whorls are more
numerous, proportionately smaller, and the aperture is not so
large (C. &. F.).

22. 0. COLIMENSE (Crosse et Fischer). PI. 29, figs. 92, 94.

' ' Shell with an almost closed umbilical crevice, long-turrited,
thin, translucent, with fine longitudinal stria?, pale corneous-
whitish, with inconspicuous transverse whitish lines which
sometimes disappear. Spire long, the apex obtuse. Suture
much impressed, deep, whitish. Whorls 10, not very convex,
the first two smooth, the laist much shorter than the spire.
Aperture subvertical, oblong-ovate ; peristome simple, unex-
panded, the margins distant, the columellar margin a little
dilated, basal and outer margins acute. Length 15.5, diam.
3.25, aperture 3x2 mm." (C. & F.).

State of Colima, S. W. Mexico (Xantus, type loc.) ; Cor-
dova, State of Vera Cruz (Hoge).

Stenogyra colimensis C. & F., Journ. de Conch, xvii, 1869,
p. 424.— Opcas c., C. & F., Miss. Sci. an Mex., Moll, i, p. 603,
pi. 26, f. 9.— Martens, Biologia, Moll., p. 293.

This species is notable for its length, the spire tapering
regularly as in 0. gracile, but composed of shorter, more con-
vex whorls. The spiral whitish lines mentioned by Crosse and
Fischer are probably due to incipient disintegration of the
cuticle, letting air into it. They are present to some degree
on three of the four specimens I have seen, being most con-
spicuous on the last whorl. The largest one before me meas-
ures, length 14, diani. 3.2, aperture 3 mm., whorls 9%.

216 AMERICAN PSEUDOPEAS.

23. 0. ADAMSI n. sp. PI. 50, fig. 18.

Shell minutely perforate, subcylindric, thin but moderately
strong, milky-corneous, somewhat translucent. Surface sculp-
tured with excessively fine, close stride, which are slightly arcu-
ate and a little oblique. Whorls 8%, quite convex, the later
ones a little flattened in the middle; suture very deeply im-
pressed. Base of the last whorl very convex. Aperture
slightly oblique, small, rhombic-ovate. Outer lip arched for-
ward a little above. Oolumella slightly concave, dilated above.
Length 8.9, diam. 2, length of aperture 2 mm.

Panama (C. B. Adams). Type in coll. Amherst College.

This very slender and narrow species is related to 0. coli-
mense, which is larger, more tapering and more coarsely
striatulate. It is named in honor of Professor C. B. Adams.

Genus PSEUDOPEAS Putz.

See p. 114. The following species has the embryonic shell-
sculpture and viviparous reproduction of this African genus.

P. VIVIPARUM (Miller). PI. 29, fig. 81.

"Shell rimate, thin, glossy, diaphanous, fulvous, ribbed;
spire turrite, the apex rounded; whorls 5%, convex the first
minutely decussate, very rapidly increasing, the following
whorls ribbed, the ribs acute, arcuate, sometimes split, the
intervals flat, twice the width of the ribs; last whorl flat-
tened at the periphery, not half the total length. Colu-
mella straightened. Aperture acuminate-oval, not oblique;
peristome simple, acute, receding above, the columellar mar-
gin angularly reflexed, dilated, adnate above; margins sub-
parallel, joined by a parietal callus. Length 6, diam. 3, aper-
ture 2.5 x 1.5 mm." (Mill.}.

Ecuador: Val de Pilaton, over 1000 meters above the sea,
on leaves (Boetzkes).

Opeas viviparum MILLER, Malak. Blatter xxv, 1878, p.
197 ; and neue Folge i, 1879, pi. 6, fig. 4.

The single specimen examined by Miller contained the
viscera, in which two embryo shells were found. They con-
sist of 1.1/2 whorls, with very delicate, close spiral striation.

TRISTANIA. 217

Genus TRISTANIA Boettger.

Tristania BTTG., Systematisches Verzeichniss der lebenden
Arten der Landschnecken-Gattung Clausilia Drap, in 17r. und
18r. Bericht Offenbacher Vereins fiir Naturkunde, 1878, p.
19. Not Tristania Kirby, 1892.

Shell sinistral, perforate, oblon'g-turrite, pale brown, com-
posed »f G1/^ to 8^ convex whorls ; apex obtuse, smooth and
rounded. Aperture ovate, peristome simple, thin, the colu-
mellar margin well expanded, parietal callus thin.

Soft anatomy unknown. Type T. tristensis.

The reference of this group to the Palajarctic genus Balea
was evidently due to its turrite shape and sinistral coil.
Its rank and position are uncertain, pending information on
the soft anatomy, but a place near Opeas seems indicated by
the characters now known. No sinistral Opeas has been
described, but throughout the Achatinidce there are occa-
sional sinistral species or groups among the dextral forms.

Neither species has been adequately illustrated. Boettger
had apparently not seen them. He gave no diagnosis of
Tristania.

1. T. TRISTENSIS (Gray). PI. 40, fig. 10.

Shell subulate-ovate, reddish-brown, axis .4, cliam. .1 of
an inch (Gray).

"This species is more slender and longer than B. ventri-
cosa, and has one and at times two additional whorls, which
tare more convex and more slowly enlarging. The characters
of the sculpture, of the umbilicus, and aperture are very
alike in both forms, the latter of course being shorter in
proportion to the total length of the shell." (E. A. Smith).

Tristan d'Acunha (Capt. Carmichael; Challenger).

Balea tristensis Leach Mss., GRAY, Zoological Journal i,
p. 62-63, pi. 6, f. A (1825).— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 388.— Pupa
tristensis GRAY, Ann. of Philos. 1825, ix, p. 413.— Balea
(Tristania) t., SMITH, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 279.

2. T. VENTRICOSA (Gray). PI. 40, fig. 11.

Shell lanceolate-ovate, pale brown, axis .3, diam. .1 of an
inch (Gray).

218 LUNTIA.

"This species has not, as far as I can ascertain, ever been
fully characterized, the diagnosis of Gray, consisting of five
words only, being totally inadequate. It may be described as
pupiform, pale olive-brown, narrowly rimate, sculptured with
rather strong oblique lines of growth. The whorls are six and
a half to seven in number, rather rapidly enlarging, convex,
divided by a deep oblique suture. The spire has curved
outlines, and terminates above in an obtuse rounded, smooth
apex. The aperture is rather large, and occupies somewhat
less than a third of the total length. The peristome is thin,
narrowly reflexed on the left of the aperture, and rather
broadly expanded in the umbilical region, and has the ex-
tremities, which converge but very slightly, connected by a
thin callus spread over the whorl. Length 8 mm. ; diarn.
31/2; length of aperture 2y3, width 2." (E. A. Smith.}

Tristan d'Acunha (Capt. Carmichael) ; Inaccessible Island,
Tristan d'Acunha (Challenger Exped.).

Balea ventricosa Leach Mss., GRAY, Zoological Journal i,
p. 62, pi. 6, f. B.— Pfr., Monogr. ii, p. 389.— Pupa v., GRAY,
Ann. of Philos. ix, 1825, p. 413. — B. (Tristania) v., SMITH,
P. Z. S. 1884, p. 278.

Genus LUNTIA E. A. Smith.

Journal of Oonchology ix, p. 28, Jan. 1898, for L.
insignis.

"Shell elongate, slender, imperf orate ; columella twisted,
obliquely truncate in front, covered with a reflexed callus;
outer lip conspicuously sinuate above at the suture, slightly
thickened below the sinus " (Smith).

"This genus of Stenogyridce is allied to Siibulina, but is
distinguished by the sinus at the upper part of the lab-rum."
(Smith). The single species is from Trinidad.

1. L. INSIGNIS Smith. PI. 40, fig. 7.

Shell small, long, slender, imperforate, white, the apex
mammillate. "Whorls 7, the first two large, smooth, the rest
convex, sculptured with delicate arcuate riblets, more or
less running out below, projecting above at the sutures. Ap-
erture small, inversely auriform; columella arcuate twisted

TORNAXIS. 219

below, obliquely truncate, covered with a rather thick white
callus which joins the lip above. Outer lip projecting in the
middle, deeply sinuated above, slightly thickened below the
sinus. Length 5.5, dram. 1.33, aperture 1.33 x 1 mm.
(Smith).

Trinidad (J. H. Ponsonby).

Lunt'ia insignis SM., Journ. of Conchology ix, p. 28, fig.
8 (Jan. 1898).

"The slender costse being produced above, give the suture
a crenulated appearance, and below, as a rule, they do not
extend quite across the whorls. The columellar callus is very
thick, the upper part almost forming a tubercle" (Smith).

Genus TORNAXIS von Martens.

Biologia Centrali Americana, Mollusca, p. 311 (April,
1898), for T. singularis.

' ' Shell turrite, imperf orate, vertically postulated, not shin-
ing, many-whorled, not keeled ; aperture ovate, external mar-
gin simple, arcuate; columellar margin very thick, strongly
twisted, separated by a deep and narrow notch from the
basal margin. Anatomy not yet known.

"This genus possesses to a certain extent the characters
of both Subulina and Spiraxis as regards the form of the
aperture, but in its general aspect it approaches nearer to
Rhodea H. & A. Adams, from which it only differs in the
absence of the prominent spiral keel in the terminal whorls.

Named from axis, and tornare, to turn on a lathe ; analog-
ous to Spiraxis" (v. Mts.).

This genus resembles Lu-ntia in its thick columellar callus,
notched base and costulate surface, but differs by the simply
arcuate outer lip, not deeply sinuate above. Soft anatomy
and embryonic whorls unknown.

1. T. SINGULARIS Martens. PL 40, fig. 16.

"Shell cylindrically turrite solid, with vertical narrow
costse, separated by interstices which are from two to four
times as broad as the costfe, of dull greenish color. Whorls
very convex, with simple linear sutures, six in number in the
only specimen obtained, which is broken above (there are,

220 SUBULINA.

no doubt, considerably more in perfect examples) ; last whorl
rounded in the periphery, somewhat concavely attenuated
and produced at the base. Aperture distinctly oblique, asym-
metrically ovate, acute above, regularly arcuated at the
outer side, sinuous in the form of an S on the columellar
side, rounded at the base; external margin thin, simple,
arcuate; columellar margin formed by a strong, thick, white,
spirally twisted line, which enters above into the interior of
the aperture, and is terminated at the base by a vertical
narrow notch. Length (of the injured shell) 11 mm., diarn.
including the aperture 3, diam. of the penultimate whorl
2i/2 ; aperture 2y2 mm. long, iy2 broad. Last whorl, seen
from the dorsal side, one-third of the length of the six
preserved whorls united." (v. Mts.).

E. Guatemala: Panzos (Conradt).

Tornaxis singularis MARTS., Biol. Centr. Am. Moll., p. 311,
pi. 18, f. 6 (April, 1898).

"In the unique specimen the costae are rubbed down here
and there, and the hole of the upper breach is open, which
proves that the upper whorls have not been lost during life."

Genus SUBULINA Beck, 1837.

Siibulina BECK in part, Index Moll. p. 76. — HERRMANNSEN,
Indicis Gen. Malac. ii, p. 522 (Feb. 1849).— GRAY, P. Z. S.
1847, p. 177, 178, and of most modern authors. — Macrospira
SWAINSON, in part, Shells and Shell-fish, p. 335, for octona
auct. and apcrta Gldg. (1840). — Stenogyra, Achatina and
Bulimus of older authors.

For generic description see p. 71. In America Subulina
inhabits nearly the whole tropical region, but there are very
few species.

The shell is very similar to that of the agnathous group
Pseudosubulina, but the latter is generally more strongly
sculptured with vertical riblets.

Subulina differs from Homorus by its clear, more or less
li-nnsparent shell, without dark streaks, and by the generally
smaller size and narrower contour. It must be admitted that
at present the two groups are retained as separate genera, on

SUBULINA. 221

very unsatisfactory -characters. Probably the clear Abyssinian
forms belong to Subulina rather than to Homorus. One
species temporarily referred to this genus, S. vivipara (p. 80)
brings forth living young, but the typical Subulinas of
America and West Africa are oviparous. A sub-genus
Nothapalus has been erected by Von Martens for the African
S. paucispira, p. 95. It is likely that S. bicolumellaris (p.
90) will be removed from Subulina, at least as a subgenus.
Among American forms the most remarkable is S. stolli, which
has large protuberances on the embryonic whorls.

Beck originally proposed the name Subulina for the follow-
ing species: (1) S. cyanostoma Riipp., (2) turritellata Dh.,
(3) striatella Rang., (4) malaguetana Rang., (5) monoeeros
Bck., (6) propinqua Beck, (7) terebraster Lam., (8) octona
Ch., (9) crotalariae Sclium., (10) carinulata Beck, (11) pu-
paeformis Beck, (12) S. ? sericata Beck.

The first species of the list was made type of Homorus by
Albers, 1850; Species 6, 10, 11, 12 are nude names; 7 is an
Obeliscus; 2 and 4 are species of uncertain generic relation-
ships; leaving species 3, 5, 8, 9 to represent the group of
8. octona. Gray in 1847 and Herrmannen, 1849, agreed in
selecting as type of Subulina the commonest and best known
species, S. octona — a course approved by practically all later
writers who have recognized the group.

Key to American Species.

I. Embryonic whorls smooth except for subsutural cremi-
lation.

a. Surface smoothish, only irregularly wrinkled or
striatulate.

b. Whorls quite convex; columella very con-
cave above; 15-24 mm. long, with 8-10
whorls. S. octona, no. 1.

bb. Similar, 11 x 3.5 mm. with 7 whorls;
Peru. S. yatesi, no. 2.

bbb. Columella slightly twisted, obliquely trun-
cate below; 11.5 x 3.3 mm., whorls 7.

S. confusa, no. 3.

222

SUBULINA.

bibb. Shell slender, the columellar margin but
slightly concave ; 21 to 25 mm. long, 4.5 to
5 wide, with 9y2 whorls. Mexico.

8. porrecta, no. 5.

aa. Surface very densely, finely striate; aperture as in
S-. octona ; 9 x 3 mm. with 6% whorls. Para.

8. parana, no. 4.

aaa. Surface with distant, inconspicuous riblets; 8x2
mm. with 11 whorls. Guatemala,

8. cylindrella, no. 6.

II. Embryonic whorls with large protuberances, the rest
sculptured with delicate, close vertical riblets. Guatemala.

8. stolli, no. 7.

1. S. OCTONA (Bruguiere). PI. 39, figs. 28 to 37, 39, 40.

Shell imperforate, thin, translucent, yellowish- corneus, tur-
rite, regularly tapering to the obtuse summit, very glossy, ir-
regularly wrinkle-striate. Whorls 9 to 11, quite convex,
parted by a deep and in places irregularly crenulate suture,
the first 2y2 or 3 whorls, regularly crenulated by a series of
short, fine subsutural folds. Aperture small, ovate, somewhat
oblique; outer lip thin; columella concave above, obliquely
and deeply truncate at its base.

Length 21.5, diam. 5, aperture 4.7 mm., whorls 10
(S. Domingo).

Length 22.9, diam. 5, aperture 4.3 mm., whorls 11
(S. Domingo).

Length 20, diam. 4.4, aperture 4 mm., whorls 9%
(S. Souci).

Length 21, diam. 4.2, aperture 4 mm., whorls 10
(Tabasco).

Tropical America. I have examined specimens from the
following localities: Antilles: Bermuda; Nassau N. P., Ba-
hamas ; Havana, Matanzas and Cienfuegos, Cuba ; Port An-
tonio, Blackstone R. and Poms, Jamaica; Jeremie, Char-
mattes, Cape Hatian, Sans Souci and S. Domingo City, Haiti ;
Porto Rico; Vieques, St. Thomas, St. John, Antigua, Tortola,
St. Bartholomew, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Barbados. South

SUBULINA. 223

America: Trinidad, La Guayra and Puerto Cabello, Vene-
zuela ; Para, Brazil. North America : Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Yucatan, San Juan Bautista, Tabasco. Introduced at Miami,
Florida, and in hothouses in Philadelphia, etc. For addi-
tional records of American localities see references below.

Helix octona India; Occident alls CHEMNITZ, Conchyl.
Cabinet, ix, p. 190, pi. 136, f. 1264 (1786). Not Helix octona
Linne/c/- Hanley, Ipsa Linn. Conch, p. 381. — Bulimus octonus
BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 325 (1792). — Achatina octona
ORB., Moll. Cuba i, p. 168, pi. 11, f . 4-6 ; Voy. Amer. Merid.
p. 260 (Guayaquil). — PFR., Monographic Hel. Viv. ii, 266;
iii, 501 ; iv, 613 ; vi, 233 ; Conch. Cab. p. 342, pi. 37, f . 19, 20,
(references to early literature). — HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacifico,
p. 138. — Macrospira octona SWAINS., Malacol. p. 335. — Sira
octona SCHMIDT, Stylommat. pp. 5, 42. — Stenogyra octona
Chemn., MAZE, Journ. de Conch. 1883, p. 5, 41, 47, 51 ; 1890,
p. 22 (Guadeloupe and its dependencies) ; 1874, p. 158
(Martinique). — BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 100,
(teeth, Bahia specimen) .— GUPPY, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 320
(Trinidad).— T ATE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), iv, 1869, p. 356
(St. Lucia). — MARTENS, Binnenmoll. Venezuelas p. 35 (Puerto
Cabello, Caracas). — VON MARTENS, Biologia Centrali Ameri-
cana, Moll., p. 298, 638 (Vera Cruz, Mex. ; many places in
Central America, etc.), with var. strebeli, p. 299, based upon
Strebel, Beitrag, p. 116, pi. 7, f. 16 (Campeche).— #«Zm^'na
octona SMITH, Proe. Make. Soc. Lond. i, p. 309, 317, 322 (St.
Vincent, Grenada, Mustique, H. H. Smith). — CROSSE, Journ.
de Conch. 1891, p. 150 (Haiti, around Jeremie, Weinland, and
Dondon, Rolle) ; Journ. de Conch. 1892, p. 29 (Porto Rico
at San Juan, Fajardo, Ceiba, Humacao, Luquillo, Vieques) .—
ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 594 (Dominica) ; 1879, p. 485, pi.
40, f. 16 (Costa Rica) .— PILSBRY, Nautilus vi, 107, viii, 137
(Greenhouses in Phila.). — COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France
1887, p. 241 (synonymy, dist, in S. Amer.). — Achatina tro-
cJilea PFR., Syrnbolse ad Hist. Hel. ii, p. 59, 1842 (Mexico) ;
Monogr. ii, p. 266; Conchyl. Cab. p. 343, pi. 37, f. 23, 24.-
Subulina, trochlea, STREBEL, Beitrag v, p. 115, pi. 7, f. 16
(left fig.), pi. 17, f. 32; pi. 18, f. 1, 12-16, 18-24 (anatomy).

224 SUBULINA.

S. octona var. trochlea MARTENS, Biologia, p. 299, pi. 17, f.
13. — Sulnluia guayaquilcnsis MILLER, Malak. Bl. n. F. i, p.
126, pi. 13, f. 5 (1879) ; cf. STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. v, p. 116.-
? Subulina monoceros BECK, Index Moll. p. 77, with var.
colonibiensis and boliviano,, not described, but said to =
H. octona var. a d'Orb. — Achatina novenaria ANTON, Ver-
zeichniss, p. 44, no. 1601. — Achatina panamensis MUHLFELDT
in coll. according to Pf eiff er.

Brugiiiere's description of this species is not convincing
but in the absence of incontrovertible data showing that he
had some other species, it would be pedantic to change the
name. He refers to Chemnitz's figures which doubtless rep-
resent what we now know as octona. No measurements are
given. It is a common species in Guadeloupe and ' Saint
Domingue," the type localities cited by Bruguiere. In many
but not all Antillean specimens, the subsutural crenulation of
the embryonic shell is less conspicuous than in most continen-
tal shells. After carefully going over a collection of some
thousands of shells from a great many places, I can find no
adequate ground for the erection of subspecies or local varie-
ties, though there is considerable variation, as shown in the
figures. Pfeiffer's A. trochlea (pi. 39, fig. 40) is merely a
large specimen, 23 x 5 mm., with 10 whorls. Var. strebeli
Martens (pi. 39, fig. 36) described as "somewhat longer, 25-26
mm., with more whorls, 11-12, and a comparatively small
aperture," from the court of a house at Campeche, is evi-
dently only a well-grown individual. Snbulina (juayaquilensis
Miller was based upon a large form of S. octona, measuring
length 22, diam. 4, aperture 3.5 x 2.5 mm., with 11 whorls.
It was found in quantity in gardens at Guayaquil, Ecuador.
It has absolutely no claim to specific distinction.

Specimens are figured from Santo Domingo City pi. 39, figs.
28, 29; Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, figs. 30, 31, 32; Morant
Bay, Jamaica, fig. 33; San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, fig. 34;
Izamal, Yucatan, fig. 35; Sans Souci, near Cape Haitian, fig.
37, and a drawing of the living animal by Gabb, Costa Rica,
fig. 39.

SUBULINA. 225

2. S. YATESI (Pfeiffer).

Shell turrite, rather thin, lightly striatulate, diaphanous,
waxen ; the spire regularly tapering, apex obtuse ; suture deep.
Whorls 7, convex, the last slightly over one-fourth the total
length, subangular below the middle. Columella arcuate,
obliquely distinctly truncate. Aperture slightly oblique, oval-
rounded; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 11, diam.
3.5, aperture 3x2 mm. (P/V.).

Peru: Moyobamba (Yates, in Pfr. coll.).

Achatina yatesi PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 99; Monographia
iv, 613.

An unfigured form, somewhat smaller than S. octona though
no very tangible differential characters are given in the
diagnosis to separate Yatesi from that common species in an
immature stage.

3. S. CONFUSA (Pfeiffer). PI. 40, fig. 6.

Shell elongate, subcylindric, striatulate, glossy, pellucid,
greenish-hyaline. Spire elongate, the apex tapering in a short
cone. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last a little exceeding one-
fourth the total length, subcompressed laterally. Columella
lightly twisted, obliquely truncate at base. Aperture oblique,
subrhombic-oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 11.5,
diam. 3.33, aperture 3 mm. long (Pfr.).

Habitat unknown (Mus. Cuming) .

Achatina confusa PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1852, p. 63;
Monogr. iii, 501. — Bulimus lacterionides SOWERBY, Conch. II-
lustr. f. 83.— REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 68, f. 482 (not of
Orbigny) .

Orbigny's B. bacterionides is apparently referable to
Oleliseus, while the shell figured under that name by Sowerby
and Reeve seems to be a Subulina. Like the preceding species,
this still needs elucidation. Reeve's figure is copied.

4. S. PARANA n. sp. PI. 40, fig. 8.

Shell imperforate, turrite, thin, corneous, often faintly
brown-tinted on the spire. Surface glossy, very densely and
finely striate, the stride weaker on the base, and absent on the
two apical whorls, where they are represented by a fine

226 SUBULINA.

delicate plication below the suture. Spire straightly taper-
ing, the summit obtuse. Whorls 6%, convex, parted by a
delicately crenulate suture. Last whorl weakly subangular
at the periphery. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique. Outer
lip thin and sharp as usual. Columella concave above, ob-
liquely truncate near the base, sigmoid in an oblique view
in the mouth. Length 9, diam. 3, aperture 2.8 mm.

Brazil: twenty miles below Para. Cotypes in .coll. A. N.
S. P. and J. Ritchie, Jr.

This species is closely related to S. octona but differs con-
stantly by its closely, finely striate surface, somewhat re-
sembling the West African forms. It probably attains a
greater size.

5. S. PORRECTA Martens. PI. 39, figs. 23, 24, 25.

Shell imperforate, cylindric-subulate, rather solid, lightly
striatulate, yellowish-waxen, moderately glossy, unicolored,
the apex globular. Whorls 9%, the upper ones a little con-
vex, the lower flattened, slightly wider than high, the last
whorl higher than wide, gradually tapering basally. Aper-
ture long-ovate, the columellar margin slightly concave, very
obliquely truncate towards the base. Length 21 to 25, diam.
4.5 to 5, aperture 4.5 x 2 to 4.66 x 2.5 mm. (Marts.).

Mexico: Teapa, State of Tabasco ( H. H. Smith).

S. porrecta MARTS., Biologia p. 300, pi. 17, f. 14 (April,
1898). — S. trocklea in part, FISCHER & CROSSE, Miss. Sci. Mex.,
Moll, i, p. 642, pi. 25, f. 14 (Yucatan).

"Distinct from 8. octona and its variety trochlea chiefly by
the more slender and less convex form of the last whorls, and
the scarcely concave columellar margin" (Marts.).

6. S. CYLINDRELLA (Morelet) . PI. 39, figs. 26, 27.

Shell subulate-turrite, irregularly sculptured with distant,
not very conspicuous riblets, thin, hyaline, pale corneous.
Spire long, the apex obtuse, rounded; suture impressed.
Whorls 11, a little convex, the first two smooth, the last much
shorter than the spire, not one-fourth the total length, the
base nearly smooth, aperture subovate ; peristome simple, pale
corneous, the margins disjoined, columellar margin short, sub-

SYNAPTERPES. 227

arcuate, obliquely a little truncate, the basal and outer mar-
gins acute. Length. 8, diam. 2, aperture 1.5 x 1 mm.
(Crosse et Fisch.).

Guatemala: woods of Peten, near San Luis. (Morelet).

Achatina cylindrella MORELET, Test. Noviss. ii, p. 12 (1851).
-PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 502. — Subulina c., CROSSE et FISCHER,
Miss. Sci.^lex., Moll., p. 634, pi. 25, f. 13.— MARTENS, Biologia,
p. 300.

"Distinct from the species of Pseudosubulina by the less
numerous costce with large interstices, and by the form of
the columellar margin which agrees very well with that of
S. octona. The only specimen seen (and figured) by Crosse
and Fischer is not quite full grown, so that the form of the
columella in the adult is not quite certain.

7. S. STOLLI Martens. PI. 39, figs. 20, 21, 22.

Shell imperforate, long-turrite, rather thin, sculptured with
delicate, close, vertical riblets, rather glossy, whitish, uni-
'colored, the apex obtuse. Whorls 11, the first two marked
with, some smooth protuberances, the following whorls a trifle
convex, with rather deep, somewhat irregular and incrusted
suture, last whorl rapidly tapering basally, smooth. Aper-
ture oblong-elliptical, the outer margin lightly arcuate, basal
margin short, columellar deeply concave, distinctly truncate
at the base. Length 24, diam. 5.5, aperture 5 x 3.5 mm.
(Marts.).

Guatemala: Vera Paz (Stoll).

S. stolli MARTS., Biologia Central! Amer. p. 300, pi. 17, f. 15.

"General form a little more conical than in 8. octona,
from which it is well distinguished by the sculpture. The
strong protuberances on the first two whorls are very pecu-
liar" (Marts.).

Genus SYNAPTERPES Pilsbry, 1896.

Synapterpes PILS., Nautilus x, p. 46, August, 1896, type
Bui. lianleyi Pfr. — Oxyclieilus Albers, Die Hel., p. 174
(1850), not Oxychilus Fitzinger, 1833, nor Oxycheila Dej.,
1825. — Orphnus and Bulimiis sp., auct.

228 SYNAPTERPES.

Shell riniate or imperforate, ovate-turrite, thin, glossy,
composed of 7 or 8 whorls, which are crenulated below the
sutures, the embryonic whorls smooth, summit obtuse but not
bulbous, with a comma-shaped apical dimple. Aperture
long-ovate, with thin, sharp outer lip ; columella slender,
strightened above, broadly concave below, not truncate, its
edge narrowly reflexed above. Type S. hanleyi.

The soft anatomy is not known, with certainty. Mr. W.
G. Binney has described the jaw and teeth of hanleyi and
figured the latter, as similar to Strophocheilus ; but the con-
chological features of the snail are so at variance with this
result that I am disposed to think that some misidentification
or inadvertent exchange of radula? in mounting may have
occurred.

The genus differs from Obeliscus by its long-ovate shape,
smaller number of whorls, and deeper apical dimple. The
shell unites the Bulimoid form and the Stenogyroid texture.

The genus is somewhat heterogeneous, but I feel that
little progress can be made towards a more natural group-
ing until we have more knowledge of the South American
fauna. The following subgenera may for the present be
recognized.

SYNAPTERPES s. str. — Embryonic shell smooth; aperture
Bulimoid, the columella entire below. Species 1-3.

PROMOUSSONIUS. — Embryonic whorls large and arcuately
rib-striate, the rest decussate; columella, entire. Species 4.

CHRYSERPES. — Embryonic whorls smooth; columella with
a small spiral fold 'below; shell glossy, subtranslucent.
Species 5-7.

ZONIFERELLA. - - Shell glossy, greenish-black with a white
peripheral band; aperture Bulimoid. Species 8, 9.

1. S. HANLEYI (Pfeiffer). PI. 37, figs. 87, 88.

Shell subimperforate, oblong-subfusiform, thin, pellucid,
uniform brown. Spire long, rather acute; whorls 7, rather
flattened, crenulate-striate at the impressed suture, the last
whorl obliquely descending, about two-fifths the total length.
Columella nearly straight. Aperture oblong-oval, light blue

SYNAPTERPES. 229

inside ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar mar-
gin narrowly reflexed, leaving a very narrow perforation.
Length 51, diam. 17.5, aperture 23 x 11.5 mm. (P/V.).

Brazil (Miller, Bescke et. al.}.

Bulimus hanleyi PFR. in Philippi, Abbild. und Beschreib.
neuer Conch, ii, p. Ill, pi. 4, f. 2 (August, 1846) ; Monogr.
ii, p. 171; Conchyl. Cab. p. 222, pi. 61, f. 9, 10.— REEVE, C.
loon, v, pi. 30, f. 181. — PILSBRY, Nautilus x, p. 46. — Orphnus1
lianleyi BINNEY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1874, p. 62, Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. iii, p. 115, pi. 11, f. D (jaw and teeth). — Achatina
sHlemarginata DESK., in Fer., Histoire ii, part 2, p. 187,
pi. 134, f. 31, 32 (1851) ; included by TRYON in Man. Conch.

1, p. 35, pi. 6, f. 77.

Fully adult shells are wholly imperforate with 7% whorls,
length 51, diam. 20.5, aperture 24 mm. The outer lip is very
thin and acute, and the suture very distinctly and finely
crenulate below.

I feel very little doubt that A. subemarginata Desh. was
based upon a shell of this species. Its habitat was un-
known.

2. S. CORONATUS (Pfeiffer). PL 37, figs. 89, 90.

Shell imperforate, oblong-turrite, smooth, thin, diaphan-
ous, waxen-yellowish or whitish. Spire turrite, the apex
rather obtuse. Whorls 7, rather flattened, coronated with
close small whitish tubercles at the suture ; the last whorl
slightly more than one-third the total length. Aperture oval;
peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin rather
straightened, flattened, appressed, reflexed. Length 21,
diam. 7.5, aperture 8x4 mm. (Pfr.).

Brazil (Pfr.).

Bulimus coronatus PFR., Symbols ad Hist. Heliceorum
iii, p. 83 (1846); Monographia ii, p. 168; Conchyl. Cab. p.
189, pi. 49, f. 13, 14, and large var., f. 15, 16.— REEVE, C.
Icon, v, pi. 64, f. 447.

Pfeiffer's figure, which I have reproduced (fig. 89) is
not very good, and an enlarged view is therefore given of
a specimen measuring 24.8 mm. long, 7.5 wide, aperture 8

230 SYNAPTEKPES.

mm. long. The axis is distinctly rimate. The shell is very
pale yellowish-white.

3. S. WALLISI (Mousson). PI. 36, figs. 85, 86.

Shell subperf orate, turrite, decollate (defective?), very
thin, striatulate, polished, ornamented with very fine, im-
perfect decussating lines, subdiaphanous, milky whitish.
Spire defective; suture simple, slightly impressed. Fouir
whorls remain, slowly increasing, piano-icon vex, last
not descending, obtusely angular, rather flattened above,
more convex below. Aperture slightly oblique (18 degrees
from the axis), widely ovate, obtusely subquadrate basally.
Peristome straight, acute, a little expanded, the margins
remote, subparallel, right margin less curved above, more
at the base ; columellar margin shortly and broadly refiexed
and appressed at the insertion; obliquely cut off below.
Columella somewhat twisted, passing into the retracted basal
margin. Length of defective specimen 26, diam. 12 mm.
(Mouss.).

Colombia: lower Magdalena valley (Wallis).

Stenogyra wallisi Mouss., Malak. Blatter xvi, 1869, p. 178.
-PFR., Novit. Conch, p. 146, pi. 133, f. 10, 11.— Bulimus w.,
PFR., Monogr. viii, 131.

Mousson received two examples of this fragile Stenogyroid,
both similarly broken, without a septum or plug to close
the breach. Besides the delicate whitish and polished but
finely lineate surface, it is remarkable for the broadly oval
aperture, basally obtuse-angled on each side.

Mousson thinks that the entire shell would be 38 mm.
long, with 10 or 12 whorls; and he mentions the possibility
that 0. blandi, which seems to be immature, may be a re-
lated form. The generic position of the species is un-
certain, and it is placed here merely for want of a better
place. Pfeiffer's figures of the type are copied on my plate.

Subgenus PROMOUSSONIUS Pilsbry, 1906.
Similar to Synapterpcs, but striate and decussate, with the
embryonic whorls large and arcuately rib-striate. Type S.
incertus.

SYNAPTERPES. 231

4. S. INCERTUS (Mousson). PI. 37, figs. 92, 93, 94.

Shell imperforate, long subturrite, rather thin, reticulated
with close, rather rough, striae and spiral lines interrupting
them; silky; wood-brown, with transverse lines and more
spaced descending ones. Spire long conic, the summit large
and very obtuse; suture a little impressed, subcrenulate.
Whorls . 7, plano-convex, the first elegantly rib-striate, the
last not ascending, three-eighths the total length, long-ovate,
rounded at the base. Aperture sub vertical, (25 degrees with
the axis), narrowly oval, angular above, wider at the base,
effuse, pale within. Peristome unexpended, acute, the right
margin long-arcuate, basal margin receding; columellar mar-
gin thin, wholly appressed. Columella long, somewhat
twisted, a little thickened below, obliquely sub truncate.
Length 40, diam. 16 mm. (Mouss.).

Colombia: Bogota (Wallis).

Spiraxis incerta Mouss., Malak. Bl. xxi, 1873, p. 14.—
PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 256; Novit. Conch, p. 147, pi. 133,
f. 12, 13.

The surface is closely and rather deeply striate, the striae
being cut by spirals into series of short curves, somewhat
festoon-like. The surface is pale yellowish-brown, with nu-
merous brown spiral lines, many of them indistinct, and with
narrow vertical streaks of the same color. The summit, as
Mousson remarks, is very large, rounded, and arcuately ir-
regularly rib-striate, and there is an apical dimple as in
8. hanleyi. The columella reminds one of that of 8. hanleyi;
its edge is narrowly reflexed and adnate. A specimen with
fii/2 whorls, probably not quite adult, measures length 34,
diam. 14.5, aperture 17 mm. Figures 92, 93 are copies of
the type figures ; fig. 94 represents the enlarged apex of a
specimen before me.

Subgenus CHRYSERPES Pilsbry, 1906.

Shell glassy, greenish or golden, subtranslucent with
weakly crenulate suture and smooth apex, the columella with
a spiral fold below; axis perforate. Type 8. amabilis.

232 SYNAPTERPES.

This group may possibly belong to the Oleacinidce near
Dolicholestes.

5. S. AURATUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 36, fig. 80.

Shell nearly covered perforate, oblong-turrite, thin, lon-
gitudinally finely striate, pellucid ; golden, obsoletely marked
with darker spiral lines. Spire turrite, obtuse; suture sub-
marginate, minutely crenulate; whorls 7, a trifle convex, the
last scarcely two-fifths the total length. Columella rather
straightened. Aperture oval-oblong; peristome simple, un-
expanded, the colurnellar margin narrowly reflexed, nearly
appressed. Length 30, diam. 10, aperture 13 x 5.5 mm.
(P/r.).

Ecuador: Baeza -and San Jose (Martinez) ; habitat of type
in Pfr. coll. unknown.

Bulimus auratus PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1846, p. 32 ; Monogr.
ii, 172. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 51, f. 335. — HIDALGO,
Viaje al Pacifico, Moluscos, p. 100. — Mesembrinus auratus
Pfr., COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii, 1887, p. 234.

A delicate, glassy species, of the substance and color of
a "Vitrina" (Reeve). Reeve's figure of the type is given.

Var. aratus n. v. PL 37, figs. 95, 96.

The whorls, except the very smooth embryonic two, are
deeply striate longitudinally, the stria? straight; on the
penult, whorl there are three or four in the space of one
millimeter. They are strongest near the suture and fade
out to a large extent on the base of the last whorl. Length
27, diam. 11, length of aperture 11.8 mm.

6. S. AMABILIS n. sp. PI. 36, fig. 79.

Shell nearly covered perforate, oblong-turrite, thin, pale
green, becoming whitish at the apex, and under a lens
showing many very faintly darker spiral lines on the last
whorl. Surface very glossy, weakly but rather closely
etriate, weakly plicate below the suture, which is just per-
ceptibly irregular. Spire straightly turrite, the summit ob-
tuse. Whorls 8y2, moderately convex. Aperture a trifle

SYNAPTERPES. 233

oblique, acuminate above, narrowed below; outer lip thin
and simple, not perceptibly arched forward. Columella sub-
vertical, not reaching the base. There is an oblique fold be-
low, causing it to be obliquely truncate basally; the colu-
mellar margin is reflexed. Length 25, diam. 8.7, aperture
9 mm.

Colombia: Marmato (T. Bland).

Closely related to S. auratus Pfr., but having more whorls
in a smaller shell, a smaller aperture and more distinctly
truncate columella. The structure of columella and um-
bilicus is the same in young shells 7 mm. long as in those
of 25 mm.

