SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

OF

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES

FOUNDED BY

GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D..

SPEC.AI. CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLUCCA, ACADEMY OF NAT*
SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

PHILADELPHIA :

PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTME
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENC1
OF PHILADELPHIA.

SECOND SEKIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

OF

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC

WITH ILLUSTKATIONS OF THE SPECIES

VOIv. XXI
ACHATINELLID^E

(AMASTRIN^E)

BY

ALPHEUS HYATT

AND

HENRY A. PELSBRY

LEPTACHATINA BY C. MONTAGUE COOKE

PHILADELPHIA :
Published by the Conehologieal Department

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA
1911

EARTH
SCWCII

UBBAK/

It is the nature of a God to conceal a
thing ; it is the glory of a man to find
it out. — FRANCIS BACON.

TO THE MEMOKY OF
GEORGE ALBERT ARMS

OF GREENFIELD, MASS.

A LOVER OF TRUTH AND PROGRESS

THROUGH SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

232658

DATES OF ISSUE, VOL. XXI.

Part 81, pages 1-64, plates 1-9, issued July 30, 1910.
Part 82, pages 65-128, plates 10-23, issued March 14, 1911.
Part 83, pages 129-240, plates 24-36, issued August 23, 1911.
Part 84, pages 241-387, plates 37-56, issued December, 1911.
Title-page, Introduction, etc., pages i-xxii, December, 1911.

CONTENTS

PACK

Preface vii

Introduction : Evolution and Zoogeography of the Amas-
trinse xi

Systematic part —

Achatinellidae defined xx

AmastrinaB xx

Key to genera of Amastrinae xx

Distribution of genera of Amastrinae xxii

Genus LEPTACHATESTA Gould 1

Subgenera of Leptachatina 2-4

Genus FEENANDEZIA Pilsbry 93

Genus CARELIA H. & A. Adams 100

Genus PTERODISCUS Pilsbry 118

Genus PLANAMASTEA Pilsbry 129

Genus ABMSIA Pilsbry 132

Gtenus AMASTEA H. & A. Adams 133

Subgenera of Amastra 136

Classified catalogue of species 137

Amastrae of Kauai 141

Oahu 156

Lanai 232

Molokai 248

Maui 279

Hawaii 309

Genus LAMINELLA Pf eiffer 323

Distribution and classification of Laminellae 324

(v)

VI CONTENTS.

PAGE

Species of Laminella : Oahu 326

Lanai 333

Maul 337

Molokai 345

Appendix A : Additions and corrections 355

Appendix B: Hyatt's classification and zoogeography

of Amastrinse 358

Explanation of plates 369

Dates of issue of the parts of Yol. XXI iv

PREFACE.

As the title-page indicates, this monograph contains the re-
sults of work by two authors. The Achatinellida? had been
studied by Professor Alpheus Hyatt for many years prior to his
death in 1902. "It is unfortunate that he never fully wrote
out the results of his studies upon these shells, the manuscript
which was found after his death being very incomplete, espe-
cially upon specific points; and although many of his descrip-
tions of the species themselves were completed, yet his con-
clusions respecting their relationships and migrations are only
vaguely referred to."

Professor Hyatt's notes, relating to about 130 of the 280 species
treated in this volume, were submitted to the junior author in
the spring of 1906, with the condition that they be incorporated
in the present monograph so far as practicable. The manu-
script received contains all of his notes descriptive of genera
and species, their localities, classification and relationships, also
sketches of his views upon the migrations of the Amastrse of
Oahu and of the LaminellaB, which are printed in full in Ap-
pendix B (p. 358). Aside from this, the manuscripts include
none of Hyatt's deductions and theoretic conclusions bearing on
the origin, evolution or zoogeography of Achatinellidse; this
material having been reserved for separate publication. The
junior author is therefore alone responsible for zoogeographic
views expressed herein, except in so far as these views coincide
with those of Hyatt's essay forming Appendix R.^ It should
be said that Hyatt's theoretic views on the migrations of Acha-
tinellidce, as expressed in Appendix B (pp. 358 to 368) are
directly opposed to those of the junior author. Those inter-

1 Alfred Goldsborough Mayer in Popular Science Monthly, February, 1911.

(vii)

VU1 PREFACE.

ested will find the evidence upon which both views are based in
the descriptive part of this volume.

In matters of taxonomy the two authors are in almost com-
plete agreement. Diverse methods and different material for
investigation have caused some difference of view regarding
the rank and relationships of the subdivisions and species of
Amastra, and the relationships of the Laminella?. Here both
views are given, pp. 358-368 (Hyatt) and 137, 324 (Pilsbry).
The chief advance over former classifications of Pease, Gulick
and others is in the recognition of Heliciform genera derived
from Amastra, containing forms which were formerly placed in
the Helicoid families Endodontidse or Helicida?. The true re-
lationship of Pterodiscus was published by Pilsbry in 1905,
without knowing that Hyatt had reached the same result sev-
eral years earlier, but had published nothing on the subject.
The Heliciform genera Planamastra and Armsia were unknown
to Hyatt.

Only a few incomplete notes relating to the genus Leptachatina
were left by Hyatt. The account of this intricate group has
been prepared by Doctor C. Montague Cooke, of Honolulu, who
has studied all of the principal collections of these snails in
Europe, America and the Islands.

The original descriptions of species, or translations of them,
have been quoted in nearly all cases, though sometimes dis-
pensed with when the original types were before us. This use
of an author's own words permits the limitation of additional
descriptive matter to the exposition of points originally un-
noticed, or inadequately set forth; yet often of the first import-
ance in phylogenetics. Such additional matter is given either
from the notes of Hyatt, confirmed by the junior author, or
from observations by the latter. Views specially Hyatt's are
quoted or otherwise distinguished.

Acknowledgment is due to MRS. J. M. ARMS SHELDON whose
liberality has enabled us to illustrate this volume and the one
to follow more fully than would otherwise have been possible.

Our generous friend Doctor C. Montague Cooke has left his
large Hawaiian collection in our possession for ten years, and
has freely given specimens and information of the first import-

PREFACE. IX

ance to our inquiries. Mr. D. D. Baldwin, the Nestor of
Hawaiian conchologists, has lent or given many types and co-
types from his collection. Dr. William H. Dall permitted both
authors freely to make use of the collections of the National
Museum under his charge. Mr. C. W. Johnson extended to
the junior author a like courtesy with the collections of the
Boston Society of Natural History, which had been the basis of
Professor Hyatt's studies. Mr. D. Thaanum of Hilo, Hawaii,
has contributed large series of Hawaiian shells of his own col-
lecting during many years. Prof. George Wagner submitted a
large series of the shells of Molokai from the zoological museum
of the University of Wisconsin. This collection was made by
Dr. W. J. Goodhue, an American physician at the leper colony,
and received through Father Dutton. Other shells for study
have been received from Mr. E. P. Van Duzee of Buffalo, N. Y.
(taken by his father. 1837-40), and from Mr. Arthur H. Nor-
ton, Curator of the Portland Society of Natural History. For
specimens and information pertaining to particular species we
are indebted to others, as acknowledged in the text. Finally,
I would express my appreciation of the careful work of Miss
Helen Winchester, who drew on stone the 884 figures illus-
trating this volume. H. A. P.

October, 1911.

INTRODUCTION.

Evolution and Zoogeography of the Amastrince.

I. Aehatinellidae the new incarnation of an ancient phy-
lum.

II. Geologic and topographic data bearing on the evo-
lution of Achatinellidae.

III. Means of dispersal.

IV. Centers of radiation.

V. Systematic and geographic relationships of genera and

subgenera.

VI. Probable sequence of events determining evolution of
the Hawaiian fauna.

I.

The Achatinettida are a branch of the primitive and an-
cient group Orthurethra, a group comprising most of the
land Pulmonata of the Pacific islands, including also the
families Partulida, Tornatellinida and Pupillidce. Such evi-
dence as we have leads us to infer the existence of Orthure-
throus snails in the Pacific for a very long time, probably
since the Palaeozoic. The total absence of modern types of
land Pulmonata in these archipelagos, as I have elsewhere
argued, is against the view that their snail faunas are solely
due to waifs from the continents, adventitiously stranded
from time to time.

By analogy with generic and family groups of known age
in Europe and America, it seems likely that the AchatineUida
were already differentiated as a family before the beginning
of the Tertiary. Yet the rather close relationship of the genera
of Amastrince, and the even greater proximity of the genera
of Achatinellince, seem to tell of a rather sudden expansion

(xi)

Xll INTRODUCTION.

or rejuvenescence of the old stock in comparatively modern
(Tertiary) time. The aspect of youthful exuberance in the
Achatinellid fauna is remarkable. Phylogerontic or aged
groups, such as are usually common in old island faunas, are
conspicuously wanting. Everywhere intense local differen-
tiation is in progress.

II.

The Hawaiian Islands are, as is well known, volcanic masses
standing upon the southeastern end of a submarine ridge,
over 1,700 miles in length, stretching from Ocean and Mid-
way Islands to Hawaii, and rising from a depth of about
3,000 fathoms. The present islands being wholly volcanic, so
far as known, many geologists have assumed that the entire
ridge has been built up of volcanic materials. This inference
is unsupported by evidence. The Andean ridge is not wholly
volcanic because it is crowned by great volcanoes. It is quite
possible that the Midway-Hawaiian ridge is a product of dia-
strophism which preceded the volcanic period. However this
may be, the richness and peculiarity of the fauna and flora,
and the belief that the volcanic islands as they now stand are
probably of no great age, has led to the hypothesis that for-
merly a much greater land area existed, now lost by subsi-
dence. So conservative a zoogeographer as Wallace considers
this probable ; and except for an advocate of special creation,
the theory of a land area antecedent to the present volcanic
islands seems necessary to account for the faunal 'character-
istics. That there has been a progressive deepening or sink-
ing of the floor in the great 'oceanic basins is a view now
generally held, which, if well founded, accounts for the sub-
sidence of the Hawaiian ridge.

The absence of drowned valleys and fjords, as well as the
great sea-cliffs where the waves have gnawed deep into the
peripheral volcanic deposits, speak against recent subsidence.
There is evidence of slight elevation in some places ; but the
islands seem to have remained practically stationary since the
cessation of volcanic activity in the older masses. Geologists
are chary of expressing an opinion on the age of the volcanic

INTRODUCTION. xiii

masses, in the total absence of palasontologic evidence. Those
best acquainted with aqueous erosion as displayed in the
Grand Canyon, etc., hold the opinion that the furrowing of
the older Hawaiian volcanoes may readily have been accom-
plished in Neocene time, and possibly since the beginning of
the Pliocene.

In this stationary period of the islands, during which the
present complex topography has been developed from simple,
unfurrowed slopes, the specific and varietal evolution of the
Achatinellidce seems largely to have taken place. The topo-
graphic features more or less closely coincide with or define
the ranges of species and varieties. The development of
topography and the evolution of species and varieties evi-
dently proceeded pari passu. In former times, before the
slopes became so rugged and the contrasts of ridge and valley
conditions so emphatic, species doubtless spread much more
freely than they do under present conditions. Thus in
Hawaii Amastra flavescens has spread from the Hamakua
district down to the southeastern slope of Mauna Loa. With
subsequent isolation the more plastic of these widely-spread
forms have evolved into chains of allied species or races.
Precisely similar phenomena have been recorded by the author
from the mountain chains of southern Arizona, where the
bed of a canyon may separate distinct but related species.

Dana was the first to show that the Hawaiian volcanoes are
progressively newer toward the southeast. Dutton qualifies
this generalization : in the northwest they became inactive
longer ago, and have therefore been sculptured by erosive
activities for a longer time. In fact, Kauai, western Oahu,
West Maui and northwestern Hawaii are long-extinct vol-
canic masses; eastern Oahu and East Maui newer, and the
rest of Hawaii still in building. So far as is known, the
Kohala region in Hawaii may be as old as Kauai.

Dana's generalization, which is thus subject to consider-
able qualification, was doubtless the basis of Professor Hyatt's
hypothesis that the snails migrated from island to island,
from Kauai southeastward. A considerable acquaintance with
land shells causes me to doubt whether snails of moderate

XIV INTRODUCTION.

or large size have often been spread by the accidental means
invoked to explain inter-island distribution, though we have
the strongest evidence that small or minute land snails have
spread, probably by hurricanes, over considerable distances.
The actual facts of distribution of Hawaiian Island snails do
not indicate, to my mind, a migration from Kauai.

III.

The logical geographic boundaries of most species of Achati-
nellidcF give excellent ground for the belief that the present
distribution of all the larger species has been attained by
their own means of locomotion, and that unusual or so-called
accidental carriage, as by birds, drifting trees, etc., has been
so rare as to be negligible. No evidence whatever of such
carriage is known to me. It is likely that Unionid glochidia,
Ancyli, or some other fresh- water mollusks may sometimes be
transported by water-fowl, but I know of no North American
land snail of moderate or large size, whose distribution re-
quires such a hypothesis, excepting Liguus and Hemitrochus
in Florida, which seem to have reached our shores without
land communication. These snails inhabit trees on the keys
of Florida — wooded islets but a few feet above the seas, some-
times actually swept by the waves, so that their transporta-
tion on drifting trees, as advo'cated by Mr. C. T. Simpson
and others, seems possible, yet even in these cases the eggs
may have been carried by hurricanes. In the Hawaiian
Islands the AchatinellicUz inhabit mountain forests ; there are
no rivers to transport trees carrying snails to the sea. Even
if so transported, the 'chance is almost infinitely remote that
if cast up on another island the conditions on the shore would
be favorable for such snails. If the transportation of arbo-
real Achatinellidse by such means is improbable, that of large
terrestrial forms is even more difficult. It is hardly worth
while alluding to the possibility of these snails being trans-
ported by birds, since everybody having practical knowledge
of land snails understands the absurdity of such a proposition.

As mentioned above, hurricanes have doubtless been in-
strumental in spreading minute species of land snails. If

INTRODUCTION. XV

snails, why not their eggs? This I believe explains the wide
distribution of closely related Leptachatinas. This genus ;
alone, in the AcJuitinellidce, is oviparous ;^and in it alone the j
minor groups are distributed widely, while in the other \
(viviparous) genera, the minor groups are special to the j
several islands. The young snails at birth are many times
heavier than the eggs of snails of like size, and probably are
not carried far by the wind, else they would become more
widely spread locally.

If we have no logical ground for the belief that the vivipar-
ous Acliatinellidce have been spread over sea from island to
island by such means as we have just 'Considered, how has
their spread been effected? Only by the traveling of the
snails themselves over land and through forests now sub-
merged. No other hypothesis is adequate to explain the facts
of distribution, and the mutual affinities of the several island
faunas.

IV.

CENTERS OF DISPERSAL. — While none but palaeontological
evidence can be considered entirely conclusive in determin-
ing the area of origin and original dispersal of a group, yet
in dealing with groups of sedentary, closely related, and
strictly localized species, in a limited area, there cannot be
much chance of error in holding that the region of greatest
variety and abundance of such forms has been their center
of evolution. Thus, in Oahu the eastern half of the main or
Koolau range has fifteen species and many varieties of the
'group Metamastra, while the Waianae range has but three
species, of which two are specifically identical with main
range forms, the other closely related to them. The evidence
is therefore very strong that the center of radiation of this
group of species was in the eastern half of the main range,
where also fossil species have been found, the few Waianae
species being recent emigrants. By similar reasoning I con-
clude that the radiation-center of the group Paramastra was
in the Waianae (Kaala or Western) range. By the same
•criteria, the typical group of Amastra, Heteramastra and

Xvi INTRODUCTION.

Laminella arose in and radiated from the Molokai-Maui cen-
ter, etcetera.

V.

Structural and Geographic Relationships of Amastrince. —
Of the several subgenera of Amastra, we consider Amastrella
nearest to the primitive progenitor of the group, because of
the simplicity or lack of specialization in any part of the
shell. All of the other groups have some special modifica-
tion of shape, columellar lamella, embryonic whorls, or cuticle,
which render it unlikely that any of them is so near to the
original stock. The wide distribution of Amastrella, from
Kauai to Hawaii — a range greater than that of any other
Achatinellid group except Leptachatina — is also favorable to
the theory that it is an old, unchanged group. Cyclamastra
differs from Amastrella only by its open umbilicus, is also
widely spread, from Kauai to M-aui, and is apparently an
early branch of Amastrella, the two being collateral phyla.

The Kauaian groups Kauaia, Armiella and Carelia stand
much closer to Amastrella than to any other group, and have,
in our opinion, been derived from Amastrellan ancestors. If
so, all Kauian Achatinellida have been evolved from a primi-
tive fauna composed of Leptachatina, Amastrella and Cycla-
mastra.

In the island of Hawaii, Acliatinellida are almost entirely
confined to the old northern portion of the island, where the
family is represented by two groups of Amastrella, and a
fossil species of Heteramastra. The few arboreal Achatinellas
are related to Mauian forms.

The intermediate islands fall into two groups (a) Oahu,
and (6) Molokai, Lanai and Maui. The fauna of these three
islands is so homogeneous that there cannot be much doubt
that they were formerly united into one large island. The
'chance that so many groups could attain a foothold on the
three islands by adventitious means is so remote as to be
negligible. It is on these two groups of intermediate islands
that the Achatinellida reach their greatest development in
numbers and diversity. Leptachatina, Cyclamastra, Amas-

INTRODUCTION. xvii

trella, Laminella and Pterodiscus are common to both the
Oahu and the Molokai-Lanai-Maui centers.

(a) Oahu has two special groups, Metamastra and Para-
mastra, both believed to have evolved from Amastrella, and
the genera Armsia and Planamastra, derived from Cycla-
mastran stock. The scarcity of Laminella species may be due
to the competition of Achatinella, which is the dominant ar-
boreal group.

(b) Besides the groups possessed in common with Oahu,
the Molokai-Lanai-Maui area has all of the typical section of
Amastra, all the Heteramastras except one Hawaiian species,
and nearly all of the genus Laminella. Probably all of these
groups were evolved from Amastrellan ancestors in this area.
Several groups of Achatinellince are special to this tract.

VI.

From the affinities and the geographic relations of the
several groups, as sketched above and discussed in detail in
this work, we infer the following sequence of events, prob-
ably beginning in Mesozoic, possibly in Eocene, time:

I. The Hawaiian area, from northern Hawaii to and prob-
ably far beyond Kauai, formed one large island which was
inhabited by the primitive AmastrinaB, ancestral forms of
Leptachatina, Amastrella and Cyclamastra. This pan-Hawa-
iian land, whatever its structure, preceded the era of vul-
canism which gave their present topography to the islands,
and probably dates from the Palaeozoic (Fig. 1).

II. Volcanic activity built up the older masses, subsidence
following, Kauai being the first island dismembered from the
Pan-Hawaiian area. The groups Carelia, Armiella and Ka-
uaia were subsequently evolved thereon from the Amastrellan
stock. Meantime the differentiation of Amastrine groups
from the primitive Amastrellae and Cyclamastrae began on
the larger land-area remaining (Fig. 2).

III. Northern Hawaii was next isolated by formation of
the Alenuihana Channel, leaving a large intermediate island,
which included the present islands of Oahu, Molokai, Lanai
and Maui.

Four Stages in the Development of the
Hawaiian Archipelago.

INTRODUCTION. Xix

IV. In the eastern end of this Oahu-Maui island Laminella
arose from Amastroid, and in the west, Pterodiscus was
evolved from Cyclamastra stock.

V. (Fig. 3.) The Oahuan and the Molokai-Lanai-Mauian
areas were sundered by subsidence of the Kaiwi Channel.

(a) In Oahu there were two centers, probably two islands,
a western or Waianae, and an eastern or Koolau area. In
the Waianae center, Paramastra, Planamastra and Armsia
were differentiated, while Metamastra arose from Amastrella
in the Koolau area, where arboreal Achatinellidce chiefly flour-
ished. In late Pliocene or Pleistocene time a forested con-
nection was established between the two Oahuan evolution-
centers. This transitory connection allowed some inter-
mingling of the two faunas; but while the land connection
endured to the present time, the forests became extinct, again
isolating the two centers so far as arboreal or forest snails
are concerned.

(6) That the eastern or Molokai-Lanai-Maui region formed
a single large island up to late Pliocene or even to Pleistocene
time is evident from the very close relationship of the faunas
of those islands. In view of the intense local differentiation
everywhere observed in the Hawaiian group, we could hardly
expect closer relations between the species of these three
islands if they were still united. Various Achatinellinae of
Partulina type, the typical group of Amastra (found nowhere
else), the subgenus Heteramastra and the genus Laminella.
are the chief groups of this area. Probably all had been
differentiated before the separation from Oahu, though part
of them never spread, apparently, so far as that island. The
formation of channels between Molokai, Lanai and Maui must
be considered a very recent event. These islands stand on a
common platform within the 100-fathom line (see fig. 4, rep-
resenting the present islands, the 100-fathom contour in
broken line).

XX ACHATINELLID.E.

Family ACHATINELLID.E Tryon.

Achatinellida TRYON, Structural and Systematic Conchology,
iii, 1884, p. 64, exclusive of Auriculella and Tornatellina.

Orthurethrous land snails having an oblong, ovate or rarely
Helicoid shell, umbilicate or imperforate, generally with a
spiral columellar lamella in the last whorl, the outer lip simple
or thickened, not reflexed; no parietal lamella or tooth.

Kidney not much longer than the pericardium, passing into
a long ureter reaching nearly to the collar. Venation of the
lung extremely minute, the pulmonary vein having no large
branches. Penis bears a long appendix; vas deferens free
throughout. Spermatheca imbedded in the albumen gland,
its duct long. Tentacular retractor muscles free from the
columellar muscle throughout.

This family is confined to the Hawaiian Islands, with the
exception of the genus Fernandezia from Juan Fernandez,
now placed here provisionally. No other forms, living or
fossil, are known from other regions. It is rather remotely
related to the Partulidcz, more closely to the Ferussacidce;
and the minute Tornatellinidce are probably not distant. Two
very strongly differentiated subfamilies exist.

ACHATINELLIN^E, arboreal forms, usually with light or
bright-colored shell, the sculpture of embryonic shell spiral
when present, jaw extremely thin, teeth of peculiar shape and
in v-shaped transverse rows (see vol. XXII).

AMASTRIN^. Mainly terrestrial snails with less conspic-
uous coloration, the apical sculpture generally axial when
present, jaw stronger, teeth (see p. 129) resembling those of
Achatinidce, in nearly straight, transverse rows,

Key to Genera of Amastrina.

a. Oviparous ; shell ovate-conic or oblong-conic, glossy, rather
small (5 to 15 mm.), the apex obtuse, rounded.
&. Forms from Juan Fernandez.

Genus FERNANDEZIA, p. 93.

61. Hawaiian forms. Genus LEPTACHATINA, p. 1.

a1. Viviparous.

Z>. Shell Heliciform, much wider than high, umbilicate.
c. Embryonic whorls projecting, convex, last

ACHATINELLnxaS. xxi

whorl descending in front; peristome ex-
panded; no columellar lamella.

Genus ARMSIA, p. 132.
c1. Embryonic whorls flattened.

d. Planorboid; no columellar lamella; um-
bilicus very wide.

Genus PLANAMASTBA, p. 129.

d1. Biconvex, fragile, umbilicus moderate

or small, contained 4 to 10 times in the

diameter; columellar lamella more or

less strongly developed.

Genus PTERODISCUS, p. 118.
Shell globose-conic, ovate or columnar.

c. Shell imperforate, columnar or oblong, rather
large (length 25 to 75 mm.), solid, with con-
vexly conic summit of flat whorls ; columellar
lamella small; usually dark-colored.

Genus CABETJA, p. 100.

c1. Shell umbilicate, perforate or closed, usually
ovate-conic, but varying from globose-conic to
turrited; usually dull-colored and dextral;
living on the ground. Genus AMASTEA, p. 133.
c2. Shell usually perforate, ovate or turrite, yel-
low, pink or whitish, sometimes uniform, but
usually with zigzag black stripes or dote;
columellar lamella strong. Living on plants,
never on the ground.

Genus LAMINELLA, p. 323.

Planamastra
Armiella |

Kauaia Pterodiscus

Paramastra — A m a s t r e 1 1 a — C yclamastr a Armsia

Metamastra

Leptach a tina

Approximate Phylogeny of Genera and Subgenera of Amastrinae.

XX11

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BY C. MONTAGUE COOKE, BISHOP MUSEUM, HONOLULU, H. I.1

Leptachatina GLD., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1847, p.
201; U. S. Exp. Exp. Moll., 1852, p. 88.— PFEIFFEB, Malak.
Blatter, 1854, p. 143; Men. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 563.— HARTMAN,
Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1888, p. 51.— H. and A. ADAMS, Gen.
of Rec. Moll., ii, p. 139.— PEASE, P. Z. S. London, 1869, p.
650. — GULICK, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 91.— BALDWIN, Cat. Hawaiian
Shells, 1893, p. 10. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, Mollusea,
1900, p. 356.

Amastrinae with a rather small ovate or turrite shell, usu-
ally imperf orate, sometimes perforate, rarely umbilicate;
usually glossy, sometimes of a silky luster ; smooth, striate or
costate ; the embryonic whorls are usually smooth (subgenera
Leptachatina s. s., Labiella and Pauahia), sometimes striate
with minute spiral striae (subgenus Thaanumia) and some-
times costate with longitudinal (axial) costae (subgenus
Ilikala) ; the apex is always blunt and rounded ; the aperture
is slightly oblique ; the columellar fold is usually rather weak,
lamellate, the lamella sometimes reduced to a faint raised
line, usually oblique, rarely subtransverse. The animals are
oviparous.

Type L. acuminata Gld. Distribution, Hawaiian Islands,
living on the ground (with the exception of L. arborea).

The shells of Leptachatina are easily separated from those
of Amastra. In the latter genus the apex is more acute, never
rounded, and usually minutely striate. Amastra is vivi-
parous.

Leptachatina was proposed by Gould in a note under the
description of acuminata, in the following words: "The clear

1 The present paper is based on a study of the collections of the British
Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, the Boston Society of Natural History, the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, the New York State Museum and the Museum of Cornell
University. I wish to express my thanks to the gentlemen in charge of the
different collections, especially to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, under whom this paper
was prepared. — C. M. C.

2 LEPTACHATINA.

delicate species like this, with, the mere semblance of a colu-
mellar fold, may properly constitute a distinct group, to
which the name Leptachatina (leptos and Achatina) might
be given." In 1852 Gould included three additional species
(cerealis, guttula and accincta).

Pfeiffer in his numerous writings employed Leptachatina
only as a section of Achatinella. Hartman (1888) also con-
sidered Leptachatina as a section of Achatinella. H. & A.
Adams accorded Leptachatina subgeneric rank.

Pease was the first author to use Leptachatina as a genus.
Since then several authors have considered Leptachatina to
be -a separate genus. Baldwin, Ancey and Sykes have taken
this view, which is supported by the differential features of
the shell no less than by the oviparous reproduction.

Classification of species.

Leptachatina may be divided into several groups accord-
ing to the form of the shell, the closeness of the whorls, and
other characters noticed below.
I. Embryonic whorls smooth.

1. Aperture simple. Subgenus LEPTACHATINA s. str.
a. Surface smooth, nearly smooth, or slightly striate.

A. The shells are elongate or acuminate; the
aperture more or less angulate at both ends.

Group of L. acuminata, species 1-4.

B. The shells are small, slender, somewhat tur-
rited, glossy, transparent; aperture more or
less rounded below.

Group of L. sandwicensis, species, 5-12.
0. The shells are small, slightly striate, usually
dark chestnut, somewhat turrited and slightly
thicker than those of B.

Group of L. cerealis, species 13-17.

D. The shells are larger than those of B and C,
turrited ; the upper whorls closely coiled.

Group of L. gracilis, species 18-20.

E. The shells are small, slender, subcylindrical,

LEPTACHATINA. 3

smooth, glossy, thin; the last two whorls in-
creasing rather rapidly.

Group of L. obsoleta, species 21-28.

F. The shells are small, ovate or ovately conic,
smooth, pellucid or subpellucid.

Group of L. accincta, species 29-51.

G. The shells are slightly larger and thicker than
those of F. Group of L. nitida, species, 52-58.

H. The shells are broadly ovately conic or conic,
larger than those of G.

Group of L. glutinosa, species 59-63.
7. The shells are perforate, distinctly striate,
narrowly ovate.

Group of L. semipicta, species 64.
J. The shells are striate, broadly ovate-subcylin-
drical, nearly solid.

Group of L. pachystoma, species 65.
K. The shells are rather large (for the genus),
elongately ovate, nearly solid.

Group of L. ventulus, species 66-72.
L. The shells are rather large (for the genus),
snbelliptical, nearly solid.

Group of L. succincta, species 73-77.
M. The shells are umbilicate, with a strong raised
callus on the parietal wall.

Group of L. fossilis, species 78.
aa. Surface distinctly costulate or costate.

N. The shells are small, slender, costulate or

costate. Group of L. sculpta, species 79-90.

0. The shells are larger than those of N, glossy,

costate. Group of L. striatula, species 91-99.

2. Aperture usually furnished with a denticle or indi-
cation of a denticle within the outer lip ; spire slightly
concave in outline.

Subgenus LABIELLA, species 100-103.

3. Aperture usually furnished (in young shells) with a
palatal lamina; shells cylindrical.

Subgenus PAUAHIA, species 104-106.

4 LEPTACHATINA.

II. Embryonic whorls spirally striate.

Submenus THAANUMIA, species 107-114.
III. Embryonic whorls transversely costate or striate.

Subgemis ILIKALA, species 115-117.

Distribution of species.
KAUAI.

Group A : acuminata, cuneata, antiqua, laevis.

B : knudseni.

E: cylindrata.

F: brevicula.

J: pachystoma.

M: fossilis.

N: lucida, striata.

0 : attenuata, gayi, tenebrosa, leucochila, costulosa,

pupoidea, extensa, striatula, balteata.
Thaanumia : perf orata.
Ilikala: fraterna.

OAHU.

Group B : sandwicensis, stiria, illimis, scutilis.

C: cerealis, obtusa? teres, turrita, persubtilis.

D: gracilis, subula, terebralis.

E : convexiuscula, exilis, saxatilis, leiahiensis, exop-
tabilis.

F: accincta, crystallina, gummea, oryza, vana, capi-
tosa, pulchra, ovipara.

G: fumida.

H : glutinosa, dimidiata, pyramis.

K: cingula, ventulus, approximans, pilsbryi. .

L : corneola, marginata, resinula, succincta, saccula ?

N: costulata, octogyrata, sculpta, semicostata.
Labiella: labiata, callosa, lagena.
Pauahia: artata, tantilla, chrysallis.
Thaanumia: omphalodes, optabilis, fuscula.
Ilikala: fusca, petila.

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP A. 5

MOLOKAI.

Group B : laevigata.

E : molokaiensis.

F : emerita, concolor, conicoides, varia.

G: eoruscans.

N: lanceolata.
Thaannmia: thaanumi, morbida.

MAUL

Group B : fulgida, baldwini.

E : obsoleta.

F : guttula, ovata, vitreola, grana.

G: nitida, compacta, isthmica, praestabilis.

H: kuhnsi.

K: conspicienda.
Labiella: lenta.
Thaanumia: dulcis.

LANAI.

Group F : subovata.
H : smithi.
I : semipicta.
K: perkinsi, longiuscula.
N: impressa, supraoostata, lanaiensis.

HAWAH.

Group F : arborea, simplex, anceyana, def uncta, lepida.

G: konaensis.

N: imitatrix, tenuicostata.
Thaanumia: henshawi.

Subgenus LEPTACHATINA s.s.
A. Group of L. acuminata.

1. L. ACUMINATA (Gould). PL 7, fig. 41.

"Shell small, slender, turreted, elongated, with an obtuse
apex, translucent, thin, very smooth and shining, of a greei
ish amber-color. Spire elevated, obtuse, pointed, of six

6 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP A.

very oblique, slightly convex whorls, the last of which is
nearly two-thirds the length of the shell. Suture distinct,
and faintly margined and crenulated. Aperture very nar-
row, one-third the length of the shell, rounded at base, and
acute behind. Lip simple, whitish, thickened within, and
arching forward. Columella without a conspicuous fold
bordering the truncation. Length %, diam. % inch (12.5
x3.1 mm.)." (Old.)

Kauri (U. S. Expl. Exped.).

Achatinella acuminata GOULD, P. Best. Soc., ii, 1848, p,
200; U. S. Expl. Exped., Moll., 1852, p. 87, pi. vii, figs. 100r
lOOa. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) acuminata PFEIFFEB, Mon.
Hel. Viv., iv, 6, 566. — Leptachatina acuminata PEASE, P. Z. S.,
1869, p. 650.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, Moll., p. 357, pi. xiir
figs. 13, 13a (radula).

This species, the type of the genus, unfortunately is repre-
sented by a single broken shell in the collection of the Smith-
sonian Institution. A careful search through Gould's col-
lection, in Albany, did not produce another specimen.

The species seems to be entirely distinct from any other
species, and does not seem to have been rediscovered since
the original material was collected. Specimens belonging to
L. attenuata have been distributed by later collectors as this
species, but the two are separable. L. acuminata (according
to Gould's figure) is smoother, narrower in proportion to its.
length, the spire is more shortly conic, the sutures more
oblique and the aperture is narrower and longer. L. cuneata
may be a possible relative.

L. acuminata is probably a very local species and may
ultimately be found somewhere in the northeastern district of
Kauai, where very little collecting, if any, has been done.
Gould's figure is copied in fig. 41.

2. L. CUNEATA n. sp. PI. 10, figs. 1, 2.

The shell is imperforate, conic, corneous, thin, subdiaphan-
ous, glossy, indistinctly striate. Spire conic, apex somewhat
obtuse. Suture hardly impressed, very minutely crenulate.
Whorls 6%, the upper flat, gradually becoming slightly con-

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP A. • 7

vex, increasing regularly, the last tapering slowly to the base.
Aperture rather large, subovate, whitish within, hardly
oblique, perpendicular, ascending slightly in front. Colu-
mella very slightly twisted, with an oblique rather weak fold
and a slight thickening along its face. Outer lip very
slightly thickened within, regularly arcuate ; columellar mar-
gin slightly thickened, appressed, adnate. Length 10.5, diam.
4.8, length of aperture 4.2 mm.

Kauai: Kapaa (Baldwin).

A very distinct species, with no closely related species
from the island of Kauai. L. acuminata, Gould, may pos-
sibly prove to be a distant relative. It is, however, much
narrower in proportion to its length, with a narrower and
more elongate aperture.

3. L. ANTIQUA Pease. PI. 8, figs. 60-62.

1 ' The shell is sub fossil, oblong subcylindrical, solid, scarcely
rimate, longitudinally faintly striate; whorls 7, flatly con-
vex, narrowly margined at the suture; spire somewhat ob-
tuse; aperture oblong oval; columella obliquely truncate;
columellar fold obsolete. Length 9.0, diam. 3.5 mm." (Pse.)

Kauai (Pease) : Koloa beach (Judd).

Leptachatina antiqiw, PEASE, P. Z. S. L. 1869, p. 651 (nom.
sol.); Journ. de Conchyl., XVIII, 1870, p. 94.— CROSSE,
Journ. de Conchyl., 1876, pi. 3, fig. 6. — Achatinella (Lep-
tachatina) antiqua PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 247.

The shells collected by Mr. Judd (PL 8, figs. 60, 61) agree
fairly well with Pease's description. One of his shells meas-
ures, length 9.0, diam. 3.8, length of aperture 3.7 mm. A
larger form of this species was found in the same locality.
It agrees in all its characters except size, a specimen meas-
uring: length 12.0, diam. 5.3, length of aperture 5.4 mm:
This species may be distantly related to L. l&vis Pse.
Pease's original figure is copied, fig. 62.

4. L. LAEVIS (Pease). PL 8, figs. 56, 57.

"The shell is ovately oblong, imperf orate, dextral, some-
what thin, smooth, glossy, brown; whorls 7, somewhat flat,

8 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP B.

scarcely marginate at the suture; aperture almost vertical,
elongately ovate; columella arcuate; columellar fold com-
pressed, twisted, almost transverse; lip scarcely thickened,
brown. Length 9.0, diam. 4.0 mm." (Pse.)

Kauai (Pease) : Haleieie, at 1500 and 1700 ft. (Cooke).

Leptachatina Icevis PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651 (nom.
sol.) ; Journ. de Conchyl. xviii, 1870, p. 91. — CBOSSE, Journ.
de Conchyl. xxiii, 1876, pi. iv, fig. 6. — Achatinella (Lep-
tachatina) l&vis PFB., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 245.

Typical examples, from the higher elevation, are very
slightly larger than Pease's type. A fine example measures:
length 9.6, diam. 4.2, length of aperture 4.3 mm. Those
from the lower elevation are smaller, thinner, lighter-colored
and more cylindrical in outline. They measure length 7.6,
diam. 3.5, length of aperture 3.5 mm. This species is very
distinct from any other Kauaian species. The dark color,
smooth and very glossy surface being most characteristic.
This species is not closely related to L. fusca Newc., as Pease
supposed. The original figure is copied in fig. 56.

B. Group of L. sandwicensis.
5. L. KNUDSENI n. sp. PI. 9, figs. 11, 12.

The shell is imperforate, elongate, turrited, corneous, thin,
diaphanous, glossy, smooth, under a lens minutely and irre-
gularly striate with, lines of growth. Spire turrited, apex
blunt. Suture lightly impressed, very finely margined.
Whorls 8, very slightly convex, compact, the last subrecti-
linear in outline, somewhat tapering at the base. Aperture
ovate-pyriform, nearly perpendicular, very slightly oblique.
Columella slightly arcuate above, not truncate, with a very
minute fold deep within. Outer margin of lip erect, slightly
thickened within, slightly arcuate; columellar margin white,
slightly thickened, appressed. Length 6.3, diam. 2.2, length
of aperture 2.0 mm.

Kauai: Waipo, near Halemanu, at an altitude of 3500 ft.,
Ekaula, alt. 1900 ft. (Cooke).

This species' nearest relative is L. lucida Pse., from the

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP B. 9

same island. It differs in being more slender and without
costae. L. lutida is straw color, while L. knudseni is corneous
with a slight yellowish tinge. The species is not abundant,
It was found under ferns among the moist rotting leaves.

6. L. SANDWICENSIS (Pfeiffer). PL 9, figs. 7, 8.

"Shell ovately conic, obliquely striate, subopaque, dirty
corneous; spire conic, somewhat obtuse; suture marginated
with an impressed line; whorls G1/^ somewhat flat, the last
scarcely more than % of % the length; columella arcuate, pli-
cately twisted, aperture broad, semioval lip simple, dextral
margin obtuse, columellar margin subreflexed, appressed.
Long. 7, diam. 3.5 mm." (P/r.). "Long, 7.75, diam. 3 mm."
(Pfr., for obclwvata) .

Oahu: Waianae Mts. (Perkins) ; back of Leilehua (Cooke).
?Molokai (Borch.).

Acliatina sanduric&nsis PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 32. —
Achatina accincta RVE., Conch. Icon., Achatina sp. 101. —
Pfr. Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 271. — Achatinella obclavata PFR.,
P. Z. S., 1855, p. 98. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) octavula
Paetel, CLESSIN, Nomen. Helic. Viv., 1881, p. 3l6.—Leptar-
chatina sandwichensis and obclavata Pse., P. Z. S., 1869, p.
650. — SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, p. 368 ; Borcherding, Zoologica,
part 48, p. 130, pi. ix, fig. 13.

From an examination of the types I agree with Mr. Sykes'
synonomy of this species, as sandwicensis and obclavata are
no doubt forms of the same species. Specimens in the Bishop
Museum Collection which I have referred to this species are
slightly larger than typical forms of L. sandwicensis and ap-
proach the form of L. "olclavata. The average length, of
specimens from baek of Leilehua, is 7.8, diam. 3.25, altitude
of aperture 3.2 mm., they are corneous with a brownish tinge.

7. L. STIRIA (Gulick). PL 9, fig. 9.

"Shell dextral, perforate, elongate, thin, shining, pellucid,
vitreous, very finely striated; apex obtuse; spire turreted;
suture simple, slightly impressed; whorls 6%, somewhat con-
vex; columella very lightly plaited deep within the aperture;

10 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP B.

aperture pyrif orm ; peristome simple, thin ; with dextral mar-
gin unreflected, lightly arcuate; columellar margin reflected,
not appressed; parietal margin very thin, vitreous. Length

7. diam. 2.8 mm. Body whorl 4 mm. long." (Gul.)
Oahu: Helemanu, Peula, Kawailoa (Gulick) ; Waianae

Mts. back of Leilehua (Cooke).

Achatinella stiria GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p.
194, pi. 6, fig. 22. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) stiria PFE.,
Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 187. — Leptachatina stiria HARTMAN,
Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1888, p. 55.

This species is related to the shell which I have referred to
as L. sandwicensis. The shell is narrower in proportion to
its length, spire slenderer, and the surface is slightly more
striate. Figured from a cotype.

8. L. ILLIMIS n. sp. PI. 10, fig. 3.

The shell is minutely perforate, elongate, light corneous,
thin, glossy, subdiaphanous, nearly smooth, under a lens
minutely and regularly striate. Spire elongate, attenuate,
apex blunt. Suture simple, hardly impressed. Whorls 7,
the embryonic rounded, very smooth and polished, the neanic
flat, closely coiled, increasing slowly, the last two whorls
slightly convex, the last nearly cylindrical, tapering towards
the base. Aperture narrowly ovate, acute above, slightly
oblique, perpendicular. Columella very slightly arcuate, with
a slightly thickened callus along its face, and a rather small
oblique fold. Outer lip nearly straight, erect, very minutely
thickened within, columellar margin refiexed, adnate for
about y2 of its length. Umbilicus very minute. Length 7.6,
diam. 2.9, length of ap. 2.8 mm.

Oahu: Palehua in the Waianae Mts. (Cooke).

This species is closely related to L. stiria Gulick. It dif-
fers, however, in being less distinctly striate, slightly larger,
and the columellar fold is stronger and less oblique.

9. L. SCUTILUS (Mighels). PL 9, figs. 3, 4.

"Shell dextral, cylindrical, turret ed, white, polished, im-
perf orate ; whorls 6, convex ; aperture elongate oval ; lip sim-

LEPTACHATIN'A, GROUP B. H

pie, acute. Length 7/30, diam. 3/35 inch." (5.8x2.1 mm )
(Migh.)

Oahu (Migh.) : Waianae Mts. at Palehua and back of
Leilehua (Cooke).

Bulimus scutilus MIGH., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1845,
p. 20.— PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv. ii, p. I65.—Leptachatina scutilus
PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 650.

It is with some hesitation that I refer shells to this species.
Mighel's description is incomplete, and the types were prob-
ably lost in the fire which destroyed part of his collection as
no trace can be found of this species. The shells which I have
referred to this species are imperforate, elongately turrited,
corneous or slightly brownish corneous, thin, diaphanous,
smooth, glossy. Spire turrited, subcylindrical, apex obtuse.
Suture simple, slightly impressed. Whorls 7, nearly flat, the
last subcylindrical, slightly tapering at the base; aperture
elongately oval, slightly oblique, nearly perpendicular; colu-
mella nearly straight, slightly twisted, with a very minute
oblique fold; outer lip erect, thin, nearly straight above, be-
low arcuate ; columellar margin thin, reflexed, adnate.

This species recalls L. convexiuscula Sykes. The shell is
slightly smaller, with less convex outlines, the whorls are
more evenly coiled and the last two increase more slowly, the
aperture is smaller and more perpendicular. My specimens
are slightly larger than Mighel's measurements and have an
additional whorl. The measurements of an average speci-
men are : Length 7.0, diam. 2.3, alt. of ap. 2.3 mm.

10. L. L^VIGATA n. sp. PI. 6, figs. 4, 5.

The shell is imperforate, elongately conic, slightly attenu-
ate, reddish brown above the periphery and yellowish cor-
neous below, subdiaphanous, glossy, smooth, under a lens in-
distinctly striate with lines of growth. Spire acutely conic,
apex obtuse. Suture lightly impressed, narrowly margined,
marked with a narrow dark brown band. Whorls 6^,
slightly convex, the last subcylindrical, tapering towards the
base. Aperture subovate, slightly oblique, perpendicular.
Columella nearly straight, with a very minute, deeply situ-

12 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP B.

ated, almost perpendicular lamella. Outer lip slightly arcu-
ate, eolumellar margin reflexed, adnate. Length 7.6, diam.
3.5, length of ap. 3.1 mm.

Molokai : Mapulehu Ridge ( Thaanum) .

There is a unicolorous brownish corneous variety, which
has the eolumellar fold more strongly developed.

This species is somewhat related to L. lanceolata. It is,
however stronger and stouter, and differs in its color pattern.

11. L. FULGIDA n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 39, 40.

The shell is imperforate, elongately ovately conic, green-
ish yellow, except the whitish embryonic whorls, rather thin,
hardly diaphanous, glossy, very smooth, under a strong lens
hardly striate. Spire elongate, subconic, apex subobtuse.
Suture slightly impressed, narrowly margined, accompanied
with a very narrow reddish line. Whorls 6%, the embryonic
convex, the third and fourth nearly flat, the last two slightly
convex, the first 4% closely coiled, the last two increasing
more rapidly, the last subcylindrical, tapering to the base.
Aperture subovate, slightly oblique, nearly perpendicular.
Columella nearly straight, purplish, with a rather small ob-
lique lamella. Outer lip dark brown, arcuate, slightly thick-
ened within; eolumellar margin adnate. Length 6.9, diam.
2.9, length of ap. 2.8 mm.

West Maui: Mt. Lihau, Mt. Kukui, Akau-ka-imu, Ahoa
(Thaanum).

A beautiful glossy shell related to L. grana Newc., but
smoother, more glossy, with a more elongate spire, of which
the upper whorls are flatter and more closely coiled.

Prom L. baldivini it differs in size, its smoother and more
glossy surface; the shell is thicker, and the last two whorls
increase more rapidly.

12. L. BALDWINI n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 33, 41.

The shell is minutely perforate, elongately turrited. cor-
neous, thin, subdiaphanous, minutely striate, especially below
the suture. Spire elongately conic, apex obtuse. Suture
scarcely impressed, crenulate, not margined. Whorls 6%,

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP C. 13

hardly convex, increasing slowly and regularly, the upper
closely coiled, the last subcylindrical, tapering to the base.
Aperture subovate, slightly oblique and very slightly diagonal.
Columella nearly straight, with a very small oblique deeply
situated lamella. Outer lip quite strongly arcuate, slightly
thickened within, indistinctly edged with dark brown; colu-
mellar margin adnate above, reflexed. Umbilicus minute.
Length 6.3, diam. 2.6, length of ap. 2.6 mm.

West Maui Maunahoomaha (Thaanum, Cooke) ; Mt. Lihau,
Honokowai Gulch and Akau-ka-imu (Thaanum) ; Lahaina
(Baldwin). East Maui: Kailiili (Baldwin).

Of the specdes from Maui, L. grana Newc. seems to be its
closest relative. L. baldwini is, however, minutely perfor-
ate, shorter with nearly an additional whorl; the whorls are
more closely coiled and flatter; the spire is less convex in
outline; the aperture is smaller, etc.

C. Group of L. cerealis.
13. L. CEREALIS (Gould). PI. 11, fig. 7.

"Shell small, elongate, cylindrically conical, unpolished,
ashy chestnut, spire obtuse, whorls 7-8, nearly flat, the last
hardly more than one-third of the length; aperture small,
lunate, equal to a fourth of the length; lip simple, thick-
ened within; columellar fold obsolete, the penultimate whorl
covered with callus. Length %, diam. % inch." (9.6x3.2
mm.) (Gould).

Oahu Waianae (Gould, Perkins).

Acliatinella cerealis GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, 1847, p.
201 : U. S. Exp., Moll., pi. vii, fig. 99, 99a.— PFEIPFEB, Mon.
Hel. Viv., iii, p. 466. — Achatinella (Amastra) cerealis
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 545 ; vi, p. 178 ; viii, p. 235.—
HARTMAX, Proc. A. N. S., Phila,, 1888, pi. i, fig. 13.— Lepta-
chatina cerealis PSE., P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651.— SYKES, Fauna,
Haw., ii, 1900, p. 358.

Among several more or less slender species from Waianae
I have been unable to find a single specimen which agrees
closely with Gould's type.

14 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP C.

14. L. OBTUSA ('NewcomV Pfeiffer).

' ' Shell imperf orate, oblong, nearly smooth, glossy, pellucid,
chestnut- corneous ; spire cylindrically turrited, apex obtuse;
suture submarginate ; whorls 6%, nearly flat, the last nearly
equal to % of the length; aperture vertical, ac-uminately
oval, subangulate at the base ; columellar fold small, oblique ;
lip simple, erect, with a pale edge, the margins united by a
thin callus. Length 10.0, diam. 4.0, length of apert. 4.0,
diam. 2.0." (Pfeiffer.)

Oahu (Newcomb coll.).

AcJiatinella obtusa (Newcomb) PFEIFFER, P. Z. S., London,
1855, p. 209. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) obtusa PFEIFFER,
Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 567. — Leptachatina obtusa PEASE, P. Z.
S., London, 1869, p. 651. — SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, Moll., p.
366.

A dark brown, subcylindrical shell, with a thick, well-de-
veloped lip. This species does not seem to be closely related
to any of the other species of the genus. The only specimens
which I have seen so far are in the collection of the British
Museum and that of Newcomb.

15. L. TERES (Pfeiffer).

" 'Shell imperf orate, dextral, cylindrically oblong, somewhat
thin, lightly striate, very glossy, corneous; spire gradually
attenuate, apex somewhat obtuse; suture crenulate, dark
chestnut, on the last whorl impressly marginate; whorls 7,
somewhat flat, the last a little more than % of the length,
slightly ascending in front; aperture suboblique, sinuately
semioval; columellar fold subcallous, twisted, oblique; lip
simple, erect. Length 10, diam. 4 mm." (Pfr.).

Hawaiian Islands (Pfeiffer) ; probably Oahu.

Achatinella (Leptachatina) teres PFR., P. Z. S., 1855
(1856), p. 206; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 566.— Leptachatina
teres PSE., P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii,
p. 371.

This species is very closely related to L. obtusa and the two
may ultimately prove to belong to the same species. The type

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP C. 15

specimen of L. teres is an obtuse, subeylindrical shell, quite
thick (for the genus), with a vertical aperture which does
not extend beyond the penultimate whorl.

16. L. TURRITA (Guiick). PI. 9, fig. 16.

"Shell dextral, irnperf orate, ovately turrited, rather thin,
shining, translucent, dark corneous, finely striated; apex ob-
tuse, pallid ; spire turrited ; suture simple, lightly impressed ;
whorls nearly 9, flatly convex; columellar fold moderately
developed, whitish; aperture roundly lunate; peristome sim-
ple; with dextral margin unreflected, arcuate; columellar
margin dilated, thin, adnate; parietal margin wanting.
Length 9, diam. 4 mm. Body whorl 5 mill, long." (Gul.).

Oahu: Mountain ravines of Lihue (Guiick).

Achatinella turrita GUL., Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p. 192,
pi. 6, fig. 20. — Achatinella obclavata (— L. sandwicensis
Pfr.), NEWC., Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1858, p. 322.— Leptachatina
turrita BALD., Cat. Haw. Shells, 1893, p. 12. — SYKES, Proc.
Mai. Soc. Lond., iii. pi. 14, fig. 6 ; Fauna Haw., ii, p. 372.

I have only seen the type specimens, and agree with Mr.
Sykes that this species is not obclavata (= sandwicensis Pfr.)
to which species it was referred by Newcomb. Mr. Sykes'
figure of the type is copied.

17. L. PERSUBTILIS n. sp. PI. 10, fig. 4.

The shell is imperforate turrited, nearly corneous, diaph-
anous, thin, glossy, very finely and closely striated. Spire
turrited, apex rather blunt, rounded. Suture distinctly mar-
gined, scarcely impressed. Whorls nearly 8, almost flat,
closely coiled, increasing slowly and regularly, the last cylin-
drical, tapering towards the base. Aperture subovate,
slightly oblique, perpendicular. Columella nearly straight,
its face slightly concave, columellar fold rather strong, thin,
nearly median. Outer margin of lip regularly curved, erect,
slightly thickened within; columellar margin thin, appressed,
adnate; parietal wall covered with a thin, closely striated
callus. Length 8.7, diam. 3.6 ;, length of ap. 3.5 mm.

Oahu: Waianae Mts. back of Waialua (Lyman).

16 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP D.

L. persubtilis is chiefly characterized by its turrited form,
almost flat whorls and the minute striation on the callus of
the parietal wall. Some of the specimens have a light brown-
ish tinge which is somewhat lighter near the suture. I know
of no species to which it may be closely related.

D. Group of L. gracilis.
18. L. GRACILIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 3, figs. 47, 48.

"Shell, imperf orate, slender, turrited, somewhat solid,
nearly smooth, white, encircled with two brown bands ; spire
elongate, regularly attenuate, apex somewhat obtuse; suture
simple; whorls 8, somewhat flat, the last equal to % of the
length, rotundate at the base ; aperture subvertical, sinuately
oval; columellar fold median, subeompressed ; lip simple,
dextral margin erect, lightly arcuate, columellar margin di-
lated, adnate. Length 14.0, diam. 5.5 mm." (Pfr.).

Oahu: Waianae Mts. ; Kaala (Baldwin); below Kaala
(Perkins) ; back of Waialua (Lyman) ; back of Leilehua
(Cooke).

Achatinella gracilis PFEIFFER, P. Z. S., 1855, p. 6, pi. 30,
fig. 22. — Achatinella elevata Newcomb, PFEIFFER, P. Z. S.,
1855 (1856), p. 209. — Achatinella (Achatinellastrum) gracilis
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 536 ; vi, p. 173 ; viii, p. 224. —
Leptachatina gracilis NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p.
321.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 363.

A very distinct elongate species. None of my specimens
approach Pfeiffer 's in size. The shells from the western ex-
tremity of the Waianae range have a longer and narrower
aperture than those from near the middle of the range.
Measurements of specimens from these two localities are :

Length 11.8, diam. 4.7, length of apert. 4.5 mm. (Back of
Waialua).

Length 12.0, diam. 5.3, length of apert, 4.3 mm. (Back of
Leilehua) .

Pfeiffer 's original figure is copied, pi. 3, fig. 48.

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP D. IT

19. L. SUBULA (Gulick). PI. 9, fig. 14.

"Shell dextral, imperf orate, elongate, thin, shining, trans-
lucent, dark corneous, very finely striated ; apex obtuse, whit-
ish; spire turrited; suture simple, impressed; whorls 9, con-
vex; columellar fold central, white; aperture sinuately lun-
ate ; peristome simple ; with dextral margin unreflected, arcu-
ate; columellar margin dilated, white, adnate; parietal mar-
gin wanting. Length 11.5, diam. 4.3, length of body whorl
6 mm." (Gul.)

Oahu: Palolo (Gul.); Waialae (Spalding).

Achatinella subula GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p.
191, pi. 6, fig. 19. — Achatinella gracilis NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye.
X. Y., 1858, p. 321. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) elevata,
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 184. — Leptac}iatina subula
SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. 14, fig. 16. — Lepta-
chatina gracilis SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, Moll., p. 363.

The type specimen of L. subula was carefully compared
with specimens of L. gracilis, with the following differences:
the spire of the former is more attenuate, almost slightly con-
cave, the whorls are more convex ; the shell is thinner, darker
colored and unicolorous; the striae are more pronounced;
the apex is more acute and less rounded. Mr. Sykes' figure
of the type is copied in fig. 14.

20. L. TEREBRALIS (Gulick). PI. 9, fig. 15.

"Shell dextral, imperforate, turreted, shining, dark brown,
corneous, very finely striated; apex obtuse, white; spire tur-
reted; suture simple, slightly impressed, whorls 7%, flatly
convex; columella white, moderately plaited; aperture lun-
ate; peristome whitish; with dextral margin unreflected,
somewhat thickened; columellar margin dilated; adnate;
parietal margin thin. Long. 11, diam .4.5 mm. Body
whorl 6 mm. long." (Gul.)

"Var. &. With spire shortened, concavely conical; body
whorl rounded." (Gul.)

Oahu: Kawailoa (Gulick); Waianae Mts., below Kaala
(Perkins).

18 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP E.

Achatinella terebralis GUL., Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p.
193, pi. 6, fig. 21. — Achatinella (Leptachatina} terebralis
PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 185. — Leptachatina terebralis
PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651.— SYKES, Proe. Mai. Soc. Lond.,
iii, pi. 14, fig. 3; Fauna Haw., ii, p. 371.

"Resembles A. turrita and subula Nob., but is thicker and
heavier than either, and has fewer whorls. The shorter
variety seems to revert to the form of A. lagena Nob., which
in geographical relation is within five or six miles, and in
affinity is probably more nearly allied to this than are
A. turrita and subula, found in more distant parts of the
island. The number of its whorls and its thicker structure
favor this opinion. ' ' ( G-ulick. )

L. terebralis seems to be also related to L. gracilis Pfr. It
is slightly narrower in proportion to its length and the spire
is more turrited. Mr. Sykes' figure of the type is copied in
fig. 15.

E. Group of L. obsoleta.
21. L. CYLINDBATA Pease. PL 8, figs. 63, 64.

"The shell is thin, dextral, glossy, imperforate, elongate,
sub cylindrical, longitudinally faintly striate, scarcely crenu-
late at the suture, yellowish corneous; whorls 6, nearly flat,
the last equal to % of the length; apex obtuse; suture im-
pressed; columella simple, arcuate; aperture vertical, oblong
ovate; lip simple. Length 8, diam. 2.5 mm." (Pse.)

Kauai: Kilohana, near Lihue, Waiakoali (Cooke).

Leptachatina cylindrata PEASE, Journ. de ConchyL, 1869,
p. 168. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) cylindrata PFR., Mon.
Hel. Viv., viii, p. 246. — Leptachatina exilis G-uL, SYKES,
Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 361.

A shell from the former locality agrees exactly with Pease's
measurements and has the aperture 2.8 mm. in length.

Mr. Sykes reduced this species to a synonym of L. exilis
Gul. I have compared specimens of each species, sent by
their respective authors to the Academy N. S. Phila., and
find the following differences : L. exilis is smaller with the

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP E. 19

same number of whorls, the outlines are slightly more con-
vex, the apex is more acute and the columellar fold is slightly
stronger and more oblique. All of the shells of Gulick 's
species that I have been able to examine are minutely per-
forate, while those of Pease were imperforate. One of the
specimens received from Pease is figured.

22. L. CONVEXTUSCULA Sykes. PL 9, figs. 1, 2, 5.

"Shell turrited, elongate, slender, somewhat thin, dextral,
brownish corneous, smooth, polished, glossy, apex somewhat
obtuse ; whorls 6%, convex, somewhat swollen, the last equal
to 9/16 of the length of the shell; suture well impressed;
aperture pyriform, sinuate at the margin of the columella,
furnished with a very small fold, with the margins united by
& very thin callus. Length 8.0, diam. 2.8 mm." (Sykes}.

Oahu: Waiolani (Perkins); Nuuanu, Palolo (Cooke).

Leptachatina convexiuscula SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii,
1900, p. 360, pi. xi, fig. 11.

"A shell of the group of L. exilis Gulick, but with more in-
flated whorls, slightly more tapering towards the apex, and
the mouth more drawn out to the right." (Sykes). Fig. 5
is a copy of the original figure. Figs. 1, 2 are from Nuuanu
specimens.

L. convexiuscula is about midway between L. cylindrata
Pse., from Kauai, and L. exilis Gulick. There are two color
varieties among the specimens from Nuuanu. The more
abundant form is brownish corneous, the other vitreous and
diaphanous. The specimens from Palolo are slightly more
slender than those from Nuuanu, the upper whorls of the
spire are more attenuate, more closely coiled and slightly
more convex ; the aperture is also narrower.

Two shells from the additional localities have the follow-
ing measurements: Length 8.9, diam. 2.9, alt. of apert. 3.2
mm., 6% whorls (Nuuanu). Length 9.0, diam. 2.7, alt. of
apert. 3.2 mm., 7 whorls (Palolo).

23. L. EXILIS (G-ulick). PL 9, figs. 6, 10.

"Shell dextral, subperf orate, cylindrically turreted, slen-

20 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP E.

der, very thin, shining, transparent, vitreous, scarcely striated
beneath the lens ; apex somewhat obtuse ; spire turretly elon-
gate; suture simple, scarcely impressed; whorls 6, some-
what flattened; columellar fold slightly developed, termin-
ating deep within the aperture; aperture vertical, truncately
elliptical; peristome simple, thin, with dextral margin un-
reflected, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, thin, vitreous,
not appressed; parietal margin wanting. Length 6.3, diam.
2.5, length of body whorl 4.0 mm.

Oahu: Keawaawa, under stones in places not shaded by
trees (Gulick).

Achatinella exilis GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1856, p. 188,
pi. 6, fig. 16. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) exilis PFEIFFER,
Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 568; vi, p. 186; viii, p. 247.— Lepta-
chatina exilis PEASE, P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 651. — SYKES,
Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. 14, fig. 18; Fauna Haw.,
ii, 1900, p. 361.

A small, slender species which does not seem to be very
closely related to any other species from Oahu. Its nearest
relatives being L. convexiuscula Sykes, and L. cylindrata
Pease, though the two are more closely allied to each other
than is exilis to either of them. Specimens from Gulick 's col-
lection are of a brownish corneous color. Mr. Sykes believed
that cylindrata and exilis belonged to the same species. From
a minute and careful comparison of specimens from both au-
thors I am inclined to differ from him. For a discussion of
these differences see L. cylindrata.

A specimen from Mr. Gulick has the following measure-
ments: Length 6.1, diam. 2.3, length of apert. 2.35 mm.

(pi. 9, fig. e),

24. L. SAXATILIS (Gulick). PL 4, fig. 76.

"Shell dextral, perforate, cylindrically oblong, thin, shin-
ing, transparent, vitreous, microscopically very finely striated ;
apex rather obtuse ; spire elongate ; suture simple, lightly im-
pressed; whorls 6, slightly convex; the last rounded towards
the aperture ; columella slightly arcuate, pallid, with fold ob-
solete; aperture broadly oval; peristome simple, bordered

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP E. 21

with white; with margins joining in an unbroken curve;
dextral margin unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin di-
lated, not appressed ; parietal margin slightly callous. Length
6.3, diam. 2.8, length of body whorl 3.5 mm." (GuL).

Oahu: Mokuleia, under stones in open fields. (Gul.)

Achatinella saxatilis GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p.
187, pi. 6, fig. 15. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) saxatilis PFR.,
Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 186. — Leptachatina- saxatilis PEASE,
P. Z. S., 1869, p. 650.— HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1888, p. 55. — SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. 14,
%. 17.

"A small cylindrical species, of clear glassy appearance.
It represents more nearly than any other the Oahu species, the
A. grand Newc. (found on East Maui), from which it differs
chiefly in its larger size, more elongate form, and glassy trans-
parency. From A. crystallina it differs in slender form and
smooth columella with umbilical cleft." (Gulick).

From an examination of Gulick 's type of this species we
find the last two whorls rapidly increasing, the columellar
fold is minute and deeply seated and the lip is remarkably
heavy for a shell of this type.

25. L. EXOPTABILIS n. sp. PI. 10, figs. 5, 6.

The shell is very minutely perforate, elongate, slender, in a
fossil state white, somewhat solid, under a strong lens min-
utely striate with lines of growth. Spire elongate, gradually
tapering towards the somewhat obtuse base. Suture simple,
hardly impressed, slightly oblique. Whorls 7%, nearly flat,
slowly and regularly increasing, the last cylindrical, tapering
towards the base. Aperture ovately pyriform, oblique,
slightly diagonal. Columella arcuate, with a distinct callus
along its face and a very minute, oblique, nearly basal fold.
Outer lip almost regularly curved, erect, thickened within,
columellar margin appressed and adnate for about % of its
length. Umbilicus very minute. Length 7.8, diam. 2.6,
length of ap. 2.6 mm.

Oahu: Diamond Head (fossil); Waianae Mts. back of
Leilehua (Cooke).

22 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP E.

The description is based on two specimens one of which, is
not adult and is slightly broken. It is' most closely related
to L. exilis Gul. from the same island. L. exoptabilis is, how-
ever, larger, with less convex outlines and is narrower in pro-
portion to its length. I have referred to this species, with
some hesitation, a single shell from the Waianae Mts. The
shell is larger (length 9.3, diam. 2.8, alt. of ap. 2.9 mm.)y
without a perforation and the columellar fold is very minute.
It is very glossy and of a very light corneous color.

26. L. LEIAHIENSIS n. sp. PL 10, figs. 9, 10.

The shell is imperf orate, elongate, turrited, white (in fossil
state), smooth. Spire elongate-turrited, apex rather blunt.
Suture simple, hardly impressed. Whorls 6%, increasing re-
gularly and very slowly, the embryonic rather large, slightly
convex, the rest nearly flat, the last cylindrical with the base
slightly flattened. Aperture small, subovate, rather broad
in proportion to its length, oblique, slightly diagonal. Colu-
mella nearly straight, with a very minute, oblique fold.
Outer margin of the lip regularly convex, thickened within,
columellar margin thickened, appressed, adnate. Length 6.0r
diam. 2.2 ; length of ap. 2.1 mm.

Oahu: Diamond Head, fossil (Cooke).

This species is distinct from all the other species. The
turrited blunt spire is very characteristic of this species as
is also the oblique aperture. I know of no species with which
it may be closely related. It is extremely rare. Less than a
dozen specimens were obtained in four trips, two of which
were made especially for this species. Of all the specimens
collected, only two are now unbroken, and only four were
intact when collected, as the shells are very delicate and
easily broken in cleaning.

27. L. MOLOKAIENSIS n. sp. PI. 10, figs. 11, 12.

The shell is imperforate, elongate, turrited, light brownish
corneous, glossy, thin, diaphanous, under a strong lens min-
utely striate with lines of growth. Spire elongate, tapering
gradually to the rather blunt rounded apex. Suture simple.,

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP E. 23

oblique, slightly impressed. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the
embryonic rounded, the last cylindrical, tapering slowly to-
wards the base. Aperture elongate, pyriform, oblique, per-
pendicular. Columella brownish, twisted, with a very ob-
lique, minute basal fold. Outer margin of lip regularly arcu-
ate, very slightly thickened within and faintly edged with
dark brown; columellar margin thin, appressed, adnate.
Length 7.3, diam. 2.8, length of ap. 2.8 mm.

Molokai: Mapulehu Ridge, Kaluaaha and Wailau Pali
(Thaanum).

This species is represented by a single example from each
of the above localities. L. lanceolata, is the closest related
species from Molokai. L. molokaiensis differs, however, in
having a less number of whorls with its greater length, its
smoother surface, less conic spire, etc. It is more closely
related to L. convexiuscula Sykes from Oahu, from which it
is easily recognized by its slightly less cylindrical outlines, less
rapidly increasing whorls, smaller size, etc.

28. L. OBSOLETA (Pfeiffer). PL 2, figs. 31, 32.

"Shell subperf orate, oblong- turrited, thin, very faintly
striate, pellucid, glossy, pale corneous ; spire slightly convexly
turrited, obtuse; suture marginate; whorls 6y2, slightly con-
vex, the last forming % of the length; columella arcuate,
lightly twisted at the middle ; aperture scarcely oblique, ellip-
tically oval; lip simple, columellar margin very shortly re-
flexed, subadnate. Length 8.0, 'diam. 3 mm. Aperture 3.25
mm. long, 2.0 broad." (Pfr.)

East Maui: Haleakala at 5000 feet (Perkins); floor of
Haleakala crater at about 8000 feet (Cooke).

Spi-raoris obsoleta PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856,
p. 335; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 576. — Leptackatina obsoleta
PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, p. 650.— SYKES, Fauna
Haw., ii, 1900, p. 366.

An interesting species, found at a higher altitude than any
other species of this genus so far reported. They were rather
abundant under stones near " Crystal Cave " on the almost
barren floor of the crater. Only seventeen adult specimens

24 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F.

were gathered, three of which have a remarkable development.
Near the base of the columella is a low blunt spiral callus on
the parietal wall and extending into the aperture. This may
be a senile character, though two of the specimens do not show
any other signs of senility. This thickening has not been
observed in any other species.

In fresh adult examples the outer lip and columella are
edged with dark brown. A few have the parietal callus min-
utely parallel-striate. Adult specimens from a single colony
vary between the following measurements : Length 7.9, diam.
3.1, length of ap. 2.9 mm. Length 8.7, diam. 3.3, length of
ap. 3.3 mm. Length 8.8, diam. 3.4, length of ap. 3.2 mm.

This species is related to L. exilis Gul. and L. convexius-
cula Sykes, both of which come from the island of Oahu.

F. Group of L. accincta.
29. L. BREVICULA Pease. PI. 8, fig. 54.

"Shell dextral, somewhat thin, imperf orate, pyramidal or
shortly ovate, very minutely, longitudinally striate, corneous ;
whorls 5-6, somewhat flat, marginate at the suture; aperture
obauriform; columellar fold white, compressed, subbasal,
strong, almost transverse; lip scarcely thickened. Length
8.0, diam. 4.0 mm." (Pse.)

Kauai (Pease) : Kaholuamano, and at 4000 ft. (Perkins).

L. brevicula PSE., Journ. de Conchyl., xvii, 1869, p. 169.—
SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, p. 358. — Achatinella (Leptachatina)
brevicula PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 246.

An example, sent by Pease to the Acad. N. S. Phila., has
the following measurements: Length 7.3, diam. 3.9, length
of aperture 3.5 mm., with 6% whorls. The species is closely
related to L. gummea Gul. from Oahu.

29a. L. b. micro, n. var. PI. 8, fig. 55.

The shell is much smaller and proportionally, and more
obese than typical specimens of L. brevicula. Length 6.1,
diam. 3.1, length of aperture 2.8 mm.

Kauai: Haleieie at 1700 ft. and Milolii at 1500 ft. (Cooke).

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP P. 25

30. L. ACCINCTA (Mighels). PI. 3, figs. 53, 56.

"Shell dextral, conical, horn color, smooth, polished, im-
perforate; whorls six, convex, with an impressed revolving
line just below the suture; aperture semiovate; lip simple
acute. Length 4/15, diam. 2/15 inch." (6.6x3.3 mm.)
(Mighels.)

Oahu (Mighels) : Keawaawa (Gulick) ; Waianae Mts., back
of Waialua (Lyman) ; Waianae Mts., Leilehua (Cooke).

Achatina accincta MIGHELS, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1845,
p. 20. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., Achatina, sp. 101. — PFR., Mon.
Hel. Viv., ii, p. 271; iii, p. 504. — Achatinella (Amastra) ac-
cincta PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 545 ; vi, p. 177 ; viii, p. 235.
— Achatinella (Leptachatina) margarita PPR., P. Z. S. Lon-
don, 1855, p. 206; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 568; vi, p. 187; viii,
p. 247. — Achatinella granifera GUL., Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi,
1856, p. 185, pi. 6, fig. 13. — Leptachatina granifera — mar-
garita GUL., P. Z. S. London, 1873, p. 91. — Leptachatina
granifera SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. 14, fig. 5. —
Leptachatina accincta PSE., P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 650. —
SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 356. Not Achatinella ac-
cincta GLD., U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., pi. 7, fig. 97 = L. ven-
tulus Fer.

The shells referred to this species are sometimes minutely
perforate, very glossy, and under a lens faintly striate. The
spire is ovately conical, apex subobtuse. The suture is
slightly impressed, narrowly margined. The whorls are very
slightly convex. The aperture is slightly oblique and very
slightly diagonal. Columellar fold rather strong. Lip thick-
ened, whitish.

Length 7.2, diam. 3.5, length of ap. 3.2 mm. (Leilehua).

Length 5.5, diam. 2.8, length of ap. 2.6 mm. (Leilehua).

Length 6.0, diam. 3.2, length of ap. 2.7 mm. (Waianae Mts.,
back of Waialua) .

The last shell has a much smaller columellar fold than
the other two.

Pf eiffer 's measurements for margarita are : Length 6.3,
diam. 3.0 mm. Aperture 3.0x1% mm.

26 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F.

Gulick 's, for granifera are: Length 7.0, diam. 3.3 mm.;
length of body whorl 4.5 mm.

I have followed Mr. Sykes in referring Pfeiffer's and.
Gulick 's species to accincta. Unfortunately Mighels's type is
probably lost as no trace of it could be found. The figure in
the U. S. Exp. Exped., Moll., pi. 7, fig. 97, belongs to an en-
tirely different species, L. ventulus Fer.

31. L. CRYSTALLINA (Gulick). PL 3, fig. 50.

" Shell dextral, imperf orate, oblong, thin, shining, trans-
parent, vitreous, microscopically very finely striated; apex
somewhat obtuse ; spire convexly conical ; suture simple, mod-
erately impressed; whorls 6, somewhat convex; columellar
fold central, corneous, but slightly developed; aperture ro-
tundately lunate; peristome simple, bordered with white;
with dextral margin unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin
dilated. Length 6.0, diam. 3.0, length of body whorl 4.0
mm." (Gulick.)

Oahu : Mokuleia, under stones in open country. (Gulick.)
' Yar. b. With a brown spiral line accompanying the su-
ture." (Gulick.)

"Var. c. Larger, not so transparent." (Gulick.)

Oahu: Kamoo, Waialua. (Gulick.)

Achatinella crystallina GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856,
p. 186, pi. 6, fig. 14. — Achatinella nitida NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 327.— PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, 184.— Lepta-
chatina crystallina SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 361.

A small ovate species related to the shells referred to
L. accincta Mighels, but more slender, with a less conical
spire, and with a more perpendicular and narrower aperture.
A specimen in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Science of Philadelphia, no. 91807, has the following meas-
urements: length 6.6, diam. 2.9, length of apert. 2.8 mm.

32. L. GUMMEA (Gulick) . PL 3, fig. 54.

. ' ' Shell dextral, imperf orate, broad, oblong conic, thin, shin-
ing, pellucid, amber colored, very finely striated ; apex rather
obtuse; spire convexly conical; suture simple, lightly im-

LEPTACHATINA. GROUP F. 27

pressed ; whorls 6, rather convex ; columellar fold central, pale
corneous, scarcely lamelliform ; aperture sub-pyrif onn ; peris-
tome margined with white and thickened within ; with dextral
margin arcuate, very slightly reflected anteriorly; columellar
margin dilated, adnate; parietal margin thin. Length 7.6,
diam. 4.3, length of body whorl 5.3 mm." (Gulick.)

Oahu: Mokuleia, Lihue, (Gulick); Olomana (Gulick on
label, Mus. Bost. Soc.) ; Punaluu, Hauula, Helemanu, Kailua,
Waimanalo (Gulick, for A. fragilis) ; Palolo, Bound Top,
Mt. Tantalus, Pauoa, Nuuanu (Cooke).

Achatinella gummea GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p.
182, pi. 6, fig. 10. — Achatinella fragilis GULICK, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., vi, 1856, p. 182, pi. 6, fig. 11.— Achatinella guttula
NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 315. — Achatinella.
(Leptachatina) gummea PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 566;
vi, p. 184; viii, p. 247. — Leptachatina gummea SYKES, P.
Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. xiv, fig. 1. — Leptachatina fragilis
SYKES, P. Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. xiv, fig. 2. — Lepta-
chatina guttula SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 363.

This is the commonest and most widespread species of
Lepta-chatina on the Island of Oahu. It is nearly always
present in the more or less open woods near forests, though
it sometimes occurs in the damper and darker regions but not
so abundantly.

I think that Newcomb, in his identification of L. guttula
Gld., must have been mistaken, for typical shells of this
species are entirely different from gummea. Gould's species
is heavier, thicker, with a more ovate spire, the last whorl is
more tumid and tapers more at the base, the lip is much more
thickened and the columellar fold is smaller and more deeply
seated than in L. gummea.

The species differs considerably in size as can be seen by
the following measurements :

Length 7.8, diam. 4.0, length of apert. 3.6 mm. Nuuanu.

Length 9.8, diam. 4.9, length of apert. 4.8 mm. Nuuanu.

Length 6.8, diam. 3.8, length of apert, 3.6 mm. Round Top.

Length 8.5, diam. 4.5, length of apert, 4.2 mm. Palolo.

Length 7.6, diam. 4.0, length of body whorl 5.3 mm. (Gulick
for A. fragilis.)

28 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F.

33. L. ORYZA (Pfeiffer). PL 3, fig. 59.

"Shell subrimate, fusiform, somewhat striate, corneous
(?) ; spire convexly conical, apex somewhat obtuse; suture
light, simple; whorls 7, scarcely convex, the last nearly
equal to % of the length, attenuate at the base; aperture
scarcely oblique, acuminately oval; columellar fold subcom-
pressed, acute; lip simple, erect, columellar margin subre-
nexed, adnate. Length 8.0, diam. 3.75, length of apert. 3.6,
diam. 2 mm." (Pfeiffer.}

Oahu, subfossil (Frick, Newcomb) : Keawaawa (Gulick).

Achatinella1 (Leptachatina) oryza PFEIFFER, P. Z. S. London,
1855, Feb., 1856, p. 206. — Achatinella tritacea GULICK, Ann.
Lye. N. Y., vi, Dec., 1856, p. 184, pi. 6, fig. 12.— Achatinella
oryza NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 322. — Acha-
tinella (Leptachatina) oryza PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p.
567 ; vi, p. 185 ; viii, p. 247. — Leptachatina oryza PEASE, P. Z.
S. London, 1869, p. 651. — Leptachatina tritacea SYKES, P.
Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1899, pi. 14, fig. 8. — Leptachatina
oryza SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 367.

I follow Newcomb and Sykes in placing Gulick 's species
tritacea with the one above. The main difference between
Gulick 's and Pfeiffer 's specimens is that the former is al-
ways imperforate while that of Pfeiffer is distinctly rimate.
A specimen of tritacea from Gulick 's collection is figured, pi.
3, fig. 52.

33a. L. o. subcylindracea n. var. PI. 3, figs. 60, 61.

The shell is smaller than typical specimens of oryza, more
cylindrical; the suture is broadly margined; whorls 6%;
aperture nearly vertical, slightly contracted. Length 6.6,
diam. 2.7, length of apert. 2.6 mm.

Oahu, fossil (Newcomb). Type no. 57820 A. N. S. P.

34. L. VANA Sykes. PI. 3, fig. 57.

"Shell pyramidately conic, dextral, imperforate, somewhat
thin, brownish corneous, glossy, under a lens obsoletely longi-
tudinally striate, suture marginate ; whorls 8, slowly increas-
ing, the last whorl equal to % the length of the shell ; aper-

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F. 29

ture pyriform, dextral margin acute, columellar margin sub-
reflexed, sinuate? furnished with a small fold, with the mar-
gins united by a very thin callus. Length 7.8, diam. 3.9
mm." (Sykes.)

Oahu: Mt, Kaala (Perkins).

Leptachatina vana SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, Moll.,
1900, p. 372, pi. xi, fig. 27.

"A brownish horny, pyramidal shell which has no strik-
ing characters." (Sykes.) Mr. Sykes' figure is copied.

35. L. CAPTIOSA n. sp. PL 11, fig. 12.

The shell is minutely perforate, ovate, corneous, nearly
solid, hardly diaphanous, scarcely glossy, under a lens faintly
and closely striated with lines of growth. Spire nearly
conic, with slightly convex outlines; apex rounded. Suture
simple, scarcely impressed. Whorls G1^, the first 3 closely
coiled, nearly flat, the rest increasing more rapidly, very
slightly convex, the last large, nearly cylindrical, tapering
very gradually towards the base. Aperture rather large, sub-
ovate, very slightly oblique, nearly perpendicular. Columella
nearly straight, arcuate below, with an acute callus along
its face ; columellar fold rather strong, nearly basal, oblique,
extending to the outer margin. Outer lip slightly arcuate,
distinctly thickened; columellar margin thin, adnate above;
both margins united by a thin, transparent callus with its
outer edge slightly thickened. Umbilicus very minute.
Length 10.0, diam. 5.0. Length of ap. 4.8 mm.

Oahu: Waianae Mts., back of Leilehua (Cooke).

Somewhat related to L. pulchra but with fewer whorls.
L. captiosa is broader in proportion to its length. This
species is also related to L. fuscula Gul. The spire is how-
ever, more convex, and the surface is smoother.

36. L. PULCHRA n. sp. PI. 10, figs. 7, 8.

The shell is imperf orate, (sometimes minutely perforate),
elongate-ovate, spire and upper part of last whorl light
brown, base darker brown, with a dark brown band accom-
panying the sutures, somewhat glossy, under a lens striate

30 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F.

with lines of growth. Spire nearly conic with slightly con-
vex outlines, apex slightly acute. Suture hardly impressed,
faintly margined, slightly crenulate. Whorls 6%, almost
flat, increasing regularly, the last nearly cylindrical, tapering
towards the 'base, ascending slightly near the lip. Aperture
very slightly oblique, slightly diagonal, subovate, somewhat
angled at its juncture with the columella. Columella nearly
straight, with an acute callus along its face; columellar fold
rather strong, oblique, subbasal. Outer lip regularly curved,
distinctly thickened within, columellar margin thickened, usu-
ally appressed and adnate. Umbilicus, when present, min-
ute. Length 8.3, diam. 3.9 ; length of ap. 3.6 mm.

Oahu: Waianae Mts. back of Leilehua (Oooke).

A beautiful distinct species found in open country at the
base of small ferns. Related to L. vana Sykes, but narrower
in proportion to its length and with a less conic spire. There
is a larger and lighter-colored variety of this shell of which
I have only three specimens. Of this variety a well de-
veloped specimen measures, length 9.8, diam. 4.1 mm.

37. L. OPIPARA n. sp. PI. 12, fig. 1.

The shell is imperforate, narrowly ovate, corneous, thin,
glossy, subdiaphanous, the embryonic whorls smooth, the rest,
under a lens, closely and distinctly striate, with numerous
very close, and very fine spiral striae. Spire narrowly ovate,
apex rounded. Suture faintly margined, crenulate, scarcely
impressed, Whorls 61/^ slightly convex, the neanic increasing
slowly and regularly, the last increasing more rapidly, nearly
cylindrical, tapering towards the base. Aperture large, sub-
pyriform, slightly oblique and very slightly diagonal. Colu-
mella nearly straight, its face slightly concave, with a rather
strong flattened lamella. Outer -margin of lip erect, thick-
ened within, nearly flat above, regularly curved below, colu-
mellar margin slightly thickened, appressed, adnate. Length
9.4, diam. 4.3 ; length of ap. 4.2 mm.

O-ahu: Apex of mountain range back of Palolo Valley
(Cooke).

L. opipara is most closely related to L. gummed Gulick. It

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F. 31

is much, narrower in proportion to its length with more convex
outlines and slightly more distinctly striate. As far as I
know, this species has only been collected once and that in the
locality mentioned above when 5 closely agreeing specimens
were taken.

38. L. EMERITA Sykes. PI. 6, figs. 1, 2, 3.

1 1 The shell is elongate, subcylindrical, imperf orate, dextral,
corneous, or hyaline or yellow, somewhat thin, under a lens
longitudinally striate, apex somewhat obtuse; whorls 6%,
flatly convex, the last almost equal to % the length of the
shell; suture impressed, marginate; aperture ovate, with, the
dextral margin slightly thickened, columellar margin subre-
flexed, furnished with a small inconspicuous ascending lamella.
Length 8.0, diam. 3.5 mm." (Sykes.)

Molokai: Kalamaula, and at 4000 ft. (Perkins); Kauna-
kakai, under stones (McGregor) ; Kamoku Hill, Ulapue,
Halawa (Thaanum) ; near Waikolu (Cooke).

Leptachatina, emerita SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, 1900,
p. 361, pi. xi, fig. 10.

"Variable in color, shading from brown to a hyaline tint;
adult specimens lose their gloss and become of a straw-yellow.
The columellar plait is small and inconspicuous." (Sykes.)

The penultimate whorl is often tumid. Large specimens
of this species, with 7 whorls, have the following measure-
ments : length 8.5, diam. 3.6, length of ap. 3.6 mm. There is
a smaller variety of this species, having the same color varia-
tions. A specimen with 6^2 whorls measured length 6.9, diam,
3.1, length of ap. 3.0 mm. Fig. 3 is a copy of Mr. Sykes' ori-
ginal figure.

39. L. CONCOLOR n. sp. PI. 6, figs. 9, 10.

The shell is imperforate, elongately ovate, yellowish corn-
eous or straw-color, dull, rather thin, hardly diaphanous,
under a lens the first two whorls are smooth, the third and
fourth very closely striate, the last three a little more coarsely
striate, especially at the sutures. Spire acutely conieally
ovate, apex obtuse. Suture simple, hardly impressed, crenu-

32 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F.

late. "Whorls 7, slightly convex, the last elongate, tapering at
the base. Aperture slightly oblique, perpendicular, narrowly
ovate. Columella twisted, nearly straight, with a rather
small oblique lamella. Outer lip very slightly arcuate,
slightly thickened within, columellar margin thin, reflexed,
adnate. Length 8.6, diam. 3.5, length of ap. 3.4 mm.

Molokai: Kamalo (Thaanum).

In texture and color this species approaches L. ementa
Sykes. The form of the shell is different and the aperture
is narrower, with a stronger columellar fold. In form it is
somewhat related to L. l&vigata Cooke but differs in propor-
tion of length to breadth, texture of its surface, etc.

40. L. CONICOIDES Sykes. PL 6, figs. 11, 14, 15.

"The shell is conically ovate, imperf orate, dextral, some-
what thin, corneous, crenulate at the sutures; whorls 6, the
last equal to 4/7 the length of the shell ; suture subimpressed ;
aperture subvertical, sinuately oblong, with the dextral mar-
gin slightly thickened, columellar margin reflexed, adnate,
furnished with a small, compressed, oblique fold, the mar-
gins united by a thin callus. Length 7.5, diam. 3.5 mm."
(Sykes.)

Molokai (Perkins): near Waikolu (Cooke).

Leptachatina conicoides SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p.
359, pi. xi, fig. 26.

"A somewhat conic shell, in which, when adult, the colu-
mellar plait becomes inconspicuous." (Syk&s.) Fig. 11 is
a copy of the original figure.

Lept. emerita, is somewhat related to this species, it is usu-
• ally larger, the suture is not crenulate and the spire is con-
vex in outlines. A single specimen of this species from near
Waikolu measures as follows: length 7.5, diam. 3.5, length
of aperture 3.4 mm.

41. L. VARIA n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 1.

The shell is imperforate, ovately conic, dark brown, with a
narrow indistinct whitish band accompanying the suture, some-
what solid, glossy, nearly smooth, under a lens minutely striate

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F. 33

with lines of growth. Spire conic, apex somewhat acute.
Suture simple, hardly impressed. Whorls 6, nearly flat, the
last two increasing rather rapidly, the last subcylindrical,
tapering towards the base. Aperture subovate, brownish
within, slightly oblique, hardly diagonal. Columella straight
heavily calloused, with a thick white callus along its
face; columellar fold small, oblique, deeply situated.
Outer lip regularly curved, strongly calloused within and
with a broad yellowish white margin without; columellar
margin thickened, white, appressed, adnate; both margins
united by a rather thick, transparent or whitish callus.
Length 8.5, diam. 4.1, length of ap. 3.9 mm.

Molokai : Pali-ko-i in Halawa and fossil at the mouth of
Halawa Valley (Thaanum).

I know of no species closely related to L. varia. L. corns-
cans Hartman is probably its closest relative on Molokai, but
the shell is larger, broader in proportion to its length and
thinner. The most distinctive character is the strongly thick-
ened margin of the outer lip. This character is also very
prominent in L. guttula Gould of Maui.

There is a lighter colored, yellowish corneous variety. The
fossil shells, from the mouth of Halawa, are slightly larger
than typical specimens of this species, measuring 9.4x4.2
mrn. A few specimens have a duplicate outer lip.

42. L. OVATA n. sp. PI. 2, fig. 30.

The shell is imperforate, ovate, the embryonic whorls
greenish corneous, the rest brownish corneous, with a narrow
reddish band accompanying the suture, very glossy, very
thin, diaphanous, under a lens very minutely striate with
lines of growth. Spire ovate, apex obtuse. Suture slightly
impressed, faintly margined, minutely crenulate. Whorls
nearly 6, slightly convex, the last two slightly swollen, the
last large, tapering to the base. Aperture large, about one-
half the length of the shell, ovate, slightly oblique, perpendi-
cular. Columella slightly oblique, twisted, with a rather
strong oblique fold. Outer lip slightly thickened, a little
darker than the rest of the shell; columellar margin thin,
adnate, length 7.0, diam. 3.6, length of ap. 3.3 mm.

34 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F.

West Maui: Maunahoomaha (Thaanum, Cooke), Hono-
kahau Gulch, Honokowai Gulch, lao Valley (Thaanum),
Kauaula, Honolua (Baldwin).

, A rather abundant species on West Maui. Two lots of
shells in Mr. Baldwin's collection from Makawao and Ula-
palakua, East Maui, are provisionally located in this species.

L. ovata is most closely related to L. vitreola Gul. It dif-
fers in its smaller size, shorter and more ovate spire, larger
aperture, and being proportionally broader. In some speci-
mens the sutural band is lacking.

43. L. GRANA (Newcomb). PL 2, figs. 26, 27.

''Shell dextral, ovate-conic, solid, corneous; whorls 6,
faintly margined; aperture ovate; columella with a strong
plaited, tooth; outer lip slightly thickened, white; columellar
lip expanded and applied to the body whorl. Length 0.3,
breadth 0.1 inch " (7.5x2.5 mm). (Newc.)

East Maui: Makawao (Newcomb) ; Haleakala, at 5000 feet
(Perkins).

Achatinella grana NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. New York, vi,
1853, p. 29: Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1853 (1854), p. 146
(not pi. 23, fig. 46, = L. ovata}. — Achatinella (Leptachatina}
grana PFR., Men. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 567. — Leptachatina grana
PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900,
p. 363.

Newcomb 's description in the P. Z. S. differs slightly from
the original one given above. He gives the form as " elon-
gately conic " and the length as 0.25 inch (6.2 mm.). The
figure accompanying the description does not agree with the
measurements given in either of his two descriptions. In the
figure the breadth is a little more than one-half of the length,
while in the original description it is just one- third.

In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Phila. (no. 57810) is a tray of shells labeled grana,, presented
by the author. This tray contained two distinct species.
Some of the specimens (pi. 2, figs. 26, 27) agree closely with
Newcomb 's original description, having the following meas-
urements: length 6.1, diam. 2.7, length of ap. 2.7 mm.; the

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F. 35

columellar fold is not very strong and is very oblique. The
other shells in the same tray agree with typical specimens of
L. ovata from West Maui; and these last agree with New-
comb's figure.

44. L. VITBEOLA (Gulick). PI. 2, figs. 28, 29.

' ' Shell dextral, imperforate, elongately ovate, thin, shining,
pellucid, vitreous, microscopically finely striated ; apex rather
obtuse; spire convexly conic; suture simple, moderately im-
pressed ; whorls nearly 7, somewhat convex ; columella lightly
plaited deep within the aperture; aperture pyriform; peris-
tome simple; with dextral margin unreflected, arcuate; colu-
mellar margin narrow, adnate; parietal margin wanting.
Length 8.0, diam. 3.5 mm. ; body whorl 4.5 mm. long " (Gul.).

West Maui (Baldwin) : Maunahoomaha (Thaanum, Cooke) ;
Honokohau Gulch, Honokowai Gulch, Akau-ka-imu (Thaa-
num) .

Achatinella vitreola GUL., Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p.
194, pi. 6, fig. 23. — Achatinella parvula GUL., Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
vi. 1856, p. 195, pi. 6, fig. 24. — Achatinella grana NEWC.,
Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 330; Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1853, p. 146, pi. 33, fig. IG.—Leptachatina parvula SYKES,
Proc. Mai. Soc. London, iii, pi. 14, fig. 13. — Leptachatina
vitreola SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 372.

A single shell collected in West Maui agrees closely with
the type in the collection of the Boston Society, except that
it is slightly broader, measuring, length 8.0, diam. 3.8, length
of ap. 3.4 mm.

I cannot follow Newcomb in considering this species equal
to L. grana Newc. The two species are entirely distinct.

Figs. 28, 29 represent a cotype in coll. A. N. S. P. ; the fig-
ure below fig. 28 is a copy of Mr. Sykes's figure of the type
of L. parvula, see below.

I follow Mr. Sykes in including L. parvula with this
species. It differs somewhat from the typical forms of
L. vitreola, being considerably smaller and broader in pro-
portion to its length. It might properly to considered a
variety.

36 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F.

'44&. L. vitreola purvula Gulick. PI. 2, fig. below 28.

' ' Shell dextral, imperf orate, conic-oblong, thin, shining, pel-
lucid, glossy, of amber hue, microscopically very finely
striated; apex obtuse; spire convexly conical; suture simple,
moderately impressed; whorls 6, rather convex; columella
with a light internal plait; aperture pyriform; peristome
simple, unreflected; with columellar margin narrow, adnate;
parietal margin wanting. Length 6%, diam. 4 mm. ; average
weight 0.1 grain. Nearly of the size and color of A. grani-
fera, but of a more cylindrically oblong shape, with a nar-
rower base ' ' ( Gulick ) .

The type locality was unknown. Mr. Sykes has figured
the type, his figure being copied on my plate, between figs.
27 and 35.

45. L. GUTTULA (Gould). PI. 2, figs. 34, 35, 36.

"'Shell small, thin, translucid, shining, short ovate, yellow-
ish-green, slightly striated lengthwise, with sometimes a faint
appearance of revolving bands. Whorls 6, short, slightly con-
vex, the last tumid, more than half the length of the shell.
Aperture small, lunate; lip white, thickened, strongly trun-
cate at the base ; columella short, furnished with a small fold,
the penultimate whorl covered with a callus. Length %,
diam. 3/16 inch. ' ' ( Gould. )

Maui (Gld.): East Maui (Baldwin).

Achatinella guttula GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, 1845, p.
201; U. S. Exp. Exp., Moll., p. 89, pi. 7, figs. 98, 990.—
NEWC., Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 315.— PPR., Mon. Hel.
Viv., iii, p. 467. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) guttula PFR.,
Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 567; vi, p. 185; viii, p. 247. — Lepta-
chatina guttula PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, p. 651.
—SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 363.

1 ' One of the smallest, and proportionally the shortest of the
group, its length being but little greater than its breadth.
It is much more ventricose and less solid than A. accincta
Migh." (Gld.)

The measurements in both of Gould's descriptions are
probably wrong. In both of these he says, in his notes, that

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F. 37

the length is but "little greater than its breadth." The type
specimen in the National Museum, Washington, and his fig-
ures, show that "y&" is probably a misprint for %. His
figure, natural size, is 8.0 mm. long and 4.3 broad.

I cannot follow Newcomb in considering L. gummed Gul.,
identical with this species. A specimen of guttula carefully
compared with the type (and agreeing closely) has more or
less the characters of a Kauaian shell. There is an acute
thick callus along the face of the columella. The lip is
strongly thickened and there is quite a thick callus on the
parietal wall. This specimen measures: Length 7.5, diam. 4.1,
length of ap. 3.7 mm. This is quite close to the corrected
Gould's measurements — 8.3x4.7 mm.

Gould's figure of the type of L. guttida is copied, pi. 2,
fig. 34.

46. L. SUBOVATA n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 2.

The shell is imperforate, elongately ovate, brownish, thin
diaphanous, glossy, under a lens minutely striate with lines of
growth. Spire narrowly conic, with slightly convex outlines,
apex somewhat obtuse. Suture scarcely impressed, margined
with a rather indistinct narrow line. Whorls 6, increasing
rather rapidly, very slightly convex, the last elongate, cylin-
drical, tapering gradually to the base. Aperture subovate,
very slightly oblique and slightly diagonal. Columella
slightly twisted, brownish corneous, with a very thin acute
callus along its face; columellar fold basal, rather strong,
oblique. Outer lip regularly curved, thickened within, white ;
columellar margin appressed, adnate. Length 7.3, diam. 3.4,
length of ap. 3.3 mm.

Lanai (Thaanum).

A rather abundant species approaching L. ovata from West
Maui. The latter is, however, slightly lighter colored and
thinner, more pellucid, glossier and broader in proportion to
its length. In L. subovata the penultimate whorl is slightly
more convex. A few specimens have a narrow dark brown
band at the suture.

38 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F.

47. L. ABBOREA Sykes. PI. 1, figs. 5, 6, 7.

"Shell ovately oblong; turrited, thin or somewhat thin,
dextral, corneous, very lightly longitudinally striate; whorls
6-7, flatly convex, the last equal to % of the length of the
shell ; suture well impressed ; aperture quadrately ovate, with
the dextral margin slightly thickened, with the columellar
margin vertical, thickened, reflexed, furnished with a small
scarcely conspicuous fold. Length 8.0, diam. 3.6 mm.'*
(Sykes.)

Hawaii: Kona at 4000 feet (Perkins); Olaa (Baldwin,
Thaanu) ; Hamakua, subfossil (Ancey) ; Kaiwiki (Thaa-
num).

Leptachatina arborea SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 357,
pi. xi, fig. 21. — ANCEY, Journ. of Malac. xi, 1904, p. 69.

The plica is very inconspicous ; the color becomes lighter in
adult specimens, and then the polished, transparent gloss
disappears and the shell becomes of a straw color. Over thirty
specimens were collected by Mr. Perkins; they vary slightly
in shape, a few being broader in proportion to the length,
and having more inflated whorls. Mr. Baldwin sends me
the following note : "It is found on the candle-nut tree
(Aleurites moluccana) , among the leaves of the bird-nest fern
(Asplenium nidus), sometimes at the height of 30 or 40 feet.
All other known species of Leptachatina are terrestrial, living
under rocks or on dead leaves and decaying wood. ' '

48. L. SIMPLEX Pease. PI. 1, figs. 8, 9.

"Shell dextral, somewhat thin, shining, imperf orate, abbre-
viately or elongately ovate, longitudinally lightly striate,
sometimes narrowly margined at the suture, corneous ; whorls
6, flatly convex ; aperture vertical, ovate ; columellar fold
white, basal, oblique, twisted; lip thickened. Length 8.0,
diam. 3-4 mm." (Pease.)

Hawaii: Kona at 3000-4000 feet (Perkins); Waimea
( Thaanum, Lyons, Baldwin, Henshaw and Lyman) .

Leptachatina simplex PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1869, p.
170. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) simplex PFR., Mon. Hel.
Viv., viii, p. 247. — Leptachatina simplex HARTMAN, Proc. A.

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP F. 39

N. S. Phil., 1888, p. 55.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 369.
— ANCEY, Journ. of Malac. xi, 1904, p. 69.

Two specimens, presented by Pease to the Philadelphia
Academy, have the following measurements : 7.5 x 3.4 and 6.7
x 3.0 mm.

The species belongs to the same type of shell as L. vitreola
Gul., L. conicoides Sykes, etc. It is characterized by its
elongate spire, which has slightly convex outlines, and rather
small perpendicular aperture. The species does not seem to
be found in the fossil material from Mana. A specimen re-
ceived from Pease is figured.

