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SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

OK

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITII ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

FOUNDED BY

GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D.,

SPECIAL CURATOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MCLLUSCA, ACADEMY or
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

VOL. XIX.

OLEACINIDyE. FERUSSACID^E.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Conehological Department,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

1907-1908.

V

•

;£
!-fc*i

PREFACE.

The greater part of this volume is occupied with a review
of the family Oleacinidce. This was undertaken primarily
to find place for numerous species described originally as
Achatina, Stenogyra, Spiraxis etc., in other systematic works
referred mainly to the Achatinidce or Stenogyrida, but now
known to belong to the Oleacinidce. The work has been ex-
tended to supplement the account given in Vol. I of this
series, bringing the subject up to date.

In order to define clearly the position of the Oleacinidce in
the system of land snails, the foundation of a new classi-
fication of the rapacious snails is briefly outlined, and
evidence is presented to show the polyphyletic constitution
of the so-called "Agnatha," or "Testacellidas" of authors.

The remainder of the volume treats of the Ferussacidce.
This family has an extensive literature in four of five
languages ; the long list of described species is evidence of the
tireless industry of erudite conchologists ; and yet, we know
so little of the creatures themselves that their classification
is still purely guess-work. The best-known member of the
group, Cochlicopa, is known, by data herein published, to
be practically identical with the terrestrial Achatinellidcs .
The pallial organs of other genera are unknown, but Ferus-
sacia seems, from the published information, to be an Aula-
copod snail. We look to European malacologists, to whom
living material is accessible, for information on these little-
known snails. The pedal grooves, pallial organs and geni-
talia of the common genera should be described.

In the work on Antillean Oleacinidcz I have had the ad-
vantage of using the great collection of C. B. Adams which
the authorities of Amherst College with great liberality al-
lowed me to study. A large number of Adams' types are

(iii)

IV PREFACE.

here figured for the first time. I am also indebted to Mr.
John B. Henderson, Jr., of Washington, D. C., who in-
trusted to me his rich collection of West Indian Achatinidce
and Oleacinidce. Dr. W. H. Dall, whose kindness I have
had so often to acknowledge in these pages, granted the use
of various types in his custody from the National Museum.
For all of these favors I am deeply grateful. H. A. P.

CONTENTS.

Introduction : Classification of agnathous snails vii

Classification of the OLEACINID^E xii

Genus PSEUDCSUBULINA Strebel 1

SPIRAXIS C. B. Adams 11

VARICELLA Pfeiffer xvi, 48, 211

OLEACINA Bolten xvii, 127

RECTOLEACINA Pilsbry 142

STREPTCSTYLA Shuttlevvorth xxvi, 144, 211

ORYZOSOMA Pilsbry 163

STREBELIA Crosse et Fischer xxvii

POIRETIA Fischer xx, 164

SALASIELLA Strebel xxv, 170

EUGLANDINA Crosse et Fischer xxvi, 175

Family FERUSSACIDJE 211

Genus FERUSSACIA Risso 215

CRYPTAZECA de Folin 282

CALAXIS Bourguignat 284

DIGONIAXIS Jousseaume 288

AZECA 'Leach' Turton 289

COCHLICOPA Fer., Risso 308

HOHENWARTIANA Bourguignat 327

COILOSTELE Benson 338

Appendix to the Achatinida.

Genus OBELISCUS, subgenus Dolicholestes Pilsbry.... 346

OPEAS Albers 349

Reference to plates 351

(v)

VI CONTENTS.

DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF VOL. XIX.

Part 73, pp. 1-64, plates 1-10, June 26, 1907.

74, pp. 65-128, plates 11-20, August 31, 1907.

75, pp. 129-192, plates 21-30, December 9, 1907,

76, pp. 193-366, plates 31-52, July, 1908.
Title-page, Contents and Introduction, July, 1908.

ERRATA.

Page 125. Reference after 73. V. guadeloupensis should
stand : PI. 19, figs. 42, 43.

INTRODUCTION.

I. CLASSIFICATION OF THE AGNATHOUS SNAILS.

Most recent systematic writers follow the precedent of Dr.
Paul Fischer in grouping all agnathous snails under one
family, Testacellida, although Dr. Pfeiffer (1878) and Try on
(1885) had already recognized several family groups, based
wholly upon conchological characters. In 1900 (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 564) the writer admitted five families,
placed in two super-family groups, thus: Agnathomorpha :
Glandinida, Rhytididce, Streptaxidce, Circinariidcs. Agnatha:
Testacellidce.

Von Moellendorff and Kobelt, in the Systematisches Con-
chylien Cabinet (1902-1905) define ten families, which they
refer to the single superfamily Agnatha. This view my ana-
tomical studies do not support. Their Agnatha is in my
opinion composed of three groups of totally independent
origin — (1) Ditremata (family Rathouisiidcu) , (2) Agnatha
proper, a group related to the Aulacopoda, and (3) Agnatho-
morpha, allied to the Holopoda.

The agnathous family Rathouisiidce Heude seems to be re-
lated to the V ' eronicellidce (Vaginulidce) , representing a car-
nivorous branch of the Ditremata. The anatomy throughout
differs fundamentally from other "Agnatha." The other
families under consideration may now be arranged as follows.

AGNATHA : TestacellidcE, Trigonochlamydidtz.

AGNATHOMORPHA: Aperidce, Rhytididce, Oleacinidce, Strep-
taxidce, Circinariidcs.

The two superfamily groups Agnatha and Agnathomorpha
are not even closely related and are readily separable by ex-
ternal characters. In my table of 1900 the Agnathomorpha
correctly follow the Holopoda, but the Agnatha should have
been bracketed with the next group, Aulacopoda.

(vii)

Vlll AGNATHA.

SUPERFAMILY AGNATHA.

The AGNATHA have a distinct pedal groove, defining narrow
foot-margins as in the Aulacopoda, and two lateral grooves
diverge from the mantle forward. The teeth are all thorn-
shaped, with single simple or barbed cusps. By secondary
modification the shell in existing forms is much reduced or
absent, and consequently no part of the viscera occupy a
spiral protuberance. They are contained in the cavity of the
foot which is excavated into the tail. The cerebral ganglia
are generally united by a rather long commissure. The re-
tractor muscle system is more or less modified, as is usual
when the shell is reduced. The genital system is simple.
The jaw is well developed in Plutonia, very weak and hard
to distinguish in the Caucasian genera, and merely vestigial
in Testacclla.

The relationships of the Agnatha are with the Aulacopoda,
not with the Agnathomorpha. The following families are
distinguishable.

Family TESTACELLID.E Gray.

Mantle very small, posterior; shell external, Haliotoid or
Vitrinoid, much too small to contain the soft parts. No dis-
tinct jaw. Palsearctic.

Testacellinae : genus Testacella.

Daudebardiina?, genus Daudebardia.

Family TRIGONOCHLAMYDID/E.

Mantle small or moderate, submedian, with posterior pneu-
mostome, the tail behind it keeled. Shell internal, vestigial.
Jaw more or less developed.

Trigonochlamydinge. Caucasian genera with the jaw very
weakly developed, shell minute or wanting, mantle marked
with a curved groove. Palsearctic, Caucasus. Genera Tri-
gonoclilamys, Phryxolestes, Hyrcanolestes, Pseudomilax and
perhaps Selenochlamys.

Plutonimas. Azores Islands; jaw well developed, smooth;
shell Ancylif orm ; no curved groove on the mantle. Genus
Plutonia.

AGNATHOMOEPHA. ix

The position of Selenochlamys is uncertain. The genus
is known only from two immature specimens. The keeled
tail is like Trigonochlamydin&, but the greatly reduced lunate
mantle close to the end of the tail, and the apparent absence
of a shell-plate, are peculiar features.

SUPERFAMILY AGNATHOMORPHA.

AGNATHOMORPHA are rapacious snails having no distinctly
developed pedal grooves, the foot-borders being similar to
those of Helicidce etc. Lateral grooves, diverging forward
from the mantle such as occur in Testacella, are not present,
though there may be a groove from mantle-margin to the
genital pore, such as that occasionally distinguishable in
Holopod snails. The teeth are all thorn-shaped, with single
simple aculeate cusps. The shell is ordinarily well developed,
but there are exceptions (Apera, Schizoglossa, Strebelia)
where it is reduced and incapable of containing the whole
animal. The cerebral ganglia are concentrated, in close con-
tact. A jaw is developed in the Circinariida, absent or
merely vestigeal in the other groups.

The affinities of this superfamily are with the Holopoda of
my classification. The five families are apparently natural
groups, but the want of anatomical data upon many genera
leaves their characterization imperfect.

a. Mantle apparently wanting, or restricted to a shell sack;

there is a vestigial shell-plate under a posterior foramen.

No jaw. Body slug-like, widest, posteriorly. South

Africa. Aperidcu.

a1. Mantle well developed, bearing a spiral external shell.

&. Pulmonary vein having numerous lateral branches,
the venation of the lung sufficiently coarse to be dis-
tinct. No coherent jaw.

c. Shell Heliciform or Piano rboid, (rarely re-
duced, Sigaretus-like), usually with distinct
colored cuticle. Kidney lying parallel to the
pericardium, which it surpasses in length.
South Africa, Australasia. Rhytidida.

X AGNATHOMORPHA.

c1. Shell oblong, ovate-conic, subcylindric or
turrite, usually with the columella truncate
or sinuous at base. Kidney triangular, its
longest axis obliquely diverging from the
pericardium. Tropical American and Medit-
terranean. Oleacinida.

b1. Pulmonary vein apparently without lateral
branches, the lung without other noticeable (macro-
scopic) venation. Shell Planorboid, Helicoid or
Pupiform, usually with smooth, thin, transparent
cuticle (rarely yellow or dark) ; columella entire.
c. Jaw not distinctly developed. Kidney short,
oval, transverse, extending across the base of
the lung. Tropical. Streptaxidce.

c1. Jaw well developed, smooth. Kidney oblong,
longer than the pericardium and parallel to
it. America. Circinariidce.

Family STREPTAXIIXE Gray.

This family is African, Oriental and Tropical American.
Little is known of the soft anatomy, but in Streptaxis de-
formis (Fer.), which I have dissected, it appears that the
pallial organs differ widely from the Rhytidida. The lung
(pi. 52, fig. 5, 8. deformis, Barbados) is long and narrow,
with no visible venation except the pulmonary vein, a
fleshy ridge accompanying this near its anterior end.
The kidney is oval, transverse, extending across the base of
the lung, with a sigmoid ureter and closed, tubular secondary
or gut ureter. The cerebral ganglia are almost in contact,
the commissure very short. The following genera are re-
ferred here : Guestieria, Systrophia, Artemon, Streptaxis,
Priodiscus, Imperturbatia, Glyptoconus, Micrartemon, Gibbus,
Gibbulina, Ennea, Streptostele, Obeliscella.

Family CIRCINARIID^ Pilsbry.

A wholly American group, closely related to the Strep-
taxidcs by the discoidal Helicoid shell and the lung, yet dif-
fering by the normal form and position of the kidney, and the

AGNATHOMORPHA. XI

presence of a jaw. The lung (pi. 52, fig. 6, C. vancouverensis)
has no noticeable venation except the pulmonary vein. The
oblong kidney is longer than the pericardium, lying parallel
to it. The gut ureter is closed throughout. The genital ori-
fice is submedian, below the pneumostome. Spermatheca on
a long duct, arising from the long vagina; epiphallus long.
Genera Circinaria, Scolodonta.

The position of Scolodonta is somewhat uncertain, but at
least one species has been shown to have a jaw. There are
various degrees in the degeneration of the jaw in carnivorous
snails, so that the value of this character is not great. As yet
we know so little of the anatomy of South American Helicoid
Streptaxidce that the limits of the Streptaxidce and Circinar-
iidcr are uncertain.

Family APERID^E.

This family contains a single South African genus of
several species, none of them yet thoroughly described ana-
tomically. It may prove to be more nearly related to the
Rhytidida than to other Agnathomorph or Agnathous fami-
lies. Genus Apera Heynemann (Chlamydepkorus Binney,
preoc. Vol. I, p. 17).

Family RHYTIDID.E Pilsbry.

This family is restricted to South Africa, Australia, New
Zealand, New Caledonia, and neighboring islands of the
"Melanesian plateau." Schizoglossa has a degenerate, Dau-
debardia-likQ shell, and much modified soft anatomy. Other
genera have the shell Planorboid or Helicoid. The lung is
rather short with distinct venation (pi. 52, fig. 1, Natalina
knysnaensis) . The reflexed ureter (fig. 1, r. u.) runs back
to the base of the lung ; thence a thickened band but no closed
secondary ureter accompanies the last fold of the intestine.
The shape and position of the kidney are as usual in Holopoda.
Genera: Schizoglossa, Paryphanta, Natalina (Aerope, preoe.),
Ehytida, Rhenea (El&a, preoc.), Diplomphalus, and probably
Coxia.

Xli CLASSIFICATION OF OLEACINID.E.

II. CLASSIFICATION OF THE OLEACINID^.

Family OLEACINID^E Gray.

Oleacinidcc GRAY, Ann. Mag. Nat.-Hist. 1860, iv, p. 267.

Holopoda with a pair of dorsal but no lateral furrows; no
coherent jaw; radula armed with unicuspid thorn-shaped
teeth; cerebral ganglia concentrated, the commissure very
short. Lung (pi. 52, fig. 7, Oleacina oleacea straminea) with
dominant pulmonary vein and profuse branching venation;
kidney triangular, the short side against the pericardium,
whence it extends obliquely backward and towards the gut.
Genitalia haplogonous or with accessory penial organs. Shell
elongate, never depressed, spiral, generally capable of con-
taining the soft parts, the aperture narrow or small, colu-
mella usually truncate or sinuous at base. Oviparous, the
elliptical egg-capsules hard-shelled, roughened and white.

This family is chiefly tropical American, but one genus oc-
curs in the Mediterranean region, and fossil forms occur
throughout the European tertiaries. Qleacinida are active,
rapacious snails, living in the haunts of ground-snails, upon
which they chiefly feed. Eiiglandina rosea, which I have
kept in captivity, perceives its prey from a distance of at
least eight inches, whether by sight or odor is unknown. Glid-
ing rapidly toward it, when within striking distance the
Eiiglandina lunges swiftly, seizing the snail by the back.
The almost instantaneous withdrawal of the victim into its
shell does not loosen the hold of the Eiiglandina. which
quits the feast only after the greater part has been devoured.
In one instance, E. rosea was occupied eight hours in eating
a large Helix (H. vermiculata) , the fore part of the body
being thrust into the aperture of the Helix so far that the
peristomes of the shells were brought, in contact. The actions
of Poiretia algira have been described by Henking as similar
to what I have observed in Eiiglandina. The stomach of
Eiiglandina rosea frequently contains entire shells of small
Helices which have been swallowed whole. The swift move-
ments of Eiiglandina in attack contrast with the deliberation
of most land snails.

CLASSIFICATION OP OLEACINIME. xiii

The Oleacinida:, while quite distinct, have much in common
with the family Rliytididce. The form and position of the
kidney and the shape of the shell are the chief characters
separating the two families. No other existing group is
closely related.

Origin. — The family most closely related to the Oleacinida;
is an exclusively Old World group — the African and Austra-
lasian Rhytididce. No fossil Oleacinidcc older than Pliocene
are known in America, but as yet we know no brackish or
fresh-water deposits of tertiary or rnesozoic age in the
American tropics, excepting the Oligocene Pebas beds, in
which such shells would occur. In Europe, on the other
hand, the Oleacinida have a continuous geological history
from the present day back to the Cretaceous.

One Cretaceous species is from southern France (Pro-
vence), while in the Eocene and Oligocene, numerous forms
occur as far north as the Isle of Wight. Miocene species are
found in Germany, Bohemia and Italy. It is probable there-
fore that all known European Oleacinida: belong to a single
stock of which Poiretia algira and its allies are the sole sur-
vivors.

From Jurassic to late tertiary time, the European localities
are believed by those best qualified to judge — Neumayr, Koken
and others — to have been separated by a " Mediterranean"
sea from Africa. Their faunas are believed to have been in
part insular, in part perhaps continental on a large " Scan-
dinavian" land, which in the cretaceous extended probably
as far southwest as Spain (See KOKEN, Die Vorwelt und ihre
Entwickelungsgeschichte, plate I). It is extremely likely
that from the Spanish area a peninsula extended southwest
at least as far as Madeira. Later this land was more broken
up. I believe on faunistic grounds that the common elements
of the late Cretaceous and Eocene European faunas and the
Brazil-Ethiopian continent, must be traceable to an earlier
connection, or to a Cretaceous connection between Europe
and Africa at present unrecognized by geologists. A later
(Eocene) connection from Europe southward is improbable.
Whether the Oleacinida: arose in the north, on the Scandina-

XJV CLASSIFICATION OF OLEACINEX3E.

vian Island of Neumayr, westward in the mid-American re-
gion, or on the Brazil-African continent — Archhelenis of von
Ihering — must be an open question, with the probabilities
favoring the latter hypothesis. In any case, it is certain that
the American and Eur-African stock have been wholly separ-
ated as far back as the end of the Cretaceous period.

The soft anatomy of Oleacinidcr has been investigated most
extensively by Hermann Strebel, who more or less fully ex-
amined Pseudosubulina, Streptostyla, Strebelia, Salasiella
and Euglandina. I have dissected part of these groups and
a few species of the additional genera Oleacina and Varicella.
Simroth has given an account of Poiretia. The genera
Spiraxis, Rectoleacina and Oryzosoma are unknown anatomi-
cally, and several of the others have been very imperfectly
described; consequently no natural classification of all the
genera is at present possible.

The classification of Oleacinidcc used by Tryon in Vol. I.
of this work was practically that of Pfeiffer's Nomenclator
Heliceorum Viventium, published in 1878, with some addi-
tional groups introduced by Strebel; yet Tryon was not in-
fluenced by the broad methods and spirit of Strebel's work.
In the twenty-five years since Strebel's essays appeared, no
taxononic work has been done on the group. It is thus to
be expected that a new examination of the soft parts and the
shells themselves must result in an arrangement of genera
and species widely different from that of Pfeiffer and Tryon.
The genera now known anatomically may be provisionally
grouped as follows.

a. Radula small, its length contained 8 or more times in that
of the shell, the transverse rows of teeth but slightly ob-
lique. Epiphallus terminating distally in a flagellum.

Varicella.

a1. Kadula large, its length usually more than one-fourth that
of the shell, the rows of teeth very oblique, v-shaped.
Epiphallus terminating in the vas deferens only.
6. Penis terminating in a blind sack.

c . Penis with an appendix ; labial processes long.

Lccvoleacina.

CLASSIFICATION OF OLEACINID^. XV

c1. Penis without appendix ; labial processes short.

Poire tia.
bl. Penis with no terminal blind sack.

c. Shell with Achatinoid columella and well de-
veloped spire.

d. An appendix on penis; penis retractor
inserted on the epiphallus ; shell glossy,
minute. Salasiella.

d1. No appendix; shell larger.

Euglandina.

c1. Shell well developed, capable of containing
the soft parts, the columella spirally curved;
appendix present or wanting; penis retractor
inserted on the epiphallus. Streptostyla.

c2. Shell far too small to contain the soft parts,
posterior in position ; aperture about as long
as the shell, the columella concave ; spire
minute ; no appendix on the penis.

Strebelia.

Artificial Key to genera of Oleacinidce.

a. Shell slender, turrite, small, Subulina-\ike ; columella con-
tinuous or truncate at base. Pseudosubulina, p. 1.
a1. Shell ovate or oblong; or if small, slender and turrite the
columella is spiral.

&. Columella truncate at base, Achatinoid.

c. Shell small or minute (length 12 mm. or less

in known species), oblong or cylindric, with

short spire, glossy and smooth, unicolored.

Mexican. Salasiella, p. 170.

c1. Shell glossy or weakly striate, with short spire

and very long narrow aperture. Cuba,

Haiti. Oleacina, p. 127.

c2. Shell striate, or glossy and smooth, spire

shorter than aperture. American mainland.

Euglandina, p. 175.

c3. Shell striate with rather long spire. Eur-
African. Poiretia, p. 164

CLASSIFICATION OF OLEACINID^E.

c4. Shell striate, ribbed or grooved, with rather

long spire, and more or less distinct varices.

Antilles. Varicella, p. 46

fe1. Columella spiral, straightened or concave, not

•abruptly truncate at base.

c. Whorls 2; shell glossy, Bulla-like, with min-
ute spire and concave columella.

Strelelia, Vol. I, p. 22.
c1. Whorls numerous.

d. Umbilicus perforate.

Oryzosoma, p. 163.

d1. Imperf orate; columella spiral or
straightened.

e. Spire long; surface ribbed, stri-
ate or grooved. Spiraxis, p. 11.
e1. Spire rather short; surface

smooth glossy.
Streptostyla, p. 144 ; Rectoleacina, p. 142.

PSEUDCSUBULINA, SPIRAXIS.

What little is known of the anatomy of these forms is
given in the text, pp. 1, 2, 11.

VARICELLA.

This genus is very distinct by the comparatively small
size of the buccal mass, radula and teeth, and the slight ob-
liquity of the transverse rows of teeth. In allied genera the
buccal mass and radula are relatively very large, and the rows
of teeth very oblique. The penis in Varicella has a rather
long flagellum, and the vagina is extremely short.

The soft anatomy of V. leucozonias, the type species, is
unknown. Of the Jamaican V. nemorensis I have examined
a much hardened and contracted specimen. The back has the
usual pair of grooves, the integument being elsewhere coarsely
granulose. The foot is rather short. Whether labial pro-
cesses are present could not be determined. The kidney is
narrow, triangular, and about twice the length of the peri-
cardium. The penis is rather long and simple. Its very

CLASSIFICATION OF OLEACINID^.

short retractor muscle is seated on the epiphallus, which ter-
minates in a long slender flagellum (pi. 34, fig. 4, ft}. The
base of the spermathecal duct is globosely swollen (sp. d.) .
This inflation may be homologous with the sack-like inflation
of the vagina in V. denticulata suturalis, described below.

The buccal mass is small and short, and the radula very
small, about 2 mm. long in a shell 22 mm. long.

Varicella denticulata suturalis Pils., from Sans Souci.
A specimen much hardened in strong alcohol was examined.
The foot is much shorter than usual in Oleacinida, shaped
more as in the Achatinidce. No labial processes could be
made out. The penis is long and simple. The vagina is
dilated into an ample sack, somewhat bilobed above, and
coarsely corrugated within. No other features could be dis-
tinguished (pi. 34, figs. 6, 7, lower portion of genitalia).

The buccal mass is comparatively very small for an Olea-
cinoid snail, and quite short, the radula about 2 mm. long in
a shell 16 mm. long. This species belongs to a group prob-
ably separable from Varicella s. str. as a section or subgenus,
comprising the Cuban, Haitian and Porto Rican species,
no. 58 to 70 of my account (pp. 113 to 123).

The radula of Varicella is characterized by its very small
size and minute teeth, and the comparatively straight trans-
verse rows. In V. nemorensis and V. denticulata the radula
is somewhat over 2 mm. long. V. nemorensis has bow-
shaped transverse rows of teeth with 31,1,31 to 35,1,35 in
different parts of the radula (pi. 37, figs. 25, 26). The cen-
tral tooth is well developed, the laterals of the usual thorn-
shaped form. V. denticulata suturalis has over 72 rows of
43,1,43 teeth, the rows very broadly v-shaped, the sides meet-
ing at an angle of about 105 degrees (pi. 37, fig. 24). The
central tooth is narrow but distinct, the laterals thorn-shaped,
decreasing very gradually, and with many very small teeth at
the sides. V. semitarum has 30,1,30 teeth (p. 46, pi. 25, fig. 2).
V. mandevillensis has only 14,1,14 teeth (p. 50, pi. 25, fig. 1).

OLEACINA.
The soft anatomy of the type species, 0. valuta, is un-

XV111 CLASSIFICATION OP OLEACINIDJE.

known. Four species of the subgenus Lavoleacina have been
more or less fully examined. It remains to be seen whether
the two groups are really referable to one genus.

The genitalia of L&voleacina are very characteristic and
quite unlike Euglandina and Varicella. In Cuban species
examined the penis bears a well-developed appendix, and
terminates in a hollow sack, beyond the insertion of tho
epiphallus. From its structure and position I do not believe
this sack to be homologous with the flagellum of Varicella.
The retractor of the penis is inserted on the epiphallus. The
spermatheca is small on a very long duct.

Oleacina oleacea straminea (Dh.) from near Cienfuegos,
pi. 33, fig. 9, has a long, narrow foot, 40 mm. long in an
alcoholic specimen. The usual pair of dorsal furrows are
•well developed. The tail is very long and slender. It is pale
yellowish, with a narrow purplish-brown stripe between the
dorsal furrows and wider ones on both sides of the body.
The tail has a median dusky streak. The labial processes are
well developed, as in Euglandina. The genital system (pi. 35,
fig. 12) has a long penis (p) terminating in a long terminal
sack (p. s.) and a very slender epiphallus, which is a little
swollen where it joins the vas deferens, and on which the re-
tractor muscle (r. p.) is inserted. Very near the base of
the penis there is an oval appendix (app.} This was col-
lapsed or grooved in several specimens opened, as shown in
figures 13 (median transverse section) and fig. 11; but in an-
other the appendix was smooth and oval. The penis, to ori-
gin of the epiphallus is 10 mm. long, its terminal sack is 13.5
mm. long. The vagina is long. Spermatheca (sp.} oblong,
on a very long duct (sp. d.). There is a very large prostate
(pr.) and long oviduct, to which the duct of the spermatheca
is closely bound throughout. The salivary glands are con-
crescent into a compact mass.

0. SOLIDULA (Pfr.). Specimens dissected are from under
an old tie in the yard of the T. & S. S. railway at Sancti
Spiritus. Externally it is uniform whitish. There is the
usual double dorsal groove, and short, triangular labial palpi.
The penis is shaped like that of 0. o. straminea, but its ter-

CLASSIFICATION OF OLEACINIIXE.

minal sack (p. s.) is very short and wide. The large ovate
appendix is situated beyond the middle of the penis. The re-
tractor muscle (r. p.) is inserted on the epiphallus, which is
dilated at the end, and bears a small accessory sack (pi. 35,
fig. 8).

In 0. orysacea (Orb.), from Trinidad, Cuba, (pi. 35, fig.
9), the penis is stouter, with a much longer terminal sack
(p. s.), and an oblong appendix (app.}. The basal part of
the epiphallus is partially enveloped in the penis-retractor
muscle, some part of which reaches the apex of the penis.
The spermatheca has a long duct.

In the Haitian 0. miilleri from Charmettes, the penis (p.)
is swollen distally and the appendix (app.) is very long and
flagelliform (pi. 35, fig. 10). I could not ascertain whether
there is a terminal sack as in Cuban species, the single speci-
men available having been broken in extracting from the
shell. The spermatheca is ovate on a very long duct.

The peculiar appendix probably indicates that the Haitian
forms should be separated from the Cuban as a distinct sec-
tion of Oleacina, which may be called Flavoleacina, 0. miil-
leri being the type.

The pharynx is very large, cylindrical and long in all the
species examined, 18 mm. long in 0. o. straminea.

The radula is comparatively large, as in most Oleacinidce,
13 to 14 mm. long in 0. o. straminea, 4 to 5 mm. in 0. orysacea
and O. solidula. The transverse rows of teeth are v-shaped,
the sides meeting at an angle of about 90 degrees. In
0. o. straminea the angle is slightly less, in orysacea and
miilleri a little greater. The teeth show a good deal of di-
versity in the few species examined. 0. o. straminea (pi. 36,
figs. 17, 18, 14, 15) has 29,1,27 to 30,1,30 teeth in three
radulse examined. There are about 92 transverse rows.
They are closely crowded, with long, rather weakly curved,
lanceolate cusps. Figures 17, 15 show the teeth in their
natural, crowded order ; in fig. 14 they are slightly spread and
pressed over on the side somewhat. The central tooth is nar-
row, its cusp nearly concealed by the much larger adjacent
laterals. The latter decrease regularly in size. Fig. 18
shows a group of median teeth much more enlarged.

XX CLASSIFICATION OF OLEACINID^E.

In 0. solidula from Sancti Spiritus, the radula has 16,1,16
teeth. The base of the central is wide, its cusp very narrow.
The side teeth decrease very slowly in size to the 7th, beyond
which they diminish rapidly. The basal plates are curiously
curved. The cusps are comparatively thicker and wider than
in 0. o. straminea (pi. 36, figs. 16, 19, 20).

0. orysacea from Trinidad, Cuba (pi. 37, fig. 27), has teeth
of quite different type, formula 11,1,11. The side teeth in-
crease in size from the first to the 5th. They have very
short stout cusps, and wide basal-plates. The 7th tooth is
abruptly smaller, and like those of the other species. This
radula resembles that of Salasiella, and is more specialized
than in other Oleacinidce examined.

0. miilleri from Sans Souci, Haiti (pi. 37, figs. 21, 22, 23,
28), has 22,1,22 teeth, much like those of 0. solidula but with
more slender, graceful cusps. The central tooth (fig. 23 right
hand figure, from above, fig. 23 left hand fig. obliquely from
below) has the usual long, slightly curved cusp. The laterals
decrease in size from the first. The outer ones are rather
broadly lanceolate as seen from above (fig. 21), but from
the side (fig. 20) they appear very narrow, the cusps being
flattened. The radula, natural size, is drawn on the left
of fig. 8, plate 25.

Rectoleacina.

Soft anatomy unknown. It will probably prove to re-
semble that of Ltfvoleacina.

POIRETIA.

By the shell this Mediterranean group seems related to
Euglandina, but the soft anatomy is more that of L&voleacina,
the penis terminating in a similar blind sack. The salivary
glands, if correctly figured by Raymond, are separate, while in
American genera they are united. It should be noted that
Raymond's figures of the genitalia of P. algira are quite in-
correct. He mistook the penis for the spermatheca, and ap-
parently lost the latter, but identified its duct as the penis.

Poiretia is undoubtedly distinct from all American genera.
See p. 164.

CLASSIFICATION OP OLEACINHXE. XXI

In Upper Cretaceous, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and
Pliocene deposits of central and western Europe, many species
are found which from their close conchologic resemblance
have been referred to the American genera Glandina (=
Euglandina), Salasiella and Oleacina. There are no shell
characters diagnostic of Euglandina, Oleacina and Poiretia,
although these groups are perfectly distinct by characters of
the genitalia. The variation in size, sculpture and shape
among the European fossil and living forms is not greater
than we find among American species of Euglandina or of
Oleacina. It seems reasonable therefore to refer all European
fossil ' ' Glandinas ' ' to the surviving European genus Poiretia,
rather than to distribute them among several American genera
as European authors have done. The American genera, it has
been shown, have well-defined peculiarities of geographic dis-
tribution, which certainly indicate that they are the products
of evolution on a progressively disintegrating Mid- American
land-area. The genera Oleacina, Varicella, Euglandina and
Salasiella must be considered by any one who fairly investi-
gates their characters and distribution, to have been differ-
entiated largely after the breaking-up of the old Mid-
American continent; and it is highly unlikely that species of
the European tertiary archipelago really belong to these four
geographically characteristic American genera. At the same
time, it must be admitted that Europe from the Eocene to the
Miocene was largely insular, comparable to the East or West
Indies, and evidently like the latter in having numerous
parallel phyla in different parts of its interrupted land-area,
and among them many phylogerontic groups. Hence the
European tertiary Oleacinidcu may be referable to several
collateral genera, rather than to the single surviving genus
Poiretia ; though no sufficient evidence for this has yet been
published. In any case, there can have been no connection
between European and American genera since mesozoic times,
presumably before the several American genera had been dif-
ferentiated. No conceivable scheme of geographic changes
could be formulated to justify the reference of European
species to Oleacina, Varicella, Salasiella and Euglandina.

XX11 CLASSIFICATION OF OLEACINID^E.

The following list enumerates all the extinct European,
species referable to Poiretia or its immediate vicinity, so far
as known to me. The species are entered under their ori-
ginal generic names.

Cretaceous.

Limneus affuvelensis MATHERON Catal. Meth., p. 214.
Glandina a., Sandberger, Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien
der Vorwelt, p. 93. Cretaceous, Provence.

Eocene.

Achatina cordieri DESH., An. s. Vert. Bassin Paris ii, 836.
—Glandina c., SANDBERGER, p. 233. GUTZWILLER Mem. Soe.
Paleont. Suisse xxxii, 1905, p. 24. Upper Eocene, France,
Switzerland.

Eelicites cylindricus SCHLOTH., Petrefaktenkunde i, p. 109
= Achatina cordieri Dh.

Glandina deschiensi BAYAN, Et. sur coll. Ecole des Mines,
i, p. 2, pi. 10, f. 7. 1870. COSSMANN, Mem. Soc. Roy. Malac,
Belg. 1889, p. 350, pi. 12, f. 9. Eocene Provence.

Glandina bonneti COSSMANN, Annales de la Soc. Boyale
Zool. et Malacologique de Belgique, xli, 1906, p. 278, pi. 6, f.
263-8 (Dec. 1907). Sparnacien inferieur, Grauves.

Glandina elongata MILLER, Jahresh. Ver. Naturkunde
Wiirttemb. Vol. 63, 1907, p. 453, pi. 9, 1 7. Eocene, Bachhagel.

Achatina fragilis DESH. An. s. Vert, ii, p. 839. Lower
Eocene, Chalons sur Vesle.

Glandina longipontina BAYAN, Etudes sur coll. Ecole des
Mines, i, p. 1, pi. 10, f. 3, 1870. G. longipontiensis COSSMANN,
Mem. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg. 1889, p. 349, pi. 11, f. 36.
Eocene, Longpont.

Limnea naudoti MICHELIN, Achatina n., DESH., An. s. Vert.
Bassin Paris, ii, 837. Eocene, Provence.

Oleacina ovulina MILLER, Jahresh. Ver. Naturkunde,
Wiirttemb., vol. 63, 1907, p. 453, pi. 9, f. 9. Eocene, Germany.

Oleacina teres Rouis, Sandberger. p. 232. Eocene, Bux-
weiler.

Achatina terveri BOISSY, Mem. Soc. Geol. France 1848, p.

CLASSIFICATION OP OLEACINID^E. xxill

279, pi. 6, f. 5.— DESHAYES, An. s. Vert, ii, 841, pi. 53, f.
23 25. — Glandina terveri COSSMANN, Mem. Soc. Roy. Malac.
Belg. 1889, p. 350. Eocene, Hilly.

Glandina tournoueri DENAINV., Journ. de Conchyl. 1875,
p. 73, pi. 3, f. 5. Eocene, Provence.

Glandina wagneri MILLER, Jahresh. Ver. Naturkunde
Wiirttemb. vol. 63, 1907, p. 453, pi. 9, f. 8. Eocene, Germany.

Oligocene.

Glandina brevis Edwards MS., NEWTON, Syst, List Ed-
wards Coll., 1891, p. 275. TAYLOR, Monograph, p. 30, f. 48.
Oligocene, Isle of Wight.

Bulimus convexus S. V. WOOD, Eoc. Moll, iv, p. 335, pi. 34,
f. 6, 1877. Glandina convexa TAYLOR, Monograph British
Land and Freshwater Moll, ii, p. 29, f. 46, 47. Oligocene,
Isle of Wight.

Bulimus costellatus SOWB., Min. Conch, iv, p. 89 bis, pi.
336, 1823. — Glandina costellata SANDBERGER, p. 295. TAYLOR,
Monogr. Brit. Land and Freshwater Moll, ii, p. 28. Oligo-
cene, I. of Wight etc.

Glandina costellata var. abbreviata EDWARDS, Mon. Eoc.
Moll. 1852, pi. 12, f. 1-k. G. c. abbreviata TAYLOR, Mono-
graph, p. 29, f. 45. Oligocene, Isle of Wight.

Limncea maxima SOWB., Min. Conch, vi, p. 53, pi. 528, f. 1,
1829. = Poiretia costellata (Sowb.)

Achatina vialai M. de SERRES, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1844, p. 179
= B. costellatus Sowb.

Glandina noueli DENAINV., Journ. de Conchyl., 1875, p. 72,
pi. 3, f. 4. Upper Beaucechalk, at Dadonville, near Paris.

Glandina crassicosta SANDBERGER, Land- und Siisswasser-
Conch. der Vorwelt, p. 356. MILLER, Jahreshefte des Vereins
fur vaterlandische naturkunde in Wiirttemberg vol. 63, 1907,
p. 441, pi. 7, fig. 8. Oligocene, Germany.

Glandina ovata (Sandb. in litt.) MILLER, Jahresh. Ver.
Naturkunde Wiirttemb. vol. 63, 1907, p. 441, pi. 7, f. 9.
Oligocene, Arnegg.

XXIV CLASSIFICATION OP OLEACINID^E.

Miocene.

Ackatina eburnea KLEIN, Wiirttemb. Jahresh. ix, p. 213,
pi. 5, fig. 10. Oleacina eburnea SANDBERGER, p. 606. Upper
Mioc. Morsingen.

Achatina elegans KLEIN, Wiirttemb. Jahresh. ix, p. 214.
Upper Mioc., Morsingen.

Oleacina (Salasiella) fossilis ANDREAE, Mittheil. aus dem
Roemer-Museum, Hildesheim, No. 18, Dec. 1902, p. 6, fig. 1.
Miocene, Oppeln, in Schlesien (Silesia).

Achatina inflata REUSS, Paleontographica ii, p. 33. Glan-
dina i., SANDBERGER, p. 408. KLIKA, Die tert. Land- und
Siisswasser-Conch. Bohmen, p. 20, f. 12. — Dainelli, Paleon-
tographica Italica vii, 1901, p. 281. Lower Mioc. Bohemia,
Germany, France.

Glandina cancellata SANDBERGER, Conch. Mainz. Tert, Beck,
p. 46, pi. 5, f . 2 = inflata Reuss.

Achatina electa DESH. = = inflata Reuss.

Oleacina neglecta KLIKA, Die Tert. Land- und Siisswasser-
Conch. Bohmen, p. 21, f. 13, 1891. Lower Miocene, Bohemia.

Subulina nitidula KLIKA, Tert. Land- u. Siisswasser-Conch.
Bohmen, in Archiv Naturwissensch. Landesdurchforschung
von Bohmen, vii, no. 4, 1891, p. 70, fig. 66. Lower Miocene,
Tuchoric, Bohemia. Perhaps a Subulina, but it seems more
likely to be a small Poiretia.

Achatina porrecta GOBANZ, Sandberger, p. 605. Upper
Miocene, Germany.

Achatina producta REUSS, Paleontographica ii, p. 32.—
Oleacina p., SANDBERGER, p. 444. KLIKA, Tert. Land- u.
Susswasser-Conch. Bohmen, p. 23. Lower Miocene, Bohemia.

Oleacina producta var. emphysematica BABOR, Sitzungsber.
k. boehmischen Gesellschaft der Wissensch., 1897, II, Art.
63, p. 2. Miocene, Tuchoritz, Bohemia.

Glandina rugidosa SANDBERGER, Conch. Mainz. Tert. Beck,
p. 391. Lower Mioc., Bavaria.

Achatina sandbcrgcri THOM/E, Nass. Jahrb. ii, p. 151.
Oleacina s., SANDBERGER, p. 409. Lower Miocene, Ger-
many, etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF OLEACINID^. XXV

Achatina oligostropha REUSS = a. sandbergeri Thomaa.

Achatina subsulcosa THOM^, Sandberger, p. 410. Mioc.,
Germany.

Glandina taurinensis SACCO, I Moll, del terreni Terz. del
Piemonte, pt. 22, p. 56, pi. 4, f. 83, 84, and var. melii SACCO,
t. c. p. 57, p. 4, f. 85. Miocene, Elvezian, colli torinesi.

Glandina pseudoalgira SACCO, 1884, = Poiretia algira var.
pseudoalgira Sacco, t. c., p. 57, pi. 4, f. 86. Villafranchian,
at Fossano and Tassarola.

Pliocene.

Achatina lunensis D'ANCONA. Sandberger, p. 744. Val di
Magra, near Arezzo, Italy.

Glandina senesis Stef. Older Plioc. of Siena.

Bulimus aquensis MATHERON, Catal. Methodique du bassin
du Rhone, p. 207, pi. 34, f. 8, 9. — Glandina aquensis
SCHLOSSER, Neues Jahrbuch Min. Geol. und Pal., 1907, p. 19,
pi. 1, f. 30. Eastern Prance, Spain.

Glandina aquensis var. obtusa DEPERET, Anim. plioc. de
Roussillon, in Mem. Soc. geol. France, 1890, p. 176. Middle
Plioc. of Roussillon.

Glandina paladilhei MICHAUD. Hauterive.

Glandina jobce BOURGUIGNAT, Paleontologie des Mollusques
terr. et fluv. de 1'Algerie, Paris, 1862, p. 72, pi. 4, fig. 21.
Telegraph Hill, Coudiat-Aty, near Constantine, Algeria.

Pleistocene.

Glandina antiqua ISSEL, cf. Bull. Soc. Geol. France (4),
v, 1905, p. 593. Monaco. Not Achatina antiqua Desh., a
species of Lacuna.

SALASIELLA.

The soft anatomy is described (after Strebel) on p. 170.
In having an appendix on the penis, and the penis retractor
muscle inserted on the epiphallus (pi. 25, fig. 9), this group
resembles some forms of Streptostyla. It is somewhat more
remotely related to the Antillean Lavoleacina. which differs
by having a. blind sack terminal on the penis. The reduced

CLASSIFICATION OF OLEACINID^E.

number and specialized form of the teeth (pi. 25, fig. 7) are
characteristic. Oleacina orysacea is the only form known to
me having teeth at all similar. Euglandina is not nearly
allied to these forms.

EUGLANDINA.

This genus is one of the simplest of the family in genitalia
(pi. 34, fig. 5, E. miradorensis, after Strebel). The long
penis has no flagellum. Its retractor muscle is terminal
in the large typical species, but in E. polita it has apparently
moved outward. There is no epiphallus distinctly differen-
tiated from the vas deferens. The mantle over the liver has
black markings. A crop is developed. The lip processes are
very long, carried laterally with recurved ends.

The radula is large, with V-shaped rows of teeth (pi. 25,
fig. 8, E. rosea, nat. size). The narrow central tooth has a
small cusp. The side teeth increase in size and then gradu-
ally decrease (pi. 25, fig. 4, E. rosea Fer., Florida).

While the shell of Euglandina bears most resemblance to
Oleacina and Poiretia, the soft anatomy has more in common
with Streptostyla.

STREPTOSTYLA.

The animal resembles Euglandina externally. Internally
there is also much resemblance to Euglandina, but no crop is
developed. The genitalia. (pi. 34, fig. 2, 8. coniformis, after
Strebel) show much variation in the species examined. Gen-
erally the penis is simple, with the retractor muscle inserted
on the epiphallus, but in some forms, as 8. pliysodes (pi. 34,
fig. 3) there is a small appendix (lettered g. m. in the figure)
at the base of the penis and the retractor is at the apex of
the penis. These features recall Salasiella and Lcevoleacina.
The pharynx is large, as usual; oesophagus slender, the sali-
vary glands concrescent in a ring around it. There is no
crop, but a capacious stomach (pi. 34, fig. 1, 8. coniformis,
after Strebel). The soft anatomy, as well as the shells, have
been most fully investigated by Strebel.

The subgcnus Peteniella (p. 161) certainly resembles

CLASSIFICATION OF OLEACINED^. XXV11

Ferussacia in external anatomy, so far as the published ac-
count goes. Unfortunately its dentition and genitalia are
unknown.

ORYZOSOMA.

This genus is anomalous in having a distinctly perforate
axis. The early whorls are irregularly coiled, as in some
species of Streptostyla. Von Martens would apparently
place the group among the Ferussacida, but he had not seen
specimens. I believe it will prove to be related to Streptostyla
when the living animal is found. See p. 163.

STREBELIA.

The small Bulla-like shell of two whorls sits Testacella-
like near the end of the comparatively large body. Conic
labial processes are developed. The pharynx is very large,
as usual, the radula being longer than the shell, with about
6,17,1,17,6 teeth of the usual form. Genitalia without acces-
sory appendages, the penis-retractor inserted on the epi-
phallus. The duct of the spermatheca is much shorter than
the oviduct, thus differing from other Oleacinidcu. The ana-
tomy has been fully worked out by Strebel. Only one species
known, 8. lerendti (Pfr.), Vol. I, p. 22.

This genus is the only Oleacinoid form in which the shell
shows marked degeneration.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Family OLEACINID./E.

Most systematic writers on land snails, including Pfeiffer
(Nomenclato'n Heliceorum Viventium, 1878), have placed
Spiraxis, Melaniella and the slender species of Varicella
among or adjacent to the Stenogyroid Achatinidcc. Their
true position proves to 'be in the family Olcacinidtr, which
was monographed by Mr. Tryon in Vol. I of this series.
Since species of these groups will naturally be looked for
among the Stenogyroid groups, it has 'been thought best to
insert them here. The opportunity has been taken to revise
the 'classification of the Oleacinidcs and to supplement the
account in Vol. I by illustrations and descriptions of new
forms and of others published since the appearance of that
volume, without duplicating matter contained therein.

Genus PSEUDOSUBULINA Strebel.

Pseudosubidina STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. Land und Siisswasser
Conchyl. v, p. 117 (1882). — v. MARTENS, Biologia Centrali
Americana, Mollusca, p. 301. — TRYON, Manual of Conchology,
2d. Series, i, p. 50.

The shell is slender and turrite, pale and subtransparent,
closely resembling that of Subulina; but with fine rib-sculp-
ture. Columella usually more or less distinctly truncate at
the base. Apical whorl smooth.

The jaw is represented by a slight crescentic thickening of
the epithelium, distinct on its lower border, but passing in-
sensibly into the general integument at the sides and above.
It is composed of narrow plates.

The radula is Oleacinoid, the teeth arranged in V-shaped
rows. Central tooth rudimentary, with a small cusp. The

2 PSEUDOSUBULINA

side teeth are unicuspid, the marginals with slender, thorn-
like cusps.

Genitalia with the atrium swollen above ; penis very short.
The vagina is extremely long and rather thick. The sperma-
theca is globose, on a long, slender duct,

Type P. berendti Pfr. The species are chiefly Mexican, but
a few Antillean snails seem to belong close to or in the same
group.

Most of the following forms are unknown anatomically, and
their reference to Pseudosubulina is in a greater or less degree
provisional. The group is somewhat heterogeneous in con-
chological characters.

1. P. LIRIFERA (Morelet). PI. 5, figs. 14-17.

Shell turrite-subulate, postulate, diaphanous, glossy, bright
corneous; suture crenulate. Whorls 9 to 10, convex, the last
less than one-fourth the length. Columella arcuate, callous,
the base trunca;te. Aperture small, oval; peristome simple,
thin, unexpanded. Length 12 to 13, diam. 3 mm. (Morel.}.

Guatemala: Woods of Peten near San Luis (Morelet);
Livingston (Stoll).

Achatina lirifcra MORELET, Testae. Noviss. ii, p. 12.—
Subulina lirifera CROSSE & FISCHER, Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll, i,
p. 633, pi. 25, f. 12. — Pseudosubulina I., MARTENS, Biologia,
p. 304, pi. 17, f. 20.

Fig. 17 is copied from Crosse and Fischer's figure of one
of Morelet 's types. Figures 14-16 represent a shell from
Livingston, illustrated by von Martens.

"The first two whorls are smooth, the third and fourth com-
paratively large, subglobose, and provided with strong, but
narrow costae (fig. 15) ; on the fifth whorl commence the
broad and flat costae, with very narrow interstices, the sculp-
ture being similar on all the following whorls. The whorls
are very feebly convex, rather flat, 'chiefly the lower ones;
the last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, is two-sevenths of
the whole length of the shell. The aperture is small, the
columellar margin very concavely arcuated. The two ex-
amples from Livingston, on the Atlantic coast, are of larger

PSEUDOSUBULINA. 3

size than those described by Morelet, and Fischer and Crosse,
viz: — Specimen from Peten, whorls 9-10, length 12-13, diam.
3;' aperture long. 2^, ddam. I1/) millim.; specimen from Liv-
ingston, whorls ll1/^, length 15, diiam. 3y2 ; aperture long. 3,
diam. l1/^ millim. Nevertheless, the specimens from Living-
ston agree so well with Fischer and Crosse 's figure of Subu-
lina lirifera that I do not think they can be separated, not
•even as a variety. The very concave shape of the columellar
margin gives the species somewhat the facies of Tornaxis."
(v. Mts.)

2. P. BERENDTI (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 50.

Var. occidentalis Pils. PL 5, fig. 11.

The rib-stria3 are a little more spaced than in berendti, and
the columella is less distinctly truncate. Length 14, diam. 3,
aperture nearly 3 mm. ; whorls 12. The largest shell is 15
mm. long with 12 whorls.

Uruapam, State of Michoacan, Mexico (S. N. Rhoads).

P. b. var. occidentalis PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1899, 398;
1903, p. 774, pi. 50, f. 1.

3. P. CHIAPENSIS (Pfr.). Vol. 1, p. 50.

4. P. SARGI (C. & F.). Vol. I, p. 50.

— . P. troclilea Pfr., Vol. I, p. 50 = = Subulina octona, q. v.

5. P. TRYPANODES (Pfeiffer). PL 5, figs. 12, 13.

Shell cylindric-turrite, rather solid, closely plicate, some-
what glossy, subdiaphanous, whitish-waxen. Spire subregu-
larly tapering, rather obtuse ; suture subcrenulate. Whorls
12, the upper very convex, the following natter, last whorl
scarcely one-fifth the total length, rounded below. Colu-
mella short, slightly arcuate, obliquely truncate. Aperture
suboblique, elliptic-oval; peristome simple, the right margin
slightly arched forward. Length 13, diam. 3, aperture 2.66
x 1.5 mm. (Pfr.}.

Mexico :

Achatina trypanodes PFR., P. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 379;
Malak. Bl. 1856, p. 234; Monogr. Hel. Viv. iv, 616.— Pseudo-

4 PSEUDOSUBULINA.

subulina, ( f) trypanodes MARTENS, Biologia p. 303, pi. 17, f.
16, 16 a, b.

Distinguished from P. fortis by the number of whorls, 12 in
a length of 13 mm. The figure is copied from the Biologia
Centrali Americana, and represents the type specimen.

6. P. TEXOLOENSIS Pilsbry. PI. 5, fig. 9.

Shell turrite, imperforate, faintly greenish yellow tinted,,
composed of numerous short, wide whorls, sculptured with
'dose-set rib-striae separated by smooth, slightly wider inter-
vals; outlines of spire decidedly concave above. AVhorls lO1/^
convex, the ribs subobsolete on the base of the last one. Apex
obtuse, the first whorl rapidly widening, smooth, the second
becoming very finely rib-striate, the next three whorls more
coarsely ribbed,' scarcely increasing in width or in the dia-
meter of the spire ; following whorls gradually widening and
increasing the diameter of the spire ; last whorl short, moder-
ately convex, abruptly contracting below. Aperture ovate-
trapezoidal; columella concave above, abruptly truncated,
Achatina-like, at the base. Length 9.2, diam. 3, length of
aperture 2.6 rnm.

Mexico: Texolo, State of Vera Cruz (S. N. Rhoads.).

P. texoloensis PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila, 1899, p. 398; 1903?
p. 774, pi. 50, f. 2.

The shortness of the whorls and contraction of the upper
part of the spire (as in the young of many species of Uro-
coptis) , are the more prominent features of this species. The
columella is much more strongly truncated than in P. berendti.

7. P. ROBUSTA Martens. PI. 5, fig. 20.

Shell imperforate, subconic-turrite, vertically closely cos-
tulate-striate, glossy, yellowish. Whorls 10, the first 2 sub-
globose, smooth, the third somewhat narrowed, from the fourth
on regularly increasing and sculptured; suture rather im-
pressed; the last whorl subconvexly tapering. Aperture
rather oblique, oblong-trapezoidal, the outer margin arcuate
above, then straightened, basal margin broadly rounded, colu-
mellar margin a little twisted, lightly thickened, whitish, at

PSEUDOSUBULINA. 5

base slightly truncate. Length 18, diam. 5, aperture 4.5 x 2.5
mm. Last whorl seen from the dorsal side, one-third of the
whole length. (Marts.).

Southwestern Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero, 8000
ft. elevation (H. H. Smith).

P. robusta MARTS., Biologia p. 304, pi. 17, f. 19. (April,
1898).

8. P. FORTIS Martens. PI. 5, fig. 19.

Shell imperforate, cylindric-turrite, distinctly costulate, the
riblets rather wide, about equal to the interstices ; rather solid,
pale grayish-yellow. Whorls 9 to 9%, a little convex, suture
deep, crenulate ; the last whorl slowly narrowing below, the
base rather smooth. Aperture narrowly oblong, the outer
margin slightly arcuate, basal rather short, columellar mar-
gin subvertical, thick, oblique and slightly truncate. Length
13-14, diam. 4, aperture 4x2.25 mm. (Marts.)

W. Guatemala : El Repose, 800 ft., Las Mercedes, 3000 ft.,
and Zapote (Champion) ; Miramar near San Francisco and
Retalhulen (Stoll).

P. fontis MARTS. Biologia p. 304, pi. 17, f. 17. (April, 1898).

"Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, one-third the total
length. The deep sutures are often filled with dirt, and thus
appear dark brown."

9. P. MITESCENS Martens. PI. 5, fig. 10.

Shell imperforate, subulate-turrite, costulate-striate, the rib-
lets rather flattened, wider than their interstices, obsolescent
below in the antepenult, penult and last whorls; diaphanous,
yellow, glossy. Whorls 10, the first small, subglobose, the
second much larger, those following rather flat, suture nar-
rowly impressed, crenulate, brownish; antepenult and penult
whorls sparsely marked with spiral linear impressions; last
whorl smooth at the base, rapidly narrowing. Aperture nar-
rowly oblong, the outer margin slightly arcuate, basal rather
short, columellar margin sub vertical, thick, obliquely and
slightly truncate. Length 16, diam. 4, aperture 4 x 2.33 mm.
(Marts.)

O PSEUDOSUBULINA.

W. Guatemala: Duenas, near Antigua, 5000 ft. elevation.
(Champion).

P. mitescens MARTS., Biologia p. 304, pi. 17, f. 18. (April,
1898).

"Intermediate between P. fortis and P. lirifera — in the
sculpture and the flatness of the costee resembling the latter,
and in the shape of the aperture the former; costas stronger
on the upper whorls and becoming very feeble in the lower
parts of the last three whorls, this character being quite pecu-
liar to the species." (v. Mts.).

10. P. SALVINI Martens. Vol. XVIII, pi. 39, fig. 38.

Shell subulate-turrite, rimate, perpendicularly closely
striatulate, glossy, whitish. Whorls S1/^, a little convex, the
suture rather deep ; first whorl subglobose, papillifo'rm, rather
large, the rest regularly increasing, the last whorl rapidly nar-
rowing at base. Aperture subvertical, trapezoidal, outer mar-
gin subrectilinear, basal margin narrowly rounded, colu-
mella.r margin oblique, protuberant in the middle, obliquely
subtruncate at the base. Length 10, diam. 2.5, aperture
1.66x1.33 mm. (Marts.)

N. Guatemala: Vera Paz (Salvin).

Achatina trypanodes Pfr., TRISTRAM, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 411,
not of Pfr. — Pseudosubulina ( f) salvini MARTENS, Biologia,
p. 305, pi. 17, f. 21 (April, 1898).

"A comparison of our figure of this shell, drawn from
Salvin 's specimen, with fig. 13 of pi. 5, taken from the type of
P. trypanodes (Pfr.), will show the differences between these
two forms. It is somewhat strange that this species should
not be found amongst the numerous Guatemalan shells de-
scribed by French authors, but I cannot identify it with any
of those enumerated in Fischer and Crosse's work; the near-
est seems to be P. sargi, from which the present species may
be known by the less convex whorls, the stronger sculpture,
and the different, form of the outline of the columellar mar-
gin. The last-mentioned character makes it even doubtful
whether this shell belongs really to the genus Pseudosubu-
(v.Mts.}

PSEUDOSUBULINA. 7

11. P. ORIZABENSIS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 2, fig. 26.

Shell imperforate, turrite, slender, thin, whitish corneous,
glossy. Sculptured with thread-like vertical riblets which
distinctly project above, denticulating the suture. On the
last three whorls these riblets are widely and unequally
spaced, with some fine strise in the intervals ; on earlier whorls
the riblets are finer, regular and much more crowded. The
first l1/^ whorls are smooth, the next whorl very finely striate.
The base of the last whorl is striate but not ribbed. The out-
lines of the spire are nearly straight, but a little concave near
the obtuse summit. Whorls 9, moderately convex. Aperture
small, subvertical. Columella simple and vertical, with re-
flexed and adnate edge. Length 8, diam. 2.2, aperture 2.1 mm.

Mexico: Orizaba, State of Vera Cruz (Heilprin Exped.
1890). Type 61545 A. N. S. P.

Pseudosubulina (Volutaxis) miradorensis PILS., Proc. A.
N. S. Phila. 1891, p. 312 ; cf. Martens, Biologia p. 639. Not
V. miradorensis Strebel.

The widely spaced riblets, producing small but distinct
denticulations along the suture, are the most prominent fea-
ture of this species, which I formerly mistook for S. mira-
dorensis Strebel.

12. P. IRREGULARIS Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 6, fig. 24.

Shell imperforate, turrite, thin, whitish-corneous, sculp-
tured with very irregularly spaced unequal, subvertical
thread-like riblets, wanting on the firsit l1/^ whorls and very
weak on the base of the last whorl. Apex obtuse. Whorls
10, moderately and equally convex. Aperture small, rhombic-
ovate, subvertical. Columella straight and vertical, very
slightly and inconspicuously excavated at the; base. Length
9, diam. 2.2, length of aperture 2.2 mm.

Mexico: Texolo, State of Vera Cruz (S. N. Rhoads, 1889).

Chiefly characterized by its very irregularly spaced rib-
lets. Five specimens were taken.

13. P. BOREALIS (Pilsbry). PI. 6, figs. 21, 22.

Shell wholly imperforate, turrite, very slender and long,

8 PSEUDOSUBULINA.

regularly tapering to the obtuse summit, thin, whitish-cor-
neous. 'Sculptured with 'dose, delicate, vertical, thread-like
riblets scarcely half as wide as the intervals. Whorls 12,
convex, the first smooth, separated by deep sutures. Aper-
ture small, ovate, the lip thin and simple ; columella thin, con-
cave, passing without notch into the basal margin, though a
very indistinct angle is traceable at the base of the columella,
in an oblique view. Length 10, diam. 2, length of aperture
2 mm.

N.-E. Mexico: Diente, near Monterey, State of Nuevo
Leon. (S. N. Rhoads).

Spimxis (?) lorealis PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1903, p.
775, pi. 50, f. 6, 6a.

This species agrees fairly well with the description of S.
acus Shuttl., from Cordova, V. C., except in the smaller size.
The typical form of that species has not been figured. In
sculpture S. borcalis is not unlike S. ittl< rnicdius Strebel, but
that species is less slender and has a sinuous, not simply con-
cave, columella. The generic position is uncertain, but I am
now disposed to think it a Pseudosubulina.

14. P. EISENIANA (Cooper). PI. 6, fig. 32.

"Shell sinistral, with a thin brownish epidermis, first two
nuclear whorls white, smooth, turbinate, third narrower, and
with the rest covered with numerous vertical riblets, increas-
ing to about 50 on body-whorl, where they curve round the
base and end at the edge of lip. Whorls 17 to 19 regularly
and slowly enlarging from the 3d to the body-whorl, which is
contracted about one-third, flattened, sutures moderately im-
pressed, truncating the 'riblets. Penultimate whorl swollen,
largest, narrowing towards mouth, which is ovate, acute at
junction of lips, of which the outer crosses the inner, ending
at the sutuse (suture). Length about 0.55 inch, breadth
0.08; mouth 0.08 long, 0.09 wide. Shell transparent."
(Cooper}.

Lower California (Dr. G. Eisen) .

Melaniella ( f) eiseniana COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 2d
Ser., iii, p. 339, pi. 13, f. 3 (May 5, 1893) ; iv, p. 141, pi. 6,

PSEUDOSUBULINA. 9

f. 20. Pseudosiibulina eiseniana Cooper. DALL, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. xix, p. 364, 1896.

' ' Fourteen found by Dr. Eisen under stones living, but the
epidermis being destroyed by alcohol, they do not have exactly
the color of fresh ones." (Cooper.)

Dr. Dall states that this species and the next have the nu-
clear whorls delicately ribbed. P. eisc"i<ina has no jaw; ra-
dula with 13,1,13 slender, arched, needle-like teeth.

15. P. TASTENSIS (Cooper). PI. 6, fig. 33.

"Shell dextral, much elongate, white, translucent, nuclear
whorls as in M. eiseniana, third less narrowed, sculpture
nearly similar, whorls 14 to 16, longer and less oblique, 14 of
them equaling 16 in that species. Outline of whorls flatter,
mouth vertically longer, body-whorl not contracted, peristome
not continuous, the lip being separated by the parietal wall
about 1-20 of an inch. Whole shell a fifth longer, with the
same number of whorls. Length 0.74 inch, breadth 0.08;
mouth 0.10 long, 0.06 wide!" (Cooper}.

Lower California : Six only were found at Saltito Pass,
just north of El Taste Mountains, at 3,200 feet altitude.

Melaniella tastensis COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 2d ser.,
iv, p. 141, pi. 6, f. 21. (April 25, 1894).

"In some the upper 6 or 7 whorls are much slenderer,
proportionately, than the rest, as if they were starved when
young, and often bent out of the straight course, as shown
in figure.

' ' Found under damp wood on the ground at the end of the
wet (summer) season. Only two of them have 16 whorls, one
13, and three 11, these being immature." (Cooper.}

16. P. EXILIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 18, fig. 29.

Shell minute, 'acicular, the apex obtuse, hyaline or very pale
corneous, under a lens seen to be longitudinally subarcuately
rib-striate, whorls 8 to 9, narrow, flattened, the last slightly
more than one-fifth the total length; columella subarcuate,
obliquely truncate at the base of the oval-elliptic aperture;
peristome simple, acute. Length 5.33, diam. 1.5, aperture
1 x .5 mm. (Pfr.).

10 PSEUDOSUBULINA.

Cuba: Matanzas (Pfr., type loc.) ; Managua (Poey) ;
Rangel (Arango). Under dead leaves.

Achatina exilis PFR., Archiv f. Naturg. 1839, i, p. 352;
Monogr. id, 268. — Subulina e., ARANGO, Fauna Malac. Cubana,
p. 99. — CROSSE, J. de C. 1890, p. 248. — Achatina michaudiana
ORB., in Sagra's Historia etc., Moluscos, p. 90, pi. 11 bis, f. 7,
8, 9 (erroneously marked A. consobrina at foot of plate).

The specimen figured measures 4.5 x 1.1 mm., with ?i/o
whorls, being the largest of five before me. The summit is
obtuse ; first half whorl smooth, very delicate striae then be-
ginning. These increase in size gradually upon the narrow,
attenuate portion of the shell, and more rapidly where the
diameter begins to increase. The later whorls might better
be described as grooved rather than as rib-stria te. The
grooves are slightly arcuate and very much narrower than
their flat intervals. They become weaker or subobsolete on
the base of the last whorl. The columella is concave above,
and subvertically truncate basally.

Figure 62 of plate 44, vol. XVIII, represents the synonym-
ous A. michaudiana of Orbigny. In the Historia, Orbigny's
references to the illustrations of A. consobrina and michaud-
iana were transposed, both in the text and in the legend at
foot of the plate. The error was repeated in the later French
edition.

The systematic position of this species is not certain.

P. exilis has a superficial resemblance to Spiraxis melaniel-
loides, but the columella is of quite different shape. It is a
Subulinoid species, not unlike the lengthened Antillean Lepti-
narias. I have been in doubt as to its real position, which can
only be demonstrated by study of the soft parts. It does not
seem referable to Varicella, though having some characters of
the section Variccllula.

17. P. ( ?) PROBLEMATICA Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 20, figs. 2, 3.

The shell is minute, imperforate, pure white, slender, and
tapers slowly to the obtuse summit. The first whorl is smooth,
riblets beginning on the second. The later whorls are rib-
striate, the riblets not more than half as wide as the smooth

SPIRAXIS. 11

interstices. "Whorls G1/^, very convex. Aperture ovate, the
outer lip arching strongly forward in the middle (fig. 3),
thin and unexpanded. Columella very short, excavated above,
somewhat straightened in the middle, curving below into the
basal margin. Length 2.5, diam. 0.7, length of aperture
0.7 mm.

Jamaica (Adams coll., Amherst College Mus.).

Bulimus minimus C. B. ADAMS, Contrib. to Conch, no. 2,
p. 28 (October, 1849).— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 441.— REEVE,
Conch. Icon, v, pi. 84, f. 623 (bad), (Dec. 1849). Not Buli-
mus minimus Brug., Encycl. Meth. p. 310 (1789).

The systematic position of this peculiar little shell is un-
certain; it may possibly be an operculate. From the struc-
ture of the columella it is surely not an Opeas, and I have
placed it with the preceding species as a temporary expedient,
until living specimens can be studied. In his description
Adams mentions spiral strias, which I did not see when draw-
ing the figures; yet as I have not the specimen at hand for
renewed examination, I cannot deny their presence. The
above description is from my notes on the type.

Genus SPIRAXIS C. B. Adams, 1850.

Spiraxis AD., Contributions to Conchology no. 6, p. 87
March, 1850, for 8. inusitata, 8. dberrans and S. costulosa.
SMITH, Journ. of Conch, viii, p. 235 (type 8. inusitata).

Not Spiraxis Newberry, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 219,
1884, for Spiraxis major and S. randalli Newb., based upon
coprolites of the Chemung shark Cladoselache ; cf. Trans.
N. Y. Acad. Sci. xiii, 118.

Small, turrite or long-ovate Oleacinida, with the columella
ascending in a spiral curve which projects into the aperture
more or less, and at the base curves into the basal lip without
truncation or excision, sometimes having a callous lamella
superposed upon the convex columella. Embryonic whorls
smooth, or after the first whorl, striate.

Type S. inusitata Ad. Distribution, Antilles and Mexico.

Spiraxis is related to Pseudosubulina and Varicella. It
is apparently a very old phylum, which was evolved

12 SPIRAXIS.

before the separation of the Antillean and mainland
areas. The subgenus Volutaxis contains the more primitive
forms. It occurs in both areas, though sparingly in the
Antilles. In Jamaica th? most evolved forms are found, the
restricted sub genus Spiraxis representing a gerontie phylum.
In another Jamaican series, Sigmataxis, the shell has varix-
lines and resembles Varicella except in its columella. The
exact rank and relationships of the several Spiraxoid phyla,
here treated as subgenera, must depend upon the morphology
of the soft parts, of which we know practically nothing.
There is, however, every reason to believe that the sigmoid
columella in Spiraxis, as in Streptostyla, Eectoleacina etc.,
was derived from a truncate, Achatinoid columella, A simi-
lar transformation has been noted in several groups of
Achatinidtr.

Spiraxis was proposed for the species inusitata Ad., aber-
rant (Pfr. ?) Ad., and costulosa Ad. The diagnosis applies
particularly to the first and last of these species, while the
second fits it only imperfectly. Adams ' first species is there-
fore taken as the type of Spiraxis. The limits of the genus
were only imperfectly perceived by Adams, but he saw clearly
the necessity for a genus to contain Jamaican species which
were not referable to Bulimus orAcJiatina as those groups
were then limited. Shuttleworth, in 1852, enlarged Spiraxis
to cover Streptostyla, Columna and Clavator, which have since
been segregated as distinct genera, but which have in com-
mon a spirally twisted and not truncate columella. In as-
sociating Spiraxis with the Oleaoinoid Streptostyla, Shuttle-
worth did not go far astray, although we now understand the
resemblance in columellar structure to be due to convergent
modification in the two groups. It was a step backward when
Spiraxis was placed among the Stenogyroid snails.

Numerous species now placed in other groups were origin-
ally described as Spiraxes.

The following belong to STREPTOSTYLA : Spiraxis auricu-
lacea, biconica, boucardi, catenata Pfr., cobanensis Tristr.,
coniformis Sh., d-iibia Pfr., flavescens, irrigua, lurida, limnei-
formis, mitriformis Sh., mohriana Pfr., nicoleti Sh., oblo-nga,

SPIRAXIS. 13

parvula Pfr., physodes Sh., sliuttleworthi, subcallosa, turgi-
dula and ventricosula Pfr.

To LEPTINARIA belong : S. aequatoria Mill., guatemalensis
G. et F., mexicana Pfr., simplex Gupp. and venezuelensis Pfr.

To CURVELLA : $. pusilla Blf .

To TORTAXIS: $. mandarina Pfr., permira and pilsbryi
Anc., and pfeifferi Mke.

To PROSOPEAS: $. haitghtom Bs., $. fte&es Blf., /S. ivalkeri
Bs.

To SYNAPTERPES: /Sf. incerta Mss., /S. bistonta Pfr. ( ?).

To OPEAS: /S. layardi Bs,

To FERUSSACIA: $. barclayi Pfr.

To DIGONIAXIS: /S. cingalensis Bs.

To CARELIA : ^. cumingiana, paradoxa and newcombi Pfr.

To COLUMNA : JSf. columna Shuttl.

To CLAVATOR: /S. eximia Shuttl.

To OBELISCUS : ^f. dunkeri Pfr.

Spiraxis major and ^. randalli Newberry, 1884, = copro-
lites of CladoselacJn .

Spiraxis obsoleta Pfr. = Leptachatina.

Spiraxis sandivichensis Pfr., Pro€. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1856,
p. 335, no. 54, and MonogTaphia iv, 575 (Sandwich Is., New-
comb in Cuming coll.) is started by Mr. Sykes to be Bulimus
lactifluus Pfr. (see vol. x, p. 140). Spiraxis sandwichensis
Pfr., of Borscherding, (Achantinellen-Fauna der Sandwich-
Insel Molokai, Zoologaca xix, 6te Lieferung, Heft 48 II, 1906,
p. 136, pi. 9, f. 10, 10 a), is probably Opeas mauritianum
Pfr., which has been found on Maui (see pp. 133, 134 of
vol. XVIII).

Spiraxis ? bickhardti Boettger (Nachrbl. D. Malak. Ges.
1896, p. 17), from the German Lower Miocene Corbicula beds
at Offenlbach a. M., would hardly fall into Spiraxis as here
restricted. It probably represents an Oleacinoid group paral-
lel to Streptostyla.

Various other species have been referred by some authors
to Spiraxis, but were originally placed elsewhere, and are not
now retained in the genus, They need not therefore be enu-
merated here.

14 SPIRAXIS.

Key to Sections of Spiraxis.

I. Columellar fold or lamella very strongly projecting into
the 'aperture ; outer lip more or less toothed within.
a. Having an internal parietal lamella.

Section Spiraxis, species no. 1, 2.

a1. No parietal lamella. Section Euspiraxis, sp. 3, 4.
II. Columellar fold long and but weakly projecting into the
aperture.

a. Oolumella straight, sub truncate at base, with an
oblique fold superposed above.

Section Biangulaxis, sp. no. 48.
a1. Columella simple.

&. Outer lip with a prominent internal tooth.

Section Ravenia, sp. no. 5.
ft1. Outer lip thin and simple.

c. Shell turrite, with short whorls; and no
color-streaks or varix-lines.

Section Volutaxis, sp. no. 6 to 33.
c1. Shell oblong-turrite usually with longer
whorls, very glossy, marked with grooves
and a few inconspicuous varix-lines gener-
ally preceded by colored streaks; never
•rib-striate.

Section Sigmataxis, sp. no. 34 to 46.
c2. S'hell oblong-turrite, rib-striate, with col-
ored streaks.

Section Glandinella, sp. no. 47.

Section Spiraxis Adams, s. sir.

The turrite shell is composed of 7 to 9 whorls, the first
smooth, some early ones finely costulate, contracted, the last
4 or 5 sculptured with spaced ribs ivith stria: in the intervals.
Aperture 8-shaped, contracted in the middle by a tooth in the
outer lip and a very strong projecting spiral columellar la-
mella, penetrating more than one whorl. There is a long
parietal lamella, within the last whorl, not visible at the
mouth. Type S. inusitatus.

These shells remind one of Pincria and Geoscala in the

SPIRAXIS. 15

Urocoptidce. The embryonic shell resembles that of Pich-
ardiella.

1. S. INUSITATUS (C. B. Adams). PL 1, figs. 1, 2.

"Shell elongated, gradually tapering in the upper half,
cylindrical in the lower half, wide and blunt anteriorly, with
a broad very deep constriction about the middle of the last
whorl ; dingy white ; wifth very distinct lamellif orm transverse
ribs, about ten on each whorl, with strong irregular interve-
ning sitrias ; spire with 'Convex outlines ; apex small ; whorls nine,
very convex, with a deeply impressed, and near the apex a
enamelled, suture; last whorl small and very short; aperture
ovate, acute above, much modified by the constriction of the
last whorl, which constriction bends the sharp labrum into
two large arcs of small circles ; columella remarkably twisted
•and arcuate. Length .16 inch; breadth .05 inch; length of
aperture .033 inch." (Adams.)

Jamaica :

Achatina inusitata C. B. AD., Oontrib. to Conch, no. 2, p.
26 (Oct. 1849).— Spiraxis %, AD., Contrib. no. 6, p. 88.— PFR.,
Monogr. iii, 471.

This species is related to S. mirabilis, but the whorls are less
swollen, the ribs not so prominent and the columella is dis-
tinctly truncate a-t its base. It is dull buff-white, with about
five ribbed whorls, those 'above being finely and delicately
costulate and more drawn out. The first whorl seems to be
smooth. The spire is suddenly attenuated above the ribbed
whorls, as in 8. mirabilis. Within the last whorl or more
there is a peripheral row of small denticles, usually visible
through 'the shell as pale or opaque spots. Length 4, diam.
1.1 mm., with 9 whorls.

The columellar lamella enters somewhat more than one
whorl, but the axis is simple and straight in the second whorl
from the base as well as in all preceding ones. Below the
main lamella of the axis there is a second much smaller one,
terminating at the base of the columella which appears obli-
quely truncate. In the last whorl there is a strong parietal
lamella, which does not extend to the aperture (fig. 2).

16 SPIRAXIS.

2. S. MIRABILIS (C. B. Adams). PI. 1, fig. 3.

"Shell rather long and conic, with two-thirds of each whorl
enormously inflated, gradually more abruptly with the pro-
gress of growth, so as to give to the shell the form of a screw ;
subtranspareiit, whitish ; with numerous microscopic spiral
striae, and very distant transverse erect lamellar ribs, which
have smooth rounded edges, and are most elevated at the sum-
mit of the convexity of the whorls, and diminish much over
the anterior extremity of the shell; spire with rather convex
outlines; apex with the inflation proportionally much longer
and the ribs •slightly elevated ; whorls about seven, with an in-
distinct suture ; aperture modified by the form of the last
whorl at its termination, and by the remarkably prominent
and much twisted columella, nearly into the form of the
figure 8. Length .1 inch; breadth .062 inch." (Adams').

Jamaica :

B'uliiims inira'biUs C. B. AD., Contrib. to Conch, no. 2, p.
29 (Oct. 1849) .—REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 84, f. 622 (Dec.
1849). — Spiraj-is inirabilis AD., Contrib. no. 9, p. 168. — PFR.,
Monogr. iii, p. 472.

Adams' description is given above. The first whorl is
smooth or nearly so, and strongly elevated. The second and
third whorls have delicate longitudinal riblets or lamina? at
rather wide intervals. Then the adult sculpture of strong,
compressed, triangularly projecting ribs sets in. These ribs
are strongest on the greatly swollen upper half of each whorl;
and when broken are seen to be hollow. The surface between
is finely stria te spirally ; color grayish corneous. Length 3.6,
diam. 1.5 mm.

The internal structure is like S. inusitatus except that the
parietal lamella is not so strong in the specimens opened, and
there is no minor axial lamella, below the large one.

There is no material variation in the series I have seen in
the Adams and Academy collections.

Section Euspiraxis Pfeiffer.

PFR., Malak. Bl. ii, 1855, p. 167; no diagnosis, no type
selected. — MARTENS, Die Hel. 1860, p. 34, type S. costulosa Ad.

SPIRAXIS. 17

Shell similar to Spiraxis s. sir., but regularly tapering,
evenly, finely ribbed, with no parietal lamella. Type S.
costulosus.

Euspiraxis was instituted without definition by Pfeiffer in
1855 for what he intended as the typical group of Spiraxis,
comprising the following species: acus Shuttlw., costulosa
Ad., imisitata Ad., brevis Ad., aberrans Pfr., consimilis Rve.,
and ? paludinoides Orb. In 1860 von Martens selected Sp.
costulosus Ad. as the type. Although Pfeiffer's intention was
clearly to coin a new name for the typical Spiraxes, as is
shown by his inclusion of all of Adams ' species in his list, yet
since von Martens selected costulosa as the type, it seems al-
lowable to restrict Pfeiffer's1 group to species of the costulosa
group. If we take the first species of Pfeiffer's list as type
of Euspiraxis, the name will replace Volutaxis of Strebel.

Euspiraxis was enlarged from time to time by the addition
of species from the Antilles, the Oriental region and other
places until it became a heterogeneous assemblage of forms
belonging to two or three families and many genera. It is
now 'restricted to two small Jamaican species, closely related
to typical Spiraxis.

3. S. COSTULOSUS C. B. Adams. PL 1, figs. 4, 5.

' ' Shell elongate-conic ; whitish or horn colored ; with thirty-
five or forty obtuse approximate transverse ribs : apex obtuse ;
spire with the outlines almost rectilinear except near the
apex ; whorls seven and one-half, very convex, with a deep
suture; last two or three whorls with a spiral constriction on
the middle, which 'gradually increases to the labrum, which
is much indented by it; columellar lamina large. Mean di-
vergence about 13°; length .175 inch; breadth .04 inch."
(Adams] .

Jamaica :

Spiraxis costulosa C. B. AD., Gontrib. to Conch, no. 6, p.
88 (March, 1850).— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 470.

In perfect adult individuals there is a callous tooth within
the outer lip, and the peripheral constriction is marked in-
side by more or less callous deposits, such as the related species

18 SPIEAXIS.

show. It is related to S.- anomalus rather than to inusitatus,
but is distinct by its small size and closely placed riblets. The
axial lamella is strong in the last whorl but does not pene-
trate much deeper. It is more oblique than in 8. inusitatus,
and (there is no parietal lamella (fig. 5). Length 4, diam.
1 mm., whorls 7. Adams' type specimen is a trifle larger but
otherwise exactly similar to that figured.

4. S. ANOMALUS (C. B. Adams). PI. 1, figs. 6, 9.

Shell imperforate, narrowly turrite, rather solid though
thin; the dead specimens known are of a gray- whitish tint
and without luster. Sculpture of rather close, very delicate
longitudinal riblets, nearly straight on the spire, somewhat
sinuous on the last whorl. Spire straightly tapering, the apex
obtuse. Whorls 9% to 10, decidedly convex, the last one or
two flattened peripherally. Aperture subvertical. Outer lip
thin, bearing a tubercular tooth in the middle and often
others back of it in the throat. Columella concave below,
very strongly twisted above, into an entering lamella which
projects strongly into the aperture.

Length 8, diam. 2, aperture 1.7 mm., whorls 9^ (Ad. coll.).

Length 8.8, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm., whorls 10 (Hender-
son coll.).

Length 6.9, diam 1.7 mm., whorls 9 (Henderson coll.).

Jamaica: Manchester Back Mountains (Chatty, type loc.
of S. contorta} ; Ipswich (Jarvis).

Bulimus anomalus C. B. ADAMS, Contrib. to Conch, no. 2,
p. 28 (Oct., 1849) ; not Bulimus anomalus Pfr. of Albers,
1850, Achatina anomala Pfr. — Spiraxis anomalus C. B. AD.,
Contrib. no. 9, p. 168, 184. — Spiraxis adamsiana PFR., Zeitschr.
f. Malak. 1852, p. 178; Monogr. Hel. Viv. iii, 473.— Spiraxis
contorta CHITTY, Contrib. to Conch, no. 1, p. 16 (Oct., 1853).
—Ravenia hollandi HENDERSON, Nautilus xii, p. 25, fig., July,
1898.

In the C. B. Adams collection there is one broken shell, the
original type, and a perfect but "dead" one evidently added
later, and shown' in my fig. 6. A broken shell in >coll. A. N. S.
is like these. The type of R. liollandi (fig. 9) is a trifle more

SPIRAXIS. 19

slender but otherwise exactly similar. Chitty's 8. contorta
was 'based upon a specimen of 8. anomalus. It measured 7.5
x 1.75 mm., with 10 whorls.

Pfeiffer changed the name of Adams' species on account
of his own earlier Achatina anomala, which he transferred to
Spiraxis in 1853 ; but that species is a Leptinaria and was not
referred to Bulimus or Spiraxis until after the publication by
Adams of his B. anomalus.

4a. S. (?) PARVULUS (Chitty).

"Shell sub-cylindrical, whitish with a yellowish epidermis,
with strong transverse striee on the last 5 whorls, becoming
obsolete on the lower extremity of the last whorl. The apex
quite free from striae. Spire with almost rectilinear outlines.
Apex very obtuse. Whorls 7, rather turretted; last whorl
much so. At one-half of the labrum the aperture is singu-
larly constricted, and there is a large opal white tooth, at the
point of constriction ; thence it is very abruptly truncated,
and the labrum thickened ; the columella is considerably thick-
ened; and is also of an opal white. Aperture very long,
much twisted and sub-angular above. Mean divergence about
12°. Length .14, breadth .04, length of aperture .04, Habitat
-? From Dr. Hyde." (Chitty}.

Acha-tina parvula CHITTY, Contrib. to Conch, no. 1, p. 14
(Oct., 1853).— PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 618.

A problematic Jamaican snail, known to me by the above
description only.

Subgenus RAVENIA Crosse.

Ravenia CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. xxi, 1873, p. 69 ; xxii,
1874, p. 67, for E. Uandi Crosse, t. c. p. 69, pi. 2, f. 4.

This group has been included in Vol. I by Mr. Tryon, p. 52.
It seems to be very closely related to Euspiraxis, differing
only by the slightly thickened outer lip, which has a more
prominent angle in the middle, as seen in profile view, than
the Jamaican forms. The columellar lamella is not quite
so prominent. These differences) would not be thought of
much importance were it not for the remoteness of the local-

20 SPIRAXIS.

ity of Ravenia, which was found on Los Roques, an islet
lying east of Buen Ayre anil Curagao, off the coast of Vene-
zuela.

5. S. BLANDI (Crosse). Vol. I, p. 52.

Subgenus VOLUTAXIS Strebel.

Volutaxis STREBEL, Beitraig zur Kenntniss Mexikanischer
Land und Siisswasser Conchylien v, p. 110 (1882), first
species V. sulciferus.

Shell imperforate, turrite, thin, vertically striate or ribbed,
glossy, whitish-corneous or pale yellow ; whorls 5 to 13, slowly
increasing, the first I1/-} forming a smooth obtuse summit.
Aperture small, the outer lip thin and simple, arcuate, the
columella spirally twisted (or sometimes nearly straight),
slightly thickened, not truncate.

Type 8. sulciferus Morelet.

Part of the species have already been treated of by Tryon
in vol. I of 'this work. The others known: up to this time are
described below.

In Volutaxis the shell is less specialized than in typical
Spimxis; the whorls are shorter and more convex than in
Sigmataxis. All the Spiraxes known from Mexico and Central
America belong to this group, together with a few from
Jamaica, Cuba and Haiti. Some East Mexican forms 'diverge
from the typical Volutaxes by having a nearly straight colu-
mella, not perceptibly sinuous; and a few (species 21 to 23)
are distantly grooved, also with the columella straight. The
generic place of these species is uncertain; but they surely
dio not belong to Opeas, where some of them were originally
placed, and the straight columella removes them from
Sigmataxis.

I. Mexico and Central America, species 6 to 29.

II. Cuba, species 30.

III. Haiti, species 31.

IV. Jamaica, species 32, 33.

SPIRAXIS. 21

6. S. SCALARIOPSIS (Morelet). PI. 2, fig. 17.

Shell imperforate, long-turrite, thin, subdiaphanous, with
rather distant acute longitudinal riblets; uniform pale buff-
whitish. Spire long, the apex rounded, obtuse ; suture rather
deeply impressed. Whorls 9, convex, rather swollen, the em-
bryonic first l1/^ smooth, the following longitudinally obso-
letely multistriate, the rest 'Costulate ; last whorl much shorter
than the spire, less remotely ribbed, somewhat tapering at
base. Aperture small, angulate-ovate; peristome simple, buff-
whitish, the margins separated, columellar margin straight,
receding, subreflexed, twisted within above, forming an tangle
with the rounded basal margin; outer margin subflexuous,
acute. Length 11, diam. 4, aperture 2.25 x 1.5 mm. (C. & F.)

Guatemala : dense woods of the province Peten, under rotten
logs. (A. Morelet).

Bulimus scalariopsis MOREL., Testacea Novissima ii, p. 11
(1851). — PPR., Monogr. iii, 393. — Spiraxis s., FISCHER &
CROSSE, Miss. Scient, Mex., Moll., p. 609, pi. 25, f. 1.— -MAR-
TENS, Biologia p. 308.

The ribs are more widely spaced than in other known
species.

7. S. SULCIFERUS (Morel.). Vol. I, p. 51.

Var. cobaneusis Marts.

Var. berendti Pfr. Vol. I, p. 51.

8. S. TENUIS Pfeiffer. PI. 2, fig. 18.

Shell imperforate, conic-turrite, thin, closely thread-costu-
late throughout, pellucid, greenish-hyaline. Spire regularly
tapering, the summit rather obtuse. Suture crenulated with
very minute folds. Whorls 9, a little convex, the last slightly
exceeding one-fourth the total length, rounded at base. Colu-
mellar plate slightly twisted, somewhat calloused, resembling
an oblique truncation' of the base. Aperture slightly oblique,
S'ubrhoinbic-oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 8,
diam. of last whorl 3 mm., aperture 2.25 mm. long. (Pfr.).

Mexico: Orizaba (Salle).

22 SPIRAXIS.

Spiraxis tennis PFE., Malak. Bl. xv, 1868, p. 84; Monogiv
viii, 257. — FISCHER & CROSSE, Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll, i, p. 614,
pi. 25, f. 5. — MARTENS, Biologia Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 309.

"Related to Sp. acus Shuttl. and euptychus Pfr. but dis-
tinguished from them by the very thin, pellucid shell with,
rather obtuse apex, and the equally close oo-stulse throughout. ' '
(Pfr.).

9. S. URUAPAMENSIS Ptilsbry. PI. 2, figs. 12, 13.

Shell turreted-conic, decidedly tapering, the lateral outlines
a little concave above; corneous, with white riblets; apex,
obtuse. Whorls 71/4, very convex, separated by deeply im-
pressed sutures ; first half whorl smooth, following whorl very
finely lamellose-striaite ; succeeding whorls with numerous,
delicate, raised riblets, about 42 in number on the penulti-
mate whorl. Aperture short-oval, somewhat trapezoidal;
•columella thick, strongly sinuous. Length 5.2, diam. 2 mm.

Mexico : Uruapam, State of Michoacan.

Spiraxis uruapamensis PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1899,,
p. 398 ; 1903, p. 775, pi. 50, f. 9, and fig. between 9 and 10.

This species is more obtuse than S. sulciferus and its variety
berendti; has more convex whorls than 8. tenuecostatus Streb.,
and is stouter than 8. miradorensis Streb., with closer riblets.
8. tennis is an allied form which should be compared.

10. S. SCALELLA Martens. PI. 2, fig. 16.

Shell eonoid-turrite, sculptured with straight, compressed,
dose rdblets, yellowish- white, diaphanous ; whorls 5, regularly
increasing, very convex below the suture, the last a little con-
cavely tapering at the base. Aperture ovate, narrowed below,
the columellar margin moderately twisted, thin. Length 2;33,
diam. .75, aperture .66 x .5 mm. (Marts.).

Costa Rica: El Pital, in the valley of the Rio Naranjo
(Pittier).

Spiraxis scalella MARTS., Biologia p. 311, pi. 18, f. 5 (April,
1898).

"In the very convex whorls this species resembles 8. scalari-
opsis, and it might also be compared with a Scalaria, but the

SPIKAXIS. 23

eostae are much more numerous and more feeble. As I have
seen only one specimen, and the number of the whorls is
rather few for this genus, it may perhaps be not full-grown,
but I know no other species to which it could be referred."

(v. Mts.)

11. S. ACUS Shuttleworth. Vol. I, p. 52.

12. S. MIRADORENSIS Strebel. PI. 20, fig. 4.

The single example possessed by Strebel is stated to differ
from 8. bcrendti in the following respects: It is much
smaller; the shape is more slender, more regularly and slowly
tapering upwards, the whorls more obliquely coiled, and
somewhat terrace-like at the suture, the last somewhat flat-
tened laterally. The strong ribs, which project over the
suture, stand comparatively farther apart, about 22 on the
penult whorl. The columella is strongly twisted, and stout,
as in berendti and sulciferus. In color and size it resembles
similaris, but differs by its step-like, more convex whorls,
more widely spaced ribs, and the stouter, more spiral colu-
mella ; yet it may only be a local form of similaris.

Another form has much more delicate closer ribs, and a
weaker, less sinuous columella, approaching similaris, but it
is more slender than that, with more separated, more regular
ribs. Length 5.2 x 1.3 mm., -with 8 whorls.

Mexico: Mirador, State of Vera Cruz.

Volutaxis miradorensis STREBEL Beitrag, v, p. 122, pi. 17,
f. 23, 35 (1882).— Spiraxis m., MARTENS, Biologia, p. 309,
not p. 639.

13. S. TENUECOSTATUS Strebel. Vol. I, p. 51.

14. S. SIMILARIS Strebel. Vol. I, p. 51.

15. S. CONFERTECOSTATUS Strebel. Vol. I, p. 51.

16. S. INTERMEDIUS Strebel. Vol. I, p. 51.

17. S. CONPERTESTRIATUS Strebel. Vol. I, p. 52.

24 SPIRAXIS.

18. S. NITIDUS Strebel. Vol. I, p. 52.

Var. major Martens, pi. 2, fig. 14. Length 10 to 11.5, diam.
2.5, aperture 2x1 mm., 9 to 10 whorls. Las Vigas (Hoge).
The type is probably immature.

Var. minor Martens. 5.66 x 1.33 mm., with 814 whorls.
Pacho, Canino de Obispo and Mirador (Strebel).

Var. pittieri Martens, pi. 2, fig. 15. More elongate, smooth,
with 10 whorls, the apex globose, very -obtuse. Length 10,
diam. 2, aperture 1.66 x 1.25 mm. El Pital and Savana de
Guacimo, in S. W. Costa Rica (Pittier). Probably a dis-
tinct species.

19. S. TAMPICOENSIS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 20, fig. 1.

The shell is long and very slender, acicular, corneous-
whitish, thin, composed of T1/^ whorls, which are strongly
flattened, but separated by a deep suture. The summit is
very obtuse; first 2~y2 or 3 whorls are nearly smooth; then
riblets weakly appear, gradually becoming stronger, until
on the later 2 or 3 whorls they are conspicuous, very oblique
and nearly straight ribs, parted by weakly, finely striatulate
spaces two or three times their width. There are also, in the
largest examples, a narrow varix or two, larger than the ribs.
The aperture is very oblique, oblong, broadly rounded basaMy.
The outer lip is narrowly expanded, very strongly arcuate
near the upper insertion, where it runs horizontally. The
columella is broadly concave below, entering in a low fold
above. The internal axis has a low spiral prominence run-
ning nearly to the summit. Length 3.9, diam. .85 mm.

Tampico, northeastern Mexico, in river debris. (A. A.
Hinkley).

This is quite unlike any form of Spiraxis or Pscudosiil)-
ulina known to me, by its very oblique sculpture and aperture,
the horizontal insertion of the outer lip, which moreover is
noticeably expanded, and by the very marrow contour of the
whole shell. Its generic position is somewhat uncertain.

20. S. COSTATOSTRIATUS (Pfeiffer).

Shell imperforate, turrite, thin, closely striate and having

SPIRAXIS. 25

irregular riblets, diaphanous, waxy-hyaline. Spire regularly
tapering, rather acute. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last
two-sevenths the length, rounded basally. Columella rather
straightened, thread-like. Aperture slightly oblique, oblong;
peristome sample, unexpanded, with subparallel margins, the
columeHar margin sample. Length 7.5, diam. 2.5, aperture
2x1 mm. (P/V.).

Mexico: Cordova, State of Vena Cruz (Salle).

Bulimus costatostriatus PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 319; Monogr.
iv, 460. — not Opeas c., Crosse et Fisch., Moll. Mex. p. 598, pi.
26, f. 5.

This form differs from Opeas beckianum, 0. micro, etc. by
its imperforate axis and thread-like columella. It has not
been figured, and ite relationships with the numerous Spiraxes
and Pseudosubulinge of East Mexico remain to be worked out.
0. costatostriatus of Crosse and Fischer is apparently a form
of 0. micra, and not in my opinion the true costatostriatus of
Pfeiffer, which will prove to belong, I think, to Volutaxis or
Pseudosubulina.

21. S. ODIOSUS (Pilsbry). PL 2, figs. 19, 20.

Shell slender, turrite, completely imperforate, corneous,
sufficiently translucent to show the columella faintly through.
Surface glossy, irregularly scored by unequally spaced longi-
tudinal grooves and some slight wrinkles. General outlines
of the spire straight; apex obtuse. "Whorls 8y2, the earlier
strongly convex, the last two slightly flattened. Aperture
ovate; outer lip than, moderately arched forward, .columella
concave, forming a distinct angle with the parietal wall. Alt.
7.1, diam. 2, longest axis of aperture 1.8 mm.

Mexico: Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan (Khoads).

Opeas odiosum PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1899, p. 399;
1903, p. 775, pi. 50, f. 3.

The impressed, widely-spaced grooves are similar in char-
acter to those of Vitrea indentata Say. It is related to S.
patzcuarensis, but differs by its much larger size, concave
columella and tapering spire.

26 SPIEAXIS.

22. S. RHOADS^ (Pitebry). PI. 2, figs. 21, 22.

Shell slender, subulate, imperforate, corneous, and suffi-
ciently translucent to show the internal axis through the shell
in places. Surface glossy, sculptured with unequally spaced
longitudinal grooves, and showing a few slight growth-
wrinkles in places. General outlines of the spire straight.
Apex obtuse. Whorls 9 to 9y2, the earlier ones quite convex,
the later four or five somewhat flattened. Aperture small,
ovate, the outer lip a trifle curved forward in the middle ;
columella slender, concave.

Length 7, diam. 1. 9, longest axis of aperture 1.6 mm.

Length 7, diam. 1.7, longest axis of aperture 1.6 mm.

Mexico: Diente, near Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon
(Mr. and Mrs. Rhoads).

Opeas rlwadsff PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1899, p. 399;
1903, p. 775, pi. 50, f. 4.

Similar in sculpture and color to S. odiosus, but perceptibly
more slender in the spire, with smaller apex. These two
species have the general form of Opeas gracile, but differ
totally in sculpture ; they are also more brilliant and more
transparent. The columella is not at all twisted, and there is
no trace of a basal notch or truncation. This species, of which
about fifteen specimens were obtained, is named in honor of
Mrs. Mary C. Rhoads.

23. S. PATZCUARENSIS (Pilsbry). PI. 2, fig. 23.

Shell minute, imperforate, subcylindric, very slowly taper-
ing to the obtuse summit, whitish-buff. Surface glossy,
smooth except for rather widely spaced, rather inconspicuous
longitudinal grooves. Whorls 7%, the early ones quite con-
vex, later whorls moderately so, the last tapering basally.
Aperture irregularly ovate, nearly vertical, the outer lip
curving forward a little. Columella vertical in front view,
but convex in the middle when viewed obliquely in the aper-
ture. Length 3.1, diam. 1 mm., aperture .7 mm. long.

Mexico: Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan (Rhoads).

Opeas patzcuarcnse PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila, 1899, p.
399; 1903, p. 775, pi. 50, f. 5.

SPIRAXIS. 27

Very small, cylindric and obtuse, with somewhat the ap-
pearance of S. linearis, from which it differs in sculpture.

24. S. LINEARIS Pfr. Vol. I, p. 52.

25. S. BLANDI 'Cross'e & Fischer. Vol. I, p. 52.

26. S. RHABDUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 6, figs. 25, 26.

Shell imperforate, very slenderly turrite, thin, whitish
corneous, somewhat translucent. Sculpture of even, vertical,
rounded riblets as wide as their intervals; the embryonic
whorls and the base are smooth. Spire slowly tapering to
an obtuse summit. Whorl® 10, moderately convex, separated
by deeply cut narrow sutures. Aperture small, ovate; colu-
melLa nearly straight, a trifle concave, not spirally twisted.
Length 6, ddam. 1.3, length of aperture 1 mm.

Mexico: Texolo, State of Vera Cruz (Rhoads).

Chiefly notable for its very slender figure and the straight,
not sinuous 'Columella. The sculpture is decidedly coarser
than in S. delicatus. An example of S. rhabdus 4 mm. long
has S1/^ whorls, a more regularly tapering spire than S.
delicatus, and the base of the last whorl is entirely smooth.

27. S. STREBELI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 6, figs. 27, 28.

Shell imperforate, turrite, thin, whitish corneous and some-
what translucent. Sculpture of fine, even, subvertical rib-
sitrise, as1 wide as their intervals, the first 1% whorls smooth.
Spire regularly tapering to the obtuse summit. Whorls ll/2,
very convex, parted by deep sutures. Aperture subvertical,
the outer lip thin, slightly arched forward. Columella sub-
vertical in front view, but very weakly spiral as seen ob-
liquely in the aperture. Length 4.5, diam. 1.5, length of
aperture 1.25 mm.

Mexico: Texolo, State of Vera Cruz (S. N. Rhoads).

While closely related to S. delicatus, this species is much
more robust. 'Some dead specimens before me are larger
than the type, 5.5 mm. long, with 8 whorls.

28. S. DELICATUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 6, fig. 23.

Shell imperforate, very slender, turrite, thin and some-

28 SPIRAXIS.

what transparent, whitish corneous. Sculpture of fine, even,
subvertical rib-striae, as wide as the intervals, the strife be-
coming wider on the last whorl ; the first ll/2 whorls smooth.
Spire s'traightly tapering, the summit obtuse. Whorls 8,
very convex, separated by deep sutures. Aperture small,
ovate, sub vertical ; outer lip simple. Columella nearly verti-
cal in front view, but weakly spiral as viewed obliquely in
the aperture. Length 4, ddarn. 1.1, length of aperture 1 mm.
Mexico: Uruapam, State of Michoacan, type loc. ; Texolo,
Vera Cruz. (S. N. Rhoads).

29. S. CACAHUAMILPENSIS Herrera. PI. 2, figs. 24, 25.

Undescribed, and known from the figures only. These
have not much the appearance of Spiraxis, yet no doubt be-
long to a species distinct from any described.

Mexico: Cavern of Cacahuamilpa, State of Guererro.

Spiraxis c., HERRERA, Memories y Revista de la Sociedad
Cientifica "Antonio Alzate," v, 1891, p. 219, pi. 2, f. 4, 5.