7. S. BISTORTUS (Pfeiffer).

Shell imperforate, turrite, rather thin, lightly arcuate-
striate, glossy, pellucid, olive-corneous; spire elongate, sub-
rectilinear, obtuse ; suture lightly impressed, obsoletely cremi-
late ; whorls 11, rather flattened, the last one-fourth the total
length, tapering basally, pale. Columella having two
twisted, thread-like folds. Aperture oblique, oval-oblong;
peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 38, diam. 8, aper-
ture 9x4 mm. (Pfr.}.

Habitat unknown (coll. Cuming).

Spiraxis bistort a PFR., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 293; Monogr.
iv, p. 573.

An unfigured species, noticed by no later author. A
somewhat similarly two-plicate columella has been found in
the African Subnlina columcUaris Martens (see p. 90). Its
systematic position is uncertain.

Subgenus ZONIFERELLA Pilsbry, 1906.

Shell glossy, greenish-black with a white peripheral band;
columella reflexed, Bulimoid. Oviparous. Type S. albo-
balteatus.

The apical whorls have not been described.

8. S. ALBOBALTEATUS (Dunker). PI. 37, figs. 97, 98.

Shell small, thin, oblong-ovate, subfusiform, slightly rim-

234 KHODEA.

ate; whorls 6 including the nucleus, moderately convex,
brilliantly glossy, subplicate below the suture. Color trans-
lucent greenish-black, the last whorl marked with a dis-
tinctly denned white band. Columella subreflexed, white.
Lip simple, acute. Aperture somewhat narrowed towards
the base. Length 13 mm. (Dkr.) .

Colombia: Pasto, in damp woods (F. C. Lehmann).

Bulimus albo-balteatus DKR., Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges.
ix, 1882, p. 378, pi. 11, f. 7, 8.

The white belt of the last whorl is largely concealed on
the upper whorls. In the single specimen taken, there were
two shining yellowish-white pearl-like eggs, 2 mm. in
diameter.

9. S. VESPERUS (Jousseaume). PI. 37, fig. 91.

Shell ovate-acuminate, thin, very glossy, obsoletely stri-
atulate, greenish-black with a single white zone. Spire
rather long conic, the apex obtuse. "Whorls 6, a little con-
vex, the last ample, a little descending in front. Aperture
oval ; peristome simple, acute ; columellar margin whitish,
straight. Length 17, diiam. 8, aperture 8.5 x 4 mm. (Jouss.}.

Ecuador: Los Puentos, near Quito (A. Cousin).

Mesembrinus vesperus Jouss., Bull. Soc. Zool. de France
xii, 1887, p. 168, pi. 3, f. 2.— COUSIN, t, c. p. 234.

This species, of which but one example was taken, evidently
stands close to S. albo'balteatus, differing in little except the
larger size.

Genus RHODEA H. & A. Ad.

Rhodea H. & A. ADAMS, Genera of Recent Mollusca ii,
p. 135, for calif ornica Pfr. (Feb. 1855). — CROSSE, Journ. de
Conchyl. 1876, p. 5. — SYKES, Journ. of Malaeol. viii, 1901,
p. 20 ('catalogue) .

The shell is imper'forate, eiihcr drxtral or sinistral, pillar-
shaped or tapering, with obtuse smooth apex; the earlier
whorls are convex, the lalcr flat or concave, last whorl
acutely earinate in the middle, deeply concave below the
keel. The aperture is oblique, sub triangular, channelled at

RHODEA. 235

the basal and outer angles. Internal axis ascending in an
open spiral, at the aperture forming a strong columellar fold
above, and continuing to the base; columella concave below
the fold, calloused, and sometimes truncate at the base.
Viviparous. Soft anatomy unknown. Type E. calif ornica.

Distribution, Andean region of Colombia and Ecuador.

A very distinct genus, readily known by its pillar-like
form, 'acute peripheral keel and gyrate axis. Reproduction
is viviparous, as first noticed by Bland; the young shells
at birth having an oblong imperforate shell of about 2 1/2
whorls, with the columella vertical, somewhat calloused, and
obliquely truncate basally (pi. 38, fig. 4). The earlier
whorls are convex, but the sixth already shows an angle at
the basal periphery. At this stage the columella is sub-
vertical and very weakly, obliquely excised below (pi. 38,
fig. 5). Specimens of 8 whorls have a well developed keel,
concave base, and a spiral swelling around the columella,
which is becoming weakly gyrate (pi. 38, fig. 6). The fore-
going account is based upon a series of young E. calif ornica.

The individual therefore passes through stages like Lep-
ii tt aria and Obeliscus before assuming the special features of
Elwdea. I consider the genus to stand nearer Obelise us than
to any other known group. This was also the opinion of
Dohrn.

1. R. CALIFORNIA (Pfeiffer). PI. 38, figs. 1 to 6, 10.

Shell subulate, thin, obliquely very closely rugose-striate,
waxy- whitish ; whorls 12 to 13, the upper ones convex, last
3 or 4 flat, the last whorl a little more than one-sixth the total
length, acutely carinate at the base, somewhat excavated be-
low the carina; columella arcuate, reaching the base, thick-
ened, subtruncate. Aperture sub tetragonal, peristome sim-
ple, acute. Length 23, diam. 3.5, aperture 4 x 2.25 mm.

(Pfr.).

Colombia: Bogota (Akhurst) ; Marmato (Bland).

Acliatina californica PFR., Symbolae ad Hist.. Hel. iii, p.
89 (1846) ; Monogr. ii, p. 266; vi, 236.— REEVE, Conch. Icon,
v, pi. 20, f. 115.— BINNEY, Terr. Moll. U. S. iv, p. 26, pi. 79,

236 RHODEA.

f. 19. — BLAND, Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii, p. 166, f. 10. — Columna
(Rhodea) calif ornica H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 135.
-BINNEY, Land and Fresh- Water Shells of N. A. i, p. 190,
f. 330. — Elwdea calif ornica DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D. Malak.
Ges. ii, 1875, p. 308. — Elwdea pfeifferi CROSSE, Journ. de
Conch, xxiv, 1876, p. 14, pi. 1, f. 1. — PFEIFFER, Monogr.
viii, p. 255.

This species was originally described from Cumingian ex-
amples supposed to be from Monterey, California, but Bland
ascertained the true locality to be Colombia. Figures 1, 3-6
represent shells from Marmato. Fresh shells are waxy-whit-
ish and a little transparent when immature, but the old
ones become quite opaque and pale yellowish. The striation
is dense and fine, very oblique and distinct. The stages of
growth have been described under the generic head.

Reeve 's figure of the type is copied, pi. 38, f . 10.

Crosse renamed the species on account of the erroneous-
locality implied by the original name.

2. R. GERETI Jousseaume. PI. 38, fig. 7.

Shell cylindric-turrite, rod-shaped, obliquely, closely and
very delicately striate; milk-white, with a thin deciduous
yellow cuticle. Spire many-whorled, slowly tapering, the
apex obtuse. Whorls 11, a little convex, regularly increas-
ing, separated by a deep linear suture ; the early whorls more
convex, the rest nearly flat; last whorl angulate-carinate, the
anterior part concave and very minutely striate, contracted.
Aperture triangular, the outer margin worn, columella
thickened, spirally twisted, ascending within, around a very
deep and narrow umbilicus. Length 16, diam. 3 mm. (Jouss.) .

Colombia.

Rhodea gereti Jouss., Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, ii, p.
38, pi. 1, f. 16 (1900).

Smallest of the known Rhodeas. The unique example has
not completed the outer lip.

3. R. WALLISIANA Dohrn. PI. 38, figs. 11, 12, 14, 15.

Shell sinistral, cylindric-turrite, thin, closely obliquely
rugose-striate, chalky under a pale corneous deciduous cuticle

RHODEA. 237

without much gloss. "Wliorls 11 to 12, the upper a little
•convex, the middle ones flat, the last two concave in the
middle, separated by an acute projecting carina; the base of
the last whorl is excavated around the thread-like, nearly
straight, much protracted and basally truncate columella;
margin of the peristome arcuate ; columella encircled with a
wide lamina. Length 34 to 36, diameter in the middle 5 to
6 mm.' (Dohrn) .

Colombia: upper part of the Magdalena valley (Wallis).

Elwdea ivaUiaiana DOHRN, Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges., vii,
1875, p. 57, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. ii, 1875, p. 307, pi. 10,
f. 7, 8. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchy!, xxiv, 1876, p. 21, pi. 1,
f. 3.

4. R. CROSSEANA Da Costa. PI. 38, fig. 9.

Shell cylindrdc, slowly narrowing towards the apex, sub-
pellucid, corneous. Whorls 13, the upper 3 or 4 smooth, con-
vex, the following 2 or 3 convex, the rest nearly flat, ob-
liquely delicately and closely striate, separated by an oblique
suture which is carinate in the last few whorls; last whorl
acutely carinate, deeply excavated below the carina. Aper-
ture irregularly quadrate, bicanaliculate ; columella spirally
twisted, ascending within, forming an umbilicus penetrating
nearly to the apex; lip thin, angular in the middle, chan-
nelled, concave below. Length 31, diam. 5 mm. (Da Costa).

Rliodea crosseana DA C., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p.
305, fig. v (Oct. 1899).

Colombia: Dagua river (W. F. H. Rosenberg). Type in
Brit. Mus.

Very much larger than R. pfeifferi Crosse, with differently
proportioned whorls; the body- whorl more deeply excavated
beneath, and the columella differently convoluted and more
deeply reflexed, so that the basal channel is conspicuously
deeper (Da C.).

5. R. GIGANTEA Mousson. PI. 38, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Shell imperforate, turrite-cylindric, rod-Shaped, obliquely
closely and evenly plicate-striate, lusterless, covered with a

238 RHODE A.

fugacious corneous-gray cuticle. Spire many-whorled,
slowly tapering, the summit rather obtuse, nucleus hyaline
and denuded; suture linear. Whorls 14, very slowly in-
creasing, the first glossy, a little convex, parted by an im-
pressed suture, the following whorls flat, separated by a
linear or thread-margined suture ; last whorl concavely con-
tracted, encircled by a very erect, acute keel, excavated at
the base, with a second cariiia revolving obliquely around the
umbilical region. Aperture rather oblique (at 40 degrees
with the axis), one-seventh the length, triangular, one angle
at the protracted insertion of the outer lip, the second a right
angle at the periphery, the third angle at the subvertical,
twisted, truncate colurnella, Peristome rather obtuse, nar-
rowly expanded, a trifle reflexed; the oblique upper right
margin is straight, concave forwardly near the carina ; the
lower or basal margin is straight and horizontal, joining the
columella at an angle of 50 degrees; columellar margin nar-
rowly reflexed, partly free below the carina. Length 56,
diam, of last whorl 10, at carina 14 mm. (Mouss.).

Colombia: Bogota (Wallis) ; Sonson in the prov. Antio-
quia, and in the Cauca Valley.

Rhodea gigantea Mouss., Malak. Bl. xxi, 1873, p. 15. —
PFR., Novit, Conch, p. 119, pi. 127, f. 10, 11; Monogr. viii,
p. 253.— KOBELT, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. ii, 1875, p. 222,
pi. 6, f. 5. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conch, xxiv, 1876, p. 18, pi.
1, f. 2. — DA COSTA, Pro'C. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 305, figs,
i, ii.

6. R. COUSINI Jousseaume. PI. 38, fig. 16.

Shell narrowly and very deeply umbilicate, worm-shaped,
collared ianteriorly with an acute spiral keel, rather thin,
corneous-buff, obliquely wavy striate, the apex smooth, ob-
tusely conoid. Whorls 14, the first a little convex, the fol-
lowing ones flat, the rest excavated, parted by a straight
carina at the suture, this carina median on the last whorl,
which is excavated below it. Aperture suboblique, triangu-
lar, margin simple, columella thickened, arcuate, reaching
to the base, forming a channel with the basal margin.

RHODEA. 239

Length 40, diam. 5, or across the keel 7 mm. Aperture 5
mm. (Jouss.) .

Ecuador: Guallabamba and between Pacto and Pachijal
(Cousin).

Eliodea cousini Jouss., Bulletin Societe Philomathique de
Paris, n. ser. ii, p. 36, pi. 1, f. 15 (1900).

Smaller than E. gigantea, but larger and more slender than
R. ivallisiana. It tapers above less than E. gigantea.

The Bulletin containing M. Jousseaume 's paper was re-
ceived at the Academy on August 13, 1900.

7. R. AEQUATORIA Da Costa. PI. 38, fig. 13.

Shell elongate, cylindric, dextral or sinistral, dirty whitish,
more or less covered with a buff cuticle. Spire cylindric,
gradually tapering above, rather obtuse at the summit.
Whorls 13, the upper 5 a little convex, the following 6 flat,
the last two concave, carlnate at the periphery, radially stri-
ate below the angle, flat. Aperture (broken and left blank
in the figure). Columella arcuate, spirally revolving, form-
ing a hollow umbilicus. Length 23, diam. 4.5 mm. (Da C.).

Ecuador: Paramba.

Eliodea ccquaioria DA C., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p.
304, figs, iii and iv (Oct. 1899). — Eliodea cequatorica Da C.,
SYKES, Journ. of Malacol. viii, 1901, p. 20.

'From the imperfect condition of the apertures of these
shells it is impossible to ascertain the exact form of the
mouth, but from their general aspect it is probable this is
similar to that of Eliodea wallisiana Dohrn, which however
is a somewhat larger species. Two specimens only were
found by Mr. Rosenberg during his recent travels in Ecuador,
one being dextral, the other sinistral " (Da C.).

Mr. Sykes, in his catalogue of the genus, has altered the
spelling of the name aquatoria, and wrongly quotes the page.

8. R. EQUATORENSIS Jousseaume. PI. 38, fig. 8.

Shell cylindric, openly and very deeply umbilicate, thin,
waxy-white, obliquely very delicately and quite regularly
striate, whorls 10, the first a little convex, first two whorls

240 OBELISCUS.

forming an obtuse apex, to the fifth or sixth tumid and
greenish, following three flat, the last whorl carinate, some-
what excavated beneath ; suture impressed, irregularly crenu-
late. Aperture subtetragonal, somewhat channelled anter-
iorly. Columella thickened, arcuate, screw-shaped inside.
Peristome simple, acute. Length 15, diam. 3 mm. (Jouss.).

Ecuador: Los Puentos (Cousin).

RJwdea equatorensis Jouss., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris ii,
p. 37, pi. 1, f. 17 (1900).

This shell resembles R. californica, but it is smaller and
of less regular growth, whorls v, vi and vii being larger than
the succeeding and greenish while the rest are dull. The
keel of the last whorl projects less and the base is less
excavated.

Genus OBELISCUS Beck, 1837.

Obeliscus BECK, Index Moll., p. 61, for (1) calcareus, (2)
sceptrum, (3) obtusatus, (4) decollatus, (5) obeliscus, (6)
.gnomon, (7) sylvaticus, (8) subuliformis, (9) septenarius,
(10) stylus, (11) bacterionides, (12) micro,, (13) annaensis,
(14) gracillimus, (15) clavulus, (16) goodalli, (17) oryza,
(18) mimosarum, (19) brepkos. Not Obeliscus Humphrey,
Museum Calonnianum, p. 24 (1797). Cf. Herrmannsen, In-
dicis, ii, p. 131.

Stenogyra SHUTTL. (in part), Beitrage zur naheren Kennt-
niss der Land- und Susswasser-Mollusken der Insel Portorico,
in Mittheilungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern,
aus den Jahre 1854, p. 45 (March, 1854) ; and in Annals of
the Lye. of Nat, Hist., N. Y., vi, p. 70, foot-note (March,
1854) ; and of many subsequent authors. — Bulimus of the
older writers.

Shell imperforate or nearly so, subcylindric or taperinir,
usually rather large, solid and opaque; whorls 9 to 18, some-
what convex, not carinate. Embryonic whorls smooth, the
summit obtuse. Aperture ovate, the outer lip simple and
short, columella concave or vertical, continuous or indis-
tinctly truncate at base. Viviparous, the embryonic shell
globose or oblong, of about 3 whorls, and very small com-
pared with the adult. Type 0. obeliscus.

OBELISCUS. 241

Distribution, tropical South America and the Greater An-
tilles.

This extensive genus comprises all of the large American
Achatinidcs except Neobeliscus calcareus, but also some species
no larger than Opeas or Subulina,. It has not the free, over-
hanging columellar reflection of Opeas, nor the strongly trun-
cate columella of Subulina. A few of the smallest species
are clear corneous, but most of them are opaque and more
solid than Opeas. The reproduction is known to be vivip-
arous dn some species of all the subgenera except Lyobasis,
in which nothing is known of the reproduction. Embryos
may often be shaken out of dry shells of the larger species
after soaking them to macerate the dry contents.

Obeliscus was proposed for some nineteen species enumer-
ated above. Six of these, nos. 2, 6, 10, 13, 14, 19, are nude
names, introduced without description 'by Beck; no. 4 is type
of the prior genus Huniina; nos. 12, 15, 16, 18 have been re
ferred to the later genus Opeas; and no. 3 belongs to the
genus Clavator. The remaining forms (0. calcareus, obelis-
cus, sylvaticus, subuliformis, septenarius, bacterionides) , are
referable to two genera, one containing the first species, 0.
calcareus, the other including the rest. Herrmannsen (Sept.
8, 1847) mentioned 0. calcareus as typical, and Gray (P. Z.
S., Nov., 1847) independently selected obtusatus; but the
principle that a tautonomic genus takes as type the species
upon which the generic name was based is one of such obvious
propriety, and has won such wide acceptance among natural-
ists in other departments of zoology, that I do not hesitate to
consider 0. obeliscus Spix as type of the genus Obeliscus.

The name Obeliscus was used earlier by Humphrey for the
group of Troclius dolabratus Linne, but in an anonymous
catalogue, the Museum Calonnianum, not considered accept-
able as a source of nomenclature.

The genus Stenogyra was proposed by Shuttleworth to in-
clude numerous turrited, unicolored, mostly pale or translu-
cent shelled forms, which had 'been placed in Bulimus and
Achatina by former authors. The group was so obviously
natural that it came at once into use, and it is only of late

242 OBELISCUS.

that the necessity has been felt of recognizing several genera
in place of the one. Stenogyra in its original limits cor-
responds now to a subfamily rather than a genus. As sec-
tions of Stenoyyra, Slmttlewort.h ranked the following:
Opeas Albers (1850), with the species subula, octonoidcs,
margaritacea, alabastrina, gompharium, goodaUi.

Pseudobalea Shuttlw. (1854), species dominicensis Pfr.

Obeliscus Beck (1837), species swiftiaita, turb raster.

Subulina Beck (1837), species octona, acicularis.

No type was selected for Stenogyra; and if the ordinary
process of elimination be applied to the group, the name
Stenogyra must replace the so-called Obeliscus of. Shuttle-
worth's list, which are not typical Obeliscus as now restricted.
This view I took in 1899 when I selected 8. terebraster as
type of Stenogyra. By another method of elimination, Steno-
gyra would take the place of Pseudobalea Shuttl. Mr. E. A.
Smith suggests that Stenogyra be dropped entirely, on the
ground that it was proposed without a type, to cover a num-
ber of groups already instituted. In a case like this where
the author's evident intention was to form a new genus by
the union of several prior groups, and yet by the inclusion
of new species renders it not exactly equivalent to them
singly or collectively, no two subsequent students can be ex-
pected to arrive at the same conclusion in its restriction. It
becomes a matter of convenience or personal predilection. I
can see no serious objection to the use of Stenogyra as a sec-
tion of Obeliscus for the 0. terebraster group, which differs
sufficiently from typical Obeliscus to require a special desig-
nation.

Obeliscus is closely related 'to Rhodea and Neobeliscus, both
evidently branches from the Obeliscus stem. Rhodea diverges
from the parent stock in its later stages of growth, Neobelis-
cus in its embryonic stage. The forms remaining in Obe-
liscus 'constitute several subordinate groups, some of which
may hereafter be raised to genera. The rank of the several
groups in this classification depends largely upon the prom-
inence of their special modifications, and does not necessarily
involve the comparative antiquity of the group. Thus Rlio-

OBELISCUS. 243

<l<a may be the result of a later radiation than that which
separated Obeliscus and Protobeliscus.

Key to Subgenera of Obelise as.

NOTE. — Keys to the species may be found under the sub-
generic heads.

I. Embryonic shell with a convexly-conic spire and sub-
acute apex, the columella .straight, not truncate. Adult
shell thin, smoothish, sinistral, very long, composed of 12
to 15 whorls. Antilles.

Subgenus PSEUDOBALEA, species 29, 30.

II. Embryonic shell with globose or hemispherical spire, flat-
tened at the summit; shell dextral.

a. Columella of the embryonic shell entire, not trun-
cate or excised below (pi. 37, f. 100) ; adult shell
dextral, smootliish or finely striate, usually large.
South America,

Subgeiius OBELISCUS s. str., species 1 to 8.
aa. Columella of the embryonic shell more or less trun-
cate or excised at base (pi. 37, figs. 102, 103) ; adult
shell smoothish, not rib-striate.

b. Columella of the adult with reflexed edge, not
calloused. Andean.

Subgenus PROTOBELISCUS, species 9 to 17.
bb. Columella of the adult calloused below. An-
tilles. Subgenus STENOGYRA, species 18 to 28.
aaa. Columella of the embryonic shell unknown; adult
shell small, ribbed or rib-striate, two embryonic
whorls of the globose summit smooth. Western
Cuba. Subgenus LYOBASIS, species 31 to 36.

The limits of the groups Obeliscus s. sir., Stenogyra and
Protobeliscus have not been marked out in detail, because the
essential differences of the first two are in the embryonic
shells, which are known in but few species. In general, Obe-
liscus is Brazilian, Protobeliscus Andean, and Stenogyra is
Antillean.

Numerous species which have been described or mentioned

244 SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS.

under the generic term Obeliscus belong to 'the Lamarckian
genu's Pyramidella. There are also some very briefly or in-
sufficiently described bulimi which may have been based
upon species of Obeliscus, the descriptions of which follow.

Achatina sellovii King. Shell cylindric, transversely stri-
ate, subdiaphanous; length five-sixteenths, diam. two-
sixteenths inch. (King, Zool. Journal, v, p. 343.) Brazil.
M&y be an Opeas.

Achatina sordida King. Shell subdiaphanous, subconic,
basal whorl ventricose. Length six-eighths, diam. three-
eighths of an inch. Rio Janeiro. (King, Zool. Journ., v,
p. 343.) May be an Opeas.

Achatina strigata King. " T. diaphana, subalbida, creber-
rime transversim substriata, strigis longitudinialibus cas-
taneis raris; anfractus basalis subangulatus. — Long, eleven-
sixteenths, lat. six-sixteenths inch." (King, Zool. Journ., v,
p. 343). Brazil.

Bulimus septenarius Brag., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 324, no. 46,
said to be from Lima, Peru, might be an Obeliscus or Steno-
gyra, but is more likely a Drymtzus of the group of D. mor-
bidus, D. chenui, etc. (Manual, vol. xi, p. 283) ; and prob-
ably could be identified in a good Lima collection, if really
from that place. It is described as white, smooth, trans-
parent and turriculate, composed of 7 very slightly convex
whorls ; not over one inch long and four lines in diameter at
the base. The aperture is oval, twice as long as wide, with a
thin, -acute outer lip, the inner lip a little recurved in the
region of the axis, over the perforation. The columella is
straight and rounded.

Species of Brazil and Bolivia (Subgenus Obeliscus s. str.).

Most of the Brazilian Obelisks probably belong to the typi-
cal subgenus, but the embryonic shell has been examined in
0. obeliscus only.

I. Shell closely striate, opaque, the diameter contained
to 5 times in the length; whorls 13 to 18.

a. Adult shell 100 mm. long or more, often trun-

SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 245

cate at the tip, finely and densely striate.

0. obeliscus, no. 1.

aa. Shell 72 x 14 or 15 mm., with 15 to 18 whorls.

0. carphodes, no. 2.
aaa. Shell 84 x 17 mm. with 13 flattened whorls.

0. planospirus, no. 3.

II. She'll wrinkled below the suture, elsewhere smoother,
the cliani. contained 3y2 *o 4 times in length; whorla
10-12.

a. Summit large, the diam. at second whorl 2.8
mm. ; 28 x 8 mm., with 8 whorls.

0. pattalus, no. 6.

aa. Summit smaller, 2 mm. diam. ; whorls 11 to 12.

&. 34 x 9 mm., aperture contained four times

in length of shell. 0. agassizi, no. 5.

6&. 31 x 7 mm. ; spire more slender, aperture

smaller, 41/£ times in length.

0. sylvaticus, no. 4.

III. Shell smooth, thin and pale, 14 x 4 mm. with 9 whorls.

0. bacterionides, no. 7.

IV. Shell smooth, thin and wrhitish, very slender, 22 x 3 mm.,
with 14 flattened whorls. 0. subuliformis, no. 8.

1. 0. OBELISCUS (Moricand). PI. 34, figs. 44 to 48, 51.

"Shell elongate, terebriforni, whorls 15. very finely striate,
ashy-buff, lip simple. Length 85, diam. 17 mm." (Mori-
cand) .

Brazil: Caravelhas (Moric.) ; Bahia (Paz), Taguara, Prov.
Rio Grande do Sul ( v. Ihering) .

Helix (Cochlicella) obeliscus MORIC., Mem. de la Societe
de Phys. et d'His't. Nat, de Geneve, vi, 1833, p. 540, pi. 1, f.
4; vii, p. 424 (eggs and young). — Bulimus o., REEVE, Conch.
Icon., v, pi. 52, f. 343.— DESK, in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 113, pi.
142 A, f. 3, 4.— PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 395; Conchyl. Cab., p.
107, pi. 34, f. 1.— HIDALGO, J. de Conch., 1870, p. 55.—Sten.
(O'beliscus} O'beliscus Mor., Clessin, Malak. Bl. n. F., x, p.
169.

Moricand described an immature specimen of the narrow

246 SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS.

phase of this species. His original figure, copied in my fig.
44, shows the pale color and angular periphery of youth. In
his second publication he mentions receiving others, up to
11 cm. long. In fig. 45 a young shell 71 x 15 mm., with 14%
whorls is drawn. The embryonic second whorl is 3.2 mm.
diam. The fully adult shell of this form is shown in fig. 47,
105 x 25 mm., with 11% whorls remaining. The shell is thin,
light, and pale greenish or grayish-buff in the young, but the
adult is solid, heavy, and of a rich chestnut-tinged olive-
yellow 'color on the later whorls, the earlier always whitish.
The surface is finely, sharply >and densely striate, the strias
interrupted by a few spiral lines in the immature stage, but
on the later whorls of the adult form this sculpture is more
or less obsolete. The apex is truncate in full-grown shells.
The columella is straight above, concave below, with no cal-
lous, but its edge is reflexed and closely appressed.

There is a wider phase or form of this species in which the
spire tapers more rapidly and the whorls are shorter, a
greater number therefore being present in specimens of the
same length ; the other characters remaining practically iden-
tical. An adult 104 mm. long is 25% mm. wide, retaining
13 whorls. The immature and adult stages of this wider
phase are figured, pi. 34, figs. 46, 51.

Specimens kept in captivity by Moricand brought forth
young ones. They are born in a capsule of clear, limpid
fluid confined by an extremely thin membrane, pi. 34, fig. 48.

This species is type of the genus Obeliscus. The embry-
onic shell, pi. 37, fig. 100, taken from the shell drawn in pi.
34, fig. 47, is oblong, perforate, and composed of 3% whorls.

2. 0. CARPHODES (Pfeiffer). PI. 34, fig. 53.

Shell imperf orate, long-turrite, the apex obtuse, regularly
and closely striate, ashy-buff. Whorls 16 to 18, slowly in-
creasing, a little convex, the last nearly smooth, about two-
elevenths the length. Columella straight, simple, the aper-
ture oval, peristome unexpanded, acute, the columellar mar-
gin narrowly ivllrxrd, .-impressed. Length 72, diam. 14, aper-
ture 13 x 7 HUD. < /'/>.).

SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 247

Brazil.

Bulimus obelise us Moric., PFR., Monographia, ii, p. 152,
and of DESHAYES in Fer., Hist., pi. 142 A, f. 5, 6; not of
Moricand. — Bulimus carplwdes PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 108,
pi. 34, f. 2; Monogr., iii, p. 396 (1853).

This is a more slender and less solid species than the closely
related 0. obeliscus, with more whorls in sheik of equal
length. ' Pfeiffer's figure, copied on my plate, well repre-
sents it. A specimen before me measures, length 72, diam.
15, diam. at second whorl 3, length of aperture 14.5 mm.,
whorls 15. Deshayes has figured a larger shell, .about 79 x
17 mm. .

3. 0. PLANOSPIRUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 34, fig. 52.

Shell imperforate, turrite, solid, closely wrinkle striate, ob-
soletely decussate with impressed lines, alabaster white under
a deciduous tawny cuticle. Spire elongate, at the apex pass-
ing into an obtuse cone ; suture impressed. Whorls 13, nearly
flat, the last about one-fifth the length, obsoletely angular
below the middle. Columella rather narrow, calloused.
Aperture oblique, truncate-oblong; peristome simple, unex-
panded. Length 84, diam. 17, aperture 16x8 mm. (Pfr.) .

Habitat of type from Cuming coll. unknown. Head waters
of the Mucury river in eastern Minas Geraes, Brazil (Lieut.
Will).

Bulimus planospirus PFR., Proe. Zool. Soe., 1852, p. 60;
Monogr., iii, p. 396; Conchyl. Cab., p. 108, pi. 34, f. 3.-
Stenogyra planospira Pfr., DOHRN, Jahrb. D. MaJbak. Ges.,
x, 1883, p. 354.

"Differs from B. obeliscus in sculpture, the wider and
flatter whorls and the apex" (Pfr.}. Dohrn notes that it
differs from the very closely related 0. obeliscus by the flat-
ter, more rapidly increasing whorls and the consequently
greater length of the aperture, while tangible differences in
the sculpture are not present. I have not seen the species.

4. 0. SYLVATICUS (Spix et Wagner). PL 34, figs. 54, 55.
"Shell long-conic, subturrite, smooth, glossy, pellucid, sub-

248 SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS.

hnperforate. Whorls 11 or 12, convex, gradually increasing,
parted by a deep suture. Spire very long, the apex obtuse.
Aperture ovate, thin, the mairgin simple and aicute. Color
of the shell white. Length 1 inch 3 lines, width 3l/2 lines
(Wagn.).

Brazil: Province Piauhy in woods (Spix).

Columna sylvatica SPIX on plate. - - Bulimus sylvaticus
AVAGNER, Testacea fluviatilia quae in itinere per Brasilia™,
etc., p. 11, pi. 10, f. 4 (1827). — Bulimus sylvaticus Spix,
EEEVE, Conch. Icon., v, Ackatina, pi. 18, f. 95. — HIDALGO,
Journ. de Conch., 1875, p. 130.

The original description and figure (copied in fig. 54)
agree with specimens collected by J. G. Anthony, due allow-
ance being made for bad drawing in Spix's figure, which has
the sutures too oblique. I figure one of Anthony's shells,
pi. 34, fig. 55. It is thin, imperf orate, pale greenish-yellow,
very glossy, with irregular wrinkles immediately below and
slightly crenulating the sutures, but elsewhere obsolete. The
spire tapers regularly to a very obtuse apex. Whorls 11%,
evenly and moderately convex. The columella is slightly
concave, nearly straight, thin, not at all calloused, but re-
flected and adnate above. Length 31.7, diam. 7.3, aperture
6.7 mm. ; diam. at second whorl 2 mm.

According to Hidalgo, this species was collected by Paz at
Bahia and Rio Janeiro.

Var. columella (Philippi). PI. 34, figs. 49, 50.

Shell cylindric-turrite, the apex obtuse; very smooth, very
glossy, dirty white ; whorls 10, a little convex, the last sub-
angular at base. Aperture oblique, semiiovate, the peristome
simple, unexpended. Length 25, diam. G1/^ aperture S1/^
mm. (Phil.}.

Brazil.

Bulimus columella PHIL., Abbild. Beschreib. neuer oder
wenig gekannter Conichylicn, i. p. 158, Bulimus, pi. 2, f. 7
(Oct., 1844). — PFR,, Monogr.. ii, p. 155.

Pfeiffer has reduced this to a synonym of 0. sylvaticus in
the later volumes of the Monographia (vi, p. 91). A speci-

SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 249

men before me which seems referable to colunulla has a
smaller apex than sylvaticus, agreeing with Philippi's fig-
ures. It is likely that the form may stand as a variety.

A somewhat similar shell has been figured by Deshayes in
Ferussac's Histoire, ii, p. 166, pi. 142 A, f. 7, 8, under the
name B. terebraster.

5. 0. AGASSIZI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 36, fig. 76.

Shell minutely perforate, thin, pale yellowish-corneous, the
later whorls plicatulate immediately under the suture but
elsewhere nearly smooth ; turrite-conic, the spire a trifle con-
tracted above. Apex subglobose. Whorls 11, convex, the
last two flattened, very regularly increasing, the last weakly
subangular at the periphery. Aperture somewhat oblique,
ovate ; outer lip thin ; codumella nearly straight, very slightly
concave, not twisted or subspiral above, its edge narrowly re-
flexed, the reflection long, basal margin retracted. Length
34, diam. 9, length of aperture 8.5 mm. ; diam. at second
whorl 2 mm.

Brazil (J. G. Anthony, Agassiiz exped.).

This is a form of the Obeliscus -group, differing from 0.
obeliscus and 0. carphodes by its conspicuously smaller em-
bryonic whorls, while 0. sylvaticus is of much more slender
form, with smaller aperture. The specimens were on a tray
with 0. sylvaticus. It probably attains a somewhat larger
size.

6. 0. PATTALUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 36, fig. 70.

Shell imperforate, thin, dirty yellowish-olive, slightly shin-
ing, weakly striate ; turrite, the side-slopes straight, the sum-
mit rounded, very obtuse. Whorls 8, but slightly convex, the
later ones nearly flat, last whorl very indistinctly subangular
in front, tapering below. Aperture somewhat oblique, ovate ;
outer lip thin, hardly arched forward. Oolumella slightly
concave, dilated above, with the edge thin, reflexed and ad-
nate, brownish. Length 27.2, diam. 8, aperture 8.9 mm.;
diam. at second whorl 2.8 mm.

Brazil (Moricand).

250 SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCl S.

This small species is remarkable for its very large, obtuse
summit and the straight spire, not in the least attenuate
above, being convex rather than contracted there. It was
sent by Moricand to R. Swift as B. sylvaUcus Spix, and is
probably from the province of Bahia. It is a stouter species,
with a far larger summit, than B. clava Rve., the habitat of
which is unknown. I have not been able to compare it with
typical 0. haplostylus Pfr., which seems to be related. Some
specimens are a little more slender than the type, 28 x 7.8
mm., aperture 8.8 mm.

7. 0. BACTERIONIDES (Orbigny). PL 36, figs. 71, 72.

Shell very long, turrite, subcylindric, thin, transparent,
smooth, whitish or amber-colored. Spire obtuse. Whorls 9,
flattened. Aperture nearly quadrangular, narrowed above
and below; columella straight, acute, truncate; lip thin.
Length 17 [or 14?], diam. 4 mm. Animal very long, yel-
lowish (Orb.}.

Bolivia : arid hills of the Rio Grande, provinces of Laguna
and Valle Grande, at the last foot-hills of the Andes, chiefly
at a place called Pampa Ruis, under stones (Orb.) ; San Pedro
Paraguay (Borelli).

Helix bacterionides ORB., Mag. de ZooL, 1835, p. 9. — Buli-
mus b., ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 260, pi. 29, f. 1-3.
-PFR., Mono'gr., ii, p. 156 ; iii, p. 393 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 117,
pi. 35, f. 15-17.— DESK, in Per., Hist,, ii, p. 116, pi. 142 a, f.
12-14. — Subulina b., ANCEY, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp.
R. Univ. Torino, xii, no. 309, p. 6 (1897).

"This species is very close to B. octonus, but differs tren-
chantly by the flattening of the whorls, rendering the mouth
angular instead of rounded; it is also less conic and
smoother, otherwise having the same appearance and char-
acters" (Orb.).

No columellar truncation can be traced in d 'Orbigny 's
figure, which I have copied. Pfeiffer, who probably had
authentic 'specimens, states that it is imp erf orate, and the
columella is somewhat callously twisted above. He gives the
•linu-nsions as 14x4 mm. The "17" of Orbigny 's descrip-

SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 2.11

tion is probably an error for 14, as that is about the length
of his size figure.

8. 0. SUBULIFORMIS (Moricand). PL 36, fig. 75.

"Shell turrite, elongate, very narrow, smooth, glossy,
white. Whorls flat and numerous, the apex obtuse. Aper-
ture ovate, the lip -acute.

' This species, which appears to me new, is remarkable for
the great number of whorls, 14 in the individuals in my pos-
session, which do not appear to be adult, and also for its
greatly lengthened shape. It is thin, fragile, of a dirty
white color, glossy, almost without striae. The whorls of the
spire are nearly flat, the sutures not deep. Length 22, diam.
3 mm." (Moric.).

Brazil: wood of St. Gonsalves, near Bahia (Moricand).

Helix subuliformis MORIC., Mem. Soc. Phys. et d'Hist. Nat.
de Geneve, vii, p. 427, pi. 2, f. 3. — Bulimus s., POT. et MICH.,
Galerie des Moll., i, p. 156, pi. 15, f. 15, 16.— REEVE, Conch.
Icon., pi. 68, f. 486. — PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 155.

Very distinct by its extremely narrow figure.

Species of Ecuador and Peru (Subgenus PROTOBELISCUS

Pils.).

So far as I know, the following species belong to the sec-
tion Protobeliscus, which differs from Obeliscus by the ab-
ruptly truncate columella of the embryonic shell, pi. 37, fig.
102, 0. cuneus. It is more globose than the embryo of
Stenogyra (fig. 103) or Pseudobalea, and differs from the
corresponding stage in Obeliscus (fig. 100) and Neobeliscus
(fig. 99) by its short form as well as in the columella. Neo-
beliscus (fig. 99 natural size) has an enormously larger em-
bryo than any of the other groups. Protobeliscus is further
distinguished from typical Obeliscus by the rather thin,
.smoothish shell, not so distinctly striate, and the longer
whorls. The type is 0. cuneus Pfr.