49. L. ANCEYANA n. sp. PL 1, figs. 18, 19.

The shell is minutely perforate, narrowly ovately conic,
whitish (in fossil state), thin, under a lens minutely striate
with lines of growth, the embryonic whorls smooth, glossy.
Spire ovately conic, apex subobtuse. Suture simple, hardly
impressed. Whorls S1/^, slightly convex, the last elongate,
sub cylindrical, tapering to the base. Aperture oblique, nearly
perpendicular, subovate, acute at both ends. Columella
nearly straight, with a minute, oblique fold. Outer lip
slightly arcuate, thickened within, columellar margin reflexed,
subadnate, thin, with an acute longitudinal callus along its
face. Umbilicus minute, subcircular. Length 5.4, diam. 2.5,
length of aperture 2.5 mm.

Hawaii: Mana, fossil (Henshaw).

A small species unlike anything from Hawaii. Somewhat
like L. ovata from Maui, but smaller and narrower in pro-
portion to its length. The surface is minutely and very
closely striate with lines of growth. This species is rather
abundant in the fossil deposits explored by Dr. Henshaw in
Mana.

50. L. DEFUNCTA n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 16.

The shell is imperf orate (sometimes minutely perforate),
acuminately conic, whitish (in fossil state), embryonic whorls
smooth, glossy, the rest dull, under a lens minutely striate
with lines of growth. Spire elongately conic, apex obtuse.

40 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP G.

Suture slightly impressed, faintly and narrowly margined.
Whorls 7, 'the third and fourth nearly flat, the rest slightly
convex, the last elongate, tapering to the base. Aperture
subovate, slightly oblique, nearly perpendicular. Columella
nearly straight, with a rather strong oblique fold. Outer lip
regularly arcuate, thickened within, columellar margin thick-
ened, reflexed adnate. Length 9.0, diam. 3.8, length of ap.
3.5 mm.

Hawaii: Mana, fossil (Henshaw).

A rather variable species in size ; one measures, length 10.4,
diam. 4.8, length of ap. 4.3 mm. The aperture is small and
very broad in proportion to its length.

51. L. LEPIDA n. sp. PL 1, figs. 12, 13.

The shell is imperf orate (rarely perforate), ovately coni-
cal, brownish corneous, thin, subdiaphanous, glossy, under
a lens minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire conic,
apex blunt. Suture simple, scarcely impressed. Whorls 6,
nearly flat, the last slightly rotundate, tapering to the base.
Aperture subovate, rather broad, oblique, very slightly dia-
gonal. Columella subtruncate, with a rather strong, oblique
fold. Outer lip moderately arcuate, thickened within, white;
columellar margin thickened, reflexed, adnate. Length 6.5,
diam. 3.3, length of ap. 2.9 mm.

Hawaii: Mana (Thaanum).

From L. simplex this species differs in being smaller, with
the same number of whorls, thicker, the whorls are flatter and
the spire is shorter and more conic in outline.

G. Group of L. nitida.

52. L. FUMIDA (Gulick). PI. 3, fig. 58.

' ' Shell dextral, imperforate, ovate conic, thin, shining, pel-
lucid, corneous, with a dark line accompanying the suture,
microscopically very finely striated; apex somewhat obtuse,
pallid; spire convexly conical; suture simple, scarcely im-
pressed; whorls 7, rather flat; columellar fold central, white,
lamelliform; aperture pyrifonn; peristome simple; with dex-

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP G. 41

tral margin unreftected, semicircular; columellar margin di-
lated, white, adnate; parietal margin very thin, white.
Length 8.0, diani. 4.3, length of body whorl 5.3 mm."
(Gulick.)

Oahu: AYaialei, Pupukea, Waimea, Kawailoa, Helemanu
(Gulick) ; Waialua (Lyman) ; Waianae Mts., back of Leile-
hua (Cooke).

Achatinella fumida GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p.
181, pi. 6, fig. 9. — Achatinella vitrea NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 328. — AchatineUa (Leptachatina) vitrea
PFR., ]\Ion. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 183. — Achatinella (Leptachatina)
nitid-a f PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 184. — Leptachatina
fumida SYKES, P. Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. 14, fig. 15;
Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 362.

L. fumida is somewhat closely related to L. gummea Gulick.
It differs in its slightly more convex spire and its aperture is
more perpendicular. It has no relationship with L. cingula
Migh. (L. vitrea Xewc.).

The measurements of two specimens are :

Length 8.0, diam. 4.2, length of apert. 3.7 mm. P. A. N. S.
91876.

Length 7.3, diam. 3.8, length of apert. 3.3 mm. Wailua.

53. L. CORUSCANS Hartman. PL 6, figs. 6, 7.

''Shell dextral, ovate, very thin and polished, spire one-
third the length; apex obtuse, whorls 41/4, rounded, the last
one and a half inflated; suture impressed, aperture semi-
ovate, with a very thin white lamellar tooth near the base;
labiuni slightly thickened within and white, color amber.
Length 9.0, diam. 4.5, length of ap. 3.5, diam. 2,5 mm."
(Hartman.)

Molokai: Kanialo (Baldwin) : Kapanui, Kolamaula, and at
4000 ft. (Perkins) ; Mapulehu Ridge (Thaanum).

Leptachatina coruscans HARTMAX, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila,, 1888, p. 52, pi. 1, fig. 16.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii,
Moll., p. 360.

Dr. Hartman must have miscounted the number of whorls
in his type specimen, as a photograph of the type, in the col-

42 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP G.

lection of the Philadelphia Academy has from 5 to 6 whorls.
I know of no species of Leptachatina, when adult, with as few
as 4% whorls. Adult specimens usually have from 5% to
6% whorls.

This species is very variable in thickness and color. Some
of the specimens are dark brown with intergrades to light
greenish corneous. It also varies from ovate to ovate tur-
rited in form.

53<z. L. c. dissimilis n. var. PI. 6, fig. 8.

The shell is imperforate, broadly ovate, corneous, diaph-
anous, minutely and closely striate or costulate. Suture sub-
impressed, narrowly margined. Whorls 6^2? nearly flat, the
last very large. Aperture elongately ovate, narrow, slightly
oblique, perpendicular. Columella truncate, with a rather
strong fold. Lip slightly thickened. Length 7.6, diam. 4.1,
length of ap. 4.0 mm.

Molokai: near Waikolu (Cooke).

This variety is smaller, more distinctly striate and thinner
than the typical form of the species.

54. L. NITIDA (Newcomb). PI. 2, figs. 20, 21.

" Shell dextral, ovately conical, thin, pellucid, shining, light
corneous, with a faint linear band of red beneath the suture ;
whorls 6, ventricose; suture margined; aperture ovate; colu-
mella terminating in a twisted oblique white plait, lip thin.
Length 0.4, diam. 0.11 inch." (10.0x2.7 mm.) (Newc.)

East Maui (Newc.) : Kula and Ulapalakua (Baldwin).
?0ahu: Ml Kaala (Perkins). 1 Molokai (Borcherding).

Achatinella nitida NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. New York, vi, 1853,
p. 29; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1853 (1854), p. 140, pi. 23,
fig. 30. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) nitida PFR., Mon. Hel.
Yiv., iv, p. 566. — Leptachatina nitida PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869,
p. 651.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 366.— ? BORCHERD-
ING, Zoologiea, 48n, p. 127, pi. 9, fig. 9-9a.

In the original description the diameter is given as 0.11
inch (2.7 mm.) this is only about half the actual diameter.
In the description (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 140) this was

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP G. 43

corrected to 4/20 inch. (5.0 mm.). Specimens presented by*
Dr. Newcomb to the Philadelphia Academy have the fol-
lowing measurements :

Length 10.1, diam. 4.9, length of aperture 4.7 mm.

Length 9.9, diam. 4.7, length of aperture 4.5 TnmT

Length 8.8, diam. 4.3, length of aperture 4.1 mm.

Under a lens the shells are minutely striate and in some of
the specimens there is a faint spiral band at the periphery;
the aperture is very slightly diagonal; one of the specimens
is of a uniform reddish brown color. The shells collected
by Mr. Perkins on Oahu are not typical and possibly belong
to another species. They come pretty close to L. capitosa.

Borcherding's specimens from Molokai probably equal
Lept. coruscans Hartm.

54a. L. n. Occident alis n. var. PL 2, fig. 22.

The shell is slightly broader in proportion to its length
than L. nitida, thicker, darker colored, except the embryonic
whorls, less shining. Whorls 6, the first 4 closely coiled and
flat, the two last increasing rapidly, tumid. Aperture per-
pendicular. Columella nearly straight, with a rather strong
almost transverse fold. Outer lip thickened, white; parietal
margin with a rather thick polished callus. Length 10.0,
diam. 5.1, length of ap. 5.0 mm.

West Maui. Maunanahoomaha (Thaanum, Cooke) ; Lahaina
(Baldwin).
55. L. PR^STABILIS n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 37, 38.

The shell is imperforate, elongately oval, corneous, with
a narrow reddish line accompanying the suture, glossy, solid,
distinctly striate, especially just below the suture. Spire
elongate, with slightly convex outlines, apex obtuse. Suture
slightly impressed, margined. Whorls nearly 7, slightly
convex, regularly increasing, the last subcylindrical, taper-
ing to the base. Aperture broadly ovate, oblique, slightly
diagonal. Columella nearly straight, white, with a rather
strong oblique fold extending to the margin. Outer lip
strongly arcuate, slightly thickened within, whitish; colu-

44 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP G.

mellar margin reflexed, adnate. Length 9.9, diam. 5.2, length
of ap. 4.0 mm.

West Maui: Lahaina (Baldwin).

This species is related to L. nitida Newc. It differs, how-
ever, in its longer, more slender and less ovate spire ; the upper
whorls are more attenuate; the apex more acute; and the
aperture is more diagonal, shorter and broader in proportion
to its length.

56. L. COMPACTA (Pease). PL 2, fig. 25.

"Shell dextral, somewhat solid, imperf orate, subconic or
acutely ovate, scarcely striate, brownish corneous ; spire short,
subobtuse ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last equal to one-half
of the length; aperture elliptical, angulate at both ends;
columellar fold small, callous, oblique, white ; lip thickened,
with margins united with a callus, columella adnate. Length
8.0, diam. 4.0 mm." (Pse.)

Maui (Pease) : East Maui, Makawao (Baldwin) ; Halea-
kala, at 5000 feet (Perkins).

Labiella compacts PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl., xvii, 1869, p.
172. — Labiella compacta PFR., Men. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 219. —
Leptachatina compacta PSE., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869,
651.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 359.

A shell before me, which I have referred to this species
(pi. 2, fig. 25) has the following measurements; length 8.2,
diam. 4.3, length of ap. 4.0 mm. It is slightly larger than
the measurements given by Pease and has 1% more whorls.
The species, if my determination is correct, is about midway
between L. nitida Newc., and L. lenta.

Unfortunately the type of the species is unfigured and I
have been unable to find a single authentic specimen.

57. L. ISTHMICA Ancey. PI. 2, fig. below fig. 30 ; pi. 12, figs.
9, 10.

"Shell subfossil (if not altogether extinct), quite thick for
the genus, subopaque, shining, white, the last whorl generally
pale red below the suture, lip white : oblong conoidal, smooth,
under a strong lens furnished with minute lines of growth

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP G. 45

especially at the upper part of each whorl, imperforate or
covered subrimate. Spire convexly attenuate, conoidal, apex
minute, somewhat obtuse. Whorls 7, almost flat, regularly
increasing, suture line-like, pellucidly marginate; the last
oblong, regularly attenuate at the base. Aperture suboblique,
oblong, angled above, contracted below, furnished with quite
a strong columellar fold. Lip thickened, obtuse, at the colu-
mella above the place of the perforation slightly dilated with
callus, with the margins united with a callus. Length 9.0,
diam. 4.0, length of ap. 4.0 mm." (Ancey.)

Maui: sand hills between East and West Maui (Baldwin).

Leptachatina isthmica ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
iii, 1899, p. 270.— SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1899,
pi. 13, fig. 20.

L. isthmica is more closely related to L. compacta Pse., than
to any other Species. Specimens referred to the latter species
differ mainly in having a shorter spire and two whorls less.
Mr. Sykes' figure of a type is copied on plate 2. A topotype
is drawn on plate 12.

58. L. KONAENSIS Sykes. PI. 1, figs. 1, 2, 3.

"Shell elongately ovate, imperforate, dextral, somewhat
thin, corneous or pale corneous, finely longitudinally striate,
apex slightly obtuse; whorls 6, flat, the last equal to % the
length of the shell; suture impressed, marginate; aperture
sinuately ovate, columella arcuate, dextral margin thickened
within, columellar margin subreflexed, furnished with a small
ascending fold. Length 8.0, diam. 4.0 mm." (Sykes).

Hawaii: Kona at 4000 feet (Perkins) ; Waimea (Baldwin,
Lyons, Thaanum) ; Hamakua (Baldwin).

Leptachatina konaensis SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p.
364, pi. xi, fig. 13.

The shells from Waimea agree closely with the type in the
British Museum. Fig. 3 is a copy of the original illustration.

58a. L. k, olaaensis n. var. PI. 1, fig. 4.

The shell is larger, heavier, thicker, more coarsely striate
than typical specimens, and of a dull dirty yellow color.

46 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP H.

Whorls 6%. Aperture large, about % the length of the shell,
nearly perpendicular. Length 9.0, diam. 4.7, length of aper-
ture 4.5 mm.

Hawaii: Olaa (Henshaw).

H. Group of L. glutinosa.
59. L. GLUTINOSA (Pfeiffer). PL 5, fig. 92.

" Shell imperf orate, dextral, ovately conic, somewhat solid,
sightly arcuately striate, under the glossy epidermis, yel-
lowish white; spire almost regularly conic, apex somewhat
obtuse; suture fine, crenulate; whorls 7, nearly flat, the last
hardly shorter than the spire, rotundate at the base ; aperture
subvertical, sinuately semioval, white within; columellar fold
compressed, twisted, almost transverse; lip erect, with the
margins united by a callus, the right margin slightly thick-
ened, the columellar margin callous, reflexed, adnate. Length
11.3, diam. 6.0mm." (Pfr.)

Oahu : Lihue, Kalaikoa, Waihiawa, Helemanu, Peula
(Gulick) ; Waianae Mts., below Kaala (Perkins. Cooke) ;
Waianae Mts., at Palehua and back of Leilehua (Cooke) .

Achatinella (Laminella) glutinosa PFEIFFER, P. Z. S. Lon-
don, 1855, p. 204; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 557; vi, p. 181; viii,
p. 243. — Achatinella lacrima GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi,
1856, p. 176, pi. 6, fig. 4. — Leptachatina glutinosa PEASE, P.
Z. S. London, 1869, p. 651.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900,
p. 363.

An examination of both Pfeiffer 's and Gulick 's types leads
me to follow Newcomb and Sykes in considering Gulick 's
species as identical with L. glutinosa.

This is one of the largest species of Leptachatina from
Oahu. Specimens from the Waianae Mts., back of Leilehua
are smaller, more glossy and slightly darker colored than
those from the other localities.

The measurements of a few specimens from some of the
different localities are :

Length 10.5, diam. 6.0, length of apert. 5.5 mm. Halemano.

Length 10.8, diam. 5.6, length of apert. 5.2 mm. Leilehua.

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP H. 47

Length 11.7, diam. 6.3, length of apert. 6.1 mm. Palehua.
Length 12.5, diam. 6.3, length of apert. 6.0 mm. Lihue
(Baldwin's coll.)

60. L. DIMIDIATA (Pfeiffer). PL 5, figs. 93, 94, 95, 96.

"Shell imperf orate, ovately conic, somewhat solid, slightly
striate, glossy, blackish chestnut above; spire convexly conic,
apex somewhat obtuse ; suture light, subcrenulate ; whorls 6 %,
somewhat flat, the last a little shorter than the spire, from
the middle to the base pale corneous; aperture scarcely
oblique, sinuately oval, unicolorous within; columellar fold
callous, suboblique; lip white, not expanded, thickened with-
in; columellar margin narrow, adnate. Length 11.0, diam.
5.5 mm." (Pfr.)

"Var. &. With the last whorl unicolorous chestnut, spire
paler." (Pfr.)

Oahu: Halemano, Kawailoa Gulch (Perkins); Waialei,
Kawailoa, Kalaikoa (Gulick).

Achatinella (Leptachatina) dimidiata PFR., P. Z. S. Lon-
don, 1855, p. 205.— Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 564; vi, p. 184;
viii, p. 246. — Leptachatina dimidiata PEASE, P. Z. S. London,
1869, p. 651. — Leptachatina cingula HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1888, p. 52, pi. 1, fig. 14.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii,
1900, p. 359.

I am quite sure that Pfeiffer 's species cannot be referred
to L. cingula Migh. L. dimidiata is shorter with a somewhat
narrower aperture, and the color patterns are entirely
different.

The most abundant color-variety is not mentioned by
Pfeiffer. The shell is whitish-corneous, with a rather broad
chestnut band just above the periphery and continued on
the spire above the suture.

Two specimens have the following measurements :

Length 9.9, diam. 5.5, length of apert. 5.2 mm.

Length 11.2, diam. 5.8, length of apert. 5.5 mm.

61. L. PYRAMIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 3, figs. 43, 44.

"Shell ovately pyramidal, very lightly striate, diaphanous,

48 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP H.

greenish corneous; spire pyramidal, apex acute; suture linear,
narrowly margined; whorls 8, flat, the last nearly equal to
% of the length; columella furnished with a very shortly
arcuate, flattened, dentiform, acute fold; aperture oval.
Length 12.0, diam 5.5 mm." (Pfeiffer.)

Oahu: Waialae, Nuuanu and Halawa (Cooke) ; ? Kauai
(Pease).

Achatinella pyramis PFEIFFER, P. Z. S. London, 1845, p. 90.
— Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 241 ; iii, p. 466. — REEVE, Conch. Icon.
Achatinella, sp. 41. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) pyramis
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 565 ; vi, p. 184 ; viii, p. 246. —
Leptachatina pyramis PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1869, p.
168.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 367.

Pease was probably wrong in his interpretation of Pfeif-
fer's diagnosis, as shells which I have carefully compared
with the original lot in the British Museum are all from
Oahu, and from the characters of the types I have no doubt
that they also were from this island.

The shells from Waialae agree very closely with the types,
except that they have one-half of a whorl less.

L. pyramis is somewhat related to glutinosa Pfeiffer. The
spire is, however, much longer. Some of the shells from
Nuuanu have a faint darK brown band encircling the peri-
phery.

62. L. KUHNSI n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 3.

The shell is minutely perforate (sometimes imperf orate) ,
broadly ovate, brownish corneous, glossy, subdiaphanous, near
the suture slightly irregularly striate, the rest nearly smooth,
under a lens minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire
broadly conic with slightly convex outlines, apex obtuse, pale
corneous. Suture scarcely impressed, faintly margined with
a darker band, slightly crenulate. Whorls 5%, slightly con-
vex, the first 3 closely coiled and increasing slowly, the rest
increasing more rapidly, the last large, tumid, tapering to
the base. Aperture large, slightly more than one-half the
length of the shell, obliquely truncate-ovate, very slightly
oblique, perpendicular, slightly contracted above and ascend-

LEPTACHATIXA, GROUP 1. 49

ing very slightly in front. Outer margin of lip regularly
curved, pale brown within, strongly thickened, bordered with
yellowish white; columellar margin thin, reflexed, adnate
above; both margins united by a thin whitish callus. Um-
bilicus (when present) a long narrow slit along the columella.
Length 9.4, diarn. 5.3, length of aperture 4.9 mm.

West Maui: Abau-ka-imu (Thaanum), Maunahoomaha
(Thaanum, Cooke).

A very obese species, probably related to L. nitida Newc.
and L. compacta Pse. In outlines it recalls L, glutinosa Pfr.
from Oahu. This species seems to be restricted to the rather
higher altitudes of West Maui. There is a light corneous
variety of this species.

63. L. SMITHI Sykes. PL 6, fig. 24.

"Shell dextral, ovately fusiform, somewhat thin, under a
lens slightly striate, pale corneous, shining, pellucid, apex
somewhat obtuse, whitish corneous ; suture simple, lightly im-
pressed ; whorls 6-6%, flatly convex, the last more than equal
to % the length of the shell ; aperture pyriform ; lip with the
dextral margin slightly thickened, whitish corneous within,
columellar margin narrow, parietal margin lacking. Length
9.25, diam. max. 4.9 mm.

Lanai: mountains behind Koele (Perkins), in the gulches
(Thaanum).

Lepiachatina smithi SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, ii,
1896, p. 128 ; Fauna Haw., ii, p. 369, pi. xi, fig. 29.

This species is most easily separated from L. perkinsi by its
more acute and closely coiled embryonic whorls. The original
figure is copied.

I. Group of L. semipicta.

64. L. SEMIPICTA Sykes. PL 6, figs. 20, 21, 22.

"Shell imperf orate, dextral, acuminately ovate, thin, shin-
ing, pellucid, brownish corneous, lightly striate, apex slightly
obtuse, suture paler, moderately impressed; whorls 6-6%,
flatly convex, the first slightly striate, the last equal to %
the length of the shell, almost smooth, aperture ovately pyri-

50 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP I.

form ; lip with dextral margin erect, slightly thickened, colu-
mellar margin narrow, adnate, parietal margin lacking.
Length 8.0, diam. max. 4.0 mm." (Sykes).

Lanai : mountains behind Koele ( Perkins) .

Leptachatina semipicta SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
ii, 1896, p. 128 ; Fauna Haw., ii, p. 369, pi. xi, fig. 12.

"Most of the specimens have the lower half of the last
whorl of a lighter color; some, however, are unicolorous. "
(Sykes.)

Some specimens have a narrow light colored band at the
periphery. There are, in Mr. Thaanum's collection, a few
elongated specimens. In these, the spire is subcylindrical ;
there are 8 slightly convex whorls. One of the shells has the
following measurements: length 11.0, diam. 4.2, 1. of ap. 3.7
mm. These shells seem to be related to L. longiuscula, especi-
ally as the upper whorls are slightly costate. L. longiuscula
is, however, more closely related to L. perkinsi. L. semipicta
appears at first glance to belong to Thaanumia, but the em-
bryonic whorls are not flattened and compressed as in the
other species of this subgenus, and I have been unable to find
the least trace of minute spiral strias. The original figure is
copied in fig. 22.

J. Group of L. pachystoma.
65. L. PACHYSTOMA (Pease). PI. 8, figs. 47, 48.

' ' Shell dextral, solid, conically ovate, imperf orate, obliquely
striate, straw color ; spire elpngately conical, apex subobtuse ;
suture scarcely crenulate; whorls 6, somewhat flat, the last
more convex, equal to 3/10 of the length; aperture scarcely
oblique, elliptical, angulate at both ends ; columellar fold sub-
basal, small, thick, callous, oblique, white ; lip continous, with
the margins united by a white, 'thick rib-like callus, dextral
margin rotundate, callous columellar margin adnate. Length
13.0, diam. 7.0 mm." (Pse.)

Kauai : Haleiele, Makaweli, Halemanu ( Cooke) .

Labiella pachystoma PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl., xvii, 1869,
p. 171. — Achatinella (Labiella) pachystoma PFR., Mon. Hel.

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP I. 51

Viv., viii, p. 218. — Lept. (Labiella) pachystoma SYKES, Fauna
Haw. ii, 1900. p. 367.

This species is separated from L. labiata Newc., by the
form of its aperture, which is more oblique, by its smaller
•columellar fold, and by the callus which unites the two mar-
gins, and which forms a distinct rib instead of being uni-
formly spread over the whole surface." (Pse.)

This species does not belong to the section Labiella, as the
very characteristic tooth within the outer lip has not been ob-
served in a single specimen. The rib-like callus is present
only in old specimens and is not peculiar to this species, as
this character may be found in gerontic specimens of nearly
all the heavier species of this genus, especially those from
Kauai.

From a comparison of specimens (probably the types) of
L. pachystoma and L. turgidula. belonging to Pease's own col-
lection, which is now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
in Cambridge, Mass., there is no doubt that the two cannot
be held as distinct species. It is thought best to reduce the
latter to varietal rank.

65a. L. p. turgidula (Pease). PI. 8, figs. 50, 51, 52.

The shell is usually a little longer, more solid, more cylin-
drical in outline than in typical L. pachystowia ; sometimes the
spire and upper portion of the last whorl are a reddish yellow
with a lighter yellowish base. Length 14.0, diam. 7.0, length
of aperture 6.4 mm.

Labiella turgidula PEASE, P. Z. S. L., 1869, p. 651 (nom.
sol.) .— Achatinella (Labiella) turgidula PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv.,
viii, p. 219. — Leptachatina turgidula PEASE, Journ. de
Conchyl., xviii. 1870, p. 89.— CROSSE, Journ. de ConchyL,
xxiii, 1876. pi. 4, fig. 5.

A large specimen from Milolii measures 16.2 x 7.5 mm.

This variety is much more abundant than the typical form.
It is found in all the wooded region between Makaweli and
Milolii.
65&. L. p. cijlindrella n. var. PL 8, fig. 49.

The shell is smaller, narrower, more cylindrical and much

52 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP K.

thinner than that of L. pachystoma; the costae are less pro-
nounced, the surface being smoother. Length 12.3, diam. 5.7r
length of aperture 5.6 mm.

This variety was especially abundant at Haleieie.

65c. L. p. brevis n. var. PL 8, fig. 53.

A small, obese, nearly smooth variety, with a short spire
and a rather large aperture, which is nearly % "the length of
the shell. Length 9.0, diam. 4.8, length of aperture 4.4 mm.

Haleieie, Kauai.

K. Group of L. ventulus.

66. L. APPROXIMANS Ancey. PI. 3, fig. 46.

" Shell oblong turrited, imperf orate, thin, with an oily
luster, smooth, but under a lens closely and obsoletely striate,
tawny corneous, encircled below the suture by a reddish brown,
line. Spire turrited, regularly conoidal, scarcely subcon-
vex or rectilinear, subclavate, obtuse. Whorls 8, slowly in-
creasing, somewhat convex, suture lightly impressed. The
last oblong, rotundate. Columellar fold strong, twisted, dirty
white. Lip slightly thickened. Length 12.5, 13.25, diam.
6.0, 6.5, length of ap. 5, 5.5 mm." (Ancey.)

Oahu: Waianae (Durand) ; Waialua (Lyman).

Leptachatiiia approximans ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, 1897,
p. 222.

This species is somewhat closely related to L. cingula^M.igh.
It differs in its shorter and more conic spire, blunter apex and
less attenuate base. The aperture is smaller, and broader
in proportion to its length.

67. L. CINGULA (Mighels). PI. 5, figs. 85, 86, 87, 88.

' ' Shell dextral, ovate conic, horn-color, smooth and polished,
with a narrow brown band accompanying the suture ; whorls
7, convex; aperture small, subovate; lip simple. Length
11/20, diam. 14 inch." (13.9x6.3 mm.) (Migh.).

Oahu (Mighels) : Manoa (Newcomb, for fumosa and
vitrea) ; Palolo (Gulick, Cooke) ; Mt. Tantalus (Thaanum,
Cooke) ; Konahuanui (Cooke). The specimens collected by

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP K. 53

Perkins in Kawailoa Gulch and referred to this species by
Sykes belong to L. dimidiata Pfr.

Achatinella cingula MIGHELS, P. Bost. Soc., ii, 1845, p. 21.
— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 242. — NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 313. Not Achatinella cingula PFR., Conch.
Cab., Achatinella, p. 288, pi. 57, figs. 5-7; Mon. Hel. Viv., iii,
p. 467. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) cingula PFEIFFER, Mon.
Hel. Viv., iv, p. 567. — Leptachatina cingula PEASE, P. Z. S.,
London, 1869, p. 651. — Achatinella fumosa NEWCOMB, P. Z. S.
London, 1853, p. 140, pi. 23, fig. 28.— Achatinella (Lepta-
chatina} fumosa PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 563. — Labiella
fumosa PEASE, P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 651. — Leptachatina
fumosa BALDWIN, Cat. Haw. Shells, 1893, p. 11. — SYKES,
Fauna Haw., ii, Moll., p. 362. — Achatinella vitrea NEWCOMB,
P. Z. S. London, 1853, p. 142, pi. 23, fig. 34.— PFEIFFER, Mon.
Hel. Viv., iv, p. 564. — Labiella vitrea PEASE, P. Z. S. Lon-
don, 1869, p. 651. — Leptachatina vitrea BALDWIN, Cat. Haw.
Shells, 1893, p. 12.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, Moll,, p. 372.

I have included Newcomb 's two species with cingula, as
Newcomb himself considered that vitrea might possibly be
the same as cingula (vide Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 313),
and there is no doubt, in iny mind, that both vitrea and
fumosa belong to the same species, as a series of these shells
collected near the head of Palolo Valley intergrades perfectly.
I do not think that L. dimidiata can possibly be a form of
cingula. Figs. 86, 87, 88 are from Palolo. Fig. 85 from
Manoa.

Measurements of some specimens are as follows:

Length 15.2, diam. 6.3 mm. (Newcomb for fumosa}.

Length 12.7, diam. 6.3 mm. (Newcomb for vitrea}.

Length 13.8, diam. 6.7, length of apert. 6.3 mm. A. N. S. P.
no. 91790.

Length 13.0, diam. 5.9, length of apert. 5.6 mm. A. N. S. P.
no. 91790.

Length 12.8, diam. 6.4, length of apert. 6.0 mm. A. N. S. P.
no. 57803 from Newcomb as L. fumosa.

54 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP K.

68. L. VENTULUS (Ferussac). PI. 5, figs. 81, 82; pi. 11, fig. 4,

1 'Shell dextral, minute, ovately elongate, furnished with,
marked striae; epidermis brown; whorls 5%» slightly convex,
sutures distinct; aperture small, semilunate; lip thickened
within; umbilical cleft not distinct. Length 5.5, diam. 2.5
lignes." (12.4x6.2 mm.) (Per.)

Helix (Helicteres) ventulus FERUSSAC, Voy. Freycinet,
Zool. p. 481. — Bulimus ventulus PFR., Symb., 1841, p. 86.—
Achatinella ventulus NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858,
p. 306 ('animal) . — Amastra ventulus PEASE, P. Z. S. London,
1869, p. 649.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, p. 347.— Achatinella,
melampoides PFEIFFER, P. Z. S. London, 1851, p. 262 ; Martini
und Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., Achatinella, pi. 67, figs. 8, 9.—
Achatinella accincta GOULD, U. S. Exp. Exp., Moll., pi. vii,
fig. 97. Not Achatinella ventulus REEVE, Conch. Icon., Acha-
tinella, no. 31 (= A. textilis Fer.). — PFEIFFER, Conch. Cab.,,
Achatinella, pi. 67, figs. 12, 13 (== A. textilis Fer.).

Oahu: Nuuanu to Palolo (Baldwin) ; Pauoa Valley and
ridges of Nuuanu (Perkins) ; Palolo, Tantalus, Konahuanui,
Nuuanu, Kalihi (Cooke) ; Kaliuwaa (Kuhns, Spalding) ;
Punaluu (Spalding) ; Waialae (Spalding).

In young specimens the embryonic whorls are encircled by
a white band. This band continues on the lower whorls but
is usually absent or very faintly represented in the adult
shells. There are, usually, numerous hydrophanous grayish-
buff, longitudinal and transverse lines. In some localities
all the adult shells are this uniform grayish-buff. The nor-
mal color is a rich, reddish brown with a yellowish umbilical
zone. The aperture is reddish brown, except in shells having
the hydrophanous covering, when it has a purplish tinge.
The lip is white, bordered on the outside with yellowish
white or light reddish brown. The columellar fold is rather
strong, white. The shells are usually irregularly finely
striate; in a few specimens from the eastern side of Nuuanu,
the lower whorl is malleate. The species is never abundant,
though widely distributed over the whole of the main moun-
tain range. A single specimen from Waialae has an ivory
white spire and a dark reddish brown base. A rather abun-

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP K. 55

dant color variety from Punaluu (pi. 11, fig. 4) and Kaliuwaa
has a tawny spire with a dark reddish brown base. Figs.
81, 82 are from Nuuanu examples.

The measurements of a few shells are as follows:

Length 14.7, diam. 6.6, length of apt. 6.6 mm. wh. 6.5
N uuanu.

Length 12.4, diam. 6.4, length of ap. 6.0 mm. wh. 6.
Nuuanu.

Length 13.5, diam. 7.3, length of ap. 7.1 mm. wh. 5.7.
Nuuanu.

Length 12.0, diam. 5.7, length of ap. 5.7 mm. wh. 5.7.
Palolo.

69. L. PILSBRYI n. sp. PI. 11, figs. 5, 6.

The shell is imperforate, elongately ovate, dark reddish
brown, except for the embryonic whorls which are corneous,
somewhat solid, glossy, distinctly costulate, except for the
smooth embryonic whorls. Spire ovately conic, apex sub-
obtuse. Suture scarcely impressed, crenulate. Whorls 6^,
hardly convex, the last subcylindrical, slightly ascending
near the lip, tapering rather abruptly towards the base.
Aperture large, elongate, subpyriform, scarcely oblique, per-
pendicular. Columella concave above, nearly straight, with
a blunt callus along its face, purplish white, subtruncate with
a rather weak oblique fold. Outer margin of lip nearly
straight, arcuate below, thickened within, columellar margin
thin, appressed, adnate; the margins united by a thin callus
on the parietal wall. Length 11.6, diam. 5.4, length of ap.
5.3 mm.

Oahu: Kukaeiole in Kaaawa (Kukris).

Other specimens of this species are lighter colored, of a
purplish brown with a narrow dark sutural band, and slightly
larger, with the margin of the lip edged with light purple.
One measures length 12.2, d. 5.7. length of ap. 5.6 mm.

This species is most closely related to L. ventulus Fer. Its
surface is. however, distinctly costulate, the apex is not
banded as in most specimens of the latter species, the suture
is slightly more impressed, the columellar fold is not as

56 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP K.

strongly developed and the umbilical region is not lighter
colored.

70. L. CONSPICIENDA n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 10.

The shell is imperforate, elongately conic, straw color,
rather thin for a shell of its size, very glossy, nearly smooth,
under a lens minutely and irregularly striate with lines of
growth. Spire narrowly conic, apex somewhat acute.
Suture simple, slightly impressed. Whorls 6%, slightly con-
vex, at first increasing slowly and regularly, the penultimate
increasing more rapidly, the last long, subcylindrical, tapering
slowly to the base, ascending slightly in front. Aperture
subpyriform, hardly oblique, perpendicular, white within.
Columella nearly straight, with a thickened oblique median
fold, and with scarcely any thickening along its face. Outer
lip very slightly arcuate, faintly thickened within ; columellar
margin thin, appressed, adnate ; parietal margin covered with
a thin colorless callus. Length 12.3, diam. 5.6, length of
ap. 5.5 mm.

East Maui : Mt. Kukui (Baldwin) . Type no. 15160 B. P. B.
Museum coll.

L. kuhnsi, from the same locality and from which it is easily
distinct, is probably its nearest relative from the island of
Maui. L. compicienda is more nearly related to L. perkinsi,
Sykes, from the island of Lanai. It has, however, a more
acute apex, the spire is less regularly conic, the whorls are
more convex, the aperture is narrower and more elongate and
the columella is longer and straighter.

71. L. PERKINSI Sykes. PI. 6, fig. 23.

" Shell dextral, ovately fusiform, somewhat thin, under a
lens slightly striate, brownish, smooth, semipellucid, apex
somewhat obtuse, whitish corneous ; suture simple, lightly im-
pressed; whorls 6-61/2, flatly convex, the last equal to two-
thirds the length of the shell; aperture pyriform; lip with
dextral margin slightly thickened, whitish corneous within,
columellar margin narrow, parietal margin lacking. Length
10.5, diam. max. 5 mm." (Sykes.)

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP K. 57

Lanai: mountains behind Koele (Perkins), at high alti-
tudes (Thaanum).

Leptachatina perkinsi SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
ii, 1896, p. 128 ; Fauna Haw., ii, p. 367, pi. xi, fig. 30.

"This and L. smithi are very closely allied, and may be
separated by the fact that L. smithi is of a lighter color,
smaller size, and is a trifle wider in proportion to its length.
In L. smithi the last whorl is slightly longer in proportion
to the total length of the shell." (Sykes.) The original
figure is copied.

A fine series of this species was collected by Mr. Thaanum.
They are very glossy, and vary from a light corneous to a
dark resinous color. He writes that: " the large colored
shells are mostly from the higher altitudes, the smaller from
the gulches." The latter are L. smithi Sykes. A series of
L. perkinsi averaged 11.5 x 5.5 mm. A peculiar abnormal
specimen, almost cylindrical in form, with 7% whorls meas-
ured 16.0 x 5.9 mm.

A peculiar color variety is also in Mr. Thaanum 's collec-
tion. The shells are a greenish corneous with a narrow
brown band at the suture and sometimes a broad brown band
at the periphery. They are smaller than the other specimens
of perkinsi but have the blunt apex of this species.

72. L. LONGIUSCULA n. sp. PL 11, fig. 11.

The shell is imperforate, elongate, narrowly conical, yellow-
ish corneous, the neanic whorls distinctly costate, especially
near the sutures, the last whorl nearly smooth, under a lens
minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire narrowly coni-
cal, apex subacute. Suture impressed, simple. Whorls 7,
slightly convex, increasing very slowly and regularly, the
last subcylindrical. tapering towards the base. Aperture
pyriform. narrow, very slightly oblique, almost perpendicular.
Golumella broad above, truncate below, with a fairly strong
oblique fold almost extending to the margin, and an acute
callus along its face. Outer lip thickened within, regularly
arched, forming a subacute angle with the columella; colu-
mellar margin thickened, appressed, adnate; both margins

58 IJEPTACHATINA, GROUP L.

united by a rather thick, white parietal callus. Length 10.5,
diam. 4.7, length of apert. 4.5 mm.

Lanai (Thaanum).

There are but four specimens of this species so far re-
ported. All agree very closely, (though in one specimen the
last two whorls are slightly pathologic) the most distinctive
character being the costate neanic whorls. This species is
somewhat related to L. perkinsi Sykes. It is, however, nar-
rower in proportion to its length and has an additional whorl,
and besides I have been unable to find a single specimen of
L. perkinsi with costate neanic whorls.

L. Group of L. succinct a.

73. L. CORNEOLA (Pfeiffer).

* ' Shell ovately oblong, very lightly striate, pellucid, glossy,
corneous, spire turrited-conical, apex somewhat obtuse ; suture
subsimple; whorls 8, somewhat flat, the last nearly equal to
% of the length; columella strongly arcuate, furnished with
an acute, prominent, white, flattened tooth; aperture irregu-
larly oval; lip slightly thickened within with a thin, glossy,
white callus. Length 15.0, diam. 7.0, length of apert. 6, diam.
3i/2 mm." (Pfeiffer).

Oahu? (Baldwin) : one young specimen (Hutchison).

Achatinella corneola PFEIFFER, P. Z. S. London, 1845,
(1846), p. 90. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., Achatinella, sp. 4. —
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 241; iii, p. 466. — Achatinella
(Leptachatina) corneola PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv.', iv, p. 564;
vi, p. 183; viii, p. 245. — Labiella corneola PEASE, P. Z. S.
London, 1869, p. 651. — Leptachatina corneola SYKES, Fauna
Haw., 1900, p. 360.

L. corneola appears to be related to the larger Leptacha-
tinc? from the western portion of Oahu. The single specimen
in the British Museum is very glossy and larger than the other
species (L. resinula Gul., and L. succincta Newc.) to which
it is somewhat related.

74. L. MARGINATA (Gulick). PI. 11, fig. 8.

"Shell dextral, imperforate, ovate, shining, semipellucid,

LEPTACHATIXA, GROUP L. 59

corneous, with a diffused brown band, very finely striated;
apex obtuse; spire convexly conical; whorls 6, somewhat
convex; the last strongly margined above; columellar fold
central, not strongly developed, brown; aperture lunately
rounded ; peristome simple ; with dextral margin unreflected,
whitish, obtuse, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, brown,
adnate; parietal margin very thin, vitreous. Length 9.3,
diam. 5.0, length of body whorl 6.3 mm." (Gulick.)

Oahu : Kalaikoa (Gulick).

Achatinella marginata GU-LICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856,
p. 179, pi. 6, fig. 7. — Achatinella succincta NEWCOMB, Ann.
Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 334. — Achatinella (Leptachatina)
succincta PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 183. — Leptachatina
marginata SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 366.

"The most striking character of this species is the broad
sutural margin, in which respect it is unlike other species
of this group." (Gulick.)

The only specimen of this species which I have been able
to find is in the collection of the Boston Society. There is
no doubt but that it is more or less closely related to L. suc-
cincta but, as Sykes has remarked, it "is smaller and more
slender. ' '

75. L. RESINULA (Gulick). PI. 3, fig. 42.

"Shell dextral, imperf orate, cylindrically ellipsoidal, rather
thin, shining, pellucid, corneous, very lightly striate; apex
obtuse; suture simple, distinct, slightly impressed; whorls
6y2j somewhat convex; columellar plait sub-basal, white,
lamelliform; aperture nearly vertical, elliptical; peristome
simple; with dextral margin regularly curved, unreflected;
columellar margin dilated, thin, adnate ; parietal margin very-
thin. Length 12.6, diam. 6.0, length of body whorl 8.3 mm."
(Gulick.)

"Var. &. Shorter, less cylindrical." (Gulick.)
"Var. c. With dark sutural line." (Gulick.)
Oahu: Kawailoa, Waimea, Pupukea, Waialei and Punaluu
(Gulick); Waialua (Lyman, Cooke).
Achatinella resinula GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p.

60 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP L.

174, pi. 6, fig. 2. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) succincta PFR.,
Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 183. — Leptachatina resinula PEASE,
P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 651.— SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc.
London, iii, 1899, pi. 14, fig. 11.

This species' nearest relative appears to be L. succincta
Newc. It is usually smaller, more cylindrical in outline and
the spire is decidedly less conical.

Measurements of some of Gulick 's specimens are :

Length 12.7, diam. 6.0, length of apert. 6.1 mm. Pupukea.

Length 11.2, diam. 5.7, length of apert. 5.6 mm. Pupukea.

Length 11.7, diam. 5.8, length of apert. 5.5 mm. Kawailoa.

76. L. SUCCINTA (Newcomb). PI. 5, figs. 90, 91.

"Shell obesely conoid, thin, shining, corneous, longitudin-
ally striate; whorls 7, flatly convex, slightly rugose above,
not margined ; suture but slightly impressed ; aperture broadly
ovate; columella deeply excavated, short, terminating in a
broad plicate tooth; lip simple, slightly thickened within,
with or without a broad obsolete white or brown central band
on the last whorl, or a fine revolving sutural line of the
same 'Color. Length 12.5, diam. 7 mm." (Newc.)

Oahu: Ewa (Newcomb); Wahiawa (Gulick); Halemano
(Perkins).

Achatinella succincta NEWC., Proc. Best. Soc., v, 1855, p.
220; Am. Journ. of Conch, ii, 1866, p. 213, pi. 13, fig. 7.—
Achatinella (Leptachatina) succincta PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv.,
iv, p. 564.— Labiella succincta PEASE, P. Z. S. L., 1869, p. 651.
— Leptachatina succincta HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1888, p. 55. — SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, p. 370.

A large obese species of the type of L. resinula Gul.,
L. pyramis Pfr. and L. glutinosa Pfr. It is most nearly
related to the latter, from which it differs in size, slightly
blunter spire and slightly more striate surface. Newcomb 's
figure is not good. The specimens in Coll. Academy of
Natural Sciences, presented by the author, are labeled as a
variety. One of the shells has the following measurements:
length 12.6, diam. 7, alt. of ap. 6.3 mm.

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP M. 61

77. L. SACCULA Hartman. PL 4, fig. 79.

"Shell dextral, ovate conic, thin and semi-pellucid, spire
more than half the length. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the
last inflated, suture well impressed, surface coarsely striate.
Aperture roundly ovate, subumbilicate, columella white, with
an oblong plica within; interior of labium white and
slightly thickened ; color pale green. Length 10, diam. 6 mm.,
length of aperture 4, diam. 2.5 mm." (Hartm.)

Hawaiian Islands (Hartman).

Leptachatina saccula HARTMAN, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila.,
1888, p. 55, pi. 1, fig. 15.

I have been unable to refer any shell to this species and
have seen no authentic specimen. From the description the
shell may possibly belong to the group of L. succincta Newc.
Hartman 's figure is copied.

M. Group of L. fossilis.

78. L. FOSSILIS n. sp. PI. 8, figs. 58, 59.

The shell is umbilicate, conically ovate, white (in a fossil
state), somewhat solid, glossy, nearly smooth, under a lens
minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire ovately conic,
apex subacute. Suture slightly impressed, simple. Whorls
7, almost flat, the last rotundate, slightly tapering towards
the base. Aperture small, acutely angled at both ends, per-
pendicular, oblique, having, on the parietal wall, a very thick,
acute callus, which is joined to the columella but separated
from the outer lip by a narrow sinus. Columella straight,
simple, with a rather small, almost transverse, deeply situated
lamella. Outer lip regularly curved, thickened within.
Umbilicus very large for the genus, circular. Length 7.7,
diam. 4.0, length of aperture 3.1 mm.

Kauai (Newcomb).

This species is represented by a single specimen in the
collection of Academy of Natural Sciences (no. 57820). It
was mixed with some specimens labeled L. extincta Pfr., sent
by Dr. Xewcomb. L. fossilis differs from all the other species
of this genus in its relatively small aperture, its heavy parietal

62 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP N.

callus which is not joined to the outer lip, and its large
umbilicus.

N. Group of L. sculpta.

79. L. LUCIDA Pease. PL 8, figs. 65, 66.

"Shell elongate, thin, imperf orate, dextral, glossy, trans-
lucid, longitudinally costulate ; spire somewhat obtuse ; whorls
7, convex, marginate and scarcely crenulate at the suture;
suture subimpressed ; aperture almost vertical; columella
thin; columellar fold obsolete; lip thin; pale yellowish corn-
eous, sometimes reddish brown at the suture. Length 6.0,
diam. 2.0 mm." (Pse.)

Kauai: Kealia (Baldwin); Kilohana, district of Lihue
(Cooke).

Leptachatina lucida PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 650 (nom.
sol.) ; Journ. de ConchyL, 1870, p. 93. — Achatinella (Lepta-
chatina) lucida PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 249.

A single shell, from the last locality, agrees very well with
Pease's description in the texture of the surface and color, it
has, however, 8 whorls and is slightly larger than Pease's
type, having the following measurements: length 6.2, diam.
2.3, length of aperture 2.0 mm.

The species is related to L. knudseni, but is easily separated
by its costulate surface.

80. L. STRIATA (Newcomb).

"Shell acutely turrited, reddish horn color, minutely and
impressly striated transversely ; apex acute ; suture moderate ;
whorls six to eight, the last % of the whole length ; aperture
produced, subovate ; columella excavated, truncated, twisted
below into a fold. Length 5.0, diam. 2.0 mm." (Newc.)

Kauai (Newc.).

Tornatellina striata NEWCOMB, Proc. California Acad. Sci.,
ii, 1861, p. 93. — Leptachatina striata SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii,
p. 370.

I was unable to find a single specimen of this species in
Newcomb 's collection., now in the Museum at Cornell Uni-
versity. Probably the type was in the California Academy,
and is now destroyed.

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP N. 63

The species cannot be confused with L. lucida Pease nor
L. knudseni.

81. L. COSTULATA (Gulick). PI. 4, fig. 80.

"Shell dextral, imperf orate, turreted oblong, shining, silky,
dark corneous, with a pale spiral band cutting the body whorl,
and revolving above the suture, minutely regularly ribbed;
spire turrited, with pale, obtuse apex; suture simple, moder-
ately impressed; whorls 7, convex; columellar fold central,
brown; aperture pyriform; peristome simple; with dextral
margin unreflected, pale, laterally compressed, slightly arcu-
ate anteriorly ; columellar margin thin, brown, adnate ; parie-
tal margin very thin, white. Length 8.3, diam. 3.3, length of
body whorl 5.0 mm." (Gulick.)

Oahu: Pupukee, Waimea and Kawailoa (Gulick).

Achatinella costulata GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856,
p. 177, pi. 6. fig. .5. — NEWCOHB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858,
p. 322. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) costulata, PFEIFFEB,
Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 565. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) semi-
costata PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 184. — Leptachatina
costulata SYKES, P. Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. 14, fig. 4;
Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 360.

"Newcomb united this shell with L. semicostata Pfeiffer,
but Gulick ?s type is much more slender than that species, the
mouth is of a different shape, and other minor differences
exist, all leading me to regard it as a good species." (Sykes.)

This species is much more closely related to L. sculpt a
Pfr. It differs, however, in its less attenuate and slightly
mor^e convex spire; the costee are slightly finer and closer;
the color is brownish, while in sculpta the shell is straw color.
Figured from a cotype.

82. L. OCTOGYRATA (Gulick). PL 9, fig. 13.

"Shell dextral, scarcely perforate, ovately turrited, thin,
somewhat shining, translucent, dark corneous, very finely
but regularly striated ; apex obtuse, pallid ; spire conical, with
outlines slightly convex ; suture simple, moderately impressed ;
whorls 8, somewhat convex; columella light brown, with a

64 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP N.

slight fold; aperture subpyriform; peristome simple; with
dextral margin unreflected, thin, lightly arcuate; columellar
margin reflected, parietal margin wanting. Length 7.6, diam.
3.5, length of body whorl 4.3 mm." (Gulick.)

Oahu: Palolo (Gulick).

Achatinella octogyrata GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856,
p. 190, pi. 6, fig. 18. — Achatinella obclavata NEWCOMB, Ann.
Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 322.— PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, 186.—
Leptachatina octogyrata SYKES, P. Malac. Soc. London, iii,
1899, pi. 14, fig. 7; Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 366.

This species is somewhat related to specimens of L. petila
Gul., or at least to specimens which are referable to this
species. L. octogyrata is slightly more solid, more finely and
closely costate, the spire is more regularly turrited and the
whorls are flatter and more closely coiled. The embryonic
whorls are pale ; in two of the three specimens which I have
examined they appear to be perfectly smooth; in the third
specimen there is an indication of minute strise. Unfortunately
I have not been able to examine any young specimens of this
species; the striae of the embryonic whorls are deciduous.
Figured from a cotype.

83. L. SCULPTA (Pfeiffer). PI. 4, figs. 73, 74, 75.

11 Shell conically oblong, solid, sculptured with strong, sub-
arcuate, longitudinal folds, straw color; spire regularly at-
tenuate, obtuse ; whorls 8, somewhat flat, the last a little more
than % of the length, somewhat ascending in front; aperture
subvertical, sinuately oval; columella slightly arcuate, ob-
liquely truncate; lip simple, erect, dextral margin slightly
arching forward, columellar margin slightly callous. Length
8.5, diam. 3.5mm." (Pfr.)

Oahu: Waialua (Lyman) ; Haleauau in the Waianae Mts.
(Cooke).

Achatina sculpta PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 21; PFR., Mon.
Hel. Viv. iv, p. 609—Leptachatina sculpta PSE., P. Z. S., 1869,
p. 650.

My specimens, though slightly smaller, agree almost per-
fectly with the type in the British Museum. The species

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP N. 65

seems to be related to L. lucida Pse. from Kauai. It is how-
ever, larger, thicker and more strongly sculptured. The em-
bryonic whorls are smooth and glossy, the aperture per-
pendicular.

One specimen from Waialua has the following dimensions;
length 8, diam. 3.3, alt. of aperture 3.1.

84. L. SEMICOSTATA (Pfeiffer).

''Shell subumbilicate, dextral, turrited, somewhat solid,
closely costate, shining, chestnut corneous ; spire elongate, con-
vexly conical, somewhat obtuse; suture impressed; whorls
8y2, slightly convex, the last hardly equalling % of the length,
below the periphery smooth, pale, attenuate, base saccate-
compressed ; aperture slightly oblique, sinuately oblong ; colu-
mellar fold broad, oblique, white; lip simple, unexpanded,
margin of the columella reflexed, spreading throughout.
Length 9.5, diam. 4 mm." (Pfr.)

Hawaiian Islands (Pfeiffer).

Achatinella (Leptachatina) semicostata PFEIFFEB, P. Z. S.
London, 1855 (1856), p. 206; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 565.—
NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 322, 330.— Lepta-
chatina semicostata PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651.

A remarkable species with a very narrow aperture. I know
of no species to which it may be related, and from the shell
characters there is no clue as to which island it may have
come from. I agree with Mr. Sykes that this species is not
L. fusca Newc. as Newcomb suggested.

85. L. LANCEOLATA n. sp. PI. 6, figs. 12, 13.

The shell is imperforate, elongate, attenuately conic, yellow-
ish corneous, thin, subdiaphanous, glossy, under a lens regu-
larly and minutely striate or costulate. Spire acutely conic,
apex obtuse. Suture hardly impressed, narrowly margined,
slightly crenulate. Whorls 634, nearly flat, the last subcylin-
drical, tapering towards the base. Aperture slightly oblique,
perpendicular, pyriform. Columella nearly straight, with a
very oblique, minute fold. Outer lip slightly arcuate, slightly
thickened within, columellar margin reflexed, adnate. Length
6.0, diam. 2.4, length of ap. 2.4 mm.

66 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP N.

Molokai: Kamalo (Thaanum), near Waikolu (Cooke).

L. lanceolata is most nearly related to L. baldwini, from
West Maui. It differs in its more attenuate form, narrower
aperture, etc.

86. L. IMPRESSA Sykes. PL 6, fig. 18.

"The shell is imperforate, dextral, oblong, pellucid, shin-
ing, pale corneous, striate; spire elongate, apex obtuse;
suture impressed; whorls 7%, slightly convex, the last equal
to one-half the length of the shell; aperture sinuately pyri-
form; lip simple, thin, dextral margin erect, arcuate, colu-
mellar margin narrow, adnate, parietal margin lacking.
Length 7.0, diam. 2.5 mm." (Sykes.)

Lanai (Thaanum): mountains behind Koele (Perkins).

Leptachatina impressa SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
ii, 1896, p. 127; Fauna Haw., ii, p. 364, pi. xi, fig. 8.

A small elongate species related to L. lanceolata from
Molokai and to L. baldwini from Maui, but slightly more
costate than either of these two species.

The species is well represented in Mr. Thaanum 's collec-
tion. In fresh specimens, the shells are a unicolorous light
brown to rather dark shade of brown ; a few specimens have
a broad dark brown band just above the periphery. PI. 6,
fig. 18 is a copy of the original figure.

87. L. SUPRACOSTATA Sykes. PI. 6, fig. 19.

"Shell elongate, turrited, imperforate, dextral, thin, corn-
eous, polished ; whorls 8, the last equal to % the length of the
shell, the first subcostulate near the sutures, the rest almost
smooth; suture impressed, marginate, marked with a spiral
line; aperture lunate, columella subarcuate; dextral margin
slightly thickened, columellar margin subreflexed, furnished
with a very small, obliquely twisted fold. Length 6.3, diam.
2.0 mm." (Sykes.}

Lanai: mountains behind Koele (Perkins).

Leptachatina supracostata SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii,
p. 370, pi. xi, fig. 22.

' ' Only two specimens. It belongs to the group of L. exilis

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP N. 67

Gulick; it is inconspicuously costulate below the suture, the
sculpture gradually fading out, until the last whorl hardly
shows any marking beyond the lines of growth. There is a
faint spiral line just below the suture." (Sykes.)

I have referred to this species three lots of shells in Mr.
Thaanum's collection. The shells do not agree with Mr.
Sykes' measurements but they have the other characteristics
fairly well represented.

A well developed specimen, with 10% whorls has the fol-
lowing measurements : length 9.3, diam. 3.0, 1. of ap. 2.8 mm.
If these shells do not belong to L. supracostata they must be
an undescribed species. Fig. 19 is a copy of that of Mr.
Sykes.

88. L. LANAIENSIS n. sp. PL 12^ figs. 2, 3.

The shell is minutely perforate, elongate, light corneous,
thin, subdiaphanous, of a silky lustre, finely and closely cos-
tate (except the embryonic whorls), the costae thin. Spire
elongately conic, slightly attenuate above, apex obtuse.
Suture simple, slightly impressed. Whorls 8%, convex,
closely coiled, the last subcylindrical, tapering to the base.
Aperture narrowly ovate, acute at both ends, very slightly
oblique and slightly diagonal. Columella nearly straight,
slightly callous along its face, with a rather small oblique
fold extending to the margin. Outer lip very slightly thick-
ened within, regularly curved to the base of the columella;
columellar margin thin, adnate for about one-half of its length,
both margins united by a thin transparent parietal callus.
Umbilicus minute. Length 8.0, diam. 3.2, length of ap. 3.0
mm.

Lanai (Thaanum).

This species is much more abundant than L. impressa,
Sykes to which it is closely related. It differs in being broader
in proportion to its length, thinner, with finer and closer
striae, the whorls are more convex, and it is always minutely
perforate.

There are two color forms besides the one noted above : one
a brownish corneous and the other light corneous with a dark

68 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP N.

sutural band. A few specimens also vary in having an al-
most smooth surface.

89. L. TENUICOSTATA Pease. PL 1, figs. 10, 11.

" Shell thin, dextral imperforate: elongately ovate, longi-
tudinally plicately costate, golden; whorls 5, convex; suture
well impressed; columellar fold white, small, oblique; lip
slightly thickened. Length 7.5, diam. 3.5 mm." (Pease.)

Hawaii: Mana fossil (Henshaw, Thaanum).

Leptachatina tenuicostata PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1869,
p. 170. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) tenuicostata PFR., Mon.
Hel. Viv., viii, p. 250. — Leptachatina tenuicostata SYKES,
Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 371.— ANCEY, Journ. Malac. xi, 1904,
p. 69.

I have been unable to find a single authentic specimen of
this species. It is not represented in the Pease collection in
Cambridge. Only a few shells from the Mana deposits seem
referable to this species. They may be related to L. (Thaa-
numia) henshawi Sykes, for in the fossil material all trace
of the spiral lines on the embryonic whorls might have been
lost. As the shells are imperforate it is probably better to
leave the species in Leptachatina s.s. In the fossil material,
the columella is nearly straight, with an acute longitudinal
thickening along its face; the columellar fold is very deeply
seated and oblique; the aperture is narrow, acute at both
ends ; there are 6-6y2 whorls. An average specimen measures :
length 8.0, diam. 3.8, length of ap. 3.7 mm. A Mana shell is
figured, figs. 10, 11.

90. L. IMITATRIX Sykes. PI. 1, fig. 14.

"Shell elongate, turrited, imperforate, dextral, somewhat
thin, yellowish corneous, under a lens minutely longitudin-
ally striate; whorls 6%, flatly convex, the last equal to 4/7
the length of the shell ; suture impressed ; aperture elongately
oval, with the dextral margin arcuate, acute, columellar mar-
gin slightly thickened, reflexed, furnished with a very small,
inconspicuous fold, the margins united by a thin callus.
Length 7.0, diam. 2.6 mm." (SyJces.)

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP O. 69

Hawaii: Mauna Loa at 4000 feet (Perkins), Hamakua
subfossil (Ancey), Kona (Baldwin).

Leptachatina imitatrix SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, 1900,
p. 364, pi. xi, fig. 9. — ANCEY, Journ. Malac. xi, p. 69.

"Only a single specimen. It recalls L. exilis of Gulick, but
is more conic, i. e. the upper whorls are narrower in propor-
tion— and it is of a light straw yellow. The columellar plait
is deeply-seated and inconspicuous." (Sykes.) The original
figure is copied.

Unfortunately the type and only specimen is probably lost.
I follow M. Ancey in referring the fossil material to this
species. It agrees fairly well with the description, though
many of the specimens with over 6 whorls measure only 6.2
mm. In Mr. Baldwin's collection is a shell which I have re-
ferred to this species. This shell is broader in proportion to
its length, being nearly 3 mm. in diameter; in its other char-
acters it agrees closely with Mr. Sykes' description.

0. Group of L. striatula.
91. L. ATTENUATA n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 45, 46.

The shell is perforate, elongate, attenuate, brownish corn-
eous, rather thin, sub diaphanous, glossy, rather closely costu-
late (except on the embryonic whorls) there being 4-6 costas to
a millimeter. Spire attenuate, apex subobtuse. Suture
finely margined, lightly impressed, slightly crenulate. Whorls
8, very slightly convex, the penultimate slightly more tumid
than the rest, the last elongate, somewhat attenuate at the
base, slightly ascending near the lip. Aperture subovate,
slightly diagonal and very slightly oblique. Columella nearly
straight, with a thick, acute callus along its face; columellar
fold oblique, strong. Outer lip regularly arcuate, distinctly
thickened within ; columellar margin adnate for nearly % its
length, almost covering the perforation. Umbilicus minute,
with angular margin. Length 13.5, diam. 5.2, length of
aperture 5.0 mm.

Kauai: Haleieie, Makaweli, Waiakoali, Ekaula (Cooke) ;
Hanalei (Lyman, Cooke).

This species has been referred to L. acuminata Gld., and

70 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP O.

to L. striatula Gld., by various authors. L. acuminata is,
smoother, more slender, with a longer and narrower aperture
and a weaker columellar fold. L. striatula is smaller, with
more pronounced costae and a natter base.

Specimens, from Makaweli, measure 12.0x4.5 mm. They
differ in that the aperture is more diagonal, the suture is
usually accompanied with a reddish line and the last whorl
ascends more abruptly than in specimens from the type
locality (Haleieie).

Specimens from Ekaula are more cylindrical in form and
have an almost perpendicular aperture. Those from
Hanalei measure 10.0x4.6 mm. The spire is more turrited
and the aperture less diagonal.

Unlike most Leptachatinas this species has a tubular colu-
mella, which is almost straight. The young have a rather
large, circular umbilicus.

92. L. BALTEATA Pease. PL 7, figs. 27, 28, 30, 31.

' * The shell is elongate, turrited, imperf orate, dextral, some-
what thin, longitudinally closely costulate; whorls 7, flatly
convex, the last .almost equal to % the length of the shell;
suture impressed, subcrenulate ; aperture subvertical, oval;
columella arcuate ; columellar fold callous, hardly prominent ;
lip thickened within; yellow, the last whorl encircled at the
middle with a broad reddish brown band ; spire reddish brown,
yellow at the suture. Length 11.0, diam. 5.0 mm." (Pse.)

Kauai: Wahiawa (Baldwin) ; at 4000 ft. (Perkins) ; Puu-
kapele, Halemanu (Cooke).

Leptachatina balteata PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651 (nom.
sol.) ; Journ. de Conchy!., 1870, p. 91.— CROSSE, Journ. de
Conchyl., 1876, pi. iv, fig. 4.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900,
p. 358. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) balteata PPR., Mon. Hel.
Viv., viii, p. 248.

There are two color varieties of this species. The color
variety, described by Pease (pi. 7, figs. 30, 31, copied from the
original figures, and fig. 27) with a broad reddish brown band
is rather uncommon ; a unicolorous brownish corneous variety
(fig. 28) is more abundant. Shells from Puukapele are

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP O. 71

slightly larger than those described by Pease. An average
specimen measuring, length 11.3, diam. 5.3, length of aperture
4.6 mm. Those from Halemanu are smaller. A well de-
veloped specimen measuring, length 9.2, diam. 4.5, length of
aperture 4.1 mm.

This species appears to be distantly related to L. fusca
Newc., from Oahu. The embryonic whorls are slightly com-
pressed and very slightly shouldered, though less so than in
the latter species. In L. balteata, the embryonic whorls are
not strongly striate, but are almost smooth.

93. L. COSTULOSA Pease. PI. 7, fig. 42 ; pi. 12, fig. 6.

"The shell is elongate, turrited, thin, imperf orate, dextral,
longitudinally closely costulate; whorls 8, somewhat flat,
scarcely crenulate at the suture, the last almost equal to %
of the length; aperture small, broadly elliptical, subvertical,
angulate at the base of the columella; columellar fold small,
oblique ; columella erect, callous, white ; lip scarcely thickened ;
yellow, often colored with purple at the suture. Length 14.0,
diam. 5.0 mm." (Pse.)

Kauai (Pease) : "Waimea and Kealia (Baldwin).

Leptachatina costulosa PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651 (nom.
sol.) ; Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 90. — CROSSE, Journ. de
Conchyl., 1876, pi. 3, fig. 4. — Achatinella, (Leptachatina)
costulosa PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 248.

ilL. striatula Gould is the closest related species to this"
(Pse.). I have seen but four specimens which might possibly
be referred to this species. These were in Mr. Thaanum's
collection and were collected by Mr. Baldwin. The species
appears to be more closely allied to L. tenebrosa Pse., than to
L. striatula. From the former it differs in being larger, with
a broader spire, much lighter in color and with a slightly
more diagonal aperture. It may ultimately prove to be a
variety of this species. The original figure is copied on pi. 7.

94. L. EXTENSA Pease. PL 8, fig. 67.

"The shell is elongate, slender, imperf orate, dextral, some-
what solid, glossy, longitudinally closely impressed striate;

72 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP O.

whorls 9, flatly convex, scarcely angulate and crenulate at
the suture ; suture impressed ; spire somewhat obtuse ; aperture
small, short, oval, slightly oblique; columella short, simple;
columellar fold compressed, scarcely prominent, oblique ; lip
scarcely thickened ; the spire often ashy brown, the last whorl
reddish brown. Length 11.0, diam. 4.0 mm." (Pease).

Kauai: Kaholuamano (Perkins) ; Lehuamakanoe, Kumuwela
(Cooke).

Leptachatina extensa PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651 ( nom.
sol.) ; Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 92. — SYKES, Fauna Haw.,
ii, 1900, p. 362. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) extensa PFR.,
Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 249.

The shells from Lehuamakanoe are slightly larger and
those from Kumuwela slightly smaller than the measurements
given by Pease. The former measuring, length 12.5, diam.

4.5, length of aperture 4.0 mm. ; the latter, length 10.1, diam.

3.6, length of aperture 3.4 mm.

This species differs from any of the other Kauaian species.
Its chief characters are its closely coiled, almost flat whorls
and the very fine and close striae. The species seems to re-
stricted to the higher altitudes.

95. L. GAYI n. sp. PL 7, figs. 39, 40.

The shell is perforate, ovately turrited, dark brown, thin,
subdiaphanous, regularly, though somewhat distantly costate.
Spire ovately turrited, apex obtuse. Suture scarcely im-
pressed, not margined, crenulate. Whorls 7, nearly flat,
rather compressed, the embryonic smooth, yellowish, the last
cylindrical above, tapering towards the base. Aperture
nearly ovate, slightly angled below, perpendicular, very
slightly oblique. Columella straight, not truncate, with a
very small, oblique and deeply situated fold and a slight
acute callus along its face. Outer lip regularly curved, thick-
ened within. Umbilicus large, (for the genus), nearly cir-
cular, with its margin angulate. Length 8.0, diam. 3.8,
length of aperture 3.3 mm.

Kauai: Makaweli (Cooke).

This species is most closely related to L. fusca Newc. from

LEPTACHATESTA, GROUP O. 73

Oahu and L. fraterna from Kauai. It differs from the
former in having a much larger umbilicus, less convex whorls
and the embryonic whorls are not striate.

In L. fraterna the umbilicus is smaller, the shell larger, the
embryonic whorls costulate, etc.

96. L. LEUCOCHILA (Gulick). PL 7, figs. 33 to 38.

" Shell dextral, imperf orate, ovately turrited, shining,
semipellucid, corneous, with crowded longitudinal striae;
apex obtuse; spire turrited; suture finely margined, moder-
ately impressed; whorls 7-8, somewhat convex; columellar
fold sub-basal, white; aperture sinuately pyriform; peris-
tome pallid, with slight callous thickening; dextral margin
unreflected, arcuate ; columellar margin dilated, white, adnate ;
parietal margin very thin, corneous. Length 11.0, diam. 4.8,
length of body whorl 6.6 mm." (Gul.).

Kauai : Milolii, Waipo ( Cooke) .

Achatinella leucochila GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856,
p. 173, pi. 6, fig. 1. — Leptachatina leucochila SYKES, P. Malac.
Soc. London, iii, pi. ±4, fig. 12 ; Fauna Haw., ii, Moll., p. 365.
—Achatinella pyramis NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1858,
p. 319. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) pyramis PFEIFFER, Mon.
Hel. Viv., vi, p. 184.

This species is closely related to L. balteata Pse. The sur-
face is, however, more glossy and the embryonic whorls are
not as compressed as in Pease's species. In all the speci-
mens referred to his species there is an additional columellar
fold, which is more oblique and deeply situated than the
usual fold. This fold is just above the latter, with which
it forms a very acute angle. The additional fold is easily
seen in specimens which have the columella exposed. This
is the only species in which the duplication of the columellar
fold has been observed.

The shells referred to this species agree closely with shells
from Gulick, except that the costae are slightly further apart
and the additional columellar fold is more prominent.

One of Cnlick's shells has the following measurements:
length 11.4, diam. 5.3, length of aperture 5.1 mm.

74 LEPTACHATINA, GROUP 0.

Fig. 35 is a copy of Mr. Sykes' figure of Gulick's type.

97. L. PUPOIDEA n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 43, 44.

The shell is imperforate, elongate, sub cylindrical, brownish
corneous, glossy, rather thin, subdiaphanous, very closely
costulate (except the embryonic whorls), with about 6-7
costae to <a millimeter. Spire narrowly ovate, apex subacute.
Suture scarcely impressed, very narrowly margined, crenu-
late. Whorls 8, scarcely convex, the last subcyclindrical, with
a somewhat tapering base. Aperture perpendicular, slightly
oblique, narrowly ovate, acute at both ends. Columella
nearly straight, with a rather strong, oblique fold and an
acute callus along its face. Outer lip regularly curved, thick-
ened within; columellar margin adnate; the margins united
by a thin, transparent parietal callus, which is spirally striate.
Length 11.4, diam. 4.5, length of aperture 4.6 mm.

Kauai: Milolii, at 1500 ft. (type loc.) ; and Halemanu, at
3500ft. (Cooke).

This species is most closely related to L. costulosa Pse. It
differs, however, in size and form; the apex and upper
whorls are more attenuate, the shell is thinner and the surface
more closely and finely costate. This species is rather abun-
dant in the type locality.

98. L. STRIATULA (Gould). PL 12, figs. 4, 5.

•

' ' The shell is small, ovately elongate, glossy, greenish, finely
and closely longitudinally striate-costate ; whorls 7, convex,
the last equal to one-half of the spire ; aperture narrow, semi-
lunate; lip whitish, thickened. Length 7/20, diam. 3/20 inch
(8.75x3.75 mm.)." (Old.)

Kauai: Makaweli, Kaholuamano, Lihue and at 4000 ft.
(Perkins) ; Kipu and Kilohana (near Lihue) (Cooke).

Achatinella striatula GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii,
1845, p. 28. — LeptacJiatina striatula PEASE, P. Z. S. London,
1869, p. 651.— SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, Moll., p. 370.— Acha-
tinella clara PFEIFPER, P. Z. S. London, 1845 (Jan., 1846),
p. 90 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 242.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., Acha-
tinella, sp. 5. — Achatinella (L&ptachatina) clara PFEIFFER,
Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 564.

LEPTACHATINA, GROUP O. 75

The bottle in which are the types of this species contains
a varied assortment of different species, besides the one de-
scribed above. A form, which comes nearest to the descrip-
tion, and agrees very closely with some of the shells included
in the type lot, is from the district of Lihue. A few of them
are nearly equal to Gould's measurements, the majority are
slightly larger, and a very few equal or are slightly larger
than Pfeiffer's (12.0x4.75 mm.). Small adult specimens
from Kipu measure, length 9.2, diam. 4.1, length of ap. 3.2
mm. ; the majority from this locality measure : length 10.0,
diam. 4.2, length of ap. 3.5 mm. ; a large specimen of this
species has the following measurements: length 12.5, diam.
5.4, length of aperture 4.8 mm. Most of the shells have a
dark reddish band at the suture.

This species and L. leucochila are very closely related. In
the former the whorls are more closely coiled, the suture
nearly transverse and scarcely oblique, the surface more
closely costate, the last whorl is shorter, more tumid, with a
natter base, the aperture is shorter, broader in proportion to
its length and the columella has a single fold.

PI. 12, fig. 5 represents the synonymous A. clara Pfr.

99. L. TENEBROSA Pease. PI. 7, figs. 25, 26, 29.

"The shell is imperf orate, elongately turrited, solid, longi-
tudinally costate; whorls 8, flatly convex, the last equal to
% the length of the shell ; suture simple, subimpressed ; aper-
ture small, oval, angulate at the base of the columella; colu-
mella callous, erect; columellar fold strong, scarcely promi-
nent; lip thickened; blackish, or reddish brown, apex pale.
Length 12.0, diam. 5.0 mm." (Pse.)

Kauai: Kaholuamano (Perkins), Halemanu, Puukapele,
Kumuwela, Ekaula (Cooke).

Leptachatina tenebrosa PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651 (nom.
sol.) ; Journ. de Conchyl., xviii, p. 92. — CROSSE, Journ. de
Conchyl., xxiii, 1876, pi. 3, fig. 5. — SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii,
1900, p. ?71. —Achatinella (Leptachatina) tenebrosa PFR.,
Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 248.

Shells from Puukapele are identical with those of this

76 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. LABIELLA.

species in Pease's collection at Cambridge. A few have an
additional whorl and measure 13.5 x 4.9 mm.

Specimens from Kumuwela are slightly more obese and for
the most part lighter colored. One with 8 whorls measured
12.8 x 5.3 mm.

Those from Halemanu are somewhat smaller. A well de-
veloped shell with 8% whorls measured : 11.0 x 4.5 mm.

A single shell from Ekaula is quite slender for this
species ; it has 9 whorls and measures 12.8 x 4.3 mm.

Subgenus LABIELLA Pfeiffer, 1854.

Labiella PFR., Malak. Blatter, 1854, p. 142 ; P. Z. S., 1855,
p. 7.— HAETMAN, P. Ac. Phila., 1888, p. 41.— H. & A. ADAMS,
Gen. Recent Moll., ii, p. 139.— GULICK, P. Z. S. London, 1873,
p. 91.— PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651.

Labiella was proposed by Pfeiffer as a section of Achati-
nella for A. labiata, with the following diagnosis "Shell ob-
long, solid; columellar fold twisted; lip obtuse, thickened,
with a tooth-like callosity within the dextral margin."

Hartman followed Pfeiffer in considering Labiella as a
section. H. and A. Adams raised Labiella to subgeneric rank.
Gulick (1873) transfered Labiella to a section of Leptacha-
tina. Pease raised Labiella to the rank of a full genus. He
enumerated twelve species, four of which (crassilabriim,
ellipsoidea, albolabris and subrostrata) belong to the genus
Amastra.

There are but four species (three from Oahu and one from
Maui) which can properly be included in this subgenus. The
spire in these species is slightly concave in outline ; the upper
whorls are closely coiled and increase slowly; the denticle
of the outer lip is present in three of the four species. This
character is almost or entirely lacking in lagena but as this
species is otherwise closely related to labiata it is best to
include it in the same subgenus. The denticle was lacking
in the type specimen of lenta, but there is a specimen in Mr.
Baldwin's collection in which this character is clearly in-
dicated.

LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. LABIELL.A. 77

100. L. LABIATA Newcomb. PI. 3, figs. 45, 49, 55.

"Shell dextral, elongate-ovoid, plumbeous except the third
whorl, the margin of the outer lip, and along the suture of
the last whorl, which are white; whorls 7, flattened; the
third narrower than the second; suture slightly margined
below; aperture elongate-ovate; columella short, with a
strong, plaited projecting tooth; lip thickened, white, with a
central internal callosity. Length 0.5, diam. 0.21 inch."
(12.5x5.2 mm.) (Newc.)

Oahu: Lehui (Newcomb), Mt. Kaala (Baldwin), Palehua,
Leilehua and Haleauau in the Waianae Mts. (Cooke).

Achatinella labiata NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1853,
p. 27; P. Z. S. London, 1853 (1854), p. 141, pi. 23, fig. 33.—
Achatinella (Labiella) labiata PFEIPFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv,
p. 530 ; vi, p. 170 ; viii, p. 218.— Labiella labiata PEASE, P. Z.
S. London, 1869, p. 651. — Achatinella dentata PFEIFFER, P.
Z. S., London, 1855, p. 7, pi. 30, fig. 27 .—Achatinella (La-
biella) dentnta PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 530; vi, p. 170;
viii, p. 218. — Leptachatina (Labiella) labiata SYKES, Fauna
Haw., ii, Moll., p. 365.

Shells from Leilehua are quite large, of a uniform dingy
straw-color, hardly shining, with a much thickened lip and
having a costiform callus connecting the margins of the aper-
ture. Those from Haleauau are very glossy, pinkish brown
at the base, darker at the periphery, the spire and upper
portion of the last whorl are almost white and the callosity
of the outer lip is hardly developed. Those from Palehua
have a dark plumbeous (sometimes with a reddish tinge)
base, with the spire and upper portion of the last whorl of a
rusty straw-color.

Specimens from the different localities have the following
measurements :

Length 14.7, diam. 6.4, length of apert. 6.4 mm. Kaala
(Baldwin coll.).

Length 13.9, diam. 6.5, length of apert. 6.5 mm. Leilehua.

Length 1^.2, diam. 5.7, length of apert. 5.9 mm. Haleauau.

Length 12.6, diam. 6.0, length of apert. 5.9 mm. Palehua.

78 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. LABIELLA.

Length 11.2, diam. 5.5, length of apert. 5.4 mm. Palehua.
Fig. 55 is copied from the original figure of A. dentata
Pf r. ; fig. 49 from the original of laliata Nc.

101. L. CALLOSA (Pfeiffer).

1 ' Shell imperf orate, dextral, fusiform-oblong, solid, lightly
striate, white under the tawny epidermis ; spire elongate, ven-
tricosely conical, apex somewhat obtuse; suture slightly
ragged; whorls 8, nearly flat, the last a little more than %
of the length, attenuate at the base; columellar fold acutely
dentiform, white; aperture scarcely oblique, acuminately
elliptical; lip callous, obtuse, dextral margin obsoletely den-
tate within. Length 16, diam. 6 mm." (Pfeiffer.)

Oahu (Newcomb).

Achatinella (Laliella) callosa PFEIFFER, P. Z. S. London,
1856, p. 334; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 531; vi, p. 170; viii, p.
218.—Laliella callosa PSE., P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 651.—
Leptachatina (Labiella) callosa SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900,
p. 358.

This species is represented, as far as I know, by the single
type specimen in the British Museum. It is very closely re-
lated to L. labiata Newc., and may ultimately prove to be an
unique specimen of this species. The spires of both species
are identical. The only differences are that L. callosa is
larger and has a different shaped aperture.

102. L. LAGENA (Gulick). PI. 5, figs. 83, 84, 89.

"Shell dextral, imperf orate, acuminately ovate, rather
solid, dark resinous, very finely striated; apex somewhat ob-
tuse, pallid; spire concavely conical; suture simple, slightly
impressed; whorls 7, rather convex; columellar fold central,
white, strongly lamelliform; aperture truncately auriform;
peristome somewhat labiate, white or reddish ; dextral margin
unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, white, ad-
nate; parietal margin thin, dark corneous. Length 13.0,
diam. 6.6, length of body whorl 9.0 mm." (Gulick.)

"Var. &. Small, length 10.0, diam. 5.3, length of body whorl
7.3 mm." (Gulick.)

LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. LABIELLA. 79

"Var. c. Light corneous, thinner, with lip but slightly
thickened." (Gulick.)

Oahu: Halemanu, Waihiawa, Kalaikoa (Gulick) ; Waianae
Mts. back of Leilehua (Cooke).

Achatinella lagena GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p.
175, pi. 6, fig. 3. — Achatinella labiata NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 328. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) fumosa
NEWC., var. ? lagena PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 182. — Lepta-
chatina lagena SYKES, P. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1899, pi. 14,
fig. 9. — Leptachatina (Labiella) labiata SYKES, Fauna Haw.,
ii, 1900, p. 365.

L. lagena approaches L. labiata in form ; the spires of both
species are similar, but the apertures are entirely distinct.
In the former there is no callosity within the outer margin
of the lip, which is regularly arcuate and not flattened as
in the latter species. L. lagena is also thinner, and dark
resinous in color. This species was considered by Newcomb
to be an undeveloped L. labiata; but fully adult specimens
are easily distinguished from the young of the latter species.
Figs. 83, 84 represent a specimen received from Mr. Gulick.

103. L. LENTA n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 23, 24.

The shell is imperforate, elongately conic, the embryonic
whorls whitish, the rest brown, with a faint reddish line ac-
companying the suture, under a lens faintly and irregularly
striate with lines of growth. Spire elongately conic, apex
rounded. Suture hardly impressed, faintly margined, min-
utely crenulate. Whorls 6%? nearly flat, regularly increas-
ing, the last subcylindrical, tapering to the base. Aperture
narrow, acute at both ends, oblique, perpendicular. Colu-
mella nearly straight, with a rather strong oblique fold, and
an acute callus along its face. Outer lip arcuate, strongly
thickened within, whitish ; columellar margin reflexed, adnate.
Length 8.4, diam. 3.7, length of ap. 3.7 mm.

West Maui- Maunahoomaha (Cooke), Wahakuli (Bald-
win).

A rather interesting species, which seems to be related to
L. labiata Newc., from Oahu. It is much smaller than the

80 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. PAUAHIA.

other species belonging to this section, and, in the type speci-
men, the denticle on the outer lip is lacking. Unlike any-
thing from Maui, except possibly L. compacta, Pse., from
which it differs in its more elongate spire and narrower and
more perpendicular aperture.

A single shell, in Mr. Baldwin's collection, undoubtedly
belongs to this species. It is larger than the type specimen,
measuring 11.7 x 5.3 mm., and is of a yellowish straw color.
The denticle on the outer lip is faintly indicated, though
not as pronounced as in specimens of L. labiata.

Subgenus PAUAHIA n. subgenus.

The shells are imperforate or minutely perforate, cylin-
drical, striate, rather thin ; the embryonic whorls are smooth,
rounded; the whorls are closely coiled and increase very
slowly and regularly; the columellar fold is rather weak at
the aperture but becomes stronger within the shell. In young
shells there is a rather strong palatal lamina beginning un-
derneath the junction of the lip and extending under the
periphery nearly to the margin of the aperture. Type L.
artata,.

This subgenus is proposed for three species : artata, tantilla
and chrysallis, all from Oahu. In the first two the rather
strong palatal lamina is clearly seen in young specimens, and
in the case of artata is faintly indicated in adult specimens.
Unfortunately I have not seen any young specimens of
chrysallis, so for the present it is not known whether this
species has this character. There is no doubt that chrysallis
belongs to this subgenus as it agrees closely in its other sub-
generic characters.

Pauahia is dedicated to Bernice Pauahi Bishop, in whose
memory the museum at Honolulu which bears her name was
founded.

104. L. ARTATA n. sp. PL 13, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

The shell is imperforate, subcylindrical to subovate, nearly
corneous, thin, subdiaphanous, glossy, under a lens minutely
and regularly striate with lines of growth. Spire subcylin-

LEPTACHATINA, fc.-G. PAUAHIA. 81

drical for the last three whorls, the upper 5y2 somewhat con-
vex, apex minute, blunt. Suture simple, hardly impressed.
Whorls 8y2, the lower of the nepionic rather broader than
the early neanic, the latter flat, increasing very slowly in
size, the last two whorls nearly equal, very slightly convex,
the last nearly cylindrical, tapering towards the base. Aper-
ture narrowly pyriform, slightly oblique, acute and nar-
row above, somewhat angulate at the columella, nearly per-
pendicular, not diagonal. Columella nearly perpendicular,
truncate, with a rather small oblique fold which becomes
stronger about one whorl within. Outer lip erect, very
slightly thickened within, nearly straight ; columellar margin
whitish, thin, appressed. A thin whitish callus unites both
margins. Length 7.2, diam. 3.2 ; length of ap. 3 mm.

Oahu: Halawa, 1,500 ft. (Cooke) ; Mt. Tantalus 2,000 ft.
(Lyman).

The form from Tantalus is smaller, smoother, with a yellow-
ish corneous color. This species is most closely allied to
L. chrysallis Pfr. The latter is, however, much larger, more
cylindrical in outline, with a stronger sculptured surface and
the aperture is much broader and more ovate.

105. L. TANTILLA n. sp. PI. 13, figs. 5, 6, 7.

The shell is minutely perforate, narrowly sub-cylindrical,
corneous, somewhat glossy, finely striate, with uneven striae,
somewhat wrinkled and more prominent near the suture.
Spire subcylindrical, gradually tapering towards the apex,
which is rather blunt. Suture simple, hardly impressed.
Whorls 71/2, nearly flat, slowly and regularly increasing in
size, the last nearly cylindrical, tapering towards the base.
Aperture pyriform, slightly oblique, perpendicular. Colu-
mella nearly straight, scarcely truncate, with a very minute
oblique fold. Outer margin of lip* erect, straight, arcuate
below, slightly thickened within; columellar margin slightly
thickened, reflexed, free. Umbilicus minute, nearly circular.
Length 5.4, diam. 2.4; length of aperture 2.2 mm.

Oahu : Waianae Mts. back of Leilehua (Cooke).

This species is closely related to L. artata. It differs, how-

82 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. THAANUMIA.

ever, in being smaller, the surface is more distinctly sculp-
tured, the aperture is broader in proportion to its length and
there is a distinct, though minute, perforation.

106. L. CHRYSALLIS (Pfeiffer). PL 4, figs. 77, 78.

''Shell oblong turrited, somewhat solid, slightly striate,
arcuately plicate at the sutural line, pale yellowish; spire
subcylindrical, apex conic, obtuse; whorls 10, nearly flat, the
last nearly equal to % of the length, rotundate at the base;
columella callous, abruptly truncate at the base ; aperture ver-
tical, sinuately semioval; lip erect, with the dextral margin
arcuate, thickened within. Length 9.0, diam. 3.5 mm."
(Pfr.)

Oahu: Waialua (Baldwin, Lyman), Waianae Mts. and
Wahiawa (Cooke).

Achatina chrysallis PFEIFFER, P. Z. S. London, 1855, p. 99 ;
Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 617; vi, p. 238. — Achatina (Electro)
chrysallis PFR., Malak. Blatter, 1856, p. 169. — Lepta-
chatina chrysallis PEASE, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 650. — Leptachatina
columna ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, 1889, p. 266. — SYKES, Proc.
Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. 13, fig. 18. — Leptachatina chry-
sallis SYKES, Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 358.

This species is never abundant in any one locality, but
seems to be distributed over a rather large area. A single
specimen from Nuuanu is referable to this species, though
doubtfully. I have examined both Ancey's and Pfeiffer 's
types and there is no doubt that both belong to the same
species.

Unfortunately I have no young specimens of this species,
the basal palatal lamella does not appear in adult specimens.

Subgenus THAANUMIA Ancey, 1899.

Thaanumia ANCEY, Proceedings of the Malacological So-
ciety of London, iii, July, 1899, p. 269, monotype T. ompha-
lodes.

The shells are openly umbilicate or perforate, sometimes
imperforate, hardly glossy, of a silky texture, thin or some-
what solid, costulate to .costate, with the embryonic whorls

LEPTACHATINA, S%G. THAANUMIA. 83

encircled by very minute, close, raised, spiral lines ; the suture
of the embryonic whorls is rather wide and deep and these
whorls are somewhat flattened and very slightly shouldered
above. Type L. omphalodes.

Thaamimia can hardly be ranked as a genus, since except
for the minutely striate embryonic whorls, all the species
could undoubtedly be placed in Leptachatina. There are at
present eight species known.

L. (Thaanumia) omphalodes Ancey, Oahu.

L. (Thaanumia) optabilis n. sp., Oahu.

L. (Thaanumia) morbida n. sp., Molokai.

L. (Thaanumia) thaanumi n. sp., Molokai.

L. (Thaanumia) henshawi Sykes, Hawaii.

L. (Thaanumia) perforate n. sp., Kauai.

L. (Thaanumia) dulcis n. sp., East Maui.

All the species are from rather open and dry localities and
are not found in the deep woods. The characters of the em-
bryonic whorls are not easily seen, and in most cases are
only made out under a compound microscope. They are best
seen in rather young fresh specimens.

107. L. OMPHALODES (Ancey). PI. 13, fig. 11.

' ' The shell is openly umbilicate, ovately conic, glossy, with
a silky luster, acutely and irregularly longitudinally costu-
late with somewhat lamellate, slightly flexuous costse, dark
reddish corneous, pale purple at the lip. Spire regularly
conic, rectilinear in outline, subobtuse at the apex. Whorls
6, convex, regularly increasing, separated by an impressed
suture, the embryonic very minutely spirally sculptured, the
rest costulate, irregularly striatulate in the interstices, the
last at first subangulate, ovate, dilated, at the end minutely
and shortly ascending, angulate and compressed about the
umbilicus. Aperture perpendicular, receding at the base, ir-
regularly oval, contracted at both ends. Columella perpen-
dicularly descending, long, joined to the base with an ob-
tuse angle, at its base lightly twisted-plicate within. Lip
slightly expanded on all sides, expanded at the columella
more, with the margins not contracted. Length 6.3, diam. 3.5,
length of ap. 2.6 mm." (Ancey.)

84 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. THAANUMIA.

Oahu: Waianae Mts. (Baldwin).

Thaanumia omphalodes ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
iii, 1899, p. 269, pi. 12, fig. 8.

This species is the type of the sub genus Thaanumia.

The comparatively large and open umbilicus easily separ-
ates this from the other species of the subgenus.

108. L. OPTABILIS n. sp. PI. 13, fig. 9.

The shell is minutely but distinctly perforate, ovate, light
corneous with a broad brown band above the periphery, rather
thin, silky, minutely and closely striate, with more distinct
striae on the neanic whorls and just below the suture of the
last whorl, under a very strong lens the embryonic whorls
are indistinctly spirally striate. Spire almost conic with
slightly convex outlines, apex rather blunt. Suture im-
pressed, not margined, rather deep and very distinct on the
embryonic whorls. Whorls 5%, the embryonic indistinctly
shouldered, the rest slightly convex, the last subcylindrical,
tapering towards the base. Aperture ovately pyriform,
hardly oblique, very slightly diagonal. Columella slightly
oblique, narrowly triangular, with a rather strong sub-basal
fold. Outer lip regularly curved, convex, slightly thickened,
columellar margin thin, adnate above, reflexed over the min-
ute umbilicus. Umbilicus minute. Length 6.8, diam. 3.6
mm. Length of ap. 3.3 mm. (Cooke).

Oahu: Waianae Mts., back of Leilehua (Cooke).

There is a unicolorous light brown variety of this species
from the same locality. This species was found in rather
open and dry country. The spirally striate embryonic whorls
and the presence of a perforation places this species in the
subgenus Thaanumia. It differs from L. omphalodes Anc. in
having a less open umbilicus and the surface is not as dis-
tinctly costate. The peculiar silky luster is present in both
species.

109. L. FUSCULA (Gulick). PL 3, fig. 51.

"Shell dextral, imperf orate, ovate conic, thin, with but
little polish, of a brown succineous color, and very finely

LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. THAANUMIA. 85

striated; apex subacute; spire convexly conical; suture sim-
ple, lightly impressed ; whorls 6, somewhat convex ; columella
a little oblique, white and plicately truncated ; aperture trun-
cately oval ; peristome simple with dextral margin unreflected,
acute, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, thin, white.
Length 8.3, diam. 4.3, length of body whorl 5.3 mm."
(Gulick.)

Oahu: Mokuleia (Gulick) ; Palolo (Gulick, vid. label in
Bost. Soc.) ; Waianae Mts., back of Waialua (Lyman) ;
Waianae Mts., back of Leilehua (Cooke).

Achatinella fuscula GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p.
180, pi. 6, fig. 8. — Achatinella (Leptachatina) fuscula
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 183; viii, p. 245. — Lepta-
chatina fuscula PSE., P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 651. — SYKES,
Fauna Haw., ii, 1900, p. 362.

This species appears to be represented by a single shell, in
the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History.
Unfortunately the specimen was dead when collected. The
shells collected by Mr. Lyman and myself agree very closely
with the type, except that a few are minutely perforate and
all are slightly larger. The type specimen has Palolo as its
habitat, I am sure that this must be a mistake, as all the
species that are in any way related to it are from the other
end of Oahu. Gulick gave the length of the body whorl as
4.3 mm., but if we reduce his measurement in inches to
millimeters it should be 5.3 nun.

L. fuscula is provisionally located in the subgenus Thaa-
numia. A few of the specimens collected by Mr. Lyman and
myself are minutely perforate, and a number show the faint
spiral striae on the embryonic whorls, which are less flattened
and have a s1^! lower suture than most of the species included
in this sut genus. The costae are also less prominent.

In fresh dark-colored specimens the columella and lip, es-
pecially the former, are a purplish brown. There is also
a lighter colored, almost corneous, variety.

110. L. DULCIS n. sp. PI. 13, figs. 8, 10.

The shell is perforate, ovately conic, light brown, with a

86 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. THAANUMIA.

yellowish sheen, silky, thin, the embryonic whorls with minute
spiral striae, the rest closely and regularly costate. Spire
conic, apex obtuse. Suture simple, impressed. Whorls 5l/2,
increasing regularly, the embryonic flattened, compressed,
shouldered above, the rest somewhat convex, the last rather
large, tapering gradually to the base. Aperture rather large,
ovate, hardly oblique and slightly diagonal, brownish within.
Oolumella narrowly triangular, nearly perpendicular, brown-
ish, with a minute, oblique basal fold. Outer lip regularly
curved, convex, indistinctly angulate with the base of the
columella; columellar margin thin, adnate above, reflexed
over the perforation. Umbilicus rather small, subcircular.
Length 7.0, diam. 3.7, length of ap. 3.4 mm.

East Maui: Ulapalakua, Makawao (Baldwin).

The only representative of this subgenus from Maui. It
resembles the species from Oahu and Hawaii rather than those
from the nearer island of Molokai. This species has a
smaller umbilicus than L. omphalodes Ancey and it is more
distinctly costate than L. optabilis.

111. L. HENSHAWI Sykes. PL 1, figs. 15, 17.

"Shell ovately pyramidal, rimate, somewhat thin, brown-
ish-horny in color, longitudinally well marked with filiform
striae, which become weaker towards the base, apex blunt.
Whorls 51/2, plano-convex, the protoconch being large and
smooth, the others sculptured as mentioned above, the last
whorl measuring 4/7 of the entire length of the shell. Suture
well marked. Mouth subquadrate, the straight columellar
margin being slightly reflected. Plica small and ascending.
Length 7.0, diam. 3.6 mm." (Sykes.)

Hawaii: (Bucholtz) ; Kona, at 1800 feet (Henshaw), Mana
fossil (Henshaw), Waimea Plains, near Mana (Thaanum),
Hamakua and Kona (Baldwin).

Leptachatina henshawi SYKES, Journ. of Malac., x, 1903,
p. 2, fig. in text.

"This pretty little shell recalls somewhat in appearance
Thaanumia omphalodes Ancey, but lacks the sculpture of
the protoconch and the distinct umbilical area. The sculp-

LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. THAANUMIA. 87

ture is similar in nature to that of L. tenebrosa, Pease, of
Kauai, etc." (Sykes.)

L. tenuicostata Pease, is somewhat closely related to this
species. The latter is, however perforate; the outlines of
the spire and the whorls are more convex; the columellar
fold is stronger and approaches the outer face of the colu-
mella, etc.

Mr. Thaanum kindly lent me a few specimens of this species
from the original lot collected by Dr. Henshaw. All the
specimens had the characteristic blunt apex; in a few the
spiral lines of the embryonic whorls were made out with a
strong lens.

112. L. MORBIDA n. sp. PL 13, fig. 12.

The shell is minutely perforate (sometimes imperf orate),
conic, dark brown, hardly glossy, rather solid, not diaph-
anous, distinctly costate (especially on the neanic whorls),
the embryonic whorls smooth. Spire conic, apex somewhat
obtuse. Suture very slightly impressed, crenulate. Whorls
6, regularly increasing, the embryonic flattened, slightly shoul-
dered above, with a rather distinct suture, the rest slightly
convex, the last rotundate, tapering to the base. Aperture
large, ovate, purplish brown within, hardly oblique, slightly
diagonal. Columella nearly straight, with a thick acute
callus along its face; columellar fold median, small, blunt.
Outer lip regularly convex, thickened within, white; colu-
mellar margin slightly thickened, reflexed, adnate above.
Umbilicus minute, oval. Length 9.0, diam. 4.7, length of
ap. 4.0 mm.

Molokai: Puu Kolekole, under logs in open country
(Thaanum).

This species is provisionally placed in the subgenus Thaa-
numia. It differs from the other species of this subgenus, by
not having spirally striate embryonic whorls. These are,
however, slightly flattened, compressed and have the rather
distinct suture characteristic of this subgenus.

The nearest relative to this species, from Molokai, is L.
(Thaanumia) Thaanumi. The latter is, however, smaller,

88 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. THAANUMIA.

narrower and with, slightly more convex outlines. L. semi-
picta, from Lanai, is probably related to this species. The
latter is slightly larger, more solid and more distinctly
costate.

113. L. THAANUMI n. sp. PI. 6, figs. 16, 17.

The shell is imperforate, conically ovate, yellowish corn-
eous, with a broad reddish brown, band at the periphery,
thin, subdiaphanous, the embryonic whorls glossy, under a
strong lens very faintly spirally striate, the rest finely and
closely costulate. Spire subconic, apex obtusie. Suture
hardly impressed, faintly margined, crenulate. Whorls
barely 6, the first two convex, the rest nearly flat, the last
rotundate, slightly tapering towards the base. Aperture
broadly ovate, oblique, nearly perpendicular. Columella
nearly straight, slightly twisted, with an almost obsolete
oblique fold. Outer margin of lip arcuate, slightly thick-
ened within, columellar margin thin, reflexed, adnate.
Length 7.7, drain. 3.8, length of ap. 3.4 mm.

Molokai: Mapulehu ridge (Thaanum).

L. thaanumi is provisionally located in the sub genus Thaa-
numia as the embryonic whorls have the faint spiral sculp-
ture on which the separation of the subgenus is almost wholly
dependent This species is, however, imperforate, which char-
acter is not found in any other species referred to this sub-
genus. It is also narower in proportion to its length than
any species of this subgenus, except L. perforata.

114. L. PERFORATA n. sp. PL 7, fig. 32.

The shell is perforate, elongate, attenuate, brown or very
dark brown, rather thin, not diaphanous, under a strong
lens the embryonic whorls are very minutely spirally striate,
the rest costate. Costse arcuate, regular, 4.6 to the milli-
meter, with 45-50 on the last whorl. Spire attenuate, elon-
gate, apex somewhat acute. Suture not margined, im-
pressed. Whorls 9, slightly convex, the last rotundate, taper-
ing towards the base. Aperture perpendicular, slightly ob-
lique, shaped like an oblique sector of a circle, acute at both

LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. ILIKALA. 89

ends. Columella straight, white, hardly truncate, furnished
with a minute, oblique, deeply situated fold. Outer and
lower margin of lip regularly curved, slightly thickened with-
in, columellar margin slightly thickened. Umbilicus rimate,
with angular margin. Length 7.8, diam. 3.1, length of aper-
ture 2.7 mm.

Kauai: Puukapele, 3000 ft,; Waipo, 3500 ft.; Kumuwela,
3800ft. (Cooke).

This species is unlike any other from Kauai. The type
locality is Puukapele. It is not abundant in any one local-
ity, but is probably to be found over all the higher parts of
the Island of Kauai.