30. S. MELANIELLOIDES ' Guncll. ' Pfr. PI. 6, figs. 29, 30, 31.

Shell imperforate, subulate, rather thin, closely subarcu-
ately striate, pellucid, waxy. Spire islender, !the apex rather
acute. Whorls 8, a little convex, the last not one-fourth
the total length, somewhat flattened laterally, very obso-
letely angular at the base. Columella somewhat thickened,
twisted, not truncate. Aperture subvertical, truncate-auri-
form; peristome simple, thin, the right margin somewhat
arched forward. Length 6.5, diam. 1.66, aperture scarcely
1.5 mm. long. (Pfr.).

Cuba: Brazo del Cauto, near Santiago; found on rotten
logs in woods, after rain. (Gundlach).

Spiraxis melanielloides Gundlach, Pfr., Malak. Bl. v, p.
184 (1858) ; Monographia vi, p. 192. — Sp. melaniellodes
Gundl., ARANGO, Fauna Malac. Cubana, p. 93. — Volutaxis
melanielloidcs Gundl., STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. Conch, v, p.
125. — TRYON, Manual i, p. 52.

Two and a half apical whorls are smooth, and the summit
is less depressed than in the Mexican Volutaxcs, the first

SPIRAXIS. 29

whorl being drawn out. The rib-stria? are arcuate, about
equal to the intervals, and the columella is typically rather
strongly twisted, but in some shells, probably constituting a
subspecies or local variety, the twis't is much less marked.

This species is somewhat related to S. terebella and its
small form or variety conferta, of Jamaica ; but it is very
muich more strongly striate, the striae more arcuate, the spire
more slender, and 'there are more smooth apical whorls. 8.
melanielloides is also related to 8. rectus Pfr., of Haiti. It
has a superficial resemblance to the Cuban Pseudosubulina
exilis Pfr.

31. S. RECTUS (Pfeiffer). Vol. I, pi. 9, fig. 31.

Shell imperforate, srubulate, rather thin, closely subarcu-
ately plicatulate, a 'little glossy, waxen. Spire regularly tap-
ering, the apex acute; suture impressed; whorls 7, rather
flat, the last about one-fourth the length, rounded basally.
Columella very lightly folded above. Aperture sub vertical,
oblong, the perisltome simple, unexpended, its margins sub-
parallel, columella r margin somewhat calloused. Length 5,
diam. 1.5, aperture 1.25 num. long, scarcely .66 wide. (Pfr.) .

Santo Domingo: Sierra Monte Cristi (Hjalmarson).

Bulimus rectus PFR., Malak. Bl. v, p. 152, pi. 3, f. 11,
12, 13 (1858) ; Monogr. vi, p. 99. — Volutaxis rectus STREBEL,
Beitrag v, p. 125, pi. 17, f. 24.— TRYON, Man. Conch, i, p. 52.

This Santo Domingan species, Strebel remarks, belongs by
its 'Columellar structure and sculpture to Volutaxis. The
shell is slenderly drawn out, and has very flatly convex, regu-
larly increasing whorls. The sculpture is quite like that of
8. confertecostatus. It measures 5.4 mm. long, with 7 whorls.

I have not seen the shell. The type figure, copied by
Tryon in vol. I, is too small to show its 'characters satisfac-
torily.

32. S. TEREBELLA (C. B. Adams). PL 1, figs. 8, 10, 11.

"Shell very 'much elongated, regularly tapering to the
summit ; dingy white ; with numerous transverse lightly im-
pressed strige; spire with rectilinear outlines'; apex rather

30 SPIRAXIS.

obtuse; whorls nine and one-half, short, quite convex, with
a deep suture; aperture subovate, moderately acute above;
labrum thin and sharp. Mean divergence 12° ; length .3
inch; breadth .07 inch; length of aperture .052 inch."
(Adams).

Jamaica :

Bulimus terebella C. B. AD., Con* rib. to Conch, no. 2, p.
28 (Oct. 1849).— REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 84, f. 620 (Dec.
1849). — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 401.— Opeas t., PFR., Nomencl.
Hel. Viv. p. 322, no. 1001.

C. B. Adams' description is given above. His type, a
single shell dead, but in good condition, is figured (fig. 11).
It is an imperforate, subulate, turrite shell, gray-white, with
the surface very weakly striate, the strife low, blunt, as wide
as the intervals or wider, and perfectly even and regular.
They begin in the middle of the second whorl, those above
being smooth. The second whorl appears disproportionately
large. The outer lip is strongly arched forward above the
middle. The last whorl is somewhat compressed laterally.
The cord-like columella has a weakly spiral convex fold above.
Length 7.9, cliam. 1.75 mm., with fully 9 whorls.

The following is a synonym, as I have satisfied myself by
a careful comparison of the types.

Bulimus striatella C. B. Adams. (PI. 1, fig. 8). Shell
small, thin, glossy, diaphanous, elongate; Whorls 7, convex,
ornamented with robust parallel striae. Aperture wide; lip
thin; columella not much twisted. Divergence 30 degrees,
length .2, width .07 inch. (C. B. Ad.).

Jamaica: Pedro, St. Anns (J. S. Hyde in Adams coll.).

Bulimus striatella C. B. AD., Synops. Conch. Jam., in Proc.
Bost, Soc. of Nat. Hist, ii, 1845, p. 13. — B. striatellus Adams,
PFR., Symbols iii, p. 87; Monographia ii, p. 160 (1848) ; not
Buliminus striatellus Beck, Bulimus striatellus Pfr. 1842
(Symbols ii, p. 122). — Bulimus confertus PFR. Monogr. iv,
p. 455 (1859).

Adams' type, fig. 8, is figured. Length 5.5, diam. 1.7
mm., with 7% whorls. It differs from S. terebella only in
being smaller with fewer whorls, and is clearly identical

SPIEAXIS. 31

specifically. The name proposed by Adams was preoccupied,
and hence the form was re-named by Pfeiffer.

Some s'hells are more slender than Adams' type. One be-
fore me, fig. 10, measures 5.8 x 1.5 mm., with 7% whorls. The
strise are shown somewhat too strongly in figs. 8 and 10.

33. S. MACROSPIRA (C. B. Adams).

"Shell much elongated, conic; pale horn color, or brown-
ish, with a few scattering stripes of dark brown : shining,
with excessively minute distant striae : spire with the outlines
a little 'concave above, otherwise slightly 'Curvilinear : apex
obtuse, rather small : whorls twelve, a little convex ; with a
well impressed suture; last whorl short: aperture ovate,
rather wide : lab rum thin and sharp : columella nearly
straight. Mean divergence about 18° ; length .8 inch ; breadth
.22 inch; length of aperture .2 inch." (Adams).

Jamaica: Maroontown, St.. James (Chitty).

Biilimus mocrospira C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 9,
p. 169 (April, 1851).— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 399.— B. macro-
spirus Ad., PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 457 (new description).

The type of this species is probably in the Chitty collection
in the British museum. It is not in that of Adams at Am-
herst. Its exact systematic position is uncertain. Dr.
Pfeiffer, in his later reference to the species, described a
specimen in the British Museum from Maroon Town, St.
James, probably given by Chitty, and somewhat smaller than
the type, length 17, diam. 5, aperture 4.5 mm.., with 9 to 10
whorls.

Subgenus SIGMATAXIS Pilsbry, nov.

Glossy, translucent, pale shells, often with distant varix-
stripes, the surface sculptured with longitudinal grooves.
Aperture long-ovate or piriform; outer lip simple, arched
forward; columella concave below, ascending in a moderate
or gentle spiral. Type S. Iceviusculus Ad.

A Jamaican group of small forms, distinguished from
Volutaxis by the longer whorls, long aperture, and smooth,
grooved but never ribbed or thread-striate surface.

I have examined the type specimens of nine of the thirteen

32 SPIBAXIS.

species mow known. Besides the forms1 herein recognized,
there are several other species, represented by poor material
or single specimens in the 'collections I have studied.
a. Grooves widely and irregularly spaced on the last whorl
or two.

b. "Whorls 8 to 10; aperture about one-fourth the total
length ; 15 to 16 mm. long, 3.5 to 3.8 wide.

8. procerus, no. 34.

bb. Whorls 9 ; aperture contained about 3l/2 times in
length; 23 x 6.6 mm. S. clava, no. 35.

bbb. "Whorls 5y2 to 7; aperture about one-third the
length; shell smaller.

c. Diaim. less than one-third the length.

d. Length 5 to 7 mm. ; grooves well spaced

throughout. S. Icrviiisculus, no. 36.

dd. Length 5 to 7.5 mm. ; grooves crowded

on spire. 8. pauperculus, no. 37.

ddd. Length 8 to 11 mm. ; grooves widely

spaced throughout.

8. pcrplexus, no. 38.

c. Diam. more than one-third the length.
d. 5.3 x 1.8, atpert. 2.3 mm., 5!/2 Whorls.

8. 0)1110", no. 39.
dd. 4.75 x 1.75, apert. 2 mm.

S. brevis, no. 40.

aa. Grooves crowded and regular or nearly so on the later
whorls.

b. Jamaican; small, about 4.5 x 1.25 or 1.3 mm., aper-
ture about one-third the total length; very closely
striate. 8 to 10 strias in a mm. on face of last whorl.

c. Last whorl convex. 8. perstriatus, no. 41.

cc. Last whorl flattened, parallel-sided.

8. parallelus, no. 42.

bb. Haitian; small, length 4.2 to 5.6 mm., aperture more
than a third the length.

c. 4.24 x 1.4 mm. with 4% whorls; about 12
grooves in one mm. on face of last whorl.

8. unus, no. 46.

SPIRAXIS. 33

cc. 5.6 x 2 mm., with 5 Whorls; about 8 or 9 grooves
in one mm. S. verberatus, no. 45.

&&&. Larger, 9 to 10 mm. long; 5 to 6 striae in a mm. on
last whorl; Jamaica.

8. micans, no. 43 ; 8. calus, no. 44.

34. S. PBOCERUS (C. B. Adams). PI. 3, figs. 27, 28, 29.

Shell small, glossy, thin, diaphanous, yellowish-brown, very
much lengthened. Whorls 8 to 10, not very convex ; lip thin ;
columella 'twisted. Divergence 18 to 14 degrees, length of
spire .5 inches; total length .63, diam. .14 inch. (Ad.).

The shell is imperforate, thin but moderately strong, pale
yellowish-corneous, a little transparent; tapering throughout,
but more rapidly in the upper third of the length. The sur-
face is brilliantly glossy, marked with longitudinal grooves at
irregular intervals ; adults with a few deeper grooves indicat-
ing former growth-arrest periods. First 2i/o whorls are
smooth; apex obtuse. Whorls 9y2, rather weakly- convex.
The aperture is small, subvertical and piriform; outer lip
thin, a little arched forward; basal lip somewhat retracted.
Columella cord-like, concave below, spirally entering above.
Length 16.6, diam. 3.8, length of aperture 4 mm.

Jamaica: Bogwalk (Johnson and Fox) ; Porus (Roper) ;
Moneague (S. L. Shumo) ; Mandeville (Henderson and Simp-
son) ; Bellevue; Pedro, St. Ann's (J. S. Hyde in Adams coll.).

Bulimus procerus C. B. AD., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. ii,
1845, p. 13. — Spiraxis procera Ad., SHUTTLEWORTH, Dia-
gnosen n. moll. no. 6, p. 138. — Bulimus jamaicensis REEVE,
Conch. Icon, v, species no. 503 (July, 1849), Achatina pi. 20,
f. 113.— PPR., Monogr. iii, p. 392; iv, 453; vi, 92.— Bulimus
impressus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 68, f. 483 (May, 1849).
— Bulimus siibula, Pfr., C. B. ADAMS, Catalogue of the Land
Shells which inhabit Jamaica, Contrib. to Conch, no. 9, p.
184 (1851). — Bulimus nitidiusculus C. B. AD., Contrib. to
Conch, no. 2, p. 27 (Oct. 1849).— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 395.

The typical form originally described by Adams is figured
(pi. 3, figs. 27, 28) and described above. Immature shells
taper more rapidly and are less cylindric. There is some

34 SPIRAXIS.

variation in contour, more slender and stouter shells occur-
ring in each colony. Thus extremes <of shape in a large
series f rom Man'deville measure :

Length 17.5, diam. 3.9, aperture 4 mm. ; whorls 10.
Length 16, diam. 3.4, aperture 3.8 mm. ; whorls
Length 14.3, diam. 3.9, aperture 3.9 mm. ; whorls
A young shell from the same place is illustrated, fig. 29.
After describing this species, Adams decided that it was
identical with Bnlimus subula Pfr. (Opeas 'gracile Hutt.),
and in 1851 he placed it in the synonymy of that species, a
course clearly erroneous. The B. impressus and B. jamai-
censis of Reeve are clearly synonyms of typical S. procerus.
B. nitidiusculus of Adams is described below and figured
from the unique example in his 'Collection. It is absolutely
identical with young S. procera of equal size.

B. nitidiusculus. PL 3, figs. 30, 31. Shell imperforate,
oblong-turrite, thin, polished, with sculpture of irregular and
widely spaced longitudinal grooves. There are 12 or 13
grooves on the last whorl, about the same number on the
penult and the next earlier whorls, and none on the first two
whorls. Outlines of the spire straight, the summit very ob-
tuse. Whorls 41/3, rather weakly convex. The apex is min-
ute, but the first whorl enlarges very rapidly, so that its last
half appears abnormally large. Suture moderately im-
pressed, with a margin by transparence below. Last whorl
tapering below the broadly rounded periphery. Aperture
Bubvertical, piriform, the outer lip thin, arching forward in
profile view. Columella cord-like, concave below, strongly
convex and spirally entering above. Parietal callus a mere
film. Length 6, diam. 2.5, length of aperture 2.8 mm.

35. S. CLAVA (Reeve). PL 3, fig. 36.

"Shell subulate, papillary at the apex, not umbilicated,
whorls ten in number, smooth, polished, here and there lon-
gitudinally impressly striated, sutures margined, columella
thin, but little reflected, -aperture rather small, lip simple;
transparent horny. The columella. of this species is ex-
tremely thinly reflected, and the outer lip is rather inclined
to be sinuated at the upper pa.rt. " (Rve).

SPIRAXIS. 35

Habitat unknown (Mus. Cuming).

Bulimus clava REEVE, Conch. Icon. v. Bulimus species 500
•(July, 1849), Achatinapl. 16, f. 77.— PFK., Monogr. iii, 398.

Pfeift'er gives the following description of the types: She'll
imperforate, turrite, rather smooth, marked with distant,
impressed longitudinal lines, glossy, subpellucid, tawny.
Spire regularly tapering, the apex obtuse; suture lightly im-
pressed margined. "Whorls 9, flattened, the last about two-
sevenths the total length, rounded basally; icolumella some-
what calloused, arcuate. Aperture vertical, angulate-piri-
f orm ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin arched
forward in the middle. Length 23, diarn. 6.66, aperture 6.66
x 3.5 mm. (P/V.).

The species is unknown to me, but from the description
I would 'be disposed to think it a Jamaican snail of the sub-
genus Sigmataxis. The surface as described by Pfeiffer re-
minds one of the smaller S. procera Ad.

36. S. LuEviuscuLus (C. B. Adams). PI. 4, figs. 43, 44.

"Shell small, thin, glossy, diaphanous, ovate, elongate.
Whorls 6, not very convex, ornamented with a few distant
and very narrow longitudinal strias. Aperture long, narrow
and acute above; lip thin, retracted below; columella twisted.
Divergence 18 degrees; spire .16 inch long. Length .25,
width .075 inch [6.25 x 1.87 mm.]." (Ad.}.

The shell is very slender, pale corneous, subtranslucent,
thin, very glossy; sculptured with widely, unevenly spaced
arcuate grooves, which are obsolete on the base and absent
on the first two whorls. Two or three grooves on the last
whorl are slightly deeper, and preceded by an excessively
faint 'brownish streak. Whorls about 6, parted by a deeply
impressed suture, only weakly convex. Aperture narrowly
ovate, the outer lip equably arched forward, columella cord-
like, concave below, ascending in a moderately strong spiral
curve above. Length 6.2, diaim. 1.8 man.

Jamaica: Bogwalk (Henderson and Simpson) ; Braoo, St.
Anoi's (Swift coll.).

Bulimus Iceviusculus C. B. AD., Synopsis Conch. Jam., Proc.

36 SPIRAXIS.

Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, 1845, p. 13.— PPB., Monogr. ii, 159; iii,
394.

This is the senior species of 'a group of very closely related
forms. The type lot of B. Iccviusculus in Adams' collection is
mixed, containing four specimens agreeing with the diagnosis,
together with four S. pauperculus and several other forms.
From the dimensions and other characters it is clear that
the shells drawn in fig. 43 and described above served as the
original type. The species is very -closely related to S. pau-
perculus 'and S. aberrans, but it has fewer grooves on the
spire than the former, and the last whorl is perceptibly less
swollen.

The specimens before me from Braco are rather small,
about 4.9 x 1.5 mm., with S1/^ whorls. The narrowest seen
measures 5.2 x 1.5 mm. with fully 5y2 whorls. The largest
shell of a small series from Bogwalk measures 7 x 1.9 mm.,
aperture 2.2 mm., with 6^/2 whorls; and the largest Iccvius-
culus seen is 7.9 x 1.9 mm., aperture 2.4 mm., with GI/O whorls.

It is not an uncommon species, some ten lots from various
sources being before me, most of them unfortunately with-
out exact locality. The description of the synonymous
B. aberrans Pfr. follows.

Bulimus aberrans Pfeiffer. (PL 4, figs. 45, 49).

Shell subulate, thin, glossy, marked with regularly distant
impressed longitudinal lines; pale amber colored, sparsely
ornamented with narrow, oblique reddish streaks. Spire sub-
ulate, the apex rather acute, suture lightly crenulate. Whorls
7, flattened, the last one-third the length. Columella callous,
twisted-subtrun'cate. Aperture oblong, the peristome simple.
Length 7, diam. 2, 'aperture 2.3 x 1 mm. P/V.). Jamaica
(Grosse in Cuming coll.).

Achatina aberrans PFR.,, Proc. Zool. Soic. 1845, p. 138 ;
Monogr. ii, p. 270; Oonchyl. Cab. p. 355, pi. 29, f. 20, 21.-
REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 20, f. 110. — Spiraxis aberrans C. B.
ADAMS, Contrib. to Conch, no. 6, p. 88 (March, 1850) ; prob-
ably of GLOYNE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 120 (parishes
of Manchester, St. Ann and St. Andrew). — S. aberrans var.
unicolor C. B. ADAMS, Contrib. no. 9, p. 168 (1851).

SPIRAXIS. 37

Reeve's figure (fig. 45) seems to 'be poor, and is too small to
show the characters clearly. Pfeiffer figured another and
smaller shell from his own collection, (fig. 49), which shows
the typical shape and columella of Iteviitsculus. C. B. Adams'
lot of aberrans in the Amherst collection are chiefly large
laviusculus, but he had also S. perstriatus and an Opeas
goodalli in the lot, most of the shells being in poor condi-
tion, dirty and more or less broken. He subsequently pro-
posed to call what he took for aberrans, var. unicolor- but
the absence of colored streaks seems to be due solely to the
faded condition of his specimens.

37. S. PAUPERCULUS (C. B. Adams). PI. 4, figs. 46, 50, 51.

' ' Shell much elongated, regularly tapering to the summit ;
white, with a thin horn colored epidermis; with numerous
broad lightly impressed arcuate transverse strige; spire with
rectilinear outlines; apex rather obtuse; whorls seven, rather
convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture long ovate,
quite acute above ; labrum thin and sharp ; eolumella well
thickened. Mean divergence 18° ; length .25 inch ; breadth
.25 inch; length of aperture .075 inch." (Adams).

S'hell slenderly oblong-turrite, thin, pellucid, yellowish
corneous, polished, with sculpture of irregularly spaced
longitudinal grooves. These grooves' are widely spaced on
the last whorl (where there are about 10 or 11), but on the
penult and next earlier whorls they are much closer by the
interpolation of shorter grooves not reaching to the suture
below. The first two whorls are smooth. Spire straight-
sided, slender, the summit obtuse. First whorl enlarges
rapidly; subsequent whorls slightly convex. Aperture small,
narrow, almost lanceolate, subvertical, but receding below.
Outer lip arching forward in the middle, in profile view.
Colurnella cord-like, concave "below, ascending in a convex
spiral curve above. Parietal film indistinct. Length 5.2,
diam. 1.6, length of aperture 1.75 mm.

Jamaica (C. B. Adams) : Long Mt. and Montego Bay
(Henderson and Simpson).

Bulimus pauperculus C. B. AD., Contrib. no. 2, p. 27

38 SPIRAXIS.

(Oct., 1849).— REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 84, f. 624 (Dec.r
1849).

The original -description' applies well to the form figured
(fig. 46) and described above, from the only living perfect
Sigmataxis of the type lot, except that it measures somewhat
less, and has fewer whorls. There is an obvious error in
Adams' measurements of this species, and probably the num-
ber of whorls is also wrongly stated by him, or counted on
another shell than that measured. The type lot contains two
Opeas goodalli, one small Varicella and several of the form
here described as 8. pauperculus. It is very closely related
to 8. Itzviusculus Ad., but it seems to be specifically distinct
by the more swollen last whorl and the closer grooves of the
spire.

I figure also a typical shell from the Academy collection,
probably received from Adams, and measuring 6.2 x 2 mm.,
with 5% whorls (pi. 4, fig. 51). Also a large specimen from
Long mountain (Henderson coll.), measuring 7.5 x 2 mm.,
aperture 2.8 mm., with 6y2 whorls. There are about three
pale brown streaks on each of the later several whorls (fig.
50).

Arango introduced pauperculus in his Cuban Fauna on
account of an alleged -identity with B. pumilus Pfr., which
is a form or synonym of Opeas goodalli (see vol. XVIII, p.
202). This error was probably due to Adams' failure to
discriminate between these two small forms in sending out
material. His idea of pauperculus was evidently not clear,
and included more than one species.

38. S. PERPLEXUS (C. B. Adams). PI. 4, figs. 41, 42.

"Shell ovate-fusiform, much elongated; almost transpar-
ent, pale yellowish brown, with transverse, moderately curved
lines of dark brown, of which the last colors the labrum, three
to four on each whorl, wanting on the upper whorls, and
scarcely perceptible at and above the middle of the spire;
with fine not crowded transverse strige ; lines, which indicate
the varices that are coincident with the brown stripes, scarcely
distinguishable from the stria; ; apex subacute, with nearly

SPIKAXIS. 39

one and one-half smooth whorls: spire much elongated, with
the outlines moderately curvilinear: whorls about 6!/o, mod-
erately convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture long,
ovate, quite narrow and acute above ; columella little twisted,
scarcely truncate. This species closely resembles A. propin-
qua, but the strige are finer and more distant, and the out-
lines of the spire are more curvilinear. It attains about one-
half of the size of that shell. Mean divergence about 21° ;
length .33 inch; breadth .09 inch; length o*f aperture .12
inch." (Adams}.

Jamaica.

Achatina perplexa C. B. A., Contrib.'to Conch, no. 5, p.
84 (1850). — PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 492. — Oleacina perplexa Ad.,
PFE., Nomencl. Hel. Viv. 1878, p. 7, no. 36.— TRYON, Man.
of Conch, i, p. 31, pi. 3, f. 27 (1885).

This1 species differs from S. Icuviitaculus chiefly by its larger
dimensions. The impressed lines or grooves are rather nu-
merous on the spire but become irregularly and widely spaced
on the last Whorl. The reddish streaks become much di-
luted, hardly noticeable, in some specimens. There is some
variation in shape among the series of nine shells in the
Adams collection, as may be seen by measurements of the
largest and the widest individuals :

Length 10.9, diam. 2.7, aperture 3.3 mm., whorls 7.

Length 8.2, diam. 2.5, aperture 3.1 mm., Whorls 6.

39. S. ANN^ Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 3, fig. 32.

Shell fusiform-ovate, whitish corneous with irregularly
spaced streaks of pale chestnut. Surface glossy, marked with
a few widely and unequally spaced longitudinal grooves; the
first 2!/4 whorls without, grooves, apex rather obtuse. Whorls
51/0, slightly convex. Aperture acuminately ovate, the outer
lip arched forward above the middle, basal margin retracted,
columella cord-like, only quite weakly spiral. Length 5.35,
diam. 1.8, aperture 2.35 mm.

Jamaica: St. Ann's (J. B. Henderson).

This species is much stouter in figure than S. l&viusculus
and its allies, and the early whorls are far smaller than the

40 SPIRAXIS.

young of 8. procerus. While the three specimens may per-
haps not be fully adult, yet they are referable to no described
Jamaican form, which I have seen, corning nearest, perhaps,
to 8. brevis Ad.

40. S. BREVIS C. B. Adams.

"Shell long-ovate; pale horn color, translucent; shining,
smooth anteriorly, otherwise with rather numerous micro-
scopic strife ; spire with the outlines moderately convex, with
a well impressed suture; aperture ovate; lab rum thin and
sharp ; columella with the edge moderately projected into the
aperture. Mean divergence about 20° ; length .19 inch ;
breadth .07 inch; length of aperture .08 inch." (Adams).

Jamaica (Ohitty coll.).

Spiraxis brevis C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 9, p. 168,
in Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist, v, p. 92. (April, 1851).-
PFR., Monogr. iii, 471.

The type of this species was not found in the Adams col-
lection, and is probably in that of Chitty. It seems distinct
from the other forms by its comparatively long aperture,
nearly half the length of the shell, which measures, accord-
ing to Adams, 4.75 x 1.75 mm., aperture 2 mm.

41. S. PERSTRIATUS Pilsbi'v, 11. sp. PI. 4, figs. 47, 48.

The shell is narrowly turrite-fusiform, uniform pale cor-
neous, somewhat translucent. 'Surface polished, regularly
sculptured with linear vertical grooves parted by much wider
flattened intervals. On the last whorl the grooves gradually
weaken below the periphery and become obsolete on the base.
First 1% whorls smooth. There are about 8 or 9 plaits in
one mm. on the front of the last whorl. Apex obtuse.
Whorls 51/2, convex, separated by a deep suture. Aperture
very narrowly piriforrn, slightly oblique, the peristome being
retracted below; outer lip arched forward above the middle,
retracted to the upper insertion. Columella cord-like, rather
strongly spiral above. Length 4.4, diam. 1.3, length of aper-
ture 1.6 mm.

Jamaica (Swift coll., A. N. S.).

SPIRAXIS. 41

This delicate species resembles the smaller forms of S.
Iceviusculus in shape, but differs by its very regular and close
sculpture, recalling the much larger S. micans. There are
specimens in the C. B. Adams collection at Amherst labelled
S. aberrans var. and others from two sources in the collec-
tion of the Academy, all very similar in size, color and
sculpture.

41a. S. PERSTRIATUS var. ERRANS n. var. PI. 3, fig. 39.

The shell is excessively similar to penstriatus, but differs
by its shorter aperture, which is wider below. It is corneous,
with very pale brown, streaks, two on the last and two on the
penult whorl. First 1% whorls smooth, the rest closely and
regularly grooved, the grooves arcuate, obsolete on the base
of the last whorl, and about 10 in number in one mm. on the
front of the last whorl. Length 3.8, diam. 1.2, length of
aperture 1.4 mm. ; whorls S1/^.

Haiti: Sans Souci, near Cape Haitian (J. B. Henderson).

42. S. PARALLELUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 4, figs. 52, 53.

The shell is very narrow, cylindric-turrite, whitish-corneous
with (in the type) two very faint brownish streaks on the
last whorl. Surface polished, regularly sculptured with
linear, slightly arcuate grooves parted by much wider flat-
tened intervals; the grooves obsolete on the base of the last
whorl. First 2*4 whorls smooth. There are about ten
plaits in a mm. on the front of the last whorl. Apex obtuse.
Whorls almost 6, the earlier ones moderately convex, the last
with, almost straight parallel sides- and convex base. Suture
very deeply impressed, narrow. Aperture small, narrowly
piriforni, the basal margin receding. Outer lip arched for-
ward above the middle. Columella delicate, cord-like, rather
weakly sinuous. Length 4.7, diam. 1.25, length of aperture
1.6 mm.

Jamaica (A. D. Brown coll., A. N. S. P.).

Peculiar for its narrow, compressed shape, regular close
grooves and piriform mouth. It is narrower than S. per-
siriatus, with a relatively smaller aperture, of a different
shape.

42 SPIRAXIS.

Another specimen (pi. 4, fig. 53) differs from the type
by having the grooves much more widely and irregularly
spaced on the last whorl, as in S. Itrviusculiis. It has the
other characters of S. parallelus, and may for the present be
considered a form of that species.

43. S. MICANS (C. B. Adams). PI. 3, fig. 35.

"Species similar to A. levis, but the shell is less elongated,
the outlines of the spire 'are more convex, the aperture is
shorter, and the columella is more twisted and not arcuate.
Mean divergence 17 degrees. Length .41, breadth .115, length
of aperture .12 inch." (C. B. Ad.}.

Jamaica.

Achatina micans C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 2, p. 26
(Oct., 1849). — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 502. — Spiraxis micans
Chitty, Contrfb. to Conch, p. 15.

There is a single specimen (fig. 35) in the Adams collec-
tion at Amherst, closely corresponding to Adams's measure-
ments, and doubtless the type. It is subulate, pale brown-
ish corneous, translucent, showing the white axis through.
The polished surface is sculptured with close and nearly re-
gular impressed grooves, slightly arcuate and a little more
emphatic near the suture above, extending from suture to
suture. On the last Whorl the grooves weaken or almost
fade out on the base, and on the later fourth of the whorl
they are weaker and more widely spaced. There are about
six striaa in the space of a mm. on the face of the last whorl.
The first 214 whorls are smooth. The spire tapers regularly
to the obtuse, rounded apex. The second whorl looks dis-
proportionately large. Aperture slightly oblique, the o-uter
lip receding above and below, arching forward in the middle.
It has the smooth finish of an adult shell. Columella white,
cord4ike, moderately sinuous. Length 9.8, diam. 2.9, aper-
ture 3 mm. ; whorls 6%.

The aperture, being slightly foreshortened in the figure, ap-
pears wider than it actually is.

44. S. CALUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 3, figs. 33, 34.

The shell tapers regularly, is subtranslucent, showing the

SPIRAXIS. 43

axis faintly through, milky corneous with chestnut streaks
(two on the last, two on penult 'and four on antepenult
whorl). Surface glossy, grooved (or plaited), the grooves
much narrower, about one-third the width of the flattened-
convex plaits, weakening below the periphery of the Last
whorl and obsolete at the base. There are five plaits in one
mm. on the front of the last whorl (see fig. 33) . Whorls
6^/2, the embryonic shell of 2 whorls, the first 1% smooth.
Suture deeply impressed. Aperture pi ri form, the outer lip
moderately and equably arched forward in the middle.
Columella moderately sinuous, appearing straight inside as
seen through the last whorl. Length 9.5, diam. 2.4, aper-
ture 3 mm. long. Whorls 6^.

Jamaica.

Three of these shells were in the typical lot of S. perplexus
in Adams' collection at Amherst. It is evidently related to
S. micans but differs by the somewhat narrower contour, the
more widely spaced grooves, by having 'Colored streaks pre-
ceding the slightly deeper varix-lines, and by having only
1% instead of 21/4 smooth initial whorls. The difference in
sculpture between S. calus and S. micans is slightly empha-
sized in the figures from the former being drawn to a
slightly larger scale than S. micans.

45. S. VERBERATUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 7.

Shell long-ovate, thin, corneous, glossy, sculptured with
close arcuate longitudinal grooves, obsolete at the base and
wanting on the first 1% whorls. There are about 8 or 9
stria? in the space of a num. on the face of the last whorl,
but they become closer on the back of the whorl. Whorls 5,
quite convex below the suture, less so elsewhere. Aperture
long-ovate ; outer lip arched forward. Columella vertical, a
little excised near the base, but seen to be weakly sinuous
within the last whorl in broken' shells.

Length 5.6, diam. 2, length of aperture 2.75 mm.

Haiti: Port 'au Prince (J. B. Henderson).

The very weakly spiral columella is characteristic of this
species and the next. It is only by looking through the last

44 SP1RAXIS.

whorl, when it is sufficiently transparent, or by observing
broken shells, that the spiral trend of the axis becomes ap-
preciable.

46. S. UNUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 3, fig. 40.

Shell very thin, clear corneous, glossy, with even, regular
and close sculpture of arcuate longitudinal grooves separ-
ated by flat intervals, about 12 in the space of 1 mm. on the
front of the last whorl. First l1/^ Whorls smooth. Whorls
4%, strongly convex just below the deeply cut suture, but
elsewhere flattened. Aperture narrowly piriform; outer lip
arched forward in the middle. Columella, very short and ver-
tical as seen from in front, but somewhat convex in the
middle in oblique view; sinuous as seen through the shell.
Length 4.24, diani. 1.4, length of aperture 1.8 mm.

Haiti: Thcmiazeau (J. B. Henderson).

The unique example of this species is smaller and more
slender than S. verberatus, but with about the same number
of whorls. The sculpture is similar but finer.

Subgenus GLANDINELLA Pfeiffer.

Glandinella PFR., Nomenclator Heliceorum Viventrum p.
328, 1878, for B. poeyamis.

Shell imperforate, subulate-turrite, composed of about 8
rather rapidly widening whorls. First l1/^ whorls smooth,
the next, whorl delicately closely striate, the rest of the whorls
sculptured with spaced riblets and marked with dark varix-
streaks. Aperture long-piriform, its length fully twice the
width; outer lip simple, arched forward; columella concave
below, ascending in a long weak spiral. Soft anatomy un-
known.

Distribution, Isle of Pines. Type S. poeyanus.

The embryonic shell (pi. 3, fig. 38) seems to be composed
of 2!/o whorls. The first 1% are smooth, and increase very
rapidly; then the width of the whorl from suture to suture
decreases slightly, and close, fine, vertical striae begin. This
stage continues three-fourths of a whorl, and there abruptly

SPIRAXIS. 45

gives place to the neanic stage, with adult sculpture of rib-
lets separated by spaces of about double their width.

In the general shape and the columella Glandinella is like
the Jamaican group Sigmataxis, but it differs in the system
of sculpture. The long aperture and colored streaks are
features unlike Volutaxis.

47. S. POEYANUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 3, figs. 37, 38.

Shell imperforate, subulate, thin, subarcuately plicate, but
little shining, diaphanous, pale corneous, irregularly marked
with somewhat varix-like reddish streaks. Spire long, slen-
der, the apex rather acute, suture impressed. Whorls 8,
slightly convex, the last about one-third the total length,
slightly tapering basally. Columella callous, somewhat
twisted, obliquely receding. Aperture oblique, oblong-oval;
peristome simple, the margins joined by a thin callus, right
margin reddish bordered, arched forward above the middle,
somewhat bent in. Length 12, diarn. 3^ aperture 4 x 1.75
mm. (Pfr.).

Isle of Pines (Gimdlach).

Bnlimus poeyanus PFR., Malak. Bl. i. 1854, p. 157; ii, p.
156 (Opeas) ; Monographia iv, 458; vi, 9.7.- — Spiraxis (Glcn-
dinella] poeyanus PFR., Nomencl. Hel. Viv. p. 328, no. 970
(1878). — Glandinella poeyana GROUSE, Journ. de Conch. 1890,
p. 248. — Bnlimus Bay anus (error for poeyanus} PFR.,
Malak. Bl. i, 1854, pi. 3, f. 1-3. — Achatina (Glandina ?)
pazensis PEREZ ARCAS, Journ. de Conchyl. vi, 1857, p. 282,
pi. 10, f. 8, 9. — Glundina pacensis Perez, MARTENS in Albers,
Die Hel., p. 30.

The glossy surface is sculptured with sinuous riblets about
half as wide as their intervals. The brown streaks lie par-
allel to the riblets, and usually there are about 4 or 5 on the
last whorl, 2 to 4 on earlier whorls. The oolumella is nearly
straight, but when viewed obliquely a slow spiral twist may
be noticed. There is no trace of basal truncation. The
species has no close relatives. The specimen figured meas-
ures, length 11.5, diana. 3, length of aperture 3.8 mm., with
8% whorls.

46 VARICELLA.

Subgenus BIANGULAXIS nov.

The shell is oblong-turrite, smooth and glossy, pale, com-
posed of 8 whorls, the upper ones plicate at the suture. Aper-
ture narrowly semioval; columella somewhat truncate at
base, with an oblique fold aJbove. Type S. moreletiana Pfr.

The single species is apparently still known by one speci-
men only. It was described as a Spiraxis, and subsequently
referred to Streptostyla by Pfeiffer, followed by Tryon and
Crosse, but it seems, so far as one can judge by the descrip-
tion and figure, to stand nearer the present group. The
structure of the eolumiella is not very unlike that, of S.
'inusitatus. Were it not from an inland locality, I would
be disposed to think it an Auric ulastrum. Pfeiffer alludes
to its Ferussacia-like aspect.

48. S. MORELETIANUS Pfr. Vol. I, p. 49. Banao, Cuba.

Genus. VARICELLA Pfeiffer, 1855.

Varicella PFR,, Malak. Bl. ii, 1855, p. 172, for Achatina
leucozonias, dominicensis, procera, gr-iffitlisi, ligata, jamai-
censis, philippiana, ruu'sta, nemorensis, similis, costulosa and
nitida. — ALBERS-MARTENS, Die Heliceen, 1860, p. 30, type
leucozonias. — Melia Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 195, for
phillipsii, grifflthsi and venusta. Not Melia Billb. 1820
(Crustacea) or of Desv. 1830 (Diptera). — Achatina, Glan-
dina and Olcacina of some authors.

Oleacinidse with the post-nepionic whork of the oblong or
turrite shell sculptured with occasional varices or varix-lines,
more or less conspicuously differentiated from the other sculp-
ture, and often preceded by dark streaks. Embryonic shell
of 2 to 3i/> whorls, smooth or ribbed. Aperture less than half
the total length, the outer lip narrowly expanded or simple,
columella more or less sitrongly truncate at the base.

Type V. leucozonias. Distribution, Antilles, except per-
haps some of the Caribbean islands; southern Florida.

Very little is known of the soft anatomy of this genus.
Binney has figured the teeth of V. semitarum and V. phillipsi.
The former has 30,1,30 teeth, with a very well developed cen-

VARICELLA. 47

tral, not greatly smaller than the adjacent lateral teeth (pi.
25, fig. 2). The teeth of V. phillipsi are said to be similar.

No sharp lines 'Can be drawn- between the three groups of
large Oleacinidce here treated as genera, Varicella-, Oleacina
and Euglandina, at least with our present very imperfect
knowledge of the anatomy of the first two ; yet there is little
difficulty in assigning the species to one or other of them.
In Varicella the spire is usually more lengthened, the aper-
ture shorter than in the other two groups, and the varices
or varix-lines are invariably p resent, whereas in Oleacina and
Euglandina, they are only rarely developed distinctly. I have
elsewhere alluded to the affinities of Varicella and Spiraxis.

The distribution of the forms indicates an early segrega-
tion of the ancestral stock into three phyla. One of these,
Euglandina, was evolved upon the mainland with southern
Mexico as the probable center of radiation. Oleacina had its
rise in the Haiti and East Cuba tract. The third, Varicella,
apparently arose in Jamaica, with an early radiation into the
Haiti-Cuban area.

Varicella consists of a considerable number of derivative
phyla largely expressed in the degree to which the sculpture
has been modified and accelerated. In the more primitive
form the embryonic whorls are smooth, as in Oleacina, Eu-
glandina, Spiraxis, etc., but in more or less divergent mem-
bers of this stock there was a tendency towards earlier ap-
pearance of the sculpture (aside from the varices) , pro-
ducing several independent collateral phyla with sculptured
embryonic s'hells, such as Pichardiella,, Varicellaria, Vari-
cellopsis, etc. In both Haiti and Jamaica these groups arose;
elsewhere the primitive smooth embryo was not modified.

The subgenus Pichardiella is perhaps the most distinctly
divergent group in the genus, and its wide distribution prob-
ably indicates that it was evolved before the separation of
Haiti-Cuba and Jamaica. It is noteworthy that this is the
only Varicelloid group which has reached West Cuba. In
treating of the Urocoptida I have had occasion to show that
the snail fauna of West Cuba was largely evolved indepen-
dently of East Cuba, indicating separation of the two areas

48 VARICELLA.

throughout a considerable portion of Tertiary time. The
wide distribution of the single species V. gracillima is not
readily explicable at present. It belongs in a class with nu-
merous other minute shells, Opeas, Thysanophora, Pseudo-
hyalina, Bifidaria, etc., which have been widely spread by
some such unusual means of transport as tornados, which
might carry them, together with the dry leaves, etc. among
which they live, for long distances.

Of the 75 species of this genus now known, 28 were 'briefly
described and figured by Tryon in vol. I of this work. The
small and slender forms were at that time thought to belong
to the Stenogyroid group of Achatinidae. In my study of the
species omitted from Tryon 's account, I found it necessary
to examine the whole series, and to study the types of a large
number of them in the Adams •collection at Amherst; and it
was deemed best to give here the results of my studies upon
the species included in vol. I. together with the others, re-
stricting the 'account to new matter and figures, essential to
the proper identification of the forms, and not duplicating
information given in Tryon 's monograph.

Very little is known of the detailed distribution of the
Jamaican species. Prof. C. B. Adams, who personally col-
lected many of them, was satisfied to label his specimens
" Jamaica," 'and all record of the type localities is lost, ex-
cept in a few cases. The few records made by later authors
are not always trustworthy, since no adequate means existed
for the exact determination of their specimens, I have been
enabled to supply data on many species from the collections
of Mr. J. B. Henderson of Washington, generously placed
at my disposal.

Key to Subgenera and Sections of Varicella.

I. Neanic and adult sculpture of spaced .ribs with much finer
stritB in the intervals, and with occasional varices ; some-
times also striate spirally. Embryonic shell pupiform
or cylindric, of 2% to S1/^ long whorls, vertically striate
except the first whorl or half whorl. Columella truncate
or almost simple. Shell small and slender.

Subgenus PICHARDIELLA, p. 50.

VARICELLA. 49

II. Sculpture of subequal striae or riblets, with the usual
varices.

a. Spiral lines or grooves well developed on the later
whorls; varices and outer lip nearly straight, not
arched forward or angular; rather large shells of
Haiti.

b. Later whorls evenly rib-striate, with impressed

spiral lines; spire rather short; embryonic shell

of 3!/3 Whorls, closely striate except the first %

whorls. Section Varicellidea.

&1. Later whorls with close, irregular folds and

spiral sulei, irregularly pitted; spire long; apex

unknown. Section Varicellopsis.

a1. Not perceptibly striate spirally.

1). First % to li/o of the embryonic whorls smooth,
the rest striate or ribbed, Jamaican forms,
c. Columella straightened, very weakly, ob-
liquely truncate ; shell slender.

Section Varicellula.

c1. Columella strongly twisted, conspicuously
truncate ; shell of moderate or rather large
size, sculptured with riblets or rib-striae,
the intervals as wide as the riblets ; outer
lip arcuate or angular.

Section Varicellaria.

c2. Columella strongly twisted and truncate;
21/2 embryonic whorls, the first l1/^ smooth,
the next with widely spaced grooves ; adult
sculpture of sinuous rib-strias wider than
the intervening grooves; outer lip arcuate.
No colored varix-streaks.

Section Varicellina.
61. First 2% to 3 whorls smooth.

c. Later whorls with sculpture of even stride

between the varices, the stride wider than

their interstices, or with irregularly spaced

grooves. Section Varicella.

c1. Later whorls without grooves or stria be-

50 VARICELLA.

tween the varices, polished or with faint
growth- riblets only; columella strongly
concave. Porto K/rco, Lesser Antilles.

Section Lcevaricella.

Submenus PICHARDIELLA Fischer.

Melaniella PFR., Monographia Heliceorum Viventium iv,
p. 465 (1859), for Bui. acuticostatus, manzanillensis and
gracillimus. — MARTENS in ALbers, Die Heliceen, 1860, p. 267.
Not Melanella Bowdich, Elements of Oonchology, 1822.—
Pichardiella FISCHER, Journ. de Couchyl. 1887, p. 200, pro-
posed as a substitute for Melaniella Pfr. ; B. pickardi and
B. acuticostatus mentioned.

Small, slender Varicellas with low si ganoid varices and
higher longitudinal rd'bs, which are narrower than their dis-
tinctly striate intervals; the pupiform or subcylindric em-
bryonic shell is striate, composed of 21/. to S1/^ long whorls,
with exserted summit, Columella arcuate or straight, rang-
ing from distinctly truncate to nearly entire at the base.
Radula with well developed central teeth, all the teeth very
minute and not varying much in size.

Type V. pichardi. Distribution, Antilles, south Florida.

This group although hitherto associated with the Steno-
gyroid snails, is essentially Varicelloid, having the periodic
varices, coloration and dentition of that genus. It differs
from other subgenera of Varicella by (1) the sculpture of
spaced ribs with interstitial striae, (2) the exserted, narrow
embryonic shell, and (3) the oblique or very weak trunca-
tion of the columella.

In one species, V. lioderma, striae are wanting between the
ribs of the surface.

These snails live on the ground, usually under or on stones
and rubbish. They rarely if ever occur in large numbers
and are usually solitary.

Melaniella brevicula H. Ad., P. Z. S. 1870, p. 379, is an error
for Melania (Melanella) brevicula.

V. (Pichardiella) mandevillensis (pi. 25, fig. 1) has 14,1,14
teeth in slightly oblique transverse rows. The central tooth
is well developed; the side teeth are of typically Oleacinoid

VAEICELLA. 51

form, and decrease in size very slowly towards the edges of
the radula. The teeth are excessively minute, far smaller
than in any other Oleacinidae I have examined. The slight
olbliquity of the transverse rows contrasts with other known
forms, in which they are as a rule strongly oblique.
The species are distributed as follows:

Cuba, species 1 to 7.

Southern Florida, species 3a.

St. Thomas, species 36.

Haiti, species 8.

Jamaica, species 9 to 17.

Trinidad ( ?) species 18.

Panama ( ?) species 19.

Keys to the Cuban (p. 51) and the Jamaican species (p. 62)
will be found in the text.

Cuban species.

The east Cuban species scalamna, tuberculata and multi-
costa are not known to me by specimens ; the descriptions and
figures are crude; therefore no satisfactory key to species
>can yet be framed.

I. Surface distinctly striate spirally; usually with dark
streaks.

a. Ribs angular or spinose at the shoulder; shell with
streaks.

&. East Cuba; closely striate, with remote ribs;
8.3 x 2.6 mm., whorls 7.

V. tuberculata, no. 6.

61. W. Cuba; ribs produced in hollow spines at the
Shoulder, obsolete or wanting at the base ; inter-
costal reticulation weak; 12.8 x 4 mm.

V. a. horrida, no. 1&.

62. Short spines at shoulder and smaller ones be-
low periphery, more slender, 8y2 whorls.

V. acuticostata, no. 1.

63. Last whorl less distinctly biangular, with only
weak traces of spines, 13 to 16 waved strise in
each interval ; 13.8 x 3.6 mm., with 10 whorls.

Y. a. filipensis, no. la.

52 VARICELLA.

a1. Ribs unarmed, 13 to 15 on last whorl, intervals with'
18-20 'fine stria and spiral lines; reddish-brown, not
streaked; 12 x 3 mm. with 9 whorls; W. Cuba.

V. picJiardi, no. 2.

II. Surface not spirally striate, though sometimes the longi-
tudinal strife are a little waved ; corneous or pale brown,
not streaked.

a. East Cuban forms.

&. 14 low compressed ribs on last whorl; 6 x 1.75

mm. with 8 whorls. V. scalarina, no. 5.

&1. Elevated, cord-like ribs; 9.5 x 2 mm., with 10

whorls. V. multicosta, no. 7.

a1. Middle and west Cuban forms, etc. ; <columella not

truncate or very indistinctly so.

&. Axis; gyrate, a central false umbilicus visible-
from.' the base ; very slender, 6 x 1.6 to 7 x 1.75
mm., 7 or 8 whorls.

c. About 20 ribs on last whorl, 4 to 5 striae
•in each interval. V. gracillima, no. 3.

c1. 9 to 12 striae in each interval.

V. g. sanct-ithomensis, no. 3&.
c2. About 25 ribs on last whorl, 6 to 8 striae
in each interval.

V. g. floridana, no. 3a.

61. Axis straight, no central hole visible from the
base; shell less slender, diam. 2 mm. or more,
c. 20 to 21 smooth ribs on last whorl, 8 to 11
striae in each interval; 8 to 9.5 mm. long.

V. manzanillensis, no. 4.

c1. 16 to 18 ribs on last whorl, 10 striaa in each
interval; 6 to 7 mm. long.

V. m. cienfuegosensis, no. 4&.

c2. 24 to 29 ill-developed ribs on last whorl,

5 to 7 striae in each interval, 8 to 9 mm.

long. V. m. trinitatis, no. 4a.

1. V. ACUTICOSTATA (Orbigny). PI. 15, figs. 1, 10.

Shell tapering, turrite, attenuate near the summit, thin,

VARICELLA. 53

•pale brown with occasional purple-brown streaks. Surface
lusterless, sculptured with compressed ribs, which bear flat-
tened projections or short spines at the shoulder, smaller ones
at the lower angle of the whorls. There are aboiit 12 ribs on
the last whorl, exclusive of one or two lower sigmoid varices.
Surface between the ribs is delicately, in part subobsoletely,
striate vertically, and bears numerous spiral threads, separ-
ated by wider spaces. Whorls 8~y2, the first half whorl
smooth, next 2,y2 whorls of the embryonic shell delicately
striate vertically. The last embryonic whorl has a diameter
of fully 1 mm. Suture deeply impressed. Last whorl ob-
tusely biangular, flat or concave between the angles. Aper-
ture oblique, piriform, yellowish within; outer lip sinuous
and slightly expanded; columella vertical, receding at the
base, white. Length 10, diam. 3.25, length of aperture 3
mm.

Western Cuba: Organ Mts., at Rangel, Sumidero, Jaruco
(Arango), and Oamoa (Cisneros).

Bulimus acuticostatits ORB., Historia Fis. Polit. y Nat. de
Cuba, Moluscos, p. 93, pi. 11 Ms, f. 16-18 (1845) ; French
edit, i, p. 175.— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 157; iii, 394; iv, 464;
vi, 103; Novit. Conch, p. 426, pi. 96, f. 15-17 (var. horrida),
and f. 18-20 (var. fiUpensis) . — GUNDLACH, Malak. Bl. iv,
1857, p. 43. — Melaniella a., ARANGO, Fauna p. 87. — CROSSE,
Journ. de Conch. 1890, p. 249.

Animal whitish, but rust-colored dots give the body a mixed
or sprinkled color; tentacles and a lateral band from each,
rust-brown. In creeping, 5 to 6 waves are seen along the
foot. It occursi everywhere in the Organ Mountains, on
cliffs and stones, sometimes on trees, never numerous but al-
ways solitary (Gundlach, Malak. Bl. iv, 43).

Typical specimens, described above and figured (fig. 10)
have been taken by Arango at Cerro de Cabras. They agree
exactly with Orbigny's description and figure (fig. 1) of
specimens from " the interior of Cuba," without exact local-
iity. His' type measured 12 x 3 mm., with 9 whorls. The
intercostal vertical striation is irregularly developed, mostly
weak, about as in var. horrida.

54 VARICELLA.

The distribution of the species as above given (after
Arango) many include some1 varieties also. The only typical
acuticostata I have seen with exact locality are from Cerro
de Cabras. I do not know what forms occur at the other
places mentioned by Arango.

la. Var. filipensis Pils., n. v. PI. 15, fig. 4.

Shell more lengthened than acuticostata, the whorls less
distinctly biangular; ribs lower and more slender, with only
weak traces of spines or projections. There are 13 to 16 fine,
waved strise in each intercostal space on the last whorl. Pale
brown with a few broad dark brown streaks. Length 13.8,
diani. 3.6, aperture 4 mm. ; whorls 10.

Los Cayos de San Filipe, in Pinar del Rio province.

This variety is a transition to V. pichardi, from which it
differs in being more robust and dark-streaked.

16. Var. horrida Pils., n. v. PL 15, figs. 2, 3.

Ribs produced into inflated hollow spines at the shoulder,
longer than in acuticostata, and often broken ; on the base of
the shell the ribs are very weak or wanting. Interstitial re-
ticulation is sparse and open, the longitudinal striae few, 8
to 12 in each space, unequal and in part very weak. Light
brown, uniform or with some dark maculation.

Length 12.8, diain. 4, aperture 4 mm. ; whorls 8y2.

Length 12.5, diam. 3.9, aperture 4 mm. ; whorls S1/^.

Pozas, prov. Pinar del Rio (Wright).

2. V. PICHARDI (Arango). PI. 15, fig. 9.

Shell imperforate, fusiform-subulate, thin, brown-reddish,
longitudinally and transversely striate, and excepting the
first 3 whorls, having strong transverse ribs alternating with
some weaker ones. Spire long, the apex acute. Whorls 9,
slightly convex, the last one-fourth the total length, taper-
ing at base ; suture deep. Aperture subrhombic-oval ; peris-
tome thin, unexpanded, the margins joined by a callus, right
margin arched forward, columellar margin somewhat straight-
ened. Length 12, diam. 3, aperture 2.75 num. (Arango}.

Western Cuba: Guane and Paso Real, on stones (Arango).

VARICELLA. 55

Bulimus (Melaniella) pichardi ARANGO, Journ. de Conch.
1862, p. 409.— PPR., Monogr. vi, 103; Novit. Conch, p. 427,
pi. 96, f. 21-23. — Melaniella pichardi Ar., CROSSE, Journ. de
Conchyl. 1869, p. 21, pi. 1, f . 5 ; J. de C. 1890, p. 249.

"Similar ito the nearly unarmed variety of acuticostata
[var. filipensis], but it differs by the entirely unarmed ribs,
and by having the whorls flattened [like a narrow shelf] be-
low the suture, not sloping up to it as in acuticostata. The
color also is darker. It differs from tuberculata Gundl. by
the unarmed ribs and more numerous longitudinal [spiral]
lines. It is larger than gracillima and manzanillensis, and
has longitudinal [spiral] lines." (Arango] .

A typical specimen is figured, length 12, diam. 3, aperture
3.2 mm., with 9 whorls, the first 3 embryonic, delicately
striate as in V. acuticostata. The later whorls are quite con-
vex and peculiarly turned in just below the suture, else-
where flattened. There are about 13 to 15 vertical ribs on
the last whorl, besides two or sometimes three sigmoid varices.
In each interval there are about 18 to 20 very fine striae paral-
lel to the ribs, but crinkled where they pass over the low
spiral 'cords. The aperture is like that of acuticostata or a
little more narrowly piriform.

In the very closely related V. a. filipensis, there are weak
traces of nodes or spines on the ribs ; the shell is larger with
dark streaks behind the varices, and there are not so many
intercostal striae.

V. pichardi, V. a. filipensis, V. acuticostata and V. a. hor-
rida form a series of progressively more strongly sculptured
forms, which will probably prove to belong to one species.

3. V. GRACILLIMA (Pfeiffer). PL 14, figs. 26, 29, 30.

Shell imiperforate, subulate, thin, sculptured with nearly
straight longitudinal ribs and very close parallel lines in the
intervals of the ribs ; pale -corneous- whitish ; suture impressed.
Whorls 7 to 8, flattened, the last slightly more than one-
fourth the total length, obtusely angular below the middle.
Columella subsimple, forming an angle at the base of the
aperture. Aperture oval-subtriangular ; peris tome simple,

56

VARICELLA.

the right margin impressed outside, spreading, columellar
margin shortly reflexed, appressed. Length 7, diam. 1.75,
aperture 2x1 mm. (Pfr.}.

Western Cuba: Carmelo, near Havana (Rhoads) ; Lagu-
nillas district of San Juan y Martinez, Prov. Pinar del Rio
(Wright) ; Managua (Poey) ; Matanzas and near Sancti
Spiritus, Santa Clara province (PiLsbry). Varieties in St.
Thomas and South Florida.

Achatina gracillima PFR., in Wiegmann's Archiv f. Naturg.
1839, p. 352. — Bulimus g., PFR. Symbolse iii, p. 54; Monogr.
ii, 160; iii, 394; iv, 465; vi, 105. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v,
pi. 80, f. 594. — Melaniella g., ARANGO, Fauna Malac. Cubana
p. 88. — Bulimus striaticostatus ORB., Hist. Fis., Polit. y Nat.
de la Isla de Cuba, Moluscos, p. 93, pi. 11 Us, f. 19-21
(1845) ; and French edition i, p. 176 (B. striaticostata] .

Pfeiffer's specimens were collected either in Havana or
Matanzas provinces, but he does not give the exact place.
I have taken Matanzas to be the type locality, since Pfeiffer
collected extensively there. Specimens are before me from
all the places mentioned above except Managua.

A Matanzas shell (pi. 14, fig. 26) measures, length 6,
diam. 1.6, aperture 1.7 mm., with 7% whorls. There are 2l/2
whorls in the subcylindric embryonic shell, the first half
whorl smooth, next whorl rather coarsely costulate, the fol-
lowing embryonic whorls more closely and finely costulate,
the intervals smooth. This sculpture is rather abruptly re-
placed by the spaced ribs and striate intervals of the neanic
stage. The last whorl has about 20 (19 to 22) narrow ribs,
each interval sculptured with 4 or 5 striae. I see no trace
of spiral striation. There are also several sdnuous varices
on the later whorls, at intervals of 'a half-whorl or more.
The aperture is quite oblique, piriform; outer lip bent in
and produced forward at its upper third. Columella very
indistinctly subtruncate at base, broadly concave above, con-
tinued as a curved callous ridge on the parietal callus.
Parietal callus appressed, but with a distinct thread-like or
thickened edge connecting the lip-ends. In a basal view the
axis is seen to revolve around a central well or " false um-
bilicus " as shown in pi. 14, fig. 32.

VARICELLA. 57

The form from near Sancti Spiritus is shorter, 5 mm. long,
with 1^/2 whorls.

Orbigny's B. striatico status (pi. 14, figs. 29, 30) is identi-
cal with gracillima, and doubtless came from the same dis-
trict. The type measured 5 x 1.25 mm. Poey mentions
Stenogyra ejuncida Shuttl. as a synonym (Memorias, p. 398).
It was never published.

3a. Var. floridana Pilsbry, n. v.

Last whorl with about 25 ribs, the intervals with. 6 to 8
strice; otherwise like Cuban gracillima. Length 6.1, cliam.
1.5 mm., with 8 whorls.

Florida: Key West (Hemphill) ; Big Pine Key (Brown
and Fowler, 1904) ; Miami and Arch Creek, 12 miles north-
ward (S. N. Rhoads).

Achatina gracillima BINNEY, Terr. Moll, ii, p. 293, pi. 53,
f. 3. — Stenogyra g., W. G. BINN., Land and Fresh-water
Shells i, p. 232; Terr. Moll, v, p. 195; Man. Anier. Land
Shells, 1885, p. 426, fig. 474. — Opeas gracillima RHOADS,
Nautilus xiii, p. 46. — Melaniella gracillima floridana PILSBRY,
Nautilus xix, p. 40, Aug. 1905, no description.

Fresh shells are brown, not drab as stated by Binncy.

3b. Var. sanctitkomensis Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 14, fig. 32.

Shell ribbed 'about as in the Cuban form, but with much
finer, closely crowded stride between the nibs, 9 to 12 in each
interval. Otherwise similar to V. gracillima.

St. Thomas, hill opposite Baker's, under stones among
fine earth (Bland, Swift).

Bulimus sp. undet., BLAND in Adams' Contrdb. to Conch,
no. 11, p. 222 (1852).

I have seen numerous specimens of this form. It has
much finer, more even and numerous interstitial strise than
either the Cuban or Floridian shells. The base only is
illustrated.

4. V. MANZANILLENSIS ('Giindl.' Pfr.). PI. 15, fig. 11.
Shell imperforate, fusiform-subulate, thin, closely striate

58 VARICELLA.

and subarcuately ribbed ; pale corneous. Spire elongate, the
apex acute. Whorls 8y2, slightly convex, the last slightly
over one-fourth the total length, tapering at base. Aperture
oblique, subrhombic-oval; peristome sample, unexpanded, the
margins joined by a callus ; right margin spreading forward,
columellar margin somewhat straightened, forming an indis-
tinct angle with the slightly effuse basal lip. Length 8.33,
diam. 2.25, aperture 2.5 x 1.25 mm. (Pfr.).

Eastern Cuba: Manzanillo (Gundlach type loc.) ; Cabo
Cruz and Trinidad (Gundlach, according to Arango) ; Sagua
de Tanamo (Arango).

Bulimus manzamllensis Gundlach, PFR. Malak. Bl. iv, 1857,
p. 172.— PFR., Monogr. iv, 465; Novit. Conch, p. 428, pi. 96,
f. 24-26. — Melaniella m., Arango, Fauna, p. 88.

I have not seen Manzanillo or other East Cuban specimens.
Pfeiffer does not mention spiral stria?, but his figure in the
Novitates Conchologiccc shows them. The forms which I col-
lected in Central Cuba are referred to the species with some
doubt, on account of this uncertainty about the finer details
of sculpture.

Form from Sancti Spiritus, pi. 14, fig. 23. About 2 or 3
kilometers northeast of Sancti Spiritus, among white lime-
stone rocks which rise conspicuously above the plain and
are locally known as the rocks of San Jose, I found the form
figured, which seems to be close to typical manzanillensis.
It varies remarkably in contour, specimens measuring:
Length 9.3, diam. 2.5, aperture 2.7 mm. ; whorls 8%.
Length 8.1, diam. 2.75, aperture 2.8 rnm. ; whorls
Length 8.5, diam. 2.1, aperture 2.25 mm. ; whorls
Length 9.5, diam. 2.6, aperture 2.8 mm. ; whorls
There are about 20 or 21 smooth narrow vertical riblets
on the last whorl, about the same in stout and slender shells,
and one or two sigmodd varices. Each interval bears about 8
to 11 low strife, wider than their interstices. The striae ap-
pear nearly smooth, but in places they are slightly waved,
giving an effect in 'certain lights and under a low power lens,
of spiral sculpture. Under higher magnification this appear-
ance is largely lost. The embryonic whorls are sculptured

VARICELLA. 59

about as in V. acuticostata. The remaining whorls are very
convex just below the sutures, elsewhere flattened. The
outer lip retracts somewhat to the upper insertion. Colu-
mella vertical, not perceptibly truncate at the base. The
internal axis is slender and straight. The shell is of a
uniform light brown 'color.

4a, Var. trinitatis Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 14, fig. 24.

Size and shape about as in the preceding form, but the
ribs are more numerous and less prominent, sometimes so re-
duced on the last whorl as to be difficult to count; 24 to 29
ribs and two varices on the last whorl, 5 to 7 striee in each
interval. There is the same elusive appearance of spiral
striation noted above in Sancti Spiritus shells.

Among rocks on the steep N.-W. side of La Vigia at
Trinidad (Pilsbry, 1904).

4b. Var. cienfucgensis Pilsbry, n. v. PL 14, fig. 25.

Smaller than any other described form of manzanillensis ;
whitish-corneous, somewhat glossy. There are 16 to 18 well-
developed, smooth, narrow ribs and two sigmoid varices on
the last whorl, usually with about 10 striae in each interval.
Length 6.9, diam. 2, aperture 2.1 mm. ; whorls
Length 6.3, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm. ; whorls
Near Cienfuegos, at a place called Lagunilla (Pilsbry,
1904).

Smaller than other races of V. manzanillensis but much
more robust than any form of V. gracillima, and further dis-
tinguished by the straight columella.

5. V. SCALARINA ('Gundl.' Pfr.). PL 15, fig. 8.

Shell imperforate, subfusiform-turrite, thin, diaphanous,
pale corneous; smooth, sculptured with compressed, equi-
distant, but little elevated ribs, about 14 on the last whorl.
Spire turrite, the apex acute ; suture deep ; whorls 8, con-
vex, the last somewhat tapering basally, about one-fourth
the total length. Aperture obliqiie, subrhomibic-oval ; peris-
tome simple, the right margin someAvhat sinuous, columellar

60 VAKICELLA.

margin receding, somewhat calloused. Length 6, diam. 1.75,
aperture 1.5 mm. long. (Pfr.) .

Eastern Cuba: Yunque de Baracoa, type loc. ; Monte Toro
(Gundlach).

Bulimus scalarinus Gundl. mss., PFR., Malak. Bl. xiii, 1866,
p. 59 ; Monogr. vi, 104 ; Novit. Conch, p. 428, pi. 96, f . 27-29.
• — Melaniella scalarina Gundl., ARANGO, Fauna, p. 88.

I have not seen this species.

6. V. TUBERCULATA ('Gomdl. ' Poev.). PI. 15, fig. 5.

Shell dmperforate, oblong-turrite, ra.ther thin, longitudin-
ally very closely striate, decussated with spiral stria?, and
sculptured with remote ribs; corneous, irregularly marked
with chestnut streaks. Spire turrite, the summit rather
acute. Whorls 7, angular above the middle, the last not one-
third the total length, tapering basally, lightly stria tulate
anteriorly. Columella receding, somewhat calloused; aper-
ture a little oblique, semioval, acute above, obsoletely an-
gular at the base; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length
8.33, diam. 2.66, aperture 2.5 nun. long. (Pfr.}.

Eastern Cuba: Guantaiiamo (Gundlach) ; Buenavista, in
B'ayamo jurisdiction; Loma del Gato, Santiago (Gundlach).

Melaniella tuberculata Gundl., POEY, Memorias ii, p. 7,
no. 398; p. 67, pi. 7, f .10, 11 (1858).— ARANGO, Fauna, p. 88.
-Bulimus t, Gundl., PFR. Malak. Bl. ix, 1862, p. 133;
Monogr. vi, 104; Novit. Conch, p. 429, pi. 96, f. 30-32.

I have not seen this species. It was mentioned in Poey's
Memories, with a very rude figure of the living animal and
the last whorl of the shell; but it was not described until
some years later. A good account of the species is still
lacking.

7. V. MULTICOSTA ('Gundl.' Pfr.).

Shell imperforate, turrite, rather thin, closely sculptured
with elevated cord-like longitudinal riblets; corneous- whitish.
Spire subulate, the vertex acute; suture impressed, denticu-
late. Whorls 10, rather flat, the last scarcely one-fourth the
total length, rounded basally. Aperture oblique, subtrian-

VARICELLA. 61

gular-oval; iperistome simple; columellar margin somewhat
calloused, appressed. Length 9.5, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm.
long. (Pfr.}.

Eastern Cuba: Yunque de Baracoa (Gundlaeh), on moss-
covered trees and rocks.

Bulimus mnlticosta Gundl. niss., PFR., Malak. Bl. xiii, p.
866, p. 58; Monogr. vi. 104. - - Melaniella multieosta (sic)
ARANGO, Fauna, p. 88.

Haitian Species.
8. V. INOPINATA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 15, figs. 6, 7.

This species is known by three incomplete individuals: a
young shell of 5 whorls, 3 mm. long (fig. 6), a nearly adult
shell which has lost the early whorls, the part remaining
6 mm. long, 2.1 wide (fig. 7), and an immature shell of 6%
whorls, 4.7 mm. long.

The first half whorl is smooth ; next whorl set with straight
and rather widely spaced delicate ribs, which gradually be-
come much closer on the last embryonic whorl. There are
2% whorls in the embryonic shell, which is somewhat cylin-
dric, and .8 mm. in diameter at the last whorl. The sculp-
ture then abruptly changes to the adult type. The earlier
post-embryonic whorls are convex ; the later ones are flattened
peripherally, being obtusely biangular. Sculpture of slightly
irregular, widely spaced ribs, which are more prominent
where they pass over the angles at shoulder and base of each
whorl. There are 14 ribs on the last, 15 on penult whorl.
The intervals are closely sculptured with very low rounded
spiral cords and a few unequal, in part subobsolete vertical
strioe.

Haiti: Cape Haitian (J. B. Henderson).

This species seems to be closely related to V. acuticostata
of Western Cuba. It has a narrower and shorter embryonic
shell, of a half-whorl less, anid there are more ribs on the
later whorls. I have not been able to compare it with the
East Cuban V. tuberculata, which from the imperfect de-
scription seems to be different, though closely related. A

62 VARICELLA.

perfect specimen of V. inopinata would probably be about
9 mm. long.

Jamaican Species.

Jamaica has a large number of forms still very imperfectly
known. Of two of them, V. gossei and V. osculans, I have
seen no examples. Special study must be given to the em-
bryonic whorls, which show varying degrees of acceleration
of the sculpture, the heterogeneous sculpture of the later
stages being sometimes carried upward upon the embryo.

I. Intervals between the narrow ribs smooth and glossy.

V. lioderma, no. 17.
II. Intervals between the ribs vertically striated.

a. Large forms, 13 to 20 mm. long, 3 to 4 wide, with
9 to lOV-i whorls; pale brown with reddish streaks
or clouding.

b. 19 to 21 narrow, irregular ribs on last whorl,
intervals with about 9 striae.

V. adamsiana, no. 9.

61. 30 to 33 ribs on last whorl, 5 to 8 striae in each
interval; last embryonic whorl with 4 or 5
stria; in intervals between riblets.

V. cliitiy<ina, no. 11.

I}2. About 20 ribs on last whorl, intervals with
minute waved strise ; embryonic whorls finely
costulate. V. davidensis, no. 10.

a1. Smaller forms, 7 to 14 mm. long, less than 3 wide.
6. Last whorl with 12 to 14 delicate lamellar ribs,
higher on the shoulder, intervals with 25 to
40 very fine strice.

c. 12 x 2.6 mm., 9 or 10 whorls, remotely
ribbed, strlate between the ribs, details
unknown. V. gossei, no. 12.

c1. Axis but slightly sinuous, 110 false umbili-
cus visible from the base.

V. gracilior, no. 14.

c2. Axis spiral, a false umbilicus visible in
basal view.

VARICELLA. 63

d. 8.75 x 1.5 mm., 9 flattened whorls.

V. osculans, no. 15.

cZ1. 9.9 x 2 mm., 8^ moderately convex
whorls. V. mandevillensis, no. 16.

61. Last whorl with stout ribs, intervals with about
22 fine striae 11.7 x 2.9 mm., whorls 9.

V. c. multistriata, no. 13e.

62. Usually with 20 to 30 delicate riblets on last
whorl, intervals with 8 to 13 striae.

V. costulata, no. 13.

9. V. ADAMSIANA (Cliitty). PI. 12, figs. 4, 5.

"Shell conic, very slender; ground color very light brown,
with rich dark umber transverse bands, light on the right
and becoming dark gradually on the left side. There are
three of the these bands, with the intervening light brown
on the last whorl. Upon the last 7 whorls these are very
strong rounded waving ribs, 20 on the last whorl, and de-
creasing in number upwards; these are decussated by nu-
merous spiral ridges. Beneath the ribs are very numerous
microscopic striae. The ribs of each whorl project over the
preceding one, causing the shell to be coronated. Above these
7 whorls, up to the apex the whorls are closely striated,
with much arcuated striae. Spiral outlines slightly convex.
Whorls 10Vi>> well convex, with a well impressed suture.
Aperture short, the upper part projecting angularly from the
whorl above: well rounded below, till it meets the columella
almost at right angles. Labrum sharp, constricted inwards
about one-third down. Columella rather straight, slender
and pointed. Divergence about 15°, length .8, breadth .14
[20x3.5 mm.]. (Cliitty}.

Jamaica: Swift River, St. George's (Chitty) ; Port Antonio
(Henderson); Richmond Vale (Mrs. E. M. Swainson) .

Achatina adam^iana CHITTY, Contrib. to Conch, p. 14
(Oct. 1853).— PFR., Monogr. iv, 610.

This is the largest species of its group. There are 3 em-
bryonic whorls, the first smooth, the next two closely rib-
etriate, the riblets a little oblique, narrower than their inter-

64 VARICELLA.

vals. On the last embryonic whorl the intervals show sev-
eral striae parallel to the riblets. The post-nepionic whorls
are sculptured with rather rude, waved or irregular, widely-
spaced riblets, 19 to 21 on the last whorl, the intervals with
about 9 coarse strias, also somewhat waved. There are also
numerous very low rounded spiral cords. The varices are
low and inconspicuous, whitish, more arcuate than the ribs,
each preceded by a reddish-brown stripe. The color else-
where is very pale brown.

Length 19.7, diam. 3.9, length apert. 5 mm. ; whorls 10y2.

Length 16, diam. 3.3, length apert. 4.3 mm. ; whorls 9%.

The specimen before me from Port Antonio is faded and
broken, and may have washed down from the mountains.

10. V. DAVIDENSIS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 14, figs. 34, 35.

One of the species labelled A. gossci in the C. B. Adams
collection is evidently not that form and seems to differ from
all known species. The dead shell is clouded with pale red-
dish brown and light ground, sculptured with stout, nearly
straight vertical ribs, the crests one-half mm. apa.rt at the
periphery of the last whorl. The intervals are very minutely
sculptured with waved stria? (fig. 35). AVhorls 9y>, the first
3y2 embryonic, more finely costulate. Aperture irregularly
pirif orm, the columella vertical, .obliquely truncate at its base.
Length 13, diam. 3 mm., aperture 4 mm. long.

Jamaica: St. David's (C. B. Adams), type in coll. Am-
herst College.

11. V. CHITTYANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 12, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell thin, pale brown, with faint traces of brown varix-
streaks, of the usual turrite shape, the outlines slightly con-
tracted near the apex, elsewhere straight or slightly convex.
Whorls 9 to 9V2, moderately convex. Embryonic shell of
3 to 3y2 whorls, the first one smooth, the rest sculptured
with well-spaced straight riblets, each interval with 4 or 5
parallel striae (pi. 14, fig. 33). Post-nepionic whorls with
similar sculpture, but the riblets are slightly waved or irre-
gular, 30 to 33 on the last whorl; the intervals have about

VARICELLA. 65

5 striae; and there are very weak spiral cords, almost obso-
lete. There are two or three slightly projecting varices on
the last whorl, distinguishable from ribs by their more arcu-
ate, sinuous shape. They are preceded by very faint brown
streaks. The last whorl is flattened peripherally. Aperture
slightly oblique; columella vertical, obliquely and narrowly
truncate at the base.

Length 16, diarn. 3.9, aperture 4.1 mm. ; whorls 9%.

Length 14, diam. 3.3, aperture 3.7 mm. ; whorls 91/4.

Length 14.9, diam. 3.2, aperture 4 mm. ; whorls 9l/3.

Jamaica (T. Bland). St. Davids (C. B. Ad-.).

This species is represented by several lots in the collec-
tion of the Academy, and also is in the Adams collection at
Aniherst. It is related to V. ada-msiana, but differs by the
much more numerous and less waved ribs, fewer and finer
striae in the intervals, and by the much more robust embryonic
shell, with stria? between the riblets throughout. In V.
cliittyana the last embryonic whorl has a diameter of fully
1.3 mm., while in adamsiana it hardly exceeds 1 mm. The
embryonic shell usually consists of 3l/s to 3i/> whorls, but
there is one sipecimen before me with only 2% whorls.

In the C. B. Adams collection there is a specimen of this
species, under the name A. gossei, from St. Davids. It dif-
fers slightly from my types in having 7 to 8 threads in each
intercostal interval, length 15, diam. 3.7, apert. 4 mm., whorls
91/3. The apex of this shell is figured, pi. 14, fig. 33.

There is also a form with longer whorls, and reaching a
larger size, usually with 6 to 8 striae in each interval, but with
the same number of 'primary riblets. A sipecimen measures,
length 20, diam. 3.75, aperture 4.9 mm., whorls

12. V. GOSSEI (Pfeiffer). PI. 14, fig. 31.

Shell subulate, thin, diaphanous, waxen, remotely ribbed,
very finely stria te vertically between the ribs on the last
whorl. Whorls 9 to 10, a little convex, the last slightly more
than one-fourth the total length. Columella oblique, reach-
ing to the base of the aperture, shortly truncate. Aperture
narrow, oblong; peristome simple, the right margin dilated

66 VARICELLA.

downwards. Length. 12, diam. 2.66, aperture 3.33 x 1.33 mm.
(P/r.).

Jamaica (Ph. Gosse in Ciiming 'coll.).

Achatina gossei PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 138; Monogr. ii,
267.— REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 20, f. 114.

Reeve's figure is copied. I have not identified this species.
It is smaller than V. chittyana with the same number of
whorls, and it seems to be more remotely ribbed than that
species. Pfeiffer's description is not sufficiently explicit con-
cerning the details of sculpture.

13. V. COSTULATA (C. B. Adams). PI. 13, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Shell small, conic, thin, diaphanous, brownish, with two
black-brown bands; suture deep. Whorls 8, subangular
above, furnished with very slender close riblets. Lip thin,
retracted below. Columella not very much arched. Diver-
gence 20 degrees. Length of spire .23; total length .335,
width .1 inch. [8.37 x 2.5 mm.]. (C. B. Ad.).

Jamaica :

Achatina costidata C. B. AD., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist,
ii, 1845, p. 13.— REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 20, f. 112 (March,
1850).— PER., Monogr. ii, 267; iii, 497; iv, 610; vi, 231.-
Achatina adamsii PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 138.

Figs. 10-12 represent a specimen received from Adams.
It measures, length 7.5, diam. 2.3 mm., whorls 71/o. The first
2y2 form a pupiform embryonic shell, which is about .9 mm.
in diameter at the last whorl. The initial half whorl is
smooth; then radial riblets set in, are rather 'coarse at first
but become closer on the last embryonic whorl. They are
nearly or about as wide as the intervals, are rounded and
smooth; the intervals are also smooth. The post-nepionic
whorls are all convex, the last somewhat less so but not flat-
tened. Sculpture is of regular, narrow and delicate vertical
riblets, reaching from suture to suture on the spire. On the
last whorl they disappear at the base, and number about
28. The intervals have 8 or 9 parallel strige, with no spiral
cords or stria. The varices are very low and inconspicuous.
The shell is corneous with curved, longitudinal chestnut

VARICELLA. 67

streaks, 3 or 4 on a whorl, and more or less disposed to form
longitudinal 'bands from whorl to whorl.

In some striped specimens of the same general appearance
there are more interstitial striae, 12 or 13 in each interval on
the last whorl.

13a, Var. fimbriatula, Pilsbry, n. v. PL 13, figs. 17, 21, 22.

Similar to var. striatapex in texture and color, but more
slender; the riblets persist upon the last whorl, where there
are 4 (or 3y> intervals) in the space of one mm., with 8 to
10 wavy striae in each interval (fig. 21). The apical whorls
are weakly ribbed and striate (pi. 13, fig. 22). Length 7.9,
diam. 2, aperture 2.2 mm. long, whorls 8y2.

Jamaica (coll. C. B. Adams).

13b. Var. pallidula Pils., n. v. PL 13, fig. 13.

The shell is very pale brown, without stripes. Sculpture
of fewer more widely spaced riblets, irregular and in part
subobsolete on the last whorl. Striae about as fine as in
costulata, but more numerous in each interval on account of
the wider intercostal spaces. There is a faint appearance
of spiral strioa, expressed in a slight crinkling of the striae.
Riblets and intervals of the embryonic shell smooth. Length
8.4, diam. 2.4 mm., whorls 8%.

Jamaica (coll. A. N. S. P.).

13-c. Var. STRIATAPEX Pilsbry, n. v. PL 13, figs. 15, 16, 19.

The shell has the last 3 whorls pinkish-corneous, the upper
ones buff. 2% embryonic whorls are finely ribbed and
densely striate over the ribs and intervals (pi. 13, figs. 15,
16). The next %y2 or 3 whorls have spaced riblets; then they
gradually become low and inconspicuo-us, decreasing to be
merely larger striae, on the last whorl about every 1 It'll being
larger, though it is difficult to make this out. The strige are
slightly waved, giving an appearance of faint spirals. Apical
riblets are stronger than in var. fimbriatula. Length 9, diam.
2.6, aperture 3 mm.

Jamaica (C. B. Adams coll.).

68 VARICELLA.

13d. Var. longa Pilsbry, n. v. PL 13, fig. 20.

Shell long and slender, pale brown with dark red-brown
streaks. Three embryonic whorls long, the first half-whorl
smooth, the rest closely sculptured with arcuate, slightly flat
riblets wider than their intervals. Subsequent whorls with
strong riblets, arcuate above, about 24 on the last whorl,
where their intervals have 9 or 10 stria?, and show very low,
weak spiral 'Cords. Aperture long and narrow. Varices in-
conspicuous, pale, preceded by a dark streak, two or three on
a whorl. The last two whorls are somewhat flattened, the
earlier ones convex. Suture deeply impressed. Length 10.3,
diam. 2.6 mm., aperture 3 mm. ; whorls 8y^.

Jamaica (S. L. Sclmmo). Type 75717 A. N. S. P.

Colored like V. costulata, but with much heavier riblets
and longer whorls.

13e. Var. MULTISTRIATA Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 13, figs. 14, 18.

The shell is pale yellowish-brown with a few dark dull-
red streaks. The surface has a golden gleam in a strong
light. There are three embryonic whorls, the first half-whorl
smooth, the rest very finely rib-striate, the intervals smooth
between the riblets (fig. 18) ; then six ribbetl whorls follow.
The ribs are arched above, rather stout, but very much nar-
rower than their intervals. On the front of the last whorl
there are about 2% intervals in 1 mm., or in other words, the
distance from crest to crest of the ribs is about .36 mm.
There are about 22 wavy stria? in each interval. Length 11.7,
diam. 2.9, aperture 3.6 mm.

Jamaica (C. B. Adams coll.).

Very much like var. longa, but there are tAvice as many
stria? in the intervals between the ribs on the last whorl.
Fig. 14 is ^merely in outline.

14. V. GRACILIOR (C. B. Adams). PI. 12, fig. 8.

"Shell conoidal, but very slender: pale horn color: with
about twelve transverse oblique slightly prominent lamelloid
ridges, which are more distinct next below the suture : apex
rather acute: spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear:

VARICELLA. 69

whorls eleven, a little 'Convex, with a distinct suture : aper-
ture ovate, very acute above, retreating below on both sides,
but less on the left side : labrum thin : 'Columella moderately
arcuated and truncated. Mean 'divergence about 9° ; length
of spire .43 inch; total length .55 inch; breadth .09 inch."
[13.75 x 2.25 mm.]. (Adams).

Jamaica: (Adams) ; Ipswich and Williamsfield (J. B. Hen-
derson).

Achatina gracilior C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 7, p.
104 (April, 1850).— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 503; iv, 616; vi, 237.

This species is related to V. costulata but differs by its more
slender shape, widely spaced ribs and the excessively minute
interstitial striation.

No specimen agreeing fully with Adams' description has
been found in his collection. The single shell under the
name gmcilior (pi. 12, fig. 8) is broken and in bad condition,
measuring 11.1 x 2 mm., with 91/! whorls. It originally had
about one-ifourth of a whorl more. The first half whorl is
smooth, next 21/£ are closely obliquely striate; then follows
the very widely spaced rib-sculpture of the adult stage. The
ribs have been worn from the later whorls, only faint vestiges

remaining.

Specimens from Williamsfield, a place about 15 miles north
of Savanna-la-Mar, (pi. 12, fig. 9), and from Ipswich, in the
Henderson collection, seem to be referable to gracilior. One
from the former locality measures 8.8 x 2.1 mm., with 8
whorls. The ribs are nearly obsolete on the last whorl. On
the penult whorl there are 25 striae in the intervals. An
Ipswich shell has the ribs better developed, 12 or 13 on the
last whorl, with 36 interstitial stride. In these shells the
columella is moderately arcuate, and weakly truncate at base.
No false-umbilicus is visible in a basal view. In an oblique
view, as in pi. 12 fig. 8, where the last whorl has been partly
broken away, the columel'lar margin appears nearly straight.

The internal axis is slender and only moderately sinuous.
It is drawn (pi. 14, fig. 27) from a shell 8 mm. long with
8y2 whorls, and 'having about 40 striae in the intervals on
the last whorl.

70 VARICELLA.

15. V. OBCULANS (C. B. Adams).

"Shell conoidal, but very slender; dull horn color; with
about fourteen transverse oblique rather prominent laimelloid
ridges, which are somewhat arcuated with the convexity for-
wards : apex rather obtuse : spire with the outlines rectilinear,
except near the apex : whorls nine, flattened or concave along
the middle, with a well impressed suture: aperture ovate,
very narrow and acute above, retreating much below on both
sides: columella subsipiral, distinctly truncated in a young
shell, indistinctly so in an old one, with the edge somewhat
dilated, so as to resemble a Spiraxis. Mean divergence about
9°; length of spire .28 inch; total length .35 inch; breadth
.06 inch." [8.75 x 1.5 mm.] . (Adams).

Jamaica (C. B. Adams).

Achatina osculans C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 7, p.
104 (April, 1850).

I did mot find this species in the Adams collection at
Amherst. Cf. V. mandevillcnsis.

16. V. MANDEVILLENSIS n. sp. PL 12, figs. 6, 7 ; pi. 14, fig. 28.

The shell is very slender, pale brown or almost corneous,
thin, composed of about 8l/2 moderately 'convex whorls parted
by a deeply cut suture. The first 2% whorls are embryonic,
first % whorl smooth, the next 2 obliquely striate, the stris
smooth and about the width of the intervals. The rest of the
whorls have widely spaced, slender and acute ribs, 12 or 13
on the last whorl, 'weakening below and obsolete at the base.
There are also two low sigmoid varices. The intervals have
a silky appearance, being sculptured with 35 to 40 minute,
thread-like strise. The aperture is quite -oblique, piriform,
the basal margin retracted. Parietal margin slightly con-
vex ; icolumella somewhat concave, and weakly, obliquely trun-
cate at the base. Axis (pi. 14, fig. 28) spirally ascending,
a central hole or "false umbilicus" being more or less obvious
in a basal view. Length 9.9, diam. 2 mm., whorls 8%.

Jamaica: Mandeville (J. B. Henderson).

This beautiful species is closely related to T7. gracilior in
sculpture and shape, but differs by its spirally ascending

VARICELLA. 71

columellar axis. The columella is more concave than in
V. gracilior. It is probably allied to V. osculans, but is
somewhat larger with fewer whorls.

Fig. 7 represents the type. Another shell (pi. 12, fig. 6),
exact locality unknown, has the ribs quite high, especially
just below the suture, nine standing on the last whorl,
intervals with 35 slightly <crimped striae. The columella is
quite strongly concave and the false-umbilicus comparatively
large.

17. V. LIODERMA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 14, fig. 37.

The shell is conic-turrite, thin, pale subtransparent brown,
with a few -curved reddish longitudinal streaks, about two
on each whorl. 3i/o whorls form the densely rib-striate em-
bryonic shell. 4!/o post-embryonic whorls are very convex
below the suture, very glossy, sculptured with widely spaced
white ribs, which are high and strong on the rounded shoul-
der, but weaken rapidly downwards, barely reaching the
suture below, and 'obsolete on the base of the last whorl.
There are 9 ribs on the last whorl. The polished intervals
are faintly striatulate, but without distinct stride. There
are one or two very weakly raised varices on each of the
later whorls. The aperture is narrowly ovate, narrow above
and below ; columella vertical, curving into the parietal mar-
gin, strongly truncated obliquely at the base. Length 9,
diam. 2.8, length of aperture 3 mm.

Jamaica. Type 2941 A. N. S. P.; Montpelier (J. B. Hen-
derson).

This species is readily recognized by the entire absence of
thread-like strdce in the intercostal spaces, which are polished
and show only faint wrinkles under a compound microscope.
None of the specimens examined is mature. Probably a full
grown shell would measure 2 or 3 mm. more in length.

Species of Trinidad and Panama.

The following species seem to belong to the V. gracillima
group. V. coronata was based on a single shell, which later
was supposed by G-uppy to be introduced. Bulimus fimbria-
tus Fortbes was collected during the voyage of the Herald and
Pandora. The shells brought back were, it is notorious, often

72

VARICELLA.

wrongly localized. Forbes himself seems to doubt the as-
signed habitat of B. finibriatus, writing of it as "less certain
as to exact locality, though contained in a box labelled
'Panama.' "

18. V. CORONATA ( Guppy) .

"Shell obsoletely rimate, subulate, fusiformly cylindrical,
white, adorned by low, distant, somewhat sinuate, longitu-
dinal riblets, of which there are about eighteen on a whorl;
whorls 8-9, scarcely convex, the upper ones step-like, slowly
increasing, the lower ones nearly equal; the last somewhat
narrowed; aperture narrow; peristome simple, its margins
joined by a narrow callus on the body-whorl. Length 7,
width 2, aperture 1.25 x .5 mm." (Guppy).

Trinidad, a single specimen, probably introduced (Guppy).

Stenogyra coronata GUPPY, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist.
4 Ser., i, p. 439 (June, 1868) ; Proc. Sci. Asso. Trinidad
1869, p. 239 ; Journ. of Conch, vii, p. 231.— TATE, Ann. Mag.
4 Ser., iv, 1869, p. 356. — Bulimus coronatus Guppy, PFR.
Monogr. viiii, p. 141.

"Allied to S. gmcillima Pfr., Cuba." "Of Stenogyra
coronata I never saw but one example, and believe it must
have been accidentally introduced" (Guppy). Tate has re-
ported the species with doubt from St. Lucia.

19. V. FIMBRIATA (Forbes). PI. 14, fig. 36.

Shell imperforate, subulate, thin, sculptured with subarcu-
ate longitudinal ribs with close parallel lines in the interstices
of the ribs; reddish-brown. Suture impressed. Whorls 7
to 8, tumid, the last slightly more than one-third the total
length, obsoletely carinate below the middle. Colurnella
nearly simple, forming an angle at the base of the aperture.
Aperture suboval, peristome simple. Length 9, diarn. 2,
aperture 2x1 mm. (Forbes).

Panama (Herald & Pandora exped.).

Bulimus fimbriatus FORBES, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1850,
p. 56, pi. 9, f. 7. — PFR., Monogr. iii, 394. — Melaniclla fim-
briata Forbes, MARTENS, Biologia Centr. Amer. Moll., p. 324.

The locality has not been confirmed. The shell seems to
stand near Cuban species.

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 73

Section VARICELLULA Pilsbry, n. sect.

Slender, mostly small Varicellas with even sculpture of
close rib-striae, and straightened columella with weak, oblique
basal truncation. There are about 2^ embryonic whorls, the
first y~2 to 1l/2 whorls smooth; outer lip simply arcuate.
Type V. blandiana.

These forms resemble Pichardiella by their slender -contour,
weak columellar truncation and accelerated sculpture, which
has extended over the greater part of the embryonic shell;
but they differ by the even, homogeneous sculpture of the
neanic and adult stages, more like Varicella s. str. All the
species are Jamaican.

Key to species.

I. Shell about 22 x 6 mm., sculptured with rather coarse rib-

strise as wide as their intervals, nearly 5 in one mm. on

the last whorl. V. costulosa, no. 25.

II. Small, thin and delicate forms, less than 16 mm. long,

with 7 to 10 stria? in one mm. on the last whorl.

a. Shell corneous, without, dark streaks, with sculpture
of even low rounded riblets wider than their inter-
vals; about 7l/2 whorls, the first li/o smooth.
b. About 7.8 x 2 mm., 10 riblets in one mm.

V. tenena, no. 24.
ft1. About 8.5 x 1.9 mm., 7 riblets in one mm.

V. t. roperi, no. 24a.

a1. Shell with dark varix-streaks or subsutural spots,
10 to 16 mm. long.

&. Riblets 7 in one mm., separated by spaces twice
as wide as the riblets. . V. proxima, no. 22.
61. Riblets as wide as the intervals or wider.

c. Suture puckered, the riblets arcuate be-
low it, about 9 in one mm.

V. blandiana, no. 21.

c1. Suture simple, the riblets straight, about
7 in one mm.

74 VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

d. Last whorls with dark streaks; shell
about 12 x 3.25 mm.

V. propinqua, no. 20.
d1. Later whorls with subsutural spots;
shell 10x3 to 13.1x3.1 nun., with
6y2 to 7y2 whorls.

V. puclla, no. 23.

20. V. PROPINQUA (C. B. Adams). PL 10, fig. 47.

"Related to the preceding species [V. phillipsii], perhaps
a variety of it; 'but the shell is sculptured with close longi-
tudinal lines, without ian inf rasutural line ; whorls 6 ; colu-
niella straight. Divergence 18 'degrees. Length of the spire
.32 inch.; total length of the shell .48, width .13 inch" (Ad,).
[Length 12, diam. 3.25 mm.].

Jamaica.

Achatina propinqua C. B. A., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. ii,
p. 13 (1845).

The type specimen (pi. 10, fig. 47) is in rather poor con-
dition, having holes broken in the last two whorls, and the
outer lip is imperfect. It is 12 mm. long, a trifle over three
wide. It has straight vertical striae, not oblique or sigmoid,
about 7 in a mm. on the front of the last whorl. The suture
is hardly crenulated.

21. V. BLANDIANA (C. B. Adams). PL 10, figs. 48, 49.

"Shell regularly conic, but very slender: very pale brown
or horn, with very dark brown transverse broad bent stripes,
about three on each whorl, less distinct on the upper whorls,
and wanting on the nuclear whorls : with rather fine regular
transverse striae; rather thickly and very finely crenulated
at 'the upper margin of the whorls1: apex moderately obtuse,
smooth on the first whorl : spire very long, with the outlines
rectilinear: whorls nine, moderately convex, slightly and
acutely shouldered above, with a well impressed suture : aper-
ture rather long-ovate, small: lab rum sharp, very thin: colu-
mella nearly straight. This species is most nearly allied to
A. propinqua. Mean divergence about 16°; length .62 inch;

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 75

breadth .135 inch; length of aperture .16 inch." (Adams}.

Jamaica: West of Port Antonio, Williamisfield and be-
tween MJandeville and Spurtree Hill (Henderson).

Achatina blandiana 'C. B. A., Contrib. 'to Conch, no 5, p.
83 (1850).

The type shell in Adams' collection is 15.5 mm. long with
9 whorls, the last one broken. I figure a specimen agreeing
with it (figs. 48, 49). The riblets are as wide as their inter-
vals and at the suture they partially unite in groups of two
or three, forming little prominences along the suture (fig. 49),
which though more or less conspicuous in different individ-
uals, are very characteristic of the species. The riblets are
distinctly arcuate below the suture, elsewhere oblique and
straight, about 9 in a mm. on the last whorl. There are two
or three varix-lines on each of the later whorls, each pre-
ceded by a conspicuous chestnut streak which recedes as it
nears the suture above. These streaks are more conspicuous
in the type than in most other lots of blandiana I have seen.
The first half whorl is smooth, fine stria? beginning on the
second. The upper part of the spire is rather attenuate.
The locality of this typical form is unknown.

Many other specimens in the 'collections of the Academy
and Henderson differ by the much less broad and conspicu-
ous brown streaks and somewhat smaller size, one from
Spurtree Hill measuring, length 13.5, diam. 3.5, length of
aperture 4.1 mm., with 8% whorls. They are rather pale
brown, with a whitish border on each side of the chestnut
streaks.

22. V. PROXIMA (C. B. Adams). PI. 10, figs. 50, 51, 52.

"Shell conic but slender: very pale brown or horn color;
with dark brown transverse stripes, about three on each
whorl, less distinct on the upper whorls: with fine regular
transverse small elevated lamellae : apex moderately obtuse,
smooth on the nuclear whorls: spire long, with the outline
nearly rectilinear : whorls eight, planulate, abruptly shoul-
dered above, with a rather deep suture : aperture small, ovate :
labrum 'thin and sharp : columella nearly straight. This shell

76 VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

resembles A. blandiana. Its divergence in the upper whorls
is less than in that shell, but its mean divergence is greater.
Mean divergence about 18°; length .385 inch; breadth .095
inch; length of aperture .11 inch." (Adams).

Jamaica: near Swift River head, Portland (C. B. A.).
Swift River (Fox) ; West of Port Antonio (Henderson).

Achatina proximo, C. B. A., Oontrib. to Conch, no. 9, p.
167 (April, 1851).

The figures represent the best specimen of Adams' type
lot, measuring, length 12, diam. 3, aperture 3.6 mm., whorls
8. There are four red-brown streaks on the last whorl, the
next to the last one accompanying a distinct varix, the base
of which shows in the figure. The first half whorl is smooth ;
following whorl with narrow radial grooves not reaching the
suture below, and parted by flat intervals ; the next whorl is
vertically striate, and the rest ribbed; the riblets are parted
by intervals of twice their own width. On the last whorl
there are 7 riblets in one mm. The aperture is subvertical,
the outer lip a little expanded, blunt, equably arched for-
ward in the middle ; basal lip somewhat retracted and broadly
rounded. Parietal callus moderately developed. This species
is readily separable from the related V. Uandiana by the
wider intercostal spaces and more attenuate spire, the dia-
meter at the second or third whorl being decidedly greater
in Uandiana.

23. V. PUELLA (C. B. Adams). PI. 10, figs. 53, 54.

"Shell ovate fusiform, much elongated: subtransparent,
pale brownish yellow, with brown transverse stripes, which are
very narrow except at their summits, where they are much
dilated and are very deeply colored ; there are on each whorl
four or five of these stripes except near the apex : varicose
coincidently with the brown stripes ; with rather fine regular
transverse striae : apex rather obtuse, with rather more than
one whorl smooth : spire rather long, with the outlines a
little curvilinear: whorls eight, moderately convex, with a
well impressed suture: aperture rather long ovate, narrow
and very acute above : labrum sharp and thin : columella

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 77

nearly straight, but little 'truncated. Mean divergence about
19°; length .53 inch; 'breadth .125 inch; length of aperture
.17 inch." (Adams.}

Jamaica.

Achatina puella C. B. AD., Contrib. to Conch, no. 5, p. 83
(1850).— PFR., Monogr. iii, 504; Conchyl. Gab. p. 366, pi. 43,
f. 17-20 (very bad).

Two cotypes are figured, since Adams' description was
drawn from several individuals. His measurements apply
to the largest example in the type lot (fig. 54), while the
coloration was described from the better colored smaller
shells. The specimens figured measure

Length 13.1, diam. 3.1, aperture 4 mm., whorls 71/o.

Length 10, diam. 3 mm., whorls 6^/2-

The first whorl is smooth. The striation is coarser than
in V. blandiana, and the striae are straighter. The streaks
are paler, often so pale that only the chestnut subsutural
spots are noticeable. The columella is nearly straight in an
oblique view in the 'aperture, and very obliquely excised
basally.

The relations of this species to V. propinqua need further
investigation. They are very closely allied, and I doubt
whether a specific distinction should be maintained.

24. V. TENERA (C. B. Adams). PL 10, fig. 56.

"Shell elongate, somewhat conic: horn color: with numer-
ous well impressed regular transverse stria? : apex subacute :
spire with the outlines a little convex : whorls seven and
one-half, scarcely convex, somewhat shouldered above, with
a well impressed suture ; aperture ovate, acute above : la-
brum thin, slightly advanced in the upper half, retreating
below : columella moderately curved, distinctly truncated.
Mean divergence about 14°; length of spire .21 inch; total
length .3 inch; breadth .075 inch." (Adams).

Jamaica.

Achatina tenera C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 7, p. 104
(April, 1850). — PFR., Monogr. iii, 497. — ? Nameless in REEVE,
Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus pi. 84, fig. 121 (1849).

