! cr 0 O; a m a SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA MANUAL OK CONCHOLOGY VOL. XXIII APPENDIX TO AMASTRID^:. TORNATELLINID^: INDEX, VOLS. XXI-XXIII BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D. AND C. MONTAGUE COOKE, Ph.D. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADBMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA I9I5-I9I6 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: HENRY SKINNER, M.D., Sc. D., WITMER STONE, A.M., Sc.D., HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D., WILLIAM J. Fox, EDWARD J. NOLAN, M.D. The President, SAMUEL GIBSON DIXON, M.D., LL.D., ex-officio. EDITOR : HENRY A. PILSBRY. TREASURER : S. RAYMOND ROBERTS. Y i A! CONTENTS PAGE Preface v Introduction vii Key to genera of Tornatellinidse vii Notes on classification viii Distribution of Tornatellinidse ix Terminology of the stages of growth x Anatomy of the Achatinellidae 57 Anatomy of the Amastridae 61 Systematic Part — Family AMASTRID.E Pilsbry 1, 61 Genus Leptachatina Gould (Supplement) 1 Section Angulidens Pilsbry & Cooke 8 Section Labiella Pfeiffer 13 Section Ilikala Cooke 14 Genus Pauahia Cooke (Supplement) 15 Genus Carelia Adams (Supplement) 16 Genus Pterodiscus Pilsbry (Supplement) 16 Genus Amastra Adams (Supplement) 18 Genus Laminella Pfeiffer (Supplement) 52 Family TORNATELLINID.E Pilsbry 66 Genus Auriculella Pfeiffer 71 Genus Gulickia Cooke 112 Genus Elasmias Pilsbry 113 Genus Lamellovum Pilsbry 131 Genus Tornatellina Pfeiffer 132 Section Lamellidea Pils. (Lamellina Pease) 150, 273 Section Tornatellinops Pilsbry & Cooke . . . 169 Section Elasmatina Petit 188 (Hi) 9 Q 1 IV CONTENTS. PAGE (Tornatelloides Pfeiffer) 191 Genus Tornatellides Pilsbry 192 Submenus Waimea Cooke & Pilsbry 250 Genus Tornatellaria Pilsbry 251 Appendix : additions and corrections 271 Explanation of Plates 274 Dates of issue of the parts of Volume XXITT 302 Index to Volumes XXI, XXII, XXIII 287 PREFACE The present volume, mainly concerned with the Family Tornatelliuida?, completes a trilogy treating of the snails of Pacific Islands, chiefly of the Hawaiian Islands; the other volumes deal with the Families Amastridae and Achatmellidas. Together with the Partulidas (Volume XX) these are numerically the most important families of the land-snail faunas of the Pacific. They also comprise nearly all of the large laud snails of these faunas. Members of the Super- family Orthurethra, these primitive land snails, dispersed in the Palaeozoic, parallel the Sigmurethra in their adaptations. There are terrestrial and arboreal types, and cylindric, conic, Bulimoid, Achatinoid and Helicoid shell-forms. This re- markable parallelism has caused the Orthurethrous genera to be scattered, in former classifications, among the series of continental families of the Superfamily Sigmurethra, an arrangement which ignored the structural features of the pallial organs. Of the 219 species and 44 subspecies or named varieties described in this volume, 93 species and 38 subspecies are here defined for the first time. The type-specimens of 168 of the species and subspecies have been examined by one or (usually) both of the authors; also cotypes, paratypes or specimens from the original lots of many other species. Thirty-seven of the species and subspecies herein described have not been seen by either author. Part of these are nom- inal species, known only by the original descriptions, not subsequently identified by authors or collectors. As half the world separated the authors during the prep- aration of the manuscript, it was not always possible to col- laborate upon every point. The first part of the work, up to p. 68, was therefore chiefly by the senior, the succeeding pages, up to p. 113, mainly by the junior author. In the rest of the book the work is mingled in every genus. The Hawai- (v) VI PREFACE. ian species were worked up in great part by the junior, other species by the senior author; but in many cases throughout the work both authors contributed material on the same species. The primary responsibility for the new species is indicated by the sequence of author's initials following the specific names. Both authors have had the advantage of studying Tornatellinidae in the field. The present study of Tornatellinidae is based, for the most part, on the collection of the Bishop Museum, containing nearly 3,000 lots from the Hawaiian Islands, including Mr. Ancey's Hawaiian collection and types, and on the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, about 500 lots from nearly all regions inhabited by these snails. Mr. Samuel Henshaw, of the Museum of Comparative Zo- ology, has generously permitted examination of the material in his charge, including part of the types of W. H. Pease. We are indebted to Mr. W. F. Clapp for a MS. catalogue of Tornatellinida3 and Achatiuellidas in the same museum. Dr. Wm. H. Ball allowed us to study and illustrate certain specimens in the United States National Museum. Mr. Tom Iredale sent the material he had collected in the Kermadec Islands. Certain types in the British Museum we are able to figure by the kindness of Mr. E. A. Smith. The privilege