L. perforata is provisionally located in Thaanumia, as its
embryonic whorls are minutely spirally striate in fresh young
specimens. It seems to be an aberrant form. It is possible
that L. striata Newc. may be a relative of this species.

Subgenus ILIKALA n. subgenus.

The shells are perforate or minutely perforate, elongate
with slightly convex outlines, costate; embryonic whorls con-
vex, longitudinally costulate, separated by a rather deep and
broad suture; columellar fold rather weak, subtransverse.
Type L. fusca Newc.

This subgenus is proposed for three species: fusca, petila
and fraterna; the first two from Oahu, the last from Kauai.
The most important character on which this subgenus is
based is the longitudinally costate or distinctly striate em-
bryonic shell. Ilikala is probably related to Thaanumia, but
the latter has smoother embryonic whorls which are minutely
striate spirally, and not axially costulate. (Ilikala, an
Hawaiian word meaning a rough skin.)

115. L. FUSCA (Newcomb). PL 4, figs. 65 to 69.

"Shell thin, cylindrically elongate; whorls 5, nearly flat;
suture linear, slightly impressed; aperture ovate; lip acute;
columella dentate within; longitudinal striae strongly de-
veloped ; color brown, with a narrow horn-colored band re-
volving below each suture ; lower half of the last whorl horn-

90 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. ILIKALA.

colored. Long. 6/20, diam. 3%/20 poll." (7.5x4.4 mm.)
(Newc.) Length .35, diam. 0.2 inch (Newc.)

Oahu: Manoa (Newcomb, Cooke) ; Palolo, Mt. Tantalus,
Pauoa, Konahuanui and Nuuanu (Cooke).

Achatinella fusca NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1853, p.
28; P. Z. S. 1853 (1854), p. 145, pi. 23, fig. 44.— Achatinella
(Laminella) fusca PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 558; vi,
p. 181 ; viii, p. 244. — Leptachatina fusca PEASE, P. Z. S. Lon-
don, 1869, p. 651.

This is one of the most aberrant species of the genus.
The first whorl is slightly depressed, with a deep broad suture
separating it from the second whorl which is rather convex
and somewhat shouldered above. Both the first and second
whorls are sculptured with rather strong longitudinal striae
and very fine spiral striae. The latter are clearly visible
under a strong lens, especially in young specimens. This is,
also, one of the subgeneric characters of Thaanumia. The
adult shells of fusca are always imperforate and the lower
whorl is more drawn out and tapering. In young specimens
of 5 or less whorls there is a minute perforation.

There are four distinct color varieties of the typical form
of this species : the first an4 most abundant, which is also the
one described by Newcomb, has a dark reddish brown band
(which sometimes extends to the suture) above the periphery,
the spire is reddish brown, there is usually a yellowish corn-
eous band accompanying the suture and the base below the
periphery is yellowish corneous (figs. 65, 66). The second
is of a uniform dark reddish brown ; the third is light brown-
ish corneous, slightly lighter in color below the periphery
(fig. 67). The fourth has the first 3y2 whorls of a dark
reddish brown, the two last are yellowish corneous, with a
narrow reddish brown band accompanying the suture (fig.
69). The last two varieties are very rare as I have seen
only two specimens of the third variety, which came from
Nuuanu, and a single specimen of the fourth variety was
collected in Palolo.

Adult shells vary between the following measurements:

Length 8.1, diam. 4.2, length of apert. 3.9 mm.; whorls
51/2 ; Nuuanu.

LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. ILIKALA. 91

Length 8.9, diam. 4.4, length of apert. 4.3 mm.; whorls
5^; Konahuanui.

Length 10.5, diam. 4.5, length of apert. 4.5 mm.; whorls
6!/4 ; Nuuanu.

115a. L. f. striatella (Gulick). PI. 4, figs. 70, 71, 72.

The shell is very slightly narrower in proportion to its
length, the costae are slightly finer and the aperture is more
perpendicular, with the outer lip less arcuate.

Length 10.0, diam. 4.4, length of apert. 4.2 mm.

Oahu: Mountain range of Keawaawa, in damp places
(Gulick).

Achatinella striatella GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1856, vi,
p. 178, pi. 6, fig. 6. — Achatinella fusca NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., 1838, vi, p. 330.—Leptachatina striatella SYKES, P.
Malac. Soc. London, iii, pi. 14, fig. 190; Fauna Haw., ii, 1900,
p. 370.

116. L. FRATERNA n. sp. PI. 12, figs. 8, 11.

The shell is minutely perforate, elongately conic, dark
brown, rather thin, costulate (the embryonic whorls trans-
versely costulate and under a strong lens indistinctly spirally
striate). Spire conic, apex rather blunt. Suture deep on
the embryonic whorls, on the other whorls hardly impressed.
Whorls 61/2, very slightly convex, increasing regularly, the
last subcylindrical, tapering gradually to the base and as-
cending slightly in front. Aperture subovate, bordered with
yellowish brown, brown within, very slightly oblique, perpen-
dicular. Columella nearly straight, whitish, almost truncate
with a rather weak foI5 and with an acute callus along its
face. Outer lip regularly curved, slightly thickened within,
forming an angle with the base of the columella ; columellar
margin thin, reflected, the upper one-third adnate. Umbilicus
minute. Length 9.4, diam. 4.3, length of ap. 4.1 mm.

Kauai (Baldwin).

This species is very closely related to L. fusca Newc., from
Oahu. It differs, however, in having flatter whorls and a
more conic spire ; the aperture is less diagonal.

92 LEPTACHATINA, S.-G. ILIKALA.

117. L. PETILA (Gulick). PL 4, figs. 61 to 64.

"Shell dextral, perforate, turreted, rather thin, not pol-
ished, brown, corneous, obliquely striated; apex somewhat
obtuse, pallid; spire turreted; suture simple, well impressed;
whorls 6, convex; columella vertical, brown, lightly plaited
deep within the aperture; aperture vertical, subelliptical ;
peristome simple, with margins joining in an unbroken curve ;
dextral margin unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin
slightly reflected, not appressed ; parietal margin narrow, cal-
lous. Length 6.6, diam. 2.8, length of body whorl 3.5 mm."
(Gulick.)

Oahu: Koko, under stones in dry rock regions (Gulick) ;
Wailua (Lyman) ; fossil at Nuuanu, Manoa, and at Rocky
Hill (Cooke).

Achatinella petila GULICK, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1856, p.
189, pi. 6, fig. 17. — Achatinella fusca NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye.
N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 330. — Achatinella (Laminella) fusca PFR.,
Mon. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 181. — Leptachatina petila SYKES, P.
Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1899, pi. 14, fig. 14; Fauna Haw., ii,
1900, p. 367.

Newcomb, Pfeiffer and Pease seem to have considered this
species as identical with L. fusca Newc. It is, however, en-
tirely distinct. The specimens collected by Gulick were from
Koko Head, a very dry and almost desert region. All my
specimens, except the fossil material, was found in the very
darkest and dampest valleys of Nuuanu.

The fossil material from Rocky Hill agrees best with
Gulick 's specimens in the collection of the Boston Society.
The shells from Nuuanu are imperforate. All my shells are
considerably larger than Gulick 's. The measurements are as
follows :

Length 8.6, diam. 3.6, length of apert. 3.1 mm. Waialua.

Length 7.8, diam. 3.2, length of apert. 2.8 mm, Nuuanu.

Length 7.9, diam. 2.8, length of apert. 2.6 mm. Rocky Hill.

FERNANDEZIA. 93

Genus FERNANDEZIA Pilsbry, n. gen.

Shell imperforate, varying from ovate to oblong-turrite,
thin, yellow or pale brown, glossy, striate or weakly plicate.
Initial \V-2 to 1% whorls smooth or very delicately striate
spirally, semi globose, forming an obtuse summit. Aperture
irregularly ovate, subvertieal, the outer lip a little thickened,
having a smooth finish when adult ; the coluinella short, bear-
ing a more or less prominent, spirally entering fold or la-
mella. Soft anatomy unknown. Type: F. urilsoni.

Distribution: Island of Juan Fernandez. The species are
figured on plate 14.

These shells resemble species of Glessula and Leptachatina
so closely that only their geographic remoteness gives reason
for the belief that they will prove generically distinct, when
the soft parts can be examined. Like the genera mentioned,
the lip has a smooth, blunt finish in fully adult shells; there-
by differing from Subulina, Opeas and Leptinaria, which
have the lip sharp and unthickened at all stages of growth.
It must be admitted that the shells, in Glessula, Leptachatina,
Fernandezia and Cochlicopa furnish no tangible character to
differentiate one from another genus. What real distinction
there may be in the animals remains to be discovered.
\\Tiether reproduction in Fernandezia is oviparous or vivi-
parous is not known.

In some forms I have seen excessively superficial and fine
spiral stria? upon both embryonic and later whorls; in others
they are not discernible, at least in adult shells.

Key to spe ies of Fernandezia.

I. Columella very short, with a strong median spirally
entering lamella.

a 10y2 x 6.2 mm. with 6% whorls ; periphery weakly

subangular. expansa, no. 3.

a1 9 x 4.8 mm. with 6% whorls ; subplicate below suture,

the last whorl rounded philippiana, no. 4.

a2 IQi/z x 5.8 mm. with iy2 whorls ; finely striate.

iwilsoni, no. 5.

94 PERNANDEZIA.

II. Columella longer, the fold weaker and nearer the base.

a Length of aperture more than half that of the shell ;
11 x 6 mm., aperture 6 mm., with 5 to 6 whorls.

bulimoides, no. 1.
consimilis, no. 2.
a1 Aperture less than half as long as the shell.

b 12 x 5y2, aperture 5 mm., whorls 8 ; columella
deeply twisted. conifera, no. 8.

&1 9.9x4, aperture 4 mm., whorls T1/^ ; columella
straight above, weakly folded below.

longa, no. 10.
fc2 7 x 3 mm. ; columellar fold strong.

splendida, no. 9.

&a 6.6 x 3, aperture 3 mm., whorls 6, striate, colu-
mellar fold small. tryoni, no. 6.
64 9 x 414, aperture 4 mm., whorls 6%, weakly
plicate below suture. inornata, no. 7.

1. F. BULIMOIDES (Pfeiffer). PL 14, fig. 4.

11 Shell ovate-conic, thin, striatulate, covered with a pel-
lucid corneous-buff epidermis. Spire conic, acute; whorls
51/2, scarcely convex, the last more swollen, as long as the
spire. Columella twisted above, thread-like, very obsoletely
truncated above the base of the broad, semioval aperture,
provided with a thin callus covering the ventral part of the
preceding whorl. Peristome simple, thin. Length 11, diam.
6, aperture 6x3.5 mm." (P/r.).

Juan Fernandez (Cuming; Challenger Exped.).

Achatina bulimoides PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 116 (Jan. 26,
1847) ; Monogr. ii, 271.— REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 19, f. 103
(June, 1849). — Spiraxis &., PFR. Monogr. iii, 472; vi, 193.—
Stenogyra (Nothus) &., E. A. Smith, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 280
(Juan Fernandez, "Challenger" Exped.).

2. F. CONSIMILIS (Reeve). PL 14, fig. 11.

"Shell conically ovate, rather ventricose, whorls 5 to 6,
rather flatly convex, finely striated, shining, columella short,

FERNAN£>EZIA. 95

straight, rather callous; yellowish-olive, transparent"
(Reeve).

"Shell ovate-conic, thin, smooth, pellucid, glossy, buff-
olivaceous ; spire convexly-conic, acute ; whorls 5, a little con-
vex, the last longer than the spire, more convex. Columella
straightened, callous, highly and shortly twisted-truncate.
Aperture little oblique, oval; peristome simple, unexpanded.
Length 11, diam. 6, aperture 6 x 3y2 mm." (Pfr.)

Juan Fernandez (Miller, Cuming coll.)

Acliatina consimilis REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 19, f. 104
(June, 1849). — Spiraxis c., PFR., Monogr. iii, 471; iv, 574;
vi, 192. — Stenogyra (Euspiraxis) c., PFR., Nomencl. Hel. Viv.
1878, p. 324.

"Very similar in general aspect to the preceding species
[bulimoides] , but clearly distinct. It is less ventricose and
the columella is nearly straight " (Reeve).

3. F. EXPANSA n. sp. PI. 14, fig. 1.

The shell is imperforate, conic, thin, somewhat translucent,
very glossy, covered with a pale yellow cuticle. Spire
straightly conic, the apex obtuse, rounded; whorls 6ys,
slightly convex, the last very obtusely subangular in the
middle, the base tapering and not very convex. The first
two whorls are convex and indistinctly, very minutely marked
with spiral lines; following whorls are irregularly, finely
striate over a very weak plication, which is hardly noticeable
except for a short distance below the suture. The aperture
is trapezoidal. Columella verv short, bearing a very strong,
spirally entering, median lamella, Length 10.5, diam. 6.2
mm. ; length of aperture 6 mm.

Juan Fernandez (A. N. S. P. no. 10164).

This form resembles F. bulimoides and consimilis in gen-
eral shape, but differs by the very strong median columellar
lamella and the subangular periphery. Neither of the speci-
mens is quite fully adult, the outer lip being sharp, without
the usual smooth finish.

96 FERNANDEZIA.

4. F. PHILIPPIANA n. sp. PL 14, figs. 2, 3.

The shell is imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, glossy, suffi-
ciently transparent to show the columellar axis faintly
through the shell, pale yellow. The spire is straightly conic
with an obtuse, rounded apex. Whorls 6%, but slightly con-
vex. The first 1^2 whorls are smooth, the first one wide, the
next decidedly narrower; near the end of the second whorl
fine vertical striae appear. The remaining whorls of the spire
are weakly plicate, the folds moderately strong near the
suture, weakening rapidly and disappearing downward, and
on the last whorl nearly or quite obsolete. There are also
fine, rather weak growth-striae, and under a strong lens in
favorable light, a very minute and extremely weak spiral
striation is visible in places. The last whorl is nearly smooth.
Aperture semioval; outer lip slightly obtuse, smooth-edged,
a trifle sinuous.

Columella very short, bearing a median, very strong,
spirally entering lamella. Length 9, diam. 4.8 mm. ; length
of the aperture 4 mm.

Juan Fernandez (A. N. S. P. no. 10165).

The shell is narrower and paler-colored than F. wilsoni,
and plicate below the suture.

5. F. WILSONI n. sp. PI. 14, figs. 7, 8.

The shell is imperforate, ovate-pyramidal, rather solid,
opaque, covered with a glossy yellowish cuticle, distinctly
though finely striate, the striae strongest just below the suture,
the base smoother. Outlines of the spire straight. Apex ob-
tuse, rounded, the first iy2 whorls white, smooth. Whorls
7%, almost flat, the last very ventricose, rounded at periphery
and base. Suture linear, narrowly impressed. Aperture
slightly oblique, light birown within, with a white border near
the lip. Outer lip blunt, being slightly thickened. .Colu-
mella very short, with a very strong, obliquely or spirally-
entering median lamella. Parietal callus rather thick, whit-
ish but transparent, not spreading forward. Length 10.5,
diam. 5.8 mm. ; length of aperture 4.9 mm.

PERNANDEZIA. 97

Juan Fernandez. Type no. 10166 A. N. S. P.

This species has more whorls than bulimoides or consimilis,
and a smaller aperture. The lateral outlines of the spire
are almost straight.

Named for Dr. T. B. Wilson, who gave the specimens to
the Academy.

6. F. TRYONI n. sp. PI. 14, figs. 12, 13.

The shell is subimperforate, oblong-conic, thin, translucent,
pale yellow, glossy. Spire conic, the apex obtuse and
rounded. Whorls 6, but slightly convex. First iy2 whorls
smooth, following whorls of the spire very finely and weakly
though quite distinctly striate, the striae curved. Suture bor-
dered by transparence. Aperture irregularly ovate, the outer
lip obtuse, whitish. Columella rather wide, concave above
and excavated below a very oblique fold. Parietal callus
thin and straight. Length 6.6, diam. 3 mm.; length of
aperture 3 mm.

Juan Fernandez (no. 10167 A. N. S. P.).

The smallest species of the group as now known. It is
much smaller than F. conifera, with fewer whorls.

7. F. INORNATA n. sp. PI. 14, figs. 14, 15.

Shell oblong-conic, imperforate, thin, pale brownish yellow,
glossy, somewhat translucent. Spire with very slightly con-
vex outlines and obtuse, rounded apex. Whorls 6%, but
slightly convex, the first 1% smooth, the rest sculptured with
short, low folds below the suture, and very weak, irregular
growth-lines. Aperture serrr.jvai, the outer lip white, blunt,
with a smooth finish. Columella short, concave above, ex-
cavated below the oblique, somewhat lamellar fold. Length
9, diam. 4.25 mm. ; length of aperture 4 mm.

Juan Fernandez (no. 10168 A. N. S. P.)

Closely related to F. philippiana, but of narrower shape,
with a more obliquely entering columellar fold. In the type
specimen (pi. 14, figs. 14, 15) this fold is rather weak, but
in another shell, which I refer for the present to the same
species, it is strong and lamellar.

98 FERNANDEZ1A.

8. F. CONIFERA (Reeve). PL 14, fig. 5.

"Shell pyramidally conical, whorls 8, rather narrow,
rounded, longitudinally obscurely striated, shining, colu-
mella short, arched, twisted, attenuately truncated, aperture
small, brown-horny" (Reeve).

Shell ovate-pyramidal, thin, very finely striatulate, glossy,
pellucid, brownish-corneous. Spire long-conic, the apex ob-
tuse. Whorls 8, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last
sub-rotund, about two-fifths of the total length. Columella
short, arcuate, twisted, obliquely truncated above the base
of the vertical, subrhombic-oval aperture. Peristome acute,
unexpanded. Length 12, diam. 5.5 mm.; oblique alt. of
aperture 5, width in the middle 3 mm. (Pfr.).

Juan Fernandez (Cuming).

Ackatina conifera REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 18, f. 98
(June, 1849).— PFR. Monogr. iii, 495, vi, 255.

Distinct by its long spire and deeply twisted columella.
Reeve's figure is copied, and the descriptions of Reeve and
Pfeiffer are given.

9. F. SPLENDIDA (Anton). Cf. PL 14, figs. 9, 10.

"Oval-conic, spire lengthened, 5 whorls, the last ventricose,
almost half as long as the whole shell. Transparent, shin-
ing, very finely striate, olive-green. Aperture long-oval.
Columella strongly twisted, inconspicuously truncate. Length
31/2, diam. 1% lines" (Anton).

Opana (Anton).

Bulimus (Ackatina) splendida ANTON, Verzeichniss der
Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann.
Eduard Anton befinden, p. 44, no. 1590 (1839).

? Achatina splendida Anton, PFEIFFER in Philippi, Abbild.
u. Beschreib. neuer Conch, ii, p. 214, Achatina, pi. 1, f. 11
(1847) ; Conchylien Cabinet, Bulimus, p. 339, pi. 37, f. 10-
12; Monographia Hel. Viv. ii, 271. — REEVE, Conch Icon, v,
pi. 19, f. 100 (1849). — Spiraxis splendida Ant, PFR., Monogr.
iii, 472; iv, 575; vi, 193. — Oleacina splendida ADS., Gen. Rec.
Moll. p. 105. — Stenogyra (Nothus) splendidula Anton, E. A.
SMITH, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 280.

FERNANDEZIA. 99

There is some doubt whether the species described and
figured by Pfeiffer is identical with that of Anton. Anton
gives the locality "Opana," meaning the island Opara or
Rapa, one of the Austral Group. He gives the shell 5 whorls.
Pfeiffer 's description follows:

"Shell ovate-conic, thin, striatulate, glossy, olivaceous-
corneous; spire conic, apex rather acute. Whorls 6 to 7, a
trifle convex, the last about as long as the spire. Columella
twisted, very obsoletely truncate. Aperture oblong-oval;
peristome simple, acute, columellar margin reflexed in a callus
which often spreads outwardly. Length 7.5, diam. 3.5,
aperture 3.5 mm. long, 1.66 wide."

"Island of Juan Fernandez (Cuming)."

This form was also recorded by Mr. Smith as collected on
Juan Fernandez by the Challenger expedition.

Pfeiffer's figure in the Abbildungen of Philippi is copied,
pi. 14, fig. 9. Reeve's figure agrees with this except that the
columella is more curved and prominent at the base. In the
Concliylien Cabinet Pfeiffer figures a more ventricose and
Bulimoid shell, which certainly looks like a different species,
but gives the same description. I have copied this figure
also, pi. 14, fig. 10.

10. F. LONGA n. sp. PI. 14, fig. 6.

The shell is imperforate, oblong-turrite, thin, pale brown-
ish-yellow, somewhat transparent, glossy. Spire long, with
nearly straight sides, the apex obtuse and rounded. Whorls
7!/2, but slightly convex, the first 1% smooth, the rest regu-
larly sculptured with straight vertical, fold-like striae, which
weakly crenulate the very narrow prominent border below
the suture. The striaa became less regular on the last whorl
or two, and the sutural border loses its prominence. In some
places a very minute spiral striation may be made out in
favorable light. The aperture is irregularly ovate ; outer lip
simple; columella subvertical above and somewhat excavated
below the low, oblique, sublamellar fold. Length 9.9, diam.
4 mm. : length of aperture 4 mm.

Juan Fernandez (no. 10168 A. N. S. P.).

100 CARELIA.

This species seems to resemble F. splendida (Anton) in
contour, but according to Anton that has but 5 whorls.
Pfeiffer's splendida is, according to the figure, a more conic
shell. Under the circumstances it is probably best to give a
recognizable account of the form before me, leaving the ques-
tion of its possible identity with one or other of the forms
described as splendida for future decision.

Genus CARELIA H. and A. Adams.

Carelia H. & A. AD., Genera of Recent Mollusca ii, p. 132
(February, 1855). — PFR., Monographia Heliceorum iv, 571;
vi, 188; viii, 250. — ALBERS-MARTENS, Die Heliceen 1860, p.
208 (type Achatina bicolor Jay). — GULICK, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lfond. 1873, p. 91 (type C. adusta Gld.).— W. G. BINNEY,
Ann. N. Y., Acad. Sci. iii, p. 103 (jaw and teeth). — ANCEY,
Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France vi, 1893, p. 321
(monograph). — BORCHERDING, Monographic der auf der
Sandwichinsel Kauai lebenden Molluskengattung Carelia, in
Abhandlungen Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesell-
sehaft xxxii (Feb., 1910), p. 225.

The shell is imperf orate, oblong-turrite, solid; embryonic
shell conic, with slightly obtuse apex and flat whorls ; first half
whorl smooth, the next whorl or two with sculpture of arcu-
ate axial striaB or riblets, which are often split; neanic and
adult stages irregularly striate or nearly smooth, sometimes
with spiral lines or ribs, the whorls slightly convex, or with
one or two spiral carinae. Aperture ovate; outer lip simple
and acute; columella concave, obliquely or vertically trun-
cate below, and bearing a small callous lamella. Axis slender
and nearly straight in the inner whorls, becoming sinuous in
the last.

Soft anatomy unknown, except the jaw and teeth, which
have been described and figured by Binney. The jaw of
C. bicolor (pi. 21, fig. 12) "is low, slightly arcuate, with but
little attenuated, blunt ends; anterior surface with ten stout
ribs, denticulating either margin.

"Lingual membrane of C. bicolor (pi. 21, fig. 11) long and
narrow; teeth 37,1,37, of same type as in the species of

CARELIA. 101

Laminella, Newcombia and Leptachatina" (W. G. Binney).
Centrals much narrower than the laterals with a relatively
very small tricuspid reflection. Lateral teeth with the inner
cusp as long as the basal-plate, ectocone small as usual.
Marginal teeth with the ectocone bifid.

Type C. bicolor (Jay). Distribution, Islands of Kauai and
Niihau.

Carelia was proposed by Henry and Arthur Adams for
the species bicolor, cochlea, fuliginea, newcombi and para-
doxa, and placed in the genus Achatina next to Homorus.
The first of these species was selected as type by von Martens,
who retains the genus in practically the same position.
Gulick in 1873 removed it to the Achatinellina, a position
confirmed by Binney 's examination of the teeth, and ap-
proved by all subsequent students. A full account of the
soft anatomy is still wanting.

The genus contains the largest land snails of the Hawaiian
group. We have but little information upon their distri-
bution in Kauai, and no real advance in knowledge of the
races can be made until the results of field work in- that
island are accessible.

According to Pease, ' ' The species of Carelia are commonly
found on the sides of precipitous rocks of the mountains,
under stones and trunks of dead trees. They do not live
in large numbers; one finds solitary individuals, or pairs.
All of them are rare, even in the places where they are most
often found. C. adusta Old. is the only exception in this
respect." (Pease, J. de C. 1870, 402.)

"The young are similar to the young of Kauaia and of
most of the true Achatinettida in general aspect, but they
retain an angulated base and primitive aspect until a late
substage of the neanic in some primitive species like C. bicolor,
adusta and sinclairi. These resemble the adult whorls of
Kauaia kauaiensis except in having angulated instead of
carinated basal volutions and the small but still open um-
bilicus. The derivation appears therefore to have been from
some form having angulated base, convex dorsal sides and
general form of the full grown shells of Kauaia, but this was

102 CAREL1A.

not a carinated shell, and the surface was perhaps smoother
than in K. kauaiensis. The immediate ancestor of Carelia,
in other words, was probably a Kauaia-like shell with angu-
lated base, smooth whorls and had a twisted columella with a
small perforation. This form, if in existence now, would
probably be placed between Cyclamastra and Kauaia on ac-
count of its columella and aperture, or be classified as a
primitive form of Kauaia itself" (Hyatt).

The amastroid stage of Carelia is shown in pi. 16, fig. 7,
representing the neanic stage of C. bicolor.

Key to Species of Carelia.

a. Later whorls angular or subangular at the shoulder ; per-
iphery flattened, base obtusely angular.

&. Diameter nearly half the length ; no spiral striation ;
25x12 mm. with 6% whorls. C. b. angulata, no. 10 /.
ft1. Longer, more slender, whorls 7 to 9.

c. Last Whorl very dark and smooth, strongly bi-
angular, with a creamy zone above the angle;
diam. one-third the length, or more.

C. cumingiana, no. 9.

c1. Last whorls biangular, the upper angle rounded,

striate, lower angle strong; red-brown with a

sutural light line ; diam. less than one-third the

length, 47x14 mm. C. rigida, no. 8.

c2. Lower angle rounded, upper acute or weak;

usually a broad white zone below suture ; shell

long, slender. C. dolei, no. 7.

a1. Whorls not angular at the shoulder.

6. Later whorls having more or less coarse spiral stri-
ation.

c. Length usually less than 40 mm. ; red-brown
with a white band below suture; strong, un-
equal spiral cords. C. cochlea, no. 6.
c1. Similar but with well-rounded last whorl and
few, very weak spirals. C. bicolor, no. 10.
c2. Larger shells, length 45 to 80 mm., with dark
base and lighter color above.

C. turricula, no. 1 ; C. paradoxa, no. 2.

CARELIA. 103

b1. Not spirally striate.

c. Large, length 50 mm. or more.

d. Last whorl rounded; red-brown, fading

toward the apex ; rather coarse striae ; 65x

23 mm. C. pilsbryi, no. 3.

d1. Last whorl more or less flattened, suban-

gular below.

e. Olive-green, 69x19 mm., 8-9 whorls.
C. olivacea, no. 4.

el. Blackish, suture yellowish, 55x20
mm., 7 whorls.

C. o. variabilis, no. 4a.

e2. Reddish-chestnut, fading upwards,

suture white margined; 54x17 mm.,

whorls 9. C. hyattiana, no. 5.

c1. Length not over 40 mm.

d. Last whorl rounded, rarely with a weak
basal angle; shell dark brown or black,
often light above or with a light sutural
band. Kauai. C. bicolor, no. 10.

d1. Whorls less convex, coarsely plicate-stri-
ate. Niihau. C. sinclairi, no. 11.

1. C. TURRICULA (Mighels). PL 19, fig. 1.

"Shell cylindrical, turrited, sometimes dark, sometimes
light brown, imperf orate; whorls 10, convex, more or less
distinctly striate transversely ; incremental striae coarse ; aper-
ture oblong; lip simple, acute. Length 2.75 inches, diam. .8
inch." (Mighels).

Kauai: Hanalei (Baldwin, Perkins).

Achatina turricula MIGH., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii,
1845, p. 20. — PFR., Monogr. ii, 261. — Carelia turricula Migh.,
KOBELT, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges. ii, 1875, p. 225, pi. 7, f. I.—
BORCHERDING, Abh. Senck. Nat, Ges. vol. 32, 1910, p. 229,
pi. 19, f. 2, 3 (form newcombi). — Achatina newcombi PFR.,
P. Z. S. 1851, p. 262 (1853).— Spiraxis n., PFR., Monogr.
iii, p. 470. — Achatina obeliscus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi.

104 CARELIA.

23, f. 129 (March, 1850).— CareKa turricula High., var.
azona ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. vi, p. 121 (1904). — Carelia
cochlea, GULICK, Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal, 1905,
p. 38, pi. 1, fig. 1.

The summit is rather pointed, the first 3 whorls being
straight-sided, subsequent whorls are slightly convex, and last
whorl is somewhat cylindric, being flattened in the middle,
convex or subangular above, and angular at the periphery,
below which it tapers straightly to the base. Apical sculpture
as in the other species; the spiral sculpture begins on the
fourth whorl as spiral series of long granules. On the last
3 or 4 whorls there are several low, cord-like spirals, more or
less knotted by coarse, irregular, longitudinal growth-folds.
This sculpture varies from strong to subobsolete in different
specimens, and is wanting on the base. There is also a very
dense, fine, wavy microscopic spiral striation, visible in the
most perfect shells, but readily worn off.

The color varies from rather bright yellow to dark chest-
nut, the base being darker, of a chocolate shade. In the
color-form newcombi there is a pale belt below the periphery.

Mr. Ancey's var. azona is identical with the typical
C. turricula.

la. Var. NEWCOMBI Pfeiffer. PL 19, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Chestnut-colored with a pale yellow belt below the peri-
pheral angle, the base black. Length 71, diam. 19, aperture
21 mm. (Pfr.). This color form differs from the type only
in the conspicuous yellow belt bounding the chocolate basal
area. Sometimes the upper surface is yellow with an orange-
brown tint, darker than the belt (fig. 4). The spiral sculp-
ture varies in prominence among individuals of the same lot.
In some shells the spirals are very conspicuous (figs. 4, 5),
in others almost obsolete.

1&. Var. OBELISCUS Reeve. PI. 19, figs. 7, 8.

The last 3 or 4 whorls have coarse, irregular wrinkles of
growth and several coarse, low spiral cords, often more con-
spicuous than in the typical turricula. They are dull brown,

CARELIA. 105

with pale or whitish streaks and spirals due to wear. "Last
whorl banded with chestnut black around the columella"
or the whole base may be black, with no light band below the
peripheral angle. Aperture blue-white inside, with a wide
black border in the outer lip.

Fig. 8 is copied from Reeve. Fig. 7 represents a speci-
men from Hanalei, no. 2351 Cooke coll. It measures, length
68.5, diam. 21.5 mm., with 9y2 whorls.

I cannot agee with Borcherding that obeliscus is specifically
distinct from turricula. The difference in sculpture which
he relies upon is very inconstant.

2. C. PARADOXA (Pfeiffer). PI. 19, fig. 3.

Shell turrite, solid, distinctly and closely granulate, black-
brown ; spire long, forming an acute cone above. Whorls 8,
convex, the upper ones remotely costate, the last whorl two-
sevenths the total length, angular below the middle, smooth;
aperture a little oblique, subrhombic, bluish within, columella
calloused, white, twisted, subtruncate at the base; peris-tome
unexpanded, acute. Length 46, diam. 16 mm., aperture 15
mm. long, 8 wide. (Pfr.) .

Kauai (Dr. Newcomb, in Cuming coll.)

Spiraxis paradoxa PFR., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 128; Monogra-
phia iv, 572. — Carelia p., PFR., Monographia viii, 251. —
PEASE, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 473. — BORCHERDING, Monogr. Carelia
p. 231, pi. 19, fig. 5.

Pfeiffer also described a var. b ; larger, white becoming
orange-red towards the apex, the last whorl deep purple-
chestnut around the columella ; length 60, diam. 18 mm.
Borcherding 's figure is copied; but it seems to represent only
an exceptionally granose specimen of newcombi.

3. C. PILSBRYI Sykes. PL 18, fig. 10.

"Shell elongate, spire much produced, imperforate ; sculp-
ture consisting of well-marked, irregular, longitudinal lines,
these gradually becoming weaker towards the protoconch,
which is smooth ; color of the last whorl red-brown, gradually
fading on the upper whorls till the protoconch is only faintly

106 CARELIA.

tinged. Whorls 8, the last measuring more than half the en-
tire length, moderately inflated, with a well-marked suture;
mouth lunate, outer lip (broken) hardly thickened at all, the
white columellar margin reflexed and slightly expanded."
Length 65, diam. 23 mm. (Sykes).

Kauai.

Carelia pilsbryi SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London viii,
April, 1909, p. 204, with fig. — BORCHERDING, Monogr. Carelia,
p. 232, pi. 19, f. 6, 7.

"A single specimen, purchased from the collection of the
late Mr. Rogers, has remained some years unnamed in my
collection. As other workers have also been unable to identify
it, I now give a description and figure.

"From C. bicolor Jay, it differs in its larger size and also
its color; from C. cochlea, Rve., and cumingiana, Pfr., in the
absence of keeling and the more inflated whorls ; from C. dolei
Ancey, its size will readily distinguish it ; from C. olivacea
Pease, it differs in color and shape ; from C. paradoxa Pfr., it
may be known by the absence of granular sculpture; from
C. turricula Mighels, it may be separated by the coloring,
length of the last whorl, and lack of keel at the base. C.
sinclairi Ancey, is unknown to me, and C. glutinosa Ancey,
is not, I believe, really a Hawaiian shell. I have only seen a
single specimen of C. pilsbryi, and the species is, I should
think an extinct one, like some others of the group. ' ' (Sykes.)

4. C. OLIVACEA Pease.

"Shell elongately turrited ; whorls 8-9, flatly convex, smooth
or obscurely ribbed transversely, the last roundly angulate
at its base; aperture small, ovate, about one-fifth the length
of the shell; columella strongly arched and obliquely trun-
cate at base; covered with a greenish-olive epidermis, which
often, after the death of the animal, darkens; the suture is
sometimes margined with a white or light colored band,
which is free of epidermis; aperture bluish, edge black, base
of columella dark-chestnut. " (Pease).

Length 69, diam. 19 mm.

Sandwich Islands, Kauai (Pease).

CARELIA. 107

Carelia olivacea PSE., American Journ. of Conch, ii, p. 293
(Oct. 1, 1866).— C. variabilis PSE., Journ. de Conchyl. 1870,
p. 402, with var. viridis; P. Z. S. 1871, p. 473, with var.
olivacea and viridans. — BORCHERDING, Monogr. Carelia, 1910,
pp. 233-235, pi. 19, f. 8, 9.

This was described from a single example, which Pease
afterward considered to be "a mere variety of C. variabilis. ' '
Pease's account is given in full. No other definite informa-
tion bearing upon the forms has been published, but Borcher-
ding has figured a shell which he takes to be variabilis. One
of his figures is copied, pi. 19, fig. 2.

40. Var. VARIABILIS Pease.

Shell elongate-turrite, solid, transversely irregularly
roughly raised-striate ; blackish, the suture bordered with
yellowish, spire reddish-brown. Whorls 7, flattened; the last
two-fifths the length of the shell, sometimes angular below
the middle. Aperture vertical, ellipsoidal, blue within ; colu-
mella arcuate, somewhat calloused, plicate at the base, white,
truncated basally; peristome unexpanded, acute. Length
55, diam. 20 mm. (Pse.)

Var. viridis. Shell wholly green, with no band. (Pse.)

Kauai: this species is found in a space of over 15 miles
on the eastern part of Kauai, therefore occupying a larger
area than any other of the genus (Pse.) .

"The form most nearly related is C. fuliginea Pfr. C.
olivacea Pease, which I described from a single individual,
is probably only a mere variety of C. variabilis.

"When the animal becomes adult it vacates the upper
whorls; hence the spire in all the living individuals I col-
lected is as though dead, decolored and turning light brown.
It is probably the largest species of Carelia. I found the
last three whorls of a shell which must have had a length of
3 inches when living." (Pse.)

Pease subsequently (1871) mentions, but does not define,
a "var. viridans", doubtless an error for viridis.

108 CARELIA.

5. C. HYATTIANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 21, figs. 1, 2.

The shell resembles (7. turricula in shape. The embryonic
whorls and up to the end of the 4th taper more rapidly than
those following. The first 3% are bicolored and nearly flat,
with a sculpture of narrow, curved, axial grooves, separated
by much wider intervals. They are somewhat worn in the
type. The rest of the whorls are rather weakly and about
equally convex, with sculpture of faint growth-wrinkles and
indistinct traces of fine, dense, wavy spiral striolation. The
color of the post-embryonic whorls is fallow or tawny yellow ;
this deepens to a rich chestnut and then dark reddish chest-
nut on the last whorl, which is darkest basally. A rather
narrow (about 1.5 mm.) snow white zone borders the suture
below, on the last five whorls. The aperture is ovate. Colu-
mella vertical, brown, with a very weak basal truncation and
no noticeable spiral lamella.

Length 54, diam. 17.2, length of aperture 17 mm. ; whorls 9.

Hawaiian Is. Type no. 10132 A. N. S. P., presented by
Dr. T. B. Wilson.

This species is based upon a fossil shell which was asso-
ciated with C. dolei in the collection, and which evidently
came from the same formation. It differs from C. dolei in
wanting an angle or carina at the shoulder at all stages of
growth. On the last whorl there is an obtuse but quite ap-
preciable basal angle, which, with its shorter aperture, serves
to differentiate this species from C. pilsbryi Sykes.

Compared with C. turricula, this species is less robust at
all stages of growth ; the columellar twist is weaker, and the
coloration different.

C. olivacea Pease may be identical with this shell, but the
proportions, from Pease's measurements, must be much more
slender. The var. variabilis of Pease, of the same length as
hyattiana, is wider and has two whorls less.

6. C. COCHLEA (Reeve). PI. 18, figs. 5, 6, 8.

Shell turrited, slowly tapering, more rapidly so near the
summit; reddish brown, darker towards the apex, with a

CARELIA. 109

white band revolving below the suture throughout. The first
three whorls are nearly flat, the rest moderately convex, the
last whorl obtusely angular peripherally. The early whorls
have curved riblets, as usual in the genus; on the fourth
whorl spiral sculpture begins, often abruptly becoming
stronger at or near the end of the fourth whorl. Subse-
quent whorls have 5 or 6 strong unequal spiral cords and
light growth-lines; base smooth. The aperture is rhombic;
columella descends in a long spiral curve, the basal truncation
being very weak.

Length 38, diam. 13.7 mm.; whorls fully 8. (fig. 6).

Length 39, diam. 14.5 mm.; whorls 7% (Reeve's type, ac-
cording to Pfr. ; fig. 5).

Kauai.

Achatina cochlea REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 1, f. 5 (Feb.,
1849).— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 498; Conchyl. Cab. p. 347, pi.
38, f. 7. — Carelia cochlea PFR., Monogr. viii, 251. — SYKES,
Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond. viii, 1909, p. 204. — BORCHERDING,
Monogr. Carelia, p. 236, pi. 20, figs. 3, 4.

The numerous strong spiral cords of this species differentiate
it from other forms having a white sutural band. It is a
rare snail, the exact locality is still unknown. All the speci-
mens we have seen are "dead" shells, and we presume that
Reeve's type was equally so.

7. C. DOLEI Ancey. PI. 18, figs. 1 to 4; pi. 16, fig. 10.

Shell elongate-turrited. solid, (dead), without gloss; in-
tense wine-brown colored, darker at the acute apex and the
aperture. Striate, the stria? less distinct at the aperture.
Spire very much lengthened, slowly tapering, a little more
rapidly so above. Whorls 9 to 9 1/2, slowly increasing, the
first scarcely convex, suture linear, following 5 whorls at
first sloping, then angular above the middle, flattened below
the angle; suture impressed; the last whorl has an upper
angle, with another obtuse one below the middle, sides flat,
tapering downward. Aperture oblong, acute above, taper-
ing, brown inside. Columella thick, strongly and obliquely
truncate, white, arcuate above ; parietal callus strong. Length

110 CARELIA.

45 to 51, diam. 14 to 16, alt. of aperture 12 to 13 mm.
(Ancey).

Kauai: Hanalei (Baldwin).

Carelia dolei ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. France 1893, vi, p.
328 (1894).— BORCHERDING, Monogr. Carelia, p. 237, but
probably not pi. 20, f. 5, 6. — Carelia cumingiana var. kobelti
BORCHERDING, Monogr. Carelia p. 239, pi. 20, f . 1, 2.

This species was based on dead examples, presumably fossil.
There is a superb set of 91 shells from sand dunes along the
shore, Haena, northern Kauai, in the collection of Mr.
C. M. Cooke. It is a highly variable form, closely related
to C. cumingiana, from which it differs by the more slender
spire, the generally weaker basal angle, and the weaker de-
velopment of minor spirals on the neanic whorls.

The upper angle or keel begins on the fourth whorl (pi.
16, fig. 10) ; it varies widely in degree of prominence, and
sometimes, becomes subobsolete on the last two or three
whorls. In a few cases it is doubled (pi. 18, fig. 3). The
basal angle is usually rounded off, and seems never to be so
strong as in C. cumingiana. The more minute surface-
sculpture is like that of cumingiana, except in the weaker
spirals. As in cumingiana the flat, sloping shoulder is often
weakly plicate ; otherwise the later whorls appear smooth un-
der the lens.

The specimens are in large part bleached, but many show
color. The first four whorls are usually purplish with a
narrow subsutural white border. This color fades to white
on the following whorls. The last two or three whorls are
chestnut, the base darker, with a wide white zone below the
suture. This zone includes the shoulder-keel, thus differing
from C. cumingiana in which the white zone lies above the
keel. In a few examples the early whorls are white. Several
shells in which the upper carina is weak on the later whorls,
want the subsutural white zone. They are chestnut-colored,
paler just below the suture and in the upper part of the spire ;
apical whorls either pale or dark, (fig. 4). This seems to be
the typical color form, described by Ancey.

The specimens figured measure as follows:

CAREUA. HI

Length 44.5, diam. 15 mm. ; whorls

Length 46.5, diam. 13.5 mm. ; whorls 9.

Length 43, diam. 14 mm. ; whorls Sy2.

Length 36, diam. 13.5 mm. ; whorls 7%.

This species is slightly more advanced in evolution than
C. cumingiana, shown by the frequent loss or weakness of the
keel on the last whorl, a feature of senility.

Borcherding's C. cumingiana var. kobelti was based upon
specimens resembling my figs. 1 and 2, and probably from
the same locality. The form he figures as typical dolei wants
the spiral angles described by Ancey. If the specimen is
dolei, it is very far from typical.

8. C. RIGIDA Hyatt, n. sp. PI. 21, figs. 8, 13.

The shell is slender, turrited, the last 5 whorls increasing
slowly, those earlier much more rapidly; red-brown, with a
narrow whitish band below the suture on the last 5 whorls,
its lower edge not sharply defined ; the upper whorls and the
base somewhat darker than the intermediate whorls. Whorls
8%, the upper ones but slightly convex, the last five moder-
ately convex, chiefly just above the middle of each, where
there is a group of about 3 weak spiral striae on the last
3y2 whorls. The last whorl is convex close below the suture,
distinctly flattened peripherally, angular at the base, slightly
concave below the angle. Aperture small. Columella with
the twist not very prominent. Length 46.8, diam. 14 mm.,
length of aperture 13 mm.

Kauai.

This species is related to C. cochlea and C. dolei, and may
turn out to be a form of the latter. The strong basal angle,
the spiral striae of the upper surface, and the much lengthened
spire of many whorls are its chief characters. Description
and figures from specimen in coll. Dr. C. Montague Cooke,
labeled by Hyatt, whose account follows.

This species is similar to Carelm cumingiana, but the white
band is much narrower, being often a mere trace, and the
shoulder less prominent. , The apertures are however very
much alike, owing to the rate of growth, the flatness of the

112 CARELIA.

outer part of the dorsum or sides, and the flattening of the
base. The dorsum may be covered with longitudinal [spiral]
ridges until near the basal angle. There are five shells from
Kauai in the Boston Society collection, and one shell in
Cooke's collection, from Kauai (Hyatt).

9. C. CUMINGIANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 21, figs. 3, 4, 5; pi. 18,
figs. 7, 9.

The shell is turrited, rather solid, smoothish. The spire
tapers slowly, but terminates above in a more rapidly taper-
ing cone. The first half or three- fourths whorl is smooth;
then rather coarse, curved, vertical ribs set in. On the third
whorl these become finer and more or less split into sharp
striae. About the middle of the third whorl some shallow
spiral sulci appear and part of the striae are cut into oblong
granules; at the end of 3y2 whorls, weak cords appear at the
shoulder and close above the suture below; these gradually
enlarge into conspicuous angles or keels, the lower one usually
covered at the suture except on the last whorl. The verti-
cal sculpture gradually diminishes, leaving the last two
whorls smooth. The embryonic whorls are bicolored, purple-
black and tawny, but the dark lower zone gradually fades
as growth proceeds, and is usually narrow or inconspicuous
after the 4th whorl. The intermediate whorls of the spire
are some shade of tawny brown. A pale zone below the
suture begins on the fifth whorl, becoming opaque white on
the last two or three whorls. The last whorl is biangular,
smooth, and very dark brown or black below the white zone.

Aperture trapezoidal, bluish white within, with a broad
black margin within the thin, acute lip. Columella concave,
bluish white with a brown edge, narrowly truncate at base;
spiral lamella above the truncation moderate or inconspicuous.

Length 43.5, diam. 16 mm. ; whorls 8.

Length 46, diam. 14.5 mm. ; whorls 8.

Length 37, diam. 15.5 mm. ; whorls 7.

"Length 48, diam. 16 mm.; whorls 8" (Pfr., type).

Kauai.

Spiraxis cumingiana, PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 106, pi. 32, f . 1 ;

CARELIA. 113

Monogr. iv, 572. — Carelia c., PFR., Monogr. viii, 251. — BOR-
CHERDING, Monogr. Carelia p. 238, pi. 19, f. 10, 11; pi. 20,
f. 5, 6.

This species differs from C. bicolor by the strong develop-
ment of spiral sculpture. At least the fourth whorl has
numerous low spiral cords; the shoulder keel is conspicuous
on the last three whorls, and the strong baso-peripheral angle
limits a flat peripheral area on the last whorl. The white
band below the suture varies but little in width, in the series
of 14 specimens examined. In C. dolei the spire is decidedly
more slender above, and the sculpture of the early neanic
whorls differs.

10. C. BICOLOR (Jay). PI. 20, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7.

Shell oblong-ovate, solid though not thick, spire red-brown,
darkening on the apical and penult, whorls, the last whorl
or two black or black-brown, with a cream-white zone be-
low the suture; this zone ascends the spire 2% or 3 whorls,
and reappears on the earliest whorls. The first S1/^ whorls
are but slightly convex and form a conic terminal cone; fol-
lowing whorls become decidedly convex, and taper more
slowly. The indistinct spirals of the early neanic whorls
often became low subobsolete cords or angles on the last
whorl. The angle bounding the base, distinct in the neanic
stage, is sometimes traceable in adult shells. Aperture very
dark with a bluish iridescence inside. The columella is
moderately concave, narrowly truncate at the base, and bears
a very obliquely descending white lamella.

Length 36.5, diam. 15, length aperture 13 mm. Whorls iy2.

Length 34, diam. 13.5, length aperture 13 mm. Whorls 7i/2.

Kauai : Hanekapiai ; on the ground, under Dracaena leaves,
on terraces of the slope at about 800 ft, (C. M. Cooke).

Achatina bicolor JAY, Catalogue of Shells, 3d edit, 1839, p.
119, pi. 6, fig. 3.

The typical form of C. bicolor. is a rare shell in collections.
The specimens described and figured are from the collection
of Mr. C. M. Cooke.

The width of the subsutural white band varies a good deal

114 CARELIA.

— from 11/2 to 5 mm. wide in shells about 35 mm. long. In
some shells the junction of the white band with the dark
color is a sharp line ; in others the dark color fades gradually
through red-brown ; again, bright blue appears at the upper
edge of the darker color. The embryonic whorls and a young
shell in the Amastroid stage are shown in pi. 16, figs. 7 and 9.

The following form seems to be a synonym.

Var. suturalis Ancey. "The shell is like typical C. fuli-
ginea except that it is marked with more conspicuous super-
ficial spiral lines on the last whorl; upper part of the last
whorl margined broadly and diffusely with buff-white, and
sometimes encircled below the sutural zone with a few narrow
lines of the same color. Length 38, diam. 16.5, alt. aperture
18.5 mm. Kauai (Baldwin). In this variety the pale band
is not well defined as in C. bicolor Jay, which is usually con-
sidered a form of the same species." (Carelia fuliginea Pfr.,
var. suturalis Ancey, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 122, 1904).

100 C. B. HYPERLEUCA n. var. PI. 20, figs. 5, 6.

Upper (outer) surface of the last two or three whorls
white, with a very thin, pale yellowish cuticle ; base chocolate
or black, early whorls colored like bicolor. There are inter-
grading specimens connecting this with bicolor, such as pi.
20, fig. 5, and others connecting with adusta, pi. 20, fig. 7,
in which the upper surface of the last whorl is red-brown,
much lighter than the base. In fact, the color-forms of
C. bicolor probably have no existence as separate races.
Their status must be determined by the naturalist in the field.

10&. C. B. ADUSTA Gould. PI. 20, figs. 8, 9, 10.

"Shell turrite, with pyramidal apex, imperf orate, solid,
blackish-brown, pale 'above. Whorls 7, convex, lightly striate,
the last subcarinate. Aperture oval, opaline within ; lip sim-
ple, acute, black; columella ivory-like, produced in a tooth
anteriorly. Length l1/^, diam. % inch." (Old.)

Kauai: Haena.

Achatina adusta GLD., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii,
1845, p. 26.— Achatina fuliginea PFR., P. Z. S. 1852, p. 66

CARELIA. 115

;i854); Monogr. iii, 490; Conchyl. Cab. p. 367, pi. 43, f.
21, 22. — Achatina bicolor Jay, PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 335,
pi. 39, f. 6, 7.— DESHAYES in Fer., Histoire, p. 188, pi. 122,
f. 4, 5. — REEVE, Icon, v, pi. 1, f . 4. — Carelia bicolor Jay,
BINNEY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1876, p. 185, pi. 6, and Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 103, pi. 6, f. I (dentition), pi. 16, fig.
D (jaw).

This form differs from C. bicolor only in the absence of
a white zone below the suture. The last one or two whorls
are chocolate or black, the spire red-brown, and the embryonic
whorls dark again above the suture. Often the red-brown
of the spire extends upon the upper half of the last whorl,
the basal half remaining black. Mr. C. M. Cooke found
adusta living with true bicolor at Haena. All the figures
published as bicolor represent adusta, except Jay's original
illustration and Borcherding 's figures.

lOc. C. B. FULIGINEA Pfeiffer. PI. 21, figs. 9, 10.

"Shell ovate-turrite, solid, roughly striate, glossy, sooty-
black ; spire turrite the apex acute. Whorls 6y2, convex, the
last about two-fifths the length, very obsoletely angular be-
low the middle columella arcuate, vertically truncate at the
base. Aperture slightly oblique, subrhombric-oval ; peristome
simple, acute. Alt. 36, diam. 16 mm." (Pfr.) .

Pfeffer's original figures are copied. Borcherding con-
siders this form specifically distinct from adusta on account
of its color, which is black with no visible indication of
brown, and its luster, fuliginea being glossy when the cuticle
is preserved, while bicolor and adusta are dull. Pfeiffer's
original figures show brown upper whorls. In the series be-
fore me I cannot trace such a difference in luster between
the forms as Borcherding claims. In fact, I am much dis-
posed to rank fuliginea as a synonym of adusta. References
are given under adusta.

Borcherding has described several supposed varieties of
adusta as follows:

116 CARELIA.

IQd. Var. minor Borcherding. PI. 20, figs. 13, 14.

"A quite small dark black-brown form only 24 mm. long"
(C. adusta Old. var. minor Borcherding, Monogr. Carelia p.
244, pi. 20, f. 17, 18).

lOe. Var. zonata Borcherding. PI. 20, fig. 15.

' 'An elegant form of black-brown color and 28 mm. long.
Comes near the typical form of adusta but has a sharply
defined white band below the suture" (C. adusta Gld. var.
zonata Borcherding, Monogr. Carelia p. 244, pi. 20? f. 13, 14).

A "Carelia adusta Gould var. minor form zonata" Bor-
cherding (pi. 20, figs. 11, 12) is defined as "a third pretty
form of red-brown color and 25 mm. long stands near var.
minor but has a sharply defined white band below the suture"
(Borcherding, t. c. p. 244, pi. 20, f. 15, 16).

The "zonata" forms are apparently small forms of
bicolor.

10/. C. B. ANGULATA Pease. PL 20, fig. 16.

''Shell generally more slender, whorls above broadly angu-
lar. The wide and acute angulation which occupies the
greater part of the width of the whorls gives this variety a
particular aspect, which I think should be distinguished by
a special name" (Pease).

Carelia adusta var. angulata PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl.
1870, p. 403.

The specimen figured measures, length 25%, diam. 12.
mm., having 6% whorls. The first whorl is smooth, the next
two rather strongly costulate, about as in pi. 16, fig. 9. Then
the surface becomes' striate. At the first third of the fourth
whorl an angle at the shoulder begins, becoming stronger to
the last whorl, where it is rather acute, the surface slightly
concave above and below it. A less acute angle divides the
flat peripheral from the slightly convex basal surface. The
embryonic whorls are bicolored, the upper third pale fleshy
brown, lower two-thirds dark red-brown; following whorl
light fleshy brown, becoming darker on the penult., dark
brown on the last whorl, but pale below the suture.

CARELTA. 117

The spire widens more rapidly than in C. dolei, and the
lower angle is decidedly stronger. In C. cumingiana the sur-
face is smoother, the coloration much more brilliant, and there
is more sculpture on the first neanic whorl.

11. C. SINCLAIRI Ancey. PL 16, fig. 8 ; pi. 21, figs. 6, 7.

Shell subfossil, reddish white or fleshy whitish, with the
aperture and part of the last whorl before it usually violet-
red; scarcely shining, solid, the young very narrowly per-
forate, generally imperforate; oblong-tapering. Spire
conoid with subconvex outlines, a little obtuse. Whorls 8,
the first 4 smooth, the rest obliquely and closely, subirreg-
ularly plicate, upper whorls flattened, the lower a little
convex, last whorl ovate, rounded. Suture more or less dis-
tinctly margined below, simple above. Aperture suboblique,
tapering-oval, narrow above and below, angular above. Colu-
mella arcuate, thickened, s-omewhat twisted, obliquely and
lightly truncate above the base. Basal margin forming an
angle with the columella, outer lip regularly elliptical.
Peristome simple, acute, unexpanded. Length 32 to 37, diam.
14 to 16, alt. aperture 12 to 14 mm. (Ancey).

Island of Niihau.

Carelia sinclairi ANCEY, Mem. de la Soc. Zool. de France
v, 1892, p. 720; vi, 1893, p. 322.— BORCHERDING, Monogr.
Carelia, p. 246, pi. 20, f. 19, 20.

"It is distinguished easily by the oval shape, oblong last
whorl without angularity, the striation and the general ap-
pearance resembling Amastra violacea Newc."

From the freshness of some of the specimens Mr. Bor-
cherding concludes that the species is perhaps still living in
some secluded valley in the somewhat wooded interior of
Niihau.

Specimens were distributed many years ago by Dr. Wesley
Newcomb under the (unpublished) name Carelia extincta
Nc. One of these is figured on pi. 16, fig. 8. The first whorl
is smooth, the next very finely striate. While about equal to
C. b. adusta in size, this species differs by its less convex,
coarsely striate whorls and margined suture.

118 PTERODISCUS.

This species and C. bicolor resemble Amastra much more
closely than the species having the basal volution angulated.

Species incorrectly described as Carelia.
C. glutinosa Ancey.

Shell long-conoid, imperf orate, solid; white under a var-
nish-like glossy buff cuticle, which is darker on the last
whorl, yellowish-green at the summit. Spire long-conic, sub-
acute, regularly tapering to the summit. Whorls 7, flattened,
the lower ones a little convex, grooved with very close, slightly
oblique growth-strige, which are somewhat obsolete in the
last two or three whorls, very distinct in the upper whorls,
and are especially impressed at the linear suture; last whorl
smooth, oblong, obtusely angular at the periphery (perhaps
by accident). Aperture oblique, rather wide, scarcely angu-
lar outwardly, tapering above and below, the throat white.
Peristome simple, acute, unexpanded, the margins remote.
Length 24, diam. 10, alt. of aperture 8.5 mm. (Anc.)

Habitat unknown.

Carelia glutinosa ANC., Memoires de la Societe Zoologique
de France vi, p. 324, 1893.

"This very characteristic species has been in my collection
several years. It was formerly in the Boivin collection. It
is the smallest of the genus, and easy to recognize by the
long cone of the spire, the brilliant yellow cuticle, and the
shape of the aperture, wide in the middle, etc." (Anc.)

This species is not Hawaiian but belongs to the African
group Homorus or Bocageia in Achatinida (Vol. XVII).

Genus PTERODISCUS Pilsbry.

Pterodiscus PILS., Manual of Conchology (Series 2), IX,
p. 36, November 16, 1893, type " H. alata Pfr." Pils., =
P. wesleyi Sykes. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, Mollusca,
1900, p. 292.— PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. PhiK
1905, p. 572. — Helicamastra PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc.
A. N. S. Phila. 1905, p. 570, type Amastra discus— Tropi-
doptera ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France vi, 1889, p. 191,

PTERODISCUS. 119

for Helix alata Pfr. Not Tropidopterus Blanchard 1845
(Coleoptera).

Amastrinre with the shell lens-shaped or planorboid, much
wider than high, umbilicate, thin, fragile, dull brown, composed
of few (3y2 to 5) whorls, which are carinate or angular per-
ipherally at all stages of growth; peristome thin, or fragile,
the colurnellar margin dilated, elsewhere simple. A coin-
mellar lamella is present at all stages of growth. The em-
bryonic shell, of about 1% whorls, is flat above, conically
tapering below, with microscopically crinkled cuticle and
sculpture of weak, irregular radial wrinkles chiefly on the
last half whorl. The adult shell is often loaded with for-
eign material adhering chiefly in the form of an irregular
extension of the periphery. Viviparous.

Type : P. wesleyi Sykes. Distribution : Lanai and Oahu,
living on the ground.

Pterodiscus was clearly derived from Amastra, agreeing
with that group in the dentition, the color and texture of
the shell and in habits.

Pterodiscus differs from Planamastra and Armsia by the
presence of a columellar lamella at all stages of growth, from
embryos of one whorl to the adult; but in some adult in-
dividuals of P. wesleyi the lamella is very much reduced.
This reduction does not indicate close relationship between
P. ivesleyi and Planamastra, since the process has been in-
dependent in the two forms. The immediate ancestors of
Pterodiscus wesleyi doubtless had a well-developed columel-
lar lamella, whereas in Planamastra the lamella was lost so
long ago that no trace of it remains even in the embryonic
stage.

All of the species of Pterodiscus usually plaster foreign
matter, perhaps in part excrement, upon the shell, where it
adheres chiefly at the periphery in form of an irregular
flange. Some individuals are clean. Certain Amastras have
the same peculiarity, but it has not been observed in Plana-
mastra or Armsia. The shells of Pterodiscus are so thin
that it is difficult, to handle them without breaking.

This genus was first proposed under the name Tropidoptera

120 PTERODISCUS.

by Mr. C. F. Ancey, who placed it between Sitala and
Hycdinia, assigning to it one species, Helix alata Pfr. This
generic terra being preoccupied, Pilsbry substituted the name
Pterodiscus, transferring the group to the Endodontida as a
subgenus of Endodonta. The type of Pterodiscus was stated
to be H. alata Pfr., but the specimen so identified and figured
by Pilsbry proved to be not the alata of Pfeiffer, but a new
species which Mr. Sykes subsequently named P. iveslcyi.
Sykes raised Pterodiscus to generic rank in 1900 ; and in
1905 Pilsbry and Vanatta showed it to belong to the Aclia-
tinellidce near Amastra. At the same time they created a
group Helicamastra, which is now found to be superfluous.
Professor Hyatt, in his MS. on Amastrince recognized P.
cooJcei and P. heliciformis as representing a new genus allied
to Amastra, but no other species was known to him. The fol-
lowing accounts of Pterodiscus, Planamastra and Armsia
have therefore been prepared wholly by Pilsbry.

The embryonic shell has been fully described under P. tlia-
anumi and P. a. litus.

Key to Species of Pterodiscus.

a. Species of Lanai.

&. Umbilicus one-sixth the diam. of shell.

P. alatus, no. 1.

ft1. Umbilicus one-eighth the diam. P. a. litus, no. la.
a1. Species of Oahu.

&. Spire flat, or convex with flattened apex.

c. Upper surface flat; umbilicus contained 5^
times in the diameter; periphery obtuse; 3.4x
10 mm. ; Waianae. P. discus, no. 2.

c1. Upper surface slightly convex; umbilicus con-
tained 4 times in diam.; columellar lamella
subobsolet2 ; 3.5x8.2 mm. ; Kalaikoa, Wahiawa.

P. wesleyi, no. 3.
c2. Similar but col. lam. distinct; Ewa.

P. w. ewaensis, no. 3a.
c3. Upper surface convex ; umbilicus nearly 5 times

PTERODISCUS.

121

in diam. of shell ; col. lam. rather strong ; 4.2x
9.7 mm., 4 whorls. Near Kaaawa.

P. thaanumi, no. 4.

c4. Upper surface convex; umbilicus 6% to 9 times
in the diam. of shell; lamella weak; 6x11 to
4.5x10.5 mm., 4^ whorls. Nuuanu.

P. cookei, no. 6.

c5. Spire very low; umbilicus moderate; lamella
rather strong; 14.5x4 mm., 5 whorls. Kona-
huanui. P. rex, no. 5.

l. Spire widely conic; whorls 5, the last carinate; um-
bilicus contained 5 times in the diameter ; Waianae.

P. heliciformis, no. 7.

1. P. ALATUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 22, figs. 1-3.

"Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed, membranaceous,
obliquely irregularly striate, having an oily luster, pellucid,
brownish-corneous. Spire nearly flat. Whorls 3%, rapidly
increasing, the last angular, encircled with a thin, deciduous
wing-like carina, dilated in front. Base convex. Aperture
very oblique, securiform. Peristome simple, unexpanded, the
basal margin very deeply arcuate. Alt. 3, greater diam.
8y2, lesser 6 mm." (Pfr.)

Lanai (Newcomb). Mountains behind Koele (Perkins).

Helix alata PFR,, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 33; Monographia Hel.
Viv. iv, p. 116. — Amastra (Kauaia) alata Pfr., SYKES, Fauna
Hawaiiensis, Mollusca, p. 355. — Amastra (Helicamastra)
alata Pfr., PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1905,
p. 571, pi. 38, f. 4-6.

Mr. E. R. Sykes who examined the type of this species
writes: "this shell has a columellar plait. It is, in my
opinion, not a Helicoid at all, but belongs to an aberrant
group of Amastra. The columellar plait does not ascend
rapidly into the shell, but stands almost horizontally, and
has no final knob. ' '

The specimen described below and figured on plate 22,
is from Newcomb 's collection, and since Pfeiffer 's types

122 PTERODISCUS.

were from Newcomb, it may be inferred that they were from
the same lot. In view of Dr. Pfeiffer's well-known accuracy
as a diagnostician, it is hard to believe that his description
of Helix alata was based upon the same species, since it dis-
agrees in the number of whorls and shape of the spire, and
in omitting a reference to the columellar lamella.

The shell, in Newcomb 's specimen (pi. 22, figs. 1-3), is
thin, umbilicate, biconvex, the base more convex than the spire,
periphery carinate. Brown, nearly luster-less. Whorls 4,
the first nearly smooth, hardly convex, the second flat,
obliquely striate, with a peripheral marginal cord, the next
whorl densely marked with growth-striae, convex near the
periphery but without a margining cord. Last whorl barely
convex, sloping above, densely marked with growth-striae and
on its later portion with some coarse oblique wrinkles; con-
vex beneath. Umbilicus rather narrow and tubular, its width
contained about 6 times in the diameter of the shell. Aper-
ture wider than high, the dilated columellar lip bearing an
acute, subhorizontal lamella. Alt. 4.3, diam. 8.2 mm.

The peristome is broken in the specimen figured, which
has no wing of foreign material adhering to the periphery.

la. P. ALATUS LITUS n. subsp. PI. 22, figs. 4, 5, 6.

The shell is lens-shaped, the base usually more convex than
the top, keeled, thin and fragile, dull, brown. The whorls
are flat above ; the first half of the second whorl is margined
above, as usual. Sculpture of very fine, close, retractive
striae, and on the last whorl some coarse wrinkles in the same
direction. The base is somewhat convex, not strongly angular
around the umbilicus. It is more or less copiously smeared
with dirt, which at the periphery forms an irregular flange.
The umbilicus is very narrow, tubular, about one-eighth the
diameter of the shell. Columellar margin dilated, thickened
within in adults, and bearing a strong, subhorizontal lamella.

Alt. 4.7, diam. 10 mm.; whorls 3%. (no peripheral flange).

Alt. 4.3, diam. including flange 11.5 mm.

Alt. 5, diam. 9.5 mm. (no peripheral flange).

Lanai (D. Thaanum). Types 94501 A. N. S. P.

PTERODISCUS. 123

The umbilicus is decidedly narrower than in Dr. New-comb 's
specimens of H. alata. The embryonic shell when fully de-
veloped is 2.5 mm. in diameter, with about 1% whorls. The
first whorl is slightly convex, smooth except for a dense
microscopic crinkling or shriveling of the cuticle; the next
whorl is radially rather coarsely striate. There is no ap-
pearance of spiral striation due to revolving bands of
microscopic wrinkles, such as is seen in P. thaanumi.

2. P. DISCUS (Pilsbry & Vanatta). PL 22, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Shell thin and fragile, openly umbilicate, flat above, con-
vex below, the periphery carinate, the keel obtuse. Uniform
dull brown. Whorls nearly 4, the first hardly convex, marked
with faint growth-lines; second whorl flat, weakly marked
with oblique growth-lines, its outer edge distinctly margined,
cord-like. The next whorl is slightly convex, without a periph-
eral cord or margin, and has rather rude wrinkled striae.
The last whorl becomes more swollen above, in part rising
above the level of the preceding whorls, and is rather rudely
wrinkled. The angular periphery is on a level with the flat
spire. The umbilicus is deep and subcylindric. The aper-
ture is oblique, wider than high; outer and basal margins
thin and simple, columellar margin dilated, bearing an acute,
subhorizontal white lamella. Alt. 3.4, diam. 10 mm.

Waianae, Oahu. Types No. 58,158, A. N. S. P., received
from D. D. Baldwin.

Amastra (Helicamastra} discus PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N.
S. Phila. 1905, p. 571, pi. 38, f. 1-3.

This curious snail differs from P. alatus by its flat spire,
irregular growth and larger umbilicus. It is much more de-
pressed than P. heliciformis Anc., with fewer whorls.

Pterodiscus rex Sykes is a larger species with peripheral
appendages as in Pterodiscus wesleyi. It seems to have a
much smaller umbilicus than P. discus, but neither the de-
scription nor figure are clear on this point.

3. P. WESLEYI (Sykes). PL 23, figs. 1-5, 9.

Shell umbilicate, thin, flat above, convex beneath, carinated

124 PTERODISCUS.

peripherally, brown with some irregular yellowish streaks,
nearly lusterless. Whorls 3~y2, the first perceptibly convex
at the beginning, soon becoming flattened, the first half of
the second whorl a little impressed above the suture, which
thus appears margined for a short distance. It is sculptured
with very fine oblique growth striae, with some coarser wrin-
kles on the last whorl. Last whorl is rather bluntly carin-
ated, the keel on the last half whorl bearing an irregular
flange or "wing" of adhering earth; base convex, obtusely
angular around the tubular umbilicus. Aperture oblique,
much wider than high, the lip thin and simple, the colu-
mellar margin dilated, bearing a very low, indistinct spiral
ridge in the middle. This ridge is in the substance of the
shell, and is hardly perceptibly thickened by callous deposit.
Alt. 3, diam. 8 mm.

Kalaikoa, Oahu (D. D. Baldwin). Type No. 58,159, A. N.
S. P. Ewa (C. M. Cooke) ; Wahiawa (D. Thaanum).

Endodonta (Pterodiscus) alata Pfr., PILSBRY, Manual of
Conch., ix, p. 36, pi. 4, fig. 44 (no specific description or
measurements). — Endodonta (Pterodiscus) wesleyi SYKES,
Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond., ii, p. 127, 1896, based upon preceding
reference. — Pterodiscus wesleyi SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis,
Moll., p. 292.— PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila,
1905, p. 573, pi. 39, f. 7, 8, 9.

This shell agrees well with Pfeiffer's description of Helix
alata ; but as the British Museum specimens under the name
alata and those in the Newcomb collection have the columella
strongly lamellate, it has been held by Mr. Sykes that
Pfeiffer overlooked the lamella. At all events, alata is cer-
tainly from Lanai, where it has been taken also by Mr.
Perkins. Named in honor of Dr. Wesley Newcomb.

The type specimen is fully described above and illustrated
on pi. 23, fig. 9. It is evidently not quite adult. The very
low columellar ridge or incipient lamella was overlooked in
former accounts of the species.

Specimens from Wahiawa, Oahu, collected by Mr. Thaanum,
pi. 23, figs. 1 to 5, are typical, and being fully adult they
show the characters better than the type. The shell is red-

PTERODISCUS. 125

dish-brown with some yellowish streaks along the wrinkles,
which are quite coarse on the last whorl. The periphery may
be either clean or heavily loaded with foreign material. The
outline of the base is slightly convex, and it is distinctly
angular around the umbilicus, which is one-fourth the total
diameter. The columellar lamella is excessively weak and
brownish in even fully adult shells. Its position is indicated
inside the umbilicus by a slight furrow. A clean adult meas-
ures: alt. 3.5, diam. 8.2 mm.; whorls 4.

3a. P. icesleyi cwaensis, n. subsp. PL 23, fig. 10.

The form from Ewa in the C. M. Cooke collection, is prac-
tically typical in shape and sculpture, but the columellar
lamella is decidedly stronger, being distinct and whitish.

In the type of wesleyi the columellar lamella is represented
only by a very inconspicuous ridge hardly noticeable.

4. P. THAANUMI n. sp. PI. 24, figs. 1, 2.

The shell is lens-shaped, umbilicate, the umbilicus contained
nearly 5 times in the diameter of the shell, fragile, but
slightly shining, dull brown, with sculpture of fine retractive
striaB and on the last whorl some coarse wrinkles. Whorls
4, the second with a margin above the suture, the first two
flat, the rest nearly so; last whorl carinate, convex beneath,
not distinctly angular around the umbilicus. Peristome
fragile; columellar margin dilated. Columellar lamella thin
but rather strong, sloping slightly downwards, becoming very
weak on the dilation of the lip. Alt. 4.2, diam. 9.7 mm.

Oahu: Kukaeiole, near Kaaawa, on the northeastern coast
(D. Thaanum) ; type no. 95045 A. N. S. P.

This species has a narrower umbilicus than P. wesleyi, but
wider than in P. rex or P. cookei. It is less angular around
the umbilicus, the base not rising so high there. The colu-
mellar lamella is stronger than in P. wesleyi.

The embryo (pi. 25, figs. 1, 2, 3) is about 2.6 mm. in dia-
meter, with 1% whorls. The first has microscopic crinkling
of the cuticle as noticed in P. alatus litus, but the striae on
the second whorl are finer than in that form. There is an

126 PTERODISCUS.

appearance of spiral striation, produced by spiral bands of
microscopic, radially arranged wrinkles, visible on the last
part of the first whorl, and the first half of the second.

5. P. REX (Sykes). PL 24, figs. 7, 8.

"Shell much depressed, heliciform; umbilicus deep, of
moderate size; dark horn-color, strongly rugosely striated,
with a fairly large protoconch; whorls five, increasing regu-
larly, plano-convex, the suture being impressed and well
marked ; the last whorl is carinate, flattened above and some-
what inflated at the base ; at the periphery the periostracum
is exaggerated into a produced layer, from which projections
in the shape of arrow-heads arise at right angles to the
periphery ; mouth subquadrate, with the lip hardly thickened
and not reflected ; columellar plait fairly strong and horizontal.
Diam. maj. (with the peripheral wing) 14.5, alt. 4' mm."
(Sykes).

Summit of Konahuanui, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, amongst
dead leaves and moss. This very interesting shell was col-
lected by Mr. Ernest Lyman, and was kindly sent to me by
Prof. H. W. Henshaw.

Amastra (Kauaia) rex SYKES, Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, ser. 7, vol. xiv, August, 1904, p. 159, wood-
cuts.

"It somewhat recalls in form and appearance the well-
known Helicina agglutinans, the periostracum covering the
shell and being produced into an uneven wing at the periph-
ery, some of the projections extending to 2 mm. from the
shell. The species belongs to the group of Amastra alata,
Pf r., and A. heliciformis, Ancey ; from the latter, which is
also an Oahu shell, it may readily be separated, in addition to
its greater size and remarkable development of periostracum,
by its more depressed form and smaller (proportionally)
umbilical area." (Sykes).

A form which seems probably referable to P. rex was taken
by Mr. D. Thaanum in Kalihi, a valley west of Nuuanu. The
umbilicus is much smaller than in P. wesleyi, contained about
61/2 times in the diameter, angular at its opening, conic

PTERODISCUS. 127

within. The second whorl is weakly or distinctly margined
above the suture. The striation is very fine and close, with-
out coarse wrinkles. Columellar lamella is well developed
and horizontal. Some specimens have a flat wing with tri-
angular processes built out upon the peripheral keel. Alt.
3.5, diam. 9 mm., with 3y2 whorls.

6. P. COOKEI Hyatt & Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 23, figs. 6, 7, 8.

The shells are exceedingly thin and fragile, narrowly um-
bilicate, the umbilicus contained 6y2 to 9 times in the diameter
of the shell; biconvex, sometimes inerusted at the periphery
and umbilicus. It is dull brown, with sculpture of fine re-
tractive striae and coarse, low wrinkles in the same direction.
The 41/L> whorls are very slightly convex, the last angular
at the periphery, convex beneath, not angular around the
umbilicus. The suture is well impressed, but has no mar-
gination above on the second whorl. The columella is di-
lated, thin and paper-like, brownish. The columellar la-
mella is very weak on the dilated part of the columella, but
inwardly it becomes somewhat stronger, though thin and
bent downwards. Alt. 6, diam. 11 mm. ; s-ometimes decidedly
more depressed.

Oahu: Nuuanu valley (Cooke). Type in coll. C. M. Cooke.

This excessively fragile species is probably most closely
related to P. rex, from an adjacent locality, but it seems to
differ by the weaker columellar lamella and greater fragility.
It is also less depressed, the lowest shell measuring about
4.5 x 10.5 mm.,, so far as can be ascertained in its broken
condition. It is remarkable for the absence of margination
above the suture on the second whorl, though there is a barely
perceptible flattening in that region. Mr. Sykes does not
mention whether the second whorl has a suprasutural mar-
gination in P. rex.

7. P. HELICIFORMIS (Ancey). PL 36, fig. 10.

"Shell heli'ciform, depressed, broadly umbilicate (the um-
bilicus open, deep, surrounded by an angle, about 2 mm.
across), hardly shining, brown, wrinkle-striatulate, a little

128 PTERODISCUS.

solid. Spire depressed, very widely conic, rather obtuse.
Whorls 5, regularly increasing, a little convex, the suture
impressed, last whorl carinate, convexly sloping above, con-
vex beneath, slowly but not deeply descending for a long
distance in front. Aperture oblique, armed with an acute
revolving simple columellar lamella, emarginate, irregularly
circular, angular outwardly, the base rounded, margins re-
mote, columellar margin straightly sloping, forming an angle
with the basal margin. Greater diam. 10, lesser 9, alt. 6, alt.
of aperture 3.5 mm." (Ancey) .

Oahu: Waianae (Baldwin).

Amastra heliciformis ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vii,
1890, p. 340.— THWING, Occas. Pap. B. P. B. Mus., iii, no. 1,
p. 162, pi. 3, f. 17 (?).

"This Amastra is quite lens-shaped and Heliciform, but it
is to be grouped as an extreme fo-rm, allied to A. kauaiensis,
agglutinans and spliarica" (Ancey).

Not seen by Pilsbry, but Hyatt prepared the following
notes from specimens submitted by Mr. D. D. Baldwin :

This extraordinary helix-like form has a large open um-
bilicus and depressed spire, with a strong angulated border
to the umbilicus and coarse but regular striae of growth; the
spire even in the extreme young has a very wide angle. The
subangulation of the whorl is broad or truncated or with an-
gulated edges, and may have longitudinal ridges both on its
flattened ridge and accompanying it on the sides. This ap-
pears late in life of the shell and persists, as in Amastra cy-
clostoma, throughout life, to a late stage. The spire is more
elevated and more marinated than in the shells collected by
Mr. Cooke and described as Pterodiscus cookei. The calcar-
eous layer, in the three shells received from Mr. Baldwin, is
deficient in large part, so that it is difficult to handle them.
The form, columella, the plication or tooth, and the young,
show that this is an ally of Amastra spherica. Mr. Baldwin
kindly states in a letter that the shells so far collected by him
•are free from agglutinations.

PLANAMASTRA.

129

Genus PLANAMASTRA nov.

Amastrinae of discoidal shape, with flattened embryonic
whorls, like those of Pterodiscus, the umbilicus very broadly
open. Peristome unexpanded, the columellar margin dilated,
without a columellar lamella at any stage of growth. Vivi-
parous.

Type: P. digonophora. Distribution: Oahu.

The jaw of P. digonophora is very thin, deeply arcuate,
smooth except for a few wide plaits or flat ribs in the median
part.

Teeth of P. digonophora.

The radula of P. digonophora has 11, 7, 1, 7, 11 teeth.
Those of the median field stand in nearly straight transverse
rows, but at the sides the rows of marginal teeth bend rapidly
forward. The centrals are narrow, less than half the width,
of the adjacent lateral teeth, and bear a single small cusp.
The lateral teeth are square, bicuspid with a large mesocone
and small ectocone as usual. The marginal teeth are short
and broad, with the mesocone oblique, and the ectocone split
into two, three or four minute, acute denticles.

The embryonic shell of P. digmwphora (pi. 25, figs. 4, 5, 6)
is much smaller than in Pterodiscus, having a diameter of
1.8 mm. with 1% whorls. The top is like that of Pterodiscusf
the first whorl being smooth except for some very faint radial
ripples and a microscopic crinkling of the cuticle. On the
second whorl the wrinkle-striation becomes coarser and re-
tractive, and there are a few very faint spirals. The first
whorl is slightly convex, the second flatter.

Planamastra and Pterodiscus have in common a flat-topped
embryonic shell. They doubtless diverged from a common

130 PLANAMASTRA.

ancestor which had become differentiated from Amastra by
this character; but while Pterodiscus retained the Amastroid
columellar lamella, this was early lost in the Planamastra
phylum, -and no trace of it remains even in embryonic shells.

1. P. DIGONOPHORA (Ancey). PI. 24, figs. 9, 10, 11.

"Shell depressed, sublenticular, scarcely shining, rather
thin, opaque, very broadly umbilicate (the umbilicus conic,
showing -all the whorls, surrounded by a projecting angle,
4 mm. wide) , irregularly, obliquely and rather roughly sculp-
tured with growth-lines; chestnut brown. Spire flat.
Whorls 4, rather rapidly increasing, flattened, separated by
an impressed and simple suture; the last whorl having pro-
jecting angles above and around the umbilicus, flat above,
conically tapering below the upper angle, not descending in
front or very gradually descending. Aperture somewhat ob-
lique, somewhat ax-shaped, biangulate outwardly; peristome
acute, the margins joined by a very thin callus. Alt. 2!/4,
diam. maj. 6%, min. 5% mm." (Ancey).

Oahu: Waianae (Baldwin).

Patula digonophora ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France vi,
1889, p. 171. — Pterodiscus digonophorus Anc., SYKES,
Fauna Hawaiiensis p. 292.

In this species the upper surface resembles that of normal
forms of Pterodiscus, the embryonic sculpture being similar,
the second whorl more or less distinctly margin-ate above the
suture, and the periphery carinate. The lower surface differs
by the very broadly open umbilicus and the absence of any
trace of a columellar lamella at all stages of growth. The
specimens figured were received from Mr. Baldwin. An adult
measures, alt. 2.7, diam. 7 mm., Whorls 3%. The embryonic
shell figured (£1. 25, figs. 4-6) has a diameter of 1.8 mm. with
1% whorls.

2. P. PEASEANA n. sp. PI. 25, figs. 8, 9, 10.

The shell is discoidal, with very low, convex spire, openly
umbilicate base, and acutely carinate periphery ; thin ; corne-
ous, with a brown band revolving in the middle of the upper

PLANAMASTRA. 131

surface of the last whorl; slightly shining. Embryonic
whorls apparently l1/^, weakly convex, faintly marked with
gro\vth-strige and on the latter part having a few delicate
spiral raised lines and some very fine radial wrinkling. The
next whorl is moderately convex, with sculpture of faint
growth-lines and very minute, retractive corrugations, more
oblique than the growth-lines. The last half whorl is rather
coarsely, irregularly wrinkle-striate, and microscopically
granulose. The base has irregular growth-lines, but very
little microscopic sculpture. Whorls 3, the last acutely
carinate at the periphery, convex below, very obtusely sub-
angular near the umbilicus. Umbilicus extremely shallow
and open, showing 2~y2 convex whorls. Aperture somewhat
oblique the outer and basal margins of the peristome sim-
ple and sharp, columellar margin but slightly dilated, thin,
unarmed. Alt. 1.7, diam. 4.9 mm.

Hawaiian Is. (Pease). Type 1984 coll. A. N. S. P.

Very unlike P. digonophora by its microscopic sculpture,
more convex whorls, pale color with a band on the last whorl,
and the very shallow umbilicus; yet I can find no other
genus which would contain this snail. It may possibly be
the Helix depressiformis of Pease, but in the collection of
the Academy it was labelled "H. alata," and Pease makes no
mention of a band on his species.

P. depressiformis (Pease).

"Shell discoidal, planorboid, planulate above, convex be-
neath, thin, subpellucid, a little shining, brownish-corneous,
broadly umbilicate, obliquely closely rugose-striate. Spire
planulate. sometimes a little elevated. Whorls 3%, slightly
margmate, the last acutely carinate, at the margin compressed
roundly carinated at the umbilicus. Alt. 2, diam. 7 mm."
(Pease).

Islands of the Central Pacific (Pease).

Helix depressiformis PSE., Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864,
p. 670, no. 8.

This species and the next were apparently based upon
forms of Planamastra. Both were described from the "Cen-

132 ABMSIA.

tral Pacific Islands," and neither has been figured or seen
by any subsequent author. Mr. Sykes did not find them in
the British Museum collection; they are not in the collections
at Philadelphia or Washington, nor is any trace of them to
be found in the Pease collection at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
We learn from labels in the Academy collection that Andrew
Garrett knew them not. It must be admitted that the diag-
noses are insufficient for positive identification; and in the
absence of types, the names may be regarded as defunct.

P. prostrata Pease.

"Shell thin, depressed, deeply umbilicate, greenislh- cor-
neous, decussated with close and very fine striae. Whorls 4,
flat, rapidly increasing, the last wider, acutely angular,
grooved near the margin above, dilated in front, convex be-
neath, apex depressed. Aperture widely rotund-lunar; per-
istome simple, acute. Alt. 2^4, diam. 6 mm." (Pse.)

Islands of the central Pacific (Pease) ; Lanai? (Pease).

Helix prostrata PSE., P. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 670, no. 9;
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 475.

Genus ABMSIA, n. gen.

Amastrina with the shape of Gonyodiscus, very broadly
umbilicate, the embryonic whorls convex, projecting, and
spirally striate, the peristome well expanded, thin, and with-
out a columellar lamella. Type A. petasus.

This group differs from all forms of Pterodiscus and Plana-
mastra by the decided convexity of the projecting embryonic
Whorls and 'the stronger expansion of the peristome. Like
Planamastra it lacks trace of a columellar lamella. I have
not seen the embryo except >as exposed in grown shells, but it
must differ markedly from that of Pterodiscus and Plana-
mastra. The embryonic whorls are worn in the shells exam-
ined, but in places they show rather coarse spiral striae, which
are wanting on the radially costate later whorls (pi. 25, fig.
7) . The soft anatomy is unknown. It is probably vivi-
parous, like the related genera.

While evidently related to Planamastra, Armsia has

ARMSIA, AMASTRA. 133

been diversely differentiated, and probably represents a
parallel phylum derived from the same Amastrine stock be-
fore the spire had become flat.

This genus is dedicated to Mrs. J. M. Arms Sheldon whose
assistance has enabled us to illustrate the Achatinellidae
more fully than would otherwise have been possible.

1. A. PETASUS (Ancey). PI. 24, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.

"Shell very broadly and perspectively umbilicate, sub-
lenticular, thin, buff-brown, uniform, slightly shining, rudely
and closely rugose-striate, the stria? lamellose. Spire broadly
conoidal, the sides somewhat concave, summit projecting a
little, rather obtuse. Whorls 5, nearly flat, separated by a
linear and not very deep suture, regularly increasing, the last
provided with an acute carina above and another below around
the umbilicus, hardly descending, somewhat sloping above,
inversely conic and flat below the principal carina. Umbili-
cus saucer-shaped, conic. Aperture nearly vertical, ax-
shaped, acutely angular on the right, more obtusely below,
toothless. Peristome simple, unexpanded, the margins re-
mote. Alt. 2.2, diam. maj. 4.33, min. 3.75 mm." (Ancey).

Oahu: Waianae Mountains (Baldwin).

Pterodiscus petasus ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London iii,
July, 1899, p. 268, pi. 12, f. 4.— PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S.
Phila. 1905, p. 574, pi. 38, f. 7, 8.

Easily known by its bicarinate body-whorl, low-conic spire
and very broadly conic umbilicus. The shell described and fig-
ured by Mr. Ancey (fig. 6) was not mature. Adult shells have
the outer, basal and columellar margins of the lip broadly ex-
panded, the revolving angles of the last whorl becoming ob-
solete upon it. The last third or fourth of the last whorl
descends rather deeply. Shells measure from alt. 3, diam. 4.8
mm. to alt. 3.5, diam. 5.8 mm.

Genus AMASTRA H. & A. Adams.

Amastra ADS., Genera of Recent Mollusca, ii, p. 137 (Feb.,
1855).— PEASE, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 649.— GULICK, P. Z. S. 1873,
p. 91, type A. magna.

134 AMASTRA.

Shell usually dextral, varying from globose-conic to oblong-
conic; umbilicate or imperf orate ; dull or dark colored, or
light with a dull, darker or yellowish cuticle; whorls 5% to
8; spire and apex conic. Aperture ovate, the outer lip not
expanded, often thickened within ; columella bearing a spiral
lamella which penetrates about a half whorl, but is present
at all stages of growth examined ; above it the axis is slightly
sinuous. Viviparous, jaw vertically striate, teeth in nearly
straight transverse rows, of the usual quadrate form, the
centrals narrow with small cusp.

Type: A. magna C. B. Ad. Distribution: Kauai, Oahu,
Lanai, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii; living on the ground
under leaves, etc., or rarely on ferns and low bushes, in the
mountain forests.

Amastra, as constituted by H. & A. Adams, 1855, was a
homogeneous group, comprising the species baldwini Newc.,
biplicata Newc., ellipsoidea Gld., gigantea Newc., magna C.
B. Ad., melampoides Pfr., moesta Newc., nucleola Gld., obesa
Newc., obscura Newc., reticulata Newc., tristis Fer., ventulus
Fer., violacea Newc. In Die Heliceen, 1860, von Martens
distributed the species in Laminella and Leptachatina, ignor-
ing Amastra. Pease, 1869, gave a classified list of species in
which several natural groups within the genus were recog-
nized. Gulick, in 1873, selected A. magna as the type of
Amastra.

Amastra differs from the more primitive genus Leptachat-
ina by its more conic apex, that of Leptachatina being
rounded. The shell is generally duller, often with a par-
tially deciduous outer cuticle, wanting in Leptachatina, and
it differs more fundamentally by the viviparous reproduction.
Carelia is closely related to Amastra, young shells of some
species being quite Amastrif orm ; but the adult stage is more
lengthened and columnar, and the jaw is said to be ribbed.
The relationship between Amastra and Laminella is very in-
timate ; indeed the two groups are separated generically in
this work more as a matter of convenience than for any im-
portant structural character known to exist, though they
are no doubt natural groups. If consolidated into one genus,

AMASTRA. 135

the name Laminella would take precedence over Amastra for
the group so formed.

Characteristics of Amastra.

THE COLUMELLAR LAMELLA is present from the later em-
bryonic stages. How early it appears we do not know, but
in half-grown embryos examined it is either distinct or rep-
resented by a spiral cord. It is absorbed as growth pro-
ceeds, leaving the remaining portion about a half-whorl long.
Very rarely, in old shells, the lamella is wanting, without
other evidence of abnormality in the shell. Two instances
have been noted, A. violacea wailauensis, pi. 39, fig. 13, and
A, lava, pi. 48, fig. 15. The lamella is subhorizontal or bent
downwards in most Metamastrae. It is small and oblique in
Amastretta, Cyclamastra and Careliq.

In some forms of Amastra the columellar lamella is
doubled, or rather, there is a second fold developed above
the usual lamella. This structure is usual in the biplicata
series of Lanai, and it occurs as an occasional mutation in
the Spirizona series of Oahu. A similar duplication of the
columellar lamella exists in Leptachatina leucochila Gulick
(p. 73). In a few species of various groups there is a low
callous lump on the parietal wall a short distance within,
not sufficiently definite to be called a tooth, and so far as we
know rather rarely developed in any species. It has been
noted in A. decorticata (pi. 33, fig. 7), A. antiqua, A. vio-
lacea and A. knudseni.

THE CUTICLE, in primitive species, such as the Kauaian
and Hawaiian Amastrellas, is thin and pale yellowish. In
many species of Oahu, Molokai, Lanai and Maui the outer
layer is dark, usually dull, and more or less completely de-
ciduous, always transient in front of the aperture, exposing
the thin, closely adherent and glossy inner layer, which is
generally of a different color and lighter shade. The outer
cuticle is frequently mottled or marked with zigzag streaks
in species of Lanai, Molokai and Maui, somewhat as in Lami-
nella; but in other islands it is plain or varied with streaks
along growth-lines. The inner cuticle is transparent, show-

136 AMASTRA.

ing the color of the underlying calcareous layer modified by
its own tint.

EMBRYONIC SHELL: — The sculpture and, to a less degree,
the shape of the embryonic whorls is remarkably varied. In
the more primitive forms of Amastrella these whorls are con-
vex and almost smooth, showing very faint growth-lines only.
In A. tristis the whorls 'are flattened, and either striate or
weakly costate longitudinally; while in most Amastra of
Molokai and Maui the embryonic whorls are flat, strongly
costate, and carinate above the suture. Some species, as A.
nigra (pi. 43, figs. 1-3) and others, have costate and carinate
embryonic whorls in some individuals, while in others they
are more convex and striate ; the neanic and adult characters
being alike. This is apparently a case where the larval form
mutates independently of the adult. Similar conditions
have been observed by Sturany and others in marine Proso-
branchs; but in pulmonate snails no such diversity of the
embryo has come under observation except in this genus.
Such diversity of embryo with identity) of later stages has
been observed by both authors in a number of species. It
should be remembered in this connection that embryo shells
frequently vary in color, quite independently of the later
stages, which may be similar in individuals having diversely
colored embryonic shells.

Subgenera and Sections of Amastra.

a. Shell umbilicate ; embryonic whorls smooth. Cyclamastra.
a1. Shell perforate, rimate or imperf orate (or in some Amas-
trella umbilicate, the embryonic whorls striate).
&. Last whorl strongly carinate ; shell large and dark.
c. Last whorl with a peripheral carina. Kauaia.
c1. Last whorl with two ridges or earinae.

Armiella,
b1. Last whorl not conspicuously carinate.

c. Embryonic whorls smooth or striate, not car-
inate; dextral (except A. thaanumi).
d. Cuticle thin, not figured; shell ovate.

Amastrella.

AMASTRA. 137

dl. No dull or figured outer cuticle, but the
shell often variegated; ovate or oblong.

Metamastra.

dl. Outer cuticle when present not figured;
shell turrited or pyramidal. Paramastra.
c1. Embryonic whorls generally eostate and car-
inate, flat; outer cuticle frequently mottled or
figured with angular lines; shell ovate or ob-
long-conic, dextral. Amastra.
c2. Embryonic whorls delicately costulate; shell
sinistral, dark or dull colored, without zigzag
lines or spots. Heteramastra.

Arrangement of Species.

The Amastra? are grouped by islands in the descriptive
text of this work, as a more convenient arrangement than
one strictly natural. This plan often separates forms closely
related; therefore a classified list is given below. This clas-
sification differs in some important details from that of Pro-
fessor Hyatt's manuscript. This would not be especially
significant were it not that the systematic relationships of
the forms affect fundamentally our zoogeographic concep-
tions. It has therefore been deemed necessary to give in full
the senior author's classification, with his deductions regard-
ing the migrations of the several groups. See Appendix B.

Systematic List of Amastra.
Genus AMASTRA H. & A. Adams.

Subgenus KAUAIA Sykes.
A. kauaiensis Newc. Kauai.

Section ARMIELLA Hyatt.
A. knudseni Bald. Kauai. "

Subgenus CYCLAMASTRA Pils. & Van.

[The genera Pterodiscus, Planamastra and Armsia are tan-
gents of this group.]
(Sphaerica Series.)

A. cyclostonia Bald. Kauai. A. obesa Newc. Maui.
A. sphaerica Pease. Kauai. A. agglutinans Newc. Maui.

138 AMASTBA.

(Umbilical a Series.)

A. similaris Pease. Kauai. A. hartmani 'Ne.' Hartm.

A. antiqua Bald. Oahu. Oahu.

A. sola Pils. Oahu. A. morticina Pils. Maui.

A. extincta Pfr. Oahu. A. umbilicata Pfr. Molokai.

Sub genus AMASTBA H. & A. Ad.
Section AMASTBELLA Sykes.
(Rugulosa Series. Kauai.)
A. rugulosa Pease. A. nucleola Gld.

A. r. normalis Pils. A. anthonii Newc.

(Inflata Series. Oahu.)
[Note: — Species from the Waianae range are followed by W.]

A. rubens Gld. W. A. luctuosa Pfr.
A. r. corneiformis Hy. & P. A. 1. sulphurea Anc.

W. A. decorticata Gul.

A. r. castanea Pils. W. A. inflate, Pfr.

A. r. kahana Pils. A. rubida Gul.

A. r. infelix Pils. A. elliptica Gul.

A. seminigra Hy. & Pils. A. tristis Fer.

A. tenuilabris Gul. A. porcus Pils. W.
A. t. rubicund a Bald.

(Petricola Series. Molokai.)
A. petricola Newc. A. abavus Pils.

(Flavescens Series. Hawaii.)

A. flavescens Newc. A. hawaiensis Hy. & Pils.

A. f. saxicola Bald. A. luteola Fer. ( ?)

A. f . henshawi Bald.

(Melanosis Series. Hawaii.)

A. senilis Bald. A. c. gyrans Hyatt.

A. melanosis Newc. A. c. kohalensis Pils.

A. conica Bald. A. fossilis Bald.

AMASTRA.

139

Section METAMASTRA Hyatt & Pilsbry (type A. reticulata).

(Reticulata Series. Oahu.)
[Note: — Species from the Waianae range are followed by W.]

A. textilis Fer.

A. t. media Hy. & Pils.

A. t. kaipaupauensis Pils.

A. gulickiana Pils.

A. spaldingi Cooke.

A. pellucida Bald. W.

A. breviata Bald.

A. irwiniana Cooke.

A. albolabris Newe. W., E.

A. subrostrata Pfr.

A. sericea Pfr.

A. davisiana Cooke.

A. thaanumi Pils.

A. solida Pse.

A. vetusta Bald.

A. reticulata Newc. W.

A. r. conspersa Pfr. W. ( *)

A. r. dispersa Hy. & PiJs. W.

A. r. orientalis Hy. & Pils.

A. r. errans Hy. & Pils.

A. cookei Pils.

A. transversalis Pfr.

A. caputadamantis Pils.

A. undata Bald.

A. badia Bald.

(Cornea Series. Oahu.)

A. cornea Newc. W. A. subcornea Hy. & Pils.

A. crassilabrum Newc.

W.

Section PARAMASTRA Hyatt

A. mieans Pfr. W.

A. frosti Anc. W.

A. tenuispira Bald. W.

A. turritella Fer.

A. t. aiea Pils.

A. t. waiawa Pils.

A. spirizona Fer. W.

A. s. nigrolabris Sm.

A. ^emulator Pils.

Pilsbry (type A. spirizona).

A. spirizona rudis Pfr.

A. s. chlorotica Pfr.

A. intermedia Newc. W.

A. porphyrea Newc. W., E.

A. porphyrostoma Pease.

A. cylindrica Newc.

A. variegata Pfr.

Section AMASTRA s. st-r.

(Biplicata Series.)
A. biplicata Newc. Lanai. A. moesta obscura Nc. Lanai.

A. durandi Anc. Lanai.
A. moesta Newc. Lanai.

A. m. longa Sykes. Lanai.
A. humilis Newc. Molokai.

140 AMASTRA.

(Magna Series.)

(Lanai.) (Molokai.)

A. magna C. B. Ad. A. violacea Newc.

A. m. balteata Pils. A. v. wailauensis Pils.

A. aurostoma Bald. A. nubilosa Migh.

A. grayana Pfr. A. n. macerata.Hy. & Pils.
A. rubristoma Bald.

(Nucula Subseries. Lanai.)
A. nucula Smith.

(Pullata Subseries. Molokai.)

A. pullata Bald. A. seminuda Bald.

A. p. subnigra Hy. & Pils. A. uniplicata Hartm.

A. p. umbrosa Bald.

(Nigra Subseries. Maui.)

A. baldwiniana Pils. A. makawaoensis Pils.

A. nigra Newc. A. mastersi Newc.

A. subcrassilabris Hy. & Pils.

(Assimilis Series.)

(Molokai.) (Maui.)

A. mucronata Newc. A. affinis Newc.

A. m. simularis Hartm. A. a. pupoidea Newc.

A. m. roseotincta Sykes. A. a. bigener Hyatt.

A. m. citrea Sykes. A. a. Cinderella Hyatt.

A. m. semicarnea Anc. A. a. kaupakaluana Pils.

A. m. atroflava Pils. A. nana Bald.

A. sykesi Pils. A. malleata Sm.

A. nubifera Hy. & Pils. A. conifera Sm.

A. n. dissimiliceps Pils. A. johnsoni Hy. & Pils.

A. modesta C. B. Ad. A. erecta Pse.

A. m. dimissa Pils. A. assimilis Newc.

A. subobscura Hy. & Pils. A. montana Bald.

AMASTRA, KAUAI. 141

(Pusilla Series.)