78 VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

This species was based on a single specimen drawn in fig.
56. It measures 7.8 mm. long, 2 wide, aperture 2.4 mm.
long, with fully 7l/2 whorls. The first 1^2 whorls are smooth,
the second whorl being somewhat disproportionately high.
The sculpture is very even, of straight, low, rounded, riblets
or plaits, 'wider than their interstices, about 10 in a mm. on
the last whorl. There are three very inconspicuous varix-
lines or growth-arrest lines, on the last whorl. The aperture
is slightly oblique, the outer lip arched forward in the
middle. Columella subvertical, somewhat ^concave above,
curving into the parietal margin, obliquely truncate at the
base.

24a. Var. ROPERI n. subsp. PI. 10, fig. 55.

Specimens from Porus, Richmond Vale, and several lots
without exact locality, differ from Adams' type by the more
slender 'contour; narrower aperture, shorter columella and
coarser sculpture, there being but 7 folds in one mm. on the
last whorl. The first whorl only is smooth. One from Porus
figured measures, length 8.5, diam. 1.9, length of aperture
2.1 mm. ; whorls 714.

In basal view a minute axial perforation or false-umbilicus
may be seen, as in V. Icvis.

Porus (Edw. W. Roper) ; Richmond Vale (Mrs. E. M.
Swainson).

V. tcnera is not closely related to the preceding forms. It
stands between them and the group of V. coclilidmni.

25. V. COSTULOSA (C. B. Adams). PI. 7, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17.

"Shell conic, turrited: translucent, very pale brownish
horn color, darker at the varices : with the surface apparently
striated, but having on each whorl about seventy small ap-
proximate regular ribs- ; but the nuclear whorls are smooth ;
with rather indistinct varices, of which there are two or three
on each whorl: apex rather obtuse; spire with the outlines
nearly rectilinear, except near the apex : whorls nearly nine,
moderately convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture
broadly ovate : labrum not advanced along the middle, much

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 79

reflected in the lower half: columella moderately produced,
nearly straight., well truncated. Mean divergence about 20° ;
length of spire .65 inch; total length .86 inch; 'breadth .27
inch." (Adams.)

Jamaica: Pedro, St. Ann's (J. S. Hyde, in Adams coll.).

Achatina costulosa C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 6, p.
102 (March, 1850).

Typical specimens, agreeing exactly with Adams ' types, are
figured on plate 7. The first 1% whorls are smooth. Then
rib-striae of the adult type abruptly appear. Sometimes the
first two or three riblets after the smooth apex, do not ex-
tend to the suture below. The riblets are as wide as the
intervals, nearly five in a mm. on the last whorl. The later
whorls have about three inconspicuous varices, which are not
preceded by brown streaks, at least in the "deiad" specimens
an collections I have seen. The outer lip is nearly in a plane,
but weakly arched forward. The columella is very short,
curving into the parietal wall above, obliquely truncate at
base. Length 22, diam. 6, aperture 6.4 mm., whorls 8l/2-

V. costulosa seems to be rare. I have never seen a fresh
adult shell. There is a fresh young one in the Adams col-
lection, of a clear corneous tint, translucent at the smooth
base and apex.

This species is not closely related to the preceding, yet it
seems nearer to them than to the typical section of Varicella.

Section VARICELLARIA Pilsbry, n. sect.

First i/o to li/o whorls smooth; neanic and mature stages
regularly ribbed or rib-striate, the intervals as wide as the
stride ; columella distinctly truncate at base. Type V. procera.

All of the species are from Jamaica.

The forms which are ribbed almost to the apex seem quite
distinct from typical Varicella as the acute Strebel has al-
ready noticed; yet all stages in the acceleration of rib-sculp-
ture are to be found in the several species, so that the taxo-
nomic value of the character in this case is not great.

Key to species.
I. First i/o to % of a whorl smooth, the rest ribbed.

80

VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

a. Outer lip angular, base deeply receding, columella
strongly twisted.

6. Solid, tiirrite, ribs coarse, 2 in one mm. ; length.

about 30 mm. V. procera, no. 26.

&1. Ribs finer, 4% to 7 in one mm.; length 20 to

25 mm. V. grijftthii, no. 27.

a1. Outer 'lip convex, not angular; 'columella vertical,

•straightened, a concave zone ait periphery; length

15 to 20 mm. V. ligata, no. 28.

II. First whorl smooth, then fine riblets gradually begin;

aperture nearly half the total length; outer lip arched

forward.

a. Marked with bold wedge-shaped stripes; 3 riblets
in one mm. V. pliilippiana, no. 29.

'/'. Stripes narrower; 5 to 7 riblets in one mm.

V. p. elegans, no. 30.

III. First whorl smooth, the second and third with rather
widely spaced grooves; aperture not much more than
one-third the total length; lip arched forward near the
base; columella short and straight; 3 spots in place of
a varix-streak. V. jamaicensis, no. 30.

26. V. PROCERA (C. B. Adams). PI. 7, figs. 1-5.

Adams' type lot consists of 18 specimens, wholly similar
to those drawn in my figs. 3, 4. The species is readily known
by its large size and turrite shape, the very prominent angle
of the outer lip, deeply excised basal lip, ajtid sinuous colu-
mella. The first half -whorl is smooth.; then, begin regular
riblets. The limit of the nepionic period is not marked by
any change of sculpture, but possibly is indicated by the first
colored streak, which is at the end of 3% whorls. Very weak
traces of icoarse spiral stria? are usually visible on the last
whorl.

Jamaica.

Acliatina procera C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 2, p. 24
(Oct. 1849).

27. V. GRIFFITHII (C. B. Adams). PI. 7, figs. 6, 7.

"Shell thin, diaphanous, pale brownish, ornamented with

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 81

a few distant 'black-brown longitudinal lines; whorls
with, an impressed infrasutural line, costulate,' the costulae
very close, not much raised, and rounded. Aperture elon-
gate, acute above, somewhat channelled below; lip thin, an-
gular in the middle, strongly retracted below; columella
strongly twisted. Divergence 28°, length of spire .46, total
length of shell .81, diam. .275 inch." (Ad.).

Jamaica.

Achatina griffithsii C. B. A., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p.
14 (1845). — REEVE, Conch. Icon. v. Achatina, pi. 15, f. 64.—
A. griffithii, C. B. Ad., Contrib. to Conch, no. 8, p. 129
(1851).

Three examples of the typical form are preserved in the
Amherst collection, besides a set of 5 and another of 15 speci-
mens representing varieties.

The first half whcrl is smooth; the following whorl is
coarsely costulate, and the next whorl more finely so. The
nepionic stage terminates ait 2~y2 whorls, but the neanic scuip-
ure is similar to the preceding whorl. On the last whor?
the riblets are fine, rounded and 'dose, equal to the intervals,
seven in a mm. (fig. 7). There are generally three varices
on the last whorl, the last two projecting a little. They are
preceded by narrow brown streaks which are interrupted at
the periphery and very narrow below it. The last half of
the last whorl is constricted in the middle, the rib-strias
waving forward there. The lip projects angularly and is
thickened in the middle, excised and receding below the angle.
The columella is very strongly twisted, as in V. procera.

Var. chittyi, n. v. PI. 7 figs. 8, 9.

Somewhat larger than V. griffitliii, 'with coarser striation,
about 4% to 5 strise in a mm. on the last whorl; riblets of
second whorl coarser. Lip generally not so strongly angu-
lar, and the columella is less contorted. Whitish corneous,
with somewhat bolder stripes than typical griffithii. Length
23.7, diam. 8, aperture 10.5 mm., whorls 8y2.

Jamaica, type no. 2915 coll. A. N. S. Specimens were
taken by Mr. Henderson at Mulgrave and Montpelier. A

82 VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

series of 15 is in the Adams collection at Amherst, and sev-
eral other lots without exact locality are -before me.

Var. ischna n. v. PL 7, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13.

More slender and lengthened than V. griffithii, with some-
what coarser striation, 5 or 6 strife in a mm. on the last
whorl, and more whorls. Length 21.2, diam. 6, aperture 9
mm., whorls O1/^.

Jamaica, type no. 2914 A. N. S. Specimens from Mt.
Diablo, in coll. Henderson, are less slender, length 22, diam.
7, aperture 9.8 mm. (fig. 13). Similar shells were taken by
him at Bog "Walk. This variety is also represented in the
Adams collection. A specimen was figured for V. ligata in
Vol. I, pi. 3, f. 7.

28. V. LIGATA (C. B. Adams). PL 11, figs. 57, 58.

"Shell elongate, subconic, with a broad deep constriction
•around the middle of the last whorl ; pale brown, with dark
'brown narrow transverse stripes, which are sometimes nearly
obsolete, of which there are about three on each whorl, ex-
cept on the first three or four, which have none; varicate at
the last one or two brown stripes, with rather fine crowded
transverse striaa; spire with the outlines moderately convex;
apex small ; whorls about seven and one half, a little convex
with a well impressed suture; aperture long, much modified
by the intrusion of the labrum at the constriction of the last
whorl; labrum thickened at the constriction; columella a
little twisted and arcuated. Mean divergence 24° ; length
.68 inch; breadth .195 inch; length of aperture .26 inch."
( Adams} .

Jamaica.

Achtit-ina ligata C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 2, p. 25
(Oct. 1849).

The Adams collection contains a lot of ten specimens, of
which three are young. There are two varieties represented,
a more slender (typical) and a larger, stouter form. A
specimen agreeing so closely with the original measurements
that it must be the type, is figured, pi. 11, fig. 58 ; length 17,

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 83

diam. 5 ; aperture 6.1 mm., whorls 8l/3. The constriction of
the last whorl is confined to its later half. Each of the last
three whorls has three narrow 'brown streaks. The first half
whorl at the apex is smooth. The outer lip is prominent
'below the middle, but is not angular there, and projects for-
ward less than in V. griffithii ischna. This is the chief dis-
tinction between the two forms. The co'lumella in ligata is
vertical, nearly straight, curving into the parietal wall above,
and obliquely truncated toasally. Tryon's figure intended
for V. ligata was drawn from a specimen of V. griffithii
isclina.

There is a small, pale corneous form, with very incon-
spicuous brown streaks, and a deep and conspicuous concave
zone around the whole last whorl. Specimens from Mande-
vi'lle (Henderson coll.) are figured, pi. 8, figs. 33, 34, 35.
One measures, length 15, diam. 4.7, aperture 6 mm., whorls

Another form in the Adams collection is larger, more ro-
bust than typical V. ligata, with slightly coarser striation.
Length 20.7, diam. 6.5, aperture 8 mm., whorls 8y2 (pi. 8,
fig. 36 ; pi. 11, fig. 57) . This form differs from V. griffithii
and its varieties by the depressed, concave zone of the last
half of the last whorl, and the curved but not angular outer
lip.

Group of V. pliilippiana.

29. V. PHILIPPIANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 8, figs. 21-27.

The shell is whitish-corneous, boldly painted with reddish-
brown stripes, widest above, and interrupted in the middle
on the last whorl. There are generally 3 to 5 of these broad
stripes on the last whorl. The first whorl is smooth ; rib-
striaB then appear, becoming gradually stronger and coarser.
At the end of 3y2 whorls there is a streak and varix, prob-
ably indicating the extent of the embryonic shell (fig. 24).
The rib-stria3 are very regular and beautiful on the later
whorls, the riblets and intervals being equal. On the last
there are about 3 riblets in a mm. The whorls, especially
the last, are swollen just below the suture. The last whorl

84 VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

is flattened and tapers slightly downwards 'below the sub-
sutural inflation. The suture is very narrowly channelled.
The outer lip is very slightly arched forward below the
middle, basal lip somewhat receding. The columeJlla is very
strongly twisted. Large examples measure, length 31, diam.
11.5, aperture 14.7 mm. ; whorls 9i/3.

There is some variation in sculpture. A specimen from
Mulgrave (figs. 26, 27) has coarser riblets than most others
examined.

Jamaica: Grand Vale, a sugar estate near Kilmarnock
(Gosse) ; Maroontown and "Westmoreland (E. Chitty in coll.
C. B. Adams); Mulgrave (J. B. Henderson).

Acliatina philippiana PFR., Symboke ad Hist. Hel. iii, p.
90, no. 402, 1846; Monogr. ii, p. 291. — REEVE, Conch. Icon.
v, pi. 14, f. 49. — GOSSE, A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica,
p. 124.

The habitat of Pfeiffer's type from the Cuming coll. was
unknown, but Ph. Gosse, returning from Jamaica about the
time of its description, brought specimens from Grand Vale.

29a. Var. elegans (C. B. Adams). PI. 8, figs. 28, 29, 30.

Smaller than V. pliilippiana, less swollen below the suture,
with the chestnut stripes narrower. The striation is de-
cidedly finer than in philippiana, there being five stria in a
mm. on the last whorl.

Length 23.5, diam. 9, aperture 11 mm.

Length 28.5, diam. 9.7, aperture 12.5 mm.

Figures 28, 29 are from a specimen received from Adams,
and agreeing fully with his type lot at Amherst. A larger,
more boldly marked shell, typical in sculpture, is drawn in
fig. 30. This variety occurs in Manchester.

Acliatina elegans C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch. 2, p. 25
(1849).

Finely striate form. At Mandeville and Bog Walk Mr.
Henderson collected some remarkably handsome specimens,
of a tawny color, with dark but narrow chestnut stripes, and
more numerous striae, nearly seven in a mm. on the last
whorl (pi. 8, figs. 31, 32 Mandeville).

VARICELLA, JAMAICA, HAITI. 85

Group of V. jamaicensis.

The narrow, widely separated grooves of the second and
third whorls are a peculiar feature of this group.

30. V. JAMAICENSIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 7, figs. 18, 19, 20.

The first whorl is smooth; the second and third vertically
grooved, the grooves narrow, separated by low, wide and
rather flat riblets. At the end of the third whorl these give
place abruptly to the strong angular ribs of the neanic and
adult stages (fig. 18). These ribs are equal to their inter-
vals, and straight except on the last whorl, where they curve
forward below the periphery. There are about 3 ribs in 1
mm., on the last whorl. On each of the later whorls1 there
are about three varices. Those on the spire are marked by
two, on the last whorl by three brown spots. Columella short
and straight, obliquely truncate.

Length 23, diam. 7.4, aperture 8 mm.; whorls 9y2.

Length 19, diam. 6.4, aperture 6.5 mm.; whorls 8%.

Jamaica: Bluefields (Gosse).

Achatina jamaicensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 137 ; Monogr.
ii, p. 290.

Section VARICELLOPSIS Pilsbry, n. sect.

Varicellas of moderate or large size, with sculpture of ver-
tical riblets and spiral grooves; varices and outer lip nearly
straight, not angular or otherwise specialized in the sub-
peripheral region. Embryonic shell of 3% whorls, with the
initial % whorl smooth, the rest finely eostulate; post-em-
bryonic sculpture coarser. Type V. peruviana.

This group is probably -confined to Haiti, but the locality
of V. peruviana is still unknown. The type, V. peruviana,
resembles Jamaican forms of the section Varicellaria.

Two species are grouped here, V. peruviana with coarse
costulae and deeply cut suture, and V. richardi, a form with
much finer sculpture.

31. V. PERUVIANA (Lamarck). Vol. I, p'l. 11, fig. 97.

The first y2 to % whorl is smooth; the next 2y2 whorls
are finely striate vertically, the • whole embryonic shell ap-
parently consisting of nearly 3y2 whorls. Then the ribbed

86 VARICELLA, HAITI.

neanic stage begins with occasional red-brown streaks. There
are a few very inconspicuous vardces on the later whorls
(3 on the last). The surface is marked with impressed spiral
lines. The suture is channelled more conspicuously than in
V. procera, and the internal axis is very sinuous.

Achatina peruviana LAM., Anim. s. Vert, vi, pi. 2, p. 132
(April 1822).— DELESSERT, Rec. de Coq. pi. 28, f. 5.— PFR.,
Monogr. ii, p. 294. — REEVE, C. Icon, v, pi. 14, f. 57. — Helix
pretiosa Fer., Prodr. no. 362 bis, Histoire, pi. 135, f. 4.—
Streptostyla peruviana Pfr., Nomencl. Hel. Viv. p. 13.—
TRYON, Man. Conch, i, p. 43.

Although credited to Peru, this species may turn out to
be from Haiti or possibly Jamaica. It was one of the Dom-
bey shells described by Lamarck, and still remains an ex-
tremely rare species. It is known to me by an imperfect
example in coll. A. N. S. P.

32. V. RICHARDI (Pfeiffer). Vol. I, p. 43, pi. 11, figs. 85, 86.

A rather thin shell with sculpture of close longitudinal
folds, obsolete below the middle, and having close spiral
lines throughout. It has angular irregular streaks of chest-
nut, and brown spots. The outer lip is somewhat arcuate.
Length 28, diam. 11 mm., whorls 7.

Barahona, Santo Domingo (Salle). Cf. Crosse. Journ. de
Oonchyl. 1891, p. 102, who places the species in Streptostyla.
I have not seen specimens.

Section VARICELLIDEA Pilsbry, n. sect.

Large forms with rough, coarsely reticulate sculpture of
vertical folds and spiral grooves, the varices and outer lip
almost straight in profile view; spire long; columella abruptly
truncate at the base. Characters of the embryonic whorls
unknown. Type V. texta.

The shells of this Haitian group have sculpture somewhat
like a loosely woven fabric, reminding one of the Urocoptid
group Archegocoptis. It is related, by its spiral sculpture
and straight lip and varices to Varicellopsis. Two species
are known, both very rare, V. fulminea being still unique,
almost a century since its description.

VARICELLA, HAITI. 87

33. V. TEXTA (Weinland et Martens). PI. 19, figs. 47, 48", 49.
Shell fusiform-turrite, reticulate sculptured with, spiral

sulci and impressed points, plicate at the suture ; 'black-brown,
painted with paler flames, Spire long, the apex obtuse;
suture filiform. Whorls 9, nearly flat, the upper 5 uni-
colored, the last wanting impressed points on the base.
Aperture ovate-elliptical, acute above, slightly more than
one-third the total length. Columella obliquely twisted, dis-
tinctly truncate, white ; peristome simple, the outer margin
slightly arcuate, not impressed, columellar margin with a
very slight appressed callus. Length 37, diam. 12, aperture
14 x 6 mm. (Martens) .

Haiti: Jeremie (Weinland, Henderson and Simpson).

Glaudina text a W. & M., MARTS., Malak. Bl. vi, p. 207
(1860).

This very peculiar form has not hitherto been figured.
It is known to me by two fragments in the Henderson col-
lection, the larger of which is figured. The columella is
sinuous, having a cork-screw twist. There are five varices
on the last whorl, counting one at its beginning. The outer
lip is very slightly arched forward in profile view, nearly
straight. The sculpture consists of close and fine but quite
irregular vertical folds, decussated by much coarser spirals,
in some places showing also fine superficial spiral lines, and
over all are scattered irregular shallow pits or impressions.
The latter are wanting on the base, where the spirals are
much closer than above. The detail figure (fig. 49) shows a
small area below the suture.

34. V. FULMINEA (Lamarck). Vol. I, pi. 7, fig. 90.

Shell turrite, very finely decussate, with alternating ob-
long-squarish spots and angularly bent streaks of reddish-
violet separated by whitish ground. Suture crispate; spire
with obtuse and reddish apex. Length 2 inches 5 lines
(Lam.) .

Habitat unknown, probably Haiti.

Helix fulminea FER., Prodr., p. 51, no. 366 (name only).
— Achatina fulminea LAM., Anim. s. Vert, vi, pt. 2, p. 133, no.

88

VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

17 (April, 1822). — DELESSERT Recueil -de Coq. decrites par
Lamarck, pi. 28, f. 6a,Z>. — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 293.

This fine species is still known only by the original descrip-
tion and De'lessert's figures. These indicate a shell closely
related to V. texta, but differing by its larger size and less
curved columella. There are occasional straight white
varices, probably four on the last whorl, each preceded by
a zigzag blackish stripe inclosed in a pale streak; the re-
mainder of the intervariceal spaces being reddish. Deles-
serfs figures measure, length 63, diam. 20, length of aper-
ture 25 mm.

Ferussac gave the locality I'Amerique, with doubt. From
the resemblance of the species to V. texta, I think it will be
found in southwestern Haiti.

Section VARICELLINA Pilsbry, n. sect.

Varicellas with abruptly truncate 'columella, the surface
sculptured with strongly sinuous rounded riblets wider than
the intervening grooves; varices indistinctly marked with an
impressed line and a whitish streak. First iy2 whorls
smooth, the next whorl marked with rather widely spaced
grooves. Type V. curvildbris.

There are two species: V. curvilabris, stouter and larger,
length 14 to 17 mm., with 7y2 to 8 whorls, and V. vicina,
more slender, 12 to 14 mm. long, with 6y2 to 7 whorls. Both
are Jamaican.

35. V. CURVILABRIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 9, figs. 37, 38, 39, 40.

The largest examples have a somewhat cylindric last whorl
and conic spire. It is widest near the top of the last whorl.
The sculpture is of very regular, low rounded and markedly
sinuous riblets, separated by narrow grooves. On the face
of the last whorl there are five riblets in one mm. There are
some inconspicuous varix-lines, the largest shell before me
having 4 on the last whorl. The apex is rather acute and
elevated, first iy2 whorls smooth. The next whorl has nar-
row -grooves with wide flat intervals; the following whorl is
short, compared to those above and below it, and sculp-

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 80

tured like the later whorls, but more closely and finely. The
upper half of the aperture is very narrow. The outer lip
is straightened in the middle, or a trifle bent in. In profile
it arches forward in a broad curve, and is somewhat thick-
ened from the middle -down. The columella is short, and
very strongly truncate at the base. Length 17, diam. 5.9,
aperture 8.2 mm., whorls 8.

Jamaica.

Glandina curvilabris PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 137. — Acliatina
c., PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 258. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 18,
f. 94.—Oleacina c., TRYON, Man. Conch, i, p. 30, pi. 3, f. 23.

Pfeiffer's type, the figure of which is 'copied in Vol. I,
was a more lengthened, less robust form with shorter and less
narrow aperture, length 16, diam. 5, aperture 6.75 mm., with
8 whorls.

There is also a variety, lengthened like typical form, in
which there is a drop-like callous thickening at the middle
of the outer lip. The sculpture is coarser, there being 'about
3^/2 riblets in a mm. on the last whorl. Length 14.4, diam.
4.9, aperture 7 mm., whorls 71/o

36. V. VICINA (C. B. Adams). PI. 9, figs. 41 to 46.

"Perhaps a variety of A. phUlipsii, but the shell is sculp-
tured with close longitudinal stria?, is never banded with
brown ; the inf ra-sutural line is further from the suture, and
the spire is shorter. Divergence 22°, length of spire .3, total
length .54 inch., width .175 inch." (Ad.}.

Jamaica: Pedro, St. Anns (Hyde) ; Montpelier (Hen-
derson ) .

Acliatina vicina, C. B. A., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. ii, p. 14
(1845). — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 265. — Olcacina vicina Ad., PFR.,
Nomencl. Hel. Viv. p. 7. — TRYON, Man. Conch, i, p. 31, pi.
3, f. 32.

The type lot consists of nine specimens, one of them fig-
ured, pi. 9, fig. 44. There are a few very inconspicuous
varices marked by a light hair-line and a pale streak on the
pale yellowish-corneous shell. The columella is straight and
vertical in profile view; outer lip equably arched forward.

90 VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

There are 5 ribs to a man. on the face of the last whorl.
The figured shell measures, length 12, diam. 3.7, length of
aperture 5 mm. ; whorls 6y>. No locality is given.

Another specimen is in the Adams collection from Pedro,
St. Anns, J. S. Hyde. It has only three plaits in a. mm. on
the last whorl and measures, length 11.5, diam. 3.8, aperture
5 mm. ; whorls 6^2, the first I1/? smooth. See pi. 9, fig. 43.

Most of the series before me agree with typical vicina or
are intermediate between that, and the coarsely sculptured
form. Figs. 45, 46 is a typical specimen, length 11.7, diam.
3.4, aperture 5 mm., whorls 6i/>. There are nearly 5 ribs in
a mm. Figs. 41, 42 are a larger shell, 14 x 4.1 mm., aperture
6.1 mm., whorls 7, with 3y2 ribs in a mm.

Section VARICELLA s. str.

Embryonic shell obtusely conic or pupiform, of 2y> to 3
whorls, all smooth, or rarely with fine striae on the last half
whorl ; the subsequent whorls striate between the varices, the
strige wider than the intervening grooves, or with widely
spaced grooves; never spirally striate. Columella straight or
concave. Type V. leucozonias.

Distribution, Jamaica, middle and eastern Cuba, Haiti
and Porto Rico.

This group is more widely distributed than any other ex-
cept Pichardiella. In having the embryonic whorls smooth
it is less specialized than most other phyla of the genus, but
in a few Jamaican species, the last embryonic whorl or half
whorl has 'been invaded by fine striation of the neanic type.
Forms widely different in size, shape and sculpture are in-
cluded in the group, yet there are transitional species which
seem to make its division on conchological grounds imprac-
ticable. What the soft anatomy will show is -still unknown.

A. Jamaican Species.

I. Outer lip strongly sinuous, projecting forward in a
rounded lo'be at the lower third; richly colored forms.
a. Large, 35 to over 40 mm. long; columella strongly
concave.

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 91

&. Blackish chestnut or chocolate, with white
streaks. V. leucozonias, no. 37.

61. Roseate with short chestnut stripes.

V. dominie ensis, no. 38.

a1. Smaller, 17 to 18.5 mm., with straight columella;
pale brown, with a white stripe before each varix,
shading into 'dark brown upon the next varix.

V. deflorescens, no. 39.

II. Outer lip arcuate, with a small point or callous drop at
the lower third ; surface evenly, closely striate ; usually
with varix-stripes.

a. Pink to cream-colored, with an inconspicuous point

on the lip ; columella straightened ; 4% to 7 strias

in a mm. V. angiostoma, no. 41.

a1. Roseate, with a callous point on the lip; columella

concave ; 3 to 4 stria3 in one mm. ; 22 to 25 x 9 mm.

V. venusta, no. 40

a2. A small callous pad within the edge of the lip ; 5
to 6 riblets in a mm. ; last half- whorl of the em-
bryonic shell closely striate ; dia.m. about one-third
the length ; 15 x 5 to 18.3 x 5.9 mm.

V. phillippsi, no. 42.

a3. Outer lip with a minute point or callous drop at
the lower third; last whorl of the embryonic shell
with widely spaced grooves; length 18 to 27 mm.

V. nemorensis, no. 43.

III. Outer lip simply arcuate ; no false umbilicus visible from
the base.

a. Roseate orange-brown with chestnut streaks; finely
striate ; 23 to 25 x 7 mm. with 7 whorls.

V. taylori, no. 44.

a1 . Roseate with chestnut streaks ; last whorl with
spaced grooves below the suture, subobsolete on
middle and base ; 24 x 8 mm.

V. nitida, no. 45.

a2. Pale brown or yellowish corneous with brown'
streaks ; slender, the diameter less than one-third
of the length.

VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

&. Subarcuately closely costulate; 13x3.5 mm.

with 9 whorls. V. arcuata, no. 46.

&1. With excessively minute crowded striae; 13 x

3.75 mm., 8 whorls. V. solitaria, no. 47.

I}2. With irregularly spaced grooves; 24x6 mm.

or smaller. V. similis, no. 48.

IV. Outer lip arcuate; a false umbilicus visible from the

base; slender pale corneous forms, with fa.int brown

streaks or none.

a. Shell 17 to 18 mm. long, 4 to 4.7 wide, with 8i/2 to
9 whorls, sculpture of few very weak, unequally
spaced grooves. V. similaris, no. 49.

a1. 11.25 by 2.25 mm., 10 whorls; very lightly im-
pressed striae, not very numerous.

V. longispira, no. 50.

a2. 11 x 2.8 mm., whorls 7% ; very few weak impressed
lines on the smooth surface. V. levis, no. 51.

a3. Smaller, less than 8 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide.
&. Post-embryonic whorls all closely and regu-
larly grooved.

c. About 30 grooves on the last whorl; 6.8
x 1.5 mm., with 7 whorls.

V. clappi, no. 53.

c1. About 25 grooves on last whorl, obsolete

on periphery and base; false-umbilicus

very wide; 5.3x1 to 5.9x1.2 mm., with

7% whorls. V. cochlidium, no. 54.

&1. Third and fourth whorls with rather close,

regular grooves, the last 2 whorls with widely

spaced grooves, usually about 9 to 12 on each.

c. Columella abruptly truncate at base; 6.5

xl.66 mm. with 6% whorls to 7.3x1.8

mm. with 7% whorls.

V. pellucens, no. 52.

c1. Columella deeply concave above, very
obliquely (vertically) truncate at base;
6.3 x 1.35 mm., with 6% whorls.

V. spina, no. 55.

VARICELLA. 93

B. Cuban Species.

I. Outer lip with a small projection or point at the lower
third; length 18 to 26 mm., the diam. more than one-
third the length.

a. Earlier post-embryonic whorls with close, fine striae.
&. Later whorls with few, widely spaced grooves.

V. trinitaria, no. 58.
61. Later whorls with close, fine grooves.

V. multilineata, no. 59.
a1. Post-embryonic whorls with widely spaced grooves.

V. siviftiana, no. 60.

II. Outer lip simply arcuate; diam. one-third of the length
or less.

a. Diam. about one-fourth the length; corneous or
amber-tinted forms.

&. 8x2 mm., with 6 whorls; sculpture of narrow
grooves separated by wider smooth intervals ; a
narrow false-umbilicus. V. elata, no. 56.

61. 9.5x2.3 mm. with 9 whorls; closely striate.

V. subidatoides, no. 57.

62. 15x4 mm., whorls 1^/2, smoothish with a few
impressed lines. V. succinea, no. 62.

a1. Diam. one-third the length; smoothish with indis-
tinct varices ; 15x5 mm. with 7 whorls.

V. gundlachi, no. 61.

C. Species of Haiti, Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

I. Columella with a fold above and obliquely truncate at
base; closely hair-striate ; slender, 6.5 to 9 mm. long.
Haiti. V. biplicata, no. 65.

II. Columella normal.

a. Conspicuously streaked and flamed with brown; 23
x 8 mm. Haiti. V. histrio, no. 66.

a1. Pale, usually with darker varix-streaks.

&. A small point at the lower third of the lip.
Haiti. V. denticulata, no. 63.

&1. No point on the lip.

94 VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

c. With subsutural plication ; 13x5 mm.
with. 6 whorls. Haiti.

V. ptyclwraphe, no. 64.

c1. With unequally spaced grooves, not pli-
cate above; about 20x6 mm., with 8
whorls. Porto Rico.

V. portoricensis, no. 69.

c2. Much smaller, slender, diam. 3 mm. or less.
d. Sculpture of weak, irregularly spaced
grooves. V. impressa, no. 67.

d1. Sculpture of regular, deeply im-
pressed grooves.

V. sulculosa, no. 68.

37. V. LEUCOZONIAS (Gmelin). Vol. I, pp. 26, 251.

The first two whorls are smooth; on 'the third some weak
strias appear. At the end of the third whorl there is a linear
varix, marking the end of the embryonic shell, beyond which
regular impressed lines1 cut the surface into flat wide riblets,
and occasional white varix-streaks appear. The last whorl,
in the typical form, has a sculpture of flat, \vide riblets
parted by narrow grooves, near the suture, but this sculpture
weakens and largely disappears on the middle part and base
of the whorl, where it is smooth except for irregular fine
gro wth- wrinkles.

Portland parish, Jamaica.

Das Tlmmiclien, WALCH, Der Naturforscher, Halle, iv,
1774, p. 36, 37, pi. 1. f. 3, 4. — Mrom'bus edeutulus perelegans
etc. MARTINI, Gonchyl. Cab. iv, 1780, p. 220, pi. 148, f. 1371,
1372. — Valuta leucozonias GMEL., Syst, Nat. 13, p. 3453
(1790), based on preceding references, — Achatina albolineata
LAM., Anim. s. Vert. vi. pt. 2, p. 132 (1822). — Achatina leu-
cozonias Walch, PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 280.

I have been unable to find that Walch proposed a Latin
name for this snail in his verbose article in Der Naturforscher^
although he figured it well. Martini's figures were from a
drawing supplied by Walch. The first binomial term was
applied by G-melin, so far as I can learn.

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 95

Var. striatella nov. There is a form in which the sculp-
ture grows stronger on the later whorls. On the last, the
surface between the varices is closely and very regularly rib-
striate, the striae rounded, parted by very narrow intervals,
and continuing from suture to base. Whether these shells
constitute a distinct race or subspecies I am unable to say,
in the absence of a well localized series.

38. V. DOMINICENSIS (Gmelin). Vol. I, p. 26, 251.

Eastern Jamaica. Evidence that this species occurs in
Haiti or Santo Domingo does not exist-.

39. V. DEFLORESCENS (Vendiyes). PI. 17, fig. 17.

"Shell elongated, sub-fusiform, turreted, shining; color
rather pale brown, generally with dark chestnut-brown, some-
what arcuated streaks, a set of which run coincidently with
the varices completely across each whorl. The painting of
the shell is singularly varied ; each successive whorl presents
at the start a semi-translucent, sharply-defined and pure
white stripe, which gradually passes into pale brown, then
slowly deepens in color as the whorl progresses, into a warmer
tint and finally merges into an intensely dark-brown stripe,
covering the varix forward, which varix marks the termin-
ation of a stage of growth. This gradually changing color
scheme is always repeated between the several varices, but
it is less noticeable upon the upper part of the spire, although
actually traceable almost to the apex. Shell regularly sculp-
tured with not very crowded rib-like striae. Whorls 8, very
slightly convex and obsoletely angular just below the upper
margin, which is -crenulated by the passing over of the stria?.
Suture moderately impressed. Last whorl a little more than
one-third the entire length. Outline of spire slightly curvi-
linear ; apex pointed. Aperture ovate, oblong, consider-
ably dilated at right side of base; labrum not sharp. Colu-
mella white, straight, well truncated with a strong callosity
deeply impressed and folded by the entering stria? and varices
which pass to and over it from the shell.

Length 17 to 18.5, diam. 5, length of aperture 6, diam.
2 mm." (Vendryes).

96 VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

Jamaica: Moore Town, Parish of Portland (Geo. Nutt).

Glandina (Varicella) deflorescens VEND., Nautilus xiv, p.
134, fig. 2 (April, 1901).

"The peculiarities of the columellar callus, impressed with
the marks of the sculpture of the shell, and of the dilation
of part of the labrum on the right side of the base of the aper-
ture, allies this species with Glandina leucozonias and domin-
icensis, tooth of which occur in the Parish of Portland in the
extreme eastern part of the island." (Vendryes) .

40. V. VENUSTA (Pfeiffer). Vol. I, p. 28, pi. 3, fig. 16.

Pfeiffer's description was from young shells, one of which
has been figured by Philippi (Abbild. I, Glandina pi. 1, f. 9).
It reaches a length of 25 mm. The first 2% whorls are
smooth, a fine pale line then marking the beginning of the
sculptured portion. The rest of the shell is very evenly,
closely striate, on the last whorl about 3 to 4 striae in a mm.
The outer lip arches forward slightly, and below the middle
there is a small white oblong nodule on its inner edge and
face. The brown stripes are narrow, and white-bordered on
both sides.

Westmoreland (E. Ghitty, in Adams and Swift -coll.) ;
Grand Vale estate, near Kilniarnock ( Gosse, Nat. in Jamaica,
p. 124).

41. V. ANGIOSTOMA (C. B. Adams) . PI. 16, fig. 7.

"Shell fusiform; pale reddish, with transverse rather
narrow dark brown stripes, of which there are about four on
each whorl except on the first three; with extremely fine
crowded transverse strias; spire with moderately convex out-
lines ; apex rather small ; whorls seven, moderately convex,
with a well impressed suture ; aperture very long and narrow ;
labrum very thin and sharp ; 'columella produced to an ex-
traordinary degree, straight, a little twisted. Mean diver-
gence 34° ; length .72 inch; breadth .22 inch; length of aper-
ture .36 inch." (Adams).

Achatina angiostoma C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 2,
p. 25 (Oct., 1849). — Acliatina ingallsiana C. B. A., I. c. no.

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 97

2, p. 25. — Achatina unicolor C. B. A., t. c. p. 26. — Achatina
gayana C. B. A., t. c. no. 7, p. 103 (April, 1850).

After a careful study of Adams' types of the above species,
I do not hesitate to rank them as varieties of a single species.
They differ only in slight details of color and striation.

The two specimens of V. angiostoma in the Adams collec-
tion -are both broken. The best one, which I have drawn
(fig. 7), measures 17.7x6 mm. in its broken condition, with
61/2 whorls. Though not exactly agreeing with Adams'
measurements, I think this is probably the type: It is pale
rose colored, with three chestnut streaks on the last, four on
the two preceding whorls. There are two smooth apical
whorls. There are 6 or 7 flattened striae in a mm. on the last
whorl, separated by narrower linear grooves.

41a. Var. itigallsiana (C. B. Adams). PI. 16, figs. 1, 2.

' ' Shell fusiform ; pale brownish, with but four or five dark
brown transverse stripes; with very minute rather numer-
ous but not crowded transverse striae; spire with moderately
convex outlines ; apex rather small ; whorls seven, moderately
convex, with a well impressed finely corded suture; aperture
very long, rather narrow; lip thin, with the edge sharp and
curved forwards; columella moderately produced and arcu-
ate. Mean divergence 36° ; length .75 inch; breadth .25 inch;
length of aperture .35 inch." (Adams}.

The single example in coll. Adams is figured. It is a thin,
delicate shell, rose-tinted, with inconspicuous pale ochre-
chestnut varix-streaks, 5 on the last, 4 on the preceding, 3
on the next earlier whorl. It is finely plicatulate, very regu-
larly so on the spire and upper part of the last whorl, where
there are about 5 striae in a mm. ; but some of the striae drop
out, failing to reach the periphery, and the base is smooth
around the columellar region. The first 2% whorls are
smooth. The outer lip is retracted above, evenly arcuate ex-
cept for a minute point projecting at the lower third. The
columella is vertical, nearly straight, obliquely truncate at
base.

The following form is probably a mere variation of in-
gallsiana, not a true race or subspecies.

98 VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

41&. Var. unicolor (C. B. Adams). PI. 16, fig. 5.

"Species similar to the preceding;, [ingallsiana] but the
shell is uniformly light brown, without any dark stripes;
the striae are rather more strongly impressed; the eolumella
is not arcuate; and the form is rather more slender. Mean
divergence 33°; length .7 inch; breadth .21 inch; length of
aperture .33 inch." (Adams).

The Adams collection contains one nearly adult shell (the
type), and a young one. The type measures, length 17,
diam. 5.5, aperture 8.5 mm., with 61/o whorls. There are
three varix-lines on each of the last two whorls. It is pale
rose, with colorless varix-streaks. There are about 4y2 stria?
in a mm. on the last whoii. It differs from V. a. ingallsiana
only in being a trifle more elongate, and without the faint
color-streaks of that form.

41c. Var. gayami (C. B. Adams). PI. 16, figs. 8, 9.

"Shell well elongated ovate-fusiform: light brownish yel-
low, with a series of very distinct triangular spots of dark
brown, descending from the suture, about five or six on each
whorl : varicose coincidently with the brown spots, the varices
being rather feebly indicated, as in A. nit-id a ; with fine regu-
lar rather crowded transverse stria? : apex sub a cute : spire with
the outlines a little -convex: whorls seven or eight, rather
convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture long ovate,
acute above: labrum sharp and thin: eolumella nearly
straight, rather narrow and obliquely truncated. Mean di-
vergence 30°, length .76 inch; greatest breadth .27 inch;
least breadth .25 inch ; length of aperture .36 inch. This rare
and elegant species is dedicated to my assistant Mr. A. M.
Gay, in testimony of his industry and rapid acquisitions in
natural history." (Adams').

There are three examples in the Adams collection, two
larger than the immature type, and evidently added later,
but doubtless of exactly the same race. They measure :
Length 22, diam. 6.9, aperture 9.5 mm. ; whorls
Length 21, diam. 7, aperture 9.3 mm. ; whorls
The longer shell is very glossy, pale buff, the early whorls

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 99

white, faintly showing the axis through. The chestnut spots
behind the va.rix-lines on the last two whorls continue down
as narrow streaks, tout are absent on the lower third of the
last whorl.

The stouter shell is pale olive-buff, the first 21/4 whorls rose-
tinted. There are 5 varix-lines on the last, 4 on the penul-
timate whorl, with a, triangular chestnut spot at the suture
back of each. 2^4 apical whorls are smooth, the striae then
beginning very weakly. The sculpture is of even, fine, flat
stria?, somewhat wider than the intervening grooves, and 5
in a mm. on the last whorl. The outer lip is hardly ex-
panded, slightly ached forward, with a small and incon-
spicuous point at its lower third; basal lip receding. Oohi-
mella is vertical, slightly sinuous, obliquely truncate basally.

42. V. PHILLIPSII (C. B. Adams). PI. 11, fig. 63.

"Shell thin, diaphanous, elongate, sub fusiform, pale brown-
ish, ornamented with a few distant longitudinal black-brown
lines. Whorls 7, impressed above with an infrasutural line,
striated, the stria? distant. Lip thin, retracted below; colu-
xnella not much arched. Divergence 20°, length of spire .5,
total length .73, breadth .13 inch." (Ad.).

Jamaica: Swift River head, St. George (C. B. A.) ; Grand
Vale estate near Kilmamock (Gosse).

Achatina phillipsii C. B. A., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p.
13(1845). — GOSSE, A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica, p. 124.
—Glandina p. W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 81,
pi. 17, f. D (an outer marginal tooth).

Specimens of the type lot measure, length 15, diam. 5 mm.,
15.5 x 4.9, 17.3 x 5.5, and 18.3 x 5.9, aperture 7.9 mm., whorls
6%. The last one is, I think, the original type. The di-
ameter of the shell was wrongly stated by Adams, either by
typographical error or from misreading the scale.

The shell is slender, last whorl somewhat cylindric, with
sculpture of rather wide rounded or flattened rib-stria?,
parted by narrower grooves. There are 5 to 6 ribs in a mm.
on the front of the last whorl. The sculpture is obsolete
on the base. There are about four varices on a whorl, each

100 VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

marked with a narrow chestnut stripe which is interrupted
below the periphery, and very weak below the interruption.
The outer lip is thin, regularly arcuate, and below the middle
bears a small triangular callous pad within the edge. The
columella is but slightly concave, and is weakly obliquely
truncate 'basally. There are three embryonic whorls, the
last terminating1 with a varix-line and brown stripe. The
half whorl preceding this varix is closely costnlate like the
following whorls, the earlier whorls being smooth. This
species is related to V. similis, but differs by the stouter con-
tour and much closer sculpture of the last whorl. The char-
acters of the early whorls separate it from V. nemorensis,
which is otherwise very closely related.

43. V. NEMORENSIS (C. B. Adams). PL 11, fig. 62, 65.

"Shell sub fusiform; pale brown or pale reddish brown,
with dark brown transverse stripes, which are not very wide,
reaching nearly to the anterior extremity, about four on each
whorl except on the first three, which have none ; with very
dense rather small stria1; spire with the outlines quite con-
vex; whorls eight, moderately .convex, with a well impressed
suture; aperture long, narrow in the upper half, and very
acute above ; labrum sharp, produced along the middle, a
little angulated below the middle ; columella nearly straight,
rather slender, and pointed. Mean divergence 30° ; length
.83 inch; breadth .25 inch; length of aperture .35 inch.
'Var. a, with very few brown stripes." (Adams).

Jamaica: Yallahs Hill (Jarvis) ; Morant Bay and Man-
cheoneal (W. J. Fox) ; Hope Bay and Hope River (Hender-
son & Simpson); Manchester (C. B. Adams).

Achatina nemorensis C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 2,
p. 25 (Oct., 1849).— PFR,, Monogr. iii, p. 515; Conchyl. Cab.
p. 351, pi. 38, f. 19, 20.

This species is very closely related to V. phillipsii, differ-
ing in little but the somewhat less attenuate spire and the
sculpture of spaced grooves on the third whorl. The shell is
so translucent as to show the axis faintly through. The type
lot consists of about 20 specimens. The first 1% or 2 whorls

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 101

are smooth, the following IVi whorls are sculptured with
widely spaced grooves. The varix terminating the nepionic
stage is at the end of 2y2 to 3 whorls. The 'adult sculpture is
of flatly rounded rib-striae parted by narrower grooves and
about 5 in a mm. on the last whorl. The columella is straight,
obliquely truncate at base. The outer lip is very lightly
arched forward, and there is a minute point or callous drop
on the white edge, at its lower third.

Length 23, diam. 6.4, aperture 8.8 mm., whorls 71/£.

Length 18.2, diam. 5.9, aperture 8.5 mm., whorls ft1/?.

Some ispeclmens from Yallahs Hill are very pale buff with
the brown streaks emphatic above, tapering and paler down-
wards. 24 x 7, ap. 9.9 mm., whorls ll/2- Those from other
places mentioned above are not so large, not exceeding 20
mm. long. Those from Manchester, in the Adams collection,
are olive-buff tinted.

44. V. TAYLORi (Vendryes). PL 16, fig. 6.

"Shell much elongated, oblong- fusiform, not very shin-
ing, often semi-pellucid, of a brown color, deeply-tinted with
rose orange; with narrow dark, reddish-hued or chestnut
transverse streaks, crossing completely over all the whorls
but not always extending to the base of the last whorl, but
always coincident with and bordering the varices, of which
there a.re four to five upon each whorl. Shell sculptured
with fine transverse striae, which become more apparent on
the upper shoulder of the body whorl, next to the suture.
Whorls 7, slightly convex, but in most cases perceptibly flat-
tened or 'constricted at the periphery; the last whorl more
than one-half the entire length of the shell. Suture im-
pressed, the edge somewhat 'crenulated ait one margin by the
intrusion of the transverse strise. Spire with the outlines
somewhat curvilinear, rather pointed at the summit. Aper-
ture not large, semi-ovate ; labrum sharp, slightly produced
towards the middle and below that point, gradually retreat-
ing, expanding and rounding off to meet the twisted, arcuated
and obliquely truncate columella. Length 23 to 25, greatest
diam. 7, or slightly less. Length of aperture 9, largest diam.
4 mm. ' ' ( Vendryes") .

102 VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

Jamaica: Half Way Tree Pen, Parish of St. Catherine.
(C. B. Taylor).

Glandina (Varicella) taylori VEND., Nautilus xiv, p. 133,
fig. 1 (April, 1901).

"This shell resembles G. nemorensis in form but is con-
siderably larger. In the outline of the spire it comes be-
tween G. nemorensis and G. similis, but it is larger than
either of these species. The strigae are slightly broader than
in nemorensis and not nearly so broad as in similis. In color
it differs from both." (Vendryes) . Known to me by the
original description -and figure only.

45. V. NITIDA (C. B. Adams). PI. 11, fig. 59.

"Shell well elongated, ovate-f nsiform ; reddish brown, with
very dark 'brawn transverse stripes, about f o<ur or five on each
whorl; varicose coincidently with the In-own stripes, the
varices being indicated by the thickening of the shell within,
and a deeply impressed line in front of each; well polished
and 'Shining. Apex subacute ; spire with the outlines recti-
linear, or moderately -convex. Whorls 7 or 8, moderately
convex, with a well impressed suture. Aperture long, very
acute above; labrum sharp, subangular at two-thirds of the
distance from its upper extremity; columella much curved,
broadly truncated. Mean divergence 30° to 35° ; length .96
inch ; greatest breadth .31 inch ; least breadth .3 inch ; length
of aperture .44 inch." (Adams).

Jamaica: Westmoreland (Chitty).

Achatina nitida C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 7, p. 103
(April, 1850).

Th type lot consists of six specimens labelled " West-
moreland, E. Chitty." The embryonic shell consists of 2%
whorls, smooth except the last half whorl, wrhich shows some
faint fine growth-strige. The following whorls have fine un-
equal grooves, some short, others more emphatic and ex-
tending from suture to suture. The last two whorls have
vertical grooves at nearly regular intervals below the suture.
They are mainly quite short, but on close inspection a few
fine long ones may 'be seen. The columella is vertical, con-

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 103

cave in the middle, convex above and below. The outer lip
is straight, a little prominent where it joins the retracted
basal lip, but without a tooth or callus at the lower third.
An average specimen measures, length 24, diam. 8, aper-
ture 11.6 mm.

This species is quite distinct in sculpture from all related
forms.

46. V. ARCUATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 17, fig. 13.

Shell fusiform-turrite, rather thin, glossy, subarcuately
and closely costulate ; amber-yellowish, ornamented with nar-
row, remote arcuate reddish pale-bordered streaks. Spire
subulate, acute, the suture crenulate. Whorls 9, flat, the last
about one-third the total length. Columella somewhat
straightened, shortly truncate. Aperture oblong, peristome
simple. Length 13, diam. 3.5, aperture 4.33 mm. long, 2
wide. (P/r.).

Jamaica (Gosse, Mus. Cuming).

Glandina arcuata PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 138.—
Achatina arcuata PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 261. — Not A. arcuata
Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 17, f. 83 (1849), nor 0. arcuata of
Tryon, Man. Conch, i, p. 31.

Pfeiffer's original description, translated above, was prob-
ably based upon a shell different from that described and fig-
ured by Reeve, followed by Tryon. The sculpture and the
shape of the columella, as described by Pfeiffer, do not agree
with Reeve's description and figure.

I have figured on pi. 17, fig. 13, a shell which agrees
well with Pfeiffer's diagnosis except in having three-fourths
of a whorl less in a slightly larger shell. It is narrowly
turrite, the upper fourth tapering much more rapidly than
the rest of the shell, the last three whorls having a some-
what cylindric contour. The first 2l/2 whorls form the
smooth, pupiform embryonic shell. Subsequent whorls are
sculptured with irregularly spaced vertical grooves. The
last whorl is not grooved; the sculpture is closer and more
regular than on the spire, consisting of low, rather coarse
vertical striee. On the face of the last whorl there are 6 of

104

VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

these striae in one mm. There are three quite arcuate variees,
each preceded by a narrow brown stripe with whitish bor-
ders. The outer lip arches rather strongly forward in the
middle. The columella is short and vertical in both front
and profile view, obliquely truncate basally. Length 14,
diam. 3.75, aperture 5 mm., whorls

47. V. SOLITARIA (C. B. Adams).

"Shell elongate, ovate conic: pale brown; with dark brown
transverse lines, about three on each whorl, wanting on the
first two or three whorls: with excessively minute crowded
transverse striae: spire with the outlines a little convex:
apex rather small : whorls eight, moderately convex, slightly
shouldered, with a rather deep suture; last whorl subplanu-
late, long: lab rum thin, sharp, a little produced in the middle:
columella well produced and turned a little to the left.
Mean divergence about 20° : length .52 inch ; breadth .15
inch; length of aperture .185 inch." (Adams).

Jamaica: New Hope, Westmoreland (Adams).

Achatina solitaria C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 9, p.
168 (April, 1851).— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 497.

This small form, measuring about 13 x 3.7 mm., aperture
4.6 mm., is not present in the Adams collection. It was
probably in that of Chitty. Adams places the species next
to V. ligata in his catalogue.

48. V. SIMILIS (C. B. Adams). PI. 17, figs. 10, 11.

"Shell similar to A ucmorcnsis, but the outlines of the spire
are nearly rectilinear, and consequently the spire is more
slender; the surface is highly polished, and has but a few
excessively fine transverse striae; the brown stripes are
wider. It also resembles A. phillipsii, but its spire is shorter,
with a greater divergence. Mean divergence about 22°';
length of spire .45 inch; total length .75 inch; breadth .23
inch." (Adams).

Jamaica: Bogwalk, Port Antonio, Ipswich, Pt. Gallina, be-
tween Mandeville and Spurtree Hill, Mt. Pleasant and Mon-
tego Bay (Henderson & Simpson) ; varieties at other locali-
ties, see below.

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 105

Achatina similis C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 7, p. 103
(April, 1850).

The type lot in Adams's collection contains thirteen speci-
mens, one being drawn in fig. 10. 2l/2 whorls at the apex are
smooth, then fine vertical impressed lines begin, increasing
gradually, and becoming almost regularly spaced, though on
the later whorls there are often some minor ripples between
the grooves, on the flat intervals. The shell is pale yellowish
with rich chestnut varix-streaks, interior bluish-white. The
distribution of colored streaks varies in different individuals,
but there are generally two or three on each post-embryonic
whorl. On the last whorl the streaks are continuous, or there
may be narrow interruption at the lower third. The colu-
mella is very short and concave in front view, rather
abruptly truncate. In profile view (fig. 11) it appears
equally concave and generally without much callus. There
is somewhat wide variation in the degree of concavity among
different examples of the type lot and other lots before me.
It is often more concave than in fig. 10. In a section, the
slender axis is seen to bear a slender white spiral lamella,
less sinuous than that of V. similar-is. The largest specimens
measure 24 x 6, apert. 8 mm., with 8% whorls. The type
locality is unknown, but the typical form occurs at Bogwalk.

A smooth form, in which the grooves are weak and few, al-
most wanting on the 'later whorls, was taken by Henderson
at Clarendon Park. The varices are marked as usual, but
with very narrow brown stripes. The single example seen
probably represents a subspecies.

West of Ocho Rios and at Mandeville, Henderson took a
form with rather small aperture and unusually straight
columella.

Var. biplicatula n. v. PI. 17, fig. 12.

At Montpelier a handsome form was taken by Henderson,
in which the columella, in oblique view, is seen to be cal-
lo-used, with a loiv superior fold, wanting in typical V. similis.
The shell is tawny with very dark chestnut stripes, inter-
rupted at the lower third on the last whorl, and is very

106

VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

glossy. The surface grooves weaken rapidly downwards.
The figured specimen is 18.8 nun. long ; the largest is 21 x 6,
•apert. 8 mm., with 7y2 whorls. The upper fold of the colu-
mellar callus is not always distinctly developed. The in-
ternal structure does not differ from V. similis.

Closely related to this form are shells taken by Henderson
at Ipswich and Withorn, in which the groove-sculpture is
decidedly stronger than in typical similis, and the columella
approaches the form shown in var. ~biplicatula.

Var. longa n. v. PI. 17, fig. 18.

At Mt. Diablo a very slender form was taken 'by Hender-
son. It is typical in sculpture and color, but has the colu-
mella strongly concave, calloused inside, yet the axis is not
gyrate, no central hole being visible in basal view. The aper-
ture is small, and the whorls are more numerous. Length
22.5, diam. 5, aperture 6 mm., whorls 9i/o.

Group of V. cochlidium.

Small, slender, pellucid Varicellas with groove sculpture,
inconspicuous varices, and about 2% smooth embryonic
whorls; columella strongly concave, truncate basally; axis
spirally ascending, in the typical forms coiled about a cen-
tral hollow as seen from the base. This group in its typical
species seems quite distinct, yet V. similaris to some extent
connects it with the typical group of Varicella, through
V. similis.

49. V. SIMILARIS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 17, figs. 14, 15, 16.

The shell is slender, tiirrite, thin, corneous-yellowish and
somewhat translucent; general outlines of the spire nearly
straight, but the whorls are convex. The apex is obtuse;
embryonic shell of 2y2 whorls, the first two smooth, then fine
and rather close strife very weakly beginning. The post-
nepionic whorls have a very weak sculpture of unequally
spaced grooves, much as in V. similis but weaker. The occa-
sional varix-lines are rather weakly impressed, and either
plain or preceded by a narrow brown streak, or by a faint
spot below the suture. The aperture is small, piriform,

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 107

slightly oblique. Outer lip moderately arched forward, basal
lip receding. The columella is extremely concave, short,
and vertically truncate at the base. The internal axis is
strongly sinuous (fig. 14) ; viewed from the base it is seen
to gyrate around a small central hole. Length 17.5, diam. 4,
aperture 4.9 mm., whorls 8%.

Jamaica. Types no 59108 A. N. S. P., from R. Swift.

This form differs from V. similis by its very concave colu-
mella and gyrate axis. It is also less strongly sculptured
than similis. It may be identical with Achatina arcuata
Pfr. of Reeve, Conchologia Iconica v, pi. 17, f. 83, but
that does not seem to be the A. arcuata of Pfeiffer. It is
paler and smoother than V. similis longa, which moreover
has not the strongly spiral columellar axis of this shell.

49o.. Var. mandevillensis Pils., n. v. PL 17, fig. 19.

Pale olivaceous-yellow, with a few narrow chestnut varix-
streaks. Later whorls without grooves, being weakly marked
with growth-wrinkles only. Decidedly wider than V. simi-
laris. Length 17, diam. 4.7, aperture 5.5 mm., whorls 8!/2-
Ma.ndeville. Type in coll. J. B. Henderson.

A smaller example in coll. A. N. S. measures 16.5 x 4.3,
aperture 5 mm.

50. V. LONGISPIRA (C. B. Adams).

' ' Shell much elongated, conoidal ; pale brown, shining, with
very lightly impressed not very numerous transverse stride :
apex obtuse : outlines of the spire slightly curvilinear :
whorls ten, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture :
aperture subrhomboidal, subacute above : labrum thin, slightly
advanced in the upper half, retreating 'below : columella very
oblique, distinctly truncated. Mean divergence about 12° ;
length of spire .33 inch; total length, .45 inch; breadth .09
inch." (Adams).

Jamaica.

Achatina longispira C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 7,
p. 104 (April, 1850) ; p. 183, no. 218.— PFR., Monogr. iii,
503.

108 VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

I could not find the type of this species in the Adams
collection. He place it between tenera and proximo, in the
catalog-ue of 1851. It is about 11.25 mm. long, 2.25 wide
with 10 whorls.

51. V. LEVIS (C. B. Adams). PI. 16, figs. 3, 4.

"Shell much elongated, conic; very pale brown, shining;
very thin, smooth, with microscopic transverse strige, which
are quite numerous on the upper whorls; spire with recti-
linear outlines; apex not very small; whorls seven, a little
convex, with a moderately impressed suture; aperture ovate,
acute above ; labrum thin and sharp ; columella slightly arcu-
ate. Mean divergence 14° or 15° ; length .-42 inch ; breadth
.1 inch; length of aperture .13 inch." (Adams).

Jamaica.

Achatina, levis C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch, no. 2, p. 26
(Oct., 1849).— PPR., Monogr. iii, p. 502.— Glamlina Itrvis H.
& A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 109.

The type (pi. 16, figs, 3, 4) is a unique, dead, gray- white
and opaque shell in the Adams collection. It measures,
length 11, diam. 2.8, aperture 3 mm., whorls 71/0. The first
2!/o whorls are smooth; then some impressed lines appear,
weaker than in allied species, and becoming sparser on the
later whorls. Near the end of the penult, whorl there is a
weak varix-line, preceded by a faint brown streak. The
outer lip is unusually sinuous. The columella is short, con-
cave above, slightly excised at the base, producing a very
oblique truncation. In another example, in coll. A. N. S.,
the columellar truncation is less obvious, nearly obsolete. In
other respects the two examples seen agree.

The very weak development of the groove sculpture dis-
tinguishes this species. In basal view a very minute false-
umbilicus is seen, indicating a gyrate columellar axis. The
weak, almost obsolete truncation of the columella is a fea-
ture unlike the associated species, and resembles forms of the
V. bla H diana group.

52. V. PELLUCENS (C. B. Adams). PI. 18, figs. 20, 21.
Shell small, glossy, slender, corneous, ornamented with very

VARICELLA, JAMAICA. 109

narrow longitudinal strife, close above, distant below. Whorls
7. Lip thin, retracted below. Columella arcuate. Diver-
gence 14 degrees, length .27, dlam. .07 inch. (C. B. Ad.).

Jamaica (C. B. Ad.). Williamsfield (J. B. Henderson).

Achatina pellucens AD., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii,
1845, p. 13; Contrib to Conch, no. 6, p. 90. — PPR., Monogr.
ii, p. 295; iii, 502.

The single type specimen is figured. It is an acicular,
glossy, translucent whitish-corneous shell. The first 21/3
whorls are smooth, forming a eylindric embryonic portion;
then narrow grooves abruptly begin, and the next two whorls
have them rather close and regular. The last 2i/£ whorls
have widely spaced grooves, 9 or 10 on each whorl ; three on
the last, two on the penult, being variceal or growth-arrest
grooves, slightly deeper than the others, and preceded by
a very faint brown streak. There are 6% whorls in all, the
post-embryonic ones 'being gently 'convex, more convex just
below the suture. The aperture is small, oblique; the outer
lip arched forward above. The columella is deeply concave
above and truncate basally. The basal margin is effuse or
receding. Length 6.5, diam. 1.66 mm.

A specimen taken by Henderson at Williamsfield is larger,
length 7.3, diam. 1.8 mm., with 7% whorls, and the grooves
are not so widely spaced on the last two whorls, the dis-
parity between the earlier and later whorls being less marked
than in Adams's type. In basal view the false-umbilicus is
barely visible, being much narrower than in V. clappi.
The latter species is also narrower and tapers less rapidly.

53. V. CLAPPI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 18, figs. 24, 25.

The shell is acicular, thin, glossy, whitish-corneous and
somewhat transparent, composed of 7 whorls, the first 2%
smooth, forming a somewhat cylindric summit. The follow-
ing whorls are sculptured with slightly arcuate, regular and
rather close longitudinal grooves, of which there are about
30 on the last whorl. At the periphery they disappear,
leaving the base smooth. There are a few faint 'brown vari-
ceal streaks, about 2 on a whorl. The sutures are narrowly

110 VARICELLA, JAMAICA.

but rather deeply impressed, the embryonic and last two
whorls rather flattened, the intermediate ones somewhat more
convex. The aperture is small, oblique, piriform. The outer
lip arches forward above, and is retracted basally. The colu-
mella is deeply concave and basally truncate. The axis as-
cends spirally, so that in a basal view (fig. 25) a narrow false-
umbilicus is seen. Length 6.8, diam. 1.5 mm.

Jamaica. Types 59070 A. N. S. P., from A. D. Brown coll.

This species is closely related to V. pclliicens from, which
it differs by the even, close grooving of all the post-embryonic
whorls, and by the somewhat more slender contour.

Some specimens in the Henderson collection are of a pale
brownish-corneous tint. They came from the Holland col-
lection, without exact locality.

A form from Mandeville (J. B. Henderson) 'has the peri-
phery and base of the last whorl smooth, and the columellar
axis more sinuous, producing a larger false umbilicus, though
not so large as in the following form. It measures 6.9 x
1.5 mm., having 714 whorls.

54. V. COCHLIDIUM Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 18, figs. 26, 27.

The shell is acicular-cylindric, glossy, whitish-corneous (or
pale brownish-corneous), composed of ll/3 whorls, the earlier
ones somewhat convex, the last two nearly flat. Embryonic
21/3 whorls smooth ; following whorls sculptured with slightly
curved longitudinal grooves, parted by slightly wider con-
vex intervals. There are about 25 grooves on the last
whorl, where they become weak or obsolete on the base.
There are one or two wider smoothis'h variceal streaks on each
of the later whorls, but they are not conspicuous. The aper-
ture is small, oblique, acutely piriform, dilated anteriorly.
The outer lip is arched forward above the periphery, and
recedes basally. The columella is calloused, forms a deep
arch, and is truncate basally. Axis openly spiral, forming a
broad and deep false umbilicus in a basal view. Length 5.3,
diam. 1 mm.

Jamaica. Types 59071 A. N. S. P.

This species differs from V. clappi by its smaller size,

VARICELLA, CUBA. Ill

narrower contour and wider false umbilicus, the columella
being more deeply arched and the axis therefore describing
a more open spiral. Three specimens in the type lot are
whitish, 'but one in coll. J. B. Henderson is pale translucent
brown, and is also slightly larger, 5.9 x 1.2 mm., with 7%
whorls.

55. V. SPINA Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 18, figs. 22, 23.

The shell is acicular, thin, yellowish 'Corneous, glossy, com-
posed of 6% whorls, which are convex just below the narrowly
impressed suture, but elsewhere are nearly flat. First 2%
whorls smooth, the summit obtuse, rounded. The following
whorl is sculptured with rather close-set vertical grooves.
The remaining whorls have irregularly and rather widely
spaced grooves, and a few indistinct varix-grooves, two of
the latter on the last whorl. The aperture is piriform, ob-
lique; the outer lip arches forward above. The columella is
deeply concave above, and tapers downwards, without a
notch or truncation at the base. An extremely small false
umbilicus is visible in a basal view. Length 6.3, diam. 1.35
mm., aperture 2 mm.

Jamaica: Ipswich, at the bottom of a deep ' cockpit '
(J. B. Henderson, Jr.).

This species resembles V. pellucens in sculpture, but differs
in the form of the columella and the narrower contour.

Cuban Species.

V. data seems to be related to the Jamaican species pre-
ceding ; the other forms are more like those of Haiti, >and the
same type of shell extends to Porto Eico. According to
Gundlach, the labial margins of V. trinitaria are not pro-
duced into long processes as is usual in Oleacinidcc. I have
not seen subulatoides, succinea or gundlachi, and the sys-
tematic positions of the former two are very uncertain.

56. V. ELATA ('Gundlach' Pfr.). PI. 18, figs. 30, 31.

Shell fusiform-turrite, rather thin, sculptured with rather
close hair-like striae, pellucid, glossy, waxy. Spire regularly

112

VARICELLA, CUBA.

turrite, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, rather flat, the last
about two-fifths the total length, tapering basally. Colu-
mella arcuate, distinctly truncate above the base of the aper-
ture. Aperture slightly oblique, angulate-oval; peiristome
simple, unexpanded, the right margin slightly dilated for-
ward. Length 8, diam, scarcely over 2 mm., aperture 3 x 1.5
mm. (Gundl.}.

Eastern Cuba: Jucaro near Cabo de Cruz (Gundlach).

Subulina elata GUNDL., Malak. Bl. iv, 1857, p. 173. —
ARANGO, Fauna p. 98. — Acliatina e., PFR., Monogr. iv, 610;
vi, 231.

'This species is closely related to Achatina pellucens and
costulata Ad. of Jamaica, but. differs from both in the com-
paratively much longer aperture and the strong truncation
of the columella."

This species has not before been illustrated. It is figured
here from a specimen received from Thomas Bland. It is
pale yellowish •corneous, subtranslucent and very glossy. The
first 21/0 whorls are smooth and glossy. The rest are sculp-
tured with narrow, slightly arcuate and nearly vertical
grooves parted by wider smooth intervals. There are about
41 grooves on the last whorl of the shell figured. At first
sight the sculpture appears quite regular, but on close ex-
amination occasional "varices" are seen, marked by a smooth-
ish streak and deeper groove. There are four of these on the
last whorl. The aperture is oblique, ovate, with the outer
lip arching forward above as usual. The columella is very
concave, and abruptly truncate at its base. In basal view a
quite narrow false umbilicus is seen (fig. 30). Length 9,
diam. 2.2, length of aperture 3 mm. ; whorls 63/2.

V. data is one of the very few Cuban Oh. <n in idee which
show close affinities with Jamaican forms. It seems to belong
to the pellucens group.

57. V. SUBULATOIDES (Orbigny). Vol. XVIII, pi. 44, fig. 56.

Shell long subcylindric, thin, white (in dead individuals),
longitudinally striate ; spire very long, the apex obtuse, sub-
truncate. Whorls 9. Aperture subrhomboidal ; columella
straight, truncate. Length 10, diam. 2 mm. (Orb.).

VARICELLA, CUBA. 113

Cuba, in the interior (M. de la Sagra).

Achatina subulatoides ORB., Historia Cuba, v, Moluscos,
p. 88, pi. 11 Us, f. 1-3 (1845) ; French edit, i, p. 168.— PFR.,
Monogr. ii, 267 ; iii, 502 ; iv, 617 ; vi, 238. — Subulina s., POEY,
Memorias i, p. 396. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conch. 1890, p. 247.

A species of doubtful position, not recognized by later
Cuban collectors. Pfeiffer states that there are two worn
specimens in the Orbigny collection now in the British
Museum, one immature, the other with imperfect mouth. He
gives the following description : shell subulate, rather thin,
closely striate, waxen ( ?) ; spire subcylindric, the apex ob-
tuse; Whorls 9, a little convex, the last about one-fourth the
total length, smoother below the middle ; columella somewhat
twisted, slightly truncate. Aperture a little oblique, sub-
angular at the base; peristome simple, thin. Length 9.5,
diam. 2.33, apert. 2.25 mm. long.

58. V. TRINITARIA ('Gundl.' Poey). PI. 11, fig. 64.

Shell subfusiform oblong, thin, pale tawny, obsoletely
marked with darker incremental streaks ; irregularly sculp-
tured transversely with distant impressed striae. Spire tur-
rite, rather obtuse at the apex, the suture deep, contabulate.
Whorls 8, a little convex, the last about one-third the length.
Columella short, obliquely truncate. Aperture sub-semioval,
peristome acute, a little produced forward. Length 26, diam.
10, aperture 10 mm. long, 4 wide. (Poey].

Central Cuba: Mountains of Trinidad at San Juan de
Letran. (Gundlach).

Achatina trinitaria Gundl. MSS., POEY, Memorias ii, p. 36,
pi. 8, f. 27 (1857). Oleacina t., Gundl. in PPR., Malak. Bl.
iv, 1857, p. 109 ; Novit. Conch, iii, p. 320, pi. 77, f . 12-15.

Poey states that the lip of the animal is not bifid.

The specimen figured is smaller than the original type, and
shows no dark varix-streaks. The first 2% whorls are
smooth; then close, fine and siibregular stria: abruptly begin,
continuing about a whorl, when they become less regular,
usually subobsolete near the lower suture, and on the later
whorls persist only weakly below the suture, finally becom-

114 VARICELLA, CUBA.

ing wholly obsolete. The last whorl is nearly smooth except
for lightly impressed varix lines, of which there are four on
the last, an equal number on the penult., and fewer very faint
ones on the earlier whorls. The outer lip is slightly arched
forward, and at its lower third a very small lobe or point
projects, hardly shown in fig. 64. This point also shows on
the varix-lines of the last whorl. The columella is concave
above, prominent and 'abruptly truncate basally. Length
17.4, diam. 6.9, aperture 8 mm., whorls 6%.

59. V. MULTILINEATA Pilsbiy, n. sp. PL 11, fig. 60.

The shell resembles V. Iriiiilar-ia in contour. It is thin,
pale brown and glossy. The first 2y2 whorls are smooth ;
then close, fine strife begin abruptly. This sculpture con-
tinues throughout the shell, the stride slowly increasing. On
the last whorl they are regularly arcuate, rounded, and much
wider than the linear intervening grooves; at the lower third
of the whorl they rather suddenly diminish, leaving the
base almost smooth. On the front of the last whorl there
about four stria? in the space of one mm. The varices are
indistinct, and about five in number on the last whorl. The
aperture is rhombic-ovate. Outer lip thin, well arched for-
ward, with a very minute point projecting at its lower third.
Columella nearly straight, abruptly truncate at the base.
Length 18, diam. 6.9, aperture 8 mm. Whorls 6%.

Cuba (A. D. Brown coll., from T. Bland).

This differs from the preceding form by the close, fine
striation of the later whorls.

60. V. SWIFTIANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 61.

Shell turrite, the spire with straight outlines and obtuse
apex; thin, corneous or corneous-brown. Surface glossy.
First 21/2 whorls smooth; following whorls sculptured with
widely spaced, arcuate grooves extending from suture to
suture. The last whorl has unequal, irregularly spaced
grooves, subobsolete on the base, and occasional varix-lines,
four or five in number, each preceded by a narrow whitish
streak. On preceding whorls the varices are very few and

VARICELLA, CUBA. 115

inconspicuous. Aperture rhombic-ovate, outer lip slightly
curved forward, with a very low point projecting at its lower
third. Columella nearly straight, abruptly truncate basally.
Length 20, diam. 7.9, aperture 8.8 mm., whorls 7.

Cuba.

This species differs from V. trinitaria by its strongly con-
vex base and the widely spaced grooves of the post-nepiomc
whorls. The 'aperture is more rhombic in shape, and the
point or denticle of the outer lip is a trifle smaller.

61. V. GUNDLACHI (Pfeiffer). Vol. I, p. 28.

Cuba: San Juan de Let ran near Trinidad. More slender
than V. trinitaria, with sharper apex, indistinct varices, cren-
ulate suture and rounded instead of angular outer lip. 15
x 5 mm., aperture 5 mm. long.

62. V. SUCCINEA ('Gundlach' Pfr.).

Shell turrite, thin, smoothish, irregularly marked with
varix-like impressed lines; pellucid, 'amber-colored. Spire
regularly tapering, the apex rather obtuse, suture impressed.
Whorls 71/2, rather flat, the last about one-third the total
length, slightly tapering at the base; columelLa lightly arcu-
ate, narrowly but distinctly truncate above the base of the
shell. Aperture a little oblique, sinuate-oblong, angular
above ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin
slightly arched forward. Length 15, diam. scarcely 4, aper-
ture 5x2 mm. (Pfr.) .

Eastern Cuba: "Brazo del Cauto " near Santiago (Gund-
lach) ; also Buenavista, in Bayamo, and Monte Toro and Monte
Libano in Guantanamo (Gundl.).

Subulina succinea Gundl. PFR., Malak. Bl. v, 1858, p. 185.
— ARANGO, Fauna, p. 98. — Achatina succinea PFR., Monogr.
vi, 237. — Subulina megalogyra Gundl., POEY, Memorias ii,
p. 8, 438, name only.

This unfigured species is unknown to me except by the
above description, which indicates >a shell resembling V.
similis and V. trinitaria.

116 VARICELLA, HAITI.

Species of Haiti, Porto Rico and the Virgin Is.
63. V. DENTICULATA (Weinland). Vol. I, pi. 11, fig. 99.

Shell oblong-fusiform, thin, pellucid, hyaline-milky, sculp-
tured with subarcuate impressed longitudinal lines. Spire
regularly tapering, the apex rather obtuse, suture simple.
Whorls 7, somewhat convex. Columella rather long, lightly
arched forward, slightly twisted, obliquely truncate, giving
off a very delicate callus. Aperture narrowly elliptical,
slightly more than one-third the total length, acuminate above ;
peristome simple, unexpanded, arcuate in the middle and
provided with a delicate tooth. Length 17, diam. 5, aperture
6 x 2.5 mm. ( Weinl.) .

Haiti: Port-au-Prince ; also on the island of Gonave (Dr.
Brown).

Glandina denticulata WEINL., Jahrbiicher D. M. Ges. vii,
1880, p. 356, pi. 12, f. 10. — Oleacina d., TBYON, Manual i, p.
27, pi. 11, f. 99.

The original description is given above, and the original
figure has been copied in Vol. I. Messrs Henderson and
Simpson took two varieties, as follows.

63a. Var. charmettensis Pilsbry, n. subsp. PI. 19, fig. 46.

The shell is pale brown with darker streaks preceding the
well-'curved varices. Smooth whitish embryonic shell of 2^
whorls ; the following whorls sculptured with fine impressed
lines or grooves at irregular intervals, rather close at first,
but becoming widely spaced on the last whorl, where they do
not extend quite to the base. There are also short, coarse,
oblique, rounded folds beloiv the suture, in the last four
whorls. These folds are low but distinct and subregular, and
hardly crenulate the suture. There are about 5 varices on
the last whorl. Aperture is elliptical-ovate, vertical; outer
lip is strongly arched forward, with a projecting point or
small lobe at its lower third. The columella is regularly
concave and very abruptly truncate. Length 19.7, diam. 6,
aperture 8 mm. whorls 7%.

Haiti: Charmettes (J. B. Henderson, Jr.).

VARICELLA, HAITI. 117

This form differs from V. denticulata by its subsutural
plication and larger aperture; from V. ptyckoraphe by the
strongly arcuate lip and narrower contour. The point or
lobe on the outer lip is thin, as Weinland states is the case
with V. denticulata.

A single broken shell taken by Henderson at Sans Souci,
in the north, probably belongs to this subspecies.

636. Var. GUTTIDENTATA Pilsbry, n. subsp. PI. 19, fig. 45.

Smaller than the preceding, very glossy, with very few im-
pressed lines besides the varices on the earlier post-em-
bryonic whorls, and none on the later. Four or five varices
on each of the last four whorls, without brown streaks. Be-
low the suture there are traces of a very weak, oblique pli-
cation, coarse, low and irregularly developed. The outer lip
is equably and moderately arched forward, and below the
middle it bears a projecting point, which is thickened drop-
like inside. Columella strongly concave and obliquely trun-
cate. Length 16, diam. 4.9 aperture 5.9 mm. ; whorls 7y2.

Haiti: La Ferriere (J. B. Henderson, Jr.).

64. V. PTYCHORAPHE (Weinland et Martens).

Shell elongate, glossy, sculptured with longitudinal im-
pressed strise ; fleshy yellowish, ornamented with a few brown
varices, two to three on each whorl. Spire long-conic, the
apex obtuse; suture coronated with elevated, not close, cos-
tulre. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last tapering to the base,
Aperture narrowly elliptical, two-fifths the total length;
columella straightened, slightly arcuate below, abruptly trun-
cate; outer margin unexpanded, simple, hardly curved.
Length 13, diam. 5, aperture 6x3 mm. (Martens).

Haiti: near Jeremie (Weinland).

Glandina ptychoraphe W. & M., Malak. Bl. vi, 1859, p. 57.

Von Martens further remarks that in this species the im-
pressed lines below the suture are much less regular and
distinct than in V. nitida Ad., and some of them, usually
every third or fourth one, are elevated into real ribs near the
suture, of which 23 may be counted on the last whorl. The

118 VARICELLA, HAITI.

bending of the outer lip, often so conspicuous in species of
this group, is here represented by a weak retraction near the
suture only. One example taken.

65. V. BIPLICATA (Weinland et Martens).

Shell elongate, thin, longitudinally closely hair-striate,
silky, pale tawny, irregularly marked with narrow distant
reddish streaks. Spire turrite, the apex rather acute, suture
impressed. Whorls 6 ?, a trifle convex. Aperture narrowly
elliptical, four-ninths the total length. Columella rather
long, distinctly plicate above, the base obliquely truncate;
outer margin unexpanded, acute, arcuately produced in the
middle. Length 6.5 ito 9, diam. 2.5 mm., aperture 2.5 to 4
mm. long, 1.5 to 2 wide. (Martens).

Haiti: near Jeremie (Weinland).

Glandina liplicata W. & M, Malak. Bl. vi, 1859, p. 57.-
WEINLAND, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges. vii, 1880, p. 355.

Described from three examples, a large one with defec-
tive aperture and two small, fresh ones. Whether the large
one is adult remains uncertain. The upper part of the shell
closely resembles V. ligata, but besides the oblique basal
truncation of the columella it has also a spiral fold, like
Spiraxis.

In his later note Weinland records specimens sent by Bland
from Port-au-Prince, glassy-clear and transparent, without
trace of the red streaks. Possibly these are not really
V. biplicata.

66. V. HISTRIO (Pfeiffer). PL 19, figs. 42, 43.

Shell long-fusiform, rather solid, nearly smooth, irregu-
larly painted with streaks and flames of brown; spire long,
suddenly passing into the rather acute apex; suture cren-
ate. Whorls 8, convex, deeply plicate below the suture, the
last about three-sevenths the total length, tapering basally.
Columella vertical, obliquely and narrowly truncate. Aper-
ture vertical, subrhombic-oval ; peristome simple, unex-
panded, the right margin slightly arched forward. Length
23, diam. below the middle nearly 8 mm. (P/Y.).

VAEICELLA, HAITI. 119

Haiti : Mt. Platon, 30 miles northeast from Aux Cayes
(Smith).

Achaiina histrio PFE., Malak. Bl. xiii, 1866, p. 85; Novit.
Conch, ii, p. 300, pi. 72, figs. 17, 18. — Glandina histrio Pfr.,
CROSSE, Journ. de Conehyl. 1891, p. 97.

This rare form is known only by the original specimen.
It seems related to the V. denticulata group in form, yet
differs strikingly in 'coloration.

67. V. IMPRESSA (Pfeiffer). PL 18, fig. 28.

Shell oblong-turrite, thin, smooth, irregularly marked with
impressed longitudinal lines, fulvous. Spire turrite, the apex
rather acute; suture impressed, submarginate. Whorls 6l/2,
flat, the last about two-fifths the total length. Columella arcu-
ate, abruptly truncate at the base. Aperture oblique, sinu-
ate-oval ; peristome simple, the right margin receding at
the base. Length 8.5, diam. 2.66, aperture 3 x 1.5 mm.
(Pfr.).

Haiti: around Santo Domingo City (Salle). Also Porto
Rico, St. Johns and St. Thomas.

Achatina impressa PFR., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 148; Conchyl.
Caib. p. 354, pi. 29, f. 16, 17; Monogr. iii, 491.—Snl>ulina im-
pressa Pfr., CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1891, p. 151.

The original description and figures are given. In Mono-
graphia vi, p. 231, Pfeiffer adds the locality St. Johns, 'col-
lected by Riise. From a study of the specimens before me
from Haiti, Porto Rico and St. Thomas I am disposed to unite
G. terebrcrformis Shuttl. as a synonym or variety, though I
have not seen type or topotypes of V. impressa. The some-
what greater size and colored streaks of Shuttleworth 's form
seem to 'be its only distinguishing characters1, and we have no
evidence that Pfeiffer's type of V. impressa was a fully adult
shell.

Var. terebrccformis (Shuttleworth). PI. 19, fig. 33.

Shell turrite-subulate, thin, very smooth, irregularly marked
with remote impressed lines, very glossy, rufous corneous,
here and there ornamented with darker or reddish streaks.

120 VARICELLA, PORTO RICO, HAITI.

Spire long, the apex obtuse; whorls 7 to 8, rather flattened,
the last scarcely one-third of the total length ; suture nearly
simple, rather deep. Aperture semioval, peristome simple,
•acute, the right margin arcuate; columella strongly arcuate,
truncate at the base. Length 13, diam. 3, aperture 3x2 mm.
(Shuttlew.).

Porto Rico: Ceiba and Rio Blanco, rare (Blauner) ; Vega
baja (Gundlach).

Glandina terelrccformis SH., Diagn. n. Moll. no. 6, p. 144,
in Mittheil. Nat. Ges. Bern 1854, p. 52.— MARTENS, Jahrb.
D. M. Ges. iv, 1877, p. 345.

The specimen figured is from Rio Blanco. It is a little
less slender than Shuttleworth's type. There are 2y2 smooth
embryonic whorls, the rest with irregularly spaced grooves,
•and occasional variees, three or four on the last whorl.
Length 11.5, diam. 3, aperture 3.6 mm., whorls 7.

In the island of Haiti, tere~brccformis has been reported
from the Sierra Monte Cristi, in Santo Domingo (Hjalmar-
son, Malak. Blatter v, 1858, p. 153). I have before me speci-
mens from Cape Haitian, at the western extreme, collected by
J. B. Henderson, Jr., which may be described as follows.
The shell (pi. 19, fig. 34) is slender and elongate, thin, yellow
with an olive tint, and some very faintly darker brownish
streaks. The surface is glossy; suture with a dark margin
by transparence. The pupiform embryonic shell consists of
21/0 smooth whorls, the apex obtuse. Subsequent whorls
have widely and somewhat unequally spaced grooves, which
are arcuate or a little sinuous. On the last whorl about 15
such grooves may be counted, 5 or 6 of them being varix-
grooves. The latter extend to the base, while the inter-
variceal grooves fade out at the lower third. The aperture
is piriform, its length 'contained three times in that of the
shell. The outer lip is thin, strongly arched forward, but
with no trace of a projecting point such as occurs in V. den-
ticulata, etc. The columella is very concave, without notice-
able callus, and is abruptly truncate at the base. Length
9, diam. 2.8, length of aperture 3 mm. Whorls 6y2.
Haiti: Cape Haitian (J. B. Henderson, Jr.).

VARICELLA, PORTO RICO, ST. THOMAS. 121

This little species 'has about the proportions of V. "biplicata,
but differs conspicuously from that in its sculpture of
widely spaced grooves, in place of the close, hair-like striae
which give a silky luster to biplicata. There is, moreover,
no trace of a spiral fold upon the columella.

A dead specimen in the same lot is somewhat larger, 11.4 x
3 mm., aperture 3.3 mm., with 714 whorls. The last two
whorls are rather conspicuously flattened.

Form from St. Thomas, pi. 18, fig. 32. Dead shells which
have lost color, and may not be full grown are before me.
The shell is sculptured with unequal, unevenly spaced
grooves after the first two smooth whorls. The aperture is
pirif orm ; the columella. is very deeply concave, abruptly
truncate at the base. A small false umbilicus is seen in
basal view, as in V. elata. Length 6.8, diam. 2, length of
aperture 2.3 mm. ; whorls 5%.

St. Thomas: Freydendal, and a hill opposite Baker's
(T. Bland).

Achatina - f Sp. undet., BLAND in Adams' Contribu-

tions to Conchology no. 11, 1852, p. 219, no. 8 (22) ; no de-
scription.— " Achatina siibtilis Shuttl.," label in R. Swift
collection.

This form differs from V. elata by its rather sparse, irre-
gularly spaced grooves. It has a more concave columella
than Pfeiffer figures for his V. impressa, and the columella
is perhaps perceptibly more gyrate than in the larger tere-
brceformis. I have not been able to trace the name A. subtilis
Shuttl. to a description.

68. V. SULCULOSA ( S'huttleworth) . PI. 19, fig. 35.

Shell turrite-subulate, thin, very smooth, 'Closely marked
with rather deep impressed lines, very glossy, pale corneous,
ornamented with reddish streaks here and there. Spire long,
the apex obtuse. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last nearly
one-third the total length; suture nearly simple. Aperture
semioval; peristome simple, acute, the right margin notice-
ably arcuate ; 'columella strongly arcuate, base truncated.
Length 10, diam. 2.66, aperture 3x2 mm. (Shuttlew.) .

122

VARICELLA, PORTO RICO.

Porto Rico : San Juan and Humacao, under dead leaves,
very rare (Blauner).

Glandina sulculosa SHUTTLEW., Diagn. n. ]\Ioll. no. 6, p.
144, in Mittheilungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in
Bern 1854, p. 52.

This species is closely related to V. terebraformis but
differs in sculpture. The first 2i/2 whorls are smooth. The
rest are regularly and deeply grooved, with occasional vari-
ceal grooves preceded 'by a wider smooth brown streak. On
the last whorl there are three varices. Two specimens from
near San Juan measure :

Length 8.8, diam. 2.5, aperture 3 mm., whorls 6%.

Length 9.7, diam. 2.7, aperture 3 mm., whorls 6%.

V. data of Cuba resembles V. sulculosa in sculpture, but
it has a more oblique aperture, effuse basally, and a some-
what more openly gyrate axis. In V. sulculosa no central
hollow is seen in a basal view. In some examples the grooves
are somewhat more spaced than in the typical form, approach-
ing V. terebrceformis.

69. V. PORTORICENSIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 19, fig. 36.

Shell turrite-oblong, smoothish, irregularly sculptured with
impressed longitudinal lines, glossy, ornamented with darker
streaks. Spire long, somewhat obtuse; whorls 8, flattened,
the last slightly more than one-third the total length. Colu-
mella arching forward, abruptly truncated at the base of the
aperture. Aperture elliptical-semioval ; peristome simple.
Length 20, diam. 7, aperture 8x3.3 mm. (Pfr.}.

Porto Rico: 'San Juan (type loc.), Hamacao and Luquillo
(Blauner) ; Aguadilla, Quebradillas and Vega baja (Gund-
lach).

Acliatina portoricensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1848, p. Ill ; Monogr.
ii, p. 258. — Glandina p., SHUTTL., Diagnosen no. 6, p. 144.—
MARTENS, Jahrb. D. M. Ges. iv, p. 345, 1877.— CROSSE, Journ.
de Gonc'hyl. 1892, p. 10. — Acliatina, riisei PER., Zeitschr. f.
Malak. 1852, p. 151 ; Monogr. iii, p. 509 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 370
pi. 67, f. 3, 4.

The first 2% whorls are smooth. All the rest are irregu-

VARICELLA, CARIBBEAN. 123

larly sculptured with unequally spaced grooves, with occa-
sional varices preceded by brownish streaks. The later
whorls have some low fine ripples between the grooves. The
varices and outer lip are but very slightly arcuate. The
ground color is more or less distinctly yellow. A well grown
example measures, length 21.7, cliam. 6.2, aperture 7.5 mm.,
whorls 8.

A. nisei Pfr. was based, as Pfeiffer himself has stated, on
the same specimen earlier described as portoricensis.

70. V. CORUSCA (Reeve). PL 11, fig. 56.

"Shell 'pyramidal, somewhat fusiform, obtuse at the apex,
whorls seven in number, convex, smooth, polished, finely mar-
gined at the sutures, columella arched and twisted, aperture
ovate ; transparent brown, glassy, obscurely stained with
•flexuous chestnut streaks." (Reeve}.

Habitat unknown.

Achatina corusca REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 22, f. 121
(March, 1850).

"A shell of firm growth though transparent and glossy"
Pfeiffer, in the Nomenclator Heliceorum places this dubious
and ill-described form in Subulina, but it looks more like
Varicella impressa or V. portoricensis. The figure, copied
on plate 11, is stated to be "considerably magnified."

Section Lccvaricella Pilsbry, n. sect.

Varicellas without distinct grooves or stride between the
varices. Embryonic shell pupiform (except in V. glabra) ,
of 3 to 31/;? smooth whorls ; columella very concave and
abruptly truncate. Type V. semitarum.
I. Embryonic whorls forming a pupiform apex.

a. Length of shell about 4 times that of the aperture;
pale greenish, yellowish or brownish, sometimes with
inconspicuous brown varix-streaks.

I. 28x6.5 mm., whorls 10; Martinique.

V. semitarum, no. 71.
ft1. 16x4 mm., whorls 7; Dominica.

V. perlucens, no. 72.

124 VARICELLA, CARIBBEAN.

a1. Length of shell not much over 3 times that of aper-
ture; greenish -corneous usually with continuous
•chestnut stripes ; 14 x 4.3 mm., whorls 7, Guadeloupe.

V. guadeloupensis, no. 73.

a2. Aperture more than one-third the length of shell;
^corneous or yellowish with chestnut streaks cut by
peripheral and subperipheral pale belts ; 27 x 9 mm.,
with 71/2 whorls; Porto Rico.

V. interrupta, no. 74.

II. Embryonic shell forming an obtusely conic apex ; corneous
or yellow with some chestnut, streaks; length 23 to 33,
diam. about 12 mm., with 7 to 8l/s whorls ; Porto Rico.

V. glabra, no. 75.

71. V. SEMITARUM ('Rang' Pfr.). PI. 5, figs. 7, 8.

Shell subulate, the apex obtuse, pale 'corneous, longitudin-
ally substriate, glossy ; whorls 10, nearly flat, the last scarcely
exceeding one-fourth the total length. Columella strongly
arcuate, obliquely truncate at the base of the aperture. Aper-
ture oblong-acuminate, wide at the base; peristome simple,
the right margin somewhat arched forward. Length 28,
diam. 6.5, aperture 7x4 mm. (Pfr,}.

Martinique: Slopes of Mont Pelee (Beau); Massif des
Pitons near Camp Balata, 500-610 meters elevation (Maze).

Helix semitarum Rang in Paris Museum. — Achatina semi-
tarum Rang PFR., Symbols ii, p. 59 (1842) ; Monogr. ii, p.
263. Conchyl. Cab. p. 333, pi. 28, f. 10, 11.— REEVE, Conch.
Icon, v, pi. 16, f. 73. — FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. vii, 1858,
p. 185, pi. 7, f. 4, 5. — Grlandina semitarum MAZE, Journ. de
Conchyl. 1874, p. 159.— BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii,
p. 81, pi. 17, f. C (teeth). — Achatina sylvatica PFR., Monogr.
ii, p. 262, exclusive of references.

The shell has a greenish-'corneous tint and an oily or
varnish-like gloss. Very faint traces of fine spiral strias
may be seen under the lens, and there are occasional im-
pressed lines, or varix-grooves marking former resting posi-
tions. The first 31/-? whorls are smooth, without these varix-
grooves, but on the rest there are about three of them on a

VARICELLA, CARIBBEAN. 125

whorl, at unequal intervals, in the shell drawn in fig. 7. In
some others the varix- grooves are less numerous.

Fischer states that fresh shells are uniform yellowish-
corneous with a reddish summit and a reddish line along
the suture. There is also a form with 'brown flames behind
the varix-grooves, fig. 8.

72. V. PERLUCENS (Guppy).

"A subulate-turrite, smooth, brilliantly polished, yellow-
ish-red shell, marked by obscure striae and by distant varici-
form lines, of which there are from three to six on a whorl ;
with a very obtuse apex and seven slowly increasing, scarcely
convex whorls, the last somewhat flattened and equal to about
half the length of the shell ; columella strongly curved, trun-
cate; aperture oval, elongate; peristome simple, its external
margin somewhat prominent. A species allied to G. arcuata
Pf. of Jamaica. Of three examples I obtained, one only was
of full growth. Length 16, diam. 4, aperture 4x2 mm. ' '
(Guppy).

Dominica (Guppy).

Glandina perlucens GUPPY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4 ser.), i, 1868, p. 430.

A little-known form, not yet figured, and apparently re-
lated to the preceding. Only the original lot is known.

73. V. GUADELOUPENSIS (Pfelffer). PI. 19, figs. 40, 41.
Shell oblong-turrite, thin, smooth, very glossy, pellucid,

greenish-corneous, with occasional arcuate varices, not very
prominent and bordered with chestnut. Spire regularly
tapering, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7, a little convex, the
last about one-third the length, tapering basally. Columella
very much arched, the base narrowly truncate. Aperture
slightly oblique, acuminate-oval; peristome thin, the right
margin arching forward, rufous-margined. Length 14, diam.
4.33, aperture 4.66x2.5 mm. (Pfr.}.

Guadeloupe: Gommier (Caillet, type in Mus. Cuming) ;
Baillif, Mt. St. Louis, Bouillante, Saint-Claude along the
ravine Malanga (Marie), under stones and vegetable debris,
in damp shady places, always above 300 meters elevation.

126 VARICELLA, PORTO RICO.

Ackatina guadeloupensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 335. —
Oleacina guadeloupensis PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 630. — Glandina
g., MAZE, Journ. de Conchyl. xxxi, 1883, p. 9, pi. 1, f. 3.

Maze, to whom we owe figures of this species, states that
Marie found a specimen without dark streaks (fig. 40). I
have not seen the species, which appears to be related to
V. semitarum.

74. V. INTERRUPTA ( Shuttlewortli) . PI. 19, fig. 39.

Shell fusiform, 'thin, very smooth, and glossy, corneous, or-
namented with rather wide and unevenly spaced reddish-
chestnut streaks, on the last whorl intersected at the peri-
phery by a conspicuous whitish zone, and another narrower
one on the base. Spire somewhat acuminate, the apex very
obtuse. Whorls TI/O, a little convex, the last three-sevenths
the total length ; suture narrowly margined, slightly plicate.
Aperture narrow, acuminately semi-oblong; peristome sim-
ple, acute, the right margin inconspicuously arcuate; colu-
mella oblique, very deeply arcuate, truncate at the base.
Length 27, diam. 9, aperture 11x4 mm. (Shuttl.}

Porto Rico: Luquillo, under fallen leaves (Blauner) ;
Yunque de Luquillo (Sintensis).

Glandina intcrnipta SH., Diagn. no. 6, p. 144, in Mittheil.
nat, Ges. Bern 1854, p. 52.— MARTENS, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges.
1891, p. 131.

The embryonic shell is pupiform and consists of 3 smooth
whorls, terminating with a brown streak and varix-line. Sub-
sequent whorls have fine, inconspicuous growth ripples be-
tween the varices. This fine species resembles V. gldbra in
sculpture, but differs by its slender, attenuate spire, with
embryonic shell of a very different shape.

Group of V. glabra.

The oblong shell is rather large, Oleacina-like, smooth and
glossy, with an obtuse conic embryonic shell of 3i/o whorls.
This form resembles Oleacina in general appearance and in
the conic embryonic shell, but it also seems closely related
to V. interrupta, which by its pupiform embryonic whorls re-

VARICELLA, OLEACINA. 127

sembles the other Porto Rican Varicellas and the Semitarwm
group. Until we know much more of the soft anatomy of
these groups, we are in no position to decide upon the affini-
ties of aberrant or connecting forms. Whether glabra is
nearer to Varicella or to Oleaciua remains to be determined.

75. V. GLABRA (Pfeiffer). PI. 19, figs. 37, 38.

Manual Vol. I, p. 23.

This fine species varies widely in shape, and several races
may possibly be recognized when sufficient material with
locality data is available. Shut tie worth however reports the
slender form (var. gracilior) as found with the typical at
Luquillo 'and San Juan. Two examples figured measure as
follows :

Length 30.2, diam. 12, apert. 15.8 mm., whorls 7l/2
(Luquillo).

Length 33.2, diam. 11.5, apert. 15 mm., whorls 8%
(Humacao).

The latter (fig. 37) is the variety gracilior, a name pre-
occupied by Adams. Shells even shorter than fig. 38 occur,
one measuring 22.7 x 12.3, aperture 15.25 mm., with 7 whorls.

The egg 'capsules of the slender form (pi. 19, fig. 44) are
elliptical with slightly pointed ends, 6.5 x 3.6 mm., with a
hard white shell covered with a raised network pattern of
interrupted lines, which do not quite reach one pole.

The embryonic shell of 3% smooth whorls forms a conic,
rapidly enlarging summit, very unlike that of all other
Porto Rican Varicellas, and shaped more like the apex of an
Oleacina, or of Varicella leucozpnias.

Genus OLEACINA Bolten.

Oleacina BOLTEN, Museum Boltenianum, p. 110 (1798),
type and sole species 0. volutata Bolt. = = 0. voluta Gm.

Polyphemus MONTFORT, Conchyliologie Systematique, ii,
p. 414 (1810), type and sole species P. glans - - 0. voluta
flexuosa.

Glandina SCHUMACHER, Essai d'uu nouveau Systeme des

128 OLEACINA.

habitations des Vers Testaces, pp. 61, 202 (1817), type and
sole species G. olivacea Schum, - - 0. voluta Gm.

Boltenia PFEIPFER, Nomenclator Heliceorum Viventium p.
7, 1881, based on the types of Oleacina Bolten and Glandina
Schum. ; first species 0. voluta.

Shell oblong or fusiform-oblong, smooth or smoothish, oliva-
ceous or yellow, usually with long last whorl and short spire ;
embryonic whorls smooth; aperture long and very narrow
above ; columella concave, abruptly truncate at base ; outer
lip simple, arched forward in the middle.

Type 0. voluta (Gm.). Distribution, Haiti and Cuba,

While it is almost impossible to frame differential con-
chological definitions of Oleacina, Varicella and Euglandina,
yet the general aspect of the shells is characteristic; the
genera are apparently valid, and their recognition is neces-
sary to a clear idea of the relationships of the species. One
species of Oleacina is striate, 0. voluta; several Haitian forms
have varix-grooves, showing thereby a relationship to Vari-
cella and especially to Porto Rican species of the section
Lccvaricella. The soft anatomy is as yet insufficiently known,
but data on various forms may be found in the preface to
this volume.

