eae z F ~_— ~ ee ea ipa b ##29T00 TOEO O WUNONOMO M0 A 1OHM/18 INI CEPHALOPODA. Pea AL. OF CONCHOLOGY; STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, VOLE CG P--H A JG oA. PHILLABEERPHTA: Published by the Authow; ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Cor. ISTH & RACE STS. 1879. j 4 i WM, P. KILDARE, PRINTER 734 & 736 SANSOM ‘ST., PHILA, MY mT ADVERTISEMENT. I propose to compile a Conchological Manual, which, whilst more compre- hensive than any similar work hitherto published, shall be so condensed in text and illustration that it may be issued at a much more moderate price. It will include, in systematic order, the diagnoses of all the genera and higher divisions of the mollusca, both recent and fossil, and the descriptions and figures of all the recent species; together with the main features of their anatomy and physiology, their embryology and development, their relations to man and other animals, and their geological and geographical distribution. The material at my disposal for the purpose of working up this comprehen- sive plan is ample and unexcelled : I.—The Library of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia con- tains almost every separate work ever published upon the subject, together with the various volumes of voyages and travels, of general natural history, and especially scientific periodicals, and the published transactions of learned societies throughout the world. For Conchological purposes this library is almost complete, and it is very rarely that its shelves do not afford any reference desired. I1.—The Conchological Museum of the same institution ranks among the largest in the world in the number of species represented, whilst in the rich- ness of its geographical suites, the number of specimens illustrating varietal forms, etc., it is probably the finest collection extant. It is intended to arrange and describe the valid species in accordance with their inter-relationships, and it is hoped that by so doing their number may be greatly reduced. Every genus and every recent species will be fully illustrated, so far as specimens or hitherto published figures will enable me to do so. The experienced skill of Dr. E. J. Nolan, who has undertaken to furnish the illustrations (of which 30,000 to 40,000 will be required), will sufficiently guarantee the accuracy of this department of the Manual. In the preparation of the text every care will be taken to discover and correct, and to avoid, error; but it may be reasonably apprehended that the performance of such an immense work must be in many respects inferior to its design: the imperfection of human judgment, the uncertainty arising from paucity of material in some cases, in others, perhaps, the bewilderment caused by its redundancy, are fruitful sources of error which will occasionally waylay and mislead the most honest, thorough and patient investigator. I cannot hope to escape them ; but I shall take note of all corrections, as well as of such additional information as may hereafter become accessible to me, in order that these may be incorporated in appendices, or perhaps in additional volumes, to be published from time to time, whenever the accumulation of such material may render them necessary. I feel that the work I propose to undertake is a worthy one; that its com- pletion will enable the Conchologist for the first time to identify and to learn the history of all the species in his cabinet without the necessity of consulting many extensive and costly monographies, besides thousands of fugitive papers. Towards the completion of this task I ask the sympathy and aid of all interested in Conchological pursuits. GEORGE W. TRYON, Jr. CH PERALOP OD x. ANATOMY. Eaternal Features. Cephalopod mollusks are immediately distinguished from all other classes of the mollusca by the circle of acetabula or arms which surrounds the head ; these may be regarded as homologous with the foot of the gasteropods, with its margins produced into the eight or ten processes which are indifferently designated as arms, acetabula or brachia. The extension of this modified foot around the mouth of the animal, its manifold uses in its economy and its high structural development, combine to place the cephalopoda at the head of the mollusca.* The mouth is supplied with a pair of calcareous or horny jaws, resembling in form the beaks of a parrot. The arms proper, in the naked cephalopods, are eight in number, and are distinctively called sessile arms, to distinguish them from the tentacular arms or tentacles, much longer, and capable of retraction within pouches, which are additionally possessed by those species which have an internal shell or cuttle-bone. The sessile arms are pro- vided with suckers or looks for prehension, covering their interior surface, whilst the tentacles are expanded into club- shaped terminations similarly armed. In the Nautilus, sole living representative of an exceedingly numerous extinct order, the arms degenerate into numerous tentacles, unarmed, which are retractile into eight sheaths, morphologically representing the * The nervous system and phylogeny of the cephalopoda have been studied by Hermann von Jhering (Leipzig, 1877), who states as a result of his researches upon the homologies of the ganglie and nerves, that the arms of the cephalopods in no way represent the foot of the gasteropoda, but are tentacular growths of the head ; that the only part of the cephalo- pod analogous to the foot of the gasteropod, is the siphon. 6 THE SKIN. typical eight arms. In this animal only, the body is contained within, and protected by, an external shell, which compensates to it the loss of offensive and locomotive power possessed by its more highly organized allies. Behind the arms, the circle of which may constitute its crown, that major portion of the head is situated which is usually dis- tinctively so designated ; its dorsal aspect exhibits on either side an eye. The head may be joined to the body by a more or less constricted neck, or is frequently sessile upon the latter, without intervening constriction, The body, or mantle, is dorsally more or less continuous with the head, but ventrally forms a sack anteriorly open, and from which emerges the funnel or siphon (which may also be regarded as a modification of a portion of the foot of the gasteropoda). The sack or body is, in a small portion of the octopod and in the decapod species, expanded into postero- lateral membranes, possessing the power of undulatory motion, and which may be considered as the equivalent of fins, in fune- tion, though not in appearance. The Skin. The epithelium in the dibranchiate cephalopods, is composed of flask-like or rounded grain-like cells; they are cylindrical in the Nautilus. Under this lies a thin fibrous layer, which again covers that containing the chromatophores. The skin of the cephalopod, particularly its dorsal surface, is covered with apparently minute specks of a dark reddish color, which are, in reality, the pigment cells or chromatophores (Pl. 12, f, 8,9); these are each provided with radiating muscles, by which, at the will of the animal, the little sacks are greatly dilated, and the color becomes intensified. The rapid chameleon-like changes of color peculiar to the cephalopoda among mollusea, are thus produced ; whilst the accompanying opal-like and silvery appearance ex- hibited by the cuttle-fishes, is due to a thin layer underlying the pigment layer, and reflecting through it. In the tentacles of Nautilus are found epithelial pigment cells, which, according to Rumphius, are used similarly to the chromatophores. | The outer skin, in many of the genera, is furnished with con- tractile tubercular elevations or beards, which are raised when CARTILAGES. 7 the animal is irritated, and give it a rather ferocious appearance. These beards are disposed in symmetrical patterns, upon the dorsal surface, and particularly around the eyes, and their num- ber and position form available distinctive characters. It will be readily understood, from the above, that color is scarcely characteristic of species mm the cephalopoda, and that care is necessary to separate these surface elevations, which may be considered permanent from such as are due to the will of the animal. The littoral species of Octopus, etc., which ordinarily await their prey, instead of pursuing it like the finned pelagic species, seem to possess and exercise, to some extent, a power of color mimicry, in preventing their victims from distinguishing them from circumjacent objects. Cartilages (Plate 1). The cartilaginous supports of the principal nerve-ganglive are well-developed, sometimes completely enveloping them; besides which the principal organs of sense, the valves of the mantle, the fins, etc., are duly provided. . As might be expected from its habits, the cartilaginous system of the Nautilus is the most simple of all the cephalopods, con- sisting of a well-developed head-cartilage, so shaped and situated as to support the cesophageal ring, the cerebral and pedal com- missures, whilst two prolongations of it serve the funnel or siphon. In the dibranchiata, unlike the Nautilus, the head-cartilage forms a complete ring around the csophagus: from the medial line of the back of this ring spring two lancet-form cartilaginous processes, the cartilages of the eyelid, and the under side of the same ring spreads into a spoon-shaped process which comes far forward and supports the eyes; particularly when, as in Sepia, it reaches to the sides of the head and encompasses the ocular opening. The cartilages of the back and of the fins are shown in position in Plate 1, fig. 1, after Keferstein, of Sepia officinalis. In the Loligos the moon-shaped cartilage of the back is wanting, but is replaced in its functions by the upper end of the corneous pen or inner shell. In the Octopods there remains only of this back- 8 CARTILAGES. cartilage its two narrow posterior blade-like projections (d, same fig.). In the genus Cirroteuthis, an anomalous Octopod of which only a single species is known, the dorsal cartilage is very broad, so as to simulate the internal shell or pen of the decapod. At the entrance of the anterior ventral mantle opening is found a singular cartilaginous mechanism, which d’Orbigny has called 5 the “ appareil de résistance,” peculiar to the cephalopoda, which consists of buttons or ridges and corresponding grooves placed on the opposed inner side of the mantle and the body, and by which the animal may at will button its head to the mantle to prevent the injury which might otherwise result to it during a struggle with wave or prey, in consequence of its want of support there (Plate 1, fig. 2). On the other hand, by relaxing this sup- port the animal preserves for itself a freedom of movement of head and arms which would be impracticable were these as per- manently and closely connected with the body on the ventral as they are on the dorsal side. The arrangement of this resisting apparatus varies in different genera, and is a good distinctive character. Largely developed in those species which have no fixed attachment to the body, as in Ommastrephes, Loligo, etc., it exists also in those genera which possess only a very small cervical band of attachment, as in Argonauta, but it is wanting in those genera in which the permanent bands are well-developed, as in Octopus, Cranchia, ete. In Philonexis or Tremoctopus, a button is found at the base of the siphon tube, with a corresponding groove to receive it upon the inner wall of the mantle, but in Argonauta the relative position of button and buttonhole is reversed. In Rossia we find a short ridge surmounted by a profound groove opposed to an elongated groove on the base of the siphon; in Loligo and Sepi- oteuthis (fig. 2) the ridge is somewhat longer, without grooves ; in Onychoteuthis and Enoploteuthis the ridge is nearly half the length of the body, with the siphonal groove ; in Sepia an oblique oblong button can be fixed into a similarly formed pit upon the siphon; in Chiroteuthis there are an oblong longitudinal button and two lateral pits fitting into a central pit and two buttons on the siphon; finally, in Ommastrephes, in which it is most com- plicated, there are two projections, one oblong and the other triangular, entering cavities upon the siphonal tube, and two INTERNAL SHELL. 9 projections upon the latter which enter between the tubercles of the opposed mantle. The complexity of this attachment increases, it will be perceived, with the activity of the animal, and in the comparatively sluggish littoral genera it is not found at all. Internal Shell. This is found only in the dibranchiate cephalopods, and amongst them only fully developed in the decapod division, ¢. e., among the pelagic species, whose quick movements require the support to the body which the shell affords; nevertheless, it is prefigured in the cartilaginous blades lodged in the back of the Octopods, and is more fully developed in the single Octopod genus, Cirroteuthis, which possesses the means of more rapid motion in its large web or umbrella. The internal shell is simple, usually, in form, being a blade or pen lodged in a pouch or slit in the back of the mantle, with an anterior, more or less specialized, prolongation of its rhachis or quill. The internal shell is either horny or chitinous and trans- parent, as in Loligo, or a spongy, chalky mass, as in Sepia, or calcareous, as in the fossil Belemnites, or mother-of-pearl, as in Spirula ; in the latter, only, taking the spiral form of the external shells of the tetrabranchiate cephalopods. The feather-shaped horny shell of the Loligo resembles, and is . called, a pen, and its rhachis, prolonged in front like a quill, com- pletes the resemblance. This rhachis is on the ventral side, when the pen is lodged in the mantle. The wings, or lateral projec- tions, are, commonly, broader in the female than in the male individuals. When the shell is both corneous and testaceous, as in Sepia, among recent genera and in several fossil forms, it may consist of a thin, horny blade, occupying the entire dorsal surface of the mantle, with an underlying spongy calcareous mass attached. In Sepia we find, always, the so-called erial chambers obliquely placed and not connected by a siphon, and sometimes terminated by a sharp rostrum, whilst in fossil genera, as Beloptera, these chambers are arranged ina single line, or in Spirulirostra they become a spiral series, connected by a siphon and analogous to the shell of the Spirula ; which latter is free in the mantle, without 9° w 10 INTERNAL SHELL. the envelopment of the spongy mass. In another group of fossil forms, the long shell is composed of a narrow or broad anterior corneous portion, and a posterior calcareous part containing the verial chambers, placed one upon another and siphunculated. These chambers are only covered with shell in Conoteuthis ; but they are protected in the Belemnites by a testaceous rostrum, ° sometimes very long, which, absolutely identical with that of Sepia, is composed of successive very compact radiating layers. The study of the shell is of great zoological importance, as its form and composition vary characteristically in the different genera; and it becomes still more important geologically, inasmuch as it is almost the only portion of the vast number of fossil species which has been preserved to us; and by the study of it in comparison with recent species, we are enabled not only to distinguish the species and genera of these extinct forms, but even to predicate the external appearance, the physiology, the anatomy of the animals, with nearly the accuracy with which the vertebrate paleontologist reconstructs a mammal or a reptile from its osseous fragments. The study of the internal shell, considered as to its funetions in the animal economy, demands some further consideration. These functions, by reason of modifications of structure, are threefold : L. If the internal shell is a corneous blade, it becomes simply a support to the flesh, fulfilling the office of the skeleton in mammals. 2. When it is corneous or testaceous, and containing parts filled with air, as in the alveola of the Belemnites, it additionally represents among mollusks the swimming bladder of fishes. These air-chambers may consist, as we have seen, of an oblique series, separated in their interior by a crowd of small diaphragms, filled with air, and attached to the under side of the blade or cuttle-bone, as in Sepia; or even of a series of chambers taking a definite spiral form,asin Spirula. D’Orbigny shows that shells of this second division, when parted from their animals, are suf- ficiently light to float upon the surface of the waves, and that there is a constant coincidence of the progressive augmentation of the number of air-chambers with the growth of the animal, in INTERNAL SHELL. 11 order to maintain an equilibrium.* In effect, the Sepia and the Spirula animals of massive proportions, have need of this aid in swimming ; and it is more plentifully supplied to the round-bodied Spirula, than to the Conoteuthis, for example, the form of which denotes an animal infinitely more agile. In the Belemnites the verial chambers doubtless compensated the enormous weight of the calcareous rostrum, which would otherwise have compelled the animal to maintain a vertical position in the water, or pre- vented horizontal movement, except at great disadvantage to its strength. (In the chambered external shells of the tetrabran- chiates, represented amongst the extinct genera by the spirally- coiled Ammonites, and other genera, and largely developed in species, but of which the Nautilus is the sole recent example, the air-chambers may possibly compensate the weight of superin- cumbent water, and facilitate its crawling movements, if, as is now generally supposed, the Nautilus is not a swimming animal, and does not voluntarily leave its ocean bed. The immense size and weight of the Nautilus shell, capable of containing the entire animal within its last chamber, the absence of long arms, or web or fins, all seem to favor this supposition as to its habits.) 