A. pusilla Nc. Lanai. A. elegantula H. & P. Molo-

A. tricincta Pils. Molokai. kai.

Section HETEBAMASTRA Pils. (type A. hutchinsonn) .

A. elongata Newc. Oahu ? A. laeva Bald. Maui.

A. fraterna Sykes. Lanai. A. perversa Pils. Molokai.

A. soror Newc. Maui. A. hutchinsonii Pse. Molokai

A. s. interjecta H. & P. Maui. and Maui.

A. s. laticeps Pils. Maui. A. farcimen Pf r. Maui.

A. subsoror Hy. & Pils. Maui. A. sinistrorsa Bald. Hawaii.

(Sedis incerta.}

A. amicta Smith. A. peasei Smith.

A. luteola Fer. A. lineolata Newc.

AMASTR^E OF KAUAI.

In Kauai forest covers the mountains of the central mass,
extending down to about 1,200 feet on the windward (north-
east) slope, and 1,500 feet on the leeward slope. Near the
coasts shells are very abundant in Pleistocene or later de-
posits, some species being known only from these fossil ex-
amples. We do not know that central Kauai around Mount
Waialeala has been explored. Large additions will probably
be made to the Leptachatinae and Amastrae when the island is
adequately searched.

Niihau is said to be practically all grass-land, a single
Carelia being found fossil. No doubt further search will re-
sult in numerous other land shells on this island, in Pleisto-
cene deposits.

Kauai, while poor in species, possesses some of the most
remarkable Amastrina, such as Carelia, Armiella and Kauaia.
All of them have probably descended from ancestral forms of
Amastrella and Cyclamastra, which with Leptachatina seem
to have constituted the entire primitive Achatinellid fauna
of the island.

142 AMASTRA, KAUAI.

Key to Amastra of Kauai.

a. Shell imiperf orate, large, strongly carinate (Kauaia).
&. Trochiform, solid, peripheral carina dominating.

A. kauaiensis, no. 1.
&1. Oblong-conic, the last whorl with two carinae.

A. knudseni, no. 2.
a1. Shell umbilieate ( Cyclamastra) .

b. Periphery carinate; shell wider than high, conic
above, convex below. A. cyclostoma, no. 3.

&. Periphery rounded.

c. Globose-conic, diam. and alt. subequal.

A. sph&rica, no. 4.
c1. Ovate- conic, much longer than wide.

A. similaris, no. 5.

a2. Shell rimate or imperforate, ovate-conic, white behind the
lip and around the axis (Amastrella).
b. Fine spiral lines on the later whorls.

A. anthonii, no. 8.
&.1 Not spirally striate.

c. Larger, roughly striate, brown.

A. rugulosa, no. 6.

c1. Smaller, finely striate, purplish with brown
spire and white sutural line. A. nucleola, no. 7.

Subgenus KAUAIA Sykes.

Carinella PFR., Novit. Conch., iv, 1875, p. 116, for A. kau-
aiensis only. Not Carinella Sowerby, 1839. — Kauaia SYKES,
Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, pt. iv, Mollusca, May 19, 1900, p. 355;
same type.

Shell biconic or trochiform, carinated, solid, imperforate;
dark brown, whitish around the axis, under a thin yellow
cuticle. Embryonic whorls flattened, sculptured with low
curved riblets, later whorls with spiral striae. Internal axis
tubular, contracted near the base in each whorl, in the last
half -whorl bearing a small columellar lamella. Type A. kau-
aiensis Newc.

Kauaia resembles some specimens of Amastrella tristis in its

AMASTRA, KAUAI. 143

conic, more or less ribbed embryonic whorls ; also Carelia and
typical Amastra (magna group) have similar embryos. In
color and texture the adult shell resembles Amastrella an-
thonii, etc. ; while the resemblance to Cyclamastra is discussed
below. The possession of features belonging to several Amas-
tran groups favors the view that Kauaia is an old form, little
changed since it arose from the primitive Amastran stock.

"The resemblance between the neanic stages of Kauaia
kauaiensis and the adults and older stages of Cyclamastra
cyclostoma are visible in the flattened, carinated and rapidly
spreading volutions of the young of kauaiensis through the
first five volutions. After this the increase by growth is less
rapid in the transverse diameter of the spire, and the outer
or dorsal side begins to take on a different aspect. The con-
tour becomes more or less curved and the spire more elon-
gated owing to the greater increase of the vertical or dorso-
ventral diameters. Not only the form, but the open umbilicus
at this stage, as well as the eolumella and aperture, are gener-
ically identical with those of Cyclamastra. Later the close
eolumella and changes of form above described show a wider
separation in structure. It is also obvious from the above
that Cyclamastra is nearer to the forms from which Kauaia
kauaiensis was derived than the full-grown shells of that
species, and must therefore be looked upon as more primitive.
The resemblances of the younger stages of kauaiensis to the
full-grown stages of C. cyclostoma are not as strongly pro-
nounced in some shells as in others, owing to the fact that
the young have more elongated spires in some shells. "
(Hyatt MS.)

1. A. KAUAIENSIS (Newcoinb). PL 16, figs. 1, 2, 3.

The shell is imperforate, dextral, trochiform, solid, carinate.
The first whorl is smooth (worn in examples seen) ; the sec-
ond is rather coarsely, arcuately ribbed; third whorl more
finely ribbed ; succeeding whorls are rudely obliquely wrinkle-
striate. On the fourth whorl spiral sculpture appears, at first
fine, later becoming rather coarse but very low spiral cords.
The whorls are very strongly keeled, the keel appearing above

144 AMASTRA, KAUAI.

the suture on the last 2 or 3 whorls, or concealed on all but
the last whorl, on the latter half of which it becomes more
prominent. Base convex. Whorls 6%, but slightly convex.
Dull red-brown, becoming darker, purplish-brown at the apex,
and paler, yellowish, ait the base. There is a whitish border
below the suture throughout. Aperture oblique, white within ;
outer lip thick; columella bearing a strong spiral fold below
the middle.

Length 23.5, diam. 19 mm.

Length 23, diam. 17 mm.

Kauai : Halemanu (Baldwin) ; Makaweli -at 2000 ft. and
Halemanu 'at 4000 ft. (Perkins) . Type in Newcomb coll.

Achatinella kauaiensis NEWC., Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y.,
vii, 1860, p. 145; Amer. Journ. of Conch., ii, p. 209, pi. 13,
f. 1.— PFR., Novit. Conch., iv, p. 115, pi. 126, f. 8, 9 and f. 10,
11 (embryo). — BALDWIN, Catalogue, p. 9. — Amastra (Kau-
aia) k., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 355. — Helicter kau-
wiensis PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl., xviii, 1870, p. 88.

The cuticle is thin and of a light brownish tint, the darker
color being in the substance of the underlying shell. The
embryonic shell figured by Pfeiffer is angular at the periph-
ery and measures 7.5 mm. long. The specimens figured were
received from Dr. Newcomb.

In some examples there is the weak indication of a carina
at the shoulder, especially on the latter part of the last whorl.
It is faintly shown in fig. 3. This character, which is only
occasionally obvious, shows a relationship to A. knudseni, in
which a stout ridge is developed in the same position.

''There are two types of the apex, one somewhat more
pointed than the other, and with smoother and more shining
horn-color due 'to the finer striae of growth, and the dorsal
outer sides are not strictly flat, slightly rounded, and maybe,
have a slight shoulder even on the first volution in some
specimens. The striae are not strictly parallel, but may be a
little irregular. The other type has more regular fold-like
longitudinal bands of growth from an early stage, and the
dorsi of the volutions are flatter" (Hyatt).

The axis is tubular, the tube rather strongly contracted in

AMASTRA, KAUAI. 145

each whorl near the lower partition, and widest where it joins
the upper partition. Hence, until the shell is nearly mature
there is an umbilical orifice 'behind the reflexed columellar lip ;
in the last whorl this becomes closed. In the last half -whorl
a callous lamella is superposed upon the axis just above its
basal contraction.

The shell is -angular at the periphery in all post-embryonic
stages of growth, but in the third or fourth whorl a project-
ing periferal keel appears, persisting to the aperture and be-
coming stronger with age. In the adult stage the aperture
becomes smaller, especially narrower, than in shells younger
by a whorl. Finally, senility is marked by the descent of the
last whorl below the keel, and its further contraction laterally.
These stigmata appear earlier in some shells than in others.

Pease collected this species at an elevation of about 4,500 ft.
"The animal is very small in comparison with the size and
thickness of the shell, a little larger than the diameter of the
latter, and excessively narrow. It drags the heavy shell bal-
anced on its back. When it crawls the head is stretched out
as far as possible, the two ends of the body solidly fixed, until
the middle part contracts and draws the shell forward."

Section ARMIELLA Hyatt.

At first sight this group appears to be obviously a modifica-
tion of Kauaia, having an additional carination along the
shoulder and a broad, flattened or concave zone evolved on
the outer side of the volutions between the carinae. But
closer obervation develops the fact that the young probably
resembles the young of Carelia, and then it is at once evident
that the volutions with their peculiar angulations and obtuse
spire are similar to the most primitive forms of Carelia,
These are C. bicolor (pi. 16, fig. 7, neanic stage) and C. adusta,
which change the least during their development, and in their
ephebic stages are more like their own young than the more
elongated species of Carelia. The present group is, therefore,
regarded here as an offshoot of Carelia having a stouter spire
and more pronounced bicarinate volutions than any species
of Carelia. It is dedicated to Mrs. J. M. Arms Sheldon
(Hyatt, MS.).

146 AMASTRA, KAUAI.

Recognizing the affinity of Carelia, it must also be ad-
mitted that A. knudseni is closely related to A. kauaiensis, as
Mr. Baldwin recognized.

2. A. KNUDSENI Baldwin. PI. 16, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell imperforate, dextral, oblong-conic, bicarinate. The
first 3l/2 whorls are slightly convex, forming a conic embry-
onic shell; the first whorl is smooth; the second has curved
vertical riblets; on following whorls the riblets become irreg-
ular, frequently formed of two or more contiguous striae.
The first post-embryonic whorl has rather coarse wrinkles and
minute, thread-like striae, and some traces of spiral cords ap-
pear upon it. The surface at once becomes more convex, and
then angular, forming a shoulder above the middle of the
whorl; below this shoulder it is vertical. After the fifth
whorl the characters of maturity appear ; the whorl expands
more rapidly, the angle gives place to a keel; on the last
whorl a second (periferal) keel appears, the space between
them being concave ; the base is convex, -and the whole surface
sculptured with spiral cords and striae. Color, purplish red-
brown, darker towards the apex and on the base, having a
pale border below the suture, extending to the apex, and more
or less profusely marked with yellow on the carinae, cords and
folds of the last whorl.

The aperture is irregularly ovate, oblique, dark within, but
having a bluish-pearly luster ; outer lip regularly arcuate,
scarcely modified by the carinae. Columella short, concave
above, obliquely truncate at the base, covered with a flesh-
tinted callus, and bearing a very obliquely descending, thin,
spiral lamella.

Length 33, diam. 19 mm. (Type, A. N. S. P.)

Length 34.5, diam. 19 mm. (Cooke coll.)

Kauai: Halemanu and Puukapele (A. Knudsen).

Amastra knudsenii BALDWIN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p.
234, pi. 11, f. 43, 44. — Achatinella knudsenii Newc., THWING,
Orig. Descriptions, etc., pi. 3, f. 25.

The type specimen (fig. 4) is a rather thin shell, barely
adult. With age the shell becomes thick and heavy. A ge-

AMASTRA, KAUAI. 147

rontic specimen (pi. 16, fig. 6) in coll. C. M. Cooke is very
solid, the outer wall thick, parietal wall covered with a thick
white callus which bears a low, wide, conical prominence, a
short distance within. The columella is heavily white-cal-
loused, and its spiral lamella is thick, blunt, and hardly dif-
ferentiated from the basal truncation of the pillar. The
specimen is dead and almost wholly denuded of the thin yel-
low cuticle.

' ' The species is very rare. We dedicate it to Mr. A. Knud-
sen, the young naturalist who discovered it. He writes that
it is of very limited distribution, being found far up the
mountain only in an isolated tract of woodland which escaped
the forest fires of twenty years ago. In three days' diligent
search he found only twelve living examples" (Baldwin).

Subgenus CYCLAMASTRA Pilsbry & Vanatta.

Cydamastra PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1905, p.
570 ; type A. cyclostoma Bald.

The shell is deeply umbilicate in all post-embryonic stages,
varying in shape from biconic, somewhat Heliciform, to glo-
bose-conic or ovate-conic, the last whorl angular or rotund.
Embryonic whorls with faint radial ripples or nearly smooth ;
later whorls brown under a thin brown or yellowish cuticle.
Type A. cyclostoma Bald.

Cydamastra occurs on all of the Hawaiian Islands except
Niihau, Lanai and Hawaii. The open axis is evidently an
old feature, characteristic of the neanic stage in Kauaia, etc.
Nearly half of the known species are found only as fossils.
The genera Pterodiscus, Planamastra and Armsia evidently
had their source in Cyclamastra.

Series of A. split/erica.

Besides the following species, this group includes A. obesa
and A. agglutinans (carinata) of the island of Maui.

3. A. CYCLOSTOMA Baldwin. PL 15, figs. 1, 2, 3, 6.

The shell is umbilicate, conic above, convex below tfoe
strong median peripheral carina ; moderately solid ; purplish-

148 AM ASTRA, KAUAI.

'brown, becoming yellowish-brown on the latter part of the
last whorl and around the umbilicus. Whorls 5%, weakly
convex. The spire is conic with concave outlines; first half-
whorl smooth, with a pale tip, then faint radial ripples ap-
pear, this sculpture continuing for three whorls. The last
two whorls have sculpture of fine growth-striae and indistinct,
•coarse, low wrinkles. Last whorl flattened above, convex be-
low the stout peripheral cardna, which becomes subobsolete
near the aperture, which it does not modify in shape. Aper-
ture oblique, ovate, flesh-colored within, but thickened with
a white callus near the lip. Peristome obtuse, being a little
thickened within, the columellar margin expanded, generally
showing the end of a small spiral lamella which penetrates
about a half whorl inward. Internal axis regularly tapering
from below upward in each whorl, marked with low, pale,
obliquely axial striae or wrinkles (fig. 6).

Alt. 16.8, diam. 17.3 mm. (fig. 1).

Alt. 16, diam. 19 mm.

Alt. 16, diam. 18 mm. (figs. 2, 3).

Kauai: M'akaweli (Judd, Miss Gay). Types no. 65724 A.
N. S. P.

Amastra cyclostoma BALDWIN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895,
p. 234, pi. 11, f. 53 (July 2, 1895). -

" Animal when extended in motion .95 inches in length;
posterior portion of foot tapering and very short, front por-
tion long; head elongated, ocular and labial tentacles widely
separated. Mantle dingy-white with streaks of black. Foot
very light brown, superior portion and sides thickly studded
with regular, dark brown granulations. Tentacles long, dark
brown " (Baldwin).

Respecting the locality of A. cyclostoma, Mr. C. M. Cooke
(in litt. Apr. 11, 1899) writes: "Mr. Judd told me that the
locality of this shell is very restricted. It has been found in
only one place, under a few orange trees. A circle with
radius of six feet would enclose the whole space in which they
have been found. ' '

AMASTRA, KAUAI. 149

4. A. SPH^RICA Pease. PL 15, figs. 4, 5 (x 2) ; pi. 42, fig. 12.

The shell is narrowly umbilicate, globose-conic, moderately
solid, the spire dull purplish-brown, last whorl in large part
purplish-brown or chestnut, fading to rather bright yellow in
the last third or fourth. Whorls 5, moderately convex, the
last very obtusely sub-angular in front, becoming rounded in
its last half or third; in old shells it descends distinctly to
the aperture. The outlines of the spire are straight, or very
little contracted near the apex. First whorl smooth, the next
very finely, not sharply, stria te; last two whorls are finely,
sharply striate, the striae quite irregular and unequal. Suture
impressed. The aperture is oblique, ovate, white within.
Outer lip regularly curved, obtuse, thickened within; colu-
inellar lip oblique, straight, dilated, bearing a strong, sub-
horizontal lamella at its lower third. Umbilicus narrow, well-
like, partly covered by the expanded columellar lip.

Length 10, diam. 11.1 mm. (pi. 15, figs. 4, 5).

Length 10.6, diam. 10.2 mm. (pi. 42, fig. 12).

Kauai (Pease) : Puukapele. Type in Mus. Comp. Zool.

Amastra sph&rica PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl., xviii, 1870,
p. 94. — Achatinella sphcerica, Pease, CROSSE, J. de C., xxiv,
1876, p. 98, pi. 1, f . 5, 5a.— PFB., Monogr., viii, p. 235.— BALD-
WIN, Catalogue, p. 10 ("Lanai"?). — A. sphoerica Pse., HART-
MAN, Proc. A. N. S. P., 1888, p. 50.

A. sph&rica is most closely related to A. cyclostoma, from
which it differs conspicuously by the form of the last whorl,
the larger columellar lamella and the smaller size. There is
no tendency to agglutinate foreign matter to the shell, as in
A. obesa and A. agglutinans. The surface of A. obesa is less
sharply striate than in A. sph&rica. Figures 4, 5 of plate 15
represent a specimen barely mature. An old shell is drawn
in pi. 42, fig. 12. Both were received from Pease, and doubt-
less formed part of the original lot.

Series of A. umbilicata.

The shell is umbilieate or quite openly perforate, acutely
ovate; the embryonic whorls are smooth and convex.

This is the most widely distributed Amastrine group except

150 AMASTRA, KAUAI.

Amastrella, occurring on all the islands except Lanai and
Hawaii. It is a primitive group, by its smooth apex, small,
oblique columellar fold and open axis.

Its wide distribution may be taken as evidence for a con-
siderable antiquity. Moreover, four or five of the seven
species known are extinct, mainly occurring in deposits more
or less remote from the habitats of living Amastrse. We have
to do, therefore, with an ancient group, now on the verge of
extinction. The species are as follows:

Kauai : A. similaris.

Oahu: A. extincta, hartmani, sola, antiqua.

Molokai : A. umbilicata.

Maui : A. morticina.

A. antiqua is a rather large, solid, thick-lipped form; A.
sola has the verge of the umbilicus and the basal lip rounded.
A. extincta is not certainly known to belong to this group.
The other species are extremely similar, having the verge of
the umbilicus and the base of the aperture subangular ; and,
except for their geographic separation, they might almost be
considered forms of one species.

5. A. SIMILARIS Pease. PI. 15, figs. 7, 13, 14.

The shell is umbilicate, ovate-conic, rather solid, with fine
but rather rough and unequal striation on the last whorl.
Spire straightly conic, of 5% rather convex whorls. The em-
bryonic whorls are convex and smooth. The last whorl is
compressed around the umbilicus, spirally guttered within it.
The aperture is angular at both ends. The outer lip is ob-
tuse, a little thickened within. Golumella straight, forming
an angle with the basal lip, and bearing a retreating, ob-
lique fold near the base. Umbilicus well-like, very deep.

Length 12.5, diam. 7.7, length of aperture 6.25 mm.

Length 12.2, diam. 7, length of aperture 6 mm.

Kauai, fossil (Pease) ; Waimea (Pse., in coll.) ; Mana
(Baldwin).

Amastra rugulosa Pease var. similaris PEASE, Journ. de
Oonchyl., xviii, 1870, p. 96. — Achatmella similaris BALDWIN,
Catalogue, 1893, p. 10.

AMASTRA, KAUAI. 151

The less swollen contour, open umbilicus and biangular
aperture distinguish this species from A. rugulosa, from which
it seems to be quite distinct. Five specimens examined, three,
including the one figured (figs. 13, 14), received from Pease.

This form must be closely related to A. extincta, said to be
from Oahu, on the authority of Frick; but as described by
Pfeiffer, that shell is more slender, the aperture scarcely more
than one-third the length of the shell, while the aperture of
similaris is about half as long as the shell. Compared with
A. morticina of Maui, A. similaris differs by its less attenuate
early whorls.

Other specimens received from the Pease collection in Mus.
Cornp. Zool. are labeled Waimea, a place on the southwest
coast of Kauai. They are somewhat more slender than those
described above but agree with them otherwise.

Length 12.2, diam. 6.8, aperture 5.9 mm. (fig. 7).

Length 11.5, diam. 7 mm.

Subgenus AMASTRA H. & A. Adams.
Section AMASTRELLA Sykes.

Amastrella SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, pt. iv, Mollusca,
p. 352 (May 19, 1900). Type A. rugulosa Pease.

The shell is rimate or imperforate, ovate-conic or oblong-
conic, the embryonic whorl varying from convex to flattened
and from nearly smooth to longitudinally striate ; later whorls
generally not variegated, covered with cuticle which is either
very thin, or (in Oahuan species) dark and partly deciduous.
Type A. rugulosa Pse.

Amastrella occurs on all of the islands, except Lanai and
Maui, from Kauai to Hawaii. This wide distribution, to-
gether with the simplicity of the unspecialized shell, leads us
to regard the AmastrellaB as little-changed remnants of a prim-
itive Amastrine fauna, which, including also the Cyclamas-
trae, was spread over the entire group.

Series of A. rugulosa.

The shell is narrowly rimate or closed, ovate-conic, rather
roughly striate, dark-colored with a white streak behind the

152 AMASTRA, KAUAI.

outer lip and a white patch around the perforation. Con-
fined to Kauai, but closely related to forms of Oahu and
Hawaii.

6. A. RUGULOSA Pease. PI. 15, fig. 12.

• "Shell ovate-conic, thick, rimate, obliquely wrinkle-striat-
ulate, covered with a rough brown epidermis, chestnut-colored
beneath the epidermis, whitish at the lip-edge and around the
base, the apex blackish. Whorls 6, convex, sometimes a little
inflated. Suture impressed. Aperture ovate, vertical. Colu-
mellar fold strong, callous, compressed, almost transverse.
Lip thickened. Length 12, diam. 9 mm." (Pse.) .

Kauai (Pease): Kapaa (Baldwin); Lihue (Perkins).
Type in Mus. Comp. Zool.

Amastra rugulosa PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl., xviii, 1870, p.
95. — BALDWIN, Catalogue, p. 10. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis,
p. 354. — Achatmella (Amastra) rugulosa Pse., CROSSE, J. de
C., xxiv, 1876, p. 99, pi. 1, f. 4, 4a.— HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1888, p. 49 ("Kula, East Maui").

This species is decidedly more roughly sculptured than A.
nucleola, more obese, the whorls are more convex, and the
columellar lamella is stronger. It is very much like A. sphce-
rica in texture and color, but that is a shorter shell with a
larger umbilicus and no basal white area. The outlines of
the spire, while nearly straight, are perceptibly though weakly
convex below and concave above. The sculpture, at the early
stage, is like that described for nucleola. Whorls 5% to 5%,
the first brown or purplish-brown (not blackish, as Pease
states). The last whorl has rough, uneven striaB, but no
spiral lines. It has a white area at the base, and a narrow
streak behind the lip is white or whitish. The aperture is
brown inside, but there is a narrow white rim within the ob-
tuse lip. Columellar fold quite strong. There is an axial
perforation, half closed by the columellar lip. Two specimens
of the original lot, received from Mr. Pease, have been exam-
ined, one being figured (fig. 12).

Length 12, diam. 8.2 mm. ; aperture length 6 mm.

Length 11.5, diam. 8.1 mm. ; aperture length 6 mm.

AMASTRA, KAUAI. 153

Dr. Hart-man's locality "Kula, East Maui" is doubtless an
error.

6<z. A. rugulosa normalis, n. subsp., pi. 42, fig. 9; pi. 15, figs.
8-10.

A large series from Kipu, in coll. C. Montague Cooke and
A. N. S. P., consists of shells which are thinner than typical
rugulosa, with less roughened surface and a half whorl more.
The color is typical in most examples ; in some there is a pale
band below the periphery, or the entire last whorl may be of
a rich reddish- chestnut color, the spire paler.

Length 12, diam. 8 mm.; 6 whorls (pi. 42, fig. 9; type).

Length 11.2, diam. 8.1 mm..

In an embryo of barely two whorls the periphery is sharply
angular. The columella is spiral but has no callous fold
superposed. The axis is very minutely perforated. Exter-
nally it is finely, very weakly striate, nearly smooth.

Other specimens, without other locality than Kauai, are
illustrated in figs. 8, 9, 10, of plate 15. These shells are
thicker than those of Kipu, but have the same smoothish sur-
face. The axis is very slender and distinctly sinuous in the
second whorl ; then rather large in the last three whorls, still
sinuous; in the last 1% whorls it bears a strong superposed
lamella (pi. 15, fig. 8). The apical sculpture, as drawn in
fig. 9 from a worn example, gives an imperfect, somewhat
erroneous idea. Cotypes are no. 104685 A. N. S. P. and 2316
Cooke collection.

7. A. NUCLEOLA (Gould). PI. 15, figs. 16, 17.

"Shell solid, imperf orate, ovate-globose, livid chestnut, the
apex pale, at the suture and anteriorly whitish. Whorls 6,
somewhat tabulate posteriorly. Aperture rounded; lip sim-
ple; columella excavated, covered with a callus; fold small.
Length nine-twentieths, width one- fourth inch. [Il%x6%
mm.].

"A small solid species, of a livid hue, whitish at the tip
and the neighborhood of the suture, and milk-white just be-
fore the termination of the whorl at the aperture" (Old.).

154 AM ASTRA, KAUAI.

Kauai (Newcomb) : Hanalei (Baldwin) ; Waiole (Gulick).
Type no. 1172 N. Y. State Museum at Albany.

Achatinella nucleola GLD., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., ii, p.
28 (Jan., 1845).— PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 241; iii, 457; iv, 545;
vi, 178. — Amastra nucleola Gld., BALDWIN, Catalogue, 1893, p.
9. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 353, no. 93. — GULICK, Evo-
lution, Racial and Habitudinal, p. 38, pi. 1, f. 2 (Waiole). —
Achatinella brevis PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1845, p. 90
(1846). Monogr. Hel. Viv., iii, 458; vi, 181.

A shell 3.5 mm. long of 2% whorls shows the first iy2
whorls smooth, extremely fine, faint striae then appearing.
There is a well-developed axial lamella. In adults the spire
is more or less tinted with brown, the last whorl deepening
to dull purple; a band below the suture, a patch around the
small axial perforation and a wide stripe behind the lip being
pure white. The last whorl is irregularly, rather finely,
wrinkle-striate. The lip is obtuse and thickened a little
within. The contour varies somewhat.

Length 11.9, diam. 6.9, length of aperture 5 mm.

Length 10.7, diam. 6.9, length of aperture 4.9 mm.

Length 11, diam. 6.1, length of aperture 4.8 mm.

A. rugulosa is its nearest ally, but that is larger, more obese,
with a coarser surface and no subsutural white band.

Though common in collections, all the specimens seen have
the appearance of having been collected dead. The speci-
mens figured are from Waiola, Gulick coll. W. H. Pease
states that he collected the veritable A. nucleola only at
Manoa, Oahu (Journal de Conchyliologie, 1870, p. 96), but
this locality has not been confirmed, and is apparently an
error.

Harper Pease, followed by Mr. Sykes, places A. brevis Pfr.
as a synonym of A. nucleola. The description, given below,
is discrepant in the phrase ilT. non rimata" and in color.
Only one shell in a large series of A. nucleola examined has
the axial >crevice closed. It is almost invariably open, though
narrow and short.

Achatinella brevis Pfr. — Shell not rimate, ovate-conic, solid,
obliquely striatulate, glossy, reddish- brown. Spire convexly-

AMASTRA, KAUAI. 155

conic, rather acute. Suture simple, white. Whorls 6, con-
vex, the last equaling two-fifths the total length. Columella
subarcuate, provided at the base with a minute, tooth-like
tubercle. Aperture little oblique, half -oval. Peristome unex-
panded, thick, obtuse, white. Length 11, diam. 6% mm.;
aperture with peristome 5 mm. long. Sandwich Is., Cuming
coll. (P/r.).

8. A. ANTHONII (Newcomb). PL 15, figs. 15, 18, 19.

' * Shell conically ovate, solid, blaekish-brown, longitudinally
striate. Whorls 6, inflated, suture moderately impressed.
Apex obtuse. Aperture obliquely ovate, subangulate below.
Lip simple, thickened within. Columella short, straight, with
a somewhat callous plication below the middle. White-banded
below the suture, and of a dirty white in the umbilical region.
Length 15, width 10, length of aperture 6, width 4% mm."
(Newc.).

Kauai (at Kaloa?) (Johnson). Type in Mus. Cornell Univ.

Achatinella anthonii NEWC., Proc. California Acad. of Nat.
Sci., ii, p. 93, 1861 ; Amer. Journ. of Conch., ii, 1866, p. 210,
pi. 13, f . 2.—Amastra anthonyi Nc., PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p.
649. — Achatinella anthonyi Newc., HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1888, p. 44.

The outlines of the spire are a little convex, and the apex
is more obtuse than in A. rugulosa. The striation is rough
and irregular, and on the last 2y2 whorls there are spiral
stricz, weakly shown in fig. 19. The spire is purplish-brown,
the last whorl of the same shade or lighter reddish-brown.
The pale sutural band and axial patch mentioned by New-
comb seem to be always present, though varying in intensity
and width. The first two whorls are smooth. The shape
varies from oblong-conic to ovate-conic.

Length 18.5, diam. 10, aperture 8 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Length 16, diam. 9.5, aperture 7.7 mm.

Length 16, diam. 10.3, aperture 8 mm.

156 AMASTRA, OAHU.

AMASTR^E OF OAHU.

Oahu has representatives of four subgenera or sections of
Amastra. Amastrella and Cyclamastra are widely-spread
groups in other islands, while Metamastra and Paramastra
are special to this one. A single species, A. elongata Newc.,
has been referred to Heteramastra, but its claim to a place in
the Oahuan list is questionable.

The island consists of two volcanic masses, a higher, prob-
ably older western mass, the Waianae or Kaala range, and a
larger, lower, eastern or Koolau range, which has been shown
by Dana to be later, or at least to have continued in active
eruption later than the other, by the encroachment of its lava
streams over the base of the Waianae range. The saddle be-
tween these ranges reaches an elevation of nearly 900 feet.
It is arid or grassy, and supports no Achatinellida :

Pterodiscus, Cyclamastra and Laminella are common to
both ranges. Metamastra and Amastrella are characteristic
of the Koolau range, the former with 15, the latter 9 species.
Three forms of Metamastra, all varieties of Koolau species,
occur in the Waianae range, and there are two Waianaean
Amastrella, one varietally connected with a Koolau species,
the other specifically distinct.

Armsia and Planamastra, each with one species, are known
from the Waianae range only. Paramastra, with 7 species, is
also characteristic of the Waianae range. Two of these species
occur also in the Koolau range, where there are also two dis-
tinct species of the same group. The cornea group is like-
wise probably of Waianaean origin, two species being from
that range, and two, rare and local, in the Koolau range.
Not much weight is to be attached to this series, since the re-
lationship of the Waianae and Main Range species is rather
uncertain. See pp. 138-9, where the species of both ranges
are enumerated.

It appears from the data in hand that both eastern and
western areas existed as independent evolution-centers for a
period sufficiently long for the evolution of distinct sub-
generic groups of Amastras in each, while Planamastra and
Armsia became differentiated in the Waianae, and various

AMASTRA, OAHU. 157

groups of Achatinellae in the Main or Koolau range. Pol-
lowing this long period of isolation, in quite modern times,
within the lifetime of existing species, the two radiation-
centers were transiently connected by a forest area across the
intervening saddle, which had meantime been built up from
a lower level or from below sea-level. This allowed the migra-
tion of a few virile species from range to range.

Aside from this geologically very recent exchange of species
between the two Oahuan radiation-centers, there is no evi-
dence whatever to show that the fauna of either range was
derived from the other. The truth probably is that both
arose from an early tertiary fauna which occupied a more
extensive land, upon which the existing volcanic deposits were
superposed during Neocene time, with synchronous subsidence
of the ancient ridge. I cannot find one shred of evidence for
Hyatt's contention that the southeastern end of the Main
Range was the primary radiation-center and that the Waianae
fauna was derived from the eastern range.

The deposits containing fossil land shells -are probably
Pleistocene, possibly Pliocene. That on Diamond Head is be-
lieved by Branner to have been an old forest deposit covered
with talus. Its fossils belong to modern groups of the same
district, though not now living in the same locality.

The first Achatinella known, Helix apex-fulva Dixon, was
obtained in Oahu (June, 1786) from a necklace prob-
ably made in Kawailoa valley. In 1819 the French corvette
Uranie visited Hawaii, Maui and Oahu, lying in Honolulu
harbor. In the neighboring valleys, probably Nuuanu and
Manoa or Palolo, the following species were obtained : Achat-
inella, vulpina, gravida var. graeilis, decora, lorata; Amastra
turritella, textilis, tristis-, and Lept. ventulus. Amastra lute-
ola also may have been from Oahu, but it is more likely a
Hawaiian shell related to A. flavescens. Amastra spirizona
they also obtained, no doubt from the natives, as it occurs
only in western Oahu. The next collection of importance was
made by Lord Byron in H. M. S. Blonde, 1824, who brought
home a shell necklace, composed of Achatinellida special to
Kawailoa valley, near the western end of the main range, and

158 AMASTRA, OAHU.

described by Swainson. Subsequent to these pioneer collec-
tions the work was taken up by Neweomb, Frick (whose shells
were described by Pfeiffer), Gulick, and after the lapse of
many years by Baldwin, bringing us to the workers of to-day,
who have begun a new period of 'active investigation of this
wonderful fauna.

Key to O'ahuan Amastrce.

a. Shell umbilicate ; embryonic whorls smooth.

Cydamastra, p. 158.

a1. Shell imperf orate or narrowly rimate.
b. Sinistral.

c. Ovate-conic, rather stout. A. thaanumi, no. 22.
c1. Oblong- turreted, slender. A. elongata, no. 54.
61. Dextral.

c. Shell turreted or pyramidal, often banded.

Paramastra, p. 208.
c1. Shell ovate, oblong or globose-conic.

d. Curve below the columellar lamella well

rounded. Amastrella, p. 191.

d1. Curve below lamella narrow, spout-like.

Metamastra.
e. Stout, often variegated, variegata

group, p. 163.

e1. Slender, spire concavely conic, cor-
nea group, p. 187.

The following Amastrse are enumerated without descrip-
tions in Baldwin, Catalogue Land and Fresh-Water Shells of
the Hawaiian Islands, 1893.

Achatinella ferruginea Bald. Ewa and Waianae Mts.,
Oahu (p. 9).

Achatinella testudinea Bald. Ewa, Oahu (p. 10).

Subgenus CYCLAMASTRA Pilsbry & Vanatta (p. 147).

Series of A. umbilicata; p. 149.)
9. A. SOLA n. sp. PI. 38, figs. 6, 9, 10.

The shell is openly perforate, conic, thin, with but little

AMASTRA, OAHU. 159

luster, the last whorl or two dark reddish-brown with some
light lines and patches, those above pale yellowish from in-
cipient decay of the cuticle. Outlines of the spire are
straight, but the individual whorls are very strongly convex.
Embryonic whorls smooth ; later whorls with irregular sculp-
ture of fine growth-wrinkles. Aperture reddish-brown within,
the lip very thin, acute ; basal margin well rounded. Colu-
inellar margin straight, dilated above, arching over the nar-
row umbilicus. Columellar fold thin, very small and strongly
oblique. Length 9.8, diam. 6, aperture 4.9 mm.; 5% whorls.

Oahu: Wahiawa (Thaanum, type loc.) ; Kawaihulona
(Spalding). Type to be placed in the Bishop Museum.

A. hartmani is a more obese shell with larger umbilicus.
A. umbilicata has the whorls but slightly convex, "anfr. 6
vix convexiusculi" (Pfr.). A. extincta, a larger shell, has
similarly low convexity "anfr. 7 vix convexiusculis" (Pfr.).
In A. sola the convexity of the whorls is unusually emphatic.
Compared with a Molokai specimen of A. umbilicata, this
Oahuan shell differs by the more convex whorls, the last whorl
wider, not angular around the umbilicus, and the aperture is
rounded below, not angular as in

10. A. EXTINCTA (Pfeiffer).

"Shell perforate, ovate-turrite, solid, striatulate, chalky.
Spire long, tapering upwards, acute. Whorls 7, scarcely con-
vex, the last less than one-third the total length, somewhat
compressed around the perforation. Aperture slightly ob-
lique, rhombic-oval, angular at the base. Columellar fold
compressed, ascending almost from the base. Peristome sim-
ple, unexpanded, the margins joined by a thick, somewhat
nodiferous callus, columellar margin dilated, free. Length
16, diam. 7.5 mm.; aperture 5.5 mm. long, 3 wide" (Pfr.).

Oahu, sub fossil (Frick, in Cuming coll.).

Achatinella extincta PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 204; Monogr.,
iv, 550.— THWING, Occ. Papers B. P. B. Mus., iii, p. 184;
Amastra extincta Pfr., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 336. —
L[eptachatina] hartmani Ncwc., HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S.
Phila.. 1888, p. 54, in part; not pi. 1, fig. 12, "type".

160 AMASTRA, OAHU.

Pease (P. Z. S., 1869, p. 651) and Hartman, 1888, referred
extincta to Leptachatina. Dr. Newcomb (in Hartman, 1888)
renamed the shell on the ground that having been found re-
cent, extincta was a misnomer. Mr. Sykes thinks that the
recent shells in question were probably erroneously identified
as Pfeiffer's species, an opinion which I share. A. extincta
has not been figured. The scarcely convex whorls should be
a diagnostic character. Being described as "perforate," it
probably belongs to the inflata series of Amastrse; but on
account of its connection in the literature with A. hartmani,
we leave it in this group temporarily.

11. A. HABTMANI 'Newcomb' Hartman. PL 38, fig. 11.
Hartman figured as the type of L. hartmani a fossil shell

received from Newcomb as from Oahu, which differs from
Pfeiffer's description of A. extincta by its very much broader
shape and distinct umbilicus. The photograph from which
Hartman 's figure was drawn measures, length 12.1, diam. 8.8
mm. It is reproduced on our plate 38. No description of
this shell has been published, since Hartman considered it
specifically identical with A. extincta Pfr. It is therefore
defined solely by the figure.

Oahu, fossil. Type in Hartman coll., Hamburg Mus.

L[eptachatina] hartmani Ncwc. (MS. coll. Newcomb),
HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1888, p. 54. — Leptachatina
hartmanii Newc., HARTMAN, t. c., p. 56, pi. 1, f. 12 (April 24,
1888).

Hartman based his species hartmani on Pfeiffer's descrip-
tion of A. extincta and on a specimen which he expressly
designates as the type. It is proposed to restrict the name
to the latter.

Photographs of two recent Oahu specimens referred by
Hartman to L. hartmani are in the collection of the Academy.
They are much less inflated than the type, and probably not
identical with it.

12. A. ANTIQUA Baldwin. PI. 32, figs. 22, 23.

* ' Shell fossil, dextral, narrowly but deeply perforated, the

AMASTRA, OAHU. 161

perforation penetrating almost to the apex ; solid, elongately
ovate, apex subacute ; surface sculptured with, rude, irregular
lines of growth, the apical whorls smooth. Color of the living
shell unknown. Whorls 6, convex; suture well impressed.
Aperture a trifle oblique, sublunate; peris-tome thickened
within, columellar margin adnate, slightly expanded over the
umbilicus, extremities somewhat converging and united by a
thick parietal callosity; columella flexuous, terminating in a
narrow plait. Length 20, diam. 12 mm." (Baldw.).

Oahu: Ewa.

Amastra antiqua BALDWIN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p.
233, pi. 11, f. 47.

"We received this species from Prof. A. B. Lyons, of Oahu
College. He reports that he found at Ewa a singular accu-
mulation of these and other fossil land shells, huddled to-
gether in one spot in a bed of soft tufa-like material, at an
altitude not far above sea-level. The existence of living ex-
amples of this and the following species now, or within any
recent period, is highly improbable " (Baldwin).

The sculpture consists of coarse, unequal wrinkles separated
by finely, irregularly striate intervals, the embryonic shell ap-
pearing smooth in the fossil examples. It is narrowly um-
'bilicate, rather than "perforated," as described by Mr. Bald-
win, the umbilicus being nearly 1 mm. wide. The spire is
slightly contracted near the summit. The peristome is obtuse
with a callous rib within. There is a low, oblique nodule or
callous ridge on the parietal wall some distance within, above
and rather near the origin of the columella. The parietal
callus is rather thick at the edge in adult shells. Two speci-
mens of the type lot measure :

Length 20.3, diam. 13, aperture 10 mm., whorls 6.

Length 18, diam. 11.5, aperture 8.2 mm., whorls 6%.

This species is probably related to the group of smaller
forms comprising A. similaris Pse. (Kauai), A. hartmani Nc.
(Oahu) and A. morticina Pils. (Maui). In all of these forms
the umbilicus is large for an Amastra, the embryonic whorls
are smooth, the columellar lip free and not much dilated, and
the columellar lamella rather small and oblique. A. antiqua

162 AMASTRA, OAHU.

differs from the others by its rough sculpture and large size.
The thickening-up of the parietal callus is probably an old-
age feature, which is often correlated with increasing aridity
of station. Figured from a co-type in coll. A. N. S. P.

Section METAMASTRA Hyatt & Pilsbry.
Imperforate or narrowly rimate Amastrae with very finely
striate or smoothish embryonic whorls, strong, subhorizontal
columellar lamella, the sinus below it narrow and deep, some-
what spout-like. Type A. variegata Nc.

Series of A. variegata.

Amastrae of compact shape, the spire usually convexly
conic, whorls 5% to 6%; apex rather obtuse, the embryonic
whorls convex, very finely striate or nearly smooth (except in
A. badia) ; later whorls with no dull outer coat of cuticle,
usually variegated with opaque buff interrupted bands or
streaks ; rather glossy. Outer lip generally thickened within ;
columellar lamella strong, subhorizontal, the sinus below it
rather spout-like.

These forms differ from the group of A. rub ens and in flat a
chiefly by the spout-like basal sinus of the aperture, produced
by an angulation of the whorl around the axis, noticeable be-
hind the columella in adult shells, while in the neanic stage
the basal part of the shell is rather straightly conic. The
cuticle, moreover, never has a conspicuous, dull, deciduous
layer, as is usual in the in flat a group.

This Oahuan group has been differentiated from Amastrella
by the development of variegated coloration in the ''middle
layer" (not the outer, more or less deciduous cuticle, -as in
variegated species of Molokai and Maui), and by the peculiar
shape of the sinus below the columellar lamella, It com-
prises two series of species: Series of A. variegata (see below),
and Series of A. cornea, 'acutely ovate shells with the spire
attenuate, species 41 to 44.

Metamastra is here used in a somewhat wider sense than
originally limited by the senior author.

The reticulata series is copiously developed in the eastern

AMASTRA, OAHU. 163

part of the Main Range of Oa.hu, where there are many species
and races, some of them very local, others more widely rang-
ing. Two species, aibolcibris and reticulata have migrated to
the Waianae Range also.

Key to Species of the Variegata Series.

1. Shell sinistral, oblong, chestnut with darker spire.

A. thaanumi, no. 22.
Shell dextral, 2.

2. Outlines of the spire concave ; chestnut-brown ; 11x7 mm.

A. irwiniana, no. 17.
Outlines of spire straight or convex, 3.

3. Shell and parietal callus very thick ; oblong-conic ; length

14 to 15, diam. 8 mm.

A. solida, no. 23 ; A. venusta, no. 24.
Parietal callus thin or moderate, 4.

4. A thread and groove above suture on 3d and 4th whorls;
cylindric-oblong. A. spaldingi, no. 15.
Smooth above suture, 5.

5. Shell distinctly or strongly striate, and usually decus-

sated with spirals, 6.
Shell weakly striate or smoothish, 8.

6. Reddish-brown and whitish, sometimes banded, under a

yellow cuticle ; 16x9 to MxS1^ mm.

A. albolabris, no. 18 ; A. subrostrata, no. 19.
Deep brown, rather rudely striate and minutely decus-
sate ; 17x9% mm. A. sericea, no. 20.
Dark brown, oblong-conic, widest near the base; finely,
rather weakly striate; 16.5x9.2 mm.

A. davisiana, no. 21.
Fossil, Diamond Head; cylindric-eomc • 14x7.1 mm.

A. caputadamantis, no. 28.

Maculate, banded, or with ragged streaks of whitish on
a dark brown ground ; striation and incised spirals gen-
erally strong, 7.

7. Small, 12 to 13 mm. long. A. transversalis, no. 27.
Larger, 19x12 mm. ; globose-ovate ; embryonic whorls

striate. A. undata, no. 29.

164 AMASTRA, OAHU.

Large, about 20 mm. long, ovate-conic, embryonic whorls
unevenly ribbed. A. badia, no. 30.

8. Shell globose-conic, diam. about two-thirds or three-

fourths the length, 9.
Shell oblong-conic or ovate, not so wide, 12.

9. Dark brown under a greenish-yellow suffusion, 10.
Brown or pale, usually banded or speckled with white, 11.

10. Much depressed, periphery angular in front ; 10x7.7 mm.

A. gulickiana, no. 14.
Ovate, periphery rounded ; length 14, diam. 8 to 9 mm.

A. t. media, no. 13a.

11. Thin; whitish, pale or dark brown, usually sparsely

banded with white. A. pellucida, no. 16.

Rather solid, speckled or banded with whitish.

A. reticulata, no. 25.

12. Aperture small, contained about 2% times in the length;

mottled and streaked with yellow on a dark ground;
16.7x8 num. A. cookei, no. 26.

Aperture about half the length of shell or more.

A. textilis, no. 13; A. reticulata var., no. 25.

13. A. TEXTILIS (Ferussac). PL 30, figs. 1 to 7.

" Shell dextral, ovate, the summit acuminate, engraved
with longitudinal and transverse striae; epidermis buff or
reddish, fugacious ; whorls 5 ; aperture semilunate ; peristome
thickened within; columella short, provided with a distinct
rib ; umbilical crevice hardly distinct. Length 6%, diam. 3%
lignes. Sandwich Is." (Ferussac).

Oahu, southern slope of the eastern third of the Main
range: Waialae, Palolo, Manoa, Nuuanu, Moanalua, Halawa
(aulick, Cooke).

Helix textilis FERUSSAC, Voy. Autour du Monde de 1'Uranie
et la Physicienne, par L. de Freycinet, Zoologie, p. 482 (1824).
— Achatinella textilis NEWCOMB, Annals of the Lyceum of N.
H. of N. Y., vi, 1858, p. 305.— BALDWIN, Catalogue 1893, p.
10.— BINNEY, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., xi, p. 190, pi. 14, f. G
(radula). — Amastra textilis HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1888, p. 50, pi. 1, f. 8. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 345, no.

AMASTRA, 6/.KU. 165

60. — Achalutt-lla microstoma GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii,
1845, p. 28. — Achatinella ventulus Fer., PFEIFFER, P. Z. S.,
1845, p. 89 ; Monogr., ii, p. 241 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 287, pi. 67,
f. 12, 13. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., vi, 1850, pi. 4, f. 31.-
THWING, Orig. Descriptions, p. 143, pi. 3, f. 14. Not of
Ferussac. — Achatinella ellipsoidea GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.
H., ii, 1847, p. 200; U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 87, pi. 7, fig.
96. — Leptachatina textttis Fer., W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci., iii, p. 99, pi. 6, f. G (teeth).

Ferussac 's diagnosis of this species is not good. If the
truth be told, he had little talent for description, and his
taxonomic instinct was generally at fault. Braguiere's de-
scriptions and Lamarck's systematies are on a higher plane.
It was Dr. Newcomb who first recognized the real identity of
Helix ventulus and H. textilis, having seen the type specimens
of both in the Jardin des Plantes. The typical form seems to
have been one of the rather unusual specimens marked with
spiral lines, such as are found in Nuuanu valley.

A. textilis is imperforate or sometimes slightly rimate, solid,
oblong-conic, polished, with weak sculpture of fine, uneven
growth- wrinkles. Color rich chestnut (varying in intensity),
paler, and usually yellow below the suture and around the
columella; spire purplish-brown. The chestnut color some-
times gives place to yellowish, or again there may be an olive
or greenish tinge (the color of the form Gould called A. micro-
stoma). Some yellow shells have numerous indistinct olive-
brown spiral lines, and these may be very slightly sunken (fig.
6, Waialae) ; an example so marked was described by Ferus-
sac. Old shells generally show scattered golden flecks, or
whitish lines and dots, from disintegration of the cuticle.
The spire has convex outlines below, straight near the apex.
Whorls 5y2 to 6!/2, but little convex. The second embryonic
whorl has very fine, close longitudinal striae, which in some
shells are cut by smoothish spiral bands. The last whorl is
more or less convex. Aperture small, rather oblique, flesh-
tinted inside, the outer lip strengthened by a narrow whitish
rib within the acute edge. The columellar lamella is strong
and subhorizontal ; there is a sort of gutter at the junction of

166 AMASTRA, OAHU.

the columellar and basal margins, quite unlike the rounded
curve of A. decorticata, etc., but similar to the reticulata
group. Parietal callus usually rather thick, but thin at the
edge and transparent.

Fig. 3. Length 15.5, diam. 7.8, aperture 7 mm. Palolo.

Fig. 1. Length 15, diam. 8.5, aperture 6.9 mm. Palolo.
Length 14.5, diam. 8.7, aperture 6.9 mm. Palolo.

Fig. 2. Length 14, diam. 9, aperture 7.2 mm. Palolo.
Length 13.2, diam. 8.1, aperture 7 mm. Palolo.

From the figures and measurements it will be seen that the
shape varies within very wide limits, from the more oblong
form of typical textilis to a globose-conic shape exactly like
A. breviata. Many of these short shells are really indistin-
guishable from the latter, though they may generally be sep-
arated by the greater solidity and smoother, glossy surface of
A. textilis.

The specimens from localities mentioned above do not differ
materially, -all the lots being variable. Several shells from a
large series from Nuuanu (pi. 30, figs. 4, 5) measure:

Length 18, diam. 9.5, aperture 8.3 mm.

Length 17.5, diam. 9.5, aperture 8 mm.

Length 16, diam. 9, aperture 7 mm. ; whorls

Length 15.2, diam. 8, aperture 7 mm. ; whorls

Length 13.8, diam. 8.5, aperture 6.8 mm. ; whorls 6.

Length 13, diam. 8.5, aperture 6.8 mm. ; whorls 5%.

Length 12.5, diam. 8.8, 'aperture 6.5 mm. ; whorls

In his "Reprint of the original descriptions of the genus
Achatinella, " p. 143, under ventulus, Mr. Thwing gives part of
Reeve's description of his ventulus (= textilis), at the same
time quoting Newcomb's notes relating to Leptachatina ven-
tulus (see p. 54), thus confusing two distinct species belong-
ing to different genera. On p. 146 the original description
of textilis is given.

Gould described this species twice ; in 1845 under the name
A. microstoma, no exact habitat, and in 1848 as1 A. ellipsoidea,
from Maui. The type of A. microstoma has been lost, but it
has generally, and doubtless correctly, been considered a syn-
onym of textilis. The original description follows.

AMASTRA, OAHU. 167

A. microstoma (Old.). "Shell ovate, imperf orate, solid,
epidermis greenish-brown. Whorls 6, the last ventricose.
Aperture small, ovate-rounded, the throat livid; lip simple,
thickened within; columella deeply sinuous, covered with a
thick callus, fold strong. Distinguished by its ovate form,
dusky green exterior, and small, strongly fortified aperture.
Length three-fifths, diam. seven-twentieths of an inch" [15x
8.75mm.] (Old.).

Compact greenish forms of textilis, which are evidently
' ' microstoma, ' ' occur from Moanaloa to Nuuanu and on Tan-
talus. A series from Nuuanu (Cooke coll.) is figured, pi. 30,
figs. 8, 9, 10. The spire is darker than the last whorl, mainly
purplish-brown; the last whorl is yellowish- green or brown-
clouded green, or there may be brownish bands on a yellow-
green ground, or yellow bands on a brown ground.

The integradation between these shells and normal textilis
is complete, and we attach little importance to the distinction.

A. ellipsoidea, of which we have examined Gould's figured
type, is no. 5498 U. S. Nat. Mus. (pi. 40, figs. 17, 18). It cer-
tainly never came from Maui, as supposed by Gould, being
merely a variegated textilis, exactly like some of the Nuuanu
specimens. The ground-color is brown, a white band appear-
ing below the suture on the penult, whorl, widening on the
last whorl, where it spreads downward. There are some
narrow whitish spiral lines in the peripheral region, and a
rather large yellow basal patch. It may be noted that Gould
himself compares it with "ventulus" Fer., a name at that
time used for textilis Fer. It has been united erroneously
with A. pupoidea Newc., which belongs to a separate series.
The type is figured.

13a. A. textilis media Hyatt & Pilsbry, n. subsp. PI. 30, figs.

11, 12.

The shell is short, rather thin, perforate, compactly ovate-
conic, the outlines of the spire slightly convex; sculptured
with fine growth-wrinkles; dull purplish-brown under a very
thin cuticle which with age becomes light greenish-yellow in
lines and streaks, or throughout on the spire, "dead" shells

168 AMASTRA, OAHU.

becoming greenish-yellow throughout; aperture purplish
within, the lip, columellar lamella and parietal callus thin.

Length 14, diam. 8.6 mm.; 5% whorls (figs. 11, 12).

Length 12, diam. 7.5 mm. ; 5y2 whorls.

Aeia (a short valley splitting the ridge northwest of Ha-
lawa) , co-types no. 1050 Cooke coll., 104686 A. N. S. P., and
13378 Best. Soc. coll.

Perhaps a form dwarfed by unfavorable conditions, but
recognized by the senior author in MSS. as a distinct species.
Some examples without definite locality in coll. A. N. S. P.
are rather solid with thickened lip. Its range lies on the ex-
treme northwestern border of the known range of A. textilis.

13&. A. textilis kaipaupauensis n. subsp. PL 38, fig. 12.

The shell is short, subperforate, thin, with straightly conic
spire and convex whorls, the last quite rotund ; dull purplish-
brown, the thin cuticle yellowish on the early whorls. Em-
bryo finely striate ; later whorls with fine, irregular sculpture
of growth-wrinkles. Aperture purplish within, the lip very
narrowly thickened. Columellar lamella thin, its lower edge
Bubhorizontal. Length 11, diam. 7.1, aperture 6 mm. ; 5%
whorls.

Kaipaupau (Spalding coll.).

Near the above, yet with narrower, straightly conic spire
and more convex whorls. Type to be deposited in the Bishop
Museum.

14. A. GULICKIANA n. sp. PL 38, fig. 8.

Shell narrowly perforate, globose-conic, rather solid, glossy,
without dull or deciduous outer cuticle. Spire very short, its
outlines very slightly convex, nearly straight, the summit ob-
tuse. Embryonic whorls nearly smooth, the first dull purple,
the rest covered with a thin, light greenish-yellow cuticle, be-
coming reddish-brown on the latter part of the last whorl.
Embryonic whorls apparently smooth, rather convex ; follow-
ing whorls lightly marked with growth-striae, less convex, the
last whorl subglobose, subangular in front of the aperture,
becoming rotund in the last two-thirds. Aperture somewhat

AM ASTRA, OAHU. 169

oblique; interior purple, becoming paler and a little thick-
ened near the lip. Columella short, bearing a moderate and
not very oblique fold below the middle, the edge dilated
above the fold. Parietal callus thin, purple. Length 10,
diam. 7.7, aperture 5.3 mm. ; 5^/3 whorls.

Oahu: Opaiula (Irwin Spalding). Type to be deposited
in the Bishop Museum.

This peculiar shell is probably a derivative from the A. tex-
tilis stock, but its locality is far to the northwest of the textilis
area. The coloration — a greenish-yellow suffusion over dark
red-brown — is the same as in some forms of textilis from Nuu-
anu and elsewhere. The summit is more obtuse than in tex-
tilis, and the last whorl retains a juvenile feature in the an-
gulation of the periphery in front, It is a very rare species,
known up to this time by two specimens, taken by Mr. Spal-
ding. The shorter shape and very obtuse summit differentiate
A. gulickiana from the small varieties of A. textilis. It is a
very distinct species.

15. A. SPALDINGI Cooke. Plate 30, fig. 14; pi. 38, fig. 13.

"The shell is imperf orate, dextral, eylindrically ovate,
somewhat thin, irregularly and faintly striate with lines of
growth, the third whorl distinctly and diagonally striate, the
third and fourth whorls having a distinct spiral thread just
above the sutures, the first three whorls light brown with a
yellowish tinge, the lower three of a uniform dark resinous
chestnut. Spire subcylindrical, with slightly convex outlines,
apex somewhat obtuse. Suture simple, hardly impressed.
Whorls Gi/o, increasing somewhat regularly, the embryonic
somewhat convex, the rest flatly convex, the last cylindrical,
tapering gradually towards the base. Aperture subpyriform,
bluish within, scarcely oblique. Columella nearly straight,
hardly twisted: columellar fold basal, rather small, thin, ob-
lique, flexuous. Outer margin of lip regularly curved, erect,
thin, forming a slight angle with the base of the columella ;
columellar margin thin, appressed, adnate. Length 18.9,
dia.m. 9.6, length of ap. (diagonal) 8.1 mm." (Cooke}.

Oahu: Summit of Konahuanui, at 3,300 ft. (Spalding).
Type no. 16451, Bishop Museum.

170 AMASTRA, OAHU.

Amastra spaldingi COOKE, Occas. Pap. B. P. Bishop Mu-
seum, iii, p. 18 [214], f. 2 (July 24, 1908).

Figured from specimens 17738 and 17612, Bishop Mus.
Its nearest congener is probably A. textilis Fer., from which
it differs by the larger size, more cylindric form, and espec-
ially by the spiral threads above the suture, on the third and
fourth whorls, a feature peculiar to this species. These
spirals are best shown in the enlarged view of the neanic
stage, pi. 38, fig. 13. Named in honor of Mr. Irwin Spalding,
of Honolulu.

16. A. PELLUCIDA Baldwin. PI. 30, fig. 13.

"Shell dextral, imperforate, very fragile, thin, translucent,
globosely conic, apex rather acute; surface lusterless, sculp-
tured with fine incremental lines, apical whorls smooth. Color
light-brown, apex darker; destitute of epidermis. Whorls
5%, somewhat convex; suture moderately impressed. Aper-
ture oval, a trifle oblique, livid- white within ; peristome simple,
thin; columella white, flexuous, abruptly terminating in a
thin lamellar plait. Length 12^, diam. 8 mm.

"Animal of a uniform brown color; the 'head above and
tentacles of a darker shade. The action of the heart is plainly
visible through the thin texture of the shell. When first col-
lected the pulsations were about fifty per minute, growing
slower and fainter from day to day until the animal died"
(Baldwin).

Oahu : Waianae Valley. Co-types no. 65721 A. N. S. P.

Amastra pellucida BALDWIN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p.
231, pi. 11, f. 45, 46 (not f. 41, 42).

' ' This species is well characterized by its thin pellucid tex-
ture, globose form, abbreviated spire, and light brown color"
(Baldwin).

The type specimen which served for Mr. Baldwin's meas-
urements and fig. 45 of his plate is drawn in fig. 13. It is an
adult shell, white under a thin, very pale straw-colored cuticle,
which is deciduous in a band below the suture, the first 3
whorls being rather light brown and smooth. Though thin,
it is not fragile, but moderately strong. The aperture is white

AMASTBA, OAHU. 171

within and the lip is strengthened by a narrow but distinct
white rib within the edge. The columellar lamella is strong
and subhorizontal, and there is an extremely narrow umbilical
slit in all of the specimens (4) of the type lot. Consequent
upon the angularity of the base, around the axis, the junc-
tion of columellar and basal lips is somewhat spout-like.

The other three shells are immature, wanting the lip-rib.
One is colored like the type, but the other two are of a slightly
transparent and dilute reddish-brown tint, the apical whorls
much darker in one example. All three show traces of a few
whitish or creamy spiral lines, at and above the periphery,
and all are covered with a thin cuticle. The periphery is
noticeably angular in front of the aperture in these immature
shells, but hardly perceptibly so in the adult type specimen.
The shortest shell measures, length 11.5, diam. 8.3 mm.

The following form from the Main Range of Oahu ap-
proaches pellucida so closely that I hardly see the way clear
to separate the two forms as species, though I must admit the
possibility of convergent evolution in this case.

160. A. BREVIATA Baldwin. PI. 30, figs. 15, 17, 18.

Shell a little more solid, reddish-chestnut, pale below the
suture, behind the lip and around the perforation, and often
encircled with interrupted creamy lines and bands, at and
above the periphery. Aperture flesh-colored within ; lip very
little thickened; otherwise as in A. pellucida'. Length 12.3,
diam. 8 mm., whorls 5%.

Oahu: Palolo and Halawa, a variety in Waimano.

Amustra breviata BALDWIN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p.
231, pi. 11, f. 41, 42. — Achatinella breviana BALDWIN, Cata-
logue, 1893, p. 8, name only.

The type specimen is figured, figs. 17, 18. In some others
of the type lot there are no hydrophanous markings. It is
hardly distinguishable from A. pellucida, although Mr. Bald-
win states that the animals differ. Some difference in pigmen-
tation of the soft parts may reasonably be expected in -view
of the variation in color of the shells. In stating that this
species and A. pellucida are without epidermis, Mr. Baldwin

172 AMASTRA, OAHU.

was in error, for a thin cuticle exists, as in all the Metamastrse,
though there is no dull or dark outer layer.

A. p. breviata, while connecting with A. pellucida through
various shells of intermediate shades of brown, is 'also, on the
other hand, quite as closely connected with A. textilis. Typi-
cally breviata is more obese than textilis, a little thinner, a
trifle more roughly wrinkled, less glossy, and it often has
hydrophanous bands; but I would not care to attempt the
separation of a mixed lot.

In a series from Waimano in coll. C. M. Cooke the color is
rich red-brown, varying in intensity. One shell has an in-
terrupted buff line near the suture, and a small yellow area
at the axis, the others being one-colored. The shell is thinner
than in typical breviata (pi. 30, fig. 15).

Probably A. breviata will be found to range from Palolo
to Waimano. In its characters and distribution it lies be-
tween textilis and pellucida, though of course separated from
the latter by the arid inter-montane belt.

17. A. IBWINIANA Cooke. PI. 30, fig. 16.

"The shell is minutely (though distinctly) perforate, dex-
tral, globosely conical, with slightly concave outlines, thin,
distinctly irregular and closely striate with lines of growth,
not glossy, the upper whorls and the base of the last whorl
light brown with a slightly yellowish tinge, the upper por-
tion of the last whorl of a dark chestnut. Spire slightly con-
cavely conic, apex acute. Suture simple, well impressed.
Whorls 6%, the embryonic slightly swollen, the fourth and
fifth slightly flatter, the last convex, tumid, with an almost
obsolete angle at the periphery, tapering towards the base.
Aperture rather large, bluish within, in. the form of a slightly
oblique sector of a circle, very slightly oblique. Columella
straight ; columellar fold almost median', rather large, thin and
slightly oblique. Outer margin of the lip thin, slightly thick-
ened within, erect, regularly curved, forming an angle with
the base of the columella ; eolumellar margin thin, reflexed
above, the umbilicus. Umbilicus minute, semicircular. Length
11.2, diam. 7.2, length of ap. (diagonal) 5.9 mm." (Cooke).

AMASTRA, OAHU. 173

Oahu: Summit of Lanihuli, at 2700 ft (Spalding). Type
no. 16633, Bishop Museum.

Amastra irwiniana COOKE, Occas. Papers B. P. Bishop Mus.,
iii, p. 17 [213], f. 3 (July 24, 1908).

"This species is undoubtedly related to A. breviata Bald-
win. It is, however, smaller, with a more acute and slightly
concave spire, and the arrangement of its color is different.

"A second specimen has the following measurements:
length 10.8, diam. 6.9 mm." (Cooke).

Alt. Lanihuli stands between the heads of Nuuanu and
Kalihi valleys, at the head of Kapalama. The locality is
therefore within the area recorded for A. breviata. The em-
bryonic whorls are much more sharply striate than in A. bre-
viata, more resembling fresh specimens of A. cornea, which
also agrees in the shape of the spire. A. irwiniana, here fig-
ured from the type specimen, seems rather isolated in its
group. Dedicated to Mr. Irwin Spalding.

18. A. ALBOLABEIS (Newcomb). PL 30, figs. 21, 22, 23.

' ' Shell conically ovate ; apex acute ; whorls 6, rounded, not
margined ; aperture ovate ; columella short, plicately toothed ;
lip semilunar, thickened and white ; color dark umber with a
yellow sutural line; within bluish white. Length fourteen-
twentieths, diam 6^-twentieths of an inch" (Newc.).

Oahu: W-aianae (Newcomb); Lihue (Gulick); Kalihi and
Kapalama (Baldwin) ; Nuuanu (C. M. Cooke). Co-types in
coll. Newcomb and British Museum.

Achatinella albo-labris NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 149, pi. 24,
f. 56. — A. albolabris Newc., PFB., Monogr., iv, 556. — BALD-
WIN, Catalogue, p. 8. — Achatinella nucleola Gld., REEVE,
Conch. Icon., v, pi. 5, f. 39 (1850), not of Gould,

This species certainly inhabits both of the Oahuan ranges.
It was first taken in the Waianae range, but it has also been
taken in some numbers in the eastern range, in the adjacent
valleys Kalihi, Kapalama and Nuuanu. Numerous specimens
from Newcomb, Gulick and Cooke are before us.

The shell is solid, nearly or quite imperforate, covered with
a thin, glossy, yellow cuticle, the calcareous layer below it

174 AMASTRA, OAHU.

being reddish-brown in the spire or throughout, or the last
whorl may be almost white under the cuticle. The general
tone is therefore quite variable, but the pale yellow tint gen-
erally predominates on the last whorl. Sometimes it is varie-
gated with narrow spiral bands of olive-yellow and brighter
yellow. These approach the reticulata type of coloring.
There is almost always a narrow pale band below the suture.
The embryonic whorls are very finely, rather sharply striate.
the last one generally having the striae interrupted by spiral
lines. The later whorls have coarse wrinkle-striaa, usually
cut by spiral incised lines, but these may be very weak, or
even scarcely perceptible. The interior is white or pale flesh-
tinted; and the lip has a strong white callous rib within.
The parietal callous is thick and opaque. Lihue shells (fig.
23) measure:

Length 16.1, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 13.8, diam. 8.2, aperture 7 mm. ; 5^2 whorls.

In Nuuanu shells (pi. 30, figs. 21, 22) the cuticle is stronger
than in those from the Waianae range ; color a rather bright
yellow, sometimes with interrupted or stippled whitish
bands ; upper whorls of the spire dull red-brown as usual. A
shell normal in shape and a very long one are figu-red.

A. albolabris is related to the much darker and smoother A.
textilis, but it also has characters of the more typical forms
of the reticulata series, as shown by the occasional develop-
ment of a variegated coloration, the spiral incised lines and
rather strong striation of the later whorls, reminding one of
A. venusta, which is perhaps its nearest relative.

19. A. SUBROSTRATA (Pfeiffer).

"Shell imperf orate, dextral, ovate-conic, solid, irregularly
striate, a little shining; brown, clouded with tawny. Spire
swollen-conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 6, the first 4
scarcely convex, the last rounded, about two-fifths the total
length. Columellar lamella nearly basal, acute, oblique.
Aperture slightly oblique, irregularly semieiliptieal, angular
at the columella, as if extended into a sort of beak. Peri-
stome unexpanded, white-lipped within, the right margin

AMASTRA, OAHU. 175

somewhat spreading, columellar margin little dilated, adnate.
Length 15, diam. 8 mm." (Pfr.).

Sandwich Is. (Frick, in Cuming coll.) ; Oahu (Hartman).

Achatinella subrostrata PFB., P. Z. S., 1859, p. 31; Monogr.,
vi, p. 181. — L[abiella] subrostrata Pfr., HARTMAN, Proc. A.
X. S. Phila., 1888, p. 43.— Amastra subrostrata Pfr., SYKES,
Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 345.

Pfeiffer remarks: "related to A. albolabris Newc." Hart-
man, who obtained specimens in London, states that it ' ' equals
albolabris Newc., and is an Amastra," though he gives it
place in his list as a separate species of Labiella. Mr. Sykes,
who has seen the type, writes: "It may possibly be an elon-
gate variety [of A. albolabris], but I doubt it." It has not
been figured.

20. A. SERICEA (Pfeiffer).

"Shell imperf orate, dextral, ovate-conic, solid, rather
rudely striate, minutely granulate-decussate by spiral striae,
silky, deep brown ; spire convexly conic, rather acute ; whorls
nearly 6, convex, paler at the suture, the last two-fifths the
total length, whitish around the columella, columella provided
with a short, compressed, oblique lamina. Aperture oblique,
elliptical; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin
nearly semicircular, joined in an angle with the calloused
columella. Length 17, diam. 9y3 mm." (Pfr.).

Sandwich Is. (Frick, in Cuming coll.).

Achatinella sericea PFR., P. Z. S., 1859, p. 31; Mono-
graphia, vi, 179. — Amastra sericea Pfr., PSE., P. Z. S., 1869,
p. 650. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 343.

This species seems to be known from Pfeiffer 's description
only, though Mr. Baldwin has recorded it with doubt from
AVaialua, Oahu. The rude striation, spiral striae and angular
junction of basal lip and columella indicate that the species
belongs to the group of A. transversalis, having perhaps some
resemblance to large, conic and dark forms of A. ret-iculata.
Compare also A. davisiana. The type seems to be lost, as
Mr. Sykes remarks that it is unknown to him.

176 AMASTRA, OAHU.

21. A. DAVISIANA Gooke. PL 31, fig. 1.

' ' The shell is perforate, dextral, subconic, with slightly con-
vex outlines, obtusely and faintly angular at the periphery,
with a somewhat flattened base, rather solid, nearly smooth,
distinctly and almost regularly striate just below the sutures,
slightly glossy, -dark reddish-brown, with an indistinct broad
dark band just above the periphery and continued on the
spire just above the sutures. Spire almost conic, apex very
obtuse. Suture minutely crenulate, scarcely impressed, yel-
lowish along its edge. Whorls 6%, the embryonic rather large
(for the genus), the rest increasing slowly and very regu-
larly, almost flat, the last descending slightly near the aper-
ture. Aperture small, subquadrate, oblique, bluish within.
Inner margin of the columella slightly diagonal, outer margin
nearly straight; columellar fold nearly basal, strong, thick,
slightly oblique. Outer margin of lip thin, slightly thickened
within, nearly straight above, curved below, forming some-
thing of an angle with the base of the columella; columellar
margin thin, refiexed above the umbilicus. Umbilicus small,
semicircular. Length 16.5, diam. 9.2, length of ap. (diag-
onal) 7.0mm." (Cooke).

Oahu: About a mile from the summit of Konahuanui
(Davis) ; summit of Konahuanui (Spalding). Type no. 16,-
454, Bishop Museum.

Amastra davisiana C. M. COOKE, Occasional Papers Bernice
Pauahi Bishop Museum, iii, p. 19 [215], fig. 1 (July 24,
1908) .

1 ' I know of no species to which this is at all related. It is
entirely distinct from any of the other species of Amastra.
The blunt apex and very regularly coiled and almost flat
whorls are very peculiar. The single type specimen1 was orig-
inally collected by Mr. Elmer Davis, about a mile from the
summit of Konahuanui. Additional specimens were found
later by Mr. Spalding at the summit. These are smaller,
slightly darker, and have about % less whorls. One of these
(no. 16453, Bishop Museum) measures: length 14.4, diam.
8.5mm." (Cooke).

A specimen from the type locality is figured, length 15.5,

AMASTRA, OAHU. 177

diam. 9 mm. While in some respects it resembles A. decorti-
cata and inflata, the texture, short whorls, obtuse summit and
downward-bent columellar lamella are features more like the
reticulata group. Compare also A. sericea Pfr. It is an iso-
lated species. The band mentioned in the description is not
invariable, the shell figured having the last two whorls of a
rich chestnut color, darkest at the base. Under the lens, fine,
superficial and close spiral striae may be traced on the last
whorl.

22. A. THAANUMI n. sp. PL 38, figs. 1, 2.

The shell is sinistral, imperforate, moderately solid, oblong,
having a somewhat silky luster. Spire widely conic with
somewhat convex outlines and rather obtuse summit. Em-
bryonic whorls marked with faint, very fine growth-striae
only; later whorls distinctly striate obliquely, the striae fine
and somewhat thread-like. Upper whorls purplish-brown
with irregular whitish streaks, the last two whorls covered
with a rich dark chestnut cuticle, yellowish next the suture,
and deciduous in front of the aperture, showing a glossy
light green under layer. Aperture rather oblique, livid or
bluish white within, with a whitish callous rim within the
dark-edged lip. Columella short, bearing a strong, trian-
gular, downward-bent lamella. Parietal callus thin.

Fig. 1. Length 14.6, diam. 9.5, aperture 7 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Fig. 2. Length 14.9, diam. 9.5, aperture 7.3 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Oahu: Kaaawa (D. Thaanum).

Conspicuous for its sinistral coil. The only living speci-
men found is figured. Several dead shells, similar to fig. 2,
were taken. These when wet are dull reddish-brown above
the periphery, paler or whitish below it, the apex dark purple.
By the character of its cuticle this species resembles some
forms of A. tristis, but the obtuse summit and short, deep
curve below the columellar lamella declare it a member of the
reticulata series. Even if dextral, it would stand isolated
from other known species. Named in honor of Mr. D. Thaa-
num. Co-types to be placed in the Bishop Museum.

178 AMASTRA, OAHU.

23. A. SOLID A Pease.

"Shell dextral, imperf orate, thick, long-ovate, whorls 6,
convex, the last feebly inflated, more rarely rounded-angulate
at the base, not quite half the length of the shell. Aperture
broadly elliptical, subangular at the base. Columellar fold
thick, subbasal, nearly transverse. Peristome rugose, cal-
loused, the margins joined by a thick callus. Chestnut-brown,
the apex red-brown, aperture whitish. Length 15, diam. 8
mm.

"The peculiar callous deposit around the aperture distin-
guishes this species from its congeners" (Pease).

Oahu (Pease). Type in Pease coll., Mus. Comp. Zoology.

Amastra solida PSE., Journ. de Conchyl., 1869, p. 173.

An unfigured species of uncertain systematic position, not
seen by us, and equally unknown to other authors.

24. A.VETUSTA Baldwin. PI. 29, figs. 16, 17.

The shell is minutely rimate, oblong-conic, rather thick and
solid. Being known from fossil examples only, it is whitish
and without cuticle. Spire slightly conic, a little contracted
towards the subacute apex. Whorls 61/3, but slightly convex.
First half-whorl smooth; next two whorls of the embryonic
shell are sculptured with fine, deeply engraved, slightly
arched longitudinal striae. Subsequent whorls rudely sculp-
tured with rather coarse, strong and close longitudinal wrin-
kles, which are cut by a few irregularly placed spiral lines, as
if scratched on a soft surface. The aperture is hardly ob-
lique, small, ovate. Outer lip is obtuse, strongly thickened
within. Columelk bears <a subhorizontal lamella, rather small
in front view, but very strong within, as seen in an oblique
view in the mouth. The parietal callus is heavy, especially
at the edge.

Length 13.3, diam. 8 mm. ; length of aperture with peri-
tome 61/2 mm.

Length 14, diaon. 8 mm. ; aperture 6y2 mm.

Oahu : Fossil at Punchbowl Hill, Honolulu.

Amastra vetusta BALDWIN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p.
233, pi. 11, f. 50.

AM ASTRA, OAHU. 179

' ' This species was also discovered by Prof. Lyons. It occurs
near the base of Punchbowl Hill, at an altitude of twenty or
thirty feet above sea-level, in a conglomerate of volcanic tufa
and sand cemented together with carbonate of lime. Prof.
Lyons thinks the shells must have lived near the spot where
they are now found embedded in the rock, as there is no satis-
factory way to account for their transportation from any dis-
tance. If so, the conditions of climate when the shells nour-
ished in that locality must have been quite different from
those of the present time" (Baldwin}.

A. vetusta shows the thickening of shell and rude sculpture
usual in land shells living in arid places with little shade or
cover. It is related to A. transversalis and A. undata, both
of which are thinner shells, also differing in shape. It is not
more "primitive" than the allied recent forms. The type is
figured, coll. A. N. S. P.

25. A. BETICULATA (Newcomb). PI. 29, figs. 2, 3, 4.

"Shell conically ovate; whorls 6, much rounded; suture
moderate except at the junction of the last whorl, which is
deep. Aperture small, ovate ; columella short, with a plicate
tooth, nearly transverse. Color brown or chestnut with white
transverse lines and markings laid onto the epidermis in
various patterns like lace-work or embroidery. Length twelve-
twentieths, width seven-twentieths of an' inch" [15x8.75 mm.]
(jfewc.).

Oahu: Waianae (Newcomb); Lihue (Gulick) ; Mt. Kaala
(Thwing). Co-types in coll. Newcomb and British Museum.

Achatinella reticulata NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 148, pi. 24,
f. 54 (1854). — PFR., Monogr., iv, 544. — BALDWIN, Catalogue,
p. 9. — THWING, Orig. Descr., p. 159. — Achatinella conspersa
PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 7, pi. 30, f. 26; Monogr., iv, 544.

Newcomb 's type was banded below the periphery, like fig. 3.
The embryonic whorls appear smooth under an ordinary
lens. Subsequent whorls have fine, unequal growth-wrinkles
which are strongest below the suture. The aperture is but
slightly oblique, flesh-tinted within. There is a strong white
rib within the lip. The columellar lamella is well developed.

180 AMASTRA, OAHU.

The ground-color varies from light olivaceous-brown to red-
dish-brown, and is variously marked with white flecks and
streaks in spiral or irregular patterns, sufficiently shown in
the figures. Specimens from Lihue are figured; three meas-
ure:

Length 13.1, diam. 8.7, aperture 7 mm. ; whorls 5%.

Length 13.8, diam. 8.1, aperture 7 mm.

Length 12.8, diam. 8.7, aperture 6.5 mm.

25a. A. r. conspersa Pfeiffer. PI. 29, fig. 1.

" Shell imperf orate, dextral, conic-ovate, rather thin,
closely striate ; deep brown, bespread with dirty- whitish spots
forming angulated streaks. Spire convexly conic, the apex
acute ; suture simple. Whorls 6, the upper ones flattened, the
penultimate more convex, the last about three-sevenths the
total length, rounded. Aperture little oblique, sinuate-ellip-
tical. Columellar fold subbasal, compressed. Peristome sim-
ple, unexpanded; no columellar margin. Length 18, diam.
10.5, oblique alt. of aperture 9, width 5 mm." (Pfr.).

Sandwich Is. (Frick, in Cuming coll.).

Achatinella conspersa PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 7, pi. 30, f.
26; Monogr., iv, 544. — THWING, Reprints Orig. Descript., p.
159.

Unknown to us. Pfeiffer 's description and figure are
copied. It seems to differ from reticulata only by the larger
size, and it may possibly be identical with orientalis. We
follow Newcomb in subordinating the form to A. reticulata.
Mr. Thwing reports conspersa from near Lihue, remarking
that it approaches A. reticulata. His translation of Pfeiffer's
description of the colors is faulty.

256. A. reticulata dispersa n. subsp. PI. 29, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Dark chestnut with a columellar yellow patch, profusely
variegated with light yellow or white, in broken streaks,
stippled spiral lines or short vermicular spots, frequently
absent below the periphery, or rarely markings may be absent.
Last whorl sometimes having a light brown ground. Spire
short, obtuse, with very convex outlines. Embryonic whorls

AMASTRA, OAHU. 181

lower and broader than in reticulata, smooth. Aperture flesh-
colored within, with a white submarginal callus. Columellar
fold not so strong and horizontal as in reticulata.

Length 17, diam. 9.7, aperture 9 mm.; 5% whorls (type,
fig. 5).

Length 15.5, diam. 9, aperture 8.1 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 15.9, diam. 10, aperture 9 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Oahu: Waianae (Baldwin, Cooke).

The summit is remarkably blunt in this form, and the out-
lines of the spire typically far more convex than in A. reticle
lata, yet there are some specimens intermediate in this fea-
ture. The axis is imperforate in all the adult shells seen. It
is an extremely variable form. Two "dead" shells in the
Boston Society collection from Waianae (out of no. 1759
Cooke coll.) showing extremes of contour in adult individuals,
measure :

Length 18.7, diam. 10.1, aperture 9 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Length 13, diam. 8.2, aperture 7 mm. ; 5% whorls.

25c. A reticulata orientalis Hyatt & Pilsbry, n. subsp. PI.
29, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11.

This includes the shells commonly referred to reticulata
which occur in the valleys of the eastern range. These differ
from true reticulata in being somewhat stouter and in having
blunter apices due to the more rapid widening of the shells.
Some shells, however, show- apices almost as sharp as in true
A. reticulata. Some have a uniform brown pattern, but most
of the shells 'are reticulated or flecked with interrupted light
bands as in reticulata, and are smooth in texture. There is
no correlation between the colors and the shapes of the shells.
The columellar fold is very strong and subhorizontal ; lip-rib
thick. Apical sculpture as in A. reticulata.

Length 15, diam. 8.1 mm. ; whorls 5%.

Length 13.5, diam. 9 mm. ; whorls 5%.

Oahu, eastern range: Wahiawa (Gulick), types no. 92641
A. N. S. P.; Kahana (C. M. Cooke coll.).

This may possibly be A. conspersa Pfr., but the figure of
that shows a more pointed apex. A. r. dispersa has not quite

182 AMASTRA, OAHU.

so strong a columellar fold 'as orientalis, but it differs in little
except geographic range. A specimen in coll. C. M. Cooke
shows that this form extends over the crest of the range into
Kahana valley.

25d. A. reticulata errans n. subsp. PI. 29, figs. 12, 13.

Shell with the general shape of A. reticulata, but thinner,
less obese, with thinner or sometimes scarcely any thickening
within the lip or on the columella, aside from the lamella,
which is thin but broad. Axis rimate in two out of three ex-
amples. Color chestnut of varying shades, with spiral lines
of yellow spots, sometimes many (fig. 13), sometimes very few
or scarcely noticeable.

Length 12.2, diam. 7.3, aperture 6.5 mm. ; whorls 5!/4. .

Length 13, diam. 7.5, aperture 7 mm. ; whorls 5%.

Waimano. Types no. 1133 C. M. Cooke coll. ; also Kahana.

A small race, the thin texture of which is probably due to
insufficient supply of lime. It occurred with a thin form, of
A. breviata. Two shells from Halawa, on the north side of
the range some distance northwest of Waimano, are similar
but slightly more solid. One is stippled with buff on an olive-
yellow ground, the other red-brown with indistinct contin-
uous lighter lines.

26. A. COOKEI n. sp. PL 38, figs. 4, 5.

The shell is narrowly perforate, oblong-conic, moderately
solid, glossy, without trace of dull or deciduous cuticle.
Whorls very weakly convex; outlines of the spire somewhat
convex, becoming straight near the apex. Embryonic whorls
faintly, finely striate (somewhat worn), following whorls
marked with slight growth-lines, the last two having short,
irregularly developed folds below the suture. The spire is
reddish-brown; penultimate and last whorls profusely varie-
gated with short, forwardly-descending yellow markings and
oblique streaks along growth-lines, and becoming brown be-
hind the lip. Two imperfect bands of the dark ground-color
are visible. Aperture small, purplish within, the outer lip
thin. Columellar margin brownish, expanded above, bearing

AMASTRA, OAHU. 183

a very strong but thin subhorizontal lamella. Parietal callus
thin. Length 16.7, diam. 8, length of aperture 6.5 mm.; 7
whorls.

Oahu: Moanalua ( Irwin Spalding) .

This species has the coloration and texture of A. reticulata,
but is notable for its slender contour, rather narrow summit
and small aperture. The pattern will probably be found
variable, as in allied species. Type to be deposited in the
Bishop Museum; collected by Mr. Irwin Spalding and re-
ceived through Dr. C. Montague Cooke, whose name the
species bears.

27. A. TRANSVERSALIS (Pfeiffer). PL 31, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5.

"Shell subrimate, ovate-conic, solid, closely striate, some-
what decussated with distant, spiral, impressed lines; black-
ish-red, covered with a tawny-gray epidermis interrupted in
spots and bands. Spire inflated- conic, acute. Whorls 6,
slightly convex, the last two-fifths the total length. Aperture
a little oblique, sinuate-oval. Columellar fold lamelliform,
subbasal, almost transverse. Peristome unexpanded, whitish
within or delicately lipped with rose. Length 12, diam. 6,
aperture 5y3x3 mm." (Pfr.) .

Oahu (Frick, in Cuming coll.). Southeastern end of the
main range in Keawaawa (Baldwin, Gulick), and Kuliouou
valleys (Gulick).

Achatinella transversalis PFR., P. Z. S. London, 1855, p.
204; Monographia Hel. Viv., iv, 551.

The embryonic whorls are dark red-brown, very densely
and finely striate vertically, and after the first whorl are de-
cussated with very fine spiral lines. The last whorl has irreg-
ular vertical striae, cut by incised spirals, which may be deep,
strong and numerous or few and weak, sometimes so lightly
marked that mere vestiges may be traced with difficulty. The
ground-color is a rich dark red-brown, more or less covered
by the whitish tracery which is wonderfully varied in pat-
tern. Rarely the ground is a very light tint of brown, on
which the creamy markings show but faintly. The interior is
ordinarily dark flesh-colored, with a wide and moderately

184 AMASTRA, OAHU.

thick border within the lip. The axis is rimate or imperfor-
ate. Specimens from Keawaawa measure :

Length 13.2, diam. 6.1, aperture 5.8 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Length 12, diam. 6, aperture 5 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Length 12, diam. 6.5, aperture 5.2 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 10.5, diam. 6.1, aperture 5 mm. ; 5% whorls.

By its embryonic sculpture, coloration and the spiral in-
cised lines, this beautiful little snail is related to A. undata
Baldw. It is not very closely allied to A. reticulata Newc.,
with which Newcomb united it. One of us (Hyatt) consid-
ered transversalis to belong to Amastrella, near ~brevis, pulla
and pusilla. Figured from Keawaawa examples. As the
type locality is unknown, we may consider this place as such.
It is said to be now extinct.

28. A. CAPUTADAMANTIS n. sp. PL 30, figs. 19, 20.

The shell is cylindric-oblong, rather thin, the penultimate
whorl nearly equal to the last in diameter ; spire consequently
bulging below, then rapidly tapering in a short cone. The
surface is finely striate axially, the strige cut on the last two
whorls by incised spiral lines (sometimes weak or nearly
effaced). Whorls 5% to 6, slightly convex, the last com-
pressed laterally. Aperture small, semioval, angular at both
ends. Outer lip obtuse, thickened within ; columellar lamella
small, situated near the base. Columellar lip reflexed and
adnate, the axis imperf orate or having a short, narrow crevice.
Being fossil, the shells are white and chalky.

Length 14, diam. 7.1, aperture 6 mm.

Length 14.5, diam. 7.3, aperture 6 mm.

Length 13.8, diam. 6.3, aperture 5.8 mm.

Oahu: Diamond Head, near Honolulu, in a Pleistocene or
Holocene deposit. Types no. 104687 A. N. S. P., collected by
C. Montague Cooke, Jr.

Undoubtedly a member of the A. textilis and transversalis
group, but much less robust than the cylindric forms of the
recent fauna and with a smaller aperture. It is more cylin-
dric than A. transversalis, which occurs farther east and on
the main range.

AMASTRA, OAHU. 185

29. A. UNDATA Baldwin. PI. 29, fig. 14.

The shell is imperf orate, globose-ovate, moderately solid;
dark reddish-brown, with broad, irregular, light yellow stripes
on the last two whorls, zigzag below the periphery, more or
less confluent above it, and preceded by scattered whitish
spots and dashes on one or two earlier whorls. Spire
straightly conic, the whorls but slightly convex; embryonic
shell rather sharply, finely striate; later whorls deeply and
finely striate, the strice cut by several incised spiral lines in
the peripheral region and above it. Aperture subvertical,
flesh-colored within; a white callous rim within the lip.
Columellar fold broad and subhorizontal. Length 19, diam.
12.1, length of aperture 10.2 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Oahu: Nuuanu (Baldwin); Moanalua (C. Montague
Cooke).

Amastra undata BALDW., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p.
230. pi. 11, f. 39.

This species, here described and figured from the type, no.
65722 A. N. S. P., according to Mr. Baldwin "is very rare
and local in its distribution. Its principal features are the
prominent rib-striae and the beautiful undulating markings of
light and dark chestnut-brown." The strong spirals cutting
the rib-strias are also very characteristic. It differs from A.
reticulata by the sharp striation of the embryonic shell, etc.
The Moanalua specimen (Cooke coll.) agrees fully with the
type from Nuuanu. A young one, also in the Cooke collec-
tion, is very broad, and angular peripherally. The striped
coloration commences at the beginning of the third whorl.
The embryonic whorls are not well described by the term
"sulcated," used by Mr. Baldwin. In the terminology used
in this monograph they would be termed sharply and finely
striate, but on the last embryonic whorl there is a low, indis-
tinct undulation under the fine striation.

30. A. BADIA Baldwin. PI. 29, figs. 15, 18, 19.

"Shell dextral, imperforate, rather thin, elongately ovate-
conic; surface shining, sculptured with delicate, rather close
thread-like rib-striae in the direction of the growth-lines; em-

186 AMASTRA, OAHU.

bryonic whorls radiately sulcated. Color dark chestnut-brown
with light brown zigzag or undulating lines and markings.
Whorls 6%, slightly convex; suture moderately impressed.
Aperture oval, a trifle oblique, livid white within, exhibiting
the brown color of the exterior ; peristome acute, very lightly
thickened within ; columella white, flexuous, abruptly termin-
ating in a thin, slightly arched lamellar plait. Length 20%,
diam. 10% nun." (Baldwin).

Oahu: Ewa (Baldwin) ; Moanalua, Aeia and Waimano (C.
M. Cooke) .

Amastra badia BALDW., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p. 230,
pi. 11, f . 40.

In color, pattern and sculpture of the later whorls this
form resembles A. undata. Whether there are spiral decus-
sating lines on the last whorl of the type specimen was not
stated by Baldwin, but they are present in one specimen ex-
amined from Moanalua, wanting in another. In those from
Waimano the spirals are either very faint, hardly noticeable,
or wanting. A. badia differs from undata by its embryonic
sculpture and the less obese, more ovate shape.

The columellar lamella penetrates two whorls. The axis is
imperforate in the adult and later neanic stages, but in the
half -grown shell there is a rather widely open umbilicus,
width 'about 1 mm.

The embryonic whorls (pi. 29, fig. 19) are much more
strongly sculptured than in A. undata. After the smooth
initial half -whorl, coarse vertical ribs appear, changing to an
irregular coarse malleation on the last half of the second
Whorl. Then short, rather coarse protractive ribs appear
below the suture, while above the lower suture there is another
system of smaller, retractive folds, the two systems interfer-
ing about the middle of the whorl. The third whorl has fine
growth-lines only, and the color-pattern appears as a few
white spots and irregular stripes. The ground-color of adults
is dark red, upon which there are yellow streaks or spots. In
some shells from Aeia the last whorl has a yellow suffusion,
faintly mottled with dark. The shell is quite thin.

Fig. 15 is a copy of Baldwin's type figure; figs. 18, 19 are
immature shells from Waimano. Type in Baldwin coll.

AMASTRA, OAHU. 187

Series of A. cornea.

Acutely or acuminately ovate Amastras, with the spire
slender, attenuate, being more or less contracted near the
apex; embryonic whorls very finely striate vertically and
usually with traces of spirals (pi. 31, fig. 12). Cuticle thin,
persistant, the last whorl without a dull outer or deciduous
coat. Columellar lamella subhorizontal.

Rather small, long-spired derivatives of the reticulata
series, two species occurring in the Waianae range, two others,
rare and local, in the eastern range.

It is quite possible that the eastern species are divergent
forms of the reticulata series, related to transversalis, textilis,
irwiniana, etc., and not directly allied to those of the Waianae
range. I am unable to settle this point.

Key to Species.

a. Lip strengthened by a strong white internal rim; spire
brown, the last whorl opaque- whitish, often malleate ; Wai-
anae range. A. crassilabrum, no. 32.
a1. Lip thin or very slightly thickened.

6. Spire rapidly tapering from the last whorl.

c. Shell brown, or with the last whorl pale ; pari-
etal callus thin; Waianae Mts.

A. cornea, no. 31.

c1. Shell olivaceous; parietal callus thick; east-
ern range. ' A. (emulator, no. 34.
61. Penult, whorl rather large, the spire wider below;
fossil, eastern range. A. subcornea, no. 33.

31. A. CORNEA (Newcomb). PI. 31, figs. 9, 10, 12, 13, 14.

' ' Shell irregularly, acutely conical, the apex pointed ; last
whorl inflated ; thin, corneous, with minute longitudinal striae ;
whorls 7, rounded; aperture subovate; lip thin, translucent;
columella straight, white, and armed with a transverse plaited
tooth. Color uniform dark horn, columella and tooth white.
Length ten-twentieths, diam. five- twentieths of an inch. Hab-
itat 1" (Newc.}.

Oahu: Lihue (Gulick) ; below Kaala (Perkins) ; Kaala and

188 AMASTRA, OAHU.

Waianae (C. M. Cooke); Waianae (Baldwin). Co- types in
coll. Newcomb and British Museum.

Achatinella cornea NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 141, pi. 23,' f .
32. — Amastra c., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 335.

This rather thin shell has the concavely tapering spire and
somewhat bulbous last whorl of A. crassilabrum. The convex
embryonic 2y2 Whorls show an elegant sculpture of extremely
fine, sharp and close longitudinal striae. The later and last
whorls are rather lightly marked with growth-wrinkles, but
are not malleated as A. crassilabrum usually is. The cuticle
is rather glossy, with no dull outer layer. Color brown or
slightly reddish-brown, sometimes having a yellow border be-
low the last turn of the suture. Newcomb 's figure, as well as
specimens from him we have seen, show that he was rather
wide of the mark in calling this species "corneous." The lip
has only a thin callous rim within, and the parietal callus is
also thin. Some shells are rather openly perforate, others
being imperforate. Length 13, diain. 7, aperture 5.9 mm.;
6% whorls. The smallest adult seen is 11 mm. long.

In a series from Waianae (Baldwin) the last whorl in old
shells is light yellow with some brownish streaks; the penul-
timate whorl has a yellow subsutural line, the spire being
otherwise rather dark brown. The aperture has the thin lip
of cornea, with hardly any internal callous rim. Specimens
measure :

Length 17.5, diam. 8.5 mm. ; whorls 7%.

Pig. 14. Length 17.5, diam. 8 mm. ; whorls 7.%.

Fig. 13. Length 16, diam. 7.9 mm. ; whorls 7.

An embryo from one of this lot (pi. 31, fig. 12) is long,
rimate, with the periphery merely subangular, and the colu-
mellar fold very weak and oblique.

The shells from Kaala in C. M. Cooke collection are uni-
form dark red-brown, typical in shape.

A lot of three shells from Waianae in the Cooke coll. have
the spire very light brown, last whorl light olivaceous-yellow-
ish. One of these is figured, pi. 31, fig. 10.

AMASTRA, OAHU. 189

32. A. CRASSILABRUM (Newcomb). PL 31, figs. 6, 7, 8.

The shell is acuminately ovate, solid ; the embryonic whorls
are purple-brown tipped with white, spire brown, last whorl
opaque, white or cream- white. The spire has slightly concave
outlines, being slender above. The embryonic whorls are
quite convex and are very finely striate, generally worn
smooth in adults ; subsequent whorls of the spire marked with
fine, irregular growth-lines only ; the last whorl generally mal-
leated throughout, or only in the last half. Aperture oblique,
white within. Peristome somewhat obtuse, with a light brown
edge, and bordered by a strong callous rib within. Baso-
columellar junction somewhat spout-like. Columellar lamella
strong. Parietal callus rather thick, subtransparent. Axis
rimate or closed.

Length 14.5, diam. 7.8, aperture 6.5 nun.; 6% whorls.
(Lihue.)

Length 15, diam. 8, aperture 7 mm. ; 6% whorls. (Lihue.)

Length 12.5, diam. 6.7, aperture 5.9 mm.; 6 whorls.
(Lihue.)

Length 15, diam. 7.5 mm. ; whorls 6 (Newcomb) .

Oahu: Waianae (Newcomb, Baldwin); Lihue (Gulick) ;
near Mt. Kaala (Thwing). Co- types in coll. Newcomb and
British Museum.

Achatinella crassilabrum NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 141, pi.
23, f. 31 (1854).— THWING, Orig. Descriptions, etc., p. 157.

A very distinct, easily recognized species. The brown color
of the spire often extends over the front of the last whorl.
There is generally a light line just above the suture on the
penult, whorl. Many specimens from two localities, including
specimens from Newcomb, show but little variation. The re-
lated A. cornea differs in the color and sculpture of the last
whorl. Very rarely traces of spiral incised striaB are visible
in recent specimens. They are rather well developed in fossil
specimens from Waianae in Dr. Cooke's collection. These
shells also have the outer lip very thick, like A. vetusta Baldw.

33. A. SUBCORNEA Hyatt and Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 31, fig. 11.
This is a sub fossil shell smaller than cornea, but with a

190 AMASTRA, OAHU.

similar attenuated and biconcave outline near the apex. It is
similar to Leptachatina in the aspect of the shell owing to the
rapid growth of the three last volutions. The apex, however,
has not the blunted aspect of Leptachatina, nor the dispro-
portionate rate of growth between the nepionic and neanic
stages observable in that genus. The aperture is narrow
owing 'to the 'contraction of the last volution. The columella
is perforated, but the opening is not large and is almost closed
in some shells. The surface has coarse ridges of growth. The
nepionic stage has fine, transverse ridges of growth. The
characters in all respects are intermediate between cornea and
those of the more primitive shells of the Brevis series on the
island of Oahu and make it highly probable that this is a con-
necting species.

Oa.hu : Fossil, near the base of Round Top, towards Rocky
Hill, where the Manoa road enters the valley back of Punahou.
Type no. 1749 C. M. Cooke coll. ; also 104689 A. N. S. P., and
in Boston Soc. coll. no. 13397.

Hyatt's description is given above, and one of the types is
figured. The non-impressed suture and the sculpture are
other points of agreement between this species and A. cornea,
from which sub cornea differs chiefly by the more prominent
penultimate whorl, which gives the spire a wider shape than
that of A. cornea, approximating somewhat to the contour of
A. transversalis. The apical sculpture, very well preserved in
no. 13397 Boston Soc. coll. (from no. 1747 Cooke coll.), is
like that of A. cornea, the embryonic whorls being very finely
and closely striated, the striae arcuate. A. transversalis has
similar but straighter stria?. It is a fossil form, from a de-
posit of unknown age, probably Pleistocene, exposed in a road
cutting.

Length 12.5, diam. 6.5, aperture 5.3 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 10.8, diam. 5.3, aperture 4.5 mm. ; 6% whorls.

If this species is really a member of the cornea series, it is
widely separated from its allies.