The references given above show that the name Glandina,
long in common use, is an absolute synonym of Oleacina.
Boltenia was proposed by Pfeiffer for the typical section of
Oleacina, and was expressly said by him to be equivalent to
typical Oleacina and Glandina ; therefore these names cannot
be used for Mexican or European forms or for the 0. oleacea
group, as some authors have done.

Sections of Oleacina.

OLEACINA s. str. Shell large, solid and opaque, the surface
finely, evenly striate. Type 0. voluta.

L/EVOLEACINA n. sect. Shell rather thin, yellow, very glossy,
smooth or with a few grooves. Type 0. oleacea straminea.

OLEACINA, HAITI. 129

Key to Haitian species of Oleacina.

a. Shell large, about 50 to 60 mm. long, olivaceous, solid and
opaque, densely, finely striate. 0. voluta, no. 1.

a1. Shell much smaller, yellowish, thin.

&. Shell sinistral, about 15 mm. long. 0. paivaua, no. 7.
&1. Shell dextral.

c. Nearly smooth; whorls almost regularly in-

creasing.

d. Outlines of the spire slightly convex.
e. Length about 20 mm.

0. mulleri, no. 2.
el. Length less than 17 mm.

0. smithiana, no. 3.
d1. Outlines of the spire straight.

0. pethionis, no. 4.

c1. Surf ace grooved at irregular intervals; whorls
progressively more rapidly widening, the last
suture more oblique.

d. Length 11 to 12 mm., about three times

the diameter. 0. cleriei, no. 5.

d1. Length 8 to 9 mm., more than three

times the diameter. 0. microlestes, no. 6.

Section OLEACINA s. str.
1. 0. VOLUTA (Gmelin). PI. 31, figs. 15, 16.

The shell is solid but not thick, somewhat Co Hits-shaped,
widest at the shoulder, the sides convexly tapering to the
base, spire conic with straight sides and very obtuse apex.
The shell is of a rather pale, dull violet-rose color, with a
white band below the suture and whitish near the base,
under an olivaceous cuticle, which is almost entirely want-
ing in the example figured (fig. 16). The surface appears
smooth to the eye, but under a lens it is seen to be rather
deeply and regularly striate below the suture (fig. 15), the
stria? rapidly weakening to irregular growth-wrinkles below
the shoulder of the last whorl. The first 2y2 whorls arr
smooth in the examples seen, which may, however, be some-

130 OLEACINA, HAITI.

what worn. The suture is somewhat uneven, but is not
crenulated by the striae. The aperture is very long and nar-
row, outer lip acute, pale near the edge, straightened in the
middle. Columella short, quite concave, abruptly truncate.
Length 49.5, diam. 21, length of aperture 36 mm. ; whorls 7%.

Haiti: Miragoane (H. Rolle).

Bulla valuta, testa cylindracea Iccvis, ex oleacino, etc.,
CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., ix, pt. 2, p. 16, pi. 117, f. 1009,
1010 (1786).— Bulla voluta GMEL., Syst, Nat. (13), p. 3433,
no. 40, (1790), based on above reference. — Achatina voluta
Chernn., PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 279; Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 297, pi. 7, f. 4, 5. — REEVE, C. Icon., vii, fig. 55. — Oleacina
voluta Chemn., PFR., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 8. — TRYON, Man-
ual, i, p. 22. -- Glandina voluta Chemn., CROSSE, Journ. de
Conchyl., 1891, p. 99, pi. 1, f. 1. — Bulimus glans BRUG., En-
cycl. Meth., p. 365, no. Ill (1792). — Glandina olivacea SCHU-
MACKER, Essai d'un nouv. Syst. test. Vers, p. 202 (1817),
based on Bulla voluta Chemn. — Oleacina volutata BOLTEN,
Museum Boltenianum, p. 110, no. 1411, 1798, based on Bulla
voluta Gmel. and Chemnitz.

This species is the type of the genus Oleacina. Like vari-
ous other Haitian land shells, it is an isolated form without
near relatives. The striate surface and dark color are fea-
tures not found in other Antillean Oleacinas; yet the gen-
eral aspect of the shell, and particularly the shape of the
aperture, are so different from any of the mainland Euglan-
dinas that I do not believe that 0. voluta is congeneric with
the Mexican species.

The figures on pi. 31 represent a shell from Miragoane in
coll. T. H. Aldrich. It is probably not quite mature. The
various specimens I have seen and the published figures of
0. voluta and 0. flexuosa show these forms to vary widely in
size and contour, and it seems likely that all belong to one
species, represented perhaps by a number of local races.

la. 0. VOLUTA var. FLEXUOSA (Pfeiffer). PI. 31, fig. 14.

See vol. I, p. 33, pi. 5, fig. 68, copied from Pfeiffer's type
figure. The type measured : length 53, diam. 20, length of

OLEACINA, HAITI. 131

aperture 30 mm.; whorls 7. The habitat was unknown.
(Ackatina flexuosa PPR., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 150; Novit. Conch.,
i, p. 9, pi. 3, f. 16, ll.—Oleacina f., PFR., Monogr., iv, 639;
vi, 278. — BLAND, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., xi, p. 72. — Glan-
dina f., CROSSE, J. de Conch. 1891, p. 98.)

A large specimen from Aux Cayes, Haiti, is figured. It
measures, length 63.5, diam. 25.2, length of aperture 39.5 mm.,
with 7£ whorls, and is the same shell noticed by Bland (I. c.).
It is more fusiform than 0. valuta, with a more oblique aper-
ture, that of valuta being subvertical ; the striation is per-
ceptibly coarser, and extends nearly to the base. The aper-
ture is shorter, and the outer lip more inflexed and more
sinuous, being arched forward in the middle. Under the
cuticle it is violaceous reddish, paler and whitish near the
gray-margined suture, and white at the base and behind the
outer lip. The cuticle is olivaceous-tawny, with occasional
darker reddish or olive streaks.

This large form of flexuosa is apparently what Montfort
figured as Polyphemus glans (Conch. Syst., ii, p. 414).

Section L.EVOLEACINA Pilsbry, n. sect.

L&voleacina PILS., antea, p. 128 (August 31, 1907). — Bol-
tenia PFEIPFER (in part), and of some other authors, not
Boltenia SAVIGNY, 1828 (Ascidians).

Shell oleacinoid, covered with a very smooth and very
glossy yellowish or greenish-yellow cuticle ; sculpture of lon-
gitudinal grooves, which are usually very weak and few.
Columella abruptly truncate at base. Type 0. oleacea stram-
inea.

Distribution : Haiti, Cuba, Isle of Pines, New Providence,
Bahamas.

All Haitian species of Lccvoleacina are described below,
since the account of them in Vol. I was very incomplete.

Several of the small Cuban species are but slightly differ-
entiated, and are often hard to determine. The contour of
the shell and the comparative length of the aperture undergo
remarkable changes with age, as shown in the illustrations of
0. cleriei. There seems to be considerable individual varia-

132 OLEACINA, HAITI.

ation, as well as the usual local variation; so that the prob-
lems presented by these miniature Oleacinas are exceptionally
difficult.

2. 0. MULLERI Maltzan. PI. 32, figs. 17, 18.

"Shell ovate, very glossy, under the lens very lightly stri-
ate, subtranslucent, greenish brown. Whorls 6 to 7, very
slightly convex, separated by a lightly brown-margined
suture, which descends more rapidly from the antepenulti-
mate whorl ; last whorl three-fifths the total length, rounded
at base. Aperture irregularly ovate, narrow, rounded bas-
ally; peristome acute, bending forward in the middle; col-
umella contorted and abruptly truncate at, the base ; parietal
wall covered with a very thin but distinct callus. Alt. 20,
diam. 8, aperture 12 mm." (Maltzan).

Haiti: Sans-souci (H. Rolle, J. B. Henderson); La Fer-
riere and Charmettes (Henderson and Simpson) ; San Cris-
tobal, Rep. Santo Domingo (A. Salle) ; (?) Cibao (Hjalmar-
son) ; also Santo Domingo (Gabb).

Oleacina miilleri MALTZAN, Nachrbl. d. d. Malak. Ges., xx,
1888, p. 179. — Streptostyla miilleri Maltz., CROSSE, Journ. de
Conchyl. 1891, p. 101, pi. 1, f. 2.— ( ?) Oleacina oleacea Fer.,
HJALMARSON and PFR., Mai. Bl., v, 1858, p. 153.— Glandina
oleacea Fer., CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1891, p. 99.

A smaller, more regularly fusiform species than the Cuban
0. straminea, with strictly conic spire, less concave columella,
and yellow instead of reddish streaks. The aperture is nar-
rower at and above the middle, the outer lip more distinctly
arching forward in the middle, and having a smooth, obtuse
edge, not so thin and acute as it usually is in 0. straminea. A
considerable series before me, collected by Salle, Gabb, Hen-
derson and Simpson, shows this form to be quite constant.
The description of Maltzan is imperfect in several details.
The color of fresh specimens is greenish yellow, with irreg-
ularly spaced olive-yellow streaks. The suture has a pale
•border, edged with gray below. The aperture is not ' ' ovate,
but rather lanceolate, and the outer lip is strongly retracted
above the middle. The whorls increase regularly to the last,

OLEACINA, HAITI. 133

which descends much more rapidly. Adult specimens from
La Ferriere a, Charmettes &, and Santo Domingo c, measure :

a. Length 21.3, diam. 8, aperture 12 mm.; whorls 6y2.

6. Length 19, diam. 7.25, aperture 11 mm. ; whorls 6Vs-

c. Length 20, diam. 8, aperture 12 mm. ; whorls 6.

Specimens collected by Salle, and hitherto reported as 0.
oleacea, prove to be 0. miilleri. The true 0. oleacea has not
yet been found in Haiti. There is some doubt about what
the original oleacea really was ; the figure has a suspicious re-
semblance to 0. miilleri, yet it is larger than any Haitian
specimen actually known, and, according to Deshayes' de-
scription, it had more whorls.

3. 0. SMITHIANA Pfeiffer.

Shell subfusiform-cylindric, rather solid, smooth, glossy ;
bluish-white, marked sparsely with fulvous streaks. Spire
convexly conic, the apex obtuse, suture slightly impressed,
broadly margined. Whorls 6, but slightly convex, the last
forming nearly two-thirds the length, slightly tapering bas-
ally. Columella arcuate, abruptly truncate above the base of
the aperture. Aperture vertical, acuminate above, rounded
basally, pearly inside ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the
right margin lightly arched forward. Length 16.5, diam.
5.66, aperture 11x2.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Haiti: Mt. Platon (Smith, type loc.) ; environs of Jeremie
and Gonave Island (Weinland) ; Port-au-Prince (Dr. Brown).

Oleacina smithiana PFR., Malak. Bl., xiii, 1866, p. 85. — ( ?)
Glandina s., WEINLAND, Jahrb. D. M. Ges., vii, 1880, p. 356.

This species has not been figured. Whether the shells com-
mented on by Weinland, from Jeremie, Port-au-Prince and
Gonave Island are identical with Pfeiffer's type remains un-
certain. The type locality, Mt. Platon, is about thirty miles
northeast of the Haitian town Les Cayes.

3a. Var. SIMPSONI Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 32, figs. 20, 21.

The cylmdric-fusiform shell is decidedly smaller than 0.
smithiana, smooth except for faint growth-lines; suture mar-
gined with a whitish followed by a gray line, the last whorl

134 OLEACINA, HAITI.

more rapidly descending. Outer lip obtuse, well arched for-
ward in the middle. Length 14, diam. 5.2, aperture 8 mm. ;
whorls 5%.

Haiti: St. Mark (Henderson and Simpson); Santo Do-
mingo (W. M. Gabb).

This is probably the form reported by Weinland.

4. 0. PETHIONIS (Weinland).

Vol. I, p. 23, pi. 11, fig. 83. This species is larger than 0.
smithiana, and distinguished especially by the conic, straight-
sided spire. Length 22, length of aperture 14 mm., whorls 7.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince (Weinland).

Glandina pethionis WEINL., Jahrb. D. M. Ges., vii, 1880,
p. 355, pi. 12, fig. 9.

Named for the mulatto President Pethion.

A mutilated specimen of a form evidently close to pethionis
was found by Mr. Henderson at Port-au-Prince. It has the
spire more slender than in Weinland 's figure, its sides
slightly concave, and the last whorl tapers more to the base.
It has somewhat the appearance of a high-spired Conus. The
sculpture is like that of 0. cleriei — irregularly grooved, and
the aperture is quite narrow. It measures 17 x 6.5 mm., with
whorls.

5. 0. CLERIEI (Weinland). PL 32, figs. 19, 23, 24, 25, 26.

Vol. I, p. 25. Specimens taken by Mr. Henderson at Jere-
mie, the type locality, agree with Weinland 's brief descrip-
tion and his figures in general characters, but he does not
seem to have noticed the sculpture.

The thin shell is yellow, with occasional darker olive-yellow
streaks. The spire is conic above, the outlines becoming
strongly convex below in adult shells. The first whorl is
smooth, enlarging very rapidly; the second whorl then be-
comes much narrower, and its last half is striate (fig. 19).
The following whorls enlarge at a rapidly increasing rate.
They have rather deep vertical grooves or furrows at irreg-
ular but rather close intervals. These grooves become less
deep and rarer on the last whorl in adult shells. The lip
curves rather strongly forward.

OLEACINA, HAITI. 135

Length 11.2, diam. 3.9, aperture 5.9 mm., whorls 5 (fig. 25).

Length 12, diam. 4, aperture 5 mm., whorls G1/^ (fig- 26).

Haiti: Jeremie (Weinland, Henderson).

Glandina (Oleacina} cleriei WEINL., Malak. Bl., xxiii, 1876,
p. 170, pi. 2, f. 5, 5a, 6.

The rapidly accelerated descent of the suture after the
third whorl changes the shape of the shell, so that the addi-
tion of a half whorl gives it quite a different appearance. I
have therefore figured a series of shells from the Henderson
collection, taken at Jeremie, measuring 8.5, 10, 11.2 and 12
mm. long. This species and the next are remarkable for their
grooved surfaces, like Varicella. In 0. cleriei the second
whorl is distorted much more than in 0. microlestes.

6. 0. MICROLESTES Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 32, fig. 22.

The shell is small, lanceolate-fusiform, glossy, pale cor-
neous-yellow with occasional narrow darker streaks (but the
type specimens are bleached). The outlines of the spire are
slightly convex, becoming straight near the rather large, ob-
tuse apex. The first l1/^ whorls are smooth and enlarge rap-
idly; then the whorl becomes slightly narrower for a short
distance, after which it enlarges, at first slowly, but with in-
creasing rapidity, the suture becoming progressively more ob-
lique. The suture is broadly margined by transparence and
is quite irregular. The surface is marked with arcuate
growth-lines and has occasional impressed grooves marking
growth-stages. The thin outer lip curves well forward in the
middle. The columella is rather strongly concave, and is
abruptly truncate at base. Parietal callus thin but distinct.

Length 8.9, diam. 2.5, aperture 3.9 mm. ; whorls S1/^.

Haiti : Port-au-Prince, and eight miles westward type loc.
(Henderson and Simpson).

Glandina (Oleacina subulata) Pfr., WEINLAND, Jahrb. D.
M. Ges., vii, 1880, p. 355. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1891,
p. 100. Not 0. subulata Pfr.

This species is smaller and more slender than 0. cleriei or
the Cuban 0. subulata, and is doubtless distinct from both.
The specimens from Port-au-Prince are a trifle smaller than

136 OLEACINA, HAITI.

the types — length 8 mm. with 5y2 whorls — and the aperture
seems a little less enlarged below. The curvature of the col-
umella varies, but it seems always to be quite abruptly trun-
cated.

7. 0. PAIVANA Pfeiffer. PI. 32, fig. 27.

One of the original lot, here figured, is more slender than
Pfeiffer 's type. The first li/> whorls are smooth and enlarge
very rapidly, forming a bulbous apex. The following whorl
is narrower, and sculptured with vertical grooves at unequal
intervals. The following whorls have the same sculpture and
enlarge slowly to the last, where the suture descends very
rapidly. The last whorl is widest at the shoulder, tapering
thence towards the base. The specimen is bleached, but on
the white ground shows reddish streaks behind the variceal
grooves, and behind the lip the whole surface is reddish. The
aperture is extremely narrow, hardly widened basally. The
outer lip arches strongly forward, and recedes conspicuously
towards the base. The columella is slightly concave close to
the abrupt truncation. Length 14.75, diam. 3.5, aperture 7.5
mm. ; whorls 7. The shell is fully adult.

Pfeiffer's type measured: length 15, diam. 4, aperture 8.66
mm. ; whorls 7 to 8.

Haiti : Mt. Platon, about 30 miles northeast of Aux Caves.

Oleacina paivana PFR., Malak. Bl., xiii, 1866, p. 86 ; Novit.
Conch., iii, p. 332, pi. 77, f. 18, 19.— TRYON, Man. Conch., i,
p. 25, pi. 4, f. 52 (copied from Pfr.).

Though very distinct by its narrow mouth and sinistral
coil, this species is related to 0. cleriei and 0. microlestes by
its sculpture, like that of Varicella.

8. 0. OLEACEA (Deshayes). PI. 33, figs. 10, 11.

"Shell ovate-oblong, smooth, diaphanous, greenish; the
apex acute ; aperture narrow, as long as the spire. Whorls 8,
a little convex ; columella deeply twisted at base, compressed,
white ; outer lip sinuate. Length 18 to 30 mm.

"M. de Ferussac having given nothing but the name of this
species, without a figure or description, it would have been

OLEACINA, HAITI. 137

impossible to recognize it 'but for the kindness of M. Marmin,
who had determined an individual in his collection from that
of Ferussac. It has nearly the shape and color of an olive ;
it is oval, pointed, smooth, polished and glossy, of a yellowish-
green throughout. Some flammules of obscure yellow are
seen on the last whorl near the aperture, of which they are
the former traces. The spire is pointed, conic, composed of 8
slightly convex whorls, of which the last is longer, or at least
as long, as all the others. The aperture is nearly vertical,
narrow, especially posteriorly. The columella is strongly
twisted below, at the anterior third of its length. It is ap-
pressed to the base and becomes white. The right lip is thin
and sinuous. It is supposed that this species comes from the
Antilles" (Desk.).

The type figure measures: length 27, diam. 10.5 mm.

Achatina oleacea DESH., Encycl. Meth., ii, p. 11 (1830) ;
Magasin de Zoologie, Mollusques, p. 3, pi. 3, f. 1, 2 (1830).-
Helix (Cochlicopa) oleacea FERUSSAC, Tabl. Syst., p. 50, no.
360 (nude name).

Deshayes' original description is translated above, and his
original figures are copied on pi. 33, figs. 10, 11. The specimen
he selected for the figure is intermediate in size between the
extremes, 18 to 30 mm., mentioned in his description, the
figure measuring 27 mm. long. It is likely that the measure-
ments 18 to 30 mm. include more than one species or variety ;
but the specimen figured by Deshayes must be considered his
type. The general shape of the shell and the narrow aper-
ture, in this figure, as well as the yellowish green color, are
strongly suggestive of the Haitian 0. mulleri; yet that species,
of which I have seen a considerable number of examples, is
not known to attain nearly to the size of Deshayes' figured
type. The white columella and the obscure yellow growth-
arrest streaks behind the lip are also suggestive of the Haitian
shell. In the Cuban form the streaks are more reddish, the
columella hardly noticeably white, and the general shape is
more cylindric, the spire less strictly conic, etc.

It is therefore quite possible that the type of 0. oleacea is
a Haitian shell closely related to 0. mulleri, but larger, with

138 OLEACINA, CUBA.

more whorls. No such shell is now known from Haiti. If
not Haitian, then oleacea must, have been based on Cuban
shells. In Cuba, the form from Matanzas approaches most
closely to the requirements of Deshayes' description and
figure.

Pending a decision as to the identity of 0. oleacea, we may
consider the Cuban shells a subspecies, since they differ in
various respects from the type figures of oleacea.

Cuban species of Lccvoleacina.

A few Cuban species are here figured and described to fix
definitely the identity of the forms I have dissected, and of
the type-species of Lccvoleacina.

8a. 0. OLEACEA var. STRAMINEA (Deshayes). PI. 33, figs. 5-9.

The shell is oblong-cylindric, thin, greenish-yellow, with
arcuate, irregularly-spaced reddish streaks; very smooth and
glossy, without microscopic spiral striae. Spire conic, with
slightly convex outlines and obtuse apex. Whorls regularly
increasing; the suture descends regularly and is not notice-
ably more oblique at the last half-whorl. It is margined by
transparence, and in old shells the last whorl may have an
impressed marginating line. The outer lip is very thin and
sharp, well curved forward in the middle. The short colu-
mella is very concave, colored like the shell except for a pale
edge, and abruptly truncate at the base. Deshayes' figured
type measured 37 x 13 mm.

Length 38, diam. 13.2, apert, 21 mm. ; whorls 8. Cuba.

Length 38.3, diam. 13, apert. 20.5 mm. ; whorls 7^. Cuba.

Length 38.2, diam. 13.6, apert. 21 mm. ; whorls 7-i. San Jose.

Length 35, diam. 12, apert. 18.5 mm. ; whorls 7^. San Jose.

Length 32, diam. 12.2, apert. 18.5 mm. ; whorls 7. San Jose.

Cuba: San Jose (Swift coll.) ; Havana province at Mari-
anao (Rhoads), La Salud (Pilsbry) ; Matanzas province, on
the hills around Matanzas and the Yumuri valley (Pilsbry) ;
Santa Clara province, at Cienfuegos, Cayo Carenas in Cien-
fuegos Bay, Sancti Spiritus, and Zaza del Medio (Pilsbry) ;

OLEACINA, CUBA. 139

also numerous localities in Pinar del Rio and Santiago prov-
inces (Arango, p. 95).

Achatina straminea DESH. in Fer., Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr, et
Fluv., ii, p. 172, pi. 123, f. 11, 12 (1851).— Oleacina oleacea
var. straminea Dh., PFR., Novit. Conch., p. 318, pi. 77, f. 3, 4
(Rangel). — Achatina oleacea Fer., ORB., Hist, Cuba, v. Molus-
cos, p. 87 ; French edit., p. 165. — PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 280 ; vi,
271.— DESH AYES, in Fer., Hist., p. 172, pi. 123, f. 5, 6.-
Glandina o., PHILIPPI, Abbild., i, p. 131, pi. 1, f. 1, and of
other authors. — Oleacina oleacea ARANGO, Fauna Malac.
Cubana, p. 95.

Deshayes ' type of straminea measured 37 x 13 mm. ; its
locality was unknown, but the measurements and figures cor-
respond exactly with large specimens before me from San
Jose, in Pinar del Rio, one of which is figured, pi. 33, fig. 8.
Pfeiffer also figured a very large specimen, 42 mm. long,
from Rangel, in northern Pinar del Rio ; his figure was copied
by Tryon, Vol. I, pi. 4, f. 45.

Considerable series I collected in Havana, Matanzas and
Santa Clara provinces consist of smaller shells, such as have
ordinarily been called oleacea. One from Matanzas is figured
(pi. 33, fig. 7), agreeing pretty closely with typical oleacea in
size, but still differing by its wider mouth. It measures,
length 27.25, diam. 10.5, aperture 16.3 mm., whorls 61/o.
Others from near Matanzas measure 29 x 10, ap. 15.5 mm.,
and 28.5 x 10, ap. 16 mm. At Cienfuegos they are similar
but a little larger — length 32-33 mm. I found an obese form
with strongly concave columella in Cayo Carenas, in Cien-
fuegos Bay (pi. 33, fig. 9), length 30, diam. 11.5, ap. 17 mm.

Near Sancti Spiritus, in the group of white limestone
4 ' rocks of San Jose, ' ' the shells are markedly cylindric, with
full, saccate base and extremely concave columella (pi. 33,
figs. 5, 6) . Were it not that the animal is colored like 0. oleacea
straminea, I would consider these a small race of 0. cyano-
zoaria.

In the collection of J. B. Henderson there is a very small,
rather dark-chestnut-tinted form from the Isle of Pines, 19 x
8 mm., 5% whorls.

140 OLEACINA, CUBA.

9. 0. CYANOZOARIA ' Gundl. ' Pfr.

Vol. I, p. 22. This species often attains a larger size than
O. o. straminea in the same region, though not larger than
some straminea, from the Organ Mts. The last whorl has a
narrow, convex margin, sharply and very finely striated
across, below the suture; this margin is generally defined by
a furrow. The columella is very deeply concave, but some
straminea have it equally so. It reaches a length of 35 to
42 mm.

Cuba : mountains of Trinidad, at San Juan de Letran
(Gundlach, 1856), and on the northwestern slope of La Vigia
(Pilsbry, 1904).

Oleacina cyanozoaria Gundl., PFR., Malak. Bl., iv, p. 108,
1857; Novit. Conch., p. 317, pi. 77, f. 1, 2.

I could not. find this snail at San Juan de Letran in 1904,
but took specimens on the mountain La Vigia, where adults
are 35 to 36 mm. long. Gundlach 's other locality, "Sitio
Quemado," is unknown to present residents of the region.
The type measured 40 x 13.3 mm. The largest, shell before
me measures, length 42.5, diam. 14.5, aperture 24 mm.

10. 0. SOLIDULA (Pfeiffer). PI. 33, figs. 3, 4.

The figures show a specimen which supplied the anatomical
figures on plates 35, 36, taken from under an old tie in the
yard of the Tunas and Sancti Spiritus Railway, in Sancti
Spiritus. It. measures, length 13.4, diam. 5, aperture 7 mm.,
with 5^/2 whorls. The earlier whorls increase slowly and
regularly, the last 1% descend more rapidly.

The species is found over a large part of Cuba, though not
everywhere. Neither Gundlach nor I found it around Trini-
dad, but it was taken everywhere else I collected in Havana,
Matanzas, Santa Clara, and Puerto Principe Provinces.
Specimens are also before me from Pinar del Rio and Santiago
Provinces, and the Isle of Pines. It is a common species at
Nassau, Newr Providence, where I regard it as probably in-
troduced from Cuba, together with various other Cuban
snails. The type locality is Matanzas.

Polyphemus solidulus PFR., Archiv fur Naturg. 1840. i, p.

OLEACINA, CUBA. 141

252. — Achatina solidula PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 282. — Glandina
paragramma MORELET, Testae. Noviss. i, (1849), p. 15,
(Cabanas, Cuba) .

11. 0. ORYSACEA (Orbigny). PI. 33, figs. 1, 2.

The figures represent the example from La Vigia, Trinidad,
dissected by me, of which I have figured the anatomy on
plate 35. It measures, length 17.8, diam. 6, length of aperture
9 mm. The spire is wide and convex except near the apex,
where it is somewhat attenuated. Whorls T1/^, convex, very
glossy, yellow with a narrow gray border below the suture.
The first four whorls increase slowly and regularly ; the next
whorl widens rapidly, the suture therefore descending more
obliquely ; after this the increase in width becomes very slow
again. Orbigny's type measurements are length 19, diam.
6 mm. Pie also confused with oi*ysacea a smaller form from
Santiago, perhaps specifically different. His material was
from several sources.

Central Cuba: Jagua (M. Lanier, type loc.) ; around Trini-
dad, common (Gundlach, Pilsbry) ; limestone rocks of San
Jose, near Sancti Spiritus (Pilsbry) ; near Cienfuegos (Emilio
F. Cabada).

Achatina orysacea ORB., Historia etc. de Cuba Moluscos,
p. 88 (1845). — Helix orysacea RANG, Ms. — Oleacina rcgularis
Gundlach, PFR. Malak. Bl. iv, 1857, p. 109 (Mountains near
Trinidad) -, Monographia iv, p. 634.

The largest shell I found measures, length 21, diam. 6,
aperture 9.7 mm. It is from the west side of La Vigia,
Trinidad.

The other small Lsevoleacinas of Cuba are as follows ; for de-
scriptions see Tryon, Vol. I, pp. 23-25.

1839. 0. SUBULATA Pfr.

1841. 0. OTTONIS Pfr. (plus semistriata Mor., 1849).

1846. 0. LINDONI Pfr.

1849. 0. SICILIS Morelet, 0. ONYCHINA Morelet, 0. FOLLI-
CULARIS Morelet, 0. INCERTA Reeve.

1857. 0. SATURATA Gundl.

1860. 0. TRANSLUCIDA Gundl.

142 RECTOLEACINA.

1866. 0. POEYANA Pfr., 0. WRIGHTI Pfr., 0. TEKES Pfr.

1867. 0. INCISA Pfr.

Genus RECTOLEACINA Pilsbry, n. gen.

Streptostyla, Cuban species, of authors.

Shell oleacinoid, oblong-fusiform, with a rather long spire,
covered with a glossy yellowish cuticle, marked with some
ill-defined varix-grooves, elsewhere smoothish or vertically
grooved ; 2 to 2 1/2 embryonic whorls smooth. Columella ver-
tical, convex in the middle, spirally twisted, the edge thick-
ened; outer lip arching forward in the middle. Type R. cu-
b ens-is Orb.

Distribution, western Cuba.

I believe this group to be parallel to Streptostyla but not
directly related to that genus. It is, in my opinion, a deriv-
ative from Lccvoleacina, from which it differs by the weaken-
ing of the columellar truncation, which is converted into a
curve. Much careful work remains to be done before the re-
lationships of Lcevaricella, Lccvoleacina and Rectoleacina to
each other and to Varicella, Oleacina and Streptostyla can be
understood. The problem demands a comparative study of
the soft anatomy.

a. Surface nearly smooth.

b. Shell longitudinally streaked with brown, 25 to 30

mm. long. R. cubensis.

b1. Shell uniform except for a subsutural brown band,

10 to 11 mm. long. R. suturalis.

a1. Spire closely postulate ; length 20 to 25 mm.

R. episcopalis.

1. R. CUBENSIS (Orbigny). PI. 33, fig. 13.

The fusiform-oblong shell is yellow with a greenish tint,
with irregularly-spaced, sinuous, longitudinal chestnut stripes
and streaks. The surface is glossy, marked with faint growth-
lines and a few impressed varix-grooves. Whorls 7£, slightly
convex, slowly and regularly widening.

Length 30.5, diam. 10.7, aperture 17 mm. (Vinales).

RECTOLEACINA. 143

Length 28, diam. 11.6, aperture 17.7 mm. (Sagua).

Length 25, diam. 9, aperture 15 mm., whorls 6%.

Western Cuba : Rangel, Guane, Pan de Azucar, Sumidero
(Arango), Viriales, Sagua (Wright).

Achatina cubensis ORB., in de la Sagra's Historia fisica,
politica y natural de la isla de Cuba, v, Moluscos, 1845, p. 87,
pi. 10, f. 17-19. — Streptostyla cubensis ARANGO, Fauna Mala-
cologica Cubana, p. 97. — Achatina cubaniana ORB., in Sagra's
Histoire physique, polit. et nat. de 1'ile de Cuba, Mollusques,

1. p. 166 (1853). — PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 282. — Spiraxis cu-
baniana PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 195. — Streptostyla cubaniana
TRYON, Man. of Conch., i, p. 49. — CROSSE, Journ. de Coiichyl.,
1890, p. 179.

Orbigny changed the name of this species in the French
edition of the "Mollusks of Cuba," which is the one ordi-
narily used, and hence an erroneous form has become current.
The exact locality of the type was unknown.

2. R. SUTURALIS (Pfeiffer). PL 33, fig. 12.

The shell is small, thin, greenish-corneous, with a reddish-
brown band bordering the suture below. The first two whorls
are smooth and glossy, the rest with inconspicuous sculpture
of fine growth-ripples and some fine, spaced, vertical grooves.
Length 11, diam. 4.7, aperture 6 mm.

Cuba: near Matanzas, at the plantation El Fundador, on
the Canimar river (Pfr., type loc.) ; Cardenas; Organ moun-
tains (Arango).

Polyphemus suturalis PFR., Archiv f. Naturg. 1839, p. 353.
— Achatina suturalis PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 284 ; Conchyl. Cab.,
pi. 18, f. 22, 23,—Glandina s., Pfr., in PHILIPPI, Abbild. u.
Beschreib. n. Conch., i, p. 132, pi. 1, f. 7.

3. R. EPISCOPALIS (Morelet). P. 33, figs. 14, 15, 16.

Shell cylindric-fusiform, pale yellow-green. Nearly two
initial whorls are smooth ; then fine, regular, rounded vertical
folds, wider than their interstices, appear. On the penulti-
mate, or sometimes the next earlier whorl, these folds are
weak or obsolete on the lower part of the whorl, and on the

144 STREPTOSTYLA.

last whorl they are wholly wanting or persist weakly just
below the suture, the surface being weakly striatulate and
marked with a few growth-arrest grooves.

Length 24.8, diam. 8, aperture 13 mm. ; whorls 9.

Length 21, diam. 7.2, aperture 12 mm. ; whorls Sl/2-

Length 23, diam. 8 mm. (Morelet).

Western Cuba: Rangel, and the whole Organ Mountains
(Arango).

Glandina episcopalis MOREL., Testacea Novissima, i, p. 13
(1849). — Streptostyla e., ARANGO, Fauna Malac. Cubaua,
p. 98.

Genus STREPTOSTYLA Shuttleworth.

Streptostyla SHUTTL., Mittheil. nat. Ges. Bern, 1852, p. 203.
—v. MARTS, in Albers, Die Hel., 1860, p. 33, type S. nicolcti;
Biologia Central! Americana, Moll., p. 83. — STREBEL, Beitrag,
etc., iii, pp. 5, 11, 1878.

Shell oblong, varying from cylindric to bicouic, with piri-
f orm or lanceolate, usually long and narrow aperture ; outer
lip arching forward in the middle. Colurnella strongly
twisted spirally, bearing an entering callous lamella, passing
in a broad curve into the basal lip. Animal externally as in
Euglandina. Radula oleacinoid.

Type S. nicoleti Shuttl. Distribution, Mexico and Central
America (one species in Venezuela?).

Streptostyla is akin to Oleacina in the general appearance
and texture of the shell, rather than to Euglandina. The
usually strong twist of the axis, with a callous cord superposed
on its free edge, and the nearly complete obliteration of the
basal truncation chiefly distinguish it. At the end of the
callus a weak trace of the columellar truncation is generally
visible. Spiraxis has undergone a similar modification of the
columellar axis, and some forms of Varicella approach the
same structure. In a few species, such as 8. lattrei, there are
some very weak varix-lines, preceded by dark streaks, as in
certain forms of Euglandina and Spiraxis, but much less de-
veloped than is the rule in Varicella.

By the deposit of shell material internally in the crevice

STREPTOSTYLA. 145

where one whorl joins another, visible by transparence
through the whorl from the outside, a subsutural band is
formed. This varies in width in the different species, and is
often a valuable distinctive character. Many of the species
are very similar and their identification is often a matter of
extreme difficulty. Of all authors who have discussed them,
Strebel's work is the most thorough in description and illus-
tration. The following account is supplemental to that in
Vol. I.

Streptostyla flucki Bartsch, Nautilus, xx, p. 4, from near
Wani, Nicaragua, has not been described.

Subgenus STREPTOSTYLA s. sir.

The shell is large, oblong and striate, with costulate em-
bryonic whorls, only the first half whorl or less being nearly
smooth. Aperture long and narrow, the columella twisted in
a strong, calloused spiral fold. Type S. nicoleti.

1. S. NICOLETI (Shuttleworth). Vol. I, p. 43.

Subgenus CHERSOMITRA v. Martens.

Cliersomitra MARTS., in Albers, Die Heliceen, 1860, p. 33,
type S. nigricans.

The shell is smooth or finely striate above, with a varnish-
like gloss, the embryonic whorls smooth, apex rounded. The
aperture is long and narrow, piriform or lanceolate; colu-
mella with a more or less convex and calloused spiral fold.
Type 8. nigricans.

2. S. NIGRICANS (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 45.

3. S. MITR^EFORMIS ( Shuttlew.) . Vol. I, p. 45.

4. S. LATTREI (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 44 (as S. delaMrei Pfr.

Glandina oliva Morelet, Testae. Noviss.. i, p. 13, is a
synonym).

4a. S. LATTREI var. EDWARDSIANA C. & F. Vol. I, p. 45.
46. S. LATTREI var. SALLEI C. & F. Vol. I, p. 44. (Var.
"sailed" Martens.)

5. S. IRRIGUA (Shuttl.). Vol. I, p. 46.

146 STREPTOSTYLA.

5a. S. IRRIGUA var. CINGULATA C. & F. Vol. I, p. 45.
56. S. IRRIGUA var. VENTRICOSA Martens. Biologia, p. 93.
5c. S. IRRIGUA var. SIMILIS Strebel. Vol. I, p. 45.

5d. S. IRRIGUA var. QUIROZI Strebel. Vol. I, p. 44. (Spiraxis
bullacea Pfr., Malak. BL, xiii, 1866, p. 84, is a very
young state of this species, according to von Martens,
Biologia, p. 93, pi. 5, f. 11.)

6. S. SHUTTLEWORTHI (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 44.

7. S. POTOSIANA Dall. PI. 29, fig. 67.

"Shell moderately large and solid, opaque white with a
brilliantly polished translucent yellowish-olive periostracum,
with occasional darker zones axially arranged; the periostra-
cum after the death of the animal rapidly peels off, leaving
the surface white and smooth; whorls in the adult seven,
smooth, not wrinkled axially in front of the very distinct
suture ; spire rather blunt, the whorls between the sutures
convex; sides of the last whorl somewhat parallel, apex and
base of the shell about equally tapering; outer lip sharp,
slightly sinuous ; the aperture narrow behind and rather wide
in front, the axis and pillar twisted as usual in the genus.
Length of shell 40, of aperture 28, of last whorl 34 mm. ;
max. diameter 15.5 mm." (Dall).

Mexico: Alvarez Mountains, State of San Luis Potosi, at
a height of 7,200 ft. (Dr. E. Palmer).

S. potosiana DALL, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 48, p. 190,
pi. 44, f. 4 (July 1, 1905).

This species is related to 8. shuttlewortlii and 8. novoleonis.
The columellar fold is less developed than in the former, and
the latter part of the second whorl and first half of the third
are much narrower. It is about twice the size of S. novo-
leonis, differing further by the less impressed suture, the
whorl sloping up to the suture, not flattened below it as in
novoleonis.

8. S. PALMERI (Dall). PI. 29, fig. 68.

"Shell small, slender, subtranslucent, with a pale, thin.

STREPTOSTYLA. 147

straw-colored periostracum axially zonate with lighter and
darker streaks following the lines of growth ; whorls six, the
last much the largest, spire rather blunt, the suture evident
but not deep, appressed, and without axial wrinkles in front
of it; pillar white, slightly thickened and twisted about a
pervious axis; length of shell 24.5, of aperture 20, of last
whorl 22.25 mm., max. diameter 9.5 mm." (Dall).

Mexico: Alvarez Mountains, State of San Luis Potosi (Dr.
E. Palmer).

Streptostyla palmeri DALL, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections, vol. 48, pt. 2, p. 191 (July 1, 1905).

"This approaches S. sallei Crosse & Fischer, but is more
slender, has a shorter spire, and is of a lighter make and
color. From S. potosiana, of the same size, it is distinguished
by its more slender build, more produced spire, and pervious
axis, as well as by the difference in color. It has a shorter
spire than, and different color from S. shuttleworthi Pfeif-
fer" (Dall).

Figured from one of the type lot, supplied by Dr. Dall.

9. S. NOVOLEONIS Pilsbry. PI. 29, figs. 69, 70.

Shell eylindric-oblong, blunt at the ends, dark reddish-
brown, very glossy, almost smooth, the growth-wrinkles being
inconspicuous. Spire short, conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls
6i/o, slowly and irregularly increasing; the first whorl widens
rapidly; the latter part of the second whorl and first part of
the third are very narrow; following whorls regular. The
last whorl widens more rapidly, the suture in its later half or
three-fourths rapidly descending, the last whorl being more or
less deflexed at its termination. Aperture very long and nar-
row, its lower third somewhat dilated. Outer lip but very
slightly arched forward, scarcely retracted above. Basal mar-
gin somewhat retracted; columella short, rather thin, but
little twisted.

Alt. 17.5, diam. 7.3, length of aperture 12.3 mm.

Alt. 16, diam. 7, length of aperture 12.6 mm.

N.-E. Mexico : Diente, near Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon.

8. novoleonis PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1899, p. 397;
1903, p. 774, pi. 48, f. 3, 3a.

148 STREPTOSTYLA.

Much smaller than 8. shuttle wortlii and the varieties sub-
ordinated thereto by Dr. von Martens, short in the spire,
markedly cylindrical, with the columella only weakly twisted.
The region around Monterey is very different in physical
characteristics from that inhabited by 8. shuttle w or thi. It is
considerably further north than Streptostyla has heretofore
been found.

10. S. CYLINDRACEA (Pfr.) Vol. I, p. 48.

11. S. STREPTOSTYLA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 47, as 8. pfeifferi

C. & F.

lla. S. STREPTOSTYLA var. CONIFORMIS (Shuttl.). Vol. I, p.
47 (includes S. Uandiana C. & F., I, p. 47).

12. S. CONULUS v. Martens. PI. 28, fig. 60.

Shell narrowly coniform, solid, very lightly striatulate, yel-
low, glossy. Spire moderate, obesely conic, the apex rather
obtuse. Whorls 7, a little convex, the penult, whorl double
the height of the preceding, the last whorl narrowing down-
wards, not deflexed at the aperture. Suture simple, marked
with a pale gray band, but no groove. Aperture narrowly
linear, a little dilated below ; outer lip slightly arching for-
ward below the middle; columella thick, strongly twisted,
open. Length 14, diam. 5, aperture 9.5 mm. long, .66 mm.
wide above, 1.5 below (Marts.).

Western Mexico: Sayula, State of Jalisco (Hoge).

Streptostyla conulus MARTS., Biologia Centrali Amer. Moll.,
p. 94, pi. 5, f. 15.

"Only one specimen. Resembles in many points S. coni-
formis, but is much smaller and yet very thick, so that it
cannot be young. It is also considerably more slender, with
proportionately longer spire" (Marts.).

13. S. GRACILIS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 28, fig. 66.

Shell very narrow and slender, glossy, of a rather bright
yellow color, weakly wrinkle-striate, biconic, 'widest at the
upper third of the length. Spire conic, the apex obtuse.
Whorls 6, but slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last

STREPTOSTYLA. 149

not deflexed. Suture but slightly impressed, with a grayish
border but no groove. The last whorl tapers to the base, the
outlines slightly convex. The aperture is very narrow, but
slightly wider near the base. Outer lip slightly arched for-
ward below, retracted at the base. The columella bears a
very high, white lamella, obscurely bifid or doubled at the
base. This lamella continues strong within, and is faintly
visible through the last whorl. The whorl is deeply excavated
just above the lamella. Length 11, diam. 4.3, length of aper-
ture 8.3 mm.

Northeastern Mexico: Valles, State of San Luis Potosi (A.
A. Hinkley) .

This species is closely related to S. conulus Marts., but so
far as the description and figure of that species show, it has
not the peculiar sulcus above the columellar lamella which is
so prominent in 8. gracilis. The latter also tapers more to-
ward the base.

14. S. OBESA v. Martens. PI. 29, fig. 71, 72.

Shell oblong-ovate, lightly striatulate, glossy, orange-yellow,
unicolored. Suture submarginate, narrowly white. Spire
conic, rather acute. Whorls 8|, regularly increasing, slightly
convex. Aperture more than half the length of the shell, ob-
liquely lanceolate ; the outer margin arching forward below ;
columella subvertical, lightly twisted. Length 38, diam. 18,
aperture 18x9 mm. (Marts.).

Honduras (Berlin Museum, one specimen).

S. obesa MARTS., Biologia, p. 95, pi. 5, f. 12, 12a (May,
1891).

"Nearly allied to 8. turgidula Pfr., but distinctly broader,
the diameter equal to the length of the aperture ; coloration
more orange, and without darker varices. The suture also in
the last whorl is regular, not indented by stoppages of growth,
and the white color of the suture itself is more conspicuous"
(Marts.).

15. S. TURGIDULA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 46.

150 STREPTOSTYLA.

15a. S. TURGIDULA var. GUATEMALENSIS C. & F. (According
to von Martens, this includes S. schneideri Strebel,
Vol. I, p. 48.)

16. S. LABIDA (Morelet). PI. 29, fig. 73.

Shell ovate-conic, rather solid, very minutely striatulate,
semidiaphanous, corneous-yellow, striped on the last whorl
with some pale greenish streaks. Spire conic, short; suture
slightly impressed, margined. Whorls 7, a little convex, the
last more than half the length of the shell. Columella cal-
lous, twisted, scarcely truncate. Aperture narrow, semioval.
Length 22, diam. 10.5 mm. (Morelet).

Guatemala: Vera Paz (Morelet).

Glandina labida MORELET, Testae. Noviss., ii, p. 13 (1851).
—Strcptostyla labida Morel., MARTENS, Biologia, p. 96, pi. 5,
f. 16.

"Very near the preceding, but comparatively somewhat
shorter and marked with a distinctly impressed line below the
suture. Figured from a typical specimen sent to me by M.
A. Morelet" (Martens).

17. S. LURIDA (Shuttl.). Vol. I, p. 45 (includes 8. bocourti

C. & F., vol. I, p. 46).

S. lurida is well distinguished by its deep, channelled
suture. A specimen referable to var. major C. & F. before
me is pale greenish-yellow instead of brown or fulvous, and
measures, length 21, diam. 10, length of aperture 14.7 mm.

18. S. NEBULOSA Dall. PL 29, fig. 74.

' ' Shell of a brilliant yellow brown, clouded irregularly with
opaque blotches, thin, ovoid, with 5^ whorls ; nucleus smooth,
the apex blunt, the second whorl wider between the sutures
than the third; surface of the shell polished, with the incre-
mental lines occasionally and irregularly conspicuous; spire
short, the suture deep and channeled, but narrow; base
slightly attenuated, pillar with its edge thickened, twisted,
and slightly reflected; outer lip thin, sharp, nearly straight.
Length 22, maximum diameter 10 mm." (Dall).

STREPTOSTYLA. 151

Mexico: San Cristobal, Chiapas, found inside of a large
Helix (E. W. Nelson, no. 107369 U. S. N. M.).

Streptostyla nebulosa BALL, Proc. U. S. Nat, Museum, xix,
p. 364 (1896).

"This species is nearest to 8. bocourti Crosse and Fischer,
but has a more oval form, less pointed and less elevated spire"
(Dall).

19. S. SUMICHRASTI Ancey.

Shell cylindric-oblong, thin, very glossy, obsoletely, flex-
uously substriatulate, bright fulvous-corneous, uniform or
with the obtuse apex paler. Spire gradate, conoidally taper-
ing. Whorls 6!/o, a. little convex, separated by a channelled
suture, the last whorl elongate, slightly flattened on the right
side. Aperture subauriform, long and tapering above, some-
what dilated basally; columellar lamina thin, scarcely cal-
loused, long, spirally twisted, slightly truncate in front at the
base ; peristome slightly obtuse, flexuous, dilated forward in
the middle, receding at base. Length 29, diam. 13, alt, aper-
ture 19.5 mm. (Ancey) .

Isthmus of Tehauntepec (coll. Ancey, Dautzenberg, Jous-
seaume).

S. sumichrasti ANC., Nautilus, xvii, p. 56 (Sept, 1903).

''Related to the smaller S. lurida and 8. bocourti, but much
more slender than the latter and of a more graceful oblong
shape than the former" (Anc.).

20. S. CHIRIQUIANA v. Martens. PI. 29, fig. 75.

Shell ovate-conic, rather thin, yellowish. Whorls 7, sub-
plano-convex, at the suture margined, glabrous, glossy. Col-
uniella short, arcuate and twisted. Aperture oblong, half the
total length. Length 22, diam. 11, aperture 11 x 4.5 mm.
(Da C.).

Panama : Chiriqui.

Streptostylus flavescens DA C., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iv,
p. 66, pi. 7, f. 1 (August 1, 1900), not of Shuttl. 1852.-
Streptostylus pallidus DA COSTA, t. c., p. 185 (March 19,
1901). — Streptostyla chiriquiana MARTENS, Biologia Centrali
Amer., Moll., p. 615 (January, 1901).

152 STREPTOSTYLA.

This very briefly described form differs from S. viridula
Angas by its slightly more lengthened contour and compara-
tively shorter aperture.

21. S. DELIBUTA (Morelet). PL 29, fig. 77. 78, 80.

Shell cylindrical, thin, very minutely striate, glossy, semi-
diaphanous, corneous-green. Spire conoidal, short, the apex
rather obtuse; suture slightly impressed, margined. Whorls
7, flattened, the last longer than the spire. Columella callous,
twisted, outwardly subtruncate. Aperture narrow, dilated
basally, pearly within. Peristome simple, the outer margin
dilated in the middle. Length 23, diam. 10 mm. (Morel.).

Guatemala: Vera Paz (Morelet); environs of Yzabal
(Stoll) ; Alta Vera Paz (v. Ihering).

Glandina delibuta MOREL., Testae. Noviss., ii, p. 13 (1851).
—Streptostyla d., MARTENS, Biologia, p. 97, pi. 5, f. 18, 18«,

'The suture becomes very obliquely descending and dis-
tinctly margined (accompanied by an impressed line) in the
last whorl, but much less so in the preceding ones. The spire
is a little concavely attenuated at about the third whorl,
though on the whole rather broad and obtuse at the apex"
(Martens).

The type figures are copied from von Martens, figs. 77, 78.
Under a strong lens faint, fine spiral lines are visible, as
shown in the detail figure. This is a rare feature in Strepto-
styla ; however, on some specimens it is very difficult to make
them out, and only in a few places. The outer lip is rather
strongly arched forward, as shown in fig. 80, which repre-
sents the slenderest of several specimens before me. The col-
umellar callus in some shells forms a decidedly more project-
ing fold than in Morelet 's type. The shell is quite solid, with
a very thin pale yellowish-green cuticle, the interior fleshy-
white. Specimens measure: 23.7x10.25, apert. 15 mm.; 22x
9.3, apert. 14 mm.; 23.7x10.7, apert, 15.3 mm.

22. S. CRASSA Strebel. Vol. I, p. 47.
Distinct from delibuta by its wider contour.

STREPTOSTYLA. 153

23. S. VENTRICOSUI.A (Morelet). PI. 30, figs. 87, 89.

"Shell ovate, glossy, pellucid-fulvous. Whorls 5, nearly
flat, the last rather ventricose; spire rather obtuse, short.
Columella calloused, spiral, white, prominent, arcuately con-
fluent with the basal margin, the truncation evanescent.
Aperture narrow, irregularly oblong, rounded basally more
than half the shell's length. Length 13, diam. 6, length of
aperture 8 mm." (Morelet).

Yucatan: Merida (Morelet) ; Merida, Ticul, Tabi and Ux-
mal (Heilprin exped.).

Glandina ventricosula MOREL., Testae. Noviss., i, p. 15
(1849).— Streptostyla v., MARTS., Biologia, p. 97, pi. 5, f. 20.

As Prof, von Martens has pointed out, this species differs
from S. cylindracea Pfr., with which it has been united. Fig.
87 is a copy of v. Martens' figure of the type specimen. A
series from the type locality and other places southward was
taken by the expedition sent out by the Academy in 1890.
An example from Uxmal is drawn in fig. 89. The first whorl
increases very rapidly, and at its termination is wider than
the adjacent part of the following whorl. The last whorl
widens much more rapidly than those preceding, the descent
of the suture being accelerated. The suture is very slightly
impressed and has a rather wide, clear margin below. The
sides of the last whorl are decidedly convex. The aperture is
lanceolate, the outer lip being rather strongly arched forward
in the middle. The columella is rather strongly twisted, and
bears a callous flange on its face. The shell figured measures.
length 12, diam. 5.8, aperture 8 mm., whorls

24. S. YUCATANENSIS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 30, figs. 90, 91.

Shell oblong, thin, amber-yellowish, subpellucid, very glossy,
with weak growth-lines. Whorls 5%, the first one slightly
wider at its termination than the whorl below it, the rest
regularly increasing to the last, which in its later half de-
scends more rapidly. The suture is narrowly but rather
deeply impressed, and has only an extremely narrow linear
border. The last whorl is somewhat cylindric. The aperture
has the usual lanceolate shape. Outer lip strongly arched

154 STREPTOSTYLA.

forward in the middle, retracted above and below. Colu-
mella only moderately twisted, its face being a thin flange,
narrow in front view but wide as seen in profile. Length
13.2, diam. 6, aperture 9 mm. Another specimen measures,
length 14.3, diam. 6.1, aperture 9.1 mm.

Yucatan: Tekanto (type loc.) and Ticul (Heilprin exped.).

This species is closely related to S. ventricosula, but differs
by its deeper suture and consequently much narrower sub-
sutural clear border, by the less swollen first whorl, more
cylindric last whorl, and the weaker columellar fold. It has
not the rapidly descending last whorl of S. sololensis, and the
columellar fold is not so strong as in 8. meridana cobanensis.
It occurs with S. ventricosula and S. meridana.

240, Var. distort a, n. v. PI. 30, fig. 92.

A single specimen from Tekanto differs from the rest of
the series from that place in having the last half of the
second and first half of the third whorl very narrow, less than
half the width of the adjacent whorls above or below ; other-
wise like S. yucatanensis. Without a large series it is impos-
sible to say whether this is merely an individual variation or
indicates a separate species or race. Length 13.5, diam. 6,
aperture 9 mm.

25. S. MERIDANA (Morelet). PI. 30, figs. 93, 94, 95, IHi.

"Shell ovate-oblong, somewhat solid, glossy, pellucid, tawny.
Whorls 6, flattened, with a submarginate suture. Columella
callous, spirally projecting, white, arcuately curved, the
truncation evanescent. Aperture narrow, irregularly oblong,
rounded basally more than half the length of the shell.
Length 12, diam. 4.5 mm." (Morelet).

Yucatan: Merida (Morelet); Santa. Ana near Calcehtok;
Tekanto; Ticul; hacienda of Tabi, and from between Sitil-
pech and Tunkas (Heilprin exped.).

Glandina meridana MOREL., Testae. Noviss., i, p. 15 (1849).
—Streptostyla m., MARTENS, Biologia, p. 101, pi. 5, f. 25.—
Spiraxis cobanensis TRISTRAM, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 231. Cf.
MARTENS, 1. c., fig. 26. — Streptostyla- cornea C. & F., Journ.

STREPTOSTYLA. 155

de Conchyl. 1869, p. 33; Miss. Sci. Hex., Moll., i, p. 51, pi. 1,
f. 13, 130.

"Near the preceding [8. sololensis], but of smaller size,
thinner, the suture not white, but of the same yellow color as
the rest of the shell. Owing to the kindness of M. A. More-
let, I have been enabled to compare directly his original speci-
mens of 8. meridana (fig. 96) with the type of 8. cobanensis
Tristr. (fig. 97), and with the figure of Fischer and Crosse's
8. cornea; Morelet's type is only a little smaller, compara-
tively more slender, and paler in color, without any marked
difference. The statement 'length 18 mm.' is a misprint for
13 mm., as shown by the specimens themselves" (Martens).

The type of S. meridana has been figured by von Martens,
and copied on my plate, fig. 96. I give some additional fig-
ures, on a larger scale, of specimens in the collection made
by the Academy expedition :

Fig. 93, Santa Ana, near Calcehtok, 11x4.5, aperture 7 mm.

Fig. 94, Tekanto, 10x4, apert. 6.8 mm. Last whorl very
slowly descending; columellar fold weak, spire short.

Fig. 95, Ticul, 10.25x4, apert. 6 mm. Last whorl more de-
scending, the spire longer, columellar fold strong.

In all the lots there is a quite narrow, clear, subsutural
margin, and the outer lip arches strongly forward in the
middle. Variation in size and contour is considerable. It is
more slender than the allied species $. ventricosula and 8.
yucatanensis, which occur with it in northern Yucatan.

25a. Var. colancnsis (Tristram). PI. 30, fig. 97.

Larger, length 13 to 14, diam. 5.3 to 5, alt. aperture 7 to 8
mm., and a little wider (Marts.) Guatemala.

26. S. SOLOLENSIS C. & F. Vol. I, p. 46.

27. S. COSTARICENSIS Da Costa. PI. 29, fig. 82.

Shell cylindric-oblong, thin, pellucid-corneous, spire short,
obtuse at the apex. Whorls 5l/2, almost flattened-convex,
margined at the suture, smooth, polished. Columella short
and twisted. Aperture oblong, narrowly auriform, the outer
lip impressed in the middle, white at the edge. Length 19,
diam. 9, aperture 13x3.5 mm. (Da Costa).

156 STREPTOSTYLA.

Costa Rica: A/ajar de Cartago (Underwood).

$. costaricensis DA C., Proc. Malac. Soc. Loud., vi, p. 6, pi.
1, f. 3 (March, 1904).

'It much resembles S. cyiindracea Pfr., but is more ovate
and has a shorter aperture." Should be compared with S.
binneyana C. & F.

28. S. BINNEYANA C. & P. Vol. I, p. 47. PI. 30, fig. 98.
Includes var. major Martens, according to that author.

Von Martens' figure is copied, pi. 30, fig. 98. In my opinion
this form cannot be united with 8. •vcntricosnla.

29. S. THOMSONI Ancey.

Shell subfusiform, rather thin, subpellucid, very glossy,
with an oily luster; amber-buff, ornamented with darker,
somewhat irregularly-placed streaks on the last whorl. Spire
long-conic, the apex minute, hardly obtuse. Whorls 8| (V),
subplanulate, regularly and slowly increasing, separated by a
narrow suture with slightly paler margin, obsoletely, closely
and minutely plicatulate in front of the suture, smooth;
last whorl large, cylindric at the sides, somewhat tapering
basally, a little convex above. Aperture vertical, pallid
within, narrow, sinuate-semioval. ColumelLar lamina white,
twisted, rather solid, thickened in the middle. Peristome
simple, rather obtuse, receding at base, sinuously produced in
the middle. Length 30, diam. 12, aperture 14 x 4.33 mm.
(Ancey) .

Length 16.5, diam. 9.33, aperture 12.33x3.66 mm.; young
shell.

Length 12, diam. 5.66, aperture 8x2 mm.; young shell.

Utila Island, off Honduras (Simpson).

8. thomsoni ANC., Annales de Malacologie 1886, p. 257.

There is great variation in shape, especially among shells
of different ages, the last whorl being strongly conic in young
ones.

30. S. VIRIDULA Aiigas. PI. 29, fig. 81.

The shell is very obesely fusiform, the diameter exceeding

STREPTOSTYLA. 157

half the length, moderately solid though thin, pale greenish
yellow or yellowish green, glossy. About 2% apical whorls
are smooth, then fine irregular striae begin, and the sutural
margin becomes distinct. On the last two whorls this border
is pale, nearly smooth, and limited by an impressed line ; the
striation below it. being sharp and strong, but rapidly fading
out downwards, very weak on the middle and base. The
aperture is vertical, fleshy-whitish inside. The outer lip
arches forward a little in the middle. The columella is very
strongly twisted, a strong lobe projecting into the aperture,
and moderately calloused at the edge. Length 17, diam. 9.5,
aperture 11 mm. ; whorls G1/^.

Costa Rica: Hills of Uren (Gabb), type in coll. A. N. S. P.

8. viridula ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 482, pi. 50, f. 12.-
MARTENS, Biologia, pp. 98, 616 (numerous Costa Rican local-
ities).

A remarkably obese species, one of the widest known to
me, and further distinguished by its distinctly striate upper
surface and greenish-yellow color. As the original account
is rather unsatisfactory I have redescribed and figured the
type specimen.

31. S. PLICATULA Strebel. Vol. I, p. 47.

32. S. BICONICA (Pfeiffer). PI. 29, fig. 79.

Shell subfusiform, conically tapering both above and below,
rather solid, smooth, glossy, pale reddish-corneous. Spire
conic, rather acute ; suture margined. Whorls 7, slightly con-
vex, the last slightly longer than the spire, markedly tapering
to the base. Columellar lamina callous, twisted, not truncate.
Aperture subvertical, extremely narrow, acuminately oblong;
peristome simple, the right margin strongly arched forward.
Length 13.5, diam. 6, aperture 8x1.66 mm. (P/r.)*.

Southern Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght, in Cuming coll.) .

Spiraxis Uconica PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 378 ; Malak. Bl., iii,
p. 233 (1856) ; Monogr., iv, 578. — Streptostyla b. PFR., MAR-
TENS, Biologia, p. 98, pi. 5, f. 17, 17a.

Figured by von Martens from a specimen in the collection

158 STREPTOSTYLA.

of the late Mr. Albers, who had it probably from Pfeiffer
himself.

33. S. GABBI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 30, figs. 2, 3.

The shell is very thin, oblong, orange-brownish, slightly
paler on the spire, glossy and smooth except for very weak
growth-wrinkles. Whorls nearly 5}/2> the first very small at
the tip, then suddenly enlarging, the rest slightly convex,
regularly increasing, the latter half of the last whorl de-
scending more rapidly. Suture lightly impressed, delicately
edged with a white line, which fades below into a very nar-
row dark border. The last whorl has evenly convex sides.
Aperture lanceolate, the outer lip only very slightly arched
forward. Columellar fold thin and sharp, moderately twisted.
Length 22, diam. 10 mm., length of aperture 15.8 mm.

Costa Rica : on the ridge between Tilorio and Zorquin
(Gabb).

Streptostyla boucardi Pfr. var.( ?) ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1879, p.
482. — 8. boucardi TRYON, Manual, vol. i, pi. 10, f. 72.

This species is related to S. shuttleworthi, but it is shorter
and broader, the last whorl being more inflated ; the color is
darker and uniform. Angas thought to unite it as a variety
to S. boucardi Pfr., but that form, though smaller, has six
whorls, and the aperture is decidedly shorter.

Gabb describes the living animal as "light brown above,
whitish below and posteriorly ; tentacles dark brown ; carries
the tip of the tail slightly turned up in travelling." His
original sketch in color is reproduced in fig. 2.

34. S. FLAVESCENS (Shuttl.). Vol. I, p. 48.

34a. S. FLAVESCENS var. boucardi (Pfr.). PI. 29, fig. 83.

The figure is a copy from von Martens of a sketch of the
type drawn by Mr. Edgar A. Smith. Tryon's figure in vol. I
does not represent boucardi, but a different species collected
by Gabb in Costa. Rica.

35. S. FULVIDA C. & F. Vol. I, p. 46.

36. S. GLANDIFORMIS C. & F. Vol. I, p. 46.

STREPTOSTYLA. 159

37. S. PHYSODES (Shuttl.). Vol. I, p. 49 (includes Spiraxis

auriculacea Pfr., vol. I, p. 49).

38. S. LIMNEIFORMIS (Shuttl.). Vol. I, p. 49 (S. limnceformis

Martens).

38a. S. LIMNEIFORMIS var. PARVULA (Pfr.). PL 30, fig. 88.

Spiraxis parvula PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 379 ; Monogr., iv, p.
579. — Streptostyla p., MARTENS, Biologia, p. 100, pi. 5, f. 24.

Chiapas (Ghiesbreght) .

39. S. OBLONGA (Pfr.).

Shell oblong, rather solid, smooth, glossy, flesh-colored.
Spire long-conic, the apex obtuse ; suture slight, broadly mar-
gined. Whorls 5, flat, the last slightly longer than the spire,
a little tapering basally. Columellar lamina compressed,
with a high twist [llalte torta"] at base, not truncated.
Aperture vertical, narrowly oval, long-acuminate ; peristome
simple, the right margin lightly arching forward. Length
9.66, diam. 4.5, aperture 5x1.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Chiapas (Ghiesbreght, in Cuming coll.).

Spiraxis oblonga PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 378 ; Monogr., iv,
p. 579.

Known only by the above description.

40. S. DYSONI (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 48.

41. S. VEXANS Strebel. Vol. I, p. 49.

42. S. BOYERIANA C. & F. Vol. I, p. 48.

43. S. SARGI C. & F. Vol. I, p. 49.

43a. S. SARGI var. PALLIDIOR C. & F. PI. 29, fig. 84.

Pale-colored, with longitudinal whitish streaks, 16x6, aper-
ture 7 mm. N. Guatemala at Coban (Sarg.).

436. S. SARGI var. CHAMPIONI Martens. PI. 29, fig. 85.

Comparatively a little more ventricose; golden-yellow with
faint paler streaks. 15x6, apert. 7 mm. (Marts.). Sabo in
Vera Paz, N. Guatemala (Champion).

] 60

STREPTOSTYLA.

44. S. MOHRIANA (Pfr.).

Shell subcylindric, thin, smooth, pellucid, corneous-hyaline ;
spire slowly tapering, the apex rather obtuse; suture light,
distinctly margined. Whorls 6, a little flattened, the last sub-
equal to the spire. Columella somewhat calloused, lightly
twisted. Aperture narrow, oblong-acuminate ; peristome sim-
ple, slightly obtuse. Length 7.5, diam. 2.5, aperture 3 5 mm
(Pfr.).

Eastern Mexico: Cerro de Borrego, near Orizaba (Mohr
collection) .

Spiraxis mohriana PFR., Malak. BL, ix, p. 97 (1862);
Monogr., vi, p. 196.

45. S. CLAVATULA Ancey.

Shell small, at first sight resembling a Ferussacia of the
F. procerula group, thin, glossy, slightly striatulate obsoletely,
apparently pale corneous when fresh, whitish-hyaline when
dead, cylindric elongate, rather oblong. Spire produced, reg-
ularly tapering, obtuse, the apex large. Whorls 614, sub-
planulate, the suture appressed, not very distinct, with a pel-
lucid margin below; last whorl cylindric-oblong, somewhat
tapering at base. Aperture narrow above, dilated below:
columellar lamina short, not very strong, subcalloused, lightly
twisted spirally, the base slightly truncate. Peristome obtuse,
arched forward in the middle, receding at the base. Length
8.66, diam. 3, alt. apert, 4 mm. (Ancey).

Central America ( ? ) .

S. clavatula ANC., Nautilus, xvii, p. 56 (Sept. 1903).
'A small elongate shell resembling a Ferussacia" (Anc.).

46. S. SUBCALLOSA (Pfeiffer).

Shell subfusiforni-oblong, thin, smooth, glossy, pellucid,
hyaline-buff. Spire conic, obtuse; suture distinctly mar-
gined. Whorls 51/0, a little convex, the last nearly two-thirds
the total length, tapering basally. Columella somewhat cal-
loused, slightly twisted, subtruncate at base. Aperture ver-
tical, narrow, acuminate-oblong; peristome simple, the right
margin arching forward. Length 14, diam. 6. aperture 9x2
mm. (Pfr.).

STxtEPTOSTYLA. 101

Venezuela (Cuming coll.) .

Spiraxis subcallosa PER., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 99 ; Monogr., iv,
p. 577.

This species has not been figured. The locality needs con-
firmation, no other species of the genus being known to occur
in South America.

Subgenus STREPTOSTYLELLA Pilsbry, n. s.-g.
Shell small, slender, with lengthened spire and small aper-
ture, the first iy2 whorls nearly smooth, the rest closely cos-
tulate, the later whorls angular above ; columella Streptosty-
loid. Type S. botteriana.

47. S. BOTTERIANA C. & F. Vol. I, p. 44.

Subgenus PETENIELLA Pilsbry, n. n.

Petenia CROSSE et FISCHER, Diagnoses Molluscorum no-
vorum Guatemala et Reipublicas Mexicanae, Journ. de Con-
chyl. 1869, p. 35 (p. 7 of separate copies issued Nov. 1, 1868),
sole species P. ligulata; Miss. Scient. au Mex., Moll., i, p. 66.
Not Petenia Gunther, in Pisces, 1862.

The shell is like Chersomitra except in having a dark band
at the periphery. According to Morelet, the tail is abruptly
truncated at the end, and has a mucous pore. This structure
needs further investigation, since a caudal pore elsewhere
occurs only in Aulacopod pulmonates.

48. S. LIGULATA (Morelet). Vol. I, p. 50.

49. S. CATENATA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 251.

Subgenus VARICOTURRIS Pilsbry, n. s.-g.
The shell is small, oblong-turrite, with a long spire com-
posed of narrow, convex whorls, the aperture short and diag-
onal ; embryonic whorls apparently smooth, the rest vertically
ribbed, with occasional dark streaks; columella excised at
base, not much twisted. Type S. dubia Pfr.

50. S. DUBIA (Pfeiffer). PI. 28, fig. 65.

Shell turrite-oblong, rather solid, provided with close,

162 STREPTOSTYLA.

strong, obtuse plica?, somewhat glossy ; corneous- whitish irreg-
ularly painted with chestnut streaks, vanishing in the middle
of the last whorl, subvaricose. Spire long, the apex acute;
whorls 9, a little convex, the last less than one-third the total
length. Columellar lamina thin, twisted, subvertical at the
base of the aperture, forming a squarish channel. Peristome
simple, the margins joined by a thin callus, the right margin
arching forward slightly, basal margin receding. Length 9.5,
diam. nearly 5, aperture 3.5x1.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Chiapas ( Ghiesbreght, in Cuming coll.).

Spiraxis duUa PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 378 ; Malak. Bl. 1856,
p. 232; Monogr., iv, 580. — Streptostyla diibia Pfr., MARTENS,
Biologia, p. 90, pi. 5, f. 10.

Von Martens' figure, copied here, is from the type, the ex-
act measurements of which are, length 9.33, diam. 4 mm.

Subgenus PITTIERIA v. Martens.

Pittieria v. MARTENS, Biologia Centrali Americana, Moll.,
p. 617 (January, 1901).

"In the scheme of coloration and the smooth shining sur-
face it agrees with various species of Streptostyla, e. g. S.
nigricans and S. mitr&formis ; but the columella is scarcely
twisted and at the lower end distinctly truncate. From Glan-
dina it differs in the very smooth shell, without granulation,
and in the columella not being concavely bent" (Martens).

51. S. BICOLOR v. Martens. PI. 29, fig. 86.

Shell turrite, rather solid, very lightly striatulate, glossy;
rufous-brown with a wide sulphur-colored subsutural zone.
Spire long-conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 7%, the
first minute, papilliform, the second globose, both uniform
brown, the following whorls regularly increasing, slightly
convex, with the suture appressed, margins with a groove;
the last whorl slowly tapering at the base, slightly convex,
not deflexed in front. Aperture subvertical, elliptical, but
angular above and below; peristome simple, obtuse, brown-
margined within, the throat gray-bluish ; outer margin slightly
arcuate above, more so 'below; basal margin produced in a

ORYZOSOMA. 163

rostrum; columellar margin slightly thickened and very
lightly twisted spirally, truncate at the base. Length 21,
diam. 10.33, aperture 10x5.5 mm. (Marts.).

Eastern Costa Rica: Uiskar, in Alta Talamanca (Pittier).

Streptostyla (Pittieria) Ucolor MARTS., Biologia, Moll., p.
617, pi. 44, f. 6 (Jan. 1901).

Genus ORYZOSOMA Pilsbry.

Orizosonva PILS., Nautilus, v, p. 9 (May, 1891). — Oryzo-
soma PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1891, p. 311 (Aug. 25, 1891).

Shell ovate-turrite, perforate, the columella concave, cal-
loused on the face. Apical whorls smooth, the first l1/^ glo-
bose, the next whorl very narrow. Otherwise as in Strepto-
styla. Type 0. tabiense.

This group was based upon a small shell resembling Strep-
tostyla except in having the axis distinctly perforate and the
columella not twisted spirally, though there is the 'almost im-
perceptible trace of a fold at its upper insertion.

1. 0. TABIENSE (Pilsbry). PI. 30, figs. 99, 1.

The shell is narrowly perforate, ovate-conic, thin but mod-
erately solid, weakly striatulate, glossy. The spire is conic
with obtuse apex. The first l1/^ whorls are rather large and
very convex; the next % whorl is extremely narrow; sub-
sequent whorls increase slowly and are moderately convex.
Suture moderately impressed. The last whorl is oval, convex
at the base, and impressed around the umbilicus. The aper-
ture is vertical, piriform, half the length of the shell. Outer
lip arched forward in the middle, not retracted basally. The
columella is concave below, straightened above, its edge rather
heavily calloused. The upper end of the callus partially fills
the mouth of the narrow umbilicus. Length 9.9, diam. 4.9,
length of aperture 5 mm. ; whorls 6.

Yucatan: Hacienda of Tabi, in a cave (Heilprin exped.).

Streptostyla (Orizosoma) tabiensis PILS., Nautilus, v, p. 9
(May, 1891) ; Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1891, p. 311, pi. 15, f. 6, 7.

Only a single dead, white specimen was found, but it is,
so far as I can see, an uninjured, normal shell, differing con-

164 POIRETIA.

spicuously from the several small common Streptostylae of the
same locality in proportions as well as by its perforate axis.

Genus POIRETIA Fischer.

Poiretia FISCHER, Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 452, for
Glandina algira (Feb. 21, 1883). — Glandina, Achatina, etc.,
auct.

For anatomy, see RAYMOND, Journ. de Conchyl., iv, 1853,
pp. 14-29, pi. 1, f. 5. — CROSSE et FISCHER, Journ. de Conch.,
1868, p. 234; Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll., p. 73, pi. 4, f. 10 (teeth
of G. algira}. — SIMROTH, Nachtschnecken der portugiesisch-
azorisehen Fauna, etc., Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. -Carol.
Germ. Nat. Cur., vol. 56, 1891, p. 251, pi. 6, f. 16 (genitalia,
muscles, etc., of G. algira).

The shell is oblong or fusiform, rather finely rib-striate,
with the appearance and columella of Euglandina. Embry-
onic shell of about 2l/2 whorls, the last y2 to 1% of which
are striate, the earlier whorl or half whorl smooth. The lip
processes are short and blunt, about half as long as the lower
tentacles, the exterior otherwise as in Euglandina.

Radula with about 20,1,20 teeth, the central small but
well developed, having a distinct cusp ; lateral teeth as in
Euglandina.

Genitalia (pi. 25, fig. 5) with a short penis, terminating in
a transversely placed blind sack. The long retractor is
terminal, and is attached distally to the lung floor. The
spermatheca is small, on a long duct, which enters high on
the long vagina.

The retractor muscles have been figured by Simroth (pi. 25,
fig. 10) . The true columellar muscle is represented by a wide
band acting as a tail retractor; laterally this gives off two
long muscles which split distally, are inserted in the sole, and
act as retractors of the foot in front. The right ocular and
tentacular band crosses the penis, and seems to be joined
proximally to the columellar muscle; the left unites near its
base with the pharyngeal retractor.

The cerebral ganglia are pear-shaped, united by a short
commissure ; pedal ganglia concentrated.

POIRETIA. 165

Type, P. algira (Brug.). Distribution, Algeria, Sicily,
Italy, Dalmatian coast, Greece; Tertiary of Europe.

Poiretia has a shell like Euglandina, but the development
of a blind sack on the penis allies it rather to Lccvoleacina.
From both genera Poiretia differs by its short labial lobes
which have been figured by Bourguignat (Malac. de 1'Algerie).

The varying forms of Poiretia, have been discussed at some
length by von Martens (Malak. Blatter, vi, 1859, pp. 154-
164), by Bourguignat (Malacologie de 1'Algerie, ii, p. 117,
1864), and by Kobelt (Iconographie Europaischen Schaltrag-
enden Conchylien, v, p. 55 (1877), and neue Folge, iii, 1888,
p. 1.

The decision of von Martens and Kobelt that all recent
forms of Poiretia are varieties of a single species seems to me
to be open to appeal, for the reason that none of the authors
who have written on the genus have taken into account the
sculpture of the embryonic shell, but based their conclusions
upon the general shape of the adult, and the shape of the
columella.

1. P. ALGIRA (Bruguiere). PI. 31, figs. 2, 4.

The type of Bulimus algirus was collected by the Abbe
Poiret at Algiers. It measured 16 to 17 lines long by six
wide — about 32 to 34 by 12 mm. This indicates the rather
slender form of northern Africa, Sicily and southern Italy
as the typical algira. In this form the first % whorl, or
nearly that, is quite smooth, elevated and convex; then fine,
regular, slightly arcuate rib-strise begin, very weak at first,'
but soon becoming stronger; they weaken near the lower
suture; this sculpture continues to the middle of the third
whorl (the embryonic shell being composed of 2y2 whorls),
where it gives place to the more irregular sculpture of the
neanic stage. A narrow but distinct ridge borders the suture
of the embryonic whorls, running upward nearly to the apical
end of the suture ; below this ridge the whorl is slightly con-
cave. PL 31, fig. 2, represents the apex of a specimen from
PaBstum, Italy. The columella is usually more concave than
in var. cornea. Pig. 4, copied from Kobelt, represents a
Sicilian shell.

166 POIRETIA.

Bulimus algirus BRUG., Encycl. Meth., p. 364, no. 110, 1792
(Algiers). — BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. de 1'Algerie, ii, p. 119, pi.
7, f. 1-12 (1864).— KOBELT, Iconogr., v, p. 55, pi. 134, f. 1314,
1316; n. F., xi, pi. m (map of distribution). — Achatina boreti
GRAY, Ann. of Philos., ix, 1825, p. 414. — G. algira var. inter-
media Martens, Malak. Bl. fiir 1859, vi, p. 161 ( Sicily) .-
Helix poireti FER., Tabl. Syst, 1822, p. 50, no. 358, based on
Bruguiere's B. algirus. - - ( ?) Glandina algira var. bonensis
ALBERS, Die Hel. 1860, p. 27 (undescribed). — Poiretia algira
var. pseudoalgira SACCO, I Molluschi dei terreni Terziarii del
Piemonte, etc., pt. 22, p. 57, pi. 4, f. 86 (March, 1897).

"Polyphemus striatus Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, p. 415,"
has been cited as a synonym of algira by Raymond, Journ. de
Conchyl. iv, p. 15. The name does not occur in Montfort 's
work.

la, Var. DILATATA ('Ziegl.' Pfr.). PL 31, fig. 3.

The shell is ovate-conic, broader and more inflated than
algira, with the spire shorter, aperture much larger. Length
36, diam. 14, aperture 20x9 mm., or longer, some Algerian
examples as large as 46x20 mm.

Sicily (type loc.) ; Algeria; southern Italy.

Achatina dilatata Zgl. mus., PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 289 (1848) ;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 306, pi. 17, f. 19-21.— Polyphemus tumidus
Pfeiff., VILLA, Dispositio Systematica Conch, terr. et fluv. in
coll. Villa, p. 19 (1841), nude name. — G. algira var. tumida
MARTENS et al.

The name tumida, adopted by some authors, has no stand-
ing, since it was not defined until long after Pfeiffer had de-
scribed and figured dilatata. A fine series has been figured
by Kobelt, Iconographie n. F., iii, p. 1, pt. 61. I copy the
type figure. The radula has been figured by Henking
(Zoologische Jahrbiicher viii, 1895, p. 88). It has 18,1,18
teeth. The animal preyed on Rumina decollata.

1&. Var. SICULA (Bgt.).

"A species special .to Sicily, characterized by a very long
spire, relatively very short aperture, and especially by the

POIRETIA. 167

very much arched columella, which is less abruptly truncate ' '
(Bgt., Malac. de 1'Algerie, ii. p. 117, 1864).

Westerlund considers var. microstoma Kobelt and var. py-
ramidata Paulucci synonyms of sicula. A comparison of the
types should be made.

Var. microstoma Ko'belt (pi. 31, fig. 1). Columella very
strongly concave ; aperture very short, only 16 mm. long in a
shell of 42 mm. The truncation of the columella is much less

*

strong than in var. cornea. ( Glandina algira var. microstoma
Kobelt, Iconogr.. v, p. 57, pi. 134, f. 1313, 1877.)

Grecian forms of the algira-dilatata type. Mousson, von
Martens and others have reported dilatata from various in-
sular localities in or adjacent to Greece. Two names have
been based upon examples from that region, delesserti Bgt.
and marginata Westerl. The exact relationships of these
forms to one another and to Italian dilatata remain to be.
worked out.

Ic. Var. MARGINATA ( Westerlund) .

Suture accompanied by a strongly raised line, smooth and
olive-colored above, then white and strongly crenate ( Wester-
lund: G. dilatata var. marginata, Fauna Palaarctischen Re-
gion Binnenconch., i, p. 10, 1886).

Crete.

Id. Var. DELESSERTI (Bourguignat). PI. 31, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell solid and strong, the last whorl somewhat saccate;
embryonic shell (fig. 5) Avith lower, more convex tvhorls than
in Italian or Sicilian forms of P. algira, forming a larger,
more obtuse apex. Columella very concave.

Length 40, diam. 14.7, aperture 20.5 mm. ; whorls 6*4.

Length 35.3, diam. 13.7, aperture 17 mm. ; whorls 6.

Greece: Corfu (N. Conemenos) .

Glandina delesserti Bgt. (Testacea Novissima, etc., p. 19,
Aug. 1852), from Corfu, has been stated by that author to
be identical with compressa, but the measurements (alt. 9,
diam. 5, length of aperture 7 mm., whorls 4) do not bear out

168 POIRETIA.

this statement, Kobelt believes it referable to var. dilatata.
It was based on a young shell, the adult form of which is de-
scribed above. The embryonic shell differs from all Italian
forms I have seen, and indicates, in my opinion, a well-marked
subspecies, probably confined to Corfu.

le. Var. MINGRELICA (Boettger). Vol. I, p. 42.

Transcaucasia. Similar to P. cornea in shape but with a
smaller apex, and with sculpture of much coarser rib-striae,
the intervals nearly double the width of the riblets, giving
place on the last whorl to coarse wrinkle-striation. Length
34 to 36, diain. 10.5 to 11, aperture 15 to 16 mm., whorls 7.
(Glandina algira var. mingrelica Bttg., Jahrb. d. Malak. Ges.,
viii, 1881, p. 170, pi. 7, f. 1).

I have not seen this form. Its rank and position depend
upon the sculpture of the embryonic shell, which has not been
described.

2. P. CORNEA (Brumati). PI. 31, figs. 8, 9.

Shell thin, very slender and long, lanceolate-fusiform, blue-
white under a very thin, fugitive olive-yellowish cuticle. The
embryonic shell consists of from slightly over 2 whorls to
21/-}. The first whorl is smooth, except that on its last half
fine, short strige appear below the suture. These gradually
become longer, and on the latter part of the last embryonic
whorl part of the striae weakly reach to the suture below.
The subsutural thread or cord is distinct, but less prominent,
than in P. algira. The post-nepionic whorls of the spire are
sculptured with strong, regular rib-stria?, but these weaken
and become irregular on the last whorl or half whorl, which
is irregularly wrinkled. The suture is irregularly crenulate,
and very oblique, but its descent is nearly regular, not much
more oblique at the last half whorl. The columella is rather
strongly concave near the base, which is abruptly truncate.
Length 36.5, diarn. 11, aperture 17.5 mm. ; whorls
Length 33.5, diam. 10.5, aperture 16 mm. ; whorls
Dalmatia and adjacent territories on the northeastern

POIRETIA. 169

shores of the Adriatic Sea. Type locality Monfalcone; fig-
ured specimens from Zara.

Achatina cornea BRUMATI, Catalogo systematico della Con-
chiglie terrestri e fluviatili osservate nel Territorio di Mon-
falcone, p. 35, fig. 5 (1838). — Polyphemus algirus var. angus-
tatus VILLA, Disposit. Syst., etc., p. 19, no description (1841).
— Achatina poireti ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., i, 2 Heft, p. 18,
pi. 7, f. 123 (1835). — Glandina algira var. compressa Mouss.,
KOBELT, Iconogr., v, p. 57, pi. 134, f. 1315.

P. cornea has commonly been known as Glandina poireti
Fer., but that was originally defined solely by a reference to
Bruguiere's B. algirus; therefore the name cannot be used
for the form which Ferussac figured in his later publication
(Hist. nat. Moll.), as Rossmassler, Bourguignat and others
have done.

3. P. COMPRESSA (Mousson). PI. 31, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13.

Shell oblong-cylindric, involute, thin, diaphanous, closely
costulate-striate, pale or whitish under a very fugitive epi-
dermis. Spire cylindric-turrite, the apex rather obtuse;
suture irregularly crenulate and subinarginate. Whorls 5,
very rapidly increasing, flat in the middle, the last whorl
long, descending, as long as the spire, impressed at its upper
third. Columella slightly arcuate or straight, abruptly trun-
cate. Aperture acutely piriform, somewhat wider below;
peristome unexpanded, acute, arching forward in its upper
third, the margins joined by a thin callus. Length 35, diam.
11, aperture 16x7 mm. (Mouss.}.

Greece: Corfu, type loc. ; Cephalonia, lanina (Dr. Schla-
fli) ; Patras (Conemenos).

Glandina compressa Mouss., Coquilles terrestres et fluvia-
tiles recueillies dans 1'Orient par M. le Dr. Alex. Schlafli,
in Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in
Zurich, iv, 1859, pp. 21, 260, 271, and as " G. depressa," p.
33. — WESTERLUND and BLANC, Apercu sur la Fauna Malac.
de la Greece, 1879, p. 22.

The original description is given above. Specimens before
me are not so large, some measuring —

170 SALASIELLA.

Length 32, diam. 9, aperture 16 mm. ; whorls 514.

Length 30, diam. 8.5, aperture 15 mm. ; whorls 514.

Length 28, diam. 9.5, aperture 14 mm. ; whorls 5.

The shell is even slimmer and more obliquely coiled than
P. cornea, the last half-turn of the suture being very oblique
to the preceding one a.bove it. A more important difference
is in the embryonic whorls, which are without the subsutural
cord of P. algira and P. cornea. The first whorl is smooth
and convex; fine strias then gradually begin, rapidly becom-
ing strong rib-striae on the last half-whorl of the embryo. As
in P. cornea, there are about 2y3 embryonic whorls.

Genus SALASIELLA Strebel.

Salasiella STREBEL, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna Mexi-
kanischer Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien, iii, 1878, pp. 6
(type 8. jaaquincc], 29. — v. MARTENS, Biologia Centrali Amer-
icana Mollusca, p. 81 (1891). — Selasiella TRYON, Manual, i, p.
43. — Selaniella Strebel, ANCEY, Annales de Malacol., ii, p. 245
(1886).

The shell is small, oblong or fusiform, unicolorous, of glassy
or corneous appearance, smooth or feebly striated, without
spiral striae; embryonic whorls smooth; columella truncated
basally, as in Euglandina.

The radula has the formula 10,2,1,2,10. There is a idl-
developed central tooth; the inner two laterals are Inige and
powerful, with broad basal-plates, the outer ones ,IIL- slender,
with narrow basal-plates of the usual sole-like shape (pi. 25,
fig. 7, S. joaqwincc}. Only one pouch-like stomach. Cerebral
ganglia concentrated into one group. <"M mtalia (pi. 25, fig.
9, S. joaquincc} with a curved finger shaped appendix (fig. 9,
gm] near the base of the penis ( p) . Labial processes per-
haps lacking. Type S. joaquin<r

The species now known give this genus of minute Oleaci-
noid forms an extension from southern Guatemala to the state
of Nuevo Leon in northeastern Mexico. Two species were
described and figured in vol. I of this work.

SALASIELLA.

171

Fig. 1. Salasiella subcylindrica. Diente, near Monterey.
Figs. 2, 3. Salasiella perpusilla. Diente, near Monterey.
Fig. 4, 5. Salasiella modesta. Orizaba.
Fig. 6. Salasiella minima. Orizaba. »

(All figures drawn with camera lucida to the same scale.)

1. S. MARGARITACEA (Pfeiffer). PL 28, fig. 61.

Shell oblong, thin, smoothish, very lightly and irregularly
plicatulate under the lens, pellucid, glossy, transparent-yel-
lowish. Spire short, conic, rather acute ; suture somewhat
channelled, margined. Whorls 5%, a little convex, the last
more than half the total length, slightly tapering basally.
Columella slightly arcuate, abruptly truncate. Aperture ver-
tical, acurninate-semioval ; peristome simple, the right margin
slightly arching forward. Length 9.5, diam. 3.33, aperture
7x2 mm.

Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Salle, in Cuming
collection).

Achatina margaritacea PFB., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 321. — Olea-
cina m., PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 636. — Salasiella m., Pfr., MAR-
TENS, Biologia, p. 81, pi. 5, f. 8.

"Very distinct from its coniform shape, thus resembling
many Streptostyla", but the conformation of the columella is
that of Glandina. The figure here given is drawn from a
specimen in the late Mr. Paetel's collection, of somewhat
smaller size than Pfeiffer 's example" (v. Marts.}.

172 SALASIELLA.

2. S. JOAQUIN^E Strebel. Vol. I, p. 43.

This species was described from Jalapa, Vera Cruz (cf.
Strebel, Beit rag, iii, p. 29, pi. 9, f. 6; pi. 10, f. 1-7; pi. 11,
f. 8). Specimens were taken by Mr. S. N. Rhoads at Diente,
near Monterey, Nuevo Leon. Strebel 's types measure:

Length 8.3, diam. 3.4, length of aperture 5.3, whorls 4%.

Length 8.5, diam. 3, length of aperture 5.1, whorls 5.

3. S. MODESTA (Pfeiffer). Page 171, figs. 4, 5.

Shell minute, sub fusiform-oblong, thin, smooth, marked
with a few impressed stria? ; pale corneous, pellucid. Spire
conic, somewhat acuminate ; suture light, submargined.
Whorls 5, a little convex, the last somewhat longer than the
spire, somewhat tapering basally. Columella arcuate, hori-
zontally truncate a short distance above the base. Aperture
slightly oblique, acuminate-oval ; peristome simple, the right
margin slightly dilated forwards. Length 4, diam. 1.5, aper-
ture 3.25 mm. (Pfr.).

Mexico: State of Vera Cruz at Mirador (Strebel) ; Orizaba
(Heilprin exped.).

Oleacina modesta PFR., Malak. Bl., ix, 1862, p. 98; Monogr.
Hel. Viv., vi, p. 275. — Glandina modesta Pfr., FISCHER and
CROSSE, Miss. Scient. au Mex., Moll., i, p. 135. -- STREBEL,
Beitrag, ii, p. 52, pi. 13, f. 49. — Salasiella m., STREBEL, I. c.,
iii, p. 30, pi. 9, f. 9.— PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1903, p.
773, figs. 4, 5. — Glandina (Salasiella) perpusilla PILS., Proc.
A. N. S. Phila. 1891, p. 311.

Figs. 4, 5 represent an adult and a young example from
Orizaba, the former measuring, length 3.7, diam. 1.47, aper-
ture 2.1 mm.

4. S. MINIMA Pilsbry. Page 171, fig. 6.

Very minute, cylindric-oblong, almost equally obtuse at
both ends; thin, corneous and transparent, showing the in-
ternal partitions through the shell. Surface glossy and but
very faintly marked with growth-lines. Whorls 4; suture
with a narrow margin by transparence. Other characters as
usual in the genus. Length 2.6, diam. 1, length of aperture
1.6 mm.

SALASIELLA. 173

Mexico: hills around Orizaba, about 500 feet above the
town. Type no. 58070, A. N. S. P., collected by Witmer Stone,
of the Heilprin expedition of 1890.

Salasiella minima PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1903, p. 773,
fig. 6.

This smallest species -of the genus is not unlike 8. modesta
in shape, 'but it is built on a much smaller scale. For com-
parison I figure a young specimen of S. modesta, the different
contour of which may be readily appreciated.

5. S. PERPUSILLA (Pfeiffer). Figures 2, 3, page 171.
Manual, vol. I, p. 43. This species is more convex below

the suture than S. modesta, minima, or subcylindrica. The
figures here given represent specimens from Diente, the orig-
inal of fig. 3 measuring, length 3.3, diam. 1.4, length of aper-
ture 1.9 mm.

Guatemala (Stall) ; Mirador and Jalapa, State of Vera
Cruz, and Diente, near Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon.

6. S. PULCHELLA (Pfeiffer). PI. 28, fig. 62.

Shell oblong, rather thin, smoothish, seen under the lens
to be arcuately and irregularly striatulate, glossy, corneous-
whitish, obsoletely streaked with buff. Spire convexly conic,
rather acute, with a narrowly margined suture. Whorls 6,
moderately convex, the last scarcely two-thirds the total
length, somewhat tapering basally. Columella somewhat
straightened, narrowly truncate. Aperture vertical, sinuate-
semioval, long-acuminate ; peristome simple, the right margin
slightly dilated forward. Length 10.5, diam. 3.75, aperture
7x2 mm. (Pfr.) .

Mexico: Chiapas ( Ghiesbreght, in Cuming coll.).

Oleacina pulchella PFR., Malak. Blatter, iii, p. 234 (printed
in Dec., 1856, apparently issued in January, 1857) ; Monogr.,
iv, p. 635.— Achatina pulchella PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 379
(May 8, 1857). Not Achatina pulchella Spix, 1827.— Sala-
siella p., MARTENS, Biologia, pp. 83, 613, pi. 5, f. 9. — Sala-
siella pfeiffen PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1899, p. 398.

Prof, von Martens' figure of the type in the British Mu-

174 SALASIELLA.

seum is copied. He records the species from Turabares,
southwestern Costa Rica, taken by Biolley. I proposed the
name S. pfei/f'eri as a substitute for Achatina pulchella Pfr.
not Spix, but on further investigation I find that Pfeiffer
first described the species as an Oleacina, and hence the name
was not preoccupied.

7. S. SUBCYLJNDRICA Pilsbry. Fig. 1, page 171.

Shell distinctly cylindric, the rather long spire tapering to
an obtuse apex ; corneous-white ; smooth except for a few im-
pressed lines following the direction of growth-lines. AArhorls
4^4, slightly convex, the last flattened peripherally. Suture
margined by transparence. Aperture of the usual shape;
outer lip strongly arched forward in the middle, retracted
above and below. Columella as in other species of the genus.
Length 5.6, diam. 1.8, length of aperture 3.15 mm.

Mexico : Diente, near Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon.
Types no. 77169, A. N. S. P., collected by S. N. Rho<ads, 1899.

Salasiella subcylindrica PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1903,
p. 774, fig. 1.

This species is larger and more cylindric than S. modesta,
and the columella is less concave. Its contour is quite un-
like that of S. perpusilla, which also occurred at Diente.

8. S. ELEGANS v. Martens. PI. 28, figs. 58, 59.

Shell long-turrite, slightly striatulate, not at all granu-
lose, very glossy, uniform corneous. Spire obtusely convex.
Whorls 8, a little convex, separated by a moderately impressed
suture, the last slowly tapering below. Aperture slightly ob-
lique, irregularly lanceolate ; peristome thickened throughout,
white, the outer lip convexly produced above, receding be-
low; basal margin rounded; columellar margin much thick-
ened, deeply emarginate, as in Glandina excavata Marts.,
broadly obliquely truncate at the base. Length 11.5, diam.
3.5, aperture 4 mm. (Martens).

Southwestern Mexico: Colima (Rolle).

Salasiella elegans VON MARTENS in Rolle, Nachrichtsbl.
deutsch. inalak. Ges., August, 1895, p. 129 ; Biologia, p. 613,
pi. 44, f. 1, la (1901).

EUGLANDINA. 175

Genus EUGLANDINA Crosse et Fischer.

Euglandina C. & F., Mission scientifique au Mexique et
dans 1'Amerique Centrale, Mollusques, i, 1870, p. 97; first
species Glandina lignaria. — FISCHER, Manuel de Conchyl., p.
452 ; type G. lignaria. — Glandina STREBEL, Beitrag zur Kennt-
niss der Fauna Mexikanischer land- und siisswasser-Conchy-
lien, ii Theil, 1875, pp. 4-58. — v. MARTENS, Biologia Centrali
Americana, Mollusca, pp. 46-80. --Pfaffia BEHN, Amtlicher
Bericht liber die 22 Versammlung deutschen Naturforscher
und Aerzte in Bremen, Sept. 1844, 2te Abth., p. 131 (1845),
no type.

The shell is usually of large or moderate size, oblong, fusi-
form or ovate, typically with striate or decussate surface and
without distinct varices; but in some forms the surface is
smooth, and sometimes varices are present. Columella ab-
ruptly truncate at the base ; outer lip unexpanded, simply
arched forward or straight. Whorls 6 to 9.

Type E. aurata var. lignaria Rve. Distribution, American
mainland, from Brazil to Texas, Florida and South Carolina.

Euglandina differs generically from Oleacina and Poiretia
by characters of the genitalia. See Introduction to this
volume.

The name Glandina, commonly used for this group, was
based solely upon G. valuta, the type of the prior genera
Polyphemus Mont fort and Oleacina Bolten. It is therefore
inapplicable to the Mexican and other mainland species, if,
as I believe, these differ generically from Antillean groups.
Pfaffia was proposed for an undetermined Mexican snail said
to be related to Polyphemus glans Say ; but no adequate
generic characters are given, and it would be impossible to
determine its type.

The Mexican and Central American Euglandinas present
problems of great difficulty, the species being very similar
and at the same time variable. The shape and sculpture of
the embryonic whorls are among the most important charac-
ters, but these are unknown in many species. The critical
studies of Strebel form the basis for a really scientific knowl-

176

EUGLANDINA.

edge of the forms; their value can hardly be overestimated.
Crosse and Fischer <and von Martens have contributed indis-
pensable material of great value, yet from the standpoint
reached by Strebel, it must be admitted that all other authors
have treated the subject in a comparatively superficial man-
ner. Since most of the species were included by Mr. Tryon
in Vol. I of this work, I have restricted the following account
to strictly supplementary matter.

I. TYPICAL FORMS OP EUGLANDINA.
South American Species.

1. E. STRIATA (Miiller). Vol. I, p. 32.

In his latest treatment of this species (Biologia Central!
Americana, p. 79) Prof, von Martens includes as synonyms
GlandinastrigosaWL&rts. (vol. I, p. 33) and G. lineata Strebel
( I, p. 32) . It extends from southern Brazil to Colombia and
Guiana, but is probably not homogeneous over so wide and
varied a range, the examples before me showing considerable
diversity.

2. E. FLOCCATA (Da Costa). PI. 20, fig. 10.

Shell fusiform with long spire, thin, ventricose; pellucid-
brownish with remote chestnut streaks, and sparsely flecked
with rather indistinct whitish spots. Whorls 8, longitudinally
very closely plicate-striate, at the suture finely and very
closely crenulate. Columella arcuate, conspicuously truncate.
Aperture rather ample, brownish-white. Length 89, diam.
35, aperture 46x18 mm. (Da Costa).

Colombia: La Armenia, near Bogota.

Glandina floccata DA COSTA, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iv, p.
66, pi. 7, f. 3 (August 1, 1900).

' This fine species 'bears a strong resemblance to G. striata
Mull ; the last whorl, however, is rather more ventricose, and
exhibits a feature never found in that species, viz., the presence
of several white flecks scattered irregularly over the body-
whorl : the only other instance of similar spotting may be
observed in examples of G. vanuxemensis Lea, from Mexico"
(Da Costa).

EUGLANDINA. 177

3. E. TRUNCATA (Gmelin). PI. 21, figs. 4, 10, 11, 12.

"A thin, uniform white shell, with the appearance of a
land snail. It is composed of 7 whorls and is similar in
form to the preceding [Liguus] but more lengthened. The
whorls are somewhat convex, the uppermost forming an ob-
tuse apex. The aperture is not very wide, its length more
than twice its breadth, and almost half the length of the shell.
The columella runs far forward in a strong curve, and forms
a channel, of which its truncate end is the outlet. The
growth-marks are very noticeable. They pass over the whole
shell, like fine stria3, and their end points are cut off as by a
.seam at the foot of the whorls, forming small notches. The
shell is 2 inches 6 lines long, and nearly 1 inch wide."