The following key will probably be found of little practical
use on account of the variability of the species in size.

252 SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS.

I. Large forms, over 50 mm. long.

a. Summit very obtuse; aperture subvertical.

0. cuneus, no. 9.
aa. Summit attenuate; aperture oblique.

0. major, no. 10.
II. Smaller forms, 25 to 50 mm. long.

a. Spire very thick above ; length. 5 times the diam.

0. pairensis, no. 11.

en. Spire regularly tapering; length 3^2 to 4 times
diam.

b. 39 x 10 mm., whorls 9. 0. haplostylus, no. 12.
bb. 27x8 mm., whorls 9. 0. jousseaumei, no. 13.

bbb. 36x9 mm., whorls 10. 0. cuneus minor, no. 9.
III. Small, 8x2 mm., with 7 whorls. 0. pusillus, no. 14.

9. 0. CUNEUS (Pfeiffer). PL 35, figs. 56, 57, 58, 59.

Shell imperforate, turrite-<elub-shaped, solid, smooth, arcu-
ately irregularly substriate, tawny. Spire turrite, the apex
rather acute ; suture minutely crenulate, bordered with an
impressed line. Whorls 10, flat, the last two-sevenths the
total length, rounded basally. Columella slightly arcuate,
narrowly calloused, flat. Aperture sub rhombic- ova 1 ; peri-
stome simple, unexpanded, the right margin very slightly
arcuate, basal margin forming an obtuse angle with the 'colu-
mella. Length 63, diam. 16, aperture 18.5x10 mm. (Pfr.).

Ecuador: on the Mira river (Bourcier, type loc.). Nane-
gal (Martinez) ; Val de Pilaton, about 3,000 meters above
sea level (Boetzkes) ; Los Puentes near Cfualea at about 1,500
meters, on low herba.ge in very damp places (Cousin).

B-ulinntx us PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1852, p. 154; M'on-

ogr., iii, p. 390; Conchyl. Cab., p. 96, pi. 32, f. 11, 12.-
HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch., 1870, p. 56 ; Viaje al Pacifico,
Moll., p. 97. — Obelise ttx mm- us Pfr., MILLER, Malak. BL, xxv,
1878, p. 195; n. F., i, 1879, pi. 6, f. 3 b, var. min or.— COUSIN,
Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, xii. 1887, p. 237.—Bulimus fair-
•mnlminiif; PETIT de la SATSSAYE, Journ. de Conch., 1853, p.
156, pi. 5, f. 8.

The surface is glossy, \vitli only fainl striation, and eov-

SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 253

ered with a chestnut-tinged yellow or olive-yellow cuticle,
paler above and worn from the upper whorls. A narrow
sutural margin is conspicuous, but occasionally obsolete.
The spire remains thick until quite near the .apex. The outer
lip is decidedly arcuate in side view (fig. 58), but the aper-
ture is vertical, not oblique as in 0. major. Well-grown speci-
mens measure 67 x 16.8 mm., aperture 20 mm., and have 11
whorls.

The columella in uterine young shells is distinctly trun-
cate obliquely, and this sinuation may be seen near the apex
in sections of adult shells. Elsewhere the axis is straight
and slender. A dried specimen opened by me contained 8
embryonic shells, the largest 4.7 mm. long, 3.6 wide, with 3
whorls. Like the adults, they are iniperforate (pi. 37, fig.
102). Miller mentions finding 12 embryos in a specimen he
opened. The synonymous B. fairmairianus is figured, fig. 59.
Figures 56, 57 are Pfeiffer's type of cuneus.

Var. minor Miller. PI. 35, fig. 63. Whorls 10, length 36,
d'iam. 9, aperture 10 x 5 mm. ; only a trace of the subsutural
line; striation more distinct. With cuneus in the Val de
Pilaton. The name is preoccupied by Pfeiffer for a form of
0. riparius, and Miller's variety is probably referable to 0.
major.

Var. RIPARIUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 35, figs. 61, 62.

Shell imperforate, turrite, solid, striate, opaque, straw-
colored. Spire long, the apex rather obtuse; suture linear,
very closely crenulate, not margined. Whorls 11, slowly in-
creasing, flat, the last less than one-fourth the total length,
rounded 'basally. Columella slightly twisted, then vertically
descending. Aperture small, acuminate-oval ; peristome sim-
ple, unexpanded, the right margin lightly arcuate, columellar
margin a little reflexed. Length 53, diam. 11, aperture
12.5x6.5 mm. (P/Y.).

Ecuador: banks of the Mira river (Bourcier) ; Baeza, San
Jose, among plants in very damp places (Martinez).

Bulimus riparius PPR., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1852, p. 155;
Conchy!. Cab., p. 97, pi. 32, f. 13, 14; Monogr., iii, p. 391;

254 SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS.

vi. p. 91, var. minor. — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch., 1870, p.
55 ; Viaje al Pacifieo, p. 98.

This form, of which I reproduce the original description
and figures, is probably not separable from 0. cum ux.
Hidalgo and Miller have remarked on the great similarity,
the former adding that riparius is paler, with a proportion-
ally smaller aperture, obtuse apex, no subsutural line, and a
less convex last whorl. Pfeiffer, in Monographia VI, men-
tions a minor form, 29-30 mm. long, 8.5 wide, aperture 8
mm. long.

10. 0. MAJOR (Miller). PI. 35, fig. 6-i.

Whorls lli/o ; length 86, diain. 21, aperture 22 x 12 mm.

Ecuador: Val -de Pilaton, about 3,000 meters above sea
level (Boetzkes).

Obeliscus cum us var. major MILL., Malak. Bl., n. F., i,
1879, pi. 6, f. 3 b.

Miller's figure seems to represent a form which differs
from 0. cuneus by the conspicuous attenuation or contraction
of the upper portion of the spire, the oblique aperture and
the concave, subsinuous columella. There is no subsutural
margining impressed line. I have figured a series from the
collection of the Academy, pi. 35, figs. 60, 65, 66, 67.

The shell is imperf orate, rather thin, but moderately strong,
covered with a greenish-yellow, smooth and rather glossy
cuticle. The spire tapers slowly, but at the upper fourth
more rapidly, so that near the su))nnit it is distinctly atten-
uate. Whorls lli/2, the earlier ones convex, rather narrow
and slowly widening ; the last four whorls are very wide a.nd
a I most flat, the last whorl being a little more convex than the
preceding. Suture linear, quite oblique, pale-edged below,
slightly arched forward. Columella narrow, concave below,
ascending in a long, weak spiral, the edge reflexed and ap-
pressed above; parietal callous thin, transparent. Length
71.8, diam. 16, longlh of aperture 19.5 mm.

Ecuador: Quito (purchased by R. Swift from John Cal-
vert, 167 Strand, London).'

The contrast between this form and 0. cuneus in the shape

SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 255

of the columella and the obliquity of the lip is well seen by
comparing fig. 58 (cum us) with fig. 60 (major).

A smaller specimen is drawn in fig. 66. Length 57, diam.
13.4, aperture 15 mm., whorls 11%. It is typical in other
respects.

Another lot of two specimens, fig. 67, differs in having the
contraction of the apical fourth more pronounced, and the
last whorl more inflated, causing a change in the shape of the
aperture, which is wider below. They are otherwise like the
types.

Length 64.3, diam. 17, aperture 18.8 mm., whorls 11%.

Length 60.2, diam. 17, aperture 18.7 mm., whorls 11.

11. 0. PAIRENSIS (Higgins). PI. 36, fig. 82.

Shell imperforate, turrite, rather thin, smooth, obliquely
striate, yellowish- tawny. Spire turrite, the apex obtuse,
suture crenulate-margined. Whorls 10, flat, the last about
one-fourth the total length, tapering basally. Columella cal-
lous, slightly arcuate. Aperture oblique, acuminate-oval;
peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin somewhat
sinuous. Length 47, diam. 9 mm. (Higg.) .

Ecuador: Paira (Mr. Clarence Buckley).

Eunuiin (Stenogyra) pairensis HIGGINS, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1872, p. 685, pi. 56, f. l.—Bulimus p., PFR., Monogr.,
viii, 128.

Remarkable for its thick spire and narrow, club-like shape.
It evidently stands close to 0. cuneus.

12. 0. HAPLOSTYLUS (Pfeiflfer). PI. 36, figs. 68, 69.

Shell imperforate, turrite, rather thin, subarcuately cos-
tulate-striate, diaphanous, yellowish-green. Spire long, ob-
tuse. Whorls (J, rather flat, the last nearly smooth, two-
sevenths the total length. Columella very simple, arched
inward. Aperture oblong-oval, peristome simple, acute.
Length 39, diam. 10, aperture 11x5.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Ecuador: El Catamaija near Loxa (Hartweg, type loc.) ;
Cuenca (Martinez) ; Los Puentes (Cousin). Peru: Tambillo
(Stolzmann).

,S(U:TH AMERICAN OBELISri's.

Hidinius haplostylus PFR., Symbols a/d Hist. Hel., iii, p.
84 (1846) ; Monogr., ii, p. 152; vi, 94. — HIDALGO, Viaje al
Pacdfico, p. 132; J. de Conch., 1875, p. 130. — LUBOMIRSKI,
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879, p. 724. — Obeliscus h., COUSIN, Bull.
Sac. Zool. France, xii, p. 238, 1887. — Bulimus terebraster
REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 52, f. 341, not of Lamarck.

Pfeiffer's description and Reeve's figure (fig. 69) of the
type are given, with the figure of a smaller specimen (fig.
68) . The shell has a very large apex of a pale corneous tint,
the embryonic whorls being slightly roughened with weak
arcuate wrinkles. There is a whitish line below the finely
but indistinctly crenulate suture. The shell has not the gloss
of 0. ciineus, and the shape of the spire is quite different,
Length 30, diam. 8, aperture 8.5 mm., diam. -of second whorl
2.5 mm. ; whorls

13. 0. JOUSSEAUMEI Cousin. PL 36, fig. 78.

Shell elongate, turriculate, with obtuse summit and
rounded base ; quite thin, fragile and transparent, orna-
mented with fine, close and quite irregular stria?, sometimes
showing superficial spiral striae, appearing to be the result
of erosion. Yellow, more or less tinted with reddish or
greenish-yellow. AVhorls 9, regularly and slowly increasing,
separated by a linear, sharply cut suture ; early whorls nearly
smooth, forming a stout obtuse apex; following whorls but
slightly convex, the outline appearing as a straight line in-
terrupted at intervals by the suture. Last whorl noticeably
angular a little below the middle. The aperture is oval, a
little angular posteriorly, and noticeably exicised by the
penult, whorl ; peristome unexpanded, thin and acute. Colu-
mel'la nearly straight, a little stronger than the outer lip;
parietal callus weak. Length 27, diam. 8, aperture 8x5 mm.

Ecuador: descent of Azagues tto Molobog, in a shady
ravine, under dead leaves, elevation about 2,400 meters
(Cousin).

Obeliscus jousseaumei COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zoologique de
France, xii, 1887, p. 238, pi. 4, f. 1.

The description is somewhat abbreviated from that of

SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 257

Cousin. It seems to be related to 0. haplostylus, but the
contour is wider, the spire more conic and regularly tapering.

14. 0. PUSILLUS (H. Adams). PI. 36, fig. 77.

Shell imperforate, turrite, rather thin, striate, slightly shin-
ing, pale tawny. Spire long, the apex rather obtuse ; suture
impressed, not margined. Whorls 7, rather flattened, the
last one-fourth' the total length, rounded basally. Columella
slightly twisted above. Aperture small, oval ; peristome sim-
ple, straight, the right margin slightly arcuate, columellar
margin a little reflexed. Length 8, diam. 2 mm. (H. Ad.).

Eastern Peru (E. Bartlett).

Rumina (Obeliscus) pusilla H. AD., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1866, p. 441, pi. 38, f. 1.

Colombian Species.
These aberrant forms require further study.

15. 0. VIRESCENS (da Costa). PI. 36, fig. 81.

Shell oblong-turrite, very thin, pellucid, glossy. Whorls 8,
a little convex, the sutures impressed, longitudinally very
closely raised-striate ; columella pale, reflexed; lip simple,
acute; epidermis thin, greenish. Aperture subelongate, one-
third the length of the shell. Length 37, diam. 12, aperture
14x5.5 mm. (da Costa}.

Colombia : Valley of the Cauca river.

Stenogyra (Spiraxis) virescens DA COSTA, Proc. Malac.
Soc. Lond., iii, p. 82, pi. 6, f. 10 (July, 1898).

16. 0. BLANDI (Pfeiffer). PI. 36, figs. 83, 84.

Shell perviously and narrowly unibilicate, turrite, rather
thin, obliquely closely thread-striate, opaque, calcareous;
spire long, attenuate below (the wide, obtuse apex; suture
slightly impressed. Whorls 17, flat, the last about one-
seventh the total length, subangular. Aperture slightly ob-
lique, subtetragonal ; peristome simple, unexpandecl, the colu-
mellar margin a little reflexed above. Length 22, diam.
nearly 7, aperture 4x3 mm. (Pfr.).

258 ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS.

Colombia: Baranquilla, in the Andes (Bland).

Bulimus blandi PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1852, p. 85 ;.
Conchyl. Cab., p. 155, pi. 48, f. 15, 16 ; Monogr., iii, p. 397.

Pfeiffer thought this might be an immature shell. The
figures certainly have the appearance of a young Eucalodiiim
or C&locentrum. It is obviously not an Obcliscus.

17. 0. PEREGRINUS Pfeiffer. Unfigured.

Shell perforate, subfusiform-turrited, rather solid, striat-
ulate, waxen. Spire eonvex-rturrited, the apex rather obtuse,
suture subcrenulate. Whorls 8^/2, a trifle convex, the last
subequal to one-third the length, subcornpressed at base.

Aperture oblique, oblong, angular at both ends; peristome
simple, unexpanded, the margins 'converging, right margin
arcuate, columellar margin nearly straight, dilated to the
base of the aperture, flat, wide. Alt. 18, diam. 5% mill. ;
aperture, alt. scarcely 6, width 3 mill. (Pfr., from type in
Cuming coll.). Habitat unknown.

Bulimus peregrinus PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 9 ; Monogr., iv,
p. 457. — B. (Obeliscus) peregrinus PFR., olim.; B. (Peron-
aus} peregrinus PFR.^CLESS., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 255
(1878).

An unfigured form, the systematic position of which can
only be ascertained by an examination of the type.

Antillean Obeliscus (Subgenus STENOGYRA Shuttlw.).
With the possible exception of 0. salleanus and rangianus,
the follo'wing Antillean Obelisks belong to the subgenus
Stenogyra, the type being 0. terebraster (Lam.). The em-
bryonic shell is oblong, with an obliquely truncate coluniella
(pi. 37, fig. 103, terebraster from Loisa, Porto Rico). The
adult has a more or less developed callus on the coluniella,
such as we do not find in Protobeliscus. The group extends
over eastern Cuba, Haiti and Porto Rico, but is wanting in
Jamaica and western Cuba. The Cuban species are closely
related and difficult to distinguish.

ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS. 259

Key to species of Stenoyyra.

I. Rather large species, 28 to 50 mm. long, 7 to 14 mm. diam.
a. Surface without spiral striation; Cuban.

b. Diam. contained 4 to 4% times in length;
28 x 7 to 37 x 8 mm. 0. maximus, no. 18.
bb. Diam. more than one-fourth the length; very
solid, the spire contracted above ; larger.

0. m. princeps, no. 18 a.

aa. Surface with delicate spirals; cuticle yellow, some-
what lamellose in perfect shells; Haiti.

b. Length 45-48 mm., about 4 times the diam.

0. salleanus, no. 27.
bb. Length 28-37 mm., 4!/o to 5 times the diam.

0. s. disparilis, no. 27 a.

bbb. Wider, length 39, diam. 11 mm.; Mexico(?).

0. rangianus, no. 28.
II. Smaller forms, less than 25 mm. long, or 6 mm. diam.

a. Whorls all very convex ; small, pale and thin shells.
Haiti.

b. Weakly striate; sutures of embryonic whorls
crenulate ; 13.7 x 3.7 mm. with 8y2 whorls.

0. kendersoni, no. 24.

bb. Finely, distinctly striate; 11.2x3 mm. with
10 whorls. 0. simpsoni, no. 25.

aa. Later whorls more or less flattened, the earlier more
convex.

b. Pellucid, glossy, small and very slender, 7x2
to 10 x 2.3 mm. with 7 to 9 whorls.

0. swiftianus, no. 26.

bb. Very narrow, diam. contained 5 or 6 times in
length, yellow, very obliquely striate; 20 to
24 mm. long, about 4 wide, with 10% to 12
whorls. 0. clavus, no. 23.

bbb. Wider species, diam. 4 to 4% times in length.
c. Yellowish ; 23 x 5 to 24 x 5.5 mm., aper-
ture 6 mm., with 9% to 10 whorls. Porto
Rico. 0. terebmster, no. 22.

260 ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS.

cc. Corneous Cuban species, less than 20
mm. long.

d. 14 x 3, aperture 3 mm., whorls 8 ;
striae strongly arcuate.

0. strictus, no. 19.

dd. 17 to 18 x 3.7 to 4 mm., whorls

about 10, the second 1 mm. diam.

0. bacillus, no. 20.

ddd. 16x4 to 18.5 x 3.9 mm., with 8 to
9!/2 whorls; summit larger.

0. homalogyra, no. 21.

Species of Ciiba and Porto Rico.
18. 0. MAXIMUS (Poey). PI. 31, figs. 1 to 6.

Shell imperf orate, long-turrdte, the apex rather obtuse;
solid, white. Whorls 12, a trifle convex, the last less than
one-third the total length. Colurnella somewhat twisted.
Aperture oval-oblong, the peristome unexpended, acute, the
right margin arched outward, columellar margin narrowly
reflexed, with no umbilical crevice. Length 37, diam. 8, aper-
ture 8x4 mm. (Poey} .

Cuba, exact locality not noted (Poey) ; Yateras, Santiago
and Baraeoa (coll. A. N. S. P.) ; Guantanamo, Santiago,
Mayari and Sagua de Tanamo (Arango).

Stenogyra maxima POEY, Memorias sobra la Hist. Nat.
Cuba, i, p. 422, pi. 34, f. 9-11 (1854).— ARANGO, Fauna, p.
90. — ? S. gigas POEY, Memorias, i, p. 395 (name only). —
Bulimus gigas Poey, PPR., Monogr., iv, p. 456 ; Novit. Conch.,
p. 372, pi. 87, f. 3, 4, 5, 6.

Poey's original figures are copied, pi. 31, figs. 1, 2. Figs.
3, 4 represent a specimen sent to Pfeiffer as typical, and
agreeing well with one sent by Poey to Tryon. These shells
are strong but thin, whitish-corneous or sometimes faintly
yellow-tinted, distinctly contracted near the rather large
apex. The surface is rather glossy and very weakly striate.
Poey's original type was an unusually long specimen, ex-
ceeding in length any I have seen. The shell usually meas-
ures,

ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS. 261

Length 30.5, diarn. 7.8, aperture 8.1 mm.; whorls 101/2.
Length 32, diam. 7.8, aperture 7.6 mm. ; whorls
Length 28, diam. 7, aperture 7.1 mm.; whorls
The diameter of the apex at the second whorl is 1.7 mm.
There is also a thinner form, almost translucent, but other-
wise like the preceding, which has been noticed by Pfeiffer,
and figured (see fig. 5). It is found 'at Yateras. An em-
bryonic shell out of one o'f these is 3.5 mm. long with 3%
whorls, with the axis imperforate and the columella strongly
twisted spirally.

The name S. gigas was nowhere defined by Poey, but
Pfeiffer applied it in the place of typical S. maxima, evi-
dently because the latter name was in use in Bulimus.

Var. PRINCEPS Pilsbry. PI. 31, figs. 7 to 11.

Shell imperforate, very solid, white under a yellowish (or
very thin pale greenish-yellow) cuticle; very weakly striate.
Spire regularly tapering from the last whorl to the upper
fourtJi, which is decidedly contracted; apex large and
rounded, the width at the second whorl being 2 mm. AVhorls
lO1/^, very slightly convex, slowly and regularly increasing in
length. Aperture moderately oblique, ovate, the columella
rather narrow, vertical and straight.

Length 38, diam. 11, aperture 10.5 mm. Type.

Length 38, diam. 10.2, aperture 10 mm.; whorls 11%.

Length 35, diam. 9, aperture 9 mm. ; whorls lO1/?.

Length 37, diam. 12, aperture 11 mm. ; whorls 10.

Length 44, diam. 14 mm. (P/V., fig. 9).

Length 30, diam. 9, aperture 8.5 mm. ; whorls 10.

Eastern Cuba: Monte Libano, etc.

Bulimus gigas Poey, var. g, PFR,, Novit. Conch., p. 372,
pi. 87, f. 1, 2.

This form differs conspicuously from typical 0. rnaximus
by its larger size, more robust form and greater solidity ; yet
there is great variation in these characters, and some speci-
mens, such as that drawn in fig. 7, form a partial transit ion
between the smaller and larger forms. One old specimen in
the series of 16 before me has lost the apical whorls and
closed the breach by a plug.

262 AXTILLEAX OBELISCUS.

19. 0. STRICTUS (Poey). PI. 30, figs. 16, 17.

Shell corneous, rather solid, turriculate, imperforate, deli-
cately striate; whorls 8, rather flat, the apex obtuse. Aper-
ture small, trapezoidal; peristome acute, the right margin
straight, posteriorly acutely angular ; columella narrow, some-
what calloused. Length 14, diam. 3, aperture 3 mm. (Poey).

Eastern Cuba: Manzanillo, Bayamo and Cabo Cruz (Gund-
lach) ; a variety in the Isle of Pines (Gundlach).

Bulimus strictus POEY, Memorias, i, p. 205, 212, 447, pi.
26, f. 16-18— PFR., Malak. BL, 1854, p. 196; Monogr., iv,
459. — Stenogyra stricta Poey, ARANGO, Fauna, p. 91. — Opeas
strictus Poey, STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. Conch., v, p. 107 (1882).

Poey's description and figures are given. It is a more
slender species than S. homalogyra, with the last two or three
whorls longer and -even flatter, the upper slope of the last
whorl being almost impressed or concave. The strife are
quite strongly arcuate.

I have seen no examples from the Isle of Pines, and feel
disposed to doubt the. identity of any form from there with
the East Cuban S. stricta.

20. 0. BACILLUS (Pfeiffer), PI. 30, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.

Shell imperforate, subulate, rather thin, slightly striat-
ulate, diaphanous, waxen; spire lengthened, almost regu-
larly tapering, the summit fine ; suture light, sometimes obso-
letely submarginate. Whorls 8 to 10, the upper ones convex,
the lower flattened, last whorl about two-ninths the total
length. Columella simple, very slightly twisted. Aperture
oblique, oblong-oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right
margin slightly dilated forward. Length (largest specimen)
18.5, diam. 3.75, aperture 3.66x2 mm. (Pfr.}.

Eastern Cuba : between Demajagua and Guantanamo
(type loc.) ; Guantanamo, under stones (Gundlach) ; Bar-
acoa (Arango).

Bulimus bacillus PFR., Malak. Bl., viii, 1861, p. 221; Mon-
ogr., vi, 92; Novit. Conch., p. 424, pi. 96, f. 7-9. — Stenogyra
bacillus Pfr., ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 90.

ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS. 263

"This species is readily distinguishable from terebraster
and homalogyra, which have the columella similar, by the
much narrower, quite regularly descending whorls" (P/V.).

Pfeiffer's original figure is copied, figs. 7, 8, and two speci-
mens are drawn, figs. 9, 10. These measure :

Length 17, diam. 4, aperture 4 mm. ; whorls 10.

Length 17.8, diam. 3.8, aperture 3.9 mm.; whorls 10%.

The apex is small, 1 mm. in diameter at the second whorl,
being smaller than in tcnl raster, and the spire is noticeably
contracted above.

21. 0. HOMALOGYRA ('Shuttl.' Pfr.) . PI. 30, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Shell imperforate, cylindric-turrite, striatulate, slightly
shining, diaphanous, whitish-hyaline. Spire long, rather ob-
tuse; suture light, subrnarginate. Whorls 8, slowly increas-
ing, the upper four rather convex, the rest flattened, last
whorl two-sevenths the total length, slightly tapering basally.
Columella callous, somewhat twisted, receding. Aperture
oblique, sub-semioval ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the
right margin receding basally, forming an angle with the
columella. Length 16, diam. 4, aperture 4.5x2 mm. (Pfr.).

Central Cuba: near Trinidad, at the sugar plantation
"Magua" and at the "Sitio del Quemado" (Gundlach), and
on the hill "La Vigia'' (Pilsbry) ; Sancti Spiritus around
limesitone rocks; on the hillside west of Matanzas (Pilsbry).
Also reported from Almendares and Fermdna.

'Buliittus Iwrnalogijrns Shuttleworth mss., PFR., Conchyl.
Cab., p. 91, pi. 31, f. 9, 10; Monogr., iii, 392; Malak. Bl.,
1857, iv, p. 107.

The habitat was originally unknown, tout as Trinidad speci-
mens are typical, that may be considered the type locality.
It occurs on La Vigia rather sparingly under stones. It is
the common and characteristic Obeliscus of central Cuba.

Fig. 13 is a copy of the original illustration; figs. 14, 15
represent Trinidad specimens of the maximum size, enlarged
to double natural size, showing the more slender and the
wider phase. The suture is narrowly but deeply incised.
The glossy surface is delicately but distinctly arcuate-striate,

264 ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS.

the striae stronger below the suture. The embryonic and early

whorls are decidedly larger than in S. bacillus. The figured

specimens measure :

Length 17, dia.m. 4.3, aperture 4.7 mm. ; whorls
Length 18, diarn. 4.2, aperture 4.4 mm. ; whorls
The largest of an abundant series taken near Sancti Spir-

itus, Pro<v. Santa Clara, measures: length 17.5, diam. 3.9,

apert. 4.5 mm., whorls

Var. zaza nov. PI. 40, figure below fig. 4.

On the rocky hill at Zaza del Medio, Prov. Santa Clara, I
found a slender form of the species. The very pale greenish-
yellow shell is composed of 9 to 9^2 whorls ; the spire is more
slender and tapers more regularly than in 0. homalogyra,
the lateral outlines being straight. In adult shells the later
whorls have a white-bordered suture.

Length 18.5, diam. 3.9, aperture 4 anm. ; whorls
Length 18, diam, 4, aperture 4.3 mm. ; whorls 9.
Length 17.3, diam. 3.7, aperture 4 mm. ; whorls
In 0. bacillus Pfr. the early whorls are more attenuate
than in these shells.

22. 0. TEREBRASTER (Lamarck). PI. 30, figs. 5, 6, 11, 12.

Shell cylindric-turrite, somewhat glabrous, 'Corneous-brown-
ish; whorls 9, flattened, the last more ventricose; lip thin,
acute. Length 9 to 10 lines (Lam.).

Porto Rico (Mauge, type loc.). San Juan, Ceiba, Huma-
cao and Luquillo (Blauner) ; Quebradillas, Vegabaja and
Las Marias (Gundlach) ; Loisa (Swift).

? Helix terebraster FERUSSAC, Prodrome, p. 55, no. 370, 110
description. — Bulimus terebraster Lam., An. s. Vert., vi, pt.
2, p. 124, no. 28 (April, 1822) ; Edit, Desh., viii, p. 234.-
MENKE, Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1853, p. 63. — PFR., Monogr., iii,
653. — Stenogyra (Obeliscus) terebraster Fer., SHUTTL., Diag-
nosen n. Moll., no. 6, p. 140, in Mittheil. naturf. Ges. Bern,
1854, p. 48. — Stenogyra t., MARTENS, Conch. Mittheil., i, p.
94, pi. 17, f. 9-11; Jahrb. d. Mai. Ges., iv, 1877, p. 349;
Nachrichtsblatt, xxiii, 1891, p. 132. — €ROSSE, Journ. de dm-

ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS.

chyl., 1890, p. 244 (Cuba). — Obeliscus terebraster Lain.,
CEOSSE, J. de C., 1892, p. 27.

This common Porto Rican species was very briefly de-
scribed by Lamarck, buit in 1853 Menke redescribed it, and
more recently von Martens lias supplied a good description
and figures (figs. 11, 12). "The shell is turrite, weakly stri-
ate, thjn, dull yellowish and slightly shining when fresh,
whitish and shining when worn or rubbed. Apex rather ob-
tuse ; there are 10 rather flattened whorls, parted by a rather
impressed suture, regularly increasing, 'the last rather rapidly
tapering below. The aperture is hardly one-fourth the total
length, rather oblique, obliquely piriforrn, acute 'above.
Outer lip thin, unexpanded. Columellar margin almost ver-
tical, narrow, only in the middle a little flattened, very nar-
row below and with an indistinct 'angle where it passes into
the basal margin. Length 23, diam. 5, 'aperture 6x3 mm."

A larger specimen from Luquillo is figured, pi. 30, fig. 6>
measuring, length 24, diam. 5.5, aperture 6 mm., with 9!/o
whorls. The specimen drawn in fig. 5, said to be from the
same place, differs so much in proportions that I am disposed
to think it a Cuban shell put with Porto Ricans by mistake. It
measures, length 24, diam. 4.8, aperture 4.8 mm., whorls 11%.

Young shells shaken out of shells from Loisa are oblong,
3 mm. long, with 3 whorls and a sinuous columella (pi. 37,
fig. 103).

In Eastern Cuba 0. terebraster has been reported from
Brazo del Cauta, Buenavista and Coralillo, all near Santiago,
from Gruantanamo, Bayamo and Baracoa. Pfeiffer states
that those from Santiago are entirely like Porto Rican shells
(Malak. Bl., v, p. 184). Some Cuban specimens before me
seem indistinguishable from true terebraster. The anatomy
of Cuban should be compared with Porto Rican examples.
It is certainly remarkable that the same species should be
common to- Cuba and Porto Rico and unknown in the inter-
mediate island of Haiti.

A sinistral Obeliscus, said to be from Porto Rico, is fig-
ured on pi. 32, fig. 31. It is not a reversed 0. terebraster,
but as the shell is immature, it may remain undescribed
pending further information.

266

ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS.

Haitian Species.

Achatina dunkeri Pfr., Spiraxis or Euspiraxis dunkeri of
some authors, has a Stenogyroid appearance, -but it is Olea-
cinoid, and the type of the genus Dolicholestes Pils., q. v.

23. 0. CLAVUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 32, figs. 19, 20, 21, 22.

Shell imperforalte, thin, pale yellow or yellowish, glossy,
weakly and very obliquely striate. Very narrow, the diam-
eter equal to the length of aperture, and .contained five or
six times in the 'total length of the shell, the lower three-
fourths of the length slowly tapers or is almost cylindric, the
upper fourth is slightly contracted, the apex obtuse. Whorls
11 (10% to 12), the apical one hemispherical, corneous, the
following whorls slightly convex, slowly increasing, later
whorls being more flattened and longer. The aperture is
very oblique, ovate. The outer lip is a trifle sinuous, thin.
Columella slightly concave, almost straight in the middle,
narrowly calloused, curving regularly into the basal lip.

Length 20.6, diam. 3.9, aperture 3.9 mm., diam. at second
whorl 1 mm. (figs. 21, 22, type).

Length 21, diam. 4.1, aperture 4.1 mm.

Length 24, diam. 4, aperture 4 mm.

Haiti: fsans Souci, near Cape Haitian (type loc.) ; Char-
rnette; Cape Haitian (Henderson and Simpson).

This is a perplexing form of the terebraster group, col-
lected in some quantity by Messrs. Henderson and Simpson.
It differs from terebraster by its constantly narrow contour,
none of the large series taken approaching Porto Eican tere-
Iraster in shape, though as usual in Stenogyrine snails, there
is a wider and narrower phase, as shown in the measurements
and on the plate.

Var. flavus nov. PI. 30, fig. 18. A very dosely related or
specifically identical form occurs in Eastern Cuba at San-
i i;igo. Specimens are before'me bearing the erroneous names
Sululina succinea Gundl. and 8. megalogyra Gundl., the
latter received from Poey. They differ from the Haitian
types in having the aperture a trifle longer and narrower,
and the she]], when full grown, is slightly more solid and

ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS. 267

opaque. The specimen figured (pi. 30, fig'. 18) measures,
length 24, diam. 4.1, aperture 4.8 mm., with Iiy2 whorls.

24. 0. HENDERSONI Pils'bry, n. sp. PI. 32, fig. 17.

Shell imperforate, thin, pale yellow, the earlier whorls
sometimes corneous-whitish; glossy, weakly striate, the stria
straight, and slightly oblique. The spire tapers straightly to
the obtuse summit. Whorls 8% to 8%, all very convex, reg-
ularly increasing, first I1/-? whorls regularly, finely cren-
ulate at the suture; subsequent whorls joined by a well-
impressed but nearly even suture. Last whorl -convex below.
The aperture is small, slightly oblique, irregularly ovate;
outer lip thin, not sinuous. Columella vertical, straightened
and reflexed above, very indistinctly subtruncate before
reaching (the base. Length 13.7, diam. 3.7, aperture 3 mm.;
diam. at second whorl 1.1 mm.

Haiti : Sans Souci, near Cape Haitian, type loc. ; Port au
Prince (Henderson and Simpson).

By its rounded whorls, like Subulina octona, this differs
from all Antillean Obelisci except the following species. The
crenulate suture of the embryonic whorls is a further distin-
giiishing feature. Named for John B. Henderson, Jr.

25. 0. SIMPSONI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 32, fig. 18.

Shell imperforate, thin, corneous with a very thin pale
yellowish cuticle, subtranslucent, finely striate, the stria? a
little arcuate. The spire tapers straightly to the very small
obtuse apex. Whorls 10, all quite convex and joined by a
deeply impressed suture. Aperture small, somewhat oblique,
ovate; the outer lip thin, arched forward a little above.
Columella straight, somewhat oblique, obliquely subtruncate
before reaching the base. Length 11.2, diam. 3, aperture 2.9
mm. ; diam. at the second whorl .8 mm.

Haiti: Port au Prince (Henderson and Simpson).

This species, named in honor of Charles T. Simpson, closely
resembles the slender Haitian form of Opeas yr<ic!lc called
odonulu by Weinland, but differs totally from that in the
structure of the <columella : octonula being a typical Opeas,

ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS.

while 0. simpsom is as unequivocally an Obeliscus. It is like
0. hendersoni in the columella and 'convex Avhorls, but differs
by its distinctly striate surface and smaller, much less obtuse
apex, the suture of the embryonic whorls being smooth, while
in 0. hendersoni it is 'Crenulate to the tip. By their mark-
edly convex later whorls these two species differ .conspicu-
ously from all the small Cuban Obelisks, 0. simpsoni has
some resemblance to Lcplinnrlit striosa (C. B. Ad.), but the
parietal margin and columella are of a different shape.

26. 0. SWIFTIANUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 30, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

"Shell imperf orate, subulate, thin, slightly striatulate, a
little shining, diaphanous, waxen. Spire regularly tapering,
the apex rather obtuse; suture light, simple. Whorls 7, a
little convex, the last slightly exceeding one-fourth the length,
rounded bas'ally. Aperture oblique, oval-oblong; peristome
simple, acute, the right margin aTching forward, base reced-
ing; columellar margin somewhat calloused, very shortly re-
flexed. Length 7, cliam. 2 mm., aperture 1.75 mm. long
(Pfr.).

St. Thomas (Swift, type loc.). Porto Rico : San Juan,
Fajardo, Ceiba, Hurnacao, Luquillo (Blauner) ; Quebradillas
(Gundlach); Island of Vieque. St. John (Bland). St.
Croix (Griffith) . Guadeloupe and St. Martin (Maze). Cuba
at Havana (B. Arango) . Bermuda, near Tuckerstown (Heil-
prin et al.) . Mauritius (Nevill, see p. 157).

Bulimus swiftianus PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1852, p. 150;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 256, pi. 69, f. 9-11; Monogr., iii, p. 399;
iv, 460; vi, 99. — Stenogyra siviftiana Pfr., SHUTTLEWORTH,
Diagnosen, etc., no. 6, p. 140 (1854). — MAZE, Journ. de Con-
chyl., 1883, p. 7 (Guadeloupe) ; 1890, p. 23 (St. Martin) -
Obeliscus swiftianus Pfr., CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1892,
pp. 27, 62 (Porto Rico, Vieques). — Spiraxis s., MARTENS,
Jahrb. D. M. Ges., iv, 1877, p. 345. — Opeas s., STREBEL, Bei-
trag, v, p. 107, pi. 17, f. 14. — PILSBRY. this vol., p. 157.-
Stenogyra gutierrezi ARANGO, Contrib. Fauna Malacologica
Cubana, p. 91 (1878).

I have examined numerous e les of this form from all

ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS. 269

the islands mentioned above except Guadeloupe. It is dis-
tinguished by the wholly imperforate axis at all stages of
growth, the >columellar margin being very narrowly reflexed
and closely appressed, leaving no trace of an umbilical slit.
The columella is rounded and somewhat thick above, but
tapers downwards, not reaching- to the base, which recedes
somewhat. Specimens from St. Thomas (pi. 30, figs, 1, 2)
are usually not very glossy, adults measuring:

Length 8, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm., with 8 whorls.

Length 7.5, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm., with T1/^ whorls.

Some of the original lot in the Swift collection are before
me. As the above measurements show, the contour varies
from a wider to a narrower phase.

Porto Rican shells are more glossy and translucent, with
whitish suture and the whorls seem a little more convex.
Those from Cuba, pi. 30, fig. 4, received from Arango as S.
gutierrezi, are similar but a little more robust; one of the
wider phase is illustrated, length 8, diam. 2.25 mm., whorls
7!/2. In Bermuda the shells are finely developed, length 10,
diam. 2.3, aperture 2.1 mm., with as many as 9 whorls (pi.
30, fig. 3).