34. A. EMULATOR n. sp. PI. 38, fig. 7.

The shell is narrowly perforate, ovate-pyramidal, rather

AMASTRA, OAHU. 191

solid. Outlines of the spire are nearly straight below, be-
coming a little concave near the summit ; whorls slightly con-
vex, short ; embryonic 2% are dull purplish, very finely, reg-
ularly striate where unworn; subsequent whorls irregularly
wrinkle-striate, the cuticle at first light olive, on the last two
whorls olive-brown ; rather glossy ; where worn away showing
a dull gray and purplish-brown calcareous layer. The aper-
ture is small, slightly oblique, dull purplish-gray within, paler
and just perceptibly thickened near the lip. Columella short,
thick, whitish, bearing a subhorizontal lamella. Parietal callus
very tihick, its edge forming a ledge connecting the lip-ends.
Length 15.5, diam. 8.6, aperture 6.9 mm. ; whorls 7.

Oahu: Kahauiki (D. Thaanum). Type to be deposited in
the Bishop Museum.

This species is related to A. crassilabrum, from which it
differs by its color, the less attenuate spire, much less thick-
ened lip, and by the thick parietal callus of old individuals.
Kahauiki is a short valley between Kalihi and Moanalua.

Section AMASTRELLA Sykes.
See p. 151.

Series of A. inflata.

Amastrae with finely striate or nearly smooth embryonic
whorls (sometimes irregularly costate in A. tristis) ; the junc-
tion of columellar and basal margins of the aperture rounded
(not subangular or spout-like). The shell is more or less
completely covered with a dull or dark, in part transient,
sometimes very thin cuticle, under which it is not banded.

These shells agree well with the typical Kauaian Amas-
trellse except in the development of a more or less conspicuous
dark outer layer of cuticle, a character showing an advance
beyond typical Amastrella. This cuticle is not mottled or fig-
ured with angular streaks, as it is in typical Amastra. The
group differs from Metamastra- by the more widely rounded
margin below the columellar lamella, which is smaller and
less horizontal.

The inflata series contains the least specialized of the

192 AMASTRA, OAHU.

Oahuan Amastrae. The other groups, Metamastra and Para-
mastra, have diverged further from the ancestral stock.

One species, A. tristis, sometimes has rather coarse low ribs
on the second embryonic whorl, the apex being more conic
than in most other species, not unlike that of Kauaia. A.
tristis, together with some other Oahuan species, was grouped
with the Molokaian pullata and violacea series by the senior
author (in MS.) . The shape of the embryonic whorls and the
maculation of the neanic whorls in many individuals are like
A. badia; the incised spiral striae are also characteristic of
undata, transversalis and others of the group to which badia
belongs ; so that A. tristis seems to be a somewhat generalized
or synthetic species; yet its chief relationship is with the
in flat a group.

35. A. RUBENS (Gould). PI. 32, figs. 16, 17, 19, 20, 21.

' ' Shell elongate-ovate ; thick ; straw-colored, the apex chest-
nut, anterior end reddish. Whorls 6, convex; suture im-
pressed ; covered here and there wth brown epidermis. Aper-
ture ovate; lip simple, thickened within, roseate, the throat
white; fold thin; imperf orate. Length %, diam. % of an
inch. A plain species, but well marked by its colors, especially
by that of the aperture" (Old.).

"Animal dark slate, as long as the shell, tentacles black,
bottom of foot and mantle brown. Excessively timid and
lives buried under leaves and other decaying vegetation "
(Newcomb).

Oahu, Waianae range: West mountains (Newcomb) ; Wai-
anae (Gooke, Baldwin) ; Kaala (Baldwin) ; Kukuiala and
Mokuleia ( Gulick) . Varieties in the eastern range, see below.

Achatinella rubens GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, Jan.
1845, p. 27.— PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 240 ; iii, 459 ; iv, 552 ; vi,
180 (exclusive of var. b, = A. mastersi Nc.). — REEVE, Conch.
Icon., vi, pi. 6, f. 42&. — NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y.,
vi, p. 314. — BALDWIN, Catalogue, 1893, p. 9.

The first half- whorl is smooth; then very fine, sharp and
close and weakly arcuate longitudinal striae appear, contin-
uing for two whorls, after which comparatively coarse but

AMASTRA, OAHU. 193

low wrinkles of growth set in. The embryonic shell seems to
comprise almost 3 whorls. It is dark brown, or when worn,
purplish-brown. The rest of the whorls of the spire have
rather coarse wrinkles below the suture, leaving the rest of
the whorls and the whole last whorl, nearly smooth. Four or
five upper whorls are reddish-brown, the last whorl or two
are pale red-brown or whitish under a thin, glossy, yellow or
flesh-tinted inner cuticle, which is more or less covered by a
brown (blackish-brown or olivaceous-brown) outer layer, al-
ways worn off vent rally, and either rather well preserved
(figs. 19-21, Mokuleia), or remaining in shreds (fig. 17, Wai-
anae) or almost entirely lost (fig. 16, Kukuiale). The interior
of the basal and outer lips is typically rose-colored, but some-
times it is bluish-white.

Length 19, diam. 9.1, aperture 8 mm. ; whorls 6%.

Length 17.5, diam. 9.1, aperture 8.1 mm. ; whorls 6.

A. rub ens differs from A. elliptica and the textilis group
by its noticeably more conic and sharply striate embryonic
whorls, and the greater number of whorls in the whole shell.
The fine striation of the embryonic shell is usually more or
less completely worn from adult shells.

Figs. 19 to 21 are from Mokuleia specimens, measuring :

Fig. 21. Length 18, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm.

Fig. 19. Length 17, diam. 9.1, aperture 7.9 mm.

Fig. 20. Length 15, diam. 9.2, aperture 8 mm.

A large specimen from Waianae, which we consider the
type locality, is figured, pi. 32, fig. 17. Length 21 mm., 6y2
whorls.

In a series from Kukuiala (pi. 32, fig. 16) the outer layer
of cuticle is almost wholly wanting, leaving the shell whitish
or yellowish with more or less pink suffusion, most pronounced
on the latter half of the last whorl. The shells are rather
robust. This form has been called var. rubinia, Hyatt in MS,

Length 17.3, diam. 9.5 mm. (A. N. S. P. no. 92481).

Length 19, diam. 10.1 mm (U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4710).

A. rub ens unites features of Amastrella and Paramastra,
and it may possibly belong to the latter group, near A. inter-
media. It has here been associated with the in flat a group

194 AMASTRA, OAHU.

chiefly on account of the well-developed outer cuticle. If this
view be correct, it must be viewed as a recent immigrant in
the Waianae range.

Herr Borcherding is hopelessly wrong in lumping rub ens
with mastersi Nc. His inference that the species ranges over
three islands is consequently baseless (see Zoologica, xix, Heft
48 n, p. 117). The embryonic whorls are totally diverse in
the two species.

350. A. rubens corneiformis n. subsp. PI. 31, figs. 17 (nat
size) , 18.

The shell is subperforate, ovate-turrite, rather solid, some-
what glossy. Spire with slightly convex outlines in the lower
part, straightened or a trifle contracted near the summit.
Embryonic whorls brown, somewhat worn, but apparently
with a weak sculpture of regular, arcuate striae. Following
whorls marked with growth-wrinkles, at first brown, whitish
below the suture, changing on the penultimate whorl, becom-
ing on the last whorl whitish, faintly brown-tinted. On the
last half- whorl this ground-tint is largely covered by a smooth,
dense, blackish-brown outer cuticle, in part deciduous. Aper-
ture whitish within; lip thin. Columella straight, its edge
abruptly triangularly dilated above; bearing a thin lamella
in the middle. Length 16.5, diam. 8.6, aperture 7.1 mm. ; 6%
whorls.

Oahu : Waianae. Type no. 1753 C. M. Cooke coll.

Much more slender than A. rubens, and having much the
general appearance of A. cornea.

35&. A. rubens castanea n. subsp. PL 32, fig. 18.

A reddish-chestnut cuticle covers the whole surface, even
the spire. It is yellowish below the suture and black behind
the lip. The spire is a little attenuated near the summit.
The interior has a faint roseate tint, nearly white. Length
17, diam. 9.5 mm.

Waianae. Types no. 1761 Cooke coll. ; co-type no. 104690
A. N. S. P.

In the Cooke collection there is a series of stunted or de-

AMASTRA, OAHU. ' 195

pauperate specimens from Waianae, evidently from several
colonies (nos. 1760, 1762, 1763), which agree in the main with
castanea, but are rather smaller, down to 14 mm. long.

35c. A. rubens kahana n. subsp. PL 31, fig. 16.

Similar to rubens in shape, cream-colored under an oliva-
ceous-brown cuticle which is partially deciduous; the nude
upper whorls either white, fleshy or reddish. Outlines of the
spire slightly convex. Peristome rose-tinted in individuals
having the apex dark, white in others. Length 18.2, diam.
10 mm. ; whorls 6%.

Kahana, on the north side of the eastern range. Types
1417 C. M. Cooke coll.

35d A. rubens infelix n. subsp. PI. 31, fig. 15.

Smaller, more shortly ovate than A. r. kahana, the spire
slender near the apex, whitish under an olive-brown cuticle
which becomes black behind the outer lip. The latter part of
the last whorl is compressed peripherally, and swollen or ob-
tusely subangular at the shoulder. Aperture white. Length
14.7, diam. 8 mm. ; whorls 5%.

Kahana. Types 1491 Cooke coll.

This is apparently a depauperate form. It is just, possible
that varieties kahana and infelix are satellite forms of tenui-
labris and rubicunda rather than of rubens, whieh should
properly belong to the Waianae range.

36. A. SEMINIGRA n. sp. PL 32, figs. 8, 9, 11.

Apical whorls fleshy or purplish, fading on the last two
whorls to light yellow, more or less covered with pitch-black
cuticle, which may be in shreds throughout (figs. 8, 11), or
nearly continuous except in front of the aperture (fig. 9, Wai-
mano) . Interior white or faintly pink.

Fig. 8. Length 21.2, diam. 10.3, aperture 9.5 mm. ; whorls

.

Fig. 11. Length 17.5, diam. 9.2, aperture 8 mm. ; whorls

Length 19, diam. 9.7 mm.

Waimano. Co-types no. 1131 Cooke coll., figs. 8, 11 ; also
Wahiawa, no. 1416 Cooke coll. ; 'also in coll. A. N. S. P.

196 AMASTRA, OAHU.

This species differs from A. tristis only by its narrower
shape at all stages of growth. The apical whorls are worn,
rather narrowly conic, and seem to resemble those of A. tristis.
A specimen from Waimano, coll. Spalding, agrees with fig. 9
in the nearly continuous coal-black cuticle, but where re-
moved in front of the aperture the under layer is a fine light
orange-brown color. A. seminigra occurs on the same slope
of the range northwestward of the area of A. tristis, which it
resembles in characters other than the shape. In the 'closely
related A. rubens of the Waianae range the spire is typically
wider, not so strictly conic ; but at one time one of us thought
it must be ranked as a variety of rubens. The black cuticle
and more rectilinear sides of the spire separate seminigra
from intermedia.

37. A. TENUILABRIS Gulick. PL 31, fig. 19.

* ' Shell dextral, ovate-conic, hardly shining, somewhat roughly
striated with growth-lines; white under a fulvous epidermis,
which is generally worn off below the suture on the last whorl.
Whorls 51/2, a little convex. Aperture subquadrate, white,
not as long as the spire ; peristome thin ; columella straight,
provided with a small median fold ; lips connected by a very
thin callus. Length. 15, diam. 8 mm." (Gulick).

Oahu: Pauoa (Frick, type loc.) ; Nuuanu (Cooke). Type
in coll. Boston Society.

Amastra tenuilabris Gulick in GULICK and SMITH, P. Z. S.,
1873, p. 83, pi. 10, f. 16.— PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 241.— Amas-
tra t., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 345.

" The specimens received are reported by Dr. Frick to be
from Pauoa, on Oahu ; but there is some reason to believe that
they could not have been found on Oahu. Its affinities are
uncertain, Tbut it may be allied to Am. flavescens Nwc., which
is found on the island of Hawaii" (Gulick).

The original specimen of this variety, examined by Hyatt,
is very close to A. rubicunda Baldwin. Gulick 's shell agrees
very closely with two shells from Nuuanu in the Cooke collec-
tion. The differences between this and rubicunda consist in
the warmer hue of the latter and its usually but not invari-

AMASTRA, OAHU. 197

•ably darker aperture. The growth-wrinkles are more pro-
nounced through the wearing-off of the more friable perios-
tracum in this species and the contrast of the brown remnants
with the more opaque white of the middle layer. Gulick's
type figure is copied in fig. 19 of plate 31.

The shells in the Cooke collection and U. S. Nat, Mus. (no.
4T22&) differ from rubicunda chiefly in the colder color- tones,
the aperture being whitish rather than pink, and the summit
white, or in one specimen, purple. The spire is not so high
as in typical rubicunda. Such differences as there are seem
insufficient for specific distinction. Pauoa is a small valley
immediately east of Nuuanu, and which divides the lower
part of a ridge leading up to Konahuanui, the locality of A.
rubicunda.

37«. A. tenuilabris rubicunda Baldwin. PL 32, figs. 12, 14, 15.

''Shell dextral, imperf orate, rather solid, elongately ovate-
conic ; surface lusterless, striated with irregular growth striae ;
embryonic whorls smooth. Color reddish, with traces of a de-
ciduous, thin, brown epidermis. Whorls 7, slightly convex;
suture well impressed. Aperture elongately oval, a trifle ob-
lique, rather small, purplish-red within; peristome simple,
thin, margined with dark purple; columella white with a
purple tinge, flexuous, abruptly terminating in a thin, slightly
curved lamellar plait. Length 19, diam. 9 mm.

''Animal, mantle brown, margin of a deeper shade. Foot
brown, the superior portion almost black. The formula of the
dentition is 18.10.1.10.18, according to H. Suter" (Baldw.).

Oahu: Konahuanui Mt. (Baldwin, type loc.) ; Nuuanu,
Kalihi and Moanalua (C. M. Cooke).

Amastra rubicunda BALDW., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p.
229, pi. 11, f. 38. — Helicter (Amastra} rubicunda Baldwin,
SUTER, Proc. A. N. S. Phila.. 1895, p. 240, pi. 11, f. 54,56 (jaw
and teeth).

The embryonic whorls are somewhat worn in the type lot of
four specimens, no. 65719 A. N. S. P., but a few fine striae are
visible on the second and third whorls. The ground-color is
light red, sometimes becoming fleshy-yellowish on the last

198 AMASTRA, OAHU.

whorl, where there is a thin outer layer of russet cuticle, more
or less deciduous in front, and worn off before the aperture.
Behind the lip the cuticle becomes much darker, dark reddish-
brown with some blackish streaks. The interior is in color
between rose and lilac, and the lip commonly has a black line
at the edge. The last half of the last whorl is flattened periph-
erally and turgid a little distance below the suture.

Length 19.3, diam. 9, aperture 8.2 mm. ; whorls 6y2.

Length 18.1, diam. 8.9, aperture 8 mm., whorls 6%.

Length 17.1, diam. 8.5, aperture 7.5 mm. ; whorls 6y%.

While this shell resembles A. variegata of the Waianae
range, at the opposite end of the island, it differs in the color
of the aperture and it does not have so many whorls. It is
hardly separable from A. tenuilabris, and in our opinion only
a race of that species. Its recorded range is discontinuous,
probably because of insufficient collections. A. seminigra, A.
rubens kahana and infelix inhabit the eastern range west of
the area of A. rubicunda, to which they are probably related,
differing chiefly in their colder coloring. Most rubicunda
have a particularly warm shade of chestnut. Specimens from
the western valleys are generally smaller than the types, with
the interior less deeply colored.

Length 17.2, diam. 8.5 mm.; G1/^ whorls (Nuuanu).

Length 16, diam. 8.3 mm.; 5% whorls (Kalihi).

Length 15, diam. 9.2 mm.; 5% whorls (KaMhi).

Figures 12 and 15 are from co-types. Pig. 14 is a Nuuanu
shell in the C. M. Cooke collection.

38. A. LUCTUOSA (Pfeiffer). PL 33, figs. 12, 13.

"Shell imperforate, dextral, oblong-conic, solid, striatulate,
•a little shining, bicolored. Spire inflated-conic, apex acute;
suture crenu'lated. Whorls 6, the upper four black, nearly
flat, the penultimate pale, more convex ; last whorl about two-
fifths the 'total length, pale tawny above, blackish below the
periphery. Aperture a little oblique, sinuate-semioval, white
within. Columellar fold laminiform, subbasal, triangular;
peristome unexpanded, acute, black-edged. Length 16, diam,
8, aperture 7x3% mm." (Pfr.).

AMASTRA, OAHU. 199

Sandwich Is. (Frick, in Cuming coll.). Western and north-
western Oahu: Waialee (Baldwin); Kawailoa and Kahuku
(Gulick) ; Kaha.na (Cooke).

Achatinella luctuosa PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 204 (Feb.,
1856) ; Monogr., iv, 554. — BALDWIN, Catalogue, p. 9. — Lami-
nella luctuosa BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 98, pi. 6,
f. F. — Amastra luctuosa Pfr. var. sulphured ANCEY, Proc.
Malac. Soc. Lond., vi, June, 1904, p. 121, pi. 7, f. 9.

The type of A. luctuosa has not been figured, and we do
not know that the typical form described by Pfeiffer has been
rediscovered. Its habitat is unknown. Baldwin and Gulick
have found a form differing in color, but which they referred
to luctuosa, in western Oahu between the southwestern and
northeastern ranges. It has been described as var. sulphurea
by Ancey.

The Gulick collection (in A. N. S. P.) contains a set of
' 'dead" shells from Kahuku (pi. 33, figs. 12, 13), the north-
western extremity of Oahu. The last whorl is very pale
brown under a thin brown cuticle, which is persistent through-
out or worn-off in front of the aperture, and darker behind
the lip. The spire is pale violaceous or pale red-brown under
more or less covering of cuticle. Specimens measure :

Length 14, diam. 9 mm.

Length 15, diam. 8 mm. ; 6y2 whorls.

Length 14, diam. 8 mm.; 6 whorls (fig. 13).

Length 15, diam. 7.8 mm. ;-6 whorls (fig. 12).

The relationships of luctuosa are somewhat uncertain. It
is an inornate shell with no decided characters, but does not
seem closely related to any other species.

38a. A. I sulphurea Ancey. PI. 33, fig. 11.

* ' Shell similar to the type, but pale buff, uniform, near the
aperture covered with shreds of pale brown epidermis.
Length 15.5, diam. 9.5, length of aperture 7 mm. Waialae"
(Ancey} .

Specimens from "Waialei" in the Gulick collection are
pale buff or the spire may be pale brown. The embryonic
whorls are almost smooth. The upper part of the spire is
slightly pinched in.

200 AMASTRA, OAHU.

Shells from Kawailoa are similar but rather smaller and
shorter. There is an inner, somewhat glossy cuticle of very
pale buff, covered with a very thin dull outer layer of a
slightly darker shade, worn off in front of the aperture. The
specimens from Kahana are similar. The original figure is
copied.

39. A. DECORTICATA Gulick. PI. 33, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7.

"Shell ovate-conic, dextral, lightly striated with lines of
growth; chestnut, blackish towards the lip. Whorls 6 to 6%,
•a little convex, the first 3 polished ; suture simple, pale. Aper-
ture weak dirty-blue inside. Peristome thin, blackish within,
scarcely thickened; columellar fold thin. Length 16, diam.
8.5mm." (Gulick).

Oahu, western part of the main range: Kawailoa, type
locality; Helemano, Opaiula, Waimea, Waialei, Kahuku and
Kahana (Gulick). Under dead leaves in the forest.

Amastra decorticata Gk. in GULICK and SMITH, P. Z. S.,
1873, p. 84, pi. 10, f. 14:— Achatinella d., PFR,, Monogr., viii,
240. — Achatinella d., THWING, Orig. Descr. Achat., p. 149.—
Achatinella decortica BALDWIN, Catalogue, 1893, p. 8. — Lami-
nella decorticata GuL, W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
iii, 1884, p. 98, pi. vi, f. D (teeth).

"It is allied -to A. elliptica Gk., the metropolis of which lies
to the northwest of this, and to A. inflata Pfr., which is found
in the valleys to the east. It is always dextral" (Gulick).

A series of several hundred shells from all the above local-
ities except Helemano shows this to be quite a constant species.
It never has the conspicuously patched clothing of A. inflata
and elliptica, though under a lens some small dull streaks
may be seen on the 'Otherwise rather glossy surface, which
elsewhere shows no epidermis in the typical form. The color-
is reddish-chestnut of varying intensity, frequently shading
into yellowish on the upper part of the last whorl, and always
much darker behind the lip. The spire is frequently darker,
purplish-brown. The suture is usually marked with a yel-
lowish line, but this is often wanting. There are 2% em-
bryonic whorls, the last one very lightly, minutely and un-

AMASTRA, OAHU. 201

evenly striate. Subsequent whorls have rather coarse, very
low, uneven wrinkles, the surface being rougher and much
less glossy than in A. textilis. The outlines of the spire con-
tract a little near the summit, but the penultimate whorl,
especially when viewed from the back, bulges noticeably. The
axis is generally perforated, but in some narrow shells the
crevice is nearly or quite closed. In a few old individuals
there is a white callous nodule on the parietal wall, which is
thinly covered with a subtransparent or dirty-white film, thin
at the outer edge. Specimens from Kawailoa (pi. 33, figs.
4-7) measure:

Length 16.4, diam. 9, aperture 7.2 mm. ; whorls 6.

Length 15.2, diam. 8.8, aperture 7.8 mm. ; whorls 5^.

Length 16, diam. 8, aperture 6 mm. ; whorls 6.

Length 15, diam. 9, aperture 7.5 mm. ; whorls 5%.

Some of the shells from Kahana, at the eastern limit of dis-
tribution of the species, have a thin outer layer of dull, red-
dish cuticle, almost continuous over the last two whorls except
in front of the aperture, darker as usual on the latter part
of the whorl ; but owing to the similarity of the outer to the
inner cuticle in color (the former more of a reddish, the latter
more yellowish, tone), it is quite inconspicuous unless looked
for very closely. These more fully clothed shells form an
approach to A. rubicunda, which occupies the eastern end of
the range, though of course decorticata is always shorter, and
abundantly distinct specifically.

40. A. INFLATA (Pfeiffer). PL 33, figs. 1, 2, 3.

"Shell imperf orate, conic-globose, rather roughly striate;
whitish, covered with a black epidermis worn off in a wide
band below the suture. Spire swollen, terminating in a short,
acute cone. Whorls 5%, the last three very turgid, the last
about as long as the spire. Aperture oblique, sinuate-oval,
white within. Columellar fold subtransverse, ascending
highly. Peris-tome unexpanded, labiate within; columellar
margin callous, dilated, adnate. Length 16.5, diam. 10, aper-
ture 8.5x5 mm." (Pfr.).

Oahu (Frick, in Cuming coll.) ; Koolauloa (Baldwin) ;

202

AMASTRA, OAHU.

Wahiawa, type loc., and Ahonui (Gulick) ; Kahana (C. M.
Gooke) ; a variety at Kawailoa (Gulick).

Achatinella inflata PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 203 (Feb., 1856) ;
Monogr., iv, 549. — BALDWIN, Catalogue, 1893, p. 9.

This species is known to me by numerous specimens from
Wahiawa, Ahonui and Kahana. In the Wahiawa lot (pi. 33,
figis. 1-3), which I consider typical, the shape varies rather
widely, as shown in the figures. The embryonic whorls are
nearly smooth, being marked 'with fine growth-striae only, as
in A. decorticata. The wrinkles of the later whorls are rather
coarse and irregular, and a few spiral lines cut them in occa-
sional individuals. The color is rich chestnut with a sugges-
tion of orange, over which there is a very thin outer layer of
darker, almost -chocolate-brown, more or less worn from the
wrinkles and wanting below the periphery in front of the
aperture. Behind the lip it is much darker, deep chocolate
or blackish. Often a peripheral darker belt may be seen.
The denuded subsutural belt mentioned by Pfeiffer is seen in
some dead shells of the Wahiawa lot, and in a few living ones.
Under the colored cuticle the shell-substance is fleshy-whitish
in the last whorl, but generally darker above it, so that the
spire is purplish-brown. Immature shells are very ventricose
and have a rather sharp peripheral angle which persists up
to the end of the fifth whorl. The last two whorls are much
swollen below the suture, or rarely this swelling is beMed,
appearing as late as the last half of the last whorl. Nearly
all the shells are imperforate when mature, but the young
may remain perforate up to about 10 mm. long, 4^ to 5
whorls. Specimens measure :

Length 18, diam, 10, aperture 8 mm. ; whorls 6%.

Length 16.2, diam. 9.9, aperture 8 mm. ; whorls 6.

Length 17, diam. 9.2, aperture 7.9 mm.

Length 15, diam. 9.9, aperture 8.3 mm.

Length 16.8, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm.

In Pr. C coke's series from Kahana, on the north side of
the range, the inflation of the later whorls is minimiized, the
sculpture less rough, and the color generally somewhat lighter.
None of the shells, are so inflated as the more obese forms
from Wahiawa,

AMASTRA, OAHU. 203

Ahonui shells are deficient in the dull over-layer, which is
very thin, and therefore not dark enough to contrast strongly
with the denuded surface in front of the aperture.

A small series from Kawailoa, in the Gulick collection, A.
N. S. P., is intermediate between infl.ata, and decorticata. The
rough sculpture and rather dull surface resembles inflata, but
the dull, " bloom "-like layer is extremely thin, remaining
only in a few shreds, and there is no contrast between the
area in front of the aperture and that above the periphery.
In these respects the shells resemble decorticata. It would
not be amiss to refer these Kawailoa shells to decorticata,
which is more widely distributed westward than inflata.

41. A. RUBIDA Gulick. PL 33, fig. 9.

Shell dextral, long-ovate, striated with growth-lines, dilute
reddish-chestnut (rarely covered with a blackish epidermis) ;
whorls 6, a little convex, the first two smooth, brown ; suture
simple. Aperture small, somewhat purple inside. Peristome
thin; columellar fold very thin. Length 18, diarn. 9 mm."
(Gulick and Smith).

Oahu : Kahuku, at the northwest terminus of the main
range, on the ground in the forest (Gulick).

Amastra rubida Gul., GULICK and SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p.
84, pi. 10, f . 12.

' * It is allied to Am. elliptica Gk., but differs in being more
elongate in form, thicker in structure, and for the most, part
destitute of epidermis. It is always dextral" (Gulick). Mr.
Gulick 's figure is copied.

The senior author writes as follows, .having before him a
series of 9 shells in the Gulick collection : ' * This species makes
a close approach to rub ens in varieties having a reddish-
brown middle layer, but the periostracum is not so thick and
persistent. The shell is, in fact, not covered by a perios-
tracum except along the suture, and is more uniformly of a
pinkish tone, and the aperture in most shells is pink or purple
inside. The affinities with decorticata have been noted by
Gulick, but the thick opaque shell and transient periostracum
appear to place it in the tristis series. A set of shells consid-

204 AM ASTRA, OAHU.

ered by Gulick to be passage forms into decorticata are five in
number, and of these one is a true decorticata with entire
periostracum and acute apex ; the four others have the typical
colors and periostracum of this species, combined with a
blunter apex, shorter, stouter spires and lighter-colored -aper-
tures which may be considered as belonging to such hybrids
as could be called rubida- elliptica. It appears to me to be
therefore an elliptica form derived from elliptica. ' '

42. A. ELLIPTICA Gulick. PI. 34, figs. 17 to 23.

"Shell dextral, ovate, hardly shining, lightly striated with
growth-lines. Whorls 5%? convex, the first 4% brownish-
corneous, and the last whorl paler, clothed with a dark oli-
vaceous epidermis which is partly worn from the front of the
last whorl. Spire somewhat turrite, suture simple. Aper-
ture white, rose-tinted in front (sometimes white) ; peristome
thin, very slightly thickened within. Columella arcuate, the
lip-ends joined by a thin callus, provided with a compressed
subbasal tooth. Length 15, diam. 8.5 mm." (Gulick}.

Oahu : Waialei, type loc. ; also in Ka'huku and Hanula, and
rarely in Kawailoa, on the ground in the forest (Gulick).

Amastra elliptica Gk., in GULICK and SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873,
p. 83, pi. 10, f. 15.— SYKES, Fauna Hawtaiiensds, 1900, p. 336.

"It is allied to A. rub ens Gld. and A. decorticata Gk., but it
is thinner, smaller, and darker in color than the former, and
it has a more convex spire than the latter" (GuL).

A. elliptica differs from decorticata and its allies by the
strong development of the outer layer of epidermis. On the
front of the last whorl it is light olive-brown with many un-
equal blackish streaks ; on the back the streaks coalesce into a
more or less continuous black area on the last fourth of the
last whorl. The under layer of cuticle, exposed in front of
the aperture, is pale yellow. Dead shells which have lost all
of the cuticle are reddish on the spire, the last whorl white,
or in 3 out of 40 from "Waialei the last whorl is white above,
reddish below the periphery. One of these denuded shells is
drawn in pi. 34, fig. 22. Normal shells of the same lot are
shown in figures 20, 21, 23.

AMASTRA, OAHU. 205

The embryonic shell has some faint growth-lines only,
thereby differing from A. rub ens. The young are acutely
angular up to nearly 10 mm. long, as in decorticata, etc. The
outlines of the spire are usually convex, and the summit is
obtuse. The columella and basal curve of the peristome are
frequently roseate. Waialei shells measure :

Length 15, diam. 8.5, aperture 7.3 mm. ; whorls 5.

Length 13.4, diam. 8.9, aperture 7.2 mm. ; whorls 5.

Length 15, diam. 9, aperture 7.3 mm.

Shells from Kawailoa have a 'blackish, more deciduous outer
cuticle, and the shell beneath is pinkish or bicolored. The
shells from Hanula and those from Kahuku are often paler
than usual in the type locality. Three from Kahuku figured
measure :

Length 16.3, diam. 9, aperture 7.4 mm. ; whorls 5%.

Length 14.6, diam. 9, aperture 8.2 mm. ; whorls 5.

Length 15, diam. 8, aperture 7.5 mm. ; whorls 5%.

An average shell and two extremes of shape from Kahuku
are figured, pi. 34, figs. 17 to 19.

Mr. Sykes remarks that two specimens collected by Mr.
Perkins on Waianae Mts. may belong to a large, incrassate
variety. I think that they will prove specifically different.

43. A. TRISTIS (Ferussac). PI. 32, figs. 1 to 7, 10, 13.

The shell is imperforate or rimate, oblong-conic, rather
solid, ground-color of first 2 or 3 whorls blackish-purple,
fading then to red-brown with a pale sutural margin, and
finally diluted to light red-brown or nearly white on the last
whorl; the last 2 or 3 whorls having a thin dark brown or
blackish cuticle which is deciduous, remaining in angular
shreds and patches, generally lost over an area in front of the
aperture. Spire a little convexly conic, acute. Whorls 5%
to 5%, nearly flat, the first nearly smooth, the next having
regular radial ripples, following whorl with fine growth-striae
only. The last two whorls are marked with rather coarse
wrinkles along the lines of growth, and some fine spiral striae ;
and on the last whorl there are usually several unevenly-
spaced spiral grooves. The aperture is ovate, slightly ob-

206 AMASTRA, OAHU.

lique, white inside. Peristome 'has a rather strong rib within.
Cohimelia short, rather widely dilated, bearing a strong spiral
lamella. Parietal -callus than and transparent, The axis is
slender and sinuous, widening upward in each whorl. The
superposed lamella penetrates a little less than one whorl.

Length 18, diam. 11, length of aperture 9 mm. Palolo.

Length 18, diam. 10.5, length of aperture 8.5 mm. Palolo.

Length 16.5, diam. 10.2, length of aperture 8.5 mm. Palolo.

Oahu, valleys of the southeastern slope of the main range :
Keawaawa, Makiki, Waialae, Palolo, Nuuanu (G-ulick) ; Kalihi
( Oleson coll. ) ; Niu and Aeia ( Cooke) .

Helix tristis FEE. (Prodrome, p. 60, undeseribed), Voyage
autour du Monde de 1'Uranie et la Physicienne, Zoologie, p.
482, pi. 68, f. 6, 7 (1824).— Bulimus tristis PFR., Symbolse, ii,
p. 52.—Achatinella tristis PFR., P. Z. S., 1845, p. 89 ; Monogr.,
ii, p. 240; iii, 456; dv, 444: vi, 177; Conchyl. Cab., p. 286, pi.
67, f. 10, 11.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 5, f. 37 (1850).—
THWING, Orig. Descriptions, p. 143, pi. 3, f. 13. — Amastra
tristis PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 649.— BALDWIN, Catalogue, p.
10. — Ackatinella fuliginosa GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii,
1845, p. 28.

The specimens from Keawaawa, collected by Gulick, are all
dead shells.

The outer chocolate or blackish cuticle is unusually per-
sistent in one lot from the lateral ridge of Nuuanu (no. 530
Cooke coll.), and in those from Tantalus (pi. 32, figs. 6, 7).
A similar black form occurred at Aiea, far to the west and
widely separated from other known colonies, the nearest being
in Kalihd.

One of the lots from Niu consists of dwarfed abnormally
shortened shells (pi. 32, fig. 10), the last whorl more or less
angular in front, the spire somewhat telescoped into the last
whorl in part of the shells. One specimen has several spiral
grooves cutting the growth-wrinkles on the last whorl, as in
A. undata.

In Nuuanu shells the cuticle may be either black and in
shreds, or nearly continuous and of a rich chestnut color (fig.
5). The size of these chestnut shells varies widely, length
from 15 to 19 mm. Figures 1 to 4 are from Palolo shells.

AMASTRA, OAHU. 207

The shells from other places mentioned show little or no
local differences in the series examined.

Ferussac's original description (given in full below) is
very poor, and the species would hardly have been recognized
except for his figures. * ' Testa dextrorsa, ovato-inflata, vertice
acuminate, striatila ; epidermide bruneo^f ugaci ; anf ractibus 5,
ultimo fere carinato, suturis non distinctis ; apertura semi-
lunata ; peristomate intus incrassato, fere dilatato ; oolumella
alba, depressa, costa munita; rima umbilicali vix distincta.
Elle habite les iles Sandwich" (Ferussac).

A. fuliginosa Gld. was based upon specimens with a light
ground, which sometimes has a faint greenish tint, such as
fig. 2. Occurring with the brown and intermediate shells at
most, if not all, localities, it has apparently little claim to be
considered a distinct species or race. Messrs. Baldwin, Sykes
and Thwing also hold this view.

Embryonic shell. — The first half-whorl is smooth with steep
sides, the suture at first descending rapidly. Fine, slightly
arcuate striae then appear. On the first half of the second
whorl the striae are a little coarser, afterward becoming so fine
as to be hardly perceptible. The latter part of the last whorl
has a few white spots on the reddish-brown ground, and the
acute peripheral keel is white. There are 2% whorls in all.
The columellar fold is moderately developed, and the umbil-
ical crevice very minute (pi. 32, fig. 13 ; length 4.4 mm.) . The
color is almost always purple-black, but rarely shells with a
pale luteous embryo are found, as at Waialae (188 Cooke coll.),
the first neanic whorl being sparsely maculate with opaque
white. This variegation of the spire is unique in shells of
this group of Amastrae, and with the incised spiral lines of
the adult stage, it indicates relations-hip with Metamastra.
A. badia in Mctaniastra has similar embryonic sculpture.

44. A. POROUS n. sp. PL 38, fig. 3.

The shell is imperforate, globose-conic, thin, light brown
throughout. The embryonic shell of 2% whorls is conic, the
first whorl convex, the rest nearly flat; surface smooth but
not glossy, under a strong lens showing weak, very fine stria-

208 AMASTRA, OAHU.

tdon. The post-embryonic whorls are more convex, roughly
and irregularly sculptured with growth-wrinkles, which be-
come quite coarse on the back of the globose last whorl. Aper-
ture is slightly oblique, with a very thin white lining. Lip
sharp and thin. Columellar lamella small, thin, white and
quite oblique. Length 13, diam. 9.1, aperture 7.8 mm. ; 5%
whorls.

Oahu : Mokuleia, Waianae mountains ( Irwin Spalding) .

A thin shell of unusually swollen shape. In contour it is
not unlike some of the small, sub globose individuals of A.
tristis, such as occur in Moanalua, but it differs by lacking a
dark deciduous outer layer of cuticle and in the sculpture of
the embryonic whorls, so that the relationship cannot be
thought close. Its relationships are not clear to us. No other
described Oahuan shell resembles it. The type, to be de-
posited in the Bishop Museum, is not fully adult.

Section PARAMASTRA Hyatt & Pilsbry.

These are pyramidal or more or less turrited forms, usually
with the spire straight or concave-sided ; whorls rather numer-
ous, 6 to 8 ; shell often spirally banded or with many lines ;
cuticle often without a dark, deciduous, outer layer; embryo
very finely striate vertically ; colors variable, often variegated,
frequently resembling the Achatinellina rather than the usual
pattern of Amastra, probably in consequence of an adapta-
tion to arboreal life in some forms.

Type A. spirizona.

The distinction between these shells and the rub ens group
is not always clear, as there seem to be some intermediate
species. The group is confined to Oahu. It is much more
fully developed in the Waianae Range (seven species) , whence
two species have migrated to the Main Range, there to give
rise to two species special to the eastern range, A. porphy-
rostoma and A. turrit ella-, both of these are still connected
with the parent forms (porphyrea and spirizona nigrolabris)
by more or less intermediate shells.

The shells of this group have a tendency to develop a second
<jolumellar fold above the usual lamella, as in the Lanaian

AMASTRA, OAHU. 209

biplicata group. This fold is probably hoinoplastic, not homo-
logic, in the 'two groups ; for the biplicatce show characters of
the cuticle of the typical group of Amastra, with which they
are closely connected by a chain of annectant forms.

One of us (Hyatt) considered A. turritella "the probable
ancestor of the entire group ' ' Paramastra. The other author
(Pilsbry) views the same species as one of the latest deriva-
tives— a terminal twig of the spirizona-nigrolabris branch.

Key to Species of Paramastra.

a. Slender forms, the diameter usually less than half the
length.

b. Apex rather large, 'bulbous; chestnut to buff, suture
paler. A. turritella, no. 47.

ft1. Apex small, pointed.

c. Small, slender shells, with little dull cuticle or
none.

d. Glossy, thin ; white, yellowish or brown,
often variegated with spiral lines; 17x
7.5 mm.

A. micans, no. 45; A. frosti, no. 45a.
d1. Very slender, thick, whitish with brown
apex and pinkish base; 17x6.5 mm.

A. tenuispira, no. 46.

c1. Stouter shells, with a thin dull outer cuticle.
d. Spire convexly conic; 18.5x9 mm.

A. cylindrica, no. 52.

d1. Spire straight ; length 17, diam. 8 to 8.8
mm. A. variegata, no. 53.

a1. Stout, pyramidal shells, the diam. half the length or more.
b. Spire concavely turrite, diam. half the length.

A. t. aeia, no. 47a.
ft1. Spire straightly oonic, stouter.

A. t. waiawa, no. 47&.
b. Diam. decidedly more than half the length.

c. Dark brown with a yellow sutural band; 21x
11.5 mm. A. spirizona, no. 48.

210 AMASTRA, OAHU.

c1. Base brown, light above, stouter.

A. s. nigrolabris, no. 48a.
c2. Shell whitish and rusty-brown.

A. s. chlorotica, no. 48c.

c3. Shell reddish-brown with pale striae ; no dark
outer cuticle. A. porphyrea, no. 50.

c4. Whitish, yellow or brown under a fragmen-
tary cuticle.

d. Parietal callus purplish.

A. porphyrostoma, no. 51.
d1. Not so colored. A. intermedia, no. 49.

45. A. MICANS (Pfeiffer). PL 37, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell subperf orate, dextral, turrited, rather solid; white,
under a buff epidermis having a varnish-like luster. Spire
regularly tapering, the apex rather acute ; suture somewhat
crenated. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last scarcely more
than one-third the length, rotund. Columellar lamella rather
small, oblique. Aperture slightly oblique, suboval ; peristome
simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin a little dilated,
somewhat free. Length 16, diam. 7% mm (Pfr.).

Sandwich Islands (Frick, in Cuming coll.). Oahu (Bald-
win, Huchison) ; back of Leilehua, Waianae valley (C. Mon-
tague Cooke).

Achatinella micans PFR., P. Z. S., 1859, p. 31 ; Monogr., vi,
179.— Amastra micans PSE., P. Z. S., 1869, p. 650.— HARTMAN,
Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1888, p. 47, pi. 1, f. 10.— BALDWIN, Cata-
logue, p. 9. — A. (Laminella) micans SYKES, Fauna Hawaii-
ensis, p. 350. — Amastra frosti Ancey, var. unicolor ANCEY,
Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, p. 269, pi. 12, f. 11, July, 1899.

Hartmans figure was from a specimen apparently identical
with "A. frosti unicolor," some of which have exactly the
dimensions of micans, and seem to be entirely identical.
Since Sykes, who had access to the type specimens of both,
kept them apart,, and even in different subgenera, I give here
the descriptions of both. A. frosti, if my view is correct,
should be ranked as a color- variety of micans.

A. frosti unicolor Ancey. PI. 37, fig. 4. "Shell shaped

AM ASTRA, OAHU. 211

like the type, but uniform straw-yellow, entirely destitute of
brown bands ' ' ( Ancey ) .

AYaianae mountains (Baldwin and others).

Mr. Ancey 's figure is copied in fig. 4. The tint is variable.
Figures 5, 6 represent brown or yellowish-brown shells.
Others, about half of the lot seen, are whitish with a very
faint greenish-yellow tint on the last whorl or two, the upper
part of the spire 'being brown-tinted, and the embryonic
whorls purplish-brown or dull blue (fig. 7). Whether these
color-forms occur in one and the same colony we do not know ;
nor are we advised whether the banded frosti is found with
them or not, Their possibly racial status depends upon the
segregation or association of the forms. The surface in all is
glossy, and generally they retain traces of a thin brown or
blackish outer cuticle, of which fragments remain in spots on
a band below the suture, and sometimes scattered on the last
whorl, more being retained in half-grown than in adult indi-
viduals. As a rule, the columellar lamella is rather small
and the face of the columella above it is smooth ; but in one
shell there is a second well-marked, more oblique fold above
the normal one, such as occurs occasionally in A. turritella,
A. nigrolabris, and others of this group of species. The shape
is similarly variable in all the color forms, as shown in the
figures and measurements. Axis rimate. In a few shells of
typical coloring there is a weak carina on the last whorl.

Length 15.5, diam. 7.2, aperture 6 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Length 15, diam. 8, aperture 6.1 mm. ; 6i/> whorls.

Length 17.2, diam. 7.5, aperture 6.1 mm. ; 7% whorls.

Length 16.5, diam. 8, aperture 6.3 mm.

The above notes are from a series of 48 shells in coll. C. M.
Cooke, from back of Leilehua, Waianae range, 11 in coll. Bos-
ton Society N. H., and 3 in coll. A. N. S. P.

45a. A. FROSTI Ancey. PI. 37, figs. 2, 3.

' * Shell minutely and very narrowly rimate, conoid-turrited,
glossy, impressed with minute, pliciform, more or less obsolete
growth-striae; straw-buff or yellowish- tawny, encircled with
many variously placed narrow, often confluent, bay, spiral

212 AMASTRA, OAHU.

lines. Spire long, conoid-tapering, acute. Whorls 8, the first
uniformly colored, flattened, the rest a little convex, suture
impressed, last whorl larger, somewhat tapering, rotund-oval.
Aperture distinctly oblique, not very large, irregularly oval,
tapering above. Oolumella moderately thickened, whitish,
armed with an acute, prominent, oblique fold remote from the
base. Peristome simple, acute, the margins joined by a glossy
callus in adults. Length 20, diam. 8.5, alt. apert. 7 mm."
(Ancey).

Oahu: district of Waianae (Baldwin) ; near Waianae ana
Waialua (U. S. Nat. Mus.).

Amastra frosti ANCEY, Memoires de la Societe Zoologique
de France, v, 1892, p. 719.— SYKES, P. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii,
p. 275, pi. 13, f. 12 (co-type). — Achatinella frosti THWING,
Orig. Descriptions, etc., p. 161, pi. 3, f. 18 (good).

Smaller than A. cylindrica, with straight lateral outlines
and a more glossy surface. Mr. Sykes 's figure of one of An-
cey's co-types is copied, fig. 2. A lot before us from C. M.
Cooke coll., consists of shells smaller than the dimensions
assigned by Ancey. Length 16.7, diam. 7.9, aperture 6.2 mm.,
whorls 7%. The apex is clear whitish with weak, fine, longi-
tudinal striae ; bands begin on the third whorl. The ground-
color is whitish, the bands chestnut. There is no outer layer
of deciduous cuticle. One of these shells is figured, fig. 3.

46. A. TENUISPIRA Baldwin. PI. 37, fig. 1.

"Shell dextral, imperforate, solid, acuminately turreted,
spire 'conical, apex subacute ; surface lusterless, covered with
somewhat rude, irregular incremental striae; the embryonic
whorls very finely, radiately sulcated. Color light brown,
upper whorls darker; covered with an earthy-brown, fuga-
cious epidermis. Whorls 7, somewhat convex, in some exam-
ples slightly margined above; suture well impressed. Aper-
ture oval, oblique, rather small, light brown within ; peristome
simple, -acute, extremities united with a thin callosity; colu-
mella sub-biplicate, light brown, tortuous, abruptly terminat-
ing in an oblique, dentiform plait. Length 17, diam.
mm." (Baldwin).

AMASTRA, OAHU. 213

Oahu : Mt. Kaala, Waianae range, very local (Baldwin).

Amastra tenuispira BALDW., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p,
232, pi. 11, f. 51.

Figured from the types. This species very closely resem-
bles the whitish race of A. micans, but fthe surface is
rougher and the color of the aperture differs. It is also a
little more slender, the whorls are slightly more convex, and
the axis imperforate.

The shell is very thick. Last whorl white or pale buff,
more or less pink-tinted towards the termination ; spire gray
or brownish, the embryonic whorls dark brown. There are
small spots and shreds of a brown outer cuticle on the last
whorl. There is sometimes an impressed line below the suture
on the last whorls. The whole interior is pink-tinted, or some-
times nearly white, and there is a low, more oblique fold
above the usual columellar plait, more prominent in some
specimens than in others.

Length 15.2, diam. 6.5, aperture 6 mm. ; 6^/2 whorls.

Length 16, diam. 6.9, aperture 6 mm. ; 6% whorls.

47. A. TURRITELLA (Ferussac). PI. 35, figs. 1 to 4.

"Shell dextral, elongate, conic, striatulate ; whorls 6; apex
obtuse; suture distinct, not duplicate; aperture strongly ob-
long ; peristome thickened within ; columella perforate, nearly
straight, provided with a distinct rib. Sandwich Is." (Fer.).

Oahu, southern valleys of eastern half of the main range :
Waialae, Palolo, Matiti, Nuuanu, Moanalua, Halawa, Aeia, a
variety at Waiawa.

Helix turritelld Fer. (Prodr., Tabl. Syst. no. 434, nude
name), Voy. autour du Monde de 1'Uranie et la Physicienne,
Zoologie, p. 481 (1824) ; Hist., pi. 155, f. 13.— SOULEYET, Voy.
Bonite, Moll., pi. 29, f. 7, 8. — Achatinella t., REEVE, Conch.
Icon., vi, pi. 5, f. 34, 41. — PFR., Monogr., ii, 233; Conchyl.
Cab., p. 285, pi. 67, f. 18, 19.— NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. H. of
N. Y., vi, p. 307 (animal) .—Amastra t., PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869,
p. 650. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, Moll., p. 346. — GULICK,
Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal, p. 39, pi. 1, f. 17 (Palolo).
— Acliatina oahuensis GREEN, Contrib. Maclurian Lye. to the

214 AMASTRA, OAHU.

Arts and Sciences, i, 1827, p. 49, pi. 4, f. 5. — A. inornata
MIGHELS, Proc. Best. Soc. N. H., ii, 1845, p. 21.

"Animal short, only half as long as the shell, of a dark
slate-color on the sides ; superior portion and tentacles black ;
under surface of foot light gray; mantle dark brown" (New-
comb).

Nuuanu valley may be taken as the type locality of this
very distinct species. The typical form, as figured by Ferus-
sac, is chestnut-brown. The embryonic shell is often some-
what darker, purplish, but it may be whitish- corneous or
flesh-colored. The apex is rather blunt and rounded, second
embryonic whorl very finely striated vertically, the striae in-
terrupted by some weak spirals. The adult stage has fine
striae over low growth-wrinkles. The subsutural region is
generally paler-colored. Aperture blue-white or with a faint
pink tint within. Outer lip acute; columellar plica not very
strong, and often there is a low, oblique fold above it. Axis
generally perforate. Length 20, diam. 8.7, aperture 7.5 mm. ,
7 whorls; fig. 2 (Nuuanu valley, C. M. Cooke). Other color-
forms from Nuuanu valley are as follows :

2. Fig. 1. Chocolate-brown, with or without a yellow sub-
sutural line. Length 23, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm. ; 8 whorls.

3. Fig. 3. Yellow, shading into chestnut towards the end
of the last whorl, apex generally dark ; a white subsutural
line sometimes present.

4. Pale, corneous-buff, the apex generally pale, last whorl
showing traces of a thin, pale brownish cuticle (fig. 4, Matiti) .

Two small specimens from Waialae resemble forms 1 and 3.
A series from Palolo contains forms 1 and 4. In Moanalua
Cooke found form 2 and an intermediate between 3 and 4.
In Halawa we have form 3 and intermediate between 3 and 4.
In Matiti ( Gulick, = M-akikd ? ) forms 2, 3, 4 (fig. 4).

The synonymous A. oahuensis had the typical coloring of
turrit ella. A. inornata Mighels had forms 1 and 4, and may
have been from Palolo.

Dr. C. Montague Cooke informs us that A. turritella is found
in grass, and on 'both aerial roots and leaves of the leie (Frey-
cinetia)* When on these roots the shell is covered with a

AM ASTRA/ OAHU. 215

short green growth like the green coating of the roots. Those
on grass in a dry place were perfectly green. All the shells
we have studied have been -cleaned.

47a. Var. aiea, n. var. PL 35, figs. 5, 9. The shell has
very convex whorls and concave lateral outlines, the last whorl
more inflated than in turritella. Yellow with a brown sum-
mit (fig. 5), or dark purple-brown with a light subsutural
band (fig. 9).

Fig. 5. Length 16, diam. 8 mm. ; 6y2 whorls.

Fig. 9. Length 18.2, diam. 9.3 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Aeia, a short valley dividing the ridge west of Halawa.
Co-types no. 1014 and 1045 Cooke coll. ; no. 104691 A. N. S. P.

47&. Var. waiawa n. var., pi. 35, figs. 7, 8. Shell decidedly
wider, the outlines of the spire nearly straight.

Length 16.3, diam. 9.5, aperture 7.2 mm. ; whorls

Length 16, diam. 9, aperture 6.7 mm.; whorls

Length 19, diam. 9.3, aperture 7.2 mm. ; whorls 7.

The colors are : yellow or whitish above, chocolate below
the periphery, summit dark. Chocolate with a light sub-
sutural band. Yellow, shading towards chestnut behind the
lip, summit flesh-colored or light. These occur in the pro-
portions of 2, 3 and 10 specimens respectively.

Waiawa. Gulick coll., no. 92231 A. N. S. P.

It will be noted that these shells parallel in color-patterns
the forms spirizona, nigroldbris and chlorotica. The nigro-
labris pattern has not been seen in other lots of turritella, but
the dark and pale examples have the color of turritella forms
2 and 3.

In shape, color and geographic position this race stands
between nigrolabris and turritella. It is probably a remnant
of the transitional forms which terminated in the evolution
of turritella.

48. A. SPIRIZONA (Ferussac). PI. 35, figs. 16, 17, 18.

The shell is ovate-pyramidal, rather solid, chestnut or dark
purplish-brown, with a sharply defined buff band below the
suture on the last three or four whorls, the summit dull purple
or purple-black. Spire straightly conic, rather acute. Em-

216 AM ASTRA, OAHU.

bryonie whorls slightly convex and very finely striate. Later
Whorls lightly marked with growth-wrinkles. The cuticle is
thin and polished, occasionally worn in front of the aperture,
and often' some trace of a very thin lusterless outer coat re-
mains in patches on -the last whorl, hardly noticeable except
by aid of a lens. Whorls moderately convex. Aperture ob-
lique, white inside, the outer lip thin, with a dark border
within. Oolumellar plait small. Columellar margin short
but rather broadly reflexed, generally leaving an umbilical
crevice. Length 21, diam. 11.5, aperture 9.7 mm. ; whorls 7.

Oahu, western range: Waianae, Lihue, almost exclusively
on the ground (Gulick) ; below Kaala on the lee side (Per-
kins) . Lives on low bushes and ferns.

Helix spirizona FER. (Prodrome, Tab. Syst., p. 56, nude
name), Voyage autour du Monde de rUrande et la Physici-
enne, Zoologie, p. 480; Histoire, pi. 155, f. 14, 15. — Helicteres
spirizona BECK, Index, p. 51 (1837). — Achatinella spirizona
Fer., PFR., Monographia, ii, 235; iii, 458; iv, 548; vi, 179;
viii, 238. — NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. H., vi, p. 307. — REEVE,
Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 2, f. 16. — Amastra spirizona Fer., SYKES,
Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 344, with var. nigrolabris and rudis. —
Achatinella acuta SWAINSON, Quart. Jo-urn. Sci. Lit. Arts, i,
1828, p. 84 ; Zool. Illustr., ser. 2, iii, pi. 99, f . 3.— Achatinella
baetica Mighels, in Cuming coll., undescribed.

According to Newcomb, the animal is "thickly studded
with very black granulations with the interstices of a light
slate ; mantle of a yellowish- white. ' '

This well-known shell is easily recognized by its rich, dark
coloration. Ferussac's excellent original figure is copied in
our fig. 16. The original description follows: "Shell dextral,
conic, acute, striate, of a brown color encircled with a white
band at the suture, the apex black-brown. Whorls 6, grad-
ually increasing; suture not duplicate. Aperture coarctate,
oval; peristome thick within, violaceous. Columella nearly
straight, provided with a distinct rib; an umbilical crevice.
It probably inhabits the Sandwich Islands, ' '

The original locality is not known with certainty. The
Uranie Achatinellidae, with two exceptions, were from Nuu-

AMASTRA, ^OAHU. 217

anu and Manoa valleys, back of Honolulu ; where luteola came
from is not known; and spirizona is the only species known
to be from any other district. Since exactly typical shells
occur in the Waianae mountains, especially up Waianae valley
on Mt. Kaala, this valley may be considered the type locality.

There is some variation in proportions, chiefly between the
following extremes :

Fig. 18. Length 21.3, diam. 10.3, aperture 9 mm. ; 7 whorls
(Waianae).

Fig. 17. Length 19, diam. 12, aperture 9.5 mm. ; 6% Whorls
(Lihue).

Achatinella acuta Swainson was based upon specimens from
the northern range having the spirizona coloring, such as
occur mingled with nigrolabris in Kawailoa valley, and doubt-
less interbreeding with nigrolabris, which is the dominant
form; as usual in such Mendelian hybrid races, the mutant
dominates. Swainson 's type was a shell in which there is a
deep sinus below the columellar lamella, such as we have
figured in pi. 40, fig. 16, from Kawailoa. This feature is quite
variable, both in spirizona and nigrolabris. The basal lip is
not quite so deeply arcuate as in spirizona. Properly speak-
ing, the name A. acuta is not a synonym of spirizona, but be-
longs to the spirizona X nigrolabris hybrid race ; see below.

It may be mentioned here that all of Swainson 's Achati-
nellas were collected by Lord Byron, an account of whose
voyage has been published (Voyage of H. M. S. Blonde to
the Sandwich Islands in the years 1824-1825. London, 1826) .
The only Oahuan port visited by the Blonde was Honolulu.
All of the Achatinellidce brought home were strung on a neck-
lace, which was evidently made in Kawailoa valley, the species
and color- forms being all such .as occur in that neighborhood,
none of them being from the Waianae mountains, or from
eastern Oahu. Dr. Newcomb has already noted this fact.

A. s. nigrolabris Smith. PI. 35, figs. 10 to 15.
"Shell dextral, globose-conic, perforate (the perforation
letimes covered by callus), little shining, longitudinally
igose (hardly spirally) striate; deep black-brown, encircled

218 AM ASTRA, OAHU.

below the suture by a broad pale dirty flesh-colored zone.
Whorls 6l/2, the first 3% nearly flat, blackish, the rest convex ;
suture hardly margined. Aperture white; peristome with a
thin blackish- pur pie edge, lightly bordered within; columella
roseate, provided with a laminiform basal fold (and sometimes
one or two tubercles). Length 20, diam. 12 mm."

Oahu, western part of the northeastern range: Wahiawa,
type loc. ; also found in all the valleys from Kalaikoa to Wai-
mea, sometimes on the ground but more frequently on trees
(Gulick). Type in British Museum.

Amastra mgrolabris Sm., GULICK and SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873,
p. 85, pi. 10, f. 9.— PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 23S.—Achatinella
mgrolabris THWING, Orig. Descriptions, p. 148, pi. 3, f. 15
(•uncharacteristic). — Laminella mgrolabris Smith, W. G. BIN-
NET, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, 1884, p. 98 "lingual dentition
as in mastersi. ' '

Typically the last whorl of this snail is light-colored from
suture to, or nearly to, the periphery, 2 or 3 preceding whorls
being light with a dark band above the suture, and the out-
lines of the spire are a little concave (figs. 14, 15, Wahiawa.) ;
but in most of the lots before us there are also specimens in
which the light color is confined to a narrow band below the
suture, generally shading into the dark basal color, but some-
times as sharply defined as in spirizona. Such shells are re-
ferable to Swainson's acuta. They are figured in pi. 35, fig,
10, and pi. 40, fig. 16 (Kawailoa), and pi. 35, fig. 12 (Wai-
mea) . There are also transitional specimens, as Mr. Sykes has
pointed out, both in color and shape, between spirizona and
nigrolabris.

The fact seems to be that a formerly widespread stock has
been diversely modified on the two ranges. On the northern
range the herd is composite, consisting of a mixture of spiri-
zona forms (which might be called acuta Swains, if they need
a name), with a broad-banded mutation peculiar to that range
(typical nigrolabris), the latter predominating. This color-
change is apparently coincident with a change in progress
from terrestrial to arboreal habits, nigrolabris living on
bushes, spirizona generally on the ground.

AMASTRA, OAHU. 219

Wahiawa topotypes of nigrolabris from the Gulick collec-
tion measure:

Fig. 14. Length 18.7, diam. 11.8, aperture 9 mm.

Fig. 15. Length 20.5, diam. 11, aperture 8.5 mm.

In Kahana valley (C. M. Cooke coll.) the shells are rather
small. Some have typical spirizona pattern, others transi-
tional, others typical nigrolabris pattern (pi. 35, figs. 11, 13).
Specimens measure :

Length 16, diam. 10 mm.

Fig. 11. Length 19.5, diam. 10.8 mm. ; 6y2 whorls.

Fig. 13. Length 19, diam. 11 mm.

Length 18.3. diam. 9.5 mm.

Specimens have been examined from Waimea, Kawailoa
(fig. 10), Helemano, Wahiawa, Opaiula, Ahonui, and Kalai-
koa on the southern slope of the range, collected by Gulick,
and from Kahana on the northern slope, collected by C. M.
Cooke, Jr.

A few specimens from Kawailoa, Helemano 'and Wahiawa
have the base of the shell of a rusty red-brown color, in place
of the usual dark purple-brown, the upper surface being light
buff. These forms resemble A. s. rudis save that the light
band extends to the periphery.

486. A. s. rudis (Pfeiffer). PI. 33, fig. 10.

Shell subimperforate, ovate-turrite, solid, rudely striate,
fulvous-brown; spire elevated-conic, the apex rather acute,
suture simple, very lightly crenulate. Whorls T1/^ moderately
convex, the last scarcely forming two-fifths the total length,
rotund. Aperture oblique, sinuate-oval; columellar fold me-
dian, laminiform, subtransverse ; peristome simple, acute, the
columellar margin dilated, reflexed, subadnate. Length 21,
diam. 11.5. aperture 9 mm. long, 5 wide (Pfr.).

Var. b. Chestnut, with buff median and basal bands, spire
less lengthened (Pfr.).

Sandwich Is. (Frick).

Achatinella rudis PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 5, pi. 30, f. 17;
Monogr.. iv, 549.

Pfeiffer's type figure, copied in fig. 10, represents a form

220 AMASTRA, OAHU.

essentially with the color pattern of A. spirizona. It seenis
to us to represent a pallid form or race of that species, or
perhaps of the similar narrow-banded form of nigrolabris.
It can hardly be "a variety of A. intermedia Newc.," 'as Dr.
Newcomb claimed (Ann. Lye., vi, 320). The var. b was sub-
sequently referred to A. albida by Pfeiffer.

48c. A. s. chlorotica (Pfeiffer). PL 35, figs. 19, 20.

Shell subperf orate, ovate-conic, solid, rugulose-striate, whit-
ish, variegated in streaks with greenish epidermis ; spire conic,
rather acute. Whorls 6, the upper a little convex, the penul-
timate swollen, the last whorl about two-fifths the total length,
rotund. Aperture oblique, truncate-oval, white within. Colu-
mellar fold very slight, almost none. Peristome simple, un-
expanded, the columellar margin dilated, somewhat free.
Length 18, diam. 10.5, aperture 8x5 mm. Oahu, Frick in
Mus. Cuming (Pfr.).

Oahu, Main Range: Kalaikoa, Ahonui, Wahiawa (Gulick) ;
Kahana (C. M. Cooke).

Ackatinella metis var. ~b, PFB., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 5. — Acha-
tinella chlorotica PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 203 ; Monogr., iv, p.
563, no. 4.— A. albida PFR., t. <c., p. 203, no. 6.— THWING,
Orig. Descript., etc., pp. 154, 155 (Mt. Kaala) .

The shells from the localities mentioned above are referable
to A. albida, which seems to be not separable from chlorotica
Pfr. Typical chlorotica we have not seen. It appears to
differ from ' ' rudis var. b " => albida by lacking the tawny
band or streak coloring ; whether as a race or only as an in-
dividual mutation we have at present no means of knowing,
though material to decide the question is probably extant in
some of the great collections in the islands.

These shells are merely A. s. nigrolabris in which the
purple-brown pigmentation is wanting, leaving the rusty-red
coloring and all other features unchanged. A. chlorotica is
the blond, A. nigrolabris the brunette. The series before us
shows no actual intergradation, yet the relationship is so inti-
mate that it seems proper to rank chlorotica as a variety of
the other. Such imitations are often observed where a single

AMASTRA/ OAHU. 221

color-factor is inhibited without otherwise changing the ani-
mal. In this case the peculiarity has been perpetuated in a
race. Specimens from Kalaikoa (fig. 19) and Wahiawa (fig.
20) are figured.

Under the cuticle the shell is white below the periphery,
rusty red-brown, uniform or streaked above it. Over the
whole there is a light greenish-yellow cuticle, and on the last
whorl there may also be a very thin, light brown, partially
deciduous outer cuticle. The spire is streaked with rust-
brown ; the embryonic whorls yellow- corneous or light brown.
The outlines of the spire are generally concave. The colu-
mella and lip have a rose tint.

Sometimes there is a rusty belt below the periphery, the
latter then marked with a pale band or zone. Size and shape
vary as in A. s. nigrolabris.

Length 18.7, diam. 11 nrm.

Length 18, diam. 12 mm.

The columella is heavily calloused above the rather small
plait, and it occasionally has one or two small tubercles, or a
low, narrow fold above, such as occurs in some specimens of
A. s. nigrolabris. The umbilicus may be open or closed.

Dr. Newcomb (1858) first united A. rudis var. b, A. chloro-
tica and A. albida. In 1893 Mr. Baldwin subordinated rudis,
chlorotica and albida to nigrolabris as color- varieties ; but
Pf eiffer 's names are prior to nigrolabris. It is, however, true
that nigrolabris is the parent form, the others derivatives.
Mr. Thwing records A. chlorotica and A. albida from Mt.
Kaala. It is not likely that he had the form here identified
as chlorotica. The original description of albida follows:

Achatinella albida Pfr. Shell perforate, ovate-turrite, thin,
irregularly striate, whitish streaked with a pale fulvous epi-
dermis. Spire conic, the apex somewhat acute, the suture
very slightly crenulate. Whorls 6, the upper flat, following
more convex, the last scarcely % the total length, rotund, ob-
soletely subangular at the periphery. Aperture a little ob-
lique, sinuate-oval. Oolumellar fold median, lammiform,
oblique. Peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar mar-
gin shortly reflexed, nearly free. Length 17, diam. 9~y2 mm.
Sandwich Is., Mr. D. Frick, Cuming coll. (Pfr.).

222 AMASTRA, OAHU.

49. A. INTERMEDIA (Newcomb) . PI. 33, fig. 8; pi. 34, figs. 6
to 12.

"Shell dextral, cylindrical; whorls 7, rounded; suture
rather deep ; aperture small, subovate ; columella with a small
flexuous plait ; lip acute ; striae numerous, well developed, and
longitudinal to the shell ; color uniform dark brown, usually
lighter at the sutures, interiorly of a bluish-white or slate
color; columella bluish- white. Length fourteen-twentieths,
diom. seven-twentieths of an inch" [17.5x8.75 mm.] (Newc.).

Oahu: Wadanae (Newcomb) ; ridges of Nuuanu [?], and
Waianae Mts. below Kaala (Perkins) ; Waianae and Lihue
(Gulick).

Achatinella intermedia NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 135, no.
14, pi. 22, f. 13 (1854) ; Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, p. 325.— Amas-
tra i., SYKES, Fauna Hawaii ensis, p. 338. — Amastra conico-
spira SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 86, pi. 10, f. 10.

We are unable to find any characters to distinguish be-
tween some varieties of this species and of A. porphyrea.
Specimens from Wadanae are figured, pi. 34, figs. 11, 12. The
first half -whorl is smooth; then slightly arcuate stria? ap-
pear; these are rather strong on the first half of the second
whorl, after which they become very fine and close, and
weaker towards the lower suture. The embryo seems to com-
prise nearly 3 whorls. It is narrower, higher and more conic
than in A. rubens. The spire is nearly straightly conic in
Waianae specimens, yet there is a .slight convexity in the out-
lines of the lower part, while near the summit it is slightly
contracted. This double curvature is more conspicuous in
some of the shells from Lihue. Subsequent whorls have rather
coarse, low and irregular growth-wrinkles. The first 3 or 4
whorls are of a uniform dark purple-brown color; then a
yellow line appears at the suture, widening to an ill-defined
band on the last whorl, and the ground-color changes to dark
reddish-brown, with some paler streaks along wrinkles, and
usually remains of dull, blackish streaks of a deciduous outer
layer of cuticle. There is no distinctly lighter patch in front
of the aperture, but some shells obscurely show darker bands
in the ground-color there. The aperture is white or blue-

AM ASTRA, OAHU. 223

white within, with a dark border in the acute lip. An axial
crevice is present in some examples. Length 20, diam. 10.7
mm.; 6% whorls (Waianae).

In a series from Lihue (pi. 34, figs. 6 to 10) there are some
shells having a reddish-brown, uniform or indistinctly banded
under-color, like those from Waianae; others have a cream,
pale brown-tinted or dirty-whitish ground with faint or dis-
tinct reddish bands; and all are covered with a rather thin
outer cuticular layer, which is brown or olivaceous on the
pale, blackish on dark individuals. The embryonic whorls
are generally dark, but sometimes pale. One specimen from
Waianae (Gulick coll.) is like the paler Lihue shells. These
light and banded specimens approach very close to A. cylvn-
drica, and there may be actual intergradation ; yet, in gen-
eral, A. intermedia is a more robust race, with straighter lat-
eral outlines and a decidedly more conspicuous outer layer of
cuticle.

Up to a length of about 12 mm. the periphery is acutely
angular, and the umbilicus present as a narrow crevice. In
the adult stage it is imperforate.

A shell probably from Waianae is figured, pi. 33, fig. 8, to
show the coloration when the outer coat of cuticle is re-
moved. The ground-color is cream-white, with many bright
chestnut lines and bands, beginning faintly on the penult,
whorl and becoming dark and wide on the base of the last
whorl. Much wider at all stages of growth than A. cylin-
drica. Length 19.2, dia.m. 11, aperture 9.3 mm. ; whorls G1/^.
A young shell in the same lot is 13 mm. long, of 5 whorls, and
has a width of 8.9 mm. It is wholly imperforate.

Amastra conicospira Smith. PI. 27, fig. 18; pi. 38, fig. 14.
' ' Shell ovate-conic, dextral, striated with growth-lines ; dirty-
whitish, partly covered with olivaceous epidermis. Whorls 7,
nearly flat, the first three or four light reddish, following two
purplish-brown. Spire straightly conic. Suture simple.
Aperture dirty-white. Peristome thin, brownish within,
scarcely thickened ; columellar fold thin. Length 20.5, diam.
10 mm. Sandwich Is." (Smith).

"But one specimen of this species has been received, and

224 AMASTRA, OAHU.

without notes concerning the station and habitat, except that
it is from the Sandwich Islands" (Smith) .

The original figure is copied, pi. 27, fig.18. In pi. 38, fig.
14, we have given an enlarged figure of the same unique type
specimen, now in coll. Boston Society of Natural History. It
is undoubtedly a rather turrited example of A. intermedia,
almost exactly like some of the shells from Lihue. The in-
ternal border of the outer lip and the columella above the fold
are violaceous rather than "brownish." Length 20, diam.
10.8 mm. ; 63/4 whorls.

50. A. PORPHYBEA (Newcomb). PL 33, figs. 14 to 21.

Shell rather solid, acuminately conical. Whorls 7, subcari-
nated above, plano-convex; suture 'deeply impressed. Aper-
ture subovate, contracted below; lip thin; columella short,
terminating in a twisted plait. Epidermis thin and black;
striae longitudinal and strong; color beneath epidermis of a
leaden hue, with numerous transverse lines encircling the
shell. Length .75, diam. .4 inch. (Newc.)

Oahu : Waianae (Newcomb, type loc.) . Waianae and Lihue
(Gulick) ; near Mt. Kaala (Thwing) ; main range at Ahonui
and Wahiawa (Gulick) and Kahana (C. M. Cooke).

Achatinella porphyrea NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 136, pi. 22,
f. 16; Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, p. 326.— PFR., Monogr.,
iv, 554. — THWING, Orig. Descript, p. 156, pi. 3, f . 16. — Achati-
nella grossa PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 204 ; Monogr., iv, p. 551. —
A. grassa Pfr., HARTMAN, 1888.

This species may prove to be indistinguishable from A. in-
termedia Nc., which seems to be connected with porphyrea by
intermediate forms. In two lots from Newcomb, none of the
shells retain an outer coat of "thin and black" epidermis.
They vary from about the size given by Newcomb to longer,
less obese forms, 19x11 mm. to 22x11.5 mm. The ground-
color is a dull, livid, dark red, with or without darker and
lighter streaks, and sometimes having indistinct spiral lines.
A subsutural narrow band is yellowish, sometimes indistinct,
but more often inconspicuous. The striae are livid whitish in
some of the shells. The apical whorls are dull blackish-purple

AMASTRA, OAHU. 225

in five, nearly white in three shells of the lot. Two of these
shells from Newcomb are figured, pi. 33, figs. 15 (Waianae)
and 16. Xewcomb's original figure is copied, pi. 33, fig. 17.

In a series of three shells from Waianae collected and
labeled porpliyrea by Gulick, one specimen is like the New-
cornb shells, the others having a buff ground with numerous
reddish lines, a pink apex, and many shreds of brown cuticle
on the last two whorls, exactly as in intermedia, to which
form these shells may perhaps be referable.

A large series from Lihue (pi. 33, figs. 18-21) labeled A.
grossa Pfr. by Gulick, consists of rather robust shells, vari-
ously colored :

1. Last whorl or two bright yellow with a white subsutural
band, early whorls fles'h-colored. Cuticle very thin, not de-
ciduous in shreds, becoming light chestnut behind the lip
(fig. 20).

2. Very pale fleshy-buff, early whorls flesh-brown; last two
whorls partly covered with remains of an opaque, brown or
blackish cuticle (fig. 21).

3. Under color fleshy-brown, apex often purplish, cuticle
opaque and dark (fig. 18).

4. Same as preceding, but there are darker spiral lines and
bands on the later whorls ; the coloration being like intermedia
and cylindrica (fig. 19).

In these shells the spire is straightly or almost straightly
conic, and the lip is thickened within. The proportions are
rather variable :

Length 18.5, diam. 11.2 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 19, diam. 11 mm.

Length 20, diam. 11.2 mm.

Specimens referred by Gulick to porphyrea are also before
us from the main range of Oahu — Ahonui and Wahiawa (pi.
33, fig. 14), and also from Kahana on the north side, where
it was collected by C. M. Cooke. These shells have rather
strongly raised, light-colored striae on a ground of dull red
and purplish, summit dull purple, blue or flesh-colored ; suture
generally, but not always, marked with a light line. There is
no trace whatever of opaque outer cuticle. The fine filiform

226 AM ASTRA, OAHU.

light lines on a dark ground give this form a peculiar and
distinct appearance. The dimensions and proportions vary
rather widely :

Length 16.8, diam. 11 mm.

Length 19.2, diam. 11 mm.

Length 17.2, diam. 10 mm.

Another lot from Kahana, Oooke coll., contains fleshy-brown
shells with a partly deciduous dark brown cuticle, spirally
banded and lineate shells, and one pale buff throughout. This
lot is less roughly striate than the preceding, being very much
like the forms from the Waianae range. The locality "Ma-
noa" given by Hartman is evidently an error.

Achatinella grossa Pfr. is identical with porphyrea accord-
ing to Newcomb, an opinion which later authors have ap-
proved. The description follows :

''Shell imperf orate, dextral, conic-ovate, solid, somewhat
roughly striate, chestnut-colored. Spire ovate-conic, the apex
acute, blackish, suture pale, crenulate. Whorls 7, the upper
ones flat, smooth, the following gradually becoming more
convex ; last whorl about two-fifths the total length. Aper-
ture oblique, sinuate-semioval, whitish inside ; columellar fold
laminiform; subtriangular, nearly transverse; peristome un-
expanded, acute, the margins joined by a whitish callus, righl
margin somewhat labiate within, columellar margin adnate.
Length 23, diam. 11, aperture 10x5 mm. Sandwich Islands,
Frick in Cuming coll." (Pfr.).

51. A. PORPHYROSTOMA Pease. PI. 37, figs. 8, 12, 13.

' ' Shell dextral, imperf orate, thick, long-conic, marked witl
fine rough striae, covered with a very thick, brown, rough epi-
dermis, below which there is a thin, smooth, brown one. Spire
convexly conic. Whorls 6, convex, the last convex, half the
total length ; suture well marked. Aperture subelliptical, sub-
angular at the base. Columella narrow, vertical ; columellai
fold thick, lamelliformt, nearly transverse. Outer margii
simple. Ground-color of the shell under the epidermis yel-
lowish. Columella and outer lip of a purple tone; summil
reddish-brown. Length 20, diam. 11 mm.

AMASTRA, OAHU. 227

"The peculiar color of the aperture and the rugose, very
peculiar epidermis with which the animal covers its shell dis-
tinguishes this species well from its congeners" (Pease).

Oahu (Pease) : central portion of the main range at Wahi-
awa (Gulick) ; Kahana (C. M. Cooke, Jr.).

Amastra porphyrostoma PEASE, Journal de Conehyliologie,
xvii, 1869, p. 172 ; P. Z. S., 1869, p. 649.—Achatinella p., PFR.,
Monogr., viii, p. 233.— HABTMAN, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1888,
p. 48, pi. 1, f. 6.

Fig. 12 represents a specimen from the Pease collection.
Those ta.ken by Gulick in Wahiawa valley are typical. The
internal border of the outer lip, the columella and parietal
callus are of a fine though not very deep purple color. The
apical whorls are brown, or sometimes purple-brown with a
pale band at the top. The "rugose-brown epidermis" men-
tioned by Pease is foreign matter plastered on after the man-
ner of Pterodiscus, etc. The real cuticle is thin, smooth, and
of a light yellowish-chestnut color, the calcareous layer below
being pale fleshy-yellowish. The axis is often perforate. The
second embryonic whorl is very finely striate, as in A. turri-
tella, etc.

The shells from Kahana valley, on the north side of the
range, have but little purple color within the outer lip, and
the parietal callus is of a rather dull brownish purple. The
shredded cuticle is of a dull, cold, brown color (pi. 37, figs.
8,13).

Length 20.2, diam. 12, aperture 10 mm. ; whorls 6.

Length 21, diam. 12, aperture 10.5 mm. ; whorls 6.

Length 17.8, diam. 11.2, aperture 10 ; whorls 5y2.

This species is somewhat related to A. porphyrea, but it
differs from all other related species by the colored parietal
callus.

52. A. CYLINDRICA (Newcomb). PI. 34, figs. 13, 14, 16.

"Shell dextral, elongately cylindrical, tapering to a point
at the summit. Whorls 7, slightly rounded ; suture moderate.
Aperture oblong-ovate; columella terminating in a flexuous
tooth. Surface of shell longitudinally strongly striate, of a

i

228 AMASTRA, OAHU.

light 'horn-color, encircled by numerous narrow brown bands.
Length sixteen- twentieths, diam. six- twentieths of an inch'7
[20x7.5 mm.] (Newc.).

"Animal light gray, marbled with dusky triangular patches,
mantle light gray, tentacles dark, granulations strong ; a dor-
sal and two obscure lateral white lines extend from the head
along the animal" (Newc.}.

Oahu: Waianae (Newcomb) ; near Mt. Kaala (Thwing).

Achatinella cylindrica NEWC., P. Z. S. Lond., 1853, p. 134,
pi. 22, f. 11 (1854) ; Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, p. 325 (ani-
mal) . — PFR., Monogr., iv, 555. — THWING, Orig. Descr., p. 156.

This shell has some resemblance to A. frosti, but that is
smaller, with more straightly turrited spire, the last whorl
shorter and more convex. In A. variegata the outlines of the
spire are straight, while in cylindrica they are typically quite
distinctly convex, as in Newcomb 's figure which we have
copied, pi. 34, fig. 13.

The embryonic shell has a rather narrowly conic shape, as
in A. variegata, not so blunt and rounded as in A. rubens. It
is very finely striate, as in variegata. In color it varies from
purplish-red to whitish-corneous, but the lighter tint prevails.

Newcomb 's measurement of the diameter was no doubt
erroneous ; his figure shows no such proportions as the assigned
dimensions would indicate. Specimens received from him
measure :

Length 18.5, diam. 9, aperture 7.8 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 18.3, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm. ; 6~y2 whorls.

The adult shell has variously-placed spiral lines and zon<
of red-brown on a paler ground, which under the lens sho)
whitish stride with fleshy or creamy intervals, giving a creai
or fleshy appearance to the eye. Over this there is an e:
tremely thin, dilute brown outer cuticle, worn off in front
the aperture, or sometimes extensively lost. The sculpture
strongly developed and rather irregular. The outer lip is
little thickened within. Pig. 16 was drawn from a typi<
specimen received from Newcomb (no. 57689 A. N. S. P.).

In the same lot with several typical specimens from N<
comb there is a narrower shell with almost straightly turril

AMASTRA, OAHU. 229

spire (fig. 14) but having the sculpture and color of cylin-
drica.

Another lot in the Robert Swift collection (57690 A. N.
S. P.) contains two shells banded with red-brown on a nearly
white ground, two without the bands but otherwise similar.
All have a thin light brown cuticle. One of these is drawn
in fig. 14 of plate 34. It measures, length 21, diam. 9.8 mm. ;
whorls 7.

A. rub ens has a thicker, blacker outer cuticle, a more ob-
tuse apex, and less strong striation than cylindrica, but it
must be admitted that there are specimens which seem to be
intermediate between rubens and the bandless form of cylin-
drica. On the other hand, cylindrica approaches close to A.
intermedia; yet the typical forms of these three species are
abundantly distinct.

53. A. VARIEGATA (Pfeiffer). PL 34, figs. 1 to 5.

"Shell subperf orate, rather solid, oblong-turrite ; striate;
brownish-buff variegated with streaks of brown epidermis.
Spire turrited, the apex ruddy, rather acute ; suture deep, not
margined. Whorls 7, convex, the last two-fifths the total
length. Columella indistinctly two-folded, the lower fold
transverse, compressed, lamelliform, white. Aperture a little
oblique, semioval. Peristome simple, unexpanded, acute, the
columellar margin reflexed, overhanging, giving the appear-
ance of a perforation. Length 17, diam. 8, oblique alt. of
aperture 7, width 3i/2 mm." (Pfr.).

Sandwich Is. (Pfr.) ; Oahu: Mokuleia, north of the west-
ern end of the Waianae range (Gulick) ; Waianae valley
(Baldwin) ; head of Boothes valley (Hartman).

Achatinella variegata PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mala.k., 1849, p. 90;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 282, pi. 67, f. 14, 15; Monogr., iii, 466.—
BALDWIN, Catalogue, p. 10. — Achatinella rubem REEVE (in
part), Conch. Icon., pi. 6, f. 42a. — Achatinella decepta C. B.
ADAMS, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., v, p. 43 ; Contrib. to Conch.,
no. 8, p. 127. — Amastra variegata HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1888, p. 51.

It is a species of more turrited shape than cylindrica or
rub ens, the last whorl being shorter.

230 AMASTRA, OAHU.

The embryonic shell of 2% whorls is rather high and conic,
purplish-red, darker at the tip, or rarely pallid. It is very
finely and closely striate. Subsequent whorls have low wrin-
kle sculpture, strongest just below the sutures. The last
whorl retains the thin, light olivaceous-brown cuticle in shreds,
In adult shells it is entirely worn away in front of the aper-
ture, and is generally darker, brown-streaked, behind the lip.
The color below the outer layer of cuticle is pale brown. In-
terior white or faintly pink. The periphery remains acutely
angular up to the 5 to 5% whorl stage, then becoming rounded.
There is an <axial crevice behind the columellar lip. The
"columella subbiplicata" mentioned by Pfeiffer is an occa-
sional but inconstant feature, well developed in some shells,
such as that drawn1 in fig. 5, but the upper fold is quite in-
distinct or wholly wanting in most individuals. The lip is
thin-edged, and generally has a yellowish border within.

Length 17, diam. 8.8, aperture 7.25 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Length 17.2, diam. 8, aperture 7 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Figures 1, 2 are copied from Pfeiffer ; figs. 3, 4, 5 and the
above notes are from specimens from Mokuleia.

Section HETERAMASTRA Pilsbry (p. 141).

The single alleged Oahuan species referred to this group
may prove to be a sinistral Paramastra, near A. tenuispira
Baldwin, or perhaps it is not really from Oahu.

54. A. ELONGATA (Newcomb).

Shell sinistral, acutely turreted, with numerous well-defined
longitudinal striae, covered with a brown epidermis. Whorls
7, rounded ; suture deep, simple. Aperture ovate ; columella
plicate; lip simple. Length 0.5, breadth 0.22 inch. Oahu
(Newcomb, A. elongata) .

Shell acutely turreted, sinistral ; whorls 7, rounded ; suture
deep; striae numerous, longitudinal and well defined; aper-
ture ovate; lip simple; columella plicate; color of epidermis
brown. But a solitary specimen of this shell has been found;
but its characters are clearly marked, and no described species

AMASTRA, OAHU. 231

resembles it in form. Length. 10, diarn. 4 Vfc- twentieths of an
inch. Lehui, Oahu (Newcomb, for A. acuta).

Oahu: Lihue, in the Waianae Range. Type in Newcomb
coll., Cornell University.

Achatinella elongata NEWCOMB, Annals of the Lyceum of
Nat. Hist, of New York, vi, May, 1853, p. 26; t. c., Sept.,
1858, p. 328 (identity of A. acuta and A. elongata affirmed
and explained). — Amastra elongata SYKES, Fauna Hawaii-
ensis, p. 349. — Not A. elongata BORCHERDESTG, Zoologica, xix,
p. 124, pi. 10, f. 24.— Achatinella acuta NEWCOMB, P. Z. S.,
1853, p. 142 (not of Swainson; not P. Z. S., pi. 23, fig. 36 =
A. soror). — PFR., Monographia, iv, 528.

Newcomb at first intended to name this shell A. acuta, but
that name being in use, it was changed to elongata in the
paper published in New York, which appeared before that in
P. Z. S. under the name acuta. Both descriptions were based
upon the same unique specimen, stated to be from Lihue, in
the AYaianae range, Oahu.

Borcherding follows Hartman in uniting A. hutchinsonii of
Maui as a synonym of elongata. He figures a specimen from
Waialua, near the eastern end of Molokai, which is clearly
villosa Sykes, a form of hutchinsonii. We do not endorse this
view. "With a length of about 12 mm., A. elongata has 7
whorls. It is therefore only about half the size of A. hutchin-
sonii or villosa. The embryonic sculpture is unknown.

Newcomb subsequently procured additional specimens
which he referred to elongata. Two of these, sent by him to
Garrett, and now in the Bishop Museum, are certainly the
Mauian A. l&va Bald., one being quite typical, the other (pi.
49, fig. 10) is a wider form, 11x6 mm., having the shape of
interject a, but the rough sculpture, solid texture and white
aperture of l&va.

A. elongata has not been found by Oahuan conchologists erf
the present generation. Competent judges among them doubt
the occurrence of such a shell on Oahu.

232 AMASTRA, LANAI.

AMASTR.E OF LANAI.

The Amastrae of Lanai are closely related to those of Molo-
kai. The biplicata series is especially developed, and the as-
simiUs series of eastern Molokai and Maui is absent. Amas-
trella and Cyclamastra have not been found, but perhaps they
may turn up as fossils, or even recent, as the island has not
been very thoroughly explored. Heteramastra is represented
by one species.

Key to Amastrce of Lanai.

a. Shell sinistral. A. fraterna, no. 55.

a1. Shell dextral.

6. Shell globose-conic, 12x8.3, aperture 6.8 mm.

A. nucula, no. 57.

61. Ovate-conic, oblong or turrited; aperture not over
half the length.

c. Small, banded, with costate and carinate

apex; 11.6x6 mm. A. pusilla, no. 56.

c1. Large (over 18 mm.), embryonic whorls

handsomely costate and usually carinate.

d. Whitish, fleshy or purplish under a

fragmentary brown or blackish cuticle ;

length 25 to 36 mm. A. magna, no. 58.

d1. A white peripheral band, spire brown;

smaller. A. m. ~balteata, no. 58a.

d2. Yellow under a deep brown cuticle;

aperture yellow; length 23 to 25 mm.

A. aurostoma, no. 59.

d3. Banded with brown; cuticle yellowish,
dark behind the lip.

A. gray ana, no. 60.

d*. Yellow under the blackish cuticle;

whorls shorter; aperture pink or red.

A. rubristoma, no. 61.

c2. Shell oblong-conic or turrited, the embryonic
whorls finely striate ; aperture usually pink ;
columella often biplicate.

AMASTRA, LANAI. 233

d. Yellow under blackish cuticle; last

whorl strongly convex.

A. rubristoma, no. 61.
d\ Whitish under blackish cuticle; last

whorl rather compressed; length 20 to

23, diam. 11 mm. A. biplicata, no. 62.
d2. Diameter usually more than half the

length ; length 14 to 20 mm.

A. durandi, no. 63.
d3. More slender, smaller, diam. less than

half the length. A. moesta, no. 64.

Section HETERAMASTRA Pilsbry.
55. A. FRATERNA Sykes. PI. 49, fig. 9 ; pi. 17, figs. 11, 14.

" Shell sinistral, ovate turriform, thin; suture impressed;
whorls 61/? to 7, a little convex, longitudinally striated, cov-
ered with a brown or blackish-corneous epidermis. Aperture
ovate, moderate; peristome unexpanded, acute; lamina mod-
erate. Length 10, diam. 5.5 mm. ' ' (Sykes) .

Lanai : Mountains behind Koela (Perkins).

Amastra fraterna SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London ii, pt.
3, p. 129, October, 1896. — Amastra (Laminella) fraterna
SYKES Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 349, pi. 11, f. 23.

Mr. Sykes 's original figure is copied in our pi. 49, fig. 9.
The shell is more inflated than any of the soror group of Maui.
It is entirely clothed with a thin, dark-brown or black cuticle,
worn off in front of the aperture exposing the purple-brown
under-color. The typical form has a nearly straight-sided
spire and is composed of 61/2 to 7 whorls (pi. 49, fig. 9).

A somewhat different form was collected by Mr. D. Thaa-
num, exact locality not given. It has fewer whorls and a con-
cave-sided spire (pi. 17, figs. 11, 14). The embryonic whorls
are very beautifully costellate, the riblets being narrow. They
are represented as much too wide in pi. 17, fig. 14. The whorls
are convex, the last one inflated ; outlines of the spire concave.
The columellar lamella is rather small, becoming larger within.
The figures on plate 17 are from specimens collected by Mr.

234 AMASTRA, LANAI.

D. Thaanum. Length 10.3, diam. 6.5, aperture 5.3 mm. ;
whorls.

Subgehus AMASTRA s. sir.

Imperforate or narrowly rimate Amastrse with the embry-
onic whorls typically flattened, costate, and carinate above the
suture (the carina sometimes concealed), rarely they are con-
vex and striate. Cuticle generally marked with zigzag or an-
gular stripes or spots. Type A. magna.

Distribution : Molokai, Maui and Lanai.

The variation in embryonic sculpture which is occasionally
encountered in this subgenus is extraordinary, though in the
great majority of specimens and species only the costate and
carinate type of embryonic shell is found. The main excep-
tions are in the series of A. magna, where the costation is weak
in A. violacea and wanting in A. nubilosa; and the series of
A. nigra, where that species has two embryonic forms, figured
in pi. 43, figs. 1 and 3, and A. subcrassilabris has an embryo
of the type shown in pi. 43, fig. 3. There are also a few other
less aberrant cases of non-typical embryos in other series of
the subgenus. This seems to be a case where the embryonic
stage mutates independent of the later stages, a condition
encountered in the Muririda, Buccinidce, etc., and sometimes
recognized under the term * ' heterostyly. ' '

Series of A. pusilla.

Small Amastrae with the embryonic whorls costate and cari-
nate, later whorls banded beneath a thin, yellowish, unfigured
cuticle.

The single species placed here resembles A. petricola and
A. abavus of Molokai in form and coloring, but differs en-
tirely in embryonic sculpture. It is probably related to A.
tricincta and its allies of Molokai.

56. A. PUSILLA (Newcomb). PL 17, figs. 8, 13, 15.

Shell dextral, conically ovate ; apex acute ; whorls 6, plano-
convex; suture above but lightly impressed, below strongly
marked; lip simple; columella short, with a twisted plait;
epidermis light-brown, often encircled by narrow white bands.

AMASTBA, LANAI. 235

Length 14, diam. 4 twentieths of an inch, var. major. Length
8y2, diam. 4 twentieths of an inch, var. minor. (Newc.)

Lanai (Newcomb).

Achatinella pusilla NEWC., Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist, vi,
Oct., 1855, p. 144: Amer. Journ. of Oonch., ii, 1866, p. 211,
pi. 13, f. 5. — Achatinella pulla Newc., PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p.
209 (Feb., 1856) ; Monographic iv, 546.

PI. 17, figs. 8, 13, 15 were drawn from specimens received
from Xewcomb, representing his minor variety, which may be
accepted as the typical form, since it is what he figured in
1866. The major variety, IT1/^ mm. long, noted in his descrip-
tion, is not known to us by specimens, and may be a distinct
species. A. pusilla is the smallest Amastra of Lanai. With
some resemblance to A. petricola of Molokai, this species dif-
fers entirely in the sculpture of the embryonic whorls.

The outlines of the spire are convex below," a little concave
near the apex. The first smooth half whorl is followed by a
flattened, strongly-ribbed whorl, carinate close above the su-
ture, the ribs rather widely spaced. On the next whorl they
become very fine and close, persisting on the upper part of
the whorl, weaker below. 2% whorls comprise the embryonic
shell. The later whorls have growth-wrinkles only. The pen-
ultimate whorl is generally brown with cream-white bands
bordering the sutures above and below. The last whorl may
have creamy bands at suture, periphery and base (fig. 13) or
there may be several above the periphery. In other specimens
the last two whorls are of an opaque cream tint, with several
spiral brown bands, as in fig. 15. A very thin yellowish
cuticle, in part deciduous, covers the last whorl or two. The
aperture is white within and has a strong lip-rib (not shown
in the figures). The columellar lamella is subhorizontal.

Fig. 15. Length 11.25, diam. 6, aperture 5 mm.; whorls

6y2.

Length 11.6, diam. 6, aperture 5.1 mm.

Series of A. nucula.

The following species seems to be related to the nigra series
of Maui. and the pullata series of Molokai.

236 AMASTRA, LANAI.

57. A. NUCULA E. A. Smith. PI. 26, fig. 9 ; pi. 39, figs. 11, 12.

' ' Shell globose-conic, dextral, striated with lines of growth,
partly lightly malleated, dirty whitish, partly covered with a
brown-olivaceous cuticle. Whorls 5%, the first 4% rather
flat, the last globose. Suture subcrenulate. Aperture whitish ;
peristome thickened; columellar fold thin. Length 12, diam.
8 mm. Habitat, probably on the island of Lanai." (Smith).

Lanai mountains (Thwing) .

Amastra nucula SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 85, pi. 10, f. 19.—
Achatinella nucula Smith, THWING, Occas. Pap. B. P. B. Mu-
seum, iii, no. 1, p. 168, pi. 3, f . 20.

' * In this species the apex is not strongly radiately sulcated,
as in A. malleata " (Smith).

The unique type of this species (no. 89 Gulick coll., Boston
Society N. H.) is figured on pi. 39, figs. 11, 12, the original
figure ('copied in pi. 26, fig. 9) giving an inadequate idea of
the shell, though correct in outline. The first whorl has been
broken; the second is finely striate, the striae close, arcuate,
rather sharp and irregular. Subsequent whorls have light,
irregular growth-wrinkles, in places a little enlarged near the
suture, which however is not more crenulate than usual. The
last whorl has a delicate ridge at the periphery in front,
below which it is distinctly malleated, with f orwardly-descend-
ing facets. Above the periphery the malleation is much
weaker. Some specimens of A. nigra have a similar sculpture.
The outlines of the spire are straight, but if the first whorl
was present they would probably be a trifle concave. The
early whorls are flesh-colored, the last two very pale-brown
under a very thin, light, slightly yellowish-brown cuticle,
which is worn away in front of the aperture, and becomes
chestnut-colored close behind the outer lip. The aperture is
formed much as in A. pellucida or A. nigra. The columellar
lamella is subhorizontal, the curve below it deep and short,
and there is a rather strong but narrow rib within the outer
lip. Length, -as broken, 11.5, diam. 8.3, aperture 6.8 mm.

This species has much the appearance of A. pellucida of
Oahu, except that it is malleated; the color, shape and aper-

AMASTRA, LANAI. 237

ture being similar. It seems most closely related to the forms
of A. nigra having rounded and striate embryonic whorls.
There is no related species known on Lanai, and were it not
for Mr. Thwing's acceptance of it as a Lanaian species, that
locality might be doubted.

(Series of A. magna.)

58. A. MAGNA (C. B. Adams). PL 26, figs. 1 to 6; pi. 39, figs.
4,8.

" Shell thick, ovate^conic, elongate; blackish-brown at the
apex, reddish-brown on the middle whorls, and ash-colored on
the lower whorls; with unequal, irregular, very coarse, trans-
verse striae, with close-set transverse arcuate ribs near the
apex, and some indistinct raised spiral lines on the lower
part of the last whorl ; apex subacute ; spire rather long, with
the oulines quite curvilinear; whorls seven, rather convex,
with a well-impressed suture; last whorl obtusely angular;
aperture ovate, acute above, with an extremely thick deposit
on the inner side, with a very large compressed columellar
fold.

Mean divergence 50°; length 1.33 inch; breadth .7 inch;
length of aperture .61 inch.

The unique specimen which has served for this description
is somewhat faded, and the lip probably is not quite mature,
being sharp " (Adams).

Lanai (Newcomb, Gulick) ; behind Koele (Perkins).

Achatinella magna C. B. ADAMS, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y.
v, p. 41 (1850) ; Contrib. to Conch., no. 8, p. 125. — NEWCOMB,
Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y. vi, 1858, p. 319 (animal).— PFR.,
Monographia iv, 542; vi, 177. — NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. H.
vi, p. 319. — Amastra magna C. B. Ad., HARTMAN, Proc. A. N.
S. Phila., 1888, p. 47.— SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 339.—
BORCHERDING, Zoologica, xix, p. 106, pi. 10, f. 2. — GULICK,
Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal, pi. 1, f. 19. — Achatinella
baldwimi NEWCOMB, P. Z. S., 1853, p. 155, pi. 24, f. 72.—
Achatinella gigantea NEWCOMB, P. Z. S., 1853, p. 136, pi. 22,
f. 17 (Haleakala, Maui).

" Animal of inky-black above, veined with white, when ex-

238 AMASTRA, LANAI.

tended, as long as the shell ; base of foot and mantle of a
bluish-gray " (Newcomb).

A. magna differs from the related A. violacea of Molokai
by its embryonic shell (pi. 26, fig. 5, length 6 mm., 3%
whorls). The initial half whorl is smooth; next two whorls
strongly oostate, and earinate above the suture ; on the third
whorl the ribs are finer than on the second. After the third
whorl they become weak, persisting longest near the suture.
The fully-formed embryo, as figured, is imperforate, acutely
carinate, the carina white. The columellar fold is moderate
and very oblique. In A. violacea the costation of the embryo
is less strong and no supersutural carina is visible.

The last whorl varies from closely, subregulaiiy striate to
irregularly striate and malleate, the subperipheral portion
often having revolving, flattened facets. Sometimes the peri-
phery is angular, as in fig. 3. The blackish cuticle remains in
shreds or lines between the striae on the last whorl or two.
There is great variation in the color of the aperture. It may
be white (fig. 1) or cream-white (fig. 3), salmon-colored (fig.
2), or purple-brown or leaden^purple (fig. 4). The parietal
callus is very thick in adult shells (thereby differing from A.
violacea) ; it is pure white or dark-brown. The columellar
fold is thin.

Fig. 4. Length 36.5, diam. 17, aperture 16.2 mm. ; 7
whorls.

Fig. 1. Length 30, diam. 16.2, aperture 15.5 mm.; 6y2
whorls.

Fig. 2. Length 30.5, diam. 15, aperture 13 mm.; 6%
whorls.

Fig. 3. Length 29.5, diam. 13.2, aperture 12.2 mm.; 7
whorls.

Fig. 6. Length 35, diam. 19, aperture 16.8 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Length 35.5, diam. 15.5, aperture 1.5 mm. ; 7% whorls.

Length 25, diam. 12 mm.

The size varies widely. In shape it may be subcylindric,
ovate or oblong-conic. It is likely that several subspecies will
eventually be recognized, but a knowledge of the distribution
of the forms is requisite for any step in this direction. Figs.

AMASTRA, LANAI. 239

4, 8, of plate 39, show shells retaining the cuticle, which is
figured in characteristic patterns.