Venezuela (Ed. Miiller) ; near Yucacas, and woods of Arva
(C. F. Starke).

Das weisse Kinkkorn mit abgestumpftcr Spindel, KAEM-
MERER, Die Conchylien im Cabinette des Herrn Erbprinzen
von Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt, p. 128, pi. x, f. 5 (1789).-
Bulla truncata GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3434, no. 49
(1790). — Glandina subvaricosa ALBERS, Malak. Bl., i, 1854, p.
220. — MARTENS, Binnenmoll. Venez., p. 164. — Acluitina s.,
PFR., Novit. Conch., i, p. 34, pi. 9, f. 6, 7. — Oleacina s., PPR.,
Monogr., iv, p. 631. — TRYON, Manual, i, p. 38.

Gmelin 's name B. truncata was based solely upon the de-
scription and figure of Kamrnerer. The former is reproduced
above. The figure is a very good representation of what Al-
bers called G. subvaricosa. The dimensions given by Kam-
merer are almost exactly those of Albers' type. B. truncata
has been thought to apply to the Floridian species (E. rosea
Fer.), but the shape of the spire and columella, and the cre-
nated suture, show that it was based upon the South Amer-
ican species, and certainly not upon the Floridian.

The shell is unusually thin, light dull-brown, with a few
former growth-stages marked by pale or whitish streaks, and
sometimes followed by darker brown streaks. The first whorl
is quite planorboid above ; the next has a characteristic form,
having a narrow shoulder and then flatly sloping outward.

178 EUGLANDINA.

Near the end of the second whorl some malleation appears,
and then fine, regular striation gradually begins (pi. 21, fig.
4). The last whorl is closely, rather irregularly plicatulate,
and covered with a very fine, close sculpture of engraved
spirals. The spire is straightly conic, the suture crenulate,
with a whitish seam-like border, the ends of the plica? being
swollen, single or a few of them in pairs, and defined by an
impressed groove, more or less distinct. The columella is al-
ways very concave.

Length 61, diam. 23, aperture 31 mm. (Albers).

Length 63, diam. 25.5, aperture 31.5 mm. (Arva).

Length 53.5, diam 23.5, aperture 28.6 mm. (Yucacas).

The specimens figured are from Arva (fig. 10) and from
near Yucacas (figs. 4, 11, 12).

4. E. SWIFTI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 21, figs. 1, 2, 3.

The shell is long and narrow, solid and opaque, without
noticeable cuticle, having the nude appearance of E. rosea
parallela. It is flesh-colored, with whitish streaks at wide,
unequal intervals, darker in front of the streaks. The long-
spire has nearly straight outlines and obtuse apex. The em-
bryonic shell resembles that of E. truncata Gmel. (G. sub-
varicosa Alb.) in shape of the first two whorls, the first being
planorboid, the second subaugular at the shoulder, flattened
above it, flatly sloping and malleate below. Near the end of
the second whorl very fine, regular striation begins, contin-
uing to the end of the embryonic shell, which consists of S1/^
whorls. After this, the whorl widens rather abruptly, the
sutural nodules appear, and spiral striation becomes distinct
(pi. 21, fig. 3). The last whorl has sculpture of coarse, irreg-
ular longitudinal folds, cut by very fine engraved spirals.
The folds are swollen into grains at the sutural border, which
is defined by a groove. The suture is crenulated (fig. 2).
The aperture is long and narrow, vertical. The columella is
concave above, then nearly straight, broadly and horizontally
truncate at its base.

Length 64.5, diam. 22, aperture 30 mm. ; whorls
Length 61.3, diam. 22, aperture 28.6 mm. ; whorls

EUGLANDINA. 179

Venezuela: mountains near Coro (Oapt. Foster).

This species resembles E. rosea parallela in its solid tex-
ture, and E. liebmanm in the coarse sculpture. In the fine
spiral sculpture and the embryonic whorls it differs widely
from both, and is related to E. truncata Gmel. (subvaricosa
Alb.). From the latter it differs by the solid texture, coarser
sculpture, narrower form and much less concave columella.
Based upon four specimens, taken Aug. 14, 1864. The col-
lector notes that the upper tentacles are darker than the other
parts; the back is dark ash color, the sides and foot almost
white. Named in honor of Robert Swift, whose rich collec-
tion of South American and Antillean mollusks was devised
by him to the Academy.

5. E. DISTINGUENDA (Tryon). Vol. I, p. 36, pi. 8, f. 13.
Glandina aurata STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. Land- und Siiss-

wasser Conchylien, ii, p. 21, pi. 2, f. 36-37; pi. 12, f. 36,
36 a, b, 37 a-d (1875). Not of Morelet. --Oleacina distin-
guenda TRYON, Manual I, p. 36, pi. 8, f. 13 (January, 1885).
— Glandina stiibcli v. MARTENS, Biologia Centrali Americana,
Mollusca, p. 57 (April, 1891).

Colombia: Ocana (Wallis).

The names proposed by Tryou and by von Martens were
both based solely upon the full account given by Strebel, who,
in the absence of material for comparison, identified the
Colombian form with aurata. Tryon carelessly gave the local-
ity "Mexico." The spiral sculpture seems to resemble the
Mexican rather than other South American species.

6. E. BOGOTENSIS (Da Costa). PI. 20, fig. 7.

Shell fusiform, rather thick, glossy, purplish-chestnut.
Spire long. Whorls 7, a little convex, longitudinally very
closely plicate-striate, under the lens minutely transversely
striate, at the suture finely crenulate and narrowly margined.
Columella almost straight, whitish, conspicuously truncate.
Aperture rather small, purplish-chestnut, lip pallid, some-
what thickened at the edge. Length 51, diam. 21, aperture
21x10 mm. (Da C.).

180 EUGLANDINA.

Colombia: Bogota.

Grlandina bogotensis DA C., Proc. Malae. Soc. Lond., vi, p.

6. pi. 1, f. 5 (March, 1904).

'It is closely allied to G. (cquatoria Da Costa, from Ecua-
dor, but is more fusiform, thinner, has a whorl less, and is
without the transverse striation of that species."

7. E. SACCATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 20, figs. 5, 6.

Vol. I, p. 39. There are S1/^ embryonic whorls, the first
two smooth; then very fine, close and delicate strife appear
below the suture, gradually increasing in length until on the
last embryonic half whorl they extend to the suture below.
The neanic and adult sculpture consists of rather coarse rib-
lets occasionally forked, and on the last whorl about seven to
ten in the space of 5 mm. An impressed subsutural groove
cuts the riblets, defining a distinct margin about 1 mm. wide,
with sculpture of oblong granules, each formed by the end of
a riblet. The suture itself is irregularly crenulate. At the
periphery the riblets rather abruptly fade out, leaving a much
smoother, only irregularly and very weakly plicatulate base.
Very dense and fine incised spiral lines cover the last whorl
throughout ; on the penult, whorl they are weaker, and are
nearly lost on earlier whorls. The columella is nearly straight,
and the outer lip has a whitish edge. The specimen figured
measures, alt. 55.3, diam. 24.3, aperture 27 mm. long, with 7
whorls. Pfeiffer 's type is 56x24 mm. Ecuador.

8. E. ECUADORIANA (Miller). Vol. I, p. 40.

Belated to E. saccata, but much more delicately plicatulate.
with much finer spiral striation ; suture coarsely crenulate,
each granule occupying the breadth of two folds. The folds
fork near the middle of the last whorl. 62x26 mm., aper-
ture 30x12 mm. Val de Pilaton, Ecuador.

9. E. CQUATORIA (Da Costa). PI. 20, fig. 9.

Shell fusiform-oblong, rather thick, glossy, purplish-chest-
nut; whorls 6, a little convex, longitudinally very closely
plicate-striate. under the lens minutely transversely striate, at

EUGLANDINA. 181

the sutures delicately crenulate. Columella straight, abruptly
truncate. Aperture ashy-chestnut, with a white peritreme.
Length 59, diam. 27, aperture 30x12 mm. (Da Costa).

Ecuador: Peramba.

Glandina aquatoria DA COSTA, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iv,
p. 67, pi. 7, f. 4 (Aug. 1, 1900).

"Although closely allied to G. saccata Pfr., it is darker in
color, smaller, and much thicker ; the longitudinal plication is
closer, and the transverse striation much finer; it has also a
straighter columella" (Da C.).

This form needs comparison with E. ecuadoriana (Miller),
which, from the description, must be very similar.

10. E. ORNATA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 32. Colombia.

11. E. CALLISTA (Pilsbry & Clapp). PI. 20, fig. 11.

Shell fusiform, very thin, pale brownish-yellow with a few
indistinct darker streaks, more numerous on the spire, and
encircled by numerous narrow, inconspicuous buff spiral lines
between the periphery and suture and on the spire. Surface
but slightly glossy, sculptured with fine, somewhat irregular-
striae, and weakly scored by fine, close spiral striae, better de-
veloped below. Suture distinctly margined with a row of
small bead-like folds, each formed usually by the coalescence
of two, or the knob-like enlargement of one of the striae. Spire
acuminate. Whorls nearly 7, but slightly convex, the last
more inflated, tapering below. Aperture slightly oblique,
four-sevenths the length of the shell ; outer lip evenly arcuate ;
columella very concave, truncate as usual below. Parietal
wall covered with a very thin wash of callus, which swells
broadly out upon the whorl in the middle, and is abruptly
retracted above. Length 68.5, diam. 26 mm. ; length of aper-
ture 38, greatest width 15.5 mm. (P. & C.).

Colombia : Santa Marta Mts. at Valparaiso, in forest at
4,500 ft. elevation (H. H. Smith).

Glandina callista P. & C., Nautilus, xv, p. 133, pi. 7, f. 7
(April, 1902).

"A charming species, remarkable for its acuminate spire,

182 EUGLANDINA.

fusiform contour and thin texture. It differs from G. striata
by its sculpture and the absence of distinct dark varices. G.
plicatula is a smoother, more obese shell, with shorter aper-
ture. No other South American species is nearly related."

12. E. PLICATULA (Pfeiffer). PI. 28, figs. 63, 64.

Shell oblong-fusiform, thin, longitudinally closely plicatu-
late, obsoletely decussated with spiral lines, diaphanous,
slightly shining, brownish flesh-colored. Spire long-conic, the
apex obtuse, suture margined, minutely crenulate. Whorls 7,
a little convex, the last as long as the spire, somewhat more
convex, tapering at the base. Columella callous, slightly
arcuate, abruptly truncate at the base of the semioval aper-
ture, which is very glossy inside. Peristome simple and thin.
Length 60, diam. 25, aperture 31x13.5 mm. (P/>.).

Colombia: in the Andes (Cuming coll.) ; Ocafia and Sonson
(Wallis) ; Cauca (Portunato Bonis).

Achatina plicaJula PFR., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 258 (Andes of
Colombia) ; Monogr., iii, 517 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 319, pi. 26, f.
2. — Olcacina p., TBYON, Manual I, p. 37, pi. 7, f. 96 (copied
from Pfr.). — Glandina p., form B, STREBEL, Beitrag, ii, p. 20,
pi. 6, f. 33, a-e, f. 34 a, &.— MOUSSON, Malak. Bl., xxi, 1873,
p. 15. — MARTENS, Biologia Centrali Amer. Moll., p. 80.

In typical E. plicatula the spire is straightly conic, its out-
lines not concave near the apex ; the color is reddish-brown,
darker towards the summit. The outer lip is drawn forward
near its upper insertion, and the columella is moderately con-
cave, less so than in the Venezuelan race. Strebel gives the
measurements of Sonson examples : length 60.5, diam. 27.5,
aperture 33.25 mm., whorls 6%, and 44, 19.75, 23.75 mm.,
whorls nearly 61/4-

An adult from Cauca, here figured, pi. 28, figs. 63, 64,
measures, length 53.5, diam. 23.7, aperture 28 mm., whorls

12a. Var. CINNAMOMEOFUSCA (Tryon). PI. 20, fig. 8.

This handsome shell varies from reddish-cinnamon color to
light yellowish-brown, 'with reddish early whorls. The spire

EUGLANDINA. 183

is somewhat attenuate or concave near the apex. The em-
bryonic shell consists of S1/^ smooth, glossy whorls, the second
more or less shouldered, malleate, and striate near the suture,
the last embryonic whorl usually with a plicatulate sutural
border. The last whorl has very fine, close striee, generally
forked a short distance below the suture, 4 or 5 in a milli-
meter at the periphery. These are cut by far finer engraved
spiral lines. The sutural border is formed of oblong beads,
in which the striae run singly or in pairs. There are usually
some white varix-streaks, often shaded with darker brown in
front, and varying from one to three on each of the three
later whorls. The outer lip is white-edged. The columella is
very concave in adult shells, but in the young it is straight.
Length 77, diam. 33, aperture 39 mm. ; whorls 7%.

Venezuela: Cumbre de San Hilario, and Chino, near San
Felipe (Appun) ; Cumbre de Valencia (Dr. Kretz) ; San Es-
teban, near Puerto Cabello, Caracas (Lansberg) ; mountains
between Pto. Cabello and Valencia (C. F. Starke).

Glandina plicatida Pfr., MARTENS, Die Binnen-moll. Venez-
uelas, Festschr. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin, 1873, p. 164. — G.
plicatula, form A, STREBEL, Beitrag, ii, p. 19, pi. 6, f. 35, a-c\
pi. 1, f. 33 (apex) . — 0. plicatula var. cinnamomeofusca TRYON,
Manual, i, p. 37.

The Venezuelan race, described above, becomes larger than
plicatula, 70 mm. long or more, with a more produced spire,
slightly concave near the summit ; the columella is more con-
cave, and the surface very glossy. It sometimes shows a few
indistinct pale flecks, as noticed by Pfeiffer and repeated by
Tryon. The whitish varices are indistinct and rare in some
examples.

13. E. ISABELLA Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 21, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

The embryonic shell consists of about 3% whorls, and is
elevated conic dome-shaped with broadly and roundly trun-
cate top, reminding one of G. cognata. Its whorls are de-
creasingly convex, the first two increasing comparatively
faster than the following; the first projects, and especially at
the end, is somewhat elevated as in G. pctiti, etc. ; smooth and

184 EUGLANDINA.

glossy at first, fine longitudinal folds beginning on the third
whorl. The shell is strong, though somewhat translucent.
The later whorls are only moderately convex, the last is more
obliquely coiled and somewhat widened below. The color is
either reddish-yellow, becoming redder towards the apex, or
yellowish-brown, darker towards the summit, the peristome
always widely pale-colored, and the interior has a thin, some-
what roseate layer, which is narrowly and weakly thickened
at the peristome. A glossy cuticle covers the shell. The
sculpture consists of irregular, strongly developed, narrow
longitudinal plicae, which become weaker below on the last
whorl, not all of them reaching the base, whilst they are
sharp near the suture, which they do not quite reach, and are a
little drawn back by a groove running close below the suture.
There is, therefore, on the last whorl a narrowly-defined mar-
gined sutural border, not, or but weakly, thickened, while on
the upper whorls the suture is bordered only by a narrow
transparent band. When very strongly magnified, extremely
fine, close, somewhat wavy but not deep spiral grooves may
be seen, and in places very weak traces of long-granule sculp-
ture. The columella stands vertical to the axis, is strongly
arched and twisted, with a thread-like white thickening on
the free margin, continued over the truncation. The parietal
callus is distinctly defined but thin.

Length 34, diam. 13.75, aperture 15 mm. ; whorls

Length 32, diam. 14.5, aperture 16.25 mm. ; whorls

Colombia: Frontino (AVallis).

Glandina isabellina STREBEL, Beitrag, ii, p. 46, pi. 6 A. f.
40, a-c. Not G. isabellina Pfr.

This form is evidently distinct from G. isabellina (Pfr.).
Strebel's description and figures are reproduced.

14. E. CYLINDRUS (Martens). Vol. I, p. 34. Upper Mara-

non, Colombia.

15. E. LUCIDA (Strebel). Vol. I, p. 34. Colombia.

16. E. ASSIMILIS (Reeve). Vol. I, p. 24. Venezuela.

EUGLANDINA. 185

Species of Mexico and Central America.

17. E. HUINGENSIS (Pilsbry). PL 23, figs. 25, 26, 27.

The shell is obesely oblong, thin, fleshy-brown, glossy, with
short, conic spire and very obtuse summit. The first two
whorls are almost wholly smooth, and enlarge very rapidly,
the second whorl being disproportionately wide ; then short,
distinct plica appear below the suture, the rest of the surface
being smooth for the next half whorl, after which the foldlets
extend weakly and irregularly further down, as in the adult
stage. The last whorl descends very rapidly, and has sculp-
ture of rather strong, subregular folds denticulating the
suture, but rapidly weakening downwards into low wrinkles.
There is no spiral striation. Aperture subvertical, the outer
lip very weakly arching forward in the middle. Columella
deeply arcuate and abruptly truncate. Length 36, diam. 17.
length of aperture 22 mm. ; whorls S1/^.

Mexico: Huingo, State of Michoacan (Rhoads).

Glandina huingensis PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1903, p.
770, pi. 47, f. 2, 2 a, 6.

With some resemblance to E. indusiata, this species differs
by the absence of spiral sculpture. Though the suture is
sharply denticulate, the last whorl, except close to it, is nearly
smooth. The increase of the whorls is very irregular, the
second whorl being abnormally wide, the third much nar-
rower, and finally the last whorl descends rapidly, the last
suture being quite oblique to the preceding. I know of no
closely related species. The length was wrongly given in the
original description. Figures and description are from the
type.

18. E. INDUSIATA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 41 ("indusiaca").

19. E. VANUXEMENSIS (Lea). Vol. I, p. 39 ("vanuxemii").

Includes A. coronata Pfr., vol. I, p. 37 ; var. guttata C.
et F., vol. I, p. 37.

20. E. MICHOACANENSIS (Pilsbry). PI. 22, figs. 16, 17.
Shell obesely fusiform, rather thin, of a dull red color,

186 EUGLANDINA.

darker red on the spire, more yellowish towards the base, the
suture with a pale border about 1.5 to 2 mm. wide on the
last whorl, surface somewhat glossy, sculptured with coarse
irregular plicae, strongest near the suture, which they irreg-
ularly crenulate, and with finer folds which are cut into ob-
long grains in spiral series, as in E. vanuxemensis. This
sculpture becomes weaker below the middle of the last whorl
and is obsolete at the extreme base. The spire is conic with
quite obtuse apex. The first 21/2 whorls are smooth and mod-
erately convex ; then vertical riblets begin, very weak at first,
but becoming strong and regular, with smooth intervals; at
the end of 3% whorls, marking the limit of the embryonic
stage, the whorl widens more rapidly and the woven sculpture-
pattern of the adult stage begins. The aperture is rather
small, slightly oblique ; outer lip hardly arching forward.
The columella is only slightly concave either in front or pro-
file views, and is abruptly truncate basally. Length 49.6,
diam. 21.2, length of aperture 26 mm. ; whorls 7%.

Mexico: Uruapam, State of Michoacan (Rhoads).

Glandina michoacanensis PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1899,
p. 397; 1903, p. 770, pi. 47, f. 1, 1 a, 1).

This fine species has sculpture like E. vanuxemensis, but it
differs from that by its smaller aperture, less concave colu-
mella, and especially by the embryonic shell, which has a
long smooth-ribbed stage, and consists of more whorls than
that of E. vanuxemensis. The type specimen is described
and figured.

21. E. SOWERBYANA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 36. Var. ESTEFANLE

Strebel, p. 36.

22. E. COULTERI ('Gray,' Pfr.). PI. 22. figs. 22, 23, 24.

Shell oblong-conic, thin, longitudinally plicate and decus-
sated with close spiral striae, flesh-colored irregularly marked
with non-projecting brown-margined white varices. Spire
conic, rather obtuse; suture elegantly crenulate with white.
Whorls 8, slightly convex, the last a little longer than the
spire, longitudinally striated below the middle, not decussate

EUGLANDINA. 187

there, somewhat tapering towards the base. Golumella arcu-
ate, broadly truncate. Aperture subvertical, oval, narrowed
above, acuminate; peristome simple, the right margin deeply
sinuate above. Length 90, dram. 30, aperture 57x17 mm.
(Pfr.).

Mexico: Zimapan (Davison) ; Fuebla (Berkenbusch) ; Ja-
lapa (Smith) .

Glandina coulteri Gray, BECK, Index Moll., p. 78, no de-
scription.— MARTS., Biologia, p. 56, pi. 2, f. 4 a-c. — Oleacina
coulteri Gray PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 642. — G. uhdeana MARTS.,
Monatsber. Akad. Berlin 1863, p. 540. — STREBEL, Beitrag, ii,
p. 11, pi. 4, f. 6; iii, p. 7.

The figures are from von Martens. Fig. 23 represents a
specimen from Jalapa; fig. 24 a very large one from Zima-
pan. This species was omitted from vol. I as unfigured.
Beck refers to a plate of Gray's Spicilegia Zoologica, which
seems never to have been published.

23. E. CUNEUS (v. Martens). PI. 22, figs. 18, 19, 20, 21.

Shell conoid-oblong, narrowly saccate, sculptured with close
costula? and rather distant impressed spiral lines; tawny-
brown, rather glossy, thin. Whorls 6 to 61/4, the spire rather
obese, the apex obtuse; suture distinctly oblique, slightly
crenulate. Aperture lanceolate, more or less exceeding half
the total length, the columellar margin arcuate (Marts.).

Length 49, diam. 19, aperture 29x12 mm.

Length 51, diam. 19, aperture 27x12.5 mm.

Southwest Mexico: Omelteme, State of Guerrero (H. H.
Smith) .

Glandina cuneus MARTS., Biologia, p. 56, pi. 3, f. 1, 2.

"I have figured two specimens (figs. 1, 2) because they ex-
hibit remarkable differences in the relative size of the visible
part of the upper whorls, the degree of obliquity in the
suture, and the breadth of the aperture, the one being some-
what more involute than the other. In all other respects their
specific qualities are the same. This is an interesting example
of the individual variation in the genus Glandina, which ren-
ders the precise distinction of species so difficult and uncer-
tain" (Martens).

188 EUGLANDINA.

24. E. AURATA (Morel.). Vol. I, p. 36 (plus A. lignaria Rve.,

p. 36).

25. E. FUSIFORMIS (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 36 (syn. ? G. binneyana

Pfr.). Var. STRAMINEA Tryon, p. 36 (syn. var. milto-
chila Martens, Biologia, p. 57).

26. E. GIIIESBREGHTI (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 40.

27. E. DECUSSATA (Desh.). Vol. I, p. 40. Guatemala. De-

lete the locality Texas, where it certainly does not occur.

28. E. TENELLA (Strebel). Vol. I, p. 40.

29. E. CORNEOLA (W. G. Binney). PL 24. figs. 43, 44, 45.

"Shell oblong-conic, thin, shining, horn color; whorls 7 to
8, longtudinally striate and covered with numerous revolving
Minute lines; suture slightly crenulated. Aperture oblong,
half as long as the shell ; columella curved, truncated, covered
with a light callus. Length 50, diam. 18 mm. Syn., Glan-
dina t run cat a var., Binney -non GmeL, Terr. Moll., iii, pi. 51.
f. 1." (W. G. B.)

Northeastern Mexico: Valles (A. A. Hinkley).

Glandina truncata var., BINNEY, Terr. Moll., iii, pi. 51, f. 1.

-G. corncola AV. G. B., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1857, p. 189 ;

Terr. Moll., iv, p. 139. --£. decussata Desh., AV. G. BINN.,

Manual of Amer. Land Shells, p. 351, f. 379 (exclusive of

part of synonymy) .

This species was based on the specimen figured in Terres-
trial Mollusks, vol. iii, the locality of which was unknown.
Subsequently Mr. Binney gave the localities "western Texas"
and "Mexico." The former probably applied to specimens
of E. singleyana, since we have no satisfactory evidence that
the true E. corneola occurs north of the Rio Grande.

Specimens have recently been taken by Mr. A. A. Hinkley
at the town of Valles, State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, in-
land from Tampico, illustrated on pi. 24, figs. 43-45. It is of
a rather light brown color. The embryonic shell is conic with
obtuse but small apex, composed of three smooth whorls.
Some weak vertical wrinkles then appear, and about the middle

EUGLANDINA. 189

of the fourth whorl the spiral strise set in. The last whorl is
closely plaited, the plaits somewhat irregular, 2l/2 to 3 in 1
mni. on the last whorl, sometimes dividing, and very conspic-
uously cut by spiral grooves, which continue strong to the
very base, though the plaits weaken below the middle and are
nearly obsolete at the base. The suture is weakly, irregularly
crenated by the riblets, which terminate above in a border of
oblong beads. The rather long, conic spire has very slightly
convex outlines below, the summit being small for a Euglan-
dina of this size. The columella is nearly straight. The fig-
ured example measures, length 39, diam. 15.7, aperture 22.7
mm. ; whorls 7.

E. corneola is sculptured much more coarsely than E. de-
cussata, the vertical plicae being less regular and the spiral
striae coarser and much further apart. It, moreover, has not
the peculiar columella, of that Guatemalan species. The
Texan E. singleyana is a much more finely, weakly sculptured
shell, with feeble spiral stria*, concave columella and more ob-
tuse apex.

30. E. SINGLEYANA (W. G. Binney) . PI. 24, figs. 48, 49, 50, 51.

The shell is quite elongate, thin, of a light brown color,
quite glossy. The spire has convex outlines and a very ob-
tuse rounded apex. The first 2l/2 whorls are convex and
nearly smooth, but under a strong lens very fine, faint
growth-lines are visible; then stronger stria1 appear, and on
the fifth whorl spiral sculpture begins weakly. The last
whorl has fine, close, unequal longitudinal striae, rather sharp
above, but weakening to irregular wrinkles below the periph-
ery; these stria? are imperfectly cut into long grains by spiral
impressed lines, which gradually weaken below the periphery,
and almost wholly disappear near the base. Whorls 6V2 to
7i/{, moderately convex, the last descending more rapidly.
Suture pale-edged, a little irregular but not crenulated. The
outer lip is straightened above; columella very concave.

Length 39, diam. 15, aperture 21.5 mm. San Antonio.

Length 51, diam. 18, aperture 26 mm. New Braunfels.

Texas : Austin ; San Marcos ; New Braunfels ; Victoria Co. ;

190 EUGLANDINA.

San Antonio, Bexar Co. (type loc.) ; near Hondo; canyon of
the Pecos river, Val Verde Co. Also reported from Guada-
lupe, Goliad, Gonzales, Caldvvell and Frio counties.

Glandina truncata de Kay, ROEMER, Texas, p. 456. — G. de-
cussataW. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., v, p. 86; Man. Amer. Land
Shells, p. 351, Texan localities, but not the description and
figure. --G. texasiana Pfr., and G. decussata, W. G. BINN.,
Third Supplement to Terr. Moll., v, pp. 194, 226, pi. 9, f. G
(teeth). — G. singleyana W. G. B., Fourth Supplement to Terr.
Moll., v, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxii, no. 4, p. 163, pi. 1, f. 4,
1891 (Bexar Co.). — SINGLEY, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Texas, in
Fourth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey of Texas, 1893, p. 302.-
Euglandina singleyana PILS. & FERR., Proc. A. N. S. Phila.
1906, p. 143.

This common species of the Texan Lower Sonoran area
differs from other forms found in the United States by its
distinct though fine spiral sculpture. It has far finer sculp-
ture than E. corneola and a much more obtuse apex. E. de-
cussata, a Guatemalan species, perhaps extending into south-
ern Mexico, is conspicuously different by its peculiar colu-
mella. E. texasiana stands close to singleyana, but lacks spiral
sculpture and is a smaller, more slender shell.

E. singleyana was first noticed by Dr. Ferdinand Roemer,
who found it at New Braunfels in 1849. Binney subsequently
referred Texan examples to his G. corneola, which he decided
later to be a synonym of G. decussata Desh. This resulted
in a curious complication in his later works, wherein the name
belongs to one species (decussata), the figure and description
to another (corneola), and the locality and anatomical de-
tails to a third (singleyana).

Figs. 48, 49 of plate 24 represent topotypes from San An-
tonio, Texas. Figs. 50, 51 are from a New Braunfels ex-
ample.

31. E. TEXASIANA (Pfr.). PL 24, figs. 52, 53, 54.

Vol. I, p. 34. This species seems to be confined to north-
eastern Mexico and the extreme southern angle of Texas, some
specimens before me being labeled Brownsville, Texas. A

EUGLANDINA. 191

small form from Valles, State of San Luis Potosi, is figured,
pi. 24, figs. 52, 53, 54, length 24 mm. Similar examples were
found at El Abra, near Valles. At, Tampico the specimens
are larger, length 28.5 to 29 mm., and of a handsome fleshy-
brown color. This series was collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley.

32. E. ROSEA (Ferussae).

This species was first noticed scientifically by Thomas Say,
who erroneously referred it to Polyphemus glans of Montfort.
Specimens were sent by him to Ferussac, who recognized it as
distinct under the name Helix rosea, subsequently figuring it
in the Uistoire. These facts have been recognized by Beck
Judex Moll., p. 78, 1837) and by Prof, von Martens (Bio-
logia Centrali Americana, Mollusca, pp. 60, 78) ; but most
other authors identified a roseate Mexican species, E. cumingi
Beck, as Ferussac 's H. rosea.

Ferussac erroneously quotes Buccinum striatum Chemnitz
and Bulla truncata Gmel. as synonyms of his H. rosea, which
led Say, in 1831, to adopt the name Glandina truncata for the
Floridian species. I have elsewhere in these pages shown that
Bulla truncata Gmelin, based solely upon Kammerer's de-
scription and figure, is identical with Glandina subvaricosa
Albers, a South American species, hence the name is not
available for our shell, which must be called Euglandina rosea
(Per.).

Southern U. S. : South Carolina to southeastern Texas, in
the humid region.

Polyphemus glans SAY, Journ. Acad. N. S. Phila., i, p. 282,
1818, not of Montfort, — Helix rosea FERUSSAC, Prodrome,
Tabl. syst. des An. Moll., p. 50, no. 356 (1821) .— Glandina
rosea BECK, Index Moll., p. 78 (1837). — Glandina truncata
SAY, Amer. Conch., ii, pi. xx. — STREBEL, Beitrag, ii, p. 5, pi.
1, f. 1, 3; pi. 3, f. 1, f. 2 (var. parallela), f. 3 (var. bullata).
— BINNEY, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 348, with var. minor,
p. 475. — DALL, Trans. Wagner Free Inst. of Sci., iii, pt. 1, p.
19 (1890), with vars. macer and ovata.

This species is excessively variable, the extreme forms be-
ing more unlike in size, shape, texture, color and form of the

1 92 EUGLANDINA.

columella than most acknowledged species of the genus. The
sculpture, however, is much alike in all. The following vari-
eties have 'been proposed :

E. rosea bullata (Old.). Vol. I, p. 32. Var. abbreviata
Marts, and var. ovata Dall seem to be intermediate between
bullata and rosea.

E. rosea (Fer.). Vol. I, p. 32.

E. r. parallela W. G. B. Vol. I. p. 32.

E. r. minor W. G. B.

E. r. rnacer Dall. 75x20 mm. Florida.

33. E. IMMEMORATA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 24, figs. 46, 47.

The shell is rather slender and long, thin, corneous, the
spire slender, rather straightly conic, apex obtuse. The apex
is small; first 2y2 whorls convex, smooth; the later whorls
sculptured with strise which are thread-like on the spire,
wrinkle-like on the last whorl, quite unequal in size, some of
them enlarged at the suture, forming an irregular but rather
strong denticulation. Below the suture there are some faint
traces of spiral strioe in places. Whorls 7, moderately convex,
the last more rapidly descending. Aperture small, vertical,
bluish-white inside. The outer lip arches forward in the
middle. Columella moderately concave, truncate as usual.
Length 39, diam. 14.5, length of aperture 18 mm.

Texas, exact, locality unknown.

This species is represented in the collection of the Academy
by a specimen received from Mr. W. G. Binney under the
name G. texasiana, and another in the A. D. Brown collection
labeled G. albersi, both bearing the locality "Texas." It has
some resemblance to E. turris Pfr., but differs by the irreg-
ular and coarser sculpture. It is quite unlike E. texasiana in
sculpture and the shape of the spire, and I have been unable
to refer it to any Mexican species.

34. E. RHOADSI (Pilsbry). PI. 26, figs. 21, 22, 23, 24.

Shell long, rather slender, uniform chestnut-colored, very
glossy, rather thin but strong. Spire long, with slightly con-
vex outlines and obtuse apex. The embryonic shell consists

EUGLANDINA. 193

of 2% to 3 whorls, the last with some faint subsutural plica-
tion, the rest smooth and convex. The fourth whorl is plicate
"below the suture, the plicae mostly rather short; on subse-
quent whorls they become larger, but hardly reach the suture
below. On the last whorl there are 2 or 3 fine plicae in 1
mm. ; they reach about to the middle, or in places may be
much shorter; they show some fine transverse crinkling near
the suture, and are indistinctly cut by a few spiral depres-
sions in some places. The lower half of the whorl is smoother,
-with low wrinkles of growth only. The suture is weakly or
very weakly crenulated by the plicae. The aperture is nar-
row, the columella straight or concave.

Length 54, diam. 19.5, aperture 29 mm.

Length 53.3, diam. 19, aperture 26 mm. ; whorls 7%.

Length 50.5, diam. 17, aperture 25 mm. ; whorls ll/2.

Northeast Mexico: Diente, near Monterey, State of Nuevo
Leon (S. N. Rhoads).

Glandina rhoadsi PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1899, p. 395 ;
1903, p. 771, pi. 47, f. 3, 3 a, b.

In shape the specimens vary from fusiform to saccate. The
fine plication is well developed only near the suture, and is
nowhere conspicuously decussated.

35. E. VICTORIANA (Pilsbry). PI. 26, figs. 18, 19, 20.

Shell cylindric-oblong, slender, rather thin, very glossy,
fleshy-brown, marked with several white lines, indicating for-
mer peristomes, on the last whorl; the suture pale-bordered.
Spire convexly long-conic, the apex rounded, obtuse. The
first 21/2 to 3 whorls are smooth. The later whorls have a very
even sculpture of smooth, rounded rib-striae, 2y2 to 3 in 1 mm.
on the last whorl, weak or subobsolete near the eolumella and
base. There is some very faint crinkling of the intervals near
the suture, which is only weakly crenulated by the striae.
The aperture is very long and narrow ; outer lip white-edged ;
columella strongly concave.

Length 37, diarn. 12, aperture 19.5 mm. ; whorls 7.

Length 44, diam. 14.5, aperture 21.5 mm. ; whorls 71/2.

Northeast Mexico : canyon four miles west of Victoria, State
of Tamaulipas (Rhoads).

194 EUGLANDINA.

Glandina victoriana PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1903, p.
771, pi. 47, f. 4, 4 a, 6.

Distinguished by its narrow, elongate shape, smooth, reg-
ular and close riblets without spiral lines, and the occasional
variceal white lines marking the positions of former peri-
stomes. There are two of these lines on the back of the
specimen figured, four on the last whorl of one 44 mm. long.

36. E. DELICATA (Pilsbry). PI. 28, figs. 48, 49, 50.

Shell pale-corneous, thin and delicate ; fusiform, tapering
toward both ends. Surface closely rib-striate, the costulae
about as wide as the intervals, quite smooth, and slightly
weaker at the base. Spire tapering to a rather small apex,
the first 3 whorls smooth, striae then gradually appearing.
Suture a little crenulated by the striae in places, elsewhere
somewhat irregular but not crenulate : having a narrow trans-
parent-gray margin. Aperture more than half the shell's
length, the outer lip thin, but slightly arched forward in the
middle, receding at base. Columella short and nearly straight,
abruptly truncate.

Length 23.7, diam. 9, length of aperture 14 mm. ; whorls 6^.

Northeast Mexico : canyon four miles west of Victoria, Ta-
maulipas (S. N. Rhoads). Types 85917 A. N. S. P.

A small, sharply striate species, with larger aperture than
E. delicatula.

37. E. ALTICOLA (Pilsbry). PI. 28, figs. 51, 52, 53.

Shell small and thin, cylindric-fusiform, fleshy-brown with
pale summit. Spire conic with obtuse apex. The first whorl
is somewhat raised, though the apex itself is depressed ; first
2y2 whorls smooth, convex, then striae appear near the suture ;
after the third whorl the striae continue from suture to suture.
The last whorl has strong, rather sharp, smooth rib-striae
which weakly crenulate the suture and continue to the base.
The last half-turn of the suture descends a little more than
the preceding whorls. Aperture narrow ; outer lip thin, pro-
jecting forward in the middle. Columella very short, concave.

Length 16, diam. 6, aperture 9.2 mm.; whorls 5%.

EUGLANDINA. 195

Length 17, diam. 6.5, aperture 10.2 mm. ; whorls 6.

Northeast Mexico: Diente, near Monterey, State of Nuevo
Leon (S. N. Bhoads), type 77174 A. N. S. P.

Glandina delicata alticola PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1903,
p. 772, pi. 48, f. 2.

Smaller and more cylindric than E. delicata, but with em-
bryonic whorls of the same size ; sculpture sharper, aperture
smaller, and the columella is more concave. The oblique de-
scent of the last whorl and the equal size of a number of
specimens taken show the form to be full grown.

38. E. CUMINGI (Beck). Syn., Oleacina or Glandina rosea of

Pfr., Crosse et Fischer and other authors (not of Fe-
russac), vol. I, p. 38. G. alabastrina Alb., vol. I, p. 33.
A. petiti Desh., vol. I, p. 38. Prof, von Martens has
shown that this handsome shell is not the Helix rosea
of Ferussac, that being the species commonly known as
G. truncata.

39. E. CARMINENSIS (Morelet). Vol. I, p. 40.

40. E. DAUDEBARTI (Desh.). Vol. I, p. 41 (G. audebardi auct.) .

Var. AMOENA Marts., vol. I, p. 39. Var. MIRADORENSIS

Strebel, vol. I, p. 41.

Var. JALAPANA Martens (pi. 22, figs. 13, 14, 15). Shell
larger than E. longula, tawny, the columella moderately arcu-
ate. Length 55, diam. 19, length of aperture 26 mm. Mis-
antla and Jalapa. "May be only a variety of G. atidebardi,
but it is distinctly more elongate, the sculpture is somewhat
stronger and the color is more intense." Other specimens
measure, length 42, diam. 19.5, aperture 26 mm.; and 54x20,
ap. 25 mm.

41. E. LIEBMANNI (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 37. Achatina marminii

Desh. (vol. I, p. 33) may be a young specimen of this.

42. E. COGNATA (Strebel). Vol. I, p. 38.

43. E. INSIGNIS (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 39.

44. E. NYMPHA (Crosse & Fischer). Vol. I, p. 38.

196 EUGLANDINA.

45. E. LAMYI (Fischer et Chatelet). PI. 23, fig. 28.

Shell whitish, rather solid, with long, slightly convex, nearly
conic spire. Whorls 91/£, the first three smooth and glossy,
forming an obtuse apex; following whorls slightly convex,
parted by a deep suture, sculptured with irregular plicae of
growth, which are fewer and stronger near the suture. Last
whorl hardly descending, subcylindric. Aperture half the
total length, contracted above, rounded beneath, the margins
joined by a thin callus. Columella strongly intorted, deeply
emarginate at the base. Length 82, diam. 29, aperture 41
mm. (F. et C.).

Mexico: near Cardenas, State of San Luis Potosi (Jan-
drier) .

Glandina lamyi F. et C., Journ. de Conchyl., li, 1903, p.
321, pi. 13, f. 10; liv, 1907, p. 270.

This species may be compared with E. liebmanni Pfr., but
that has a more obtuse apex, the plicee form veritable teeth
at the sutures, and the columella is decidedly less arcuate than
in E. lamyi.

46. E. LONGULA (C. & F.). Vol. I, p. 39.

47. E. PINICOLA (Fischer et Crosse). Vol. I, p. 37.

48. E. TURRIS (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 33. Mazatlan.

49. E. MAZATLANICA Martens. PI. 23, figs. 39, 40.

Shell subcylindric, rather solid, closely costulate-striate,
corneous-brown. Whorls 61/o, a little convex, the apex ob-
tuse ; suture subangulate, lightly margined, scarcely crenulate.
Aperture nearly half the total length, lanceolate, the outer
margin arcuately produced; columella rather straight, ab-
ruptly truncate. Length 30 to 32, diam. 11.5 to 13, aperture
15 to 16 mm. long, 6 to 6.5 wide (Marts.) .

Northwest Mexico: Mazatlan; Tres Marias Is. (Forrer).

Glandina mazatlanica MARTS., Biologia, p. 65, pi. 4, f. 2, 3
(1891).

' ' This species is somewhat intermediate between G. pseudo-
turris and G. albersi, the color and suture is as in the former,

EUGLANDINA. 197

but the form is less elongated." In the var. abbreviata Marts.
(pi. 23, fig. 41) the spire is short, the penultimate whorl swol-
len. Length 30, diam. 12, aperture 15 mm. It is from the
Tres Marias Is.

50. E. PSEUDOTURRIS (Strebel). Vol. I, p. 35. S.-W. Mexico.

51. E. ANOMALA (Angas). Vol. I, p. 33. Costa Rica.

52. E. CANDIDA (Shuttle worth). PI. 28, figs. 55, 56, 57.
Shell fusiform-acuminate, rather thin, somewhat glossy, ob-

soletely and distantly plicatulate, white. Spire acuminate-
conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, slowly increasing, a little
convex, the last as long as the spire. Suture margined, sub-
crenulate; columella arcuate, abruptly truncate at the base.
Aperture acuminate-semioval, the peristome simple, acute,
straight. Length 24, diam. 9, aperture 11x5 mm. (Shuttl.).

Mexico (Sandoz) ; Oaxaca (Uhde, type loc. of G. simplex}.

Glandina Candida SHUTTLW., Diagn. u. Moll., no. 2, p. 22,
in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 202. — Glandina simplex STREBEL,
Beitr., ii, p. 35, pi. 10, f. 25 a, b, c. — VON MARTENS, Biol., p.
66, pi. 4, f. 5, 5a, 6.

According to Prof, von Martens, E. Candida (fig. 57) is a
bleached specimen of what was later named simplex (pi. 28,
figs. 55, 56). Both were described from single examples, and
no others are yet known.

53. E. CONULARIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 24, fig. 55.

Shell oblong-conic, rather thin, smooth, glossy, brownish
flesh-colored. Spire long-conic, the apex obtuse; suture mar-
gined with a white thread. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the
last as long as the spire or a little shorter, base slightly taper-
ing. Columella very slightly arcuate, abruptly truncate.
Aperture subvertical, acuminate-oval ; peristome simple, acute.
Length 23, diam. 8.5, aperture 11x4.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Mexico: (Salle, type in Brit. Mus.).

Ackatina (Glandina} conularis PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 100;
Monogr., iv, p. 635. — Glandina c., VON MARTENS, Biologia, p.
66, pi. 4, f. 8.

198 EUGLANDINA.

"Rather near to G. simplex, but distinct by the nearly
straight columella." Prof, von Martens' figure of the type is
reproduced.

54. E. EXCAVATA (v. Martens). PL 23, figs. 42, 43.

Shell subcylindric, closely striatulate, the striae lighter and
more irregular on the last whorl, spiral sculpture scarcely vis-
ible under the lens, rather glossy. Whorls 6, the first obese,
slightly convex, the penultimate and last nearly flat; apex
obtuse ; suture nearly simple, whitish or pale gray. Aperture
piriform-lanceolate, scarcely half the length of the shell, the
outer border nearly perpendicular, slightly arching forward ;
columella excavated-arcuate in the middle, laminiform below,
spirally twisted and transversely truncate. Length 31, diam.
11.5, aperture 16x6 mm. (Martens}.

Northwestern Mexico: Mazatlan( ?).

Glandina albersi Pfr., W. G. BINNEY, Land- and Fresh-
water Shells of N. A., i, p. 18, fig. 9 (not the description).—
Glandina excavata MARTS., Biologia, p. 67, pi. 4, f. 9, 9a.

"I have three specimens before me — two from Prof. W.
Dunker's collection marked G. turns, Mazatlan (fig. 9), and
one from Mr. Patel's collection labeled G. albersi, Peru; the
real habitat of G. excavata is therefore quite uncertain.
Nevertheless, I do not like to omit this species, as it is very
similar in its general form to G. pseudoturris, but quite dis-
tinct by the columella and also by color.

"The figure given by Binney represents G. excavata rather
well, both in the general shape and in the peculiar conforma-
tion of the columella. It is said to have been drawn from
an authentic specimen of G. albersi in Cuming's collection;
but it does not agree with the original description by Pfeiffer,
who says 'testa ovato oblonga' and 'columella substricte de-
scendens, ' or even with that of Binney, which is a translation
of that given by Pfeiffer" (Martens}.

55. E. CYLINDRACEA (Phillips). Vol. I, p. 41.

Glandina (Achatina) cylindracea PHILLIPS, Proc. Acad. N.
S. Phila. 1846, p. 67, pi. 1. fig. 33 (issued between July 1st

EUGLANDINA. 199

and 15th, 1846). — Achatina (Glandina) largillierti PFR., Sym-
bols ad Hist. Hel., iii, p. 90 (1846).

This species, very common in Yucatan, was well described
and illustrated by Phillips prior to July 15, 1846. Pfeiffer
gave a less detailed description, without a figure, in the same
year, the exact date unknown. Strebel and von Martens have
reduced the following to synonyms: G. yucatanensis Pfr. (vol.
I, p. 35), G. carnea Pfr. (vol. I, p. 41), and probably G. streb-
eli Angas (vol. I, p. 33).

56. E. PITTIERI (v. Martens). PI. 28, fig. 54.

"Shell nearly cylindrical, with crowded, fine, vertical striae,
yellow; suture finely crenulated and distinctly margined by
a spiral furrow below it ; 7 whorls, the uppermost forming a
very obtuse summit, the penultimate comparatively long, just
above the aperture 5/3 as long as the antepenultimate, last
whorl comparatively shorter; aperture distinctly less than
half the length of the whole shell; columellar margin well
arcuated, very obliquely truncated. Long 40, diam. 14, apert.
17 mm. (Martens}.

Costa Rica: between Mokri and Ukatschka, near Talamanca
(Pittier, Sept, 1898, in Mus. Berol.) .

Glandina pittieri MARTS., Biologia, p. 611, pi. 44, f. 5 (Jan.
1901).

57. E. ORIZABA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 26.

58. E. TURGIDA (Pfr.). PI. 24, fig. 56.

Shell subfusiform-ovate, rather solid, lightly and closely
striate, slightly glossy, isabelline. Spire conic, the apex ob-
tuse ; suture very lightly crenulated. Whorls 7, swollen, the
upper ones smooth, the last slightly shorter than the spire,
tapering basally. Columella straightened, abruptly truncate.
Aperture vertical, sinuate-semioval, reddish inside ; peristorne
simple, acute. Length 30, diam. 12, aperture 15x5.66 mm.
(Pfr.}.

Mexico: Juquila, State of Oaxaca (Boucard).

Oleacina turgida PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 26 ; Monogr., vi, p.

200 EUGLANDINA.

280. — G. turgida MARTENS, Biologia, p. 73, pi. 4, f. 16, with
var. sayulana, f. 17-20a (1891).

"Resembles in its general form G. largillierti, but larger,
broader, and wanting the distinctly marginate and erenulated
suture. I am indebted to Mr. Edgar Smith for a figure of
the type of this species" (v. Marts.}.

58o, Var. SAYULANA Martens. PI. 24, figs. 57, 58, 59.

Shell ovate-oblong, subcylindric, lightly striate, rather
glossy, reddish-yellow. Spire long, somewhat obtuse. Whorls
6l/2, convex, the penultimate rather large, suture nearly
simple, violaceous. Aperture nearly half the total length or
a little shorter, lanceolate, the outer margin lightly arched
forward, columella moderately arcuate, white. Length 28-30,
diam. 12, aperture 14-15 mm. (Marts.).

Sayula, State of Jalisco (Hoge).

59. E. FILOSA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 34. PI. 23, figs. 31, 32, 33.

Figured after v. Martens from a specimen in Pfeiffer's col-
lection. Orizaba.

•60. E. FISCHERI (v. Martens). PI. 23, figs. 29, 30.

Shell fusiform-oblong, lightly plicate, brown, with nearly
simple suture; spire obese above; columella arcuate. Length
37, diam. 15, aperture 18 mm. (Marts.).

Mexico: Toluca (Boucard, Hoge).

Glandina filosa var. b, FISCHER et CROSSE, Miss. Sci. Mex.,
Moll, i, p. 129.— G. fischeri MARTS., Biologia, p. 74, pi. 5, f.
3, 3a,

'I have no doubt that the specimens collected by Herr
Hoge at Toluca are conspecific with Fischer and Crosse's var.
B. of G. filosa from the same locality. Pfeiffer's G. filosa be-
longs to quite a different species. I have examined a speci-
men in his collection, and find that it has a distinctly more
tapering spire, and the vertical ribs (to which it owes its
name) distinctly more elevated. These specimens from To-
luca are irregularly plaited near the suture, but the plaits or
riblets very soon become quite faint and flat as they descend

EUGLANDINA. 201

downwards; the color is yellowish-brown, the columella very
much arcuated. In the general form, sculpture, and color of
the shell G. fischeri somewhat resembles large specimens of
Limnaea palustris. It is intermediate in form between G.
filosa and G. pseudoturris ; but is distinct from both by the
much more blunt apex (like that of G. audebardi), the some-
what coarser sculpture near the suture, and the arcuated colu-
mella" (Martens').

61. E. SULCIFERA (Martens). PI. 23, figs. 34, 35, 36.

Shell ovate-oblong, short-spired, sculptured with rather wide
perpendicular wrinkles parted by somewhat unequal im-
pressed sulci; grayish flesh-colored, glossy. Suture irregu-
larly crenulated, whitish-violaceous. Spire broadly conic, ob-
tuse. Whorls 6, the first 3 smooth. Aperture ovate-lanceo-
late, slightly more than half the total length ; columellar mar-
gin rather thick, very oblique, white, widely truncate. Length
32, diam. 13, aperture 17x7 mm. (Marts.).

Western Mexico: Jalisco (Schumann).

Glandina sulcifera MARTENS, Biologia, p. 74, pi. 5, f. 1.

62. E. ALBERSI (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 34. Mazatlan, etc. Var.

inflata Martens, Biologia, p. 75.

63. E. MITRIFORMIS (Angas). Vol. I, p. 35.

64. E. NANA (Shuttl.). Vol. I, p. 35.

65. E. AMBIGUA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 23.

66. E. TORTILLANA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 35.

67. E. DIPFICILIS (C. et F.). Vol. I, p. 34.

II. Section L^VIGLANDINA Pilsbry, n. sect.

Smooth, ovate forms, with few whorls (5 to 7) and no
varices. Chiefly characteristic of Central America. Type E.
underwoodi.

68. E. UNDERWOODI (Fulton). PI. 27, fig. 44.

"Shell ovate-conic, moderately thin, dark reddish-brown,

202 EUGLANDINA.

polished, almost smooth, growth-lines showing more distinctly
at and below the suture, which is very narrowly but distinctly
filleted; whorls 5~y2, slightly convex; apex obtuse; aperture
ovate, a little less than half the length of the shell ; lip simple,
scarcely thickened; columella incurved, truncate" (Fulton).

Length 21, diam. 11 mm. (Fulton).

Costa Rica: "Asaha Centago" (Azajar de Cartago), C. F.
Underwood, Biolley.

Oleacina underwoodi FULT., Annals and Magazine of Nat.
Hist., 6th Series, xx, p. 212, pi. 6, f. 9 (August, 1897).-
Glandina u., MARTS., Biologia, p. 612.

A handsome dark purple-brown shell, much shorter than E.
aurantiaca. The narrow sutural border is defined by an im-
pressed line, and at the suture itself a. very narrow whitish
line runs. Under a strong lens very weak traces of spiral
lines are visible. The columella is more concave in a front
than in an oblique view, and the outer lip is strongly arcuate.
One of the type lot measures, length 20.5, diam. 10, aperture
9.5 mm.

69. E. CHIEIQUIENSIS (Da Costa). PI. 27, fig. 45.

Shell subfusiform-oblong, pellucid-corneous or whitish;
spire subobtuse, at the sutures impressed and marginate.
Whorls 5, rounded, polished, longitudinally strongly striate,
under a lens transversely striate. Columella twisted, ab-
ruptly truncate, whitish; aperture moderate, the lip white-
edged. Length 19.5, diam. 9, aperture 9x4.5 mm. (Da C.).

Panama : Chiriqui.

Glandina chiriquiensis Da C., Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv,
p. 66, pi. 7, f. 2 (1900). — G. chiriquiana v. MARTS., Biologia,
p. 612.

This species bears a strong resemblance to G. underwoodi
Fulton, but differs from it in having a more attenuated spire.
The color is generally much paler, in fact occasionally it is
nearly white, while the columella and peristome are always
white (Da C.).

EUGLANDINA. 203

70. E. TRYONIANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 27, figs. 46, 47.

The shell is ovate-conic, rather solid, olivaceous, with some
faintly darker streaks. Spire conic, with hardly convex out-
lines and obtuse summit. The first two whorls are smooth, then
fine vertical strise gradually begin; the last four whorls are
sculptured with very fine, sharp, unequal strige with scratch-
like intervals. There is no spiral sculpture. Whorls 7, mod-
erately convex, the last well rounded. Suture well impressed,
not crenulate, and appearing margined by transparence, in
some lights, but without true margination. Aperture vertical,
small, the outer lip forming a regular arch, very blunt, with
a pale edge, a trifle arching forward in the middle. Colu-
mella short, concave, white. Length 27, diam. 12.5, longest
axis of aperture 13 mm.

Central America (J. S. Phillips), exact locality unknown.

This species resembles E. undenvoodi and E. chiriquiensis
in shape, but differs from them in the fine, sharp sculpture.
All of these species are distinguished by the regularly and
strongly arcuate outer lip, giving an unusually open shape to
the aperture.

71. E. LANCEOLATA (v. Martens). PI. 27, figs. 38, 39, 40.

Shell fusiform-lanceolate, thin, irregularly striatulate, some
striae more prominent, like varices, glossy, uniform yellow;
spire regularly tapering, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 7,
the suture lightly plicatulate and margined, last whorl slowly
tapering downwards, slightly more than half the total length,
lanceolate; outer margin nearly straight, columellar margin
deeply excavated, transversely truncate. Length 30, diam.
12, aperture 14.5x7 mm. (Marts.).

Southwestern Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (H. H.
Smith).

Glandina lanceolata MARTS., Biologia, p. 69, pi. 4, f. 1, 1 a, b.

"Recognizable by the thin, glossy shell of yellow (not red-
dish or brownish) color, and the distinctly attenuated spire."

72. E. ISABELLINA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 31.

The locality "Mexico" requires confirmation. Specimens

204 EUGLANDINA.

apparently referable to this species are before me from Costa
Rica (W. M. Gabb) and Bocas del Toro, Panama (Mr. Duff).
Those taken by Gabb measure 25 to 28 mm. long, and vary
from the shape of Reeve's figure of isabellina to a stouter
form. Those from Bocas del Toro are small, 22x10 to 23 x
10.7 mm. I very much doubt whether E. aurantiaca Angas
is distinct from isabellina.

73. E. AURANTIACA (Angas). Vol. I, p. 31. Costa Rica.

74. E. DECIDUA (Pfr.). PL 23, figs. 37, 38.

Shell fusiform, thin, striatulate, weakly decussated by spiral
impressed lines visible under a lens, glossy, whitish, varie-
gated with grayish-corneous cuticle deciduous in streaks.
Spire conic, obtuse; suture slightly margined. Whorls 6, a
little convex, the last about as long as the spire, tapering bas-
ally. Columella slightly arcuate, obliquely truncate. Aper-
ture a little oblique, somewhat semioval ; peristome simple, the
right margin regularly arcuate. Length 28, diarn. 11, aper-
ture 14.5x5.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Mexico: Juquila, State of Oaxaca (Boucard).

Oleacina decidua PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 26 ; Malak. Bl., viii,
1861, p. 79; Monogr., vi, p. 284. -- Glandina decidua Pfr.,
MARTENS, Biologia, p. 70, pi. 4, f. 12, 13.

"The typical specimen described by Pfeiffer is not adult.
I am indebted to Mr. Edgar Smith for the drawing of it (fig.
38) and of another, also contained in the British Museum,
which is full-grown (fig. 37) " (Martens).

75. E. OBTUSA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 24.

Realejo and Polvon, Nicaragua. This species seems to con-
nect the group of smooth Central American forms with the
more normal Euglandinas.

III. Section VARICOGLANDINA Pilsbry, n. sect.

Shell having occasional impressed varix-lines and sometimes
color stripes, as in Varicella, otherwise like Euglandina. Type
E. monilifera.

EUGLANDINA. 205

This group stands between Varicella and Euglandina in
characters of the shell, and some authors have referred the
species to Varicella. The general shape and appearance of
the shell however are Euglandinoid. Unfortunately no
species has yet been dissected. The dentition and genitalia
of Varicella and Euglandina are so entirely diverse that an
examination of these organs would definitely settle the posi-
tion of Varicoglandina.

The lip has a blunt, rounded edge (unless the specimen be
taken during a growing stage), and the growth of the shell is
evidently periodic, as in Varicella, while in Euglandina it
seems to be more continuous during the activity of the animal,
resting stages being usually ill-defined and irregular in oc-
currence.

Group of E. oblonga.

Small, very smooth and glossy, chestnut-brown forms,
slightly plaited at the sutures but elsewhere with the gloss of
a Streptostyla; having a few widely spaced varix-grooves.
Except in color, this group has great resemblance to L&vo-
lea-cina.

76. E. OBLONGA (Pfeiffer). PI. 26, fig. 11.

Shell oblong, rather solid, smoothish, irregularly marked
with impressed growth-striae, glossy, pale tawny ; spire gradu-
ally tapering, the apex obtuse, suture shallow, submargined.
Whorls 7, scarcely convex, shortly plicatulate below the su-
ture, the last whorl as long as the spire. Columella a little
arcuate, obliquely truncate. Aperture subvertical, whitish
inside, dilated in the middle, acuminate above. Peristome
simple, unexpanded, the right margin arched forward in the
middle, sinuated above. Length 15, diam. 5.66, aperture
8.5x3 mm. (Pfr.).

Mexico: Mirador, State of Vera Cruz (Dr. Berendt) ;
Tehuacan, State of Puebla (Hoege).

Oleacina oblonga PFR., Malak. Bl. xiii, 1866, p. 86 ; Monogr.
vi, 273. — Glandina oblonga Pfr., MARTENS Biologia, Moll., p.
69, pi. 5, f. 6.

206 EUGLANDINA.

The figure, copied from von Martens, represents a shell
from Tehuacan. The locality Mirador is doubted by von
Martens.

76a. Var. POTOSIANA Pils., n. v. PI. 26, fig. 14.

The shell is much larger than E. oblonga, composed of 7*4
whorls. The sutures have a whitish edge and appear very
distinctly margined by transparence of the wall; below them
the whorl is weakly plicate. The surface is elsewhere ex-
tremely glossy and smooth except for occasional impressed,
pale varix-grooves, of which there are 3 or 4 on the last
whorl in adult shells. The color is rather light chestnut,
somewhat transparent. Columella deeply concave above,
short, abruptly truncate. Outer lip arching strongly for-
ward in the middle.

Length 21.9, diam. 8, aperture 11.1 mm. ; whorls
Length 19.5, diam. 7.5, aperture 11 mm. ; whorls
Length 18, diam. 7, aperture 10.1 mm. ; whorls 71/4.
N. E. Mexico: Valles, State of San Luis Potosi, type loc. ;
also Tampico (A. A. Hinkley).

This is a stouter shell than E. dalli, with fewer whorls and
a more obtuse spire. It is larger than E. oblonga, with
weaker subsutural plication.

76&. Var. TAMAULIPENSIS Pilsbry. PI. 26, figs. 15, 16, 17.

Shell narrowly oblong, the last whorl somewhat cylindric,
spire slowly tapering to a rather large, obtuse apex. Surface
very glossy, smooth except for irregularly spaced, rather dis-
tinct and unequal, impressed lines in the direction of lines of
growth ; and the suture is bordered with fine, short and close
folds. Whorls fully 7%, regularly increasing, the last suture
not more obliquely descending. Aperture about half the
length of the shell, the outer lip arched forward in the middle,
basal lip retracted; columella short, very concave above and
convex below.

Length 15, diam. 5.7, length of aperture 7.5 mm.

Length 15, diam. 5.3, length of aperture 7.3 mm.

N. E. Mexico: in a canon about 4 miles west of Victoria,
State of Tamaulipas, elevation about 3,000 feet. Types No.

EUGLANDINA. 207

85,910, A. N. S. P. (S. N. Rhoads). A single specimen taken
at Diente near Monterey, N. L.

Glandina oblong a tamaulipensis PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila.
1903, p. 772, pi. 47, f. 6.

This form, which was found in abundance, is evidently close
to G. oblonga Pfr., but it is less plicate below the suture, the
aperture is shorter and the columella is more curved. Fig.
17 represents a young shell.

77. E. MULTISPIRA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 30.

78. E. BELLULA (C. et F.). Vol. I, p. 23.

79. E. DALLI (Pilsbry). PI. 26, figs. 12, 13.

Shell thin, slender, turreted and slowly tapering above,
broadest near the base, which is rather "saccate." Brown,
slightly translucent, smooth and glossy throughout, except for
rather separated, very short impressed grooves below the su-
tures forming a series of very short, low folds there ; and there
are a few impressed, sinuous, longitudinal grooves each ac-
companied by a whitish streak reminiscent of former peris-
tomes, on the last two whorls or more, two or three being on
the last whorl. Spire long, with very slightly convex lateral
outlines and quite obtuse apex. Whorls 8y2, slightly convex,
the last one compressed laterally and decidedly full below.
Aperture small, very narrow above, broad below, the outer
lip pale-edged, thin, bent forward in the middle, strongly
retracted below, giving the basal lip an effuse aspect. Colu-
mella short, strongly concave and conspicuously truncated
below.

Length 20, diam. 6.5, length of aperture 10 mm.

Length 20.5, diam. 6.8, length of aperture 10 mm.

Length 18.8, diam. 6.8, length of aperture 10 mm.

Mexico : Diente, near Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon.

Glandina dalli PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1899, p. 396;
1903, p. 772, pi. 47, f. 5, 5a.

Euglandina dalli belongs to a small group of Mexican
species of small size and smooth, glossy surface, but seems
abundantly distinct from any hitherto described. Compared

208 EUGLANDINA.

with E. bellula C. and F., this species differs in being of nar-
rower form, with longer, narrower aperture, the posterior por-
tion of which is more prolonged and much narrower; also in
the -comparatively simple suture. It is more lengthened than
E. oblong a Pfr., and less plaited at the sutures. E. ambigua
Pfr. is stouter in form; and E. comdaris Pfr. has a wider
aperture and far more arcuate outer lip.

80. E. ATTENUATA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 22. Central America.

Group of E. monilifera.

The surface is closely finely and evenly plaited, without
spiral striae ; the impressed varix-lines are usually accompanied
by a pale streak and preceded by a dark brown stripe. These
forms were referred to Varicella by Crosse and Fischer.

81. E. PULCHERRIMA (Strebel). -PI. 27, figs. 35, 36, 37.
Shell strong, covered with a glossy cuticle, light ochre

colored, with more or less intense brownish flesh-color, more
or less deep brownish towards the apex. The peristome has
a pale yellowish border, with a wider dark brown streak be-
hind it, fading backwards into the ground color. There are
two to four such growth-arrest streaks on the last two whorls.
The sculpture on the second whorl is of pretty regular and
closely arranged, very fine, arcuate riblets, which on the suc-
ceeding whorls increase, at first rapidly, then more slowly,
and lose in sharpness. The shape of the embryonic whorls,
the suture and columella are as in the monilifera group.
Whorls rather convex, the last coiled more obliquely than
the preceding, often more or less saccate below.

Length 33.8, diam. 16.2, aperture 17.8 x 8 mm.; whorls 6*4.

Length 28.5, diam. 13.4, aperture 14.8 x 6.6 mm.; whorls

6%.

Mexico : Quantatitlan and Ishuacan, State of Vera Cruz.

Glandina monilifera form B, STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. Land-
und Siisswasser-Conch. ii, p. 49, pi. 13, f. 43, 43a. — Glandina
pnlckerrima STREBEL, Verhandlungen des Vereins fiir natur-
wissenschaftliche Unterhaltung zu Hamburg, v, 1883, p. 104.

Very like E. monilifera in color and form, yet it differs

EUGLANDINA. 209

by the sculpture of very fine, arcuate folds on the second
whorl, and seems from what I have seen, to be distinct.
Strebel notes that there were only three pale ochre colored
examples in about 100 examined.

82. E. DELICATULA ( Shuttle worth ). PI. 27, fig. 41.

Shell ovate-fusiform, thin, diaphanous, closely plicate-sul-
cate, very glossy; fleshy corneous, ornamented with narrow,
widely separated, pale-edged reddish streaks. Spire elevated,
conic, obtuse ; whorls 8, convex, the last three-fifths the total
length ; suture impressed-marginate, crenulate ; columella ar-
cuate, the base abruptly truncate. Aperture semioval, some-
what dilated at the base; peristome acute, unexpanded, pale-
edged. Length 17, diam. 8, aperture 8.5 x 4 mm. (ShuttL).

Mexico: State of Vera Cruz, at Cordova, Jalapa and (var.
major} at Coatepee.

Achatina delicatula SH., Diagn. n. Moll. no. 2, p. 22, in
Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 202. — PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 514. —
Glandina deUcatula Sh., MARTS., Biologia p. 70, pi. 5, f. 4, 5.

Var. major Martens, pi. 27, figs. 42, 43. Length 24, diam.
13.5 mm. Coatepee.

Very near G. cordovana, but more elongated. In Shuttle-
worth's collection (now in the museum at Berne) the label in-
dicates positively Cordova as the locality; the specimen how-
ever is somewhat larger than the dimensions given in this
author's description, which appears to have been made from
an example in the Museum of Neufchatel. The former is fig-
ured here (fig. 4). A specimen collected by Herr Hoge at
Jalapa is very like it, but wants the brown varices. The ex-
ample from Coatepee here noted as var. a (fig. 5) agrees with
that in the Museum of Berne in most respects, especially in
the sculptured varices, apex, and columella; but it is dis-
tinctly larger and its last whorl is comparatively shorter."
(v. Mart.}

83. E. CORDOVANA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 26. In this species the
striation extends to the base, and the lip projects in a little
lobe above the middle.

210 EUGLANDINA.

84. E. CONFERTA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 34. Var. crossei Marts.
Biol. p. 71.

85. E. SPECIOSA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 26.

86. E. STIGMATICA (Shuttl). Vol. I, p. 28.

87. E. MONILIPERA (Pfeiffer). PL 27, figs. 26-29.

Vol. I, p. 26. In typical E. monilifera the rib-striae disap-
pear at the middle of the last whorl. The apex is more conic
than in fig. 26 (which represents a blunt-topped form), but
slightly less conic than fig. 30. The type measured, length
29, diam. 14.5, aperture 19 x 6.5 mm. ; whorls 7. A large
specimen received from Cuming, measures, length 32, diam.
14, aperture 18 mm. ; whorls 7. Type locality is the Moun-
tains of Coban, in northern Guatemala. The specimens fig-
ured on plate 27 show a small form with the spire more
obtuse.

Var. rubella Morelet (pi. 27, figs. 33, 34; also figs. 30, 31,
32) has a longer spire, smaller aperture, rather stronger
striation on the lower part of the last whorl, and more whorls
in the same length than typical monilifera. Morelet 's types
measured, length 28-32, diam. 14, aperture 15.5-16.5 mm.
Two specimens measure : length 34, diam. 15, aperture 17 mm.,
whorls 8. Length 31, diam. 13.2, aperture 16.3 mm., whorls 8.
The specimen I described as Glandina iheringi (see pi. 27,
f. 30-32) is apparently a younger state of rubella. Both are
from the province of Vera Paz, Guatemala.

Glandina monilifera PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 75. — MARTENS,
Biologia p. 75. — G. rubella MORELET, Testae. Noviss. i, p. 14,
1849. — Glandina iheringi PILSBRY, Nautilus, May, 1900, p. 4.

I am indebted to Mr. E. R. Sykes for comparing specimens
with the type of E. monilifera in the British Museum.

88. E. SEMISULCATA (Pfr.). Vol. I, p. 33.

Habitat unknown. It has somewhat the appearance of
E. monilifera, and probably belongs either to this group or to
the streaked South American group.

FERUSSACUXE. 211

APPENDIX TO OLEACINID^E.

VARICELLA DENTICULATA SUTURALIS, n. subsp.

The shell resembles V. d. charmettensis (p. 116) except that
the subsutural folds are more emphatic and more numerous,
about 4 in one mm. on the last whorl. They are oblique and
quite short, and visibly crenulate the upper edge of the whorl,
which forms the lower edge of the narrowly channeled suture.

There are 4 curved linear variceal grooves on the last whorl,
not well differentiated from some other shorter grooves. The
outer lip is well arched forward, with a slight recess or notch
at the lower third, producing an inconspicuous point, which
does not, however, project beyond the general outline of the
lip, as in other forms of the species, and is not thickened.
Length 16, diam. 5, length of aperture 6.7 mm. ; whorls 7.

Haiti: ruins of the palace Sans Souci, near Milot (C. T.
Simpson and J. B. Henderson, Jr.).

I have figured the soft anatomy of the type specimen on
pi. 34, figs. 6, 7, and pi. 39, fig. 24.

A broken shell from Sans Souci, referred to on p. 117,
belongs to this subspecies.

STREPTOSTYLA SUMICHRASTI Ancey, (p. 151) has been re-
described as " Streptostyla siimichrasti Crosse et Fischer
MSS. ' ' by Mr. Ph. Dautzenberg, Journ. de Conchyl. Iv, no. 4,
p. 327, pi. 6, figs. 2, 3 (March 30, 1908). I have copied
one of Dautzenberg 's figures on my pi. 52, fig. 8.

Family FERUSSACID^E, Bourguignat.

Ferussacida BOURG., Histoire Malacologique de 1'Abyssinie,
1883, p. 120 ; Prodrome de la Malacologie terr. et fluv. de la
Tunisie, 1887, p. 114. — Cionellida PFR. et CLESSIN, Nomencla-
tor Heliceorum Viventium, 1881, p. 329. — Cochlicopidc? of
some authors, PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila, 1906, p. 148. —
Cffcilianellidtz BOURGUIGNAT, Prodr. Malac. Tunisie, 1887, p.
127 (for the genus CaciUanella Bgt.).

The shell is small or minute, imperforate, elongate, varying
from ovate to turrite or subcylindric, thin, glossy, having little
or no sculpture, and generally it is somewhat transparent.

212 PERUSSACID/E.

The apex is small and obtuse, embryonic whorls not differ-
entiated from those following. Aperture ovate or piriform,
simple or dentate. The columella is usually sinuate or trun-
cate at the base. Outer lip not expanded, often thickened
within.

The family Ferussacidf? is 'here retained simply as a tem-
porary arrangement, pending more exact knowledge of the
several genera. The pallial organs of only one genus, Coch-
licopa, have been examined, and the other organs differ so
widely in the two chief genera which have been dissected
(Cochlicopa and Ferussacia), that one can scarcely believe
them to be members of one family. The detailed descriptions
of the soft anatomy may be found under the generic heads,
but the facts are briefly as follows:

(1) In Ferussacia gronoviana according to Godwin- Austen,
the head is proboscidiform (pi. 42, fig. 77). The foot has
pedal grooves and a caudal mucus pore (pi. 42, figs. 72, 76).
The genitalia are simple, the penis being figured with terminal
retractor and vas deferens and no appendix (pi. 42, fig. 75).
The teeth are all tricuspid (pi. 42, fig. 78), and are very nu-
merous, 60 to over 100 in a transverse row. The pallial or-
gans are unknown. If the ureter is of the reflexed type, these
characters indicate a distinct family of Aulacopoda related
to the Zonitidce and Endodontida . The genus Cryptaseca
is closely related, having a similar foot and teeth. Various
Madeiran Ferussacia- examined by R. B. Watson are similar
in external anatomy, jaw and teeth.

(2) In Cochlicopa lubrica, dissected by Lehmann and by
myself, the foot has no pedal grooves or caudal pore. The
penis has a long appendix (fig. 3 App.). The lateral
teeth are bicuspid, having no entocones (fig. 1), and the
marginals are low, wide and multicuspid. There are com-
paratively few teeth, 40 to 50 in a transverse row. The
ureter passes directly forward from the kidney (fig. 2).
Azeca menkeana alzenensis is known to agree with Cochlicopa
in genitalia and teeth ; and according to Lehmann, C&cilioides
acicula has genitalia of the same type. These characters are
those of the terrestrial AchatmelUdce. So far as the groups

FERUSSACID^E.

213

are now known, no character of importance separates Cochli-
copa from Leptachatina.

Teeth, pallial tract and genitalia of Cochlicopa lubrica.

I would not hesitate to include Cochlicopa, Azeca and
C&cilioides in Achatinellida were it not that some place must
be found for Coilostele, Calaxis, Glessula and other genera,
which I would not willingly venture to distribute between
several families, without some knowledge of their soft ana-
tomy. For the purposes of this work it may be better to
group all of these little-known genera under the family head
of FerussacicUe, rather than to attempt a rearrangement for
which adequate data are not now obtainable.

214 FERUSSACID/E.

The Ferussacidtr are characteristic snails of the European
fauna. The leading genera — Coclilicopa, Azeca, Coilostele—
had already been differentiated in Eocene time, and appar-
ently have undergone only minor changes since then.
Ferussacia and C&cilimdes appear in typical forms in the
Miocene, but doubtless are much older. The family Ferus-
sacida> is therefore to be classed with the Glaus-Undo:, Mega-
spiridcc, Oleacinida , and various Cyclostomacea, — groups al-
ready well developed in Europe in the Mesozoic, and continu-
ing on into Tertiary time, in the same area. References to
the fossil species may be found under the several generic
heads.

Synopsis of genera.

1. Genera with pedal grooves and a caudal pore, teeth
tricuspid.

FERUSSACIA Risso. Shell cylindric-oblong to acutely ovate,
rather solid, aperture more than half the shell's length, outer
lip sinuous or arched forward, columella usually not truncate
at base. Mediterranean region, etc.

CRYPTAZECA Folin. Shell ovoid, thin, the aperture half its
length; outer lip thin, arched forward; columella short,
abruptly truncate at base. Pyrenees.

CALAXIS Bgt. Shell lanceolate, thin, glassy ; aperture very
narrow above, usually with a parietal lamella and a palatal
plica; base of the columella lamellar, projecting, strongly
truncate. Soft anatomy unknown. Syria to Egypt.

DIGONIAXIS Jouss. Shell turrite, of 10-11 whorls; aperture
small, semiovate ; outer lip simple, columella strongly bilamel-
late. Internal axis spirally lamellate. Aden, Ceylon.

2. Genera without pedal grooves or a caudal pore, and hav-
ing an appendix on the penis and a direct ureter, so far as
known.

AZECA Leach. Elliptical-ovate or oblong, rather solid, with
the aperture more or less obstructed with teeth, outer edge
of the parietal callus thickened, cord-like; columella usually
strongly truncate at base. Eur- Africa.

COCHLICOPA Per. Cylindric-oblong, with rather convex

FERUSSACIA. 215

whorls and small ovate toothless aperture ; outer lip not arched
or sinuous, thickened within; parietal callus thin; colmnella
slightly sinuous, not truncate. Europe, Asia, North America.

HOHENWARTIANA Bgt. Small, slender, fusiform, fragile
and clear corneous, with very slightly convex whorls ; aperture
piriform, toothless; outer lip thin; columella tapering or a
little excised below, not truncate. Soft anatomy unknown.
Europe.

C^ECILIOIDES Herrm. Very small and slender, with narrow
spire and obtuse apex, thin, fragile and corneous; aperture
ovate or lanceolate; outer lip thin, arcuate, columella usually
truncate or subtruncate at base. (See Vol. XX).

COILOSTELE Bens. Minute, cylindric-turrite, apex obtuse,
corneous, thin, the internal partitions absorbed in adults.
Aperture small, ovate, oblique, toothless; columella not trun-
cate. Aden, Spain, Mexico.

GLESSULA Martens. Ovate-conic with more or less turrite
spire and convex whorls; aperture ovate, toothless; columella
short, very -concave, and strongly truncate at the base ; outer
lip thin. Size usually larger than any of the preceding.
Oriental region. (See Vol. XX).

Genus FERUSSACIA Risso.

Ferrussucia Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, 1826, p. 80.
Not Fenissacia, Leufroy, Ann. Sci. Nat. xv, 1828, p. 403 ( =
Ferussina Grat. 1827, =8trophostoma Desh. 1828). — Ferus-
sacia BOURGUIGNAT, Amenites Malacologiques, in Revue et
Mag. de Zoologie 1856, p. 327.

Shell rather small (usually 6-12 mm. long), varying from
acutely ovate to cylindric-oblong ; usually somewhat opaque,
glossy, composed of 5 to 8 flat whorls parted by a linear, su-
perficial suture, usually bordered by transparence below. The
aperture is ovate or piriform, more than half the length of
the shell; the outer lip obtuse; columella having a convex
fold, or rarely truncate at the base. Foot having pedal
grooves and a caudal mucus gland, behind which the tail is
truncate. Teeth all tricuspid, the centrals very small. Jaw
finely plaited, genitalia simple.

216 FERUSSACIA.

Type F. gronoviana. Distribution, around the Mediter-
ranean in Europe and North Africa; Atlantic Islands.

Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin- Austen describes the soft anatomy
of F. gronoviana as follows :

"The animal (pi. 42, figs. 76, 77) is of a fine bright sea
green colour: the eye-tentacles are dark and thick at their
bases, which are contiguous; the oral very short and blunt;
muzzle retractile, and can be produced considerably. It is of
darker tint at the extremity of the foot, which has a distinct
mucous gland with a truncate lobe above it. There is a well
marked pedal line parallel to the edge of the foot, from
which a series of regular transverse furrows extends to the
dorsal side; but the intervals between these furrows are
smooth, not papillate : this is seen to extend to the muzzle ;
but from the oral tentacles the whole upper part of the neck
is strongly and longitudinally grooved. The animal when
fully extended is long and narrow, end of foot equal with
apex of shell when moving; and the mantle is all round
slightly reflected over the thin margin of the peristome. The
right dorsal lobe is small, the left is larger.

"The odontophore (pi. 42, fig. 78) consists of over a hun-
dred rows of teeth, about 60 in each row, with a very con-
siderable difference in the size of the centrals and laterals, the
centre being very small, bluntly trieuspid, on an elongate ob-
late base ; the next seven having a long pointed central tooth
with the two smaller on either side; the outer laterals are
minutely evenly tricuspid on broad, oblong rectangular bases.
The dental formula is 22, 7, 1, 7, 22. The jaw (pi. 42, figs.
73, 74) is peculiar, not hard and chitinous as is usually the
case, but thin and elastic, consisting of a thin membranous
ribbon, closely ribbed or rather folded longitudinally, and
presenting on the anterior side a zigzag or serrated edge. This
elastic plicate structure of the jaw is thus quite in accord and
adapted most admirably to the retractile muzzle of the ani-
mal. The buccal mass is well developed, of rounded form;
the salivary ducts short, the glands of unequal size.

"Generative organs, (pi. 42, fig. 75). The penis (fig. 75, p)
is short, fusiform, conical near the junction of the

FERUSSACIA. 217

vets deferens; the retractor muscle is given off close to this.
The spermatheca is elongately pear-shape. No dart-sac was
observed in the three specimens examined. The ovotestis
in one specimen appeared to be a mass of globosely pear-
shaped follicles united at their basal ends into a duct ; but in
two specimens there was found near the apex, embedded in
the livers, a dark triangular-shaped organ, which, when ex-
amined more closely, was trilobed, uniting in a single duct,
streaked and coloured black along its straight terminal margin,
and may possibly have consisted of closely packed bundles of
spermatozoa. The hermaphrodite duct was not made out,
nor the albumen gland; and I most unaccountably did not
notice the exact position, with respect to the right eye-tentacle,
of the generative aperture." (G-Aust.)

The soft parts of F. folliculus from Madeira, examined by
Watson (P. Z. S. 1877, p. 333, 334) resemble those of the
other large Madeiran species, but the mantle was apparently
somewhat less broadly reflexed over the shell. In external
color it is quite unlike F. gronoviana — " yellow, towards the
tail slightly orange, towards the head with a faint tinge of
gray, which is darker towards the ends of the tentacles. The
sole of the foot is lemon-colored."

In the Madeiran species melampoides, tornatellina, triticea
and oryza " the mantle extends beyond the edge of the aper-
ture all round. It is thinly spread over the outside of the
shell, and extends like a tongue backwards behind the pos-
terior corner of the aperture. The tail carries a mucous
gland and is abruptly truncate " (pi. 42, fig. 72, F. tornatel-
lina, after Watson). The jaw has about 60 slightly converg-
ing ridges. The teeth resemble those of F. gronoviana.

The following fossil forms of the folliculus group have been
described :

Ferussacia convoluta Paladilhe, Revue des Sci. Nat., Mont-
pellier, ii, 1873, p. 46, pi. 2, f. 7-9. Pliocene, Montpellier.

Ferussacia obovata Paladilhe, t. c. pi. 2, f. 10-12. Pliocene,
Montpellier.

Ferussacia (Folliculus} pollonerce Sacco, 1885, and F. (F.)
tassaroliana Sacco, 1888, are Pliocene species of the Villa-

218 FERUSSACIA.

franchian stage, belonging to the folliculus group. See Sacco,
I Moll, terreni Terziarii del Piemonte etc., pi. 22, p. 75, pi. 6.
Ferussacia insignis Babor, Sitzungsber. k. boehm. Ges. der
Wissensch. 1897, II, Art. 63, p. 8, fig. 3, Miocene, Tuchoritz,
is apparently a precursor of the folliculus group.

Subgenera and Sections of Ferussacia.

Subgenus FERUSSACIA.

Section Ferussacia s. str., Mediterranean region.

Species 1 to 15.
Mauritian species, no. 16.
Canary Is. species, no. 17 to 21.
Section Pegea Risso. Northern Africa, 1 in Italy.

Species 22 to 62.
Subgenus AMPHORLLA Lowe. Madeira. Species 63 to 71.

Sections Fusillus and Hypselia.
Subgenus PYRGELLA Lowe. Madeira. Species 72.
Subgenus CYLICHNIDIA Lowe. Madeira. Species 73, 74.

Section Ferussacia Risso, s. str.

Ferussacia Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, p. 80, for
F. gronoviana (figured) and F. sayea (undeterminable).—
Vediantius Risso, Hist., p. 81, for V. eristaUus Risso (young
of F. gronoviana}. — Pseudostreptostyla NEVILL, P. Z. S. 1880,
p. 665, for F. abnormis Nevill (young of F. vescoil) — Folli-
culiana BGT., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1864, p. 201. — Folliculina
Bgt., WESTERLUND, Fauna der in der Palaarctiseheii Region
lebenden Binnenconchylien, iii, p. 154 (1887). — "Folliculus
Ag.," WESTERLUND, I. c., not of Agassiz.

Shell oblong or cylindric oblong with convexly conic spire ;
aperture piriform, without a parietal lamella, the columella
with a single convex subvertical fold, not distinctly truncate
at base; outer lip thickened within, slightly retracted above
and below.

This group consists of a large number of very closely re-
lated species or races and many local forms, spread over both
coasts of the Mediterranean from Greece to Portugal and
Morocco, but most numerous in northern Africa, Tunis to

FERUSSACIA. 219

Morocco. The most widely distributed forms are F. folliculus
and the very closely allied F. vescoi. Bourguignat is the chief
authority on this group ; and the well-known tendency of that
author to make species out of slight local races, or even from
extreme forms selected from a continuous series, has not
greatly helped an intricate subject. It is evident that the dis-
tinction between races and "species" is more or less arbitrary,
and a great many forms of various degrees of differentiation
exist. The sporadic distribution assigned to some of the
nominal species probably indicates that they are recurring
variations of wide-spread forms rather than independent
stocks. Morelet (Journ. de Conchyl. 1877, p. 248) believes
that F. folliculus and vescoi intergrade in characters, and are
not specifically separable. Wollaston has expressed the same
view; and with many specimens of half a dozen of the
nominal species before me, I find the alleged distinctions il-
lusive and difficult to apply in actual practice. Whether the
folliculus group consists of one or a dozen "species" must
be left an open question.

The groups Folliculiana and Folliculina, have F. folliculus
as their type species.

F. aphelina Bourguignat. "A Sicilian species having the
spire very long, analogous to F. vitrea of the island of Tene-
rife." (Ferussacia aphelina BGT., Revue et Mag. de Zool.
xvi, 1864, p. 207; Malac. de 1'Algerie p. 29.). No further
information has been published. It may possibly be what
Benoit described as Achatina nebrodensis.

1. F. FOLLICULUS (Gronovius). PI. 41, figs. 53, 54.

"Shell cylindric-elongate, smooth, glossy, subpellucid, cor-
neous-buff ; spire rather elongate conic, the apex rather obtuse
or a little acute. Whorls 6, slightly convex, irregularly in-
creasing, suture paler corneous margined; three first whorls
regularly increasing, the fourth a little larger, antepenulti-
mate whorl large, a little more rapidly descending ; last whorl
not half the total length. Aperture lunate-oblong; peristome
acute, simple ; columella short, straight ; outer margin excised
at the suture, then forwardly dilated; margins joined by a

220 FERUSSACIA.

whitish callus. Length 9, diam. 3, aperture 3 mm." (Bour-

Mediterranean countries, Portugal and Spain to Greece,
Sicily, Malta, Tunis, Morocco, Canary Islands and Madeira.
Type locality Northern Africa.

Bulla or Helix folliculum GRONOVIUS, Zoophylacium Grono-
vianum, pt. iii, 1781, tabularum explicatio p. v; pi. 19, figs.

15, 16.— Helix folUculus GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3654.-
Achatina folUculus of authors, see PPEIFPER, Monographia
Heliceorum Viventium ii, 283; iii, 511; iv, 636 (as Oleaoina),
vi, 247, viii, 301; Kiister's Conchyl. Cab. pi. 18, f. 16-19.-
Femssacia /'., BGT. Amen. Malac. i, p. 197 ; Malac. terr.
chateau d'lf, p. 22, pi. 2, f. 1-3; Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 117.

-WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii. p. 154. — Lovea f., WOLLASTON,
Testacea Atlant. p. 247. — Physa scaturigium DRAP., Hist.
Nat. Moll, de la France, p. 56, pi. 3, f. 14, 15 (immature stage).
—Pupa splendidula COSTA, teste Scacchi, Catalogus Conchy-
Horum regni Neapolitan}, 1836, p. 17 (nude name). — Turbo
tisiu-s Chiereghini, BRUSINA, Ipsa Chiereghinii Conchylia,
1870, p. 214, name only. — Ackatina risso DESHAYES, Encycl.
Meth. vers, ii, p. 12, 1830 (Nice). — Lovea wollastoni WATSON,
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 334 (Madeira; description of external ana-
tomy and coloration).

Bourguignat, whose description is given above, at first
thought this species restricted to southern France and Spain,
but later reported it from Tunis. Gronovius figures F. folU-
culus very rudely. He describes it as " oblong-ovate, pel-
lucid, glabrous ; columella subplicate ; outer lip thin ; size of
a grain of oats. Habitat on the coast of Barbary. " Which
of the several scarcely distinguishable races was before him
it is at present impossible to determine; but in the narrow
sense F. folUculus may as well be restricted to the form de-
fined by Bourguignat. Specimens from Toulon, France, are
figured, pi. 41, figs. 53, 54.

I have also illustrated a Madeiran example, pi. 39, figs. 15,

16. It occurs in numerous places not far from Funchal,
" chiefly beneath stones in hot and rocky situations near the
coast, among plants of the Opuntia tuna or prickly pear."

FERUSSACIA. 221

The Madeiran form has been called Lovea wollastoni by Wat-
son, but no characters separating it from European folliculus
have been indicated, though it may prove that the coloration
of the soft parts is different. Wollaston thinks that it may
have been imported from Portugal.

Numerous varieties have been described; what their value
is I cannot say, but all published information is here given.

Var. denarensis De Gregorio. Corneous yellow, similar to
F. biondiana Ben., but a little larger, the aperture less pro-
duced forward, a border along the suture, and the columellar
lip is thickened. It differs from vescoi by the less regularly
conic spire, want of a columellar fold, and the presence of a
sutural border. Scorcia Denaro, near Palermo, at the little
bridge of the Pagliarelli. (Ferrusacia folliculus Gmelin var.
denarensis De GREG., II Naturalista Siciliano xiv, 1895, p.
207).

Var. abbreviata Lowe. "Length 9, diam. 3y2, aperture 4
mm. long. Near Mogador, at the Emperor's Garden, up the
river. Agrees with Portuguese better than Madeiran speci-
mens in the more prominent columella" (Lowe). Probably
identical with vescoi.

Var. producta Lowe. Length 10, diam. 3y2, aperture 4
mm. long. Differs from abbreviata only in the spire being
longer in proportion to the aperture, and in the less promi-
nent or developed columella. In this latter point it agrees
with Madeiran better than with Portuguese examples"
(Lowe). Rabat, Morocco, a single specimen, Mrs. Elton.
(Achatina folliculus var. a, abbreviata, and var. b. producta
LOWE, Journal of the Proc. of the Linnean Society, Zool. v,
1861, p. 203.)

Var. pulcliella, Moquin-Tandon. "Shell smaller, narrower,
the aperture comparatively larger. Cette, Nimes and Mar-
seilles (Moq., Hist. Nat. Moll, de France ii, 1855, p. 307, pi.
22, f. 30).

Var. amauronia Bourguignat. (PI. 41, figs. 57, 58).
Cylindric-oblong, ventricose, glossy, subpellucid, smooth, cor-
neous-buff ; spire obese, the apex obtuse; whorls 5%, a little
convex, regularly increasing, separated by a paler margined

222

FERUSSACIA.

suture, the last whorl rounded, not half the total alt, Aper-
ture lunate-oblong;; peristome unexpanded, acute, a little
thickened within; columella straight, callous within; outer
margin strongly arched forward, the margins joined by a thin
callus. Length 6, diam. 3.5, alt, apert. 3.5 mm. (Ferussacia
amauronia BGT., Malac. chat, d'lf, pi. 2, f. 14-16, Jan. I860;
Malac. de 1'Algerie i, p. 37, pi. 3, f. 10-12).

Algeria; Portugal at Algarves (Bgt,). Differs from F.
regularis by the more obese shell, summit more obtuse, whorls
of the spire less closely coiled, and the outer lip is more
strongly arcuate, within a little recession at the insertion. It
is also more obtuse and ventricose than typical F. folliculus,
with less numerous whorls, which increase very regularly, etc.

Var. REGULARIS Bourguignat. (PI. 41, fig. 56). Whorls
7, regularly increasing, the last less than half the total length.
Columella straight, short, with a slightly twisted lamella be-
low. Length 10, diam. 3, aperture 3.75 mm. Type locality
around Valletta, Malta; also occurs around Portici, near
Naples (Bgt.), and in the drift of the Oued Sidi-Aich, Tunis
(Letourneux et Bgt.).

Ferussacia regularis BGT., Malac. terrest. de 1'ile dii Chateau
d'lf, pres de Marseille, p. 20, pi. 2, f. 7-9 (Jan. 1860) ; Revue
et Mag. de Zool. xvi, 1864, p. 204; Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p.
117.— PPR., Monogr. vi, 248.

2. F. RURICOLA (Lowe). PI. 42, figs. 68, 69.

Shell rather large, rather strong, subpellucid, turrite, sub-
cylindric, long and somewhat, slender, the spire produced,
rather obtuse. Whorls 6, flattened, parted by an oblique,
little impressed, margined suture. Aperture ovate, acute
above but not acuminate, close to but scarcely over one-third
the length. Columella arcuate, subdilated, slightly promi-
nent and obscurely obliquely truncate at base, the peristome
simple. Length 8, diam. 2.5, aperture 2.75 mm. (Lowe.)

Morocco: near Mogador (Lowe).

Achatina ruricola LOWE, Journ. of the Proceedings of the
Linnean Soc., Zool. v, 1861, p. 203. — Ferussacia ruricola
PALLARY, Journ. de Conchyl. 1898, p. 124, pi. 9, f. 3.

FERUSSACIA. 223

"Partaking chiefly of the characters of A. maderensis and
A. producta Lowe, this elegant little species of which I found
a single example at the picturesque spot already so often men-
tioned, called the Emperor's Garden, about four miles from
Mogador up the river, is perfectly distinct from each ; and it
will not even enter into either of the groups to which they
respectively belong, appertaining properly to that of Achatina
folliculus (Gron) . In shape both of the shell and of its aper-
ture it most resembles A. maderensis Lowe; but it w^ants the
peculiar bright polish ; it is twice as large ; the spire is much
less blunt, with flatter volutions and a shallower, more oblique
suture; the pillar-lip is more dilated and prominent at the
base ; and lastly, the peristorne is not obtuse or thickened and
colored. From all the other allied Madeiran species it differs
in its cylindric shape and short ovate aperture, simply acute,
and not narrowed or acuminate at top. It is also a consider-
ably larger shell than A. gracilis and A. leacociana, Lowe,
to which, amongst these other species, after A. producta,
Lowe, it most approaches; and from A. producta, Lowe, with
which in shape and size it best agrees, it is abundantly distinct
by the form and proportionate size of the aperture, besides
the much less prominence of the pillar at its base. From
A. folliculus (Gron.) it differs in the narrow turreted-cylin-
dric shape, the short ovate aperture, and the perfectly even
and regular volutions (without any turgidness in the penul-
timate volution) of the spire." (Lowe.}

Pallary's figures of topotypes are copied.

3. F. CASTROIANA Locard.

Shell of an almost regularly cylindric-elongate shape, taper-
ing only at the two ends; spire short, the summit large and
obtuse, composed of 5 or 6 feebly convex whorls, the first 4
increasing slowly and regularly, the last very large, quite
cylindric above and throughout its length, not tapering ex-
cept towards the base. Suture well marked, nearly horizon-
tal in the upper whorls, a little oblique from the beginning of
the last whorl above the angle of the aperture. Aperture ex-
cised, long and narrow, contracted and angular above, a little

224 FERUSSACIA.

narrowly rounded at the base. Peristome straight, acute, a
little thickened within; columella short, callous; the outer
margin nearly straight; margins joined by an indistinct cal-
lus. The shell is very glossy, smooth, transparent, of an al-
most uniform yellowish-corneous tint. Length 9.5, diam. 3
mm. (Loc.).

Portugal.

Ferussacia castroiana LOCARD, Conchyl. Portugaise, Coq.
terrest. etc., in Archives du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. de Lyon, vii,
1899, p. 139.

Distinguished chiefly by its regularly cylindric shape, taper-
ing abruptly at the two ends. The increase of the whorls is
very slow and very regular to the last whorl, where it is very
rapid. The aperture is four-ninths the total length.

4. F. AMBLYA Bourguignat. PI. 41, figs. 59, 60.

This Ferussacia is distinguished from amauronia and for-
besi by its short, swollen form, regular and rapid convolution
of the whorls of the spire, larger aperture, the columella more
calloused and shorter. Length 8.5, diam. 4, aperture 4 mm.
(Bgt.).

Around Algiers and other localities in Algeria.

Ferussacia amblya BGT., Malac. chat, d'lf, pi. 2, f. 17-19
(1860) ; Malac. de 1'Algerie i, p. 40, pi. 3, f. 13-15.

The specimen before me looks like a short form of F. folli-
culus. The following species is evidently quite similar.

5. F. GRAVIDA Florence.

Shell oblong, relatively short, ventricose, the greatest thick-
ness at -the upper part of the last whorl, slightly tapering
downwards, fragile, diaphanous, very glossy, uniform pale
corneous, very smooth. Spire moderately produced, obtuse,
shortly tapering above and somewhat rotund, the apex ob-
tuse. Whorls 5y2, irregularly increasing, the first minute,
next relatively large, the third minute, fourth suddenly
swollen and ample, the last whorl very ample and swollen
above. Suture linear. Last whorl half the total length, regu-
larly descending in front. Aperture vertical, irregularly

FERUSSACIA. 225

lunate-oblong; columella short, straight, twisted-lamellate
within. Peristome unexpanded, acute, slightly thickened, the
outer margin regularly arching forward, margins joined by
a callus. Length 8, diam. 4, alt. of aperture 4 mm. (Florence) .

France: Lauzade near Luc (Var), very rare under stones
(Florence).

Ferussacia gravida FLOR., Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii,
1886, p. 230.

6. F. VIRGINEA (Westerlund).

Agrees most with C. gravida Flor., but it has a much less
obese shape, the upper whorls increase regularly, the suture
is broadly margined, etc. Length 7, diam. 3 mm.

Spain: near Seville (Prof. Calderon).

Cionella (Ferussacia) virgi-nea WESTERL., Nachrbl. d.
Malak. Ges. xxiv, p. 195 (Dec. 1892) ; Anales de la Sociedad
Espanola de Historia Natural, ser. 2, i, 1892, p. 388.

7. F. GRONOVIANA Risso. PI. 41, figs. 51, 52.

Shell cylindric, oblong, a little obese, more swollen on the
left than on the right side, giving it a slightly Streptaxis-like
appearance; glossy, a little transparent, of a yellowish-cor-
neous tint, sometimes a little reddish. Spire tapering to the
obtuse summit. Whorls 6, irregularly increasing, separated
by a suture bordered with a paler margin. The first three
whorls are small and increase evenly; the fourth is propor-
tionally larger, especially convex on the left side; antepenult,
whorl very large; last whorl descends less rapidly, and is
less than half the total length. Aperture oblong, the peristome
simple and acute; columella a little curved, short, somewhat
lamella-like; outer lip arching forward regularly; margins
joined by a thin callus. Length 8, diam. 3.25 mm. (Bgt.).

Nice and environs ; also reported from Malta, etc.

Ferrussacia gronoviana Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, p.
80, pi. 3, f. 27.— BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. chat, d'lf, p. 18, pi. 2,
f. 4-6; Etude synon. sur les Moll. Alpes Marit. p. 41, pi. 1,
f. 8-10; Malac. de 1'Algerie i, p. 43, footnote, pi. 3, f. 19-21.-
ISSEL, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital. i, 1868, p. 20, with var. vescoi.

226 FERUSSACIA.

-PFR. Monogr. vi, 249. — GODWIN-AUSTEN, P. Z. S. 1880, p.
662, pi. 64 (anatomy).— NEVILL, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 133, pi. 14,
f. 2; with var. subamblya, p. 133, var. subfolliculus, p. 134,
and var. subforbesi, p. 134. — Vediantius eristalius Risso, Hist.
Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, p. 82 (young specimen). — Cionella g.,
WESTERLUND, Fauna, p. 155.

This species is especially distinguished by having the pen-
ultimate whorl much swollen o-n the left side. F. vescoi is
certainly closely related, but the cohiinellar fold is stronger,
at least typically. Bourguignat redescribed and fignred the
species from Risso 's type specimen.

Var. subamblya Nevill.