In the structure of the columella, this species is like Obe-
liscus rather than Opeas; but some approximation to the same
form is found in 0. octogyrum, a species with more flattened
whorls and a larger embryonic shell. None of the specimens
seen contain eggs, such as are commonly seen in Opeas. It is
probably viviparous, like all Obelisci.

In Havana, Bermuda and Mauritius this species is appar-
ently an immigrant, introduced by commerce, pro'bably from
Porto Rico.

27. 0. SALLEANUS (Reeve). PI. 40, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell imperforate, solid and strong, turrite, white under a
yellow cuticle which is obliquely and indistinctly streaked
with brown, and when unworn is very shortly and densely
lamellose on the last whorl. Surface not glassy, finely sub-
striate, and suboTbsoletely but closely spirally striate, the
spirals most prominent in unworn shells, being chiefly cutic-

270 AXTILLEAN OBELISCUS.

ular. The spire tapers very regularly to the obtuse summit,
which is usually amputated and plugged in adult shells.
Whorls remaining- about 8 or 9 (according to Pfeiffer 11 in
perfect shells), the earliest ones somewhat convex, the rest
almost flat. The aperture is rhombic, rather oblique, lilac-
tinted within; outer lip acute; columella vertical, straight-
ened, but varying from slightly concave to a little convex in
the middle. A thin film, covers the parietal wall.

Length 45, diam. 11, aperture 11 mm. ; truncate, whorls 91/4.

Length 41, diam. 11, aperture 12 mm. ; truncate, whorls 9.

Length 48.3, diam. 13, aperture 13.2 mm. ; truncate, whorls

Santo Domingo: Tablaso near San Cristobal (A. Salle,
large typical form), and Maniel (small form). Dondon, in
northern Haiti (Rolle).

Bulimiis salleanus REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 88, f. 657
(Feb., 1850). — PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 397. — Obeliscus salleanus
Rve., CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., 1891, p. 149.

Reeve's figures (fig. 1) are 41-42 mm. long and apparently
perfect at the apex. Those from Salle before me (fig. 3) are
a little larger, but have lost the tips. The largest I have
seen were taken in Santo Domingo by Gafob (fig. 2), but he
did not note the exact place. The species is remarkable for
its spiral sculpture, as well as for the unusual size and solid-
ity. The subgeneric position of the form is uncertain. It is
not nearly related to the other Obelisks of the Antilles.

27a. Var. DISPARILIS Pilsfory, nov. PI. 40, fig. 4.

Shell very much smaller and thinner, with lO1/^ to 11
whorls, the apex generally perfect ; early whorls usually more
attenuate than in 0. salleana. Yellowish, the cuticle when
unworn very shortly pilose in spiral lines.

Length 30, diam. 6.4, aperture 7.3 mm.

Length 28, diaan. 6.4, aperture 7 mm.

Santo Domingo City (H. Prime, type loc.), and other local-
ities in S. Domingo.

0. salleanus var. 5, minor CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., 1891,
p. 81, no description.

ANTILLEAN OBELISCL S.

The young of salleanus is much more broadly conic than
this form, which when adult has as many whorls as the larg-
est salleanus.

Specimens from some places are as brightly colored as the
large typical form, and the whorls are occasionally a little
more convex than in the example figured. The largest be-
fore me (from the Henderson collection) measures, length
37, diam. 7, aperture 7.7 mm., with 111/2 whorls.

28. 0. EANGIANUS (Pfeiffer). PL 32, fig. 23.

Shell elongate, turrite, solid, heavy, very lightly arcuately
substriate, marked with distant spiral lines; straw-colored,
the apex white, rather obtuse, suture very lightly impressed.
Whorls 11, flattened, the last slightly more than one-fourth
the total length, rounded basally. Columella straight, cal-
lous, at the base of the aperture shortly and obliquely trun-
cate. Aperture su'b-isemioval, pearly within; peristome
simple, acute. Length 39, diam. 11, aperture 11.5 x 5 mm.
(Pfr.).

Mexico (Lindon) .

AcJiatina rangiana PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1846, p. 115;
Monogr., ii, 261. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 15, f. 65.—
Subulina? rangiana, Pfr., MARTENS, Biologia Centr. Am.,
Moll., p. 300.

I agree with Professor von Martens in suspecting the local-
ity to be erroneous. It is likely to prove to be closely re-
lated to 0. salleanus, perhaps only a stout form or variety of
that snail. There seems to he no difference other than the
wider basal whorl, and consequently more ample aperture of
rangianus.

Subgenus PSEUDOBALEA Shuttleworth.

Pseudobalea SHUTTLW., Diagnosen neuer Mollusken, no. 6,
p. 138, in Mittheil. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1854, pp. 46, 48, for
Stenogyra (Pseudobalea} dominicensis = hasta Pfr.

Shell rimate or imperforate, sinistral, slender, composed of
many (11 to 16) narrow, convex whorls; thin, the apical
whorls smooth ; aperture small, the columella concave or

-I '2 ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS.

weakly plicate at base, its edge reflexed. Viviparous. Type
0. hasta Pfr.

The embryonic young shell has a raised spire and straight
columella (pi. 40, fig. 5, 0. hasta}. The shape of the apex is
so unlike other Obelisks that some ground exists for ranking
Pseudobalea as a separate genus.

There are probably three species of Pseudobalea, one in
eastern Cuba, another in northeastern Haiti, the third in
Porto Rico; but the relations of the Haitian form to its fel-
lows have not been worked out, Pfeiffer considered them all
to belong to one species.

29. 0. DOMINICENSIS (Pfeiffer).

Shell subperforate, sinistral, turrite, nearly smooth, glossy,
olivaceous-corneous. Spire regularly tapering, the apex
acute. Whorls 12, convex, the last subangular below the
middle. Aperture vertical, suboval; perisitome simple, unex-
pended, the columellar margin vertical, narrowly reflexed.
Length 11.5, diani. 3 mm., aperture 2.5x1.75 mm. (Pfr.).

Island of Haiti (Salle, in Cuming coll.) ; Mont Diego Cam-
pos (Hjalmarson), in the northern part of the Republic of
S. Domingo, at an elevation of 4,000 ft.

Balea dominicensis PFR., Pro>c. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, p.
148; Monogr., iii, p. 383; Mailak. Bl., v, 1858, p. 153.-
Pseudobalea a., CROSSE, Journ. de Conchy!., 1891, p. 149.

The exact characters of the Santo Domingan form of
Pseudobalea are not known; no specimens from the island of
Haiti are accessible to me, and the original description, trans-
lated above, is not explicit as to the features of the columella.
The original specimen was a small one, and Pfeiffer subse-
quently received much larger shells from Porto Rico, prob-
ably taken by Riise, which he considered the same as domin-
icensis; and he described these under the name Bulimus hasta,
making his earlier name a synonym.

Var. HASTA (Pfeiffer). PI. 32, figs. 28, 29, 30.

Shell slightly subrimate, sinistral, subulate, thin, striatu-
late under a lens, pellucid, tawny-corneous. Spire regu-

ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS. -73

larly tapering, rather acute; suture very slightly margined.
Whorls 15, a little convex, the last about one-seventh the
length, subangular below the middle. Aperture oblique, an-
gulate-oval; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar
margin somewhat straightened, a little reflexed, adnate.
Length 19, diam. 3, aperture 2.66x1.75 mm. (Pfr.).

Porto Rico: San Juan, Luquillo, Quebradillas, Vega baja,
Caguana near Utuado (Blauner, Gundlach).

Bulimus hasta PFR., Malak. BL, iii, 1856, p. 45 ; Monogr.,
iv, p. 454. — Stenogyra (Pseudobalea) dominicensis Pfr.,
SHUTTLW., Diagn. n. Moll., no. 5, p. 140. — Pseudobalea d.,
CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., 1892, p. 31.

This Porto Rican species differs from the Cuban 0. latus
by the slightly sinuous axis, as seen in opened shells (fig. 30),
and by the low spiral lamella which encircles the base of the
columella, as shown in fig. 29. It is scarcely visible in a
front view of the shell. Just what relation exists between
hasta and dominicensis I am unable to state; but until dif-
ferences are found to exist, the former may temporarily be
ranked as a variety.

The uterine young shell (pi. 40, fig. 5) has a conoidal and
rather acute spire and a simple, nearly straight columella.

30. 0. LATUS 'Gundlach,' n. sp. PI. 32, figs. 24, 25, 26, 27.

Shell sinistral, imperforate or nearly so, very slender, thin,
dull yellow, glossy, finely striatulate. Whorls 13 or 14, quite
convex, the last angular or subangular at the periphery.
Aperture oblique, ovate, outer lip thin and simple, columella
simply concave, with reflexed edge; no perceptible parietal
callus. Internal axis very slender and straight (fig. 26).

Length 14.6, diam. 3 mm., whorls 14.

Length 13.7, diam. 2.8 mm., whorls 13.

Eastern Cuba: coffee plantation Buenavista, 6 leagues
from Bayamo; also various places in the jurisdictions of
Baracoa, Guantanamo (Gundlach) and Mayari (Wright).

Pseudobalea lata GUNDL., Poey, Memorias, ii, p. 8. — PFR.,
Malak. BL, v, p. 43 (no description). — P. dominicensis Pfr.,
ARANGO, Fauna, p. 89. — P. hasta in part, PFR., Monographia,

274 WEST CUBAN OBELISCUS.

1. c. — Stenogyra d., BLAND, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y.,
xi, p. 85 (viviparity). — Stenogyra liasta Pfr., BINNEY, Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 100, pi. 15, f. i (jaw), pi. 7, f. D
(teeth).

No description or figure of this shell has hitherto been pub-
lished, although there have been many references to it in the
literature of Antillean snails. The shell differs from the
Porto Rican 0. liasta by its simply concave columella and
straight internal axis. Its relation to the true 0. domini-
censis of Santo Domingo remains to be determined.

Subgenus LYOBASIS Pilsbry, 1903.

Lyobasis PILS., Manual of Conchology, xv, p. 175 (April 9,
1903), for gonostoma and paradoxa, the former selected as
type. — Stenogyra, Opeas and Cylindrella of authors.

The shell is spire-shaped, fusiform or column-shaped,
ribbed or rib-striate, two embryonic whorls smooth, large.
Whorls 9 to 13, the last normal or becoming free. Aperture
piriform or narrowly ovate, very oblique. Axis straight in
the earlier, becoming more or less sinuous in the last one or
two Whorls. Type 0. gonostoma.

Distribution: Western Cuba. A very distinct group of
diminutive Obelisks, inhabiting an area where no other forms
of the genus occur. The shells are chiefly remarkable for
their strong sculpture. Some of the species are markedly
senile. They are illustrated on plate 33 and the lowest line
on plate 31.

Key to species of Lyobasis.

a. Last whorl free in front, the peristome continuous.

b. 12 to 13 mm. long with 13 whorls, the last with a

median spiral sulcus. 0. paradoxus, no. 31.

&1. 12 to 13 mm. long with 10 whorls, the lasit not mes-

ially sulcate. 0. gonostoma, no. 32.

a1. Last whorl in contact, but with a continuous peristome

in the adult stage; spire thick; rimate.

b. 14 to 15 x 3 rum., aperture 3 mm. ; whorls 9i/> to 10.

0. microstoma, no. 33.

WEST CUBAN OBELISCUS. 275

a2. Last whorl normal; peristome interrupted; spire slender;
imperf orate; whorls 10 to 11.

&. Sculpture coarse, the rib-striae oblique, strongly
arcuate above; later whorls long.

c. 17 x 3.5 mm. ; tapering ; aperture about one-
fourth the length. 0. gundlachi, no. 34.
c1. 14 to 15x2.4 mm.; pillar-shaped; aperture
contained about 5% times in length.

0. blandianus, no. 35.

ft1. Sculpture finer, the rib-striae nearly straight;
whorls short.

c. Length 11 to 12, diam. 2 to 2.5 mm., aperture
2 to 2.25 mm. ; whorls 10y2 to 11.

0. angustatus, no. 36.

c1. Length 10, diam. 2.8, aperture 2.6 mm., whorls
9 ; columella truncate. 0. binneyi, no. 37.

31. 0. PARADOXUS (Arango). PI. 33, figs. 32, 33.

Shell fusiform, rather thin, pale brownish-corneous, opaque,
lusterless. Embryonic 2% whorls smooth, the rest closely
and regularly sculptured with nearly straight rib-striae.
Whorls 13, the last tapering downward, the next earlier four
of nearly equal diameter, those above forming a tapering,
attenuate spire, the summit slightly bulging and obtuse. The
last whorl is divided by a median spiral furrow, above which
it bulges conspicuously ; the last half whorl is free, deviating
downward and ouitward. The aperture is small, very ob-
lique, acutely p inform; peristome continuous, obtuse, slightly
expanded throughout, and retracted at the upper angle.
Length 12.7, diam. at penult, whorl 2.3, length of aperture
2 mm.

Western Cuba : Puerita de la Muralla, Guane.

Cylindrella paradoxa ARANGO, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1881, p. 15, fig. in text (May 10, 1881).

This peculiar species differs from 0. gonostoma by having
more whorls, and by the rapidly tapering and deeply spirally
sulcate last whorl. It shows senile characters in a high de-
gree. Fig. 32 represents a cotype.

276 WEST CUBAN OBELISCUS.

32. 0. GONOSTOMA ('Giindl.' Pfr.). PL 33, figs. 34, 35, 36.
Shell subrirnate, fusiform-turrite, rather thin, densely al-
most straightly plicate-striate, diaphanous, waxen. Spire
long, slowly tapering, the apex obtuse. Whorls 10, a little
convex, the last more or less free, carinated above, somewhat
impressed laterally. Aperture oblique, angulate-pirif orm ;
peristome simple, continuous, a little expanded throughout.
Length 13, diam. 2.33, aperture 2x1.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Western Cuba : Lagunillas de Consolacion, under stones
(Wright).

Stenogyra gonostoma Gundlach niss., PFR., Malak. Blatter,
x, 1863, p. 247. — AEANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 92. — BIN-
NET, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 100 (teeth). — Bulimus
gonostomus PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 101 ; Novit. Conch., p. 374,
pi. 87, f. 10-12.

A specimen from Lagunillas is drawn, fig. 34, 35. This
shell is 12 mm. long, 2.5 wide, with a trifle over 10 whorls.
In this typical form only the last third or less of the last
whorl is free.

In another form of the species, also taken alt Lagunillas by
Wright, fully a half whorl projects free (pi. 33, fig. 36), and
the shell often has an additional half whorl; length 12.3,
diam. 2.3 mm. This form approaches the preceding species.
The teeth of 0. gonostoma are stated by Binney to resemble
those of Subulina, octona (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 100).

33. 0. MICROSTOMA ('Gundl.' Pfr.). PI. 33, figs. 37, 38, 43,

44.

Shell imperforate, cylindric-turrite, closely rib-striate, little
shining, waxen. Spire elongate, slowly tapering, the apex
rounded. Whorls 9y2, a little convex, the last slightly more
than one-fifth the total length, slightly tapering basally.
Aperture oblique, angulate-oval ; peristome simple, unex-
panded, the right margin a little arched forward, columellar
margin somewhat -calloused. Length 14, diam. 3, aperture
3x1.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Western Cuba: sugar plantation Esperanza, Pinar del Rio
(Wright).

WEST CUBAN OBELISCUS. 277

Stenogyra microstoma Gundlach mss., PFR., Malak. Bl., x,
1863, p. 246 ; xi, 1864, p. 131 ; Monogr., vi, 96 ; Novit. Conch.,
p. 373, pi. 87, f. 7-9. — ARANGO, Fauna Malacologica Cu'bana,
p. 91.

A thick-spired shell with straight but weak riblets and
rather short whorls. Figs. 43, 44 are from Esperanza topo-
types received from Wright.

Young shells are subperforate with a narrow, simply con-
cave colurnella. As it approaches maturity, the columella
becomes more ^concave and sinuous, so that a nearly full-
grown shell viewed from below shows a small central hole,
about which the columellar axis revolves (fig. 37). In a
later stage (fig. 38) the upper part of the columella expands,
standing free from the body, and only adnaite near the upper
angle of the mouth. This condition is followed by the adult
stage, fig. 43, in which the inner lip (columella and parietal
margin) is continuous and straightened, with a swelling or
convexity in the middle. The axis, fig. 44, is straight above,
becoming sinuous in the later whorls. A fully adult shell
from the type locality measures, length 15, diam. 3, aperture
3 mm., with 10 whorls.

34. 0. GUNDLACHI ('Arango' Pfr.). PI. 31, figs. 14, 16.

"Shell imperf orate, subulate, solid, <closely and arcuately
plicate-striate, hardly shining, waxy-whitish. Spire long,
regularly tapering, the apex obtuse. Whorls 10, somewhat
flattened, the last not one-fourth the total length of the shell,
slightly tapering basally. Aperture somewhat oblique, an-
gular-elliptical; peristome simple, unexpanded, the margins
joined by a callous, right margin slightly curved forward.
Length 17, diam. 3.5, aperture 4x2 mm." (Pfr.).

Western Cuba: Vinales (Wright, type loc.) ; also Sumi-
dero and Pan de Azucar (Arango).

Stenogyra gundlachi Arango mss., PFR., Malak. BL, x,
1863, p. 246. — ARANGO, Fauna, p. 90. — Bulimus gundlachi
Ar., PFR., Monogr., vi, 95; Novit. Conch., p. 374, pi. 87, f.
13-15.

I have figured topotypes received from Wright. The num-

278 WEST CUBAN OBELISCUS.

ber of whorls is more 'commonly 11 than 10 in full-grown
shells of 17 mm. length. The rib-like striae are markedly
sinuous, being rather strongly bent forward just below the
suture. They are much more distinct before the shell has
been cleaned, by reason of a thin coat of earth which adheres
to the intercostal spaces. The first 2 whorls are smooth. The
spire is markedly attenuate above, but the early whorls are
not enlarged or bulging. It is a thin shell. While narrow,
this is decidedly wider and more robust than the following
species.

35. 0. BLANDIANUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 33, figs. 41, 42.
Shell imperforate, column-shaped, very slender, moderately

solid, of a pale yellowish-'corneous tint. Surface lusterless,
sculptured with fine rib-stria which are strongly arcuate just
below the suture, then quite oblique and straightened. The
riblets are thread-like and narrower than the somewhat un-
equal intervals. Whorls 11, the first two smooth, forming a
large and obtuse summit. The next 4 or 5 whorls are con-
vex and increase slowly, and the remainder are of about the
same diameter, and are somewhat flattened. The aperture is
small and very oblique, ovate; outer lip thin and sinuous;
columella thickened, concave; the parietal margin straight.
Length 14.5, diam. 2.4, length of aperture 2.6 mm.

Western Cuba. Type 59069 A. N. S. P.

This species is related by its sculpture and apertural char-
acters to 0. gundlachi, but differs conspicuously in shape, be-
ing far more slender, with a smaller aperture. The later
whorls are very long and obliquely -coiled. It differs from
0. angustatus by the longer whorls, curved riblets, etc.

36. 0. ANGUSTATUS (Guudlach). PL 33, figs. 39, 40, 45.
Shell cylindric-subulate, imperforate, sculptured with

nearly straight ribs. Whorls 11, subconvex. The apex ob-
tuse. Aperture small, subrhomboidal. Columella straight-
ened. Length 12, diam. 2.5, aperture 2 mm. long, 1.25 wide

(Gundl.).

Western Cuba : Monte Rangelino, under stones and fallen
leaves, type loc. ; Hato Caimito (Gundl.).

WEST CUBAN OBELISCUS. 279

Stcnogyra august at us GUNDLACH, in Poey's Memorias, ii, p.
15, pi. 2, f. 6, 7 (1856) ; and in Malak. Bl., iii, 1856, p. 41.-
ARANGO, Fauna, p. 90. — Bulimus angustatus Gundl., PPR.,
Monogr., iv, p. 454.

The very crude original figure is copied, pi. 33, figs. 39, 40.
Gundlach adds that it differs from its congenors by the
lengthened form, small aperture and numerous whorls. It
has ais many whorls as 0. blandianus in -a considerably less
length, and the riblets are said to be "subrectis," while in
blandianus they are conspicuously arcuate above. I have
figured, pi. 33, fig. 45, a shell received from Bland as angus-
tatus, which agrees fairly well with the description, though
I would hardly call the surface ribbed. It is very finely rib-
striate, much more densely and delicately so than 0. blandi-
anus. Length 11.3, diam. 2, length aperture 2.25 mm., diam.
of second whorl 1 mm. ; whorls 10% ; exact locality unknown.
The rather large apex and attenuate spire give it a cylindrel-
loid appearance.

37. 0. BINNEYI Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 31, fig. 15.

Shell imperforate, turrite, regularly and straight'ly taper-
ing to the obtuse apex, thin. Surface rather glossy, closely
and regularly sculptured with straight, subvertical riblets
about as wide as their intervals. There are about ten of
these riblets in the space of one mm. on the front of the last
whorl. Whorls 9, the first ll/2 smooth. The earlier 6 whorls
are strongly convex, and the last two are flat peripherally.
The suture is very deeply impressed. The aperture is nearly
vertical, rhombic, narrow above and below. Columella ver-
tical, rather strongly calloused, and more or less distinctly
obliquely truncate at the base. Length 10, diam. 2.8, length
of aperture 2.6 mm. ; diam. at second whorl 1 mm.

"Western Cuba: Isabel Maria (Chas. Wright).

This species is quite distinct by reason of its short whorls,
regular taper, and the straight vertical rib-sculpture. It is
named for Mr. W. G. Binney.

280

NEOBELISCUS.

Genus NEOBELISCUS Pilsbry, 1896.

Neobeliscus PILS., Nautilus, x, p. 46 (August, 1896). — PILS-
BRY and VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1899, p. 366 (ana1>
omy) . — Obeliscus, Columna and Bulimus sp. of authors.

Shell imperforate, large and solid, turrite, slowly tapering
to a large conic summit. Aperture irregularly ovate, the
outer lip acute and simple, columella vertical, its edge nar-
rowly reflexed and adnate. Viviparous, the embryonic shell
very large at birth, about one-fourth the length of the adult
shell and exceeding one-third its diameter, with half the adult
number of whorls, being composed of 5y2, the first 1% whorls
smooth, forming a convexly-conic, obtuse summit, the rest
densely and very finely striate; columella slightly concave,
not in the least truncate. Type N. calcarius.

Distribution: Southeastern Brazil.

Neobeliscus was no doubt derived from Obeliscus, from
which it differs in the great size of the embryos, which have a
bluntly conic instead of hemispherical summit. Only two are
contained in the uterus at one time, while in Obeliscus they
are numerous and small. The columella of the embryonic
shell is not truncate, resembling typical Obeliscus in this re-
spect, and unlike Protobeliscus, Rhodea and Stenogyra, which
retain the earlier feature of a truncate columella. The foot
is very short and broad, squarely truncated behind ; with no
appearance of grooves or specialized granulation above the
margins; sole undivided.

Genitalia (pi. 45, fig. 5) without accessory organs, the
atrium short. Male system with a long, club-shaped penis
with strongly folded internal walls, and terminal retractor
muscle and vas deferens. Talon (fig. 4, t.) large, consisting
of a swollen distal portion on a narrow, devious duct of sim-
ilar length. The attached portion of the sperm-duct is com-
posed of a dense mass of radiating tubules or caeca. Female
system with the vagina rather short, spermatheca oblong,
borne on a duct of about double its own length, and remote
from the heart. Free oviduct as long as the spermatheca
duct. Uterus with thin walls, enormously distended when

NEOBELISCUS. 281

containing young, two of which occupy it at a time. The
uterus in virgin or functionally inactive individuals is
shrunken, and lies in numerous deep, regular, longitudinal
plaits. When carrying young at almost full term it presents
the appearance shown in fig. 5, the young lying with the head
directed anteriorly, the ventral face toward the sperm duct.

V

Albumen gland (figs. 4, 5, a. gl.) very small, shorter than
the talon and far smaller than the spermatheca. Median
moiety of the hermaphrodite duct extravagantly convoluted
and knotted.

Viviparous; the shell of the young at birth (pi. 45, fig. 6)
is nearly one-fourth the length, and exceeds one-third the
diameter of the adult shells, with half the number of whorls.

Retractor muscle system (pi. 45, fig. 7) somewhat resem-
bling that of Rumina; right, left and tail retractors free ex-
cept at the very insertion, where they are very shortly united.
Tail retractor or columellar muscle very long; right retractor
splitting up distally into (1) numerous anterior and lateral
pedal retractors, (2) the retractor of the eye, and (3) the re-
tractor of the penis. The left retractor gives rise (1) far
anteriorly to the short pharyngeal retractor which is shortly
bifurcate anteriorly, and (2) in front of this, splits into
ocular and pedal retractors.

Lung (pi. 45, fig. 8) long and narrow, the venation faint,
mainly concentrated anteriorly and consisting chiefly of fine
parallel veins transverse to the pulmonary vein, which is
otherwise unbranched. Heart normal. Kidney more than
double the length of the pericardium, quite narrow, 'its length
contained about 3y2 times in that of the lung. Ureter retro-
grade, continued along the gut, closed throughout.

The jaw (pi. 45, fig. 3) is arcuate, densely striated, under
strong magnification showing transverse striolation in its sub-
stance, crenulating the vertical striae.

Radula composed of 44, 1, 44 teeth in slightly bow-shaped
rows (pi. 45, fig. 1). Centrals very narrow, less than one-
fourth the width of the adjacent laterals, and bearing no
cusps in adult animals. Laterals with the basal plate wide
and square, tricuspid, the median cusp broadly conic, not as

282 NEOBELISCUS.

long as the basal plate, side cusps short and blunt. Marginal
teeth with longer and blunt cutting points on the median,
and more acute cutting points on the side cusps.

Salivary glands united above. Crop moderately swollen,
stomach small, globose.

Relationships. — By its simplicity the penis differs from
that of the Achatinina, but its musculature is like that of
Atopocochlis, Achatina, etc., the penial retractor being a
branch of the right ocular band. The very large uterine
young remind one of Archachatina. The absense of a cusp
on the central tooth is an acceleration of the usual type in
the family. In a uterine young individual the cusp of the
central tooth was found to be developed, though small (pi.
45, fig. 2).

The myology offers some interesting characters. As in
Rumina (figured in vol. xvii, pi. 65, fig. 45), the retractor of
the pharynx (ph. r.) is short and branches from the left re-
tractor band far forward. Unlike Rumina, it bifurcates.
All three retractor bands are free to the proximal root, where
they are very shortly though firmly united. This is unlike
Rumina, in which the right retractor and the columellar
muscle are united for a distance nearly as great as the free
length of the latter.

Fig. 1. Neobeliscus calcareus (Born). Teeth of an adult
individual, m., median tooth; the side teeth are numbered.
Fig. 2. Teeth of a uterine young individual (fig. 6). Fig. 4.
Albumen gland (a. gl.}, talon (£.) and beginning of the her-
maphrodite duct (h. d.}, of the same individual X 4, the
organs separated. Fig. 5. Genitalia of an individual carry-
ing two uterine young, the anterior one about at full term
X la/4- a- 9^-> albumen gland; atr., atrium; h. d., hermaph-
rodite, or ovisperm duct; r. r., right retractor muscle; p. r.,
penis retractor; p., penis; sp., spermatheca; t., talon; ut.,
uterus. Fig. 6. Uterine young of the same, ventral aspect.
/., foot ; p., podocyst. Somewhat less than natural size. Fig.
7. Free retractor muscles, dorsal aspect, for., branch of left
retractor; 1. o. r., left ocular retractor; I. r., left retractor;
p., penis ; ph., pharynx, or buccal mass ; ph. r., pharyngeal re-
tractor; p. r., retractor of the penis; r. o. r., right ocular re-

NEOBELISCUS. 283

tractor; r. r., right retractor; r. t. r., right tentacular retrac-
tor; t. r., tail retractor. Fig. 8. Intestine and pallial region
slightly less than natural size. G1-4, first to fourth folds of
the intestine; g. ur., secondary ureter; H, heart; k, kidney;
p. v., pulmonary vein; st., stomach; ur., ureter.

N. CALCARIUS (Born). PI. 36, figs. 73, 74.

Shell imperforate, turrite, solid, yellow or brownish-yellow,
the last three whorls profusely streaked and suffused with
chestnut ; usually with some blackish growth-arrest streaks on
the last whorl; earlier four or five whorls whitish from loss
of the cuticle. Whorls 10, convex, the last 5 or 6 marked
with growth-lines and very finely striate spirally, the spirals
cutting the growth-stride into fine granules and festoons.
Earlier whorls very densely, sharply striate vertically in the
young, worn in the old shells. Aperture vertical, ovate, pale
purplish-blue inside. Columella vertical, straight, rounded,
with a reflexed and appressed outer edge. Parietal callus
very thin and transparent. Outer lip thin, acute.

Length 106, diam. 32 mm. ; aperture 30.5 mm.

Length 112, diam. 30 mm.; aperture 28 mm.

Brazil: Prov. of Para, in woods (Spix) ; Caxaprego Island,
at the mouth of the Jagoaripe (Moricand) ; Province of Bahia
(v. Ihering) .

Helix calcaria BORN, Testae. Mus. Vindobon, p. 389, pi. 16,
f. 13 (1780). — Bulimus calcareus Brag., WAGNER, in Spix,
Test. Bras., p. 10. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 52, f. 342.—
DESK, in Fer., Hist,, ii, p. 112, pi. 142 A, f. 1, 2. - - PPR.,
Monogr., ii, 151; iii, 395; iv, 455; vi, 94; Conchyl. Cab., p.
109, pi. 34, f. 4.— HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 55.-
Neobeliscus calcareus PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1899, p. 366, pi. 15, f. 1, 2, 4-7; pi. 16, f. 9, 14 ( anatomy). -
Helix calcaria DILLWYN, Descr. Catal., ii, p. 948. — Helix caxa-
pregana MORICAND, Mem. de la Soc. de Phys. et d'Hist. Nat.
de Geneve, vii, 1836, p. 426 (proposed as substitute for
Columna maritima Spix) . - - Columna maritima SPIX, Test.
Bras., pi. 10, f. 1 (1827). — Bulimus maritimus DESH. in Lam.,
An. s. Vert., viii, p. 250. — Bulimus obeliscus POT. et MICH.,
Galerie, i, p. 148, pi. 13, f. 17, 18.

284 LEPTINARIA.

This fine species is readily distinguished from the large
species of Obeliscus by its broader shape and thicker, clumsy
summit. Moricand states that it is found in virgin forest,
especially under the fallen leaves of Bromelia, and attains a
length of 120 mm., with 11 whorls. Pfeiffer records a speci-
men measuring 125 mm. long, 30 wide, aperture 29 mm., but
these are exceptional dimensions, not reached 'by any shell in
a large series before me. Born gives the length of his speci-
men as 3 inches 11 lines, about 98 mm.

The uterine young (pi. 37, fig. 99, nat. size) are yellowish-
corneous, subcylindric with conic summit, and consist of 5^/2
whorls, of which the first l1/^ are glossy and almost smooth,
the rest covered with excessively fine and close stride, giving
it a silky luster. The base is glossy. Length 22, diam.
11 mm.

Genus LEPTINARIA Beck.

Leptinaria BECK, Index Molluscorum, p. 79 (1839).—
SHUTTLEWORTH, Mittheil. nat. Ges. Bern, 1854. — CROSSE &
FISCHER, Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll., i, p. 622 (anatomy of L.
lamellata}. — Notlius ALBERS, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 168, sole
species B. anomalus, Achatina anomala Pfr. Not Nothus
(Coleoptera} Olivier, 1811, or of Billberg, 1820 (L&pidop-
tera). — Lamellaxis STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. Land- und Siiss-
wasser-Conch., v, p. 109 (1882), first species L. mexicanus
Pfr.

Shell ovate, oblong or turrite, perforate or imperforate,
thin, usually whitish-corneous, somewhat pellucid, composed
of 5 to 11 convex whorls. Embryonic shell smooth, with
rounded summit (except in the subgenus Pelatrinia}. Aper-
ture ovate, the columellar margin reflexed, near the base
twisted, and notched or truncate; outer lip thin and simple;
parietal wall sometimes bearing an entering lamella.

Jaw thin, arcuate, finely striate vertically.

Reproduction ovo-viviparous in the typical forms, but in
others by eggs similar to those of Opeas and Subulina.

Dentition.— In. L. lamellata the radula has nearly hori-
xontal rows of 16, 12, 1, 12, 16 teeth. The middle tooth is

LEPTINAB1A. 285

very narrow and tricuspid. The laterals are tricuspid, but
the inner cusp is obsolete or even completely wanting. The
middle cusp lengthens notably towards the sides of the radula.
The marginal teeth are very small, short, bicuspid or tricus-
pid, the cusps subequal. The chief peculiarity of this radula
is the extreme elongation of the outer lateral teeth (pi. 51,
fig. 4, L. lamellata, after Fischer).

L. gloynii, of the section Neosubulina, has been shown by
Binney to have similar median teeth, but he does not mention
the outer marginals. See pi. 51, fig. 3, central and first lat-
eral teeth.

Leptinaria was proposed by Beck for five species, of which
only the first, L. unilamellata (= L. lamellata), had been de-
fined. The next two, L. lacryma Beck and L. succinealis
Beck, from Juan Fernandez, both undescribed, were probably
members of the genus Tornatellina, while L. soluta Beck and
L. sorgum Beck, from Guinea, are undescribed forms of un-
known identity.

Nothus Alb. comprised one species of simple Opeas-like
form ; but the name was preoccupied. Lamellaxis of Strebel
included the similar forms, mexicana Pfr., modestus Streb.,
salleana Pfr., venezuelensis Pfr., aequatorius Mill., imperfor-
atus Streb., filicostatus Streb., striosus Ad., and paludinoides
Orb. 8. mexicanus Pfr. was selected as the type by Fischer,
Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 488. The term may be retained
in a subgeneric or sectional sense for the forms reproducing
by eggs, and without a parietal lamella, with L. mexicana as
the type.

Leptinaria chathamensis Ball, 1892, has been shown to
belong to Tornatellina; cf. Ball, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900,
p. 95.

Bulimus pupoides Anton, Verzeichniss, p. 42, no. 1535,
from "Opana in South America," may be an Opeas or Lep-
tinaria, or possibly a Paludestrina. It is scarcely to be iden-
tified.

In the Orient, Bulimus plicifer Bs. (see p. 63) has some
characters of Leptinaria. It has been considered a Buliminus
by Kobelt (Conch. Cab., Buliminidce, p. 688), but with doubt,

286 LEPTINARIA.

The resemblance should be noted of the lengthened ovip-
arous Leptinarias to certain forms still included in Opeas,
section Tomopeas (p. 123). These Eastern forms may really
belong to Leptinaria, yet I hesitate to transfer them until
more is known of the soft anatomy of Leptinaria and Opeas.

Leptinaria is an extensive and widely-spread genus in
tropical America. It comprises shells of widely diverse
shapes, yet excepting the aberrant groups Ischnocion and
Pelatrinia, the extremes are closely connected by intermediate
forms. Some of the species closely resemble Subulina; others
approach Opeas; so that the reference of certain species to
one or another of these groups becomes a matter of opinion
rather than of demonstration in the present stage of our
knowledge. The resemblance to Ochroderma is more super-
ficial, that genus having diverse characters in the early whorls.
Tornatellina differs fundamentally from Leptinaria in den-
tition, as Binney and Fischer have shown.

The species are numerous, many of them critical and diffi-
cult to diagnose ; and the more widely distributed forms have
been described and named again and again. Many nominal
species have been herein reduced to synonyms; but I have in
each case given the evidence for my views. The excellent
work of von Martens has been followed in dealing with the
Mexican and Central American forms.

The series before me demonstrates, against my preconceived
opinion, that some species vary from completely imperforate
to openly perforate. This is notably the case with the An-
tillean ovate forms. The size and length of the parietal
lamella, when present, are also variable among individuals of
the same colony. In some species (as L. stolli) a parietal
lamella is present in the young, but not in adult shells ; other
forms (L. lamellata) have the parietal lamella at all stages
of growth from the embryo on. This subject calls for further
investigation with good series of shells from young to the
adult stage. It is only by such studies that the relations and
significance of the species can be ascertained.

LEPTINARIA. 287

Key to Subgenera and Sections.
I. Embryonic whorls smooth.

a. Shell ovate, the 5 to 8 whorls rapidly increasing;

parietal lamella present or wanting; viviparous.

Subgenus LEPTINARIA s. sir., nos. 1 to 41.

6. Shell imperf orate, turrite or ovate, of 6 to 10 slowly

• increasing whorls; no trace of a parietal lamella;

oviparous. Sect. Lamellaxis.

c. Shell turrite, of 8 to 10 whorls ; parietal lamella long.

Sect. Neosubulina, no. 42, 43.

d. Shell pillar-shaped, with large apex and 11 slowly
widening whorls; aperture triplicate.

Subgenus ISCHNOCION, no. 44.
II. Embryonic whorls vertically striate.

Subgenus PELATRINIA, no. 45.

Subgenus LEPTINARIA.

The distinction between typical Leptinaria and the section
Lamellaxis cannot be made in all cases, with our present
knowledge. The latter group is therefore included here.

Species of the Antilles and Trinidad.

L. lamellata is the most widely distributed form of this area,
and will probably be found on nearly all the islands, though
it has not yet been reported from Cuba or Haiti. It has an
extensive distribution in South America.

1. Parietal lamella present. Lamellata, no. 1.

2. No parietal lamella.

a. Shell ovate, the diam. about half the length ; whorls
5y2 to 6!/o. Monodon, no. 2 ; pallida, no. 3.

aa. Shell oblong-conic or turrite, the diam. contained
21/0 to 3 times in the length; whorls 6y2 to 7.

1). Narrowly turrite ; aperture one-third the
length. Abdita, no. 5a.

bb. Oblong- turrite, aperture larger.

Salleana, no. 7 ; paludinoides, no. 4.
aaa. Shell turrite, imperf orate, Subulina-like ; diam. less
than one-third the length; whorls 8 to 10.