3. Owing to their narrow posterior and massive anterior form, as well as to the normal direction of the siphon and the frequent use of the webbed arms in swimming, the cephalopods are able to progress through the water more rapidly in retrograde than in forward motion; and this swimming is a succession of darts made with great velocity. Here the calcareous rostrum, as in the Sepia, and which is so largely developed in Belemnites and other fossil genera, comes into use as a body-protector, in re- ceiving and withstanding the shocks of accidental collisions. It is only among the swimming species that this protection is needed, and it is most required, and consequently most developed, in those which inhabit the vicinity of the coasts, like the Sepia. Internal shells, having no aerial chambers, show no nucleus, and do not change their forms at different periods of their growth; but in those furnished with the air-chambers, a distinct * The lightness of the shell of the Sepia is partly due to a contained gas, which Dr. Paul Bert has succeeded in obtaining in small quantities, by opening the sack of the animal under water. 12 INTERNAL SHELL. nucleus is observed, indicated by the more globose first chamber, as in Spirula and Belemnites. It is amongst these latter shells that we find considerable modifications arising from age, sex or pathological causes. The changes resulting from age are, above all, visible in the rostra of the Belemnites, which, ordinarily slender when young, are thickened and shortened with advancing age. In exceptional cases, these rostra, when their growth is completed, present, at their extremity, very remarkable tubular prolongations. Modifications due to sex, are shown in the dif- ference in width of the shell in Loligo, in the more or less elongated rostrum of Belemnites, perhaps, or in the prolongations of which we have just spoken. Pathological modifications are very numerous, above all in Belemnites. They may change entirely the form of the rostrum, by rendering it obtuse, or even cause those strange mutilations upon which the genus Actinocamax is founded. ; The Spirula, the sole survivor of a large group of internal con- camerated shells, is peculiar in being formed exclusively of pearl (the Nautilus has an internal pearly layer); it hangs free in the hinder end of the body, held in place solely by lateral thin lappets of skin proceeding from either side of the mantle, and connate below the whorls, with a prominence at their junction. A small portion of the intestinal sack occupies the last chamber of the shell, and a prolongation of it connects the chambers by passing through the siphonal tubes which penetrate the septz towards their inner margin (instead of in the middle, as in Nautilus). In the fossil Belemnites, the siphunculated, chambered portion of the shell has been called the Phragmoconus, by Owen ; the horny or chalky blade is termed, by Huxley, the pro-ostracum, and the rostrum of the latter author corresponds with the similar term heretofore used by us. Analysis shows the horny shell to be principally composed of chitin. The Sepia officinalis, according to J. F. John, yields of Carbonate of Lime, with a trace of Phosphate, . 8! Water,~.,: ket? .:. of arms, 1, 185 mill. ; < th of head, 30 mill.; of body, 40 200 mill.— V ERANY. Mediterranean. Only a single specimen was observed by Verany. The colors appear to be more brilliant than in O. octopodia. o fo) > b] Arms 3, 4, 2, 1. O. TroscHELl, Targioni-Tozzetti. Body elliptically obtuse, subpyriform, smooth; head small ; eyes large; arms thick at base, dorsally carinate, attenuate towards their ends; cups, five ina single series at base of arms. Mediterranean. O. vulgaris, with which this has been confounded, has only three cups in single series. The distinction is very doubtful, I think. The species has not been figured. Arms 3, 4, 2, 1. O. GERYONEA, Gray. Body (in spirits) marbled, smooth; head, base of arms and upper surface of web finely granulated; eyes with one fleshy tubercle, and one behind the eye; upper eyelid rugose; arms moderate, very thick at base, cups large; web broad. Brazil. A very doubtful species. Never figured. c. Back slightly granular. Arms 4, 3, 2, 1. O. HarDWIcKEI, Gray. Middle of back, back of head and eyelids warty; ocular tentacles none; arms moderate, rather slender; cups rather large, the five or six lowest one-rowed, rather far apart; web rather broad, quite smooth above. Singapore. In alcohol (Brit. Mus.). Not figured. Arms 1, 2, 3, 4. O. Granuanpicus, Dewh. PI. 32, fig. 36. Body ovate-cordate ; with one supra-ocular cirrus ; arms short, acuminate, contorted, unequal; suckers small, elevated. Greenland, 116 OCTOPUS. d. Back granular, rough. Arms sub-equal. O. Barrpi, Verrill. Pl. 32, figs. 37, 38. Body short, thick, covered with irregular small tubercles; ocular tubercles one, large, several pointed; arms short, sub- equal, webbed one-third of their length; about 65 suckers on the dorsal and 60 on the ventral arms. Third right arm hectocotyl- ized one-third of its length, the organ large, spoon-shaped, somewhat trilobed at the end, deeply concave within, where there are nine or ten elevated transverse folds; at the base there is a fold bent into an acute angle, the apex directed forward, leaving a deep V-shaped sinus behind it, which is in continuation with a shallow groove formed by a thickening of the web along the side of the arm and terminating midway between it and the fourth arm; at the end, the arm terminates in a small conical tip, between the two broadly rounded lobes of the spoon-shaped organ; at the base of this organ there is a slight constriction, below which the basal portion bears about 31 suckers. Length of largest specimen (in alcohol), body and head, 1°75 in., dorsal arms 2°25 in., web -70 in.; breadth of body 1:25 in. Color when living, usually pale bluish white, thickly speckled with light orange brown and dark brown. Males only taken, 60 to 106 fathoms, by dredge. It is some- what related to O. Grenlandicus, but the male of the latter has the third right arm much longer, with the modified portion rela- tively very much smaller and quite different in form, and with more numerous folds, and the basal part bears 41 to 43 suckers ; the other arms also have more numerous suckers; the web is less extensive and the body is more elongated. Casco Bay, Maine ; Bay of Fundy. Arms 4, 3, 2, 1. O. ruGgosus, Bose. PI. 25, fig. 9. Body oval, purse-shaped, large, with a deep ventral groove, not bearded; head short, warty; ocular.beard one, elongated ; arms short, thick, conical; web short. Violet brown, white beneath ; sides of arms netted with brown lines. OCTOPUS. 117 Total length, 190 mill.; length of body, 33 mill.; of arms, 4, 155 mill.; 3, 140 mill. ; 2, 134 mill.; 1, 120 mill. Atlantic and Indian Oceans, Valparaiso, Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, Vineyard Sound, Mass. (1 spec.). Arms 3, 2, 4, 1. O. INCERTUS, Targioni-Tozzetti. Pl. 38, figs. 58, 59. Body ovate, subglobose; ocular cirri two; arms short, thick, dorsally carinate, with first 1 to 3 suckers uniserial; inter- brachial membrane scarcely developed. Indian Ocean. O. Mimus, Gould. PI. 33, figs. 40-42. Body small, ovately globose, roughly reticulate ; head narrow, with well-marked neck; arms robust, four times the length of the body; cupules distant, scattered, about forty pairs on the lower two-thirds of ventral arms ; umbrella very large, extend- ing up the arms. With narrow, transverse clouds of chocolate- colored dots. Length of body, 3°5 in.; of arms, 3, 20 in.; 2, 18 in.; 4,15 ime, td, in: Callao, Peru. B. The lower cups rather crowded. a. Body smooth, noi bearded. Arms 2, 3, 4, 1. O. Eupora, Gray. Ocular cirri none; arms rather short, subquadrangular, three upper pairs sub-equal; web short; cups moderate, one or two lowest one-rowed. Described from specimens in spirits. Not figured. Jamaica. O. CasstopEA, Gray. Body oblong, moderately long, one medial ocular beard ; arms moderate, rather thick at base; cups moderate, sub-equal ; web short. Brit. Mus. (in spirits). Not figured. Marseilles. Arms 2, 1, 4, 3, nearly equal. O. punctatus, Gabb. PI. 34, fig. 43; pl. 19, fig. 3. Body ovate, rounded below; head moderately large, without any well-marked neck, one-fifth the length of the body, abruptly 118 OCTOPUS. truncated in advance of the eyes; arms subquadrate, the largest four times the length of the body; umbrella small. Very closely punctate with reddish-brown spots. Length of body and head, 3:5 in.; length of longest arm, 10°8 in. ; of shortest, 9°25 in. The common Poulpe of the Californian coast; attains consid- erable dimensions. Dr. W. O. Ayres has seen one in which the arms were over 7 feet long. Alaska to Lower California. O. HawatEnsis, Souleyet. Pl. 34, figs. 44, 45. Body small, globose; head large; arms strong, slightly webbed at their base, nearly four times as long as the sack. | Very closely punctate with black. Length of body, 20 mill.; of head, 10 mill.; of arms 1, 3, 4, 80 mill.; of arms 2, 100 mill. A single specimen in alcohol. Very closely allied to, if not identical with O. punctatus. Sandwich Isles. Arms 3, 2, 1, 4. O. Favonta, Gray. Body oblong; eyes not bearded; arms moderate, conical ; web moderate, with hard, transparent granulations above, espe- cially between the dorsal arms; cups large, the two or three lowest one-rowed. A single specimen in alcohol (Brit. Mus.). Not figured. Indian Ocean. Arms 4, 1, 3, 2. O. TEHUELCHUS, Orb. Pl. 28, fig. 19. 3ody round, short, very smooth; arms elongated, compressed, nearly equal; cups about 100 on the longest arms ; web thin ; siphuncle elongate, narrow. When alive blackish brown, whitish beneath. Length of body, 22 mill.; ofarms 4, 135 mill.; 1, 130 mill.; 3, 130 mill.; 2, 117 mill. Resembles O. Hawaiensis very closely. Patagonia. OCTOPUS. 119 Arms nearly equal. O. BREviIPES, ‘Orb. PI. 25, fig. 10. Body oblong, large; head short, broad; eyes prominent, without lids; arms short, conical, about one-third the length of the animal, upper pair rather longest. Bluish with red spots. Length of body,7 mill.; of superior arms, 6 mill.; total length, 17 mill. D’Orbigny distinguishes this from all other species by the shortness of its arms; it is doubtless young. 23° N. lat., 35° W. long., Atlantic Ocean. QO. FuRVUs, Gould. P1. 35, figs. 48, 49. Body pyriform; head elongate, dilated below; eyes large, with three cirri; arms very long, graceful, sub-equal ; suckers large, approximate, 96 pairs on upper arms; web small. Ochraceous, mottled. Length of body, 6 in.; of arms about 40 in. Obtained in the market and from fishermen. Rio Janeiro. Arms 2, 1, 3, 4. O. TETRACIREUS, Chiaje. Pl. 27, fig. 1%. Body oval, bursiform, flaccid, with sometimes a tubercle at its - extremity ; head rather large, with prominent eyes, and two ocular cirri; arms three times the length of the body, conical- subulate, laterally compressed, with about 130 small cups on the longest; web very elastic and much developed, embracing a quarter of the arms; siphon short, cylindrical and rather large proportionally ; skin very elastic and a little transparent. Total length, 200 mill.; length of arms, 2, 130 mill.; 1, 128 mill.; 3, 102 mill.; 4, 96 mill. Distinguished by its very elastic skin and flaccid consistence, its brilliant coloring and its well-developed web. Sold in the Genoese markets. Mediterranean. b. Body smooth, bearded. Arms 4, 3, 2, 1. Q. HoRRIDUS, Orb. Pl. 25, fig. 11. Body short, round, with numerous, regularly placed, diverging beards; head short, with diverging beards round the eyes; 120 OCTOPUS. arms short, thick, five or six bearded externally, conico- subulate, nearly equal; cups rather large, one or two lowest one- rowed ; web moderate, extending up the outer edge of the arms. Bluish, with large, regular, round, white spots. Red Sea ; South Africa. QO. FiLosus, Howell. Pl. 36, fig. 50. Body oval, purse-shaped, with dorsal beards; head narrow, short, with a depression hetween the prominent eyes; ocular beards six; arms robust for about half their length, then abruptly becoming filamentous, where the cups are in a single rowto their - tips; web moderate. Reddish, inner surface of arms cream color. Remarkable for the long and thread-like terminations of the arms. Very active ; caught with difficulty. St. Croix, W. I. Arms 4, 2, 3, 1. O. ACULEATUS, Orb. PI. 26, figs. 12-14. Body short, rounded, small, covered near the head with numerous beards ; head long-bearded, beards crowded, forming a circle round the eyes; arms thick, bearded externally ; cups very large and numerous; web short. Whitish. Manilla ; Borapora. c. Body minutely granular. Arms 2, 3, 4, 1. O. SAPHENTA, Gray. Ocular beards none ; arms moderate, three upper pairs sub- equal; web short, granular above. Described from specimens in alcohol (Brit. Mus.) ; not figured. Pacific Ocean ; EH. Coast of South America. O. BERENICE, Gray. Body oblong, minutely granular and with regularly disposed roundish groups of small granules; eyes fringed with four or five granulated tubercles on the dorsal edges; arms moderate ; cups very large; web moderate, rather wider below. From specimen in spirits (Brit. Mus.), presented in 1805; not figured. Habitat unknown. OCTOPUS. 12] Arms 2, 4, 3, 1. O. SUPERCILIOSUS, Quoy and Gaimard. PI. 27, fig. 18. Body oval, acuminated behind, slightly granular, long-bearded ; head very distinct, swollen, smooth in the middle, tuberculate over the eyes; arms elongated, angular, conical, nearly equal ; cups far apart, large ; beak without lateral wings. White when alive. Total length, 100 mill.; length of body, 16 mill.; length of arms Sea toll a iG, moll. = 3, 70 mols he 66) mull. Bass’ Straits, Australia. Armes 4, 3, 2, 1. QO. LUNULATUS, Quoy and Gaimard. PI. 26, figs. 15, 16. Body short, with scattered tubercles and about twenty promi- nent circles with concave centres ; head short, thick, tubercular ; arms short, conical, nearly equal, with circles on and between them ; cups about fifty; web very short. White; the circles blue, paler in the centre. Length of body, 8 mill.; length of arms 4,21 mill.; 3,20 mill. ; Perse. ale Liem: New Zealand. Well distinguished from all other species by its remarkable coloration. d. Body granular, rough. Arms 2, 3, 4, 1 or 3, 2, 4, 1. O. Terricus, Gould. PI. 35, figs. 46, 47. Body large, oblong-ovoid, bilobed ventrally ; head subquadrate, eyes minute; arms very robust, subquadrate, rather short, with eighty to ninety pairs of cupules ; umbrella large, the membrane passing up the arms two-thirds of their length. Surface rough with warty granulations, especially large and prominent on back of head and upper half of umbrella; three cirri over the eyes and apparently one below, and three along back of head. Length of body, 2°5 in.; length of arms 2,16 in.; 3,16 in.; 4, Pons PS": Near Sydney, New South Wales. 16 122 OCTOPUS. QO. TUBERCULATUS, Blainv. Pl. 29, figs. 22-27. Body short, round, back with four conical, acute, diverging beards; head short, ocular beards two, the hinder elongated ; arms short, cups very large, the first three in one line; web rather wide, extending up the arms. Violet brown, beneath white. Total length, 400 mill.; length of body, 80 mill.; length of arms 2, 300 mill. ; 3, 270 mill.; 4, 240 mill.; 1, 230 mill. This species may be considered rather doubtful. Dr. Fischer, Mr. Jeffreys and Verany regard it (notwithstanding its tuber- culate surface, etc.) as a variety of O. vulgaris, whilst d’Orbigny, Gray, Weinkauff and Targioni think it distinct. Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic Coasts of Hurope, Africa ; West Indies ; Pactfic Ocean. Arms 4, 3, 2, 1. O. POLYZENIA, Gray. Body oblong, rounded, short, with a few scattered warts or beards ; arms slender; web short ; cups large. Port Essington, Australia. A specimen in Brit. Mus. Not figured. Length of arms not stated. O. Boscn, Lesueur, Body roundish, back with a few regularly placed larger tuber- cles; eyes with three conical beards; arms elongate, without beards, the upper pair with a very wide dorsal membrane; web moderate. A very doubtful species. It may = O. polyzenia, but prob- ably neither of them are good species. Australia. 2. Cups of the dorsal pair of arms largest. Arms 1, 2, 3, 4. O. Cuyiuri,'Orb. Pl. 38, fig. 56; plo ai, tig. cha: Body oblong, enlarged below, warty above, and with a medial posterior beard ; aperture of moderate size ; ocular beards indis- tinct. Arms very long, slender, unequal, the Ist and 2d much longest. Web broad. Cups elevated, some on the two upper pairs of arms larger. OCTOPUS. 123 Total length, 600 mill.; length of body, 40 mill.; length of arms 1, 530 mill.; 2, 460 mill.; 3, 420 mill.; 4, 370 mill. Canaries ; Mediterranean ; Red Sea ; Indian and Pacific Oceans. This species well illustrates the uncertainty of distinctive characters in the Cephalopoda, for Verany thus describes its superficial appearance: ‘ Body oval, with the extremity a little acuminated during life, rounded after death; tuberculate or verrucose when irritated, granulose when quiet, smooth when languid.”’” With these changes of surface the color also changes. It appears in the markets of Genoa when the dredge fishery begins, being only taken by this means. It does not appear to be social, as individuals are only captured singly. Its meat is less highly estimated than that of the O. vulgaris. The largest specimens attain about 3°5 feet in length. At Nice it is called ‘“* Poupressa,”’ at Genoa “ Scorria,”’ bicu,” and in Sicily “* Fraiddu russu.”’ in Sardinia ** Purpu arra- Arms 1, 3, 4, 2. O. MEDORIA, Gray. Body, head and arms minutely granular, with scattered rather larger rounded tubercules; body oblong, rather acute behind ; eyes large, ocular tentacles none; arms elongate, slender; cups rather small, regular, equal, of the dorsal pair rather largest ; web moderate, scarcely wider beneath, smooth above. A single specimen (in alcohol) in Brit. Mus. Very likely = O. Cuvieri. Habitat unknown. 