'This is a short convex form, with the last whorl a good
deal more rounded, the aperture less everted, with the colu-
mella straight. They increase very slowly and regularly, the
difference of the antepenultimate one in this respect, from
that of the typical form, being very marked. It may prove
a distinct species ; but I am inclined to doubt it at present.
I only found a few specimens living with typical form."

"Long. 8i/4, alt. 3% millim." (Nevill}.

Menton (Nevill).

Var. subfolliculus Nevill.

"? Ferussacia folliculus Gronovius (as figured by Bourg.
Mai. Chateau d'If. pi. ii. fig. 2, long. 9, diam. 3 millim.). A
few specimens only met with living with typical F. grono-
viana; they agree well with the above-quoted figure. The
body whorl is more elongately and evenly rounded, not tumid
towards the base, and appears longer in proportion than in
the typical form." (Nev.)

"Long. 9, diam. 3y2 millim.; apert. alt. 3% millim. (Nev.)

Menton (Nevill).

Var. subforbesi Nevill.

" ? Ferussacia forbesi, Bourg. Mai. Alg. (long 8y2, diam.
4 millim., Algiers). I doubt this variety, in especial, being
specifically distinct. The whorls of the spire are only slightly
irregular; the last whorl more convex, columella straighter.

FEBUSSACIA. 227

There is also a smaller form, of which I found only two speci-
mens (of which I also give measurements below), which might
be separated again as distinct. The aperture is very small."
(Nev.)

Long. 81/4, diam. 3*4 millim.

Long. 8y2, diam. 3y2 millim.

Long. 7%, diam. 3 millim. (a small form, perhaps distinct).

All the preceding in Indian Museum, Calcutta. M. Bour-
guignat informs me by a letter that I sent him, from Menton,
specimens of Ferussacia vescoi, amblya, procchia, forbesi, and
abromea. He does not mention F. gronoviana." (Nevill.}

8. F. VESCOI (Bourguignat). PI. 41, figs. 47, 48, 49.

Shell oblong-subventricose, rather solid, glossy, subpellucid,
corneous-buff; spire short, acuminate-tapering, the apex min-
ute, obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, irregularly increasing
(the first 3 regular, the fourth swollen on the right side and
rapidly widening, the rest more rapidly increasing) ; separ-
ated by a superficial, pale-margined suture ; the last whorl
not half the total length. Aperture lunate-oblong; columella
strong, straight, whitish, callous and twisted within, reaching
to the base; peristome acute, unexpanded, a little thickened
with white inside, outer margin arching forward, margins
joined by a callus. Length 9, diam. 4, aperture 4 mm.
(Bgt.}.

Algeria, especially common around Algiers; Morocco;
Tunis ; Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Sicily, Malta.

Glandina vescoi BGT., Amen. Malac. i, (1856) p. 150, pi.
15, f. 2-4 (bad). — Ferussacia v., BGT., Amen. Malac. i, p. 203;
Malac. chat, d'lf, p. 23, pi. 2, f. 10-13; Malac. de 1'Algerie
i, p. 44, pi. 3, f. 22-24, with var. lanceolata BGT., p. 43, pi. 3,
f . 25 ; Prodr. Malac. Tunisie, p. 117. — PFR., Monogr. iv, 621 ;
vi, 249. — POLLONERA, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital. xii, p. 121, pi. 4,
f. 17 (teeth). — F. vercoi PALADILHE, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1875,
p. 89 (Tangier). — Ferussacia (?) abnormis NEVILL, P. Z. S.
1880, p. 134, pi. 14, f. 3 (young). — Ackatiua palustris
PARRYSS, teste Pfr., Nomencl. Hel. Viv. p. 337.

F. gronoviana differs by the smaller size, less ventricose

228 FERUSSACIA.

shape, less callous columella, and especially by the Streptaxis-
like aspect of the shell, due to the more swollen right than
left side, the columellar axis within the shell being a little
bent. It is a common shell in most of the countries border-
ing on the western basin of the Mediterranean. Whether it is
always distinguishable from F. folliculus is doubtful.
Bulimus nitidissimus Kryn. is probably either this form or
F. folliculus.

Ferussacia dbnormis Nevill from Blidah, Algeria (and also
from Menton) seems to be a. half -grown specimen of F. vescoi
or of one of its immediate allies. Nevill subsequently pro-
posed for it the subgenus Pseudostreptostyla (P. Z. S. 1880,
p. 665). The original figure is copied, pi. 41, fig. 55.

Bulimus nitidissimus Krynicki. Shell ovate-oblong, acu-
minate, imperforate, rather solid, pellucid, very glabrous, very
glossy, yellowish-corneous. Whorls 6, somewhat flattened, the
suture superficial, duplicated. Aperture long, angular, ob-
tuse in front; columella half the length of the lip, somewhat
twisted; peristome simple, whitish. Length 4.5, diam. 1.75
lines. Crimea. (Kryn. in Bull, de la See. Imp. des Natur-
alistes de Moscou, vi, 1833, p. 420; cf. Pfr., Monogr. ii, 284).

Var. lanceolata Bgt. PL 41, fig. 50. Shell like the type
but less swollen, more lanceolate, longer ; length 10, diam. 3.5
mm. Around Algiers.

Var. PROECHIA Bourguignat. PI. 41, figs. 61. 'The
proechia differs from F. vescoi (the only species with which
it can reasonably be compared), by the far more slender
shape, more elongate, less ventricose ; by the diminished colu-
mella, decidedly less calloused and less projecting; by the
piriform smaller aperture, rounded in ite outer margin; and
especially by the convex last whorl, proportionally much
smaller than that of vescoi. Length 9, diam. 3, aperture 3.25
mm." (Ferussacia proechia, BGT., Malac. de 1'Algerie i, p.
44, pi. 3, f. 26-28 (1864) ; Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 117.— ?
Agathina folliculus var. elongata DEBEAUX, Rec. Soc. Agric.,
Sci. et Arts d'Agen, viii, pt. 2, p. 328, 1857. (Boghar).

Algeria: around Algiers (Let.) ; Blidah (Brondel), not com-
mon. Also Tunis.

FERUSSACIA. 229

Var. cincta 'Coutagne' Locard. Same shape as vescoi; 6
whorls, increasing in the same manner ; shell translucent, hya-
line, very elegantly ornamented in the middle of each whorl
with a thin, fawn-colored band contrasting with the ground
color. Length 9, diam. 4 mm. Rare, in the environs of Col-
lioures, Pyrenees-Orientales. (Ferussacia cincta Coutagne
LOCARD, Les Coquilles terr. de France, in Ann. Soc. d' Agri-
cult. Lyon, (7), iii, 1895, p. 138).

Var. REISSI (Mousson). PI. 40, fig. 41.

Shell cylindric-ovate, smooth, very glossy, pellucid, pale
corneous. Spire convexly conic, the summit minute, rather
acute ; suture very smooth, scarcely noticeable, followed by a
white margin bordered with a brown line. Whorls G1/^, the
first 4 slowly and regularly increasing, a little convex, the
following 2 more rapidly descending, elongate, last whorl
shorter, lightly ovate-rounded, more convex at the base, sub-
opaque anteriorly near the margin. Aperture not acute
above; peristome unexpanded, hardly acute; right margin a
little retracted at the insertion, well curved, broadly arched
forward in the middle; columellar margin appressed, some-
what thickened, continued in a subcallous parietal layer.
Columella excavated, distinctly obliquely plicate-truncate be-
low. Length 9, diam. 3.5 mm. (Mouss.)

Canary Is.: Teneriffe (Reiss, Watson.)

Cionella reissi MOUSSON, Revue Faune Malac. Canaries, p.
129, pi. 6, f. 26, 27.— PFR. Novit. Conch, p. 109, pi. 125, f.
26, 27. — Ferussacia r., PFR., Monogr. viii, 303. — MABILLE,
Nouv. Arch, du Mus. viii, p. 151. — Lovea r., WOLLASTON,
Test. Atlant p. 458.

Hardly separable from F. vescoi.

9. F. FORBESI Bourguignat. PI. 41, figs. 64, 65.

Shell oblong cylindric, smooth, very glossy, pellucid, cor-
neous-buff; spire blunted, the apex obtuse; whorls 5 to 6, a
little convex, irregularly widening, the first three regularly,
the rest more rapidly increasing, separated by a paler, super-
ficial and duplicated suture; last whorl not half the total

230 FERUSSACIA.

length, buff-whitish at the suture. Aperture lunate-oblong,
angular above, whitish within, peristome unexpanded, acute,
whitish- thickened somewhat within; columella straight, whit-
ish, twisted within ; outer margin regularly arcuate in front,
the margins joined by a whitish callus. Length 8.5, diam.
4, length of aperture, 3.75 mm. (Bgt.).

Algeria: Algiers (type loc.). Bougie, etc.; Tunis.

Achatina nitidissima FORBES, Ann. of Nat. Hist., or Mag. of
Zool. Botany and Geology, ii, p. 253, pi. 12, f. 2 (Dec. 1838).
Not Bulimus nitidissimus Kryn., 1833, also a Ferussacia. —
Ferussacia forbesi BGT., Amenites Malacologiques i, p. 204,
in Revue et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 334 ; Prodr. Malac. Tunisie
p. 117.— PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 621 ; vi, p. 248.

"Differs from F. amauronia by the irregular increase of
the whorls, more arcuate outer margin, etc. ' '

10. F. STENOPHYA ( Westerlund) .

Shell related to Cionella forbesii, but slender, cylindric-fusi-
form. Whorls 6, the upper 3 very narrow, together hardly
equal to the antepenultimate, this being half the length of the
penultimate whorl, which scarcely attains two-thirds the
length of the last. Last whorl a little depressed at the
aperture, narrowed towards the base. Suture delicate, mar-
gined. Aperture piriform, the outer margin strongly arched
forward below the middle. Columella short, straight, white.
Length 7, diam. 2 mm. (West.}

Algeria: debris of the Harrach (Ancey).

Cionella (Ferussacia) stenophya WESTERLUND, Verhandl.
k. k. zool.-bot, Ges. Wien, xlii, 1893, p. 43.

11. F. EXTREMA (Westerlund).

Shell related to Cionella forbesii Bgt, but with 5 whorls, the
first two most minute, standing out from the rest; the first
three together hardly more than one-third the height of the
penultimate whorl ; penult, whorl very long, as long as the last
or longer, with parallel sides. Suture broadly margined be-
low by a white callous line, dark-edged below, and extending
to the apex. Aperture piriform; columella callous; margins

FERUSSACIA. 231

broadly and strongly ivory-labiate within, the outer evenly
arcuately produced, nearly from the insertion. Length 8.5
to 9.5, diam. 3 to 3.5 mm. (West.)

Morocco (coll. John Ponsonby).

Cionella (Ferussacia} extrema WESTERL., Verhandl. k.-k.
zool.-bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, xlii, 1893, p. 43.

12. F. MORELETI Pallary. PI. 52, fig. 2.

Mr. Pallary believes the form figured by Morelet to be dis-
tinct from F. forbesi, by its arcuate outer lip and regularly
coiled spire. Morelet describes it as "cylindric, smooth, very
bright, of a fawn or russet shade, with a rather obtuse spire ;
5 to 6l/2 whorls, noticeably convex, the penultimate a little
swollen ; the convolution is regular, without marked deviation
of the sutural line, which is accompanied by a dark border
as in most species of the genus. The straight, short and thin
columella runs into the basal margin, without any appearance
of truncation. Length 8, diam. 3.5 mm."

Morocco: Mogador and Casa Blanca. (Beaumier).

Ferussacia forbesi MORELET, Journ. de Conchy!, xxviii,
1880, p. 58, pi. 3, f. 9 (not of Bourguignat). — Ferussacia
moreleti PALLARY, journ. de Conchy!, xlvi, 1898, p. 123.

13. F. ABROMIA Bourguignat. PI. 41, figs. 62, 63.

"F. abromia is distinguished from vescoi, proechia etc. by
its more regular increase, the shell noticeably costulate, the
last whorl a little hollowed out towards the outer margin, in-
stead of being nearly flat as in vescoi, or convex as in proechia •
by the straight columella, not callous or twisted, etc. Length
11, diam. 3.5, aperture 4 mm." (Bgt.).

Algeria: drift of the Harrach, near Algiers, rare; Tunis
(Bgt.).

Ferussacia abromia BGT., Malac. de 1'Algerie p. 45, pi. 3,
f. 29-31 (1864); Revue et Mag. de Zool. xvi, 1864, p. 207;
Prodr. Malac. Tunisde p. 117. — PFR., Monogr. vi, 250 -
Cochlicopa abromia CAFICI, I! Nat. Siciliano i, p. 204.

Bourguignat states that this species lives also in Sicily, but
according to Cafici, this has not been confirmed by Sicilian
naturalists.

232 FERUSSACIA.

14. F. NEBRODENSIS Benoit.

Shell imperforate, long-fusiform, rather solid, smooth,
glossy, corneous; spire long-conic, the apex rounded; suture
impressed, narrowly margined. Whorls 7, regularly increas-
ing, the upper but slightly convex, the last cylindric, rounded
at base, about two-fifths the total length; columella narrow,
arcuate, callous; aperture semioval, angular above; peristome
simple, unexpanded, margins joined by a dilated callus.
Length 9.5, diam. 3, aperture 3.5 x 2 mm. (Benoit).

Sicily: Madonie.

Achatina nebrodensis BENOIT and TIBERI Illustrazione sis-
tematica critica iconographica de' Testacei estramarini della
Sicilla ulteriore, pt. 4, p. 235 (1862).— Ferussada n., BENOIT,
Nuovo Catalogo Conch, terr. e fluv. Sicilia, p. 86. - - PFR.,
Monogr. vi, p. 254.

Said by Benoit to belong to the subgenus containing
cylindracea and emiliana, but differing from these by the
larger size, long-conic spire, simple peristome, extension of the
parietal callus and absense of a parietal tubercle. In his
catalogue of 1881 Benoit places it in the folliculus group,
but states that it is intermediate in shape between Azeca and
Ferussada. It has not been figured.

15. F. AGILIS (Westerlund).

Shell slender, cylindric-fusiform, summit long-conic, amber
reddish, glossy, irregularly striate especially at the suture.
Whorls 7, the upper convex, slowly increasing, the lower
three more rapidly increasing, a little convex, the last whorl
little larger than the penultimate ; suture broadly margined,
very little descending at the aperture. Aperture subpiriform,
long and very narrowly tapering above, dilated below,
. rounded, the outer margin moderately and regularly arched
forward in the middle. Columella short, curved, white,
truncate. Length 8 to 8.5, diam. 2 mm. (Westerl.).

Algeria: Algiers.

Cionella (Ferussada} agilis WESTERL., Annuaire du Musee
Zoologique de 1'Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Petersbourg
iii, 1898, p. 175.

PERUSSACIA OF MAURITIUS. 233

Species of Mauritius.

16. F. BARCLAYI (Pfeiffer). PI. 42, figs. 66, 67, 70, 71.

Shell oblong, thin, smooth, corneous; spire convexly conic,
the apex rather acute ; suture shallow, simple. Whorls 5, a
little convex, the penultimate large, last whorl a little shorter
than the spire, slightly tapering at the base. Aperture ver-
tical acuminate-oblong; columella oblique and lightly twice-
twisted ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin sinu-
ate above, subangularly arched forward in the middle.
Length 9, diam. 4, aperture 4.5 x 2 mm. (Pfr.).

Mauritius (Isle of France), Sir D. Barclay in Cuming coll.;
Mt. Oriz and Moka, G. Nevill.

Spiraxis barclayi PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 99 ; Monogr.
iv, 580; vi, 197. — Cionella &., MARTENS in Mobius, Reise nach
Mauritius, p. 199. — Ferussacia &., NEVILL, Handlist Moll.
Indian Mus. i, p. 161. — Glandina vesiculata, Benson, SEMPER,
R«isen im Archipel Phil., Landmoll. p. 135 (jaw and teeth).

"Only distinguished from its European close ally, F. folli-
culus, by the more turrid last whorl and broader aperture. It
lives gregariously under large blocks of stone. The animal is
bright yellow and very active. A single one of the living
specimens which I found was reversed." (G. Nevill).

The shell is composed of 5y2 whorls, which increase regu-
larly and very slowly to the penultimate. Here the suture
descends much faster so that the penultimate whorl widens
rapidly. The whitish sutural border is more conspicuous than
the figures indicate. A slightly convex, calcareous, white
epiphragm guards the dormant snail, as shown in fig. 71.
Specimens measure —

Length 8.6, diam. 3.5, length aperture 4 mm.

Length 10, diam. 4, length aperture 4.5 mm.

Length 8.3, diam. 3.5, length aperture 4 mm.

I am much inclined to believe that this species is an im-
portation from southern France. It would otherwise be very
difficult to account for its occurrence in Mauritius.

Semper has examined the mouth-parts of specimens sup-
plied by G. Nevill. The ja.w has at least 20 fine riblets; radula

234 CANARY ISLAND FERUSSACLE.

much as described and figured for F. gronoviana. Formula
22 to 25, 5, 1, 5, 22 to 25 ; the central tooth very small, weakly
tricuspid, five laterals with a very long middle cusp and two
equal side points. The marginals from the 17th out have
very finely denticulate cusps.

Species of the Canary Islands.

The Canarian Ferussaeias are of Mediterranean type, more
or less related to F. folliculus. They are oblong shells with
weak columellar truncation, and usually a callous band with-
in the lip-edge, producing an external buff stripe behind the
lip.

A single specimen of the Madeiran F. tornatellina has been
reported from Grand Canary, yet it is probably to be looked
upon as a chance importation, if indeed the species has actu-
ally obtained a Canarian foothold. Cionella webbii Mouss.
(Ferussacia w., Bourguignat) has been shown by Wollaston
to be identical with BuliminuA myosotis. F. vescoi reissi oc-
curs on Teneriffe.

Our knowledge of these species is chiefly due to A. Mous-
son's Revision de la Faune Malacologique des Canaries, 1872,
and Wollaston 's Testacea Atlantica, 1878.

17. F. VALIDA (Mousson). PL 40, fig. 39.

Shell imperforate, 'ovate-cylindric, rather solid, very lightly
striatulate, very glossy, pale corneous, somewhat milky. Spire
long, convexly-conic, the summit minute, rather obtuse,
hyaline; suture linear, flat, broadly margined below. Whorls
6, the first nearly flat, slowly increasing, the penultimate more
rapidly descending, a little convex, the last whorl long, flatly
rounded, more convex at the base. Aperture three-eighths the
total length, vertical (five degrees from the axis), long-oval,
acute above, subangular below. Peristome straight and white
outside, broadly and strongly thickened within, somewhat
cuneate anteriorly, the margins joined by a thick lamina;
right margin straight above, curved below, arcuately produced
in front; basal a little retracted; columella straight, reaching
nearly to the base, obsoletely doubly thickened within. Length
15, diam. 5 mm. (Mouss.}.

CANARY ISLAND FERUSSACLE. 235

Canary Is.: Yandia, Fuerteventura (Fritsch).

Cionella valida Mouss., Rev. fauna Malac. Canaries, p. 130,
pi. 6, f. 24, 25.— PPB., Novit. Conch, iv, p. 108, pi. 125, f. 24,
25. — Ferussacia i>., PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 304. — Lovea v.,
WOLLASTON, Testae. Atlant. p. 459.

A large, solid species, apparently allied to the smaller
F. lanzarotensis.

18. F. FRITSCHI (Mousson). PI. 40, fig. 38.

Shell imperforate, ovate-elongate, rather solid, very slightly
striatulate, very glossy, pale corneous (somewhat milky).
Spire long, convex-conic, the apex minute, obtuse, hyaline;
suture flat, narrowly margined. Whorls 6, a little flattened,
from the third whorl more rapidly descending, the last two
long, last whorl very slightly rounded or flat, somewhat ex-
panded in front and below. Aperture subvertical (5 degrees
from the axis), three-fifths the total length, oblong-oval, angu-
lar above, subangular at the base. Perdstome obtuse, unex-
panded outwardly and white, broadly thickened within, the
margins joined by a rather thin parietal callus; right margin
slightly curved, broadly produced in front; columellar mar-
gin shortly and delicately expanded, subtuberculate in front
at the basal angle. Columella slightly concave, at the base
obliquely and obscurely plicose-truncate. Length 10, diam.
3 mm. (Mouss.)

Canary Is.: Lanzarote (Fritsch, Wollaston) .

Cionella fritschi Mouss. Rev. fauna Malac. Canaries, 1872,
p. 131, pi. 6, f. 30, 31.— PFR., Novit. Conch, iv, p. 110, pi.
125, f. 30, 31.— Lovea f., WOLLASTON, Test. Atlant. p. 459.-
Ferussacia f., PFR. Monogr. viii, p. 304. — MABILLE, Nouv.
Arch, du Mus. viii, p. 152.

19. F. LANZAROTENSIS (Mousson). PI. 40, fig. 40.

Shell imperforate, subcylindric, smooth, very glossy, pel-
lucid, pale corneous. Spire long, convexly conic, irregular,
the apex rather obtuse, nucleus hyaline; suture linear, flat,
submarginate. Whorls 6-6V<>, the first 3 regular, a little con-
vex, the two following more rapidly descending, long, flat-
tened, the last whorl smaller, flat, more convex below, sub-

236 CANARY ISLAND FERUSSACLE.

compressed. Aperture vertical (5 degrees with the axis), not
over one-third the total length, inversely piriform, acutely
angular above, less so below. Peristome unexpanded thick-
ened, broadly labiate, yellow outside, opaque, margins joined
by a subcallous layer; right margin thinner above, then con-
vexly thickened "within, broadly arcuately produced below,
subangular at junction with the oblique columellar margin
within. Columellar margin subtuberculate calloused below,
with a reflexed callus minutely impressed in the region of the
perforation. Columella somewhat excavated, long, the trun-
cation obsolete. Length 10, diam. 2.7 mm. (Mouss.}

Canary Is. : Lanzarote, under stones on the ridges above
Haria.

Cionella lanzarotensis Mouss., Rev. fauna Malac. Canaries,
p. 133, pi. 6, f. 28, 29 (1875).— PPR., Novit. Conch, p. 110,
pi. 125, f. 28, 29.—Lovea L, WOLLASTON Testae. Atlant. p.
460, with var. tumidula.

"Judging from a long array 'of examples which are now
before me, this beautiful and rather large Lovea (which meas-
ured from about 4y2 to 5 lines in length) is eminently vari-
able— not only in hue and solidity, but also in exact outline
and the relative size of its volutions; nevertheless it may be
defined, on the whole, as a cylindrical species, not much taper-
ing towards the apex, with the suture exceedingly oblique, the
peristome thick and incrassated, and with the penultimate
whorl more or less largely-developed." (Wollaston.)

Wollaston recognizes two forms: the typical lanzarotensis,
found on the craggy ridges above Haria, with the shell "more
solid, more highly polished, and of a paler ochreous-yellow, on
the average a trifle narrower and more cylindric, with the
penultimate volution a little more tumid, and with the aper-
ture, which is just appreciably shorter, -rather more obtusely
rounded, or less angular, at the point of junction with the
columella, " and
Var. tumidula Wollaston. PI. 40, figs. 43, 44.

"A little less solid, slightly less narrow, cylindric-fusiform,
obscure corneous, a trifle less glossy, the penult, whorl gener-
ally less noticeably lengthened, subinflated-conic ; aperture

CANARY ISLAND FERUSSACLE. 237

slightly longer, posteriorly a little less obtusely rounded, or
more angular. ' ' Lofty sea-cliff known as the ' ' Risco, ' ' over-
looking the Salinas, in the extreme north of Lanzarote.

My figures are drawn from a specimen from the Wollaston
collection, measuring, length 10, diam. 3.1, length of aperture
3.9 mm., whorls

20. F. ATTENUATA (Mousson). PI. 40, fig. 42.

Shell imperforate, subfusiform, smooth, very glossy, trans-
lucent, pale corneous. Spire coneavely tapering, the apex
rather acute, nucleus subpapillar, hyaline; suture linear,
somewhat impressed, narrowly flatly margined, whorls 7, a
little convex, the 5 upper ones subregular, the sixth slowly
descending and subelongate, last whorl shorter, regular, more
convex at base, subdepressed. Aperture subvertical (10 de-
grees with the axis), small, inversely piriform, angular above,
arcuate below. Peristome unexpanded, very strongly thick-
ened and labiate; margins joined by a callous layer, colu-
mellar margin narrowly reflexed and adnate. Columella nar-
rowly excavated, rather straightened, tapering downward
with no well marked prominence. Length 9, diam. 2.5 mm.
(Mouss.).

Canary Is. : northern coast of Lanzarote, on the cliff
" Risco.'''

Cionella attenuata Mouss., Rev. fauna Malac. Canaries, p.
134, pi. 6, f. 32, 33 (1875).— PFR., Novit. Conch, vi, p. Ill,
pi. 125, f. 32, 33. — Ferussacia a., PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 306. —
MABILLE, Nouv. Archiv du Museum (2 ser.), viii, p. 154.—
Lovea a., WOLLASTON, Test. Atlant. p. 461.

"Although relatively a little narrower and more tapering
in outline, with usually an extra volution, and with the ulti-
mate and penultimate ones rather less elongated (in propor-
tion to the size of the shell) , I am nevertheless far from cer-
tain that the present Lovea is truly distinct specifically from
what I have regarded as the 'var. B. tumidula' of the lan-
zarolensis; and this is all the more possible, because I un-
doubtedly possess many examples which are more or less in-
termediate between 'the latter and the attenuata, and because

238 CANARY ISLAND FERUSSACLE.

also the Loveas are eminently liable (like some of the Clausi-
lias and Pupae ) to have a state which is more or less shortened
and obese, and another which is comparatively elongated and
acute. Added to which, the L. attenuata and what I have
cited as a 'var B.' of the lanzarotensis are found in company
(for the most part in about equal proportions), — having been
met with hitherto, so far as I am aware, only on the lofty sub-
maritime cliffs (known as the Risco, and overlooking the
Salinas) in the extreme north of Lanzarote."

'Even of the L. attenuata, however, as here understood
there appears to be a larger and a smaller state, — differing in
nothing, I think, except in size; and therefore as Mousson
speaks of his Cionella attenuata as being conspicuously smaller
than the lanzarotensis, it would seem to follow that the com-
paratively minute examples of the shell were the only ones he
possessed from which to compile his diagnosis. The examples
which I have measured vary from 4 to nearly 5^/2 lines in
length." (Wollaston.)

21. P. VITREA (Webb et Berthelot). PI. 40, figs. 45, 46.

Shell cylindric-fusiform, widest near the base, corneous-
yellow, subtransparent, very glossy. Spire gradually taper-
ing with somewhat convex outlines. Whorls 5!/2, slightly
convex, regularly increasing to the last, which descends much
more rapidly, so that in back view the penultimate whorl ap-
pears nearly as long as the last. Suture slightly impressed,
narrowly opaque-margined. The aperture is subvertieal,
ovate, white within. The outer lip in profile is moderately
arcuate, and has no well-defined yellow band at the edge.
Parietal callus distinct, transparent. Columella white, nearly
straight in a front view, but seen to be distinctly truncated
obliquely at the base if viewed obliquely in the aperture.
Length 6.7, diam. 2.2, aperture 2.7 mm.

Canary Islands: Lanzarote (Fritsch) ; Fuerteventura near
Sta, Maria Betancuria, in the Rio Palmas and on Monte
Atalaya (Wollaston). Reported also from Teneriffe, prob-
ably in error.

Achatina vitrea W. et B., Ann. des Sci. Nat. vol. 28, p. 320

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEQEA. 239

(1833). — Bulimus v., ORBIGNY Hist. Canaries, Moll., p. 72,
pi. 2, f. 28. — PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 455. — Cionella v., MOUSSON,
Rev. fauna Mai. Canaries p. 131. — Ferussacia v., PFR.,
Monogr. vi, p. 250; viii, p. 303. — Lovea v., WOLLASTON Test.
Atlant p. 462.

"The straightened, rather cylindric-oblong outline of this
comparatively small, very highly polished, pellucid, and pale
greenish-yellow, or olivaceo-corneous Lovea (which measures
from about 3 to 3y2 lines in length) , added to the thinness of
its substance, the excessive obliquity of its suture, its enlarged
and slightly tumid penultimate volution, its acute, unthick-
ened peristome, and its somewhat short and posteriorly
rounded (or unangulate) aperture, will sufficiently distin-
guish it" ( Wollaston) .

"The specimens of this Lovea from Lanzarote, which must
be looked upon as the normal ones, are a trifle smaller and
narrower, and perhaps -a little more cylindrical (or less ovate)
than those from Fuerteventura ; and their columella is, on the
average, somewhat less truncated behind, or more gradually
and imperceptibly rounded off into the hinder margin of the
peristome; but the latter character is so unmistakably vari-
able in both forms that I would merely register the Fuerte-
venturan individuals as representing a 'var. B. submajor,' dis-
tinctive of that particular island." (Wollast.)

The description and figs. 45, 46 are drawn from a specimen
from the "Wollaston collection, taken at Fuerteventura.

Section Pegea Risso.

Pegea Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, p. 88, for P. carnea
Risso. — Pseudazeca PFR., Monographia Hel. Viv. viii, 1877,
p. 299, for Ferussacia procerula, eremiophila, lamellifera,
sciaphila gracilenta. — Proceruliana BGT., Rev. et Mag. de
Zoologie 1864, p. 201; Malacologie de I'Algerie ii, p. 24, for
F. procerula etc. — Phylacus WESTERLUND, Fauna etc. iii, 1887,
p. 154, for F. splendens, obesa, lamellata. — "Stobilus An-
ton," H. & A. ADAMS, in part, Genera of Recent Mollusca ii,
p. 106, for achatinoides Pfr., cubensis PFR., cylichna Lwe.,
fro-seri Bs., lamellifera Morel., leacociaiia Lwe., ovuliformis
Lwe. (Jan. 1855). Not Strobilus Anton.

240 FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

Cylindric-fusiform shells with conic spire and a rather long,
piriform aperture which is longer and narrower above than
in the folliculus group ; the parietal wall usually bearing a
deep-seated entering lamella; columella with one or two cal-
lous folds or denticles, tapering but not distinctly truncate
at base.

Chiefly African, only one species being found in Italy,
doubtless introduced accidentally.

The species of Pegea have been chiefly described by Bour-
giugnat in his Malacologie de I'Algerie (1864), Prodrome de
la Malacologie terrestre et fluviatile de la Tunisie (1887) and
various shorter papers. In the work on Tunis a classification
of the species into the groups used below is given. Wester-
lund, in part III of his Fauna der in der Paldarctischen Re-
gion lebenden Binnenconchylien (1887), gives a resume of
the species with abbreviated German descriptions. Finally
Kobelt has defined and illustrated most of the valid species
in an excellent review in his Iconograpkie Land- und Stiss-
wasser-Conchylien, new series vol. VII, 1896.

F. atava Crosse (Journ. de Conchyl. 1862, p. 166, pi. 7,
f . 19, 20 ; Coquand, Geol. et Pal. Constantine, p. 312, pi. 29,
f. 22, 23) is a fossil species from the Pliocene (?) of Ain-el-
Hadj-Baba, near Constantine, Algeria.

F. arctica Westerlund. A species measuring 7 x 2.75 mm.,
having the parietal lamella of the subgenus Pegia, believed to
have been collected by Charles Rabot in Russian Lapland at
Kitza, on the Kola peninsula. The occurrence of a larnellose
Ferussacia in this frigid region is remarkable, and requires
confirmation. (Ferussacia arctica WESTERL., Comptes Ren-
dus de 1'Acad. des Sci., Paris, vol. 108, 1889, p. 1315, foot-
note; Nachrbl. d. M'alak. Ges. 1889, p. 169).

Group of F. splendens (Phylacus Westerlund).
Species having the appearance of the F. folliculus group,
but with a parietal lamella and columellar margin similar
to the species of Pegea.

22. F. SPLENDENS Bourguiguat.

Shell relatively quite short, but still oblong, sub vent ri cose,

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA. 241

glossy, pale-corneous, very sharply substriatulate or somewhat
polished; spire moderately produced, at the summit rather
abruptly attenuate, the apex obtuse; whorls 7, slightly con-
vex, somewhat irregularly increasing, the upper whorls slowly,
the rest rapidly ; separated by a linear and paler suture ; last
whorl rather large, not half the total length, a little convex.
Aperture oblique, receding at the base, rather lunate, irregu-
larly oblong, angular above, outwardly subarcuate, having a
lamella within on the parietal wall. Oolumella strong,
straightly descending, acute below, calloused and quasi sub-
denticulate above ; peristome unexpanded, obtuse, a little
thickened, the outer margin arcuate and produced above, re-
ceding at the base ; margins joined by a strong callus. Length
11, diam. 3, aperture 5 mm. (Bgt.).

Tunis: Medjerda R. at the bridge of Fondouck between
Tunis and Utique (Bgt.).

Ferussacia splendens BGT., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 117,
1887.

'In shape this species resembles F. aphelina a little."

23. F. OBESA Letourneux et Bourguignat.

o'^e'

Shell tumid-oblong, obese, very glossy, pale corneous, with
a white thread at the suture, polished; spire moderately pro-
duced, quite rapidly tapering at the summit, the taper regu-
lar, apex stout, obtuse; whorls 6, a trifle convex, regularly
increasing to the penultimate, then rapidly increasing, the
penult, suture relatively quite rapidly descending; suture
linear ; last whorl relatively of medium size, slightly over one-
third the total length, a little convex. Aperture suboblique,
piriform, very angular above, with a lamella, which is minute,
deeply immersed, reaching inward on the belly of the penult,
whorl. Columella short, little thickened, straightly descend-
ing in an oblique direction towards the right ; peristome unex-
panded, obtuse, whitish, continued in a strong parietal callus ;
outer margin subobliquely straightly descending. Length 12,
diam. 4, aperture 4.5 mm. (L. & B.}.

Tunis: Djebel Resas (Letourneux).

Ferussacia obesa L. et B., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 118.

Like F. gronoviana in shape.

242 FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

24. F. LAMELLATA Bourguignat.

Shell elongate, fragile, translucent, glossy, somewhat whit-
ish, very delicately striate, polished; spire produced, tapering
to the obtuse summit ; apex obtuse. Whorls 6, a trifle convex,
the penultimate more convex; slowly increasing to the penul-
timate, then rapidly increasing ; suture impressed ; last whorl
moderate, one-third the total length, scarcely convex at the
beginning, more convex at the aperture. Aperture vertical,
rather lunate, irregularly oblong, arcuate outwardly, angular
above, having a strong lamella on the parietal wall. Colu-
mella straight, acuminate, above slightly toothed within ; peris-
tome unexpanded, acute, the outer margin lightly arcuate;
margins joined by a very thin callus. Length 10, diarn. 3,
aperture 3 mm. (Bgt.).

Algeria : neighborhood of Boghar ; Tunis : ruins of Carthage.

Ferussacia lamellata BGT., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie, p. 118,
1887.

Resembles F. proechia in shape.

25. F. MARGINATA ( Westerlund) .

Shell cylindric-fusiform, fragile, glossy, corneous-reddish.
Spire perceptibly attenuate above, the apex obtuse. Whorls
6, a little convex, the upper rather regularly increasing, the
last two rapidly; taken together their length on the left side
more than two-thirds, on the right nearly three-fourths, and
the last whorl alone one-half the total length. Suture super-
ficial, nearly horizontal above, very oblique in the middle, be-
coming slightly oblique at the aperture, throughout having a
white, strongly callous margin. Aperture narrowly piriform,
long and narrowly produced above, nearly 4 mm. long ; parie-
tal lamella rather immersed, high, compressed, below the
middle of the parietal wall; columella white, acute, a little
twisted, at the base noticeably running out; outer margin
vertical, very lightly arcuate. Length 8, diam. 2.5 mm.
(Westerl.)

Algeria: Blidad (Ancey).

Ferussacia marginata WESTERL., Bull. Soc. Malac. de
France, v, 1888, p. 63.

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA. 243

Group of F. procerula.

Whorls quite convex, the suture pronounced; aperture
toothless, but having a small parietal lamella deeply im-
mersed, columella short, straight delicate, acuminate below,
the other margin thin; increase of whorls regular (excepting
F. procerula) , a little accelerated at the penult, whorl.

26. F. PROCERULA (Morelet). PI. 43, fig. 1.

Shell fusiform-elongate, rather solid, very lightly striatu-
late, glossy fulvous; spire long-conic, apex a little obtuse.
Whorls 6 to 7, subplanulate, separated by a linear, submar-
gined suture, the upper slowly, the last two rapidly increas-
ing, the last whorl hardly as long as the spire, somewhat
tapering basally. Aperture subvertical, edentulous, irregu-
larly ovate, acuminate at both ends; peristome obtuse, the
outer margin a little arcuate, produced in the middle, very
lightly thickened outwardly. Length 12.5, diam. 4, aperture
5 mm. (Kobelt.)

Algeria: La Calle, type locality; Bone, Hammam-Meskou-
tin, Constantine and Algiers; Tunis: Kerez, Djebel Resas.

Glandina procerula MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl. ii, 1851,
p. 357, pi. 9, f. 12; iii, 1853, p. 292.— Achatina p., PPR.,
Monogr. iii, p. 511. — Ferussacia procerula BGT., Amen. Malac.
i, p. 198, pi. 19, f . 7-9 ; Malac. Algerie ii, p. 46, pi. 4, f . 3-7 ;
Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 119. — KOBELT, Iconogr. vii, 1896,
p. 25, pi. 186, f. 1176.

Though without a parietal lamella, this species clearly
belongs to the subgenus Pegea.

27. F. LITTORALIS Bourguignat.

Shell elongate, glossy, subpellucid, pale corneous, polished ;
spire long, rather regularly tapering, apex obtuse; whorls 7,
convex, regularly increasing, parted by a relatively deep
suture; the last whorl more than a third the total length,
convex. Aperture suboblique, oblong-piriform, acutely an-
gular above, having a very minute lamella deep in the mouth,
visible in oblique view; oolumella relatively short, moderate,
acuminate, lightly curved, within denticulate above ; peristome

244 FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

unexpanded, subacute, a little thickened within and some-
what whitish ; outer margin regularly arcuate ; margins
joined by a thin callus. Length 13, diam. 4, aperture 5 nun.
(Bgt.)

Tunis: debris of the Oued Sidi-Aich; Algeria: around
Calle and Bone.

F. littoralis BGT., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 119, 1887.
'Remarkable for the regularity of its spiral increase and
the convexity of the whorls. ' '

28. F. EULISSA 'Let.' Bgt.

Shell oblong-elongate, rather swollen, obese, very obtuse at
the summit, glossy, fragile, smooth, pale corneous. Spire ob-
long, slightly acuminate but obtuse; apex obtuse, white.
Whorls 6, a little convex, the upper slowly, the rest rapidly
increasing, separated by a paler superficial and duplicated
suture, the last whorl two-fifths the total length, a little con-
vex, slightly descending to the lip-insertion. Aperture rather
lunate, oblong-piriform, acutely angular above, convex below,
with a deeply immersed very minute median parietal lam-
ella. Columella short, straight, lamellar. Peristome acute,
unexpanded, whitish, slightly thickened within. Outer mar-
gin arched forward, the margins joined by a very thin callus.
Length 10, diam. 3 mm. (Bgt.).

Algeria: Djebel-Thaya, Hammam-Meskhoutin and ravine
of the Rummel near Constantine ; Tunis : debris of the Oued
Sidi-Aich.

F. eulissa Letourneux, in BOURGUIGNAT, Species Novissimae
molluscorum in Europaeo Syst. detect* p. 33 (1876) ; Prodr.
Malac. Tunisie p. 119.

"Remarkable for its obtuse spire."

Group of F. nympharum.
Shape somewhat Alexia-\\ke.

29. F. NYMPHAJRUM Letourneux et Bourguignat.

Shell long-oblong, moderately shining and pellucid, dark
corneous or somewhat olivaceous, paler at the summit and

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA. 245

buff on the lip; polished; spire oblong, regularly tapering;
the apex a little obtuse; whorls 7, slightly convex, regularly
but still rather rapidly increasing, separated by a linear su-
ture, the last whorl rather large, nearly half the total length,
a little convex. Aperture slightly oblique, elongate, acutely
angular above, subangular below at the base of the aperture,
outwardly arcuate, somewhat whitish within, and having a
minute lamella deep within on the parietal wall. Columella
strong, thick, straightly descending, subdenticulate above,
somewhat subtruncate below. Peristome unexpanded, a little
obtuse, thickened a little within, the outer lip scarcely arcu-
ate; margins joined by a thin callus. Length 13, diam. 4,
aperture 6 mm. (Bgt.).

Tunis: Temple of the Nymphs at Djebel Zaghouan, rare,
in shady places ; Djebel Bou-Kournein.

F. nympharum BGT., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 119, 1887.

30. F. SUBSACCATA 'Ancey' Westerlund.

Shell narrowly oblong, rather thin, glossy, corneous, finely
striate. Spire regularly tapering above, rather blunt.
Whorls 7, rather regularly, the lower rather rapidly increas-
ing, somewhat convex with linear suture; the last whorl long,
regularly convexly contracted. Aperture produced, nar-
rowed above, vertical, with a strong parietal lamella visible
in oblique view; outer margin elliptical, base regularly
arcuate. Columella obliquely plicate-twisted within, with a
strong tooth above, acuminate below, not truncate. Outer
lip obtuse, but scarcely thickened, nearly straight, a little
retracted below; parietal callus thin. Length 12, diam. 4,
aperture 5 mm. (Westerl.).

Algeria : Biban, Constantine province.

Cionella subsaccata Ancey MSS., WESTERLUND Fauna der
in der Palaarctischen Region Lebenden Binnenconch., Suppl.,
p. 48, 1890.

Group of F. hagenmulleri.

Shell oblong, quite long, with nearly flat whorls, superficial
suture, and regular spiral increase; aperture toothless or la-
mellate ; columella short, robust ; outer lip a little thickened.

246 FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

31. F. HAGENMULLERI Bourguignat.

Shell elongate, glossy, a little opaque, corneous or some-
what corneous-buff, polished; spire long-oblong, regularly
tapering, the apex a little obtuse, whorls 7, slightly convex,
regularly increasing, parted by a linear paler suture ; the last
whorl slightly convex, over a third the total length. Aper-
ture vertical, lunate, irregularly subovate, angular above,
whitish within, with a minute parietal lamella. Columella
straight, stout, white, acuminate yet subtruncate below, in-
wardly with one or two tooth-like prominences. Peristome
straight, acute, thickened with white Avithin; outer margin
regularly arcuate; margins joined by a thin callus. Length,
13, diam. 4, aperture 5 mm. (Bgt.).

Algeria : Roknia, near Hammam-Meskhoutin, type loc. ;
Djebel Thaya, and Rummel ravine near Constantine, etc., etc. ;
Tunis : El Aouine, etc. Djebel Recas, a larger, corneous
orange-yellow form.

F. hagemnulleri BGT., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 120, 1887.

32. F. EREMIOPHILA Bourguignat. PI. 43, figs. 2.

Shell fusiform-elongate, rather solid, glossy, subpellueid,
smooth, or sometimes indistinctly substriate under the lens,
corneous-buff. Spire long, conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7,
a little convex, regularly increasing, parted by a paler, dupli-
cated suture, the last whorl more than one-third the total
length. Aperture lunate, oblong, with 'a deeply immersed
lamellar callosity in the middle of the parietal wall, which in
some specimens is very strong, in others wanting or nearly so.
Columella straight, whitish, slightly twisted, not truncate,
and having a small tubercle above another smaller one some-
times towards the base; peristome unexpanded, acute, the
outer lip lightly arched forward ; margins joined by a rather
strong callus. Length 13, diam. 4, aperture 5 mm. (Bgt.).

Algeria: widely spread in the province of Constantine,
environs of Constantine, type loc. Tunis: Porto Farina;
Djebel Recas.

F. eremiophila BGT., Amen. Malac. i, p. 199, pi. 19, f. 20-
23 ; Malac. Algerie ii, p. 48, pi. 4, f . 1-4 ; Prodr. Malac. Tunisie
p. 120.— KOBELT, Iconogr. n. F. vii, p. 30, pi. 187, f. 1186.

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA. 247

Distinguished from F. procerula by the less ventricose
longer shell, wider aperture, and regular increase of the
whorls. Bourguignat states that the parietal lamella is vari-
able, but according to Kobelt, who also collected it around
Constantine, it is always present.

33. F. MONTANA Bourguignat.

Shell oblong-tumid, very glossy, pellucid, corneous, pol-
ished; spire oblong, regularly tapering, the apex a little ob-
tuse. Whorls 7, slightly convex, regularly coiled to the
penultimate whorl, then rapidly increasing; suture linear, at
the penult, whorl deeply descending; last whorl large, nearly
half the 'total length, rather convex, slowly descending above.
Aperture nearly vertical, oblong-piriform, acutely angular
above, having a strong parietal lamella. Columella short,
whitish, acuminate, subdenticulate inwardly above; peristome
unexpended, acute, a little thickened and whitish ; outer mar-
gin regularly arcuate, the margins joined by a strong callus.
Length 15, diam. 5, aperture 7 mm. (Bgt.) .

Algeria: Djebel Maadid, between Hodna and Medijajia;
summit of Mahmel, 2306 meters. Tunis : Djebel Recas, ruins
of Utique, etc.

Possibly a form of F. carnea.

F. montana BGT., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 120, 1887.

34. F. ORANENSIS Bourguignat. PI. 43, fig. 3.

Shell long-fusiform, glossy, smooth, subpellucid, corneous,
the spire slightly acuminate, apex a little obtuse, paler ; whorls
7, slightly convex, irregularly increasing, the upper regularly,
the fifth more dilated, the rest large, separated by a paler
superficial bordered suture ; last whorl over one-third the total
length. Aperture long-piriform, acutely angular above,
rounded basally ; columella whitish, small, the base not trun-
cate; peristome unexpanded, acute; outer margin curving
forward towards the base, margins joined by a thin callus.
Length 12, diam. 4, aperture 5 mm. (Bgt.).

Algeria : valley of Tied Djebbara near Oran.

F. oranensis BGT., Rev. et Mag. Zool. xx, 1868, p. 374, pi.

248 PERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

15, f. 5-8 ; Moll, nouv., litig. etc. p. 269, pi. 40, f. 5-8.— PFR.,
Monogr. viii, p. 301. — KOBELT, Iconogr. vii, p. 27, f. 1179.
Closely resembles F. lamellifera, but lacks a parietal lamella.

Group of F. carnea.

Shell comparatively opaque, with a strong parietal lamella,
outer lip thick, with a strong callus ; the spiral increase quite
regular (except in F. lamellifera) . It is especially a Tunisian
group, but one species occurs in Italy, where Bourguignat
believes it to have been introduced.

35. F. CARNEA (Risso). PI. 43, figs. 4 to 8.

Shell cylindric-turri'te, rather solid, little shining, opaque,
smooth or very lightly, irregularly striatulate, buff or rufous-
oorneous. Spire shortly conic, gradually tapering. Whorls
7, flattened, parted by a distinct, margined, duplicated suture ;
the upper whorls are flat and increase very slowly; the ante-
penult, whorl is much more convex, the last two larger, separ-
ated by a very oblique suture. The last whorl does not des-
cend, is rounded below, and about half the total length ; behind
the mouth it is broadly bordered with yellow. Aperture
nearly vertical, ovate, acute above, two-fifths the total length.
Deep on the parietal wall a compressed entering parietal la-
mella stands. Perist/ome unexpanded, the margins joined by
a distinct callus ; outer lip thickened with a thin whitish
callus ; more or less produced forward in the middle. Colu-
mella short, vertical, twisted, more or less bidentate. In
oblique view the upper denticle frequently appears as a more
or less pronounced horizontal fold, the lower as a truncation.
Length 12 to 15 diam. 4 to 5 mm. (Kobelt).

Northern Tunis and in the prov. of Constantine, Algeria,
common and generally distributed. Introduced in the islands
Pianosa. and probably Alicuri, and formerly at Nice.

Pegea carnea Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, p. 88, pi. 3,
f. 20, 1826. — Ferussacia carnea BOURGUIGNAT, Moll. Alpes
Maritimes p. 52, pi. 1, f. 23-25; Malac. Algerie p. 50, pi. 3,
f. 32-35. — Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 121. — KOBELT, Iconogr. n.
F. vii, p. 33, pi. 188, figs. 1193-1197.

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA. 249

Tornatellina fraseri Benson MSS., PFR. Monogr. Hel. Viv.
iii, p. 526; iv, 652; vi, 260. — Helix munita FERUSSAC MSS.,
teste Bgt.

1 Achatina lamellifera Morel., BENOIT, Illustrazione siste-
niatica, critica, iconografica de' Testacei estramarini della
Sicilia etc., p. 242, pi. 5, f. 28.

This is an exceedingly abundant species in Tunis, quite
variable, found in multitudes in the stony grain fields, and its
introduction in Italy was doubtless owing to accidental mix-
ture with exported grain. It was originally described from
Nice, but whether still found living there is not known.
Kobelt, who collected at the original localities, considers the
following Tunisian forms to be merely selected specimens,
described by Bourguignat "with sovereign disregard of
transitional and intermediate forms."

F. stenostoma Bourguignat. Shell oblong-subfusiform,
little shining, a little opaque, thick and opaque on the last
whorl, towards the aperture, corneous, very delicately stria-
tulate, polished ; spire oblong, rather abruptly attenuate at the
summit, apex minute but still somewhat obtuse. Whorls 7,
slightly convex, regularly and slowly increasing to the penult.,
then rapidly increasing, parted by a linear suture ; last whorl
large, a little convex, slightly tapering downward. Aperture
vertical, narrowly long-oblong, angular above and below, whit-
ish within, with a strong parietal lamella. Columella stout,
straight, lamellose, acuminate, yet subtruncate at base, within
it is subdenticulate above. Peristome unexpanded, obtuse, a
little thickened and whitish within; outer margin regularly
subarcuate, margins joined by a callus. Length 13, diam. 4,
alt. of aperture 5.5 mm. (Bgt.)

Tunis : Ruins of Utique, type loc. ; Djebel Zaghouana near
the temple of Nymphs.

F. stenostoma BGT., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 121, 1887.

F. gibbosa Bourguignat. Shell obese-oblong, rather tumid,
the left side more convex than the right as in F. gronoviana,
glossy, subpellucid, corneous, polished. Spire obese, little
produced, rather rapidly tapering, the apex a little obtuse.
Whorls 7, a little convex, the convexity slightly greater on

250 FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

the left than on the right side, rather slowly increasing to the
penult, whorl, then rapidly, parted by a whitish linear suture ;
the last whorl large, half the total length, quite convex.
Aperture vertical, irregularly oblong, within whitish, and
having a strong parietal lamella, Columella stout, short,
white, acuminate, within rather strongly denticulate above.
Peristome straight, acute, thickened with white within; outer
lip almost straightly descending, slightly retracted towards
the base, margins joined by a strong callus. Length 11, diam.
4, aperture 5.5 mm. (Bgt.)

Tunis: environs of Bizerte; Djebel Recas.

F. gibbosa BGT., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 122.

F. punica Bourguignat. Shell long-cylindric, above rather
abruptly tapering, below rather strongly convex and produced
to the right at the outer margin of the aperture, a little glossy,
subopaque, thick at the aperture and base, corneous, polished.
Spire long, cylindric, apex minute, but a little obtuse. Whorls
7, slightly convex, or rather, subplanulate ; rather rapidly and
regularly increasing, separated by a linear suture ; last whorl
quite convex on the right at the outer lip, very opaque and as
though projecting in a crest below at the columella. Aper-
ture subvertical, irregularly oblong, acute above, within whit-
ish, and with a strong parietal lamella, Columella straight,
strong, either acuminate or a little truncate at the base, with-
in denticulate above ; peristome whitish, unexpanded, obtuse,
slightly spreading below, thickened within; outer margin
nearly straight, receding at base ; margins joined by a strong
callus. Length 14, diam. 4, aperture 5 mm. (Bgt.}.

Tunis: ruins of Utique and Carthage, Djebel Recas etc.
Algeria, around Constantine.

F. punica BGT., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 122, 1887. Ko-
belt's fig. 1193, copied in my pi. 43, fig. 8, represents this form.

F. polyodon Letourneux et Bourguignat. Shell elongate,
slightly more convex on the left than on the right margin,
glossy, rather opaque, the last whorl more opaque, pale cor-
neous, finely striatulate but polished; spire produced, regu-
larly tapering, the apex minute, a little obtuse; whorls 7, a
little convex, regularly increasing, separated by a slightly im-

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA. 251

pressed suture, sublinear between the last whorls. Last whorl
slightly more than one-fourth the total alt., a little convex,
thick at the base. Aperture vertical, irregularly oblong,
three-toothed, — a parietal lamella, a denticle on the upper
part of the columella, and the third strong and tuberculiform
in the outer wall. Columella straight, robust, thick; peris-
tome unexpanded, obtuse, thickened as though labiate, the
outer margin arched in a little in the middle, margins joined
by a strong callus. Length 13, diam. 4, aperture 5 mm. (Bgt.)

Tunis: Djebel Resas (or Rsass).

F. polyodon L. & B., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 122, 1887.

F. doumeti Bourguignat. Shell swollen, rather short, ob-
long-egg-shaped, glossy, subpellucid, corneous, very sharply
striatulate, polished; spire little produced, 'abruptly tapering
and at the summit rapidly acuminate, the apex very minute.
Whorls 7, slightly convex, the upper four very small, closely
coiled (ias in F. maresi), fifth large and swollen, the rest ample
and oblong, separated by a linear suture, usually marked
with a white line at the last whorl. Last whorl large, nearly
half the total length, a little convex. Aperture vertical, ob-
long, angular above, whitish and with a strong parietal la-
mella within. Columella. short, thick, white, straight, acum-
inate, strongly denticulate within above, the denticle visible
in oblique view. Peristome unexpanded, obtuse, white- thick-
ened within; outer lip slightly arcuate, margins joined by a
callus. Length 13, diam. 5, aperture 6 mm. (Bgt.).

Tunis : Djebel Bou-Kournein, type loc. ; El-Aouina ;
Cartilage.

F. doumeti BGT., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 123, 1887.

Var. PAULUCCIANA Pollonera. PL 43, fig. 10.

Differs from F. carnea by the less swollen shell, generally
smaller, the spire regularly tapering and higher, the penulti-
mate whorl not inflated, last whorl smaller, the aperture less
high. Length 11 to 12, diam. 3.75 to 4, aperture 4.25 to 4.5
mm. (Poll.).

Italy: island of Pianosa.

Ferussacia carnea ISSEL, Crociere del 'Volante' 1878, p. 46,

-3- PERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

in Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, xi, p. 454, fig. 8.—
PAULUCCI, Material! etc., p. 35 ; Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital. xii. p.
37. — F. paulucciana POLLONERA, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat.
Comp. Torino, xx, no. 517, p. 7, figs. 7, 8, and var. subcarnea,
I. c., figs. 5, 6. (Dec. 4, 1905.)

Var. subcarnea Poll. PI. 43, figs. 11.

Differs from the type by the slightly more swollen shell,
the spire less regularly tapering, last two whorls more rapidly
widening. Length 11 to 11.5, diam. 4, alt. apert. 4.5 mm.
Same locality.

Probably the shell described and figured by Benoit from the
island of Alicuri, under the name Achatina lamellifera Morel.,
is a form of F. carnea, as Kobelt has surmised.

36. F. MARESI Bourguignat.

Shell oblong, rather short, very glossy, pellucid, corneous,
polished; spire a little produced, suboblong, rather abruptly
truncate and at the summit slender, subcylindric ; apex min-
ute, a little obtuse. Whorls 7, slightly convex, the first 4 very
small and narrowly coiled, fifth larger and the rest relatively
very large, separated by a paler linear suture ; last whorl large,
half the total length, a little convex. Aperture vertical, ob-
long, very angular above, somewhat widened at the outer
basal margin, whitish and bilamellate within, one strong la-
mella at the columella, the other, tooth-like, at the upper part
of the columella. Columella short, white, straight, acumi-
nate ; peristome straight, a little obtuse, thickened within and
whitish. Outer lip strongly arched forward, the margins
joined by a strong callus. Length 11, diam. 3.25, aperture
5.5 mm. (Bgt.)

Algeria: near Ain-Melila, Bone and Constantine. Tunis,
Oued Sidi-Aich.

F. maresi BGT., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 123, 1887.

37. F. LAMELLIFERA (Morelet). PL 44, fig. 13.

Shell sub fusiform-oblong, rather solid but pellucid, very
glossy, brownish-yellow, spire conic, the apex rather acute;
suture flat, accompanied by a narrow opaque band, sharply

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA. 253

defined below. Whorls 6 to 8, the upper very slowly increas-
ing and scarcely distinguishable, the last two much more
rapidly increasing in height, separated by a very oblique su-
ture, flat, the last cylindric, its height measured in front two-
thirds, at the back hardly half the total alt. Columella nearly
vertical, calloused, obliquely truncate at the base, in oblique
view indistinctly toothed within, sometimes with two small
denticles. Aperture elliptical, rounded below; a deep-seated
compressed lamella stands on the parietal wall ; outer lip un-
expanded, obtuse, weakly thickened, outside, arched forward
in the middle, the margin connected, by a strong callus.
Length 10, diam. 3.5, aperture 5 mm. (Kobelt}.

Algeria : around Bona, type loc. ; also widely distributed
in Constantine Province, often larger, 13 x 4.5, aperture 6 mm.

Glandina lamellifera MORELET, Journ. de Conchy!. 1851,
p. 358, pi. 9, f. 13 — Tornatellina I., PFR., Monogr. iii, 525. —
Azeca 1., PFR., Monogr. iv, 648 ; vi, 259. — Ferussacia I.,
BOURGUIGNAT, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1856, p. 330; Amen. Malac.
i, p. 200, pi. 19, f . 13-16 ; Malac. Algerie ii, p. 53, pi. 3, f . 39-
41. — KOBELT, Iconogr. vii, p. 25, f. 1177.

Two specimens figured show the variation in shape. It has
been reported from Domenico Reina, Alicuri island, but that
form probably belongs to F. carnea.

38. F. AGR/ECIA Bourguignat. PI. 44, fig. 14.

Shell cylindric-lanceolate, rather solid, smooth, glossy, sub-
pellucid, corneous-buff; spire long, acuminate, apex small, a
little obtuse. Whorls 7, subplanulate, regularly increasing,
separated by a paler superficial, obscurely duplicated suture,
the last whorl about two-fifths the total length. Aperture
subvertical, lunate, angular above, semioval, with a strong
whitish compressed and entering parietal lamella deeply
placed at the middle of the parietal wall. Columella short,
twisted, bicallose, a quite prominent median callosity and a
smaller one at base of the columella, which appears as if trun-
cated. Peristome unexpanded, acute, thickened and whitish
within ; outer lip feebly arched forward ; margins joined by a
callus. Length 15, diam. 4.5, apert. 5.5 mm. (Bgt.)

254 FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

Algeria: around Saida.

F. agracia BGT., Malac. de 1'Algerie ii, p. 51, pi. 3, f. 36-
38 (1864).— KOBELT, Iconogr. vii, p. 33, pi. 187, f. 1192.

"Stands very near F. lamellifera, but the whorls increase
regularly." (Eobelt) .

Group of F. charopia.
Shell elongate, with regular, rather slow spiral increase.

39. F. DACTYLOPHILA Issel. PI. 43, fig. 12.

Shell slender, cylindric-fusiform, long, very glossy, pel-
lucid, smooth, pale corneous, under a lens very minutely
longitudinally striate. Spire tapering above, the apex a little
obtuse. Whorls 7-7%, irregularly increasing, the upper
whorls rather regularly increasing, fourth dilated, the rest
very large, separated by a paler duplicated suture, last whorl
over one-third the total length. Aperture long-piriform,
subangnlar below, with a median parietal lamella. Colu-
mella whitish, straight, slightly calloused, subtruneate; mar-
gins joined by a very thin callus. Length 11.75, diam. 3.5,
aperture 4.5 mm. (Issel).

Tunis : Oasis of Gafsa, in the Tunisian Sahara, type loc.,
at Carthage etc., etc. Also known from Algeria at El Kan-
tera, Biskra and Boghari.

F. dactylopliila ISSEL, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia
Naturale di Geneva, xv, p. 274, with fig. in text, 1880. — LET.
et BOURGUIGNAT, Prodr. Mala.c. Tunisie p. 124. — F. isseli
BGT. MSS.

40. F. BARATTEI Letourneux et Bourguignat.

Shell oblong, fragile, pellucid, glossy, corneous, polished;
spire rather produced, tapering in tan oblong shape, the apex
obtuse. Whorls 7, slightly convex, slowly increasing to the
fifth, then a little more rapidly, separated by a linear paler
suture; the last whorl large, a little convex, nearly half the
total length. Aperture vertical, oblong, very angular above,
appearing toothless, but obliquely lamelliferous, the lamella
small, deeply immersed. Oolumella short, slender, acumin-

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA. 255

ate, nearly straight or a little curved, 'having an internal den-
ticle above, visible in oblique view; peristome unexpended,
acute, outer margin a little arched forward, margins joined
by a very thin callus. Length 11, diam. 3, aperture 5 mm.
(Bgt.).

Tunis: Ain-Cherichira, amphitheatre of El Djem and Kef
El Djerdja.

F. barattei L. & B., Prodr. Mai. Tunisie p. 125.

41. F. CHAROPIA Bourguignat. PI. 44, fig. 15.

Shell cylindric-lanceolate, rather solid, pellucid, glossy,
polished, smooth, under the lens obsoletely striatulate, pale
corneous; spire long, apex paler, obtuse; whorls 7, slightly
convex, gradually increasing, separated by a paler suture,
which seems doubled, last whorl a little more than one-third
the total length. Aperture oblong, whitish within, having a
median strong thick whitish parietal lamella. Columella
white, stout, twisted, callous. Peristome unexpanded, lightly
thickened, the outer lip regularly arched forward, margin
joined by a whitish callus. Length 10, diam. 3, aperture 3.5
mm. (Bfft.)

Algeria: Ain-Smeida and rocks of Sel near Djelfa, type
loc. and in the provinces of Oran and Constantine. Tunis,
Oued Sidi-Aich, etc., etc.

F. charopia BGT., Malac. de 1'Algerie ii, p. 54, pi. 4, f. 6-10
(1864) ; Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 124. — KOBELT, loonogr. vii,
p. 29, pi. 187, f. 1184.

Resembles the group of F. procerula in its evenly increas-
ing whorls, but it has a strong parietal lamella.

42. F. LALLEMANTI Bourguignat.

Shell slender, elongate, somewhat cylindric, very fragile,
very transparent, nearly whitish and polished; spire long,
regularly tapering, a little obtuse at the summit. "Whorls 7,
a little convex, regularly increasing, separated by a linear
but lightly impressed suture ; last whorl a little convex, one-
third the total length. Aperture vertical, oblong, with a
minute parietal lamella. Columella slender, straight, acumin-

256 FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

ate. Peristome unexpanded, acute; outer margin nearly
straightly descending but still lightly receding at base, the
margins joined by a transparent, hardly visible callus.
Length 10, diam. 3, aperture 3.25 mm. (Bgt.).

Algeria : environs of Boghar, type loc. Tunis, Guelaat-es-
Snan and Foum-Goubel.

F. lallemanti BGT., Prodr. Mai. Tunisie p. 125, 1887.

F. pechaudi Bgt., is an undescribed form of this group
from Algeria. See Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 116, footnote
no. 2.

Group of F. gracilenta.

Shell more or less lengthened, always thin, fragile, and with
the whorls irregularly, but rather rapidly increasing.

43. F. GRACILENTA (Morelet). PI. 44, fig. 17.

Shell elongate, almost fusiform, glossy, smooth, translucent,
of a handsome brownish-yellow color. Spire attenuate, with
rather acute apex; whorls more than 6, nearly or quite flat,
separated by a flat, pale-edged, only indistinctly duplicated
suture; upper whorls slowly increasing, the last two very
rapidly, the last less than half the total length, not tapering be-
low, but rather enlarged there. Aperture somewhat piriform,
acute above, wide below, shorter than the spire. A small, com-
pressed parietal lamella stands deep on the parietal wall, visible
in oblique view only. Columella quite short, callously thick-
ened, not truncate below, and in oblique view showing a
tubercle above. The outer lip is only a little arched forward in
the middle. Length 9, diam. 3, aperture 3.5 to 4 mm. (Kob.}.

Algeria: Cherchell, in the province of Algiers.

Glandina gracilenta MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. , vi, 1857,
p. 41, pi. 1, f. 4, 5. — Azeca gracilenta PFR., Monogr., iv, 649;
vi, 259. — Ferussacia g., BOURGUIGNAT, Rev. et Mag. Zool., xvi,
1864, p. 210.— KOBELT, Iconogr., vii, p. 27, fig. 1180.

The parietal lamella is not visible in a front view in the
specimens I have seen. It is very small and deeply immersed.
The outer lip arches well forward below the middle, in profile
view.

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA. 257

44. F. YEFFRIANA Pallary. PI. 44, fig. 16.

This species is characterized by the outer margin more arched
forward than in any other Ferussacia. In shape it is most re-
lated to F. gracilenta Morelet, but our species is distinguished
by the large size, more ventricose form, the upper apertural
lamella a little indicated, and especially by the advance of its
peristome. In F. yejfriana, as in F. gracilenta, the upper whorls
are coiled regularly and then present a noticeable deviation at
the penultimate whorl. Length 9.5, diam. 3.25 mm. (Pallary}.

Algeria: Oran, in the cool ravines of the massif of Djebel
Yeffri.

Ferrussacia yeffriana PALL., Compte Rendu cle la 29me Ses-
sion de 1' Association Francaise pour 1'Avancement des Sciences
Paris, 1900, p. 734, pi. 11, f. 15-18 (1901).

45. F. DIODONTA Bourguignat. PI. 44, fig. 20.

Shell slender, long-fusiform, glossy, pellucid, smooth, pale
corneous; spire slowly tapering, the apex a little obtuse, whorls
6, slightly convex, irregularly increasing, the first whorls rather
regularly, the last rapidly increasing, separated by a superficial
paler and bordered suture; last whorl more than half the total
length. Aperture long-piriform, with a minute, deep-seated
median parietal lamella and a whitish oblong palatal lamella.
Columella whitish, straight, lightly calloused above; peristome
unexpanded, acute, the outer lip arching forward, margins
joined by a very thin callus. Length 10.5, diam. 3, aperture
4.5 mm. long. (Bgt.}.

Algeria: Valley of Ued Djebarra, Oran, type loc.

F. diodonta BGT., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1868, p. 375, pi. 15,
f. 9-13; Moll. nouv. litig., etc., p. 271, pi. 40, f. 9-13.— PFR.,
Monogr. , viii, p. 309. — KOBELT, Iconogr., vii, p. 26, f. 1178
(copied from Bgt. ).

Remarkable for its palatal plica. Known from the type lot
only.

46. F. SUBGRACILENTA Bourguignat.

Shell elongate, cylindric, shortly acuminate at the summit,
slightly dilated below, glossy, translucent, fragile, pale corneous;
spire cylindric-elongate, almost suddenly acuminate at the sum-

258 PERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

mit; apex paler, stout. Whorls 6, all irregularly increasing,
separated by a paler, duplicated, superficial suture, the last half
the total length, convex, rather dilated on the right side.
Aperture long, acutely angular above, rather dilated below,
with a deeply-placed very minute parietal lamella. Columella
short, whitish, straight, lamellar, denticulate in the upper part.
Peristome unexpanded, acute, whitish, outer margin produced
forward, margins joined by a thin callus. Length 9.5, diam.
2.5 mm. (Bgt.).

Algeria: Mouth of the Cheliff, prov. Oran.

F. subgracilenta BGT. , Species noviss. , etc., p. 34, 1876.

"This Ferussacia is especially characterized by the irregu-
larity of its whorls. The first whorl is regular; the second is
wide on the right, narrow on the left side; the third, inversely,
is narrow on the right, wide on the left; the fourth, narrow on
the right, is excessively developed on the left; finally the last
two are much lengthened and follow a descending direction, the
descent especially rapid between the fourth and penult whorls

' ;

47. F. ABIA Bourguignat. PI. 44, fig. 18.

Shell minute, lanceolate, cylindric, very slender, glossy,
pellucid, smooth, buff-corneous. Spire attenuate, the apex a
little obtuse. Whorls 6, flattened, the first 3 regularly and
slowly widening, fourth larger, more rapidly increasing, a little
more convex on the left side, the rest larger; suture pale, super-
ficially duplicated; last whorl rather convex, over one-third the
total length. Aperture oblong-piriform, with a deep-seated
whitish parietal lamella. Columella whitish, straight, lamellar
within and generally calloused above. Peristome acute, un-
expanded ; outer margin strongly arched forward, margins
joined by a thin callus. Length 7, diam. 2, aperture 3 mm.

Algeria : common around Algiers, etc. Tunis: Oued Sidi-
Aich.

F. abia BGT., Malac. de 1'Algerie ii, p. 65, pi. 4, f. 31-34
(1864); Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 125. — KOBELT, Iconogr., vii,
p. 29, pi. 187, f. 1185.

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA. 259

"So similar to F. gracilenta that Westerlimd ranks it as a
subspecies of that. The chief difference is in its more slender,
pronouncedly fusiform shape, smaller size, the reduced or
wholly wanting parietal lamella and the somewhat more
strongly forwardly-arched outer lip" (Kobelt).

48. F. TERVERI Bourguignat. PI. 44, fig. 19.

Shell rather small, cylindric-fusiform, very glossy, pellucid,
polished, pale corneous or corneous-fulvous ; spire a little
lengthened, gradually acuminate-tapering; apex paler, a little
obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, the first regularly increas-
ing, the rest more rapidly, separated by a rather impressed
paler, duplicated suture; last whorl convex, nearly half the
total length. Aperture piriform-oblong; having a minute, very
deeply immersed, hardly visible parietal lamella. Columella
simple, straight, sometimes lamellar within and having a cal-
losity above. Peristome unexpanded, acute, the outer margin
arcuate especially below; margins joined by a very thin callus.
Length 7 to 8, diam. 2.5 to 3, aperture 3.5 mm. (Bgt.~).

Algeria: very common around Algiers; Blidah, Bougie, etc.

Achatina folliculus TERVER, Catal. Moll. Afric. p. 31, pi. 4,
f. 16, 17 (1839).— F. terveri BGT., Amen. Malac. i, p. 208
(1856); Malac. de 1'Algerie ii, p. 64, pi. 5, f. 1-3.— KOBELT,
Iconogr. vii, p. 31, pi. 187, f. 1188.

Smaller than F. gracilenta, less lanceolate, the last whorl
generally larger than the spire, the aperture less dilated below,
the parietal lamella smaller, very deeply immersed and gen-
erally not visible

Group of F. letourneuxi.

Remarkable for the brilliant gloss of the shell, the abruptly
attenuate spire and the very irregular increase of the whorls.

F. aristidis Bgt. is an undescribed species of this group from
Algeria. See Prodr. Mai. Tunisie, p. 116, footnote 3.

49. F. LETOURNEUXI Bourguignat. PI. 44, fig. 23.

Shell large, long-oblong or tumid-subfusiform, glossy, pellu-
cid, smooth, corneous. Spire long, rather shortly acuminate-
tapering at the summit, the apex paler, minute. Whorls 8

260 PERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

irregularly increasing, the upper flat, the rest a little convex,
the first narrow and small, the sixth large, last very large, sepa-
rated by a paler, superficial, duplicated suture; last whorl
large, two-fifths the total length, convex, shortly and suddenly
deflexed at the upper insertion of the lip. Aperture narrow,
elongate, angular above, a little convex outwardly, angular
below at the base of the columella, with a thick, produced
parietal lamella within. Columella straight, thick, lamelliferous,
the lamella superior, deeply placed. Peristome unexpanded,
whitish, obtuse, a little thickened within; outer margin lightly
arched forward, margins joined by a strong callus. Length 18,
diam. 6 mm. (Bgt.}.

Algeria: Summit of Mt. Guerium, between Constantine and
Tebessa; Mt. Maadid, between Hodnaand Medjana (Letourneux).

F. letourneuxi BGT. , Species novissima1 Moll, in Eur. syst.
detects, p. 32 (1876). — Cionella letourneuxi Bgt., WESTERLUND,
Fauna, iii, p. 164.

This species is the largest of its group. It is figured from a
specimen measuring, length 16.5, diam. 5.7, aperture 7.8 mm.

Var. grossa ' Ancey ' Westerlund. Somewhat smaller, slen-
derer, less ventricose, thick-shelled; aperture smaller; columella
broad, callously thickened, toothless; parietal lamella callous,
generally hardly emerging. Length 15 to 16 mm. Algeria at
Ain M'lila (Wcsterl, Fauna, Supplement, p. 48, 1890).

50. F. BERTHIERI Bourguignat.

Shell oblong, very much attenuate at the summit, very glossy,
subpellucid, opaque and rather thick at the aperture, polished,
pale corneous or milky; spire moderately produced, almost
suddenly tapering, and at the summit more slender and sub-
acuminate, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 7, the first 4 small,
a little convex and closely coiled, the fifth larger and more con-
vex, penult, and last large. Suture linear, rapidly descending
between the fifth and penult, whorls; last whorl but slightly
convex at the beginning, becoming more convex at the aperture.
Aperture vertical, piriform-elongate, very angular above, with
a parietal lamella. Columella straight, acuminate, rather
strongly toothed inwardly above. Peristome obtuse, thick,

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA. 261

spreading, the outer lip a little arcuate; margins joined by a
strong callus. Length 12, diam. 4, aperture 5 mm. (Bgi.}.

Tunis: rock-crevices north of Porto Farina.

F. berthieriBGT., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie, p. 125.

51. F. MICROXIA Bourguignat. PI. 44, fig. 22.

Shell lanceolate-piriform, pellucid, very glossy, very smooth,
uniform corneous, obscurely radiate around the suture as in
F. abromia, or encircled by a paler zone. Spire oblong, rather
suddenly attenuate at the upper whorls, apex obtuse, mamillate.
Whorls 7, a little convex, the first irregularly, last rapidly in-
creasing, separated by a paler, superficially duplicated suture;
last whorl large, over one-third the total length, regularly de-
scending to the aperture. Aperture nearly vertical, lunate-
oblong, angular above and below, having a narrow, deeply
placed parietal lamella. Columella twisted, whitish, callous,
with a very strong lamella above. Peristome whitish, a little
thickened, the outer margin slightly arcuate in front, margins
joined by a thin callus. Length 12, diam. 3.5 mm. (Bgt.~).

Algeria: Ued Cheliff, prov. Oran.

F. microxia BGT., Moll, nouv., litig., etc., 1868, p. 303, pi.
43, f. 14-16. — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 309. — KCBELT, Iconogr.,
vii, p. 32.

52. F. CELOSIA Bourguignat. PL 44, fig. 21.

Shell cylindric-fusiform, lanceolate, solid, very glossy, sub-
pellucid, smooth, amber-orange, especially towards the aperture.
Spire lanceolate-acuminate, the apex projecting, a little obtuse,
as though mamillate, whitish, calcareous. Whorls 7^ to 8,
flattened, irregularly increasing as in F. sciaphila, separated by
a paler, superficial, duplicated suture. Aperture narrowly
oblong, angular above, somewhat whitish within, with a
deeply placed whitish parietal lamella; columella straight,
whitish, bicallose, the upper callus stronger. Peristome unex-
panded, lightly thickened; outer margin strongly arched for-
ward, margins joined by a transparent but rather thick callus.
Length 11.5, diam. 3.25, aperture 5 mm. (Bgt.}.

Algeria: Bona, type loc. Tunis: Bizerte.

262 FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

F. celosia BGT., Malac. de 1' Algeria ii, p. 57, pi. 4, f. 14-16
(1864); Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 125. — Cionella eclosia Bgt.,
WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg. Moll, iii, p. 165.

" Differs from sciaphila by the more lanceolate, more fusiform
shell, the spire not attenuate but acuminate, the summit prom-
inent and lanceolate, the first two whorls atrophied, replaced by
calcareous material; finally by the columella, which has the upper
tubercular prominence stronger and more projecting than the
lower" (Bgt.}.

53. F. SCIAPHILA Bourguignat. PI. 43, fig. 9.

Shell cylindric-fusiform, solid, very glossy, pellucid, smooth,
amber-orange, especially towards the aperture. Spire attenuate,
the apex obtuse, mamillate. 7 whorls, nearly flat, the first 4
small, increasing slowly and regularly, the fifth increasing dis-
proportionately rapidly, more convex on the left side; last whorl
not over half the total length. Suture superficial, with a border
below. Aperture narrowly oblong, angular above, with a rather
deeply immersed white, strong parietal lamella. Columella
straight, whitish, twisted, having two small tubercles. Peri-
stome unexpanded, a little thickened; outer lip strongly arched
forward; margins united by a transparent but well-marked callus.
Length 11, diam. 4, aperture 5 mm. (Bgt.).

Algeria: Bona, under stones in shady places.

F. sdaphila BGT., Malac. de 1'Algerie, ii, p. 56, pi. 4, f. 11-13;
Amen. Malac., i, p. 201, pi. 19, f. 17-19 (1856).— KOBELT,
Iconogr., vii, p. 30, pi. 187, f. 1187.

54. F. CIRTANA Bourguignat. PI. 45, fig. 25.

Shell oblong-ventricose, fragile, pellucid, very glossy, very
smooth, uniform corneous, with a whitish zone around the
suture ; spire tapering, apex obtuse, as though mamillate.
Whorls 6-|, flattened, the last a little convex, the upper small,
last two more rapidly increasing, separated by a superficial,
duplicated suture; last whorl large, regularly descending, con-
vex at the aperture. Aperture vertical, lunate-oblong, acutely
angular above; columella whitish, short, truncate at the base,
the outer lip lightly arched forward, peristome unexpanded,

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA. 263

simple, margins joined by a diaphanous callus. Length 9.5,
diam. 4 mm. (Bgt.}.

Algeria: Rocks of Mansurah near Constantine (Brondel); not
found there by Kobelt.

F. cirtana BGT., Moll, nouv., litig., etc., ii, p. 256, pi. 37, f.
6-8. — PFR., Monogr. , viii, p. 302. — KOBELT, Iconogr., p. 31.

Distinguished by its swollen shape, short spire and the ab-
sence of a parietal lamella.

55. F. ENNYCHIA Bourguignat. PI. 45, fig. 26.

Shell slender, cylindric, pellucid, diaphanous, smooth, pol-
ished, very glossy, tawny-buff. Spire attenuate, conic, apex
acute. Whorls 6, flat, separated by a paler corneous super-
ficially duplicated suture ; the upper whorls minute, slowly
and regularly increasing ; the third large, suddenly enlarging,
swollen on the left side; the last whorl not half the total length.
Aperture ovate-oblong; peristome simple, acute, unexpanded,
columella straight, slightly twisted or sinuous. Outer margin
a little arcuate; margins joined by a thin callus. Length 9,
diam. 3, aperture 4 mm. (Bgt.}.

Algeria: around Bona, type loc. ; Tunis at Ain-Draham,
opposite the island of Tabarque.

F. ennychia BGT. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1856, p. 332; Amen.
Malac. i, p. 202, pi. 19, f. 10-12; Malac. de 1'Algerie ii, p. 87,
pi. 4, f. 17-19; Prodr. Malac. Tunisie p. 126.— PFR., Monogr.
iv, 620. — KOBELT, Iconogr. vii, p. 29.

Close to F. mabilleana, but longer, more cylindric, with one
more whorl.

56. F. MABILLEANA Paladilhe. PI. 45, fig. 27.

Shell imperforate, cylindric-lanceolate, slightly subpellucid,
rather solid, smooth, glossy, pale slightly greenish buff; spire
attenuate, subobliquely conoid, apex a little obtuse, rather
projecting and submamillate. Whorls 5, slightly convex, sep-
arated by a linear, paler-margined suture, the earlier ones
slowly, the later very rapidly increasing, the first two minute,
with horizontal suture, third large, subgibbous on the left side,
the suture below very oblique, fourth whorl very long, cylin-
dric-subovate. Last whorl half the total length, regularly and

264 FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

deeply descending at the aperture, the free margin convexly
arcuate. Aperture rather narrowly arcuately subpiriform,
acutely elongated above ; peristome unexpanded, simple, a
little obtuse, slightly thickened. Columella short, vertical,
somewhat twisted, truncate below, somewhat calloused. Right
margin lightly concave-arcuate ; margins joined by a rather
conspicuous callus continuous with the columella. Length 9,
diam. 3.66, aperture 4.25 mm. (Palad.*).

Morocco, drift of the Souani near Tangier, type loc. ; Douk-
kala (Kleinschmidt).

F. mabilleana PALAD. , Revue et Mag. de Zool. 1875, p. 89,
pi. 6, f. 19-22.— MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. 1880, p. 59.-
PALLABY, J. de C. 189*, p. 124, pi. 9, f. 4.— KOBELT, Iconogr.
vii, p. 28, pi. 186, f. ] 182.— MARTENS, Nachrbl. der D. Malak.
Ges. 1900, p. 122.

This form has a marked resemblance to F. vescoi, but belongs
near F. debilis, according to Kobelt. Paladilhe reports debilis
from the same locality.

57. F. DEBILIS (Morelet). PI. 45, fig. 1.

Shell small, narrowly ovate-fusiform, translucent, smooth,
very glossy, corneous-brown. Spire short, attenuate with acute
apex, whorls 6, slightly convex, irregularly increasing, separated
by a pale bordered suture, superficially appearing duplicated;
the first 4 increase slowly, the last two are much higher, of
nearly equal height. The last whorl comprises half or slightly
more of the total length, and tapers slightly below. Aperture
ovate-piriform, acute above; peristome thin, sharp, simple, the
outer lip arcuate and rather protracted; margins joined by a
thin callus. The parietal wall has no callus of any kind.
Columella short, straight, not reaching to the base, not tuber-
culate but covered with a whitish callus, indistinctly truncate
at the base. Length 7, diam. 3 mm. (Kobelt.)

Algeria: around Philippeville and Bona.

Glcmdina debilis MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl. iii, 1852, p.
416, pi. 12, f. 6. — Ferussacia d., BGT. , Amen. Malac. i, p. 206,
pi. 19, f. 1-3; Malac. Algerie pi. 4, f. 20, 21.— PFR., Monogr.
iv, 622; vi, 251.— Kobelt, Iconogr. vii, p. 27, pi. 186, f. 1181.

FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA. 265

58. F. TENELLA ( ' Ancey ' Westerlund).

Shell slender, very thin, elongated, very glossy, light corne-
ous. Spire moderately long, obtuse, whorls 6, somewhat con-
vex, the upper regularly increasing, the fourth someAvhat larger,
the penultimate suddenly large with very oblique suture; last
whorl oblong, large, nearly cylindric. Suture linear, margined.
Aperture long, narrow and long in the upper part, wider below;
outwardly nearly straight, base arcuate, no parietal lamella.
Columella straight within, moderately thickened, white, tooth-
less, hardly truncate, forming a weak angle with the base.
Outer lip moderately acute; the margins connected by a dis-
tinct glossy callus. Outer lip strongly produced forward be-
low the middle, at the base retracted. Length 8, diam. 2.5,
aperture 3.66 mm. ( Westerl. )

Algeria: Forest of Feruane, between Ben-Chikoa and Ber-
zouaghia.

Cionella tenella Ancey mss. , WESTERL., Fauna etc., Supplem.,
p. 48, 1890.

59. F. WESTERLUNDIANA ('Ancey' Westerlund).

Shell slim, cylindric-elongate, very glossy, reddish-corneous.
Spire somewhat attenuate above, with rather obtuse apex.
Whorls 6, somewhat convex, the first three regularly increasing,
the fourth larger, the penultimate large, the last somewhat
elongate. Suture bordered below, very oblique between the
penult, and the last whorls, more horizontal near the mouth.
Aperture elongate, narrow and long above, without a parietal
tooth, but having a small, scarcely projecting tubercle deep
within; margins delicately united. Columella scarcely thick-
ened within, nearly straight, vertically truncate, not dentate.
Peristome blunt, the outer lip vertical, arcuate and produced
forward below the middle, retracted at the base. Length 7.5,
diam. 2.5, aperture 3.33 mm. (Westerl. ).

Kabylia: Fort National.

Cionella westerlundiana Ancey, WESTERLUND, Fauna, etc.
Supplement, p. 48, 1890.

266 FERUSSACIA, SECTION PEGEA.

60. F. BOURLIERI ('Ancey' Westerlund).

Shell slender, fusiform, fulvous-corneous, very glossy; whorls
6, slightly convex, the first three very slowly increasing, pen-
ultimate more than twice the height of the antepenultimate,
about a third shorter than the last whorl. Suture margined,
strongly ascending towards the aperture. Aperture narrow,
4 mm. long, produced upward in a very long and very acute
angle. Parietal wall slightly convex, obliquely straightened,
subsinuous at the straight, vertical columella. Length 7 to
7.5, diam. 2.33mm. (West.)

Algeria: 35 kilometers east from Boghari.

Cionella (Ferussacia) bourlieri Ancey in sc., WESTERLUND, Ver-
handl. k.-k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, xlii, p. 43, 1893.

" Related to C. debilis Mor."

Group of F. scaptobia.

Shell egg-shaped. F. belloiri Letourneux, F. numidic.a and
F. atlasica Bgt., are undescribed Algerian species, mentioned
by Bourguignat in his Prodrome de la Malacologie de la Tunme,
p. 117.

61. F. COSSONI Letourneux et Bourguignat.

Shell ovoid-oblong, comparatively swollen, very glossy, sub-
pellucid, corneous, polished; spire obese, at the summit regu-
larly acuminate, yet with a slightly obtuse apex. Whorls 7, a
little convex, regularly and slowly increasing to the fifth, then
more rapidly increasing, separated by a linear suture, whitish at
the last whorl. Last whorl large, half the total length, mod-
erately convex. Aperture vertical, irregularly oblong, with a
minute parietal lamella within. Columella short, arcuate, sub-
truncate below, and in oblique view, showing a very deep-seated
tooth above. Peristome unexpanded, whitish, a little thick-
ened, the outer margin a little arcuate; margins joined by a
thick callus. Length 13, diam. 5, aperture 6.5 mm. (Bgt.).

Tunis: Djebel Resas and Porto Farina; a var. minor at Djebel
Zaghouan.

F. cossoni L. & B., Prodr. Malac. Tunisie, p. 126.

MADEIRAN PERUSSACI/E. 267

62. F. SCAPTOBIA Bourguignat. PL 45, fig. 28.

Shell small, oblong, very fragile, diaphanous, polished,
smooth, pale corneous. Spire short, rather acute, the apex
obtuse. Whorls 6, hardly convex, the first regularly increas-
ing, the last two large, separated by a superficial duplicated
suture, the last half the total length or longer. Aperture long-
piriform acutely angular above. Columella straight, slightly
whitish, slightly twisted, subtruncate, and not reaching the
base of the aperture. Peristome acute, unexpanded, fragile,
the outer margin lightly arched forward, margins joined by a
very thin callus. Length 6.5, diam. 2.5, aperture 3 to 3.5
mm. (Bgt.}.

Algeria: around Constantine, Philippeville, Bougie, etc.; a
rare species.

F. scaptobia BGT., Amen. Make., i, p. 207, pi. 19, f. 4-6
(1856); Malac. Algerie, ii, p. 61, pi. 4, f. 23-25.— PFR.,
Monogr., iv, 622. — KOBELT, Iconogr., vii, p. 32.

Smaller than F. debilis, more delicate, more fragile and less
glossy; the spire is shorter, increase more regular; the aperture
is longer and narrower in its upper part. Known only by
Bourguignat' s account.

Madeiran Ferussacise.

With the exception of F. folliculus, probably introduced, the
Madeiran species of Ferussaria have probably diverged from a
single stock, or perhaps two allied stocks, which reached the
archipelago in early tertiary time. The forms with parietal and
supraparietal lamellae have probably retained more characters
of the old stock, while those with toothless apertures seem to
be secondarily simplified. The occurrence of lamellae on the
parietal wall in several otherwise diverse Madeiran branches
apparently points to this conclusion. Such lamellae, when
present, are homologous with those of continental tertiary and
recent species of Azeca, Pegea, Calaxis, etc., and can hardly be
of independent origin.

Original sources of information on Madeiran Ferussacise. are
Lowe's several papers, cited below, Watson's descriptions of the
soft parts, and Wollaston's excellent resume in the Testacea

-68 FERUSSACIA, MADEIRA.

•Atlantica, 1878. I have used in the following account large
series of most of the species, including a set from the Lowe-
Wollaston collection and a series collected by Mr. Grabham.

Key to Made Iran Species of Ferussacidse.

a. Shell minute, fragile, very slender, whitish-corneous, with
straightly tapering spire and obtuse apex.

Genus Cserilioides.
a1. Shell ovate or oblong, not as above.

b. Outer lip straight in profile, obtuse, with a thickened
rim within; columella not truncate or plicate.

Cochlicopa lubrica.

b}. Outer lip more or less arcuate or sinuous in profile;
columella plicate or truncate.

c. Whorls few, 4 to 4^; aperture with parietal and
columellar lamella? and sometimes palatal folds.

( Cylichnidia. )

d. Shell ovate, aperture with no palatal folds;
length 3.6 to 4 mm. F. ovuli/ormis, no. 73.
dl. Shell cylindric-oblong; a strong lower pal-
atal fold developed; length 2.7 to 3 mm.

F. cylichna, no. 74.
c1. Whorls 5 to 8.

d. Outer lip lined with a whitish callus.

e. Outer lip in profile sloping strongly
forward from the suture downward;
aperture very narrow and acuminate
above.

/. Shell about 11.5 x 5 mm. ; parietal
wall smooth or with a very weak
supraparietal thickening.

F. melampoides, no. 63.

/'. Shell from 9 x 4 to 6.5 x 3 mm. ; a

rather long vertical supraparietal

fold. F. tornatellina. no. 64.

f\ Shell narrower, about 8.5x3.1

mm. ; supraparietal fold short and

toothlike. F. mitriformis, no. 65.

FERUSSACIA, MADEIRA. 269

/3. Shell about 8.5x2.5 mm.; pari-
etal callus thin, foldless; callus
within the outer wall thin.

F. producta, no. 68.

e\ Outer lip moderately arched in profile
view, subvertical in general direction.
/. Shell oblong, 8 to 8.5 mm. long;
parietal callus thin and smooth,
columellar fold rather weak.

F. folliculus, no. 1.
/'. Shell ovate, 6 to 7 mm. long.

g. A strong entering parietal
lamella. F. triticea, no. 66.
gl. No distinct parietal lamella;
a low supraparietal nodule.

F. oryza, no. 67.

d\ Outer lip thin, without an internal callus.
e. Outer lip very strongly arcuate in pro-
file, retracted above; shell 3.7x1.6,
aperture 1.5 mm.

F. leacociana, no. 72.
el. Outer lip moderately arcuate in profile.
/. Shell very fragile, 4x1 mm.

F. gracilis, no. 71.
/'. Shell larger, 5 to 7 mm. long.
F. terebella, no. 70; F. iridescens, no. 69.

Subgenus AMPHORELLA Lowe.

Amphorella LOWE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), ix, 1852, p. 120
(for A. mitriformis; A. tornatellina also mentioned), P. Z. S.,
1854, p. 202, type A. tornatellina.— Agraulina BOURGUIGNAT (in
part), Revue et Magazin de Zoologie, Dec., 1858, p. 530, 537,
for triticea, oryza, tuberculata, tornatellina, melampoides, mitriformis.
— Lovea WATSON, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 677, for melampoides, torna-
tellina, triticea, oryza.

Shell rather large and solid, ovate; upper part of the aperture
very narrow, acuminate, the outer wall strongly thickened
within; outer lip in profile descending obliquely forward ; parietal

270 PERUSSACIA, MADEIRA.

wall smooth or with a supraparietal fold; columella strongly
plicate basally. Type F. tornatellina.

63. F. MELAMPOIDES (Lowe). PI. 38, figs. 1, 2.

The shell is fusiform-ovate, pale brownish-yellow with a white
subsutural band followed by a gray line; glossy, weakly striatu-
late. The spire has nearly straight outlines, the apex obtuse.
Whorls 5J, nearly flat, the penult, and last slightly convex.
The linear suture descends obliquely in its last half turn, and
is shortly deflexed at the aperture. The aperture is subvertical,
ovate-lanceolate. The outer lip bends forward in a broad curve
below, has a blunt edge, and a large white callus within. The
parietal callus is rather thick, transparent, and bears a low, in-
distinct, vertical supraparietal callus. Columella white, con-
cave above and below a rather strong, simple projecting fold.
Length 11.7, diam. 5, length of aperture 7.7 mm.

Madeiran Archipelago: Ilheo de Cima, off the southeastern
extremity of Porto Santo, common under large stones. Also
found fossil on Porto Santo.

Helix melampoides LOWE, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. , iv, p. 60,
pi. 6, f. 24 (1831). — Achatina melampoides Lowe, PFR. , Monogr.,
iii, 510; Conchy 1. Cab., p. 317, pi. 25, f. 31, Zl.—Oleatina,
melanopsoides H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 47. —
Lovea melampoides WATSON, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 679 (description
of animal). — WOLLASTON, Test. Atlant., p. 257. — Achatina
tornatellina var. maxima PAIVA, Mar. Moll. Mader, 1867, p. 112.

Closely related to F. tornatellina, but larger, with less strongly
twisted columella, less oblique lip, seen in profile view, and
less developed callosities on the parietal wall. It is a very
local species, found living only on one tiny islet, though a few
fossil specimens have been taken at Porto Santo.

64. F. TORNATELLINA (Lowe). PI. 38, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.

The shell is fusiform -ovate, pale yellowish-brown, with a
white subsutural border, glossy, weakly marked with growth-
lines. Spire with nearly straight outlines. Whorls over 6,
narrow and slowly increasing, the last suture hardly oblique to
the preceding. Aperture lanceolate, forwardly oblique, the
outer lip sloping obliquely forward towards the base (fig. 6) ;

FERUSSACIA, MADEIRA. 271

edge blunt, interior calloused. The parietal callus is moder-
ately thick, and bears a vertical white ridge above (supraparietal
lamella); below the lower end of this and more immersed, there
is the weak blunt rudiment of a parietal lamella. The short
white columella projects as a strong lobe, entering spirally and
subhorizontally.

Length 9, diam. 4. aperture 6 mm.

Length 6.5, diam. 3 mm. (Pt. Sao Louren^-o).

Madeira: common almost everywhere; also on the Southern
and Grand Desertas and on the Pico Branco in Porto Santo.
Fossil at Caniyal.

Helix tornatellina LOWE, Trans. Camb. Philos. Soc. iv, 1831,
p. 59, pi. 6, f. 23. — Achatina t., PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 277;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 373, pi. 37, f. 34, 35. — Glandinat., ALBERS,
Moll. Mader. p. 58, pi. 15, f. 11, 12 (1854).— Lovea t., WAT-
SON, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 680, 678, figs. 1-5 (living animal, jaw
and teeth). — WOLLASTON, Testacea Atlant., p. 258.

Closely related to melampoides, but smaller, with more oblique
outer lip as seen in profile, and with a well-developed supra-
parietal lamina. It has also more whorls. Figures 3, 4, repre-
sent the var. minor of Wollaston, from Pt. Sao Lourenco,
length about 6.5 mm.

Wollaston recognizes three forms: "(a), major [Atypical
tornatellina] is found principally in sylvan districts at compara-
tively high elevation in Madeira, rather large, ventricose and
highly colored, with the subvertical ventral plait elongate and
narrow, and the columella a good deal (and abruptly) expanded
at the base; the second, (3 [minor], which is also common in
Madeira proper, but is more particularly characteristic of the
exposed submaritime cliffs, is, on the average, smaller, and not
quite so rounded, generally a trifle paler in hue with the sub-
vertical ventral plait a little shorter and more dentiform (or
more abruptly terminated behind), and with the columella not
quite so broad; whilst the third -y [intermedia], which is met
with sparingly on the two Southern Desertas and on the sum-
mit of Pico Branco in Porto Santo, is somewhat intermediate in
stature between the 'a' and '/?', and has the subvertical ven-
tral plait (although scarcely dentiform as in the (' 8 ') distinctly

272 FERUSSACIA, MADEIRA.

expressed and rather further removed from the angle of the lip,
and the inner medial tubercle not altogether obsolete — it being,
although indistinct, quite appreciable. These varieties, how-
ever, pass gradually into each other, and are of too trifling im-
portance to need separate subspecific titles," ( Wollaston.}

Var. GRABHAMI Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 40, figs. 33, 34.

The shell resembles the small form of tornatellina in shape;
but the very thick outer lip is inflexed, with an inwardly pro-
jecting lobe below the middle; supraparietal plait short and
narrow ; parietal nodule low but distinct. Length about 6?
diam. 2.8 mm.

Madeira: Ponta Sao Lourenco, fossil (M. Grabham).

Six examples taken by Mr. Grabham agree in the remarkable
development of the lip. It is a phylogerontic form, doubtless
extinct, and probably very local, since it does not seem to have
been found by former naturalists.

65. F. MITRIFORMIS (Lowe). PI. 38, figs. 13, 14.

Similar to F. tornatellina minor, from which it differs by the
more slender shape, slightly more produced spire and the
shorter, tooth-like supraparietal prominence. There are usually
a couple of very low nodules within the outer lip, opposite the
supraparietal tooth. Length 8.5, diam. 3.1, length aperture
4.9 mm.

Madeira, the Desertas, and Porto Santo on the Pico Branco;
fossil on the Southern Deserta.

Achatina mitriformis LOWE, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (2
Ser.), ix, 1852, p. 120; P. Z. S. London 1854, p. 203.— Lovea
m., WOLLASTON, Test. Atlant. p. 260.

Some examples are shorter than that figured, yet still dis-
tinguishable from tornatellina by the short, tooth-like supra-
parietal plait.

Section FUSILLUS Lowe.

Fusillus LOWE, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (2), ix, 1852, p. 120
(for A. oryza, tuberculata, terebella); P. Z. S., 1854, p. 204, type
A. oryza. —Alsobia BOURGUIGNAT, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1858, pp.
530, 535, type and sole species A. paroliniana W. et B. —
Agraulina Bgt, (in part), t. c., pp. 530, 537.

FERUSSACIA, MADEIRA. 273

Shell ovate; outer wall of aperture calloused within; profile
of outer lip arcuate; parietal wall with a supraparietal fold and
parietal lamella, or the latter may be wanting; columella
strongly plicate at base. Type F. oryza.

Closely related to Amphorella, but the aperture is less narrow
above and the outer lip less oblique in profile.

66. F. TRITICEA (Lowe). PI. 38, figs. 7, 8.

The shell is long-ovate, pale brown or brownish-yellow, with
a white subsutural border, glossy. Whorls 5^, the last more
obliquely descending. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique, heavily
white-calloused within; the outer lip is nearly straight in pro-
file, being very weakly arched-forward in the middle. Parietal
callus moderately thick, transparent; parietal lamella strong
and high, entering about a half whorl (fig. 8); no supraparietal
lamella. Columella not truncate at base, but bearing a median
callosity. There is usually a long, low and indistinct palatal
lamella deep within, opposite the parietal lamella.

Length 6.8, diam. 2.9, length of aperture 3.25 mm.

Length 6, diam. 2.6 mm.

Porto Santo: under stones in profusion, often associated with
the next species.