288 LEPTINARIA.

&. Greater Antilles.

Striosa, no. 5; gracilis, no. 6.
bl). Trinidad. Simplex, no. 8; urichi, no. 9.

1. L. LAMELLATA (Potiez et Michaud) . PI. 42, figs. 39, 40;
pi. 43, fig. 50.

Shell ovate, ventricose, fragile, very pale corneous, trans-
parent, obsoletely striate. Whorls 6, convex, the last is much
larger than the others. Aperture ovoid; columella bearing
a decurrent lamella, which disappears within the aperture.
The truncation forms a strong projection into the aperture
by reason of the inflection of the columellar margin. Peri-
stome simple and acute, summit a little obtuse. Length 15,
diam. 6 to 7 mm. (P. et M.}.

Jamaica (fig. 50), Porto Rico, Tortola, Guadeloupe, Domin-
ica, Barbadoes, Trinidad, Demerara. See below for further
localities.

Achatina lamellata P. et M., Galerie des Mollusques ou
Catal. Moll, et Coq. du Mus. de Douai, i, p. 128, pi. 11, f. 7,
8 (1838). — Leptinaria L, MAZE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1874, p.
159 (Martinique) ; J. de C., 1883, p. 8, 42, 47, 52 (Guade-
loupe and dependencies); 1890, p. 23 (St. Bartholomew).—
SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p. 309, 318, 322 (St. Vin-
cent, Grenada, and Becquia, Grenadines). — Leptinaria antil-
larum SHUTTLW., Diagn. n. Moll., no. 6, p. 142, in Mittheil.
naturforsch. Ges. Bern, 1854, p. 50.— CROSSE, Journ. de Con-
chyl., 1892, p. 30.— Tornatellina a., PPR., Monogr., iv, 650 —
L. funcki Pfr., TATE, Amer. Journ. of Conch., iv, 1868, p.
189 (Grenada). — Helix unilamellata Fer. in coll.; ORBIGNY,
Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 9. — Bulimus unilamellatus ORB., Voy.
dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 257 (prior to 1842}.— Tornatellina u.,
PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 527. — Tornatellina ferussaci PFR., Sym-
bols ad Hist. Hel., ii, p. 124, 130, name proposed as substi-
tute for B. unilamellatus Orb., without description (1842) ;
Monogr., ii, p. 394. — Achatina funcki PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1847, p. 232; Monogr., ii, 271. -- Tornatellina funcki PFR.,
Monogr., iii, 523 ; iv, 650 ; vi, 262.— HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacif .,
p. 139 (Guayaquil). — MARTENS, Binnen-Moll. Venez., p. 36.

LEPTINARIA. 289

— Achatina latnellata REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 18, f. 97
(according to Pfr.). — Tornatellina blandiana PFB., Malak.
Bl., xiv, 1867, p. 198; Monogr., vi, p. 262. — Leptinaria b.,
CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., 1890, p. 46. — BLAND, Amer. Journ.
of Conch., iv, p. 185 (Port of Spain, chiefly among decayed
wood, etc. ; also on the tops of trees in the forests, Gill) .

The diagnosis given by Potiez and Michaud applies well to
the common Antillean form, except in dimensions ; but I think
the "15 mill." of the description is an error for 13 mill.,
since shells of this length have the diameter assigned, 6 or 7
mm. The figures of P. and M. were drawn from a smaller
shell, 10 x 5 mm. The habitat was unknown to them.

The Shining surface is very densely and finely arcuate-
striate. There are 5% to 6 convex whorls. The outer lip is
arched forward, and usually has a white thickening within.
The columella is strongly twisted, the axis typically imper-
f orate. In the middle of the parietal wall a low lamella
stands, usually short, but sometimes so long that its inner
end cannot be seen in the mouth. This lamella seems to vary
widely, but is more frequently wanting or very small in adult
than in young individuals. I 'have seen specimens from all
the localities mentioned in the habitat paragraph above.
Some others are noted in the reference paragraph.

The uterine young, taken from an opened shell, is globose,
with the columellar truncation and parietal lamella well de-
veloped, pi. 40, fig. 17.

The original descriptions of synonyms follow.
Tornatellina blandiana. "Shell covered subperf orate,
ovate-conic, rather solid, irregularly wrinkle-striate, little
shining, whitish waxy. Spire conic, the apex a little obtuse;
suture deep, lightly margined. Whorls 6 to 6y2, convex, the
last about three-sevenths the total length. Aperture slightly
oblique, sinuate-semioval, modified by a strong subliorizon-
tally entering lamella. Columella short, obliquely truncate;
peristome simple, the right margin unexpanded, arching for-
ward, columellar margin reflexed, appressed. Length 12.66,
diam. 6, aperture 6.3x3 mm. Trinidad (Pfr.}.

Leptinaria antillarum. Shell imperforate, oblong-conic,

290 LEPTINARIA.

very finely striatulate, pellucid, very glossy, waxen. Apex
obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last five-twelfths the
total length; suture deep, very narrowly margined. Aper-
ture semioval ; parietal wall bearing one thin entering lamella ;
peristome simple, acute, the right margin slightly arched for-
ward, basal margin subeffuse, columella twisted inward, cal-
lously truncate above the base. Length 12, diam. 5.5, aper-
ture 5.5 x 3 mm. Humacao, Porto Rico (Shuttl.) .

B. unilamellatus Orb. Shell elongate, white or slightly
yellow tinted, a little ventricose, thin, diaphanous, smooth or
lightly marked with striae. Spire conic, obtuse at the summit,
composed of 7 slightly swollen whorls, the last occupying more
than half the length of the shell. Aperture oval, a little ob-
lique, with sharp, simple margins. A projecting lamella
occupies the base of the columella and is continued into the
interior of the shell. Columella twisted with an acute pro-
jection, truncate below. Length 12, diam. 11 mm. Last foot-
hills of the Andes of Bolivia, at Petaca, near the Rio Piray,
20 leagues from Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Orb.).

Achatina funcki Pfeiffer. Shell subperforate ovate-conic,
thin, striatulate, glossy, pellucid, clear straw-colored. Spire
conic, acute. Whorls 6, convex, the last a little shorter than
the spire. Aperture semioval; parietal wall provided with
an entering fold in the middle. Columella lamellate-truncate
in the middle. Peristome simple, acute. Length 12.5, diam.
6, aperture 6x3 mm. Province of Merida, New Granada,
Funck (Pfr.).

Var. concentrica (Reeve). PI. 46, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

"Shell acuminately ovate, whorls 6, concentrically plicately
striated, columella short, twisted, abruptly truncated, fur-
nished at the upper part with a callous ridge, aperture rather
small; horny, dull olive. Finely sculptured by numerous
arched concentric striae, whilst the foody-whorl is furnished
with a winding callous ridge. Bolivia, under dead cacti,
Bridges (Reeve).

South America, from Bolivia northward.

Achatina concentrica REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 19, f. 106

ANTILLEAN LEPTINARIA. 291

(June, 1849). — Leptinaria valenzuela Jouss., Bull. Soc. Zool.
de France, xii, 1887, p. 170, pi. 3, f. 4. — Achatina lamellosa
Moricand, REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 19, f. 107 (June, 1849).

The form with widely-spaced, arcuate riblets on the spire
may perhaps be distinguished varietally from L. lamellata,
under the above name. It is chiefly South American, though
specimens with distant costella? may also be found among the
specimens from Barbados, Porto Rico, etc.

Reeve's type (fig. 3) was from Bolivia. I figure a speci-
men, fig. 1, from Raiz do Serra, Sao Paulo, Brazil (v. Iher-
ing). Others are before me from Trinidad, Demerara, Suri-
nam, San Estevan, Pto. Cabello, Venezuela, Marmato Colom-
bia, etc. Most of these specimens are imperforate, but a
narrow perforation appears in some individuals.

Long variety, pi. 46, figs. 2, 4. A series of ten from
Caracas consists of much lengthened shells with as many as
71/2 whorls. There are inconspicuous, widely-spaced riblets
on the spire, and the parietal lamella is small or even wanting.
Three are imperforate, the others narrowly umbilicate or
rimate.

The following are synonyms of concentrica.

"Achatina lamellosa. Shell acuminately ovate, whorls 6,
somewhat rounded, very finely concentrically plicately lamel-
lated, columella twisted, slightly truncated, furnished at the
upper part with a small ridge; transparent, horny. A very
transparent shell, most delicately concentrically lamellated.
Hab ?" (Reeve}.

Leptinaria valenzuela Jousseaume, from Coca, Ecuador, is
a synonym of concentrica. It is described as with widely
spaced, slightly projecting striae parallel to the lip-edge, and
a parietal lamella. It measures, length 10, diam. 4.5, aper-
ture 4x3 mm., with 6 whorls. M. Jousseaume does not com-
pare it with any of the described species.

2. L. MONODON (€. B. Adams). PI. 43, figs. 41, 42.

' ' Shell ovate-conic ; dingy white ; with some slight striae of
growth ; spire with the outlines somewhat convex ; apex sub-
acute; whorls nearly five and one-half, a little convex and

292 ANTILLEAN LEPTINARIA.

shouldered, with a well-impressed suture ; last whorl large
and wide, sometimes a little constricted near the aperture,
which is rather wide, ovate, moderately acute above; labrum
thin and sharp ; columella straight, with an oblique tooth near
its extremity; umbilicus very small. Mean divergence 45°;
length .25 inch; breadth .15 inch; length of aperture .13
inch" (Adams).

Jamaica (C. B. Ad.). Constant Spring, St. Andrew
(Gloyne).

Bulimus monodon C. B. AD., Contributions to Conchology,
no. 2, p. 28 (Oct., 1849).— PFR., Monogr., iii, 389.— GLOYNE,
Journ. de Conchyl., 1875, p. 119. — Nameless in REEVE, Conch.
Icon., v, Bulimus, pi. 84, f. 119.

Adams type lot contains some imperforate shells besides the
true monodon. Two of his largest individuals of the latter
are figured, figs. 41, 42, measuring-
Length 8, diam. 4, aperture 4 mm., whorls 6y2.

Length 7, diam. 3.9, aperture 3.2 mm., whorls barely 6.

The shell is pale buff-corneous, or bluish-corneous on the
back of the last whorl ; umbilicate, striatulate, with sharper
striae below the suture, about as in L. pallida. The spire is
decidedly stouter than in L. pallida, its sides diverging at
about 45 to 50 degrees; it appears somewhat gradate or ter-
raced, the sutures being narrowly and deeply impressed. The
last part of the last whorl is flattened above, often with a
slight groove on the flattened surface parallel to the suture.
The outer lip arches slightly forward. Columella short, white,
very strongly truncate obliquely.

This species is very closely related to L. pallida, and may
prove to intergrade with that, but typically it is stouter in
figure, with the spire shorter and more broadly conic, and it
has a more strongly truncate columella. It also attains to
greater size, and is typically more openly perforate.

PORTO Rico FORM. — L. stylodon Shuttleworth. Shell min-
utely, falsely perforate, ovate-conic, very finely arcuately
striate, pellucid, waxen. Spire rather acute ; whorls 6, some-
what flattened, the last wide, flattened, three-sevenths the
total length ; suture rather deep. Aperture subauriform ;

ANTILLEAN LEPTINARIA. 293

peristome simple, the right margin acute, arched a little for-
ward; columellar margin shortly reflexed, spreading, basal
somewhat thickened. Columella intorted, strongly calloused-
truncate in the middle. Length 7, diam. 4, aperture 3 x 2.5
mm. (Shuttl.).

Porto Rico: very rare at Humacao, under dead wood
(Blauner).

Leptinaria stylodon SHUTTL., Diagn. neuer Moll., no. 6, p.
142, in Mittheil. naturforsch. Gres. in Bern, 1854, p. 50.—
CROSSE, J. de C., 1892, p. 30. — B. stylodon PPR., Monogr., iv,
451.

"Related to B. monodon C. B. Ad., from which it differs
by the larger size, rather flattened, not convex whorls, the
more acute spire, more expanded columellar margin and
thicker columellar tooth" (Shuttl.).

This form probably cannot be separated even varietally
from the Jamaican L. monodon. The supposed differences in-
dicated by Shuttleworth are of little importance.

Var. OPALESCENS Shuttleworth. PI. 43, figs. 48, 49.

Shell imperforate, oblong-conic, striatulate, pellucid-hya-
line, glossy. Spire with obtuse apex. Whorls 6, a little con-
vex, the last rotund, three-sevenths the total length; suture
quite deep. Aperture semioval; peristome simple, acute, the
right margin arching a little forward; columella arcuately
callous-intorted, towards the base obliquely strongly truncate,
with a somewhat impressed area outwardly. Length 5, diam.
2.5, aperture 2x1.25 mm. (Shuttl.).

Porto Rico: San Juan, Ceiba and Humacao.

L. opalescens SHUTTL., Diag. n. Moll., no. 6, p. 142, in
Mittheil. Bern, 1854, p. 50. — Bulimus (?) o., PFR., Monogr.,
iv, 452.

Related to the preceding [L. stylodon] but quite distinct,
as noted above. Animal huff (Shuttl.). The specimen of L.
opalescens from San Juan, figured on my plate (fig. 48), is
practically identical with the imperforate form from Jamaica,
which I have found in the same lots with L. monodon.

JAMAICAN FORM (pi. 43. fig. 49). Shell imperforate,

294 ANTILLEAN LEPTINARIA.

ovate, whitish-corneous, finely and weakly striatulate, spire
conic, the apex obtuse, whorls 5, convex, the last well rounded
peripherally and quite convex at the base. Suture narrow,
deeply impressed. Aperture slightly oblique, the outer lip
very slightly arched forward above. Columella very short,
vertical, very strongly truncate below, the truncation accen-
tuated by a low spiral lamella. Length 5.5, diam. 3, length
of aperture 3 mm.

Jamaica.

This form differs from L. monodon by the 'closure of the
umbilicus, which is complete in most specimens seen, tout in
a few there remains a minute chink behind the reflexed colu-
mellar lip. With the shape of L monodon, this form has the
coluniellar structure of L. pallida.

3. L. PALLIDA (C. B. Adams). PI. 43, figs. 44, 45, 46, 47.

Shell small, thin, diaphanous, corneous, elongate; whorls
5, convex; lip thin; coluniella straight. Divergence 35 de-
grees. Length of spire .16, total length .27, width .13 inch
[6.75x3.25 mm.] (Ad.).

Jamaica (C. B. Adams). Westmoreland (Chitty in Swift
coll.).

Bulimits pallidus C. B. AD., Synops. Conch. Jamaicensium
in Proc. Bost, So'C. Nat. Hist., ii, 1845, p. 12. — PFR., Monogr.,
ii, 161 ; vi, 100. — Nameless in REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, Bulimus,
pi. 84, f. 120.

This species differs from L. monodon by its more length-
ened, narrower spire, the sides diverging at an angle of about
35 degrees, while in L. monodon the angle is about 45 to 50
degrees.

The type lot contains some specimens of the narrowly um-
bilicate form together with several typical L. pallida. There
are also in the Adams collection specimens from Westmore-
land, taken by E. Chitty, similar to those in the Swift collec-
tion from the same place and collector, fig. 45. These shells
are imperforate or very narrowly rimate, oblong-ovate, whit-
ish-corneous. Spire conic, much elevated, the summit obtuse.
Whorls 5l/2 to 6, convex, parted by a narrow, deeply im-

ANTILLEAN LEPTINARIA. -J

pressed suture, the last whorl well rounded, very convex bas-
ally. Aperture hardly oblique, ovate, the outer lip a trifle
arched forwardly above. Columella very short, vertical,
deeply truncate obliquely at base.

Length 4.9, diam. 2.3, aperture 2.2 mm.

Length 5.5, diam. 2.7, aperture 2.4 mm.

Figs. 44, 46, 47 are from examples in C. B. Adams' collec-
tion, one measuring 5 x 2.7, aperture 2.4 mm., with 5y2
whorls; the other 6.2 mm. long. Some other individuals in
coll. A. N. S. without exact locality are larger, length 6.2,
diam. 3, aperture 3 mm., with nearly 6 whorls.

There is a distinctly perforate or narrowly umbilicate form
of L. pallida. A well-grown specimen in the Adams collec-
tion, pi. 43, fig. 43, measures, length 7, diam. 3.3, aperture 3
mm., with 6% whorls. It is narrowly umbilicate, turrite-
ovate, whitish-corneous with straightly conic spire. The sur-
face is striatulate, the striae very fine, but rather sharp and
arcuate below the suture. Aperture somewhat oblique. Colu-
mella dilated, only obscurely truncate. The outer lip is
slightly arched forward above. The sides of the spire diverge
at an angle of 34 degrees in the example figured.

This form is similar to typical monodon in structure of the
axis, while typical pallida resembles the so-called "variety"
opalescens.

HAITIAN FORM (pi. 43, fig. 51). At Cape Haitian two
specimens were taken by Mr. Henderson of a Leptinaria not
distinguishable from the Jamaican L. pallida. One is imper-
f orate and only half-grown. The other, fig. 51, is quite openly
umbilicate and measures, length 6, diam. 3, aperture 3 nun.,
whorls 61/4- Another imperf orate specimen was found at
Port au Prince.

4. L. PALUDINOIDES (Orbigny). PI. 40, figs. 18, 19.

Shell oval, conic, thin, diaphanous, smooth. Spire conic, a
little obtuse at the summit, composed of 5 very swollen whorls
separated by a deep suture, the last whorl occupying less than
half the total length. Aperture oval; columella acute, pro-
jecting, twisted, and truncate at the end. Color uniform
white. Length 3, diam. 1.5 mm. (Orb.).

ANTILLEAN LEPTINARIA.

Cuba, in the interior (Sagra). Havana, Matanzas and
Santiago de Cuba, in very damp, dark places, under stones
(Arango).

Achatina paluditwides D'ORB., Historia Fisica, Politica y
Natural de la isla de Cuba, v, Moluscos, p. 90 (1845), pi. 11
bis, f. 13-15. French edition, p. 171.— PFR., Malak. BL, v, p.
185 (Santiago). — Euspiraxis p., ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana,
p. 99. — 'Sp-iraxis p., PFR., Monogr., iv, 574; vi, 191; Malak.
BL, 1854, p. 202.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., 1890, p. 248.—
Lamellaxis p., STREBEL, Beitrag, v, p. 114.

:'By its shape, conic and thin, this species approaches A.
unilamellata, but it differs by lacking the projecting lamella,
by the infinitely smaller size, and by the more swollen, less
numerous, whorls of the spire" (Orb.).

Orbigny's type (pi. 40, fig. 18) was apparently a very
young shell. This view was taken by Pfeiffer and the Cuban
authors generally. It has been lost (see Pfr., Malak. BL, v,
p. 185). The species when adult, fig. 19, varies from imper-
forate to distinctly perforate, and is oblong-conic or turrite
in form, milky-whitish, somewhat translucent, thin, finely,
irregularly striate. Spire straightly conic. Whorls G1/?, sep-
arated by a deeply impressed suture. The earlier whorls are
quite convex, the last compressed or flattened above, some-
times with an impressed line in the compression, parallel to
the suture; convex peripherally and beneath. Aperture some-
what oblique, ovate, the outer lip straightened above, slightly
arched forward. Columella very short, straight or concave,
broad, deeply truncate below.

Length 8, diam. 3.2, aperture 3 mm.
Length 8.6, diam. 3, aperture 3.1 mm.
It is more lengthened than L. pallida Ad. of Jamaica, or
L. salleana of Haiti, but it is closely related to both. There
is a stouter and a more slender form, as indicated by the
measurements above, and noticed by Pfeiffer.

Bulimus paludinoides Anton, Verzeichniss, p. 42, no. 1534
(1839), is probably a Paludestrina.

5. L. STRIOSA (C. B. Adams). PL 44, figs. 52, 53, 54.

Shell imperforate, turrite, shaped like Subulina; thin but

ANTILLEAN LEPTINARIA. 297

strong, corneous-white or brown-tinted. Surface shining,
densely and finely sculptured with slightly arcuate striae.
Spire long, regularly tapering, the summit obtuse, smooth.
Whorls 9, quite convex, the last two a little flattened in the
middle, very convex below the suture. Suture deeply im-
pressed. Aperture small, ovate, the outer lip arched forward
a little' above. Columella short, concave, strongly truncate
below.

Length 10.5, diam. 3, aperture 2.8 mm., whorls 9.

Length 8.5, diam. 2.5, aperture 2.3 mm., whorls 8y2.

Jamaica (C. B. Adams) ; Swift river (W. J. Fox) ; west
of Port Antonio, Mandeville and Bogwalk (Henderson and
Simpson). Varieties in Haiti and Cuba.

Achatina striosa C. B. AD., Contrrb. to Conch., no. 2, p. 26
(Oct., 1849); no. 9, p. 167.— PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 502.—
Lamellaxis striosus C. B. Ad., STBEBEL, Beitrag Mex. Land-
und Siisswasser-iConch., v, p. 114, pi. 12, f. 13.

The description is from Adams' type lot at Amherst; figs.
52, 53 from shells compared with the types. Prof. Adams
gives the length of his original specimens as 7, diam. 2.12
mm., whorls 8. It is a common and widely distributed species,
with much the aspect of Subulina. Spherical white eggs may
be seen in some individuals.

In some places it is much smaller; in a series of 19 from
west of Port Antonio the largest are about 6 mm. long, with
7 "Vs whorls (fig. 54). At Bogwalk and Mandeville they are
equally small.

I am inclined to refer these examples to L. abdita Poey,
which is very similar.

In Haiti L. striosa occurs in the north at Cape Haitian
and environs, Charmette, Sans Souci (pi. 44, figs. 55, 61, 63)
and La Ferriere, inland towards Dondon ; at Thomaseau, St.
Mark and Port au Prince (pi. 44, fig. 59) in the Cul-de-sac.
The shells from the latter place closely resemble the small
form of Jamaica and the Cuban abdita. Those from other
Haitian localities are practically identical with typical Jamai-
can striosa to the eye, but if there is a difference it is that
Haitian striosa have the spire a trifle more slender.

298 ANTILLEAN LEPTINARIA.

5a. Var. ABDITA (Poey). PI. 44, figs. 57, 58.

Shell imperf orate, turrite-subulate, the apex rather acute;
delicately striate, rather glossy, whitish. Whorls 6, a little
convex. Columella arcuate, obliquely truncate. Aperture
oval-oblong, angular above ; peristome simple, acute, the right
margin outwardly somewhat produced, columellar having a
truncation. Length 5.66, diarn. 2, aperture 1.66 mm. long,
nearly 1 mm. wide (Poey}.

Cuba: Almendares (Gundlach, type loc.), and Marianao
(Rhoads), both near Havana. Santiago (Gundlach).

Subulina abdita POEY, Memorias, ii, p. 29, pi. 2, f. 15, 16
(1857).— PFR., Malak. Bl., 1858, p. 10.— CROSSE, Journ. de
Conch., 1890, p. 248. — Achatina abdita Poey. PFR., Monogr.,
iv, 618.

"Apex as in 8. goodalli; related to 8. striosa Ad., but more
slender. 8. subulatoides Orb., from the description and fig-
ure, appears to differ by being more striate, narrower, with
a different aperture" (Poey).

Poey's poor original figure is copied, fig. 57. One of a
large series from Marianao, near Havana, is figured, fig. 58.
The shell is clear whitish-corneous, translucent, and smooth
except for weak striae. The outer lip bends forward a little
near the upper insertion. The columella is concave above
and obliquely truncate below, its base feeing a rather acute,
spirally-entering lamella. Length 6, diam. 2.1, aperture 2
mm., whorls 7. Most of the specimens contain several large
eggs, showing yellowish through the shell.

This form tapers slightly more than the small form of L.
striosa from Jamaica and Haiti, but the difference is so slight
that I have not much doubt of their identity. It would be
quite impossible to separate the shells if they were mixed.

L. ROBERTSI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 50, figs. 19, 20, 21.

Shell slender, turrite, imperforate, thin, whitish-corneous,
smooth, very faintly traced growth-lines visible only when
highly magnified ; somewhat glossy. Summit obtuse, rounded.
Whorls 6^, convex, the last one slightly less so. Aperture
vertical, rhombic-ovate, the thin outer lip moderately arched

ANTILLEAN LEPTINARIA. 299

forward ; colurnella vertical, calloused, obliquely truncate at
the base. Parietal film very thin. Length 4.9, diam. 1.3 mm.

Jamaica, probably in the western end, in company with
Spiraxis terebella conferta.

This diminutive form was first noticed in the Adams col-
lection at Amherst, where there are two specimens (figs. 19,
20) with the type of Spiraxis terebella. "The larger of these
is 4.3 mm. long with fully 6 whorls. Two larger shells were
subsequently found in the collection of the Academy, one of
which is made the type of the species (fig. 21). It is remark-
able for the smoothness of the surface, the narrow contour
and weak truncation of the columella. It has somewhat the
aspect of Obeliscus swiftianus. Named in honor of Mr. S.
Raymond Roberts.

L. ACICULARIS (Shuttle worth).

Shell acuminate-subulate, thin, smooth, glossy, waxen.
Whorls 8, slightly convex, the last scarcely one-fifth the total
length, base abruptly rounded; suture profound, whitish-
crenulate. Aperture ,ovate-oblong, the base well rounded,
truncate above. Columella subarcuate, intorted, obliquely
calloused and truncate within at the base. Length 9, diam.
2.25, aperture 1.5x1 mm. (Shuttl.).

Porto Rico : Fajardo ; a single specimen taken by Blauner.

Stenogyra (Subulina) acicularis SHUTTL., Diagnosen n.
Moll., no. 6, p. 141, in Mittheil naturforsch. Ges. Bern, 1854,
p. 49. — Achatina a., PFR., Monogr., iv, 614.

This form remains unknown to later collectors. It prob-
ably stands close to Leptinaria abdita, gracilis, etc. I have
not seen specimens.

6. L. GRACILIS n. sp. PI. 44, fig. 66.

Shell imperforate, very slender, whitish-corneous, sub-
opaque; surface rather glossy, finely striatulate, almost
smooth. The spire tapers straightly to the small summit.
Whorls 9!/2, strongly convex, the convexity greatest below the
deeply impressed sutures. Aperture subvertical, the outer
lip arched slightly forward. Columella concave above, cal-
lous and obliquely truncate below. Length 9, diam. 2.2,
length of aperture 2.2 mm.

300 ANTILLEAN LEPTINARIA.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince and 8 miles westward (Henderson
and Simpson).

This species is related to L. striosa C. B. Ad., 'but it is far
more slender with a smaller apex, and with more whorls in
shells of the same length. Most of the specimens taken were
smaller than the above dimensions, 7 mm. long with 8 whorls.

7. L. SALLEANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 44, figs. 60, 64, 65.

Shell s'ubperforate, conic-oblong, thin, striatulate, slightly
shining, waxy-whitish. Spire turrite, the apex rather acute.
Suture lightly impressed, simple. Whorls 6, flattened, the
last slightly exceeding one-third the total length. Columella
short, truncate, twisted inward. Aperture oblong-semioval ;
peristome simple, unexpanded, the ooluimellar margin dupli-
cate-reflexed, forming a perforation. Length 7, diam. 3, aper-
ture scarcely 3 mm. long, 1 wide (Pfr.) .

Haiti: near the city of Santo Domingo (Salle, 11. Prime) ;
Rio Ozama (H. Prime).

Achatina salleana PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1850, p. 74;
Conchyl. Cab., Bulimus, p. 309, pi. 24, f. 14, 15. — Spiraxis
salleana PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 472 ; iv, 575 ; vi, 193. — CROSSE,
Journ. de Conch., 1891, p. 151. — Lamellaxis salleanus Pfr.,
STREBEL, Beitrag, v, p. 112, pi. 7, f . 8 ; pi. 17, f . 4.

"Very like A. anomala Pfr., from which it chiefly differs
by the flat whorls and narrow aperture" (Pfr.). Pfeiffer's
figure of the type is copied, fig. 60. When fully adult (figs.
64, 65) the shell is larger, length 8.3, diam. 3.7, aperture 3.1
mm., with fully 7 whorls, or a little narrower, 8 x 3.3 mm.
The whorls in a large lot of specimens before me are not
especially flattened, and the suture is more deeply impressed
than would appear from Pfeiffer's description. The surface
is distinctly arcuately striate, and the perforation is usually
well open, though rarely closed in the narrower shells. The
columella has a stout tooth-like callus superposed upon the
inner edge of an Opeas-like reflexed margin. Within the last
whorl a stout callous fold revolves very obliquely around the
column, but in earlier whorls the axis is slender and only
very weakly sinuous.

TRINIDAD LEPTINARIA. 301

It is related to L. paludinoides Orb. of Cuba, but that is
slightly more lengthened with Hatter whorls.

la. Var. HAITENSIS n. v. PL 46, fig. 10.

The shell is smaller but with as many whorls as salleana.
Whorls somewhat more convex, the last swollen. Outer lip
arched forward more strongly above than in salleana. Length
6.2, diarn. 3, aperture 2.7 mm., whorls 7.

Cape Haitian (J. B. Henderson).

8. L. SIMPLEX (Guppy). PI. 40, fig. 14.

' ' Shell cylindric-turrite, longitudinally sinuate-plicate, buff,
covered with a straw-colored cuticle; whorls 8 to 9, slightly
convex, the last exceeding the length of the spire ; suture in-
cised. Aperture ovate-oblong ; columella strongly twisted or
somewhat reflexed, truncate; peristome simple, a little pro-
jecting above and in the middle.

"Length 14, diam. 4, height of aperture 4.5 mm.
' Length 12, diam. 5, height of aperture 5 mm.
'Length 15, diam. 6, height of aperture 4.5 mm.

"Var. a, columella strongly twisted, broadly and obliquely
truncate ; aperture much dilated anteriorly.

'Var. 6, larger, rimate; columella reflexed, scarcely trun-
cate (Guppy).'"

Trinidad (Guppy) ; Oropouche, Trinidad (Ponsonby).

Spiraxis simplex GUPPY, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser.,
i, p. 438 (June, 1868). — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 257. — CROSSE,
Journ. de Conch., 1890, p. 37. — GUPPY, Journ. of Conch., vii,
p. 212. — Subulina (Nothus) simplex Guppy, SMITH, Journ.
of Conch., viii, p. 235, pi. 8, f. 1 (1896).— Tornatellina cos-
tellosa GUPPY, Proc. Scient. Asso. Trinidad, 1869, p. 243;
cf. Revised List of the Land and Freshwater Molluska of
Trinidad, p. 6, in Proc. Sci. Asso. Trinidad, 1872.

A species not unlike L. paludinoides and L. salleana. In
his revised list of 1872 Mr. Guppy states that "Tornatellina
costellosa was described from an immature form of this shell."
I have not seen the species, and copy Mr. Smith's figure.

9. S. IJRICHI Smith. PI. 40, fig. 13.

Shell elongate, turrite, narrow, rimate, pale, pellucid,

302 SOUTH AMERICAN LEPTJNARIA.

glossy, sculptured with, delicate, oblique, arcuate growth-striae.
Whorls 8, moderately convex, crenulate at the suture; spire
produced, somewhat obtuse at the apex. Aperture small, in-
versely auriform, nearly one-fourth the total length ; lip very
thin, obliquely arcuate; columella rather straightened, nar-
rowly reflexed above, subtruncate or plicate below the middle.
Length 10.5, diam. 3, aperture nearly 3 mm. long (Smith).

Trinidad: Oropouche (Urich in coll. J. H. Ponsonby).

Subulina (Nothus) urichi E. A. SMITH, Journal of Con-
chology, viii, July, 1896, p. 235, pi. 8, f. 2.

"Rather larger than Opeas micro,, more glossy, and with a
plicate or subtruncate columella. Smaller and more slender
than 8. simplex, also with finer lines of growth" (Smith).
The figure shows no truncation of the columella, and looks
more like an Opeas. In some other species also the trunca-
tion is very weak.

South American Species.

L. lamellata (species no. 1) is widely spread in South
America. The others now known are, with the exception of
L. perforata, more slender and lengthened forms with no pari-
etal lamella. Their number will probably be greatly increased
when the country is searched for small shells.

10. L. PERFORATA (Pfeiffer).

Shell perforate, ovate-turrite, arcuate-striate, thin, whitish-
hyaline. Spire elongate, the apex acute. Whorls 7, convex,
distantly plicatulate at the sutures, the last whorl slightly
more than one-third the total length. Parietal lamella min-
ute. Aperture slightly oblique, sinuate-oval, acuminate ; colu-
mella with a twisted lamina ; peristome thin, the right margin
unexpanded, arched forward above; basal margin expanded;
columellar margin reflexed. Length 18, diam. 7.5, aperture
7x3.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Venezuela (Pfr.).

Tornatellina perforata PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,
p. 336; Monographia, iv, p. 653. — Leptinaria ( ?) perforata
PFR., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 336.

An unfigured species, larger than any other except L. hel-

SOUTH AMERICAN LEPTINARIA. 303

ena, and apparently resembling L. lamellata in surface and
aperture.

11. L. ANOMALA (Pfeiffer). PI. 46, fig. 9.

Shell subperforate, oblong-conic, thin, very delicately stri-
ate, pellucid, glossy, waxy-hyaline. Whorls G1/^ convex, the
last about two-fiftns the total length. Columella short, not
reaching to the base, twisted inward and obliquely truncate.
Aperture sem&oval; peristonae unexpanded, simple, the right
margin curved forward a little in the middle; columellar
margin duplicated, reflexed, leaving an umbilical perforation.

Length 9.5, diam. 4, aperture 3.66x2 mm. (Pfr.).

Peru (Pfr. coll.).

Achatina anomula PFR., Symbolae, iii, p. 89 (1846) ; Mon-
ogr., ii, p. 270; iii, 472; iv, 575; vi, 193; Conchyl. Cab., p.
309, pi. 24, f . 16, 17 ; and in Philippi, Abbild. u. Beschreib.,
etc., ii, p. 214, pi. 1, f . 12. — Not Opeas anomalus Pfr., STREBEL,
Beitrag, v, p. 107, 108.

I have not seen this species. Pfeiffer notes that the colu-
mellar margin of the aperture is twisted and truncate in-
wardly, but outwardly it is reflexed, forming a false umbil-
icus. The shell is rather strong but quite thin, translucent,
clear wax-colored and finely striate.

12. L. AEQUATORIA (Miller) . PI. 46, fig. 5.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, thin, glassy, smooth, arcuate-
striate under the lens, glossy. Spire eonvexly conic, the apex
subacute. Whorls 8, convex, separated by a deep suture, the
last nearly one-third the total length. Columella twisted,
provided with an obliquely entering fold in the middle, arcu-
ately passing into the peristome. Aperture not oblique, sub-
ovail. Peristome simple, acute, the right margin curving for-
ward in the middle, basal margin a little receding, columellar
margin dilated, adnate above, the margins generally joined
by a white callus. Length 14, diam. 5, aperture 4.66 x 3 mm.
(Miller).

Ecuador: Guayaquil, in damp places, abundant (Wolf).

Spiraxis aequatoria MILL., Malak. Blatter n. F., i, p. 127,
pi. 13, f. 6 (1879). — Lamellaxis aequatorius Mill., STREBEL,
Beitrag Mex., etc., v, p. 113, pi. 17, f. 1.

304 SOUTH AMERICAN LEPTINARIA.

Miller states that white eggs 1 mm. in diam. were con-
tained in many of the shells. Strebel figures a shell of the
original lot (pi. 46, fig. 5) measuring 13.1x5 mm., whorls
714. He gives measurements of others, the smallest 7.6x3.1
mm., with nearly 5% whorls. The species needs comparison
with L. anomala Pfr., with which it may prove to foe identical.

13. L. RITCHIEI n. sp. PI. 46, fig. 12.

Shell perforate, ovate-turrite, thin, pale greenish-buff,
opaque. Surface slightly shining, densely sculptured with
close, sharp, somewhat arcuate striae, the first iy2 whorls
smooth. Spire regularly tapering to the obtuse apex. Whorls
5y2, convex, parted by a deep suture. Aperture subvertical ;
outer lip acute and thin, slightly arched forward above.
Columellar margin reflexed. Columella straight above,
weakly, obliquely truncate near the base. Length 7.6, diam.
3.3, aperture 3 mm.

Ituchy, on the Purus River. Co-types in coll. A. N. S. P.
and J. Ritchie, Jr.

This peculiar shell has so weak a truncation that it might
almost be referred to Opeas. In an oblique view in the
mouth the basal excavation of the columella appears stronger
than in the front view. It is further distinguished by its
close and sharp striation. The specimens are from the col-
lection of J. Ritchie, Jr., of Boston.

14. L. INTERMEDIA n. sp. PI. 40, fig. 12.

Shell perforate, oblong-turrite, thin, corneous with some
scattered yellowish dots. Surface glossy, nearly smooth, with
slightly arcuate growth-wrinkles only. Spire rather wide, its
outlines convex, summit rather obtuse. Whorls 6y2, convex,
slowly increasing, separated by deeply impressed sutures.
Aperture small, subvertical ; outer lip thin, arching slightly
forward. Columellar margin reflexed, nearly closing the
perforation ; columella straight above, very obliquely excised
but hardly truncate below. Length 9.7, diam. 3.8, length of
aperture 3.1 mm.

Venezuela (Ralph Tate).

This form stands between Opeas and Leptinaria. The

MEXICAN LEPTINARIA.

J05

slight obliquity of the columella near the base has served to
give it place in the latter genus, whether fairly or not I am
in doubt.

15. L. VENEZUELENSIS (Pfeiffer).

Shell subperforate, turrite-oblong. thin, striatulate, diaph-
anous, waxy-whitish. Spire elongate, the apex rather obtuse.
Whorls 7, convex, the last one-third the total length, rounded
basally. Columella slightly twisted, subtruncate. Aperture
slightly oblique, oval-oblong; peristonie simple, unexpanded,
the columellar margin dilated above, reflexed, subpatulous.
Length 11, diam. 4, aperture 4x2.25 mm. (Pfr.).