A. baldu'inii Newcomb, was based upon a small example
with the spire rather straightly conic, and the cuticle adher-
ing in patches. Entirely similar shells are in several of the
large lots of magna before us. Newcomb conceded its identity
•with magna. The original description and figure follow.

" Achatinella baldwinii (pi. 39, fig. 1). Shell dextral, con-
ically elongate, striated longitudinally ; whorls 7, slightly con-
vex, not margined; suture simple, well- imp ressed ; aperture
elongate-ovate; columella long, with a white plicate tooth;
lip acute, margined within with brown. Aperture bluish-
white; lab rum with a white deposit; color of shell light
brown, with traces of a thin black epidermis; first four whorls
black. Length 2.1, diam. 10 twentieths of an inch. This
species is dedicated to the Rev. Mr. Baldwin of Lahaina. It
belongs to the limited group of A. gigantea and A. violacea.
There has been but one specimen as yet obtained " (Newc.).

Ranai. Length 21, diam. 10 twentieths of an inch (Newc.).

Achatinella gigantea Newcomb has been considered a syn-
onym of violacea by Pease, Hartman, Borcherding and Sykes,
who remarks that probably the locality of Maui, given by
Newcomb, was an error, as his specimen appears to be only an
elongate form of the Molokai shell. Specimens received from
Dr. Newcomb are certainly A. magna. The callosity " con-
tinued to unite with the outer lip " is a character of magna,
not of violacea. It seems to be an absolute synonym of
may ita. The original description and figure are copied:
'* Achatinella gigantea (pi. 40, fig. 1). Shell dextral, elon-
gate-ovate, apex pointed: whorls 7, strongly striate, slightly
carinated superiorly on the last whorl, inferiorly on the penul-
timate : columella slightly arched, terminating internally in a
slight callosity; externally continued to unite with the outer
lip : columellar lip with a strong deposit spread over its sur-
face : outer lip simple ; suture deep ; striae longitudinal ; color
light plumbeous externally, internally pale lilac. Length 1^,
diam. 12 twentieths of an inch. Haleakala, Maui " (New-
comb).

240 AMASTRA, LANAI.

Among the specimens of A. aurostoma sent 'by Mr. Baldwin,
there is an interesting shell showing some characters of auros-
toma, though the magna type predominates (pi. 26, figs. 11,
12). The ground color is pale-brown on the last two whorls,
red-brown above. The cuticle is dense, unbroken and nearly
black on the last two-thirds of the last whorl. The striation
is more pronounced than in aurostoma, and the lower half of
the last whorl is conspicuously malleate, a feature not very
clearly indicated in the figure. The aperture is yellow within,
as in aurostoma, but some magna have the same color. Length
24.2, diam. 11.5 mm.

Color- var. balteata n. v. (pi. 26, figs. 7, 8). A small form
in which the spire is brown, last whorl gradually becoming
lighter, whitish in its last third, and encircled by a white
peripheral band, visible as an angular white line close above
the suture on the spire. Embryonic whorls costate and cari-
nate. No cuticle remains ; striation well developed on the last
whorl. Aperture small, acutely ovate, somewhat periform,
flesh-colored inside. Columellar fold small and oblique.
Length 23.6, diam. 12.3, aperture 11 mm. ; whorls 6y3 (fig. 8).

59. A. AUROSTOMA Baldwin. PI. 26, figs. 13, 14.

The shell is imperforate, oblong-conic, solid, yellow under
a dark chestnut cuticle, which is smooth, rather glossy, and
on the spire streaked with yellow; apex red-brown. Embry-
onic whorls costate and carinate, the earina very close to the
suture. Subsequent whorls slightly convex, with sculpture
of low striae, which are weaker on the last whorl, which is regu-
larly elliptical and not malleate. The aperture is ovate, yellow
within; outer lip without a lip-rib. Oolumella yellow, bearing
a strong fold of the same tint. Parietal callus tinted, typically
thick.

Fig. 13. Length 25, diam. 12.6, aperture 11 mm. ; 6!/2
whorls.

Fig. 14. Length 23.5, diam. 12, aperture 11.8 mm.; 6y2
whorls.

" Animal when extended in motion as long as the shell;
mantle dark slate, margined on the outer side with, reddish-

AMASTRA, LANAI. 241

brown. Foot above and below very dark brown, the sides
studded with large patches of darker hue, the posterior por-
tion tinged with red. The head above and tentacles covered.
with almost black granulations " (Baldwin).

Lanai ("Walter H. Hayselden).

Amastra aurostoma BALDWIN, Nautilus, x, July, 1896, p. 31.

This species stands close to small forms of A. magna. It is
smoother, of a brighter yellow color under the cuticle, which
is more persistent. The last whorl is more regularly ellip-
tical than usual in magna. The description and figures 13
and 14 are from cotypes received from Mr. Baldwin.

The cuticle is typically dense and dark on the last whorl.

In some specimens (no. 2232 coll. C. M. Cooke) the cuticle
is much worn. In others it is closely mottled on the penulti-
mate and front of last whorl. Probably intergrading forms
with A. gray ana will be found.

60. A. GRAYANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 39, figs. 2, 3.

Shell imperforate, dextral, ovate-conic, rather solid, some-
what shining, grayish-flesh colored, variously marked with
chestnut bands disappearing above. Spire inflated-conic, the
apex acute, black; whorls 6%, the upper ones flat, radially
plicate, the penultimate convex, last whorl nearly as long as
the spire, lightly striate. Aperture sub vertical, acuminate-
oval. Columellar fold median, subtransverse, triangular;
peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin slightly
dilated, adnate. Length 21.5, diam. 12 mm. Sandwich Is.,
D. Frick (Pfr.)

Lanai: Lanaihale, a ground shell (Perkins).

Achatinella grayana PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 204, no. 13;
Monographia, iv, 554. — Amastra grayana SYKES, Fauna Ha-
waiiensis, p. 337, no. 22.

It has been recorded from Oahu, evidently in error, since
no Oahuan species has flat, radially plicate upper whorls.
Two specimens in the C. M. Cooke collection, received from
D. D. Baldwin are figured. In these shells (pi. 39, figs. 2,
3), which are not localized nearer than ;i Lanai," the cuticle
is olivaceous yellow marked with darker or reddish-brown

242 AMASTRA, LANAI.

spiral lines on the penultimate and sometimes the periphery
of the last whorl, becoming blackish or dark-brown behind
the lip. Under the cuticle the last whorl or two is light-yellow,
as exposed in front of the aperture. Apex reddish or purplish
brown, costate, but the carina is almost concealed in the suture.
Interior of aperture pink or white.

Length 21, diam. 10.2, aperture 9.8 mm. ; whorls G1^.

Length 19.5, diam. 11, 'aperture 10 mm. ; whorls 6.

This species stands very close to A. aurostoma which differs
by its thicker, darker cuticle, without bands ; it is also larger
than gray ana. (Named for J. E. Gray, then keeper of the
zoological department of the British Museum.)

61. A. RUBBISTOMA Baldwin. PL 39, figs. 5, 6.

" Shell dextral, imperf orate, solid, elongately ovate-conic,
apex acute; surface striated with irregular growth striae;
nuclear whorls radiately sulcated. Color reddish-brown,
sometimes almost white, upper whorls darker ; generally cov-
ered with a dark fugacious epidermis. Whorls 7, convex,
suture well impressed. Aperture a little oblique, oval, red
within, sometimes livid-white. Peristome acute, very slightly
thickened within. Columella terminating in a strong arched
lamellar plait, tinged with red. Length 19%, diam. 12 mm "
(Baldwin).

Lanai (D. Thaanum).

Amastra rubristoma BALDW., Nautilus, xix, April, 1906, p.
137.

This species stands close to A. aurostoma, from which it
differs by the much shorter whorls. It stands intermediate
between aurostoma and ~biplicata, differing from the latter by
its more rotund last whorl, the yellow under-color and the
more glossy surface. No specimens are well enough preserved
to show whether the embryonic sculpture is that of aurostoma
or of ~biplicata. The type specimens are figured. Of the
three, one is entirely denuded of all cuticle, dull and flesh-
colored, a little yellowish on the last whorl, darkening near
the apex and behind the lip (fig. 6). The other shells are
unworn. They have a glossy yellow under-skin, mainly cov-

AMASTRA, LANAI. 243

ered by a thin, much- worn blackish-brown cuticle. The api-
cal whorls are reddish, worn in all of the specimens, but they
seem to show traces of costation; the keel, if any, is nearly
or quite concealed in the suture. The subsequent whorls are
weakly marked with growth-lines, rather glossy, and strongly
convex. Aperture bright pink within in the two larger shells,
merely pinkish-white in the smallest, The pink lip-rib is
strong or rather weak. The well-developed columellar fold is
median and quite oblique.

Length 19.3, diam. 11.7, aperture 9.2 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 19.3, diam. 11.4, aperture 8.9 mm.; 6y2 whorls.

Length 17, diam. 11, aperture 8 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Series of A. biplicata.

Embryonic shell purple-brown, very finely sharply striate,
the whorls somewhat convex. Adult stage oblong or turrite,
partly covered with a blackish deciduous cuticle, which is
variegated on the intermediate whorls. Columella with one
or tiuo folds and, with the parietal callus, usually pink.

The sculpture of the embryonic shell is stronger than in
the Oahuan group of A. turritella, and the apex is somewhat
more pointed, but the resemblance is perhaps indicative of
relationship. It should be noted that in the turritella series
also there is a tendency to form a second 'columellar fold, in
rare individuals. The variegated cuticle of the neanic stage
allies the biplicata group to typical Amastra of Lanai and
Molokai, from which it differs by the convex, striate, not cos-
tate, embryonic whorls — a character variable in Amastra.

Species are known from Lanai and Molokai. Data for
mapping the range of the Lanaian forms are wanting. We
have as yet only scanty information on the details of distri-
bution in this island.

62. A. BIPLICATA (Newcomb). PL 17, figs. 1 to 6.

Shell dextrorsal, elongately cylindrical ; whorls 7, rounded,
longitudinally strongly striated ; suture deep ; aperture small,
subovate ; inner lip rather callous ; columella biplicate ; outer

244 AMASTRA, LANA1.

lip acute, submarginate within; color rosy, partly concealed
by a thin brown epidermis ; upper whorls black ; aperture red
within. (Newc.)

No dimensions ; figure measures 23 x 12 mm.

Lanai (Newc.) ; Waiapaa >and Koele (Perkins).

Achatinella biplicata NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 156, pi. 24,
f. 75 (1854).— THWING, Orig. Descriptions, p. 168, pi. 3, f.
19. — Amastra biplicata Nc. SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p.
334.

A variable shell, sometimes quite elongate, sometimes short-
ened, but typically easy to recognize by the biplicate colu-
mella and more or less deeply pink aperture. An embryonic
shell 3.8 mm. long, of nearly 3 whorls, has an angular peri-
phery, moderate •columellar fold and no perforation. The
first half whorl is smooth; next whorl finely and sharply
striate, and the following whorl is much smoother. The em-
bryonic whorls are invariably dark purple-brown. Later
whorls of the shell are quite convex, with rather low, coarse,
irregular growth- wrinkles. Cabinet specimens are whitish
under the dense black or black-brown1 cuticle, which may be
nearly continuous or very extensively deciduous. On the
intermediate whorls the cuticle is generally mottled, or re-
mains in forwardly descending stripes, which are probably
due to an oblique malleation of the surface. The aperture is
pink-tinted or white within, the outer wall is sometimes thin,
but generally thickened by a heavy deposit of callus, forming
a low entering ridge above the middle of the outer lip. This
has been noticed in few Amastras. The columella sandf
parietal wall are pink. The columella usually bears two sub-
equal, oblique folds, but occasionally the upper one is weak
or entirely wanting, and in one shell examined (no. 13433,
B<oston Society) there is no trace of an upper fold, and the
lower one is reduced to a low truncation of the 'columella.

Length 23, diam. 11, aperture 9 mm. ; 7% whorls.

Fig. 4. Length 20.5, diam. 11, aperture 9 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Fig. 6. Length 22, diam. 10.2, aperture 8.9 mm.

A. durandi Ancey, said to be from Waianae, Oahu, but
known to occur on Lanai, is apparently the most closely re-

AMASTRA, LANAI. 245

lated species. It differs chiefly in being smaller and more
slender than biplicata.

63. A. DURANDI Ancey. PL 39, figs. 7, 9, 10.

" Shell imperf orate or nearly perforate, conoid-oblong,
solid ; fleshy- whitish under a black-brown epidermis which is
partly deciduous, and sometimes lightning-streaked above;
somewhat glossy, lightly striate, the apex nude, blackish-
purple. Spire conic-turrite, acute. Whorls 7, the first
sharply and closely striate, nearly flat, those following con-
vex, parted by a narrow and simple suture, the last whorl ob-
long, rotund. Aperture suboblique, sinuate-semioval, angular
above; parietal wall and columella glossy reddish, the rest
concolored, interior pale rose-white. Columella provided
above with two oblique, acute and equal folds. Peristome
acute. Length 15.5, diam. 8, alt. apert. 6 mm." (Anc.)

Lanai (Pease, in U. S. Nat. Mus. ; Cooke coll.)

[Waianae, Oahu, E. Durand.]

Amastra durandi ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, xix, 1897, p. 178.

" This interesting species is incontestably closely related
to A. biplicata of the island of Lanai, and may be considered
a derivative form of that which has had an independent de-
velopment on another island. It is remarkable for the two
quite equal cokimellar folds, while in its congener they are
slightly unequal, a size smaller than A. biplicata, and a more
brightly colored aperture " (Ancey).

Mr. Ancey 's description and remarks are given above. The
locality given by him was undoubtedly erroneous. Eight
specimens of the species from Lanai are before me: one
from the National Museum, no. 42408&, three from the Cooke
collection, no. 2230, and four from the Boston Society, nos.
13432 and 13434. In having finely striate dark-purplish em-
bryonic whorls it is like A. mcesta. The very shallow pro-
tractive depressions, retaining dark cuticle on the interme-
diate whorls of some specimens are also found in mcesta and
biplicata. The columella is like that of A. biplicata. The
two folds may be subequal, or the upper one may be wider or
more oblique. There is sometimes a heavy callus within the

246 AMASTRA, LANAI.

mouth, above the middle of the outer margin, as in A. bipli-
cata. The largest shells have 7% whorls, the smaller ones 7.

Length 20, diam. 9.2, aperture 7.9 mm.

Length 20, diam. 8.5, aperture 7.1 mm.

Length 17.5, diam. 8.3, aperture 7 mm.

Length 18.3, diam. 7.9, aperture, 7 mm.

Fig. 9 is from no. 42408a, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; fig. 10 is one of
three shells in no. 13432, Boston Society, a much stouter var-
iety, which may represent another subspecies, length 14, diam.
8 mm., aperture 6.9 mm. ; 6% whorls.

64. A. MCESTA (Newcomb). PL 17, figs. 7, 9; pi. 26, fig. 10.

" Shell dextrorsal, turrito-conical ; whorls 7, convex, longi-
tudinally striated ; aperture small, ovate, slightly contracted ;
columella straight with a strong white spiral callus in the
middle. Color reddish-brown; the upper whorls black; the
middle with black zigzag lines, the last covered with a dark-
brown epidermis " (Newc.).

No dimensions given; figure measures, length 18, diam. 7.9
mm.

Lanai (Newc.) .

Achatinella mcesta NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 157, no. 77, pi.
24, f. 77 (1854). — PFR., Monogr., iv, 555. — Amastra mcesta
SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 340. — Achatinella obscura
NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 157, no. 78, pi. 24, f. 78 (1854).—
Amastra longa SYKES, Proc. Mala/c. Soc., London, ii, Oct.,
1896, p. 129 ; Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 339, pi. 11, f . 35.

Distinguished by its slender and elongate shape, like some
East Mauian species, but very unlike them in the sculpture
of the embryonic whorls. After the smooth initial half -whorl
there are two whorls with fine, close, sharp striation (shown
too coarse in pi. 26, fig. 10). Later whorls have low growth-
wrinkles. The first 3 or 4 whorls are dark purple-brown, the
last two whorls very pale brown or creamy, partly covered
with a thin blaekish cuticle, which is mottled or obliquely
striped on the intermediate whorls, and is sometimes almost
wholly deciduous. The aperture, columella and parietal cal-
lus are flesh-colored. Columella short, bearing a stout median

AMASTRA, LANAI. 247

fold, and often a very low, more oblique rudimentary upper
fold.

Fig. 7. Length 15.8, diam, 7, aperture 6 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Fig. 9. Length 15, diam. 6.5, aperture 6 mm. ; 6% whorls.

64a. Var. olscura (Newcomb) . PI. 17, figs. 10, 12.

The form called A. obscura has been considered a synonym
of moesta by Pease, Hartman and Sykes. It differs only in
being a little more slender. The figures represent shells re-
ceived from Newcomb. The brown or dull olive cuticle may
be merely streaked (fig. 12) or it may be mottled and marked
with angular lines (fig. 10). As in mcesta, proper, there is
sometimes a keel visible above the suture on some intermediate
whorls.

Fig. 12. Lengfti 16.5, diam. 6.5, aperture 5.7 mm. ; 7
whorls.

Fig. 10. Length 13.3, diam. 5.5, aperture 5 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Length 13, diam. 5.2 mm.

Length 12, diam. 5.8 mm.

Newcomb gave no dimensions. His description follows:
" Shell dextrorsal, turrito-conical ; whorls 7, longitudinally
striated, rather convex, marginate superiorly ; suture slightly
impressed. Aperture small, ovate; columella subtortuous,
furnished with a spiral lamina ; outer lip acute, simple ; color
dirty fulvous, covered with a blackish-brown epidermis; the
upper whorls black. Island of Ranai."

64fc. Var. longa Sykes. PI. 26, fig. 15.

" Shell dextral, long, subperf orate, solid, substriate, cov-
ered with a black-brown epidermis; the apex rather acute;
suture simple. Whorls 7, moderately flat, the last more than
half the length of the shell. Aperture sinuate-semioval, whit-
ish inside; columella slightly folded above, provided with a
small transverse lamina; peristome simple, unexpanded.
Length 11.75, diam. 6.5 mm.

" Lanai (Newcomb) ; Windward side of Lanai, apparently
extinct (Perkins).

" This is one of those species which are fast disappearing

248 AMASTRA, MOLOKAI.

from the fauna of the Hawaiian Islands, or are, indeed, al-
ready extinct. The two specimens found "by Mr. Perkins have
lost their periostracum, but others in the British Museum, col-
lected forty years ago, are in far better condition. The
species is, in form, of the group of A. turritella Fer., -and has
the blackish periostracum usually found on the species of
Amastra from Lanai " (Sykes) .

The figure published by Mr. Sykes does not seem to repre-
sent the type-specimen, as the length is indicated as 17 mm.
Possibly the length " 11.75 " is an error for 17.5 mm. No
comparison seems to have been made with A. mcesta; and as
no differential characters are given, I admit it as a variety
with some hesitation.

AMASTR^E OF MOLOKAI.

Molokai is formed of a lower western mass culminating in
Mauna Loa, 1382 ft. elevation, and a higher, deeply-furrowed,
forested, eastern mass. The western half is dry and unfor-
ested, having been in very much this condition for at least
a century. So far as we know, not a single land shell is
known from this region, but it was probably once forested,
and if so, fossil shells will probably be found. Possibly some
still survive in the higher, rougher portions, but so far as we
know, none have been reported.

' ' The only forest now remaining in the mountains of Molo-
kai is found at elevations above 1500 feet at the east end of
the island. This forest is inaccessible [for economic pur-
poses] on account of the precipitous character of the moun-
tains."

It is in this forest that the Molokaian snails live.

"While the Amastrae of Molokai are on the whole closest to
those of Maui, yet their relationship to those of Lanai is
hardly less intimate. The Laminellae are nearer those of Maui.

The Achatinellida of Molokai have been treated monogra-
phically by Herr Fr. Borcherding, in his Achatinellen-Fauna
der Sandwich-Insel Molokai, Zoologica, xix, Heft 48, 1906;
196 pp., with 9 beautiful colored plates and a map. It is an
excellent and useful work. I hesitate to mention that in my

AMASTRA, MOLOKAI. 249

opinion the errors of identification are somewhat numerous,
because in the present state of the subject, certainty is un-
attainable in dealing with Molokaian Amastras and Lami-
nellas.

Most of the eases cited by Borcherding of Achatinellida oc-
curring on two or more islands are either based on faulty
data, or in some cases rest upon a wider conception of l ' spe-
cies " than the authors have used in this work. So far as we
know, Amastra hutchinsonii is the only Molokaian species of
this genus which is common to another island (Maui), though
several forms of the assimilis group of eastern Molokai and
Maui are closely related.

-»
i

Key to Amastra of Molokai.

I. Shell deeply umbilicate, small (length about 9 to 11 mm.) ,
brown. A. umbilicata, no. 65.

II. Shell rimate or imperforate.
a. Shell sinistral.

&. Small, 11.5x5.5 mm., with weak sculpture.

A. perversa, no. 82.

ft1. Larger, length 15 to 25 mm.; roughly sculptured.

A. hutchinsonii, no. 89.
a1. Shell dextral.

&. Embryonic whorls finely striate.

c. Small, length 9 to 12 mm.; banded; no an-
gularly striped cuticle.

d. Moderately solid, brown with a subsutural

whitish band. A. petricola, no. 66.

d1. Very solid, lip, columella and parietal

callus thick ; fossil. A. abavus, no. 67.

c1. Larger, length over 15 mm.

d. Cuticle dense, black, variegated on spire;

dull red within the lip ; 16 to 18x9 mm.

A. humiUs, no. 68.

d1. Striation very weak; closely speckled and
ragged-striped on a cream or pale fleshy
ground; lip white within.

250 AMASTRA, MOLOKAI.

e. Rather narrow, with strongly convex
whorls 16x9.5 to 22.3x11 mm.

A. nubilosa, no. 70.

e1. Spire more conic, last whorl more
ample; 20x12 to 25x14 mm.

A. n. macerata, no. 70a.
dz. Only some shreds of cuticle remaining;

striate; violaceous or flesh-colored.
e. About 29x14 mm. A. violacea, no. 69.
e1. Larger, more ashen.

A. v. wailauensis, no. 69a.
&1. Embryonic whorls costa-te and carinate, or with

the carina concealed in the suture,
c. Last whorl dark or 'covered with an olive or
dark cuticle, sometimes banded or streaked
but not mottled or zigzag-striped.
d. Small (length 8 to 12 mm.), with one to
three white spiral bands; thin, ovate-
conic.

e. Dark brown with white bands at su-
ture, periphery and base; 8.8x5
mm. A. tricincta, no. 80.

e1. Pale brown, lighter at suture, a white
band at the periphery ; 11.8x6.9 mm.
A. elegantula, no. 81.

d1. Oblong conic, with somewhat streaked
olive-brown cuticle on last whorl ; rather
small.
e. Length 12, diam. 6 mm.

A. subobscum, no. 79.
e1. Length 16.5 to 17, diam. 8 to 9 mm.

A. m. dimissa, no. 78a.

d2. Rather large, length 15 to 23 mm. ; wider ;
last whorl covered with dark-brown or
black cuticle ; spire sometimes mottled,
zigzag-striped.

e. Diam. decidedly more than half the
length.

AMASTRA, MOLOKAI. 251

/. Ovate; last whorl covered with

dark cuticle. A. pullata, no. 71.

f1. Globose-conic; last whorl light

above, dark below periphery;

15x10 to 16x9.3 mm.

A. seminuda, no. 72.
e1. Diam. half the length, more or less;

narrower shells.

/. Dense black cuticle on last whorl,
often streaked or zigzag on pen-
ult. ; 20x10 to 11 mm.

A. uniplicatcb, no. 73.

f1. Very little cuticle remaining; last

whorl generally malleate; 19x

10.5 mm. A. borcherdingi, no. 74.

d3. Length 28 to 38 mm.; very little cuticle;

fleshy, violaceous or gray.

A. violacea, no. 69.

c1. Cuticle decorated with zigzag or angular mark-
ings, sometimes wanting.

d. Globose-conic, the diam. about % the

length; aperture more than half the

length. A. sykesi, no. 76.

d1. Ovate or oblong-conic, narrower; aperture

half the length or less.
e. Ground-color yellow. A. citrea, no.
75b ; A. atroflava, no. 75c.
e1. Ground-color brown, fleshy or whit-
ish. A. borcherdingi, no. 74; A.
mucronata, no. 75; A. simularis, no.
75 ; A. nubifera, no. 77.

Section CYCLAMASTRA Pils. & Van. (p. 147).
65. A. UMBILICATA (Pfeiffer). PL 36, figs. 6, 7.

Shell very narrowly but openly umbilicate, dextral, ovate-
conic, thin, striate, opaque, brown ; spire a little concavely
conic, the apex acute. Whorls 6, but slightly convex, the last
a little shorter than the spire, angular at base. Aperture el-

252 AMASTRA, MOLOKAI.

liptical, angular at both ends; columellar fold compressed,
deep, subtransverse. Peristome simple, acute, the columellar
margin somewhat dilated, and free throughout. Length 10%,
diam. 5% mm. (Pfr.)

Oahu (D. Friek in Cuming coll. ; see below) ; Molokai (New-
comb) ; Mapulehu (Baldwin).

Achatinella umbilicata PFR., P. Z. S., London, 1855, (Feb.,
1856), p. 205, no. 15, no locality. Malak. Blatter, 1856, p.
165; Monographia, iv, 557 (Oahu, Frick). — A. (Amastra)
umbilicata Pfr., HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1888, p.
50, pi. 1, f. 11.— BALDWIN, Catalogue, 1893, p. 10.— Achati-
nella petricola var., NEWC., Amer. Jour, of Conch., ii, p. 211,
pi. 13, f. 6.

This species was described by Dr. Pfeiffer from a specimen
sent to Cuming by Frick, at first without locality, but later
with the locality Oahu. Dr. Newcomb in his Synopsis of the
genus Achatinella, 1858, p. 334, placed it as a synonym of his
A. petricola, from Molokai, -a position he upheld later in the
American Journal of Conchology, II. As Newcomb 's shells
agree fully with Pfeiffer 's description, we accept his iden-
tification, and figure a specimen received from him, discredit-
ing the locality Oahu, assigned on the authority of Frick.

Differs from A. petricola by its larger umbilicus, thinner,
unicolored shell, the more slender spire, and the smaller, more
oblique columellar fold. In the specimens seen there is no
thickening within the outer lip. The two species are not very
closely related.

The color is a rather light-brown, darker at the apex. The
embryo is possibly striate when quite fresh and unworn, but
is smooth in the specimens examined. Whorls more convex
than in A. petricola. The umbilicus is circular in a basal
view, and penetrates deeply, but is rather broadly overhung
by the columellar lip; an obtuse ridge bounds it, being em-
phasized by a spiral excavation just within its edge. The
aperture is angular at the junction of the columellar and
basal margins. The columellar margin is triangularly di-
lated, and bears a small, quite oblique fold, which emerges
more than that of A. petricola, nearly to the edge. There

AMASTRA, MOLOKAI. 253

are traces of a very thin, brown, outer -cuticle. The specimen
described above and figured is not quite adult, judging by the
very thin outer lip. Length 9, diam. 5, aperture 4.1 mm.;
5% whorls. A shell in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. is almost ex-
actly similar.

This species is certainly very close to A. morticina of West
Maui, but in that the whorls are perceptibly shorter, the stria-
tion a little more distinct, and the suture crenulated. The
upper part of the spire in A. umbilicata and A. morticina
tapers more than in A. similaris.

Section AMA$TRELLA (p. 151).

Series of A. petricola.

Small forms with finely striate embryonic whorls; later
stages streaked or banded, without zigzag lines or fine mot-
tled pattern.

The apical sculpture is not unlike that of the 'biplicata
group, of Lanai. The other characters of the shell point to
Amastrella as most nearly akin.

66. A. PETRICOLA (Newcomb). PI. 36, figs. 4, 5.

:< Shell dextral, acutely conical, longitudinally coarsely
striate; whorls 6, rounded, sometimes the last one inflated;
suture simple, well impressed; aperture rounded ovate; lip
acute, slightly thickened within; columella rather long, with
a sub-central revolving plait; often with an umbilicus; color
dark corneous, outer and columellar lips margined exter-
nally with white or yellowish- white " (Newc.).

Length 5, diam. 2 inch. (Newc.).

Molokai: on the rocky sides of a pali or precipice (New-
comb ) . Mapalehu ( B aldwin ) .

Achatinella petricola NEWC., Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y.,
vi, 1855, p. 143; P. Z. S., 1855, p. 208; Amer. Jour, of
Conch., ii, p. 211. — PFR., Monogr., iv, 558. — Amastra petri-
color BALDWIN, Catalogue, p. 9. — A. petricola SYKES, Fauna
Hawaiiensis, p. 341 (exclusive of Achatinella umbilicata
Pfr.). — BORCHERDING, Zoologica, xix, p. 122, but not pi. 10,
f . 22, from Kamalo.

254 AMASTRA, MOLOKAI.

Newcomb has related in great detail his adventures in col-
lecting this snail, but did not mention the location of the pali
where he found it — information more useful if less thrilling.
We do not know exactly what form Mr. Baldwin reports
from Mapalehu, which is on the southeastern slope.

Newcomb declared A. umbilicata Pfr. to be connected with
petricola by intergrading specimens, a view accepted by
Pfeiffer in the Monographia, and also by Sykes and Borcher-
ding. Hartman kept them separate, I believe correctly. The
two species were mixed in material sent out by Newcomb,
and both were included in his several descriptions, though
the umbilicata form only incidentally, in the two phrases
" sometimes the last one inflated " and " often with an um-
bilicus." The form figured by Boreherding is evidently
neither petricola nor umbilicata.

A. petricola is ovate-conic with the outlines of the spire
barely convex, nearly straight. The embryonic shell has ex-
tremely fine longitudinal striae, the later whorls rather coarse,
low, growth-folds. The shell is of a slightly olive-tinted brown
color, the embryonic whorls the same or purple-black. After
the embryonic stage there is a yellow line below the suture,
becoming a well-defined band on the last 1% or 2 whorls.
Back of the lip there is a rather broad yellow streak, which
extends to the umbilical region where it forms a yellow cres-
centric patch around the narrowly umbilicate axis. There is
a sort of obtuse ridge around the umbilicus. The outer
cuticle, visible in fresh specimens, under a lens, is an exces-
sively thin, dull, light-brown film over the glossy under layer,
which shows in angular patches. Outer lip acute, margined
with a white callus within. Columella vertical, its edge re-
flexed in a narrow triangle, overhanging the umbilicus, and
slightly channeled at the junction with the basal lip. It bears
a rather strong fold, which terminates rather far from the
margin.

Length 10.2, diam. 5.9, aperture 3.9 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 9.2, diam. 5 mm. ; 5% whorls.

The specimens described and figured are from Newcomb,
and presumably part of the original lot.

AMASTRA, MOLOKAI. 255

A specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus. (part of no. 117273), meas-
uring length 9, diam. 5 mm., aperture 4.5 mm., has a half-
open umbilicus intermediate in size between that of typical
petricola and umbilicata. It is rather solid, with the color of
petricola.

67. A. ABAVUS n. sp. PL 42, figs. 4, 5.

The shell is imperforate, ovate-conic, very thick and solid,
rather glossy; fossil, and therefore without cuticle. Color
(1) first 2% whorls pale brown, next half whorl with brown
bands and white ground, last 1jvo whorls opaque white, or (2)
pale brown with white bands beginning on the penult, whorl,
predominating on the last whorl. Outlines of the spire a little
convex below, straight above, the apex obtuse. Embryonic
whorls convex, very finely striate, the first whorl nearly
smooth. Following whorls weakly convex with the usual
sculpture of fine growth-lines. Aperture small, indistinctly
angular at the base of columella; the outer lip very much
thickened within; columellar margin thick, bearing a small,
subhorizontal lamella; parietal callus very thick out to the
edge.

Length 10.8, diam. 6.3, aperture 5 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 11, diam. 6, aperture 5.1 mm. ; 5y2 whorls.

Molokai : Pukoa, fossil. Gotypes to be deposited in Bishop
Museum, collected by Mr. D. Thaanum.

This species is very closely related to A. petricola, from
which it is readily distinguished by the solid shell with very
thick lip, columella and parietal callus.

Subgenus AMASTRA (p. 234).
Series of A. biplicata (p. 243).

This series, otherwise Lanaian, has one species in central
Molokai.

68. A. HUMILIS (Newcomb). PI. 40, figs. 7, 8.

" Shell elongately conical, longitudinally rudely striate;
whorls 7, rounded above, flattened centrally; last one ob-
scurely carinated superiorly ; siiture deep, simple ; apex acute ;

256 AM ASTRA, MOLOKAI.

aperture sub-rounded; lip acute, slightly thickened within;
columella flattened with a thick plait; color of shell pale
salmon, covered with a densely black epidermis; columella
and deep margin of the outer lip within dark-brown ; interior
of aperture bluish- white. Length .7, diam. .35 inch" (Newc.).

Molokai: Kalai [Kalae], on the ground under low bushes
(Neweomb, type loc.) ; Makakupaia (Perkins) ; Kamalo (Bor-
cherding) ; all in the central part of the island.

Achatinella, humilis NEWC., Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y.,
vi, October, 1855, p. 143 ; P. Z. S., 1855, p. 207 ; Amer. Journ.
of Conch., ii, p. 211, pi. 13, f. 4. — Amastra humilis Newc.,
BALDWIN, Catalogue, p. 9. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p.
337. — BORCHERDING, Zoologica, xix, p. 119, pi. 10, f. 21.

The specimens figured were received from Neweomb. The
shell is hardly ' ' obscurely carinated ' ' but only turgid below
the suture, or sometimes so swollen there as to appear ob-
tusely subangular, an appearance aided by the wear of the
cuticle from the convexity. The purple-brown embryonic
she'll is very finely but sharply striate, as in many Oahuan
species. The following one or two neanic whorls are covered
with black or blackish-olive cuticle, marked with whitish
streaks 'and zigzag figures, and f aiding to whitish near the
suture above ; often partially lost. The last whorl is white or
brown-tinted under a 'dense black cuticle of which small
patches are lost. There is usually but not always a nude
patch in front of the aperture. The interior is dull bluish-
gray, with a red-brown or dull rose streak on the low callus
within the lip, which is quite acute. The columella is dull
purplish. It usually bears a single paler moderate fold, but
there is sometimes a second more oblique and much smaller
fold above the principal one.

Length. 17.2, diam. 9, aperture 7 mm. ; whorls 6%.

Length 16.2, diam. 8.9, aperture 7 mm. ; whorls 6%.

There are indistinct traces of a vermiculate-mottled pat-
tern, like nubilosa, on the spire of A. humilis. It seems to be
more closely related to A. biplicata of Lanai than to any other
species. A. humilis is isolated in the Molokai fauna.

AMASTRA, MOLOKAI. 257

Series of A. magna (p. 237).

Large Amastrae with the embryonic whorls varying from
costate and carinate to finely striate without visible keel;
later whorls having the thin cuticle mottled or zigzag-striped,
sometimes almost wholly deciduous.

Related to the much smaller shells of the assimilis group.

69. A. VIOLACEA (Newcomb). PI. 27, figs. 3, 4.

Shell dextral, ovate-oblong, solid ; whorls 7, convex, strongly
striate longitudinally; suture plain and deeply impressed.
Aperture ovate; columella short, terminating in a twisted
plait ; lip simple, color violaceous with light colored striae.
Length 1.1, diam. .55 inch [27.9x14 mm.] (Newc.).

Molokai: (Newe.) ; Mapulehu to Halawa (Baldwin) ; Hal-
awa and Pelekunu (Perkins) ; Pelekunu, Mapulehu and Hal-
awa, a ground shell (Meyer) ; all in the eastern end of the
island.

Achatinella violacea NEWC., Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y.,
vi, May, 1853, p. 18; P. Z. S., Lond., 1853 [1854], p. 135, pi.
22, f. 14.— THWING, Orig. Descriptions, p. 164, pi. 3, f. 23.—
PFR., Monogr., iv, 543. — Amastra v., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiien-
sis, p. 347. — BORCHERDING, Zoologica, xix, p. 105, pi. 10, f. 1.
— GULICK, Evolution, Racial and Habitudinai, pi. 1, f. 18.

A. violacea differs constantly from A. magna of Lanai by
finer sculpture of the embryonic shell, which never shows
the peripheral carina above the suture, and in having a thin
parietal callus. We do not agree with Borcherding in unit-
ing them specifically.

Fig. 3 represents a specimen in all respects typical, from
Halawa, collected by Thaanum. This may be considered type
locality. The shell is imperforate. This typical form is well
described as violaceous with light striae, the apex being pur-
plish and the earliest neanic whorls yellowish, interior purple.
Sometimes the surface is more worn, and of a nearly uniform
flesh tint, the apex nearly white. Small fragments of the thin
brown cuticle remain, and when sufficiently preserved on the
spire it is seen to have irregular dark figures and lighter
ground, showing relationship to A. nubilosa. The embryonic

258 AMASTRA, MOLOKAI.

whorls form a rather acute, conic summit, the first half whorl
being smooth, rather coarse, low axial ribs then appearing
weakly. The second whorl has rather strong, arcuate ribs,
rather wider than their intervals, and split or weak near the
lower suture; on the next Whorl the ribs are finer, and weak
below the middle of the whorl, or split into striae. There
seem to be 3y2 embryonic whorls, which in outline are nearly
flat.

The following whorls are moderately convex, with sculpture
of somewhat thread-like striae, though in places they are low
or partly effaced. The columellar fold is rather small and
very oblique. Outer lip thin.

Length 28.3, diam. 15, aperture 13.5 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Length 30.5, diam. 13.7, aperture 13 mm. ; 7% whorls.

The size varies a good deal. One shell from the Gulick
collection measures, length 25, diam. 12.5 mm. ; 7 whorls. An-
other has a spirally lengthened callous ridge upon the parietal
wall, revolving into the 'aperture.

Some of the above-mentioned localities may pertain to the
following variety:

69a. Var. waUauensis n. v. PI. 39, figs. 13, 14; pi. 27, figs.
1,2.

Larger and more robust than violacea, the striation weaker ;
dull gray or fleshy-gray, with shreds of dark brown cuticle
chiefly on the last whorl.

Length 38, diam. 19, aperture 16.2 mm. ; 8 whorls.

Length 34.6, diam. 18.5, aperture 16.3 mm. ; 7y2 whorls
(no. 104670).

Length 31, diam. 16.5, aperture 14.8 mm. ; 7% whorls.

Length 27, diam. 14.5, aperture 12.8 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Wailau (Borcherding, Thaanum). Type no. 104670 A. N.
S. P.

Borcherding 's figures, copied in our pi. 27, figs. 1, 2, repre-
sent Wailau examples of this variety. A very large specimen
in the Bishop Museum, collected by Mr. Thaanum (pi. 39, fig.
13) has no columellar lamella, probably on account of old
age. Two other shells have calluses on the parietal wall such
as are mentioned under violacea.

AMASTRA, MOLOKAI. 259

70. A. NUBILOSA (Mighels). PL 27, figs. 8, 9, 10, 13.

The shell is imperforate, oblong-conic, moderately strong,
lusterless; the apical whorls white, light-brown, or pink, the
rest cream-white, covered with a thin cuticle closely figured
with fine zigzag or v-like olive-brown marks and narrow
streaks, often coalescent behind the outer lip ; nude in front
of the aperture. Spire a little convexly conic, the penulti-
mate whorl bulging more or less. Second embryonic whorl
with sculpture of fine, close, curved striae ; next whorl having
the striae weak except near the suture. Later whorls marked
with low growth-wrinkles, stronger near the suture. Penul-
timate and last whorls strongly convex. Aperture white;
outer lip thin and acute, or in large shells, thickened within ;
columellar lamella strong. Parietal callus thin, white.

Fig. 13. Length 16, diam. 9.5, aperture 8 mm.; whorls 6.

Length 18, diam. 9.5, aperture 8 mm.; whorls 6%.

Fig. 9. Length 19, diam. 11, aperture 9.3 mm. ; whorls 6%.

Fig. 10. Length 22.3, diam. 11, aperture 10 mm. ; whorls 7.

" Animal tessellated black and gray (when in motion),
tentacles deep black, bottom of foot and mantle dark brown "
(Newcomb, Ann. Lye., vi, 312).

Molokai : Kalae, Kaohu, Kahanui and Makolelau, all in the
central part of the island (Meyer).

Achatinella nubilosa MIGHELS, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ii, 1845, p. 20. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 1, f. 1. — GLD.,
U. S. Expl. Exped., Moll., p. 86, pi. 7, f. 95.— PFR., Monogr.,
ii, 236 ; iii, 459 ; iv, 552 ; vi. 180 ; viii, 240.— NEWCOMB, Ann.
Lye. Nat, Hist, of N. Y., vi, p. 312 (living animal) .—BALD-
WIN, Catalogue, p. 9. — THWING, Orig. Descriptions, p. 162,
pi. 3, f. 21. — Amastra nubilosa Migh., SYKES, Fauna Hawaii-
ensis, p. 341.— BORCHERDESTG, Zoologica, xix, 107, pi. 10, figs.
3-5 -(1906).

This species is somewhat like A. assimUis Newc., of Maui,
but it differs by the much finer sculpture of the embryonic
whorls. A. violacea differs from the Lanaian A. magna in the
same way. We cannot agree with Borcherding's union of
these forms.

260 AM ASTRA, MOLOKAI.

The thin cuticle, marked with zigzag or v-like olive-brown
figures on a very pale ground, is characteristic; the variega-
tion being further produced by partial loss of the cuticle. A
few specimens, however, such as fig. 8, do not show zigzag
markings, but only some inconspicuous mottling, the cuticle
being streaked ; or on the last half of the last whorl it may be
mainly dark, with a few light streaks. In some shells the
cuticle is largely lost, as in fig. 13. The locality originally
given, "Qahu," was doubtless due to faulty labeling or a
mixture of specimens. No mottled Amastra occurs on that
island. The original description follows:

' :< Achatinella nubilosa. Shell dextral, ovate, conic, thin, var-
iously mottled with dark brown on a light ground, imper-
forate; whorls 6, convex; aperture semi-circular; lip simple,
acute. Length 7, diam. .4 inch. Hab. : Oahu " (Mighels) .

Two specimens of nubilosa received by J. H. Thomson from
Mighels, and sold by him to the Portland Society of Natural
History (no. 220) are the form described above and similar
to pi. 27, fig. 9. They are in poor condition.

Mighels' type was a small example, 17-18 mm. long. Gould
figures a much larger, more conic shell, perhaps referable to
the following race.

70a. A. n. macemta n. subsp. PI. 27, figs. 5, 6, 7 (11, 12).

The shell is decidedly wider than nubilosa, the spire more
straightly conic, its whorls (especially the penultimate) less
convex; cuticle much lacerated or shredded, the under- tint
cream or very pale brownish-cream, apex fleshy or pallid;
interior very pale pink, rarely white.

Length 25.5, diam. 14 to 14.7, aperture 12 to 12.5 mm. ; 6y2
whorls.

Fig. 5. Length 23, diam. 12.8, aperture 11.9 mm.; 6i/2
Whorls (no. 2086).

Fig. 6. Length 20.3, diam. 12, aperture 10 mm. (no. 2086).

Length 25, diam. 13, aperture 11.5 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Fig. 7. Length 23.2, diam. 13.5, aperture 11.5 mm.

Molokai: Cotypes no. 105549 A. N. S. P., and 2086 coll.
C. M. Cooke ; also nos. 2084, 2085 and 2087 Cooke coll.

AMASTRA, MOLOKAI. 261

Some smaller shells, 21x11 and 19.5x11.8 mm., have a de-
cidedly pink ground-color. They may not be fully adult.
Some of the shells figured as nubilosa by Borcherding seem
to belong to this variety. Two of his figures are copied, fig.
11 from Makolelau, and fig. 12 from Kaohu. This form is
somewhat intermediate between nubilosa and violacea.

Series of A. pullata.

Embryonic shell costate, carinated above the suture (the
carina rarely concealed), last whorl -covered with a dense
dark cuticle; penult, whorl usually streaked, angularly
marked or mottled. Bather large species, confined to Molo-
kai, separated from the assimilis series by the general appear-
ance, size, and dense, dark cuticle covering the last whorl,
rather than by any characters of taxonomic value. It is ap-
parently related to the nigra series of Maui, but has no repre-
sentatives in Lanai.

A single Oahuan shell, A. tristis, has much the appearance
of the pullata group, being similar in shape, covered with a
conspicuous blackish cuticle, and having an indistinctly cos-
tate, conic embryonic shell; yet other characters cause us to
consider it convergent, rather than directly related to pullata.

71. A. PULLATA Baldwin. PI. 27, figs. 14-16.

The shell is obese, oblong with conic spire, thin but strong,
of a very pale ochre tint under the cuticle, which is more or
less worn from the spire and denuded in a rather large patch
in front of the aperture. On the last whorl the cuticle is
rather glossy, chocolate-blackish and very dense. On the
spire it is copiously streaked with buff, the dark streaks be-
ginning on the fourth whorl. The embryonic shell is flesh-
colored, with sculpture of coarse curved ribs (resembling
aurostoma, pi. 26, fig. 11, except that the peripheral carina is
less prominent, from being more covered by the following
whorl). Subsequent whorls are convex, with moderate
growth-wrinkles. The aperture is pure white within. Outer
lip thin-edged, sometimes strengthened by a narrow and low
internal rib. Columellar lamella thin, steeply descending,
abruptly truncate at the end.

262 AMASTRA, MOLOKAI.

Fig. 14. Length 22.8, diam. 13, aperture 11 mm.; 6%
whorls.

Fig. 15. Length 22, diam. 12.1, aperture 11 mm.; 6%
whorls.

Fig. 16. Length 22.5, diam. 13.5 mm.

Molokai : Waikolu (type loc.) ; Kaohu, Kahanui and Waia-
kapuaa (Borcherding) ; all in the northern half of the island,
south and southeast of the northern peninsula; Kamalo and
Makakupaia Mts. (Perkins).

Amastra pullata BALDW., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1895, p.
228, pi. 11, figs. 31, 323 (shell) .— GWATKIN, t, c., p. 239 (rad-
ula) . — BORCHERDING, Zoologica, xix, p. 109, pi. 10, figs. 6, 7, 8.

* ' Animal extended in motion a trifle longer than the shell.
Mantle almost white with a slate tinge. Foot above and below
almost white, the posterior portion and edges densely studded
with very minute pink spots. Tentacle short, light slate, with
a few spots of the same color on the head above. Unlike
most of the Amastra, which generally have dark, dingy colored
animals, this species has fa beautiful, almost white animal.
The after portion and edges of the foot under a lens are seen
to be closely studded with minute pink spots which give these
parts a delicate pink hue " (Baldwin).

Distinguished from A. umbrosa by the more strongly sculp-
tured apex. The color of the animal seems also to be charac-
teristic. Described from the type. In one of five specimens
of the original lot sent by Mr. Baldwin the interior is a deli-
cate shade of pink. In the others it is white or blue- white.

The embryo resembles pi. 26, fig. 5 except that the spire is
lower and the ribs coarser. They begin on the second half of
the first whorl, are strong and coarse to the end of the second
whorl, after which they became closer and weaker. The
peripheral keel projects very narrowly on the second whorl
and is marked on the last with a white band. The completed
embryo has 2y2 whorls and is imperforate.

A common form in the C. M. Cooke and other collections
studied is decidedly more obese, with larger aperture, apex
white or flesh-colored. The cuticle is slightly mottled with
dark on the penultimate whorl, the last whorl colored as in
pullata (pi. 37, fig. 17).

AMASTRA, MOLOKAI. 263

Length 21.5, diam. 14, aperture 11.9 mm. ; 6% whorls.
Length 21.9, diam. 13.5, aperture 11.6 mm.; 6% whorls.
Other specimens are ochraceous, with small shreds of the
dark outer cuticle (pi. 37, fig. 21).

71a. Yar. subnigra n. v., pi. 27, figs. 19, 20, 21.

Similar to the preceding but smaller, the upper part of the
spire is purplish-brown; under-cuticle orange or pale yellow
under the more or less deciduous blackish layer. Shape
variable.

Fig. 19. Length 18.5, diam. 10.9, aperture 9.1 mm. ; whorls
6%.

Fig. 21. Length 18, diam. 11, aperture 10 mm. ; whorls 6.
Length 20.3, diam. 11, aperture 9.6 mm.; whorls 6% (cotype).

Length 19.3, diam. 11, aperture 9.5 mm. (cotype) .

Molokai : Cotypes 2095 Cooke coll., and 105516 A. N. S. P.

71b. A. p. umbrosa Baldwin. PL 37, figs. 14, 15, 16.

The shell is globose-conic, moderately solid, imperforate,
soiled or isabella-white, covered with an olivaceous-brown,
black streaked, slightly glossy cuticle, which is irregularly
streaked with whitish and marked with some triangular spots,
or on the last half of the last whorl is sometimes nearly con-
tinuous; the denuded apex being red-brown or dark purple.
Spire straightly conic, the whorls but very slightly convex.
Embryonic whorls flat, conic, the first half -whorl smooth, next
half-whorl coarsely but rather weakly plicate, but showing
no supersutural keel, following whorl finely plicatulate.
Later whorls are marked with growth- wrinkles ; the last whorl
has more or less malleation in a spiral direction, is inflated,
and descends a little in front. The aperture is white within,
outer lip thickened within the acute edge. Columella white,
calloused, bearing a stout, subhorizontal lamella below the
middle. Parietal callus very thin.

Length 19.5, diam. 12.9, aperture 10 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 21, diam. 12.5, aperture 10.2 mm. ; 6 whorls.

" Animal extended in motion longer than the shell. Mantle
dark brown with a margin of lighter shade. Foot light
brown, the superior portion and sides studded with large

264 AMASTRA, MOLOKAI.

spots of deeper shade. Tentacles short, stout, very dark
brown " (Baldwin).

11 The formula of dentition is 28.1.28. The marginals take
a peculiar form ' ' ( Gwatkin) .

Molokai: Kamelo (Baldwin); Makolelau and Waiakapuaa
(Meyer).

Amastra umbrosa BALDWIN, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1895, p.
229, pi. 11, figs. 36, 37. — BORCHERDING, Zoologica, xix, p. Ill,
pi. 10, figs. 9, 10. — Achatinella umbrosa THWING, Orig. De-
scriptions, etc., p. 163, pi. 3, f. 22.

This form is closely related to A. pullata (with which Sykes
unites it as a local form) , but the embryonic shell, especially
the second whorl, is less strongly plicate in umbrosa, and does
not show the keel above the suture ; the adult is more inflated
than typical pullata,, but not more than the obese variety;
finally, the color of the animal is different. It seems to be a
local race of pullata. Borcherding affirms the presence of
transitional examples in his series, collected by Meyer, but
we are not sure that he had the real umbrosa. Figured from
the type lot, no. 65714, A. N. S. P.

72. A. SEMINUDA Baldwin. PL 37, figs. 18, 19, 20.

The shell is imperf orate (or sometimes rimate), globose-
ovate, solid, yellow, covered with a thin cuticle which on the
spire, the front and upper half of the last whorl is yellow
with sparse chocolate mottling or streaking, and on the lower
half of the last whorl is in large part black. The embryonic
whorls are denuded of cuticle, and either white, fleshy or
purplish (and sometimes the whole spire is of a dull purplish
color). Embryonic shell of about 2% whorls, the first half-
whorl smooth, next whorl coarsely costate,with a barely exposed
basal carina, the following whorl more closely eostate. Later
whorls are rather rudely wrinkle-striate, with on the last
whorl some weak spirals cutting the wrinkles, and more or
less malleation. Last whorl globose (or sometimes com-
pressed), often obscurely angular above the aperture. Aper-
ture oblique, white, well-rounded below. Outer lip slightly
or heavily thickened within; columellar lamella strong, med-
ian. Parietal callus very thin.

AMASTBA, MOLOKAI. 265

Length 16, diam. 9.3, aperture 7.9 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Length 15.1, diam. 10.1, aperture 8.9 mm.; 5~ys whorls.

Length 15, diam. 10, aperture 8.9 mm.

Molokai: Waikalu.

Amastra seminuda BALDWIN, Nautilus xix, April, 1906, p.
137.

Smaller than the very closely related A. puttata, more
rudely sculptured, the last whorl light-colored above, dark
below the middle, the division of color generally abrupt. The
description and figures are from the type lot in the Baldwin
collection.

73. A. UNIPLICATA Hartman. PI. 28, figs. 17, 18, 21, 22;
pi. 49, fig. 12.

" Shell dextral, solid, elongate oval, occasionally cylindri-
cal, whorls 7, slightly rounded, the last somewhat inflated,
suture impressed, longitudinally striate, aperture sub-oval,
white; a single white elongate twisted plica within; outer lip
acute, color of the shell a pale ochre-yellow, concealed by a
black epidermis. Length 20, diam. 9, aperture 28, diam. 4
mm.

" This shell is from a different island from A. biplicata,
Newc., which it resembles; the latter possesses more coarse
longitudinal strias, and has a double plica within, and the
aperture is red, while uniplicata has a single plica, and the
aperture is white " (Hartman}.

Molokai (Hartman from Pease coll.) : Kamalo (Baldwin,
Meyer) .

Amastra uniplicata HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1888,
p. 50, pi. 1, f. 7.— BALDWIN, Catalogue, 1893, p. 10.— BOR-
CHERDIXG, Zoologica, xix, p. 112, pi. 10, f. 11.

Typical specimens, received from Hartman, are figured, pi.
28, figs. 21, 22. The shell is pale yeUow under a thin, partly
deciduous cuticle, which is black or dark chestnut on the last
whorl, and yellow, with or without dark markings, on the
penultimate whorl. The embryonic whorls are flat, flesh-
tinted ; initial half- whorl is smooth, next whorl strongly cos-
tate with a basal carina, following whorl much more finely

266 AMASTRA, MOLOKAI.

costulate. The later whorls have weak growth-striae. Length
20, diam. 10.9, aperture 9.2 mm. ; 7 whorls.

In a longer specimen, pi. 49, fig. 12, the first 3% whorls
are brown, dark red-brown at apex; next two whorls white,
lightning-marked with zigzag black stripes; last 1% whorls
covered with a dense black cuticle, worn off in front of the
aperture, exposing a white patch. The penultimate whorl is
convex, those above it only very slightly so, the last whorl
being somewhat compressed in the middle. Aperture white ;
axis perforated. Length 21.9, diam. 10.9, aperture 8.3 mm. ;
7 whorls (no. 104684, A. N. S. P.).

A. nubilosa, a species resembling uniplicata in shape and
size, differs by characters of the embryonic whorls.

A. uniplicata is closely related to A. pullata, from which it
differs chiefly by its much narrower contour. It is not allied
to A. biplicata as Hartman supposed.

Series of A. assimilis.

The Molokaian Amastrse having zigzag or angular markings
are a most intricately related group of forms, which can only
be understood when large collections 'are made and the dis-
tribution of the several forms 'adequately mapped. At pres-
ent we know of them scarcely anything of value to science;
merely that the series is developed in a rich variety of forms
in eastern Molokai, that these races vary widely in ground-
color and markings, and that some of them show close affinity
with races of Maui. Most of the species and subspecies which
have been established are merely tentative.

Through A. borcherdingi and uniplicata this group con-
nects with the pullata series.

74. A. BORCHERDINGI Hyatt & Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 41, figs. 1,
2, 3, 4; pi. 40, figs. 2-6.

The shell is ovate-conic, narrowly perforate or closed,

moderately strong; upper 3 or 4 whorls reddish-brown

(rarely pale yellow), the last two white with a faint flesh tint,

elaborately figured with angular, zigzag or interrupted dark

AMASTRA, MOLOKAI. 267

brown figures, on the last half-whorl becoming chestnut with
darker streaks ; this cuticle wanting in front of the aperture,
more or less deciduous elsewhere, and frequently almost
wholly lost in adult shells. The flat whorls of the conic em-
bryonic shell are costate and the second one shows a keel
close above the suture. Subsequent whorls have rather fine,
irregular growth-lines, and the last whorl sometimes shows
some obliquely-descending facets or malleation. The aperture
is nearly white within, and the lip a little thickened towards
and at the base. Columellar lamella rather small and ob-
lique.

Length 17.3, diam. 10, aperture 9 mm. ; 6y3 whorls.

Length 17, diam. 9.8, aperture 8.5 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 19, diam. 10.5, aperture 9 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Molokai (Gulick, Meyer). Cotypes 104688, 57714, A. N.
S. P., 13446, Boston Soc.

Amastra mucronata Newc., BORCHERDING, Zoologica, xix,
Heft 48, 1906, p. 119, pi. 10, f. 17 (Kalae). Not of New-
comb. — Amastra mastersi Newc., BORCHERDING, t. c., p. 116,
pi. 10, figs. 16, 18. Not of Newcomb.

The shell is more capacious than A. mucronata or A. simi-
laris, with a larger aperture. The precise locality of the
types is unknown, but Borcherding has figured the same form
from Kalae (copied in pi. 40, figs. 5, 6) and from Kawela
(pi. 40, figs. 2-4), under the names A. mucronata and A. mas-
tersi. He states that the long series examined indicates a
transition between the two forms, " the ornamental marking
of typical mucronata disappearing gradually and passing into
a more uniform epidermis."

Three examples in the Cooke collection, pi. 37, figs. 10, 11,
12, have the zigzag pattern of the cuticle more confused, in
one example, fig. 10, it is almost wanting. These shells are
probably the same as what Borcherding has figured as A.
mastersi.

This species is very closely related to the west Mauian A.
assimilis. It is decidedly more remote from A. mastersi. In
Molokai it may also claim kinship with A. uniplicata.

268 AMASTRA, MOLOKAI.

75. A. MUCRONATA (Newcomb). PI. 40, fig. 9.

Shell dextral, elongate-ovate, white with numerous trans-
verse, arrow-headed brown markings except last whorl which
is covered with a dense brownish-black epidermis; whorls
6, rounded, the last contracted; suture slightly impressed in
the upper portion, becoming deep at the junction of the last
whorl. Aperture small, ovate ; columella with a twisted plait ;
lip simple. Length .7, diam. .32 inch [17.5x8 mm.] (Newc.).

Molokai (Newcomb, Baldwin).

Achatinella mucronata NEWCOMB, Annals of the Lyceum
of N. H. of N. Y., vi, 1853, p. 28 ; Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond.,
1853, p. 146, pi. 23, fig. 49.— PFR., Monogr., iv, 553.— Amastra
mucronata Nc., PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 650. — SYKES, Fauna
Hawaiiensis, p. 340. — BORCHERDING, Zoologica, xix, p. 118,
not pi. 10, f. 17. — A. mueronata Newc., HARTMAN, Proc. A.
N. S., Phila,, 1888, p. 47 .— Achatinella fusiformis PFR., P. Z.
S., 1855, p. 5, pi. 30, f . 18 ; Monogr., iv, 550.

PI. 40, fig. 9 is copied from Newcomb 's type figure of A.
mucronata.

The description of A. fusiformis (which Baldwin, Sykes
and Borcherding agree is an absolute synonym of mucronata)
follows. It is a smaller shell than typical mucronata. A.
fusiformis Pfr. (pi. 40, fig. 10, copied from Pfr.). " Shell
imperforate, fusiform-oblong, rather thin, striatulate, deep
brown, mottled and obliquely lineolate with a pale tint. Spire
eonvexly-comc, apex black, acute; suture simple; whorls 7,
slightly convex, the last forming two-fifths of the total length,
tapering at base. Aperture oblique, ellipsoidal; the colu-
mellar fold small, compressed, obscurely doubled; peristome
simple, unexpanded, the right margin regularly arched, colu-
mellar margin narrowly adnate. Length 14, diam. 6%, aper-
ture 6 mm. long, 3 wide." Sandwich Islands, Frick. (Pfr.)

In his article in the P. Z. S., Newcomb gives the locality
for mucronata as Mani — possibly an error, as he has stated
that he did not see proofs of that article. It must be noted,
however, that some very similarly marked shells occurring at
Wailuku, "West Maui, have been identified by Gulick as A.
mucronata. The shells figured by Borcherding are certainly

AM ASTRA, MOLOKAI. 269

not mucronata, being larger with, a larger aperture. See A.
borcherdingi. So far as we know the typical form of the
species as figured by Newcomb is not specifically different
from the shell commonly known as simularis Hartman.
Hartman notes the resemblance of his species to A. mucronata,
but does not mention the differences upon which simularis
was based. The description follows:

Amastra simularis. " Shell dextral, ovate-conic, whorls
5%, slightly rounded, body-whorl somewhat inflated, two-
thirds the length, the first 1% composed of slightly curved
plicae, suture lightly impressed, epidermis dark brown with,
black zigzagged lines and linear striae, body-whorl a dark
red color beneath the epidermis; aperture semi-ovate, dark
red. columella straight, with a white twisted plait near the
base. Length 15, width 7, aperture 6x3 mm. Molokai. Re-
ceived from D. B. Baldwin, Esq., and so called from its size
and resemblance to A. mucronata Newc." (Hartman.)

Amastra simularis HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., Oct.
23, 1888, p. 252, pi. 13, 1 7.— GWATKIN, Proc. A. N. S., Phila.,
1895, p. 239 (radula). — ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond., iii,
1899, p. 269. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 343. — BOR-
CHERDING, Zoologica, xix, Heft. 48n, p. 112, pi. 10, f. 12.

As stated above, this is specifically identical with mucro-
nata, from which it differs only in the dark ground- color ;
but in several large lots examined there are shells with pale
and even almost white ground, so that the retention of simul-
aris as a varietal term for the dark form is of doubtful
utility.

Figures 1 to 5 of plate 28 represent specimens of the origi-
nal lot of simularis obtained by Mr. Baldwin, who supplied
Hartman ?s type. Fig. 6, copied from Borcherding, repre-
sents a Halawa shell. A fuller description follows.

The shell is imperforate, oblong-conic, rather solid, glossy,
of a red-chestnut color, or sometimes pale fleshy-yellow or
almost white on the last whorl or two; the penultimate whorl
and first half of the last copiously marked with zigzag Hack
or chocolate lines, the last half of the last whorl nearly uni-
form chocolate or blackish. Embryonic sculpture about as in

270 AMASTRA, MOLOKAI.

A. uniplicata, etc., coarse ribs on the first, finer on the sec-
ond whorl, which s'hows the carina at the suture, then the
riblets shorten, persisting longest below the suture ; the later
whorls but slightly convex, marked with faint growth-
wrinkles, and subplicate below the suture. Aperture small,
violet, livid red or blue- white within. Outer lip hardly thick-
ened ; columellar lamella small, median.

Length 17, diam. 9, aperture 7.8 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 17, diam. 9.2, aperture 8 mm.

Molokai: Mapulehu (Baldwin) : Halawa and Moakea (Bor-
cherding) .

Some examples have none of the blackish outer cuticle, the
whole shell being reddish, with a yellow sutural border,
purple-black apex and inconspicuous traces of dull outer
cuticle, 'also reddish, on the last whorl. A very dark speci-
men in the Cooke collection has some flecks of whitish, hydro-
phanous -cuticle on the last whorl, between the black stripes.

A. simularis var. maura Ancey (pi. 28, fig. 14), is not dis-
tinct from the typical form of simularis judging from a co-
type which I owe to the courtesy of the Bishop Museum. The
original figure is copied, and the description follows : ' ' Shell
much larger and more obese than the type (length 17, width
9, apert. 7 mm.), with 6 whorls. Color dark red, blackish at
the apex; periostracum black, decorticated at some places;
columellar margin very dark with a whitish fold ; interior of
aperture dark purple-red " (Ancey).

Amastra simularis var. maura ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc.,
Lond., iii, 1899, p. 270, pi. 13, f. 16. — BORCHERDING, Zoologica,
p. 114, pi. 10, f. 14 (Halawa, Molokai).

75a. A. m. roseotincta Sykes. PL 28, figs. 11, 12, 15.

" Differs from the type in being of a very much lighter
shade, the apex, however, being of the usual dusky tint;
the shell is also more ovate and shorter and the lamina is
slightly more horizontal. Molokai mountains" (Sykes).

Amastra simularis H'artman var. roseotincta SYKES, Proc.
Malac. Soc., Lond., ii, p. 130, October, 1896; Fauna Hawa-
iiensis, p. 344, pi. 11, f. 3. — ? BORCHERDING, Zoologica, p. 113,
pi. 10, f. 13 (Moakea, Molokai).

AMASTRA, MOLOKAI. 271

Mr. Sykes' figure is copied (fig. 15), and two other speci-
mens from the Cooke collection are figured. Fig. 11 repre-
sents a roseate shell with dark summit and very small re-
mains of a brown cuticle on the last whorl. Fig. 12 is a lilac-
gray shell with yellow upper whorls, and also mere traces of
cuticle.

75b. A. m. citrea Sykes. PI. 28, figs. 16, 7 to 10.

" Shell dextral, imperf orate, ovate- fusiform, rather solid,
a little glossy, yellow; somewhat obliquely, strongly striate,
Apex resinous, rather acute. Whorls 6, plano-convex, the
first moderately plicate, the last two-thirds the length of the
shell, slightly covered with a black-brown cuticle ; suture im-
pressed. Aperture ovate-lunate; columella twisted, with a
strong white lamina; peristome simple, the right margin un-
expanded, acute. Length 15, diam. 8 mm " (Sykes).

Molokai (Hutchison, Baldwin) ; Moakea, at the eastern end
of the island (Borcherding).

Amastra citrea SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond., ii, Oct.,
1896, p. 129 ; Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 335, pi. 11, f. 5.— BOR-
CHERDING, Zoologiea, xix, p. 114, pi. 10, f. 20.

This form is usually smaller and a little more widely conic
than A. simularis, but it is chiefly distinguished by the pale
yellow ground-color. The shapes intergrade; and there are
specimens intermediate in color between citrea and roseotincta.
Typically, only traces of the outer cuticle remain (-as in fig.
16, copied from Sykes, and fig. 10, Cooke coll.), the apex
being whitish at the tip in some, dark brown in other indi-
viduals ; or there may be a brown cuticle in oblique, angular
lines, becoming nearly uniform behind the lip, as in the typi-
cal form of simularis (pi. 28, figs. 7, 8, 9). The size varies in
specimens apparently adult.

Fig. 7. Length 16.2, diam. 8.4, aperture 8 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Fig. 8. Length 13.5, diam. 7, aperture 6.2 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Fig. 9. Length 11.6, diam. 6 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Fig. 10. Length 13, diam. 7.8 mm. ; 6 whorls.

272 AMASTRA, MOLOKAI.

75<j. A. m. atroflava n. subsp. PL 41, figs. 9-13 ; pi. 40, figs.
13, 14.

Imperf orate, ovate, thin but rather strong, slightly shining ;
outlines of the spire nearly straight ; embryonic whorls white
or pale, very strongly costate and carinate (pi. 41, fig. 10).
Following whorls irregularly wrinkle-striate, the last Whorl
usually malleated below the periphery. Neanic and last
whorls covered with a glossy yellow cuticle, and a very thin,
yellow outer cuticle wanting in front of the aperture, and
figured with angular black or umber markings which gener-
ally coalesce to form a black area on the lower half of the
last whorl. Aperture white, with the weak trace of a lip-rib.

Length 17, diam. 8.7, aperture 8 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 14.8, diam. 8, aperture 7 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Molokai: Kawela (figs. 13, 14) and Kamalo (Borcherding.
Cotypes no. 105518, A. N. S. P., and no. 1813 coll. University
of Wisconsin.

Amastra modesta BORCHERDING, Zoologica, xix, Heft. 48,
p. 120 (in part), pi. 10, f. 19.

The main color-patterns are shown in pi. 41, figs. 9-13,
eotypes, and pi. 40, figs. 13, 14, copied from Borcherding,
who considers A. rustica Gul. a synonym. It is 'certainly very
close to rustica, differing in the brighter yellow color and the
more prominent keel on the second whorl ; but the rather wide
separation of the localities — rustica having been found only
in East Maui — gives reason to think them homoplastic or
convergent forms ultimately derived from the same stock,
rather than directly 'connected. It must be freely admitted
that " species " in the affinis-assimilis group are more than
usually conventional. A survey of the region, with a thor-
ough study of the local races must be made before any
serious attempt at 'classification will be possible. A. m. atro-
flava differs from A. m. citrea Sykes by somewhat stronger
striation, coarser embryonic sculpture and generally wider
contour; yet it may perhaps prove to be a form of that.

75d. A. m. semicarnea Ancey. PI. 28, fig. 13 ; pi. 39, fig. 16.
" Shell larger than the type, but more slender than var.

AMASTEA, MOLOKAI. 273

maura (length 16.5, width 8.5, apert. 6 mm.), with 6 whorls.
Apex blackish, the^ subsequent whorls fulvous, sometimes with
straight, somewhat obscured, revolving lines, the lower half
of the last whorl yellowish flesh-colored. Columellar margin
bluish, with a white plait. Mouth light-colored " (Ancey).
Amastra simularis var. semicarnea ANC., 1. c., pi. 13, f . 8. —

Not BORCHERDING, 1. C., p. 114, pi. 10, f. 15.

A cotype from Ancey 's collection, no. 18345, Bishop Mu-
seum, is figured on pi. 39. The first l1/^ whorls are flattened,
strongly costate and carinate, as in typical mucronata (simul-
aris). Subsequent whorls have the color of A. mastersi;
and no doubt this form is what Newcomb referred to as mas-
tersi from Molokai in his Synopsis, p. 149, as Dr. Cooke has
suggested to me. It differs from the true mastersi by the
less inflated shape and the very strong sculpture of the early
whorls. Length 16, diam. 8.8 mm. Borcherding's figures
represent a rather obese form of " simularis ".

76. A. SYKESI n. sp. PI. 42, figs. 2, 3.

The shell is subrimate, globose-conic, thin, not shining.
After the smooth initial half -whorl there is a flat, strongly cos-
tate whorl, with a carina half-concealed in the suture; the
next whorl is costulate only below the suture, its lower part
smooth. Following whorls but weakly convex, finely marked
with growth-wrinkles which are a little stronger on the glo-
bose last whorl. The entire shell may be fleshy-ochraceous,
with some faint angular brown markings on the penult,
whorl, the last whorl without outer cuticle; or it may be
very faintly yellow-tinted white, the apex brownish, last two
whorls partly covered with an extremely thin cuticle which
is marked with zigzag olive-brown streaks. Aperture pinkish
in the one, white in the other color- form; outer lip narrowly
rimmed within. Columellar lamella triangularly projecting.

Length 11.1, diam. 7.5, aperture 6 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 10.8, diam. 7, aperture 6 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Molokai: Halawa (D. Thaanum). Cotypes to be deposited
in Bishop Museum, from no. 5316, Thaanum coll.

Very much more inflated than any other zigzag-striped

274 AMASTRA, MOLOKAI.

species of Molokai or Maui, but other wise related to A. mu-
cronata and atroflava. A. nucula Smith differs by its very
much more finely striate second embryonic whorl, and less
importantly by the more solid texture and malleated surface.
Moreover, in the type of nucula, the 'cuticle is preserved ex-
cept in front of the aperture, and it shows no color markings
of any kind. Named for E. R. Sykes, author of the molluscan
part of Fauna Hawaiiensis, and other useful works.

77. A. NUBIPERA n. sp. PI. 41, figs. 6, 7.

Shell subperforate or imperforate, ovate-conic, rather thin,
scarcely shining. Outlines of the spire straight, First half-
whorl smoothish, next whorl rather weakly but coarsely cos-
tate, the ribs low, a keel indistinctly showing very close above
the suture ; succeeding whorl very finely costulate. Following
whorls weakly convex, with fine sculpture of growth- wrinkles.
Under the cuticle the shell is pale reddish-brown above the
periphery, the first three whorls dark purple-brown; base
white. Cuticle thin and smooth, in front pale with olivaceous
angular or dislocated stripes, on the back of the last whorl
olivaceous with darker longitudinal streaks and some light
and dark mottling. Aperture bluish or fleshy-white within
lip thin and sharp ; columellar lamella moderate, strongly
oblique. Length 12.5, diam. 7.3, aperture 6.1 mm. ; 5%
whorls.

Molokai : Cotypes no. 2048, C. M. Cooke coll.

This species differs from A. siibobscura by broader contour
at all stages of growth, and by the coloration, subobscura
having no cuticular maculation. It is a broader, thinner
shell than dissimiliceps, which is closely related. The mas-
ter si type of ground- color this species shares with A. m. semi-
carnea, some forms of A. affinis, and other species. There are
two shells in the Cooke collection, one in coll. Boston Society.

There is also in the Boston collection, no. 13468, a somewhat
smaller form, length 12, diam. 6.8 mm., in which the under-
color of the last two whorls is white and the apical costa-
tion is stronger. This may perhaps prove distinct.

AMASTRA, , MOLOKAI. 275

17 a. A. N. DISSIMILICEPS n. subsp. PI. 28, figs. 19, 20.

Shell oblong, similar to A. mucronato, in size and general
shape, but the long spire has more convex outlines. Em-
bryonic whorls purple-brown, convex, with somewhat finer
sculpture than A. (simularis) mucronata and not showing
the keel above the suture. Ground-color of the later whorls
cream or slightly flesh- tinted; cuticle entire on the last half-
whorl, brown with black streaks; on the preceding 1% or 2
whorls it is largely deciduous, but where retained it forms a
rather coarse, irregular tracery, similar to some examples of
A. uniplicata, and unlike the angular striping of A. mucro-
nata. Aperture pink within (fig. 20) or blue- white (fig. 19).
6!/2 whorls.

Fig. 20. Length 17.5, diam. 8.2, aperture 7.3 mm. (type).

Fig. 19. Length 16.3, diam. 8, aperture 7 mm.

Molokai : Type no. 2047, coll. C. M. Cooke.

A longer, more solid shell than A. nubifera, but like that
in the color, shape and sculpture of the embryonic whorls.

78. A. MODESTA (C. B. Adams).

" Shell rather thick and short, ovate-conic; dingy reddish
or ash brown ; more or less covered with a dingy dark-brown
epidermis ; with fine irregular transverse striae, which are
coarser on the upper whorls ; without spiral stria? ; apex sub-
acute ; spire short, with the outlines quite curvilinear ; whorls
six, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture; last
whorl rather ventricose; aperture ovate, somewhat acute
above ; lip sharp, not expanded, moderately thickened within ;
eolumellar fold well developed, quite opaque. Mean diver-
gence 50 degrees. Length .54, breadth .3, length of aperture
.26 inch." [= length 13.5, diam. 7.5, aperture 6.5 mm.]
(Ad.)

Sandwich Islands (Adams).

Achatinella modesta C. B. AD., Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., v,
p. 44; Contrib. to Conch., no. 8, p. 128 (Oct. 21st, 1850).—
PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 457. — BALDWIN, Catalogue, p. 9 (Molo-
kai).

The type of A. modesta has not been figured, and its recog-

276 AM ASTRA, MOLOKAI.

nition as a Molokaian species is at present hypothetical.
Borcherding has figured a form from Kawela which closely
resembles the East Mauian rustica Gulick. It seems to differ
from Adams's description of modesta in color and shape of
the spire.

78a. A. M. DIMISSA n. subsp. PL 40, figs. 11, 12.

Some specimens received from Gulick as A. modesta are
larger, the last two whorls cream- white, earlier whorls fleshy-
brown; the last whorl is covered with a thin olive-brown
cuticle with pale streaks. The dull surface is unlike A. simy-
laris. These shells have no zigzag lineolation, but the cuticle
is slightly mottled in places. The lip has a narrow white
thickening within; the vertical, blue columella bears a very
oblique fold. Embryonic whorls costate and carinate.

Fig. 11. Length 17, diam. 8.9, aperture 8 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Fig. 12. Length 16.5, diam. 8, aperture 7.1 mm.

Molokai : Cotypes 92683 and 10209, A. N. S. P., from the
Gulick collection. Temporarily grouped under modesta. It
is very unlike atroflava.

79. A. SUBOBSCURA Hyatt & Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 42, fig. 6.

The shell is minutely perforate, oblong-conic, rather thin,
slightly shining. Outlines of the spire are nearly straight;
embryonic whorls reddish-brown; after a smooth half -whorl
there is a coarsely costate whorl, carinated close above the
suture; the next whorl is finely and very closely costulate,
and subangular next the lower suture. Following whorls con-
vex, sculptured with growth-wrinkles, subplicate just below
the suture, pale fleshy-gray, partly covered with a very thin,
smooth olivaceous cuticle, darkest on the last half-whorl,
wanting in front of the aperture. Aperture pinkish-white,
the outer lip not thickened. Parietal callus whitish, rather
thick. Length 11.9, diam. 6, aperture 5.1 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Molokai : Ulapue. Type to be deposited in Bishop Museum,
collected by D. Thaanum.

Well distinguished by its plain cuticle, without mottling
or markings of any kind. A. amicta Smith differs by the

AMASTRA, MOLOKAI. 277

roughness of the epidermis; its embryonic sculpture is un-
known. A. su~bol)scura, resembles dimissa, in miniature.

Three specimens, no. 13447, Boston Society, also belong to
this species, and were studied by the senior author and the
present writer. The ground-color is pale yellow with oliva-
ceous cuticle, fleshy-yellowish, and fleshy-brown with chestnut
cuticle. The parietal callus is very thin.

Series of A. pusilla.

Two Molokaian species seem to belong with the Lanaian
A. pusilla. They are banded or banded and streaked, but
without angular zigzag markings or mottling.

80. A. TBICINCTA n. sp. PL 39, fig. 15.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, very small, thin, a little shin-
ing. Outlines of the spire nearly straight. Embryonic
whorls somewhat convex, the first half nearly smooth, cari-
nate close above the suture, the next whorl very finely costu-
late or sharply striate, subangular close above the suture.
Following whorls moderately convex, marked with fine, ir-
regular growth-wrinkles. Last whorl rounded peripherally.
Dark brown, the last whorl having opaque white revolving
bands at the suture, periphery and around the umbilical slit,
and several narrow, obliquely longitudinal, black streaks;
upper whorls reddish-brown. Aperture dark within, show-
ing a median white band. Outer lip thin, acute. Columella
dark, bearing a rather thin, strongly oblique lamella. Length
8.8, diam. 5, aperture 4.3 mm. ; 5 Whorls.

Molokai: Kolekole. Type to be deposited in Bishop Mu-
seum, collected by Mr. D. Thaanum.

About the size of A. petricola, from which it differs in char-
acters of the embryonic whorls and in coloration. A very
distinct species.

81. A. ELEGANTTJLA n. Sp. PI. 40, fig. 15.

The shell is imperforate, small and rather thin, ovate with
straightly conic spire. The last whorl is very pale brown,
lighter at the suture, with an opaque white band at the peri-
phery, and sparsely streaked with brown, becoming chestnut-

278 AMASTRA, MOLOKAI.

brown behind the lip. Embryonic whorls slightly convex,
the first very finely striate, the second finely plicatulate below
the suture, becoming striate in the middle; following whorls
sculptured with growth-striae. Outer lip thin. Golumella
purplish, bearing a rather strong, thin lamella.

Length 11.8, diam. 6.9, aperture 6 mm. ; whorls 5%.

Molokai : Type 2050, C. M. Cooke coll.

This species resembles A. petricola by having an opaque
white band, but it differs in shape, etc. The sculpture of the
second whorl is coarser than in petricola. It is a broader
shell than A. tricincta, which is rather closely related. In
general shape the shell is not unlike A. rustica Grulick. The
type, and 'another specimen in Cooke coll., are probably not
fully adult. Borcherding's pi. 10, fig. 22, from Kamalo may
be this species. It does not seem to be A. petricola.

Section HETERAMASTRA Pilsbry (p. 283).
82. A. PERVERSA n. sp. PI. 49, fig. 5.

Shell sinistral, oblong-turrite, rather solid. Spire a trifle
contracted near the summit. Embryonic whorls delicately
costulate as in A. l&va; following whorls having subobsolete
growth-wrinkles, less developed than in A. lava. Aperture
small, somewhat thickened within. Columellar lamella re-
ceding, small and oblique. Length 11.5, diam. 5.5, aperture
4.3 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Molokai : Halawa, near the eastern end of the island, fossil
(D. Thaanum). Type in Bishop Museum.

This shell is very closely related to A. Iceva of East Maui,
differing only in being smoother and in having whorls of
slightly smaller caliber — about one more in shells of equal
length ; the aperture therefore smaller. Whether these dis-
tinctions will hold in further specimens remains to be seen.
Only one example, collected by Mr. D. Thaanum, has been
examined. The dilated columellar margin is broken in the
figured type.

00. A. HUTCHINSONII Pease. PI. 49, figs. 3. 4.
See species no. 89.

AMASTRA, MAUI. 279

AMASTR^E OF MAUI.

The Amastrae of Maui are in the main smaller than those
of Molokai and Lanai, the magna and 'biplicata series being
absent here, while globose Cyclamastrce, wanting in the other
two islands, are present. Otherwise the species are closely
related to those of Molokai, and in some cases hardly separ-
able.

The Amastrae of the eastern and western mountain masses
of Maui are specifically distinct but so closely related that
we have reason to believe that the present isolation by a
treeless, grassy area has been effected in Pleistocene time.
The two areas apparently existed as a continuous forested
tract up to and probably for a short time after the separation
from Molokai.

The island is therefore by no means so fundamentally dual
as Oahu, where distinct groups of Amastrae were evolved on
the two areas.

Luxuriant native forests occupy the higher part of West
Maui and they are especially extensive on the windward
(northeastern) slopes of Haleakala, East Maui, where many
new forms will doubtless be found, for this almost impene-
trable forest remains unexplored and its molluscan life is
unknown, as Baldwin writes. On the western slope of Halea-
kala, in Kula, where most of the Newcomb and Gulick species,
and the specimens in the older 'collections were taken, the
forests are in large part dead or dying.

Key to Amastrce of Maui.
I. Shell sinistral (see Heteramastra, p. 283).
II. Shell dextral.

a. Shell umbilicate (Cyclamastra) .

&. Globose-conic, diam. about two- thirds the length

or more.

c. Periphery rounded. A. obesa, no. 84.

c1. Periphery angular. A. agglutinans, no. 85.

61. Ovate-conic, diam. not much over half of the

length. A. morticina, no. 83.

a1. Shell imperforate or nearly so (Amastra).

280 AMASTRA, MAUI.

&. Last whorl pale or creamy under a plain black-
ish cuticle.
c. Globose- conic, or acutely ovate, diam. more

than half the length.

d. Larger, length 19 to 23 mm., spire broadly
conic; W. Maui.

A. baldwiniana, no. 91.

d1. Smaller, length 15 to 17 mm., spire con-
cavely conic; E. Maui. A. nigra, no. 92.
d2. Smaller, more solid; length 12.5 mm.

A. subcrassilcibris, no. 93.

c1. Oblong-conic, diam. about half the length;

20x10 mm. A. makawaoensis, no. 94.

61. Glossy, with no dark outer cuticle; chestnut or

chestnut and yellow, not malleated ; 18 to 20x10

mm. A. master si, no. 95.

ft2. Straw-colored or brownish, covered with a thin

epidermis, the apex purple; 15x7.5 mm.

A. erecta, no. 101.

d8. Dark reddish-brown, with some dusky cuticle on
last whorl ; 11.3x6 mm. A. johnsoni, no. 100.
d4. Dark brown, plain or banded with white ; no dull
outer cuticle; 11x6.3 mm.

A. a. subpulla, no. 96d.

fe5. Later whorls with mottled or zigzag-marked cu-
ticle.

c. Last Whorl angular at periphery; 15 to 16.5x

9.5 mm. A. conifera, no. 99.

c1. Last whorl rounded. A. affinis, no. 96; mal-

leata, no. 98; nana, no. 97; assimilis, no.

102; montana, no. 103.

Subgenus CYCLAMASTBA Pils. & Van.

(Series of A. umbilicata; p. 149.)
83. A. MORTICINA n. sp. PL 36, figs. 8, 9.

The shell is umbilicate, rather thin, with globose last
whorl. The spire is straightly conic, a little attenuated near

AMASTBA, MAUI. 281

the summit. Whorls 6, the embryonic smooth, convex, the
rest slightly convex, finely striate, the last whorl inflated at
periphery and base, weakly plicate close to the suture, which
is thereby made irregular; obtusely angular around the deep
umbilicus, which has a spiral gutter just within. The aper-
ture is small, angular above, subangular at the base of colu-
mella; outer lip slightly thickened within. Columellar lip
straight, but little dilated. Columellar lamella small and ob-
lique.

Length 10.9, diam. 6.5, aperture 5 mm.

Length 10, diam. 6 mm.

West Maui : Kanaio ( type loc. ) ; Kahului, sand hills in
the isthmian region (Baldwin).

Leptachatina extincta Pfr., in part, BALDWIN, Catalogue,
1893, p. 11 (Maui specimens).

This species is decidedly smaller than A. extincta Pfr., sup-
posed to be Oahuan. A. similaris Pse., of Kauai, is very simi-
lar, but the embryonic whorls form a much wider, more ob-
tuse cone than in A. morticina. A. morticina closely imitates
A. umbilicata Pfr., of Molokai, but it differs by having shorter
whorls, more distinct striation and a crenulate suture. They
probably would not be separated specifically if found on the
same island. The apical whorl was omitted by the artist in
fig. 8. Only fossil examples have been found and there can
be little doubt that the species is extinct.

The type specimens are of a dull red color (fig. 8) . Others,
from Kahului, are white, a little larger, with 6^2 whorls, and
the aperture is noticeably more angular at the base. The
outer lip is more thickened (fig. 9). Length 12.3, diam. 6.8,
aperture 5.7 mm. The largest specimen (labeled West
Maui) is 13 mm. long, with 6% whorls.

Series of A. sphcerica, (p. 147).
84. A. OBESA (Newcomb). PL 42, fig. 11.

" Shell dextral, depressed-conical, inflated, solid, striated,
covered with an epidermis of dark umber color; whorls 5,
rounded; apex acute; suture simple, well marked; aperture

AMASTRA, MAUI.

ovate, white; columella with a strong white plait; lip thick-
ened within, simple. Length 0.4, breadth 0.35 inch. [lOx
8.75 mm.]

* ' Entire animal of a sooty black ; superior tentacles strongly
clubbed, lower ones with a light-colored tip, granulations
large; longer than the shell; motions very slow and timid "
(Newc.) .

The shell is imperforate or rimate, globose with short, con-
cavely conic spire, rather thin, pale brownish under a dull
chestnut or umber cuticle which covers the surface except
in front of the aperture. 2~y2 embryonic whorls convex;
finely striate, the last subangular and perforate. Later
whorls rather coarsely, irregularly wrinkled, the last whorl
rounded peripherally, more or less distinctly marked with
very shallow, rather coarse spiral striae. Aperture small,
oblique, white within. The outer lip has a narrow internal
rib. Columella white, short, bearing an obtuse lamella.

Length 13, diam. 9.5 mm. ; 5~y2 whorls.

Length 10, diam. 7.2 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Maui: Haleakala (Neweomb, type loc.) ; Makawao and
Kula (Baldwin).

Achatinella obesa, NEWC., Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi,
April, 1853, p. 24; t. c., p. 329; P. Z. S., Lond., 1853, p. 143,
pi. 23, f. 39. — PFRV Monogr., iv, 543. — BALDWIN, Catalogue,
1893, p. 9. — Amastra heliciformis Anc., THWING, Occas. Pap.
B. P. B. Mus., iii, no. 1, pi. 3, f. 17.

The type locality is rather indefinite, but it is known to
occur on the western (Kula) side of Haleakala. In the typi-
cal form (pi. 42, fig. 11, length 10.3, diam. 9 mm.) the spire
is short, either almost straightly conic or concavely conic, as
in the specimen figured. The last whorl is depressed. This
form occurs in Kula, where the shells are more or less plas-
tered with earth or excrement, which sometimes forms a peri-
pheral keel, somewhat as in A. agglutinans, but less copious.

Specimens received from Mr. Baldwin, exact locality not
stated, have the last whorl much less depressed. See meas-
urements above and pi. 42, fig. 10 ; pi. 15, fig. 11. This high
form may possibly be segregated as a variety. The surface

AMASTRA, MAUI. 283

is also dirty; a character recalling Pterodiscus, and lending
some little evidence in favor of the view that Pterodiscus
arose from ancestral obesa.

Dr. C. M. Cooke informs me that the shell figured by Mr.
Thwing as A. heliciformis, now in the Bishop Museum, is A.
obesa.

85. A. AGGLUTINANS (Newcomb). PI. 36, figs. 11, 12.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed, angular at the peri-
phery, pale yellow under a thin light-brown cuticle, the spire
reddish-brown ; more or less daubed with earth, which forms
an irregular, broken flange at the periphery. Spire short,
concavely conic, the finely striate, convex embryonic whorls
projecting. Last whorl rather coarsely, irregularly striate,
subacutely angular at the periphery, descending in front.
Aperture white within, the outer lip but slightly thickened.
Columella white, oblique, bearing an oblique fold. Length
8.5, diam., not including agglutinations, 10 mm. ; whorls 5.

West Maui: Wailuku (Gulick).

Achatinella obesa var. agglutinans NEWCOMB, P. Z. S.,
1853, p. 143, pi. 23, fig. 39a.— Amastra carinata GULICK, P.
Z. S., 1873, p. 83 (no description).

This very peculiar species has characters which must have
belonged to the ancestors of Pterodiscus. It is remarkable in
Amastra for the peripheral keel and the bedaubed surface.
Gulick based his species upon Newcomb 's description and
figure. The original description follows : ' ' Var. agglutinans.
Shell somewhat, carinated on the last two whorls, with the
keel extended by agglutinations, giving it a pagoda4ike
form."

The figures were drawn from a specimen received from
Newcomb. Although this form has been united with obesa as
a variety by Xewcomb and Baldwin, the series of both ex-
amined leads us to agree with Gulick and Sykes that it is
distinct. There seems no good reason for changing the name
originally given by Newcomb.

Section HETERAMASTRA Pilsbry (p. 141).
Sinistral Amastrae with rather oblong, delicately costulate

284 AMASTRA, MAUL

or thread-striate embryonic whorls, later whorls with a thin,
dark cuticle, sometimes longitudinally streaked but never
mottled or figured; columellar lamella receding and steeply
ascending, generally small ; axis rimate or imperf orate. Type
A. hutchinsonii.

Distribution, Lanai, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii.

These forms have been classified with Laminella by many
writers, as Baldwin and Sykes, while others have considered
them sinistral Amastra, directly related to dextral forms of
the region, a view taken by Borcherding, Hyatt, and appar-
ently by Thwing. Differences in the embryonic whorls and
the color pattern indicate that the relationship between these
shells and the dextral Amastraa of Maui and Molokai is not
close, though both groups are of common ancestry. The sin-
istral species form a natural group, which seems to have split
off from Amastra at an early period.

The embryonic sculpture and dark, inornate coloration
separate Eeteramastra from Laminella.

Professor Hyatt intercalated these forms among dextral
shells in various groups, as may be seen by reference to his
classification, Appendix II.

Key to species of Heteramastra.

a. Diameter of shell equal to or exceeding half the length;
surface not strongly rugose, smoothish or with weak
sculpture.
6. Spire not contracted near the summit.

c. 12x6.9 mm. ; Maui. A. s. laticeps, no. 86b.

c1. 10x5.5 mm.; last whorl swollen; blackish; Lanai.

A. fraterna, no. 55.
61. Spire noticeably contracted near the summit.

c. Moderately solid; spire brown, last whorl lighter

colored; Maui. A. soror, no. 86.

c1. Thin, shell of nearly uniform dark color; about

5% whorls.
d. Brown, thin, 10x5 mm.; Maui.

A. subsoror, no. 87.
d1. Blackish, obese, 10.3x6.5 mm. ; Lanai.

A. fraterna, no. 55.

AMASTRA, MAUI. 285

a1. Diameter of shell less than half its length.

6. Embryonic whorls carinate above the suture, 14.7x
6.2 mm. ; Hawaii. A. sinistrorsa, no. 104.

61. Embryonic whorls not carinate.

c. Rather large species, 15-25 mm. long; coarsely

wrinkle-striate ; whorls 7 to 7%.
d. Maui, 15x7 to 24.5x7.3 mm.

A. hutchinsonii, no. 89.

d1. Molokai, 20x7 mm. A. h. villosa, no. 89.

d2. Wider, 19x9 mm. ; Maui. A. farcimen, no. 90.
c1. Smaller shells, with finer or weak sculpture.
d. Shell finely striate.

e. Brown; 7 whorls; Oahu.

A. elongata, no. 54.

e1. Spire brown, last whorl paler; 5-6 whorls;
Maui. A. lava, no. 88.

d1. Weakly wrinkled; 11.5x5.5 mm.; Molokai.

A. perversa, no. 82.

d2. Weakly wrinkle-striate; spire brown, last
whorl lighter; Maui. A. soror, no. 86.

86. A. SOROR (Newcomb). PL 48, figs. 1-5.

" Shell sinistral, conically-turrited ; whorls 7, rounded;
suture deeply impressed ; aperture subovate, small ; lip simple ;
columella very short, terminating in a twisted plicate tooth;
epidermis thin, dark corneous above and light corneous
below. Length 12, diam. five-twentieths of an inch.

" Var. a. Last whorl white, shell solid. Length 9, breadth
five-twentieths of an inch.

' Var. &. Shell thin, dark corneous, polished. Length, 10,
diam. four-twentieths of an inch.

* This species is the complete analogue of A. acuta [i. e.,
A. elongata] found in Oahu; it has a more ventricose aspect,
and the striae are more developed in the A. acuta " (New-
comb) .

Maui (Newc.) ; Lahaina, W. Maui (Gulick coll.).

Achatinella soror NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 143, pi. 23, f . 38
[also fig. 36] (1854).— PFR., Monogr., iv, 548.— Amastra
soror PSE., P. Z. S., 1869, 650.

286 AMASTRA, MAUI.

The typical form of A. soror may be considered that illus-
trated by Newcomb, whose figure is copied in our pi. 48, fig.
5. It is a variable species but whether the individual colonies
are homogeneous or not we do not know. The spire is brown,
darkest above, very little contracted near the summit; last
whorl (or last two whorls) opaque yellow or buff, glossy, re-
taining fragments of a very thin olive or brown cuticle.
First half-whorl of the embryo smooth, next whorl finely cos-
tellate, the riblets 'Curved ; next whorl with much finer riblets,
as usual ; a keel is visible just above the suture. Following
Whorls have a weak sculpture of low but nearly regular
wrinkles along lines of growth. A delicate keel is visible on
some of the whorls, just above the suture, and sometimes it
extends as far as the penult, whorl. The aperture is white
within, lip acute, slightly or heavily thickened within. Colu-
mellar lamella moderately strong, axis closed in specimens
examined.

Length 13.8, diam. 7.1, aperture 6 mm. ; 6% whorls.

The specimens described and figs. 1, 2 are no. 1566, Boston
Soc. N. H., from Lahaina, Gulick coll.

There is also a more slender form in coll. A. N. S. P. (pi.
48, figs. 3, 4). The spire is more contracted near the apex.
The embryonic whorls are more finely striate and without
distinct keel or angle above the suture. Following whorls
have irregular wrinkles of growth, and are rather glossy.
On the longest shell seen, a carina is visible above the suture.
The >aperture is very oblique, white, a little thickened within
the outer lip. The columella is very short, dilated above,
nearly closing the perforation. It bears a quite small fold
which is larger within. The color is reddish-brown at the
apex, gradually fading downwards, the last whorl being very
pale-brown or white, with traces of a very thin brown cu-
ticle.

Length 14, diam. 6.1, aperture 5.1 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Length 13, diam. 6.1, aperture 5.1 mm. ; 6% whorls.

The exact locality of the type specimens as well as of this
more slender form is unknown. This slender form may be
referable to the following variety.

AMASTRA, MAUL 287

86a. A. soror inter jecta n. var. PL 48, figs. 9, 10, 11.

Smaller than soror; more solid than subsoror. Spire
brown, slightly contracted above, the last whorl a lighter
shade of brown or pale buff, covered with a very thin brown
cuticle which seems to be more permanent than in soror.
Whorls of tlie spire less convex than in A. subsoror, usually
showing a delicate carina above the suture, but none is visible
on the embryonic whorls. Aperture white within, having a
rather thick callus lining. Columellar fold moderate.

Fig. 10. Length 11, diam. 6, aperture 5 mm. ; 6^4 Whorls
(no. 57827).

Fig. 9. Length 11.5, dram. 6, aperture 5 mm. ; 6^2 whorls
(no. 1566&).

Length 11, diam. 6.3, aperture 4.9 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Lahaina : Cotypes no. 1566a, Boston Soc. and 57827 A. N.
S. P.

There is often a pale line at the periphery of the last
whorl. Dr. Newcomb sent out A. subsoror and inter jecta as
soror, evidently thinking them a form of his species. Work-
ing with museum specimens, we are unable to properly test
the question of specific or racial distinction, which must be
left to naturalists who 'Can study the problem on the ground.

86b. A. soror laticeps n. var. PI. 48, fig. 8.

Similar to inter jecta, except that the spire is wider, con-
tracts less above, the last whorl of the embryonic shell being
decidedly wider. Aperture whitish, somewhat thickened
within; columellar lamella receding, rather heavy and sub-
vertical within. Length 12.8, diam. 6.9, aperture 5.5 mm.;
6 whorls.

Maui : Type no. 10213, A. N. S. P., received from Dr. New-
comb with A. subsoror.

87. A. SUBSOROR Hyatt & Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 48, figs. 6, 7.

The shell is sinistral, narrowly rimate, ovate-turrite,
thin, dull brown. Spire a little contracted near the summit;
the embryonic whorls reddish-brown, convex, delicately stri-
ate, the striae arcuate, thin, narrower than their intervals.

288 AMASTRA, MAUI.

Subsequent whorls strongly 'convex, brown, with slight
sculpture of low growth- wrinkles. Aperture quite oblique,
brown within, the outer lip scarcely thickened internally; a
white callus emerges, strengthening the basal lip within, its
inward portion showing through the shell as a yellowish or
whitish tract around the axial crevice. Columella straight,
its edge narrowly dilated, bearing a strongly oblique, rather
small lamella, which is stronger within; parietal film trans-
parent.

Length 10, diam. 5, aperture 4 mm. ; 5% whorls.

West Maui: Lahaina (Gulick).

Smaller, more delicate than A. soror, with the whorls much
more convex, last whorl brown, not opaque and yellow or
whitish, except close to the perforation. Some shells of the
type lot (no. 57786, A. N. S. P.) are decidedly broader than
the type: Length 9, diam. 5.2, aperture 4 mm.; 5% whorls.
The largest shell seen is 10.5 mm. long.

In the young and half -grown stages the periphery is ob-
tusely subangular, but the angle is usually not visible in
adults. The shell is usually dirty, but not 'copiously smeared,
as A. hutchinsoni generally is.

88. A. L^VA Baldwin. PI. 48, figs. 12 to 15.

" Shell sinistral, imperf orate, rather thin, conically tur-
rited, apex acute ; surface striated with fine incremental lines,
embryonic whorls with delicate radiating sulcations, color
brown, with irregular patches of a dark fugacious epidermis.
"Whorls 6, somewhat convex; suture well impressed. Aper-
ture oblique, oval, livid-white within. Peristome simple and
thin. Columella terminating in a thin lamellar plait. Length
12, diam. 5 mm." (Baldwin).