Helix C[ochlicopa] triticea LOWE, Trans. Canjbridge Philos.
Soc., iv, p. 60, pi. 6, f. 25, and var. biplicata, p. 61; P. Z. S.,
1854, p. 205. — Achatina triticea PFR., Monogr., ii, 278; iii, 522;
vi, 258.- -Lovea triticea WOLL. , Test. Atlant. , p. 255. — Achatina
paroliniana WEBB et BERTHELOT, Ann. des Sci. Nat., xxviii,
1833, p. 320. — Bulimus parolinianus ORBIQNY, Hist. Nat. des
lies Canaries, Moll., p. 73, pi. 3, f. 27.

Lowe in his first article considered this species and the next
to be varieties of a single species, designating the one as biplicata
the other as edentula. Wollaston has ably discussed the syn-
onymy, showing that the type of A. paroliniana is F. triticea
and the alleged Canarian locality is without reputable basis.
Mabille (Nouv. Arch, du Mus. viii, p. 148) has wasted ink on
the subject.

F. triticea is related to F. oryza, but readily distinguished by
the conspicuous parietal lamella and stronger columellar fold.
Lowe's type measured length 6, diam. 3 mm.

274 FERUSSACIA, MADEIRA.

67. F. ORYZA (Lowe). PI. 38, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Shell similar to triticea except in the aperture. The blunt
and slightly sinuous outer lip has a heavy smooth white callus
within. The parietal callus bears a low oblong supraparietal
nodule, but no parietal lamella, and the columella, though well
twisted within, shows nearly straight in a front view. Length
6, diam. 2.7 mm.

Porto Santo: common under stones on the mountains. Also
found as a fossil.

Helix triticea var. edentula LOWE, Trans. Cambr. Philos. Soc.
iv, 1831, p. 61, pi. 6, f. 26 (not Helix edentula Dr&p.}.—Buli-
mus parolinianus ORB. (in part), Moll. Canaries, pi. 2, f. 29.-
Achatina oryza and A. tuberadata LOWE, Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(2 ser. ) ix, p. 120 (Feb. 1852). — Achatina tandoniana SHUTTLE-
WORTH, Bern, Mittheil. 1852, p. 293. — Lovea oryza L we. , WOL-
LASTON, Test. Atlant. p. 252. — Azeca triticea and A. oryza BGT. ,
Revue et Mag. Zool. 1858, pp. 537, 538.

Certainly related to the externally very similar F. triticea, but
in oryza-ihe parietal lamella is wanting or reduced to an indis-
tinct rudiment.

The variety tuberculata Lowe (pi. 38, fig. 9) differs by being
larger, more ventricose, with the supraparietal tubercle larger
and the pariefal lamella represented by an amorphous callus.
Length 6.7, diam. 3 mm.

The reported occurrence of this species in the Canary Islands
has been shown by Wollaston to be based on error. The type
of the supposedly Canarian A. tandoniana was from Pico Branco,
in Porto Santo.

Section Hypselia Lowe.

Hypselia LOWE, P. Z. S., 1854, p. 202, type and sole species
A. producta.

Shell fusiform-ovate, thin, the outer wall of the aperture with
a thin internal callus or none; parietal wall smooth; columella
more or less plicate. Type F. producta.

The type of this group is intermediate between Amphorella
and such forms as F. terebella.

FERUSSACIA, MADEIRA. 275

68. F. PRODUCTA (Lowe). PL 39, figs. 24, 25.

"Related to Achatina acicula Mull., but the shell is double
the size, more solid and robust, with an entirely different ap-
pearance. It differs from A. gracilis Lowe by the more solid
shell, not hyaline, the aperture obliquely produced backward
and narrowed upwards, the columella prominently, distinctly
truncate or emarginate at base'' (Lowe, 1852).

Shell rather large, somewhat strong, subpellucid, turrite, sub-
cylindric-subulate, slender, long; spire produced. Whorls 8,
quite flat; suture rather indistinct, oblique. Apeiture narrowly
elliptical, narrowly acuminate above, and obliquely produced
backward, linear, coarctate, about as long as the spire. Peri-
stome margined within or with an opaque ochrey thickening,
inner lip arcuately projecting in the middle. Columella short,
at the base with an abruptly truncate twisted projection.
Length 8.5, diam. 2.5, aperture 4.12 mm. (Lowe, 1854).

Madeiran archipelago: Southern Deserta, very rare among
plants and stones (Lowe, Wollaston).

Achatina producta LOWE, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (2 ser. ),
ix, p. 120 (Feb., 1852); P. Z. S., 1854, p. 202.— Loveap., WOL-
LASTON, Testae. Atlant., p. 261.

This species resembles F. mitri/ormis and its allies by the for-
wardly descending lip and very narrow posterior part of the
aperture, but it differs in having a thin outer lip, and the pari-
etal wall is without calluses of any kind. The specimen illus-
trated, from the Wollaston collection, measures, length 7, diam.
2.4, aperture 4 rnm. long. It may not be fully adult, for the
outer lip has not the internal thickening mentioned by Lowe.

69. F. IRIDESCENS (Wollaston).

"Shell rather narrow, cylindric-subulate, fragile, subpellucid,
with an iridescent luster; spire produced. Whorls a little con-
vex, suture distinct, oblique. Aperture narrow, attenuate and
obliquely produced backward above, wholly toothless. Peris-
tome thin, acute, the right lip rather straightened; columella
short, arcuate, somewhat twisted, somewhat expanded, but a
little prominent at the base. Length scarcely 3 lines" (Wol-
laston}.

276 FERUSSACIA, MADEIRA.

Madeira: between Canico and Sta. Cruz, on the stems of
Euphorbia (Wollaston).

Lovea iridescens WOLL., Testacea Atlantica p. 262 (1878).

"The present Lovea, which appears to be quite distinct from
every member of the group which was described by Mr. Lowe,
belongs to exactly the same type as the South-Desertan L. pro-
ducta, its rather narrow, subulate outline, oblique suture, fragile
consistency, and perfectly edentate, backwardly (and obliquely)
acuminated mouth being strongly suggestive of that species.
Nevertheless specifically it is quite distinct — its smaller size,
darker hue, and conspicuously iridescent surface, in conjunction
with its slightly shorter and more attenuated spire, its rather
less flattened volutions (the penultimate one of which is not
elongate), its still thinner and more pellucid substance, and the
fact of its columella being less twisted and not so prominent at
the base, being more than enough to separate it immediately
from L. producta" (Wollaston}.

70. F. TEREBELLA (Lowe). PI. 39, figs. 21, 22.

The shell is slender, fusiform-ovate, thin and somewhat trans-
parent, though decidedly thicker than F. gracilis, corneous-
brown with a white sutural band bordered by a gray line.
Whorls 6^, very flat, slowly increasing to the last, which de-
scends more obliquely. Aperture subvertical, not calloused
within the outer wall, half as long as the shell, piriform. The
outer lip is thin but has a narrow white bordering callus; it is
convex in the middle in profile view, retracted above. There
is a moderately thick, smooth parietal callus. The short white
columella is somewhat thickened, and appears nearly straight
in front view, but viewed obliquely in the aperture a low but
distinct spiral fold is seen above. Length 6.1, diam. 2.3, aper-
ture 3 mm.

Porto Santo: In the higher mountains, especially Pico Branco.

Achatina terebella LOWE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2 ser. ), ix, p.
120 (Feb., 1852). — A. gracilis var. terebella LOWE, P. Z. S.,
1854, p. 2CO. — Lovea terebella (with var. subida) WOLLASTON,
Test. Atlant., p. 251. Not Cochlicopa terebellum Sowerby, 1844. —
Achatina lowei PAIVA, Journ. de Conchyl. , 1866, p. 339, pi. 11,
f. 1; Moll. terr. et fluv. Ins. Maderensium, p. 108, pi. 2, f. 7.

FERUSSACIA, MADEIRA. 277

This species seems well distinguished from F. gracilis by the
constantly larger size, less fragile shell, and somewhat stronger
columellar fold as seen obliquely in the mouth. It is a smaller
species than F. producta, with less sinuous outer lip and wider
aperture. Figured from a specimen from the Lowe-Wollaston
collection.

Var. mbtda (Lowe). PI. 39, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Shell smaller, relatively narrower and more acute, the upper
part of the aperture narrower. Length 6, diam. 2, aperture
2.6 mm., or smaller, length 5 mm. Whorls 6-7.

Ilheo de Cima and Ilheo de Baixo, and on the neighboring
Pico de Baixo on Porto Santo (Wollaston').

Achatina gracilis var. subtda LOWE, P. Z. S., 1854, p. 200.
Not Achatina subula Pfr., 1839.

Figured from Lowe-Wollaston collection examples. The
name is preoccupied, but it is doubtful whether the form is
worth another.

Var. ventricosa (Paiva).

"Shell more ample, very glossy." Ilheo de Fora, at the end
of the Ponta de Sao Lourenco, Madeira, coll. by the Rev. R.
Boog Watson.

Achatina gracilis var. ventricosa COSTELLA DE PAIVA, Mono-
graphia molluscorum terrestrium fluvia.lium lacustrium insu-
larium Maderensium, p. 108 (1867).

An insufficiently defined form, placed by the Baron de Paiva
next to terebella, which he treats as a variety of gracilis. It may
be identical with the following.

Var. laurentiana n. var. PI. 40, figs. 30, 31.

The shell resembles terebella but is thinner, with a narrower
subsutural white band, less obliquely descending last whorl,
and a longer, much narrower aperture, which in its acuminate
posterior part and forwardly sloping lip resembles that of F.
producta. The columella is more distinctly truncate at base
than in terebella, and in oblique view in the mouth its weak
spiral fold is lower down. The outer lip is perfectly thin at the
edge, and in profile view it is more amply dilated forward.
Length 6, diam. 2.1, length aperture 3.25 mm.; whorls 6.

278 FERUSSACIA, MADEIRA.

Madeira: Ponta Sao Lourenco (M. Grabham .

Twenty-four living specimens collected by Mr. Grabham
agree in differing from F. terebella as above indicated, and
doubtless constitute a distinct race or species. It may, how-
ever, be what the Baron de Paiva attempted to define as A.
gracilis var. ventricosa. There is also a possibility that laurenti-
ana is what de Paiva alludes to as a more ample form of A.
leacociana, from this very place — Sao Lourengo Point (Monogr.
Moll. Mader., p. 106).

F. iridescens Woll. must be similar, but is described as con-
spicuously iridescent. No figure has been published, and the
diameter and length of aperture are not given by Wollaston. I
have therefore thought it well to suitably define and figure the
form from Sao Lourenco, leaving its ultimate status to be de-
termined when the characters of the several ill-defined forms
mentioned above are ascertained.

71. F. GRACILIS (Lowe). PI. 39, fig. 20; pi. 40, fig. 32.

"Shell long-obovate, slender, thin, glass}7, glossy, smooth,
imperforate. Spire subattenuate, obtuse, more than half the
length of the shell. Whorls rather flattened, the suture rather
obsolete. Aperture obovate, toothless, columella broadly ex-
panded, slightly truncate, tapering into the thin, submarginate
lip. Length 2, diam. 1 line, whorls 5" (Lowe).

Length 4, diam. 1.8 mm. (specimen).

Porto Santo: Common in some places in the mountains, type
loc. Pico Branco; also in the Grand and Southern Desertas.

Helix gracilis LOWE, Trans. Cambr. Philos. Soc. , iv, 1831, p.
61, pi. 6, f. 28. — Achatina g., PFR. , Monogr., ii, p. 284. —
A. g., var. vitrea LOWE, P. Z. S., 1854, p. 200. — Glandina
gracilis ALBERS, Malac. Mader., p. 56, pi. 14, f. 24, 25. —
Lovea gracilis WOLL. , Test. Atlant. , p. 250.

The name vitrea Lowe was applied to the typical form of
gracilis, as distinguished from several forms which Lowe con-
sidered varieties.

I have copied on pi. 39, fig. 20, the figure of Albers, which,
however, is not very good, being too conic and acute. A typ-
ical example from the Wollaston collection is drawn on plate

FERUSSACIA, MADEIRA. 279

40, fig. 32. Wollaston remarks that "As thus limited, there-
fore, the L. gracilis may be known by its small size and some-
what slender outline, by its extremely thin, almost colorless,
and transparent substance, and by its rather wide (or expanded),
but nevertheless simple (or basally untruncate) arcuated colu-
mella. Although it has been found sparingly (as just stated)
on the two Southern Desertas, it is a species which is more
particularly characteristic of Porto Santo, where I have met
with it in profusion, beneath stones, on the exposed mountain
ridge which connects the Pico de Facho with the Pico do
Castello. Mr. Lowe's original examples, however, were from
the Pico Branco" ( Wollaston).

Subgenus PYRGELLA Lowe.

Pyrgella LOWE, P. Z. S., 1854, p. 205, type and sole species
A. leacociana.

Shell turrite-oblong, thin; aperture short, less than half the
total length, ovate, the outer lip in profile very strongly arched
forward, retracted above, not calloused inside; parietal wall
smooth; columella slightly twisted. Type F. leacociana.

This form seems to be more closely related to Oylichnidia than
to any other group, although it is without apertural lamellae or
callosities. The Pyreneean Cryptazeca has some resemblance to
Pyrgella.

72. F. LEACOCIANA (Lowe). PL 39, figs. 26, 27.

The shell is very small, oblong-turrite, widest near the base,
very thin and fragile, subtransparent, yellowish-corneous,
glossy, with a very narrow gray subsutural margin edged below
with a light line. The spire has slightly convex outlines and
obtuse summit. Whorls 5^, slowly widening to the last which
descends more rapidly. The aperture is small, piriform, very
narrow above. Outer lip thin, strongly arched forward in the
middle, deeply excised or retracted to the suture above. Colu-
mella rather wide, projecting into the aperture, truncate at base.
Length 3.7, diam. 1.6, length of aperture 1.5 mm.

Madeira: Near Funchal in the Ribeira de Joao Gomes (type
loc. ), and near the Levada da Senhora do Bom Successo; in the

280 FERUSSACIA, MADEIRA.

north near Porto Moniz; also at Santa Cruz; under stones, very
rare.

Achatina leacociana LOWE, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2 eer. ), ix,
p. 119 (1862); P. Z. S., 1854, p. 205.— PAIVA Mon. Moll.
Mader. , p. 105. — PFR., Monogr. , iii, 511. — Lovea leacockiana
WOLLASTON, Test. Atlant., p. 249.

The small, fragile shell is shaped much like C. lubrica, from
which it differs conspicuously by the wide truncate columella
and the strongly arcuate very thin outer lip. It has been re-
ported by Paiva from Sao Lourengo Point; but is not present in
the collection made there by Mr. Grabham, who found speci-
mens at Santa Cruz.

Subgenus CYLICHNIDIA Lowe.

Cylichnidia, LOWE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), ix, 1852, p. 119
(for A. leacociana and cylichna; A. ovuliformis also mentioned) ;
P. Z. S. 1854, p. 206, type A. ovuliformis.

Shell short, elliptical-ovate, somewhat pupiform, composed
of few whorls, 4 to 5; aperture piriform, contracted by a strong
parietal lamella and sometimes supraparietel and palatal folds;
columella plicate or horizontally truncate at base. Type F.
ovuliformis.

This group is remarkable for its apertural plica? and lamella.
F. cylichna, a decidedly phylogerontic form as ghown by the ab-
normal development of the parietal callus, is now extinct. In
its apertural armature Cylichnidia apparently shows relationship
to Azeca and to Calaxis.

73. F. OVULIFORMIS (Lowe). PI. 39, fig. 23; pi. 40, figs. 36, 37.

"Shell narrowly elliptical somewhat pupiform, of equal
width at the two ends, short, glossy, smooth. Spire very ob-
tuse, half the length of the shell. Whorls slightly convex,
somewhat swollen; suture distinct. Aperture obovate, narrow,
biplicate, one fold transverse, abrupt and prominent, situated
midway between the columella and angle of the lip, the other
at the columella, more obsolete, oblique. Columella expanded,
thin, twisted, obliquely truncate. Length 2, diam. 1 line,
whorls 4 " (Lowe).

FERUSSACIA, MADEIRA. 281

Porto Santo: Abundant in some places in the higher moun-
tains, chiefly at the summit of Pico de Facho, the type locality.

Helix ovuliformis LOWE, Trans. Cambr. Philos. Soc., iv, 1831,
p. 61, pi. 6, f. 27.—Ackatina o. LOWE, P. Z. S., 1854, p. 206.
— PFR., Monogr., ii, 278. — Lovea ovuliformis WOLLASTON, Test.
Atlant. , p. 263, with var. pseudopsis, p. 264.

This seems to be a variable little species. The typical form,
as described and figured by Lowe, has no supraparietal nodule,
and the parietal callus is thin. Wollaston defines a var.
pseudopsis characterized by having a "corneous sphincter
[parietal cord] across its ultimate volution, commencing near
the angle of the outer lip and merging (as in the case of the
L. cylichna, where, however, it is much more expressed), in an
unbroken curve, into the columella.

This callosity is usually very faint, and often (as in the type
from which Mr. Lowe's original diagnosis was compiled) obso-
lete; but it is sometimes exceedingly apparent, and occasionally
indeed so much developed that it shapes out at its commence-
ment (near to the angle of the lip) an abrupt and almost denti-
form subvertical process. Examples thus furnished might well
be supposed, at first sight, to belong to a separate species, did
they not pass into the opposite extreme of form by the closest
intermediate gradations. I would, therefore, record this phasis
of the shell as the var. B. pseudopsis" ( Wollaston}.

In one of the specimens before me (pi. 39, fig. 23) the parietal
callus is very thin, but it bears a stout supraparietal callous
nodule. There are 4 whorls, the second disproportionately
wide. Length 3.6, diam. 1.75, length of aperture 1.75 mm.

Other examples (pi. 40, fig. 37) have the same shape,
4£ whorls, but the entering parietal lamella stands alone on the
thin, transparent, parietal callus. Length 3.7, diam. 1.7,
aperture 1.75 mm. This is the typical ovuliformis.

Another form (pi. 40, fig. 36) has the spire more conic and
elongate, the last whorl more slender; whorls 4£; aperture as
in the preceding. Length 3.8, diam. 1.7, length of aperture,
1.7 mm.

The columella in this species resembles that of F. leacociana.
Half-grown shells have the parietal lamella well developed.

282 CRYPTAZECA.

74. F. CYLICHNA (Lowe). PI. 39, figs. 28, 29.

The small, thin shell is cylindric-oblong, about equally blunt
at the two ends; smooth. The spire is wide, with convex out-
lines and a very obtuse summit. Whorls 4, but slightly con-
vex, rapidly widening. Aperture piriform, acuminate above.
The outer lip is thin, in profile sloping forward from the suture
down, broadly rounded below the middle. The parietal callus
forms a thick elevated cord except near the posterior or upper
angle, and in the middle bears a very strong horizontal entering
parietal lamella. Within the outer lip there is a strong com-
pressed palatal fold at its lower third, and two minute tuber-
cular marginal tubercles at the upper third. The columella
projects as a prominent horizontal fold above the deep basal
truncation. Length 2.7, diam. 1.1, aperture 1.4 mm.

Madeira: Canigal (Lowe, type loc.) and Point Sao Lourenco
(Grabham), abundant as a fossil. Not found living.

Achatina cylichna LOWE, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2 ser. ), ix,
p. 119 (Feb., 1852); P. Z. S., 1854, p. 206.— Lovea cylichna
WOLLASTON, Test. Atlant., p. 264.

Distinct from all other species by its pupiform shape, the
strong lower palatal plica and prominent parietal and columellar
lamellae. F. ovuliformis is the only closely related species.

Glandina cylichna Albers, Malacographia Maderensis, p. 84,
pi. 17, f. 19, 20, very imperfectly represents this species.
Bourguignat has gravely copied Albers' wretched figure, insert-
ing it as ' ' Csecilianella cylichna" in his monograph of Csecilia-
nella, Revue et Mag. de Zoologie, 1856, p. 429, pi. 12, f. 26.

Genus CRYPTAZECA de Folin et Berillon.

Cryptazeca DE FOLIN ET BERILLON, Bull. Soc. Borda, 1876,
p. 1.

Shell ovoid, thin, of 6 whorls; aperture half the total length,
ovate- piriform; no parietal lamella; outer lip thin, arched for-
ward; columella short, abruptly truncate at the base.

Animal (of C. monodonta^) grayish-ruddy above, the top of the
head nearly black, below whitish; upper tentacles strong, sub-
inflated at their apices, blackish, with a moderate sized ocular
dot; lower tentacles widely separated and shorter. Head pro-

CRYPTAZECA. 283

boscidiform, grooved above. Posterior end abruptly, strongly
truncate, the truncation with a pit, the outlet of mucous glands;
beyond this it terminates in a rather long tail. Pedal disk
thick, separated from the body by a deep longitudinal furrow
which defines a pedal margin one-third the height of the body;
margin transversely sulcate, and crenulated by the sulci below.
Two feeble longitudinal grooves divide the flanks into three
reticulated zones. The mantle extends over the parietal callus.
The movements of the animal are very lively.

Type, C. monodonta.

This peculiar form of the Basque country is isolated among
continental groups. It is more closely related to those of
Madeira. Cryptazeca may well be a relict form of the Iberian
early tertiary islands, and genetically connected with the
Madeiran groups. Anatomically it resembles Ferussacia, the
jaw and radula being similar, but the mantle is apparently not
reflexed over the outer lip of the shell around the aperture, as
it is to a greater or less extent in Ferussacia.

By its abruptly truncate columella, Cryptazeca differs from
Ferussacia proper, but the same feature occurs in some Madeiran
species, in Calaxis, and in Azeca.

C. MONODONTA (de Folin et Berillon). PL 48, fig. 22.

Shell minute, subelliptical, wider below; apex obtuse; longi-
tudinally very minutely and regularly striate, translucent,
glossy, pale fulvous. Whorls 5 or 6, slowly increasing, nearly
flat, slightly convex, joined by a linear, hardly impressed
suture; the last whorl larger, two-thirds the total length.
Aperture long, subpiriform, narrow above; outer lip arcuate,
arched forward and slightly bent inward below, with a feeble
callus or thickening most pronounced at the inflection; it is
reddish-brown. Columellar margin separating into three lines
below: the lower line running out in a rather prominent tooth,
the intermediate line following the columella and disappearing
above, the outer line curving gracefully, continuing the peri-
stome across the parietal wall. Length 4, diam. 1.6 mm.
(Folin).

S. W. France: Basses Pyrenees, near Cam bo, on the bank of

284 CALAXIS.

a little stream flowing into the Nive; living in moss and dead
leaves, sometimes under stones, in damp places (Folin*). West-
ern Pyrenees in the Basque country, environs of Bayonne
(Granger). N. E. Spain, on the grassy mountain-slopes sur-
rounding the Concha d'Orduna, rare (Kobelt).

Cryptazeca monodonta de FOLIN et BERILLON, Contrib. Faune
Frangaise, iii, 1876, p. ], pi. 3, f. 4, 5, in Bull. Soc. Borda, p.
199, pi. 1, f. 1.— deFoiJN, Le Naturaliste, xiii, 1891, pp. 264-
267, figs. 1-9 (anatomy), with var. hyalina, p. 267, and sub-
cylindrica, p. 267. Anatomy by J. Barrois, p. 266, figs. 1-9.
— Azeca monodonta GRANGER, Actes Soc. Linn., Bordeaux, Iii,
1897, p. 248.— KOBELT, Iconogr. n. F., vii, p. 37, pi. 188, f.
1201.— BARROIS, Revue des Sci. Nat. de 1'Ouest, 1892, ii, p.
331, figs. 1-9, anatomy (repeated from Le Naturaliste, 1891).
- Azeca ra., WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, p. 150.

I have been unable to consult the original description of this
species, published in 1876, and hence have depended upon the
other authorities cited above, the description being taken from
de Folin' s account in Le Naturaliste. The figures are from
Kobelt.

Var. hyalina Folin. Similar to monodonta, but the shell is
without the warm coloration; instead of being a fine tawny
color it is crystalline; the outer margin is also less dark and
only roseate.

Var. subcylindrica Folin. Shell narrower, more lengthened,
subcylindric, whorls often 7, nearly flat; usually subhyaline or
hyaline. Length 4.3, diam. 1.3 mm., whereas the typical form
of monodonta measures 3.6 x 1.5 mm.

Genus CALAXIS Bourguignat.

Calaxis BOURGUIGNAT, in LETOURNEUX et BOURGUIGNAT, Pro-
drome de la Malacologie terr. et fluv. de la Tunisie, 1887, p.
114, for hierosolymarum, rothi, saidcyi and moussoniana. — Elas-
mophora WESTERLUND Fauna Palaarct. Reg. Binnenconch. iii,
p. 152, 1887, (as a synonym of Calaxis, no type mentioned.) —
Tornatelloides PFEIFFER, in part, Monographia Heliceorum
Viventium viii, p. 299, for F. achatinoides, fraseri, microxia,
diodonta, hierosolymarum,, rothi, moussoniana, unidentata, ovidi-

CALAXIS. 285

formis (1877). — Tornatellinoides PFR. , in part, Nomenclator Hel.
Viv. , 1878, p. 338, for most of the same species.

Shell cylindric-oblong or lanceolate with conic spire, thin,
whitish, glassy, composed of 6 to 9 flattened whorls, the last
large. Aperture vertical, lanceolate, very narrow above, with a
deep rounded sinus below the projecting, lamellar, strongly
truncate columella; a strong parietal lamella is usually present,
and generally a weak palatal plica opposite it, but in some
species these are wanting.

Type F. hierosolymarum. Distribution, Syria, Palestine,
lower Egypt. These shells differ from Pegea by the peculiar
Achatinoid columella and glassy texture. Kobelt seems dis-
posed to rank the group as a distinct genus, as Bourguignat has
done.

Pfeiffer's group Tornatelloides (later emended to Tornatel-
linoides') contained representatives of several genera. His first
species, achatinoides, which I take to be the type (following
Tryon, Struct, and Syst. Conch, iii, p. 62) is a Gambier Island
shell apparently belonging to the Tornatellina group.

1. F. HIEROSOLYMARUM Roth. PI. 45, figs. 29, 32.

Shell subfusiform, vitreous, pellucid, glossy, with a conic,
acute spire. Whorls 8, flat, the last cylindric, shorter than the
spire. Columella subhorizontally, shortly truncate, callous,
with a lamella in the upper part. Aperture elliptical, rounded
basally, the upper angle very acute; parietal wall bearing a
strong acute spiral lamella, which continues inward to the apex;
palatal wall delicately uniplicate; right margin arcuate, acute.
Length 4 to 8, diam. 1.5 to 2, aperture 2 to 3 mm. (Roth).

Palestine: Type locality near Jerusalem on the road to Beth-
lehem, under an overhanging rock.

Tornatellina hierosolymarum ROTH, Malak. Bl. i, 1855, p. 39,
pi. 1, f. 8, 9. — PFR., Monogr., iv, 652; vi, 260. — MOUSSON,
Coquilles terr. et fluv. recueillies par Roth en Palestine, 1861,
p. 51, with var. discrepans, p. 52. — Ferussacia h., BGT. , Rev. et
Mag. Zool., 1864, p. 208, pi. 18, f. 1-4; Moll. nouv. litig. etc.,
iv, p. 126, pi. 19, f. 1-4. — Calaxis h., KOBELT, Iconogr., vii,
p. 17, pi. 184, f. 1164.

uJ

286 CALAXIS.

This is a somewhat variable species, in which a second parietal
tooth is sometimes developed, sometimes only indicated, or
wholly wanting. The palatal plica is sometimes stronger,
sometimes weaker, and occasionally doubled. Westerlund and
Kobelt agree that the several forms described by Bourguignat,
as well as the var. discrepans of Mousson, are merely forms of a
single species. I give below the alleged differential characters
and copies of the original figures.

Var. discrepans Mousson.

A little larger, whorls slightly convex, the last shorter, sub-
angular above and below, not over one-third the total length;
columella strongly armed, lamella smaller. A single example
found among the typical form, leaves it doubtful whether this
is a good variety or merely an exceptional variation.

Var. rothi Bourguignat. PI. 45, figs. 30.

Differs from F. hierosolymarum by the more lanceolate shell,
less ventricose, the more regular increase of the whorls, the spire
a little longer, the parietal lamella especially more compressed,
more projecting, less thick, by the columella terminating in a
lamella which becomes nearly flat at the base, while in hiero-
solymarum the columella is simply twisted by a lamelliform fold
which descends obliquely; finally by having two palatal plicae
within the outer lip. Length 7, diam. 2.25 mm., whorls 8.

Jeruselam (Roth).

Ferussacia rothi BGT. , Malac. Algerie, ii, p. 31; Rev. et Mag.
Zool., 1864, p. 193, pi. 18, f. 13-16; Moll. nouv. litig. etc., iv,
p. 108, pi. 19, f. 13-16.

Var. moussoniana Bourguignat. PI. 45, fig. 33.

Distinguished from F. rothi by the more lanceolate shell, a
little more globular at the base, by the more dilated basal part
of the aperture; the columella armed with two lamelliform
folds, an upper and a lower, while in rothi there is only one.
Length 7, diam. 2 mm., Whorls 8 to 9.

Around Jerusalem, Bethlehem, etc., very abundant under
stones and rocks.

F. moussoniana BGT., Malac. Algerie, ii, p. 31 (Jan., 1864);

CALAXIS. 287

Revue et Mag. de Zool., 1864, p. 195, pi. 18, f. 5-8; Moll,
nouv. litig., iv, p. Ill, pi. 19, f. 5-8.

Var. cypria Kobelt. PI. 45, fig. 31.

The suture between the last two whorls descends more rap-
idly than between preceding whorls; the parietal lamella stands
somewhat higher than in C. rothi ; no trace of a palatal plica.
Length somewhat over 7.5 mm. (Kobelt}.

Levkara, Cyprus (Rolle*).

Calaxis rothi var. cypria KOB. , Iconographie, Supplement-
Band, p. 59. — C. hierosolymarum v. cypria KOB., t. c. , pi. 20, f.
6, 7, 1896.

2. C. SAULCYI (Bourguignat). PI. 45, fig. 34.

Shell acuminate-oblong, fragile, smooth, glassy, transparent.
Spire acuminate, the apex a little obtuse. Whorls 8, nearly
flat or slightly convex, regularly and slowly increasing, sepa-
rated by a paler, superficial, duplicated suture; the last whorl
half the total length. Aperture long, contracted, very narrow,
bilamellate; palatal lamella in fully adult shells small, the other
lamella terminating the columella. Outer margin strongly
arched forward; margins joined by a callus. Length 6.5, diam.
2 mm. (Bgt.).

Syria: Environs of Say da, very rare.

Ferussada saukyi BGT. , Malac. Algerie, ii, p. 31 ; Rev. et Mag.
Zool., 1864, p. 196, pi. 18, f. 9-12; Moll. nouv. litig., etc., iv,
p. 113, pi. 19, f. 9-12.

Distinguished from the other species by the excessively con-
tracted aperture and very short, almost wanting columella.
Nothing is said of a parietal lamella; it is apparently wanting.

3. C. UNIDENTATA (Jickeli). PI. 45, fig. 35.

The cylindric-fusiform shell is thin, translucent, smooth,
glassy, white. Spire long-conic, the apex obtuse; whorls 6,
flattened, regularly increasing, separated by a duplicated suture,
the last whorl descending in front and longer than the spire.
Aperture oblong, narrowed and acutely angular above, dilated
towards the base. The columellar margin is covered with a thin
callus and carries in the middle of its length a fold, below which

288 DIGONIAXIS.

it is concave. The columella is obliquely truncate at base.
The outer margin of the peristome is thin and acute. Length
4.5, diam. 1.5, aperture 2.5 mm. (Jickdi*).

Egypt: near the Mahmudi canal at Alexandria, one dead
shell in a rice field.

Ferussacia unidentata JICK., Malak. Bl. xx, 1872, p. 103;
Fauna der Land-und Siisswasser-Mollusken Nord-Ost-Afrika's,
in Nova Acta Acad. Caes.-Leop. Carol. Germanicse Nat. Cur.
vol. 37, p. 132, pi. 5, f. 20, 1875.— KOBELT, Iconogr. vii, p. 36.

Differs from C. hierosolymarum by the longer last whorl and
narrower aperture. This species, known from a single example
has been referred to Calaxis with doubt by Westerlund and
Kobelt, but from Jickeli's remarks and comparison with the
type of Calaxis hierosolymarum, it seems to belong strictly to the
same group.

Genus DIGONIAXIS Jousseaume.

Digoniaxis Jouss., Bull. Soc. Malacologique de France, vi,
1889, p. 348, for D. bourguignati.

Shell long, turrite, composed of numerous slowly and regu-
larly increasing whorls. Aperture about one-third the total
length, semiovate, the outer lip simple, arching forward; colu-
mella vertical, strongly bilamellate; internal axis spirally
sinuous.

Type D. bourguignati. Distribution, Aden, Ceylon.

A genus of uncertain position, probably near Calaxis, as M.
Jousseaume believes, but differing in the longer spire and the
strong development of a spiral lamella superposed upon the
upper part of the columella. There are no parietal or palatal
lamellae. The internal axis, as seen through the shell, is
strongly spiral, the upper lamella penetrating deeply, according
to Jousseaume. It is possible, however, that the spiral condi-
tion is due to the basal lamella.

1. D. BOURGUIGNATI Jousseaume. PI. 50, figs. 1, 2.

Shell imperforate, elongate-acuminate, very thin, translucid,
vitrinoid, very glossy, polished, or under a very strong lens
delicately striatulate. Spire long, acute at the apex. Whorls
10, convex, slowly increasing, separated by a deep suture; the

DIGONIAXIS, AZECA. 289

penult and last whorls biangular, one angle above, the other
below, flatly roof-shaped around the suture. Last whorl slightly
over one-third the total length, biangular, the upper angle
bounding the roof-like subsutural belt, the other below at the
periphery, flat between the angles from the beginning. Aperture
suboblique, irregularly subovate, the outer margin arching for-
ward. Columella bilamellate, the lamella acute, thin, the
upper one stronger and coiled around the axis. Peristome
fragile, unexpanded and acute. Length 9, diam. 2.5, alt.
aperture 3 mm. (Jouss.).

Mahala, between Aden and Steamer Point, on the beach.

Digoniaxis bouryuignati Jouss., Bull, de la Socie"te Malac. de
France, vi, p. 348 (1889); vii, 1890, p. 101, pi. 3, f. 1-3.

2. D. CINGALENSIS (Benson). Vol. xviii, pi. 4, fig. 18.

Shell subrimate, subulate-turrited, slender, solid, polished,
striatulate, decussated with minute, very close undulating spiral
stria?. Spire elongate, noticeably tapering above, apex un-
known. Suture slightly impressed, irregular. Whorls remain-
ing 11 (the apical ones wanting), flattened, the last whorl
rounded basally. Aperture suboblique, emarginate-elliptical;
peristome unexpanded, calloused within at the upper angle;
outer margin arcuate above, basal margin thickened, columellar
margin calloused, a little expanded, subreflexed, provided above
with an oblique solid spiral fold. Length 14, diam. 3, aperture
3x1.5 mm. (Bens.}.

Ceylon: Weelgamoowe, Matelle (Layard).

Spiraxis cingalensis BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3 ser. ), xi,
p. 91, 1863.— PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 191.— HANL. & THEOB.,
Conch. Indica, pi. 79, f. 1.

A Syrnola-like shell, differing from Tortaxis by the spiral plait
on the upper part of the columella. Its solidity causes me to
place it in Digoniaxis with some doubt, especially since it be-
longs to a different fauna. Known to me by description and
figure only.

Genus AZECA 'Leach Turton.'

Includes Azeca, Hypnophila, Gomphroa, etc.

Oblong or ovate-fusiform Ferussacidse, with the aperture short,

290 AZECA.

ovate, less narrow above than in Ferussacia, and with a tendency
to be toothed, either near the upper end of the parietal callus,
in the middle of the parietal wall, or on all margins; columella
abruptly truncate at the base at all stages of growth.

The penis has a long club-shaped appendix ; radula with
about 20,1,20 teeth, the laterals bicuspid.

Type A. menkeana goodalli. Distribution, central and south-
ern Europe and north Africa.

In the present condition of our knowledge of the soft anatomy
of these snails, I see no sufficient cause for separating Hypnophila
and Azeca generically. Cryptazeca also seems similar by the
compact shape and truncate columella of the shell, but the
absence of any apertural teeth or calluses whatever may be held
to sufficiently characterize it as a distinct genus; moreover, the
soft anatomy of Cryptazeca is that of Ferussacia, so far as known.
The modern subgenera of Azeca are evidently relics of an old
stock, which seems to have passed its acme.

Subgenera of Azeca.

a. Aperture conspicuously toothed or lamellate on both outer
and inner margins. Azeca, s. str. , species 1, 2.

a1. No teeth or lamellae in outer lip.

b. Parietal callus thickened with the edge calloused near
the posterior angle; columella truncate, at least in ob-
lique view. Subgenus Hypnophila, sp. 3 to 14.
bl. Parietal callus thin; not toothed; columella scarcely
truncate. Subgenus Gomphroa, sp. 15, 16.

Subgenus AZECA, s. str.

Azeca ("adopted from Dr. Leach") TURTON, Manual of the
land and fresh-water shells of the British Islands, pp. 6, 68,
"type Turbo tridens Montagu. "--LEACH, Synops. Moll. Great
Britain, edit. Gray, 1852, p. 88, for A. matoni Leach=^4. m.
goodalli. — Azecastrum BOURGUIGNAT, Am6nites Malac., ii, p. 87
(1858), type A. tridens. -- PFR. , Monographia Heliceorum
Viventium. iii, 521, etc., in part. — KNIGHT, Journal of Conch.,
ix, p. 275 (derivation of name Azeca). — Odontalus PARKEYSS,
Systemat. Verzeich. Oesterreich Land- u. Fluss-Conch., in

AZECA. 291

Berichte Mittheil. Freude Naturwiss. Wien, vi, 1850, p. 99, for
0. tridens Drap. — Azeca Leach, GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 175.

Shell long-ovate or subfusiform, smooth and glossy as is usual
in the family, composed of 6 to 8 nearly flat whorls, the last
swollen behind the outer and basal lips. Aperture ovate, the
outer lip excised or retracted in its upper third, then contracted
with blunt or slightly expanded edge, the lip-ends connected by
a callous cord across the parietal wall, rising into a small
triangular tooth near the upper angle of the mouth. Parietal
wall bearing a deeply entering parietal lamella, a small tubercle
above its outer end, and a small lamella at the root of the colu-
mella. Columella with a vertical white lamina, and a basal
tooth or stout lamella. Outer lip with a marginal tooth and
sometimes lower palatal and deeply placed denticles. The
exterior coloration, and soft parts of Azeca have been described
by Jeffreys, Moquin-Tandon and others, but no mention is made
of pedal grooves or a tail-pore. The soft anatomy, except jaw
and teeth, has not been described.

Type A. menkeana goodalli. Distribution, central Europe and
England.

Azeca contains a single well-marked recent species, with a
number of subspecies or local races, of which only one, A. m.
goodalli, has been adequately worked out. Some half dozen
others, diagnosed by French linouvelle ecole" authors, require
further investigation. A. elongata Taylor seems to be a remark-
ably distinct species, yet it is known by only two specimens,
and may possibly be an abnormal form. According to Knight,
the name Azeca was taken from a town of the tribe of Judah.
It appears that Leach used various other oriental geographic
names for genera of shells without much regard for their fitness.

There are several tertiary species beginning with the middle
eocene A. boettgeri. The earliest are allied to modern forms,
and throw but little light on the genesis of the genus, which
must have arisen very early. In the miocene a group of species
with small teeth appeared (A. monocraspedon and its allies),
representing either a collateral phylum or a branch with sim-
plified apertures. The fossil species known to me are as
follows:

292 AZECA.

Azeca boettgeri Andreae, Neues Jahrb. fur Min. u. Geol., 1882,
ii, p. 293. Middle Eocene of Buchsweiler, Alsace. Related to
A. menkeana.

Azeca peneckei Andreae, Mittheil. Roemer Mus., No. 18, p. 15
(= A. boettgeri Pen., not Andreae). Upper Oligocene of Reueny
Steyermark.

Azeca monocraspedon Slavic, Archivf. d. Naturw. Landesdurchf.
v. Bohmen, i, 1869, p. 264, pi. 6, f. 16, 17.— Sandberger,
t. c. , p. 434. Tuchoric, Bohemia, Lower Miocene.

Azeca mired Klika, Die tert. Land- und Siisswasser-Conch.
Nordwest. Bohmen, 1891, p. 75, fig. 72. Lower Miocene^
Tuchoric, Bohemia.

Azeca pumila Slavic, t. c., 1869. — Klika, Tert. Land- und
Siisswasser-Conch Nordwest. Bohmen, 1891, p. 73, fig. 70.

Azeca loxostoma Klein (Achatina /., Klein, Wurttemb. Jahresh.^
ix, p. 214, pi. 5, f. 12), Sandberger, t. c., p. 596, pi. 29, f. 17,
Upper Miocene, Morsingen, etc., Germany.

Azecafrechi Andreae, Mittheilungen aus der Roemer Museum,.
Hildesheim, no. 18, 1902, p. 15, fig. 7. Miocene, Oppeln,
Silesia.

Azeca baudoni Michaud, Journ. de Conchy!., 1862, p. 69, pi.
4, f. 8, Hauterive. The aperture seems to be tridentate, some-
what as in A. elongata Taylor, and A. monocraspedon Slavic.

Azeca loryi Michaud, t. c., p. 70, pi. 4, f. 7, Hauterive, is
very similar to A. menkeana, but it has a higher crest behind
the outer lip. It is probably not in the direct ancestral line of
any living form, being somewhat more specialized.

Azeca miliolum Paladilhe, Revue des Sci. Nat., Montpellier, ii,
1873, p 47, pi. 2, f. 13-15. Pliocene, Montpellier. Seems to
stand near A, baudoni.

1. A. MENKEANA (C. Pfeiffer). PL 46, figs. 1, 2.

The shell is cylindric-fusiform, brownish-corneous, somewhat
transparent, very smooth and glossy, faintly marked with
growth-lines. Spire convexly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls
7, nearly flat, the last tapering towards the rounded base;
suture distinct, but slightly impressed. The aperture is ovate,
vertical, obstructed by numerous teeth: on the parietal wall

AZECA. 293

there is a narrow callous ledge bordering the parietal callus,
extending to the base, and above rising into a triangular tooth
near the upper angle; a high median deeply entering parietal
lamella, the outer end of which, in well developed specimens,
curves downward and again inward, making a semicircular or
horseshoe-shaped callous ridge (see fig. 5). There is a small
supraparietal tubercle above the outer end of the parietal lamella.
The columella has an obtuse, deeply placed callous fold, and a
horizontal basal lamella. The outer lip is thick, its upper third
excised, and below the excision the margin is contracted; above
the middle it bears a prominent marginal tooth, with a more
deeply placed tubercle below it. Within the back of the last
whorl there are two tubercular plica?, the lower one larger.
Length 6.5, diam. 2.7 mm.

Central Europe: Germany, France; type locality Pyrmont,
Germany.

CarychiummenkeanumC. PFEIFFER, Systematisches Anordnung
u. Beschreib. Deutscher Land- und Siisswasser-Schnecken, p.
70, pi. 3, f. 42 (1821). — Pupa menkeana C. PFR., Naturgeschichte
Deutscher Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken, iii, p. 62 (1828).
—Bulimus menkeanus MOQUIN-TANDON, Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. et
fluv. de France, p. 302, pi. 22, f. 7-14, with varr. nouletianus
and crystallinus. — Azeca menkeana PJLSBRY, Journal of Con-
chology, xii, April, 1908, p. 137. — Odontalus tridens Drap. ,
PARREYSS, Syst. Verzeichniss, etc., p. 99 (1850). — Achatina
goodalli ROSSMAESSLER, Iconographie, ii, p. 33, fig. 654. — Azeca
tridens Pult. , PFEIFFER, Monographia Hel. Viv., ii, 276; iii, 522;
iv, 645; vi, 255; viii, 311 (see for full references); Conchyl. Cab.,
Bulimus, p. 371, pi. 37, f. 27-30.

Pulteney supposed that this species was the Turbo tridens of
Miiller, an error which various authors detected independently,
hence the multiplicity of names given it between 1821 and 1831.
As a specific name A. menkeana is preferable, since it was well
described and figured by C. Pfeiffer in 1821, while Ferussac's
name, goodalli, of the same date, was unaccompanied by de-
scription or figure, being based upon the accounts of Pulteney
and Montagu.

294 AZECA.

Var. mabilleana Fagot. PL 46, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Similar to menkeana but larger, the spire longer; reddish-
corneous. Whorls 8, very regularly and slowly increasing.
Outer and basal lips very strongly contracted, preceded by a
conspicuous ridge, palatal plicae 2, the lower somewhat im-
mersed as in menkeana, but there are no teeth within the back
of the last whorl. Length 7 to 7.5, diam. 3 mm.

Southwestern France: Lourdes.

Azeca mabilleana FAGOT, Monogr. des espec. Fr. Azeca, p. 6,
in Bull. Soc. Scient. Pyr.-Or., xxii, 1876.

Figured from topotypes.

Var. antiqua 'Bgt.' Fagot. A Quaternary fossil from around
Toulouse or Villa-franca (exact locality not given), resembling
mabilleana, but with more fusiform spire and stouter folds, and
with two teeth in the outer lip, one exactly opposite the parietal
lamella, the other very deeply placed, punctiform. The dimen-
sions are given as alt. 7 to 8, diam. \ mm., an evident error.
(Azeca antiqua Bourguignat, FAGOT, Bulletin Societe d' Hist. Nat.
de Toulouse, xiii, 1879, p. 299. )

Var. alzenensis Saint-Simon.

Differs from menkeana by its more reddish, very finely striate
shell, the first whorls more swollen, the aperture piriform-
rounded basally instead of being piriform-angular; by having a
deeper sinus above in the outer lip; peristome and sutures of a
more ferruginous red, and by some differences in the teeth:
the upper parietal tooth is further from the parietal lamella;
the columellar folds are more curved, the upper internal one
having nearly the shape of the columellar tooth of Pupa partioti.
Finally, the small denticles deep in the throat are rounded and
smaller than in menkeana. Length 6, diam. 2.5 mm., whorls
7 to 8.

Pyrenees: in rock crevices of the northern slope of Mt. Alzen,
near the Bastide de Serou (Ariege), at an elevation of 700
meters; also at Lourdes.

Azeca tridens var. alzenensis SAINT-SIMON, Annales de Mala-
cologie, i, p. 24 (1870?), with description of dentition, ganglia
and appendix.

AZECA. 295

Moquin-Tandon's description and figures of A. tridens are
said to be from specimens of this variety. According to Saint-
Simon the appendix is long with club-like end, similar to that
figured for Chondrus quadridens on pi. 22, f. 3, of Moquin-
Tandon's Mollusques de France. The jaw is composed of about
20 wide plaits. Its ends are pointed, as in Zonites lucidus.
Radula with 80 rows of 14, 8, 1, 8, 14 teeth, the marginals with
4, laterals with 2 cusps. Central teeth very small.

Var. GOODALLI (Ferussac). PI. 46, figs. 3, 4, 5.

The obesely fusiform shell is comparatively shorter than in
menkeana, composed of 6^ to 7 whorls, the last swollen and
whitish behind the outer and basal lip margin?, the outer lip
being excised and rather thin in the upper third, blunt and
narrowly expanded below. Parietal lamella, supraparietal
denticle and cord along the edge of the parietal callus about as
in A. menkeana. Columella strongly dentate at base, and with
a broad white vertical lamella above, scarcely visible except in
oblique view. Outer lip having a stout marginal tooth opposite
the parietal lamella, but usually no lower palatal fold, and
there are no deep seated internal teeth within the outer wall.

Length 5.5 to 6, diam. 2.5 mm.

England, type loc. " by the river Stour." Southern France.

Turbo tridens PULTENEY Catalogues of the birds, shells and
some of the more rare plants of Dorsetshire, p. 46, in Hutchin's
History of Dorset, (1799). Not Turbo tridens Gmelin 1791
(Helix tridens M tiller). — DACOSTA, Testacea Brit. p. 338, pi.
11, fig. 2 (1803).— MONTAGU, Testacea Brittanica, 1803, p.
338, pi. 11, fig. 2. — Azeca tridens FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit.
Moll, iv, p. 128, pi. 125, f. 9. — Helix goodalli FERUSSAC, Tab-
leau Systematique la Famille des Limacons, p. 71, no. 492ter.
(1821), no description; based upon Turbo tridens of Pulteney
and Montagu. Carychium politum Jeffreys, Trans. Linnean
Society of London xvi, p. 365 (1829). — Pupa brittanica
KEN YON, The Magazine of Natural History etc., ( Louden' s), i,
p. 427 (1829).— Azeca matoni "Leach, Mollusc, p. 122, t. 8,
f. 8," TURTON, Manual of the land and fresh-water shells of the
British Islands, p. 68. fig. 52 (1831). — Azeca noidetiana DUPUY,

296 AZECA.

Cat. ex tram ar. Gall. test. 1849, no 31; His. nat. Moll. terr. et
d'eau douce France, p. 338, pi. 15, f. 12. — Papa goodaill DUPUY,
Essai Moll. Dept. Gers. p. 42.

Var. cristallina (Dupuy). PI. 46, fig. 3.

Shell of a transparent white resembling that of Helix cristal-
lina; color of the animal pure white, the tentacles and back
somewhat gray (Dupuy). The shell has one tooth on the right
margin, thickened below, with a sinus in the upper part, colu-
mellar margin with 4 teeth, two large and two small. Two of
these teeth continue as milk-white lamellae in the interior of the
shell. None of the specimens have an inner tooth in the right
margin. Length 6 to 7, diam. 2 or 3 mm.

French Pyrenees: Dept. Gers, at Bives and Blousson-Serian.

Pupa goodaill var. cristallina [sic] DUPUY, Essai sur les Mol-
lusques terr. et fluv. du Department du Gers, p. 43 (1843).

This name was evidently based on albino examples of what
was described later by Dupuy as A. nouletiana. Similarly col-
orless examples occur at Ilkley (fig. 3) and probably other
places in England.

Var. trigonostoma Fagot. Shell rather ventricose, oblong-ovate,
reddish-corneous. Whorls 7, scarcely convex, rather rapidly
increasing, the last large, compressed below and somewhat
angular. Aperture lunate-triangular, with the parietal and
columellar lamellae as in mabilleana, and with a small marginal
tooth exactly opposite the parietal lamella; no palatal teeth;
outer margin weakly excised above. Length 6, diam. 3 mm.
( Westerlund).

France: Luchon.

Azeca trigonostoma FAGOT, Monogr. Azeca, p. 7, in Bull. Soc.
Scient. Pyr.-Or., xxii, 1876. — Cionella t. , WESTERLUND, Fauna,
p. 149.

Var. bourguignati Fagot. Shell lengthened-oblong, fragile,
corneous. "Whorls Sy2, flattened, slowly increasing, the last
scarcely larger, hardly one-third the total length, contracted
below. Aperture obliquely piriform, nearly triangular, very
narrow and pointed above on the right, with the parietal and
columellar lamella? as in mabilleana but weaker ; without teeth

AZECA. 297

in the outer lip or throat. Outer lip but little excised above.
Length 7.5, diam. 3 mm. (Westerlund) .

France: Bouilly, Aube.

Azeca &., FAGOT, Monogr. Azeca p. 8, in Bull. Soc. Scient.
Pyr.-Or., xxii, 1876. — Cionella &., WESTERL. Fauna, p. 149.

2. A. ELONGATA Taylor. PL 46, fig. 6.

' ' Shell of an elongate form, composed of about 9l/2 slightly
convex whorls, increasing gradually in size, of a yellowish-
brown or chestnut colour, smooth and glossy, with very in-
distinct striae; periphery rounded, spire produced and blunt
at the apex, suture impressed, mouth pyriform, acutely angled
posteriorly with a 'broad marginal callosity margined on the
penultimate whorl and columella by a raised thread-like rib,
and furnished with a strong and somewhat posteriorly in-
clined denticle on the middle of the outer margin, an an-
teriorly convex, simple pointed denticle at the base of the
columella, and on the penultimate whorl there is a small den-
ticle about midway between the outer lip and the columella.
Length 9, breadth 2.5, aperture 2.5 mm. long." (Taylor.)

England : Ingleton, Yorkshire, type loc. ; North Wales.

Azeca elongata TAYLOR, The Naturalist, London, March,
1897, p. 75, fig. in text; copied in Journal of Malacology vi.
1897, p. 15, fig. 1A.

Based upon two specimens.

"Compared with Azeca tridens this form may be immedi-
ately recognised by its elongate shape, which markedly con-
trasts with the almost exactly pupaeform shape of the typical
A. tridens. There are 9^ whorls instead of seven only, and
they also increase more slowly in size, the last whorl being
comparatively smaller than in Pulteney's species. The aper-
ture is more broadly expanded than in A. tridens, and not
nearly so compressed posteriorly, and its armature is strik-
ingly distinct, for while the denticle upon the outer lip is
stronger and the tooth at base of columella though of similar
size is different in character, there would seem to be a total
absence of the peculiar winding columellar lamella which is
so conspicuous a feature in A. tridens, and has been sup-

298 AZECA.

posed to represent the clausilium of the Clausilias, and which
I figured at p. 128 of my monograph. Its rounded basal
termination can be seen just above the columellar denticle in
the figure of A. tridens. On the penultimate whorl there is
merely a slight denticle to represent the twin spirally wind-
ing lamellae present in its ally." (Taylor.)

Subgenus HYPNOPHILA Bourguignat.

Hypnophila BGT., Amenites Malacologiques ii, p. 88 (Revue
et Mag. de Zool. 1858), for A. pupccformis, zacynthia-, emil-
iana, cylindra-cea, incerta, psatliyrolena.

Shell oblong, with small oblique aperture; parietal callus
thick at the edge, rising into a triangular tooth near the
posterior angle; columella more or less truncate at base;
aperture otherwise toothless. Type A. pupccformis.

A Mediterranean group, with species in Greece, Dalmatia,
Italy, Sicily and northwestern Africa, Whether it is ana-
tomically like Azeca has not been determined.

Dalmatian and Grecian Group.
3. A. PUP^FORMIS Cantraine. PI. 47, fig. 9.

Shell ovate-elliptical, imperforate, thin, smooth, subtrans-
lucid, yellowish corneous. Spire conic with somewhat convex
sides, the apex but slightly obtuse. Whorls 7 to 8, very
slightly convex, regularly increasing, separated by a suture
which is margined on the lower whorls; last whorl two-fifths
the total length, measured behind, flattened behind the lip,
rounded basally. Columella short, subvertical, scarcely arcu-
ate, and in oblique view appears truncate at the base. Aper-
ture slightly oblique, ovate, slightly compressed at the base.
Peristome unexpanded, rather obtuse; the margins joined by
a thread-like callus, which follows the outer edge of the colu-
mella to the base, and above, near the insertion of the outer
lip, is impressed and bears a glossy white tubercle. Outer lip
is somewhat thickened internally in the middle, and some-
what straightened below, so that the aperture appears rather
pointed there. Length 7, diam. 3 mm. (Kobelt}.

Dalmatia : Zara and Spalatro.

AZECA. 299

Bulimus pupceformis CANTRAINE, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bruxelles
ii, 1836, p. 380; Make. Medit. et Lit. p. 137, pi. 5, f. 11.-
Azeca pupae formis PFR., Symbolse etc. ii, p. 136; Monogr. iii,
522 ; iv, 646 ; vi, 255 ; viii, 313. — BOURGUIGNAT, Revue et Mag.
de Zool. 1858, p. 543, pi. 18, f. 4-6; Amenites Malacol. ii, p.
102, pi. 14, f. 4-6. — Mastus canthraini BECK, Index Moll. p. 73
(1837). — Achatina dentiens ROSSMAESSLER, Iconographie ii,
p. 33, sp. 655. — Columna dentiens VILLA, Dispositio Syst. p.
20. — Ferussacia (Hypnophila) pupccformis KOBELT, Icono-
graphic (n. F.) vii, p. 20, pi. 185, f. 1167 a, 6.

This rather rare Dalmatian species is closely related to the
Grecian forms described below.

4. A. ZACYNTHIA Both. PI. 47, fig. 1, 2, 3, 5.

Shell ovate-subcylindric, corneous fulvous, pellucid ; whorls
6, the last equal in length to the penultimate, entirely flat,
joined by a hair-like suture. Spire obtuse. Aperture ob-
lique, subcircular; columella dentate-truncate deep within;
peristome subreflexed, rather thick, white, margins connected
by a white callus which ascends the left margin and abruptly
ends, leaving a notch at the upper angle of the aperture.
Length 5.25, width 2.5, alt. apert. 1.5, width 1 mm. (Roth).

Greece: Zante (type loc.), and Corfu.

Azeca zacyntkia ROTH, Malak. Bl. ii, 1855, p. 39, pi. 1, f.
10, 11. — PFR., Monogr. iv, 646; vi, 256. — A. zacinthia BGT.,
Amen. Mai. ii, p. 104, pi. 14, f. 13, 14 (copied from Roth).-
Cionella zakynthia HESSE, Jahrb. D. M. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 330
(Corfu). - -WESTERLUND, Fauna iii, p. 151. -- Ferussacia
(Hypnophila) zacynthia KOBELT, Iconogr. n. F. vii, p. 21,
f. 1168.

More cylindric than A. pupceformis, with fewer whorls,
smaller and rounder 'aperture, subreflexed peristome, etc.
Numerous examples are before me from Corfu, collected by
Conernenos, three being figured on my plate. The size varies
from 5 x 2.4 mm. with 61/4 whorls, to 5.8 x 2.5 mm. with fully
7 whorls. The peristome is continued as a raised ledge along
the eolumellar border, and is cord-like across the parietal wall,
terminating above in a subtriangular denticle such as the

300 AZECA.

allied Grecian species have, and also Azeca menkeana. In
oblique view in the mouth the columella appears very broad,
and distinctly truncate at base. In old and well developed
specimens the lower two-thirds of the outer lip is very nar-
rowly but distinctly expanded, and the upper third of the lip
is markedly thinner. The whorl contracts more or less per-
ceptibly to the mouth, but less than in A. cyclothyra.

The following form, B. politus, is probably identical with
zacynthia or one of the closely allied forms. Its exact iden-
tity probably cannot now be established and hence the name,
while prior to any other for a Grecian species, cannot be used.

Bulimus politus Parreyss. :'A species of Greece, which
with much resemblance in shape to B. lubricus, has the colu-
mella deeply truncate, and by rights should have place among
the Achatinse of Lamarck, or the Columns? of Perry."
(Porro, Malacologia terrestre e fluviale della Province
Comasca, Milano, 1838, p. 54, pi. 2, f. 8c).

This form was thus briefly described and figured by Carlo
Porro from specimens given him by Parreyss. I have trans-
lated his account above, and copied his figure on pi. 47, fig. 4.
So far as I know this is the only information published.
Westerlund (Fauna iii, p. 147) places it under C. liibrica as a
variety, a course he surely could not have taken had he seen
the original account in Porro. His diagnosis applies to some-
thing entirely different.

5. A. CYCLOTHYRA Boettger. PL 47, figs. 7, 8.

Intermediate between C. zacynthia Roth and C. Integra
Mouss., but larger than either. Differs from the first by the
more oblong-ovate shell, less distinctly rimate, 6% whorls, the
aperture smaller for the size of the shell, nearly circular, not
subtriangular, the base contracted and exactly rounded; trun-
cation of the columella distinct, but less dentiform. It differs
from C. Integra by the more ventrieose shell, not in the least
cyliudric, the more curved base of the aperture, and the much
more distinct columellar truncation. Alt. 6 to 6.25, diam.
3 mm. (Bttg.)

Greece: Santameri, Achaia (Conemenos).

AZECA. 301

Cochlicopa (Hypnophila) cyclothyra BTTG., Naehrbl. d.
D. Malak. Ges. xvii, Aug. 1885, p. 121.

Dr. Boettger remarks that C. pupiformis Cantraine does
not occur in Greece. All three known Grecian species con-
trast with the Sicilian and Dalmatian forms by the more ob-
tuse summit of the shell. Each of the Grecian species is yet
known from a single place, and no transition forms have ap-
peared up to this time.

The figures are drawn from specimens received from Cone-
menos. The whorl contracts more strongly to the aperture
than any A. zacynthia I have seen, and the lip-edge, while
blunt, is not perceptibly expanded. The columellar margin
is built up level with the outer lip by a white callous ridge.
The columella in oblique view is very wide and obliquely trun-
cate at the base.

6. A. INTEGRA Moussou. PL 47, fig. 6.

Shell subrimate, cylindric-ovate, pale corneous-fulvous,
glossy, pellucid. Spire with obtuse summit, suture flat,
marked with a whitish line. Whorls T1/^, flat, the earliest a
little convex, the last slightly exceeding one-fourth the total
length. Aperture small, obliquely semicircular, columella
straight, not truncate or toothed. Peristome continuous,
white, thread-like, very narrowly reflexed, the right margin
evenly arched, columellar margin strongly raised, subcallous,
parietal margin thread-like, abruptly terminating in a long
tooth below the insertion of the outer lip. Length 5.5, diam.
2.33 mm.

Island of Cephalonia (Schlaefli), everywhere under stones
among herbage. Also Corfu (Broemme).

Azeca Integra Mouss., Coq. terr. et fluv. recuillies dans

1'Orient par M. le Dr. Alex. Schlaefli, in Vierteljahrsschrift

der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zurich, iv, 1859, p. 32.

-PFR. Monogr. vi, 255. — Ferussacia (Hypnophila} integra

Mouss., KOBELT, Iconographie n. F. vii, p. 21, pi. 185, f. 1169.

It approaches A. pupceformis Cantraine, but differs essen-
tially. It is smaller, more cylindric, the aperture less long,
columella not truncate or toothed. The columellar margin

302 AZECA.

is strongly raised. The original description is given above.
The figure is a copy of Kobelt's figure of a specimen from
Corfu.

Italian and Sicilian Group.

1. A. CYLINDRACEA (Calcara). PI. 47, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Shell imperforate cylindric-turrite, smooth, thin, glossy,
pellucid, yellowish-white. Spire slowly tapering, passing into
a short cone at the summit. Suture scarcely impressed, obso-
letely margined. Whorls 7, flattened, the upper regularly in-
creasing, the lower a little more obliquely descending, last
whorl hardly one-third the total length, a little compressed
basally. Columella straightened, tapering to the base, hardly
truncate. Aperture vertical, semioval; peristome simple, the
margins subparallel, joined by a very thin callus ; right mar-
gin unexpanded, columellar margin a little reflexed, ap-
pressed, forming an angle with the parietal wall. Length 7,
diam. 2 mm. (Kobelt] .

Sicily: near Palermo (Benoit, Monts.) ; Ponte di Corleone
(Calcara, type loc.).

Bulimus cylindraceus CALCARA, Monografie dei Generi
Clausilia e Bulimo, 1840, p. 33, no. 8 ; Moll, di Palermo p. 31,
fig. 11; Moll, di Sicilia. p. 25, pi. 3, f. 11.— PFR., Monogr. ii,
p. 161 (not iii, 653, according to Bgt.). — Azeca c., BGT.,
Amenites Malac. ii, p. 106, pi. 14, f. 7-9. — Achatina c., BENOIT,
Illustr. Test, estramarini della Sicilia p. 233, pi. 5, f. 30.—
Ferussacia (Hypnophila) cylindracea KOBELT, Iconographie
n. F. vii, p. 23, pi. 185, f. 1173.

There is some diversity in the published figures of this
form. Bourguignat, who states that his figures were from
an example originally from Calcara, figures a narrower, more
cylindric form than Kobelt, measuring 6 x 1.75 mm., apert.
2x1 mm., whorls 6y2. His figures are copied on my plate
47, figs. 11, 12. Calcara gives the dimensions 3 x y2 lines,
whorls 5. Kobelt's figures, copied on pi. 47, figs. 10, represent
a more conic form.

AZECA. 303

8. A. EMILIANA 'Benoit' Bgt. PI. 47, figs. 13, 14.

Shell cylindric, glossy, pellucid, smooth, corneous; spire
•conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 71/-?, flat, parted by a
slightly impressed margined suture, the last whorl about one-
fourth the total length. Aperture slightly oblique, half
round; peristome unexpanded, simple; right margin a little
thickened in the middle; columellar margin appressed to the
simple columella, and bordered with a white thread-like
callus ; margins united by a weak parietal callus, which bears
a thread-like tubercle near the insertion of the outer lip.
Length 9, diam. 2, alt. of aperture 1.75 mm. (Bgt.}.

.ZEgadian Is., off the west coast of Sicily : Island of Favig-
nana, chiefly at the Grotta del Consiglio (Benoit) ; I. Mare-
timo (Kobelt, and coll. A. N. S.)

Azeca emiliana, (Bulimus emilianus Benoit MSS.), BOUR-
GUIGNAT, Revue et Magazin de Zoologie 1858, pi. 18, f . 1-3 ;
1859, p. 17; Amenites Malac. ii, p. 105, pi. 14, f. 1-3.— PFR.
Monogr. vi, 256. — BENOIT, Nuovo Catalogo della Conch, terr.
e fluv. della Sicilia, 1881, p. 82. — Achatina emiliana BENOIT,
Illustr. Test. Sicilia iv, 1862, p. 234, pi. 5, f. 29.—Ferussacia
(Hypnophila] emiliana KOBELT, Iconogr. n. F. vii, p. 23,
f. 1172.

This species differs from A. cylindracea by its greater size,
slightly swollen form, the reddish color of fresh examples,
convex whorls, deeper suture, and the slightly wider, less ver-
tical aperture, etc. Benoit gives the dimensions as 8x3 mm.
My figures are from examples received from Benoit, 7.2 x 2.5
mm., with 6% whorls. The aperture is moderately oblique.
The outer lip is thin and straight in its upper third, below
which it is noticeably contracted, white, and thickened with-
in. It is continued up the columella in a raised ledge, whence
a white cord passes across the parietal wall, and is thickened
into a triangular tooth near the upper angle of the aperture.
Between this tooth and the insertion of the outer lip there is
a deep and very narrow sinus. The columella is nearly
straight, and is weakly truncate obliquely at the base.

304 AZECA.

9. A. INCERTA 'Benoit' Bgt. PL 47, figs. 15, 16.

Shell cylindric-oblong, fragile, glossy, pellucid, smooth, cry-
stalline-corneous, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 7, a little
convex, separated by an impressed, margined suture, the last
whorl one third the total length. Aperture semi-oblong, al-
most vertical ; peristome simple, acute, not thickened, the outer
margin simple ; columellar margin with a straight white
thread-like callus; margins joined by a thin callus with a
thread-like tubercle near the insertion of the outer lip.
Length 5, diarn. 1.25, aperture 1.75x1 mm. (Bgt.).

Island of Lipari, in the district called Renella at monte
della fossa. (Ben.)

Azeca incerta (Bulimus incertus Benoit MSS.) BGT., Revue
et Mag. de Zool. 1858, pi. 18, f . 15-17 ; 1859, p. 19 ; Amenites
Malac. ii, p. 108, pi. 14, f. 15-17.— PFR., Monogr. vi, 257.-
Achatina incerta BENOIT, Illustr. test. Sicil. 1862, p. 232,
pi. 5, f. 31. - - Ferussacia (Hypnophila) incerta KOBELT,
Iconogr. n. F. vii, p. 22, f. 1171. — Cionella (Zua) incerta
WESTERL., Fauna iii, p. 148.

This species differs from A. cylindracea by the smaller,
more glossy shell, more translucent, the suture more distinct,
whorls more convex, etc. Description and figure from Bour-
guignat.

10. A. SILVICULA Benoit.

Shell imperforate, cylindric, smooth, translucid, composed
of 8 slightly convex whorls separated by a superficial suture ;
apex obtuse. Aperture long-ovate, rather upright; peristome
obtuse; columellar margin with a strong callus not tubercu-
late. Length 7, diam. 3 mm. (Benoit).

Sicily: Madonie (Benoit).

Azeca silvicula BEN., Nuovo Gatalogo Conch, terr. e fluv.
Sicilia, 1881, p. 82. --Cionella silvicola Ben., WESTERLUND,
Fauna iii, p. 151.

Closely related to A. emiliana, but it differs by having
more whorls which are more convex, by the strong callus of
the columellar margin and the want of a tubercle on the

AZECA. 305

parietal margin. Not figured, and known by the original
description only.

11. A. DOHRNI Paulucci. PL 48, fig. 18.

Shell cylindric, slender, glossy, lightly striatulate, pellucid-
corneous. Spire conic, the apex mamillate. Whorls 7, nearly
flat, separated by an impressed, margined suture; the last
whorl one-third the total length, not descending at the aper-
ture. Aperture semi-oblong, nearly vertical; peristome un-
expanded, simple, the right margin a little thickened in the
middle, columellar margin simple, straight; margins joined
by a callus. Length 6, diam. 1.75 mm. (Paul.).

Sardinia: Sassari (Dohrn).

Azeca dohrni PAUL., Bull. Soc. Malac. Italiana viii, 1882,
p. 271, pi. 8, f. 1. — Ferussacia (Hypnophila) dohrni KOBELT,
Iconogr. n. F. vii, fig. 1175.

12. A. ETRUSCA Paulucci. PI. 48, fig. 17.

Shell cylindric, thin, glossy, smooth, pellucid -corneous;
spire conic, the apex obtuse ; whorls 8, a little 'Convex, the last
one- fourth the total length, not descending at the aperture;
suture impressed, margined. Peristome slightly reflexed;
columellar margin subarcuate, somewhat calloused, a little
reflexed ; margins joined by a strong callus, bearing a thread-
like tubercle near the insertion of the outer lip. Length 5.66,
diam. 2 mm. (Paul.).

Italy: Monte Argentaro, Tuscany.

Azeca etrusca PAUL., Bull, della Societa Malacologica
Italiana xii, 1886, p. 36, pi. 2, f. 5.

North African Group.

13. A. PSATHYROLENA Bourguignat. PI. 48, figs. 19.

Shell cylindric, glossy, very smooth, pellucid-crystalline ;
spire conic, apex mamillate. Whorls 7, flat, separated by an
impressed, margined suture, the last scarcely one-third the
total length, descending at the apeture. Aperture very ob-
lique, semiovate ; peristome simple, acute, not thickened ; outer
lip sinuated in the middle; columellar margin straight, ap-

306 AZECA.

pressed in a whitish thread-like callus over the simple colu-
mella; margins joined, the callus with a thread-like whitish
tubercle at the insertion of the outer lip. Length 6, diarn.
1.5 mm., aperture 1.75 x .5 mm. (Bgt.).

Algeria: Forest of Edough, near Bone,' type loc. ; La
Calle.

Azeca psathyrolena BGT., Amen. Malac. ii, p. 109, pi. 14,
f. 10-12 (1859) ; Malac. d'Algerie ii, p. 22, pi. 2, f. 45-47.-
F. (Hypnophila) p., KOBELT, Iconogr. n. F. vii, p. 22.

A little-known form, said by Bourguignat to inhabit Sicily
also. It is distinguished by the mamillate apex, very oblique
aperture, the strong descent of the last whorl to the aperturev
and the crystalline appearance.

14. A. MAROCCANA (Mousson).

Shell imperforate, subcylindric, glossy, polished, translu-
cent, entire, white-corneous. Spire slowly, convexly taper-
ing, the apex rather large, somewhat obtuse, corneous ; suture
lightly impressed. Whorls 6, slightly compressed, the last
two descending, last whorl about one-third the length, elon-
gate rounded. Aperture nearly vertical, (at an angle of 85
degrees with the axis) , semicircular. Peristome unexpanded,
rather obtuse ; margins joined by a thin parietal lamina, right
margin circular; columellar and basal margins defective.
Length 5.2, diam. 2.5 mm.

Marocco: Rerey Valley, on travertine.

Cionella (Azeca} maroccana MOUSSON, Malak. Bl. xxi, p.
154 ; Jahrbiicher D. M. Ges. i, p. 94.

This form agrees with no species known to us. It differs
from the Algerian A. psathyrolena Bgt. by the less conic,
more cylindric, convexly increasing shell of 1 to l}/2 whorls
less, by the regularly rounded aperture, with a layer over
the parietal margin which is thinner and retreats more in
the aperture. Unfortunately the columella and basal margin
are injured. (Mouss.).

Subgenus GOMPHROA Westerlund.

Gomphroa WESTERLUND, Jugoslavenska Akademija Znan-
osti i umjetnosti, cli, p. 114, 1903, for Zua boissii Dupuy.

AZECA. 307

This Pyrenean group of two or three very little known
species differs from Hypnophila by the less solid shell with
the columellar truncation scarcely developed, and the parietal
callus thin, not toothed posteriorly. The exact relationship
of Gomphroa to neighboring groups has not been worked out.
If s subordination to Azeca is provisional.

15. A. BOISSII (Dupuy). PL 48, fig. 20.

Shell long-cylindric, subrimate; aperture semi-rotund, sub-
pirif orni ; peristome unexpanded, rather acute, slightly white-
thickened within and opaque; margins unequal, joined by a
distinct callus. Whorls 6 to 7, nearly flat, the last forming
over half the shell 's length ; columella with the distinct indi-
cation of a truncation at base. It is corneous, transparent,
whitish and very glossy. Length 6, diam. 1.5 mm. (Dupuy.)

French Pyrenees, especially the Pyrenees orientales and in
the mountains around Toulon.

Zua boisii DUPUY Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. et d'eau douce
Prance, p. 332, pi. 15, f. 9 (December, 1850).— Azeca b.,
BOURGUIGNAT, Amen. Malac. ii, p. 187. — Ferussacia (Hypno-
phila ?) b., KOBELT, Iconogr. vii, p. 36, pi. 188, f. 1199
(copied from Dupuy) .-- Cionella boissyi WESTERLUND,
Fauna iii, p. 150. — Zua boyssii Dup., LOCARD, Coq. terr. de
France, in Ann. Soc. d 'Agriculture, Sci. et Industrie de
Lyon, 1895, p. 136, fig. 341-2. — Achatina lubrica var. a.
fusiformis Picard, 1840, MOQUIN TANDON.

A little-known species, very rare in collections, and not
known to me by specimens. Moquin-Tandon identified Acha-
tina lubrica var. fusiformis Picard as identical with boissii
Dup., but I think erroneously. The two were described from
opposite ends of France.

Var. dupuyana 'Bgt. ' Fagot.

Glassy, very smooth, pale translucent-corneous, of 6 nearly
flat whorls ; more obese than boissii. Length 6.5, diam. 2 mm.

Pyrenees-orientales near La Preste, at la Rourede d'en
Ribes, and along the Tech, up the river from the bridge, on
the path to Costa Bona.

Azeca dupuyana 'Bgt.,' FAGOT, Monogr. des esp. Francaise

308 AZECA, COCHLICOPA.

d'Azeca p. 9 (1876).— DUPUY, Bull. Soc. d'hist nat. de Tou-
louse xiii, 1879, p. 49.

Considered by Dupuy as at most only a variety of A,
boissii.

Var. cylindrica (Massot).

Shell smaller, more narrowly cylindric in shape, less swollen
at the base, and more obtuse above; whorls almost flat, the
suture less impressed ; aperture smaller, subrectangular, more
narrowly lengthened ; peristome but little thickened, the shell
itself thinner. Length 5, diarn. 1.75 mm. (Locard).

Le mas d'Amont, near Coustouges, eastern Pyrenees.

Ferussacia cylindrica MASSOT, Enum. Moll. Pyrenees-Orien-
tales 1872, p. 53. — Zua cylindrica Massot, LOCARD, Ann. Sci.
d'Agricult, de Lyon (7 ser.), iii, 1895, p. 137.

16. A. VASCONICA Kobelt. PI. 48, fig. 21.

Shell regularly elongate-ovate, very thin, glassy-hyaline;
spire convexly conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6, a
little convex, parted by an obsoletely margined suture, slowly
and regularly increasing, the last whorl rounded, scarcely
as long as the spire. Aperture irregularly ovate, lunate, sub-
vertical, base receding; peristome very thin, the margins
joined by a translucent callus, outer margin produced in the
middle, eolumellar margin short, straightened, not truncate.
Length 3, diam. 1 mm. (Kobelt}.

N.-E. Spain : in the Basque country, on the grassy outliers
of the depression (concha) of Orduna, with Cryptazeca
monodonta. (Kobelt.)

Ferussacia (HypnopMla f) vasconica KOBELT, Iconogra-
phie Land und Siisswasser Mollusken, neue Folge, vii, 1896,
p. 37, pi. 188, f. 1200.

Half the size of A. boissii, relatively more obese, and quite
transparent.

Genus COCHLICOPA 'Fer.' Risso.

Cochlicopa FERUSSAC (in part), Tabl. Syst., 1821, p. 50.—
Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, 1826, p. 79, for C. lubrica
only.

COCHLICOPA. 309

Cionella JEFFREYS, Trans. Linnean Soc. of London, xvi,
1829, p. 347, for lubrica, acicula and elongata, (= B. octonus

Brug.).

Zua Leach, in TURTON, Manual of the land and fresh-
water Shells of the British Islands, 1831, p. 82, for Zua
lubrica, in synonymy under Bulimus lubricus. — GRAY, in Tur-
ton, edit. 2, 1840, p. 187. — LEACH Synops. Moll. G. B., edit.
Gray, 1852, p. 81, for Z. lubrica.

Styloides FITZINGER, in part, Systematisches Verzeichniss
der im Erzherzogthume Oesterreich vorkommende Weich-
thiere, in Beytrage zur Landeskunde Oesterreichs, iii, 1833,
p. 105, for S. acicula and 8. lubricus.

Folliculus Agassiz MSS., CHARPENTIER, Catalogue des Mol-
lusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Suisse, Neue Denk-
schriften der allg. Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fiir die
gesammten Naturwissenschaften (Nouveaux Memoires de la
Societe Helve tique des Sciences Naturelles) i, 1837, p. 14, for
Bulimus lubricus only.

Achatinella SCHLUETER, in part, Kurzgefasstes systema-
tisches Verzeichniss meiner Conchyliensammlung, Halle, 1838,
p. 8, for acicula, folliculus, unilamellata (Schlueter, not
described), lubricoides, lubrica.

Hydastes PARREYSS, Systematisches Verzeichniss der im
Erzherzogthume Oesterreich bis im Jahre 1849 aufgefun-
denen Land- und Fluss-Conchylien, in Berichte ueber die
Mittheilungen von Freunden der Naturwissenschaften in
Wien, gesammelt und herausgegeben von Wilhelm Haidinger.
vi, 1850, p. 98, for H. lubricus Drap.

The shell is oblong-conic or oblong-cylindric, imperforate,
smooth and glossy, composed of 5 to 7 slightly convex
whorls. Aperture small, ovate, nearly vertical, toothless.
Outer and basal lips arcuate, obtuse, thickened within by a
callous rim which is continuous to the upper insertion ; colu-
mella short, concave or straightened, very slightly sinuate
at the base ; parietal callus very thin throughout.

The foot is rather short, without distinct parapodial
grooves (in drowned alcoholic examples). Sole indistinctly
tripartite. Kidney (page 213, fig. 2, K), long-triangular,

310 COCHLICOPA.

passing directly into the ureter, which does not reach the
collar. Heart much shorter than the kidney. The pulmon-
ary vein has no large branches, but there is a fine capillary
reticulation of the lung. At the left anterior angle there is
a large glandular area of large cells (page 213, fig. 2, gl.) .

Genitalia (page 213, fig. 3) with a long appendix inserted
on the penis. This appendix is contracted near the middle,
swollen again at the distal end. The spermetheca is oval on
a rather long duct.

The buccal mass has the usual short form. Salivary
glands short, compact, concrescent around the slender reso-
phagus. There is no crop. The jaw is arcuate, delicately
and closely plaited vertically. The radula (fig. 1, C. lubrica
from Philadelphia, Pa.) has 20,1,20 teeth. Centrals narrow,
with a short middle cusp, no side cusps; laterals wide, with,
square basal plates and a large inner cusp (mesocone) ; outer
cusp small, with a small cutting point only. There are 8
perfect laterals, the 9th or 10th tooth having the ectocone
split. The marginals are low and wide, and have both cusps
split, forming a pectinate edge of 4 to 6 denticles, decreasing
towards the outer teeth. [Binney found distinct ectocones
on the central tooth of an example from Maine; they have
also been figured by Thomson.]

Type C. lubrica (Miiller). Distribution, Holarctie realm:
Europe, north Africa, Asia and North America. In Euro-
pean beds species have been found from the Eocene to the
present time.

The foot in this genus seems to have no such pedal
grooves as have been figured for Ferussacia, at least in the
alcoholic examples available. There is certainly no caudal
mucus pore visible. These characters together with the ob-
long shape of the shell, with a short, broadly ovate aperture,
widely separate Cochlicopa from Ferussacia. The geological
history of the two groups has doubtless been diverse ; the dis-
tribution of Cochlicopa suggests that it may have been evolved
on the Scandinavian land-mass of Mesozoic times, while
Ferussacia was more southern, probably on the Iberian land-
mass.

COCHLICOPA. 311

Fossil species referable to Cochlicopa.

Cionella formicina 'Rouis' Sandberger, Land und Siisswas-
ser-Conch. der Vorwelt, p. 230, 1872, pi. 13, f. 18. Upper
Eocene, Buxweiler.

Zua allixi Cossmann, Ann. Soc. Roy. Zool. et Malac. de
Belgique, xli, 1906, p. 282, pi. 10, fig. 268 bis-l (Dee., 1907).
Sparnacien inferieur, Grauves. Probably not a Cochlicopa.

Cochlicopa headonensis 'Edw. ' Newton & Harris (Proc.
Malac. Soc. London i, p. 74, pi. 6, f . 4, 1894) , from the Oligo-
cene of Headon Hill, Isle of Wight, is a somewhat imperfect
cast, apparently referable to this genus.

Achatina lubricella A. Braun, in Walchner, Geognosie, ii
Aufl., 1850, p. 1136. Deshayes, An. s. Vert. Bassin Paris ii,
p. 845, pi. 44, f. 22-24. — Cionella lubricella Sandberger, Vor-
welt, p. 389. The name lubricella is preoccupied, but this
form seems scarcely different from the following.

Cochlicopa subrimata Reuss, (Achatina subrimata Reuss,
Paleeontographica ii, p. 31, pi. 3, f. 9). Lower Miocene,
Tuchoric and Lipen, Bohemia.

Cochlicopa dormitzeri (Reuss), Klika, Tert. Land- u. Siiss-
wasser-Conch. nordwest. Bohmen, p. 71, fig. 68. (Achatina
d., Reuss., Cionella d., Klika) . Lower Miocene, Tuchoric,
Bohemia.

Achatina splendens A. Braun in Walchner, Geognosie, p.
1136. — Cionella splendens Sandberger, Conchyl. Mainz. Tert.
Beck, p. 392, pi. 35, f. 5. Miocene, Hochheim.

Cionella podolica Lomnicki, Verh. k. k. Geol. Reichsanst.
1885, p. 422. Wyczolki.

Zua Iffvissima Michaud, Journ. de Conchyl. 1862, p. 67, pi.
4, f. 9. Hauterive (Drome).

Zua brevis Michaud, 1. c. p. 68, pi. 4, f. 10.

Ferussacia subcylindricoides Paladilhe, Revue des Sci. Nat.,
Montpellier, ii, 1873, p. 45, pi. 2, f. 4-6. Pliocene, Mont-
pellier.

Ferussac's subgenus Cochlicopa was a miscellaneous assort-
ment of achatinoid snails, comprising Halia priamus, Euglan-
dina rosea, mulleri; Poiretia poireti; Oleacina glans; Vari-
cella leucozonias and dominicensis ; Columna columna; Subu-

312 COCHLICOPA.

Una octona; C&cilioides acicula; Ferussacia folliculus and
Cochlicopa lubrica, besides a number of undescribed forms.
Ferussac recognized two sections, Polyphemge and Styloides;
the latter term was used in a generic sense by Fitzinger, some
years later, while Ferussac 's inclusion of Columna as a
synonym, caused some Italian authors to use that name for
C. lubrica and its allies. In 1826 Risso redefined Cochlicopa,
retaining the single species lubrica therein, and formed new
genera for various 'other of Ferussac 's species. This fixed
the significance of Cochlicopa several years before any other
name was published for the group.

Dr. William Elfort Leach proposed the genus Zua in a
work on the shells of Great Britain, in course of printing
at the time of his death in 1820, but not finally published un-
til 1852. Meantime Turton had mentioned "Zua lubrica
Leach" in his synonymy of Bulimus lubricus (Manual Shells
Brit. Is., 1831, p. 82), and Dr. Gray had introduced the
genus in his edition of Turton 's Manual, 1840, p. 187. Var-
ious writers have adopted Zua as a genus, erroneously dating
it 1820. Its appearance in a published work dates from 1831.

1. C. LUBRICA (Miiller). PI. 49, figs. 33, 34, 35.

Shell oblong, the spire gradually tapering to an obtuse
apex; thin, smooth, yellowish corneous, subtransparent and
very glossy. Whorls 5l/2 to 6, moderately convex. Aperture
subvertical, ovate, toothless ; outer lip evenly arcuate, obtuse,
bordered with yellowT or reddish outside, having a narrow
(smooth and continuous callous rib within. Columella some-
what straightened, calloused, often very indistinctly excised
at the junction with the basal lip. Parietal callus thin,
translucent.

Length 6.2, diam. 2.7, length aperture 2.5 mm., whorls 6
(Fig. 33, Middlesex).

Length 6.8, diam. 2.6, length aperture 2.7 mm., whorls 5y2
(Fig. 35, Gilbert White's estate, Selbourne).

America : Point Barrow, Alaska, south in the Rocky Moun-
tains to the Mexican boundary; eastward south to Washing-
ton, D. C. and Missouri, with varieties in the Southern

COCHLICOPA. 313

Alleghanies, as far as northern Alabama. Also reported from
Venezuela, probably imported.

Atlantic Islands: Madeira; Sta. Maria, S. Miguel and
Fayal, Azores.

Europe, etc. : Iceland ; all Europe, south to Portugal and
the Caucasus; Tunis, Algeria and Morocco.

Asia: Batum, Transcaucasia; Siberia, Barnaul, Tomsk,
sources of the Uderei, on the rivers Kaja, Ida, at Irkutsk;
middle Amur near the mouth of the Sungari, and lower Amur
at Maji; Karntchatka at Petropavlosk, Avacha Bay (Dall,
Middendorff, Schrenck). Iskardo, Thibet (Benson). China
at Bo-hua-shan, near Peking, and in many places in the
province Gan-su (Mllclff.). Japan: near Sapporo, Yesso
(Rowland), with varieties in Sado, the Islands of Izu and
Kikaiga-shima, Loochoo Is.

American references: Bulimus lubricus OLD., Invert, of
Mass. 1841, p. 193, fig. 124.— BINNEY, Terrestr. Moll, ii, p.
283, pi. 52, f. 4. — Cochlicopa lubrica Miill., JOUSSEAUME,
Mem. de la Soc. Zool. de France ii, 1889, p. 237 (Venezuela).
-PILSBRY & JOHNSON, Nautilus 1898, p. 127. — Dall, Land
and Freshwater Moll, of Alaska, p. 33. — Cionella subcylindrica
W. G. BINNEY Land and Fresh-water shells of N. A. i, 1869,
p. 224, figs. 381-385.— Ferussacia subcyl, W. G. B., Terr.
Moll, v, 1878, p. 187, pi. iv, fig. E (teeth) ; Man. Amer. Land
Shells, 1885, p. 194, fig. 199-202 (jaw, teeth and shell).

Zua buddii DUPUY, Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. et d'eau douce
qui vivent en France, p. 330, footnote (Jan. 1849), based
upon Zua lubrica of American authors; type loc. United
States. — Bulimus lubricoides STIMPSON shells of New Eng-
land, 1851, p. 54, based upon B. lubricus Gld., Inv. Mass. p.
193, f. 124. — Zua lubricoidea Stimps., MORSE, Pulmonifera of
Maine, 1864, p. 30, fig. 81 (jaw), 79 (shell), 84, pi. 10, f. 82
(teeth), (not Achatina lubricoides Pot. et Mich.).

European system : — Helix lubrica MULL., Hist. Verm, ii,
p. 104 (1774). — Bulimus lubricus BRUG., Encycl. Meth i, p.
311. — Achatina lubrica ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr. i, 1835, p.
88, fig. 43; "A. intermedia Ziegler aus Krain, und A. lubri-
cella Z. aus Jedlersee bei Wien sind nur Varietaten unserer

314 COCHLICOPA.

Art" [neither of them described]. — PFR., Monogr. ii, 273;
iii, 504. — Ferussacia I., PFR. Monogr. iv, 619 ; vi, 245 ; viii, 299
(see for references to European literature to 1877).-
Cionella lubrica Mull., JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond xvi,
1829, p. 347. --BECK, Index Testae. 1837, p. 80. - - BRAUN,
Archiv fur die naturkunde Liv- Ehst- und Kur-lands, 2d.
Ser. ix, Dorpat 1884, p. 429, with C. minima, p. 431, and
C. columna, p. 431 (Distribution in Russia). — WESTERLUND,
A-cta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica xiii, no. 7, 1896, pp. 81,
82, with var. nit ens Kok., ovata, viridula Jeffr., exigua Mke.,
nilssoni Malm, collina Drt. (Dist. in northern Europe) ;
Fauna iii, 1887, 147. — GOLDFUSS, Binnenmoll. Mittel-Deutsch-
lands 1900, p. 181, with var. columna Cless., exigua Mke.,
nit ens Kok., sinistrorsa nov., and hyalina Jeffr. — BABOR, Die
Weichthiere des Bohmischen Plistocaen und Holocaen, in
Archiv fur Nat. Landesdurchforschung vou Bohmen, xi, no.
5, p. 33-34, with var. niteus Koch - - nitens Kok., fig. 11 ; var.
exigua Mke. ; var. solumna Cless. [sic] : = columna Cless., p.
33, fig. 10. — Achatina lubrica MENKE, Synopsis Methodica
Molluscorum etc., 1830, p. 29, with var. grandis, communis
and exigua (all absolutely nude names). — Buliminus lubricus
Miill., LEHMANN, Die Lebenden Schnecken u. Muscheln der
umgeb. Stettins und in Pommern. 1873, p. 131, pi. 13, f. 44,
(jaw, teeth and genitalia). — Hydastes lubricus Drap., PAR-
REYSS, Syst. Verzeich., 1849, p. 98, with var. nitidus Kokeil
and lubricellus Ziegler (names only). — Cochlicopa lubrica
Miill. with var. hyalina, lubricoides, viridula, fusca, ovata,
JEFFREYS, British Conch, i, 1862, p. 292, 293.— Zua lubrica
LEACH Man. Moll. G. B., 1852, p. 188, pi. 6, f. 65.— CLESSIN,
Nachr. D. Mai. Ges. 1908, p. 8, with var. exigua Mke., curta
nov., columella Cless., maxima nov. (Danube at Regensburg).
— GALLENSTEIN, Jahrb. d. Naturhist. Landes-Museums von
Karnten, xxvi (47te Jahrg.), 1900, p. 88, with forms major
and minima. — Helix subcylindrica DILLWYN, Descript. Catal.
ii, 1817, p. 952, not of Linnseus. — Ferussacia subcylindrica
BOURGUIGNAT Malac. de 1'Algerie ii, pp. 26, 35, pi. 3, f. 1-3,
with var. major and subviridula. 1864. — Bulimus (Cochlicopa)
subcylindricus L., MOQUIN-TANDON, Hist. Nat, Moll. terr. et

COCHLICOPA. 315

fluv. de France, ii, 1855, p. 304, pi. 22, f. 15-19 (jaw, geni-
talia, shell), with var. fuscus, albinos, grandis, exiguus, col-
linus, fusiformis. — Ferussacia cylindrica Bourg., MORELET
Journ. de Conchyl. xxviii, 1880, p. 59 (error for subcylin-
drica] .—Turbo glaber DACOSTA, Testae. Brit, 1778, p. 87, pi.
5, f. 18 — Glandina azorica ALBERS, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1852,
p. 125. — Achatina a., PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 504. — A. lubrica
WOLLASTON, Test. Atlant. p. 49 (Azores Is.).

Asiatic references. — Achatina lubrica Mull., SCHRENCK,
Reisen und Forsch. im Amurlande, ii, pp. 659, 939 (distribu-
tion in Siberia, etc.). — MIDDENDORFF, Reise in den aeussersten
norden u. osten Siberiens ii, 1851, p. 308. — WOODWARD P. Z. S.
1856, 186 (Thibet). — Cochlicopa lubrica Mlldff., Annuaire
Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. vi, 1901, p. 389.-
RETOWSKY, Bericht ueber die Senckenb. Ges. 1889-90, p. 252
(Tchorok river at Batum, Transcaucasia).

The references to literature are selected from a great num-
ber of works consulted: It would be impracticable to cite
here the innumerable works and local lists wherein the de-
tailed distribution of the species in Europe and America is
recorded. The earlier references have been industriously
compiled by Pfeiffer, while later ones may be found chiefly
in the conchological periodicals. I have aimed to include full
information on all named varieties, as a rule quoting or trans-
lating in full the exact words of the original authors with
figures where any exist. The names of races which seem to
have subspecific value are printed in small capitals. Part of
the other named forms are probably individual variations,
part local forms or incipient races, generally of lower grade
than American zoologists consider it useful to designate by
name. Many of them are probably synonymous.

American specimens of C. lubrica are substantially like
European. They vary from 5.5 to 6.5 mm. long, and there is
also some variation in the shape. The larger, darkest shells
seen are from the Eastern States, west to Indiana. Those of
Arizona are smaller, very pale and thin. There are speci-
mens in the collection of the academy from Greenland, pre-
sented by Dr. I. Lea, collector unknown. Both Dupuy and

316 COCHLICOPA.

Stimpson proposed to name the American lubrica as a separ-
ate species, neither giving any differences. Later, Morse at-
tempted to find differential characters ; 'but in large series the
supposed differences disappear.

Two specimens of S. lubrica are reported by Dr. Jousseaume
from Venezuela, collected by M. Simon, the well-known aran-
eologist. One, a young shell, from Caracas, the other, adult,
from Tovar. Dr. Jousseaume thinks that they may have been
imported on plants.

la. C. LUBRICA MORSEANA (Doherty). PI. 49, fig. 42.

"Shell cylindrical, slender, thin, transparent, highly pol-
ished, reddish-brown, with slight, irregular lines of growth;
whorls 5~y2, flattened, the last nearly one-third the length;
suture little impressed; apex very obtuse; aperture oblong-
ovate, widest near base; peristome scarcely thickened; red-
dish ; umbilicus closed ; columella perpendicular, meeting base
of peristome at something less than a right angle. Foot white,
almost translucent; head grayish, with short tentacles.
Length 7 mm. sometimes more ; diam. 2 mm., aperture 2 mm.
long." (Doherty.)

Ohio: Hamilton Co., Kentucky: Kenton Co., Tennessee:
Blount Co., N. C.

Cionella (Zua) morseana DOHERTY, Quarterly Journal of
Conchology i. 1878, p. 342, pi. 4, f. 2. — Cochlicopa lubrica
morseana Doh., PILSBRY, Nautilus xi, p. 127.

This form resembles the var. columna Clessin of middle
Europe. It differs from C. lubrica chiefly by its narrower
shape, the whorls of the spire being longer, the last one
shorter; moreover, the callous rim of the outer lip is much
thinner and narrower in morseana. A specimen from Laurel
Creek Gap, Blount Co., Tenn., is figured, pi. 49, fig. 42. It
measures 7 x 2.2 mm., length of aperture 2.3 mm. ; whorls
5l/2, very rapidly increasing in width. The aperture is
quite oblique.

The Coehlicopas of the higher ranges and peaks of the
southern Alleghanies, from Roan Mt. southward, are closely
related to morseana, yet may be separated as a mountain
race, as follows.

COCHLICOPA. 317

1&. C. LUBRICA APPALACHICOLA n. V. PL 49, fig. 43.

Shell more cylindric than C. lubrica, less conic, much
thinner, transparent, showing the pillar through; pale green-
ish corneous. Aperture much narrower than in C. lubrica,
the lip but very lightly and narrowly thickened within. It
differs from C. 1. morseana in color and by having the aper-
ture somewhat larger. Length 6.4, diam. 2.25, length aper-
ture 2.3 mm. ; whorls 5^.

Southern Appalachian Mts. : Roan Mt, Mitchell Co., and
Tuskeegee Mt., Graham Co., North Carolina. Near Wood-
ville, Jackson Co., Alabama, type loc.

A large specimen from Graham Co., N. C., is figured. It
measures, length 7.1, diam. 2.3, aperture 2.9 mm., whorls 5%.

This resembles various greenish forms named in Europe,
yet is no doubt of independent genesis.

European forms.

Var. fuscus Moq. Shell brown, more or less dark. Mar-
seilles, Montpellier (Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Nat. Moll. terr.
et fluv. de France, ii, 1855, p. 304) . Cf . also Jeffreys, Brit.
Conch, i, 1862, p. 293, Guernsey.

Var. albinos Moq. Shell more or less whitish. Nantes, etc.,
(Moq., t. c.}. Cf. also Baudon. "Dull white. Prairie
d'Hondainville, Dep. de 1'Oise, France." (Baudon, Mem.
Soc. Academique d'Archeol., Sci. et Arts du Dep. de 1'Oise,
v, 1862, p. 194).

Var. subviridula Bgt, Shell resembling the type, but ex-
cessively transparent, and of a slightly greenish- vitreous tint.
Constantine, Algeria (Bourguignat, 1864).

Var. pacliygastra Stabile. Shell rather swollen, glossy,
corneous-reddish. Ghisole near Passana, 540 metres elevation ;
Brossasco nr. Venasca, 600 meters. (Bulimus subcylindricus
var. pachygastra Stabile, Mollusques terrestres Vivants du
Piemont, Milan 1864, p. 72).

Var. hyalina Jeffreys. Shell greenish-white. Tawstock
near Barnstable, England.

Var. viridula Jeffreys. Shell smaller and more slender,
greenish-white. Dunboy, Co. Cork, Ireland.

318 COCHLICOPA.

Var. ovata Jeffreys. Shell much smaller and oval; spire
shorter. Cardiff. (Jeffreys, Brit, Conch, i, 1862, p. 293).

Var. olivea Locard. Shell of medium size but often a. little
inflated, of an olive color. Quite common around Lyons in
low and damp situations (Locard, Malac. Lyonnaise, 1877, p.
53 ; Variations Malacologiques i, 1880, p. 219) .

Var. grisea Locard. Shell of moderate size and of a gray
color ; not very common, and chiefly in somewhat high places.
(Variations Malac. p. 220).

Var. opaca Locard. Shell a little smaller than the type,
completely compact ["compacte"] ; of a clear gray color,
very glossy; rare; environs of Lyons and Grenoble. (L. c.
p. 220).

Var. pallida Locard. Shell usually smaller than the type,
of a very pale fawn-corneous color; nearly transparent.
High regions of Alpine countries. (Locard, Variations Mala-
cologiques i, 1880, p. 220).

Var. locardi Pollonera. Differs from Z. subcylindrica by
the less swollen shell, more lengthened, the whorls more
slowly coiled, aperture smaller, the columella less subtrun-
cate. Length 6.5, diam. 2.5 mm. Mt, Cenis at 2000 meters
elevation. (Poll.).