Venezuela: Caracas (E. Klocke).

Spiraxis venezuelensis PFR., Malak. Blatter, iii, 1856, p.
47; Monogr., iv, 574.

This species has not been figured.

16. L. PACHYSPIRA n. sp. PI. 46, figs. 8, 11.

Shell perforate, oblong-conic, thin, greenish-yellow, sur-
face glossy, finely sculptured with very fine, close, nearly
regular vertical striae, wanting on the smooth 1% apical
whorls and weaker on the base. Spire straightly tapering
to the very large, obtuse summit. Whorls 6, moderately
convex, narrow, parted by a well-impressed suture, the last
whorl swollen. Aperture vertical; outer lip slightly arched
forward, thin ; columellar lip broadly reflexed above. Colu-
mella vertical, with a rather acute, obliquely-entering lamella
near the base. Parietal wall covered with a very thin, trans-
parent film.

Length 9.3, diam. 4.6, aperture 4 mm.

Length 9.4, diam. 4, aperture 3.9 mm.

San Estevan, Porto Cabello, Venezuela (C. F. Starke, 1863,
in Swift coll.).

This species is unlike other known forms in its very
large, obtuse summit and the acute lamella encircling the
columella near its base.

Species of Mexico and Central America.
The numerous species are for the most part not very dis-
tinctly differentiated, and their number will probably be re-

306 MEXICAN LEPTINARIA.

duced when good series are available for comparison. Spir-
axis dubia Pfr. may, von Martens suggests, belong to Leptin-
aria, but it seems more nearly related to the Oleacinidce.

No parietal lamella at any stage of growth, species 16 to 35.

A parietal lamella developed at least in the young, species
36 to 40.

L. imp erf or at a, no. 33, seems to be related to the long An-
tillean and South American species, rather than to those of
Mexico.

17. L. TAMAULIPENSIS Pilsbry. PI. 50, fig. 26.

Shell openly perforate, ovate-conic, pale yellowish-corneous.
Surface glossy, finely and closely, irregularly and weakly stri-
atulate, and showing very indistinct traces 'of spaced riblets
parallel to growth lines. Spire straightly conic, the apex
quite obtuse. Whorls 5l/2, convex. Aperture less than half
the total length. Columella vertical, broadly reflexed above,
tapering downwards, obliquely subtruncate and having a low
fold slightly below the middle. No parietal lamella. Length
7, diam. 3.7 mm., aperture 3 mm. long.

The young shells of 2.5 mm. length have a relatively
stronger columellar lamella than adults, tut no parietal ar-
mature.

Mexico : Tamaulipas, in a canon about 4 miles west of
Victoria, elevation about 3,000 feet (Rhoads). Types 85,909,
A. N. S. P.

L. tamaulipensis PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1903, p. 776,
pi. 50, f. 8.

This species is related to L. mexicana and L. martensi, but
differs from both in wanting spaced riblets, though faint
traces of them persist, at least in some specimens. They are
represented much too strongly in the figure. No other Lep-
tinaria has been reported from north of Misantla, Vera Cruz.

18. L. MEXICANA (Pfr.). PI. 41, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5.

Shell su<bperforate, ovate^turrite, rather thin, whitish-hya-
line; sculptured with rather distant, fine plicae. Spire ele-
vated, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7, convex, the last about
two-fifths the total length, rounded Nasally. Columella rather

MEXICAN LEPTINARIA. 307

wide, dentate-twisted. Aperture slightly oblique, sinuate-
oblong ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin some-
what curved forward, 'columellar margin dilated, somewhat
appressed. Length of largest specimen 9, diam. 4, aperture
3.66x2 mm. (Pfr.).

Mexico: State of Vera Cruz at Mirador (type loc., Ber-
endt), Misantla and neighboring places and Canada de Coa-
tepec near Jalapa (Strebel) ; Texolo ('S. N. Rhoads).

Spiraxis mexicana PFR., Malak. BL, xiii, 1866, p. 84; Mon-
ogr., vi, 194. — 'CROSSE & FISCHER, Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll., i, p.
617. — Lamellaxis m., STREBEL, Beitrag, v, p. 109, pi. 7, f. 14,
pi. 17, f. 3, 6 6, d, 1 a, 38. — Leptinaria m., MARTS., Biologia,
p. 316, with var. turrita and abbreviata.

Strebel, who examined and figured Pfeiffer's type (pi. 41,
fig. 2) states that there were two species mixed in the orig-
inal lot, part being referable to modestus Strebel. The sculp-
ture consists of an extremely fine fold^striation and fine, some-
what arcuate riblets, standing not very regularly and not
very closely, sometimes widely spaced, becoming weaker and
wholly or almost disappearing towards the lower half of the
whorl, especially on the last whorl. The whorls are rather
convex, and weakly terraced at the deep sutures. The um-
bilicus is narrow.

Strebel found a narrower and a wider form of the species,
sometimes occurring together, but more often in separate colo-
nies. The narrower form (fig. 4) measures about 9 to 9.66 x
3.3 to 3.5 mm., aperture 3 to 3.2. It has been named var.
turrita Martens, but seems, as Strebel held, not distinguish-
able from typical mexicana.

Var. abbreviate Martens, pi. 41, fig. 5. Wider; length 7.7,
diam. 3.6 mm., with 6^4 whorls. This is Form B of Strebel.
The specimens taken by Rhoads at Texolo agree best with this
form.

\ ar. utilensis nov. PI. 41, figs. 9, 10.

Specimens collected by Mr. 'C. T. Simpson at Utila Island,
Honduras, have the first 2*4 whorls smooth, the next 2 or 3
sculptured with well-spaced, thread-like riblets, and the last

308 MEXICAN LEPTINABIA.

1 or iy2 whorls more finely rib-striate, the riblets persisting
on the last whorl to the lip, but obsolete on periphery and
base. The axis is imperforate or with a very small chink.
Apex smaller than in mexicana from Texolo, V. C.
Whorls 6.

Length 8, diam. 3.9, aperture 3.3 mm.

Length 8, diam. 3.4, aperture 3.3 mm.

19. L. MARTENSI (Pfeiffer). PI. 41, figs. 6, 8.

Shell subperforate, turrite-oblong, thin, striatulate and dis-
tantly thread-costate, diaphanous, whitish-hyaline; spire tur-
rite, rather obtuse; whorls 6, convex, the last scarcely two-
fifths the length, rounded. Columella subdentate-plieate in
the middle. Aperture slightly oblique, elliptical-oval; peri-
storne simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin widely re-
flexed, partly free. Length 9.33, diam. 4.5, aperture 4 x 2.33
mm. (Pfr.).

Mexico: State of Vera Cruz at Cordova (type loc., Salle) ;
Mirador (Strebel) ; albout 500 ft. above town of Orizaba
(Heilprin) ; Antigua (S. N. Rhoads).

Bulimus martensi PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 318; Monogr., iv,
p. 451. — Spiraxis m., CROSSE & FISCH., Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll.,
i, p. 619, pi. 25, f. 9. — Leptinaria m., MARTENS, Biologia, p.
316, with var. inflata (1898). — Lamellaxis modestus STREBEL,
Beitrag, v, p. Ill, pi. 7, f. 15, pi. 17, f. 5a, 6, 6a, 76, 31.

The spire is not so high as in L. mexicana, the whorls in-
crease more rapidly, and the shell appears more ventricose.
The columellar axis is wider than in mexicana, hollow, and
not twisted except in the last whorl, so that the spiral fold of
the columella is less sharply lamellar than in mexicana.

Var. modesta Strebel, pi. 41, fig. 7, is more ventricose, with
the coarser folds very weak and more separated; length 7.6,
diam. 3.4, to length 8.2, diam. 3.5 mm. Misantla. This is L.
modestus form. A. of Strefoel, and var. inflata of Martens.

20. L. PITTIERI Martens. PI. 41, fig. 13.

Shell conoid-ovate, with papillar apex, perforate, thin, sub-
pellucid, evenly finely striate, gray-whitish or yellowish-whit-
ish. Whorls 6 to 61X>, rather flattened, suture quite im-

MEXICAN LEPTINARIA. 309

pressed, subgradate, the last well rounded basally. Aperture
subvertical, trapezoidal-piriform, the outer margin slightly
arcuate above, a little arched forward, basal margin broadly
rounded ; columellar margin subvertical, wide, abruptly taper-
ing near the base, encircled with a distinct, lamelliform spiral
fold. Parietal wall covered with a very thin callus (Marts.).

Length 10.5, diam. 8, aperture 5.5 x 3 mm.

Length 9.5, diam. 6, aperture 5x3 mm.

Length 8.5, diam. 5, aperture 4 x 2.5 mm.

Costa Rica : La Palma, San Francisco de Guadalupe, La
Uruca, San Jose, Santa Clara, Alajuelita, near Talamanca,
and middle course of the Rio Pacuare del Sur (Biolly and
Pittier) .

L. pittieri MARTENS, Biologia, pp. 317, 639, pi. 18, f. 7
(1898), with var. obliquata Marts., 1. c., pi. 18, f. 8.

Width of the perforation somewhat variable. In the speci-
men from Santa Clara are six calcareous white eggs of glob-
ular form, 1.7 to 1.8 mm. in diameter (Marts.).

Var. obliquata Martens. PI. 41, fig. 14. Differs by having
the columellar margin obliquely produced downward and out-
ward, with a dentiform fold. Length 10, diam. 6, aperture
5x3 mm. Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, as 1 : 2.
Central Costa Rica at Tarbaca.

21. L. HYALINA (Tate).

"Related to interstriata, hyaline with a higher and more
inflated body-whorl. Length .23, height of last whorl .12,
breadth .15 inch. One specimen only was obtained with Bul-
imus berendti" (Tate).

Eastern Nicaragua: Toro Rapids, of the river San Juan
(Tate).

Tornatellina Jiyalina TATE, Amer. Journ. of Conch., v, p.
157 (Feb. 3, 1870). — Leptinaria h., MARTS., Biologia, p. 317.

Not figured. "Perhaps identical with my L. pittieri"
(Marts.).

22. L. EXIGUA Martens. PI. 42, fig. 30.

Shell ovate, perforate, thin, very lightly striatulate, rather
glossy, pellucid, more or less variegated with white. Whorls

310 MEXICAN LEPTINARIA.

5, rather convex, suture compressed, the upper whorls dis-
tinctly costulate, the last whorl well rounded at the base.
Aperture moderately oblique, trapezoidal-piriform, the outer
margin moderately arcuate, not arched forward, basal margin
rather narrowly rounded; columellar margin broadly dilated
above, narrowed towards the base, slightly twisted; parietal
wall without callus. Length 5, diam. 3, aperture 3x2 mm.
(Marts.).

Mexico: Teapa, Tabasco (H. H. Smith).

L. exigua MAETS., Biologia, p. 318, pi. 18, f. 10 (1898).
"Distinct from L. guatemalensis Or. & Fiseh., and from L.
martensi var. inflata, by the want of costse on the last whorl
and by the size. Both the sculpture and the columellar fold
are very feebly developed, but the general appearance of
the shell is that of a true Leptinaria. The two specimens
seen are of equal size. The whorl before the last in one of
them is distinctly costate, in the other with obsolete costae.
Both shells have somewhat the aspect of not being full-grown,
but I know no other species to which they could be attributed
as a young state" (von Martens).

23. L. INTERSTRIATA (Tate). PI. 41, fig. 12.

Shell openly perforate, ovate-conic, thin; sculptured with
slender, well-spaced, slightly arcuate riblets, which disappear
at the periphery of the last whorl and are wanting on the
initial 21/4 whorls; the intervals weakly striatulate. Whit-
ish-corneous (but no quite fresh shells were taken). Spire
straightly conic, the summit obtuse ; whorls Ql/2, strongly con-
vex, parted by a deep suture, the base of the last whorl quite
convex. Aperture ovate, scarcely oblique, the outer lip evenly
arcuate, very little arched forward. Columellar margin
widely dilated above, rapidly tapering downward, bearing a
very strong, obtuse, spiral lamella near its base, concave and
oblique above the lamella. No parietal lamella.

Length 7.5, diam. 3.5 mm., aperture 3 mm. (co-type).

Length 9.37, diam. 4.37 mm., whorls 7 to 8 (Tate, co-type).

Panama : On an island in the lagoon of Boca del Toro
(Tate). Costa Rica: Plains of the Rio Grande of Terraba
(Pittier).

MEXICAN LEPTINARIA. 311

Tornatellina interstriata TATE, Araer. Journ. of Conch., v,
p. 957, pi. 16, f. 5 (1870).— PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 259.— Lep-
tinaria i., ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 485. — MARTENS, Biologia,
p. 318.

This species, described and figured from a 'co-type, is closely
related to L. mexicana, but the colurnellar lamella is much
more strongly developed.

24. L. CRENULATA Martens. PI. 41, fig. 21.

Shell acutely ovate, rimate-perforate, rather solid, sculp-
tured with rather distant, submembranous riblets, vanishing
on the last whorl, and fine interstitial striae; yellowish- white,
rather glossy. Whorls 6, somewhat flat, the suture bordered
by an angle and finely crenulated, the last whorl rather swol-
len basally. Aperture a little oblique, ovate, the outer margin
slightly arched forward, the basal rather 'broadly rounded;
lower third of the 'columellar margin thin, vertically ascend-
ing; its upper two-thirds wide, a little concave and encircled
with a thin, distinct, spiral fold, not toothed. Parietal waH
covered with a thin callus, ernarginate above. Length 11,
diam. 6, aperture 5x3 mm. (Marts.).

Costa Rica: Uren, near Talamanca (Pittier).

L. crenulata MARTS., Biologia, p. 318, 639, pi. 18, f. 12
(1898).

' The angular line bordering the suture is distinctly visible
when the shell is viewed in certain positions, but in others
it appears only as a sudden change in the convexity; it is
more distinct in the last whorl. The crenulation or indenta-
tion of the suture is rather faint. I have seen only one speci-
men, which shows, at some distance behind the aperture, two
slightly thickened and more darkly colored interruptions of
growth (varices), proving that it is a full-grown individual"
(v. Mts.).

25. L. SINISTRA Martens. PI. 42, fig. 32.

Shell conoidal, openly perforate, vertically striatulate, pale
gray-yellowish, diaphanous, thin. Whorls 6, a little convex,
the last rounded, base convex, smooth. Aperture vertical,
rhombic, the outer margin a little convex, basal margin

312 MEXICAN LEPTINARIA.

ascending outwardly, columellar margin a little oblique,
lightly dilated and reflexed above, obsoletely toothed in the
middle. Length 4, diam. 2, aperture 1.5x3 mm. (Marts.).

Nicaragua : Acoyapa, on the north side of Lake Nicaragua
"(Belt).

L. sinistra MARTS., Biologia, p. 319, pi. 18, f. 11.

Distinct from all others of the genus by the sinistral
whorls. Only one specimen was found. The quadrangular
form of the aperture and the very feeble development of the
columellar tooth are perhaps due to the shell not being full-
grown (Marts.).

26. L. GUATEMALENSIS (Crosse et Fischer). PI. 41, fig. 11.

Shell subperforate, ovate-turrite, rather thin, subdiaph-
anous, longitudinally plicate-costulate, whitish, somewhat ele-
"vated, the apex obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 6, convex,
the last about two-fifths the total length, rounded and a little
Smoother at base, the plicae passing into striae. Aperture
slightly oblique, sinuate-oblong; peristome simple, thin, un-
expanded, the columellar margin rather wide, lightly dentate-
twisted, white, outer lip curving forward a little, acute.
Length 5.5, diam. 2.5, aperture 2x1.25 mm. (C. et P.).

Guatemala: Coban (Sarg, type loc.) ; Retalhuleu, in a
wood under decayed leaves (Stoll).

Spiraxis guatemalensis C. & F., Journ. de Conch., xxv,
1877, p. 271 ; Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll., i, p. 618, pi. 25, f . 10.-
Xeptinaria g., MARTENS, Biologia, p. 319, with var. majus-
cula, pi. 18, f. 13.

"This form is very closely related to 8. mexicanus Pfr.,
but it is distinguished by its slightly smaller size, the stronger,
more crowded and more arcuate longitudinal riblets, which
extend wholly across the whorls of the spire, and on the last
whorl change gradually into stria? instead of disappearing
abruptly in the middle" (C. et F.). It is somewhat smaller
than L. interstriata Tate, with a weaker columellar lamella.

Var. majuscula Martens. PI. 41, fig. 15.

Larger, and with a stronger columellar fold. Length 7 to
7.5, diam. 3 to 3.5, aperture 2.66 to 3.5x2 mm. (Marts.).

MEXICAN LEPTINARIA. 313

Costa Rica: Guanacaste, San Jose, valley of the Rio Ter-
raba and Golfo Dulee (Pittier).

27. L. FILICOSTATA (Strebel). PI. 41, figs. 16, 17.

Shell similar in shape to L. mexicanus, though the whorls
are less convex, but differing from all other species by the
close, fine, sharp riblets which as usual weaken on the lower
half of the whorl. The columellar reflection is rather wide
and stands out, leaving an umbilical perforation. The colu-
mellar fold is like that of L. modestus, rather weakly devel-
oped and inflated rather than lamelliform.

Length 8, diam. 3, aperture 2.7 x 1.5 mm., whorls 6%.

Length 7.2, diam. 2.9, aperture 2.7 x 1.4 mm., whorls 6Vs-

Guatemala: San Miguel Jucume (probably S. Miguel
Turucu in the Polochic valley) (Starck). Honduras: Copan,
near the Guatemalan frontier (v. Ihering).

Lamellaxis filicostatus STREBEL, Beitrag Mex., v, p. 113, pi.
17, f. 10 (1882).— Leptinaria /., MARTS., Biologia, p. 319.

"Very easily distinguished from all other species by the
sculpture."

28. L. STREBELIANA n. sp. PI. 42, fig. 25.

Shell perforate, oblong-turrite, thin, sculptured with very
irregularly-spaced, slightly arcuate, thread-like riblets, which
become obsolete near the lower suture on the spire and at the
periphery of the last whorl. Spire long, the summit very ob-
tusely rounded. Whorls 6!/o, the first 214 smooth, moder-
ately convex, the rest very convex and separated by deeply
impressed sutures. Aperture small, irregularly ovate, the
outer lip slightly arched forward, basal margin broadly
rounded, hardly receding. Columella vertical, broadly re-
flexed, obliquely deeply truncate near the base. Length 8.1,
diam. 3, aperture 2.8 mm.

Nicaragua: Polvon (McNiel).

Slenderest and most Opcas-Yike of the Central American
species, and further notable for its very convex whorls, sculp-
tured with raised, thread-like riblets, which are more crowded
than in L. mexicana, and unevenly spaced. It stands close to
L. filicostata, 'but differs by its very convex whorls. No fresh

314 MEXICAN LEPTINARIA.

specimens showing the color are known, but it is probably
yellowish-corneous or white in life.

29. L. SIMPSONI (Ancey). PI. 42, fig. 23.

Shell imperforate, thin, somewhat pellucid, nearly color-
less, glossy, subarcuately striatulate; spire regularly conic,
elongate, quite obtuse at the apex. Whorls 6%, regularly
and rather slowly increasing, a little convex, parted by a
well-impressed suture, the penultimate a little flattened in the
middle, last whorl ample, inflated and convex past the middle,
regularly descending. Columella thin, long, strongly twisted
and truncate near the base, forming a wide, obtuse tubercle ;
narrowly reflexed and thickened over the umbilical region.
Aperture nearly pirif orm, subeff use at base ; peristome simple,
acute, not in the least thickened or reflexed, the outer margin
produced forward, sinuated at the upper insertion, basal
margin receding, well rounded within. Length 9, diam. 4.25,
aperture 3.5 x 2 mm. (Anc.) .

Honduras: Utila Island (C. T. Simpson).

Nothus simpsoni ANC., Ann-ales de Malacologie, ii, p. 245
(1886).

"Remarkable for the long cone of the spire, obtuse at the
summit, the absence of a perforation, and the spreading base
of the aperture" (Anc.). 'Specimens of the original lot re-
ceived from Mr. Simpson are not full-grown, the one figured
measuring, length 7, diam. 2.8, aperture 2.7 mm., with 5%
whorls. The surface is very finely and sharply arcuately
striate, without any trace of spaced riblets. The base is
somewhat smoother.

30. L. FORDIANA (Ancey). PI. 42, fig. 24.

Shell subturrite-oval, of the same color and luster as simp-
soni, imperforate, under the lens arcuately obsoletely striat-
ulate except at the apex and base. Spire scarcely longer than
the aperture, regularly conoid and tapering, obtuse at the
summit. Whorls 5%, regularly increasing, convex, parted
by an impressed suture, the first two smooth, the last whorl
large, nearly as long as the spire, somewhat inflated, very
convex, smoother below the middle. Aperture irregularly

MEXICAN LEPTINARIA. 315

sufbpiriform, but slightly oblique, subeffuse at base; outer
margin sinuous, slightly receding at the upper angle and at
base; columellar margin thickened, straight, strongly twisted
inward, with a very oblique but slight truncation ; peristome
simple and acute. Length 6.75, diam. 3.66, aperture 3.33 x
1.75 mm. (Anc.).

Honduras: Island of Utila (C. T. Simpson).

Nothus fordianus ANC., Ann. de M-alac., ii, p. 248 (1886).

This Nothus is dedicated to Mr. John Ford of the Acad-
emy of Philadelphia. It is most nearly related to N. simp-
soni. It is imperforate like that, tout is smaller, of narrower,
more ovate form, the spire less long conic, last whorl higher,
as long as the spire and more regularly rounded ; the summit
is less obtusely rounded; the width of the shell is greater. It
resembles certain Leptinaria in contour and general char-
acters excepting the parietal lamella, especially L. antillarum
Shuttl. of Guadeloupe (Anc.).

My figure is drawn from one of the 'original lot, the indi-
vidual measuring, length 7.3, diam. 3.6, aperture 3 mm., with
6 whorls. One shell before me is a little larger, with less
abruptly truncate columella. The fine, arcuate striation is
very similar to that of L. simpsoni, which is very closely re-
lated. In some shells there is a minute chink behind the
columellar lip.

31. L. YUCATANENSIS n. sp. PI. 42, figs. 27, 29.

Shell openly perforate, acutely ovate-conic, whitish-cor-
neous, brown-tinted towards the summit; irregularly, some-
what coarsely striatulate, moderately glossy. Spire straightly
conic, the apex rather small. Whorls 6y2, convex, the first
21/2 smooth; last whorl very convex basally, but scarcely
smoother there. Aperture ovate, hardly oblique; outer lip
very slightly arched forward. Columellar lip dilated and
built forward above, leaving a widely open umbilical perfor-
ation, very obliquely truncate at base, and bearing a weak,
obliquely entering fold. Parietal callus very thin. Length
6.6, diam. 2.9, aperture 2.4 mm.

Yucatan: Labna (Heilprin exped., 1890).

316 MEXICAN LEPTINARIA.

The surface is somewhat smoother than in L. simpsoni.
There is no trace of spaced riblets. The coluuiella in oblique
view (fig. 29) is seen to be very wide and distinctly truncate,
and the umbilical fissure is more ample than in any other
Mexican or Central American species I have seen.

32. L. BIOLLEYI Martens. PI. 41, fig. 18.

Shell oblong-conoid, rimate, thin, lightly costulate, yellow-
ish or whitish, diaphanous. Whorls 6, a little convex, the
suture moderately impressed, last whorl moderately rounded
basally. Aperture subvertical, obliquely piriform, the outer
margin regularly arcuate, forwardly convex, basal margin
narrowly rounded, columellar margin vertical, very obliquely
truncate and encircled with a thin, slender lamella. Pari-
etal wall unarmed. Length 6 to 7, diam. 3, aperture 3x2
mm. (Marts.) .

Costa Rica: near San Jose, among moss (Biolley) ; Tala-
manca (Pittier).

L. biolleyi MARTS., Biologia, p. 319, pi. 18, f. 14 (June,
1898).

Allied to L. salleana Pfr. from Haiti, but with more feeble
columellar margin (Marts.).

33. L. COSTARICANA Martens. PI. 41, fig. 19.

Shell ovate-oblong, subturrite, rimate, rather solid, striat-
ulate, glossy, pale yellowish. Whorls 6 to 7, a little convex,
regularly increasing, the suture moderately impressed, sub-
gradate, the last gradually tapering basally. Aperture a
little oblique, trapezoidal, the outer margin rather straight,
basal broadly rounded, columellar margin obliquely truncate,
vertically ascending, encircled with a narrow spiral lamella.
Parietal wall unarmed (Marts.).

Length 9, diam. 4, aperture 3 to 4 mm.

Length 6 to 7, diam 3, aperture 3 mm.

Costa Rica: San Jose, Terraba, El Pital in the Rio Nar-
anjo valley, plain of Rio Oorredor, in the Golfo Dulce region,
Quebrada de Java and springs of Djiri Durunia, in the Rio
Bras valley, and valley of Rio Diquis (Pittier).

L. costaricana MARTS., Biologia, p. 320, 639, pi. 18, f. 15
(June, 1898).

MEXICAN LEPTINARIA. 317

Allied to L. mexicana, but of larger size, with compara-
tively greater diameter of the last whorl and fainter striae
(Marts.}.

34. L. IMPERPORATA (Strebel). PL 42, fig. 28.

Shell strong, translucent, whitish, rather narrowly turrite
and moderately glossy. The sculpture consists of irregular
but close, fine fold-strige, between which, in the irregular,
rather wide intervals there are fine ripple-folds, not very well
expressed and only weakly arcuate. The whorls show, as
usual, their greatest convexity near the suture, causing the
latter to be deep. The right lip is simple, unexpanded,
scarcely arched forward in the middle. The columellar re-
flection is narrow, and so closely appressed that no umbilical
fissure is visible. The axial lamella is quite like that of L.
aquatorius, only less strongly developed. No parietal callus
is visible (Strebel).

Length 12.9, diam. 4.2, aperture 3.9 x 2.3 mm. ; whorls
fully 8.

Length 11.5, diam. 4.2, aperture 3.7x1.9 mm.; whorls iys.

Length 11.2, diam. 3.7, aperture 3.7 x 1.8 mm. ; whorls 7y8.

Mexico: Jalapa, on a strawberry plant (Estefania Salas).

Lamellaxis imperforatus STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. Land- und
Susswasser-Conchylien, v, p. 113, pi. 7, f. 14c; pi. 17, f. 2
(1882).

This species differs from L. ccquatorius by its more slender
shape, greater number of whorls in specimens of the same
size, the closed umbilicus and the somewhat different sculp-
ture (Strebel). It is apparently allied to the L. anomala
group of South America and the L. striosa group of the An-
tilles, rather than to other Mexican species.

35. L. HAPALOIDES Martens. PI. 41, fig. 20.

Shell turrite, perforate, rather solid, subarcuately lightly
plicatulate, a little glossy, white. Whorls 8, rather convex,
the suture gradate, last whorl well rounded basally. Aper-
ture slightly oblique, trapezoidal-piriform, outer margin ar-
cuate above and below, straightened in the middle, distinctly
arched forward; basal margin rather narrowly rounded.

318 MEXICAN LEPTINARIA.

Columellar margin a little thickened t>asally, arcuate, dis-
tinctly twisted and toothed in the middle, thick above, dilated,
lightly concave. Parietal wall with hardly any callus.
Length 11, diam. 4, aperture 3.75x2.33 mm. (Marts.).

Costa Rica: plains of the Rio Terraba, 20 meters above
the sea (Pittier).

L. hapaloides MARTS., Biologia, p. 321, pi. 18, f. 16 (Oct.,
1898).

"Very distinct on account of the elongated form and the
arcuated folds" (of the surface).

36. L. AMBIGUA Martens. PI. 42, fig. 22.

Shell oblong-turrite, rather widely rimate, lightly and
evenly striatulate, somewhat glossy, pale yellowish, the apex
obtuse. Whorls 7, rather flat, equally and slowly increasing,
the suture moderately impressed; last whorl convexly taper-
ing basally. Aperture a little oblique, piriform, the outer
margin slightly arcuate, slightly arched forward, basal mar-
gin narrowly rounded. Columellar margin obliquely trun-
cate at the base and encircled with a thin, slender, spiral fold,
then a little concave; above being slightly dilated and ap-
pressed. Parietal wall slightly calloused, unarmed (Marts.).

Length 11, diam. 3.75 to 4, aperture 3.25 x 2 mm.

Length 10, diam. 3.5, aperture 3x2 mm.

Length 9, diam. 4, aperture 3x2 mm.

Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo, at the confluence of the Puerto
Vie jo and Sarapiqui rivers (Biolley) ; La Palma (Pittier).

L. ambigua MARTS., Biologia, p. 321, pi. 18, f. 17 (Oct.,
1898).

"This species at first sight more resembles an Opeas than
a Leptinaria, on account of its general form and the want of
prominent costse; the columellar margin, however, is not
only obliquely notched, but has a slender spiral fold twisted
round its lowest part and clearly separated from it by a slen-
der furrow. This fold is also very much nearer the base of
the aperture than in the other species of Leptinaria" (Mts.).

37. L. SOLIDA Martens. PI. 42, fig. 37.

Shell conoidal-ovale, half-openly perforate, rather solid,

MEXICAN LEPTINARIA. 319

finely striatulate and ornamented with somewhat distant,
membranaceous and more or less caducious riblets, whitish.
Whorls 61/0, the upper ones a little convex, the suture dis-
tinct, subgradate, last whorl very convex at base, somewhat
sack-like. Aperture a little oblique, trapezoidal, the outer
margin convexly arched forward, basal margin well rounded;
columeUar margin thick, vertically ascending, encircled at its
lower part with a strong, entering lamelliform fold, dilated
above. Parietal wall covered with a wide callus bearing a
slender spiral lamella in the middle (Marts.).

Length 12, diam. 6.66, aperture 6x6 mm.

Length 11, diam. 6, aperture 5.5 x 3.5 mm.

Length 10, diam. 5.5, aperture 4.5 x 3 mm.

Length 9!/2, diam. 5, aperture 5x3 mm.

The diameter of the aperture includes the columellar mar-
gin (Marts.).

Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo (Biolley) ; Alto de Mano Tigre,
near Terraba (Pittier).

L. solida MARTS., Biologia, p. 321, pi. 18, f. 18 (Oct., 1898).

38. L. ELIS;E Tristram. PI. 42, fig. 38.

Shell conic-ovate, rather thin, semipellucid, glossy, very
delicately striate; spire obtuse, conic, suture profound.
Whorls 5 to 6, convex, the last more than half the length of
the spire, smoothish. 'Columella intorted, pearly whitish in-
side; peristome expanded, the right margin sulcate, com-
pressed ; aperture acutely one-toothed on the inner margin.
Length 10.5, diam. 6 mm. (Tristram').

Guatemala: Coban (Salvin).

Leptinaria eliscc TBISTR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 231. — FISCHER
et CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll., i, p. 625. — MARTS., Bio-
logia, p. 322, pi. 18, f. 19. — Tornatellina e., PFR., Monogr.,
vi, p. 263.

"The two specimens of this species sent for examination
by Mr. Salvin have the shell moderately thin, imperforate,
nearly smooth, ovate, pale yellowish, the whorl before the
last rather large, the last seen from the dorsal side being to
the rest of the length of the shell as 1 : %. The columellar

320 MEXICAN LEPTINARIA.

margin is much arcuated beneath, thick and strongly twisted
above, the twisting ending towards the underside in a strong
projection. The tooth on the parietal wall is compressed,
lamelliform, almost equally distant from the columella and
from the outer margin, and does not reach far into the in-
terior of the aperture. The dimensions of the two specimens
are:

Long. 91/2, diam. .5 ( ?) ; apert. long. 5l/2, lat. 3 (?) mm.

Long. 8, diam. 4% ; apert. long. 4, lat. 3 mm.
In the larger example a part of the outer wall of the aper-
ture is broken away; therefore the diameter, both of the
whole shell and of the aperture, must have been greater when
entire. The other specimen possesses an equally developed
tooth or plate on the parietal wall; it is probably also full-
grown. In neither shell can I see what Canon Tristram
meant by the words "margine dextro sulcato"; but as he
gives the length as lO1/^ and the diameter as 6 mm., he seems
to have had a larger specimen than ours" (v. Mts.).

39. L. STOLLI Martens. PI. 42, figs. 26, 31.

Shell ovate- globose, rimate, thin, lightly striatulate, pale
yellowish, glossy. Whorls 5, convex, with moderately im-
pressed suture, the base of the last whorl rounded. Aperture
subvertical, trapezoidal, the outer margin well arched, basal
margin widely rounded, columellar margin a little concave,
dilated, broadly truncate at the base and encircled with a
distinct fold. Parietal wall uniplicate in the young shell.
Length 7, diam. 5, aperture 4.5x3 mm. (Martens').

Western Guatemala : Retalhuleu, in woods under decayed
leaves, rare ( Stoll) .

L. stolli MARTS., Biologia, p. 316, pi. 18, f. 9, 9a (1898).

The most globose of all the species within our limits (Mex-
ico and Central America). A young shell (fig. 31), quite
distinct by its form from L. elisa, shows the parietal plate
very clearly, but in the full-grown examples no trace of it is
to be seen (Marts.).

40. L. CONVOLUTA Martens. PI. 42, figs. 33, 34.

Shell conic-ovate, imperforate, diaphanous, finely striatu-

MEXICAN LEPTINARIA. 323

late, ornamented with some sparse membranous riblets on the
upper whorls, glossy, gray. Whorls 6, moderately convex,
the suture simple and moderately deep, last whorl strongly
rounded basally. Aperture subvertical, emarginate-ovate,
the outer margin arcuately produced, basal margin shortly
rounded, columellar margin broadly truncate below, inwardly
convolute, subvertical, not dilated above. Parietal wall cov-
ered with a very thin callus and encircled with a deeply en-
tering, slender spiral lamella in the middle. Length 7, diam.
4.5 to 5, aperture 4x2.5 mm. (Marts.}.

Costa Rica: Santa Clara. (Biolley) ; Golfo Dulce (Pittier)
and Turubares (Biolley), on the Pacific slope.

L. convoluta MARTS., Biologia, p. 322, pi. 18, f. 20, 20a
(Oct., 1898).

"Beyond the spiral plate, the whole columellar margin is
transversely rounded towards the interior, like a cornet or
paper-bag, for which I use the term ' convolutus. ' The
parietal plate is very low, and only to be seen by looking
into the aperture from above (fig. 34)" (v. Mis.}.

41. L. EMMELIN^E Tristram. PI. 42, figs. 35, 36.

Shell elongate, rather thin, opaque, glossy, slightly striat-
ulate ; spire conic, a little acuminate. Whorls 7 to 8, convex,
the last scarcely as long as the spire, smoothish. Columella
twisted inward, lucid whitish inside. Peristome slightly ex-
panded, the right margin compressed. Aperture furnished
with an acute tooth above. Length 15, diam. 5 mm. (Tris-
tram) .

Guatemala: Coban (Salvin).

Leptinaria emmelina TRISTR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 231. — MAR-
TENS, Biologia, p. 323, pi. 18, f. 21.

This form seems closely related to the large South Amer-
ican species. Prof, von Martens writes: "The specimens
which Mr. Salvin has sent me under this name are much
smaller than the measurements given by Canon Tristram,
and want the parietal tooth or plate mentioned by him; they
are, probably, young individuals, and the typical one seems
to have been lost. That which agrees best with the deserip-

322 LEPTINARIA, S.-G. NEOSUBULINA.

tion is only 5 mm. long (instead of 15), its diameter 3 (in-
stead of 5) , the aperture 2 long and iy2 in diameter ; whorls
barely 5 (instead of 7-8). The shell is distinctly perforate
(this not being the case in L. elisce], a character not men-
tioned by Canon Tristram; the columellar margin is much
more feeble, and the spiral winding fold is separated by a
light depression from the proper columellar margin. Al-
though I am not quite sure that these specimens belong to
the same species, I give, nevertheless, a figure of one of
them" (v. Mts.).

Section Neosubulina E. A. Smith.

Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, p. 115 (December, 1898), for
N. harterti.

Shell imperf orate, turrite, of 8 to 10 convex whorls; aper-
ture small, with the columella more or less truncate, and
having a long entering parietal lamella. Radula with small
central and tricuspid lateral teeth. Type L. harterti.

This group differs from typical Leptinaria only in its tur-
rite instead of ovate shape ; and from the long Leptinarias it
differs by having a well developed parietal lamella. The
dentition is practically the same as that of Leptinaria. I
am unable to follow Mr. Smith in giving the group generic
rank. Its mode of reproduction is unknown.

42. L. GLOYNII (Gibbons). PI. 47, fig. 19.

"Shell subcylindrical, elongate, narrow, rather thin, semi-
transparent, dull yellowish-horn color, closely and rather
coarsely sti inte by lines of growth ; epidermis thin and dis-
tinct; whorls 9-10, flattened, the first 4 gradually increasing—
the body-whorl rather the longest, the middle turns equal in
size ; spire shortly pointed ; suture narrow, well marked ;
aperture ovate, rounded in front, narrow and angulate be-
hind, outer lip thin and direct, gently curved, columella
somewhat callous, arched with a sharper curve, ending
abruptly a little behind anterior end of aperture ; a thin
lamina winds spirally down axis of shell, appearing in the
aperture as a low, thin tooth, situated rather behind the
middle of the columella. Length 13, diam. 3 mm. Animal
pale grey, tentacles darker grey'" (Gibbons).

LEPTINARIA, S.-G. NEOSUBULINA. 323

Curacao: St. Ann's, numerous under stones (Gibbons).

Cionella gloynii GIBBONS, Journal of Conchology, ii, p. 135,
pi. 1, f. 1 (May, 1879).— Cionella gloynei Gibbons, W. G.
BINNEY, Annals of the New York Acad. of Sciences, iii, p.
101, pi. 7, f. E (teeth).

Var. minuscula Pils. PI. 47, fig. 18.