3. The seventh to the twentieth cups of the lateral arms much longer than the rest. Arms sub-equal. O. Fonrantranus, Orb. PI. 37, fig. 54. Body large, slightly warty ; head narrow, nearly smooth, with one posterior ocular beard; arms moderate, angular, sub-equal ; cups close together, the second to tenth of 2d and 3d pairs of arms much largest. Web very broad. Violet colored. Total length, 230 mill.; length of body, 37 mill.; of arms, 165 mill. 124 OCTOPUS. A single specimen in Coll. A. N.S., Phila., from Sandwich Islands, I incline to include with this species, although its sur- face is quite granular, with many beards. Chili, Peru. O. MEGALOcYATHUS, Couthouy. Pl. 36, fig. 51-53. Body ovate, smooth, with a narrow lateral border somewhat like a natatory membrane; head narrow; eyes prominent; arms long, with some of the suckers very large; umbrella very large, its membrane extending to the tips of the arms. Color of back dark chocolate, with streaks of ashy white; ventrally much paler. Total length, 43 in.; length of body, 5:2 in.; of arms, 34 in. This species is described as smooth, and no mention is made of ocular spots; otherwise it is closely allied by its lateral mem- brane and general characters to O. membranaceus. Orange Harbor. Arms 2, 3, 4, 1. O. MEMBRANACEuS, Quoy. Pl. 28, figs. 20, 21; pl. 29, fig. 28; pl. 38, fig. 57. Body obtuse, acutely granular, with a lateral membrane ; head large, granular above and below, ocular beards three, elongate; arms moderate, quadrangular; cups large, the fourth or fifth cups of the lateral arms much larger than the rest ; web moderate, granular. An oval blackish eye-like spot between the bases of the 2d and 3d pairs of arms. [ have figured a portion of membrane with attached eggs (Pl. 20, fig. 6), obtained by M. d’Orbigny from one of the ani- mals collected by Quoy; also an enlarged view of the same, showing the embryos (ibid, fig. 7). I do not think it belongs to this species or genus, however (see ante, p. 44). The museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Phila- delphia, possesses three fine specimens of this species, fully double the size of those figured by d’Orbigny and Quoy. New Guinea, Japan, China. Arms 2, 4, 3, 1. QO. CYANEA, Gray. Body ovate, above rather granular, beneath smooth; ocular tubercle rugose, superior; arms rather elongate, conical; cups large, the 10th to 20th of the lateral pairs larger, equal sized, the OCTOPUS. 125 lowest, especially of the ventral arms, one-rowed; web broad, minutely granular above, especially between the upper arms. Deseribed from alcoholic specimens in Brit. Mus. Australia. ; Arms 3, 2, 4, 1. O. CePHEA, Gray. Body smooth, oblong, rather elongate; ocular beard small, surrounded by other smaller beards; arms thick, moderately long ; web broad, broader in front, upper surface quite smooth ; cups very large, the 10th to 20th of lateral arms larger, equal, the four or five lowest of all the arms, one-rowed. Very like O. vulgaris, but differs in the lateral cups. Specimens in alcohol, Brit. Mus. Habitat unknown. 4, Doubtful and apocryphal species. O. cH#RULESCENS, Péron. Body short; arms much longer than body ; cups ending in a point, but not clawed. Blue, varied with very small close purple dots ; cups whitish.—BLAINVILLE. The form of the cups, if correct, would indicate a different family.—GRAY. Australia. O. LonarIPEs, Leach. Body elongated, oval, glabrous, gray spotted with black. Arms very long, slender. Cups large, rather prom- inent. Prob. = O. Cuviert or O. aranea.—GRAyY. Habitat unknown. O. BREVITENTACULATUS, Blainy. Body short, globular, smooth; arms thick, cirrous, conical, short; proportion of length, 2, 3, 4,1; the longest only three times as long as the head ; cups large. Probably O. octopodia (vulgaris) contracted. Habitat unknown. O. veNustus, Rang. Pl. 29, fig. 28 a. Body oval, purse-formed, smooth ; aperture large ; head short, rather broad; eyes prominent; arms rather short, nearly equal ; cups small.—Rane. Indeterminable. A young specimen. Algiers (Aucapitaine) ; Isle of Goree. 126 OCTOPUS. O. GRANOsUS, Blainv. Body small, globular, rather transverse, finely granulated above and below; arms eight times as long as the body ; proportionate length, 4, 3, 2, 1; web slight. Mediterranean. This description has not been identified by European malacol- ogists with any Mediterranean form. O. piLosus, Risso. Body round, gray, ashy-brown, provided above with reddish hairs disposed in bundles; arms very short, thick ; cups large ; eyes very large and very prominent. Mediterranean. O. FRAYEDUS, Raf. Arms equal, six times as long as the body, without any cups at the end. Mediterranean. O. pipyNAMus, Raf. Arms unequal, the upper pair longest, nearly five times as long as the body. Mediterranean. O. TETRADYNAMUS, Raf. Arms unequal, alternately longest, about five times as long as the body. Mediterranean. O. HETEROPUS, Raf. Arms unequal, very short, scarcely as long as the body, the upper pair longest. Back reddish. Mediterranean. QO. pustuLosus, Péron. Body rugose. Arms shorter and thicker than those of O. variolatus and with larger and fewer cups. Brownish green. Australia. O. Fane-S1ao, Orb. Described from an article in the * Encye. Japon.” No specific characters are given. Its eggs are like oc Murex for a grains of rice, and it is fished by using a species o bait. Considered good eating by the Japanese. Japan. O. MoscHaTus, Raf. Arms of equal size, four times the length of the body. Color whitish. Mediterranean. O. CapENsis, Souleyet. Pl. 38, fig. 60. Body ovate, smooth; arms very short, equal, semipalmate. Whitish, semitransparent with brown spots. Total length, 12 mill. Undoubtedly a very young animal. Cape of Good Hope. CISTOPUS, SCH URGUS. 127 Genus CISTOPUS, Gray. C. Inpicus, Ruppell. Pl. 39, figs. 61, 62. Body smooth, pouch-shaped, not bearded; arms rather elon- gated, unequal, order of length 1, 2, 3,4; cups large, two or three near the base of the dorsal pair of arms largest ; web very broad; bearing oval aquiferous pouches, one between each pair of arms, with their openings at the base. Total length, 340 mill.; length of body, 35 mill.; of arms L290 mill, ;°2,.250emill:; 3, 195: mill: ; 4; 190 anil: Celebes ; India. Genus SCHURGUS, Troschel. As the principal character on which this genus is founded, is the hectocotylized arm of the male, it is sometimes impossible to ascertain whether specimens belong to this genus or to Octopus. It is very probable that some of the species described under Octopus should be placed here. S. tTitTaNnorus, Troschel. Body oval, rounded behind, with a slight inclination to a point, its length a fourth more than its breadth, skin thickly granulated, with calcareous particles imbedded in it; head a little smaller but not plainly separated from the body; eyes small with a conical tentacle ; arms about double the length of body and head, the three superior pairs granulated externally, the inferior pair smooth; length similar (3,2, 1. 4); suckers 140 to 164 on each arm. Brownish-red with violet spots. Mediterranean. The proportionate length of the arms, and color are different from S. Coccoi; the suckers are also larger. The species has not been figured in its entirety. I doubt its distinctness from S. Coceot. S. Coccor1, Verany. Pl. 39, fig. 63. Body oval, slightly granulate and bearded; yellowish, sides and membrane margined with blue; arms sub-equal, dorsally bearded; a prominent ocular beard. Proportionate length of arms 2, 3, 1, 4. Genoa. 128 PINNOCTOPUS, ELEDONE. Genus PINNOCTOPUS, Orb. P. CORDIFORMIS, Quoy. PI. 40, fig. 64. Body orbicular, tuberculate, winged ; arms long, nearly equal, lateral ones shortest ; eyes rather prominent. Red brown; arms with pale blue lunules. Total length, 39 in.; length of body, 8 in. New Zealand. Genus ELEDONE, Leach. a. Ocular cirri one; arms sub-equal. EK. mMoscuatus, Lam. PI. 40, figs. 65, 66. Body oblong, smooth, minutely granulate or cirrose at the will of the animal; arms elongate, graceful. Color grayish or yellowish, with spots of blackish punctations, the border of the umbrella bluish. Total length, 440 mill.; length of arms, 300 mill.; of body, 9 mill. Having the odor of musk—even after death. This species inhabits from 10 to 100 metres in depth, rocky as well as sandy shores; it appears in the markets of Genoa in quantities from September to May. It is able to throw itself out of the water to a distance of 8 or 10 feet, and can also eject water from its funnel for over a foot. Verany has seen it repeat this jet eight times, taking six to eight respirations between each jet. Notwithstanding its musky odor, this species is preferred for food to #. Aldrovandi ; some skin it, and others use seasoning to diminish this odor. Its flesh is more tender than that of the Octopus, but it has less taste and is not so well liked. It is used boiled, as a salad, fried or as a ragotit. It is called Moscariello at Naples, Purpu Muscareddu in Sicily, Moscardino at Leghorn and Genoa, Nouscarin at Nice, and Purpu Muscao in Sardinia. Mediterranean. The women of the tribe of M’talassa (Algiers) anoint their hair with the black liquid which they collect from this mollusk, but whether they use it as a dye or for the sake of its musk-like perfume, I do not know. ‘The perfume appears to me to be capable of industrial use.—AvuCcAPITAINE, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 366, 1862. BOLITANA. 129 E. ALDROVANDI, Chiaje. PI. 41, fig. 69. Body oblong, smooth or minutely granulated ; arms elongate, graceful. Reddish, nebulous, web not bordered with blue. No musky odor. Total length, 400 mill.; length of arms, 290 mill.; of body, 90 mill.; of head, 40 mill. Generally confounded with #. moschatus ; the differences of the living animals disappearing in alcoholic specimens. Var. Genet, Verany. Pl. 40, fig. 67. Differs but little from the typical form; the backs of the arms have a single series of red spots. Mediterranean. b. Ocular beards none; arms unequal. f. ocroPOoDIA, Pennant. PI. 41, figs. 70, 71. Body rounded, smooth or minutely granulated ; head scarcely distinct from the body; arms 1, 3, 2, 4 in relative length; cups close together. Pale with small brown spots. Total length, 150 mill.; of body, 25 mill.; length of arms flO mill: 3,97 mill., 2, 95 mill.; 4,95 mill. Strom says it is called Suar by the Bergen folk, and that it sticks so fast to fishes as to be often taken with them. Johnston* says: “ When at rest, this Octopod lies prone on the belly, the arms spread out in front, with their extremities exposed in spirals on the sides. It has in this position a considerable like- ness to a toad; and, often raising the back and head, its aspect is really repulsive and threatening. It moves quickly, and always retrograde, playing its arms in a regulated, graceful manner, which no one can contemplate without wonder in a body so grotesque and apparently so inapt for locomotion.” Northern and Atlantic coasts of Hurope. Genus BOLITHNA, Steenstrup. In the description of this genus no type is cited. In Wood- ward and Keferstein a single living species is mentioned, but without name. * Proc. Berw. N. H. Club, I, 198. 17 150 CIRROTEUTHIS, TREMOCTOPUS., Genus CIRROTEUTHIS, Eschricht. C. Muueri, Eschr. Pl. 42, figs. 72-75. Body smooth, purse-shaped, with medial and dorsal lateral expansions or fins, head narrower, with very small eyes; arms equal, united almost to their ends by a thin web, which is so ample as to form a sort of pouch between each; about thirty small suckers ina single row on each arm, with a pair of filiform cirri between each sucker. Color violet. Length of animal, 250 mill.; of body, 80 mill.; of arms, 110 mill. Greenland. Family Il. TREMOCTOPIDA. Genus TREMOCTOPUS, Chiaje. T. ArLanticus, Orb. Pl. 42, figs. 76, 77. Body smooth, roundish, large; head moderate, smooth; eyes large, without lids; aqueous pores two; arms slender, unequal, in order 1, 2. 4,3; not webbed except at base. White spotted with red. Habits nocturnal. Pelagic. Differs from 7. Quoyanus by the want of membranes between the superior arms, and of the lower aquiferous pores. It is certainly not adult, and may be the young of 7. Quoyanus as VOrbigny suggests. Total length, 15 mill.; of body, 4 mill.; length of arms 1, 10 mil: 9.5 milly. 4. -Smuills- 932 doa Tropical Atlantic Ocean. T. Mickostomus, Regn. PI. 42, fig. 78. Body rounded, large, smooth, reddish. head broad ; eyes very prominent; arms smooth, short, not webbed; order of length erm ie Total length, 22 mill. Trocchel* considers O. Keellikeri, Verany (P1. 43, fig. 79), the female of this species. D’Orbigny thinks it the same as 7’. Atlan- ticus above. * Archiv. I, 44, 1857. TREMOCTOPUS. : 131 Verany remarks that whilst it has the facies of Tremoctopus, it does not possess the characters of that genus. This may be on account of its young age. N. Atlantic Ocean ; Sicily. TT. puBIuS, Souleyet. Pl. 43, figs. 80, 81. Body subovate, smooth; eyes large, prominent ; arms short, unequal, palmate at the base. Length, 6 mill. This is also a juvenile form, not in condition for identification. j Near Mauritius. T. GRACILIS, Souleyet. Pl. 43, figs. 82, 83. Body rounded, smooth; head small; eyes large, prominent ; arms graceful, the upper very long, lower short, connected by a web. Phosphorescent and with metallic reflections when living. Length, 24 mill. Probably a young animal, but distinguished from the pre- ceding species by its well-developed web, connecting all the arms. Long. 106° W., lat. 8° N., Pacific Ocean. T. HYALINUS, Rang. Pl. 43, figs. 84, 85. Body short, broad, smooth, oval, larger before than behind ; aperture very large; head short; eyes large, prominent, sub- pedunculated ; arms unequal, not webbed, as long as the body ; order of length 1,2,3,4. Diaphanous, whitish marked with red. D’Orbigny says: ** Without doubt the young of one of the species.” Atlantic Ocean. fT Quovanus, Orb. , Pl, 44, figs. 91, 92. Body smooth, oblong, large; white, marked with red; head large, smooth; eyes large, prominent, without eyelids, blue above ; two aquiferous pores between the eyes and two below. Arms elongated, unequal; order of length 1, 2, 4,3; two dorsal pairs webbed together half their length. Total length, 42 mill.; of body, 12 mill.; length of arms 1, 24 mill.; 2, 22 mill.; 4, 20 mill.; 3, 16 mill. Lat. 249-269 N., Long. 30° W., Atlantic Ocean. T. vioLAcEus, Chiaje. Pl. 43, figs. 86-90; Pl. 44, figs. 93, 94. Body rather ovoid, truncated anteriorly, nearly smooth, violet; head short; aquiferous pores, four on the back of the 132 PARASIRA, HALIPHRON. head and six small ones near each eye; arms elongated, order of length 2, 1, 3, 4, two dorsal pairs flattened and webbed to their tips. Total length, 33 mill.; length of body, 6°5 mill.; length of arms 2, 23 mill.; 1, 15 mill.; 3, 13 mill.; 4, 13 mill. i Mediterranean. Genus PARASIRA, Steenstrup. P. CATENULATA, Fer. PI. 45, figs. 95-98. Body very large, oval, smooth above, reticulate and tuberculate below; aperture large; head very short, scarcely distinet; in- ferior aquiferous apertures two; arms. graceful, order of length 1, 4, 2, 3; scarcely webbed. Total length, 75 mill.; length of body, 22 mill.; length of arms 1, 50 mill.; 4, 43 mill.; 2, 42 mill.; 3, 39 mill. The flesh of this mollusk is tough and unwholesome, and for these reasons is not sold in the markets. The Genoese fishermen make of the skin of the body a sort of cap, whereof the reticu- lations serve as ornaments. It is called Pulpu sepia in Sardinia and Poupressa at Nice. Steenstrup (Vidensk Meddel., 332, 1860) considers this the female of the next species, but more recent authors separate them. Mediterranean. P. CaREN#, Verany. PI. 45, fig. 99. Body rounded, acuminate behind, smooth; head short; arms very unequal, order of length 4, 1, 2, 3, with thirty to fifty suckers ; two aquiferous pores at the bases of the fourth pair of arms. Mediterranean. OcyTHOE TUBERCULATA, Raf. The author expressly declares that this is not the animal of the Argonaut, as supposed by Leach, Gray and others. It is like Octopus, and weighs fifteen pounds. The two superior arms are winged (Binney & Tryon’s Rafinesque, p. 94). It may be founded on ZT. violaceus or a similar species. Mediterranean. Genus HALIPHRON, Steenstrup. Described from a single arm found in the stomach of a shark. No species characterized. ARGONAUTA. 133 + Family III]. ARGONAUTID 2. Genus ARGONAUTA, Linn. The shells of Argonauta, although numerous species have been described, are all referable to three groups, and may not exceed that number of distinct species. These types are: 1. That of A. hians. Ribs few and distant, keel broad. Here belong, besides the type, A. Conradi Parkinson, cornuta Conrad, dispar Conrad, gondola Dillw., Oweni Adams, polita Conrad and Kochiana Dunker. 2. That of A. Argo. Ribs numerous, closer; keel narrow. ri To the type species may be added A. Grunert Dunker, compressa Bl., expansa Dall, Nouryi Lorois, Pacifica Dall., fragilis Parkinson and papyria Conr. 3. That of A. nodosa. Ribs numerous, tuberculated, keel rather narrow. Within each of these groups species have been formed upon the presence or absence of lateral “ auricular’? extensions or horns of the edge of the aperture, but large suites of specimens show that this character is by no means constant, and that it exists indeed, in all stages of development. Dr. E. von Martens* who was the first to perceive this grouping and the non-specific character of the horns, has proposed to designate under each species four forms, viz. :— a. Forma mutica. Aperture narrow, lateral edges straight. b. Forma obtusangula. Ends of aperture margin forming an angle with the plane of volution. ce. Forma aurita. Ends of aperture margin produced into a spine at right angles to the plane of voluti@n. d. Forma agglutinaus. Margin of aperture angulated at its ends, but the angles appressed 6o the spire. The animal of the Argonaut-shell, supposed at first to be parasitic in it, has received the generic name of Ocythoe given by Leach as from Rafinesque. The Ocythoe of the latter author, however, was not intended by him to apply to the animal of the Argonauta. At any rate the Ocythoe of Leach becomes a * Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xx, 3d ser., 1867. 