Zua locardi POLLONERA, Molluschi terrestri viventi in Pie-
monte, in Atti della R. Acad. delle Science di Torino, xx,
1885, p. 693.

Var. crassida Fagot. Differs from Ferussacia subcylin-
drica and exigua by the thick shell relative to its small size,
the whorls increasing more regularly, and better propor-
tioned, the columella much calloused and oblique compared
to the axis of the shell. Length 5.5, diam. 2 mm. Quaternary
of 1'Hers (Haute-Garonne) ; banks of the Lers at the voutes
of Renneville.

Ferussacia crassula FAGOT, Moll, quatern. env. Toulouse et
Villefranche, p. 23, in Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Toulouse, xiii,
1879, p. 300; Bull. Soc. Malac. France iii, 1886, p. 189.

"Differs from var. exigua Mke. by the more fusiform shell,
the last whorl less swollen, rendering the aperture more con-
tracted and more oblong." (Fagot).

COCHLICOPA. 319

Var. litauica Westerlund. Turrite, slender ; whorls 6, con-
vex, the last strongly convex; suture strongly descending to-
wards the aperture. Length 5, diam. 1.5 mm. Lithuania
(Westerl.). Cionella lubrica var. litauica WESTERL., Fauna
iii, 1887, p. 148.

Var. sinistrorsa Goldfuss. Shell sinistral. Wormlitz near
Halle, Thuringia (Goldfuss, 1900). Locard also has noted
a sinistral specimen, Variations Malacologiques i, p. 220, 1880.

Var. curia Clessin. Shell short with broad base, the last
whorl comprising only one-third the total length; length 5,
diam. 2.3 mm. Danube at Regensburg. (Clessin, 1908).

Ic. C. LUBRICA COLUMNA Clessin. PI. 49, fig. 39.

Shell turrite, column-shaped, with obtuse, conic apex,
smooth and glossy; with 6 very slowly increasing, not much
overlapping, whorls, the suture very little impressed. Aper-
ture long ovate, ending above in a very acute angle; peris-
tome thickened, reddish. Length of the mouth one-third that
of the shell; columella making a very weakly marked angle
with the parietal wall. Length 5, diam. 1.8 mm. (Clessin).

Wiirtemberg on the Jurassic limestone at Blaubeuern and
Augsburg; Russia, between Wladirnir and Nischney-Now-
gorod in the Volga Valley.

Cochlicopa columna CLESS., Jahrb. D. Mai. Ges. ii, 1875, p.
41, pi. 2, f. 4; Deutsche Excursions-Mollusken-Fauna p. 183,
fig. 102. — LICHERDOPOL, Buletinul Societatii de Sciinte din
Bucuresci-Romania, xi, 1902, p. 355 (Bucarest). — F. (Cion-
ella) columna PFR., Monogr. viii, 300.

Clessin further states that C. columna differs from C. lu-
brica by the longer spire, less convex whorls, smaller and nar-
rower aperture. The whorls overlap less, so that the spire
is more cylindric than conic. The aperture is more lateral
than in lubrica. It resembles var. maderensis.

Dr. Babor's figures of pleistocene specimens (Die Weieh-
thiere des Bohmischen Plistocaen und Holocaen, in Archiv
f. Naturwiss. Landesdurchforschung von Bohmen, xi, 1903,
no. 5, p. 33, figs. 10) do not seem to represent the real
columna.

320 COCHLICOPA.

Var. fusiformis Picard. Shell as long as in typical lubrica,
6-7 mm., but much narrower, not at all swollen, all the whorls
diminishing insensibly (' ' Achatina lubrica var. a. H. fusi-
formis" Picard, Histoire des Moll. terr. et fluv. qui vivent
dans le departement de la Somme, in Bull, de la Soc. Lin-
neenne du nord de la France, i, 1840, p. 243). This form
has not been adequately defined. It may be related to
columna Cless., but no exact proportions are given by Picard,
whose description is translated above. He does not give the
exact locality in the Department of Somme.

\d. C. LUBRICA MADERENSIS (Lowe). PI. 49, figs. 45, 46.

Shell narrower, more slender and cylindric than C. lubrica,,
the aperture comparatively shorter. The last whorl often as-
cends slightly to the aperture. The columella is concave
above, slanting below and usually a trifle sinuate at base.
The outer lip has a moderate or strong internal rim, and
usually arches forward a little in the middle. Length 5.4,
diam. 2.1 length of aperture 2 mm. ; whorls S1/^.

Madeira : suburbs of Funchal, etc., generally distributed.

Helix lubrica var., LOWE Cambr. Phil. Soc. Trans. 1831, iv,
61, pi. 6, f. 29. — Bulimus maderensis LOWE, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist, ix, 1852, p. 119. — Achatina maderensis PFR., Monogr.
iii, 504 ; iv, 619 ; vi, 246. — A. lubrica var. maderensis WOL-
LASTON, Testacea Atlantica, p. 245, 1878.

This seems to be a well differentiated subspecies. In re-
cent years, the ordinary European C. lubrica has also been
imported to Madeira, where it exists in some localities. Fig.
45 is from an example from the suburbs of Funchal, 400 ft.
elevation. Fig. 46 represents a small, thinner shell from
Punta Sao Lourenco.

The form from the Azores Archipelago figured on pi. 49,
fig. 44, is more robust than m,aderensis, scarcely to be distin-
guished from small lubrica. It has been described as Glan-
dina azorica Albers, Zeitschrift fur Malak. ix, 1852, p. 125,
type loc. San Miguel. "Length 5.5, diam. 2.5, aperture
2.5 mm."

COCHLICOPA. 321

le. C. LUBRICA LUBRICELLA 'Ziegler' Stabile. PL 49, figs. 36,

37, 38, 41.

Shell much smaller than lubrica and more cylindric, clear
corneous or brownish-corneous. Peristome with a wide and
rather thick internal rim. Whorls 5^- Typical size, length
4.5 to 5, diam. 2 mm., but frequently smaller, 3.5 x 1.5 mm.

Russia: Transcaucasia; Caucasus; Riga (type loc. of var.
minima) ; Duderhof near St. Petersburg; near Moscow;
Podolia; Tegel near Berlin and many other places in Ger-
many. France: Auxonne; Sathonay, (Rhone); Lyons, etc.
etc.; Lugano, Switzerland, (type loc. of lubricella). Santa
Cruz, Madeira (Grabham, 1902).

The figured specimens are from Tegel near Berlin, fig. 36,
length 5 mm.; Auxonne; figs. 37, 38; France, fig. 41, length
4.5 mm.

Small forms of C. lubrica are of frequent occurrence in
Europe, and probably in many cases are ' physiological
varieties" — their diminished stature due to unfavorable con-
ditions, such as aridity, or the brevity of growing season at
high elevations. As a general rule, in Central Europe Coch-
licopa is small in dry, larger in moist situations. Hence these
forms are probably to be looked upon as various local dwarfed
races responding to local conditions, rather than as a homo-
geneous race. At present there seems to be no practicable
course but to group all of the dwarf forms under C. lubrica
lubricella. The original descriptions of the local forms follow.

C. var. lubricella 'Ziegler' Stabile. Alt. 5, diam. 2 mm.
C. lubrica is two or three mm. larger. In both the simple
peristome is strengthened at the edge by a delicate reddish
rim (Columna lubrica var. a, Columna lubricella Ziegler,
STABILE, Fauna Elvetica : delle Conchiglie terrestri e fluviali
del Luganese, Lugano 1845 [1846], p. 34).

A. minima Siemaschko. "Shell minute, subcylindric, ob-
tuse, thin, diaphanous, glossy. Whorls 5%. Length 1%,
•width % lines" [= 3.5x1.5 mm.]. — Achatina minima SIE-
MASCHKO, Bull, de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de
Moscow, xx, 1847, p. Ill, pi. 1, f. 4 a, b, c. — PFR., Monogr. iii,
506; iv, 62, vi, 246.— CLESSIN Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges. 1875,

322 COCHLICOPA.

p. 42; Malak. Bl. n. F. ii, 1880, p. 201.— Zua lulrica form
minima GALLENSTEIN, Jahrb. des Naturhist. Landes-Museums
von Karnten, xxvi, 1900, p. 88.

A. collina Drouet. "Shell small, oval-oblong, smooth,
glossy, greenish-fawn or reddish, composed of 5 or 6 slightly
convex whorls; aperture piriform; peristome a little thick-
ened, with a whitish rini; columellar margin a little thick-
ened. Length 3 to 4, diam. 1.5 to 2 mm. Under stones on
the summits of dry sandy ridges at Fontaines, near Lyons
(Terver), Mony-de-Oise (Baudon), and Liezey on the Vosges
(Abbe Jacquel), quite rare" (Drouet). Sweden (Wester-
lund).

Acliatina collina DROUET, Enumeration des Mollusques
terrestres et fluviatiles vivants de la France continental, in
Memoires de la Soc. Boyale des Sciences de Liege, x, 1855, p.
178, no. 31.— PPR., Monogr. iv, p. 620.

B. subcylindricus var. exiguus 'Menke' Moquin-Tandon.
Shell smaller by a half. Metz; Grenoble. (Hist, Nat. Moll.
France, ii, 1855, p. 304. BOETTGER, Bericht ueber die
Senckenb. naturforsch. Ges. in Frankfurt a. M., 1889-90, p.
21, and of many other authors.) This form was not de-
scribed by Menke, merely listed without description or local-
ity; hence it dates from Moquin-Tandon 's work, if worth
retention.

Cionella (Ferussacia) pulchella Hartmann, Mousson. Dif-
fers from lubrica by the smaller size, less swollen shape, the
whorls more loosely coiled, the polish less perfect, color paler,
aperture less angular at the left side of the base, the colu-
mella less twisted at the end. Borschom, Transcaucasia.
(Mousson, Journ. de Conchy 1. xxi, 1873, p. 217. — PFR.,
Monogr. viii, 300).

In common with Pfeiffer and others, I have been unable to
trace this name to Hartmann 's works; but one of his papers,
published in Neue Alpina for 1821-2 is not accessible to me.
Mousson 's form does not seem to differ from var. lubricella.

Var. nilssoni Malm. Shell smaller, more slender, nearly
cylindric, whorls 5; whitish corneous, subhyaline. Length
5, diam. 1% mm. Aperture 1% x 1 mm. Sweden : Chris-

COCHLICOPA. 323

tianstad, at Ignaberga. (Malm, Gotheborgs Kongl. Veten-
skaps och Vitterhets Samhalles Handlingar, 1851, p. 123).

If. C. LUBRICA NITENS 'Kok.' Gallenstein.

The shell is large, 7 to 8.5 mm. long, and usually dark
colored.

Central Europe: Carinthia; Danube at Regensburg, in
damp situations; Sweden and Finnland.

Similar large forms occur in Algeria, interior China
(C. davidis), and Japan; but these eastern forms are prob-
ably independent derivatives from the wide-spread lubrica
stock. Several names have been applied to the large Euro-
pean form or forms, but with present knowledge all may be
referred to C. I. nit ens. The original descriptions follow.

A. nitens 'Kokeil' Gallenstein. This snail differs from
the preceding [A. lubrica, alt. 2.5 to 3, diam. 1 to 1.5 lines]
by the considerably larger and darker colored shell. Marsh-
land south of Klagenfurt, in grass etc., Carinthia. (Acha-
tina nitens Kokeil, v. Gallenstein, Karntens Land- und Siiss-
wasser-Conchylien, in Jahrbuch des naturhist. Landesmus.
von Karten, 1852, p. 75. Also the same Jahrbuch for 1900,
p. 88, as Z. lubrica form major). Reported by Westerlund
from Sweden and Finnland. In his later work Gallenstein
gives the dimensions as 7 to 8.5 mm. long, 3.5 wide, and
states that it occurs in damp places; while the var. minima,
4 to 5 x 1.8 mm., (with which he unites lubricella and exigua)
inhabits dry places and high altitudes.

The name nitens was originally a collection name. It was
never described by Kokeil. It was no doubt this form which
Parreyss, in his Verzeichniss of 1849, listed as " var. nitidus
Kokeil"; but without description. Gallenstein was the first
to supply a definition of the race.

C. pfeifferi Weinland. PI. 49, fig. 40. Shell dextral, im-
perforate, oblong-acuminate, subcylindric, smooth, glossy, pel-
lucid, fulvous-corneous; whorls 7, a little convex, the last
rounded. Aperture oval, a little acuminate above and be-
low, scarcely one-third the total length; columella scarcely
truncate; peristome straight, acute, not in the least thick-

324 COCHLICOPA.

ened. Length 10, width 3 mm. One living specimen found,
Mt. Albem Suevicam near Hohen-Wittlingen. " Cionella
pfeifferi WEINL., Nachrbl. D. M. Ges. vi, 1874, p. 36, with
figs. — Cionella lubrica var. pfeifferi WEINL., Zur Weichthier-
fauna der Schwabischen Alp, in Jahreshefte des Vereins fur
vaterl. Naturkunde in Wiirttemberg, xxxii, 1876, pp. 306,
311, pi. 4, f. 4.—Cf. v. MARTENS, Nachrbl. 1878, p. 39.)

The unique example was found in a mountain region where
normal C. lubrica 4% to 5l/2 mm. long is abundant. Pro-
fessor von Martens believes it to be a scalariform monster.
The figure is evidently very badly drawn.

Var. maxima Clessin. Large, the shell as much as 7.5 mm.
long. Danube at Regensburg (Clessin, Nachrbl., 1908).

Achatina lubrica var. grandis Menke, 1830, undefined and
without locality, but briefly referred to by Moquin-Tandon,
(Moll. France ii, 1855, p. 304,) as Corsican, but without
dimensions, may be identical.

Var. major Beck, 1837, undefined, and of Bourguignat,
1864, is a similar form, as yet not sufficiently known. It is
thus described: Var. major Bgt. Shell a little larger [than
6-7 mm. long], whorls slightly more convex; around Algiers
and Oran, Algeria.

Asiatic forms of Cochlicopa.

C. liibrica will probably prove to extend over all northern.
Asia, south to northern and western China. In Japan the
specimens of C. lubrica from Garukawa near Sapporo, Yesso,
are quite typical in form and color. On the islands Hachijo
(pi. 48, fig. 31) and Nil, (fig. 32) of the Izu group, the shells
are of stout figure, very dark reddish-broivn, often opaque
or flecked with yellow specks. The oblong-conic shell meas-
ures length 6, diam. 2.7, aperture 2.4, or 6.1, diam. 2.9, aper-
ture 2.6 mm., with 5V2 whorls. The lip is quite obtuse but it
has not a very distinct internal rim. This variety has been
named var. hachijoensis Pils. (Nautilus XVI, p. 57, Sept.
1902) . Fossil specimens from Kikaiga-shima in the Loochoo
Is. are similar to those of the islands of Izu, but a little
smaller, 5 to 5.8 mm. long, and of course bleached.

COCHLICOPA. 325

At Shukunobe, Ojima, Yesso, the shells are very large,
length 8.4, diam. 3, aperture 3 mm., with 614 whorls. The
lip-rim is thin and narrow. The shape is oblong-conic, not
cylindric like the shells from Sado. These specimens have
the characters of C. lubrica nitens of Europe.

A series taken at Aikawa, Sado Island, Japan, by Mr.
Hirase, one of them drawn on pi. 48, fig. 30, is perhaps refer-
able to C. davidis. The shell is cylindric-oblong, either chest-
nut or of a beautiful, transparent greenish corneous tint.
The outer lip has only a thin and very narrow internal rim
(pi. 48, fig. 30).

Length 8.5, diam. 3, aperture 3 mm.; whorls 61/*}.

Length 8, diam. 2.9 mm.

These shells are more cylindric, less conic than the large
form from Yesso, otherwise being much like it. Whether these
large Japanese shells are an independent race, or are geneti-
cally connected with nitens 'Kok.' Gall., or with davidis Anc.,
is a question we have not at present the means of solving.

That a form of the high country of central Asia should
•occur also on an islet in the Japan Sea seems intrinsically
unlikely ; yet I can find no ground for separating the Japanese
form. It is not unlikely that the forms from both regions
would more justly be ranked as subspecies of (7. lubrica.

2. C. DAVIDIS Ancey.

"This species differs from Zua lubrica of our country by
its larger size, less swollen, more parallel and more length-
ened shape, and especially by the fold and sinuosity of the
•eolumella being more pronounced. It has 6 whorls. Length
8, diam. 2.75 mm." (Ancey}.

China: Prov. Shensi, at Ying-dshia-pu (David, type loc.) ;
Tshung-pu-sy, Feng-hsien (Obrutschew) ; Prov. Hu-bei at
Badung (Fuchs) ; Prov. Gan-su at, San-tshan and Tshing-
yuan (Mlldff.).

Zua davidis ANCEY, Le Naturaliste 1882, p. 45 [not seen
by H. P.] ; II Nat. Siciliano ii, 1883, p. 269, no. 55.— Cionella
davidis GREDLER, Malak. Bl. n. F. ix, p. 141. — Zua davidia
STURANY, Denkschr. k. Akad. der Wissenschaften, vol. 70,

326 COCHLICOPA.

1901, p. 37 (1901). — Cochlicopa davidis MLLDPF. Ann. Mus.
Zool. de 1'Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. vi, 1901, p. 389.

"It is quite constant in size as well as in the several other
characters enumerated above, which seem to me sufficient to
give this Zua specific rank" (Ancey).

"Always easily recognized by the slower increase of the
whorls, narrower shape and smaller aperture" (Mlldff.).

For the occurence of davidis 'or a similar form on Sado
Island, see p. — .

3. C. SINENSIS Heude. PI. 48, figs. 23.

Shell, small, with smooth glossy epidermis; spire conic-acu-
minate ; whorls 7, oblique, regular. Aperture oval ; peristome
simple, thick, continuous, interrupted at the external sinus.
Length 7, diam. 2 mm. (Heude.}

China: Prov. Sytshuan at Tsheug-hou (Heude); Tapa;
valley of the Tung (Mlldff.).

Zua sinensis HEUDE, Notes sur les Moll. terr. de la Vallee
du Fleuve Bleu, pt. 3, 1890, p. 151, pi. 35, f. 17.— Cochlicopa
sinensis MLLDPF, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb.
vi, 1901, p. 389.

"Very small and slender, the aperture smaller than in the
preceding [C. davidis]11 (Mlldff.).

This form and the preceding are admitted as species in
deference to the opinion of von Moellendorff, but they are
certainly very closely related to some forms of C. liibrica.

4. C. THALASSINA (Jousseaume) . PL 52, fig. 1.

Shell imperforate, minute, elongate, fragile, diaphanous,
polished, whitish; spire produced, regularly tapering-cylin-
dric, a little obtuse at the summit. Whorls 6 to 7, a little con-
vex, regularly increasing, separated by a slightly impressed
suture, the last whorl convex. Aperture vertical, ovate ; peris-
tome acute, slightly spreading and a little thickened within;
columellar margin a little arcuate, slightly thicker: outer
margin a trifle arching forward; margins joined by a very
thin callus. Length 2.25, diam. 1, aperture 0.75x0.5 mm.
(Jouss.) .

HOHENWARTIANA. 327

Aden, in debris of a small torrent.

Zua thalassina Jouss., Bull. Soc. Malac. France vii, 1890,
p. 88, pi. 3, f. 12, 13.

This smallest species of the genus is distinct by its delicacy
and minute size. Known only by the original figure and
description.

Genus HOHENWARTIANA Bourguignat.

Hohenwartiana BGT., Revue et Mag. de Zool., xvi, 1864, p.
201 (Moll, nouv., litig. on peu connes, sect. 40, p. 119) ; Mala-
•eologie de 1'Algerie ii, 1864, p. 25, type Achatina hohen-
warti Rossm. — Hohenwarthia Bgt. in LETOURNEUX et BOUR-
GUIGNAT Prodrome de la Malacologie terr. et fluv. de la Tuni-
sie, 1887, p. 126, substitute for Hohenwartiana Bgt. 1864.

Shell small, very fragile, translucent and glossy, oblong-
fusiform, composed of 5 to 7 nearly flat whorls, the last tap-
ering to the base; summit obtuse, rounded. Aperture piri-
form, toothless, the outer lip acute, arching forward, colu-
mella straight, tapering or a little excised below, but not
really truncate, not reaching the base. Soft anatomy un-
known.

Type H. kohenwarti. Distribution, Mediterranean countries.

This group stands close to C&cilioides, from which it differs
chiefly by its more obese shape, approaching the genus Ferus-
sacia, and by the absence -of a columellar truncation. It is
restricted to the countries bordering on the Mediterranean.
As in other oblong shells in which the whorls increase irre-
gularly, the general shape, and the proportion of the aper-
ture to the whole length of the shell vary with age, so that
at successive stages of growth the general appearance is
quite different. The large number of nominal species is due
to this cause, to the rarity of good figures, and to the lack
of any ardent desire to find out what the older species really
are.

The following undescribed forms are apparently referable
to Hohenwartiana :

Ferussacia lierytensis Bgt., Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1864, p. 211,
no. 45. Syria. Name only.

328 HOHENWARTIANA.

Hohenwarthia maresiana and Hoh. mauritanica are re-
corded by Bourguignat and Letourneux in Prodr. Mai.
Tunisia p. 126, as Algerian species. Names only.

A form from near Naples has been named Cionella per-
sianii by Tiberi (Annales de la Societe Malacologique de Bel-
gique, xiii, 1878, p. 21), but without description or informa-
tion other than the statement that it was what he had pre-
viously called C. hohenwarti.

1. H. HOHENWARTI (Rossmaessler) . PI. 51, figs. 1, 2.

Shell smaller, subfusiform, rapidly increasing with taper-
ing spire, buff, brilliant, polished. Aperture long-piriform,
angular, peristoine unexpanded, acute, simple, the outer mar-
gin convex. Length 3, diam. 1 lines; whorls scarce]y 6.
(Eossm.).

Carniola: at Laibach, in debris of the river and under
stones on its banks (Count von Hohenwart, type loc.) ; en-
tire Dalmatian coast (Kuester).

Achatina hohenwarti ROSSM., Iconographie ii, pt. 10, 1839,
p. 34, pi. 49, f . 657.— PFR., Monogr. ii, 274 ; iii, 505 ; iv, 622 ;
vi, 251; viii, 306; Conchyl. Cab. p. 353, pi. 29, f. 14, 15.-
Ccecilianella h., BOURGUIGNAT, Revue et Mag. de Zool., 1856,
p. 382. — Ferussacia h., BGT., Moll. nouv. litig. ii, pi. 30, 1
9-11. — DE BETTA, Atti del Regio Instituto Veneto di Sci., Lett,
ed Arti, Ser. Ill, xv, pt. 2, pp. 1451, 1507 (1870).— 4. hohen-
wardti Rossm., KUESTER, Neunter Bericht Naturforsch. Ges.
Bamberg, 1870, p. 91. — A. hochenwarthii SCHMIDT, Syst. Ver-
zeich. p. 13. — ? Helix pusilla SCACCHI, Osserv. Zool. 1833,
p. 26.

This species has been reported from Italy, Corsica, France,
Spain and Algeria, but this wide range no doubt applies to
the several forms which have been segregated by some au-
thors as varieties, by others as species. Examination of large
series by an unprejudiced observer will be necessary to deter-
mine the status of these supposed species.

Achatina lubricoides Potiez et Michaud (Galerie des Moll,
on Catal. Moll. Mus de Douai, i, 1838, p. 129, pi. 11, f. 9, 10),
from Rimini, is evidently H. hohenwarti or a closely related

HOHENWARTIANA. 329

form. It is described as resembling 11A. lubrica, but it is
longer and has a different appearance." Whether it is iden-
tical with Helix (Coc.hlicopa) lubricoides Fer., Tabl. Syst,
p. 51, no. 372, undescribed, is not certainly known.

I have figured, pi. 51, figs. 10, 11, a shell received from
Terver as "A. lubricoides Jan." It is related to hohenwarti,
but differs by the much more lengthened spire, and the more
irregular descent of the suture, as shown in the figures. The
outer lip arches forward more than in H. hohenwarti. The
early whorls are less narrow and the penultimate whorl
widens less rapidly than in H. bourguignatiana. Length 6.3,
diam. 2mm. Italy: Milan.

Var. iriana Pollonera. Differs from the typical form by
its more elevated spire, larger size, somewhat wider aperture
and less twisted columella. Length 7 to 8, diam. 2.25 to 3.25
mm. Debris of the Scrivia at Carbonara, Piemont. (POLL.,
Moll. terr. viv. in Piemonte, Atti R. Ac. Sci. di Torino, 1885,
xx, 693).

Var. psilia Bourguignat. Distinguished from the related
hokenwarti by its larger size, corneous tint, and the irregular
increase, the early whorls very close, the last three very wide.
Tuscany (BGT., Malac. de 1'Algerie ii, p. 33, no. 43, 1864).

Var. BUGESI (Bourguignat). PI. 51, figs. 3.

Differs from H. moitessieri by the larger shell, less swollen,
the whorls increasing irregularly (the two upper slowly, the
rest more rapidly), by the less oblong aperture, smaller and
less narrowty angular above ; the columella is straighter, with
weaker truncation, and finally the last whorl descends rapidly.
Length 5, diam. 2 mm. ; whorls 6.

France: debris of the Lez at Montpellier.

Ferussacia bugesi BGT., Moll, nouv., litig. etc., p. 184, pi.
30, f. 12-14.— PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 307.

I cannot see that this differs materially from H. hohenwarti.

2. H. LOCARDI ('Bgt.' Locard). PI. 51, fig. 9.

Shell ovoid-fusiform, nearly smooth, very glossy and sub-
transparent. Whorls 5 or 6, the first increasing slowly, the

330 HOHENWARTIANA.

last 3 more rapidly, last whorl % the total alt. Oolumella
straight, twisted, with a distinct projection at base giving a
false aspect of truncation. Length 6, diam. 5l/2 mm.

France: debris of the Rhone (Locard).

Ferussacia locardi Bgt., LOCARD, Etudes sur les Variations
Malacologiques, i, 1880, p. 221, pi. 3, f. 19.

There is evidently an error in the measurements.

3. H. MOITESSIERI Bourguignat. PI. 51, fig. 4.

Shell minute, oblong, glossy, polished, hyaline, glassy.
Spire short, acuminate, the apex rather obtuse ; whorls 6 to
7, slowly and regularly increasing, penult, and last large,
separated by a distinct, conspicuously doubled suture, the
last whorl dilated, a little convex, neither ascending or de-
scending, more than half the total length. Aperture oblong-
piriform, narrowed and acutely angular above; columella
curved, not reaching the base, slightly truncate; peristome
unexpanded, acute; outer lip regularly arching forward,
margins joined by a thin callus. Length 5, diam. 2 mm.
(Bgt.).

France: debris of the Lez at Montpellier (Dr. Buges, type
loc) . Italy : debris of the Po at Turin.

Ferussacia nwitessieri BGT., Moll, nouv., litig. et peu eon-
nes, 1866, p. 182, pi. 30, f. 6-8.— PFR. Monog. viii, p. 307.-
Cionella m., WESTERL., Fauna iii, p. 171. — Ccecilianella m.,
POLLONERA, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, xx, 1885, p. 693.

The shell is said to differ from hokenwarti by the more
delicate, clearer, more glossy shell, which is wider in the lower
part, with shorter, more acuminate spire; the whorls in-
crease more regularly and not so fast; the aperture is nar-
rower above, and longer in proportion to the shell's length.

4. H. BOURGUIGNATIANA (Benoit). PI. 50, figs. 9; pi. 48. figs.
24-26.

Shell oblong-cylindric, polished, pellucid, whitish-buff.
Spire turrite, passing into a short cone, the apex rather ob-
tuse; suture quite impressed, very narrowly margined.
Whorls 5 to 6, a little convex, the two last very rapidly en-

HOHENWARTIANA. 331

larging, the last flattened-cylindric, about equal to the spire.
Columella subvertical, intorted, obsoletely and obliquely trun-
cate, not reaching the base. Aperture ovate-angulate, peris-
tome simple, unexpended, acute, the margins joined by a
thin callus, outer lip slightly arching forward, subexpanded.
Length 6.5, diam. 2.33, aperture 3x1.3 mm. (Benoit).

Sicily : Palermo, type loc. ; Algeria at Bone ; Crete ; Dar-
danelles; Samsun, Asia Minor.

Achatina bourguignatiana BEN., Illustr. test. estr. Sicil.
pt. iv, 1862, p. 241, pi. 8, f. 5. — Ferussacia &., BGT., Malac.
Alger. ii, p. 68, pi. 4, f . 35-40 ; Revue et Mag. Zool. xvi, 1864,
p. 212. — Cochlicopa &., CAFICI, II Nat. Sicil. i, p. 204.

A peculiar species, not well described by Benoit. It is
characterized by the second whorl being disproportionately
large, the following whorl narrower; then the last two whorls
increase with great rapidity, the last 1% turns of the suture
descending very steeply. It is figured on pi. 50 from a speci-
men received from Benoit. Bourguignat's figures are copied,
pi. 48, figs. 24-26. It has been recorded from various points
around the eastern basin of the Mediterranean.

5. H. THAMNOPHILA (Bourguignat) . PL 51, figs. 7, 8.

Shell very minute, very fragile, clear glassy, polished;
spire attenuate, terminating in a short cone; apex rather ob-
tuse, somewhat mamillate. Whorls 6, slightly convex, irreg-
ularly increasing, the first two rapidly widening, third
slowly, the fourth and rest rapidly increasing, separated by
a rather impressed and duplicated suture, the last almost
half the total length. Aperture oblong; columella scarcely
lamellose, not reaching the base, and appearing subtrun-
cate; peristome unexpanded, acute, the outer margin arch-
ing forward, especially in its anterior part; margins joined
by a very thin callus. Length 4, diam. 1.25, aperture 1.75
mm. (Bgt.)

Algeria : drift debris of the Frais-Vallon, 1 kilometer be-
low the fortifications of Algiers, near the gate Babel-Oued
(Bgt.). Also occurs in Sicily (Benoit, Cafici).

Ferussacia thamnophila BGT., Malac. de 1'Algerie ii, p. 69,
pi. 4, f. 41-44 (1864).— BENOIT, Catalogo p. 86.

332 HOHENWARTIANA.

The smallest, most fragile and slenderest of the species.

6. H. MACEI Bourguignat.

Shell lanceolate-fusiform, with pointed produced spire and
obtuse apex. Whorls 6, somewhat convex, irregularly in-
creasing, the penultimate very large, widened, the last scarcely
larger, convex, somewhat more than one-third the total length.
Aperture narrowly piriform, very acute above, scarcely dilated
below, the outer lip arching forward. Columella stout and
short. Length 7, diam. 2.5 mm. (Westerl.)

France, between Cannes and Napouli.

Ferussacia macei BGT., Descr. Moll. Alpes-Maritimes p. 9,
1870. — Cionella m., WESTERLUND, Fauna p. 174.

7. H. CAZIOTI (Locard).

Long-lanceolate, the spire very short; 6 whorls, the first 5
increasing very slowly, very regularly, perceptibly convex,
the last whorl very long, not swollen. Aperture very nar-
row, very high very strongly angular above, more than half
the total length of the shell. Columella short and arcuate
below; peristome thin, sharp, the outer lip feebly arched for-
ward ; callus very thin. Shell hyaline, very glossy. Length
6.5, diam. 2 mm. (Loc.).

France : debris of the Rhone at Avignon.

Ferussacia cazioti LOCARD, Coq. terr. de France, in Ann.
Soc. d 'Agriculture, Sci. et Ind. de Lyon, (7 ser.) iii, 1895,
p. 142 (1896).

8. H. PALADILHI Bourguignat. PI. 51, figs. 12, 13.

Shell slender, elongate-lanceolate, hyaline-glassy, polished
glossy; spire produced, lanceolate, the apex very obtuse,
Whorls 7, slightly convex, regularly and rather rapidly in-
creasing, separated by an impressed, duplicate suture, the
last whorl large, less than half the total length, a little de-
scending. Aperture piriform, angular above, a little dilated
below. Columella slightly subtruncate, not reaching the base ;
peristome unexpanded, acute, the outer lip arched forward,
especially in the lower part, margins joined by a thin callus.
Alt. 6, diam. 2 mm. (Bgt.).

HOHENWARTIANA. 333

France : drift debris of the Lez at Montpellier.

Ferussacia paladilhi BGT., Moll, nouv., litig. etc. ii, no. 57,
p. 186, pi. 30, f. 18-20.

Differs from eucharista by the more slender shape and more
obtuse apex. It is also more slender and lanceolate than
moitessieri and bugesi. Considered a Hohenwarthia by Bour-
guignat, though it is as slender as C&cilianella. It has been
reported by Letourneux also from Philippeville, Algeria
(Ann. de Malac. i, p. 322).

9. H. EUCHARISTA (Bourguignat) . PL 51, fig. 6.

Shell very slender, very fragile, glassy, very glossy, sub-
fusiform-turrite ; spire lanceolate, gradually acuminate, the
apex rather obtuse. Whorls 7, a trifle convex, rapidly and
rather regularly increasing, separated by an impressed, dupli-
cate suture, the last more than one-third the total alt. Aper-
ture slightly oblique, oblong, angular above; columella min-
ute, not reaching the base, slightly subtruncate; peristome
unexpanded, acute, outer margin rather strongly arched for-
ward, the margins joined by a rather thick callus. Length
6, diam. 2, aperture 2.5 mm. (Bgt.).

Algeria : debris of the Frais-Vallon near the Bab-el-Oued
gate, Algiers; debris of the Harrach, etc.

Ferussacia eucharista BGT., Malac. de 1'Algerie ii, 1864, p.
67, pi. 4, f. 45-47; Moll, nouv., litig. etc. pi. 30, f. 15-17.

10. H. TUNETANA Letourneux et Bourguignat.

Shell elongate-oblong, very fragile, glassy, very glossy, hya-
line, highly polished; spire produced, obtuse at the summit,
the apex stout, rounded. Whorls 6, slightly convex, regu-
larly and rapidly increasing, separated by a somewhat im-
pressed suture, the last whorl large, nearly half the total
length, convex. Aperture vertical, oblong ; columella straight,
having a longitudinal lamella within; peristome unexpanded,
fragile, the outer margin regularly arcuate; margin joined by
a thin callus. Length 7, diam. 2, aperture 3 mm. (L. & B.)

Tunis : drift debris of the Oued Sidi-Aich.

Hohenwarthia tunetana L. et B., Prodr. Mai. Tunisie p.
126, 1887.

334 HOHENWARTIANA.

11. H. PECHAUDI Bourguignat.

Shell elongate, fragile, glassy, glossy, whitish, polished.
Spire produced, regularly tapering, a little obtuse at the
summit, apex minute. Whorls 7 to 8, hardly convex until
the last one, regularly and rather slowly increasing, parted
by a linear suture ; the last whorl large, nearly half the total
length. Aperture vertical, irregularly piriforni-elongate,
very much contracted above, having a minute lamella within
on the convexity of the penult, whorl. Columella short, arcu-
ate, larnellose or as though truncate below. Peristome un-
expanded, fragile, the outer margin slightly arcuate, margins
joined by a callus. Length 6.5, diam. 2, alt. apert, 3 mm.

(Bgt.).

Tunis : drift of the Medjerda near Ghardimaou.
Holienwartliia pechaudi Bgt., LET. et BGT.. Prodr. Mai.
Tunisie 1887, p. 127.

Remarkable for its parietal lamella.

12. H. HAGENMULLERI Bourguignat.

Shell minute, oblong-elongate, fragile, diaphanous, some-
what whitish, polished; spire moderate, produced, a little
obtuse at the summit; whorls 6, slightly convex, slowly in-
creasing to the fourth, then more rapidly, separated by a
linear suture. Last whorl large, half the total length, a little
convex. Aperture vertical, piriform, narrowed above. Colu-
mella short, stout, subtruncate below; peristome unexpanded,
fragile ; outer lip strongly arching forward, margins rather
strongly joined by a callus. Length 4, diam. 1.5, aperture
2 mm. (Bgt.)

Tunis : drift of the Medjerda near Ghardimaou.

Hohenwartkia k. Bgt., LET. et BGT., Prodr. Mai. Tunisie,
1887, p. 127.

13. H. BIONDIANA (Benoit). PI. 50, figs. 10.

Shell oblong-fusiform, polished, glittering, pellucid, buff-
whitish ; spire turrite-conic, short, the apex obtuse ; suture
impressed, submarginate, obliquely descending. Whorls 5,
but slightly convex; the last large, suddenly widening, longer

HOHENWARTIANA. 335

than the spire. Columella subvertical, a little twisted in-
ward, obsoletely truncate, not reaching the base. Aperture
oblong-acuminate ; peristome simple, unexpanded, acute, the
margins joined by a very thin callus. Length 5.5, diarn. 2,
aperture 3x1 mm. (Benoit).

Sicily: estate of the Prince of Petrella, near Palermo
(Benoit, type loc.) ; Syracuse, in debris of Anapo (Cafici).

Achatina biondiana BEN., 111. test, estramar. Sicil. pt. 4,
1862, p. 239, pi. 8, f. 6.—Cochlicopa b., CAFICI, II Nat. Sici-
liano i, p. 204. — Ferussacia biondina PFR., Monogr. vi, 252.
-BGT. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1864, p. 211.

In fig. 10 a specimen received from Benoit is drawn. It
differs from H. hohenwarti by the different curvation of the
outer lip in profile, hohenwarti being evenly arcuate, while
biondiana is more convex below the middle; moreover the
aperture is shorter. The last half of the first and first half
of the second whorl is enlarged, after which the whorls in-
crease slowly to the penultimate, which with the last in-
creases very rapidly.

14. H. ARADASIANA (Benoit) . PI. 51, figs. 14, 15.

Shell oblong-cylindric, polished, glittering, pellucid, cor-
neous-buff; spire turrite-conic, the apex mamillate; suture
rather impressed, indistinctly marginate. Whorls 5, a little
convex, very rapidly enlarging, the last not as long as the
spire. Columella subvertical, slightly twisted inward, nar-
rowly truncate at the base. Aperture oblong-acuminate;
peristome simple, unexpanded, acute, margins joined by a
hairlike callus, the right margin somewhat arching forward.
Length 4.5, diam. 4.75 [sic], aperture 2 mm. long, 1 wide.
(Ben.).

Sicily : Palermo, near the Oreto river.

Achatina aradasiana BEN., Illustr. etc., p. 244.

Figured from a specimen received from Benoit. The first
half whorl is rather small; the following whorl very large;
at the end of l1/^ whorls the whorl contracts again, the
suture becoming subhorizontal. The last turn of the suture
is very oblique, steeply descending. The sutural border is

336 HOHENWARTIANA.

whitish and wide. The outer lip arches far forward, in pro-
file view, the greatest convexity being below the middle. It
is extremely similar to H. bourguignatiana, but differs by the
smaller size and less swollen basal portion.

15. H. VILL^E (Benoit).

A fine and elegant little shell resembling a Cionella in form.
It is obese, fusiform, lucid, diaphanous, smooth, transparent,
very obtuse at the end. Whorls 5, rather convex, suture su-
perficial, accompanied by a line. Last whorl one-third the
total length. Aperture rounded at the base, acutely angu-
lar above; peristome simple, acute, the margins joined by a
callus visible under the lens. Columella scarcely truncate.
Sicily: near Palermo, extremely rare. (Ccecilianella villa:
BEN., Catalogo, 1881, p. 89).

Perhaps related to H. alleryi Cafici.

16. H. ALLERYI (Cafici). PI. 51, figs. 16, 17.

Shell oblong-subventricose, very minute, very fragile, dia-
phanous, very glossy, pale corneous-buff; spire short, the apex
obtuse as though mamillate. Whorls 5, slightly convex, all
to the fifth slowly increasing, the fifth increasing extremely
rapidly; suture well impressed and duplicate. Last whorl
almost exceeding three-fourths the total length. Aperture
oblong, angular above; columella subvertical, not reaching the
base, subtruncate; peristome unexpanded, acute, the outer
margin arcuate, margins joined by a thin callus. Length
3.75, diam. 1.5, length of aperture 2.5 mm. (Cafici).

Sicily: Abita Nociforo near Vizzini.

Cochlicopa alleryi CAFICI, II Naturlista Siciliano, i, p. 202,
pi. 10, f. la, 2a, June, 1882.

A shorter, more compact form than other Sicilian species,
if it is a mature shell.

17. H. NAUTICA (Westerlund).

Shell fusiform turrite, with long, rapidly tapering spire.
Whorls 6l/2 to 7, very weakly convex, rapidly and regularly
increasing, the last somewhat more than one-third the total

HOHENWARTIANA. 337

length; suture impressed, oblique, margined. Aperture ob-
long-piriform, acuminate above, narrowly rounded below;
parietal margin very oblique; outer margin produced for-
ward ; columella very short, gradually passing below into the
basal margin. Length 7 to 7.3, diam. 2, length aperture 2.5
mm. (Westerl.).

Crimea: Sudak, in drift debris.

Cionella (Hohemvarthia) nautica WESTERL., Fauna iii,
1887, p. 173; no. 98.

18. H. ANCEYI (Westerlund).

Shell in all respects indistinguishable from nautica, but
somewhat larger, with traces of a horny-yellow epidermis;
aperture somewhat longer (almost half the total length) ;
columella rather wider and at the base produced and rounded,
bounded by a thread-like lamina, but especially distinguished
by the quite fine but deep and wholly marginless suture
(Westerl.).

France: Marseilles (Ancey).

Cionella (Hohemvarthia) anceyi WESTERL., Fauna iii, p.
173, no. 99.

19. H. MALTZANI ('Clessin' Westerlund).

Shell fusiform with slender spire, whorls 6, flat, the third
and fourth nearly equal, the fifth somewhat higher, the last
as high as the others taken together. Suture oblique, that
between whorls 4 and 5 high above the middle of the shell.
Aperture half the total length, narrowly drop-shaped, long
acuminate above. Outer lip produced forward below the
middle. Columella bounded by a thread-like lamina, strongly
arcuate below. Length 5, diam. 1.5 mm.

Crete.

Cionella (Hohemvarthia) maltzani Clessin, WESTERLUND
Fauna iii, 1887, p. 174, no. 100.

20. H. DISPARATA (Westerlund).

Related to C. hohenwarti, but with 5% to 6 whorls, the
upper 31/2 to 4 small, narrow, forming a short conic spire, the
last two large, rather convex, together scarcely reaching two-

338

COILOSTELE.

thirds the length of the penultimate; penultimate whorl
shorter than the rather convex last whorl. Suture strongly
margined, horizontal above, strongly oblique in the middle,
and slightly oblique towards the aperture. Aperture not di-
lated below, not half the total length of the shell; outer
margin rather strongly arching forward. Length 6 to 6.5,
diam. 2 mm. (West.).

Spain: near Barcelona (Prof. P. T. Cleve).

Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata WESTERL. Verhandl.
k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1893, xlii, p. 43.

Genus COILOSTELE Benson.

Coilostele Bs., Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
3d series, xiii, p. 136 (Feb. 1864), for C. scalaris Bs. — Coelo-
stele of some authors. — Ccclestele BOURGUIGNAT, Description
de diverses especes de Ccelestele et de Paladilhia, p. 6 (1880).
—Francesia PALADILHE, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia
Naturale di Genova iii, 1872, p. 9. type F. scalaris Palad.—
paladilhiana Nevill.

Shell minute (3 to 4 inm. long), fragile, somewhat trans-
parent, imperforate, long and narrow, subcylindric or taper-
ing slightly to the very obtuse rounded summit, composed of
6 to 8 flattened whorls separated by deep sutures, the first
21/o or 3 whorls smooth, the rest either smooth, striate or
ribbed. Aperture small, oblong, more or less oblique, the
outer lip usually expanded slightly in fully adult shells,
straight in profile. Columella having a low fold at its junc-
tion with the parietal wall. Internal partitions absorbed in
adult shells, leaving only an internal spiral cord along the
sutures. Soft anatomy unknown.

Type C. scalaris Bens. Distribution. India, Aden, Syria,
Abyssinia, Egypt, Southern Spain, Eastern Mexico.

A genus of uncertain position, remarkable for the cylin-
drical shape of the minute, fragile slender shell, and the ab-
sorption of the internal partitions, which I have verified in
C. tampicolensis. They have been found up to this time only
as dead shells in the drift debris of rivers and streams, where
they occur in great profusion, though it seems quite locally.

COILOSTELE. 339

Nothing is known of the life history or soft parts. The baleful
influence of the "nouvelle ecole" authors impedes the study
of the species, which have been unduly multiplied on trivial
grounds. In the absence of a large series from Seville, I
am unable to say to what extent the Spanish species vary in
sculpture. Bourguignat divides the genus into three groups,
according to the sculpture. The known forms fall into these
groups as follows.

Smooth : scalaris, africana, agyptiaca, acus, l&vigata,
castroiana, hispanica.

Striate : paladilhiana, isseli, stenostoma, bourguignati,
servaini, tumidula.

Ribbed: letourneuxiana, raphidia, cylindrata, tampicoensis.

A single Eocene species is known, Coelostele eocaena Oppen-
heim, from the Val dei Mazzini, Italy. It seems to be quite
a typical Coilostele in all respects, and is of high interest as
showing the genus to have been one of those probably de-
veloped in the Mesozoic European archipelago, like the
ancestral Clausiliida and Megaspiridce. (See Oppenheim,
Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geol. Gesellsch. vol. 47, 1895, p. 119,
pi. 3, fig. 10).

The name Coilostele, hollow pillar, is in allusion to the ab-
sence of internal partitions in the species examined by Ben-
son, verified by me in C. tampicoensis.

Asiatic and East African Species.

1. C. SCALARIS Benson. PI. 50, fig. 3.

Shell imperf orate, long-cylindric, smooth, hyaline, glossy;
spire long, gradually tapering, scalariform; apex obtuse;
suture deep. Whorls 6, a little convex, obtusely angular
above, the penultimate whorl cylindric. Aperture suboblique,
semiovate, subpirif orm ; peristome thin, unexpanded, the mar-
gins remote; columellar margin a little thickened, provided
with an oblique, long, spiral entering fold above. Length
3, diam. scarcely 1 mm.; aperture 0.66x0.5 mm. (Bens.).

India: Betwa river, in sand; Jumna river opposite
Humearpore (Benson) ; Ganges river drift (Hutton) ; Sind
(Blanford).

340 COILOSTELE.

Coilostele scalaris Bs., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d. ser.,
xiii, p. 136 (Feb. 1864). — PFR., Monogr. Pneumopomorum
Viv., suppl. 3, p. 370. — Coelostele scalaris BGT., Descr. Coel.
p. 10. — NEVILL, Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus. i, p. 162.

"Perfectly smooth, except that there are a few distant broad
varix-like ribs on the penultimate whorl ' (Nevill}.

2. C. PALADILHIANA Nevill. PI. 50, fig. 4.

Shell turrite, nearly cylindric, imperforate, pellucid, hya-
line, glossy, sharply and regularly flexuously costulate. Spire
long, slightly tapering to the very obtuse apex. Whorls 6^/2
to 7, but slightly convex, flattened, gradually and regularly
increasing in width and height; suture impressed, subdupli-
cated, a flat belt below it. Last whorl larger than the penult.,
being measured behind one-fifth the total length, ascending
towards the aperture. Outer lip in profile straight, very ob-
liquely receding below. Aperture a little oblique, narrowed
transversely, a little dilated below, oblong, subelliptical, some-
what resembling a human ear reversed; the outer margin a
little produced and narrowly arcuate at the upper insertion.
Peristome unexpanded, subcontinuous, thin, a trifle thick-
ened ; columellar margin continued obliquely from the par-
ietal wall, a little flexuous, and noticeably projecting at the
junction with the parietal wall; right margin elongated and
moderately arcuate. Length 3, diam. 0.75 mm. (Palad.}.

Aden : drift debris of the Kursi.

Francescia scalaris PALADILHE, Annali del Mus. Civ. di Stor.
Nat. di Genova, iii, Dec. 1872, p. 10, pi. 1, figs. 1-4. Not
C. scalaris Bens. Cf. ISSEL, Annali vol. 4, p. 522. Coelostele
paladilhiana NEVILL, Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus. i, p. 162
(1878), based upon Paladilhe's description. — Calestele ara-
bica BGT., Descr. Coal., p. 15 (1880), based upon the same
description. — Coelostele sp., BLANFORD, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of
Bengal, vol. 44, 1875, p. 44.

"Only distinct from the preceding [C. scalaris] by the dis-
tinct, almost microscopic striation, and the whorls being a
trifle less cylindrical" (Nevill}. Issel reports this species
from the arid islet Sek Sayd, near Massaua, the shells agree-
ing exactly with those from Aden.

COILOSTELE. 341

Var. isseli Bourguignat. Differs from C. paladilhiana by
the more lengthened shell, whorls more detached, more swollen
around the upper part and more separated by the deeper
suture; striae finer and closer; aperture more oblique and
shorter. In isseli the long lanceolate spire tapers gradu-
ally without being ventricose; in paladilhiana the spire is a
little swollen in the middle. Length 3.5, diam. 0.75 mm.;
whorls 7. Found in the torrent Kursi, near Aden. Prob-
ably an individual variation of C. paladilhiana.

3. C. BOURGUIGNATI Jousseaume. PI. 50, fig. 5.

Shell imperforate, very minute, elongate, mamillate at the
summit, cylindric in the middle, relatively tumid there, fra-
gile, diaphanous, becoming rather opaque after death, hyaline
or whitish, sharply striatulate, the striae close, regular, slightly
oblique. Spire long-cylindric, swollen-mamillate and very
obtuse at the summit. Whorls 7 to 8, the embryonic swollen,
median a little convex, slowly increasing, separated by an im-
pressed suture, the last whorl convex, relatively quite swollen.
Aperture very oblique, ovate, peristome acute, unexpanded,
very slightly thickened within; columella twisted, as though
plicate. Length 3, diam. 0.33, alt. aperture 0.33, width 0.5
mm. (Jouss.).

Aden : drift debris of torrent on the plain of Mahala.

Coelestele ~bourguignati Jouss., Bull. Soc. Malac. de France
vii, 1890, p. 95, pi. 3, f. 16-18.

This handsome species, remarkable for the extreme obli-
quity of the aperture, has a mamillate summit, relatively so
large that the median whorls appear slim, and quite dispro-
portionate to the size of the summit and the last whorl
(Jouss.) .

4. C. STENOSTOMA Jousseaume. PI. 50, fig. 8.

Shell imperforate, elongate, exactly cylindric, not more
ample at base than at the summit, fragile, subopaque, whitish,
delicately striate, the striae close regular and suboblique.
Spire long-cylindric, scarcely tapering, obtuse at the summit.
\\rhorls 7, slightly convex or subplanulate, slowly increasing,

342 COILOSTELE.

separated by a deep narrow suture, the last whorl little con-
vex. Aperture subvertical or suboblique, narrow, long ; peris-
tome unexpanded, a little thickened and spreading at the
base, thicker and reflexed at the columellar margin ; the mar-
gins joined by a callus. Length 3, diam. 0.5, aperture 0.33
x 0.25 mm. (Jouss.).

Aden : drift debris of a torrent in the plain of Mahala.

C. stenostoma Jouss., Bull. Soc. Malac. de France, vii, p.
96, pi. 3, f. 19-21, 1890.

Very characteristic by its long-cylindric shape, almost as
wide at the summit as at the base; by the slightly convex
whorls, almost flat, and separated by a deep sutural gutter,
and by the remarkable narrowness of the aperture (Jouss.).

5. C. AFRICANA Bourguignat.

Shell imperforate, cylindric, smooth, diaphanous, glassy.
Spire long-scalariform, slightly tapering, mamillate at the
summit, apex very stout, very obtuse. Whorls 7, flattened,
strongly swollen around the suture, regularly and slowly
increasing, the last slightly larger, convex. Aperture very
oblique, suboblong, angular above, rounded below. Peris-
tome unexpanded, lightly thickened and whitish; columellar
margin arcuate, a trifle thickened, not plicate. Length 3,
diam. 0.75 mm. (Bgt.).

Egypt : drift of the Nile at Damietta.

Ccelestele a., BGT., Descr. Ccel., p. 11, 1880. — JOUSSEAUME,
Bull. Soc. Malac. France VII, p. 88 (near Massouah).

Differs from C. scalaris by the mamillar summit, closer coil,
there being 7 instead of 6 whorls in the same length, by the
very oblique aperture, well rounded basally, the arcuate colu-
mellar margin, not thickened, and without a fold above. As
in all other Crelesteles known to me, the columellar axis is
wanting above the penult, whorl (Bgt.).

6. C. ^EGYPTIACA Bourguignat.

The distinctive sign of this species is in the perfectly cylin-
dric shape. In C. scalaris and africana the shell enlarges
gradually in diameter. In ccgyptiaca the whorls are smaller,

COILOSTELE. 343

more delicate and a little less scalariform. The first two
are convex, the rest flat, swollen at the suture. The shell is
smooth. Length 2.5, diam. 0.5 mm. ; whorls 6.

Egypt: drift of the Nile at Damietta.

Coclestele cegyptiaca BGT., Descr. Orel., p. 12.

Doubtfully distinct from the preceding.

7. C. CYLINDRATA Boettger. PI. 50, figs. 6.

Most related to C. rhaphidia Bgt., but the shell is more
exactly cylindric, narrower, apex more obtuse, the aperture
smaller.

Shell small, subrimate, very slender, almost exactly cylin-
dric, thin, pellucid, glossy; spire with subparallel sides,
slightly tapering upwards, the apex very obtuse, globose.
Whorls 8, very slowly increasing, separated by a deeply
impressed suture, the upper ones more convex, the rest flat-
tened in the middle, rudely but subobsoletely costulate and
sometimes here and there varicose; costulae oblique, filiform,
compressed. The last whorl is flattened in the middle with
20 to 30 riblets, a little higher and scarcely wider than the
penult, whorl, equal to one-fifth the total length of the shell.
Aperture small, oblong, slightly acute above and below, re-
ceding at the base; peristome subcontinuous, the margins
distinctly but very delicately reflexed, columellar margin
broadly appressed, and callously reflexed above the rimation ;
columella sigmoid, in the middle very distinctly twisted or
with a unilamellate appearance. Length 3.25 to 3.75; diam.
0.75 to 0.875 mm.; alt. aperture 0.75, width 0.5 mm. (Bttg.).

Asia Minor: debris of the Sarus river, Adana, Cilicia.

Ccelostele cylindrata BTTG., Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges. vol.
37, 1905, p. 109, pi. 2 A, f. 3o-c.

The specimens, somewhat diverse diameter of the shell,
differ also rather strongly in sculpture ; a few smaller shells
are decidedly more finely striate, the larger however are
costulate; since however both forms agree in shape of shell
and mouth, a division into two species is scarcely to be
thought of.

344 COILOSTELE.

Spanish Species.

8. C. ACUS (Pfeiffer). PL 50, fig. 7.

Shell very small, subiniperforate, acicular, plicate-striate
under a lens, hyaline; spire subulate, the apex rather obtuse.
Whorls 7 to 8, convex, the last less than one-fourth the total
length, rounded basally; columella subplicate. Aperture a
little oblique, oblong; peristome simple, unexpanded, the colu-
mellar margin very narrowly reflexed. Length 3.75, diam.
0.75, aperture 0.66 mm. (P/r.)

Spain: Seville (P/r.).

Bulimus acus PPR., P. Z. S. 1852, p. 60 ; Monogr. iii, p. 395 ;
Conchyl. Cabinet p. 256, pi. 69, f . 12-14 ; cf. ANCEY, Journ.
de Conchyl. Iii, 1904, p. 302. — Ccelestele Icevlgata BGT., Deser.
Ccel. p. 12 (1880).— C. castroiana BGT., Descr. Cosl. p. 13.-
C. hispanica BGT., Descr. Coel. p. 14.

This species is common in the drift debris of the Guadal-
quivir at Seville, the type locality of the several alleged species
included in the above references. Bourguignat ignores
Pfeiffer 's species acus, and bases three on what seem to be
merely slight differences due to individual variation and age.
Ancey was the first to recognize a Coilostele in Bulimus acus.
Coutagne (Comptes Reudus 1904, p. 1522) seems to think that
the ribbed and smooth Spanish species may be a Mendelian
mixture or dimorphic species, but gives no reasons for such
belief.

9. C. SERVAINI Bourguignat.

Shell imperforate, elongate-scalariform, slightly tapering,
elegantly striate, the stria? regular, rather thick and slightly
obsolete; hyaline, glassy. Spire long, gradually tapering to
the obtuse summit. Whorls 7 to 8, the upper ones convexly
rounded, the rest scalariform, very much swollen above around
the suture, regularly and slowly increasing, the last a little
convex, slightly larger. Aperture very oblique, oblong, nar-
rowed above, rounded below, slightly subangular at the base
of the columella. Peristome unexpanded, slightly thickened,
and indistinctly spreading; columellar margin straight, thick-

COILOSTELE. 345

ened above, robust, dilated, sublamellose within; margins
joined by a rather strong callus. Length 4, diam. 1 mm.
(Bgt.).

Spain: drift of the Guadalquivir at Seville.

Coalestele servaini BGT., Deser. Coel. p. 16, 1880.

Var. tumidula Bourguignat.

This species is characterized by a ventricose, slightly obese,
scarcely scalariform shape, the whorls convex, a little swollen
around the upper part. In tumidula the not very regular
striag which are not oblique but nearly vertical, are here and
there a little stronger. The swollen, slightly obese shape dis-
tinguishes it well from servaini, which is lanceolate-scalari-
forrn with a deep suture. Length 3.5, diam. 1 mm. Guadal-
quivir river at Seville. (Bgt.).

C. tumidula BGT., Descr. Orel., p. 17.

10. C. LETOURNEUXIANA Bgt.

Quite recognizable by the lanceolate-acuminate shape, with
its whorls convex, deeply separated by a deep suture without
being scalariform; its aperture elongate, narrowed, the colu-
mella with a large, spirally descending fold within. Ele-
gantly ribbed, the ribs oblique, regularly spaced, disappear-
ing at the summit. Length 4, diam. 1 mm., whorls 8 or 9.
(Bgt.).

Spain : Guadalquivir at Seville.

Coclestele I., BGT., Descr. Coal. p. 18.

Var. raphidia Bgt.

Very distinct from the preceding, notably by its more
acuminate shape, different costulation (elegantly costate, the
ribs strong, oblique, regularly spaced, smaller on the upper
whorls, evanescent at the summit), semi-spheric aperture,
rounded only on the outer side, and nearly straight from the
upper insertion of the lip to the base of the columella; the
columella with no appearance of a fold, etc. Length 4, diam.
1.25 mm., whorls 8 to 9. Guadalquivir at Seville. (Bgt.).

C. raphidia BGT., Descr. Coel., p. 19.

346 OBELISCUS.

Mexican Species.

11. C. TAMPICOENSIS (Pilsbiy). PI. 20, fig. 1.

See p. 24, where this species was described as a doubtful
Spiraxis. It is apparently nearest to the Spanish C. letour-
neuxiana, but differs from that by the distinctly though nar-
rowly expanded peristome (that of letourneuxiana being said
to be simple and unexpanded in specimens a little larger than
tampicoensis) . The expansion of the lip leaves, with subse-
quent growth, one or two narrow varices on the last whorl,
in the largest shells.

The question of whether this Mexican species is an importa-
tion from Spain, or is really indigenous, awaits the actual
comparison of specimens. It is now abundant in the drift
debris of the Panuco river, together with many small native
species.

APPENDIX TO ACHATINID/E.

Genus OBELISCUS Beck.

The following species should be inserted in Vol. XVIII,
p. 271, before Pseudobalea.

Subgenus DOLICHOLESTES Pilsbry.

Dolicliolestes PILS., Man. of Conch, xviii, p. 266, for Acha-
tina dunkeri Pfr. (Oct. 2, 1906).

Shell imperforate, narrowly turrite, smooth and glossy,
without varix-lines, composed of 9 or 10 nearly fiat whorls.
Summit obtuse, rounded and smooth. Aperture small,
columella spirally twisted, prominent in the middle, the edge
excised or concave above and below the prominence. In-
ternal axis very slender and straight in the earlier whorls,
slightly sinuous in the penult and strongly so in the last
whorl.

Reproduction viviparous, the embryonic shell smooth,
glossy, with round summit and 2y2 whorls, the columella ex-
cised below, similar to that of the adult form.

OBELISCUS. 347

The radula of 0. toussaintianus has 35,1,35 teeth of Steno-
gyrine structure. Central teeth very small, with a single
•small cusp. Lateral teeth tricuspid, the mesocones long.
Marginal teeth tricuspid, with a broad mesocone and minute
side cusps. (PL 25. fig. 6, 0. toussaintianus).

Type 0. dunkeri Pf r. ; distribution, Haiti.

Dolicholestes differs from Obeliscus by its sinuous colu-
mella, and the brilliant gloss of the shell. In the structure
of the columella it resembles the Oriental genus Tortaxis.
Sigmataxis differs chiefly by its delicate, rather glassy shell,
marked with grooves and varix-lines.

Mr. W. G. Binney figured the teeth of " Spiraxis dunkeri
Pfr. " as of the aculeate type, and similar to those of
Streptaxidce (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 82, pi. 17, f. K).
I have copied his figure on plate 25, fig. 3. It was this
which caused me to refer the group to the Oleacinidce (Man.
of Conch, xviii, p. 266) . On examining the radula of
0. toussaintianus I find that it is typically Stenogyroid.
This species is so closely related to O. dunkeri in shell charac-
ters that they must surely belong to one and the same genus ;
and I am thus forced to believe that the radula figured by
Binney for dunkeri was some other form.

The embryonic young of 0. toussaintianus are similar to

0. (Stenogyra) terebraster (Vol. xviii, pi. 37, fig. 103), but
with wider spire and less impressed suture.

1. 0. DUNKERI (Pfeiffer). PI. 5, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell turrite, rather thin, smooth, pellucid, glossy, tawny.
Spire elongate, the apex obtuse ; suture impressed, margined,
obsoletely crenulate. Whorls 9, slightly convex, 'the last less
than one-third the length. Columella arcuate, highly and
snbvertically truncate. Aperture subtriangular-samioval :
peristome simple, the right margin arched forward. Length
28, diam. 7.5, aperture 9x4 mm. (Pfr.).

Santo Domingo: Tablaso, near San Cristobal (A. Salle) ;
Cibao region, common, usually living in couples, under dead
leaves; Puerto Plata (Hjalmarson).

Achatina dunkeri PFR., P. Z. S. 1851. p. 148 ; 1855, p. 9 ;

348 OBELISCUS.

Conchyl. Cab. p. 344, pi. 37, f. 25, 26; pi. 43, f. 5, 6 (var.) ;
Monogr. iii, p. 500; vi. 190. — Spiraxis (Euspiraxis) dunkeri
Pfr., BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. i, p. 355, pi. 15, f. N
(teeth) ; Ann. N. Y. Aead. Sci. iii, p. 82, pi. 17, f. K (teeth).
—Spiraxis d., CROSSE, Journ. de Conch. 1891, p. 151.

The very glossy shell is finely, faintly striatulate, with a
smooth, rounded apex. It is pale yellow, the earlier whorls
paler and corneous, the last whorl indistinctly streaked with
darker yellow or tawny. The specimens originally described
by Pfeiffer were rather small (fig. 1). Larger ones from
Salle before me, bearing Pfeiffer's label, measure: Length
30, diam. 8 to 8.3, aperture 9.8 mm., whorls 9 to 91/4 ; diameter
at second whorl 1.7 mm.

Two of a series from Pto. Plata measure :

Length 32, diam. 7.8, aperture 9.3 mm., whorls lO1/^.

Length 27.7. diam. 7.5, aperture 9 mm., whorls 9y2.

The largest individual before me is one taken by W. M.
Gabb, length 38, diam. 9. aperture 11 mm., with' 10% whorls
(pi. 5, fig. 2).

Pfeiffer also described and figured a larger 'chestnut-'Colored
varietjr with pale base, length 38, diam. 8 mm., from the
Cuming collection (fig. 3).

2. 0. TURRITELLATUS (Deshayes). PI. 5, fig's. 4, 5.

Shell turriculate, elongate, narrow at the base, slightly
obtuse at the summit, white without markings, smooth, pol-
ished, glossy. The spire is formed of 10 slightly convex
whorls, the suture is but little impressed and simple. The
aperture is very small, a little longer than wide, slightly
more than one-fourth the length of the shell. The columella
is strongly oblique, recurved in the middle and excised at
the base, but obliquely and not so deeply as the majority of
the species [of Achatina]. The right lip is simple, thin and
acute, a little effuse at base. Length 33, diam. 9, aperture
9 mm.

Habitat unknown.

Achatina turritellata DESH., Encycl. Meth. ii, p. 11 (1830) ;
Fer., Histoire ii, pt. 2, p. 167, pi. 134, f. 17, 18.— PFR..

OPEAS. 349

Monogr. ii, 259. - - Cf. BOETTGER, Nachrichtsblatt D. Malak.
Ges. 1905, p. 180.

Deshayes states that this species was based upon a single
example. His later French description in the Histoire con-
tains several obvious errors. It may prove to be identical
with D. dunkeri Pfr., but no comparison of dunkeri with the
type of A. turritellata 'has been made. Dr. Boettger has
suggested that A. turritellata is identical with the West
African Subulina or Homorus bacilli formis (Manual vol.
XVII, p. 152), but in that the apex is larger.

The striae as shown in the figures are too emphatic.

3. 0. TOUSSAINTIANUS n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 6.

Shell imperf orate, turrite, rather solid though thin, dark
chestnut, fading to yellow on the spire and whitish at the
summit. Surface very glossy, weakly and finely striatulate,1
Whorls 9y2, nearly flat, parted by a linear, slightly serrate
suture. Apex rather large, rounded. Aperture subrhombic,
slightly oblique, the outer lip thin, somewhat arched forward,
columella vertical, prominent in the middle, very obliquely
truncate below. In oblique view it is strongly concave above
the median prominence. Length 34, diam. 8, aperture 9.9 ;
diam at second whorl 2.2 mm.

Haiti: La Ferriere (Henderson and Simpson).-
This species is readily distinguishable from D. dunkeri by
its much larger summit and early whorls. The cuticle is
very dark on the last two whorls. In other features it closely
resembles D. dunkeri. The largest specimen in the Hender-
son collection is 37.8 mm. long, 8.7 wide, aperture 10 mm
1 mg, with 10 whorls.

OPEAS SCALARE (Deshayes). PI. 52, fig. 3.

Shell long-conic, thin, fragile, pellucid, wrhite, pale yellow-
ish. Spire long, the apex rather obtuse, scalariform. Whorls
8, convex, parted by a deep suture, marked with peculiarly
sublamellose, appressed longitudinal striae, very minutely
granulose under the lens. Last whorl oblong, quite short,
tapering downward, having a very small perforation. Aper-

350 OPEAS.

(

ture small, rather narrow, long-ovate ; peristome unexpanded,
simple, acute ; columellar margin subcylindric, reflexed above,
covering the umbilicus. Length 11, diam. 4 mm. (Desk.).

China: Pekin and southern Shensi (David).

Bulimus (Stenogyra} scalaris DESH., Nouvelles Archives
du Museum, Bulletin x, 1874, p. 96, pi. 1, f. 27-29.— Steno-
gyra s., MLLDFF., Jahrb. viii, 42 (Tientsin).

"By its larger size and general shape this species is readily
distinguished from B. chinensis." Gredler has suggested
that it is 0. subula. It is more likely to be identical with
0. javanicum (Vol. 18, p. 138).

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL XIX.

PLATE 1.
FIGURE. PAGE.

1, 2. Spiraxis inusitatus C. B. Ad. Acad. coll. Win-
chester del 15

3. Spiraxis mirabilis C. B. Ad. Acad. coll. Winchester

del 16

4, 5. Spiraxis costulosus C. B. Ad. Acad. coll. Win-

chester del 17

6. Spiraxis costulosus C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry,

del 17

7. Spiraxis verberatus Pils. Henderson coll. Win-

chester, del , 43

8. Spiraxis terebella (striatellus C. B. Ad.) Adams

coll. Pilsbry, del 29, 30

9. Spiraxis anomalus C. B. Ad. Acad. coll. Win-

chester, del 18

10. Spiraxis terebella C. B. Ad. Acad. coll. Win-

chester, del ,. . 29

11. Spiraxis terebella C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry,

del 29

PLATE 2.

12. 13. Spiraxis uruapamensis Pils. Acad. coll. Win-

chester, del 22

14. Spiraxis nitidus major Marts. Biol. Centr. Am. ... 24

15. Spiraxis nitidus pittieri Marts. Biol. Centr. Am... 24

16. Spiraxis scalella Marts. Biol. Centr. Am 22

17. Spiraxis scalariopsis Morel. Moll. Mex 21

18. Spiraxis tennis Pfr. Moll. Mex , 21

19, 20. Spiraxis odiosus Pils. Acad. coll. Winchester,

del 25

21, 22. Spiraxis rhoadsee Pils. Acad. coll. Winchester,

del 26

23. Spiraxis patzcuarensis Pils. Acad. coll. Win-
chester, del 26

(351)

352 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX.

24, 25. Spiraxis caeahuamilpensis Herrera. After Herrera 28
26. Pseudosubulina orizabensis Pils. Acad. coll. Win-
chester, del 7

PLATE 3.

27,28,29. Spiraxis procerus C. B. Ad. Acad. coll.

H. W., del 33

30, 31. Spiraxis procerus (type of B. nitidiuscula C. B.

Ad.) Adams coll. H. P., del 34

32. Spiraxis anna? Pils. Henderson coll. H. W., del.. ., 39

33, 34. Spiraxis calus Pils. Adams coll. Pilsbry, del. . . 42

35. Spiraxis micans C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry, del. 42

36. Spiraxis clava Reeve. Conch. Icon 34

37. 38. Spiraxis poeyanus Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 45

39. Spiraxis perstriatus errans Pils. Henderson coll.

H. W., del 41

40. Spiraxis unus Pils. Henderson coll. H. W., del. . . 44

PLATE 4.

41, 42. Spiraxis perplexus C. B. Ad. Acad. coll.

H. W., del 38

43. Spiraxis laeviusculus C. B. Ad. Adams coll. H. W.,

del 35

44. Spiraxis Igeviusculus C. B. Ad. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 35

45. Spiraxis aberrans Pfr. (= keviusculus). Conch.

Icon 36

46. Spiraxis pauperculus C. B. Ad. Adams coll. H. W.,

del 37

47. Spiraxis perstriatus Pils. Adams coll. H. W., del. 40

48. Spiraxis perstriatus Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. . . 40

49. Spiraxis aberrans Pfr. Conchylien Cabinet 36

50. Spiraxis pauperculus C. B. Ad. Long Mt., Acad.

coll. H. W., del 37

51. Spiraxis pauperculus C. B. Ad. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 37

52. Spiraxis parallelus Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. . . 41

53. Spiraxis parallelus Pils.. var. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del. . 41

PLATE 5.

1, 2. Obeliscus dunkeri Pfr. Acad. coll 347

3. Obeliscus dunkeri Pfr. Conch. Cab 347

4, 5. Obeliscus turritellatus Dh. Fer., Hist 348

6. Obeliscus toussaintianus Pils. Acad. coll. 349

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX. 353

7. Varicella semitarum Rang. Acad. coll :. . . . 124

8. Varicella semitarum Rang. Journ. de Conch 124

9. Pseudosubulina texoloensis Pils. Proc. A. N. S. P. . 4

10. Pseudosubulina mitescens Marts. Biologia 5

11. Pseudosubulina b. occidentalis Pils. Proc. A. N. S. P. 3

12. 13. Pseudosubulina trypanodes Pfr. Biologia 3

14-16. Pseudosubulina lirifera. Biologia 2

17. Pseudosubulina lirifera. Moll. Mex 2

18. Opeas adamsi Pils. Adams coll. Vol. XVIII 216

19. Pseudosubulina fortis Marts. Biologia 5

20. Pseudosubulina robusta Marts. Biologia , 4

PLATE 6.

21, 22. Pseudosubulina borealis Pils. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 7

23. Spiraxis delicatus Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del 27

24. Pseudosubulina irregularis Pils. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 7

25. 26. Spiraxis rhabdus Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. . 27
27, 28. Spiraxis strebeli Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. . . 27
29, 30, 31. Spiraxis melanielloides Gundl. Acad. coll.

H. W., del 28

32. Pseudosubulina eiseniana J. G. Coop. Proc. Cal. Acad. 8

33. Pseudosubulina tastensis J. G. Coop. Proc. Cal. Acad. 9

PLATE 7.

1-5. Varicella procera C. B. Ad. Acad. col. H. W., del. 80
6, 7. Varicella griffithii C. B. A. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 80
8, 9. Varicella griffithii chittyi Pils. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del , 81

10-12. Varicella griffithii ischna Pils. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 82

13. Varicella griffithii ischna Pils. Henderson coll.

H. W., del 82

14-17. Varicella costulosa C. B. Ad. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 78

18-20. Varicella jamaicensis Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 85

PLATE 8.

21-24. Varicella philippiana Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 83

25-27. Varicella philippiana Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 83
28, 29, 30. Varicella p. elegans C. B. Ad. Acad. coll.

H. W., del 84

31, 32. Varicella p. elegans, variety. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del. 84

354 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX.

33-35. Varicella ligata C. B. Ad., variety. Henderson

coll. H. W., del 83

36. Varicella ligata C. B. Ad., variety. Acad. coll.

H. W., del 83

PLATE 9.

37-40. Varicella curvilabris Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 88
41,42,45,46. Varicella vicina C. B. Ad. Acad. coll.

H. W., del 89

43. Varicella vicina C. B. Ad. Adams coll. (This figure

is slightly too wide for its length.) 89

44. Varicella vicina C. B. Ad. Adams coll., type lot 89

PLATE 10.

47. Varicella propinqua C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry,

del 74

48, 49. Varicella blandiana C. B. Ad. Acad. coll.

Pilsbry, del 74

50-52. Varicella proxima C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry,

del 75

53, 54. Varicella puella C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry,

del 76

55. Varicella tenera roperi Pils. Acad. coll. Pilsbry,

del 78

56. Varicella tenera C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry,

del 77

PLATE 11.

56. Varicella corusca Reeve. Conch. Icon 123

57. Varicella ligata C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry,

del 82

58. Varicella ligata C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry,

del 82

59. Varicella nitida C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry, del. 102

60. Varicella multilineata Pils. Acad. coll. Pilsbry, del. 114

61. Varicella swiftiana Pils. Acad. coll. Pilsbry, del... 114

62. Varicella nemorensis C. B. Ad. Acad. coll. Pilsbry,

del 100

63. Varicella phillipsii C. B. Ad. Acad. coll. Pilsbry,

del 99

64. Varicella trinitaria Gundl. Acad. coll. Pilsbry, del. 113

65. Varicella nemorensis C. B. Ad. Acad. coll. Pilsbry,

del. 100

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX. 355

PLATE 12.

1-3. Varicella chittyana Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 64
4, 5. Varicella adamsiana Chitty. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 63

6, 7. Varicella mandevillensis Pils. Acad. coll. H. "W.,

del 70

8. Varicella gracilior C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry,

del 68

9. Varicella gracilior C. B. Ad. Henderson coll. H. W.,

del 69

PLATE 13.

10-12. Varicella costulata C. B. Ad. Henderson coll.

H. W., del 66

13. Varicella c. pallidula Pils. Henderson coll. H. W.,

del 67

14, 18. Varicella c. multistriata Pils. Adams coll.

Pilsbry, del 68

15, 16, 19. Varicella c. striatapex Pils. Adams, coll.

Pilsbry, del 67

20. Varicella c. longa Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del 68

17, 21, 22. Varicella c. fimbriatula Pils. Adams coll.

H. P., del 67

PLATE 14.

23. Varicella manzanillensis 'Gundl. ' Pfr. Acad. coll.

H. W., del 58

24. Varicella m. trinitatis Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 59

25. Varicella m. cienfuegensis Pils. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 59

26. Varicella gracillima Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W., del... 55

27. Varicella gracilior Ad. H. W., del 69

28. Varicella mandevillensis Pils. Henderson coll.

H. W., del 70

29. 30. Varicella gracillima Pfr. Moll. Cuba 55

31. Varicella gossei Pfr. Conch. Icon 65

32. Varicella gracillima sanctithomensis Pils. Acad. coll.

H. W., del 57

33. Varicella chittyana Pils. Adams coll. H. W., del.. . 64

34. 35. Varicella davidensis Pils. Adams coll. Pilsbry,

del 64

36. Varicella fimbriata Forbes. P. Z. S 72

37. Varicella lioderma Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. ... 71

356 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX.

PLATE 15.

1, Varicella acuticostata Orb. Moll. Cuba 52

2, 3. Varicella a. horrida Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 54

4. Varicella a. filipensis Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 54

5. Varicella tuberculata Gundl. Novit. Conch 60

6. 7. Varicella inopinata Pils. Henderson coll. H. W.,

del 61

8. Varicella scalarina Gundl. Novit. Conch 59

9. Varicella pichardi Arayo. Acad. coll. H. W., del.. 54

10. Varicella acuticostata Orb. Acad. coll. H. "W., del.. .52

11. Varicella manzanillensis Gundl. Novit. Conch 57

PLATE 16.

1, 2. Varicella angiostoma ingallsiana C. B. Ad. Adams

coll. Pilsbry, del 97

3, 4. Varicella levis C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry, del. 108

5. Varicella a. unicolor C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry,

del 98

6. Varicella taylori Vendr. Nautilus 101

7. Varicella angiostoma C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry

del 96

8. 9. Varicella a. gayana C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry,

del 98

PLATE 17.

10, 11. Varicella similis C. B. Ad. Adams coll. Pilsbry,

del 104

12. Varicella s. biplicatula Pils. Henderson coll. H. W.,

del 104

13. Varicella arcuata Pfr. Acad. coll. Pilsbry, del.... 103
14-16. Varicella similaris Pils. Acad. coll. Pilsbry, del. 106

17. Varicella deflorescens Vendr. Nautilus 95

18. Varicella similis longa Pils. Henderson col. H. W.,

del 106

19. Varicella s. mandevillensis Pils. Henderson coll.

Pilsbry, del 107

PLATE 18.

20, 21. Varicella pellucens C. B. Ad. Adams coll.

Pilsbry, del 108

22,23. Varicella spina Pils. Henderson coll. H. W.,

del Ill

24,25. Varicella clappi Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del... 109

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX. 357

26,27. Varicella cochlidium Pils. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 110

28. Varicella impressa Pfr. Conchyl. Cabinet 119

29. Pseudosubulina exilis Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 9

30. 31. Varicella elata Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W., del Ill

32. Varicella, impressa Pfr. var. subtilis Shuttl. Acad.

coll. H. W., del 121

PLATE 19.

33. Varicella impressa terebraBformis Shuttl. Pilsbry,

del 119

34. Varicella impressa terebra?formis var. Henderson

coll. Pilsbry, del 120

35. Varicella sulculosa Shuttl. Acad. coll. Pilsbry, del. 121

36. Varicella portoricensis Pfr. Acad. coll. Pilsbry, del. 122

37. 38. Varicella glabra Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W., del. . . 127

39. Varicella interrupta Shuttl. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 126

40, 41. Varicella histrio Pfr. Novit. Conch 118

42, 43. Varicella guadeloupensis Pfr. Journ. de Conchyl. 125

44. Varicella glabra (egg). Acad. coll. H. W., del.... 127

45. Varicella d. guttidentata Pils. Henderson coll.

Pilsbry, del 117

46. Varicella d. charmettensis Pils. Henderson coll.

Pilsbry, del 116

47-49. Varicella, texta Weinl. Henderson coll. H. W., del. 87

PLATE 20.

1. Coilostele tampicoensis Pils. Acad. coll. Pilsbry,

del 346

2, 3. Pseudosubulina problematica Pils. (Bui. minimus

C. B. Ad.) Adams coll. Pilsbry, del 10

4. Spiraxis miradorensis Strebel. Strebel, Beitrag. . .,. 23

5, 6. Euglandina saccata Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 180

7. Euglandina bogotensis DaCosta. P. Malac. Soc 179

8. Euglandina plicatula cinnamomeofusca Try. Strebel,

Beitrag 182

9. Euglandina ffiquatoria DaCosta. P. Malac. Soc 180

10. Euglandina floccata DaCosta. P. Malac. Soc 176

11. Euglandina callista P. & C. Nautilus 181

PLATE 21.

1, 2, 3. Euglandina swifti Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 178
4. Euglandina truncata Gmel. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 177

5-9. Euglandina Isabella Pils. Strebel, Beitrag 183

10-12. Euglandina truncata Gmel. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 177

358 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX.

PLATE 22.

13-15. Euglandina daudebarti jalapana Marts. Biologia.

C. Amer 195

16, 17. Euglandina naichoacanensis Pils. Acad. coll.

H. W., del 185

18-22. Euglandina cuneus Marts. Biologia 187

23, 24. Euglandina coulter! Gray. Biologia 186

PLATE 23.

25-27. Euglandina huingensis Pils. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 185

28. Euglandina lamyi F. et C. Journ. de Conch 196

29, 30. Euglandina fischeri Marts. Biologia 200

31-33. Euglandina filosa Pfr. Biologia 200

34-36. Euglandina sulcifera Pfr. Biologia 201

37, 38. Euglandina decidua Pfr. Biologia 204

39, 40. Euglandina mazatlanica Marts. Biologia 196

41. Euglandina m. abbreviata Marts. Biologia 197

42,43. Euglandina excavata Marts. Biologia 198

PLATE 24.

43-45. Euglaudina corneola W. G. B. Acad. coll.

H. W., del 188

46, 47. Euglandina immemorata Pils. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 192

48-51. Euglandina singieyana W. G. B. Acad. coll.

H. W., del 189

52-54. Euglandina texasiana Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 190

55. Euglandina conularis Pfr. Biologia 197

56. Euglandina turgida Pfr. Biologia 199

57-59. Euglandina t. sayulana Marts. Biologia 200

PLATE 25.

1. Varicella mandevillensis. Pilsbry, del 50

2. Varicella semitarum. Teeth, after Binney 46

3. "Spiraxis dunkeri." After Binney 347

4. Euglandina rosea Fer. Pilsbry, del xxvi

5. Poiretia algira Brug. After Simroth 164

6. Obeliscus toussaintianus Pils. Pilsbry, del 347

7. Salasiella joaquinge Streb. After Strebel 170

8. Euglandina rosea Fer. Pilsbry, del xxvi

9. Salasiella joaquime Streb. After Strebel 170

10. Poiretia. algira Brug. After Simroth 164

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX. 359

PLATE 26.

11. Euglandina oblonga Pfr. After Martens 205

12,13. Euglandina dalli Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del.. 207

14. Euglandina o. potosiana Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 206
15-17. Euglandina o. tamaulipensis Pils. Acad. coll.

H. W., del 206

18-20. Euglandina victoriana Pils. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 193

21-24. Euglandina rhoadsi Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del 192

PLATE 27.

26-34. Euglandina monilifera Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 210

35-37. Euglandina pulcherrima Streb. After Strebel. . 208

38-40. Euglandina lanceolata Marts. Biologia 203

41. Euglandina delicatula Shuttl. Biologia 209

42, 43. Euglandina d. major Marts. Biologia 209

44. Euglandina underwoodi Fult. Annals and Mag. . . . 201

45. Euglandina chiriquiensis DaCosta. Proc. Malac. Soc. 202

46. 47. Euglandina tryoniana Pils. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 203

PLATE 28.

48-50. Euglandina delicata Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 194
51-53. Euglandina alticola Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 194

54. Euglandina pittieri Marts. Biologia 199

55,56. Euglandina simplex Streb. (== Candida). Biologia 197

57. Euglandina Candida Shuttl. Biologia 197

58, 59. Salasiella elegans Marts. Biologia 174

60. Streptostyla conulus Marts. Biologia 148

61. Streptostyla margaritacea Pfr. Biologia 171

62. Streptostyla pulchella Pfr. Biologia 173

63. 64. Euglandina plicatula Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del" 182

65. Streptostyla dubia Pfr. Biologia 161

66. Streptostyla gracilis Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del.. 148

PLATE 29.

67. Streptostyla potosiana Dall. Smiths. Coll 146

68. Streptostyla palmeri Dall. U. S. N. Mus. H. W.,

del 146

69. 70. Streptostyla novoleonis Pils. Acad. coll. H. "W.,

del 147

71, 72. Streptostyla obesa Marts. Biologia 149

360

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX.

73. Streptostyla labida Morel. Biologia 150

74. Streptostyla nebulosa Dall. Proc. U. S. N. Mus 150

75. Streptostyla chiriquiana Marts. Proc. Malac. Soc. . . 151
77, 78. Streptostyla delibuta Morel. Biologia 152

79. Streptostyla biconica Pfr. Biologia 157

80. Streptostyla delibuta Morel. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 152

81. Streptostyla viridula Ang. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 156

82. Streptostyla costaricensis DaC. Proc. Malac. Soc... 155

83. Streptostyla f. boucardi Pfr. Biologia 158

84. Streptostyla sargi palliclior C. & F. Moll. Mex 159

85. Streptostyla s. championi Marts. Biologia 159

86. Streptostyla bicolor Marts. Biologia 162

PLATE 30.

87. Streptostyla ventricosula Morel. Biologia 153

88. Streptostyla 1. parvula Pfr. Biologia 159

89. Streptostyla ventricosula Morel. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 153

90. 91. Streptostyla yucatanensis Pils. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 153

92. Streptostyla v. distorta Pils. Acad. col. H. W.,

del 154

93-95. Streptostyla meridana Morel. Acad. coll., H. W.,

del 154

96. Streptostyla meridana Morel. Biologia 154

97. Streptostyla m. cobanensis Tristr. Biologia 155

98. Streptostyla binneyana C. &. F. Biologia 156

99. 1. Oryzosoma tabiense Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 163

2. Streptostyla gabbi Pils. W. M. Gabb, del 158

3. Streptostyla gabbi Pils. Acad. coll. H. W., del. . . .158

PLATE 31.

1. Poiretia algira microstoma Kob. After Kobelt 167

2. Poiretia algira Brug. Acad. coll. H. W., del 165

3. Poiretia algira dilatata Pfr. After Pfeiffer 166

4. Poiretia algira Brug. After Kobelt 165

5-7. Poiretia delesserti Bourg. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 167

8, 9. Poiretia cornea Brum. Acad. coll. H. W., del. . . 168

10-13. Poiretia compressa Mouss. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 169

14. Oleacina voluta flexuosa Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 130

15, 16. Oleacina voluta Gmel. Aldrich coll. H. W., del. 129

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX. 361

PLATE 32.

17, 18. Oleacina mulleri Malz. Acad. H. W., del 132

19, 23-26. Oleacina cleriei Weinl. Henderson coll. H.

W., del 134

20, 21. Oleacina s. simpsoni Pils. Henderson coll. H.

W., del 133

22. Oleacina microlestes Pils. Henderson coll. H. W.,

del 135

27. Oleacina paivana. Pf r. Acad. coll. H. "W., del 136

PLATE 33.

1, 2. Oleacina orysacea Rang. Acad. coll. H. W., del. . . 141
3, 4. Oleacina solidula Pf r. Acad. coll. H. W., del. ... 140
5-9. Oleacina oleacea straminea Desh. Acad. coll. H.

W., del 138

10, 11. Oleacina oleacea Desh. Mag. de Zool 138

12. Rectoleacina suturalis Pfr. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 143

13. Rectoleacina cubensis Orb. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 142
14-16. Rectoleacina episcopalis Morel. Acad. coll. H.

W., del 143

PLATE 34.

1. Streptostyla physodes Shuttl., digestive tract. After

Strebel xxvi

2. Streptostyla coniformis, genitalia. After Strebel xxvi

3. Streptostyla physodes Shuttl., genitalia. After Strebel. xxvi

4. Varicella'nemorensis C. B. Ad., genitalia. Pilsbry, del. xvii

5. Euglandina miradorensis, genitalia. After Strebel . . . xxvi

6. 7. Varicella denticulata suturalis Pils., genitalia. Pils-

bry, del xvii

(at., atr., atrium; epi., epiphallus; /?., flagellum;
gc., cerebral ganglia; gm., appendix; gv., visceral
ganglia ; ms., pharyngeal retractor muscle ; ov., ovi-
duct ; p, penis ; pr., prostate gland ; r. p., retractor of
the penis; r. s., spermatheca ; S, sack of the vagina;
s, salivary gland and ducts; sp. d., duct of the sper-
matheca; vag., vagina; v. d., vas deferens.)

PLATE 35.

8. Oleacina solidula Pfr., genitalia. Pilsbry, del xviii

9. Oleacina orysacea Rang., genitalia. Pilsbry, del. . . . xviii
10. Oleacina muelleri, penis. Pilsbry, del xix

362 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX.

11-13. Oleacina o. straminea Desh., genitalia. Pilsbry,

del. xviii

(a. gl., albumen gland; app., appendix; h. d., her-
maphrodite duct; p. s., terminal sack of the penis;
other letters as in plate 34.)

PLATE 36.

14, 15. Oleacina o. straminea, marginal teeth. Pilsbry,

del xix

16, 19, 20. Oleacina solidula, teeth. Pilsbry, del xix

17, 18. Oleacina o. straminea, teeth. Pilsbry, del xix

PLATE 37.

21, 22. Oleacina muelleri, teeth. Pilsbry, del xx

23. Oleacina muelleri, central tooth, from above and side.

Pilsbry, del xx

24. Varicella denticulata suturalis, teeth. Pilsbry, del. . . xvii

25. 26. Varicella nemorensis, teeth. Pilsbry, del xvii

27. Oleacina orysacea, teeth. Pilsbry, del xx

28. Oleacina. muelleri, 19th and 20th teeth. Pilsbry, del. xx

PLATE 38.

1, 2. Ferussacia melampoides Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 270

3-6. Ferussacia tornatellina Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 270'

7, 8. Ferussacia triticea Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 273
9. Ferussacia o. tuberculata Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 274

10-12. Ferussacia oryza Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W., del. 274
13, 14. Ferussacia mitriformis Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 272

PLATE 39.

15, 16. Ferussacia folliculus Gron. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 219

17-19. Ferussacia t. subula Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 277

20. Ferussacia gracilis Lowe. Moll. Mader 278

21, 22. Ferussacia terebella Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 276

23. Ferussacia ovuliformis Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del. 280

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX. 363

24, 25. Ferussacia producta Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 275

26, 27. Ferussacia leacociana Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 279

28, 29. Ferussacia cylichna Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del . . 282

PLATE 40.

30, 31. Ferussacia t. laurentiana Pils. Acad. coll. H.

W., del 277

32. Ferussacia gracilis Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W., del. . . 278

33, 34. Ferussacia t. grabhami Pils. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 272

35, 41. Ferussacia f. reissi Mouss. Novit. Conch 229

36, 37. Ferussacia ovuliformis Lowe. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 280

38. Ferussacia f ritschi Mouss. Novit. Conch 235

39. Ferussacia valida Mouss. Novit. Conch 234

40. Ferussacia lanzarotensis Mouss. Novit. Conch 235

42. Ferussacia attenuata Mouss. Novit. Conch 237

43, 44. Ferussacia 1. tumidula Woll. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 236

45, 46. Ferussacia vitrea W. et B. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 238

PLATE 41.

47-49. Ferussacia vescoi Bgt, Acad. coll. H. W., del.. . 227

50. Ferussacia v. lanceolata Bgt. Mai. Algerie 228

51,52. Ferussacia gronoviana Risso. Moll. Chateau d 'If. 225
53, 54. Ferussacia folliculus Gron. Toulon. Acad. €oll.

H. W., del 219

55. Ferussacia abnormis Nevill. P. Z. S 228

56. Ferussacia regularis Bgt. Moll. Chateau d'lf 222

57. 58. Ferussacia f. amauronia Bgt. Moll. Chateau d'lf. 221
59, 60. Ferussacia f. amblya Bgt. Moll. Chateau d'lf.. . 224

61. Ferussacia v. proechia Bgt. Mai. Algerie 228

62, 63. Ferussacia abromia Bgt. Mai. Algerie 231

64, 65. Ferussacia. f orbesi Bgt, Moll. Chateau d 'If 229

PLATE 42.

66, 67, 70, 71. Ferussacia barclayi Pfr. Acad. coll. H.

W., del 233

68, 69. Ferussacia ruricola Lowe. After Pallary 222

72. Ferussacia tornatellina Lowe. After Watson. 217

364 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX.

73, 74. Ferussacia gronoviana, jaw. Godwin- Austen . . . . 216

75. Ferussacia gronoviana, genitalia. After Godwin-

Austen 216

76, 77. Ferussacia gronoviana, side and head from above.

Godwin- Austen 216

78. Ferussacia gronoviana. teeth. Godwin- Austen 216

PLATE 43.

1. Ferussacia procerula Morel. After Kobelt 243

2. Ferussacia eremiophila Bgt. After Kobelt 243

3. Ferussacia oranensis Bgt. After Kobelt 247

4. Ferussacia carnea Risso. After Bourguignat 248

5-8. Ferussacia carnea, varieties. After Kobelt 248

9. Ferussacia sciaphila Bgt. After Kobelt 262

10. Ferussacia c. paulucciana Poll. Boll. Torino 251

11. Ferussacia c. subcarnea Poll. Boll. Torino 252

12. Ferussacia dactyliophila Issel. Mus. Civ. Genov. . . . 254

PLATE 44.

13. Ferussacia lainellifera Morel. Acad. coll. H. W.,

del 252

.14. Ferussacia agraecia Bgt. After Kobelt 253

15. Ferussacia charopia Bgt. After Kobelt 255

16. Ferussacia yeffriana Pall. After Pallary 257

17. Ferussacia gracilenta Morel. After Kobelt 258

18. Ferussacia abia Bgt. After Kobelt 258

19. Ferussacia terveri Bgt. After Kobelt 259

20. Ferussacia diodonta Bgt. After Kobelt 257

e*
''&'
*&.

21. Ferussacia celosia Bgt. After Bourguignat 261

22. Ferussacia microxia Bgt. After Bourguignat. . . .

23. Ferussacia letourneuxi Bgt, Acad. coll 259

PLATE 45.

1. Ferussacia debilis Morel. After Kobelt 264

25. Ferussacia cirtana Bgt. After Bourg 262

26. Ferussacia ennychia Bgt. After Bourg 263

27. Ferussacia mabilliana Palad. After Kobelt 263

28. Ferussacia scaptobia Palad. After Bourg 267

29. Calaxis hierosolymarum Roth. After Roth 285

30. Calaxis h. rothi Bgt. After Bourguignat 286

31. Calaxis h. cypria Kob. After Kobelt 287

32. Calaxis hierosolymarum Roth. After Bourguignat. . 285

33. Calaxis h. moussoniana. After Bourguignat 286

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX. 365

34. Calaxis saulcyi Bgt. After Bourguignat 287

35. Calaxis unidentata Jick. After Jickeli 287

PLATE 46.

1, 2. Azeca uienkeaiia Pf r. Acad. coll 292

3. 4, 5. Azeca m. goodalli Per. Acad. coll 295

6. Azeca elongata Taylor. After Taylor 297

7, 8, 9. Azeca m. mabilliana Fagot. Acad. coll 294

PLATE 47.

1, 2, 3. Azeca zacynthia Roth. Acad. coll 299

4. Azeca polita Parreyss. After Porro 300

5. Azeca zacynthia Roth. After Roth 299

6. Azeca integra Mouss. After Kobelt 301

7. 8. Azeca cyclothyra Bttg. Acad. coll 300

9. Azeca pupgeformis Cantr. After Kobelt 298

10. Azeca cylindracea Calc. After Kobelt 302

11, 12. Azeca cylindracea Calc. After Bourguignat 302

13, 14. Azeca emiliana Ben. Acad. coll 303

15, 16. Azeca incerta, Ben. After Bourguignat 304

PLATE 48.

17. Azeca etrusca Paul. After Paulucci 305

18. Azeca dohrni Paul. After Paulucci 305

19. Azeca psathyrolena Bgt. After Bourguignat 305

20. Azeca boissii Dup. After Dupuy 307

21. Azeca vasconica Kob. After Kobelt 308

22. Cryptazeca monodonta Fol. After Kobelt 283

23. Cochlicopa sinensis Hde. After Heude 323

24. 25, 26. Hohenwartiana bourguignatiana Ben. After

Bourg. 330

27. Hohenwartiana eucharista Bgt. After Bourg 333

28, 29. Hohenwartiana thamnophila Bgt. After Bourg. 331

30. Cochlicopa lubrica var. Sado. Acad. coll 325

31, 32. Cochlicopa 1. hachijoensis Pils. Acad. coll 324

PLATE 49.

33, 34. Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. Middlesex. Acad. coll. 312

35. Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. Selbourne. Acad. coll.. .. 312

36. Cochlicopa 1. lubricella Stab. Acad. coll 321

37. 38. Cochlicopa 1. lubricella Stab. Acad. coll 321

39. Cochlicopa 1. columna Cless. After Clessin 319

40. Cochlicopa 1. pfeifferi Weinl. After Weinland 323

366 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIX.

41. Cochlicopa 1. lubricella Stab. Acad. coll 321

42. Cochlieopa 1. morseana Doh. Acad. coll 316

43. Cochlieopa 1. appalachicola Pils. Acad. coll 317

44. Cochlieopa lubrica (azorica Alb.). Azores. Acad.

coll 320

45. 46. Cochlieopa 1. maderensis Lowe. Madeira. Acad.

coll 320

PLATE 50.

1, 2. Digoniaxis bourguignati Jouss. After Joussaume. 288

3. Coilostele scalaris Bens. Conch. Indica 339

4. Coilostele paladilhiana Nevill. Ann. Mus. Geneva. . 340

5. Coilostele boiirgniguati Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. . . 341

6. Coilostele eylindrata Bttg. After Boettger 343

7. Coilostele acus Pfr. Conchyl. Cabinet 344

8. Coilostele stenostoma Jouss. Bull. Soc. Mai. Pr 341

9. Hohenwartiana bourguignatiana Ben. Acad. coll. . . 330
10. Hohenwartiana biondiaua Ben. Acad. coll 334

PLATE 51.

1, 2. Hohenwartiana hohenwarti Rossm. Acad. coll. . . . 328

3. Hohenwartiana bugesi Bgt. After Bourg 329

4. Hohenwartiana moitessieri Bgt. After Bourg 330

5. Cascilioides tiberiana Ben. After Benoit Vol. XX.

6. Hohenwartiana eucharista Bgt. After Bourguignat. . 333

7. 8. Hohenwartiana thamnophila Bgt. After Bourguig-

nat. 331

9. Hohenwartiana locardi Loc. After Locard 329

10,11. Hohenwartiana h. lubrieoides Jan. Acad. coll... 329
12, 13. Hohenwartiana paladilhi Bgt. After Bourguig-
nat 332

14, 15. Hohenwartiana aradasiana Ben. Acad. coll 335

16. 17. Hohenwartiana alleryi Cafici. Nat. Sicil 336

PLATE 52.

1. Cochlieopa thalassina Jouss. After Jousseaume 326

2. Ferussacia moreleti Pallary. After Morelet 231

3. Opeas scalare Dh. After Deshayes 349

4. Natalina knysnaensis. Pallial organs. H. P., del... xi

5. Streptaxis deformis. Pallial organs. H. P., del x

6. Circinaria vancouverensis. Pallial organs. H. P., del. xi

7. Oleacina o. straminea. Pallial organs. H. P., del. . . xii

8. Streptostyla sumichrasti Anc. After Dautzenberg. . . 211

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