A spe'cimen from Curacao, apparently referable to gloynii
as a small variety, and which has lost some of the early
whorls, is figured, pi. 47, fig. 18. There is a distinct con-
traction of the spire above the fourth whorl from the base.
GI/} whorls remain, but there could hardly have been so many
as in typical L. gloynii. The later whorls are rather flat-
tened. The columella is concave above, strongly projecting
below, having the oblique truncation and inwardly twisted
shape usual in Leptinaria. The moderately strong parietal
lamella enters undiminished as far as can be seen in the
mouth. Length of the truncate shell 7.8, diam. 2.3, aper-
ture 2.25 mm.

43. L. HARTERTI (E. A. Smith). PL 47, fig. 17.

Shell elongate, cylindric, narrowed above, corneous, slightly
shining, striated with delicate, oblique, curved growth-lines.
Whorls 8, the apical two large, convex, teat-shaped, the rest
somewhat convex, parted by a slightly oblique and not deep
suture ; last whorl hardly descending. Aperture small, in-
versely auriform, scarcely one-fourth the total length; lip
thin, simple; columella lightly arcuate, reflexed above, spir-
ally twisted below ; parietal lamella strong, projecting, enter-
ing a long distance. Length 9, diam. 2.25, aperture 2 mm.
(Smith}.

Buen Ayre (Hartert).

Neosubulina liartcrti SM.; Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, p.
115, fig. II (1898).

'The mammillated apex is often slightly out of the per-
pendicular. On making a section of one specimen the pari-
etal lamella was found to extend about a whorl and a half
inwards. The radula, kindly examined by Mr. W. Moss, is
Stenogyroid ' ' ( Smith ) .

324 LEPTINARIA, S.-G. ISCHNOCION AND PELATRINA.

This species is closely related to L. gloynii of Curacao, but
it differs in having a whorl or two less, is of slightly smaller
size, and has a less strongly truncate columella.

Subgenus ISCHNOCION Pilsbry, nov.

Shell imperforate, pillar-shaped, many-whorled, with large,
smooth apex; aperture small, with strong, entering parietal
and columellar lamellae and a palatal fold. Type L. triptyx.

44. L. TRIPTYX n. sp. PI. 47, figs. 21, 25, 26.

Shell imperforate, pillar-shaped, very slowly tapering,
rather solid, pale yellow. Surface weakly marked with ob-
lique growth-striae. Whorls 11, not very convex, the summit
rounded, second, third and -fourth whorls of equal width and
calibre, then the diameter very slowly increases to the last
whorl. Suture not deeply impressed, the whorl very finely
crenulate below it. Aperture small, the columella concave
below, twisted into a large entering fold above; parietal
lamella rather low, but entering as far as can be seen. Outer
lip acute, provided with an entering lamina in the middle,
not reaching to the lip-edge. Length 10.2, diam. 2.2, aper-
ture 2 mm. ; diam. at second whorl 1 mm.

Colombia (R. Swift).

A remarkable shell, quite unlike any described form. In
the type the palatal lamina is discontinuous, that visible from
in front being succeeded deep in the throat by a second short
lamina. In Fig. 25 the aperture is drawn in oblique view.
In a young shell of 814 whorls, 6.5 mm. long, there is only a
weak trace of the parietal lamella, the columellar fold is very
small, and the palatal lamina weak (pi. 47, fig. 21).

Subgenus PELATRINIA Pilsbry, nov.

Embryonic and early neanic whorls vertically striate;
columella strongly sinuous, truncate at base; no parietal
lamella. Type L. helena.

45. L. HELENA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 46, figs. 6, 7.

Shell imperforate, conic-turrite, contracted near the sum-
mit, thin, light brown, a little translucent. Surface glossy,
the first half-whorl smooth, next two whorls very finely and

OCHRODERMA. 325

densely striate vertically. The striation then becomes some-
what arcuate, coarser, and thread-like, but on the last three
whorls the threads give place to low wrinkles of growth.
Whorls 8y2, quite convex, separated by a deep suture, the
last whorl inflated. Aperture slightly oblique, ovate; outer
and basal margins forming an evenly curved arc, thin, not
arched forward. Columella calloused, sinuous, strongly con-
cave above, obliquely truncate at base. Parietal wall with-
out perceptible callus. Length 18, diam. 7.8, length of aper-
ture 6.5 mm.

Venezuela: Caracas (F. Cocking, in R. Swift coll.).

This is an extraordinary species, unlike other known forms
by the contraction and sharp sculpture of the upper part of
the spire and the very sinuous columella. It is larger than
any other Leptinaria except L. perforata Pfr.

Genus OCHRODERMA Ancey.

Ochroderma ANC., Le Naturaliste, iii, June, 1885, p. 93, for
Tornatellina gigas.

She'll imperforate, ovate-turrite, solid, with convexly conic
summit and rather flattened whorls; covered with an oliva-
ceous or greenish-yellow cuticle. Whorls few, 51/-> to 7 in
known species, the first 2y2 or 3% composing the embryonic
shell, separated from the following by a forwardly-oblique
wrinkle or line ; the following whorls with normally subob-
lique growth-lines. Aperture ovate, armed with a deeply en-
tering parietal lamella; columella twisted and truncate at
base ; outer lip usually with some trace of an entering ridge
in the throat.

Jaw vertically striate (in 0. martensi] . Radula Stenogy-
roid, the central tooth very small, unicuspid, laterals and
marginals tricuspid. Anatomy otherwise unknown.

Type 0. gigas. Distribution, Caroline Islands and Cocos
Island, in the Pacific about 550 miles southwest of Panama.

This genus differs from Leptinaria and Neosiibulina by the
structure of its embryonic whorls. The summit is convexly
conic rather than subglobose, and the latter part of the last
embryonic whorl has forwardly oblique striation. much as in

326 OCHRODERMA.

Pleurocera, the lip-edge at this stage toeing retracted above
and produced below, as shown in pi. 47, fig. 23. The shell is
usually more solid than that of Leptinaria, the whorls less
convex, and the cuticle darker. There is usually a tendency
to form an entering ridge or low, wide, callous lamella within
the outer wall of the aperture. The dentition seems to be
essentially that of Leptinaria. Some of the species have
been placed in Tornatellina, a genus differing greatly in den-
tition. Mr. Ancey has referred Stenogym Carolines Martens
to Ochroderma. I have not seen that species, and have given
it temporary place in Prosopeas (p. 19).

The distribution of Ochroderma is at present inexplicable,
but I find no sufficient character to justify generic separa-
tion of the American species from the type of the Caroline
Islands.

I owe to Prof. H. M. Gwatkin the opportunity of figuring
the radula of 0. gigas (pi. 51, fig. 6). It has about 37, 13,
1, 13, 37 teeth. The central tooth is excessively small, with
a tiny cusp; laterals tricuspid, of the usual Stenogyroid
shape. The marginals are tricuspid, becoming irregular to-
wards the outer edge. The middle cusp is wide and short,
the side cusps very small, subobsolete or sometimes obsolete.

In 0. martensi (pi. 51, fig. 11, from a co-type) there are
25, 8, 1, 8, 25 teeth. The central is larger than in 0. gigas,
unicuspid. Laterals of the usual tricuspid type. The mar-
ginal teeth are also tricuspid, the cusps small and subequal.
The jaw is low, densely stria te vertically, the strise subregular,
and more like fine plaits near the lower edge.

Section Ochroderma s. str. Shell large and heavy ; central
tooth very narrow; median cusp of the marginal teeth wide,
the side cusps subobsolete.

1. 0. GIGAS (Martens). PI. 47, figs. 13, 14.

Shell obesely turrite, glossy, irregularly striatulate, buff;
whorls 6 to 7, nearly flat, obliquely finely plicate below the
impressed, brownish suture ; last whorl gradually tapering to
the base, imperf orate. Aperture about two-fifths the shell 's
length, vertical, sinuate-piriform, acutely angular above, the
right margin unexpanded, thin, columellar margin widely ap-

OCHRODERMA. 327

pressed, white, with two weak, very oblique folds above and
conspicuously obliquely truncate below; parietal fold strong,
compressed, horizontally entering. Length 44, dam. 16, aper-
ture 17.5x9 mm. (Marts.).

Caroline Is.: Ruk or Hogolu Island (0. Finsch).

TornatelUna gigas MARTS., Sitzungsber. Ges. naturforsch-
ender Freunde in Berlin, Nov., 1880, p. 146 ; Conchol. Mitt-
heil., i, 91, pi. 17, f. 1-5. — ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, iii, 1885,
p. 93; Journ. de Conchyl., 1903, p. 100.

This splendid snail is remarkable for the solidity of the
shell, which is white under a cuticle of ochraceous or green-
ish-ochre color. The apical whorls to the number of about
3y2 are faintly, delicately decussate. The growth-striae are
nearly straight and vertical at first, but on the last half-
whorl of the embryonic shell they become oblique, bending
forward below; there is then an oblique, forwardly-descend-
ing shallow groove and wrinkle at the end of 3y2 whorls,
marking the limit of the nepionic stage. In the neanic stage
the faint growth-stria? become arcuate in the normal direc-
tion. The outer lip is thin and sharp but rapidly thickens in
the throat, where there seems to be the weak trace of a thicker
median callus.

Section Ochrodermella n. sect. Shell small. Central tooth
larger than in Ochroderma, about one-third as wide as the
adjacent laterals. Marginal teeth with three subequal cusps.
Type 0. martensi.

The three species of this Cocos Island group are closely
related, and further collections are needed to show whether
they are really separable specifically.

2. 0. CUMINGIANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 47, fig. 20.

Shell ovate-oblong, solid, striatulate, covered with an oliva-
ceous-buff cuticle. Spire long-conic, the apex acute. Whorls
5y2, slightly convex, the last about three-sevenths the total
length. Columella subarcuate, distinctly and obliquely trun-
cate. Parietal wall bearing a large, horizontally-entering
lamella. Aperture semioval, calloused within ; peristome sim-
ple, acute. Length 8, diam. 3.66, aperture 3.66 x 1.66 mm.
(P/r.).

328 OCHRODERMA.

Nicaragua: Realejo (Real Llejos) (Cuming). Cocos Is-
land (Ancey).

Tornatellina cumingiana PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1849, p. 134; Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 148, pi. 18, f. 6, 7;
Monogr., iii, p. 525. — MARTENS, Biologia Central! Americana,
Moll., p. 324. — Leptinaria c., PFR. — CLESS., Nomencl. Hel.
Viv., 1878, p. 336. — Ochroderma cumingiana Pfr., ANCEY,
Journ. de Conch., li, 1903, p. 102.

Mr. Ancey has identified this species from Cocos Island.
He considers Tornatellina pittieri Martens as probably iden-
tical. That they are closely related is obvious, and I am dis-
posed to concur in uniting them; yet according to the pub-
lished figures, pittieri is a somewhat more lengthened shell
than cumingiana.

3. 0. PITTIERI (Martens). PL 47, figs. 15, 16.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, conoid-turrite, solid, smooth,
glossy, whitish-corneous. Spire elongate, the apex rather ob-
tuse; suture impressed, simple. Whorls 6y2, a little convex,
the last rounded basally. Aperture slightly exceeding one-
third the total length, rather oblique, lanceolate, the outer
margin slightly arcuate, thin, convex forwardly, basal mar-
gin narrowly rounded, columellar margin strongly arcuate,
very distinctly obliquely truncate at the base; parietal wall
provided with a compressed, strong, entering lamella. Length
9.5, diam. 4, oblique length of aperture 3.5, width 2 mm.
(Marts.}.

Cocos Island (Pittier).

Tornatellina pittieri MARTS., Sitzungsber. Ges. nat. Freunde
zu Berlin, 1898, p. 157 ; Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll., p. 640, pi.
44, f. 10.

The type figure is copied, pi. 47, fig. 16.

A fully adult shell referable to 0. pittieri is figured, much
enlarged, on pi. 47, fig. 15. The cuticle is olive profusely
streaked and spirally lined with light buff. The apex and
sutures are eroded. Within the mouth there is a low but
strong entering ridge in the middle of the outer wall. Length
10, diam. 4, aperture 4 mm. This shell differs from 0. pit-

OCHRODERMA.

329

tieri as described by von Martens in color, but seems to be
the same species. Probably 0. martensi is a dextral form of
0. pittieri.

4. 0. MARTENSI Ball. PI. 47, figs. 22, 23, 24.

' ' Shell small, of a yellowish-green color, polished, with 5~y2
whorls, -a rather blunt apex and distinct suture ; under mag-
nification the upper whorls are seen to be minutely axially
wrinkled, most distinctly so in front of the suture, but in the
later whorls this sculpture becomes obsolete. There is also a
fine, obscure, spiral striation, and in certain spots, under
magnification, the two series of lines form a faint reticula-
tion. The shell has much the general form of Cochlicopa
lubrica, the aperture is small, semilunate, the pillar obliquely
truncated, somewhat thickened at the twisted edge; on the
body is a very prominent projecting lamina which extends
inside the shell for about one whorl, projects at the mouth
half-way to the outer lip and is united to the pillar and
outer lip by a thin callus ; the outer lip is not reflected, but is
not sharp-edged in the adult; directly opposite the parietal
lamella is a single thickened spiral ridge, but little elevated,
and extending inward about one-third of the last whorl. Alt.
of shell 10, of aperture 4.25; lat. of shell 4, of aperture 2
mm." (Dall).

Cocos Island, under stones (Snodgrass and Heller).

Leptinaria (N eosubulina] martensi DALL, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 97, pi. 8, f. 10 (April 16, 1900).

"An immature dextral specimen among the seven sinistral
L. pittieri v. Marts, may have belonged to this species. It
differs from that species by being dextral, by having a mouth
larger in proportion to the spire, and in having one less whorl
in a somewhat greater length" (Dall).

The type figure is copied, fig. 22. Another specimen of
the original lot is drawn on a large scale, fig. 24, length 10,
diam. 4, aperture 4.2 mm., with 5% whorls. The parietal
lamella enters slightly less than one whorl. Within the mouth
a low, inconspicuous thickening on the outer lip, entering the
throat, may be seen on careful inspection.

330 SUBFAMILY CCELIAXIN/E.

The summit of a young specimen is drawn, pi. 47, fig. 23,
to show the slight distortion at the junction of the embryonic
with the neanic stage, accompanied by a change in the direc-
tion of the stria?. This shell is more distinctly striate than
the larger one figured. The name L. martensi is preoccu-
pied, but pending a thorough inquiry into the status of the
Cocos Island forms, no change is advisable.

Subfamily CCELIAXINJE Pilsbry.

Cylindric or turrite, narrow, many-whorled forms, with the
axis hollow (except in Cryptelasmus), and the cavity of the
whorls obstructed by lamellae on the axis, parietal wall and
sometimes the basal wall. Dentition Achatinoid.

This subfamily is composed of a few very distinct genera,
all of them at present monotypic. Widely scattered, yet each
is restricted to an excessively small area. It would seem to
be a group evolved in Mesozoic time and now approaching
extinction. The several genera were first associated by the
author in 1904 (Man. Conch., xvi, p. 194).

I. Shell imperforate, its axis slender and solid; oviparous;

American.

a. Shell very slender, sinistral, turrite with cylindric
summit; composed of 11-15 narrow whorls, one or
two intermediate whorls obstructed by a parietal
and two axial lamella?; aperture oblique, ovate, with
a parietal lamella. Genus CRYPTELASMUS Pils.

II. Shell perforate or umbilicate; viviparous; Eur- African.
a. Shell with 12-13 whorls, the initial 3y2 forming a
narrow, subcylindric summit; last two whorls with
an axial and a parietal lamella, the latter continued
to the aperture; outer lip simple and thin. Island
of St. Thome, in the Gulf of Guinea.

&. Axis perforate. Genus THOMEA Girard.

&&. Axis openly umbilicate.

Genus PYRGINA Greef.

aa. Shell tapering-cylindric, ribbed, with a peripheral
and a basal keel on the last whorl, the latter bound-
ing an open umbilicus; outer lip with a collar-like
rib ; cavity of last whorl with axial and palatal
lamellae and a basal fold. Eocene, Paris Basin.

Genus DISTCECHIA Crosse.

CRYPTELASMUS. 331

aaa. Shell long-turrite, of 19-21 whorls, the last rounded ;
aperture short, with small parietal and axial lamellae,
the latter several whorls long; young shells with
parietal, axial and basal lamellae in one or more
intermediate whorls. South Africa.

Genus CCELIAXIS Ad. et Ang.

•

Genus CRYPTELASMUS Pilsbry, nov.

Shell imperforate, sinistral in known species, very slender,
turrite, many-whorled (11 to 15). Apex very obtuse and
somewhat bulging, smooth. Aperture ovate, oblique, the
outer lip simple, columella straightened ; parietal wall armed
with an entering lamella. Cavity of one or two intermediate
whorls obstructed by lamelltr on the parietal wall and colu-
mella; the central axis elsewhere thin and straight. Soft
anatomy unknown.

Reproduction oviparous, the eggs flattened, hard-shelled.
Type Balea canteroiana 'Gundl. ' Pfr.

Illustrated on plate 48. The single species composing this
genus has no near relatives in America. The internal
lamella? remind one of the Urocoptid groups Esochara and
Sectilumen. They appear very early, certainly near the be-
ginning of the neanic stage, how much earlier we do not
know. Among Achatinoid snails the genus seems related,
though not closely, to Cccliaxis of South Africa.

Cryptelasmus is confined, so far as we know, to the south
coast of Central Cuba.

C. CANTEROIANA ('Gundlach,' Pfr.). PL 48, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7.

Shell imperforate, sinistral, turrite, thin, striate, waxy-
hyaline. Spire long, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 13, a
trifle convex, the last scarcely over one-sixth the total length,
rounded at base. Columella simple, subvertical. Aperture
oblique, semioval, with an entering, compressed, subhori-
zontal, parietal lamella ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the
right margin arching forward. Length 15, diam. 2.66, aper-
ture 2.5x1.5 mm. (Pfr.}.

Cuba: La Vigia, Trinidad (Gundlach, Pilsbry) ; a variety
at "Lagunilla," near Cienfuegos, province of Santa Clara
(Pilsbry).

332 CRYPTELASMUS.

Balea, ( ?) canteroiana Gundl., PPB., Malak. BL, iv, 1857,
p. 107; Monogr., iv, p. 715. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana,
p. 89. — Pseudobalea c., CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1890, p.
244.

The parietal lamella, in the adult form is nearly one whorl
long. In the third whorl from the base there are three
lamellae : parietal and axial large, the latter thick at the edge,
and a small lower axial ; none of them extend into the next
earlier whorl (fig. 2, shell 13.7 mm. long). The two speci-
mens figured measure :

Length 16, diam. 3, aperture 2.7 mm. ; whorls 15.

Length 16.8, diam. 3, aperture 3 mm. ; whorls 15.

Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 represent specimens from a cave near the
foot of the hill "La Vigia" at Trinidad. Figs. 3, 6, 8, 9 are
the variety from near Cienfuegos, where I found it in some
numbers, but chiefly dead and broken.

The eggs (pi. 48, figs. 4, 5, Trinidad) are calcareous-shelled
as usual, quite flattened, and 1.25 mm. in greatest diameter.
The embryonic shell is smooth and very obtuse above, the
first and second whorls are disproportionately large, the third
narrower.

Var. cienfuegosensis n. subsp. PI. 48, figs. 3, 6, 8, 9.

The shell is smaller than typical canteroiana, with fewer
whorls than young shells of the latter of the same length;
the internal lamellae are longer, all thin-edged; apex a trifle
larger; aperture relatively larger.

Length 13.5, diam. 3 mm., whorls 13.

Length 12.3, diam. 2.8 mm., whorls ll1/^.

A shell of 3.5 mm. length with 4y2 whorls (fig. 9, Cien-
fuegos) has the parietal lamella well developed, extending
inward about 2 whorls, being visible through the transparent
shell. The axial lamella is also strong, and continues to the
columella. At a somewhat later stage, length 6 mm., both of
the lamellae are 2y2 whorls long (fig. 6, Cienfuegos). At the
adult stage (fig. 3) the Cienfuegos race has a parietal lamella
about one whorl long, the axis in the last two whorls being
simple, straight and slender! In the third whorl from the

THOMEA. 333

base there are three thin lamellae, a large parietal, a very
large axial, and a very small, oblique axial 'below. The two
larger lamella? extend into the next preceding whorl (fig. 3,
a shell 12 mm. long). In a specimen of the Trinidad can-
teroiana 12 mm. long there are 14 whorls, while cienfuego-
sensis of the same length has but 11% to 12 whorls.

Genus THOMEA Girard.

Thomea GIRARD, Jornal de Sciencias Math. Phys. e Nat.
Acad. Real das Sci. de Lisboa, Ser. 2, iii, p. 106 (1893).

' ' Shell very small, dextral, turriculate, composed of numer-
ous slowly widening whorls, striate, perforate, thin. Whorls
convex with well-marked suture. Aperture oval, the colu-
mellar margin reflexed, continuous with the peristome, which
is simple and acute, with the margins united by a well-defined
parietal callus, bearing a parietal lamella visible externally;
columella with a fold not visible externally.

"Radula with a very small central tooth with obsolete
cusp ; laterals tricuspid ; marginals very short, transverse,
armed with 4 to 7 cusps. Formula 16, 8, 1, 8, 16.

"The animal is viviparous, young shells taken from an
adult shell measuring 2 mm. long" (G-irard).

Type T. newtoni Girard. Distribution, Island of St.
Thome, in the Gulf of Guinea.

This group might more justly be ranked as a subgenus of
Pyrgina, from which it differs only in the reduction of the
axial tube to a narrow perforation.

1. T. NEWTONI Girard. PI. 49, figs. 17, 18.

Shell dextral, long, turriculate, thin, covered with a cor-
neous cuticle ; ornamented with longitudinal striae which are
quite regular, rather thick, a little sinuous and but slightly
oblique. Whorls 12 or 13, slightly convex with well-marked
suture, regularly and very slowly increasing. 3y2 embryonic
whorls nearly smooth ; last whorl about one- fourth the total
length, a little angular at 'base. Umbilical perforation nar-
row, a little covered by the reflexed, straight columellar bor-
der. Aperture oval, a little retracted at base ; peristome with
thin, sharp borders, united by a light callus. There is a low

334 PYRGINA.

columellar or axial lamella in the last whorl, not visible from
the exterior, and a parietal lamella passing out beyond the
plane of the peristome. Length 15, diarn. 4, aperture 2x2
mm. ( Girard) .

Island of St. Thome at Binda, Morro de Gentio, Gumbella
and Rio Quija (F. Newton).

Thomea neivtoni GIRARD, t. c., p. 107, pi. 1, f. 16, 16a, 17
(shell), 18a, 6 (teeth).

The embryonic young shells have a parietal lamella. In
the adult it is absorbed except in the last two whorls.

Genus PYRGINA Greef.

Pyrgina GREEF, Zool. Anzeiger, 1882, p. 518; Sitzungsber.
der Ges. Naturwiss. zu Marburg, 1884, p. 52. — GIRARD, Jornal,
etc., iii, p. 108 (1893).

Shell dextral, cylindric, turriculate, composed of numer-
ous narrow, lightly striate whorls. Embryonic whorls ele-
vated in a point above the rest. Last whorl carinate at base.
Aperture oval, angular ; peristome simple and acute, the mar-
gins joined by a light callus. A parietal lamella visible at
the mouth, and a columellar fold within, not visible exter-
nally. Umbilicus round, open and deep (Girard).

Soft anatomy unknown; but from its close resemblance to
Thomea there can be little doubt that Pyrgina also will prove
to be viviparous with a Stenogyroid dentition. The single
species is from St. Thome Island in the Gulf of Guinea.

1. P. UMBILICATA Greef. PI. 49, figs. 15, 16.

Shell dextral, cylindric, turriculate, thin, covered with a
corneous-brown cuticle. Spire of 13 very narrow whorls.
3% embryonic whorls form a projecting point above the fol-
lowing ones; the latter are slightly convex, parted by a well-
marked suture, and covered with slightly oblique, light, longi-
tudinal striae. Last whorl a little swollen, carinated at the
base around the umbilicus. Umbilicus rounded, very open,
prolonged in a grooved column. Aperture oval, a little an-
gular at the base, with thin, sharp margins. Columella
lightly reflexed, the margin joined by a light callus. There
is a colurnellaT fold not visible outwardly, and a parietal

DISTCECHIA. 335

lamella reaching to the plane of the peristome. These two
lamellae are resorbed above the penult, whorl, but vestiges of
them are visible throughout the extent of the axis. Length
7.5, diam. 2.5 mm. (Grirard}.

Pyryina umbilicata GREEF, Zool. Auzeiger 1882, p. 518;
Sitzber. Marburg 1884, p. 52. — GIRARD, Jorual iii, p. 108, pi.
1, f. 19, 20.

Island of St. Thome, at Boca Monte Cafe, 800-900 meters
above the sea (Greef) ; Palanca (Newton).

Six individuals were taken by Mr. Greef, seven by Mr. F.
Newton, the latter all dead and without cuticle. It seems to
be very rare.

Genus DISTCECHIA Crosse.

Disto:cMa CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. for 1890, p. 164, for
Cyliiidriila parixiotsis Desh (1890). — '' Distccctria Cossmann
Mss.," HARRIS & BURROWS, The Eocene and Oligocene Beds
of the Paris Basin, pp. 100, 114 (Sept. 23, 1891).— Spartina
HARRIS & BURROWS, t, c., pp. 100, 113. — Cylindrella DESH.,
Anini. sans Vert, du Basisin de Paris, ii, 872. — COSSMANN;
Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. de Belgique, xxiv, 1889, p. 358.

Shell tapering-cylindric, with an obtuse, smooth apex, usu-
ally lost in mature shells; longitudinally ribbed; last whorl
with a strong, cord-like basal carina, the base smooth, another
keel around the large umbilicus; last whorl (becoming free in
front. Aperture irregularly oval, the outer and basal lips
shortly built forward beyond a strong collar-like rib ; inner
lip blunt. Axis large and hollow, open below. Cavity of the
shell contracted by a thin, spiral lamella above the middle
of the axis, extending nearly to the aperture, and within the
last whorl there is also a palatal fold and a stout basal fold.
Type D. parisiensis Desh., pi. 49, figs. 19-22.

Distribution : Lowest Eocene of the Paris Basin, at Jon-
chery and Chenay.

This group, based upon a single species, is apparently re-
lated to Pyrgina and Thomea of St. Thome, and in a less de-
gree to Cccli-axis of South Africa; all having the same gen-
eral type of internal armature, of external sculpture, and a

336 CCELIAXIS.

similar hollow axis. Distocchia cannot, however, be regarded
as ancestral to the recent genera, since by its free last whorl
and collared peristome the Eocene genus is obviously already
a senile phylum. The Eocene of western Europe, like the
modern Antillean fauna, contained many senile types of land
snails, which left no descendants.

The name proposed by Crosse for this genus suffered some
mutilation at the hands of Messrs. Harris and Burrows, who
also added the synonym Spartina. Both names were used by
them — ' ' Dist&ctria (Spartina} parisiensis Desh. " —for the
one species in their first reference (t. c., p. 100), so that their
subsequent statement (pp. 113, 114) that the new names were
intended as substitutes for Cylindrella and Thaumasia, re-
spectively, cannot affect their true status as synonymous
terms applying to the species parisiensis.

Genus CCELIAXIS Adams and Angas.

Coeliaxis AD. and ANG., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 54,
based upon C. layardn, only. — PILSBRY, Man. Conch., xvi, 194.
— Bathyaxis ANCEY, Conchologist's Exchange, ii, p. 39 (Sep-
tember, 1887), same type. — Spkalerostoma GIRARD, Jornal de
Sciencias Math., Phys. e Nat. Acad. Real Sci. de Lisboa (2
ser.), ii, p. 247 (1892), same type.

Shell umtoilicate, long, turrite, composed of many (about
20) closely coiled whorls; the upper half attenuate, apex
rounded, rather large, the first whorl smooth, the rest ver-
tically rib-striate. Early whorls sometimes lost in the adult
shell. Aperture small, ovate, the blunt lip slightly expanded,
columellar lip rolled back. Axis hollow, tubular and straight,
encircled by a single cord-like lamella, below the middle in
each whorl in adult shells, terminating in a small columellar
fold. Young with strong, spiral, parietal and basal lamellae
and an oblique columellar barrier in the antepenult, whorl.

Jaw highly arched, and either very weakly ribbed (plaited)
or with sparse striae. Radula (pi. 51, figs. 7, 8) with 21, 1, 21
teeth in slightly, regularly arcuate rows. Middle tooth nar-
row, less than half the width of the adjacent laterals, with a
short, simple cusp. Laterals having a large mesocone and

CCELIAXIS. 337

well developed ectocone, but no trace of an inner cusp.
Marginal teeth similar, the ectocone split on a few of the
outer ones.

Soft anatomy otherwise unknown. Reproduction vivip-
arous.

The snail burrows in sand among grass and bushes.

Type C. layardi. Distribution, South Africa. (Cceliaxis,
hollow axis.)

This monotypic genus stands isolated in the recent fauna,
but it seems to have distant relations with Tliomea, Pyrgina
and Cryptelasmus.

The name Cceliaxis ivas originally based upon C. layardi
o nly, though in a later publication its authors enlarged the
definition to include C. exigua (P. Z. S., 1867, 907). The
'efforts of Messrs. Ancey and Girard to displace Cceliaxis by
other generic names for C. layardi must therefore be viewed
as energy misdirected.

C. exigua, which Adams and Angas described as a Cceliaxis,
belongs to the genus Coclocion Pils. (Manual, vol. xvi, p. 190).
It has been referred erroneously to the genus Perrieria.

1. C. LAYARDI (Adams & Angas). PI. 49, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, tapering-cylindric below, the
upper half strongly tapering and attenuate, with slightly con-
cave outlines, the apex globose and a little enlarged, fre-
quently truncate in adult shells ; thin but rather strong, cor-
neous, rather glossy; sculptured with close, fine and thread-
like rib-striae, which are about as wide as their intervals, but
slightly oblique, and sometimes are more crowded on the last
whorl. "Whorls 20-21 in perfect shells, only slightly convex,
the last rounded below, without trace of a basal carina.
Aperture slightly oblique, irregularly ovate. Peristome thin
or a little thickened, obtuse, slightly expanded, the columellar
margin dilated and reflexed. Columella vertical, slightly
concave, bearing a small fold below. Internal axis hollow,
tubular and straight, encircled below the middle of each
whorl by a cord-like spiral lamella which extends upwards
about 3!/2 whorls from the base. Adult shells have a lamella

338 APPENDIX.

\vithin the fourth or fifth whorl from the base, hanging from
the upper or parietal wall (pi. 49, fig. 12, p. I.). Immature
shells have large but short lamellae on the parietal and basal
(upper and lower) partitions, and an obliquely subvertieal
lamella on the axis (figs. 13, 14). The spiral, axial cord con-
tinues inward a short distance beyond the vertical lamella.
This armature is in the 17th or 18th whorls.

Length 31, diam. 7.8 mm.

Length 29.3, diam. 7 mm.

Length 28, diam. 7 mm., whorls 19 (Angas' type).

South Africa: East London, mouth of the Buffalo river;
Tharvield, living under the sand among bushes (E. L. La-
yard) ; Port Elizabeth (Jas. Crawford).

Siibulina, (Cceliaxis) layardi H. ADAMS and G. F. ANGAS,
P. Z. S. Lond., 1865, p. 54, pi. 11, fig. 1. — Bulinms layardi
Ad. and Aug., PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 95. — Cceliaxis layardi
LAYARD, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 839 (living animal). — Bathyaxis
layardi ANCEY, Conchol. Exch., ii, 1887, p. 39 ; Journ. de Con-
chyl., 1901, p. 223. — Sphalerostoma L, GIRARD, 1. c. 1892, p.
245-247, and vol. iii. 1893, pi. 1, f. 3, 3a.

Mr. Layard, who collected living examples, states that it
is viviparous ; eight or ten minute ones were shaken out of
a dry shell. None of those I opened contained young, much
to my regret, as the internal armature of the embryonic shell
will probably be of high interest.

Girard found two sets of barriers in a shell opened and
figured by him.

APPENDIX.

HOMORUS PILEATUS (Martens). PI. 12, figs. 7.

Shell turrite, subobliquely costulate, with a silky luster,
waxen- whitish ; the apex is obtuse, whorls 9, the first de-
pressed, the second subglobose, both distantly and vertically
costulate; the following whorls regularly increasing, but
slightly convex, the last ovate-oblong, slightly angular below
the periphery and more finely striolate there. Aperture two-

APPENDIX. 339

sevenths to three-elevenths the total length, moderately ob-
lique, rhombic-pirif orm ; peristome thin, the columellar mar-
gin slightly arcuate, very obliquely truncate, parietal callus
distinct. Length 26, diani. 7.5 mm., aperture 7 mm. long,
3.5 wide (Marts.).

West Africa: Carneroons at Bonjongo (Buchholz), Bi-
bundi, Bonge, Buea and Barombi (Sjostedt et al.) .

Stenogyra pileata MARTENS, Monatsber. K. P. Akad. Wis-
sensch. zu Berlin, 1876, p. 261, pi. 3, f . 12, 13 ; Sitzungsber.
Ges. naturf. Freunde, 1891, p. 31. — Homorus pileatus D'AILLT,
Bihang, etc., p. 110.

Distinguished by the first two whorls, which give the
upper end a cap-like aspect, and in this respect resembling
S. calabarica; otherwise with the appearance of S. vivipara
(Marts.).

D'Ailly reports a specimen from Bonge 33.5 mm. long with
11 whorls. The eggs, according to the same author, are
nearly spherical, 2 mm. in diameter. The apical sculpture is
that of Pseudoglessula, but d 'Ailly removes it to Homorus on
account of the color of the shell and the shape of the eggs.

EUONYMA NATALENSIS (Bumup) . PI. 31, figs. 12, 13.

The original description may be found on p. 41. Speci-
mens in the collection of the Academy, overlooked until re-
cently, show that the shells described by Mr. Burnup are im-
mature. It attains a large size, being in fact the largest of
the genus. It is pale straw-colored, solid though rather thin,
and has a beautiful silky luster produced by very fine and
closely crowded but distinct striae, which arch forward rather
strongly below the suture. The columella is straight in the
stouter examples, concave in the slender one, and its reflexed
edge leaves a narrow umbilical crevice. The specimen
drawn in fig. 13 has lost several whorls, but fig. 12 has lost
only one or less ; so that the count of whorls in entire exam-
ples would be greater than given below. It is evident, how-
ever, that self-amputation is habitual in the adult stage. All
have the breach closed by a long septum.

Length 51, diam. 13.5, aperture 15.1 mm.; whorls 9.

340 APPENDIX.

Length 43, diam. 11.5, aperture 13.2 mm. ; whorls Iiy2.
Length 56, diarn. 12, aperture 14.8 mm. ; whorls 12y2.

CURVELLA MINUTA Da Costa. PI. 50, figs. 29, 30, 31.

Shell oblong-ovate, umbilicate, arcuately wrinkle-striate,
thin, chalky, white. Whorls 5y2, convex, the last three-fifths
the total length. Aperture semioval; peristome simple, the
right margin arcuate, receding above. Colurnellar margin
straight, dilated and reflexed. Length 7.5, diam. 4.5, aper-
ture 5x2.5 mm. (Da Costa).

Philippines: Malbato, Busuanga I. (Hungerford).

C. minuta Da C., Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, p. 99, pi.
11, f. 12-14 (June, 1906).

•CURVELLA ALABASTRINA Da Costa. PL 50, figs. 27, 28.

Shell oblong-ovate, umbilicate, thin, glossy, arcuately
wrinkle-striate, pellucid, whitish. Whorls 6, a little convex,
the last three-fifths the total length. Aperture oval. Peri-
stome simple, the right margin arcuate; columellar margin
straight, slightly receding, dilated and reflexed. Length 17,
diam. 9, aperture 9x4.5 mm. (Da Costa).

Philippines: Guimaras (Hungerford).

C. alabastrima Da C., Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, p. 99,
pi. 11, f. 10, 11 (June, 1906).

P. 104. The generic term Zootecus has been changed on
etymological grounds to Zootocus by von Martens, Archiv
fur Naturgeschichte for 1895, p. 107, in text, Such emenda-
tion is considered not allowable by the majority of recent
zoologists. From the biological standpoint Zootecus is as
good as Zootocus.

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

VOL. XVIIL

FIGURE PLATE *•

1. Bacillum o'btusum Blf . Coneli. Ind 1

2. Bacillum orthoceras G.-A. Journ. As. Soc. Berg. ... 2
3, 12. Bacillum orthoceras G.-A. Original 2

4. Bacillum orthoceras austeni Pils. Type

5. Bacillum cassiacum Bs. Conch. Icon

6. 7. Bacillum cassiacum Bs. Original

8. Bacillum theobaldi Hani. Conch. Ind 4

9, 10, 11. Bacillum erosum Blf. J. A. S. Beng 4

PLATE 2.

13, 14. Tortaxis pilsbryi Anc. Journ. de Conch ,. . 10

15, 16, 17. Tortaxis permirus Anc. Journ. de Conch. ... 10

18. Tortaxis mirus Gredl. Jahrb. d. M. Ges 8

19, 20. Tortaxis mirus fuchsianus Hde. Specimen 9

21, 22. Tortaxis m. fuchsianus Hde. Mem. Emp. Chin. . 9

23. Tortaxis p. rnultiplicatus Anc. J. de C 10

24, 25. Tortaxis erectus Bs. Specimen , 7

26. Tortaxis erectus Bs. Conch. Cab 7

27, 28, 29. Tortaxis mandarinus Pfr. Specimens 7

30, 31. Tortaxis lubricus Dautz. Type 11

PLATE 3.

85-88. Prosopeas acutissimum Mouss. Specimen 22

89-91. Prosopeas a. hastatum Bttg. Type 22

92. Prosojjeas laxispira Mts. Ostas. Landschn 26

93, 94. Prosopeas holosericum Bttg. Specimen 24

95. Prosopeas turricula Marts. Ostas. Landschn 30

96. Prosopeas turricula Marts. Series Conch. IV 30

97-99. Prosopeas roepstorfi Mch. Specimen 27

PLATE 4.