134 ARGONAUTA. synonym of Argonauta, Linn—a generic name given to the shell only, with 60 years priority. There is considerable difference between the animals of Argonauta tuberculosa and A.hians. In A. tuberculosa the sac- like mantle is more ovoid and elongated ; the head is narrower ; the infundibulum is broader, shorter, and furnished at the upper and anterior extremity with two conical prolongations ; the eyes are considerably larger and slightly more prominent; the ten- tacular arms are shorter in comparison, and of greater width, more particularly at their basal portions. The suckers are much larger, more prominent, and placed closer together. This species varies also considerably in color from A.hians. 'The extremities — of the brachia are marbled with deep red-brown; and, in the other parts, are covered with large irregular, oval, reddish blotches, each margined with a dark color. The circumference of the suckers is marked with brown spots. The upper surface of the infundibulum is covered with pale pink, rather scattered, and irregular quadrate blotches, margined with a dark red-brown. The mantle, on the dorsal surface, is densely sprinkled with round and square spots of a chestnut-brown and crimson, of different sizes. The velamenta are minutely punctulated with crimson and red-brown, and have a more bluish tinge than those of A.hians. The under surface is mottled and punctulated with dark chocolate on the arms, and on the body, is marked with small, irregular, dark, red-brown spots. In Argonauta hians the body is more globose, and broader from side to side, the head is much wider and the tentacles are narrower and more elongated. The suckers are less elevated, smaller in comparison, and situated at a greater distance from ach other. The mantle is covered with round spots and longi- tudinal linear markings of a bright crimson color. The entire animal wants the brown, dark appearance produced by the markings of A. tuberculosa, and is of a lighter tinge and more delicate appearance.* The Argonaut or Paper Sailor is the Nautilus of the ancients. The pretty fable of the Argonaut, raisin @ her velamentous arms, sail-like to catch the breeze, has been illustrated in both * A, Adams, Narrative of Voy. Samarang, ii, 526, 1848. ARGONAUTA. 135 prose and poetry by classical and modern authors: including in the former Aristotle, lian, Oppian, Athenzeus, Pliny—and among modern poets, Pope and Byron. Learn of the little Nautilus to sail, Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale. —POopE. Light as a flake of foam upon the wind, Keel upwards from the deep emerged a shell, Shaped like the moon ere half her orb is filled ; Fraught with young life, it righted as it rose, And moved at will along the yielding water. The native pilot of this little bark, Put out a tier of oars on either side, Spread to the wafting breeze a twofold sail, And ‘mounted up and glided down the billow In happy freedom, pleased to feel the air, And wander in the luxury of light. : — Pelican Island. The tender Nautilus who steers his prow The sea-born sailor of this shell canoe, The Ocean-Mab, the fairy of the sea Seems far more fragile, and, alas, more free ; He, when the lightning-winged tornadoes sweep The surf, is free, his post is in the deep, And triumphs o’er the armadas of mankind, Which shake the world, yet crumble in the wind. —Byron. ‘Once as a sailor-shell I sported o’er The azure wave : but now on Smyrna’s shore, Cypris, I grace thy shrine—the darling toy Of fair Selene and her childhood’s joy. If wandering winds breathed soft, my tiny sail Was duly spread to catch the summer gale : If golden calm upon the waters came My nimble feet were oars ; and hence my name : I cast myself on Julis’ shore, that thou Mightst glory, Cypris, in the maiden’s vow. No radiant Haleyon now with azure crest Will seek my chambers for its sunny nest. Thank fair Selene, then, whose virtues grace The city of her proud olian race.”’ —CALLIMACHUS, * _* The above translation is from the Narrative of the Voyage of the Samarang, ii, 526, and is from the pen of Ernest Adams. In explanation of the subject it is stated that it was the custom of the Greek girls, on arriving at years of discretion, to consecrate to Venus the playthings of their childhood. S 136 ARGONAUTA. A living Argonaut was captured at Long Branch, New Jersey, by a fisherman, in August, 1876. It was kept alive for eight or nine days and made feeble attempts to swim in its narrow con- finement.—Am. Nat., xi, 243. The occurrence of the Argonaut on the Florida coast, in one instance with the animal entire, is mentioned in Am. Nat., xii, 397. The writer of the notice goes on to say that “in the Indian Ocean he has seen it in calm weather sailing on the surface, as described by old writers, but discredited by closet naturalists of these days.”” What became of the shell, when the vela were used as sails ? A beautiful specimen of Argonauta compressa, Blainyille, in the cabinet of the Boston Society of Nat. Hist., is the largest known Argonaut shell. Its diameter is 10 inches.* It cost its donor, Col. Thos. H. Perkins, $500.— Bost. Soc. Proc., v, 370. Dr. H. Muller observes that the female Argonaut appears periodically in great numbers at Messina during the spawning season, but at other times her usual habitat is at the bottom in deep waters. The male is always very small, not exceeding an inch in length and is rarely met with: its hectocotylized arm is detached during coition and is found in the mantle of the female, where it enjoys a prolonged separate life, although unprovided with digestive organs. The young female an inch in length, has no shell; it is developed later. In South Australia, at certain seasons of the year, during the prevalence of strong northerly winds, the shells of the female Argonaut are washed ashore in considerable numbers.. Many of these shells contain the animal in a living state; but they soon fall a prey to the sea-gulls by whom they are greedily devoured.f 1. Group of A. hians. A. HIANS, Solander. PI. 46, figs. 100-102. Animal small; head long; ventral aperture large; aquiferous openings two; arms short, unequal, order of length 1, 2, 3, 4; the webbed arms small. thick. *In same Proceedings, yv, 35, Dr. Gould states the measurements of this specimen to be 1134 by 714 inches. + Angas, On the molluscan fauna of South Australia, Proc. Zool. Soc., 156, 1865. ARGONAUTA. 137 Shell with distant ribs, laterally compressed tubercles on the carina; surface smooth, polished. Pliocene of Piedmont (not living in Mediterranean Sea) ; So. Atlantic Ocean ; China. I figure the typical A. hians (fig. 101), from Adams and Reeve, Voyage Samarang, and the eared form (A. gondola, Dillw., figs. 100, 102), with its animal. A. Owent1, Adams and Reeve. Pl. 46, figs. 103-105; pl. 47, figs. 106, 107. The ribs are somewhat closer and the tubercles on the carinz are sharper and not laterally compressed as in A. hians; the sur- face is shagreened. S. Atlantic Ocean. A. cornuta, Conrad (figs. 104, 105), is an eared form of the same species. A. dispar, Conrad (106, 107), differs only in the unusual development of some of the lateral carinal tubercles, and in a portion of the back being tuberculate—neither of them specific characters. A. Conrapt, Parkinson. Ribs rather distant, not furcate, long and short alternately, portion of the back studded with small tubercles ; tubercles on anterior and posterior thirds of carinz small, nearly obsolete ; on the middle third of each carinz, seven very large tubercles, broad at the base, laterally compressed. Aperture angled, spineless.. Surface shagreened. This species has never been figured; it is not apparently very distinct from A. Owenii, and perhaps, by its laterally com- pressed tubercles, may unite that species with A. hians. New Nantucket, Pacific Ocean. A. Kocntana, Dunker. PI. 47, figs. 108-110. Differs from A. Aians in the ribs being closer and less prom- inent; from A. Owenzi in the tubercles on the carinz being but little prominent and finally becoming obsolete, and in the surface of the shell being polished. Probably all these forms should be referred to A. hians. Chinese Sea. 18 138 ARGONAUTA. A. Noury!, Lorois. Pl. 50, figs. 126, 127. Shell small, elongate, the sides swelled, rather closely undu- lately ribbed ; carinze closely tuberculate ; the inter-carinal space broad and covered with small tubercles. Greatest diameter 24, least 14 inches. Equatorial Pacific from Marquesas Isles to near Peruvian Coast. This species appears very distinct from all others; it unites the wide whorls and broad back of the A. hians group with the fine ribs and carina-tubercles of the A. Argo group, and it differs from all in its very elongated form and the numerous tubercles on the back. The latter are present on three specimens before me, and are shown in one of Dunker’s figures, although he does not describe them. 2. Group of A. Argo. A. Argo, Linn. Pl. 47, figs. 111-115; pl. 48, figs. 116-119; pl. 49, figs. 120-123. Animal, body oblong, ae eyes large, prominent ; arms unequal, order of let vgth 1, 4, 2, 3; the dorsal pair elongate, second and third pairs without any internal groove, the third pair depressed their whole length; siphuncle united to the base of the arms by a lateral membrane. Silvery white or yellowish or with rosy reflections, thickly punctate with red. Shell compressed, with close prominent bifurcating ribs on the sides and sharp tubercles on the keels: aperture rather narrow. White, keels brownish. Tropical Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans ; Gulf of California ; Mediterranean ; Cape of Good Hope. The obtusely angled form appears to be the only one found in the Mediterranean, whilst that of the Indian Ocean (A. com- pressa, Bl.) is eared. Dr. von Martens mentions a “ forma agglutinans”’ represented by a single specimen in the Berlin Museum, and this appears to be the same as A. papyria, Conrad (fig. 119), the locality of which is not known. Mr. W. H. Dall has described two Pacific Ocean forms which I strongly suspect to be identical with A. Argo. The first, which he calls A. Pacifica and which is common on the Californian coast at times, has an ARGONAUTA. 139 orange-colored animal, finely sprinkled with purplish dots, the arms 1, 2, 4, 3; the web extends along only one-half of the fourth pair, and is proportionally shorter than in A. Argo; there is also a slight difference in the arrangement of the lingual denticles ; the shell is stated to be more ventricose with a dif- ferent arrangement of sculpture and tubercles. Finally Reeve’s fig. 2c. (fig. 121) is referred to—doubtfully as an illustration. The Museum of the Academy possesses a specimen from Cumana, precisely like the above-cited figure (which represents a shell from the same locality), and which is assuredly A. Argo. Mr. Dall calls his second species A. expansa, and cites the Gulf of California as locality. He appears to have seen but a single specimen, which he describes as differing from A. Pacifica in having ears or lateral expansions, and in sculpture. The Museum of the Academy possesses a specimen collected by W. M. Gabb at San Pedro, Cal. (fig. 120), which answers well to Mr. Dall’s description, but is not separable from usual eared forms of A. Argo. ‘The Indo-Pacific A. compressa, Bl. (A. maxima, Gualt.), some- times attains a considerable size. I figure the Mediterranean or typical A. Argo, the auriculed A. compressa, the agglutinated A. papyria and the A. Argo of Reeve, fig. 2 ¢., which may represent A. Pacifica. A. FRAGILIS, Parkinson. Shell with numerous milk-white spots. Sinus large, furnished with a callus, which is attenuated towards the edge of the lip, and is carried across the base of the aperture from one sinus to the opposite, in a flattened arch; upon this arch rests one side of the nucleus of the shell; which is not involuted like other species, but rises in a cylindrical form, a half-inch above the arch from which the inner side springs. Around this cylinder are a number of lines of growth; but it is not tubercled, and has the shape of the end of the finger of a glove. In other respects this specimen answers to the description of A, Argo. I believe it to be a pathological specimen of that species. Many individuals of A. Argo show the milk-white spots given as one of the specific characters, No loealtty. 140 ARGONAUTA. 3. Form of A. nodosa. A. NoposA, Solander. Pl. 50, fig. 124. Animal, body acuminated behind; arms more webbed below than above, unequal; in the following order 1, 2, 4,35; the see- ond and third pairs keeled on the outer side; the second pair depressed. Shell compressed, thin; sides with transverse rug, broken up into tubercles ; tubercles of the keels rather sharp, elevated, and sometimes laterally compressed; margin with a spine or “ear” on either side. A specimen in Coll. A. N.S. is of the form obtusangula, but the ear is usually well developed. The sides of this species are more convex and the back broader than in A. Argo. Brazil, New Zealand, Indian Ocean, Cape of Good Hope.* A. GENICULA, Gould. PI. 50, fig. 125. Described from a single specimen obtained with a seine at Rio Janeiro. It was a female of rather large size, being six inches long, but without a shell. It differs from A. Argo in the web between the upper and lower pairs of arms being more distinct, the dotting of the surface finer, the vela more elongated with the surrounding cupules much less definite and extensive. From A. tuberculata (nodosa), it differs in having a much longer siphon, a greater number of cupules and different formed vela. The first pair of arms are described as having a joint-like flexure (probably accidental), and the general color is greenish, with chocolate spots surrounded with golden green annuli. Brazil. A. RUFA, Owen, has not been characterized sufliciently to assign it a place among admitted species. S. Pacifie Ocean. OcyTHOE PUNCTATA, Say, is described from a single specimen with its shell found in the stomach of a dolphin, and said to be preserved in the collection of the Academy at Philadelphia. The specimen is no longer extant, and Mr. Say believing the * A specimen with animal, alive, and another specimen of the shell, in perfect condition, came ashore on the New Jersey Coast in 1876 and 1877.—Lockwoop, in American Naturalist. LOLIGO. 14] animal to be parasitic did not deem it necessary to mention the characters of its shell, so that I am unable to identify the species with any certainty. + Family IV. LOLIGINID. Genus LOLIGO, (Pliny) Lamarck. The calamaries are good swimmers ; they are found in all parts of the world. © O21 CEO MOR RAI EC REO R Eg. OOCE EAE Manet AS 2 116 Banksii (Onychoteuthis), Leach (sp.). Zool. Miscell., iii, 141, sp. UES eit eee eae ee Ree 2 OE cp Me OLE ig! a aed Cane ipa. en 168 Barkeri (Octopus), Fer. et Orb. Tab. des Céph., 54, No. 3, 1826. = Octopus rugosus, Bosc. Bartlingii (Onychoteuthis , Lesueur (sp.). Jour. Phila. Acad., ii, 95, t. 9, 1821. = O. Banksii, Leach. Bartramii (Ommastrephes), Lesueur (sp.). Jour. Acad., Phila., ii, llcg Un al gillte 3g aa eas ee aed ot er ee nee cn eee er 180 Bartramii (Ommastrephes), Binney’s Edit. Gould’s Invert., t. 25, - f. 340. = Loligo Pealii, Lesueur. Bathmoceras, Barrande. 1867. —?S. G. of Orthoceras............. 209 Beatricea, Billings. Regarded by Prof. Hyatt, in 1865, as Cephalo- pods, a view which he has since abandoned. Probably fossil sponges. 270 Belemmitella, d’Orb= * Bull Socs Geol, 18412222 a5.0n. see ese oe 108, 202 Belemnites; Lamarck. Hist. Nab..... 5.05.0. 2s cee e eee vines 108, 199, 201 Belemnosepia, Agass. Lebrb.,-627, 1835..0. 00.2. 0.02 Seite oc ee 105, 154 Belemnosis, Edwards. Ceph. Lond. ‘Clay, 38, 1849.............. 108, 203 Belemnosepia, Deshayes (non Agass.). = ‘Acanthoteuthis, Wag. Belemnoteuthis, Pearce. Proc. “Geol. Soc., ii, 593, 1842. _ Acantho- 974 INDEX. PAGE. Belosepia, Violtz: Belemmn:; 23; (830k tivaqsss ce aber. seieiteitetaiee 108, 199 Beloptera, Deshayes. Blainv. Mal., 621, t. 11, f. 8, 1825........ 108, 203 Beloteuthis, Miinster. Beitr. Petref., vi, t. 5, f. 1, 1848.......... 105, 155 Berenice (Octopus); Gray. Bb: Me \Catygily i849 eee eres 120 Bergii (Onychoteuthis), Licht. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 1592, No. 4, t. 19, fra, 18l8: ——(OniBanksit, Geachice sss ccr meer emerince 2 canoe 85 Bertheloti (Loligo), Vérany, Actes Acad. Turin. Céph. Medit., 93, t. 36, f. H. K., 1852. — L. pulchra, Blainv. Bertheloti (Sepia), Fér. et Orb. Céph. Acét., t. 11, t. 23, 1885...... 193 Bianconii (Ommastrephes), Verany. Actes Congrés Génes, 513; C@éph:. Med?100,, t::30, feg=8 W852 3s ae ae ote ceo eee 182 Biangulata (Sepioteuthis), Rang. Mag. de Zool., 73, t. 98, 18387. = Ss. sepioidea, Blainv. Bicolor (Anisoctus), Raf. Good Book, 65, 1840; Binney & Tryon’s Rafinesque,.95:... «..ss%.+ seu sis clots qe = Sus eerste pe OT Gon eee 150 Bilineata (Sepioteuthis), Quoy et Gaim. (sp.). Voy. Astrol., ii, 66, t. Qiek Me WEBB ike ance cttw anes iwlel oye ome le oe sis eae eee Lee eee 154 Biserialis (Sepia!, Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat., xlviii, 284, 1827. — Sepio- teuthis sepioidea, Blainv. Biserialis (Sepia), Verany. = 8. Rupellaria, Orb. Bisiphites, Montf. Conch. Syst., i, 54, 1808. =? Endobolus, Meek and Worthen. Bisserialis (Sepia), Montfort. Verany, Céph. Medit., 73, t. 26, f #7 Ky, 1852. = S$. Rupellaria, d’Orb. Blainvilliana |Sepioteuthis), Fér et Orb. pee Sepioteu., t. 2, 1839. 