East Maui : Mt. Haleakala.

Amastra (Laminella) l&va BALDWIN, Nautilus, xix, April,
1906, p. 138.

11 This species is the counterpart of Laminella soror, Nc.
found on West Maui, but the latter is a larger and more
obese shell " (Baldwin).

The specimens figured are from a series sent by Mr. Bald-

AMASTRA, MAUI. 289

win. The shell is rather solid; spire is a little contracted
above, embryonic whorls finely costellate as in A. hutchin-
sonii. The following whorls have sculpture of irregular
rather coarse wrinkles, and in some individuals there are dis-
tinct spiral striae. Usually an inconspicuous angle or keel
is visible just above the suture. The last whorl is yellow or
buff, with fragments of a very thin brown cuticle. On the
spire the tint darkens, becoming reddish-brown at the em-
bryonic whorls. Aperture white, the lip acute, somewhat
thickened within. Columellar lamella small, variable in size.
Length 11.5, diam. 5.4, aperture 4.7 mm. ; 5% whorls.

In one specimen sent by Mr. Baldwin no trace of a colu-
mellar lamella is visible, the shell being normal otherwise
(pi. 48, fig. 15). In another shell, old and dead, the lamella
is very strongly developed (pi. 48, fig. 13). Length 12,
diam. 5.9, aperture 5 mm.; 6% whorls.

A. lava stands intermediate between A. soror and A. hut-
chinsonii, having sculpture and cuticle like the latter, while
the shape of the spire is rather that of soror. Dr. Newcomb
sent out specimens of lava, under the name elongata. See p.
231.

89. A. HUTcniNSONn (Pease). PI. 49, figs. 1, 2, 14.

" Shell acuminately turrited, sinistral, imperforate.
Whorls 7, flatly convex, coarsely and irregularly striated lon-
gitudinally, not marginated. Sutures somewhat rude, well
impressed. Aperture ovate, about two-fifths the length of
the shell ; columellar fold slight, oblique and tortuous. Shell
covered with an earthy-brown epidermis; apex of a darker
color; aperture and columella white, shining. Maui, Sand-
wich Islands " (Pse.)

East Maui: Makawao and Kula (Baldwin); Molokai:
Waialua (Borcherding).

Helicter hutchinsonii PSE., P. Z. S., 1862, p. 7. — Achatin-
ella h., PFB., Monogr., vi, 180. — THWING, Orig. Descript., p.
177, pi. 3, f. 24.— Amastra h., HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S.,
Phila., 1888, p. 45, pi. 1, f. 9.

Molokai references. — Amastra villosa SYKES, Proc. Malac.

290 AMASTRA, MAUI.

Soc., London, ii, pt. 3, p. 129, October, 1896. — Amastra
(Laminella) villosa SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 352, pi.
11, f. 24. — Amastra elongata Newc., BORCHERDING, in part,
Zoologica, xix, 1906, p. 124, pi. 10, f. 24 (Waialua, Molokai).

The shell in Mauian specimens is usually rimate, not often
imperforate as described by Pease. The embryonic whorls
are very beautifully costellate, the riblets curved as usual.
The later whorls have a coarse sculpture of uneven wrinkles.
The later whorls have a thin rusty or chestnut cuticle over a
light yellow under-layer which is exposed by wear on the
wrinkles, and is plastered or daubed with blackish dirt. Be-
neath the cuticle the shell is white. The columellar lamella
is small and strongly oblique.

Length 24.5, diam. 7.3, aperture 6 mm. ; 1% whorls.

Length 15, diam. 7, aperture 6 mm. ; 7 whorls.

There are two forms or races, a larger, with aperture one-
fourth the length, and a smaller or typical race, aperture two-
fifths the length, as in Pease's description. Both occur at
Makawao. The species is readily known by its long contour
and rude sculpture. " We have attached to this species the
name of the Hon. F. W. Hutchinson, Judge of the Circuit
Court, to whom we are indebted for several rare shells "
(Pse.\.

Having examined a series of shells from Molokai we are
unable to find any character to separate them from the
larger race of Maui. We agree with Borcherding that A.
villosa is a synonym. The original description and figure
(pi. 49, fig. 8) are given; also other figures representing
Molokai specimens (figs. 3, 4). The original description fol-
lows.

"Amastra villosa. — Shell elongate-turrited, sinistral, sub-
imperf orate, rather thick ; pale corneous covered with a brown
epidermis. Whorls 7 to 7%, convex, longitudinally and ir-
regularly, strongly striated; suture well impressed. Aper-
ture lunate, nearly vertical; peristome unexpanded, acute,
whitish; columellar lamina small. Length 20, diam. 7 mm."
Molokai, Perkins. (Sykes.)

11 This shell, nearly related to A. kutckinsonii Pease from

AMASTRA, MAUL 291

Maui, may be separated by its greater size, more elongate
spire, and the shape of the last whorl which is not so fusi-
form as in that species. The suture is also more deeply im-
pressed. The specimen here figured [pi. 49, fig. 8, copied
from Sykes] is not the one whose measurements were given
in the original diagnosis, but a slightly smaller shell whose
periostracum is better preserved " (Sykes).

In shells of maximum size the dull olivaceous-brown or
reddish-brown cuticle is largely lost. The columellar lamella,
in the Molokai shells we have seen, is very small, sometimes
inconspicuous in front view.

90. A. FARCIMEN (Pfeiffer).

Shell subperforate, sinistral, oblong-conic, rather solid,
somewhat rugose; whitish under a blackish epidermis; spire
terminating above in an acute nude cone. Whorls 7, the
upper flat, the last two very convex, last whorl a little ex-
ceeding one-third the length, subangular in the middle.
Columellar fold compressed, oblique. Aperture oblique, semi-
oval, white within; peristome simple, unexpanded, the colu-
mellar margin somewhat spreading. Length 19, diam. 9,
aperture 8x5 mm. (Pfr.).

Maui (Newcomb, in Cuming coll.).

Achatinella farcimen PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 334; Mono-
graphia, iv. 552. Not Amastra farcimen Pfr., HARTMAN,
Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1888, p. 56, pi. 1, f. 5.

Possibly a form of A. hutchinsonii; yet Sykes, who had
opportunity to examine the type, makes no suggestion as to
its affinities. He points out that Hartman's figure of a sup-
posed " typical " farcimen belongs to some very different
species. The aperture is longer in farcimen than in hutchin-
son ii.

Section AMASTRA s. str.

Series of A. nigra.

Moderately large shells, sometimes wholly wanting dark
outer cuticle, but usually covered with a blackish cuticle
which may be more or less deciduous, not conspicuously mot-
tled or zigzag striped. Embryonic shell typically costate and

292 AMASTRA, MAUI.

carinate, 'but rarely these whorls are convex and striate. The
series is closely related to the pullata group of Molokai.

91. A. BALDWINIANA n. sp. PL 43, figs. 4, 5.

Shell imperforate globose-conic, moderately solid, very pale
brown or creamy-white under a thin, rather glossy dark-
brown, black-streaked cuticle, which is inconspicuous or want-
ing above the last whorl. When preserved on the penult,
whorl the .cuticle is irregularly mottled or angularly streaked,
as in A. nigra; and the light streaks of the last whorl show
traces of spiral bands. The substance of the shell is white
throughout or purplish-brown on the spire. The spire is
straightly conic or a little contracted near the summit. First
half- whorl smooth; next whorl strongly costate, and carinate
above the suture, the following whorl more finely costulate.
Later whorls with fine growth-lines, the last whorl smooth, or
sometimes spirally malleated, very convex. Aperture short,
white within, very slightly thickened within the outer lip.
Columellar lamella strong and very oblique. Parietal callus
thin.

Length 22.7, diam. 13.1, aperture 10 mm.; 6% whorls.

Length 21, diam. 13.5, aperture 10 mm.; Qy2 whorls.

Length 19, diam. 12, aperture 9 mm. ; 6^2 whorls.

West Maui: Wailuku (D. D. Baldwin).

A larger, less globose species than A. nigra, with the spire
more broadly conic, and the last whorl less malleated or
smooth.

92. A. NIGRA (Newcomb). PL 43, figs. 1, 2, 3, 6.

' ' Shell dextral, globosely acuminate, rather solid ; the two
lower whorls inflated, the superior ones subulate; whorls 6;
the last two cut upon the surface into rude cicatrices by lon-
gitudinal striae crossed by revolving elevations, irregularly
distributed; superior whorls flattened, with closely-crowded,
strong longitudinal striae; suture simple, well impressed;
aperture round ovate; columella short, terminating in a
lamellar tooth; color yellowish- white, with a thin black epi-
dermis. Length 14, diam. nine-twentieths of an inch
mm.] (Newcomb).

AMASTRA, MAUI. 293

East Maui: Ulupalakua (Baldwin).

Achatinella nigra NEWC., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., v, 1855,
p. 219 ; P. Z. S., 1855, p. 209 ; Amer. Journ. of Conch., ii, p.
210, pi. 13, f. 3.— PPR., Monogr., iv, 545.— THWING, Occas.
Papers, B. P. B. Mus., iii, no. 1, p. 177. — BALDWIN, Cata-
logue, 1893, p. 9.— Amastra nigra PSE., P. Z. S., 1869, 649 —
GULICK, Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal, pi. 1, f. 17. —
Achatinella globosa GULICK, MS. teste Newc.

The second embryonic whorl is nearly flat-sided, with
sculpture of rather strong curved riblets, and a carina above
the suture ; the next whorl has fine ribs, partly effaced in the
middle. The very globose last whorl is conspicuously mal-
leated, having flattened facets and irregular ridges running
spirally and descending. The spire is brown, but the last
whorl, under the lusterless blackish cuticle, is nearly white.
The cuticle is more or less varied with angular streaks on the
spire. The outer lip has a heavy rib or a thin callus within.

Length 17, diam. 11.2 mm. ; whorls 6%.

Length 15, diam. 10 mm.

In one specimen received from Dr. Newcomb the whorl fol-
lowing the smooth initial half-whorl is convex, with a few
low coarse folds and some fine striae ; next whorl finely striate,
the striae partly effaced in the middle (pi. 43, fig. 3). In all
other respects the shell is a typical nigra.

A. nigra is related to the West Mauian A. baldwiniana.
It has no other close relatives.

93. A. SUBCRASSILABRIS n. sp. PL 45, figs. 14, 15.

The shell is perforate, acutely ovate, solid, not glossy, out-
lines of the spire straight or very little contracted near the
summit; whorls nearly flat. Embryonic whorls very finely
striate, following whorls marked with growth-wrinkles, the
last one spirally malleate below the periphery in the type
(smooth in another specimen). Spire brown, the penultimate
whorl becoming paler, last whorl cream-white, retaining small
patches of a thin brown cuticle. Aperture slightly oblique,
white within, the lip thickened by a rather strong white rib.
Columella white, straight, narrowly reflexed, bearing a small

294 AMASTRA, MAUI.

white submedian fold. Length 12.5, diam. 7.4, aperture 6
mm. ; G1/^ whorls.

East Maui: Kula, with. A. affinis, etc. (Gulick).

Two specimens of this form were in a vial of the Gulick
collection, no. 1541, Boston Society, with A. affinis, A. mal-
leata and A. a. Cinderella, labeled Kula, E. Maui. Compared
with A. crassilabrum Nc., this species differs by its flatter
whorls, more distinctly striate embryonic whorls, by the pres-
ence of brown cuticle on the last whorl, and the smaller colu-
mellar lamella. It is probably a relative of A. nigra, having
the striate embryonic whorls of certain exceptional individ-
uals of that species.

94. A. MAKAWAOENSIS n. sp. PL 43, figs. 7, 8, 9.

The shell is imperforate, oblong-conic, the outlines of the
spire straight in the upper part, then convex. Ground-color
very pale o<chre or 'cream, or sometimes reddish-brown above,
pale yellow below the periphery ; except in front of the aper-
ture it is covered by a dense, somewhat glossy cuticle, which
is black (or with some reddish streaks) on the last whorl,
copiously streaked with cream or brownish-white on the
penult, whorl; earlier whorls red-brown with pale dots or
streaks. Embryonic whorls flattened, the first coarsely cos-
tate, with a carina which is nearly 'concealed at the suture;
second whorl more finely costulate; subsequent whorls with
sculpture of growth-wrinkles and on the last two whorls
numerous unequal, shallow spiral striae (often weak or obso-
lete) ; the last whorl is not very convex, usually contracted,
and usually has flattened, spirally descending facets, or mal-
leation. Aperture white, oblique, the lip acute, somewhat
thickened within. Columellar fold more or less thickened
at the end, very obliquely ascending.

Length 20, diam. 10, aperture 9.5 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 20.5, diam. 10, aperture 8.3 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Length 19, diam. 10, aperture 9 mm. ; 6% whorls.

East Maui: Makawao (Baldwin).

This species is one of several forms which have been
grouped under the comprehensive name A. mastersi. It dif-

AMASTRA, MAUI. 295

fers from that species, as now restricted, by its oblong shape,
the penultimate whorl bulging more, and the last whorl less
convex, more or less contracted; by being covered with a
blackish cuticle, and by the usual (though not invariable)
spiral striation, or spirally descending malleated facets. It
is also less glossy.

The penultimate and last whorls are sometimes uniform
black, except where the cuticle is lost in front of the aperture
and above the last half-turn of the suture. Usually the
penultimate whorl and front of the last are more or less
streaked. They are never marked with angulated streaks,
though at times there is some light maculation or mottling
on some of the dark streaks.

A form somewhat similar to this has been figured by Bor-
cherding from Molokai (Zoologica, Heft. 48, p. 116, pi. 10,
fig. 16). It is herein described as A. borcherdingi, as I be-
lieve it to be quite distinct from mastersi and makawaoensis.

95. A. MASTERSI (Newoomb). PL 43, figs. 12-17.

" Shell dextral, thin; whorls 7, rounded, slightly rugose
above, the last strongly inflated ; apex acute ; suture well im-
pressed; aperture ovate; lip simple; columella short, with a
thin lamellar plait; color of shell white or rich chestnut,
with traces of a thin brown epidermis ; within white or bluish-
white.

" The size varies much in this species, and the coloring is
also various, running from pure white through various tints
to a light mahogany. The lower part of the shell is not in-
frequently \Vhite, and the upper portion bright chestnut or
rose-colored.

" Length sixteen- twentieths, width eight-twentieths inch
[= 20x10 mm.] . Mani. ' ' (Newc.)

11 Animal longer than the shell, of a fine flesh-color, covered
with granulations tipped with carmine ; tentacles and anterior
superior portion of the body dark-brown or black. Motions
fearless and active. An inhabitant of bushes (the ' Olona ') "
(Newc.).

East Maui: Makawao (Baldwin, Thwing).

296 AM ASTRA, MAUI.

Achatinella mastersi NEWC., P. Z. S., Land., 1853, p. 153r
pi. 24, fig. 67 (1854) ; Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, 1858, p.
332 (animal). — Laminella mastersi Nc., W. G. BINNEY, Ann.
Lye. N. H. of N. Y., x, p. 335, pi. 15, figs. 7, 9-11 (jaw and
teeth) ; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, 1884, p. 98, pi. 16, f. E
(jaw) ; pi. 6, fig. E (teeth).

Neweomb's description is given above and his figure is
copied, pi. 43, fig. 12. The original locality was Maul. In
his paper of 1858, where the animal is described, Newcomb
states that "A. mastersi is an inhabitant of Molokai, and is
sparsely found on Maui." It is evident that more than one
form was included by Newcomb in his definition of the species.
The form selected for his figure is, as Mr. Thwing has im-
plied, the bicolored race from Makawao, in East Maui. While
this does not agree with all of the description, it was evi-
dently regarded by Newcomb as a typical mastersi. He
records other species from Makawao, and this was doubtless
the type locality of mastersi.

The shell is glossy, the upper half of the last whorl rich
chestnut, lower half yellow, sipire brown, the embryonic
whorls reddish or dull-purple. Other shells have the last
whorl chestnut, spire either a lighter or a darker shade.
There is no outer layer of dark cuticle. The outlines of the
spire are convex. The second embryonic whorl is strongly
eostate, with a earina which is concealed at the suture. Fol-
lowing whorls are irregularly plicate below the suture, the
last whorl well rounded, not malleate. Aperture white, the
lip acute, not thickened within. Columellar fold small and
oblique. Axis imperforate.

Length 18, diam. 10 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Length 18, diam. 9.5 mm.

In another color-form the shell is pale-yellow, spire gray-
brown (pi. 43, fig. 17).

Typical A. mastersi, as restricted to this form, is special
to East Maui, occurring on the northeastern flank of Halea-
kala, on one of the routes to the crater. A more globose
form, length 16, diam. 10 mm., with 5% whorls, occurs at
Honomanu, inland from Keanae, north of Haleakala crater.

AMASTRA, MAUI. 297

The series examined from this place is in the C. M. Cooke
collection.

Series of A. assimilis.

Small or moderate sized shells, generally with mottled or
zigzag-striped outer layer of dark cuticle. Embryonic whorls
typically costate and carinate. Common to East and West
Maui and Molokai.

Perhaps an additional Series should be erected for A. john-
soni (no. 100). A. erecta (no. 101) and A. subpulla (no.
96d), which have plain or banded coloration, and so far as
known have plain, not figured cuticle.

96. A. AFFINIS (Newcomb). PL 44, figs. 1-4, 6.

" Shell acutely conical; whorls 6, rounded, not margined;
suture well impressed; aperture ovate; lip thin; columella
with a white lamellar twisted tooth; color white, roseate or
salmon, with traces of a dark-brown epidermis; last whorl
lighter-colored than the upper ones. Length 12, diam. 5%
twentieths of an inch " (=15x7.2 mm.) (Newc.).

East Maui: Kula (Newcomb).

Achatinella affinis NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 142, pi. 23, fig.
35 (1854). — PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 180. — Achatinella gonios-
toma PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 103 ; Monographia, iv, p. 550.—
Amastra rustica GULICK, in Gulick and Smith, P. Z. S., 1873,
p. 84, pi. 10, f. 17.

A. affinis t rustica and pupoidea, together with the forms
bigener, Cinderella and subpulla, distinguished by Hyatt,
make up a group of very closely-related forms, which seem
to me inextricably connected ; yet as my knowledge of them is
limited to a couple of hundred museum specimens, without
field notes, my course should not unduly prejudice a natura-
list who may study the group at Kula, its headquarters. As
a, whole, the species differs from A. assimilis by its generally
smaller size.

Newcomb 's type figure of affinis is copied, pi. 44, fig. 4.
Figs. 1 to 3 represent typical specimens enlarged to show the
sculpture. The embryonic whorls are brown or whitish, flat-
tened, strongly costate, and carinate above the suture, the

298 AMASTRA, MAUI.

carina often conspicuously projecting. The following whorls
of the cone (which is straightly conic above the penultimate
whorl) 'are unevenly striate, and the intermediate whorls are
usually more or less pitted, cicatricose, or irregularly mal-
leated, the impressions gray, fleshy or pink. The last whorl
is yellowish white, generally with small fragments of a brown
cuticle adhering on the last half. In some shells there remain
traces of angular dark lines of cuticle on the last whorl. The
aperture is white, with a narrow lip-rib or none. Columella
very narrow with a small oblique fold in the middle.

Other specimens of the same lot from Kula have the em-
bryonic whorls more finely striate, and in one shell they are
convex and finely striate; so that this species varies much
as figured for A. nigra in characters of the embryo, while the
later stages seem alike.

In some lots the carina of the neanic whorls is concealed
at the suture ; in others it may show above the suture on the
third whorl.

A. rustica Gulick, according to paratypes from Kula, re-
ceived from Gulick (pi. 44, figs. 12 to 16), is not, I think,
specifically separable, On the last half-whorl it usually re-
tains much of the cuticle, which is dark olivaceous or brown-
ish, streaked and mottled with lighter, or variegated with
dark zigzag streaks on >a pale ground. The original descrip-
tion follows.

"Ama-stra rustica Gk. Shell dextral, imperf orate, ovate-
conic, striated lightly with growth-lines, very pale reddish
under an olivaceous 'Cuticle. Whorls 6, a little convex, the
first two very strongly, the third lightly sulcate. Suture
simple, not very deep. Aperture small, not as long as the
spire, somewhat reddish; peristome arcuate, thin; columella
short, provided with an inconspicuous fold, joined to the lip
by a very thin callus. Length 141/2, diam. 7% mm. Kula, in
East Maui, on the ground. It is allied to Am. affinis Nwc.,
but is readily distinguished by its convex spire " (Gulick).

A. goniostoma has been accepted as a synonym of affinis by
Newcomb, Hartman -and Sykes. The description follows.

"Achatinella goniostoma Pfr. — Shell rimate, dextral, tur-

AMASTRA, MAUL 299

rited, solid, obliquely striatulate ; corneous- gray under a de-
ciduous fulvous epidermis. Spire elongate-conic, the apex
acute ; suture subcrenate. Whorls 8, rather flat, the penulti-
mate more convex, the last whorl scarcely more than one-
third of the length, rotund. Aperture oblique, elliptical,
angular at both ends; peristome unexpanded, produced
basally, the margins joined by a callus, right margin some-
what labiate within; columellar margin somewhat dilated,
adnate. Length 16, diam. 7%, aperture 6 mm. long, 3.5 wide.
Sandwich Is., Mus. Cuming " (Pfr.).

Dr. Newcomb (Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, 328) remarks:
" Two of the three specimens in Mus. Cuming labelled A.
goniostoma Pfr., clearly belong to this species [a/finis] ; a
larger specimen may be distinct."

96a. A. a. pupoidea (Newcomb). PI. 44, figs. 5, 9, 10, 11.

Shell dextral, cylindrically elongate; whorls 7, rounded;
suture deep; aperture small, subovate; lip simple; columella
short, lightly toothed; epidermis thin, of a light brown, be-
neath which the body- whorl is white, the three above pinkish,
and the others leaden; brown zigzag undulations are some-
times found on the upper portions of the lower whorls.
Length 14, width five- twentieths of an inch [17.5x6.25 mm.]
(Newc.).

East Maui (Newcomb).

Achatinella pupoidea Nc., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 144, pi. 23, fig.
42 (1854).

Newcomb 's original figure is copied, fig. 5. Numerous spe-
cimens before us differ from affinis only by being more length-
ened, a variable character. Some cuticle is retained on the
last whorl. The pale ground is sometimes reddish above the
periphery, or has pale-reddish bands there. A delicate carina
is generally visible above the suture as far down as the fourth
whorl. The size varies.

Length 17, diam. 7, aperture 6 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Length 14.2, diam. 6.5, aperture 6 mm. ; 6^2 whorls.

Length 17, diam. 8, aperture 7 mm. ; 6% whorls.

300 AMASTRA, MAUI.

96b. A. a. Ugener Hyatt, n. var. PL 44, fig. 7.

Smaller than typical affinis, creamy, the apex brown or
white, last whorl retaining dark cuticle in angular or zigzag
lines. Apex with typical costation and carination; whorls
fewer.

Length 12, diam. 6.2 mm. ; whorls

Length 11.9, diam. 6.1 mm. ; whorls

Maui : Types no. 57685, A. N. S. P.

A form without cuticle, except for some shreds close behind
the lip, is whitish below the periphery, flesh-colored, with
numerous pale lines above it. Length 12, diam. 6.8 mm. ;
5% whorls. This form was called A. bigener var. abberans
Hyatt, MSS. (pi. 44, fig. 8). The exact locality is unknown.
The figured type is 117264, U. S. Nat. Mus.

96c. Var. Cinderella Hyatt, n. v. PI. 45, figs. 1, 2.

Smaller than affinis, white mottled with flesh-color, or pink-
ish-brown with scattered White maculae, or with white streaks
also. Length 10.7, diam. 6 mm. ; 5% whorls. Kula.

This form, distinguished by Hyatt, is based upon no. 1546
of the Gulick coll., Boston Society collection. Figured from
the cotypes.

96d. A. a. subpulla Hyatt & Pilsbry, n. subsp. PI. 45, figs.
3,4.

The shells are stouter than in Cinderella. The color of one
is uniform brown without bars and it has a lighter or yellow
tone along the shoulder of last volution, apex ashen (fig. 4).
The other shell has broad pearl-grey bands cut up by smaller
brown bands and a pearl-grey area around the columella
on the base. The preceding Whorl is brown with light pearl-
grey shoulder, and apex ashen. These are the colors and
ornaments of A. pulla of Lanai, but the shell is distinct in
being a little stouter or more globose than in that species.
It is also wider than A. johnsoni. There is no trace of an
outer layer of cuticle. The apex is costate and carinated.
Length 11, diam. 6.3 mm. (fig. 3, type).

Kula, East Maui, associated with var. Cinderella. Cotypes
in coll. Boston Society.

AMASTRA, MAUL 301

This may be specifically distinct from A. affinis, as Hyatt
believed; but variation in this group is so imperfectly
understood that for the present it may be described as a sub-
species.

96e. A. a. kaupakaluana n. subsp. PL 46, figs. 1 to 6.

The shell is imperf orate, oblong-conic, rather solid; pale
yellowish, becoming brown on the spire or near the apex, in
large part covered by a thin, smooth olivaceous cuticle, often
marked with dark oblique stripes on a paler ground on the
front, and becoming denser and chestnut-colored on the last
part of the last whorl. It is worn away in front of the
aperture. First whorl costate and carinated, second whorl
much more finely costulate; subsequent whorls somewhat
plicatulate below the suture. Aperture impure white within,
often pinkish towards the black lip-edge. Columellar fold
small, obtuse, median.

Length 16, diam. 8.9, aperture 7.6 mm.; 6% whorls.

Length 16, diam. 8.3, aperture 7.3 mm. ; 6% whorls.

East Maui: Kaupakalua (Baldwin). Cotypes no. 2156,
coll. C. M. Cooke. and 104760, A. N. S. P.

Darker colored than A. affinis, retaining more cuticle, and
rather different in pattern ; it has an appearance of distinct-
ness. Inhabits a district north of Kula, the home of A.
affinis.

Two other lots in the Cooke collection without exact locality
data are referable to this subspecies. In lot 2150 the shell
is rather solid, obese, length 15, diam. 9 mm., cuticle blackish,
the mouth rose or white (pi. 46, figs. 1, 2). In lot 2149 the
shell is thinner, cuticle black (pi. 46, figs. 3, 4).

97. A. NANA Baldwin. PI. 43, figs. 11, 20, 21.

The shell is rimate, ovate-conic, thin; impure whitish or
pale brown, the apex dark brown, covered (except in front
of the aperture) with a brown or olivaceous-brown cuticle,
which is varied with light streaks or zigzag stripes. Em-
bryonic shell costate and carinate, later whorls more or less
irregularly wrinkle-striate. Aperture small, the lip some-

302 AMASTRA, MAUI.

what thickened within. Columellar fold rather sharp. The
spire has nearly straight outlines, whorls but slightly convex.

Length 12, diam. 6.7, aperture 5 mm. ; whorls 6*4.

Length 11.2, diam. 6.6, aperture 5.4 mm.

" Animal when extended in motion as long as the shell.
Mantle light brown. Foot above and below brown with spots
of deeper shade on the sides. Tentacles and front above al-
most black " (Baldwin).

East Maui : Makawao. Common, but very local in its dis-
tribution, in a belt of forest land about 4,000 feet above sea
level (Baldwin).

Amastra nana BALDWIN, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1895, p.
232, pi. 11, figs. 48, 49.

Shorter, thinner, less calcareous and darker than A. ajfinis,
and much smaller than A. a. kaupakaluana, which occurs
farther north. The description and figures are from the
types, no. 65718, A. N. S. P.

The color pattern varies within wide limits, as shown by
the figures.

There is in the Boston Society collection a shell, no 13423,
said to be from Molokai, which Hyatt described in MS. as a
new species, but which seems to me to be identical with nana.
The shell (pi. 42, fig. 1) is subrimate, thin, ovate-conic, not
shining; outlines of the spire straight. Embryonic whorls
flat, strongly costate and conspicuously carinate, purplish-
brown. Following whorls very slightly convex, marked with
rather distinct wrinkles of growth, reddish-brown under a
thin pale-brown cuticle which is profusely but indistinctly
marked with abruptly-waved longitudinal stripes of reddish-
chestnut, fading at their edges. Last whorl well rounded at
the periphery. Aperture dark within, the lip thin. Length
9.2, diam. 5.8, aperture 4.9 mm.; 5% whorls. The locality
assigned seems to me doubtful, but the description and figure
are inserted to call attention to the matter.

98. A. MALLEATA Smitfi. PI. 45, figs. 5, 6

Shell 'acutely-ovate, dextral, striated with growth-lines,
prettily malleated, dirty whitish variously 'colored with a

AMASTRA, MAUI. 303

brownish-olivaceous epidermis. Whorls 6, a little convex, the
first three strongly radially sulcate; suture simple. Aper-
ture white; peristome thin, very slightly thickened within;
columellar fold thin. Length 14, diam. 8 mm. (Smith).

East Maui: Kula, >on the ground (Gulick).

Amastra malleata SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 85, pi. 10, f. 18.

The type (pi. 45, figs. 5, 6) and another specimen, from
the Boston Society collection, are before us. It is very closely
related to A. affinis, and may prove to be connected with that
species, but the shell is quite noticeably broader and the last
whorl is more malleated than usual in affinis. The pattern
of the cuticle is the same as in " rustica ". The type meas-
ures, length 14, diam. 8, aperture 7 mm.

A third shell of the original lot (pi. 45, figs. 7, 8) is more
inflated, the last whorl very densely malleate, and marked
with close pattern of f orwardly converging olive lines. Length
13, diam. 8.2, aperture 7 mm. Still another specimen with
the same markings is intermediate in shape between the pre-
ceding and the typical shells.

99. A. CONIPERA Smith. PL 45, figs. 10 to 13.

Shell ovate-conic, dextral, lightly striated with lines of
growth, very pale-reddish, partly covered with brownish-
olivaceous epidermis. Whorls G1/^, a little convex; the first
2% to 3 reddish, strongly radially sulcate, with a spiral 'cord
at the base. Suture simple. Aperture whitish; peristome
thin, blackish, slightly thickened; columellar fold thin.
Length 17, diam. 9 mm. (Smith).

East Maui: Kula, on the ground under dead leaves (Gu-
lick) .

Amastra conifera SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 85, pi. 10, f. 11.

The type (pi. 45, figs. 10, 11) and four other specimens
of the original lot (figs. 12, 13) in the Gulick collection, Bos-
ton Society of Natural History, are before us, with others.
All are imperforate, thin, with the outlines of the spire either
straight, or a little contracted near the summit. The color
varies: (1) Very pale reddish, becoming lighter, more creamy
on the last whorl. (2) Spire rather dark reddish-brown,

304

AMASTRA, MAUI.

with a white sutural border, the last whorl cream-white.
(3) Cream- white throughout, or with only the embryonic
whorls reddish-brown. Very little of the thin, olive or olive-
brown cuticle is retained above the last whorl. What there
is on the penult, whorl and front of the last is marked with
angular dark figures, or mottled with light on a dark ground
or net-work. On the latter part of the last whorl it becomes
continuous except where worn off. The apex is of the typical
costate and carinate form. The last whorl is angular at the
periphery, the angle usually rather sharp and distinct in
front, but sometimes quite weak. There is a very thin callus
within the lip in the oldest shells, but usually it is quite thin.
A blackish cuticular edge is present in the type, but not in
other examples.

Length 16.5, diam. 9.7, aperture 7.9 mm.; 6% whorls
(type) .

Length 16.5, diam. 10, aperture 8 mm.

Length 15, diam. 8.7, aperture 7 mm.

Length 15, diam. 9.5, aperture 8.2 mm. (not mature).

It is a larger, more capacious shell than A. affinis (or rus-
tica), further differing by the angulation of the last whorl
and the less elaborately figured cuticle. A. montana is a
shorter shell with rounded periphery.

100. A. JOHNSONI Hyatt & Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 45, fig. 16.

Shell nearly imperforate, oblong-conic, rather thin, some
what glossy. Outlines of spire straight above, a little conve:
below, the whorls nearly flat. Embryonic whorls costate, the
second carinate, about as in A. affinis. Later whorls mark*
with growth-wrinkles. Color brown, the last whorl partiall;
covered with a thin, darker cuticle having some darker an<
lighter streaks but no oblique or angular markings. Aper-
ture whitish within; lip acute, very little thickened within.
Columella straight, reflexed above, bearing a small, strongly
oblique lamella. Length 11.3, diam. 6, aperture 5.1 mm. ;
whorls.

West Maui: Wailuku (Gulick, in coll. Boston Society).

This shell is narrower than A. affinis subpulla, with a mucl

AMASTRA, MAUI. 305

smaller columellar lamella. The monotype was found by
Hyatt among Gulick's shells labeled assimilis. It is evi-
dently a mature shell, much narrower than young assimilis
of the same length. Named for Mr. C. W. Johnson, Curator
of the Boston Society of Natural History.

This form, A. erecta and A. subpulla do not agree with the
assimilis group in coloration, but they are closely related in
other characters and may be aberrant members of that series.

101. A. ERECTA (Pease).

Shell dextral, imperforate, rather solid, turrited, irregu-
larly delicately striate, slightly shining, covered with a thin
epidermis; whorls 7, convex, the last forming % the length;
suture impressed; columellar fold laminiform, thick, slightly
oblique. Aperture ovate; columella arcuate. Straw-colored,
light-reddish or brownish with the apex purple. Length 15,
diam. 7.5 mm. (Pse) .

Maul (coll. Pease and Crosse).

Laminella erecta PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1869, p. 174.
— Amastra (L.) erecta Pse., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p.
349.

" I know of no other species with which L. erecta may be
compared. The shell is very regular in shape, its whorls in-
creasing regularly'1' (Pse.).. "Close to A. micans Pfr."
(Sykes).

This species seems to be unknown to collectors in the Islands,
as it is to us. Pease and Sykes place it in Laminella, but
from the description it seems to be an Amastra. The presence
of enough epidermis to be noticed by Pease is against its
reference to Laminella. Dr. C. M. Cooke in a recent letter
states that L. erecta is identical with A. micans (p. 210), an
opinion which seems to me well founded.

102. A. ASSIMILIS (Newcomb). PL 27, fig. 17; pi. 46, figs. 9
to 14.

Shell conically elongate, acute above; whorls 7, rounded;
suture well impressed. Aperture small, ovate, columella very
short, plicate, twisted; lip acute, thickened slightly within.
Color white or salmon, sometimes the lower half of the last

306 AMASTRA, MAUI.

whorl white and the rest of salmon, within pure white.
Length 11, diam. 5% twentieths of an inch [14x6.5 mm.]
(Newc.).

W. Maui (New<comb) ; Wailuku and Lahaina (Gulick).

Achatinella assimilis NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 148, pi. 23,
f. 53 (1854). — Amastra assimilis Newc., SYKES, Fauna Ha-
waiiensis, p. 334. — Achatinella deshaysii MORELET, Bulletin
de la Societe d'Histoire naturelle du Departement de la
Moselle, viii, 1857, p. 27.

This shell has much in common with A. affinis and pupoidea
of East Maui in texture, color and apical sulpture. The
original enlarged figure of Newcomb 's type is copied on pi.
27, fig. 17.

A. assimilis is frequently larger and usually more robust
in figure than A. affinis; yet when all is said, the specific dis-
tinction is chiefly geographic ; this is West Mauian, the other
East Mauian. Each specific name denotes in the conventional
mode, a series of more or less divergent races, sometimes very
variable and possibly composite or hybrid.

lao valley above Wailuku is (or in the time of Newcomb
and Gulick was) a locality for shells agreeing with the typi-
cal form of assimilis. On the western side of the summit of
West Maui, in Lahaina opposite the head of lao valley, the
shells are larger and more obese, and have often been referred
to A. mastersi — certainly an error.

PL 46, figs. 9, 10, 11, 13 represent Wailuku specimens.
The ground-color is whitish throughout, whitish with ruddy
spire, or coffee-tinted above, white below the periphery. Over
this there is a much abraded, dark cuticle, forming zigzag
lines or angular spots, or sometimes an olive and brown
cuticle is streaked and mottled with whitish (figs. 9, 10).
The surface is subplicate below the suture, elsewhere more or
less distinctly, rather coarsely striate. Embryo costate and
carinate (the carina sometimes almost concealed). Colu-
mellar fold small and median. Specimens measure :

Length 13, diam. 7.2, aperture 6 mm. ; whorls 5%.

Length 15.5, diam. 8.3, aperture 7 mm. ; whorls 6.

Another shell from Wailuku is figured, pi. 41, fig. 8. The

AMASTRA, MAUI. 307

white ground is nearly covered with a whitish cuticle densely
marked with zigzag stripes. The last whorl is carinate in
front, and somewhat malleated below the carina. On the
last third of the last whorl the cuticle becomes nearly uni-
form and blackish. Length 14, diam. 8.2 mm.

There are also some stouter shells in this lot, resembling
those from Lahaina.

In the Boston Society collection (part of no. 1519) there
is a small form with the ordinary Waialua shape, which was
segregated by Hyatt as subassimilis (pi. 46, figs. 7, 8). It
has a ground-color of pale fleshy-brown above the periphery,
the embryonic whorls dark brown, and the base brown-tinted
whitish. Cuticle remains in angular blackish figures on a
pale ground on the last part of the penult, whorl, becoming
dense, black and continuous on the latter half of the last
whorl. The carina of the neanic stage is visible above the
suture on the penult, whorl, and continued as an impressed
line on the first half of the last whorl. Aperture as in as-
similis. Length 12.7, diam. 7.1, aperture 6 mm.; 6 whorls.
Waialua, Gulick coll. Probably a local race.

In Lahaina (pi. 46, figs. 12, 14, 15) the shells are mainly
larger, more obese though some also occur exactly similar to
those of "VVailuku. The color-patterns are as described above,
with transitions between them, but most large shells are
almost wholly denuded of the outer cuticle.

Fig. 14. Length 18, diam. 10, asperture 9 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Fig. 15. Length 17, diam. 11, aperture 9.4 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Fig. 12. Length 16, diam. 9 mm.

Length 15, diam. 8 mm.

This form resembles some of the Molokai shells identified
as A. mastersi by Herr Borcherding, but which are now re-
ferred to A. borcherdingi.

Morelet's original series of A. deshaysii, now in the British
Museum, has been examined by Mr. Sykes, who states that
two specimens belong to A. assimilis and one to A. biplicata.
The diagnosis, translated below, applies to assimilis only.

"Achatinella deshaysii. Shell slightly rimate, ovate-tur-
rite, longitudinally rugose, fleshy straw-colored under a deep

308 AMASTRA, MAUI.

chestnut epidermis which is partly worn off; spire turrite,
the apex mucronate and beautifully plicatulate; whorls 7,
the upper flat, following convex, the last inflated, tapering
basally, more than half the total length. Columella straight,
provided with a spiral callus. Aperture small, oval, sub-
angular below; peristome simple, unexpanded; columellar
margin very narrowly reflexed. Length 22, diam. 10 mm.
Sandwich Islands " (M orelet) .

103. A. MONTANA Baldwin, PI. 43, figs. 18, 19.

The shell is imperf orate, ovate-conic, thin; spire straightly
conic, a little concave near the apex ; covered ( except in front
of the aperture) with a blackish-brown cuticle copiously
streaked or zigzag striped with yellowish. After the smooth
initial half -whorl, the embryo is coarsely ribbed, the ribs pro-
tractive, terminating in a carina above the suture; on the
next whorl they are much finer, becoming short and disap-
pearing. Neanic and last whorls rather finely marked with
growth-lines. Above the suture a peripheral carina may
usually be traced as far as and sometimes upon the penulti-
mate whorl. The whorls of the spire are nearly flat. Last
whorl large, inflated. Aperture whitish within, the lip thin,
acute. Columellar fold median, oblique and rather thin.

Fig. 18. Length 15, diam. 9.1, apert. 7.9 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 14, diam. 8.5, apert. 7.9 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 14, diam. 9.5 mm. (Baldwin).

11 Animal in motion as long as the shell. Mantle dark-
brown with a light-brown border. Foot and tentacles almost
black. Head above coarsely granulated " (Baldwin).

West Maui: Mt. Kukui, 6000 ft, elevation (Baldwin).

Amastra montana BALDWIN, Nautilus xix, April, 1906, p.
136.

" This species was found in company with Laminella alex-
andri Newc., at an altitude uncongenial to most Achatinellid
species " (Baldwin). It is thinner, darker and more inflated
than A. assimilis Newc. Fig. 18 was drawn from one of th<
type lot, received from Baldwin. This individual is streak<
with yellow but has no zigzag markings. Other shells of th<

AMASTRA, HAW AH. 309

type lot have longitudinal zig-zag stripes, which sometimes
partly anastomose to form a net-work, as in fig. 19.

AMASTILE OF HAWAII.

In Hawaii Amastrae have been found from the Kohala
Mountains and the northern slopes of Mauna Kea, district of
Hamakua, to the southeastern slope of Mauna Loa in Kau
district. They also occur with many other land shells as
fossils in Holocene deposits at the upper edge of the Waimea
plains, at about 3000 ft. elevation, at Mana and Palihou-
kapapa, in northern Hamakua. " At Mana the shells occur
in horizontal strata two or three inches thick and under a
deposit of about a foot of humus." At Palikoukapapa they
are in " pockets, sometimes containing a bushel or more of
shells. ' ' Similar deposits occur above Honakaa, and they are
probably widely spread. The region is said to have been cov-
ered with fallen tree-trunks less than fifty years ago. Our
knowledge of the deposits is due to a paper by Mr. H. W.
Henshaw, Journal of Malacology, xi, Sept., 1904, p. 56, and
to shells sent by Mr. Baldwin.

The Hawaiian species belong to two groups, both of Amas-
trelloid type. The flavescens series is not distinguishable by
the shell from typical Kauaian Amastrella. The melanosis
series differs by its striate embryo and tendency to angula-
tion in the later stages, and forms a specially Hawaiian modi-
fication of Amastrella.

We have elsewhere alluded to the possibility that A. luteola
Fer. may turn out to be an Hawaiian species of the flavescens
series.

Key to Hawaiian species of Amastra.

I. Shell sinistral. A. sinistrorsa, no. 104.

II. Shell dextral.

a. Embryonic whorls nearly smooth, marked with faint
growth-striae only; shell rather solid, with thin
yellow or brown cuticle.

b. Diameter about two- thirds the length; length
about 12 mm. A. hawaiiensis, no. 110.

310 AMASTRA, HAWAII.

61. Diam. less than two-thirds the length; length 14

to 20 mm. A. flavescens, no. 109.

a1. Embryonic whorls very finely, sharply striate; shell

thin, with brown or black cuticle (wanting in fossil

forms) ; lip thin.

&. Openly umbilicate, broadly conic, subangular
peripherally ; 21x16 to 23x18 mm. ; fossil.

A. senilis, no. 105.
61. Perforate.

c. Ovate-conic, diam. more than half the length,
the last whorl usually slightly angular,
with black cuticle. Length 13 to 14, diam.
8 mm. or smaller. A. melanosis, no. 106.
c1. High-conic, the last whorl rounded; 15.5x8
mm., with 6% to 7 whorls; fossil.

A. conica, no. 107.
c2. Similar but smaller, dull brown; recent.

A. c. gyrans, no. 107a.
c3. Yellow streaked with chestnut ; 15x7 mm.

A. c. kohalensis, no. 107b.

c4. A little broader, length 15.3 to 18, diam. 9
mm. ; whorls 6 to 7 ; fossil.

A. fossilis, no. 108.

Section HETERAMASTRA Pilsbry (p. 283).

104. A. SINISTRORSA Baldwin. PL 49, figs. 6, 7.

Shell imperforate, sinistral, lanceolate, rather thin. Spire
long, with straight outlines. First half-whorl smooth, convex,
forming an obtuse apex; next whorl flattened, subacutely
carinate near the base, sculptured with fine, curved riblets;
on the next whorl the carina weakens and then disappears,
and the riblets become finer and closer. Later whorls are
moderately convex, rather rudely sculptured with growth-
wrinkles, not angular above the impressed suture. Aperture
strongly oblique, the outer lip thin. Columella straight, il
edge narrowly reflexed and adnate above; bearing a smal
and very oblique fold. Length 14.7, diam. 6.2, aperture 5.r
mm. ; 6!/2 whorls.

AMASTRA,, HAW An. 311

Hawaii: Mana, Hamakua district, fossil (H. W. Henshaw).

Amastra (Laminella) sinistrorsa BALDWIN, Nautilus, xix,
April, 1906, p. 138. — HENSHAW, Journ. of Malae., xi, p. 63.

This apparently extinct species from the Holocene deposits
of the Hamakua district, is the only member of its group
found on Hawaii. It is more slender than the Mauian A.
hutchinsonii, and differs by its carinate embryonic whorls
and less coarse sculpture. Described and figured from the
type specimen, kindly lent by Mr. Baldwin. Another shell
of the original lot is slightly broader. Like all the shells of
the Mana deposits, it has lost all color and cuticle.

Section AMASTRELLA Sykes (p. 151).

Series of A. melanosis.

By the cuticle and striate apex, A. melanosis and its allies
are very similar to Oahuan Amastrellas of the inflata group.
Other species, such as A. senilis and fossilis have the umbil-
icus of Cyclamastra, but differ from that group by the sculp-
tured embryonic whorls. While the group is a natural series,
its species are rather diverse, indicating long isolation of a
stock derived from rather generalized ancestors. Northern
Hawaii, by its mature topography and the great cliff gnawed
by the waves, may be as old as any of the islands; and its
Amastrellse were no doubt due to an early radiation of these
primitive Amastrae.

105. A. SENILIS Baldwin. PL 47, fig. 5.

The shell is openly umbilicate, broadly conic, thin. Spire
conic with nearly straight outlines, the apex subacute, em-
bryonic whorls closely, finely and sharply striate; following
whorls moderately convex, roughly marked with growth-
wrinkles, the last three whorls sometimes showing small, very
shallow spiral strise, the last whorl carinate at the periphery
in front, coarsely malleated, producing irregular, spiral, de-
scending ridges between the flattened facets. The columella
is dilated above, vertical, and bears a small fold. The um-
bilicus is cylindric and deep, 2 mm. wide.

Length 21.2, diam. 16, aperture 11.1 mm. ; 6% whorls.

312 AMASTRA, HAWAII.

" Length 23, diam. 18 mm.; 7 whorls " (Baldwin).

Hawaii: Palihoukapapa, on the Hamakua slope of Mauna
Kea, at an elevation of 4000 ft., fossil in a deposit about a foot
below the surface (Eugene Homer).

Amastra senilis BALDWIN, Nautilus, xvii, July, 1903, p. 35.
— HENSHAW, Journ. of Malacology, xi, p. 63.

The largest Hawaiian Amastra, recalling A. kauaiensis in
general contour, but with the thin texture and striate embryo
of A. melanosis and its allies. Baldwin states that there is
' ' a thick parietal callosity, ' ' but this is evidently only in old
shells, as the parietal callus is quite thin in the cotypes which
he sent for figuring. The species is most nearly related to
A. melanosis, and is remarkable for its open umbilicus, as in
Cyclamastra.

106. A. MELANOSIS (Newcomb). PI. 47, figs. 1, 2, 6, 7, 9.

Shell dextral, thin, conically depressed ; apex acute ; whorls
5, rounded, the last inflated ; suture well-impressed, aperture
subrotund; lip simple, thin; columella straight, white, and
terminating in a very oblique plait; color black. Length 8,
diam. five- twentieths of an inch (Newc.).

Hawaii (Newcomb) ; Hamakua (Baldwin) ; Kukaiau
(Thaanum).

Achatinella melanosis NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 144, pi. 23,
fig. 41.

The typical form of melanosis as figured by Newcomb
pi. 47, fig. 6) is more widely conic than any specimens we
have seen. Probably the type colony has not been rediscov-
ered. The locality is unknown, but probably the type came
from somewhere in Hamakua district, north from Mauna
Kea.

Specimens from Hamakua, received from Mr. Baldwin
are figured, pi. 47, figs. 1, 2, 9. The embryonic whorls have
a very fine sculpture of sharp, close, curved striae. Later
whorls have more oblique, irregular growth-lines, and are
quite convex. Sometimes by the slow descent of the last
whorl, a peripheral angle is disclosed on the penultimate,
while in other shells it is covered. The last whorl is more

AMASTRA, HAWAII. 313

or less strongly angular peripherally, and the surface espec-
ially on the base, has spiral grooves or sulci, sometimes very
lightly impressed. The last whorl is covered with a yellow,
glossy inner cuticle, exposed in front of the aperture, else-
where concealed by a dull-brown outer cuticle with blackish
streaks. The interior and columella are blue-white, the
columellar fold small and very oblique, and the axis rather
openly perforate.

Length 14, diam. 8 mm.; 5% whorls.

Length 13, diam. 8 mm. ; 5^ whorls.

At Kukaiau the shells collected by Mr. Thaanum are but
weakly angular peripherally, and the epidermis, brown and
somewhat streaked on the spire, becomes intensely black on
the last whorl. Length 13, diam. 8 mm. (pi. 47, fig. 7).

Three smaller shells in Cooke collection (no. 2267) are nar-
rower, with the peripheral angle very weak or wholly lacking
on the last whorl. Length 11, diam. 6.6 mm.

Another lot (57713, A. N. S. P.) consists of small shells
with the angle obsolete or wanting, and dull whitish or pink-
ish under the dull brown cuticle, having no glossy, yellow
layer. These probably form a distinct subspecies, but the
exact locality is unknown. Length 12, diam. 7.1 mm.

107. A. CONICA Baldwin. PI. 47, fig. 8.

" Shell fossil, dextral, minutely perforated, thin, elongately
conical, apex acute ; surface sculptured with fine growth-lines,
apical whorls radiately sulcated. Color of living shell un-
known. AYhorls 7, convex; suture well impressed. Aper-
ture oblique, oval. Peristome simple, very thin. Columella
terminating in a slightly developed fold. Length 15^, diam.
8 mm." (Baldwin).

Hawaii: Mana, district of Hamakua, fossil (H. W. Hen-
shaw).

Amastra conica BALDWIN, Nautilus, xix, p. 137, 1906.

This species has about the contour of A. henshawi, from
which it differs by its thinness, the much more convex and
more numerous whorls, and the very finely but sharply striate
embryonic whorls. The largest of several of the type lot sent

314 AMASTRA, HAWAII.

by Mr. Baldwin measures, length 15.2, diam. 7.9, aperture 6.5
mm. ; 6% whorls. It differs from A. melanosis by its narrow
contour and rounded last whorl, but is very closely related to
A. fossilis. The columellar margin is more broadly reflexed
than in the following recent forms. Above the suture an an-
gulation is visible as far as the middle or even the end of the
penultimate whorl. The following varieties also show this
feature.

107a. Var. gyrans Hyatt, n. v. PI. 47, figs. 3, 4.

Shell extremely thin, smaller than A. conica, the summit a
trifle more slender. Pale-brown under a thin dull-brown
cuticle, the colors showing through in the aperture. Colu-
mellar fold very small and oblique, axis perforate or rimate.
Embryonic whorls convex, somewhat produced, very finely,
sharply striate.

Length 14, diam. 7.1, aperture 6.5 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Length 12.5, diam. 6.25, aperture 5 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Hawaii : Types no. 2268, Cooke coll.

Although Mr. Baldwin expressed the opinion that A. conica
would not be found living, a comparison of specimens shows
that gyrans is practically only a somewhat smaller living
form of the same species, if indeed it can be discriminated
even varietally.

107b. Var. kohalensis n. v. PI. 49, fig. 13.

The shell is thicker than var. gyrans, fleshy whitish under
the cuticle, apex brown. The thin cuticle is yellow, copiously
streaked with chestnut, the streaks rather narrow; aperture
and parietal callus faintly flesh-tinted; columellar lamella
very oblique and very low, suprasutural keel well developed
as far as the front of the penultimate whorl. Length 15,
diam. 7, aperture 5.5 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Kohala Mts. (D. Thaanum, no. 5158, communicated by Dr.
C. M. Cooke) .

This form resembles Newcomb's figure of A. lineolata, but
the streaks are not in the lest zigzag. It may turn out that
Newcomb's phrase refers to some slight irregularity due to
wear ; yet I do not feel justified in making this assumption.

AMASTRA, HAWAII. 315

108. A. FOSSILIS Baldwin. PI. 47, fig. 10.

; ' Shell fossil, dextral, minutely perforated, somewhat solid ;
elongately conical, apex rather acute; surface striated with
somewhat irregular growth-lines ; embryonic whorls under a
lens exhibiting very delicate and regular sulcations. Color
of living shell unknown. Whorls 7, slightly convex. Aper-
ture oblique, ovate; peristome simple, very thin, columellar
margin slightly expanded over the umbilicus; columella ter-
minating in a flexuous thread-like plait. Length 18, diam. 9
mm." (Baldwin).

Hawaii : Palihoukapapa, 4 miles from Mana, on the Hama-
kua slope of Mauna Kea, elevation about 4000 ft., fossil in a
deposit about a foot below the surface (Eugene Horner).

Amastra fossilis BALDWIN, Nautilus, xvii, July, 1903, p.
35. — HENSHAW, Journal of Malacology, xi, p. 63.

One of the types from the Baldwin collection is figured.
The shell differs from A. conica by being wider below, more
turrited, resembling some wide forms of A. turritella in con-
tour. It is moreover somewhat malleate, in some examples.
The embryonic whorls are worn, so that their sculpture is
lost. Later whorls are rather convex and have rather coarse
growth- wrinkles, and in the larger shell some irregular mal-
leation on the last whorl. The columellar fold is small and
oblique, and the axial perforation rather large and open.

Fig. 10. Length 17.21, diam. 9, aperture 7.25 mm.; 6y3
whorls.

Length 15.3, diam. 9, aperture 6.9 mm. ; 6 whorls.

This form may turn out to inter grade with A. conica.

Series of A. flavescens.

This series contains but two well-defined species, which are
very close to typical Amastrella conchologically. Probably
A. luteola, Fer. (species no. 113) may prove to be a slender
form of this series. It is to be looked for in northwestern
Hawaii.

109. A. FLAVESCENS (Newcomb). PI. 47, figs. 12, 13, 14, 17.
" Shell dextral, conical; whorls 6, slightly rounded; suture

316 AMASTBA, HAWAII.

simple, well-impressed; striae numerous, longitudinal an<
well-developed. Aperture semiovate; lip simple; columella
short, with an oblique plaited tooth. Color of shell externally
of a uniform light reddish-yellow, internally white or pale
rose. Length 13, diam. six-twentieths of an inch " (Newc.).

Hawaii (New-comb). Eastern Hawaii, from the northern
slope of Mauna Kea at Hamakua, to the eastern (Olaa) and
southeastern (Kau) slopes of Mauna Loa. Above Kukui-
haele; rare in the deposit at Manu, and common living at
about 2000 ft. ; Laupahoehoe Gulch, 800 ft, ; near Olaa, Puna
district (Henshaw).

Ackatinella flavescens NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 151, pi. 24,
f. 62.— PFR., Monogr., iv, 553.— THWING, Occ. Pap., B. P. B.
Mus., iii, no. 1, p. 178. — Amastm flavescens PSE., P. Z. S.,
1869, p. 650. — HENSHAW, Journal of Malacology, xi, p. 63. —
Amastra saxicola BALDWIN, Nautilus, xvii, July, 1903, p. 34.

The shell is imperforate or shortly rimate, with straightly
conic spire. The whorls are all convex, the embryonic
are glossy, almost smooth, marked with extremely faint, fine
growth-lines only. The last whorl is generally quite noti<
ably swollen below the suture. The thin cuticle is yellowisl
except on the last half of the last whorl where it becomes
chestnut, at least near the lip. On the spire the yellow tint
fades to white at the summit. Under the cuticle the shell is
white, or sometimes faintly ruddy. There is more or less lip-
rib, of a pink or flesh tint. The >columellar fold is strongly
oblique. Length 15.5, diam. 8.1 to 8.5, aperture 7.1 mm.;
6 whorls. Specimens from Newcomb. The largest of the lot
is 16.8 mm. long. Newcomb gives the length as 16.25 mm.

The definite localities for flavescens given above are based
on specimens in U. S. Nat, Mus., collected by H. W. Henshaw.
Specimens from a lot from near Olaa (no. 172935) vary as
follows :

Length 17.2, diam. 8, aperture 7.2 mm.

Length 15.8, diam. 8.1, aperture 7.1 mm.

Length 14, diam. 7.8, aperture 6.7 mm.

AMASTRA, HAWAII. 317

109a. Var. saxicola Baldwin. PL 47, figs. 11, 16.

A. saxicola Baldwin does not seem specifically separable
from A. flavescens. Four specimens of the type lot from
Baldwin's collection are before us, are a very light pinkish-
brown tint, with the thin lip edged with pink within, fading
inward. One of these is figured, fig. 16.

Length 17, diam. 9.2, aperture 7.5 mm.; 6% whorls.

Length 16.9, diam. 9.2, aperture 7.3 mm. ; 6% whorls.
x Length 16, diam. 9, aperture 7.2 mm.

The dimensions given by Baldwin were evidently taken
from a much more oblong shell than those sent for figuring,
but one of a set of 10 shells from H. W. Henshaw (no. 172937,
U. S. Nat. Mus.) has the same ratio of diam. to length. Others
agree with those from Baldwin, extreme examples measuring:

Fig. 11. Length 18, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm. ; whorls 6%-

Length 15.3, diam. 9, aperture 7.2 mm. ; whorls 6.

This lot is labeled : A. A. flow, Kahuku ranch, Kau, 2400
ft, alt.

Baldwin's description follows:

"Amastra saxicola n. sp. Shell dextral, imperf orate, rather
solid, elongately ovate-conic, apex subacute; surface lustre-
less, sculptured with delicate 'growth-lines ; embryonic whorls
smooth and polished. Color reddish-brown, tending to lighter
shade on the middle whorls ; apex pearly white ; destitute of
the usual fugacious epidermis of this genus. Whorls 7,
slightly convex; suture well-impressed. Aperture ovate, a
little oblique, pinkish within. Peristome simple, acute, not
thickened within, extremities joined by a very thin, pinkish
parietal callosity ; columella white ; flexuous, terminating in a
moderately-developed lamellar <plait. Length 20%, diam. 10
mm. Habitat : Kau, Island of Hawaii.

1 * This shell seems to live among and under rocks to an un-
usual degree. It is found on old lava flows attached to the
under side of rocks, or in loose soil and trash at the base of
bunch grass growing on lava flows. The locality is very
arid " (Baldwin).

318 AMASTRA, HAWAII.

109b. A. flavescens henshawi Baldwin. PL 47, fig. 15.

" Shell dextral, imperf orate or subperf orate, solid, ovately
conical, apex subacute ; surface lustreless, striated with some-
what irregular lines of growth; embryonic whorls under a
lens showing very delicate radiating sulcations. Color varies
from light to very dark brown, the upper whorls generally
much darker than the body whorl; the lower whorls with
traces of a deciduous, brown epidermis. Whorls 6, somewhat
convex, the last one with a light carination at the periphery ;
suture well impressed. Aperture ovate, a little oblique, livid
white within; peristome acute, slightly thickened within, ex-
tremities united with a thin, livid- white parietal callosity;
columella white, flexuous, abruptly terminating in a thin
lamellar plait. Length 18, diam. 10 mm." (Baldwin).

Hawaii : South Kona, in damp woods at the roots of ferns
and nearly buried in trash, at altitudes of from 1,800 to
4,000 feet.

Amastra henshawi BALDWIN, Nautilus, xvii, July, 1903, p.
34. — HENSHAW, Journ. Malac. Soc., Lond., vi, p. 121. — Acha-
tinella henshawi Baldwin, THWING, Occ. Pap., P. B. P. Mus.,
ii, no. 1, p. 179.

" We take pleasure in dedicating this shell to Prof. H. W.
Henshaw, formerly of the Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D. C." (Baldwin).

A specimen of the original lot, received from Mr. Baldwin,
is figured. These shells have the apex glossy, very faintly,
finely striate, but nearly as smooth as in A. flavescens. The
term " sulcations " used by Mr. Baldwin is misapplied.
There is only the least trace of angulation at the periphery—
not enough to mention had it not been for Mr. Baldwin's
phrase. The aperture is oblique, white within, columellar
fold small and oblique. Cuticle brownish-yellow, thin, the
surface below it, exposed in front of the aperture, whitish or
very pale yellow. Early whorls slightly olivaceous. The
shell differs from A. flavescens chiefly by its slightly nar-
rower contour, and may without violence be ranked as a form
of flavescens. Mr. Thwing has expressed the opinion that they
are identical. Length 16, diam. 7.9, aperture 7 mm. ; 6 whorls.

AMASTRA. 319

110. A. HAWAIIENSIS n. sp. PI. 42, figs. 7, 8.

Shell imperf orate, ovate-conic, thin but rather strong, white
or faintly flesh-tinted under a thin, pale, yellowish-brown
cuticle. Outlines of the spire straight, the embryonic whorls
smooth, as in A. flavescens; following whorl strongly convex,
with fine sculpture of growth-wrinkles. Last whorl inflated,
short, often weakly subangular at the periphery, in front of
the aperture. Aperture white; outer lip a little obtuse but
not thickened within. Columellar fold moderately strong;
parietal callus distinct or rather thick, dirty whitish.

Length 11.8, diam. 8, aperture 6.5 mm.; 5% whorls.

Length 12, diam. 7.9, aperture 6 mm.; 5% whorls.

Hawaii : Waimanu, in the northeastern part of the island
(Baldwin). Cotypes, no. 105540, coll. A. N. S. P., and in the
Boston Society and Baldwin's collections.

This species, while closely related to A. flavescens, is per-
fectly distinct by its shortened form. In old shells the sinus
below the columellar fold is preceded by a plicate area, show-
ing former positions of the margin.

Mr. Baldwin states that this is the only true Amastra ever
found on plants. According to Mr. Henshaw the shells were
taken in the deep forest at an altitude of 2550 ft. All were
found either on the Olona or near them on the ground. This
plant, Touchardia latifolia, is generally four to six feet high
with large leaves but slender stems. It is the favorite resort
of Laminella. L. alexandri is about the only exception, it
being found at a much higher altitude than where the olona
• grows. Mr. Henshaw thinks the Amastra may have a wide
, range at about the elevation of 2500 ft. In a subsequent
letter he states that 85 per cent of the shells were found on
the olona and ferns beneath. They affect ferns that are
partly dead and also partially dead leaves found upon the
ferns, a few varieties found upon the ground beneath the
dead leaves.

AMASTRA OF UNKNOWN HABITAT.

An examination of the type specimens of the following
species would probably reveal their approximate habitats to

320 AMASTBA.

an expert in Achatinellidae, but the published descriptions are
inconclusive.

111. A. AMICTA Smith. PL 43, fig. 10.

" Shell dextral, thin, ovate-conic, subperf orate, hardly
glossy, rugosely striate with growth-lines; purplish beneath
an olivaceous, rough epidermis. Whorls 6, convex, suture
somewhat constricted but not margined. Aperture small,
slightly over one- third the total length, purplish within;
peristome thin. Columella nearly straight, provided with a
small oblique fold. Length 13, diam. 6% mm." (Smith).

Sandwich Is. (Brit. Mus.).

Amastra amicta SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 86, pi. 10, f . 20.—
SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 333.

" This species is remarkable for the roughness of the epi-
dermis, which is generally worn away from the front of the
body- whorl near the aperture" (Smith).

" It appears to me quite distinct " [from petricola]
(Sykes).

Unknown to us except by the original description and fig-
ure, here reproduced. Cf. A. affinis and A. nana.

112. A. LINEOLATA Newcomb. PI. 45, fig. 9.

Shell dextral, elongate-turrited, shining, covered with a
yellowish epidermis; whorls 6, ventricose, last one thickly
marked with longitudinal umber-colored zigzag lines; suture
simple; aperture ovate; 'Columella with an oblique plaited
tooth. Length .5, breadth .22 inch (Newcomb).

Maui or Hawaii.

Achatinella lineolata NEWC., Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y.,
vi, May, 1853, p. 29 (Maui) ; P. Z. S., 1853, p. 140, pi. 23, f.
29 (Hawaii).— Amastra L, PEASE, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 650.

Newcomb 'gave the locality Maui in his first paper, Hawaii
in the second. The characters of the shell so far as made
known, seem not unlike the affinis series of Maui, and not like
any Hawaiian species, in which zigzag lines are unknown.
We do not know that any subsequent investigator has met
with the species, which is thus imperfectly known and of un-
certain position. Hartman considered it a Leptachatina; but

AMASTRA. 321

coloration and acute apex are against this view. New-
comb 's figure, which we copy, does not show the zigzag lineo-
lation described, probably because of its small size; but it
has a marked resemblance to the small recent form of A.
conica from Hawaii. Whether drawn from a Mauian or a
Hawaiian shell we do not know. It measures about 13.5 mm.
long, 7 wide, while the measurements of Newcomb 's type were
given as about 12.5x5.5 mm. Cf. A. conica kohalensis.

Dr. C. Montague Cooke, in a recent letter writes that "New-
comb, in a letter written to Garrett, July 8, 1854, gives the
exact locality of this species (with melanosis) as 'near Kun-
neys. ' This is now the Paris place at South Kona, Hawaii.
Newcomb 's original material was collected by Dr. Smith. In
the same letter Newcomb states that A. remyi is from Waimea,
Hawaii. No doubt that a number of Newcomb 's localities
are wrong — at least it seems so to me in working over his
species. ' '

113. A. LUTEOLA (Ferussac). PI. 35, fig. 6.

" Shell dextral, elongate, striatulate; white with a fuga-
cious buff epidermis ; whorls 5-6 ? the last scarcely carinate ;
suture not duplicate; aperture ovate-elongate; columella
white, arcuate ; umbilical crevice not distinct. It was found
by M. Gaudichaud. It is probable that it lives on the Mari-
anne Is. We have seen but one example without the tip "
(Fer.).

Helix luteola Fer. Voy. de TUranie, etc., 1824, p. 480;
Hist., pi. 155, f. 12.— A. luteola DESH., in Fer., Hist., p. 195.
—Laminella luteola Fer. (sic) HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S.,
Phila., 1888, p. 42.

H. luteola Fer.. has been supposed to be a form of A. turri-
tella, but the figures show a shell with the last whorl more
oblong. Newcomb was unable to trace the type in the Paris
collection, and it is unknown to Hawaiian collectors so far
as we know. The original description is translated above.
If the figure in the Histoire was taken from the type speci-
men, which we have no reason to doubt, the apex was restored.
It is copied in our pi. 35, fig. 6.

322 AMASTBA.

The Uranie visited Hawaii in August, 1819. Some time
was spent in Kailua Bay, near the middle of the west coast,
where Gaimard, the surgeon-naturalist, explored the neigh-
borhood. A second stop was made further up the coast at
Kawaihae Harbor in Kohala district. Whether Amastra ex-
tends down the west coast to Kailua or Mt. Hualalai is not
known, but it certainly occurs in the Kohala mountains. I
suspect that A. luteola was procured in that region. It should
be looked for on the western slopes of the Kohala Mts.,
towards Kawaihae.

I cannot endorse Borcherding's contention that luteola is
a dextral Laminella citrina. The shape of the shell is en-
tirely different. Moreover, the Uranie did not visit Molokai,
but only Hawaii and Oahu.

114. A. PEASEI Smith. PL 49, fig. 11.

" Shell dextral, globosely ovate-conic, subperforate, a little
glossy, lightly striated with lines of growth, covered with a
very thin epidermis. Whorls 6, the first four reddish-brown,
a little convex, penultimate whorl large, inflated, and paler
like the last whorl; the spire passes abruptly into a cone
above the penult, whorl. Suture simple. Aperture small,
not as long as the spire, subquadrate, reddish inside. Peris-
tome thin ; columella straight, slightly reflexed, nearly cover-
ing the small umbilical crevice, provided with a thin, sub-
basal fold, and joined to the lip by a very thin callus. Length
17, diam. 10 mm.

" Var. &. Spire almost straightly conic " (Smith).

Sandwich Islands (Gulick). Type in British Museum.

Amastra peasei SMITH, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 86, pi. 10, f. 13.—
A. peasii HARTMAN, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1888, p. 48.

II Remarkable for the large size of the penultimate whorl "
(Smith).

We have not seen this species. It may be a Lanai shell re-
lated to A. aurostoma, but it also seems not unlike A. in flat a
of Oahu.

LAMINELLA. 323

Genus LAMINELLA Pfeiffer.

Laminella PFR., Malakozoologische Blatter, i, June, 1854,
p. 126 (no type selected). — VON MARTENS, Die Heliceen,
I860, p. 250 (type Achatinella gravida Fer.). — PEASE, P. Z.
S., 1869, p. 648.— GULICK, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 90, same type.—
SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 348, same type. — BORCHER-
DING, Zoologica, xix, Heft 48, p. 84 (type L. citrina High.).

Shell pyramidal or ovate- conic, almost always sinistral and
perforate, smooth or nearly so; yellow, whitish or pink, usu-
ally striped longitudinally or dotted with black; columella
straight, often with accessory folds above the columellar
lamella. Embryonic shell with the first y2 to 1% whorls
smooth, the rest more or less costate or grooved longitudinally,
columellar with no columellar lamella or a very small one.
Radula substantially as in Amastra. Viviparous; arboreal.

Type L. gravida Fer. Distribution, Oahu, Molokai, Maui
and Lanai.

Unlike the Amastras, nearly all Laminellas are sinistral.
L. concinna seems to be indifferently dextral or sinistral. L.
venusta orientalis is dextral so far as known. Dextral speci-
mens have also been noted in L. citrina and L. bulbosa.

" Laminella lives on bushes, vines and ferns. The most
common stations are the olona (Touchardia latifolia) and
ieie (Freycinetia arnotti) . It is usually found in rather
damp, dark, mountain ravines " (C. M. Cooke).

NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMIC HISTORY. — Pfeiffer 's origi-
nal list of species under the then new section Laminella
seems now rather heterogeneous; but at the time it was pro-
posed the group was a natural and very judicious one, pro-
viding a place in the system for the Laminella and Amastra
— groups now known to be intimately related, and by some
authors united into one genus. The first species of Pfeiffer 's
list is A. marmorata Gld., of which he writes "mir noch un-
bekannt " ; the second species is A. gravida, which von Mar-
tens in 1860 selected as the type, a course followed by Gulick
and Sykes. Borcherding's selection of A. citrina as type of
Laminella was therefore nugatory. Nearly a year after the
publication of Laminella, H. and A. Adams separated from

324 LAMINELLA.

it part of the species to form their new group Amastra. The
lists of species given by von Martens, Adams and Pease show
that their views of the groups dealt with were hazy, in con-
trast with Pfeiffer's clear vision. Von Martens placed the
yellow Laminellas in Newcombia, his Laminella being com-
posed of L. gravida and most of the Amastra; other Amastra
he included in Leptachatina. Pease was the first to give
Laminella generic rank. Sykes has herded several sinistral
Amastrae among his Laminellae ; but Baldwin, in his Catalogue
of 1893, eliminated all Amastroid forms, limiting the group
exactly as in the present work.

ORIGIN. — The ancestral stock of Laminella probably had
shells marked with oblique or angulated dark lines or stripes
on a yellow or pale ground. This inference rests upon the
fact that the pattern is 'common to almost every species, if
not in the adult, then on the early neanic or last embryonic
whorls. The exceptions are a few species or individuals in
which no pattern is developed. Part of the Amastrae of Molo-
kai, Maui and Lanai have a similar pattern. They probably
descended from the same Amastrella stock, though a tendency
to zebra-striping in various totally diverse Achatinellid
groups of Molokai-Maui must be conceded. Certain of the
angular-striped Amastrae (the biplicata group) have a simi-
lar tendency to duplicate the columellar fold. Whether the
color-pattern and columellar structure were expressed in the
common ancestors of Laminella and Amastra is somewhat
doubtful. They may have been developed orthogenetically.
Cf. also Partulvna, Newcombia and Perdicella.

The theory that Laminella had its origin in the Molokai-
Maui-Lanai area has its basis in two facts: In this area the
genus has many diversified species, while in Oahu there are
but three species, these belonging to one of the Molokai-
Maui-Lanai groups. In the eastern islands Laminella has its
very characteristic color-pattern in common with Amastrae
special to the same islands, suggesting the inference of a com-
mon ancestry, while in Oahu the Laminella species stand con-
spicuously apart from all other snails of the island.

COLOR-PATTERNS. — The color-pattern in Laminella is usu-

LAMESTELLA. 325

ly of highly ' ' accelerated ' ' type, neanic or adult patterns
>pearing in the embryonic stage. In forms which have not
mdergone degeneration of the color-pattern, the sequence in
ontogeny is about as follows: (1) on the second embryonic
whorl longitudinal streaks appear; (2) on the third whorl
near the end of the embryonic stage, these are replaced by a
few well-separated, Ion gitudinally-p rot r active stripes, pi. 56,
figs. 6, 8, L. picta; (3) on the early neanic whorls the stripes
are closer, vary in direction, and often become angulated;
(4) on the later neanic and last whorl the stripes become zig-
zag, or anastomose in various patterns; (5) on the last part
of the last whorl, especially basally, the dark stripes be-
come coalescent, producing a more or less uniform blackish
color.

In more accelerated species the successive patterns may
'appear earlier; in less accelerated forms, patterns (2), (3)
or (4) may persist (as in L. a. duoplicata), later patterns
not appearing; various stages may be left out; or degener-
ative change may set in at any stage, the stripes breaking into
dots, as in L. semivenulata, pi. 56, fig. 7, or disappearing en-
tirely. That such degeneration of pattern is secondary is
evident from the fact that the disappearance is progressive
from the last towards the earlier stages, as in L. helvina, L.
semivestita, etc. L. concinna circumcincta has a highly
evolved color-pattern, in which the primitive longitudinal
stripes have been broadly interrupted, their separated rem-
nants coalescing spirally to form encircling bands. Some spe-
cimens of L. citrina semivenulata show a tendency towards
a similar pattern.

I look upon L. picta and its allies as the more primitive
forms of the genus, approaching nearest to the Amastrae of
the same islands, though it is evident that all the Laminellae
are rather evolved forms. Professor Hyatt held L. gravida
to be the most primitive Laminella, apparently on account of
its Amastroid shape and cuticle. This species seems to me to
be not primitive but highly evolved. The zigzag-striped stage
is confined to the early neanic whorls (pi. 56, fig. 1), while
the later neanic and last whorl have a uniform, dark cuticle

326 LAMINELLA, OAHU.

(when not deciduous), such as appears only in the latest
stage — the latter part of the last whorl — of the less evolved
forms. Such a highly accelerated color-pattern can hardly
characterize a primitive form.

No phylogeny of the species can be suggested, in the ab-
sence of fossil or retarded recent forms, but the principal
forms seem to be related somewhat thus.

duoplicata

alexandri

depicta

helviina
semivenulata

picta } f remyi

bulbosa } ( tetrao

i

sanguinea gravida, straminea

Diagram to show the affinities of Laminellae, picta being considered the
most primitive form.

While the gravida and sanguinea groups of Oahu seem
very distinct, yet both are related to the picta group, which
has both white and pink-mouthed forms.

SPECIES OF OAHU.

The Oahuan Laminellas are isolated, having been separated
for a long period from the other forms, among which they
seem nearest to L. picta and bulbosa of Maui and remyi of
Lanai. Two species are confined to the eastern or Koolau
range, the other inhabiting the western part of the Koolau
range and the Waianse mountains.

a. Shell ovate with light ground-color.

b. Diam. more than % length ; cream- white, partly cov-
ered with deciduous dark cuticle. 19x11 to 28x15
mm. L. gravida, No. 1.

61. Pale flesh or pink, cuticle nearly all lost.

< L. g. suffusa, No. la.

b2. White or pale yellow, without noticeable dark cuticle ;
more turrite ; aperture not quite % length.

L. straminea, No. 2.

327

a1. Shell turrite, with angular black stripes on a reddish
ground. L. sanguined, No. 3.

1. L. GRAVIDA (Ferussac). PI. 55, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

1 ' Shell sinistral, inflated, finely striate ; spire conic, acute ;
epidermis brown, fugacious; whorls 5%; suture not dupli-
cated; aperture semilunate, white; peristome thickened
within; columella white, provided with a distinct rib; an
unbilical fissure. This species, which also inhabits the Sand-
wich Islands, has especial resemblance to the preceding [vul-
pina], but it is more swollen, the spire is more pointed and
the sutures are simple. The columella affords more distinctly
an elevated rib, revolving around it and penetrating into
the shell." (Per.)

Oahu: Niu to Kalihi (Baldwin); Waialae Nui, Palolo,
Manoa, Tantalus, Nuuanu, Kalihi, Moanalua (Cooke and Gu-
lick).

Helix gravida FER., Voyage autour du Monde de 1'Uranie
et la Physicienne pendant les annees 1817-1820, Zoologie, p.
L78, pi. 68, figs. 4, 5 (1824), with b. gracilis, undefined; His-
>ire, etc., pi. 155, f. 3 (cuticle restored!). — Bulimus gravidus
^R., Symbolae ad Hist. Heliceorum, i, p. 82; ii, p. 115. —
ichatinella gravida PFR., P. Z. S., 1845, p. 90; Monographia
[el. Viv., ii, p. 238; iii, 456; iv, 546; vi, 178.— NEWCOMB,
in. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, p. 307 (animal).— THWING, Occ.
>ap. B. P. B. Museum, iii, p. 126, pi. 2, f. 23.— Amastra
[Laminella) gravida Fer., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 349.
-Achatinella suffusa REEVE, Conch. Icon., vi, April, 1850,
>1. 2, f. 11. — A. gravida var. concolor MARTENS, Die Heliceen,
L860, p. 250, new name for suffusa Rve. — Achatinella di-
mdi C. B. ADAMS, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., v, 1850, p. 42 ;
Jontrib. to Conch., no. 8, p. 126, with var. lata, p. 127.

Ferussac 's original specimens were doubtless taken in the
vicinity, while the Uranie lay in Honolulu Harbor. Palolo
valley may be considered the type locality.

The ovate-pyramidal shell is solid, cream-white or towards
the base brown-tinted, apex flesh-tinted. It is more or less
covered with dark cuticle, which remains in patches and

328 LAMINELLA, OAHU.

shreds, or may be almost wholly wanting. The spire has
straight outlines and nearly flat whorls. The apex is conic;
first half -whorl smooth; then longitudinal folds or ribs ap-
pear. On the second whorl these ribs shorten, usually not
reaching below the middle of the exposed surface of the
whorl; they become finer, and on the third whorl become
merely growth-striae. The whole embryonic stage com-
prises about three whorls (pi. 56, fig. 1). Subsequent whorls
have fine growth-striae only. On the early neanic whorls the
thin, olivaceous cuticle is streaked, and mottled with trian-
ular light spots, or it is pale with ragged zigzag or angulated
dark lines (lower whorl in pi. 56, fig. 1). This pattern usu-
ally extends to the penultimate or last whorl, which has a
denser, blackish <cuticle, retained in fragments, very rarely
almost continuous, or sometimes wanting. The aperture is
very oblique, and typically almost white. Lip thin, usually
dark at the edge. Columellar lamella thin and ascending
steeply.

Length 25.5, diam. 14.3, aperture 12 mm.; 7 whorls (Pa-
lolo) .

Length 28.3, diam. 15, aperture 14 mm.; 7 whorls (Nuu-
anu).

Length 23, diam. 15, aperture 13 mm. ; 6% whorls (Nuu-
anu).

Length 20, diam. 12 mm.; 6% whorls (Nuuanu).

Length 19, diam. 11 mm.; 6% whorls (Tantalus).

The contour varies a good deal in the same colonies. Fer-
ussac's gracilis and C. B. Adams' lata pertaining merely to
rather slender and wide individuals respectively, and have
no racial standing. A. dimondi of Adams is identical with
typical L. gravida.

la. Form suffusa Rve., pi. '55, figs. 5-8. In some colonies
the shells have a pale flesh or pinkish tint, early whorls yel-
lowish, the interior pale pink or fleshy; dark cuticle usually
almost all lost. Palolo, Tantalus, Nuuanu (figs. 5-7), Kalihi,
Moanalua.

Fig. 8 is a copy of Reeve 's figure. Figs. 5 and 6 are tran-
sitional to gravida.

LAMINELLA,, OAHU. 329

L. STRAMENEA (Reeve). PL 55, figs. 10, 11.

" Shell acuminately oblong, sinistral, whorls convex, ob-
liquely striated, columella strongly twist-plaited; straw col-
ored, unspotted. Sandwich Islands " (Reeve).

' ' Animal of a uniform light flesh color, oral aperture mar-
gined with a line of orange " (Newcomb).

Oahu: Waialae nui (Cooke) ; Palolo, Pauoa (Gulick) ;
MaMki, Tantalus, Nuuanu (Ck>oke). Found almost entirely
on the olana, a broad-leaved bush, in sheltered, shady places
(Gulick).

Achatinella straminea RVE., Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 5, f. 38
(April, 1850). — PFR., Monogr., iii, 463. — BALDWIN, Catalogue,
p. 8. — NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, p. 318, living
animal.

More turrited and slender than gravida, the embryonic
whorls not costulate, and the shell retaining very little dark
cuticle or none at any stage of growth.

The embryonic whorls are finely, irregularly striate, but
not ribbed. The very pale yellow or nearly white cuticle is
somewhat glossy when unworn, and rarely shows a few
minute flecks of dark cuticle on the last whorl. The axis is
generally imperforate. Interior white, the outer lip strength-
ened by a rather strong internal rib in many adult shells.
The steeply ascending columellar lamella is rather strong.
The last whorl is sometimes weakly angular.

Length 23, diam. 11.5, aperture 9.8 mm.; 6% whorls (Pa-
lolo) .

Length 22.7, diam. 12.7, aperture 10.5 mm.; 63/4 whorls
(Tantalus).

Fig. 10. Length 24, diam. 12.6, aperture 11 mm. ; 7 whorls
'Tantalus).

Fig. 11. Length 22, diam. 10.8 mm. (Pauoa).

While it is closely related to L. gravida, yet there seems to
be no connecting specimens between the two species. L.
gravida is the more abundant and widely spread species.

In the Cooke collection there is a set of four specimens, no.
1778, said to be from Waianae. They are rather long, closely

330 LAMINELLA, OAHU.

marked with shreds of cuticle over a dull cream-whitish,
ground. Interior pinkish-white, with a rose or purplish
band within the lip, columella of the same color.

3. L. SANGUINEA (Newcomb). PI. 55, figs. 9, 12 to 16.

Shell acuminately oblong; whorls 7, convex below, plano-
convex above; suture distinctly marked; aperture subovate;
columella armed with a twisted plicate tooth; lip simple.
Color of' shell from roseate to sanguineous, thickly covered
with black lineations forming chain-work and zigzag markings
on the three lower whorls ; denuded of epidermis above ; apex
mamillate and black. Length eigh teen-twentieths, diam. eight-
twentieths inch (Newc.).

Animal as long as the shell; anterior superior portion a
dark brown, with tentacles of the same color ; posteriorly cut
up into squares and other geometrical figures by light-colored
lines. Mantle light flesh color; bottom of foot light-green
(Newcomb).

Oahu, western range: Lihue (Newcomb) ; Waianae (Cooke,
Baldwin). Interior of Koolau range: Kawailoa (Perkins),
Helemano (Gulick, Perkins). Wahiawa, Kalaikoa, Ahonui
(Gulick) ; and on the ocean slope in Kahana valley (Cooke).

Achatinella sanguined NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 135, pi. 22,
f. 15; Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, 326 (animal).— PFR.,
Monogr., iv, 547. — BALDWIN, CataL, p. 8. — THWING, Occ.
Papers, B. P. B. Mus., iii, p. 127, pi. 2, f. 24.— Amastra
(Laminella) sanguined Newc., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p.
351. — Achdtinelld ferussaci PFR. [" Fernsfaci ': in some
copies, according to Pfr.] P. Z. S., 1855, p. 203 ; Monogr aphia,
iv, 546. — Laminella sanguined Nc., GULICK, Evolution, Racial
and Habitudinal, p. 38, pi. 1, f. 6 (Helemano).

In embryonic shells of 3% whorls, length 5 to 5.6 mm.,
the first whorl is flesh-colored, the rest pale-yellow. The first
whorl is glossy and shows very fine, weak growth-striae. On
the next whorl the striae become strong and arcuate ; and on
the third whorl there are also low ribs, sculptured by the
striae. The periphery at this and earlier stages is angular
and the base nearly smooth. Axis is narrowly perforate.

LAMINELLA, OAHU. 331

Fig. 5 is from a Wahiawa shell, fig. 4 from a slightly older
Ahonui shell, plate 56.

The embryonic whorls but slightly convex with non-im-
pressed sutures, and very finely striate, reminding one
forcibly of Amastra turritella, some forms of which have
much the same contour. The last 3 or 4 whorls have, on a red
ground, angular, zigzag, black streaks, sometimes separate,
sometimes enmeshed, forming varied patterns, as shown in
the figures. The outlines of the spire are always concave.
The columellar lamella is strong and enters subhorizontally.

"In adult shells the protoconch and part of first volution
are dark and have a glassy, smooth aspect. This changes
on the second and third whorls to opaque purple or ashen,
and fine stria3 of growth appear. Dark blotches or longitu-
dinal bars appear in many shells before this, even on the
second or third volution, but these are straight, coincide with
the growth-bands of the shells, and are often discontinued on
the latter part of third or first part of fourth volution. These
must, however, be reckoned as the forerunners of the zigzag
pattern of the later stage, because in some shells they are not
discontinued but pass into the zigzag lines of the fourth volu-
tion, and in some examples a zigzag form is assumed by iso-
lated bars in the midst of the straight ones. A faint pink
hue comes in usually on the latter part of the fourth volu-
tion, and at about the same time the black zigzag markings
of the later stages begin to make their appearance with regu-
larity. The color deepens into a pinkish red on the sixth
volution, and the zigzag markings become broader; on the
seventh volution the zigzags usually enmesh, and near the
aperture, in old shells, form a black periostracum. The aper-
ture is usually deep pink with a dark border ; columella simi-
lar with a white subhorizontally entering tooth and dark re-
flected umbilical margin.

"In a living condition this shell is covered by a vegetable
growth, apparently an alga, that entirely covers the shell
except where worn off or kept away by friction in front of
the aperture. No part of the elaborate pattern and brilliant
color therefore is visible in the living animal. Each apical

332 LAMINELLA, OAHU.

volution is convex but the increase by growth may vary from
a straight spiral to one with concave sides, the last volution
is as a rule gibbous but may as in one shell, no. 1042 Gul.
coll., from Ahonui, verge on the sub angular.

"The eolumella varies excessively in one large shell, no.
1042 Gul. coll., from Ahonui, it is widely open and the aspect
of the base is quite distinct from that of the majority of the
forms in which it has long narrow elongated perforations.
In a certain number of shells — a limited number — it may be
almost closed " (Hyatt}.

The ground-color varies in tint, and in a few examples
becomes nearly white. There is a tendency to form a second
and even a third columellar fold, as in Amastra turritella,
but in an insignificant proportion of the shells examined,
and not restricted to those of any special locality. Although
this species ranges across the island, from Waianae valley on
the southwest to Kahana on the northeast, we note no ten-
dency towards local or racial differentiation. Specimens
from various places measure :

Length 18.5, diam. 10 mm. (Waianae).

Length 17.5, diam. 10.3 mm. (Waianae) .

Length 21.3, diam. 10 mm. (Helemano).

Length 21, diam. 11 mm. (Helemano).

Length 22, diam. 11 mm. (Wahiawa).

Length 19, diam. 9.8 mm. (Wahiawa).

Length 22.3, diam. 11.5 mm. (Ahonui).

Length 21.5, diam. 11.3 mm. (Kahana).

L. sanguinea has very much the same distribution as Amas-
tra spirizona, including nigrolabris. Whether it originally
belonged to the Waianae or to the Koolau range is undeter-
mined.

A. ferussaci Pfr. was based upon a shell which had lost
the dark markings, either artificially or by weathering.

Mr. Oleson reports that there are two varieties in Palolo
valley, the rose-colored which is found in a little offshoot from
the main valley and the paler-colored ones are found in the
main valley itself. Their habitat is uniformly on a single
plant, the olona, having large succulent leaves, growing

LAMINELLA,,LANAI. 333

from 2-4 feet high, commonly about 2 feet. The bark is used
for twine, after being properly prepared by the natives. It
always grows in damp places.

A peculiarity about these shells is that they will drop
from the leaves at the least disturbance. Mr. Oleson has
never found the living shells on the ground when the plant has
not been disturbed. It is a very prolific shell, and is gener-
ally in great numbers.

SPECIES OF LANAI.

The species of Lanai are related to the picta group of
Maui, and in a much smaller degree to Oahuan forms. L.
concinna is a rather isolated species.

a. Small shells, less than 10 mm. long; ovate, yellow, some-
times with black bands; whorls convex.

L. concinna, no. 6.
Larger shells, with network of angular black lines on a

pale ground.

&. Pale buff with a rose band below suture; 18.5x11 to
14x9.5 mm. L. tetrao, no. 4.

61. Narrower, diam. about y2 length.

c. Somewhat turrite; early whorls smooth.

L. t. gracilior, no. 4a.
c1. Ovate, third whorl costulate. L. remyi, no. 5.

4. L. TETRAO (Newc.). PI. 54, figs. 1-7.

Shell subperforate, sinistral, globose-<M>nic, pale, broadly

ided with red below the suture, all over densely reticulated
ith greenish-brown epidermis; spire conic, rather acute.

lorls 6%, the upper ones flat, the rest very convex; last
rhorl globose, a little shorter than the spire. Aperture ob-
lique, semioval, white within; columellar fold laminiform,
somewhat oblique; peristome simple, unexpanded, acute, the
columellar margin roseate, somewhat free. Length 16, diam.
8.5 mm. (Pfr.).

" Animal tessellated above with brown and white; mantle
dirty yellow ; bottom of foot same color margined with white ;
tentacles light-brown " (Newc.).

334 LAMINELLA, LANAI.

Lanai (Newcomb) ; behind Koela (Perkins).

Achatinella tetrao NEWC., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., v. 1855,
p. 219; P. Z. S., 1854, p. 311 (animal) ; Ann. Lye. N. H. of
N. Y., vi, p. 334; Amer. Journ. of Conch., ii, p. 214, pi. 13,
figs. 11, 12 (shell).— PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 207 (1856);
Monogr., iv, 547. — THWING, Occ. Pap. B. P. B. Mus., iii, p.
131, pi. 3, f. 1. — Amastra (Laminella) tetrao SYKES, Fauna
Hawaiiensis, p. 352. — Laminella tetrao Nc., GULICK, Evolu-
tion Racial and Habitudinal, 1905, p. 38, pi. 1, f. 8.

The apex is somewhat more acute than usual. The first
half- whorl is smooth ; then weak longitudinal ribs begin, con-
tinuing for about two whorls; but in some shells they are
very weak, hardly noticeable as ribs. Subsequent whorls are
lusterless and marked with growth-lines only. The dark
markings often are visible in adults on the second whorl,
form a more or less dense network over the later whorls, and
on the last part of the last whorl they often become >coal-
escent into a nearly uniform blackness. The ground- color is
usually pale buff, the embryonic whorls, a band below the
suture and the columella rose, the interior more or less
roseate. Exceptionally the rose color is altogether wanting,
the apex yellowish, and the mouth white. Mr. Sykes notes
that in the series collected by Perkins the ground-color varies ;
" shades of crimson or rich orange predominate, but occa-
sionally the color is confined to a band below the suture, the
rest of the shell being whitish." The columellar lamella is
strong and less steeply ascending than usual in Laminella.
In one specimen two small folds were noticed above it.

Length 17.2, diam. 11.2, aperture 8 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 18.5, diam. 11, aperture 8 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 17.2, diam. 10 mm.

Length 14, diam. 9.5 mm.

L. tetrao is closely related to the West Mauian L. picta,
from which it differs chiefly in the more copious marking,
producing a denser reticulation ; also in the prevalence of rose
color below the suture.

Several embryonic shells washed out of one of the adult
shells figured, show that the coloration is greatly accelerated,

LAMINELLA, -LANAI. 335

appearing on the first whorl. Dark streaks begin with the
second half-whorl in two, with the third fourth in another
shell. The streaks are faint at first, dark and close on the
second whorl; on the first and second whorls they are not in
the least zigzag, but run with growth-lines. Angular figures
appear on the third whorl. The earlier streaks are lost by
wear in adult shells. Embryos of three whorls (pi. 56, fig.
2) have a small columellar lamella. At the two-whorled stage
there is merely a sinuosity of the columella. Axis perforate.

4a. L. tetrao gracilior n. var. PI. 54, fig. 8.

Among specimens in the Swift collection (A. N. S. P.),
there is one extremely slender shell which approaches L. remyi
in contour, but the early whorls are smoother, as in tetrao.
Whether this is a local race or only an individual mutation
we cannot tell. Length 15.5, diam. 8, aperture 6.1 mm. ; 6%
whorls.

5. L. REMYI (Newcomb). PI. 54, fig. 9.

Shell acuminately elongate, striae numerous, well-defined,
obliquely longitudinal ; whorls 7, rounded, minutely margined
above or plain ; suture rather deep ; aperture subovate ; colu-
mella slightly callous, with a terminal lamellar plait; color
salmon, painted with numerous zigzag black lines continuous
from the summit to the base of the shell ; lip margined within
with reddish-purple. Length fourteen-twentieths, diam. six-
twentieths inch (Newc.).

Lanai (Newcomb). Type in Newcomb coll., Cornell Uni-
versity Mus. ; mountains behind Koela (Thwing).

Achatinella remyi NEWC., Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y.,
vi, October, 1855, p. 146 ; Amer. Journ. of Conch., ii, p. 215,
pi. 13, f. 13.— PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 207; Monogr., vi, 178.—
THWING, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., iii, no. 1, p. 130.

A very rare species, here figured from a specimen received
from Newcomb. It is closely related to L. tetrao, but differs
by the much more slender contour and especially by the more
rugose third and fourth whorls. The aperture and last
whorl are longer than in L. tetrao gracilior.

336 LAMINELLA, LANAI.

Borcherding has added remyi to the Molokai fauna by an
incorrect identification of specimens of venusta or depicts
The Lanaian species is not closely related to any Molokai '
form.

The shell is very pale 'buff, with some pink suffusion on
the last whorl and the embryonic whorls. The first half-
whorl is smooth, convex and uniform pinkish-brown; next ;
whorl streaked, flattened and unevenly, rather weakly cos-
tate ; on part of the third whorl the costation or corrugation
is stronger, more or less irregular, after that weakening.
The last whorl is very finely striatulate. There are reddish
streaks between the ribs on the embryonic whorls; near the
end of the third whorl these give place to a few widely-spaced
oblique blackish stripes; after which the angular, zigzag or
netted pattern begins. This pattern is essentially like that
of L. tetrao. The interior of the aperture and the columella
are pink ; columellar lamella simple, steeply ascending. Per-
foration minute, or even closed. Length 14, diam. 7.25,
aperture 6.3 mm. ; fully 6 whorls.

6. L. CONCINNA (Newcomb). PI. 54, figs. 10, 11.

" Shell dextrorsal, umbilicated, longitudinally very finely
striated rather shining; whorls 6, convex; suture impressed;
aperture ovate ; columella short, straight, the margin reflexed,
furnished anteriorly with a spiral plait; outer lip simple,
acute; color pale yellow, the uppermost whorls rosy (New-
comb ) .

Lanai (Newcomb); Koela side of highest point; side op-
posite Koela, and near Koela at 3,000 ft. (Perkins).

Achatinella concinna NEWC., P. Z. S., 1853, p. 157, pi. 24,
fig. 79.— PFR., Monogr., iv, 536.— THWING, Occ. Pap. B. P. B.
Mus., iii, p. 131, pi. 3, f. 2. — Amastra (Laminella) concinna
Newc., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 348.

This small yellow or olivaceous-yellow shell is very distinct
from all other species. It may be either dextral or sinistral
in the same colony.

The embryonic whorls are smooth and convex, the rest
strongly convex and weakly striatulate. Last two whorls

LAMINELLA, MAUI. 337

covered with a pale or rather deep yellow cuticle, the earlier
whorls denuded ; first two pale yellow, the next faintly pink
in a specimen received from Newcomb (fig. 10). In other
shells the embryonic whorls are very pale yellow, and in one
lot the first three whorls are dull cadmium yellow. The in-
terior and columella are white. Columella triangularly re-
flexed, convex and calloused, as usual in Laminella. Coln-
mellar lamella rather small, steeply ascending ; above it there
is the weak trace of a fold. Axis perforate. Length 9.8,
diam. 6, aperture 4.5 mm.; 5% whorls (pi. 54, fig. 10, from
Newcomb).

In a lot of 4 shells collected by Mr. Thaanum, 3 are sinis-
tral, 1 dextral. Two have a strong, callous fold above the
columellar lamella, and three are imperforate. The spire is
longer than in the shells from Newcomb. Length 11.2, diam.
6.1, aperture 4.7 mm.; 5% whorls (pi. 54, fig. 11).

Color-var. circumcincta Dall, n. var. PI. 54, figs. 12, 13.
Last whorl having blackish bands; a narrow one below the
suture, a wide band above the periphery and a narrow one
below it, the middle band sometimes wanting, upper band
or bands ascending on the penult, whorl.

This form occurs in some colonies of the one-colored concin na.
and its characters are probably not yet of racial significance.
I have retained the collection name in order to call attention
to the form, which is important as showing a color-pattern
otherwise unknown in Laminella. The bands are very super-
ficial, as if painted on. The typical example, no. 31404 U. S.
Nat. Mus., from the Dall coll., has three bands. One in coll.
C. M. Cooke, no. 2201, lacks the broad median band. Both
are figured.

Sykes notes that " in the very fine series collected by Per-
kins, both dextral and sinistral forms occur; black bands are
either absent or present, and in the latter event vary from
one to even four in number."

Species of Maui.

L. picta and bulbosa are the more primitive forms, having
relationships with species of Lanai and Oahu as well as with

338 LAMINELLA, MAUL

the group of small yellow species of Maul 'and Molokai. The
other species have very close affinity with the Molokai forms.

a. Marked with separate, deeply sunken, dark stripes ; 11x7
mm. L. aspera, no. 11.

a1. Markings not conspicuously sunken.

&. Ground-color brown, with some obscure darker mark-
ings. L. kuhnsi, no. 10.
&1. Ground yellow or reddish, glossy; length 12-15 mm. :

diam. about % length.
c. Copious anastomosing black lines.

L. alexandri, no. 9.
c1. Widely separated black stripes.

L. a. duoplicata, no. 9a.
~b2. Ground-color nearly white, dull; diam. usually moi

than y2 length.

c. Whorls strongly convex, with copious tracery oJ

black zigzag lines or dots ; length 14 to 19 mm.

L. picta, no. 7.
c1. Whorls less convex, the last with pattern of

streaks ; spire paler or white ; length 21-25 mi

L. ~bulbosa, no. 8.

7. L. PICTA (Mighels). PL 53, figs. 1 to 9.

Shell sinistral, short, thick, conical ; light yellow with bla(
zigzag lines, more or less numerous; perforate. Whorls
convex; aperture campanulate; lip simple, acute. Leng
.7 inch, average diameter .4 inch. Hab. Oahu (Mighels) .

W. Maui: Lahaina (Gulick) ; Moomuku, Kahana, H<
kohau (Thaanum) ; lao valley (Perkins). E. Maui: Maki
wao (Baldwin) ; Haleakala at 4,000 ft. (Perkins).