1, 2. Plicaxis mirabilis Sykes. J. of Malac 13

3-5. Plicaxis perakensis Morg. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr 13

(341)

342 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVHI.

FIGURE PAGE

6. Tortaxis servaini Mab. Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr 12

7-9. Prosopeas tchehelense Morg. Specimen

10. Prosopeas tchehelense Morg. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ... 31

11, 12. Prosopeas swettenhami Morg. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 32

13. Prosopeas teres Ad. P. Z. S

14, 15. Prosopeas henrici Anc. Annales Marseille

16, 17. Perrieria canef riana Sykes. J. of Malac 36

18. Digoniaxis cingalensis Bs. Conch. Indica Vol. XIX.

19, 20. Opeas layardi Bs. Conch. Indica 158

21, 22. Tortaxis pfeifferi Mke. Novit. Conch 12

PLATE 5.

23, 24. Prosopeas suturale Mlldff. Bericht Senck 15

25. Prosopeas cochliodes Pf r. Conch. Icon

26, 27. Prosopeas cochliodes Pfr. Original

28, 29. Prosopeas elongatulum Pfr. Conch. Cab 17

30, 31. Prosopeas quadras! Hid. J. de Conch

32. Prosopeas macilentum Rve. Conch. Icon 19

33-35. Prosopeas gorontalense Sar. Celebes 20

36-38. Prosopeas carolinum Marts. Conch. Mittheil. ... 19

39. Prosopeas discernibilis Sm. P. Malac. Soc 20

40. Prosopeas achatinaceum Pfr. Ostas. Landschn 21

41. Prosopeas achatinaceum Pfr. Conch. Icon 21

42. 43. Prosopeas paioense Bock. Specimen 25

PLATE 6.

66, 67. Curvella philippinica Pils. Type 70

68, 69. Curvella grateloupi Pfr. Conch. Cab 68

70. Prosopeas walkeri Bs. Conch. Ind 29

71. Prosopeas argenteum Hend. Nautilus 24

72. 73. Prosopeas anceyi Pils. Journ. de Conch

74. Prosopeas decorticatum Rv. Conch. Icon

75. Prosopeas lombockense Sm. P. Malac. Soc 21

76. 77. Prosopeas haughtoni Bs. Conch. Ind 28

78, 79. Prosopeas haughtoni Bs. Original 28

80, 81. Prosopeas pealei Tryon. Original 29

82-84. Prosopeas haughtoni Bs. var. Original 28

PLATE 7.

1, 2. Curvella sulcata Chap. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr 48

3. Curvella daillyana Pils. Bihang 48

4, 5. Curvella guineensis Jonas. Abbild 52

6, 7. Curvella redfieldi Pils. Type 49

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVIII. 343

FIGURE PAGE

8. Curvella ovata Putz. Soc. Mai. Belg 51

9. Curvella concentrica Rve. Conch. Icon 51

10. Curvella decepta Rve. Conch. Icon 49

11. Curvella decepta Rve. Original 49

12, 13. Curvella liberiana Pils. Type 50

14, 15. Curvella concentrica Rve. Original 51

PLATE 8.

16. Curvella disparilis Sm. D. Ostafr 54

17. Curvella kretschmeri Marts. D. Ostafr 55

18. Curvella conoidea Marts. D. Ostafr 56

19. Curvella associata Marts. Ann. Mag. N. H 57

20. Curvella suturalis Marts. D. Ostafr 54

21. Curvella disparilis Sin. Ann. Mag. N. H 54

22. Curvella caloglypta M. & P. Ann. Mag. N. H 59

23. Curvella catarractie M. & P. Ann. Mag. N. H 59

24. Opeas crawf ordi M. & P. Ann. Mag. N. H 149

25. 26. Curvella sinulabris Marts. Monatsbericht 53

27, 28. Curvella croslyi Burnup. P. Malac. Soc 59

29, 30. Curvella elevata Burnup. P. Malac. Soc 60

31. Curvella globosa M. & P. Ann. Mag. N. H 61

32. Curvella sinuosa M. & P. Ann. Mag. N. H 61

33. 34. Curvella delicata Tayl. Q. Journ. of Conch 58

35. 'Curvella delicata Tayl. D. Ostafr 58

36, 37. Curvella stnaminea Burnup. P. Malac. Soc 62

38, 39. Curvella succinea Burnup. P. Malac. Soc 62

PLATE 9.

41. Curvella subviridescens Sm. Ann. Mag. N. H 53

42, 43. Curvella terrulenta Morel. Journ. de Conch. ... 52

44. Curvella boettgeri Gredl. Archiv. Naturg 67

45. Curvella plicifera Bs. Conch. Ind 63

46. Curvella puta Bs. Conch. Ind 63

47. Curvella whytei Sm. P. Z. S 57

48. Curvella pusilla Blf. Conch. Indiea 64

49. Curvella scrobiculata Blf. Condh. Indiea 64

50. Curvella nyasana Sm. P. Z. S 56

51. 52. Curvella munipurensis G.-A. P. Z. S 65

53-55. Curvella khasiana G.-A. P. Z. S 65

56, 57. Curvella jousseaumei Morg. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 67

58. Curvella khasiana G.-A. Conch. Ind 65

59. Curvella sikkimensis Rve. Conch. Icon 66

60. Curvella sikkimensis Rve. Conch. Indiea 66

61-63. Curvella perf orata Mlldff . Bericht Senck 70

64, 65. Curvella umbilicata Mlldff. Bericht Senck 71

344 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVIII.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 10.

66, 67. Hypolysia florentise M. & P. Ann. Mag. N. H. . . 37

68. Euonyrna Igeocochlis M. & P. Ann. Mag. N. H 39

69. Euouyma lymnaeformis M. & P. Ann. Mag. N. H.. . 39

70. Euonyma acus Morel. Journ. de Conch 40

71. Euonyma cacuminata M. & P. Ann. Mag. N. H 42

72. Euonyma natalensis Burn. P. Malac. Soc 41

73. 74. Euonyma cacuminifera M. & P. Specimen 42

75. Euonyma purcelli M. & P. Ann. Mag. N. H 42

76. Euonyma glaucocyanea M. & P. Ann. Mag. N. H. . . 43

77. 78. Euonyma turriformis Kr. Sudafr. Moll 43

79, 80. Euonyma linearis Kr. Sudafr. Moll 44

81. Euouyma crystallina M. & P. Ann. Mag. N. H 45

82, 83. Euonyma magilensis Crav. P. Z. S 45

84, 85. Euonyma t. sarissa Pils. Type 44

PLATE 11.

86. Subulina moreleti Girard. Jornal Sciencias 74

87. Subulina newtoni Girard. Jornal Sciencias . 75

88. Subulina cerea Pf r. Conch. Cab 78

89-91. Su'bulina striatella Rang. Specimen 75

92. Subulina striatella Rang. Ann. Sci. Nat 75

93. Subulina sulcata (= - vivipara) . Conch. Icon 81

94. 95. Subulina vivipara Sowb. Conch. Cab. and Abbild. 80

96. Subulina angustior Dohrn. Conch. Cab 78

97. Subulina s. striata Lea. Specimen 77

98-100. Subulina angustior Dohrn. Specimen... 78

101. Subulina angusitior Dohrn. Monatsbericht 78

PLATE 12.

1. Tortaxis lubricus Dautz. Embryo, specimen 11

2, 3. Tortaxis palus Hde. Emp. Chinois 6

4, 5. Prosopeas achates Mch. Specimen 27

6. Prosopeas hebes Blf . Conch. Indica 32

7. Homorus pileatus Marts. Monatsber 338

8. 9, 11, 12. Subulina octona Brug. Ternate specimen.. . 72

10. Prosopeas fortunei Pfr. Conch. Cab 35

13. Prosopeas kassaiana R. & G. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. . . 83
14,16. Opeas javanicum (henshawi). Hawaiian speci-
mens.. .1 139

15. Opeas braueri Marts. Berl. Zool. Samml 156

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVIII. 345

FIGURE PAGB

PLATE 13.

17, 18, 19. Subulina totistriuta Pils. Type 81

20. Subulina gracilenta Morel. Journ. de Conch 82

21. Subulina glabella Morel. Journ. de Conch 97

22. Subulina pyraniidalis Morel. Journ. de Conch 98

23. Subulina subangulata Putz. Mai. Soc. Belg 84

24. Subulina leia Putz. Mai. Soc. Belg 84

25. Subulina nornralis Morel. Journ. de Conch 82

26. Subulina terebella Morel. Journ. de Conch 98

27. Subulina ornata Morel. Journ. de Conch 99

28. Subulina ferriezi Morel. Journ. de Conch , 96

29. Subulina simplex Morel. Journ. de Conch 97

30. 31. Subulina ferriezi Morel. Specimen 96

32. Subulina cereola Morel. Series Conch 99

33. Subulina canonica Morel. Journ. de Conch 100

34. Subulina simplex Morel. Specimen ,. . 97

PLATE 14.

35. Subulina elegans Marts. D. Ostafr 87

36. Subulina lasti Sm. Ann. Mag 87

37. Subulina pinguis Marts. D. Ostafr 88

38. Subulina emini Sm. Ann. Mag , 88

39. Subulina peratria/ta Marts. D. Ostafr 89

40. Subulina bicolumellaris Marts. D. Ostafr 90

41. Subulina subcrenata Marts. D. Ostafr 90

42. Subulina pergracilis Marts. D. Ostafr 91

43. 44. Subulina intermedia Tayl. Journ. of Conch 91

45. Subulina conradti Marts. D. Ostafr 92

46. Subulina chapmani M. & P. Ann. Mag 92

47. Subulina chiradzulensis Sm. P. Z. S 93

48. Subulina uncta Sm. Journ. of Conch 93

49. Subulina dohertyi Sm. Journ. of Conch 94

50. Subulina vitrea Mouss. Journ. de Conch , 94

51. Subulina paucispira Marts. D. Ostafr 95

52. 53. Subulina munzingeri Jick. Nova Acta 86

54. Subulina senaarensis Pfr. Novit. Conch 85

55. Subulina -chiarinii Poll. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital 85

56. Subulina mabilleana Bgt. Malac. Abyss 85

PLATE 15.

59. Opeas hannensis Rang. Ann. Sci. Nat 141

60, 61. Pseudopeas crossei Girard. Jornal, etc 115

62. Opeas pauper Dohrn. Mai. Bl 142

63. Opeas dohrni Girard. Jornal 142

346 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVIII.

FIGURE PAGE

64, 65. Opeas green Girard. Jornal 143

66. Opeas lucida = = bawriense Pils. Journ. of Conch.. . 146

67. Opeas crenulatum Sm. Journ. of Malac 146

68. Opeas lentum Sm. Journ. of Condi 147

69. Opeas venustum Sm. Journ. of Conch 146

70. Opeas hamonvillei Dautz. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr 143

71. Opeas stenostomum Sm. Ann. Mag 147

72. Opeas limpidum Marts. D. Ostaf r 148

73. Opeas streptosteloides Marts. D. Ostaf r 148

74. Opeas crawf ordi M. & P. Ann. Mag 149

75. 76. Opeas durbanense Stur. Denkschr. Akad. Wien . 149

77. Opeas rncbeani M. & P. Ann. Mag 150

78. Opeas tugelense M. & P. Ann. Mag 150

79. Opeas strigile M. & P. Ann. Mag 150

80. Opeas longulum Morel. Journ. de Conch 152

PLATE 16.

81. Opeas javanicum Rve. Sumatran specimen 138

82. 83. Opeas layardi Bens. Specimen , 158

84. Opeas soror Sm. Proc. Malac. Soc 177

85. Opeas brevius Sm. Proc. Malac. Soc 177

86. Opeas avenaceum Morel. Specimen 153

87. Opeas avenaceum Morel. Journ. de Conch 153

88. Opeas javanicum Rve. Conch. Icon 138

89-91. Opeas kusaiense Pils. Co-types 182

PLATE 17.

92-94. Opeas mauritianum Pf r. Mauritius specimen. . . . 133

95. Opeas mauritianum Pfr. Maui specimen 133

96. Opeas mauritianum Pfr. Conch. Cab 133

97. Opeas clavulinum hawaiiense Sykes. Proc. Malac.

Soc 136

98. Opeas m. prestoni Sykes. Proc. Malac. Soc 134

99, 100. Opeas m. prestoni Sykes. Ceylon specimen .... 134

101, 102. Opeas m. obesispira Pils. Type 134

PLATE 18.

1. Opeas g. panayense Pfr. Ostas. Landschn 131

2. Opeas g. panayense Pfr. Conch. Icon 131

3. 4, 5. Opeas gracile Hutt. Ahmednuggur specimens. . . 125

6. Opeas gracile Hutt. Ryukyu specimens 125

7. Opeas cereum (= gracile). Conch Icon 128

8. 9. Opeas satsumense Pils. Types 172

10. Opeas gracile Hutt. Washington 1 128

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVIII. 347

FIGDBE PAGE

PLATE 19.

11. Opeas fargesianum Hde. Mem. Emp. Chin 169

12. Opeas f auvelianum Hde. Mem. Emp. Chin 169

13. Opeas didyma West. Vega Exp 161

14. Opeas hunaiiense Gredl. Archiv Naturg 169

15. Opeas kuangsiense Gredl. Arcliiv Naturg 170

16. Opea's arctispirale Gredl. Archiv Naturg 170

17. Opeas setchuanense Hde. Mem. Emp. Chin 169

18. Opeas schensiense Stur. Denkschr. Wien 163

19. Opeas carinatum Wattebl. Journ. de Conch 159

20. Opeas latebricola Rve. Conch. Ind 162

21. Opeas mariie Jouss. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr 159

22. Opeas filif orme Mlldff. P. Z. S 161

23. Opeas latebricola Rve. Conch. Icon 162

24. Opeas ternatanum Bttg. Senck. Bericht 176

25. Opeas arctispira Marts. Ostas. Zool 175

26. Opeas hexagyrum Bttg. Senck. Bericht 180

27. Opeas kemense Sarasin. Celebes 175

28. Opeas semperi Hid. Journ. de Conch 178

PLATE 20. CHINESE OPEAS.

29. 30. Opeas turgidum Hde. Mem. Emp. Chin 163

31. Opeas turgidum Gredl. Jahrb. D. M. Ges 163

32. Opeas nutans Gredl. Jahrb. D. M. Ges 164

33. Opeas gracilius Gredl. Jahrb. D. M. Ges 164

34. 35. Opeas vestrtum Hde. Mem. Emp. Chin 165

36, 37. Opeas hyemale Hde. Ibid 165

38, 39. filare Hde. Ibid 166

40. Opeas funiculare Hde. Ibid 166

41. Opeas nankingense Hde. Ibid 166

42. Opeas lucidulum Hde. Ibid 166

43. Opeas lapillinum Hde. Ibid 167

44. Opeas spoliatum Hde. Ibid 167

45. Opeas inflatulum Hde. Ibid 167

46. Opeas turgidum Hde. Ibid 168

47. Opeas aubryanum Hde. Ibid 168

48. Opeas utriculus Hde. Ibid 168

PLATE 21. ORIENTAL OPEAS.

1, 2. Opeas sykesi Pils. Co-types 157

3, 4. Opeas clavulinum kyotoensis Pils. Kyoto spec. . . . 136

5. Opeas clavulinum kyotoensis Pils. Kikai specimen. . 136

6. Opeas kyotoensis Pils. Kyoto specimen 136

348 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVIII.

FIGURE PAGE

7. Opeas brevispira Pils. Type 173

8-10. Opeas pyrgula S. & B. Specimens 173

PLATE 22. POLYNESIAN OPEAS.

1. Opeas oparanum Pf r. Mam specimen 183

2. Opeas oparanum Pf r. Oahu specimen 183

3. Opeas oparanum Pfr. Marquesas specimen 183

4. Opeas gracile Hutt. Tahiti specimen 131

5. Opeas pyrgiscus Pfr. Novit. Conch 185

6. Opeas junceum Gld. U. S. Expl. Exp 131

7. Pseudopeas tuckeri Pfr. Lizard Isl. specimen 120

8. Pseudopeas tuckeri Pfr. Conch. Icon 120

9. Opeas javanicum Rve. Honolulu spec 138

10. Opeas gracile Hutt. Halhajima spec 128

11. Opeas gracile Hutt. Samoan spec 131

12. Opeas oparanum Pfr. Conch. Icon 183

PLATE 23. MASCARENE AND COMORAN OPEAS.

12, 13. Opeas apiculum Morel. Specimen 151

14. Opeas vulgare Morel. J. de Conch 155

15. Opeas spinula Morel. J. de Conch 155

16. Opeas johanninum Morel. J. de Conch 153

17. Opeas clavulinum P. M. Galerie 135

18. Opeas javanicum Rve. Mauritius spec 138

19. Opeas j. mayottense. Type 155

20. Opeas johanninum Morel. Nossi-be spec 153

21. 22. Opeas clavulinum P. M. Mauritius spec 135

23. Opeas gracile Hutt. Mauritius spec 129

24, 25. Opeas gracile Hutt, Takanugu spec 129

26. Obeliscus swif tianum Pfr. Mauritius spec 157

PLATE 24.

27, 28. Pseudopeas tuckeri Pfr. Specimen 120

29. Opeas g. neocaledonicum Pils. Type 130

30. Opeas heu'dei Pils. Type .' 171

31. Opeas souverbianum (= = gracile). Fauna N.-Caled. 129

12. Opeas artense (= = gracile). Fauna N.-'Caled 130

13. Opeas pronyense Gass. Fauna N.-'Caled 177

33&. Opeas blanchardianum Gass. Fauna N.-Caled 178

34. Opeas bo'cagei Nobre. Annaes, etc 145

35. Opeas vieirai Nobre. Annaes, etc 146

36. Opeas opella P. & V. Type 186

37. Opeas acrnella Morel. Journ. de Conch. 144

EEFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVIII. 349

FIGURE PAGB

38. Opeas recisum Morel. Journ. de Conch 144

39. Opeas oparanuni Pfr. Gambier Is. spec 186

40. 41. Opeas gracile Hutt. New Caledonia 129

42. Subulina seabrai Nob. Annaes, etc 84

43. Opeas welwitschi Nob. Annaes, etc 145

PLATE 25. PSEUDOPEAS.

•

1-3. Pseudopeas saxatile Morel. Specimen 115

4. Pseudopeas saxatile Morel. J. de Conch 115

5-7. Pseudopeas plebeiurn Morel. Specimen 116

8. Pseudopeas plebeium Morel. J. de Conch 116

9, 10. Pseudopeas scalariforme Putz. Soc. Roy. Mai. Belg. 118

11, 12. Pseudopeas isseli Jick. Nova Acta 118

13. Pseudopeas pulchellum Putz. Soc. Belg 118

14. Pseudopeas pusillum Morel. Journ. de Conch 119

15, 16. Pseudopeas pusillum Morel. Specimen 119

17. Pseudopeas interioris Tate. Horn exped 120

18. Pseudopeas interioris Tate. Specimen 120

PLATE 26.

19. Zootecus contiguus Rve. Specimen 105

20. Zoo'tecus teres (= = contiguus) . Conch. Cab 105

21. Zootecus insularis Ehr. Specimen 106

22. Zootecus insularis Ehr. Lake Stephanie 108

23. Zootecus i. perticus Bs. Conch. Cab 113

24. 25. Zootecus i. agrensis Kurr. Novit. Conch Ill

26-28. Zootecus i. pullus Gray. Specimens 110

29. Zootecus i. estellus Bs. Conch. Indica 112

30. Zootecus i. adenensis Pfr. Conch. Cab Ill

31. Zootecus i. polygyratus Rve. Conch. Icon 113

32. Zootecus i. chion Pfr. Specimen 112

33. Zootecus i. subdiaphanus King. Specimen 109

34. Obeliscella bentia? M. & P. P. Mai. Soc 102

35. Obeliscella lucidissima Pal. Ann. Genov 101

36. 37. Obeliscella lucidissima Pal. Specimen 101

38, 39. Obeliscella subvaricosa Marts. D. Ostaf r 104

40, 41. Obeliscella retteri Kob. Rossm. Icon 104

PLATE 27. AMERICAN OPEAS.

40. Opeas beckianum simoni Jouss. Mem. France 191

41. Opeas beckianum carinulatum Jouss. Mem. France. 192

42. 43. Opeas beckianum Pfr. Caracas spec 189

44-46. Opeas beckianum Pfr. Polvon, Nicaragua 189

47. Opeas mimosarum Orb. Voy. Am. Merid 210

350 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVIII.

PIGCEB PAGE

48. Opeas glomeraturn Rve. Conch. Cab 210

49. Opeas micra Orb. Voy. Am. Merid 193

50. Opeas camba Orb. Voy. Am. Merid 209

51. Opeas glomeratum Rve. Conch. Icon 210

52. 53. Opeas gabbia.nmn Ang. P. Z. S 192

54. Opeas beckianum Pf r. Haiti spec 191

55. Opeas beckianum Pfr. Mirador spec 190

56. Opeas micra Orb. Kingston spec 193

57. Opeas niicra Orb. Cuban spec 193

PLATE 28. AMERICAN OPEAS.

58. Opeas micra Orb. Hondo, Colombia 194

59. Opeas micra Orb. S. J. Bautista 194

60. 61. Opeas micra Orb. Miami, Fla 195

62. Opeas in. margaritaceum Sh. Porto Rico 196

63. Opeas m. tryonianum Tate. Co-type 196

64. Opeas in. lucidum (= micra). Memorias 195

65. Opeas m. subovale Marts. Biologia 197

66. 67. Opeas aciculaeforme (= goodalli). Mai. Bl 203

68. Opeas argutum Pils. Texolo, V. C 211

69. Opeas yncatanense Pils. Type 212

70. Opeas gracile Hutt. Havana 198

71. Opeas octonulum Weinl. (= gracile). Haiti 200

72. 73. Opeas goodalli Mill. Cuban spec 200

74. Opeas goodalli Mill. Para, Brazil 200

PLATE 29. AMERICAN OPEAS.

75. Opeas o. plicatellum Gp. Trinidad 207

76. 77. Opeas octogyrum Pfr. Demerara 206

78. Opeas o. amazonicum Pils. Type 208

79. Opeas octogyrum Pfr. Strebel 206

80. Opeas pellucidum Pfr. Conch. Icon 206

81. Pseudopeas viviparum Mill. Mai. Bl 216

82. 83. Opeas rarum Mill. Mai. Bl 208

84, 85. Opeas semistriatum Morel. Moll. Mex 212

86. Opeas martensi Strob. Mai. Argent 205

87, 88. Opeas bocourtianum C. & F. Moll. Mex 213

89. Opeas g. majus Marts. Biologia 214

90. Opeas b. pittieri Marts. Biologia 213

91. Opeas guatemalense Streb. Strebel 213

92. Opeas colimense C. & F. Moll. Mex 215

93. Opeas gladiolus C. & F. Moll. Mex 214

94. Opeas colimense C. & F. Specimen 215

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVIII. 351

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 30. ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS.

1, 2. Obeliseus swiftianus Pf r. St. Thomas 268

3. Obeliseus swiftianus Pf r. Bermuda 268

4. Obeliseus swiftianus Pf r. Havana 268

5. 6. Obeliseus terebraster Lm. Porto Rico 264

7, 8. Obeliseus bacillus Pf r. Novit. Conch 262

9, 10. Obeliseus bacillus Pf r. Specimen 262

11. 12. Obeliseus terebraster Lm. Conch. Mittheil 264

13. Obeliseus homalogyra Sh. Conch. Cab 263

14, 15. Obeliseus homalogyra Sh. Specimens 263

16, 17. Obeliseus strictus Poey. Memorias 262

18. Obeliseus clavus flavus Pils. Type 266

PLATE 31. ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS.

1, 2. Obeliseus maximus Poey. Memorias 260

3, 4. Obeliseus maximus Poey. Novit. Conch 260

5. Obeliseus maximus var. Novit. Conch 261

6. Obeliseus maximus var. Specimen 261

7. 8. Obeliseus maximus princeps Pils. Specimen' 261

9. Obeliseus m. princeps Pils. Novit. Conch 261

10, 11. Obeliseus m. princeps Pils. Specimens 261

12. 13. Euonyma natalensis Burn. Specimens 339

14. Obeliseus gundlachi Arangx). Vinales spec 277

15. Obeliseus binneyi Pils. Type 279

16. Obeliseus gundlachi. Specimen 277

PLATE 32. ANTILLEAN OBELISCUS.

17. Obeliseus hendersoni Pils. Type 267

18. Obeliseus simpsoni Pils. Type 267

19-22. Obeliseus elavus Pils. Co-types 266

23. Obeliseus rangianus Pfr. Conch. Icon 271

24-27. Obeliseus latus Guncll. Co-types 273

28-30. Obeliseus hasta Pfr. Porto Rico 272

31. Obeliseus, sinistral specimen. Porto Rico 265

PLATE 33. CUBAN OBELISCUS.

32, 33. Obeliseus paradoxus Ar. Co-type 275

34-36. Obeliseus gonostoma. Specimens 276

37, 38, 43, 44. Obeliseus mierostoma. Specimens 276

39, 40. Obeliseus angustatus Gundl. Memorias 278

41, 42. Obeliseus blandianum Pils. Types 278

45. Obeliseus angustatus Gundl. Specimen 278

352 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVIII.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 34. BRAZILIAN OBELISCUS.

44. Obeliscus obeliscus Moric. Mem. Genev 245

45. 47, 51. Obeliscus obeliscus Moric. Specimen 245

46. Obeliscus obeliscus Moric. Conch. Icon 245

48. Obeliscus obeliscus Moric. Mem. Genev 245

49, 50. Obeliscus s. columella Phil. Abbild 248

52. Obeliscus planospirus Pfr. Conch. Cab 247

53. Obeliscus carphodes Pfr. Conch. Cab 246

54. Obeliscus sylvaticus Spix. Test. Bras 247

55. Obeliscus sylvaticus Spix. Specimen 247

PLATE 35. ANDEAN OBELISCUS.

56. 57. Obeliscus cuneus Pfr. Conch. Cab 252

58. Obeliscus cuneus Pfr. Specimen 252

59. Obeliscus fairmairianus (= = cuneus) . J. de Conch. 253

60, 65. Obeliscus major Mill. Specimen 254

61, 62. Obeliscus riparius Pfr. Couch. Cab 253

63. Obeliscus cuneus minor Mill. Mai. Bl 253

64. Obeliscus major Mill. Mai. Bl 254

65. Obeliscus major Mill. Specimen 254

66. 67. Obeliscus major var. Specimen 254

PLATE 36.

68. Obeliscus haplostylus var. Specimen 255

69. Obeliscus haplostylus Pfr. Conch. Icon 255

70. Obeliscus pattalus Pils. Type 249

71. 72. Obeliscus bacterionides Orb. Voy. Am. Merid. . . 250
73, 74. Neobeliscus calcarius Born. Specimens 281

75. Obeliscus subuliformis Mar. Mem. Genev 251

76. Obeliscus agassizi Pils. Type 249

77. Obeliscus pusillus H. Ad. P. Z. S 257

78. Obeliscus jousseaumei Cous. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr 256

79. Synapterpes amabilis Pils. Type 232

80. Synapterpes auratus Pfr. Conch. Icon 232

81. Obeliscus virescens Da C. Proc. Malac. Soe 257

82. Obeliscus f airensis Higg. P. Z. S 255

83. 84. Obeliscus ( ?) blandi Pfr. Conch. Cab 257

85, 86. Synapterpes wallisi Mouss. Novit, Conc'h 230

PLATE 37.

87. Synapterpes hanleyi Pfr. Conch. Cab 228

88. Synapterpes hanleyi Pfr. Specimen 228

89. Synapterpes coronatus Pfr. Conch. Cab 229

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVIII. 353

FIGDRE PAGE

90. Synap'terpes coronatus Pfr. Specimen 229

91. Synapterpes vesperus Jouss. Mem. Zool. Soc. Fr. .. 234

92. 93. Synapterpes incertus Mouss. Novit. Conch 231

94. Synapterpes incertus Mouss. Specimen 231

95, 96. Synapterpes auratus aratus Pils. Type 232

97, 98. Synapterpes al'bobalteatus Dkr. Jahrb 233

99. Neobeliscus calcarius Born. Uterine young 280

100. Obeliscus obeliscus Moric. Uterine young 243, 246

102. Obeliscus cuneus Pfr. Uterine young 251, 253

103. Obeliscus terebraster Lm. Uterine young 258, 265

PLATE 38. RHODEA.

1-6. Rhodea calif ornica Pfr. Specimens 235

7. Rhodea gereti Jouss. Bull. Soc. Philom 236

8. Rhodea equa<torensis Jouss. Bull. Soc. Philom 239

9. Rhodea crosseana Da C. Proc. Malac. Soc 237

10. Rhodea calif ornica Pfr. Conch. Icon 235

11. 12. Rhodea wallisiana Dohrn. Jahrb 236

13. Rhodea aequatoria Da C. Proc. Malac. Soc 239

14, 15. Rhodea wallisiana Dohrn. Journ. de Conch 236

16. Rhodea cousini Jouss. Bull. Soc. Philom 238

17-19. Rhodea gigantea Mouss. J. de Conch 237

PLATE 39. SUBULINA.

20-22. Subulina stolli Marts. Biologia 227

23-25. Subulina porrecta Marts. Biologia 226

26, 27. Subulina cylindrella Morel. Moll. Mex 226

28, 29. Subulina octona Brug. S. Domingo City 222

30-32. Subulina octona Brug. Porto Cabello 222

33. Subulina octona Brug. Morant Bay 222

34. Subuliua octona Brug. St. Barts 222

35. Subulina octona Brug. Izamal 222

36. Subulina strebeli Marts. (== octona). Beitrag. Mex. 224

37. Subulina octona Brug. Sans Souei 222

38. Pseudosubulina salvini Marts. Biologia Vol. XIX

39. Subulina octona Brug. W. M. Gabb, del 224

40. Subulina trochlea (= octona). Conch. Cab 224

PLATE 40.

1. Obeliscus salleanus Rve. Conch. Icon 269

2, 3. Obeliscus salleanus Rve. Specimens 269

4. Obeliscus salleanus disparilis Pils. Type 270

5. Obeliscus hasta Pfr. Porto Rico spec 272

354 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVHI.

FIGURE PAGE

6. Subulina conf usa Pf r. Conch. Icon 225

7. Luntia insignis Sm. J. of Conch 218

8. Subulina parana Pils. Type 225

9. Opeas argutum Pils. Orizaba spec 211

10. Tristania tristensis Gray. Zool. Journ 217

11. Tristania ventricosa Gray. Zool. Journ 217

12. Leptinaria intermedia Pils. Type 304

13. Leptinaria urichi Sin. J. of Conch 301

14. Leptinaria simplex Guppy. J. of Conch 301

15. Opeas santanensis Pfr. Malak. Bl 204

16. Tornaxis singularis Marts. Biologia 219

17. Leptinaria lamellata P. M. Embryo spec 289

18. Leptinaria paludinoides Orb. Moll. Cuba 295

19. Leptinaria paludinoides Orb. Specimen 295

PLATE 41. LEPTINARIA.

1. Leptinaria tamaulipensis Pils. (replaced by fig. 26,

pi. 50) 306

2, 3. Leptinaria mexicana Pfr. Beitrag Mex 306

4. Leptinaria m. turrita Mts. Beitrag Mex 307

5. Leptinaria m. abbreviata Mts. Beitrag Mex . 307

6. 8. Leptinaria martensi Strebel. Beitrag Mex 308

7. Leptinaria martensi var. modesta Strebel. Beitrag

Mex 308

9, 10. Leptinaria m. utillensis Pils. Co-types 307

11. Leptinaria guatemalensis C. & F. Moll. Mex 312

12. Leptinaria interstriata Tate. Co-type 310

13. Leptinaria pittieri Marts. Biologia 308

14. Leptinaria p. obliquata Marts. Biologia 309

15. Leptinaria g. majuscula Marts. Biologia 312

16. 17. Leptinaria filicostata Streb. Beitrag 313

18. Leptinaria biolleyi Marts. Biologia 316

19. Leptinaria costaricana Marts. Biologia 316

20. Leptinaria hapaloides Marts. Biologia 317

21. Leptinaria crenulata Marts. Biologia 311

PLATE 42. LEPTINARIA.

22. Leptinaria ambigua Marts. Biologia 318

23. Leptinaria simpsoni Anc. Specimen 314

24. Leptinaria fordiana Anc. Specimen 314

25. Leptinaria strebeliana Pils. Type 313

26. 31. Leptinaria stolli Marts. Biologia 320

27. 29. Leptinaria yucatanensis Pils. Type 315

28. Leptinaria imperforata Streb. Beitrag 317

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVIII. 355

FIGURE PAGE

30. Leptinaria exigua Marts. Biologia 309

31. Leptinaria stolli Marts. Biologia 320

32. Leptinaria sinistra Marts. Biologia 310

33. 34. Leptinaria convoluta Marts. Biologia 320

35, 36. Leptinaria emmelinaj Tristr. Biologia 321

37. Leptinaria solida Marts. Biologia 318

38. Leptinaria elisse Tristr. Biologia 319

39. Leptinaria antillarum = lamellata P. & M. Spec. . . 288

40. Leptinaria blandiana = lamellata P. & M. Spec. . . 289

PLATE 43. ANTILLEAN LEPTINARIA.

41. 42. Leptinaria nionodon Ad. Jamaican specimens. . . 219
43-47. Leptinaria pallida Ad. Jamaican specimens 294

48. Leptinaria m. opalescens Sh. Porto Rico specimens. . 293

49. Leptinaria m. opalescens Sh. Jamaican specimens. . . 293

50. Leptinaria lamellata P. M. Jamaican specimens. . . . 288

51. Leptinaria pallida Ad. Cape Haitian 295

PLATE 44.

52. 53. Leptinaria striosa Ad. Jamaican specimens 296

54. Leptinaria striosa small var. W. of Port Antonio. . . 297

55. 61, 63. Leptinaria striosa small var. Sans Souci. . . . 297

56. Varicella ( ?) subulatoides Orb. Moll. Cuba. . .Vol. XIX

57. Leptinaria abdita Poey. Memorias 298

58. Leptinaria abdita Poey. Specimen 298

59. Leptinaria striosa var. Port an Prince 297

60. Leptinaria salleana Pfr. Conch. Cab 300

61. 63. Leptinaria striosa, small var. Sans Souci 297

62. Pseudosubulina michaudiana Orb. Moll. Cuba. .Vol. XIX

63. Leptinaria striosa, small var. Sans Souci 297

64. 65. Leptinaria salleana Pfr. S. Domingo City 300

66. Leptinaria gracilis Pils. Port au Prince 299

PLATE 45. NEOBELISCUS.

1-8. Neobeliscus calcarius Born. Original 280

PLATE 46. LEPTINARIA.

1. Leptinaria lamellata concentrica Rv. Brazil 290

2. 4. Leptinaria 1. concentrica, long variety. Caracas. . . 291

3. Leptinaria 1. concentrica Rve. Conch. Icon 290

5. Leptinaria aequatoria Mill. Mai. Bl 303

6, 7. Leptinaria helenae Pils. Type 324

8, 11. Leptinaria pachyspira Pils. Type 305

356 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVIII.

FIGURE PAGE

9. Leptinaria anomala Pf r. Conch. Icon 303

10. Leptinaria salleana haitensis Pils. Type 301

12. Leptinaria ritchiei Pils. Type 304

PLATE 47.

13, 14. Ochroderma gigas Mart. Conch. Mittheil 326

15. Ochroderma pittieri Marts. Specimen 328

16. Ochroderma pittieri Marts. Biologia 328

17. Leptinaria harterti Sm. Proc. Malac. Soc . 323

18. Leptinaria gloynii minuscula Pils. Specimen 323

19. Leptinaria gloynii Gibbons. Journ. of Conch 322

20. Ochroderma cumingiana Pfr. Conch. Cab 327

21. 25, 26. Leptinaria triptyx Pils. Co-types 324

22. Ochroderma martensi Ball. Proc. A. N. S. Phila.. . 329

23. 24. Ochroderma martensi Dall. Specimen 329

25, 26. Leptinaria triptyx Pils. Type 324

PLATE 48. CRYPTELASMUS.

1, 2, 4, 5, 7. Cryptelasmus canteroiana 'Gdl.' Pfr. La

Vigia . 331

3, 6, 8, 9. Cryptelasmus canteroiana cienfuegosensis Pils.

Near Cienf uegos 332

PLATE 49. CCELIAXIN^E.

11-14. Cceliaxis layardi Angas. Specimens 337

15, 16. Pyrgina umbilicata Greef. After Girard 334

17, 18. Thomea newtoni Girard. After Girard 333

19. Distcechia parisiensis Dh. After Cossmann 335

20-22. Distcechia parisiensis Dh. Specimens 335

PLATE 50.

18. Opeas adamsi Pilsbry. Type 216

19-21. Leptinaria robertsi Pilsbry. Original 298

22. Opeas beckianum Pfr. After Strebel x

23. Opeas panayense. After Semper ix

24. 25. Subulina octona Brug. After Wiegmann. ....... viii

26, Leptinaria tamaulipensis Pils. Type 306

27, 28. Curvella alabastrina Da Costa. Proc. Malac. Soc. 340
29, 30, 31. Curvella minuta Da Costa. Proc. Malac. Soc. 340

PLATE 51.

1. Subulina octona Brug. After Wiegmann viii

KEFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVHI. 357

FIGURE PAGE

2. Opeas panayensis Pf r. After Wiegmann ix

3. Leptinaria (Neosubulina) gloynii Gibb. After Bin-

ney , 285

4. Leptinaria lamellata P. & M. After Fischer 285

5. Prosopeas acutissimum Mouss. Original x

6. Ochroderma gigas Marts. Original 326

7. 8. Coeliaxis layardi A. & A. Original 326

9. Obeliscus obeliscus Moric. Original xii

10. Zootecus insularis Ehr. Archiv f . Naturg x

11. Oclioderma (Ochrodermella) martensi Ball. Orig-

inal . 326

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