153 Blainvillei (Sepia), Fér. et Orb. Céph., t. 21, 1839. — 8. rostrata, Orb. Bleekeri (Loligo), Keferstein. Bronn’s Class. und Ord. des Thier- Reichs, iii, pt. 2, t. 122, £59; 10 te 127, f 14s 186622* 2. ee eee 149 Boliteena, Nov. Gen., Steenstrup. Videns. Meddel. Kjobenhavn, 183, 1858. )Archiy. fur Nature. i267, 18002 a.) ee ate 104, 129 Bonelliana (Histioteuthis), Fér. (sp.). Mag. de Zool., 66, 1835. Ve- rany, Céph. Medit:, (4) ti 19) W852. cijac eerste nels eatin reer 166 Rome (Chiroteuthis), Verany (sp.). Acad. di Torino, 2 ser., i, bes, ABST cetecianios saveme choccettie Sracie + Gere tee oer eee 166 Boscii (Octopus), Lesueur. Jour. Phila. Acad., ii, 101, 1822........ 122 Hosttychologehic: Agass. Nomencl., 87. — Cirroteuthis, Esch. Bouyeri (Loligo), Crosse and Fischer. Jour. de Conch., 3ser., ii, 138, 1862) ode Sins bodcig es ete el sealers oan secieals Bre eee eee 87, 149, 184 Brachycheira (Sepia), Tapparone-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Geneva, ix; 1877s ej << se ne a oeeimereyer)s ela sieelas els plein enor 198 » Brasiliensis (Loligo), Blainy. Jour de Phys., 1823 Hi sroailbstel ets pace 143 Brasiliensis (Loligo), Fér. Dict. Class., iii, 67, n. 8, 1825. — Ommas- trephes todarus, Chiaje. Breviceps (Loligo), Steenstrup. Natur. Foren. Vidensk. Meddel., BOs TSG onc. iare-cieis 1S seye nteiees Sve yao sai eiei ae reve eee gee ee 146 © Brevimana (Sepia), Steenstrup. Mém. Acad. Copenhagen, DNSEI age ATO; VETD soe cis o-oe\ a jciPaa fore felels, otsiel alee Ard fete siepayele Soke neteyoede ois Os enna 197 Brevimanus (Onychoteuthis), Gould. Moll. Wilkes’ Exped., 483, f, SOG asses Be since iche''sie ol Alle. w a wo qcecale osteo b -ai ctl aha Sy gee +o) 170 Brevipes (Octopus), Orb. Voy. Amér. Mér., 22, t. 1, f. 1, 3, 1835... 119 Brevipinna (Loligo), Lesueur. Jour. Phila. Acad., iii, 282, t. 10, ICP. eee elo en enn oes Sei eRe o DA Che ord doc ata od o- 142 Brevis (Loligo), Blainv. Jour. de Phys., 1823 Sas . A ress ee 142 Brevitentaculata (Loligo), Quoy and Gaim. Moll. Astrol, ii, 81, 1838. = Ommastrephes Oualaniensis, Lesson. INDEX. 275 PAGE. Brevitentaculatus (Octopus), Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat., xliii, 187, 1826. ropa bly—= On Ocho podin sds .iesne aoe fea ital S rbkeedsE Le ke bole ae Brongniartii (Loligo), Blainv. Dict. Se. Nat., xxvii, 142, 1823. Ommastrephes sagittatus, Lam. Buchiceras, Hyatt. Proe. Bost. Soc. N. Stes VALE RG OOMmLOMO actsiais =e 221 pe erons (Octopus), Péron. Blainv. Dict. Se. Nat., xlin, 129, Ore fale oS Ae ks rienla Ce Eee 28 ee cae soa etaie | we aalaleoletans 125 Callirhe, Montf. Conch. Syst., i, 1808. — Belemnites, Lam. Caloceras, Hyatt. Bost. Proc., xiv, 23, 1870. — Uncharacterized genus of Ainmonitide. Cameroceras, Conrad. N. Y. Geol. Rep., 368, 1842.—S. G. of COGLNOCCTAS Hm feats cho ae SoS AM lees Aa Ne a ls eA totaret rehab ommebanay 208 Campulites, Desh. Encyc. Meth, ii, 226, 1830. — Cyrtoceras and Phragmoceras. Campyloceras, McCoy. Carb. Foss. Irel., 1844. — Cyrtoceras. Capensis (Octopus), Souleyet. Voy. Bonite, es Wile ig ty 3 (Oy itslahe Wee Capensis (Bepin), Orb. Tabl. Méth. Céph. Seiches. t. 1, f tes a 1826. 198 Cardioptera (Loligo), Fae (sp.). Voy. Atlas, t. 30, f. 5, 1804. Wr ORAM A) Geeks 2, ch ax cette anes a wr otcie le nie ciaytie state aaah cra 143 Caren Parasira petepas Verany. leat Acad. Torino, i, t. 2. Wepre Med. o4, tet, £2.) de tee aleotsuls 2) «ots. us Jo Sa nets seis mle 132 Sara (Onykia). estas Jour. Philad! INCAS, 11 9Gs ba sp ter Une, OC Mee ciel are, (te ahatetals stale upd haere sree ene aalclOl a ctnloidl cra nt seaeiglereral areveda atehace 171 Carunculata (Loligo), Schneider (sp.). Beobacht. Nat., ’, AQ Ries 150 Cassiopea (Octopus), Gray. B. M. Cat., 9, 1849................006- GG Catenulata (Parasira), Her. Poulpesste 66%, 68 1S28s2 32s citer 152 Celzeno, Mimster: “Beitr: Petr., v; 96,-1842. 2.5... ..vedeoei 106, 175 Celocis, Montf. - Conch. Syst., i, 1808. — Belemnites, Lam. Cepnes(Octopus), Gray. BoM. Cat, 15 1849... ..200 3 tinds wis aes 125 Perahiies, Delaan.. Monos. Aonm., 1825)... 2... 2s ts ae ss see 221 Chinensis (Loligo), Gray. “B. M. Cat , TAS ISAS Ness taetts tte amen. 145 Chiroteuthis, Orb. C Goh N cota... 1850) 6 ais sarc: teers 106, 165 Chondrosepia Leuckart, Riipp. AtL, 1826. — Sepioteuthis, Blainv. Choristoceras, Hauer. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lii, pt. 1, 654, MD ea eee Ate ce tS RN es Me oid Sek ols’ S. oc eb ahele gabe on eeaeae 223, 245 Chromorpha ( Loligopsis), Orb. Moll. Viv. et Foss., 373, 1845. — L. chrysophtalmos, Tilesius. Chrysaor, Montf. Conch. Syst., i, 1808. — Belemnites, Lam. Chrysophtalmos (Loligopsis), Tilesius. Krusenstern, Voy., t. 38, f. nae Ora LOU stata vs aise lec oalls Lic oe ove aie a/d cies Sacre oa ea eens ace ees 164 Cimomia, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., ii, 102 AB GOGHAE ecerac srs cereals 217 Cingulata (Sepia), Costa. Microdoride Mediterranea, abelal idee 5 crocreor 198 Cirrhosa (Sepia). Bosc. Vers., i, 47. — Eledone octopodia, Pennant. Soesee (Octopus), Lam. Mém. Soc. Hist Nat., Paris, i, 21, t. 1, f. 2 Oy (Oe == Eledone octopodia, Pennant. reeienthaa) Eschrict. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., xviii, 625, 1838....104, 180 Cistopus, Gray. -B. Mi Cat. Ceph., 20,0849 eo5 oe. . aso sie a 104, 127 Clinoceras, Mascke. Zeit. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell., xxviii, 49, t. 1, AL Sia Gtecear= tevsicy ect iets ah oko scoala Sava Seta eee IIa taro aa level iste tcatarsecte 210 Clydonites, Hauer. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1860............. 222, 236 Clyrneniamvinsters Jalirb. eViin,y 43.01 Sa oeameeenneyatls Ac cccrse kta slel- 214 Coccoi (Octopus), ‘ee ee An. Invert. Genova, 17, 29, t. 4, f. 1, 1846. Céph. Médit. wy O25 Mel DAD ISS wl So certesa cetsiers «(c's ale Fatiotaecols wor Coccoteuthis, Owen. ern nono CORUBAUHO 100 oo One bebOnn Ono 108, 199 Cochloceras, Hauer. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1860............ 220, 245 276 INDEX. PAGE Czloceras, Hyatt. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., i; 87........0.ec000000- 230 Coindetii (Ommastrephes), Verany. Mém. Acad. Se. Torino, t. 1, f. 4,1837. Céph. | Medit,,/110, t: 36:85 a, 6) e))t8b2204: a lodeeee eee 178 Coleoceras, Portland, 1843. — Orthoceras. Collinsii (Histioteuthis), Verrill. Am. Jour. Science, 241, 1879..... 166 Colpoceras, Hall. 3d Rep. Regents N. Y. Univers., 174 t. 5, f. 2. = Onthocenag’. «t-te ee iw'as «id don wee he on debe espe ls eee 210 Compressa (Argonauta), Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat., 212. = ? Argonauta APO; Die said. «eth bis Gi: 1d aay Cae cere ea oe ee ee 136. 139 Conchorhyncus, Blainv. Belemn., 115, 1827. — Fossil beaks of tet- rabranchiates Conoceras, Bronn. Leth., 98, 1285, 1837. — Orthoceras............. 269 Conoteuthis, d’Orb. Ann. Sci. Nat., xvii, t. 12, f. 1, 5, 1842..... 108, 208 Conotubularia, Troost. Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., iv, 414, 1834. — Endoceyras. Conradi (Argonauta), Parkinson. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v, DOOR MBHGs Se ste ales. duare'd sds Retreats fone ea 4g yee el oer OT ee eee 137 Cordiformis (Pinnoctopus), Quoy (sp.). Voy. Astrol., ii, 87, t. 6, f. BM SB2 ee ate idole a eh coiS Nb yang “erate cw sate adetteta dav cetare a sponse teeters eee 128) Cornuta (Argonauta), Conrad. Jour. A. N.S , Phila. -» 2 Ser., ii, 332, t. 34, f. 2, 1854. — A. Owenii, Adams and ieeee sictdl og 'sinetchne aie beter 137 Coroceras, Hyatt. Pal. King’s Survey, 40th Par., 107, 1877......... 236 Coroniceras, Hyatt. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., i, 77...............-- 227 Corrugata (Argonauta), Humphrey. Mus. Calon., 6, No. 80, 1797. = Argonauta Argo, L Cosmoceras, Waag. Benecke’s Geogn. Pal., ii, 1869............... 257 Cranchia, Leach. Tuckey, Exped. Congo., 410, 1817..... ...... 106, 152 Cranchii (Loligo), Blainv. Jour. de Phys., 123, 1823. = Cranchia scabra, Leach. Cranchii (Ocythoe), Leach. Jour. Phys.. 1817. — Argonauta hians, Sol. Crassicostata (Argonauta), Blainv. Dict. Se. Nat., xliii, 213. 1824. = A. hians, Sol. Crassus (Ommastrephes), Lafont. Faune Gironde, No. 49. Actes SocssUinn: eB ord eax: Xexvillls 210, 0beLOn Lice se eerste eee 178 Crioceras, Leveille. Mém. Soc. Geol. Fr., ii, 314, 1886.......... 222, 264 Cryptoceras, Barrande. Note prélim. Syst. Sil. Boh., 1846. — Ascoceras. Cryptocerasd? Orbs q1847...5. wc Gene sco seme a yee - icone ese, ibis Cuvieri (Octopus), Orb. Tab. des Céph. Poulpes, t. 4, 1825......... 122 Oyanea (Octopus), Gray. 3) Ma Cate lo S49 Soe eee ene 124 Cyclidia. Rolle. 1862. — Trigonellites. Cycloceras, Conr. Jour. A. N. §., Philad., iv, t. 47, f. 5, 1858. — Cyclomera, Conr. Cycloceras, McCoy. Carb. Foss. Irel., 1844. — Orthoceras. Cyclomera, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., ii, 78, 1866. — ? Baculites. Cycloceras, Hyatt. Bull; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 92.220. «2 1cr lo ree 233 Cyclura (Loligopsis), Lesueur (sp.). Jour. Philad. Acad. ii, 90, t. 6, 18215. ea cis.. didcopiete s bees. c Bae etec eieeie see eee ie ene renee 163 Cycria, Leach. Mss. Gray. Brit. Mus. Cat., 58, 1849. —= Ommas- trephes, Orb. Cylindricus (Ommastrephes), Orb. Voy. Am. Mérid., 54, t. 3, f. 3, 4, 1835. = O. Bartramii, Lesueur. ; Cyrtoceras, Goldfuss. Beche Geogn., 536, 1832..................6- 211 Cyrtocerina, Billings. 1865. — 8. G. of Cyrtoceras...............-. 211 Cyrtochilus, Meek. U.S. Geol. Survey, Terr., ix, 392, 1876. = S. G. of Baculites, Wiames ccc. 2cc eee asie o eieieie late meee ietete re icioremetetete 218 INDEX. ; 277 PAGE Dactylioceras, Hyatt. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., i, 95................ 230 Defillippi (Octopus), Verany. Céph. Médit., 30, t. 11, f. d, f, 1852.. 111 Heroceras, Hyatt: Bull:-Mus: Comp. Zool yi; 81s. siate al ei eicte sprites. 228 Desvigniana (Sepiola), Gervais and V. Beneden. Bull. Acad. Brux., v, 430, 1838. —S. Sepiola, Linn. Dictyoceras, Eichwald. Leth. Ross., i, 1263, t. 48, f. 12. = Ortho- (CGURIS,. Sen. 6 AY Ho SORA cao 30 COUR OOO AOBA Con Eao oan bomena BAR Tnee 210 Didymitess Mojsis:, -A’bhiaG colemitelcls: wivile eles chs xey= aersteie +14 syetelso « 240 Didynamus (Octopus), Raf. Précis Découv. Somiol., 28, 1814...... 126 Dinoteuthis, More. Zoologist, 4526, 1875. = ? Ommastrephes, d’Orb. Diploceras, Conrad (non Salter), 1844. — Endoceras. Diploceras, Salter. — Tretoceras. Diptychoceras, Gabb. tal. Calif., ii, 148, 1869. — 8. G. of Ptycho- COLAS PCs OTL) eis aiaees Lf Meneses ec, 8 arated wach spon niakserere aia lo wjssei te 219 Discites, McCoy. Carb. Foss. Irel. — ?S. G. of Nautilus........... 216 Discoceras, Agassiz. Hyatt, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. i, 76......... . 227 Discocenmst barrandes! 186 iceimaninta seb tie be Se haeton a Nelais loth ond ove bie 2138 Discosorus, Hall. Pal. N. Y., 1852. — ? Huronia. Discoscaphites. Meek. Hayden's 2d Annual Rept. U.S. Geol. Sur- vey Terr. 297. 1872. —S.G. of Scaphites, Parkinson............. 221 Discus, King. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xiv. 274, 1844. — Nautilus L. Discus. King. Meek and Worthen Proc. Philad. Acad., 469, 1860. = Trematodiscus Meek and Worthen. Dispar (Argonauta) Conrad. Jour. A. N. 8., Philad., 2d ser. ii, Boe wulept— AG Owen Ads! sand! MReevel mice = Mercin sieve seis ol beey vere wieretnse 137 Dispar (Rossia) Riippell (sp.). Giorn. Gab. Messina, xxvi. 1845.... 162 Dorensis (Sepioteuthis), Fér. et Orb. Céph. Sepioteu., t. 3, f. 3, 1855. — 8. Guinensis Quoy and Gaim. Dosidicus, Steenstrup. Vidensk. Meddel. Copenh.. 120, 1856....106, 175 Dubia (Loligopsis), Ratbke. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. ii, 148, t. 1, f. 16, 17, 1835. — L. guttata, Grant. Dubius (Tremoctopus), Souleyet. Voy. Bonite, ii, 15, t. 1. f. 10-14, OE AS ER eS RRs ioe b Ri iealitlsGh Payetapliecie = 2 tele) ob weMerGNe damcte 131 Dussumieri (Onychoteuthis), Orb. Céph. Onych., t. 13, 1839........ 169 Duvaucelii (Loligo), Fér. et Orb. Céph. Calmars, t. 14. t. 20, f. 6- GREG Spry mii aie. s lactslo osc Seisians oil Ly Boe. oh ee eas here eee 144 Dux (Architeuthis), Steenstrup. Spolia Atlantica, te. 3, 4, 1857. = PpA tans StCCUS ELUM cis...) «ocr. sy cies s Whelole eters afa.sctaseasehneteieetsrre 76, 77, 186 Eblanz (Ommastrephes), Ball. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 1939. = O. sagittatus. Lam. Echioceras. Bayle. Jour. de Conchyl.. 3d ser.. xix, 34, 1879. = Ophioceras, Hyatt. Eglais (Philonexis), Orb.--Voy. Amér. Mérid., 20, t. 1, f. 14, 18, 1835. — Cranchia scabra, Leach. Bledonewieach=) -Aooll Mise:, ais 3 diSii sae me cei ts eos ae 104, 128 Hlegans (Sepia), Blainville. Verany, Ceph. Medit., t. 26, f. a-c. = 8. Orbignyana, Fer. Elegans (Sepia). Orb. Tabl. Méth. Seiches, t. 8 f. 1-5, 1826. —8. rupellaria. Orb. Elegans (Thysanoteuthis), Troschel. Archiv. fiir Naturg., i, 74, t. eee eM Ui chs ese! savas trav on Seepapetlener ae ile eee sabi okies 167 ea arte ’(Loligopsis), Adams and Reeve. Zool. Samarang, 2, t. Tins» UCT Ae see aeRO ce 8 ote) 3.<,cas Ge MENS Oct act conch Se ene ae ep oa 163 Elongata (Sepia), Fér. et Orb. Céph. Seiches, t. 24, f. 7-10, 1839... 195 Emmakina (Loligo),. Gray. Bi M. Cat., 71, 1840.2. .......00-0cnees 148 278 INDEX. Endoceras, Hall. Pal. N. Y., i, 1847. =S. G. of Orthoceras....... 209 Endolobus, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Rep’t Illinois, ii, 307, t. 25, 1866. = Temnocheilus, McCoy. Endosiphonites, Ansted. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc.. 1840. — Cly- menia. Enoploteuthis, d’Orbigny. Ann. Sc. Nat., xvi, 1841............ 106, 172 Escholtzii (Perothis), Rathke. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb., ii, 149, t. 1, f. 1-15, 1835. — L. guttata, Grant. Eschrichtii (Dosidicus), Steenstrup. Vidensk. Meddel. Copenh., 120, 1856. Creplin, Zeit. gesammt. Naturw., xiv, 195, 1859........... 175 Eudiscoceras, Hyatt. Pal. King’s Survey, 40th Par., iv, 128, 1877... 236 Eudora (Octopus), Gray. B. M. Cat., 9, 1849 Eutomoceras, Hyatt. Pal. King’s Survey, 40th Par., iv, 126, 1877... 235 ee ee Dall. Proce? Cals Acad, N.S: ava s03ns73: Fabricii (Onychoteuthis), Licht. Isis., t. 19, 1818. — O. Banksii, Leach. Fang-Siao (Octopus), Fer. Orb. Céph. 70, 1835. .... 2.2... se cemeee 126 Favonia (Octopus), Gray. B. M. Cat., 9, 1849 . Sate Sea eee 118 Felina (Loligo), Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat., xxvii, 139. 1823. — Onycho- teuthis Banksii, Leach. Ferussaci (Octopus), Chiaje. Mém., iv, 41, 1829. — Parasira catenu- lata, Fér. ; Fidenas, Gray. Brit. Mus. Cat., 95, 1849. — Sepiola, Leach........ 157 Filamentosus (Octopus), Blainv. Dict. Se. Nat., xliii, 185, 1826. — Octopus aranea, Orb. Filliouxi (Sepia), Lafont. Bull. Assoc. Sci. de eae No. 81, 1868. Bel Oa at() cen. ans i ul oo} eA ee I NE Aree cots. Jars 0 33 43, 190 Filosus (Octopus), Howell. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 240, t. 14, 1867.. 120 Fimbriatus (Octopus), Riippell. Fer. Orb. Céph. ‘Actt., 64. _ Octo- pus horridus, Orb. Fischeri (Sepia), Lafont. Note pour servir ala Faune de la Gironde, No. 36. Actes. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xxviii, 271, 1872............ 190 Fleurii (Onychoteuthis), Renaud. Lesson, Centurie Zool., 61, t. 17. — QO. Banksii, Leach. Fontanianus (Octopus), Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid., 28, t. 2, f. 5, 1835. 128 Forbesi (Loligo), Steenstrup. Ann. Mag. N. H., 2 ser., xx 84, 1857. Tozzetti, Bull. Mal. Ital., ii, 218, 251, t. 7, f. 10, 1869 eee As oor 147 Fragilis (Argonauta), Parkinson. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 387, 1856; —-A. “Argo, Ti? oo sn8k pAierttas) ves anes eee 139 Fragilis (Spirula), Lam. Syst. An. 8. Vert., 102, 1801. — 8. Peronii, Lam. Frayedus (Octopus), Raf. Précis. Découv. Somiol., 28, 1814........ 126 Furvus (Octopus) Gould. Moll. Wilkes Exped., 475, f. 589, 1852... 119 Fusiformis (Onychoteuthis), Gabb. Proc. Cal. Acad. N. 8. Spl alae NBG Die er etevcle tictere ave epote mvaxelo ena terolotereievene ne tate i oversdch a avCrete Ratol ter aoe teen nena 170 Gahi (Loligo), Orb. . Céph. Calmars,'t.21.f.03, 4.522. .(. ce eee 148 Gastrosipkites Duval, Belemn. — Belemnites. Lam. Genei (Eledone). Verany. Acad. Reale delle Sc., i, 1838. = E. Aldro- Vandbj \CHiaje sé anid. ue. ci aves el se ania sect teers 129 Geniculata (Argonauta), Gould. Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped., 470, f. . 585, 180 Qed tlchewiwie eu! cis atere eater eeeetohd iter absent aarti 140 Geoteuthis, Minster. Beitr., vi, 68, 1843. — Belemnosepia, Agass. Geryonea (Octopus), Gray. B. M. Cat., 7, 1849..............00.005 115 INDEX. 279 PAGE. Gibbosa (Sepia), Ehrenberg. Symb. Phys. Sepia, n. 2. — 8. Savignii, Blainy. Gibba (Sepia), Orb. Moll. Viv. et Foss., i, 288, 289. —S. Savignii, Blainv. Giganteus (Ommastrephes), Orb. Céph. Acet., t. 1, f. 11-18, 1889. = O. gigas, Orb. Gigas (Ommastrephes), Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid., 50. t. 4, 1835..141, Glaucopis (Rossia), Lovén. Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl., 121, LSE Rooted BOC MER IES ae SS Ob Gon COM Io ae ieee ener 159, Glossocerassebarrande. 1 SGo aeeisetsi- cr-s5 ora ) eronin mam: Lamarmore (Loligo), Verany. Cat. Invert. Genova, 17. — L. media, Linn. Lanceolata (Loligo), Rafin. Précis. Découv. Somiol., 29, 1814....... 150 Laticeps (Ommastrephes), Owen (sp.). Trans. Zool. Soe., ii, t. 21, f. OMI eased Oech oy nae eh onewaysvsyetel ol'es Ucks & ioe tfclocsl@ Siete. aie" ste is eleiebaralavese =a cbeveleys 182 Latimanus (Sepia). Quoy et Gaim. Zool. Astrol., ii, 68, t. 2, f. 2, 11, eres Peet 2h < Sioa c Fw setae 2) wel sheds haio tes sists nyo area we eapniolais Soe ot 192 Leachia, Lesueur. Jour. A. N. S. Philad., ii, 89, 1821. — Loligop- sis, Lam. Leachii (Loligo), Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat., xxvi, 135, 1824. — Loli- gopsis eee Lesueur. Leachii (Onychoteuthis), Fér. Céph. Onych., t. 10, f. 1, 4. = Ony- chia Caribea, Lesueur. Lechenaultii (Octopus), Orb. Tab. des Céph. Poulpes, t. 1, 1825. — O. Cuvieri, Orb. Lefebrei (Sepia), Orb. Céph. Acét, t. 24, f. 1-6. Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H., 4 ser., iv, 358, 1868. — 58. Savignii, Blainv. Leioceras, Hyatt. Bull. Mus. See. TRO) aes 3.0 215 ASO ORO Oe 234 Lepadites, Schlotheim, Petref. 1820. — Conchorhyncus, Bl. Leptoteuthis, Meyer. Mus. Senkenb., i, 202, 1824.............. 105, 154 Leptura (Loligo), Leach. Zool. Misc., iii, 141, 1817. — Enoploteuthis Smithii, Leach. Lessoniana (Sepioteuthis), Fér. et Orb. Tab. des Céph., 65, 1825.... 152 Lessonii (Onychoteuthis), Fér. Orb. Tabl. Céph., 60, n. 3) 1825, — O. Banksii, Leach. 36 282 INDEX. PAGE. Lesueurii (Enoploteuthis), Fér. et Orb. (sp.). Céph. Onych., t. 11, f 1—5, 1880), t. 14, A= TOW 839 oc rere aves scrteresien att ote iors eae ee 174 Lesueurii (Onychoteuthis), Fér. Céph. Acet., t. 4. — O. Banksii, Leach. Leucoderma (Octopus), Sangiovanni. Ann. Sci. Nat., xvi, 318, 1829. = Eledone Aldrovandi, Chiaje. Leucoptera (Sepiola), Verrill. Am. Jour. Sci., 3 ser., xvi, 378, 1878. 158 Lichtensteinii (Onychoteuthis), Fér. and Orb. Céph. Onych., t. 8, t. 14, £218, WB89'. See eRe Ae ia. Ue aps etcirena tae crest onsite ape retene re are ney eee 169 Lineata (Sepioloidea), Fér. et Orb. Céph. 240, t. 3, f. 10-18, 1834. — Sepiola lineolata, Quoy et Gaim. Lineolata (Sepiola), Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrol., ii, 82, t. 5, f. 8-13, (tS) TCLS Reha en REM aE uD abled A ddd cs 157 Liparoceras Hyatt. Bull’ Muss Comp: ZoolesinSas-e eee eee 228 Lissoceras, Bayle. Jour. de Conchyl., 5d ser, xix, 34, 1879. — Hap- loceras, Zittell. Lituina, Linck. 1807. = Spirula, Lam. Latuites, Breyn. Diss.) Phys. 20, 1782. 0. 02. o's 46s 3) tae eee 21 Tituumeulias, Barrandeny lS 6 ee cee lelsctelel-cide eee eee eae 218 Lituus, Brown. Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 1756. Gray, B. M. Cat., 115. = Spirula, Lam. Lobipennis (Onychoteuthis), Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, 96, 1872. 170 Mobites; sMojsisy - Alo. \Geols serehs:y wal. tyres horeretetsleie tetera 240 Loliginiformis (Sepioteuthis), Leuckart (sp.). Riippell, Atlas, Reise, Gs 21.6, of. ds TS28s . x covesscle ois ace elastin onc oe eel See 152 Loligo (Pliny), Lamarck. Mém. Soc. H. Nat., 1799........... ..105, 141 Loligo (Sepia), Fabr. Faun. Greenl., 359. = Onychoteuthis Banksii, Leach. Loligo (Sepia), Linn. Mus. Adolph, Fred., 94, 1754. — L. vulgaris, Lam. Loligo (Sepia), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1095, 1767. — Ommas- trephes sagittatus, Lam. Loligo (Sepia), Linn. (pars.) Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1095, n. 4, 1767. — Ommastrephes todardus, Chiaje. Loligopsis, Lam. Extr. d Cour., 1812....... 5 snes ooh ohare pen eeRe eee aa OG G2 Loligosepia, Queenstedt. F. Wurtemb., 252, 1843. — Belemnosepia, Agass. Loliolus, Steenstrup. Kel. Dan. Vidensk. Skriv., ser. v, iv, 1856..105, 150 Longimanus (Octopus), Fer. — 0. OCuvieri, Orb. Longimanus (Onychoteuthis?), Steenstrup. Vidensk. Meddel., 120, TBGG oc ois tnd teas th toler Eee ie, Led ee aya T.ongipes (Octopus), Leach. Zool. Misc., ili, 187, 1817.............. 125 Loxoceras, McCoy. Carb. Foss. Ivel., 1844. — Orthoceras. Lunulata (Sepioteuthis), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astrol., ii, 74, t. 3, f. 7-13, 1835. — 8. Guinensis, Quoy and Gaim. Lunulatus (Octopus), Quoy. Voy. Astrol\, 11, 86, t: 6) f 1 291852 eeaaen Lycidas (Sepia),. Gray. B. M. Cat., 103, 184900). 23... shea 193 Lytoceres, Suess. Akad. Wiss., lii, pt. 1, 78, 1865.............. 229, 246 Macromphalus (Nautilus), Sowerby. Thes. Conch., ii, 464, t. 98, £. As ial ove e ais ale eb shes iageverehnra ie tah ania ate eee 215, 216 Maconodm (Octopus), Sangiovanni. Ann. Se. Nat., xvi, 319, 1829. — O. Cuvieri, Orb. Macrophalma (Loligo), Lafont. Faune Gironde, No. 46. Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xxviii, 274, t. 15, 1872 rd INDEX. 283 PAGE, Macropus (Octopus), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 3, n. 3, 1826. = O. Cuvieri, Orb. Macroscaphites, Meek. U. 8. Geol. Survey Terr., ix, 414, 1876. — SAG rOb Heap bibee.. PAT KLMSOD ae: srcheisiters; a8 p>. LS oO dihtn opo oar bSocdopaob’ls sack « 140 Punctatus (Anisoctus), Raf. Good Book, 65, 1840. Binney and Tryon’s Rafimesque, 95. .... 2... Mpe = ee emssieeieer oe = =e 150 Punctatus (Octopus), Blainy. Dict. Se. Nat., xiii, 195, 1824. — Argonauta hians, Sol. INDEX. 289 PAGE, Punctatus (Octopus), Gabb. Proc. Cal. Acad. N.S., ii, 170, 1862. 45, 86, 117 Pusillus (Octopus), Gould. Moll. Wilkes Exped., 478, f. 591, 1852...” 112 Pustulosus (Octopus), Péron. Blainy. Dict. Sc. Nat., xliii, 186, 1826. Sea eEGLOMI, NSCSUCUN : foc cet ae setae = cic cis) sist. cd olsidaais c'cie wa.sls.s 126 Quoyanus (Tremoctopus), Orb. (sp.). Voy. Amér. Mérid., t. 2, f. Bee eee ae «cis Bc as vicinal rare tens em as citle cievela'c ce sire’ save ois sie.so'ae 131 Rangii (Loligo), Fér. Céph. Acét. Calm., t. 19, f. 4-6, 1833. = L. vulgaris, Lam. Rappiana (Sepia), Fér. Céph. Seiches, n. 10, 1854. —§. latimanus, Quoy et Gaim. Raricosta (Argonauta), Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat., xliii. 213, 1824. — A. hians, Sol. Raricyathus (Octopus), Blainv. Jour. Phys., Ixxxvi, 398, 1824. = Argonauta nodosa, Sol. Recurvirostra (Sepia), Steenstrup. Mém. Acad. Copenhagen, v ser., iy SE CINCO Ghar eID Oa eRe eneictere) 255 78S © iris SRA cenit See ne ane 197 Reinhardtii (Loligopsis), Steenstrup. K. D. Vid. Selsk. Skr., 5 ser., iv, 200. Oueiiot Dan. Viden. elskeqJOpolOGlieaserrct\hersrtte cette 165 Reticularis (Octopus), Petagna. Rapelle delle Sc. di Napoli, 1828, — Parasira catenulata, Fer. Reticulata (Spirula), Owen. Adams, Voy. Samarang, 13, t. 4, f. 3, 9, 10, 1848. — 8. vulgaris, Leach. Reynaudii (Loligo), Fér. et Orb. Céph. Calmars, t. 24, f. 1-8, 1839.. 148 Rhabdoceras, Suess. Sitzb. Wien Alcala lintels Goketen te: -eisraccncrtele 219 Rhabdoceras, Hauer. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LSGOc ssi. elesiete ct 245 Rhacoceras, Hyatt. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., i, 86, iii, 59. = Phylio- COASMISUCSSING Acre Me cle che cio Fi cos oe Halas ee NA RCA RTE Ea Sree ia edacd ee 229 Rhombus (Thysanoteuthis), Troschel. Archiv fiir Naturg., 1, 70, t. cob |e “TIP ee a fel eS Rg Uo eee eS cerio GA NAG ICIS MIT Cm aA marist 167 Rhychidia, Laube. Faun. St. Cassian, 1869. — Peltarion, Deslong. Rubyricoucnes, s Haure-biguet. WGUO i)... cj. sister. ote acs ralcln ole setantoas 269 Rhyncoteuthis, Orb. Moll. Viv. et Foss., 593, 1847. — Rhyncolithes, Faure-Biguet. . Robustus (Ommastrephes), Dall. Verrill, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., PETA G UO Orta 22 aia taper inicisis) «sia atepele sista iets aloe sure ealartien oabsemtomeie aeiate 183 Rondeleti (Sepiola), Gesner. Gray, B. M. Cat., 92, 1849. — Sepiola Sepiola, Linn. Rossia, Owen. Appendix Ross’ Voyage, 1835.................. 106, 158 Rostrata (Sepia), Orb. Céph. Seiches, t. 8, f. 6, 1826, t. 26, 1839.... 196 Rouxii (Sepia), Orb. .Céph_Acét., 271, n. 3, Seiches, t. 19.......... 191 Rubens (Sepia), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. = 8. rupellaria, Orb. Ruber (Octopus), Cantraine. Malacol, 18. = O. Cuvieri, Orb. Ruber (Octopus), Raf. Précis Découv. Somiol., 28. =O. tubercu- latus, Blainy. Rufa (Argonauta), Owen. Trans. Zool. Soc., ii, 114, 1836.......... 140 Rugosa (Sepia), Bowdich. Elem. Conch., t. 1, f. 1. —S8. officinalis, Linn. Rugosa (Sepia), Péron Mss. — Octopus Boscii, Lesueur. Rugosus (Octopus), Bosc. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat., Paris, t. 5, f. 1, 2, a ey area eects, Srate SLtn as wpbioiake oy he ae we tise ee Sete eesicls o.0 0's athe omer 116 Rupellaria (Sepia), Fér. et Orb. Céph. Seiches, t. 3, f. 10-13, 1839.. 197 Ruppellii (Histioteuthis), Verany. Cat. Anim. Inv. Genova, 17, 28, Novad,it..d., Ceph.< Médith) 117). 20)/21,, t8ae ake Jal oegeoe eae 166 Bye 290 INDEX. PAGE, Rutilus (Onychoteuthis), Gould. Moll. Wilkes Exped., 482, f. 595, WSOR% steleicie = 25s 3.5 oc a eee ¥wrclele se clei Sie oe wieteieietaroee eters te sioereetet 169 Seerichnites, Billings. Cat. Sil. Foss. Antic., 1866. Supposed to be the tracks made by a Cephalopod. Sageceras, Mojsis. ° Abh. Geol. Reichs., vi. ....2-. 2.0 sseeee eee 242 vee (Loligo), Bowdich. Elem., t. 1, f. 2, 1822. = L. vulgaris, am Sagittata (Loligo), Lam. (pars.). Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat., Paris, 13, 1799. = Ommastrephes todarus, Chiaje. Sagittatus (Loligo), Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat., xxvii, 140, 1823. — Om- mastrephes Bartramii, Lesueur. Sagittatus (Ommastrephes), Lam. (sp.). Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat., Paris, pari, W799, sh 8. Ase ae s cteriele cn eeetlae ls Seaate ae ere 176, 177 Salutii (Octopus), Verany. Céph. Médit., 20, t. 9, 1851. Mém. Acad.fTurin, 2 ser, 1510.38) WS86i tin. -.cciectine « eieise nie cereale 114 pe ra (Mouchezis), Vélain. Archives Zool. Wik vi, 81-88, # » BPM RG, scecatalita ieitus «bide ietane eieis huave.oiaka ate elolecsate evel eloetmn es ater 9 Sannionites, Fischer. 1844. — Cameroceras. Saphenia (Octopus), Gray. B. M. Cat., 11, 1849... 2.25.5 2tn sere elms 120 Savignii (Sepia), Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat., xlviii, 285, 1827.......... 194 Scabra (Cranchia), Leach. Tuckey, Exped. to Congo, 410, 1817.... 152 Seeurgus, Troschel. Archiv fiir Naturg., i, 41-47. 1857. Ibid., i, 298; 18d8 0.5.2 RASS ARE olds oa ticle bite -c atctetels bi stetetas tere ties 104, 127 Scaphanidia, Rolle. 1862. — Trigonellites. Scaphites, Parkinson. Org. Rem., iii, 145, 1811,............... 220, 261 Schleenbachia, Neum. Zeit. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell., xxvii, 1875.... 248 Sciadephorus, Reinh. and Prosch. Kongl. Dansk. Selsk. Nat. xii, 1846. — Cirroteuthis, Eschr. Scrobiculatus (Nautilus), Dillwyn. Desc. Cat., i, 339. Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., 21, 1857. — N. umbilicatus, Lister. Semipalmatus (Octopus), Owen. Trans. Zool. Soc., ii, t. 21, f. 12, 13, 1836. = Tremoctopus Quoyanus, Orb. Sepia. linn. “Syst: Nat. Hdit:, x. 608,l/58..-se essa eee 106, 187 Sepialites, Miinst. Beitr. z. Petref., vi, 1843. — Belemnosepia, ete. Sepiella, Gray. Brit. Mus. Cat., 106, 1849. — Sepia, L............. 195 Sepioidea (Sepioteuthis), Blainv. Jour. de Phys., p. 133, 1825...... 153 . Sepiola, leach. Zool. Mises in, si, LSli i scecc scieeieck seer 105, 155 Sepiola (Loligo), Bouchard. Moll. Boulonnais, 71, 1835. = Sepiola Sepiola, Linn. Sepiola (Sepiola). Linn. (sp.). Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1096, n. 5, 1767. 155 Sepiolites (sp.), Minster. Beitr., 1843. = Beloteuthis, Mist. Sepioloidea, Orb. Moll. Viv. et Foss., 242, 1845. — Sepiola, Leach.. 157 Sepioteuthis, Blainv. Dict. Se. Nat., Xxxii, ibs 1824 RAB Arata 105, 151 Sicula ede aa ree Krohn. Wiegm. Archiv., i, 47, 1845. Ibid., 1, 39, ts Qik. (DM ABET Siac, .o nciilen ceili cle ane ee lente aes 174 ceeeceee "Titt. Ceph. des Tithons. 25 scien ceils soiree oleate 266 Simplegas (part), Blainv. Dict. Sc. Nat., xxxii, 185, 1825. Said to = Nautilus, L., and certainly describes many other generic diagnoses. Sinensis (Octopus), Fer. Orb. Céph., 68, Poulpes, t. 9, lower fig., 1835. — O. membranaceus, Quoy. Sinensis (Sepia), Orb. Céph. Seiches, t. 9, f. 1, 2, 1839. — 8S. inermis, Hasselt. Sinensis (Sepioteuthis), Orb. Moll. Viv. et Foss., i, 329, 1849...... 154 Sinope (Sepia), Gray. B. M. Cat.) 106, 1849. 22.0) 22... cnc. ctamee se 195 INDEX. 291 PAGE, Sloanii (Sepioteuthis), Leach. Gray, B. M. Cat., 82, 1849.......... 153 Sloanii (Ommastrephes), Gray. B. M. Cat., 61, 1849............... 180 Smithii (Enoploteuthis), Leach (sp.). Tuckey’s Exped. Congo. Ap- DOM sp Ad MOUs ete: c cs, Shh atotetele late teretas cteustelobers cts Alois’ o/spalale’e ae alee elaleiela 172 Solenoceras, Conrad. Jour. Philad. Acad. N. 8., iv, 284, 1860. — ? Ptychoceras, d’Orb. Solenochilus, Meek and Worthen. Proc. Philad. Acad., 47, 1870. — Cryptoceras, d’Orb. Sphenodiscus, Meek. Hayden’s 2d Ann. Rep., 297, 1872. Geol. Sur- vey Terr., ix, 462, 1876. —S. G. of Placenticeras, Meek...-....... 238 Spiralis (Loligo), Fér. Dict. Class, n. 6, 1823. — L. media, Linn. Spiuula slam Systwclist. INateplSOies cease ce-ysc) arene se ser 108, 203 Spirulirostra, d’Orb. Ann. Sci. Nat., xvii, 362, t. 11, f. 16, 1842.108, Steenstrupi (Loliolus), Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, 97, 1872....... 151 Stenoceras, d’Orb. Pal. Strat., i. 58, 1850. — Bactrites. Stenodactyla (Sepiola), Grant. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, 84, t. 11, f. 1, 2, CRS: Uo et ees Hen ee SOMO ECINE odor an ricrk ce CSE terete te cere 157 Stenomphalus (Nautilus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, 465, t. 97, f. 8... 216 Subalata (Loligo), Gervais et V. Beneden (sp.). Bull. Acad. Brux., v, n. 7, 428, 1838. Stephanoceras, Waag. Benecke’s Geogn. Pal., ii, 1860............. 256 Stoliczkaia, Neum. Zeit. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell., xxvii, 1875........ 264 Streptoceras, Billings. Cat. Sil. Foss. Anticosta, 88, 1866. — 8S. G. of BSC LAS eco oa) 5 sy ralci's <:s\cie'e isa'e sie saterseeaeene ialslel oplate wnisle aieioels a otigam MS 211 Striata (Argonauta), Perry. Conch., t. 42, f. 4. = Argonauta Argo, Linn. Subalata (Loligo), Gervais and Van Bened...........-........e00:. 144 Subchymenia, da’ Orbs) \ Pall. Strat.; 1850 i ni tacts 5 Hae Malas oa tistek sivas 214 Sublevis (Rossia), Verrill. Am. Jour. Science, 3d ser., xvi, 209, Re LO eee ta ot ainsi Sia wigia nip hoe Orde ob. Arm veins. J. Siphon. a. Anus. oc. Vena cava. z. Intestine. abr. Branchial artery. cbr. Branchial heart. obr. Branchial vein. z. Branchia. c. Heart. 0». Ovary. sv. Sinus venosus. ao. Aorta. h. Liver. oc. Hye. 3. Circulation of Octopus vulgaris. Milne-Edwards, l. c., t. 16.... h. Liver. sv. Sinus venosus. oe. Alimentary canal. vo. Stom- ach. ogen. Genitalvein. cdr. Branchial heart. sv. Sinus venosus. ¢%. Canalis venosus. ov. Ovary. c. Heart. 7. In- testine. oc. Vena cava. Plate 8. Nautilus Pompilius in its shell. Owen, Memoir on the Pearly Nau- riley sem legless ass a cisrats fee's oa oveee rere oc oy aera ter eleLe chars @aieeoO) a. The mantle. 06. Its dorsal fold, applied to the involute convexity of the shell. c. Its free anterior marg,n. d. The orifice for the passage of the funnel. e. The convexity pro- duced by the ovarian gland. jf. The horny girdle for the adhesion of the mantle to the shell. g. The horny lamine cov- ering the extremity of the left shell-muscle. h. A portion of the shell, which was left adhering to this muscle, 7. The siphon. &. The funnel. J. Left lateral process of funnel. m. Left crus or pillar of funnel. 7. The hood. o0. Exterior digitations of the left side. 0’. The larger one, with a papil- lose surface like that of the hood. gp. Digital tentacles, pro- truded from their sheaths. g. The groove which separates the hood from the papillose digitation. 7. Ophthalmic tentacles. s. The eye. ¢. Itspeduncle. w. Inferior ridge or rudimentary eyelid. ». The ridge running from this to w. The pupil. x. Partitions of the chambers. y. The septal tubes which gives passage to the membranous siphon. z. The chamber of occupation. Plate 9. 1. Circulation of Sepia officinalis. Hunter, Cat. Mus. R. Coll. Sur- ROIS Wh ‘etn ASB Dood at oc COpoboo 2.6 oq0U gna m OAD OOnOOUe br. Branchie. abr. Branchial artery. 247. Branchial vein. 0». Origin of the stomachic veins. c. Heart. c¢/. Auri- cle. ao. Aorta. cbr. Branchial heart. oc. Vena cava. r. Renal organs. 38 Bia) 298 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURES. PAGE. 2. Branchie of Octopus. Cuvier, Mém. Moll. Céph., t. 2.......... mbyr. Branchial muscle. 047. Branchial vein. O67. Ar- terial nerve. vc. Vena cava. cbr. Branchial heart. aodvr. Branchial artery. 3. Heart of Octopus vulgaris. Cut open. Cuvier, ].c........... a. Aorta. 6. Auricle. c. Valve. d. Net-work of muscle. 4. Section of eye of Sepia officinalis. Hensen, Zeit. Wiss. Zool., VG Us c.g ache cusvevereielexsyave cians te eiaeeteae oer eee eronone me ier ee k. Cephalic cartilage. kk’. Eyelid cartilage. wk. White bodies. c. Cornea. ZL. Lens. A 7%. Argentea interna. A ¢. Ar- gentea externa. k Eye cartilage with the thick equatorial cartilage. ak Iris cartilage. g. Optic ganglion. Re. Retina externa, Ri. Retinainterna. p. Pigment. hy. Hyaloidea. c. Ciliary bodies. Eye and olfactory organ of Sepia. Zernoff, Bull. Soc. Moscow, or WOl) BOs tote DUP ls ced ake cogedyee > sy tc serepaeyersiepreree hel nOe eon eee 33 a. Olfactory organ. n. Olfactory nerve. }b. Eyeball. c¢. Op- tic ganglion. def. Principal ganglia of the brain. g. Ante- rior nerve of siphon. h. Nerves of the mantle ganglion. k. Sympathetic nerve. J. Nerves leading to the cephalic gan- glion and arms. m. Nerve of the eye. mn. Olfactory nerve. o. Kye cavity. p. Skin. Plate 10. Digestive organs, etc., of Nautilus Pompilius. From Owen, 1. c. i, A oie oo ere lpia d os bela bieaiehebe s etesstee maya: o Gietcraer stdin ane Cee ae a. The hood, or upper part of the oral sheath longitudinally divided. 6. Posterior lobes or angles of the hood. c. Poste- rior concavity of the hood. d. The ridge in the same. e. The cut-surface of the above parts. jf. Internal surface of the oral sheath. g. External labial processes. f. External labial ten- tacles 7. Internal labial processes. 4. Internal labial tenta- cles. 7. Olfactory lamine. m. The circular fringed lip, longitudinally divided. . Superior mandible. o. Inferior mandible. py. Muscular attachment of mandibles. g. The superior pair of muscles which retract the jaws. 7. The semi- circular muscle which protrudes the jaws, divided longitudi- nally. 8. The esophagus. ¢. The crop. wu. The narrow canal leading to v. The gizzard. w. The intestine. w’. The termi- nal fold of intestine drawn out of its situation. @. The anus. y. The laminated pancreatic bag. 2. The liver. 