Achatinella picta MIGH., Proc. Bost. Soc., N. H., ii, Jan.
1845, p. 21.— PFR., P. Z. S., 1845, p. 90; Monographia H<
Viv., ii, 234; iii, 466; iv, 548; vi, 178; Conchy!. Cabinet,
284, pi. 67, figs. 28, 29.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 5, f. 36.
-NEWCOMB, P. Z. S., 1854, p. 311 ; Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y.
vi, 311 (animal) . — THWESTG, Occas. Pap. B. P. B. Mus., iii, no.
1, p. 132, pi. 3, f. 3. — Amastra (Laminella) picta Migh.,
SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 351, with var. bulbosa Gul., p.

LAMINELLA, ' MAUI.

339

52. — Newcomlia picta High., W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci., in. 1884, p. 98, pi. 16, 1 M (jaw), pi. 6, f. B
(teeth) .

" Animal densely black; tentacles long, slate colored;
mantle and foot brownish-black " (Newcomb).

The locality given by Mighels is certainly erroneous. His
type is lost, but the description applies to shells from Lahaina.
This place, or rather the valley back, may be taken as type
locality. The shell is turrited, the lateral outlines straight
or slightly concave. The first % whorl is smooth, corneous
and convex ; the second whorl is flat, finely striate and irreg-
ularly, coarsely but not strongly costate, and usually has
some blackish longitudinal streaks (pi. 56, figs. 6, 8). Suc-
ceeding whorls are strongly convex, white or very pale-
yellow, copiously marked with a tracery of black or blackish-
olive zigzag or angular lines which may extend over the base,
or stop short at the periphery in front. The last whorl is
especially convex. The aperture is either pink or white
within. Columellar lamella strongly developed, emerging
to the edge of the well-reflexed columellar lip. Contour var-
iable.

Length 16. diam. 10 mm.; whorls 6^.

Length 15.3, diam. 9.5 mm. ; whorls 6%.

Length 14.3, diam. 7.7 mm. ; whorls 6%.

In some specimens, also from Lahaina, the dark lines are
broken into dots (figs. 4, 9).

An embryonic shell (pi. 56, figs. 6, 8) removed from one
of these shells is figured. The second whorl is strongly cos-
tate and copiously marked; the columellar lamella is ex-
tremely small and low ; axis perforate. Length 3.8 mm. ; 2%
whorls. The acceleration of the color-pattern is a marked
feature.

Figures 1 to 6 are from one lot of Lahaina shells. Fig. 1
may be considered typical. Some received from Newcomb,
without exact locality, are larger, length 19, diam. 10.3 mm.,
typical in color. In some shells, figs. 3 and 5, the dark mark-
ings are distinctly sunken.

A lot from Makawao, E. Maui, in the Cooke collection from

340 LAMINELLA, MAUI.

Baldwin, do not seem specifically separable from Lahaina
picta, though their markings are heavier, and the shape more
oblong. The mouth is pink (pi. 53, figs. 7, 8). Possibly they
represent a variety or subspecies.

Dr. Newcomb describes the animal as " densely black, sur-
face 'checkered by fine lines of a light color; tentacles slate,
much produced; mantle and bottom of foot brownish-black;
when extended same length as the shell. ' '

Other shells (four in a lot of 38 from Lahaina, Gulick coll.)
have the spire somewhat more concave, and opaque white,
but showing a few small dark dots; the last whorl is suban-
gular in front, and becomes more or less streaked and
speckled with blackish or dark green on the last half. The
aperture is flesh^colored within- the base. Length 17.8, diam.
10 mm. ; whorls 6%. These white-spired shells are entirely
like some of the young of Kula bulbosa received from Gulick.
The possibility of accidental mixture must be considered.

8. L. BULBOSA (Gulick). PI. 53, figs. 13, 14, 15.

" Shell sinistral, imperf orate or sometimes slightly pei
forate, subpyriform, rather solid, unpolished, striate, yellow
ish-white, covered with irregular streaks of black epidermis
which blend in broad patches towards the base; apex acul
spire concavely conic; suture simple, well impressed; whoi
7, convex; the last large; columellar fold central, b
lamelliform, nearly transverse; aperture oblique, sinuatel
lunate, pale pink within, shading into brown near the coll
mella; peristome thin, acute; with external margin uni
fleeted, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, adnate, or soi
times slightly detached; parietal margin wanting. Lenj
21.6, diam. 13.2 mm.; average weight 7 grains " (Gulick).

Honuaula, E. Maui (E. Bailey) ; Kula, on trees and vim
(J. M. Alexander).

Ackatinella bulbosa, GULICK, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N.
vi, 1858, p. 253. — Laminella bulbosa GUL., Evolution, Raci*
and Habitudinal, 1905, p. 38, pi. 1, f. 10 (Kula).

11 I have a dextral specimen, which is the only one I
seen belonging to any species of this group " (Gulick).

LAMINELLA; MAO. 341

The shell is larger than picta, with more confused and
streaked pattern; last whorl often malleated. The spire may
be white with rare green specks, or it may be rather well cov-
ered with green or olive-black lines. The specimens figured
are from Kula, Guliek coll. This place may be selected as
type locality.

Length 24.3, diam. 12.4 mm. ; 7% whorls.

Length 21.3, diam. 11.5 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Length 21.5, diam. 12 mm. ; 6% whorls.

An embryonic shell examined is entirely like that described
above, except that it is a little smaller, with the columellar
fold barely indicated by a narrowing of the columella.

9. L. ALEXANDRI (Newcomb) . PL 52, figs. 1, 2, 9.

" Shell perforate, left-handed, elongately subcylindrical,
shining, reddish-brown, with painting of elongate, inosculat-
ing black veins. Whorls 6, convex, regularly but slowly in-
creasing; apex a little obtuse; suture moderately impressed,
not emarginate; aperture small, subovate; lip acute: colu-
mella white, short, almost straight, truncate, terminating by
a twisted plait passing within. Length .6, diam. .25 inch;
aperture length .2, width .1 inch " (Newc.).

West Maui, at an elevation of 7,500 feet (Rev. M. Alex-
ander) ; Puu Kukui (Thaanum).

Achatinella alexandri NEWC., Proc. California Acad. Sci.,
iii, Jan., 1865, p. 182; Amer. Journ. of Conch., ii, 1866, p.
216, pi. 13, f. 14.— THWING, Occ. Pap. B. P. B. Mus., iii, p.
132, pi. 37 f. 4. — L[aminella] alexandria Newc., HARTMAN,
Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1888, p. 42.

' ' This species is more cylindrical than any of its congeners,
resembling most A. remyi Newc., which is longer, not umbili-
cated, more pointed at the apex, with a twisted, not truncate
columella. From venusta and citrina Mighels it varies both
in form and color. With some varieties of picta it claims
analogy only in the general plan of painting. Its striking
characteristics are its blunt apex, slightly rounded whorls,
small aperture, short and white columella, umbilicus, and
general plan of coloring " (Newcomb).

342 LAMINELLA, MAUI.

Newcomb's original figure is copied, pi. 52, fig. 9. The
shells we have seen (pi. 52, figs. 1, 2) differ from the descrip-
tion by having a pale greenish-yellow ground, otherwise they
are typical. In embryonic shells the first whorl is flesh-col-
ored and convex ; second whorl flattened, becoming yellowish,
first half unicolored, then distant brown spots appear below
the suture. On the third whorl there are oblique, protractive,
distant deep-brown stripes. The embryo consists of 2y2 very
smooth whorls.

With the beginning of the neanic stage the chocolate or
black stripes are close, more or less forked above, or anas-
tomosing into a network. On the last whorl they do not run
over the base, at least on the front of the whorl. The neanic
and last whorls are delicately striatulate, and so smooth that
the shell is slippery to handle. The columellar margin sud-
denly dilates above, arching over the rather widely-open per-
foration. Columellar lamella well developed, very obliquely
entering. Above it the columella is calloused and there is
often a weak fold.

Length 13, diam. 6.2 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Length 12.8, diam. 6.9 mm.

The embryonic shell described above was washed out of one
of the adults figured. A set of three young shells received
from Mr. Baldwin (without adults) are rather different. The
first whorl becomes much darker in adults than in the em-
bryos, as usual in Laminella.

9a. L. alexandri duoplicata Baldwin. PL 52, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Shell shaped as in alexandri, last whorl straw-yellow, the
spire whitish, apex dull purple or blackish, last 3 to 4 whorls
decorated with widely-spaced, protractive, black stripes,
which neither branch or anastomose, and often become re-
duced in number and size on the last whorl. Columellar la-
mella rather blunt, and nearly always there is a second much
smaller fold above it, often rather indistinct and sometimes
wanting. Perforation variable in size, often nearly closed.

Length 13, diam. 6.5 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Length 13, diam. 6.8 mm.

LAMINELLA,, MAUI. 343

Length 12, diam. 6 ram.

West Maui: Waiehu valley (Baldwin) ; Lahaina (Gulick).

Laminella duoplicata BALDWIN, Nautilus XXII, November,
1908, p. 68.

Differs from alexandri chiefly by the color-pattern, but the
small accessory columellar fold seems to be developed more or
less in most examples (5 out of 6 seen by H. P.), while in
alexandri it is exceptional. Described and figured from co-
types, no. 104692, A. N. S. P. A specimen of this variety
was found among L. picta from Lahaina, in the Gulick lot.

10. L. KUHNSI (Cooke). PI. 52, figs. 11, 12; pi. 49, fig. 15.

" The shell is minutely perforate, sinistral, elongately con-
ical, nearly solid, minutely and irregularly striate with lines
of growth (the striaB slightly stronger just below the su-
tures), the first four whorls glossy, the rest somewhat glossy,
cinnamon brown (apex darker), with a few indistinct irregu-
lar zigzag transverse brown lines on the penultimate and last
whorls. Spire elongately conic, apex obtuse. Suture min-
utely crenulate, slightly oblique, well impressed. Whorls 6,
the embryonic smooth, convex, the rest increasing slowly and
regularly, convex, the last somewhat rotundate, tapering
towards the base. Aperture rather large, broadly subovate,
oblique, whitish within. Columella nearly straight; colu-
mellar fold median, oblique, not strongly developed, thick,
blunt. Outer margin of lip convex, erect, thin; columellar
margin thin, adnate above, below free, reflexed over the um-
bilicus. Umbilicus minute, circular. Length 13.4, diam. 6.5,
length of ap. (diagonal) 5.5 mm." (Cooke).

West Maui: Kahakuloa (Kuhns, Baldwin). Type no.
15142, cotypes 16662, Bishop Museum,

Amastra (Laminella) kuhnsi COOKE, Occasional Papers
B. P. Bishop Museum, iii, no. 2, p. 21 (217), (July 24, 1908).

" Specimens of a Laminella from West Maui under the
name of Laminella erecta Pease were kindly sent the Bishop
Museum by Mr. D. Thaanum. The shells were, I think, iden-
tified by Mr. D. D. Baldwin. Lately the specimens were com-
pared with Pease's description and were found to differ con-

344 LAMINELLA, MAUI.

siderably from the description. As there is no description
with which it agrees I venture to describe it as a new species.
I have followed Mr. Sykes in placing Laminella as a sub-
genus of Amastm.

16 This species differs from A. erecta Pse., as all the speci-
mens are sinistral and are minutely perforate. The brown
epidermis covers the whole of the shell and is not fugacious
as in all the other species of Laminella. The darker zigzag
markings are in the epidermis and are, also, not fugacious.
There is a straw-colored variety of which I have seen a single
specimen " (Cooke).

A cotype from no. 16662 Bishop Museum is drawn in figs.
11, 12. It measures 11.8x6.8 mm., having 5% whorls. There
are some sparse dark markings on the last whorl of this in-
dividual. The type figure is also copied, pi. 49, fig. 15.

11. L. ASPERA Baldwin. PL 53, figs. 10, 11, 12.

The shell is perforate, conic, rather short; fleshy- white,,
yellow, or almost orange, the apex bluish or purplish black,
last 2% to 3i/2 whorls decorated with irregular longitudinal
black stripes which are deeply sunken; the surface therefore
being strongly corrugated or plicate. Rarely the stripes are
absent, and the surface sunken in few places. 2% embryonic
whorls are smooth, the apex rather blunt and rounded, as in
L. alexandri. Neanic and last whorls are strongly convex,
marked with fine growth-lines. Aperture is short, wide, but
slightly oblique. Columellar fold small, not ascending steeply.
Above it the columella is calloused and bears a fold, some-
times irregular or small, sometimes almost as large as the
eolumellar lamella.

Length 11, diam. 7 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 10, diam. 7 mm.

Length 10.2, diam. 6.2 mm.

West Maui: Wailuku valley (Baldwin).

Laminella aspera BALD., Nautilus, XXII, November, 1908,
p. 68.

Very distinct by its sunken stripes. It is much shorter
than the Molokaian L. venusta, a species having this character

LAMINELLA, MOLOKAI. 345

somewhat less developed. The figures are from cotypes, no.
104693, A. N. S. P.

Species of Molokai.

The data on distribution of Molokaian species is fragmen-
tary, and little profitable systematic work can be done
until the field is well explored. Borcherding has done val-
uable work by recording definite localities and giving good
figures; but by dragging in the species luteola and remyi,
surely not Molokaian, and by identifying depicta as venusta,
he gives an impression of scrambled Laminellas. We heartily
join in his belief that the species are excessively variable and
rich in transition-forms.

Key to Species.

a. Pale yellow with sunken black stripes, often broken into

spots; whorls strongly convex, especially the last:

length about 14 mm. L. venusta, no. 13.

a1. Last whorl salmon tinted, aperture and columella pink;

immaculate or dotted; length 14 mm.

L. v. muscaria, no. 136.

a2. Uniform yellow, dextral. L. v. orientalis, no. 13c.

a3. Narrowly pyramidal, glossy, whorls less convex; with
black anastomosing stripes, sometimes broken.

L. depicta, no. 12.
a4. Rather large, length 17 to 19 mm.; whorls convex.

6. Primrose yellow, uniform, early whorls dotted, or cov-
with a stippling or network.

L. citrina and vars. no. 14.

12. L. ALEXANDEI DEPICTA Baldwin. PL 52, figs. 6-8, 10, 13-16.

The shell is sinistral, narrowly perforate or closed, narrowly
pyramidal with obtuse summit and straight lateral outlines;
thin but strong. The glossy surface is marked with very fine
growth-lines and near the summit there are usually some shal-
low pits or cicatrices below the suture. Embryonic whorls
nearly smooth, dark purple or pale; subsequent whorls but
slightly convex, yellow or pale brownish-yellow or dull orange,
typically marked with black or blackish-brown veins which

346 LAMINELLA, MOLOKAI.

anastomose more or less freely, and very frequently converge
downwards forming wedge-shaped figures at the periphery o!
the last whorl (or rarely, dark markings are absent). The
aperture is white within, the basal lip and columella white in
yellow shells, reddish in the orange form. Columellar fold
moderate. There is almost always a low callous fold above it
on the columella.

Length 17, diam. 7.2, aperture 6.2 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Length 15, diam. 7, aperture 6 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 15, diam. 6.5, aperture 5.8 mm.

Molokai: Kamalo (Baldwin) ; Pelekunu valley and Haupu
(Borcherding).

Laminella depicta BALDWIN, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1895, p,
228, pi. 11, figs. 33, 34, 35.— BORCHERDING, Zoologica, p. 89,
f. 21. — L. venusta Mighels, BORCHERDING, t. c., p. 87, pi. 8,
f. 22 (Haupu). — L. alexandri Newc., BORCHERDING, p. 88, pi.
8, f. 22.

Typical forms of L. depicta are more slender than L. aletr-
andri, the spire being longer; yet this does not hold with all
the Molokaian shells, some lots (pi. 52, figs. 6-8) being as wide
as alexandri. The chief difference between the shells of L.
depicta and alexandri is in the locality. Nobody could separ-
ate a mixed lot. While locality is a character to be given dn •
weight, yet I am inclined to believe that this is a case of two
now isolated 'colonies of an old species, which have not di-
verged enough to call for specific separation. Yet it may bo
that a thorough examination of the soft anatomy would show
changes not recorded in the shell. Baldwin writes, " Animal
extended in motion shorter than the shell. Mantle very light
brown. Foot above and below almost white. Tentacles short,
light brown. This species is allied to A. alexandri Newc.,
from the island of Maui, and to A. remyi Newc., from the
island of Lanai, but differs from both in the color and habits
of the animal."

Figures 13, 14, 15 are from shells of the type lot, no. 65711,
A. N. S. P. In one of them there are no dark lines or mark-
ings of any sort. Figs. 14, 15 are from the types of Baldwin's
figs. 34, 35. Figs. 6, 7, 8 are Kamalo shells received from

LAMINELLA, MOLOKAI. 347

Mr. Thaanum. showing decadence of color-pattern on the
last whorl, such as occurs in other Molokaian Laminellas.
Fig. 10 is an unusual color-form from the Cooke collection,
in which the lines remain for the greater part single and
separate.

Inconspicuous pits on the early whorls of most specimens
show a relationship to L. venusta, in which the whorls, es-
pecially the last, are more convex than depicta; moreover.
venusta is much less glossy.

Mr. Sykes notes that the fine series collected by Mr. Per-
kins above Pelekunu ranges ' * from pale-yellow to rich orange
tinged with crimson. It is sometimes dextral, but sinistral
forms predominate. ' '

13. L. VENUSTA (Mighels). PL 51, figs. 1-10, 12.

' * Shell sinistral, conical, body- whorl large and tumid ; red-
dish yellow, beautifully ornamented with black zigzag lines,
more or less numerous and regular ; perforate ; whorls 6 ; con-
vex ; aperture subovate, lip simple, acute. Length three-fifths,
diam. four-fifteenths inch [15x6.3 mm.]. Hah. Oahu "
(Mighels).

Molokai : Mapulehu (Baldwin).

Achatinella venusta MIGHELS, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., ii,
1845, p. 21.— PFR., Monogr., ii, 234; iii, 466; vi, 179.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 5, f. 32 (1850). — NEWCOMB, Ann.
Lye. N. Y., vi. p. 311, living animal. — THWESTG, Occas. Pap.
B. P. B. Mus.. iii, p. 128, pi. 2, f. 25.— BALDWIN, Catalogue,
p. 8 (Mapulehu). — ? Laminella depicta, eine schlankere
Forma von Haupu BORCHERDING, Zoologica, p. 90, pi. 8, f. 20,
on the same page called L. remyi. — Newcombia venusta
hels, W. G. BINNEY Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, 1884, p.
98, pi. 6. f. A (teeth). — ( ^Laminella venusta Migh., GULICK,
Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal, 1905, p. 38, pi. 1, f. 9
(Lahaina).

Mighels ?s description of venusta is inconclusive. The Port-
land Society of Natural History possesses three specimens
which had been given by Mighels to J. H. Thomson, and by
him turned over to the Society. Since the original type has

348 LAMINELLA, MOLOKAI.

been destroyed by fire, we propose to regard one of these
shells (no. 218 Portland Soc. coll.) as the type. It is very
conspicuously marked with scar-like, sunken areas at the
stripes, and the summit is purplish. The traditional identifi-
cation of venusta, as preserved in old collections such as that
of the Academy, of Cuming (figured by Reeve), and of New-
comb, is therefore sustained. Two other shells of the same
lot have the last whorl immaculate (pi. 51, fig. 12) .

L. venusta differs from L. alexandri and depicta by the
more swollen last whorl and the sunken black markings,
which are generally coarser than in depicta, and do not form
the characteristic depicta patterns.

The typical, copiously striped form (pi. 51, figs. 1-4) seems
to be what Borcherding has figured as * ' a more slender form
[of depicta] from Haupu," a place on the northern coast.
Baldwin, however, gives Mapulehu, one of the southern val-
leys, as the locality of venusta. I suspect that Gulick's record
of venusta from Lahaina, W. Maui, was based on a small L.
picta.

The dimensions given by Mighels agree with some slender
specimens before me. The color, " reddish yellow " appears
on the last whorl of some shells, and the phrase ' ' body- whorl
large and tumid " is especially characteristic, and could not
be applied to A. depicta. The assigned locality, like many
in Mighels 's paper, is certainly incorrect, for no such shell
occurs on Oahu.

The shell is always sinistral (so far as we know), perforate
or narrowly umbilicate, ground-color light yellow, sometimes
orange towards the base. The outlines of the spire are more
or less concave, the summit obtuse, reddish, violet or white,
Initial half-whorl smooth and convex; following whorl flat-
tened, more or less striate and weakly, longitudinally sulcate,
the sulci distinct or weak, sometimes beginning on the first,
sometimes not before the middle of the second whorl, the first
1% whorls then being smooth. Some widely spaced oblique
stripes begin on the second whorl, and about the middle of
the third they become more or less irregular. Subsequent
whorls have many angular or serrate black stripes sunken

LAMINELLA, MOLOKAI. 349

~below the light intervals, the surface being more or less, and
very irregularly, <jorrugated. Typically the stripes continue
upon the last whorl. The aperture is white (rarely pink),
rather oblique. Columella straight, abruptly dilated and re-
flexed above, bearing a small lamella. There are often one
or two accessory callous folds above the lamella.

Length 15. diam. 7.3, aperture 6 mm, ; 6y2 whorls.

Length 13.5, diam. 6.2 mm.

Length 13.5, diam. 7 mm.

The animal of L. venusta is ' * slender, body flesh-color with
black puncta down the sides ; tentacles very black. When ex-
tended, two-thirds as long as the shell " (Newcomb).

13a. Color-var. semivestita H. & P., n. var. PI. 51, figs. 6-10,
12.

Shell striped on the spire, the last whorl uniform yellow
in the typical form; but in some specimens the dark stripes
are represented only by a few dots, which may be numerous
or very rare; others have stripes on the last whorl, but less
numerous than in venusta. Columella uniplicate in the type
lot, but biplicate in some others. Length 13, diam. 7 mm.

Doubtless connected with the typical form, but perhaps
worthy of notice as a stage in the decadence of color-pattern.

13b. Yar. muscaria n. v. PI. 51, figs. 13-16.

There is also a smaller form, salmon tinted with the apical
whorls paler or purple, the aperture and columella deep pink ;
marked at and above the periphery with spiral lines of black
dots or short dashes, the base usually immaculate. The most
fully marked individuals have the stippling arranged ir-
regularly in subvertical series also, showing its origin in
original subvertical stripes, and these are a little sunken,
like the stripes of L. venusta. In one shell (fig. 14) there is
a band of black blotches on the base. The least marked
shells are merely minutely fly-specked, the dots either scat-
tered or forming a subsutural series, in which case they are
sunken. Above the small columellar lamella there is a more
oblique callous fold, generally small and indistinct.

Length 13.8, diam. 7.5, aperture 6 mm.; 5% whorls.

350 LAMINELLA, MOLOKAI.

Length 14.2, diam. 7, aperture 6 mm. ; 614 whorls.

Molokai : Cotypes no. 104716, A. N. S. P., and 1818 Univ.
of "Wisconsin.

Eight specimens of this race were in a collection presented
by Mr. Jos. Button to the University of Wisconsin. By its
size and the sunken streaks of the most fully marked shells
it evidently belongs to venusta, but the pattern is practically
identical with semivenulata, which so far as seen is invariably
larger and yellow.

13c. Yar. orientalis n. v. PL 51, fig. 11.

This name is proposed for the dextral form from Puukaeha
(on the -central ridge near the east end of Molokai) , figured
by Borcherding as Laminella luteola Fer. (Zoologica, p. 86,
pi. 8, fig. 19). The figure indicates a rather deep yellow shell
of the size of A. venusta. Whether the race at that place is
dextral, or only the specimen figured, is not stated. Bor-
cherding 's figure is copied. The real luteola Fer. is probably
a Hawaiian Amastra. See p. 321.

14. L. CITEINA ' Mighels ' Pfeiffer. PI. 50, figs. 1-5, 8.

' ' Shell sinistral, oblong-conic, rather solid, very finely stri-
atulate, glossy, buff. Spire long, slender, the apex somewhat
obtuse. Whorls 6, the upper ones flat, the rest rather convex,
last whorl subcarinate, the carina disappearing in front.
Columellar fold doubled, the lower one stronger, twisted,
lamelliform. Aperture semioval; peristome simple, acute,
the columellar margin reflexed. Length 17.5, diam. 7 mm. ;
aperture 7x3% mm. Sandwich Is., Mus. Cuming " (Pfr.).

Animal of a uniform light yellow color, superior tentacles
and tentacular sheath light slate (Newcomb).

Molokai: Kalae to Waikola (Baldwin); Makanalua and
Kahanui (Borcherding).

Achatinella citrina Mighels in sched. Cuming, PFR., Mono-
graphia Heliceorum Viventium, ii, 1848, p. 234. — REEVE,
Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 5, f. 33 (1850). — NEWCOMB, Ann. Lye.
N. H. of N. Y., vi, p. 312, living animal. — BALDWIN, Cata-
logue, p. 7. — Laminella citrina Mighels, BOCHERDING, Zoolog-

LAMINELLA, MOLOKAI. 351

».ca. p. 84, pi. 8, f. 17, and dextral form, f. 18.— GULICK, Evo-
lution, Kacial and Habitudinal, 1905, p. 38, pi. 1, f. 7.
A. citrina inhabits a narrow area perhaps 6 or 7 miles long,
:>n the ridge of the island south of the northern peninsula.
It is therefore rather widely separated from the area of the
closely related A. helvina, so far as present information goes.

L. citrina is distinct from L. venusta variety semivestita
by the larger size, when other characters fail. Pease (P. Z.
S., 1869, p. 652) unites it to venusta as a plain variety. Typi-
cally it is spotless and very pale yellow throughout (primrose
yellow of Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors), the columella
white. The type, and some specimens collected by Newcomb
and Gulick, was weakly angular in front (not " subcarinate "
as Pfeiffer says), by retention of a feature of immaturity;
but most adult shells seen have the last whorl well rounded.
The contour varies a good deal, as usual.

Two of these typical subangular shells are figured and
measured below. Five out of the lot of six received from
Newcomb are more or less distinctly biplicate, the others hav-
ing the upper fold bifid. A few shells in this and another lot
received from Newcomb have small olive dots or flecks scat-
tered on the first two neanic whorls.

PI. 50, fig. 2. Length 17.5, diam. 8.1 mm. ; 6% whorls.

PI. 50, fig. 1. Length 16, diam. 8 mm.

Three specimens from the Mighels collection, procured
through Thomson by the collection of the Portland Society
of Natural History, are of the immaculate form commonly
accepted as citrina.

In a large series received from Gulick, about one-third
have the neanic whorls variously dotted, the dots sometimes
scattered along the suture which is margined below (pi. 50,
figs. 4, 5, 8). The rest are plain throughout, Columella bi-
plicate. The only dextral specimen of citrina in the collec-
tion before me is dotted along the suture (pi. 50, fig. 4), and
occurred in a lot of citrina otherwise sinistral and plain.
Borcherding has figured a plain dextral specimen from Ka-
hanui, in the central part of the island.

Several lots in the Cooke collection, received from Baldwin

352 LAMINELLA, MOLOKAI.

consists of spotless shells in which the yellow color becomes
much deeper on the last whorl, in some becoming deep chrome
behind the lip. Columella uniplicate (pi. 50, fig. 3). Other
shells are pale yellow, with more or less olive punctation or
streaking on the early whorls; 'Columella white, usually one-
folded but very strongly biplicate in one shell. In some shells
the last whorl is unusually swollen, others being normal in
shape. Length 17.8, diam. 9.8 mm. Length 19, diam. 9 mm.

14&. L. CITRINA HELVINA Baldwin. PI. 50, figs. 12-15.

11 Shell sinistral, imperf orate or subperf orate, sometimes
narrowly and deeply perforated, rather thin, elongately con-
ical, apex rather acute ; surface scarcely shining, covered with
very fine incremental striag; nuclear whorls smooth. Color
uniform light or dingy yellow, with a few black markings
on the upper whorls. Whorls 6%, lightly margined above,
convex; suture deeply impressed. Aperture a little oblique,
oval, white, with the tint of the outside; peristome simple,
thin, margins connected by a thin, orange-yellow callus ; colu-
mella biplicate, the 'terminal plication a thin, oblique lamellar
plait, the inner one less prominent, tortuous, of an orange-
yellow 'Color. Length 18, diam. 10 mm.

* ' Animal extended in motion as long as the shell. Mantle
and foot above and below very light brown. Tentacles dark
slate, with a sprinkling of slate on the sides of the foot. Pos-
terior portion of foot very tapering and thickly studded with
minute red spots. A remarkably prolific species; 4 or 5 em-
bryonic shells in successive stages of growth often observed
ih the oviducts. A jaw is present and the dentition is the
same as that of the Amastra species. The tooth formula of
this species is 32.1.32 X 108 == 7,020. The central tooth is
a little wider than usual " (Baldwin).

Molokai: Ohia valley, near Kaluaaha (Baldwin).

Laminella helvina BALD., Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1895, p.
227, pi. 11, f. 30— BORCHERDING, Zoologica, p. 91, pi. 8, f. 25.

This shell is shaped like L. venusta, the last whorl being
more swollen than in typical citrina, though not more than
in some forms of that species. Typically it differs from

LAMINELLA, MOLOKAI. 353

citrina by the very strongly triplicate, orange or reddish eolu-
mella ; but these are variable features. Baldwin writes : ' ' The
typical forms are found in the small valley of Ohia on Molo-
kai. Departing from this locality on either side, modified
forms without the biplicate columella are somewhat common. ' '

In the cotypical lot, 65712 A. N. S. P., there are two color-
patterns. In three specimens the neanic whorls have olive-
black dots and a few dotted streaks (pi. 50, figs. 12, 14, 15),
the apex salmon colored in two of them. Baldwin's figured
type (fig. 14) was one of these. In four shells, streaks pre-
dominate, there being few dots or none, apex gray or yellow
(pi. 50, fig. 13). In all, the markings begin on the second
whorl, and are most numerous on the third and fourth, in
some shells continuing on the fifth. There are weak traces of
pits or depressions on the second whorl, but the dark streaks
are not sunken as in L. venusta. The columella in all is more
or less deeply orange tinted, this color often extending weakly
upon the parietal callus. The columellar folds are subequal
in 4, the lower one much larger in 6 of the shells examined.
In one shell there is a small intermediate fold.

Length 19, diam. 9.8, aperture 7.7 mm. ; whorls 6%.

Length 17.5, diam. 9.7 mm.

Length 17, diam. 8.8 mm.

Length 17, diam. 9.8 mm. ; whorls 6%.

The figures represent cotypes, fig. 14 being that originally
illustrated by Baldwin.

In an embryo of 3 whorls, length 4 mm., the first whorl is
smooth, the second and third longitudinally costate. The
columella shows no trace of a lamella, and the axis is almost
closed (pi. 56, fig. 3).

14&. L. CITRINA SEMIVENULATA Borcherding. PI. 50, figs. 6,
7, 9, 10, 11.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, sometimes distinctly perforate,
rather solid, smooth (very finely striated longitudinally under
the lens), somewhat shining, pale buff, figured with very
small black spots, the upper whorls and the last one below
the middle elegantly ornamented with black veined lines.

354 LAMINELLA, MOLOKAI.

Spire turrited, the apex subaeute, suture well impressed, with
a thread-like margin. Whorls 6%? the first flattened, the
rest convex, last whorl inflated, nearly half the total length.
Aperture slightly oblique, ovate, whitish; columellar fold bi-
plicate, the lower fold stronger, twisted, lamelliform, upper
fold less prominent; columella roseate or white; peristome
simple, unexpanded, rather thin. Length 18, diam. 9 mm.
(Borcherding) .

Molokai : Manawai, on the southern slope.

Laminella semivenulata BORCHERDING, Zoologica, xix, Heft
48, p. 92, pi, 8, f. 24, and var. f. 23 (1906).

Borcherding 's type figure is copied, pi. 50, fig. 6. Also his
figure of a " transition-form to L. citrina," from the same
locality, pi. 50, fig. 7. Some figures are added of specimens
in coll. C. M. Cooke (figs. 9, 10, 11).

On the third whorl there are often some oblique stripes,
reminiscent of an earlier pattern, before the stippled stage
sets in (pi. 56, fig. 7) ; rarely a modification of this pattern
'Continues, as in pi. 50, fig. 9, but usually it gives place to a
fine stippling, or scattered fly-specks, with a blotched band
on the base, the ground-color being yellow. The striped stage
is often omitted. Length 15 to 18 mm.

Similar coloration is seen in the neanic stage of some indi-
viduals of helvina and citrina, as noted above.

APPENDIX A.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
LEPTACHATINA MAUIENSIS (Pfeiffer).

Shell subrimate, oblong, rather solid, smoothish, pale cor-
neous; spire convexly turrite, the apex obtuse; suture mar-
gined. Whorls 6, scarcely convex, the last about two-fifths
the length, somewhat compressed basally. Columella ver-
tical, somewhat twisted inward, truncate at the base of the
subrhombic-oval aperture; peristome simple, obtuse, the colu-
mellar margin a little reflexed, adnate. Length 7, diam. 3
mm.; aperture 2y2 mm. long, 1% wide (Pfr.).

Maui (Newcomb).

Achatina maniensis PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 126; Mono-
graphia, iv. 620. — Cionella (Zua) ? mauiensis PFR.-CLESS.,
Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 333, no. 8.

This species has been overlooked by writers on Hawaiian
shells. It seems to be a slender Leptachatina, and Dr. C. M.
Cooke, to whom I applied, thinks it close to L. fulgida (p.
12), perhaps the same species.

All published information is given above.

LEPTACHATINA IRREGULARIS ( Pfeiffer) .

Shell imperforate, dextral, rather thin, longitudinally
closely plicate; blackish, sometimes banded with whitish.
Spire irregular, conic, obtuse ; suture subcrenate ; whorls 5%,
rapidly increasing, convex, the penultimate swollen, the last
about three-sevenths the total length, smoother below the
middle, sometimes corneous. Aperture slightly oblique, oval-
oblong; columellar fold above, little projecting; peristome
simple, the right margin arching somewhat forward, colu-

(355)

356 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

mellar margin dilated, adnate. Length. 9, diam. 4% mm.,
aperture 4% mm. long, 2% wide. Sandwich Is., Frick, in
Cuming coll. (Pfr.).

Achatinella irregularis PFR., P. Z. S., Lond., 1855, p. 205
(Feb., 1856) ; Monogr. Hel. Viv., iv, 546.

This unfigured species has been considered an Amastra by
authors who have noticed it. Mr. C. Montague Cooke agrees
with me in referring it to Leptachatina. It is almost cer-
tainly identical with L. fused Newc., p. 89, which has priority.

P. 21. LEPTACHATINA SAXATILIS (GuL). Add the synonym
L. saxitilus Hartman, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1888, p. 55.

P. 52. LEPTACHATINA CINGULA (Migh.). Add: PL 12, fig. 5.

P. 54. LEPTACHATINA VENTULUS (Fer.). In line 5 from top
add the words " columella short " between " within " and
11 umbilical." Add the synonym Achatinella manoaensis
Newc. Ms., PFR., Monographia, iv, 545; vi, 177; viii, 235;
Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 311, no. 159. This name has been
quoted as a synonym in several works, but no description has
been published.

P. 73. LEPTACHATINA LEUCOCHILA. In 12th line from bot-
tom replace " his " by " this."

P. 74. LEPTACHATINA STRIATULA (Gld.). PI. 12, figs. 4,
7 (not 4, 5).

P. 75. PL 12, fig. 5 does not represent Ach. clara Pfr., as
stated on p. 75. It is Leptachatina cingula Migh., p. 52.

P. 92. LEPTACHATINA PETILA GuL PL 11, fig. 9 represents
the type specimen ; copied from Sykes.

P. 99, last line : type of F. longa is 10214 A. N. S. P.

P. 111. CARELIA RIGIDA is, according to Dr. Cooke, a fossil
species from the eastern or northeastern side of Hanalei;
C. turricula from the center and western side of the valley.

PTERODISCUS HELICIFORMIS (Ancey). PL 36, figs. 1, 2, 3.

See page 127. Three specimens, part of the original lot,
from the collection of D. D. Baldwin, are now before me.
They are less fragile than other Pterodisks. The embryonic
shell, of fully 2 whorls, measures 2.3 mm. in diameter. The
last third of a whorl has a peripheral cord, and is grooved

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 357

slightly above it, as in the embryos of most species of this
genus. The embryonic whorls are slightly convex, but they
do not project mucro-like. The specimen figured measures,
alt. 6.3, diam. 9 mm.

The reference to figures of P. heliciformis on p. 127 should
read " PI. 36, figs. 1, 2, 3."

P. 162. Upper third of page, for " Series of A. variegata "
read Series of A. reticulata. A similar correction is to be
made on the following page, and on the 14th line from bottom
of p. 158. On p. 162, the paragraph beginning * * This Oahuan
group " should follow the diagnosis of Metamastra.

P. 226. After A. porphyrostoma read PI. 37, figs. 8, 9, 13.

P. 227. Line 10, read Fig. 13 in place of Fig. 12.

Line 12 from bottom read 8, 9 in place of 8, 13.

APPENDIX B.

CLASSIFIED LIST OF AMASTR^:, AND ZOOGEOGBAPHIC DEDUC-
TIONS, FROM HYATT'S MSS.

The manuscripts on Amastrina submitted to the junior
author contain no discussion of the zoogeographic data bear-
ing on Hawaii, and the Molokai-Maui group is considered
only in connection with Laminella. The discussion of Oahu,
with references to Kauai, is printed in full below, following
the classified list.

NOTE. — Substitutes have been inserted in square brackets
for a few names in the original list which for one cause or
another are untenable.
I. Hyatt's classified list of genera and species of Amastrina.

CARELIA Ads.
[Species substantially as in pp. 103-117.]

ARMIELLA Hyatt.
A. knudseni Bald.

KAUAIA Sykes.
K. kauaiensis Newc.

[CYCLAMASTRA P. & V.]

[C.] cyclostoma Bald. [C.] obesa Newc.

[C.] sphaerica Pse. [C.] carinata Gul.

[PTERODISCUS Pils.]
[P.] cookei Hyatt. [P.] heliciformis Anc.

(358)

HYATT'S CLASSIFICATION, ETC.

359

Kauai.

A. similaris Pse.
-A. brevis Pfr.
A. nucleola Gld.
A. anthonyi Nc.

Oahu.

A. antiqua Bald.
A. extinct a Pfr.
A. vetusta Bald.
A. breviata Bald.
A. pellucida Bald.
A. transversalis Pfr
A. cornea Newc.
A. crassilabrum Nc.
A. albolabris Nc.

AMASTBELLA Sykes.

Lanai.

A. extincta( ?)
A. longa Sykes.
A. pulla Newc.

East Maui.

A. subcrassilabris Hyatt.
A. nana Bald.
A. subpulla Hyatt.
A. subsoror Hyatt.

West Maui.
A. soror NC.
A. interject a Hy.
A. [johnsoni Hy. & Pils.'

Molokai.

A. petricola Nc. A

A. subnana Hy. A

A. [nubifera Hy. & Pils.] j±

A. subobscura Hy. j±
A. elegantula Hy.

METAMASTRA
( [Textilis] subseries.)

A. [textilis] Fer. A

A. media Hy. A

A. rubicunda Bald. A

A. tenuilabris Gul. A

A. decorticata Gul. A

A. inflata Pfr. A
A. luctuosa Pfr.

Hawaii.

. melanosis Nc.
. gyrans Hy.
. flavescens Nc.
. hawaiensis Hy.

Hyatt.

(Keticulata subseries.)
. orientalis Hy.
. [errans] Hy.
. badia Bald.
. undata Bald.
. reticulata Newc.
. dispersa Hyatt.

AMASTRA Ads.
(Tristis subseries, Oahu.)

A. tristis Fer. A. rubinia Hy.

A. seminigra Hy. A. elliptica Gul.

A. rubens Gld. A. rubida Gul.

A. corneif ormis Hy. A. cylindrica Nc.

A. grossa Pfr. A. porphyrea Nc.

360 HYATT'S CLASSIFICATION, ETC.

(Violacea subseries.)

Molokai. East Maui.

A. violacea Newc. A. conicospira Smith.
A. macerata Hyatt. Lanai.

A. nubilosa High. A. magna Newc.

East Maui. A. nucula Smith.

A. gigantea Newc. A. aurostoma Bald.

(Pullata subseries.)

Molokai. A. mucronata Nc.

A. pullata Bald. A. montana Bald.

A. subnigra Hy. A. affinis Nc.

A. uniplicata Hartm. A. rustica Gul.

A. modesta Ad. A. pupoidea Nc.

A. sinralaris Hartm. A. bigener Hyatt.

A. advena Hyatt. A. Cinderella Hyatt.

A. umbrosa Bald. A. malleata Sm.

West Maui. A. conifera Sm.

A. nigra Nc. A- farcimen Hartm.
A. mastersi Nc.

PAEAMASTEA Hyatt.

(Turritella series.)
Oahu. East Maui.

A. turritella Fer. A. hutchinsonii Pease.

A. variegata Pfr. A. [laeva Bald.]

A. tenuispira Bald.

A. frosti Anc.

(Nigrolabris series.)
Oahu. Molokai.

A. nigrolabris Sm. A. villosa Sykes.

A. rudis Fer.

A. spirizona Fer.

A. intermedia Nc.

(Biplicata series. Lanai.}

A. obscura Nc. A. [durandi Anc.]

A. moesta Nc. A. biplicata Nc.

HYATT'S CLASSIFICATION, ETC. 361

LAMINELLA Pfr.

[Species substantially as in the text, but their affinities are
somewhat differently estimated. See below.]

II. Migrations of Amastra (Hyatt's MS.).

The general trend of migrations in all of the islands is
here assumed to be from Kauai to Hawaii.

METAMASTRA. — This group has been divided into two sub-
series, because in these Am. textilis or some form of its series
is the primitive or radical form of the associated or branch-
ing forms. The evidence of this series as a whole is strongly
in favor of the theoretic assumptions of this paper. The
reticulata subseries does not afford much evidence, but it
shows clearly derivation from textilis, and, in spite of gaps
in the evidence, there are no facts positively contradicting
any of my theoretic results. The textilis subseries, however,
presents a fine series of gradations and these all harmonize
perfectly with the theory of descent of primitive species
from Kauaian Amastras; the incoming of migrants at the
southeastern extremity of Oahu, their successful colonization
of the valleys of this region first, their subsequent migrations
with the evolution of new forms as they traveled northwards,
and lastly the final colonization of the western range of Oahu
by migrants from the east range.

This series ranges from Nuuanu to Ahonui on the eastern
range, but it is not represented in many of the valleys be-
tween these two. It is also found on the western range from
Lehui to Waianae. The transitions from textilis seem to have
occurred through the Am. orientalis of the eastern range.
These facts accord with the position here taken that the fauna
of the western range was derived from that of the eastern
range, and was of later origin. The accompanying assump-
tion that the fauna of the eastern range itself was derived
from Kauai through Am. textilis its most primitive form, is
also well supported. The final theoretic conclusion that the
landing place of the Kauaian colonists was at the most south-
easterly end of the island is sufficiently but not so strongly
sustained as the above. There is a gap between Am. orientalis

362 HYATT'S CLASSIFICATION, ETC.

of the valley of Wahiawa and Am. textilis of Halawa, with
some six valleys between them. There are species of this
series, Am. badia and undata, found as far south as Nuuanu,
but these are only known through highly specialized forms
with very blunt apices. The evidence that there was a land-
ing made at the southeastern end of the eastern range by the
primitive ancestor of the series, viz., textilis, is strong enough,
but the gap between this species and orient alis in their dis-
tribution, which is more or less filled by some specialized
species may be due to insufficient exploration, but it does
not give positive evidence of a northward continuous migra-
tion of textilis into orientalis and of the latter into the other
species of the reticulata series that should be demanded for
demonstration.

Reticulata Subseries. — Amastra textilis connects directly
with orientalis of the eastern range, and this last is transi-
tional to reticulata and cotispersa of the western or Waianae
range. These species have generally the reticulated and
olivaceous pattern which rarely occurs in Am. textilis. The
tendency to evolve extremely blunted spires is also peculiar
to this series.

PARAMASTRA SERIES. — This series is remarkable for its
evenly developed spire which can, with the exception of the
earliest age, be expressed by a single angle in most of the
species. While this is a wide departure from typical Amas-
tran forms of Oahu and such forms as A. rugulosa of Kauai,
it is very similar to the more turritelloidal and primitive
Kauaian species A. brevis. The aspect of the columella also,
which is often perforated and has a well developed fold and
is straight with a similarity situated tooth-fold, and the sim-
ilarity of the aperture and smooth apex, are all character-
istics showing affinity for A. brevis. Thus it seems to be
shown so far as collateral evidence goes, that the series has
been derived from the species of Kauaian Amastrae directly,
without the intervention of any intermediate form having
less primitive characters. Nevertheless if one follows the
species through their intermediate forms, the series is built
up according to the table. In this it will be seen that there

HYATT'S CLASSIFICATION, ETC.

are only two species on the inner watershed of the east range,
A. turritella and A. nigrolabris, connected in a line accord-
ing to their geographic distribution, turritella occupying the
more southern valleys and overlapping nigrolabris, that is
found only in the more northern valleys. These are both
radical of two subseries that were evolved in the western
range. The turritella subseries is the most interesting and
most highly modified, not only in turritella itself but in its
apparent descendants. The shells are narrower and more
elongated than in the other subseries, and in their evolution
on the western range the banded pattern becomes probably
of specific value in A. cylindrica. In other series, as stated
above, this pattern appears occasionally on this range, but
not at all perhaps on the eastern range, and always in a few
shells appears to be distinct only as varieties of accepted
species. There is a decided trend towards albinism in tur-
ritella, that, however, tends as in the nigrolabris subseries, to
affect the exposed sides and leave the base dark, if any color
is retained. Shoulder-bands are also formed as in spirizona
and some shells of nigrolabris. When, however, the western
range is reached the variations are different, and in rudis the
base of the last volution fades out, often leaving sides or
dorsuru comparatively dark.

The forms of the nigrolabris subseries are larger and darker
than the above. Their affines on the western range are also
large shells, but, except for the decisive shoulder-band in
spirizona, do not exhibit similar tendencies to become banded.
There is, however, a decided tendency to the evolution of
albinoid variations but these are apt to retain a dark base
and have the dorsal sides lighter, just the reverse of the other
subseries.

The wide gap between turritella of the southern valleys and
the Kauaian A. brevis is not so satisfactory evidence as exists
in other series of the probable derivation of this genetic
series from migrants that come from that island to Oahu by
way of the southeastern valleys of the Konahuanui [i. e.,
Koolau] range. The collateral evidence is, however, all in
this direction. It appears to be certain that the most highly

364 HYATT'S CLASSIFICATION, ETC.

modified shells in the turritella subseries both in color pattern
and form, viz., A. cylindrica and its affines, occur at Waianae
on the western range, and that the second subseries must
have arisen from a modified descendant of turritella, A.
nigrolabris, that starts upon its career of evolution some-
where in or about the valley of Kalaikoa, This valley is the
next in succession going north to Waipio, which last marks
the northward extension of A. turritella, unless the Peck
collection is correct in carrying this species to Helemano.

The reader will see at once that one cannot trace two sub-
series back into one radical species occurring in the south-
eastern valleys of the eastern range especially in a wave like
this, where other series have been traced, with abundant evi-
dence, in the opposite direction.

The overlapping of turritella to the north to this extent,
if it were true, would, however, not invalidate the zoological
evidence. The conjunction of both subseries in the valleys
of the eastern range, and their continuation in the more modi-
fied forms of the Waianae range, can be accounted for only
on the supposition that they arose in that range, and sub-
sequently migrated to the western range. The distribution
of the two species turritella and nigrolabris and their rela-
tions, in converging lines of affinity and distribution, point
to turritella of the southernmost valleys as the probable an-
cestor of the entire group. There is one doubt in my mind,
that is whether A. variegata and turritella are so closely con-
nected as is here represented. I have thought that more ma-
terials might transfer this species and its affines to the same
series with rub ens. This removal, however, would resolve the
group into one series and still leave the argument intact for
this series, which would then be a single line of species from
turritella, nigrolabris, rudis, spirizona.

III. Relationships and migrations of Laminellcz, according to

Hyatt.

The species of this genus found on Oahu are much larger
and stouter shells than those of Molokai (which are decid-
edly dwarfish), and somewhat larger also than those of Maui

HYATT'S CLASSIFICATION, ETC. 365

or Lanai. The patterns of color are primitive and Amastra-
like in the most primitive species of the group, L. gravida,
that occurs in the southern valleys of the eastern range, from
Waialae to Makiki, and reappear in the western hills in
Waianae, according to Cooke's collection. The aperture and
columella become darker in this form, but the pattern remains
similar. The primitive brown periostracum of L. gravida is
wanting in some of its varieties, and in L. straminea, but
modifications are retained, and no reticulated or zigzag mark-
ings are present. The evidence of transition from gravida
to some species of Amastra, although less convincing than if
intermediate varieties had been actually found, is neverthe-
less, considering the Amastra-like characteristics of gravida,
sufficiently complete to indicate that Laminella originated
from some form of Amastra. There is only one species of
that genus, however, that approximates closely in appear-
ance, and when this is compared it is seen to be obviously
different. This is A. grossa, in which some varieties are very
similar to L. gravida. The affinities of gravida are, however,
decidedly more with the turritella series, to which this species
belongs, than to any other. The form of the spire and gen-
eral aspect being much alike.

There is a distinctly barred pattern in the young of L.
gravida, but this subsequently gives place to a uniform pat-
tern. The young of L. sanguinea are so similar to those of
L. venusta of Molokai that the latter must perhaps be con-
sidered a dwarfed descendant of sanguinea of Oahu. The
protoconchs in both of these species are of a dark color, and
the shape of the spire is peculiar on account of the closely
coiled and slender aspect of the younger or apical volutions,
as well as the barred and zigzag patterns. The dwarfish
species of Molokai are succeeded in West Maui by a shell,
L. picta, that runs close to venusta, but is considerably larger ;
and this is succeeded in East Maui by L. bulbosa, a larger but
closely allied species. The species of Lanai, L. tetrao, is
more closely allied to L. picta of W. Maui than to any other.

The genus can in fact be divided into two sections, which
are in accord zoologically and zoogeographically : The first

366

section is found, one species in Oahu and one in Lanai. The
most abundant species is L. gravida. This form connects the
whole series as stated above, with Amastra. This inference,
based upon the form, periostracum, and development, is also
not inconsistent with the habitat of L. gravida, which oc-
cupies semi-arboreal positions on bushes, and also arboreal
stations, but only on leaves of certain species of short trees
especially the olona. L. concinna is found only on Lanai
and is perhaps a dwarfish descendant of the L. gravida. It
has a similar stout spiral, the apex has a suffused pinkish
tone in most shells, and the colors are superficial.

L. gravida leads into a very distinct variety, L. suffusa,
and in another direction to the albinic shell L. straminea.
The turritelloidal character of the spire is most pronounced
in 'certain varieties of sanguinea, reported also as occurring
upon bushes and ferns. The nearest aifine of this shell on
Oahu is L. gravida passing into suffusa, which sometimes has
a pink shell with a dark periostracum and dark apex. But
the pattern and aspect of L. sanguinea is not that of a denizen
of Oahu. Its zigzag pattern and narrow spire would be more
suitable in Molokai or Maui than in this island. Under these
circumstances it is not practicable to decide whether san-
guinea arose on Oahu, or is descended from some form that
migrated from Molokai or Maui. Information is also scanty
with reference to the direction of migrations on Oahu, but
so far as the evidence goes it would seem to have been in the
usual direction, from the southern valleys to the north and
then to the west.

L. sanguinea is 'certainly the most highly specialized form
and thus occurs only in the more northern valleys of the
Konahuanui range, while gravida stops short with Nuunau,
leaving a gap from there to Ahonui of numerous valleys in
which neither species has been observed. This gap may pos-
sibly account for the want of obvious connection between
sanguinea and gravida. At any rate the distribution and re-
lations of the more Amastra-like gravida shows that the mi-
grations of the group were from the south to the north.
Since gravida is alone represented and only by a rare and

HYATT'S CLASSIFICATION, ETC. 367

modified form in the Kaala range, it follows also that the
directions of these migrations was finally turned towards
the west. That the gravida may have been artificially trans-
ported to the western range must also be admitted, so long
as the evidence remains as it is at present, because any na-
tural transit across the valley of the Ewa district would be
impossible from a point so far south. Luckily the arrange-
ment of the second section, which comprises all shells found
to the eastward of Oahu, does not present the difficulties just
noticed in tracing the genealogy of L. sanguinea.

It is comparatively easy starting with L. venusta of Molo-
kai to trace this by gradations into L. depicta, and this in
turn into helvina and citrina. There is also a lateral off-
shoot from venusta in L. alexandn. In whichever direction
one looks at related forms, whether to the west or the east
of Molokai. it is obvious that this fauna, so far as Laminella
is concerned, is retrogressive in size. That it is not retro-
gressive in the pattern of coloration is shown by the evident
relationship of the highly colored and complex pattern of
sanguinea on Oahu to the simpler gravida.

In passing from the dwarfs of Molokai to the larger shells
of TVest Maui, strong evidence of direct connection between
venusta of Molokai and picta of the last locality is shown in
all the characters of all the species, including their develop-
ment, and it is evident also that the latter is the progressive
descendant form, if the migrations of the species took the
same direction as those of other genera. The evidence with
regard to this is not as complete as is desirable, but it is cer-
tainly easier to account for the generation of the different
island faunas of Laminella by assuming an easterly set from
island to island of the tide of migration, starting with Oahu,
than to start with Lanai and end in Oahu. In West Maui
L. picta leads into L. bulbosa of East Maui, and connects
more nearly with L. tetrao of Lanai than the latter. This
accords with the geographic approximation of W. Maui to
Lanai. and the connection of the fauna in other genera.

368

HYATT'S CLASSIFICATION, ETC.

Lanai.

Maui.

Molokai.

remyi

Oahu.

— venusta alexandri

(Maui)

sanguinea

straminea

— gravida, suffusa — concinna
(Lanai)

Table showing the relations of Laminellse and their migrations (Hyatt MS.)'

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI.

PLATE 1. HAWAII.

FIGURE PAGE

1, 2. Leptachatina konaensis Sykes. Cooke coll. no. 143. 45

3. Lepachatina konaensis Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis. . 45

4. Leptachatina. k. olaaensis Cooke. Cooke coll. no. 210. 45

5. Leptachatina arborea Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis. . 38

6. 7. Leptachatina arborea Sykes. Cooke coll. no. 130. 38
8, 9. Leptachatina simplex Pease. Coll. A. N. S. P. no.

57821 38

10, 11. Leptachatina tenuicostata Pease. Mana. Cooke

coll 68

12, 13. Leptachatina lepida Cooke. Cooke coll. no. 206. 40

14. Leptachatina imitatrix Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis. 68

15. Leptachatina henshawi Sykes. Cooke coll. no. 131. 86

16. Leptachatina defuncta Cooke. Mana. Cooke coll.

no. 136 39

17. Leptachatina henshawi Sykes. Journ. of Malacol. 86

18. 19. Leptachatina anceyana Cooke. Mana. Cooke

coll. no. 133 39

PLATE 2. MAUL
20, 21. Lepachatina nitida Newc. Coll. A. N. S. no.

57807 42

22. Leptachatina n. occidentals Cooke. Cooke coll. no.

116 43

23, 24. Leptachatina lenta Cooke. Cooke coll. no. 121. 79

25. Leptachatina compacta Pease. Cooke coll. no. 120. 44

26, 27. Leptachatina grana Newc. A. N. S. no. 57810. 34
28, 29. Leptachatina vitreola Gul. A. N. S. P. coll 35

30. Leptachatina ovata Cooke. A. N. S. P. coll. no. 123. 33

31, 32. Leptachatina obsoleta Pfr. Haleakala crater.

Cooke coll. no. 125 23

33, 41. Leptachatina baldwini Cooke. Maunakooma.

Cooke coll. no. 126 12

34, Leptachatina guttula Old. U. S. Expl. Exped.,

fig. 98 36

35, 36. Leptachatina guttula Gld. Cooke coll. no. 129. . 36

(369)

370 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI.

FIGURE PAGE

37, 38. Leptachatina praestabilis Cooke. Cooke coll. no.

128 43

39, 40. Leptachatina fulgida Cooke. Cooke coll. no. 203. 12

41. Leptachatina baldwini Cooke. Maunakooma 12

Between 27 and 35. Leptachatina parvula Gul. P.

Malac. Soc., iii 36

Below 30. Leptachatina isthmica Anc. P. Malac. Soc.,

iii 44

PLATE 3. OAHU.

42. Leptachatina resinula Gul. Pupukea. A. N. S. P.,

91808 59

43. 44. Lepachatina pyramis Pfr. Cooke coll. no. 43. . 47

45. Leptachatina labiata Newc. A. N. S. no. 57837 77

46. Leptachatina approximans Anc. Cooke coll. no. 103. 52

47. Leptachatina gracilis Pfr. Cooke coll. no. 89 16

48. Leptachatina gracilis Pfr. P. Z. S., 1855, pi. 30,

f . 22 16

49. Leptachatina labiata Newc. P. Z. S., 1853, pi. 23,

f. 33 77

50. Leptachatina crystalline Gul. Kamao. A. N. S.,

91807 , 26

51. Leptachatina fuscula Gul. Waianae Mts. Cooke

coll. no. 93 84

52. Leptachatina triticea Gul. P. Malac. Soc., iii

53. 56. Leptachatina accincta Migh. Cooke coll. no. 14. 25

54. Leptachatina gummea Gul. Olomana, A. N. S.,

91801 .., 26

55. Leptachatina dentata Pfr. (= labiata). P. Z. S.,

1855, pi. 30, f. 27 77

56. Leptachatina accincta Migh. Cooke coll. no. 14 .... 25

57. Leptachatina vana Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis, pi.

11, f. 27 28

58. Leptachatina fumida Gul. Kawailoa. A. N. S. P.,

no. 91786 40

59. Leptachatina oryza Pfr. Coll. A. N. S. P 28

60. 61. Leptachatina. o. subeylindrica Cooke. A. N. S.,

no. 57822 28

PLATE 4. OAHU.
61-63. Leptachatina petila Gul. Manoa. Cooke coll. no.

84 92

64. Leptachatina petila Gul. Nuuanu. Cooke coll. no. 57. 92

65. Leptachatina fusca Nc. P. Z. S., 1853, pi. 23, f . 44.

66. Leptachatina fusca Nc. Cooke coll. no. 55 89

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI. 371

FIGURE PAGE

67, 68. Lepachatina f usca Nc. Cooke coll. no. 55a .... 89

69. Leptachatina fusca Nc. Cooke coll. no. 222 89

70-72. Leptachatina f. striatella Gul. Keawawa. A. N.

S. P., 91804 91

73-75. Leptachatina sculpta Pfr. Cooke coll. no. 98.. 64

76. Leptachatina saxatilis Gul. P. Mai. Soc., iii, pi. 14,

f . 17 20

77, 78. Leptachatina chrysalis Pfr. Kawailoa. A. N. S.

P., 91785 82

79. Leptachatina saccula Hartm. From a photograph

of the type 61

80. Leptachatina costulata Gul. Waimea. A. N. S. P.,

91802 63

PLATE 5. OAHU.

81. 82. Leptachatina ventulus. Nuuanu. A. N. S. P.,

91806 54

83, 84. Leptachatina lagena Gul. Kalaikoa. A. N. S.

coll 78

85. Leptachatina cingula Migh. Manoa. A. N. S. coll. 52
86-88. Leptachatina cingula Migh. Palolo. A. N. S.,

91790 52

89. Leptachatina lagena Gul. Proc. Mai. Soc., iii, pi.

14, f. 9 78

90, 91. Leptachatina succincta Nc. A. N. S.. 57823 60

92. Leptachatina glutinosa Pfr. Cooke coll. no. 63 .... 46
93-96. Leptachatina dimidiate Pfr. Kalaikoa. A. N. S.

91798 47

PLATE 6.

1, 2, Leptachatina emerita Sykes. Cooke coll. no. 109. 31

3. Leptachatina. laevigata Cooke. Cooke coll. no. 200.. 11

6, 7. Leptachatina coruscans Hartm. Cooke coll. no. 195. 41

8. Leptachatina c. disimilis Cooke. Cooke coll. no. 112. 42

9, 10. Leptachatina concolor Cooke. Cooke coll. no. 199. 31

11. Leptachatina conicoides Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis,

pi. 11, f. 26 32

12, 13. Leptachatina lanceolate Cooke. Cooke coll. no.

107 65

14, 15. Leptachatina conicoides Sykes. Cooke coll. no. 6. 32

16, 17. Leptachatina thaanum Cooke. Cooke coll. no. 201. 88

18. Leptachatina impressa Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis,

pi. 11. f . 8 66

19. Leptachatina supracostata Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis,

pi. 11, f. 22 66

372 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI.

FIGURE PAGE

20, 21. Leptaehatina semipicta Sykes. Cooke coll. 113. 49

22. Leptachatina semipicta Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis,

pi. 11, f. 12 49

23. Leptachatina perkinsi Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis,

pi. 11, f. 30 56

24. Leptachatina smithi Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis, pi.

11, f . 29 49

PLATE 7. Kauai.

25. 26. Leptachatina tenebrosa Pse. Exauct. A. N. S.,

no. 57798 74

27. Leptachatina balteata Pse. Punkapele, Waimea . . 70

28. Leptachatina balteata Pse., var. Cooke coll 70

29. Leptachatina tenebrosa Pse. Journ. de Conch., 1876,

pi. 3, f . 5 74

30. 31. Leptachatina balteata Pse., var. Journ. de

Conch., 1876, pi. 4, f. 4 . 70

32. Leptachatina perforata Cooke. Milolii. Cooke coll. 88

33, 34, 36. Leptachatina leucochila Gul. Cooke coll. no.

42a 73

35. Leptachatina leucochila Gul. P. Mai. Soc., iii, pi.

14, 1 12 73

37, 38. Leptachatina leucochila Gul. Cotype. A. N.

S., 91809 73

39, 40. Leptachatina gayi Cooke. Makaweli. Cooke coll. 72

41. Leptachatina acuminata (Gld.). U. S. Expl. Exped.,

pi. 7, f. 100 5

42. Leptachatina costulosa Pse. Journ. de Conch., 1876,

pi. 3, f . 4 71

43. 44. Leptachatina pupoidea Cooke. Milolii. Cooke coll. 74
45, 46. Leptachatina attenuata Cooke. Haleieie, Waimea.

Cooke coll 69

PLATE 8. Kauai.

47, 48. Leptachatina pachystoma, Pse. Haleieie, Waimea.

Cooke coll 50

49. Leptachatina cylindrella Cooke. Haleieie. Cooke

coll 51

50. Leptachatina p. turgidula Pse. Cotype. A. N. S.,

57824 51

51. 52. Leptachatina p. turgidula Pse. Journ. de Conch.,

1876, pi. 4, f. 5 51

53. Leptachatina p. brevis. Haleieie, Waimea. Cooke coll. 52

54. Leptachatina brevicula Pse. Cotype. A. N. S., 57802. 24

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI. 373

FIGURE PAGE

55. Leptachatina b. micra Cooke. Haleieie, Waimea.

Cooke coll 24

56. Leptachatina laevis Pse. Journ. de Conch., 1876,

pi. 14, f. 6 7

57. Leptachatina laevis Pse. Cooke coll 7

58. 59. Leptachatina fossilis Cooke. Type. A. N. S.,

57820 61

60, 61. Leptachatina antiqua Pse. Koloa. Cooke coll.

no. 192 7

62. Leptachatina antiqua Pse. Journ. de Conch., 1876,

pi. 3, f . 6 7

63, 64. Leptachatina cylindrata Pse. Cotype. A. N. S.,

57806 18

65, 66. Leptachatina lucida Pse. Cooke coll. no. 151 . . 62

67. Leptachatina extensa Pse. Cooke coll. no. 105. ... 71

PLATE 9. Leptachatina.
1, 2. Leptachatina convexiuscula Sykes. Nuuanu.

Cooke coll 19

3, 4. Leptachatina scutilis Migh. Cooke coll 10

5. Leptachatina convexiuscula Sykes. Fauna Hawaii-

ensis 19

6. Leptachatina exilis Gul. Keawaawa 19

7. 8. Leptachatina sandwichensis Pfr. Cooke coll. ... 9
9. Leptachatina stiria Gul. Cotype ^ 9

10. Leptachatina exilis Gul. P. Mai. Soc., iii 19

11, 12. Leptachatina knudseni Cooke. Cooke coll. no. 149. 8

13. Leptachatina octogyrata Gul. Palolo. Gulick coll.

A. N. S., no. 91781 63

14. Leptachatina subula Gul. P. Mai. Soc., iii 17

15. Leptachatina terebralis Gul. P. Mai. Soc., iii 17

16. Leptachatina turrita Gul. P. Mai. Soc., iii 15

PLATE 10. Leptachatina.

1, 2. Leptachatina cuneata Cooke. Cooke coll 6

3. Leptachatina illimis Cooke. Cooke coll 10

4. Leptachatina persubtilis Cooke. Cooke coll 15

5. 6. Leptachatina exoptabilis Cooke. Cooke coll 21

7, 8. Leptachatina pulchra Cooke. Cooke coll 29

9, 10. Leptachatina leiahiensis Cooke. Cooke coll. ... 22

11, 12. Leptachatina molokaiensis Cooke. Cooke coll. 22

PLATE 11. Leptachatina.

1. Leptachatina varia Cooke. Cooke coll 32

2. Leptachatina subovata Cooke. Cooke coll 37

374 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI.

FIGURE PAGE

3. Leptachatina kuhnsi Cooke. Cooke coll 48

4. Leptachatina ventulus Per. Punaluu 54

5. 6. Leptachatina pilsbryi Cooke. Cooke coll 55

7. Leptachatina cerealis Gld. U. S. Expl. Exped 13

8. Leptachatina marginata Gul. Ann. Lye. N. H. of

N. Y 58

9. Leptachatina petila Gul. P. Mai. Sac., iii 92

10. Leptachatina conspieienda Cooke. Bishop Museum. 56

11. Leptachatina longiuscula Cooke. Cooke coll 57

12. Leptachatina captiosa Cooke. Cooke coll 29

PLATE 12. Leptachatina.

1. Leptachatina opipara Cooke. Cooke coll 30

2, 3. Leptachatina lanaiensis Cooke. Cooke coll 67

4. 7. Leptachatina striatula Gld. Cooke coll 74

5. Leptachatina cingula Migh. A. N. S. P., 57795 .... 75

6. Leptachatina costulosa Pease. Thaanum coll 71

8. Leptachatina fraterna Cooke, apex 91

9, 10. Leptachatina isthmica Anc. Topotype 45

11. Leptachatina. fraterna Cooke. Cooke coll 91

PLATE 13. Leptachatina.

1-4. Leptachatina artata Cooke. Cooke coll 80

5-7. Leptachatina tantilla Cooke. Cooke coll 81

8, 10. Leptachatina dulcis Cooke. Cooke coll 85

9. Leptachatina optabilis Cooke. Cooke coll 84

11. Leptachatina omphalodes Anc. Proc. Mai. Soc., iii. 83

12. Leptachatina morbida Cooke. Cooke -coll 87

PLATE 14. Fernandezia.

1. Fernandezia expansa Pils. Type, no. 10164 A. N.

S. P 95

2, 3. Fernandezia philippiana Pils, Type, no. 10164 A.

N. S. P 96

4. Fernandezia bulimoides Pfr. Conch. Icon 94

5. Fernandezia conifera Rve. Conch. Icon 98

6. Fernandezia. longa Pils. Type, no. 10214 A. N. S. P. 99

7. 8. Fernandezia wilsoni Pils. Type, no. 10166 A. N.

S. P 96

9. Fernandezia splendida Ant. Abbild. n. Conch „ 98

10. Fernandezia splendida Ant. Conchyl. Cab 98

11. Fernandezia consimilis Rve. Conch. Icon 94

12. 13. Fernandezia tryoni Pils. Type, no. 10167 A. N.

S. P. 97

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI. 375
FIGURE PAGE

14, 15. Fernandezia inornata Pils. Type, no. 10168 A.

N. S. P 97

PLATE 15. Amastra of Kauai.

1, 2, 3, 6. Amastra cyclostoma Bald. Cotypes, etc., no.

65724 and 68876 A. N. S. P 147

4, 5. Amastra sphaerica Pse. No. 57744 A. N. S. P. . . 149

7. Amastra similaris Pse. Waimea. No. 57746 A. N.

S. P 150

8, 9, 10. Amastra rugulosa normalis Pils. No. 57725 A.

N S P 153

11. Amastra obesa Newc. Maui. No. 57732 A. N. S. P. 281

12. Amastra rugulosa Pse. No. 57743 A. N. S. P 152

13. 14. Amastra similaris Pse. No. 57745 A. N. S. P. . . 150

15, 18, 19. Amastra anthonii Newc. No. 57686 A. N. S. P. 155

16, 17. Amastra nucleola Gld. x 2. Xo. 92694 A. N. S. P. 153

PLATE 16. Kauaia, Armiella, Carelia.

1, 2, 3. Amastra kauaiensis Newc. Coll. A. N. S. P.,

from Newcomb 143

4, 5. Amastra knudseni Bald. Cotypes, 65725 A. N.

S. P 146

6. Amastra knudseni Bald. Cooke coll 146

7. 9. Carelia bicolor Jay. Young and apex. A. N. S. P. 114

8. Carelia sinclairi Anc. A. N. S. P 117

10. Carelia dolei Anc. Cooke coll 109

PLATE 17. Amastra of Lanai.

1-6. Amastra biplicata Newc. A. N. S. P. coll 243

7, 9. Amastra moesta Newc. A. N. S. P., no. 92678. . 246

8. Amastra pusilla Newc. A. N. S. P., no. 57792 234

10, 12. Amastra m. obscura Newc. A. N. S. P., no. 57845. 247
11, 14. Amastra fraterna Sykes, var. A. N. S. P., no.

94499 233

13, 15. Amastra pusilla Newc. A. N. S. P., no. 57838. . 234

PLATE 18. Carelia.

1-4. Carelia dolei Anc. Cooke coll 109

5, Carelia cochlea Rve. Conch. Icon 108

6, 8. Carelia cochlea Rve. CoU. A. N. S. P 108

7, 9. Carelia cumingiana Pfr. Coll. A. N. S. P 112

10. Carelia pilsbryi Sykes. Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond. . . 105

376 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 19. Carelia,

1. Carelia turricula High. Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond. . . 103

2. Carelia variabilis Pse. After Borcherding 107

3. Carelia paradoxa Pfr. After Borcherding 105

4, 5, 6. Carelia t. newcombi Pfr. Coll. A. N. S. P 104

7. Carelia t. obeliscus Rve. Cooke coll 104

8. Carelia t. obeliscus Rve. Conch. Icon 104

PLATE 20. Carelia.
1-4. Carelia bicolor Jay. Cooke coll 113

5, 6. Carelia bicolor hyperleuca Pils. Coll. A. N. S. P. 114

7. Carelia bicolor Jay. Coll. A. N. S. P 113

8, 9, 10. Carelia bicolor adusta Old. Coll. A. N. S. P. 114
11, 12. Carelia adusta minor zonata Borcherding. After

Borcherding 116

13, 14. Carelia adusta minor Borcherding. After Bor-
cherding 116

15. Carelia adusta zonata Borcherding. After Borcher-

ding 116

16. Carelia bicolor angulata Pse. Coll. A. N. S. P 116

PLATE 21. Carelia.

1, 2. Carelia hyattiana Pils. Coll. A. N. S. P 108

3, 4, 5. Carelia cumingiana Pfr. After Borcherding . . 112

6, 7. Carelia sinclairi Ancey. After Borcherding .... 117

8, 13. Carelia rigida Hyatt. Cooke coll , 111

9, 10. Carelia b. fuliginea Pfr. Conchylien Cabinet. . 115
11, 12. Carelia bicolor Jay, teeth and jaw. After Binney. 100
13. Carelia rigida Hyatt. Cooke coll Ill

PLATE 22. Pterodiscus.

1-3. Pterodiscus alatus Pfr. Newcomb coll 121

4-6. Pterodiscus a. litus Pils. Coll. A. N. S. P 122

7-9. Pterodiscus discus Pils. & Van. Coll. A. N. S. P. 123

PLATE 23. Pterodiscus.
1-5. Pterodis'cus wesleyi Sykes. Wahaiwa. Coll. A. N.

S. P 123

6-8. Pterodiscus cookei Hyatt & Pils. Cooke coll 127

9. Pterodiscus wesleyi Sykes. Type. Coll. A. N. S. P. 123
10. Pterodiscus wesleyi ewaensis Pils. Coll. A. N. S. P. 125

PLATE 24. Pterodiscus, Planamastra, Armsia.
1, 2. Pterodiscus thaanumi Pils. Type. Coll. A. N.

S. P. . 125

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI. 377

FIGURE PAGE

3-5. Annsia petasus Ancey. Coll. A. N. S. P 133

6. Armsia petasus Ancey. Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond. . . 133
7, 8. Pterodiscus rex Sykes. Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond.. 126

9-11. Planamastra digonophora Anc. Coll. A. N. S. P. 130

PLATE 25. Pterodiscus, Planamastra, Armsia.
1-3. Pterodiscus thaanumi Pils. Embryonic shell. A.

N. S. P 125

4-6. Planamastra digonophora Anc. Embryonic shell.

A. N. S. P 130

7. Armsia petasus Anc. Embryonic whorls. A. N.

S. P 133

8-10. Planamastra peaseana Pils. A. N. S. P 130

PLATE 26. Amastra of Lanai.
1-4. Amastra magna Ad. Coll. A. N. S. P 237

5. Amastra magna Ad. Embryonic shell. Coll. A. N.

S. P 237

6. Amastra magna Ad. 57698 A. N. S. P 237

7, 8. Amastra magna balteata Pils. Coll. A. N. S. P. . . 240
9. Amastra nucula Smith. P. Z. S., 1873 236

10. Amastra moesta Newc. Embryonic whorls 247

11-14. Amastra aurostoma Bald. Cotypes. A. N. S. P. 240
15. Amastra m. longa Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis 247

PLATE 27. Amastra of Molokai, etc.
1, 2. Amastra violacea wailauensis Pils. After Bor-

cherding 258

3, 4. Amastra violacea Newc. CoU. A. N. S. P 257

5-7. Amastra n. macerata Hyatt & Pils. A. N. S. and

Cooke coll 260

8, 9, 10, 13. Amastra nubilosa High. Coll. A. N. S. P. 259

11, 12. Amastra nubilosa macerata H. & P. After Bor-

cherding 260

13. Amastra nubilosa High., var. 92689 A. N. S. P 260

14-16. Amastra. pullata Bald. Types. 65715 A. N. S. P. 261

17. Amastra assimilis Newc. P. Z. S., 1853 305

18. Amastra conicospira. Smith (= intermedia) . P. Z.

S 1873 223

19-21. Amastra pullata subnigra Hy. & Pils. 2098

Cooke coll 263

PLATE 28. Amastra of Molokai.

1-5. Amastra mucronata Newc. 66542 A. N. S. P 269

6. Amastra mucronata Newc. After Borcherding .... 269

378 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI.

FIGURE PAGE

7-10. Amastra m. citrea Sykes. Cooke coll 271

11. 12. Amastra m. roseotincta Anc. Cooke >coll 270

13. Amastra m. semicarnea Anc. Proc. Malac. Soc 272

14. Amastra m. maura Anc. Proe. Malac. Soc 270

15. Amastra m. roseotincta Anc. Proc. Malac. Soc 270

16. Amastra m. citrea Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis 271

17. 18. Amastra uniplicata Hartm. After Borcherding. 265

19, 20. Amastra n. dissimiliceps Pils. Cooke coll 275

21, 22. Amastra uniplicata Hartm. Coll. A. N. S. P. . . 265

PLATE 29. Amastra of Oahu.

1. Amastra r. conspersa Pfr. P. Z. S 180

2-4. Amastra reticulata Newc. 92520 A. N. S. P 179

5-7. Amastra r. dispersa Hy. & Pils. 1783 Cooke coll. 180

8-11. Amastra r. orientals Hy. & Pils. 9246 Cooke coll. 181

12. 13. Amastra r. errans Hy. & Pils. 1133 Cooke coll. 182

14. Amastra. undata Bald. Type. 65722 A. 1«J. S. P. . . 185

15. Amastra badia Bald. Proc. A. N. S. P., 1895 v . 185

16. 17. Amastra venusta Bald. Type. 65717 A. N. S. P. 178

18. 19. Amastra badia Bald. Waimano. 1139 Cooke

coll 185

PLATE 30.

1-3, 7. Amastra textilis Fer. Palolo. 92602 A. N. S. P. 164
4, 5. Amastra textilis Fer. Nuuanu. 701 Cooke coll. 164
6. Amastra textilis Fer. Waialae. 92306 A. N. S. P. 164
8-10. Amastra textilis microstoma Gld. Nuuanu. 798

Cooke coll 167

11, 12. Amastra textilis media Hy. & Pils. Aeia, 1050

Cooke coll 167

13. Amastra pellucida Bald. Type. A. N. S. P. .» 170

14. Amastra spaldingi Cooke. Type. Bishop Museum. 169

15. Amastra breviata Bald. Waimano. Cooke coll. . . 171

16. Amastra irwiniana Cooke. Type. Bishop Museum. 172

17. 18. Amastra breviata Bald. Type. A. N. S. P. . . 171

19. 20. Amastra >caputadamantis Pils. Type. A. N. S. P. 184
21, 22. Amastra albolabris Newc. Nuuanu. 767 Cooke

coll 173

23. Amastra albolabris Newc. Lihue. 92517 A. N. S. P. 173

PLATE 31. Amastra of Oahu.

1. Amastra davisiana Cooke. Bishop Museum 177

2-5. Amastra transversalis Pfr. 92269 A. N. S. P. ... 183
6-8. Amastra crassilabrum Newc. 92518 A. N. S. P.. . 189
9. Amastra cornea Newc. 92521 A. N. S. P. . .187

REFERENCE TO PLATE .3, VOL. XXI. 379

FIGURE PAGE

10. Amastra cornea Xewc. Cooke coll 187

11. Amastra subcornea Hy. & Pils. 1749 Cooke coll. . . 189
12-14. Amastra cornea Xewc. 1782 Cooke coll 187

15. Amastra rubens infelix Pils. 1491 Cooke coll 195

16. Amastra rubens kahana Pils. 1417 Cooke coll 195

17. 18. Amastra corneiformis Hy. & Pils. 1753 Cooke

coll 194

19. Amastra. tenuilabris Gul. P. Z. S., 1873 196

PLATE 32. Amastra of Oa.hu.

1-4. Amastra tristis Fer. Palolo. 92601 A. N. S. P. . . 205

5. Amastra tristis Fer. Xuuanu. Cooke coll 205

6, 7. Amastra tristis Fer. Tantalus. Cooke coU 205

8, 9, 11. Amastra seminigra Hy. & Pils. Cooke coll. . . 195

10. Amastra tristis Fer. Niu. Cooke coll 205

12. 15. Amastra rubicunda Bald. Type. Konahuanui.

65719 A. X. S. P 197

13. Amastra tristis Fer. Embryonic shell. A. N. S. P. 205

14. Amastra rubicunda Bald. Xuuanu. 799 Cooke coll. 197

15. Amastra rubicunda Bald. Type. Konahuanui. A.

X. S. P 197

16. Amastra rubens rubinia Hy. 92481 A. N. S. P 193

17. Amastra rubens Gld. Waianae. 1765 Cooke coll. . . 192

18. Amastra rubens castanea Pils. 1761 Cooke coll. . . . 194
19-21. Amastra rubens Gld. Moknleia. 92253 A. N. S. P. 192
22, 23. Amastra antiqua Bald. Type. 65716 A. N. S. P. 160

PLATE 33. Amastra of Oahu.

1-3. Amastra inflata Pfr. Wahiawa. 92637 A. N. S. P. 201
4-7. Amastra decorticata Gul. Kawailoa. 92492 A. N.

S. P 200

8. Amastra intermedia Xewc. Loc. ? ex Newc. A. N.

S. P. coll 202

9. Amastra rubida Gul. P. Z. S., 1873 203

10. Amastra spirizona rudis Pfr. P. Z. S.? 1855 219

11. Amastra luctuosa sulfurea Anc. Proc. Malac. Soc. 199

12. 13. Amastra luctuosa Pfr. Kahuku. 92258 A. N.

S. P 198

14. Amastra porphyrea Xewc. Wahiawa. 92640 A. N.

S. P 224

15. Amastra porphyrea Xewc. Waianae. 57736 A. N.

S. P 224

16. Amastra porphyrea Xewc., from Xewcomb. 57735

A. X. S. P. . . 224

380 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI.

FIGURE PAGE

17. Amastra porphyrea Newc. P. Z. S., 1853 224

18-21. Amastra porphyrea Newe. Lihue. 92516 A. N.

S. P 224

PLATE 34.

1, 2. Amastra vareigata Pfr. Conchyl. Cabinet 229

3-5. Amastra vareigata Pfr. Mokuleia. 92252 A. N.

S. P 229

6-10. Amastra intermedia Newc. Lihue. 92519 A. N.

S. P 222

11, 12. Amastra intermedia Newc. Waianae. 92470 A.

N. S. P 222

13. Amastra cylindrica Newc. P. Z. S., 1853 227

14. Amastra cylindrica Newc. Var. 57690 A. N. S. P. 227

15. Achatinella monacha Pfr. P. Z. S., 1855 Vol. XXII.

16. Amastra cylindrica Newc., from Newcomb. 57689

A. N. S. P 227

17-19. Amastra elliptica Gul. Kahuku. 92259 A. N. S. P. 204
20-23. Amastra elliptica Gul. Waialae. 92647 A. N.

S. P 204

PLATE 35. Amastra of Oahu.
1-3. Amastra turritella Fer. Nuuanu. 684-686 Cooke

coll 213

4. Amastra turritella Fer. Matiti. 92554 A. N. S. P. 213

5. Amastra t. aeia Pils. Aeia. 1074 Cooke coll 215

6. Amastra luteola Fer. Histoire v 321

7. 8. Amastra t. waiwa Pils. Waiawa. 92231 A. N.

S. P.' 215

9. Amastra t. aeia Pils. Aeia. 1045 Cooke coll 215

10. Amastra s. nigrolabris Sm. Kawailoa. 92280 A. N.

S. P 217

11. Amastra s. nigrolabris Sm. Kahana. 1407 Cooke coll. 217

12. Amastra s. nigrolabris Sm. Waimea. 92223 A. N.

S. P 217

13. Amastra s. nigrolabris Sm. Kahana. 1403 Cooke Coll. 217

14. 15. Amastra s. nigrolabris Sm. Wahiawa. 92638 A.

N. S. P 217

16. Amastra spirizona Fer. Histoire 215

17. Amastra spirizona Fer. Lihue. 92515 A. N. S. P. 215

18. Amastra spirizona Fer. "Waianae. 1776 Cooke coll. 215/

19. Amastra s. chlorotica Pfr. Kalaikoa. 92347 A. N.

S. P 220

20. Amastra s. chlorotica Pfr. Wahiawa, 92636 A. N.

S. P. . 220

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI. 381

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 36. Amastra of Oahu, Molokai and Maui.

I, 2, 3. Pterodiscus heliciformis Anc. Oahu. Baldwin

coll 127

4, 5. Amastra petricola Newc. Molokai. 57734 A. N.

S. P 253

6, 7. Amastra umbilicata Pfr. Molokai. A. N. S. P. 251

8. Amastra morticina Pils. Kanaio. Baldwin coll. . . 280

9. Amastra morticina Pils. Kahului. Baldwin coll. . . 280

10. Amastra obesa Newc. Maui. A. N. S. P 281

11, 12. Amastra agglutinans Newc. Maui. A. N. S. P. 283

PLATE 37. Amastra of Oahu and Molokai.

1. Amastra tenuispira Bald. Cotype. A. N. S. P 212

2. Amastra frosti Anc. Proc. Malac. Soc., iii 211

3. Amastra frosti Anc. Cooke coll. no. 1751 211

4. Amastra micans (frosti unicolor Anc.). Proc. Malac.

Soc., iii 210

5. 6, 7. Amastra micans Pfr. Cooke coll 210

8, 9. Amastra porphyrostoma Pse. Kahana. Coll. A.

N. S. P 226

10, 11, 12. Amastra borcherdingi H. & P. Molokai. 2097

Cooke coll

13. Amastra porphyrostoma Pse. From photo of type.

Pease coll 226

14-16. Amastra umbrosa Bald. Cotypes. 65714 A. N.

S. P 263

17. Amastra pullata Bald. Var. Cooke coll 262

18-20. Amastra seminuda Bald. Cotypes. Baldwin coll. 264
21. Amastra pullata Bald. Var. Cooke coll 263

PLATE 38. Amastra of Oahu.

1, 2. Amastra thaanumi Pils. Cotypes. Bishop Mus. 177

3. Amastra porcus Pils. Type. Bishop Mus 207

4, 5. Amastra cookei Pils. Type. Bishop Mus 182

6. 9, 10. Amastra sola Pils. Type. Bishop Mus 158

7. Amastra emulator Pils. Type. Bishop Mus 190

8. Amastra gulickiana Pils. Type. Bishop Mus 168

9. 10. Amastra sola Pils. Type. Bishop Mus 158

II. Amastra hartmani Nc. Hartm., from photo of type. . 160

12. Amastra textilis kaipaupauensis Pils. Type. Bishop

Mus 168

13. Amastra spaldingi Cooke. Neanic stage. Bishop Mus. 169

14. Amastra conicospira Sm. Type. No. 87 Boston Soc.

(= intermedia) 223

382 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 39.

1. Amastra baldwini Newc. (= magna) . P. Z. S., 1855. 239

2, 3. Amastra grayana Pf r. Cooke coll 241

4. Amastra magna Newc. No. 79959 A. N. S. P 237

5, 6. Amastra rubristoma Bald. Baldwin coll 242

7. Amastra durandi Ancey. No. 2230 Cooke coll 245

8. Amastra magna Newc. No. 92680 A. N. S. P 237

9. Amastra durandi Ancey. No. 42408a U. S. Nat. Mus. 245
10. Amastra durandi Ancey. Var. No. 13432 Boston

Soc 245

11, 12. Amastra nucula Smith. Type. No. 89 Boston Soc. 236

13. Amastra violacea wailauensis Pils. Cotype. Bishop

Mus 258

14. Amastra violacea wailauensis Pils. Cotype. No. 104-

670 A. N. S. P 258

15. Amastra tricincta Pils. Type. Bishop Mus 277

16. Amastra semicarnea Ancey. Cotype. Bishop Mus. . . 272

PLATE 40. Amastra of Molokai, Oahu, Lanai.

1. Amastra gigantea Newc. P. Z. S., 1853 239

2-4. Amastra mastersi Borch. (= borcherdingi P. & H.).

Zoologica, pi. 10, figs. 16, 18 267

5, 6. Amastra mucronata Borch. (= boreherdingi P. &

H.) . Zoologica, pi. 10, f. 17 267

7, 8. Amastra humilis Newc. No. 57704 A. N. S. P. . . 255
9. Amastra mucronata Newc. P. Z. S., 1853 268

10. Amastra fusiformis Pfr. (= mucronata). P. Z. S.,

1853, pi. 30, f. 18 268

11, 12. Amastra modesta dimissa Pils. Cotypes. 92683

and 10209 A. N. S. P 276

13, 14. Amastra modesta Borch. (= atroflava) . Zoolog-
ica, pi. 10, f. 19 272

15. Amastra elegantula H. & P. Type. Cooke coll 277

16. Amastra spirizona acuta Swains. Kalaikoa. 92280

A. N. S. P 217

17. 18. Amastra ellipsoidea Gld. (=> textilis). Type.

No. 5498 U. S. N. Mus 167

PLATE 41. Amastra, Molokai.
1, 2, 3. Amastra borcherdingi Pils. Cotypes. No. 57714

A. N. S. P ! 266

4. Amastra borcherdingi var. No. 13446 Boston Soc. 266

5. Amastra borcherdingi var. No. 2095 Cooke coll. . . 266

6. 7. Amastra nubifera H. & P. Cotypes. No. 2048

Cooke coll. . 274

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI. 383

FIGURE PAGE

8. Amastra assimilis Newc. Wailuku. Boston Soc. . . 305
9-13. Amastra mucronata atroflava Pils. Cotypes. Ooll.

A. N. S. P 272

PLATE 42.

1. Amastra nana Bald. Molokai ( ?) . 13423 Boston Soc. 302

2, 3. Amastra sykesi Pils. Cotypes. Bishop Mus 273

4, 5. Amastra abavus Pils. Cotypes. Bishop Mus. . . 255

6. Amastra subobscura Hy. & Pils. Type. Boston Soc. 276

7, 8. Amastra hawaiiensis Hy. & Pils. Cotypes. A. N.

S. P 319

9. Amastra rugulosa normalis Pils. Type. Kipu. 104-

685 A. N. S. P 153

10. Amastra obesa Newc. Var. No. 67076 A. N. S. P.. . 282

11. Amastra obesa Newc. Spec, from Newcomb. No.

57731 A. N. S. P 281

12. Amastra sphserica Pse. Spec, from Pease. No. 577-

744 A. N. S. P * 149

PLATE 43. Amastra of Maiii.

1. 2, 3, 6. Amastra nigra Newc. A. N. S. P 292

^ 5. Amastra baldwiniana Pils. Cotypes. A. N. S. P. 292

6. Amastra nigra Newc. 92667 A. N. S. P 292

7, 8, 9. Amastra makawaoensis Pils. Cotypes. 67075

A. N. S. P 294

10. Amastra amicta Smith. P. Z. S., 1873 320

11. Amastra nana Bald. 65718 A. N. S. P 301

12. Amastra mastersi Newc. P. Z. S., 1853 295

13-17. Amastra mastersi Newc. Cooke coll 295

18, 19. Amastra montana Bald. Coll. A. N. S. P 308

20. Amastra nana Bid. 2148 Cooke coll 301

21. Amastra nana Bald. Cotype. 65718 A. N. S. P. . . 301

PLATE 44. Amastra of Maui.

1, 2, 3. Amastra affinis Newc. 92665 A. N. S. P 297

4. Amastra affinis Newc. P. Z. S., 1853 297

5. Amastra a. pupoidea Newc. P. Z. S., 1853 299

6. Amastra affinis Newc. 2147 Cooke coll 297

7. Amastra a, bigener H. & P. 57685 A. N. S. P 300

8. Amastra a. bigener H. & P. 117264 U. S. Nat. Mus. 300

9. Amastra a, pupoidea Newc. 92659 A. N. S. P 297

10, 11. Amastra a. pupoidea Newc. 57691 A. N. S. P. . . 299

12-16. Amastra a. rustica Gul. 92664 A. N. S. P 298

384 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 45. Amastra of Maui.

1, 2. Amastra affinis 'Cinderella H. & P. Cotypes. Bos-
ton Soc. no 300

3, 4. Amastra affinis subpulla H. & P. Cotypes. Bos-
ton Soc. no f. 300

5, 6. Amastra malleata Smith. Type. Boston Soc. no. 302

7, 8. Amastra malleata Smith. Var. Boston Soc. no.

302 303

9. Amastra lineolata Newc. P. Z. S., 1853 ' 320

10, 11. Amastra conifera Smith. Type. Boston Soc.

no. 81 303

12, 13. Amastra conifera Smith. Boston Soc. no. 1540. . 303
14, 15. Amastra subcrassilabris H. & P. Type. Boston

Soc. no. 1541 293

16. Amastra johnsoni H. & P. Type. Boston Soc. coll. 304

PLATE 46. Amastra of Maui.

1-4. Amastra kaupakaluana Pils. 2149, 2150 Cooke coll. 301
5, 6. Amastra kaupakaluana Pils. Cotypes. 2156

Cooke coll 301

7, 8. Amastra subassimilis Hyatt. Type. Boston Soc.

coll 307

9, 10, 13. Amastra assimilis Newc. Wailuku. 92479 A.

N. S. P 305

11, Amastra assimilis Newc. Var. Wailuku 306

12, 14, 15. Amastra assimilis Newc. Lahaina. 92706 A.

N. S. P 305

PLATE 47. Amastra of Hawaii.

1, 2. Amastra melanosis Newc. No. 104710 A. N. S. P. 312
3, 4. Amastra conica gyrans H. & P. Cotype. Cooke

coll 314

5. Amastra senilis Bald. Cotype. Baldwin coll 311

6. Amastra melanosis Newc. P. Z. S., 1853 312

7. Amastra melanosis Newc. Bishop Mus 312

8. Amastra conica Bald. Baldwin coll 313

9. Amastra melanosis Newc. Apex. A. N. S. P 312

10. Amastra fossilis Bald. Baldwin coll 315

11. Amastra f. saxicola Bald. 172937 U. S. Nat. Mus.. . 317

12. Amastra flavescens Newc. Cooke coll 315

13. 14, 17. Amastra flavescens Newc. From Newcomb.

57694 A. N. S. P 315

15. Amastra f. henshawi Bald. No. 104709 A. N. S. P. 318

16. Amastra f. saxicola Bald. . 317

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI. 385

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 48. Heteramastra.

1, 2. Amastra soror Newc. No. 1566 Boston Soc 285

3, 4. Amastra soror Newc. No. 57776 A. N. S. P 285

5. Amastra soror Newc. P. Z. S., 1853 285

6, 7. Amastra subsoror H. & P. No. 57786 A. N. S. P. 287
8. Amastra soror laticeps Pils. No. 10213 A. N. S. P. 287
9-11. Amastra. soror interjecta H. & P. No. 57827 A. N.

S. P 287

12-15. Amastra lava Bald. No. 105556 A. N. S. P 288

PLATE 49. Heteramastra, etc.

1. Amastra hutchinsonii Pse. Large form. No. 71268. 289

2. Amastra hutchinsonii Pse. No. 67077 289

3. 4. Amastra hutchinsonii Pse. Molokai 289

5. Amastra perversa Pils. Type 278

6, 7. Amastra sinistrorsa Bald. Cotype. Baldwin coll. 310

8. Amastra villosa Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis 290

9. Amastra fraterna Sykes. Fauna Hawaiiensis 233

10. Amastra ' ' elongata Newc. ' ' Bishop Museum 231

11. Amastra peasei Smith. P. Z. S., 1873 322

12. Amastra uniplicata Hartm. Var. No. 104684 A. N.

S. P 266

13. Amastra conica kohalensis Pils. Bishop Museum. . 314

14. Amastra hutchinsonii Pease. Section 289

15. Laminella kuhnsi Cooke. After Cooke 343

PLATE 50. Laminella.
1, 2. Laminella. citrina ' High.' Pfr. No. 57766 A. N.

S. P. 350

3. Laminella citrina ' Migh.' Pfr. No. 1987 Cooke coll. 350

4. Laminella citrina 'Migh.' Pfr. No. 104713 A. N.

S. P 350

5. 8. Laminella citrina. Var. No. 92687 A. N. S. P. . . 350

6. Laminella semivenulata Borch. Zoologica 353

7. Laminella semivenulata Borch. Zoologica 353

8. Laminella citrina, Var. No. 92687 A. N. S. P 350

9-11. Laminella semivenulata Borch. No. 1992. Cooke

coll , 353

12-14. Laminella helvina Bald. No. 65712 A. N. S. P. . . 352
15. Laminella helvina. Bald. No. 1987 Cooke coll 352

PLATE 51. Laminella,

1-3. Laminella venusta Migh. No. 57767 A. N. S. P. . . 347

4. Laminella venusta Misrh. Xo. 1994 Cooke coll 347

5. Laminella. venusta Migh. No. 57768 A. N. S. P. ... 347

386 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI.

FIGURE PAGE

6-10. Laminella v. semivestita Pils. No. 92686 A. N.

S. P 349

11. Laminella v. orientalis Pils. Zoologica, pi. 8, f . 19 . . 350

12. Laminella venusta High. Portland Society 349

13-16. Laminella v. nmscaria Pils. No. 104716 A. N.

S. P 349

PLATE 52. Laminella.

1, 2. Laminella alexandri Newc. No. 2131 Cooke coll. 341
3, 4, 5. Laminella a, duoplicata Bald. No. 104692 A. N.

S. P 342

6, 7, 8. Laminella a. depict a. Var. Kamalo. No. 94-

494 A. N. S. P : 345

9. Laminella alexandri Newc. Amer. Journ. Conch. . . 341

10. Laminella a. depicta Bald. No. 1999 Cooke coll. ... 345

11. 12. Laminella kuhnsi Cooke. No. 16662 Bishop Mus. 343
13-15. Laminella a. depicta Bald. Cotypes. No. 65711

A. N. S. P 345

16. Laminella a. depicta Bald. No. 104715 A. N. S. P. 345

PLATE 53. Laminella, Maui.
1-6. Laminella picta High. Lahaina. No. 92703 A. N.

S. P 338

7, 8. Laminella picta Var. 2132 Cooke coll 338

9. Laminella picta High. A. N. S 338

10-12. Laminella aspera Baldwin. Cotypes. 104693 A.

N. S 344

13-15. Laminella bulbosa Gul. Kula, A. N. S 340

PLATE 54. Laminella, Lanai.
1-7. Laminella tetrao Newc. Nos. 92679 and 57784 A.

N. S. P 33

8. Laminella t. gracilior Pils. A. N. S. P 335

9. Laminella remyi Newc. No. 57774 A. N. S. P 335

10, 11. Laminella concinna Newc. Nos. 57819 and 94493

A. N. S. P 336

12. Laminella -c. circumcincta Dall. No. 31404 U. S. Nat.

Mus 337

13. Laminella c. >circumcincta Dall. No. 2201 Cooke coll. 337

PLATE 55. Laminella, Oahu.

1. 4. Laminella gravida Fer. Palolo. 92600, 57702 A.

N. S 327

2. Laminella gravida Fer. Waialae. 128 Cooke coll. . . 327

3. Laminella gravida Fer. Tantalus. 418 Cooke coll. 327

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XXI. 387

FIGURE PAGE

5, 6. Laminella gravida suffusa Eve. (intermediate

form) . Nuuanu. 693 and 1778 Cooke coU 328

7. Laminella gravida suffusa Rve. Nuuanu. Cooke coll. 328

8. Laminella gravida suffusa Rve. Conch. Icon., f . 11 .. 328

9. Laminella sanguinea Fer. Wahiawa. 92621 A. N. S. 330

10. Laminella straminea Rve. Tantalus. 423 Cooke coll. 329

11. Laminella straminea Rve. Pauoa, 92606 A. N. S.. . 329

12. Laminella sanguinea Fer. Waianas. 1775 Cooke coll. 330

13. 14. Laminella sanguinea Fer. Ahonui. 92415 A. N.

S 330

15, 16. Laminella sanguinea Fer. Helemano. 92212 A.

N. S 330

PLATE 56. Embryonic Shells of Laminella.

1. Laminella gravida Fer. Embryonic and first neanic

whorl 327

2. Laminella tetrao Nc. 51184 A. N. S 333

3. Laminella c. helvina Bald. 65712 A. N. S fc. 352

4. Laminella sanguinea. Fer. Ahonui. 92415 A. N. S. 330

5. Laminella sanguinea Fer. Wahiawa. 92621 A. N. S. 330

6. 8. Laminella pic to Fer. 92703 A. N. S 338

7. Laminella c. semivenulata Borch. Early whorls 354

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