15. A branch of the anterior aorta, which ramifiesin the membrane connect- ing the two portions of the terminal fold of the intestine. 19. Continuation of the posterior aorta along the dorsal aspect of the crop. 20. Its bifurcation at the cesophagus, to form a vascular circle corresponding to the nervous circle round that tube. 21, 22. Arteries of the crop, gizzard, etc. Plate 11. 1. Venous system of Sepia officinalis. Chiaje, Mém. Anim. Invert., [Slicl! Bar anil anne See HHA Crt Ari on Gh inttoo go SiS On oc. Venacava. r. Renal organs. cv. Venous hearts. 2. Arterial system of Sepia officinalis. Chiaje, 1. c., t. 90.......... c. Heart. c¢’. Auricle. 67. Branchize. ao. Great aorta. 30 29 REFERENCE TO PLATES FIGURES, PAGE, 3. Venous system of Octopus vulgaris. Chiaje, 1. ¢., t. 87........ 35 sv. Sinus venosus. oc. Vena cava. rr. Renal organs. cv, Venous hearts. 07. Branchie. 4, Arterial system of Octopus vulgaris. Chiaje, 1. ¢., t. 88......... c. Heart. ce’. Auricles. ao. Great aorta. 47. Branchie. Plate 12. Nervous system of Ommastrephes todarus. Ventral face. Han- CockewAmms Wao IN iSte ecuS@ls eX musi wen LODO 45 te lepeuriel eae g». Visceral ganglion. op. Optic nerve. gp. Pedal gan- glion. gbs, ybz. Superior and inferior buccal ganglia. 6. Arm nerves. 2v. Visceral nerves. gst. Ganglion stellatum. npt. Fin nerves. n@. Gsophageal nerves. gve. Splanchnic ganglion. gw. Ganglion on the vena cava. gd7. Branchial ganglion. 67. Branchial nerves. ny. Nerves of the ink-bag and rectum. (Esophageal ring of the same, from the back. Hancock, l. c.... gc. Cerebral ganglion. op. Optic nerves. g p. Pedal gan- glion. }. Arm-nerves. g 6s. Superior buccal ganglion. DeELie same strom the Side). «scjp qereeiers Sova suslisitiasiae sleuspnvere wesieere ela oe Guillet. ¢7. Siphon nerves. of. Acoustic nerves. gv. Visceral ganglion. gp. Pedal ganglion. 6. Arm nerves. op. Ocular nerve. gc. Cerebral ganglion. 4. (Esophageal ring of Sepia officinalis, from the side. Garner, Trans. Linn “oc., xvii, t. 27 mb. Buccal mass. g) 7, 968. Inferior and superior buccal ganglia. gp. Pedal ganglion. g2.\ isceral ganglion. oe. Gullet. op. Optic nerve. ge. Cerebral ganglion. 5. The same from the back. Milne-Edwards in Cuvier’s Régn. PACINO eewtis, ily. Lao: TO Bie e oiorccs chee af eheysfave ie) cizisheiore ever nene neds References same as fig. vf 6. Auditory organ of Sepia officinalis. Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. — vo MOTO Mp tepals LOAN ies, 5 5.5 ats esc pcnouavetieuninetaponys aus -ja nieleishoreehere The cephalic cartilage, k, withdrawn to show the otolithic cavities. 7. Section of eye of an embryo Loligo. Kdélliker, Entwick. der Ceph., HORMEL EMD OU eet SSR ek im) wayieusaehd, ov co) hoi CoeaaR Ra a so a Pe Roe Rae oe I. Lens. vr. Retina. s. Sclerotica. 7. Ciliary bodies. tz. Iris. a. Outer skin. 8. Chromatophore from the skin of Sepia officinalis. Keferstein, |. Comal) Ost ben ist cevctey sce, sigue: o:ds Stss ss secs) SERIES CRI Re Renae slscaiee 9. Contracted chromatophore of the same. Keferstein, 1. c., f. 9... Plate 13. 1. Circulating and respiratory organs of Nautilus Pompilius. Owen, ess ts MR OCP EMU Fete SiN : 1. The great vein. 1’. ae orifices by which it communicates with the abdominal cavity. 2. The venous sinus. 3. Splanch- nic veins from the liver, ovate: gizzard, etc. 4, Origins of the branchial arteries. 5. Branchial arteries. 6. The follicles ap- pended to the branchial arteries. 7. Orifices by which they communicate with the branchial arteries, exposed on the left side (the parts being seen from the dorsal aspect). 8. The valve at the entry of the branchial artery into the gill, exposed in the right anterior vessel. 9. Cavity of the same artery, OF 32 32 99 on 30 33 6 . 6 a0 300 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURES. PAGE. where it is imbedded in 7, the muscular stem of the gill laid open. p. The larger branchia of the right side, showing the venous surface. p’. The same of the left side, showing the venous surface, g. The smaller branchize of the right side, showing the arterial surface, with 7, the fleshy skin entire, the dotted line indicating the passage of the branchial artery into it. gq’. The smaller branchia of the left side. s. The common stem of the branchiz, by which they adhere to the inner sur- face of the mantle. 10. The branchial veins. 11. The valves placed at their terminations in the ventricle. ¢ The ventricle or systemic heart. laid open. 12. The origin of the lesser aorta. 13. The artery of the giandular ovarian apparatus. 14. The siphonic artery. 15. The artery of the intestine. 16. The larger aorta. 16/. Its muscular origin or the continu- ation of the ventricle. 17. The valve at the extremity of this part. 2. . Alimentary canal. c. Ovary. 4d. Spotted membrane. ef. Double series of suckers. 7. Hectocotyle of the Argonaut, as figured by Costa. Actual size. » 30 38 38 38 Bt REFERENCE TO PLATES. 301 FIGURES, PAGE, 8. Hectocotyle of the Argonaut, enlarged nearly 20 times. a bd. Trunk. ¢. Terminal appendage. ef. The two tentacular cirri. l. Suckers. 7@. Cavity, divided into three or four compart- ments. « g. Chromatophores. 10. Hectocotyle of the Argonaut enlarged. a. Ventral bace with the suckers and the medial portion containing the muscular in- teguments. 6. Dorsal face. c¢. Anterior and d. Posterior side of the body. Appendages of the posterior side in nat- ural position. ff. Wee eats appendage. g. Dorsal crest. h. Opening at the extremity of the crest. 7. Spermatic capsule with the chromatophores. 11. The same, with the appendage detached from the spermatic capsule. References as in preceding figures. k. A part of the penis. 7. M2dian part of the body containing the muscular canal, 15. Hectocotyle of Tremoctopus enlarged. a. Anterior cupules. 6. Posterior cupules. d. Posterior part of body. ¢. Spermatic canal. jf. Spermatic mass. g. Penis. h. Sheath. 14. The same dorsal side. The references are the same. h. Chro- matophores. Plate 16 Hectocotylized Arms. From Claus, Archiv fur Naturg., i, t. 10; 1858... 20.0... s.c0:s00-000 Enoploteuthis, Owenii, Ver. Enoploteuthis Margaritifera, Riipp. Hectocolylized arm of Sepiola Rondeletii. First and second arms of a female Rossia dispar. Third left side arm of male Rossia dispar. Ah Ge Plate 17. 1,2. Male of Argonauta Argo. Miller, Zeit. Wiss. Zool., iv, t. 1.. In 2 the arm is enveloped in the sack, in 1 it is developed. Figures four times natural size. 3. Buccal membrane of female Sepioteuthis sepioidea, Bl., showing attachment of spermatophores. Steenstrup, Mem. Acad., Copenhag enievin Sens Xs 5 afta a) a soetscpaiaistons oieteleeteemescevetenetetera- 4. Buccal membrane of female Sepia aculeata, Hass. Steenstrup, 1. c. 5. Spermatophore of Sepia officinalis. Keferstein, 1. c., t. 122, f. 14, Mc pualilencih, make. os. Giese aan’ crepe ae een sere: 6. Anterior end of same, more enlarged. Keferstein, 1. ¢,, f. 16.... 7. The same, with the sperms pushed forward,....-.............. Sa sperms Olisames | Kefersteim) 1. %c.5 te Mel tolOy mre yeitcs cies cll el 9. Hectocolylized arm of Sczeurgus titanotus. Troschel, Archiv fiir ADO ts 6.4, \Od ds oc nce ec nea neeme mes Meas se s Saesvescs Plate 18. Structure of Hectocotyles. Verany and Vogt. Ann. Sc. Nat., 3d ser., xvii, t. 9.........-.e000. 27. A spermatophore of Tremoctopus Caren, extracted from its case. 28. Anterior extremity of the same. a. Transparent envelope. b. Ejaculatory cordon. c. Seminal cordon. 38 302 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURES. PAGE, 29. Posterior extremity of the ejaculatory (c), in continuation with the seminal (a) band. 6. Membrane of the spermatophore. d. Commencement of the spiral membrane. 30. A middle portion of the ejaculatory band. a. The envelope, in two layers. 6. The spiral membrane. 31. Anterior extremity of the spermatophore. 32. Extremity of the cup-portion of the hectocotylized arm, with the commencement of the lash and gopening of the sack. a. Lash. 6. Muscular band of the lash, continuing in the arm. c. Ganglion. d. Suckers. e, f. External and internal layers of the sack. 33. The vesicle opened to show the abnormal arm enrolled within it. Enlarged twice. 34. Anterior extremity of the lash. 35. A portion of the middle part of the lash, considerably enlarged. a. Central duct. 6. Walls of the muscular tube. c. Skin which envelopes the lash. d. Lateral cutaneous muscles. e. Cutaneous ducts. Plate 19. 1. Argonauta Argo eggs. Fer. and Orb., Céph. Arg., t. 1 ter., f. 2. 2. Group of egg cases of Loligo punctata, Les. Amn. Marine Con- ehOlOg ys blo, fo Meir eae le yin ete ete ee eerie eee 3. Egg cases of Octopus punctatus, Gabb. From specimens....... 4,5. Egg cases of Sepia officinalis. Fer. and Orb., Seiches, t. 3, Es Sy Bi Diedisicrwies aie sere arg Sa eye eta e Mie ereietele Se eTeR Re ere eaet aa ; Plate 20. 1,2. Mass of eggs and embryo of unknown cephalopod. Zeit. Wiss: Zool, XIV, Gi BOAO opere, ici Medit-5t, 97 220.... 2.2 os. nscass c- 114 9. O. rugosus, Bose. O. granulatus, Lam. Fer. and d’Orb., Gata bel: 255 states at lc. Ua::s. | aiahle + « Aes ee eRe e ss Se 116 10. O. brevipes, d’Orb. Céphal., Wo We Msmilieee tates cate paecctaraye creeisns lorsiave. = 119 i OF horridus, ** baits SALON cath cy Maung 119 Plate 26. eee Onaculeavus..d: Orbres Céphallesetioii ten Were erate et. ee 137 108. AL Koehiana, Dunker;’) JNovit; 'Coneh.;, ty fs 15. «:-exns.'s = 137 39 306 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURES PAGE 109, 110. sc laa c cir 6 sie oe 149 Plate 60. 194,195. L. Hartingii, Verrill. Harting. Trans. Amsterd. Akad., t. 1, f. 3, 6. Beak and! sucker actual! size.............. 149 196. Loliolus typus, Steenstrup. Ann. Mag. N. H., 2 ser., xx, RODS) 5M Orehicas Mare pions Sle.cloitors orien toc Gernot teen eI SoE 150 197. L. affinis. Thid., UNOS See Orato crane etnias cietare reece ere ela Sie Wale eo 151 Plate 61. 198-200. Se ae lunulata (— Guinensis). Fer. and Orb. t. 3, bd ASO Uae ODO ome AOC OD OOO Doo Son oe SHO ZOMmOunS 151 201-204. 8. mee _Quoy. Fer. and d’Orb., Céph., tie (Gp aks ig EL POF tier ipiley.) crave "al Spaudvecsstssrayehiva eral do bretore ackrent exer le ea 151 205. 8S. Australis, ‘a’ Orb. MONI Vive siott eat pORe Seeset = carat Her Avs 151 208, 209: S. Mauritiana, Quoy. Fer. and d’Orb., t.5.......:...... 152 Plate 62. 2065) 6. Maunitiana, Quoy- Her) andid?Orbiy tb5. oe ees 152 211. SS. arctipinnis, Gould. Moll. U. 8. Expel. Exped., f. 598.. ... 152 ides Sa uessoniana,, Her. and’ d’ Orb.) (Cépheit. die ems cee ac ss - 152 214. §. Loliginiformis, Leuk. Ibid., t. 4, Eby Pte ope ac oaee 152 Plate 63. PAs) Pzoepioidea,’ Blainv. budl; tim, Go... ) t-.oecnaceeeeeeete 163 255. L. cyclura, J.es. (Leachii). Fer. and d’Orb., Céph., t. 1. f. 1.. 168 2005, Le chrysophalmosy Wale Gialesit) eee lore sss teal eplcges erence ener 164 Pol. lu Zyewena, Verany. Céphs, eVedite,) i140) tan Operon ee tees 164 208, 209.) due vermicolarish (vue) sores et. Osis Dictate 164 Plate 70. 259-264. L. guttata, Grant. D’ Orb; Noll Vive, sts23, 0s ol eer: and WM Orb., bs. 34 enti: fees ati te ele hen aol eee EEE eee 164 265-271. Chiroteuthis, Veranyi: Ubid. 1%. 24°c50 7.4 ae eee eee 165 272, 273. C. Bonplandii, Vérany. Mém. Acad. Turin., t. 1......... 166 Plate 71. 274-280. Histioteuthis Bonelliana, Fer. D’Orb.. Moll. ae t. 25... 166 281. oe oy Marg Céph. Medit., t.19.... 166 282. § Rippellii.. bids ti: 20s see... cee eee 166 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 309 FIGURES, PAGE. Plate 72. 283, 284. Histioteuthis Riippellii, Ver. Ihbid., t. 20................ 166 285-287. Thysanoteuthis rhombus, Troschel. Archiv fiir Naturg., LOR SDT 5 oct Ween EL ictare late diet = ctolal N oleuseaia a pteveuslis 167 mabmcous ok welegams., UDI Medeor selec ice Sie Kealigeecee warn. 167 Plate 73. 290. Gonatus amcena, Moller. Adams’ Genera, t. 4. f. 2 291-294. Onychoteuthis Banksii, Leach. D’Orb., Moll. Viv., t. 26.. 168 295-297. O. Lichtensteinii, Fer. and Orb. Verany, Céph. Médit., Tosa chain miata: ors oer ea ara teteeatee atacel eh iohes vote ga. e, aye nielayes> #10 be a+ Sie 169 Roe cooe Oy Mrobnit.«" Tbidey Geeon. odes nse ss use occa se ose 5 tees 169 Plate 74. 300, 301. O. Dussumieri. Fer. and d’Orb., Céph., t. 13, f. 1, 2..... 169 302. O. rutilus, Gould. Moll. Wilkes’ Exped., ODO Pres rercterensie risvele ss 169 SUos nO. Drevimatias, Gould. [bids fi O908 siecictcccicccls cig wed aches 170 304, 305. O. equimanus, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, t. 2... .... 176 Plate 75. 306, 3807. Onychia Caribea, Les. Fer. and d’Orb., Céph., t. 10, Beers dane: cs ue Ae OE NO a wo abs cheese al cial ska dae SoS S 171 308, 309. O. peratiptera. Tid rome te Ok veytasyey ce terechor terest cnet 171 310. O. platiptera \— peratiptera), Orb. Woy. Am., t. 3, f. 8, 1885. 171 311-315. Enoploteuthis Smithsii, Leach (leptura). D’Orb., Moll. IVs: D2) 5 2:3 oo Rete RS erate ra te ws Biop ucaeiae oc 3 172 316, 317. E. margaritifera, Ruppell. Vérany, Céph. Médit., t. 30, ee WE: MMe a chats ajaracn ot tens Sen iN ae a ascig are eaters a at 4, 35.6115, ee 172 Plate 76. 318, 319. E. Veranyi, Riippell. Vérany, Ceph. Medit., t. 30, f. B.. 173 320- aoe B Owen, Verany. Ubid,,,t.. 80; fo su... does jan Grease 1738 328-327. E. armata. Quoy and Gaim. , Voy. Astrolabe, iy eos oooe 173 Plate 77. 328, 329. E. Morrisii, Vérany. Mem. Acad. Turin., 2 ser., i, Us ome ellie: 300, d31. KE. Lesueurii. Fer. and d’Orb., Céph., t. 11, f. 1, 2....... 174 332. E. polyonyx, Troschel. Archiv fiir Naturg., t. 4, if. 9, 1857. aa LYS 333-33). E. Kamschatica, Middendorff. T. 12, oe il, 2) OES as Tan. 174 336, 337. Verania Sicula, R. and K. Vérany, Céph. Medit., t. 28... 174 388. Plesioteuthis prisca, Wagner. Keferstein, t. 180, f. 7......... 175 339, 340. Celzeno conica, Wagener. Didi: clots tocar deen ne-cyeci-- 175 Plate 78. 341. Ommastrephes sagittatus, Lam. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. MOM ste Sikes oe ee rae hare cistern See eee ae chet eaet Res 177 342. Ommastrephes sagittatus (illecebrosa). Tryon’s Am. Marine COED. te 2; fe") totais Aue ae ta ame Me ek onde seal es ily(iy 345. Ommastrephes sagittatus. Vérany, Céph. Medit., t. 32. ..... 177 pas. ~O2Comdetii, Verany. Tbid., t. 36, °f as C2 see .c< «a oe cat's 178 300. O. Pillee (= equipoda). Ibid., t. 36, EMG Poe cor woe Salers citer 178 352. O.-equipoda, Riippell. Ibid., "t. BA, f. WM... eee e eee eee eee ees 178 393. O.todarus, Chiaje. Ibid., t. Sol SHAR ELL O4/) 4. cee as 173 310 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURES. PAGE. Plate 79. 348. O. sagittatus, Lam. Tryon’s Am. Mar. Conch., t. 2, f. 7...... 177 344, OS COTA MICO Wabyay ys WB eS eos oonpcoode: = 177 346. a Weérany, CéphaiMeditistascaemencneeee eerie er 177 347. O.crassus, Lafont. Linn. Soc. Bord., ae 2 Gsdis HES RRM de whale 178 349: ©; Coindetii. Verany,, ‘Céph. Medit. t. 86552 .-4--4.45-e eee 178 301. O. Pilla (= O. equipoda). age t: 36... Aion baba hae Grea nee Recent 178 oo4. -'O- todarus; (Chiajes VUbidy. tio85- eee aecin «acheter 179 355, 356. O. todarus, d’Orb. ‘oli. Viv., t. 19.. ETE Ta OG C 179 Plate 80. 307-360. O. gigas. D’Orb., Voy. Am. Merid., t. 4. (Beaks actual size.) 179 361, 362. O. Bartramii, Les. Tryon, Am. Mar. Conch., t. 2, f. 8... 180 363-365. O. Pironneaui (equipoda). Souleyet, t. 2, f. 1, 3, 5...... 178 306; 501. Os Louchardin(Coinde tin) sme lbIde mts cp ete On lia reer rnee 178 Plate 81. 368. O. Oualaniensis, Less. (Yanikorensis). Fer. and d’Orb. Céph., | a er eee tPA Re rainy oho te § 50 64 180 369-371. O. insignis, Gould. Moll. Wilkes’ Exped., f. 594.......... 181 die, ols. O; Dryonii, Gabb. Proc AiN. Ss Philads1862e ee see 180 376. O. laticeps, Owen. Trans. Zool. Soc., ii, t. 21, f. 6, 1836...... 182 Plate 82. 374. ©: pelagicus, Bosc. Fer. and d’Orb.Céph., t. 18) f. Lis cer 181 375. O. perlucida (— laticeps). Rang, Guerin’s Mag. t. 94, 1837... 182 sia. O; Bianconii, pVerany, Ceph. Medit. sto4.ctuleee ee eee 182 378. Architeuthis Mouchezi, Vélain. Archiv. Zool. 13b:9 SSE SoWeo oor 184 Plate 83. 379. A. monachus, Steenstrup. Verrill, Am. Naturalist, ix........ 184 Plate 84. 380-385. A. monachus, Ibid. All actual size except f. 380.......... 184 Plate 85. 386, 887. A.princeps. Verrill, Am. Naturalist, ix. (Actual size).... 185 Plate 86. 388. 210 483, 484. Gonioceras anceps, Hall. Chenu, Man. i, f. 215.......... 210 485. Colpoceras virgatum, Hall. 3d Rep. Regents N. Y. Univer., thie By Hs Dg chaicena ies save iad ee partuae Ue ae og ene te Gh lo, vale Sere pee 210 486. Piloceras (after Salter). Woodward, ed. 2, suppl., f. 6........ 211 487. Cyrtoceras acuticostatum, Sandb. Chenu, Mamta tec Sonriner 211 488. Oncoceras constrictum, Hall. Chenu, Man. i, f. 960.) oe 211 489. Gomphoceras pyriforme, Murchison. Silur. Syst., t. 8, f.19... 211 490. * Bohemicum, Barr. Woodward, Man. ed. 2, f. 47. 211 491. Sycoceras orthogaster, Sandb. Chenu, Man. i, f. 253 ........ 212 492. Ascoceras Bohemicuin, Barr. Keferstein, t. 132, f. 1.......... 212 493. Phragmoceras ventricosum, Murchison. Keferstein, t. 182, f.17. 212 496. Nothoceras Bohemicum. Barr. Keferstein, t. 132, f. 24....... 213 Plate 98. 494. Phragmoceras callistoma, Barr. Woodward, ed. 2, f. 48...... 212 495. Gyroceras Goldfussii, d’Arch. Keferstein, t. 152, ¢ Ql ewce hme 212 496 a. Nothoceras Bohemicum, Barr. Keferstein, t. 132, £. Qos cioer. 213 497. lLituites simplex, Barr. Keferstein, t. 132, f. 22.......-...--- 213 498. Pteronautilus Seebachianus, Geinitz. Dyas, t. 11, f. 70...... 214 499. Clymenia undulata, Minst. Keferstein, t. 133, f. 1........... 214 500, 501. Subclymenia evoluta Orb. Phil.Chenu, Man. i, f. 270, 271. 214 502. Aturia ziczac, § Sowb. Woodward, Man., ed. 2, t. 2, f.12...... 216 RUB ae ss Kefersteiny 525 fo 25) 22. oe one esi ies 216 503. Temnochilus biangulatus, Sowb. Min. Conch. ., t. 458, f. 2 217 504 a, b. Trematodiscus trisulcatus, Meek and Worthen. Geol. Tlli- NOS. 9S ts 14, Ee Cee ue seen ceenetatto eles eerie 217 504. Cryptoceras subtuberculatus, Orb. Chenu, Mam ijt ctAen eer 217 REFERENCE TO PLATES. oles FIGURES. PAGE. Plate 99. 506. Nautilus. Ideal representation of animal expanded. (Lovén.) RVEGOCLVAUL Ge C Olea ate Ol (tememetet sent fotet evolve Cf eieicte clleucta cteroisis) slaiere 215 507. Nautilus Pompilius, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch, ii, t. 97, f. 1. 215 508. ae te Section showing chambers, septa and Sijoliverm, Teen) Meo, Val, tia 2! Gabbe dono doeu cue pmooocdoenc 215 509. Nautilus stenomphalus, Sowb. (? Pompilius). Sowb. Thes. Groeten whiny Oase toreemeeeNe Kener cvesese) asa srenchtpe,everers/srcltsto ole) saleversisiave:e 216 510. Nautilus macromphalus, Sowb. Ibid., t. 98, f. 4.............. 216 Rill, INGMiinS mio ieApss Isat, Mocs nie CeHbe Yeo gecodnas cea ¢ 216 Plate 100. 512. Goniatites Henslowi, Sowb. Woodward, Man., ed. 2, t.3, f. 1. 221 518, 514. lhabdoceras Suessii, Hauer. Halst., t. 2, f. 9. 16..... 219, 245 515. Bactrites gracilis, Sandb. Keferstein, t. 136, f. 1............. 219 516. Ceratites nodosus, Brug. Woodward, Man., ed. 2, t. 3, f. 2... 221 517. Baculina arcuaria, Quenst. Chenu, Man. i, f. 309......... 219, 259 518, 519. Cochloceras Fischeri, Hauer. Halst., t. 2, f. 17, 21....220, 245 520. Clydonites costatus, Hauer. Woodward, Supp., f. 9.......... 222 521. is delphinocephalus, Hauer. Woodward, Supp., f. 10 6. 222 522. Crioceras cristatum, Orb. Woodward, Man., ed. 2, t. 3, f. 8..228, 264 523. Baculites anceps, Lam. Woodward Man., ed. 2, t. 3, f. 12.... 218 524. ee pHoikoriclIs Ono, Crain, ty Ustsiqtig Wiles eo geno0caagcor 218 525, Toxoceras bituberculatus, Orb. Cret., t. 116, f. 8........-... 219 526. Anucyloceras spinigerum, Sby. Woodward, ed. 2, t. 3, f. 10.... 220 527. Scaphites equalis, Sowb. Woodward, ed. 2, t. 3, f. 9......... 220 528. Anisoceras Saussureanus, Pictet. Chenu, Man. i, f. 406....... 220 Plate 101. Deon eLlelicocerassleillemxit, Orbs itis beeco4, leeds ec: anes 2 cerersis 223 joe se hummlitesrcostatus, Orb. | Cret.j it. [40s to ie yes «cle «1s ol oe =I 223 O31. of BoblayiOrb: | Chenus Many te Ai eycte ies elses 223 532. Heteroceras Emericii, Orb. Jour. Conch., ii, t. 3, f. 1, 1851..223, 265 583 Hamites attenuatus, Sowb. Woodward, Man. ed., 2, t. 3, f. 15.. 219 534. & cylindraceus, Defr. Woodward ed., 2, f. 65........ 219 535. Hamulina trinodosa, Orb. Chenu, Man. i, f. 409............ 219 536. Ptychoceras Emericianus, Orb. Cret., t. 187, f. 1............. 220 537. Ammonites obtusus. Keferstein, t. 184, f. 1.................- 224 538, 539. *° iilMlowehnise Ody, ditims thls is Mo Yn Gos ncoanea 224, 229 Plate 102. 540, 541. Ammonites annulatus, Sowb. Chenu, Man. i, f. 383, 384. 224, 230, 257 542, 543. a6 ligatus, Oib. Chenu, Man. i, f. 381, 382. .224, 256 544, 545. « heterophyllus, Orb. Jur., t. 109.......... 224, 229 546, 547. oe capricornus, Schloth. Chenu, Man. i, f. 375, Ey, Oar Cera A Ate ine Oe Ieee eee 224 548, 549. ce longispinus, Sowb. Chenu, Man. i, f. 370, 371. 224, 266 550, 551. oc Blagdeni, Sowb. Chenu, Man. i, f. 385, 386. 224, 257 552, 5538. ot Beaumontianus, Orb. Chenu, Man. i, f. 368, EMO! iind BE tisha es Perse ool ois deattS and caret eis 224 40 314 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURES. PAGE. Plate 103. 504, 555. Ammonites mamillaris Schloth. Chenu, Man. i, f. 362, OSs, rateacareien oe restan dss ota one ee 556. ae bifrons, Brug “Woodward, Man. ed.. 2, t. 3, Go Beate. 3 cre Seer force ae or 234, 254 557. os bisulcatus, Brug. Woodward, t. 3, f. 7. 224, 227 558, 559. es serpentinus, Schloth. Chenu, Man. i f 346, QA Ie era nee Ree eee cee 224, 234, 254 560. ee cristatus; Deluc. Chenu, Man. i, f. 348...224, 244 561, 562. Ks cordatus, Sowb. Chenu, Man. i, f. 355, 356 . 225 563. ad rothomagensis, Brongn. Woodward, t. 3, f. 4. 225, 263 564, &s Metternichii, Hauer. MHalst., t. 3, f. 1.....225, 242 565-567. Ammonites. 2. Dorsal lobe. £. Superior lateral lobes. LL’. Inferior lateral lobes. V. Ventral lobe. YV’. Its arms. SS. Saddle. a. Auxiliary lobes. ad. Dorsal sad- dle. 7. Lateral saddles. »v. Ventral saddle. Chenu, Manual if. 336-3402 «21/250: sein tei-tonele ee rele ere ae 224 Plate 104. 568 570. Ammonites. Explanations as above. Chenu, Man....... 224 571, 572. Tisoa siphonalis, Marcel de Serres. Chenu, Man i, f. 210, QM Lire conte e bielenic ace ebegere Spe celeee chet ISTE pC ye eee eee 210 573. Trigonellites lamellosus, Parkinson. Woodward, Man. ed. 2, fe AQ ie Bw ata aoe ecu y sce Re ele IG rssh eh harks ate eee 269 574. Trigonellites, associated with an Ammonite. Chenu, Man. i, 0 ee en EO ERR OS OA MA MAO AOR t Ao Sica Sa 09 575 a. Trigonellites latus, Brown. Chenu Manuel i, f. 108........ 269 575, 576. Anaptychus. Keferstein, t: 130i 2iy 224s sore ein 269 577. Rhyncholites Astieriana, Orb. Chenu. Man. :1,'4. 1 25:7 tients 269 578. Conchorhyncus avirostris, Bronn. Ibid., f.121............... 269 579. Ge Owenit.,. Thid-, fo 122 os cstas ale eee eee 269 580, 581. Peltarion bilobatum, Desl. Woodward Man. ed. 2, suppl., Lee LVracresay 5s diaile ove iagensiduaels ed oon Ugh Sis Se eI te eee 270 Plate 105. 582, 583. Rossia glaucopis, Lov. Sars. Moll. Norv., t. 32, f. 1, 4.... 159 584, Ege cases of Sepioteuthis. . ?Specimen. <5... 24. one a eee 45 585. Spirula australis, Lam. (= Peronii). Owen, Ann. Mag. N. Hist... biS@r., Vtjo tis, Vy Pe Sige acetote ew ielere a orate vs sine neeeoeere 205 Terminal disk (a }) and appendages (a c), with ends of terminal lobes (¢ c) of the mantle, and exposed parts of outer whorl of shell (hh). 586. Mortoniceras Texanus, Roemer. Kreideb. Texas, t. 3, f. 1 ¢.... 237 587. Clinoceras dens, Mascke. Zeit. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell, xxviii, ae Digs eee Re Pee eee a ICT Mick icicholc In Sao eae .c coc oce 210 588. Placenticeras placenta, De Kay. Meek, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 3b a ee a ee OAS A ere Geo rien nc.G 0.0.00 238 589. Ptiloteuthis foliatus, Gabb. Pal. Calif., ii, t. 19, f. 4.......... 155 590, 591. Trachyceras Whitneyi, Gabb. Meek, Pal. King’s Surv., 20th par. giv te. TLE Sie Cr ese ae vin a eee 235 592, 593. Gymnotoceras rotelliforme, Meek. Ibid., t. 10, f. 9, 9a... 235 REFERENCE TO PLATES. Bs lt) FIGURES. PAGE. Plate 106. 594. Acrochordyceras Hyatti. Meek. Ibid., t. 11, f. : bra ey, COO 595, 596. Entomoceras Laubei, Meek. Ibid.. t. 10, f 8, 6 ee 235 597, 598. Eudiscoceras Gabbi, Meek. Ibid, t.11,f.4,4a......... 23 599, 600. Coroceras ellipticus, Hauer. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss., xli, t. 5, famillon Loe Sapecryce eee operas felvistsscehaht cian etererdpeccvaralas 236 601, 602. Prionocyclus Woolgari, Meek. Pal. King’s Surv., iv, t. 7, IRC HAUS No Gil Seras 6.5.0 UG 0oe OD OD BONO ae Mee EI CIC einer 238 603, 604, Psiloceras psilonotum, Quenst. Die C eph. By is Byatt Ith (5 ly ee 605, 606. Arnioceras Kridion, d’Orb. Terr. Jur., i, t. 51,1. 1. 2...226, 253 607, 609, 611. 612, 614, 616, 618. 619, 621, 622 624, Plate 107. 608. Discoceras ophioides, d’Orb. Terr. Jur., t. 64, f. 3, 4. .227, 253 610. Microceras biferum, Queenst. Jura, t. 13, f. 11, 13...228, 252 Weroceras Ziphius,. Ziet. wWbbideyta les f. Ay OOS. acta cece clelciele re 229 6138. Ophioceras torus, d’Orb. Terr. Jur., t. 53, f.1,2 ...... 227 615. Asteroceras obtusus, Sowb. Ibid., t. 44, f. 1, 2....... 227, 253 617. Androgynoceras hybridum, Hyatt. Orb., ibid., t. 85, f. 1, 2. 228 Liparoceras Henleyi, Sowb. Bronn, Lethea., t. 23, f. 7 a. 228, 246 62). Cceloceras centaurus d’Orb. Terr. Jur., t. 76, f. 3, 4..... 230 Lobites delphinocephalus, Hauer. Mojs. Gebirge, Hallst., t. 69, Leu OE Paes ectcreveken sie eras eh snet alerts erer cis sie ticle ei) Suwteualsvenet one’s . 241 Plate 108. . 623. Peronoceras muticus, d’Orb. Terr. Jur., t. 80, f. 1, 2..... 229 625. Hamatoceras insignis, Schloth. Orb., ibid., t. 112, f. 1, 2. 231 626, Platypleuroceras latecosta Sowb. Quenst. Ceph, t. 4, = 1% ¢. 23 627, 628. Tropidoceras Actzeon, d’Orb. Terr. Jur., t. 61, f. dp 2..233, 254 629, 630. Agassiceras Scipionianus, d’Orb. Ibid., e D1. f. ic 8. 236, 253 631, 652. Arcestes tornatus, Bronn. Mojs. Gebirge Hallst., ti. 98, He eA se Obata pezes aha ual aie: sucr sve) cvesakarayeversvale cloner te toulaieve erecernckeretaets 239 Plate 109. 633, 634. Pleuroceras spinatus, Brug. Pee Orb:, Terr: Jur., t. 52, PRU ae Oe ce ia aSe os rdise Me tes Sod rescue rote OS eRe tehe rome ee eee 232 635, 636. Amaltheus margaritatus, d’Orb. Ibid., t. 67, f. 1, 2..232, 244 637, 638. Didymites angustilobatus, Hauer. Mojs. Gebirge Hallst., (5 0, at) Alles come Nepet AEP Ae, 6b n.c hd eo tice eee OMe 240 639, 640. Lobites ellipticus, Hauer. Mojs. ibid., t. 68, f. 17 a, b.... 241 641, 642. Trachyceras bicrenatus, Hauer. Ceph., t. 9, f. 6, 7....... 245 Plate 110. 642, 643. Cycloceras Valdani, d’Orb. Terr. Sur., t. 71, f. 1, 2...... 2838 644, 645. Leioceras complanatus, Brug. Orb., Terr. Jur., t. tid! 234 646, 648, 650. 651, 647. Lytoceras Moreleti, Hauer. Mojs. Gebirge Hallst., t. 16, f.2. 246 C49 Ehylloceras occultum Moist) Wbid- ute ln ts De sess e eee 251 Oppelia subradiata, Sowb. Min. Conch., v., t. 421, f. 2....... 254 652. Sageceras Haidingeri, Hauer. Mojs., 1. c., t. 24, f. 1..... 242 316 FIGURES, 658, 654. 655-697. 658, 659. 660, 661. 662, 663. 664, 665. 666, 667, 668, 669. 670, 671. REFERENCE TO PLATES. PAGE, Plate 111. Oxynoticeras Guibalianum, d’Orb. Terr. Jur., t. 73, f. Tropites Ramsaueri, Quenst. Hauer Ceph., t. 8, f. 1, Oleostephanus Bhawani, Stol. Pal. Indica, i. t 69, f. 4 Cosmoceras Calloviense, d’Orb. Terr. Jur., t. 162, f. 10, 1 Ike Plate 112. Perisphinctes arbustigerus, d’Orb. Terr. Jur., t. 143, f. 1, 2. Stoliczkaia dispansstol.. ebaleinads, i itso, fe) lee ee Peltoceras Arduennense, d’Orb. Terr. Jur., t 185, f. 4, 5. Hoplites archiacianus, d’Orb. Terr. Cret., t. 70, f.1, 2... Simoceras Jooraensis, Waagen. Pal. Indica, ix, t. 51, f. 4. 237 245 261 258 260 264 266 263 267 CEPHALOPODA. POATE CEPILALOPODA. PLATE 2. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 3. 5455 4. \TE PL, CEPHALOPODA. 2 Fe EH asses “QD ae ZLOTY ae Z, Ee === SS ee IISA ISAS ISI AAGILISSA ‘6 ; y [= mS tee Tee MoS VanucccnTicesun bh» sscesgpitnieies = a 9 Hoty te ~ PLATE 6. CEPHALOPODA. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE vb Z| He WS Y jeg |) pe ANG ay fl ( 4 hee \% 4 ¥ — UE 2 | opal pun Owe. : Sy AM Ni NSS j\O“ As, + -- ~ . \ ‘cb lr i ath an vi NO 3 vl Sina ~c Li ES L; i) hr vc / Ht /') if SV il) * f « { seu \ | (LR Wh \\ /: ‘ | », il ' ] PLATE 8. CEPHALOPODA, CEPHALOPODA. > me Ce V PLATE CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 10. PLATE: 11. CEPHALOPODA. tr OU be, Nahe a CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 12. PLATE 15 CEPHALOPODA.: ) AAS TE ‘ie i: fig. 14, PLATE CEPHALOPODA. = Aa ss ——— ~ SOQ S Aa Z a, SS Ail ZY Yp A Ww PLATE 1 CEPHALOPODA. Witen ga nt PAPO OA IISO TI NaF ok SAD IHEA AIR co SEs. easel x + capmoo OOD a OS oer TTOoN GNSS ae, ir oe ae! ae ote HSA SRID AINSI AI 16, PLATE CEPHALOPODA. CEPHALOPODA PLATE 17. EN rae te an =) Hast b ay ae? « Jal ray Lae) CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 18. py EK uu AQ ne HMM ey it : : ae aensSenaieiy eg PIT TT i a y 1) Oe zh i a ky Of i. \ 0 - a 15 i eos fd meant oa Se iy an vd i J 7 1 ene ia i | uf : iv \ . s : j x \ I . 4 fi | ee aie " ' L 6 *. ' } ad ¥* a rf) 4 Ls t 7 , a al cor @ att a ; F e uu a ia y oP a as oe Mule. 1, on > oOo ad - 7 CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 19 5 Ape 4 Ny aL J % Ss; ny, Sy Mw SASS) 4 es ae —— SAN i be) Z Wes SSS Sis Seine Ss Os, Yj; a MIX Wii eMC eke sO Tir (an) SLOT TIL] Ty” fy} ( fe Ly We j Uy i" aa, A i, YY) \- | "s } jj \ AY “4 ; i Hee fi! ) (in Atl aa ott Y Wy TET IELLILLLLL WLLL. CLAD MEAL Lae CEPHALOPODA. 2 ( “if a ee St U/ Wika Pe eee : gw, a OZ HAA lian REE { CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 21. LI CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 22. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 23. 1 bf CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 24, - . : ’ . 6 x 7 * _ | . ’ \ J - ‘ a * 1 ‘ CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 25, CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 26. IN PANS 4 Bi CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 27. a ' CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 28. yy " CEPHALOPODA PLATE jae LLL af 3s 30. TE 3 PLA DA. OPO HAL CEP S) © % >) .) in Mivy Wi oO ew i ”y ¢ ae @ “~ + | ~ 1 mat in = = E = ‘ a = = 3 + 7 n = , oe - . age i 5 ~ ana _—" is - 7 a 4 * . 7 i E _ : 23 - i ’ ‘ CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 81. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 33. CEPHALOPODA. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 34. . CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 35. yy A {avis \ 1) ee G {\ ‘i WA CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 36. % z WS S z z= = ce = = = = CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 37. - * ' >. “ ~ » ve x ~ . ” : . ca : ef =i ~ a : = « ° Pm s + ‘ : 7 m4 . t = = fee = CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 38. 39. PLATE CEPHALOPODA. CEPHALOPODA. SES = = a 2 - es Sioa -. Dee Aya poopnne 2. = hE Ze - 4 —————/ ae ie. = = SSS SS — = SSS ee SG LS —— Pea NTRS = 2 CEPITALOPODA PLATE 4} ONO OS 7 hd o PLATE 42 CEPHALOPODA. SiH Di) DN) a: é . ; , 45. 7 4 PLATE CEPHALOPODA. 1 iw CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 44. Lf ordee N Uy 5 ty . ¥ a ‘ - CEPHALOPODA, PLATE 45. i a ial: CEPITALOPODA. PLATE 46. eng . al iy ‘ MLS ig ly =m Y jin 4 =— NN ZZ —S> ~ = ZE ==) Bee PLATE 47. iii Wha, ey ey papi HAN \ \\ RNS \\ MAN { \ \ \\ \ H \\\ AN AN WS SS A\\ \ W\ XX \ NaN MANY eee eee Yer, iy eagle Wi rt 3 vy N yh CM? Ni NA \ NS N NS \! \ De DA \ SANS SA S y AAAS \ W PLATE 48. CEPHALOPODA. eo) \\\\ . \ \ SANS. HF CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 49. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 50. Se = Nas ° bs! | Ay (Cre HE 4 | : \\ \\ NG elf PLATE 651. CEPHALOPODA. - ope Annan DK | ee ee) as Sw ‘ b se 4 4 i if \" j —_— x ; é } » f « . . a. ro co@y Tr aes CHPHALOPODA., PLATE 52. PLATE 53. Sy See \\s\ CEPHALOPODA. CEPHALUPODA. PLATE 54 oe (Oo oe owowors Xs) (XK) QQ. Cyr ray ee = RIRICR Ree SN ae iP ae xi “Zi ae, \ \ f if N } N Kf N 4 ZZ ee Ra Ya =~ . ~ CEPHALOPODA SA e es SS PLATE 56. es AE OFA erga tye, 169 i ee, CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 56. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 57 Jt. CEPHALOPODA. 2555 ’ PLATE 58. ~~ SSS Ss SS SS = LL_ZZ 2 : SSS — ES at ! fi) et ra 5 ive ja oP) et o> eel RL oid f ae y Ve Came GOA | ‘ « LJ lee wea. b 4 3 i th Mah 1 bee ail : ey fi Lite i a : : : ai ; = ti é ; ’ Eig Leek wes ope y : Ty ‘ad Trt f 7 ; ee tits { 4Q rs ~ ‘ Md a ee ‘ n ¥ o hey Peas’ f ni * 4 F z ‘ Hi a “) i] us as ; s v4 ’ t ‘ ‘ ° 1 an | ‘ . rAak Fa! j \ ‘ i ' ite yt > ‘ 9) * 3 fa ib ‘ ‘4 - : * ant y + f, ‘ at ay 4 i ? : ; , 59. PLATE CEPHALOPODA. Serie ee a) Soe. WY I ok aS a a ‘ \ ) ee ee LE Pr ss oa ‘ = eS eee 2S = ») ees SAAassg7, op “\ Sa aos a eee ee ea SS —, Pe SN SA —— Sa MS eA) oe ee = 2S SESS — Z are Ss < SDS ae in ae Hy, Ge EE: a a a —— es —. SH = \ = Si ak My oi Peas — ates = = LESS je Maas 5 = aw 7 A FP Se " i) . \ AY AY \ »\ x \ 1’ \ V \Y \ \\ NAN AANNAAY Re YY NN \\ ) N\\ \ x \ \\ \ v4 \ \ \ . : ake *. >). M% r (ts > : . +\\ NY) ols “y \\ ; aan) / Wh \) PLATE 60. CEPHALOPODA. 196 CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 61. y my bl a rie | », Ee aoe > Neem in. i on 7 = " + heed mn a7 ier Te 1 ah Dare _ Si iw CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 66. SSS SS S SSS SSS CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 66. Hy! USS oN [ £5650" .0 CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 67. or IA) — CEPHALOPODA PLATE 63. PLATE 69. CEPHALOPODA. Fl #h uy CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 70. be CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 71. Sh ) yy? LEZ 5, 2 =X AN aS 276 PLATE 72. CEPHALOPODA. te me CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 73. LZ ZZEEZTTZE-EZ ae. Vy iy C2 a vee. SS APA POOP pee eS SSS SS ar SSS mee === ie : 4, ‘ A ee VO as a 5) oe ety ry ile he “ant : CEPHALOPODA PLATE 74. H Mi ea Ui YP i} CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 75. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 76. we . pee CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 77. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 738. ean CEPHALOPODA, PLATE 79. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 80. HZ, @= ZB = = arya LOTTA LUG: GS! ids, waa AS MLL i POCE CEPHALOPODA. Tene yaa 81. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 82. i tr a ela Rye + Tse EU a 83. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 84. ¥) PLATE 85. Ol ead tS ‘, Uf p!24 LET ‘ 7; OS ) : WW \ E> CEPHALOPODA. __.. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 86. es, i ———= ————— ji \\ i — — 4G Ef os EAA << = Sats = SS “ [o 3} co = 1 Mh 1 (Ame iN) es SSS Ze= ——— SSS i) rec eas ) »)) nS Lt he s dy 4 — Sa i = = Lo tedetes =~, S ys CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 87. SS ee = See Foo pa AN\) ye AY) AY PLATE 88. TiLLii) Lee (Lo lf CEPHALOPODA. 4 PLATE 89. i wi, Wa : ae. ; ea ‘ f j ‘ : 7 a CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 90: . CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 91. SSS SSS ~ WV SSNS QQ NSS Y CEPHALOPODA. PLATE NN Ss NEY ANUS NAN ge Din . pe run 7 x , i bay ra =. pe pip PLATE 99. CEPHALOPODA, CEPHALOPODA PLATE 100, ih Ki a S Ly = 7 101. CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 102. ———$ SM MUU SSI ee i =— rs = = \) ‘< \ 5 VS GY mite “ane SS 2S : Sa WSs iQ WA 444 AZ fit aha CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 103 = "| if eS \\\ , 4 ZB, a= US, AU CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 104 CEPHALOPODA. PLATE 105. re Se ao Tale Sc wad, ae CEPHALOPODA AWW A Wy, Saag Cy Y (B AIS ei NY NN jie») | f] / (i fh ] i Ce Hn ——_ => "SS : PLATE 107. CEPHALOPODA. S—— SS SSSSS{isz SSS CEPHALOPODA. PLATE . 108. fi i igs iN) i) De) CEPHALOPODA. 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