of studying material from the Newcomb col- lection we owe to Professor G. D. Harris, of Cornell Uni- versity. Messrs. D. Thaanum, of Hilo, and Irwin Spalding, of Hono- lulu, have opened their great Hawaiian collections to us. Many of our new species are testimonials to their ability in the field. We are also sensible of the continued encouragement afforded by the President and Publication Committee of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the Direc- tor and Trustees of the Bishop Museum, Honolulu. H. A. P. C. M. C. Philadelphia, and Honolulu, February, 1916. INTRODUCTION KEY TO THE GENERA OP TORNATELLINID^E. a. Shell imperforate, the columellar axis solid throughout. &. Shell globose or broadly ovate ; columella conspic- uously calloused. c. Whorls few, 3 to 4^/2 ; apex large ; columellar callous bilobed; aperture and throat ample (pi. 28, fig. 6). ELASMIAS, p. 113. c1. Whorls about 6 or 7 ; apex small; columella having numerous, deeply entering lamellae, ob- structing the throat (pi. 28, figs. 10-12). LAMELLOVUM, p. 131. ft1. Shell ovate, ovate-conic, oblong or turrited-conic ; columella often lamellate but not heavily calloused within. c. Lip thin, sharp and unexpanded ; shell thin or fragile, uniform brown or corneous, dex- tral. TORNATELLINA, p. 132. c1. Lip more or less expanded, not sharp; shell moderately strong or solid, often dark or bright colored or banded. AURICULELLA, p. 71. a1. Shell perforate or umbilicate in the last whorl, above which the axis is solid. b. Lip expanding, thickened within or blunt-edged ; shell often strongly colored or banded. AURICULELLA, p. 71. 61. Lip not expanding, thin and sharp-edged; shell small (3!/2 mm.). GULICKIA, p. 112. a2. Shell perforate or umbilicate, the axis perforate through- out; thin or fragile, less than 6 mm. long. (vii) Vlll INTRODUCTION. b. Oviparous ; whorls usually almost flat. TORNATELLARIA, p. 251. ft1. Viviparous; whorls usually convex. TORNATELLIDES, p. 192. NOTES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF TORNATELLINID^E. The systematic study of this family was begun by Beck (1837), Anton (1839) and Pfeiffer (1842). Dohrn also dis- cussed the system in 1863 (Malakozoologischer Blatter X, p. 156). Many naturalists, among whom we may mention Har- per Pease, Andrew Garrett, C. F. Ancey and 0. von Moel- lendorff, have contributed descriptions of species, the old genus Tornatellina becoming thereby more and more heter.o- geneous. An illustrated monograph of Tornatellina was published about 1850 by H. C. Kuester, in the Systematisches Conchy- lien-Cabinet (15 species). Pfeiffer, in his Nomenclator of 1878, enumerated about 60 species of Auriculella and Torna- tellina, descriptions of which had appeared in the successive volumes of his Monographic, Heliceorum. A new classification of these snails was offered by the senior author in a synopsis of the genera published in 1910. This classification is fully worked out, with additions by both authors, in the present volume. The family now numbers 174 species and 20 subspecies, exclusive of those ascertained to be synonyms. Some 10 or 12 of these species are of doubtful standing. About 45 per cent of the known species and subspecies are first described in this volume. A sequence of the genera better than that given in the text follows, related genera being bracketed together: ILamellovum. Elasmias. Tornatellina. Tornatellides. T Tornatellaria. < Gulickia. Auriculella. INTRODUCTION. ix An entirely satisfactory classification of the genera is nat- urally not to be expected until we are acquainted with their soft anatomy. Elasmias, Tornatellina and Tornatellides are viviparous, Tornatellaria, Gulickia, and Auriculella being oviparous. The mode of reproduction probably indicates real affinity between the last three genera, especially as there are other features of likeness. All of them are confined to the Hawaiian group. They seem to be arboreal and terrestrial adaptations of an old indigenous stock. Elasmias has a rather primitive, infantile aspect, resem- bling the embryonic stage of other genera, as noted on page 114. The two genera having the axis perforate, Tornatellides and Tornatellaria, are probably not closely related, though superficially similar. Auriculella has the shell-axis solid, though often the last whorl deviates, leaving a shallow umbilicus. Its special fea- tures are those adaptive characters common to arboreal land snails of many families — varied coloring, spreading lip and smooth surface. It seems significant that the Auriculella- Gulickia-Tornatellaria group, like the Achatinellida, does not occur on Kauai. Both groups are exclusively Hawaiian, both are confined to humid forest regions, and their distribution seems to have been controlled by the same conditions. DISTRIBUTION OF TORNATELLINIDJE. This family is almost wholly confined to the islands of the Pacific, but a few species occur in the East Indies and as far west as Mauritius (1 genus). Eastward, a few inhabit the American islands Juan Fernandez, Masafuera and the Gala- pagos (2 genera). The Bonin Islands and islands of Izu, Japan, are the northern limit (3 genera), and New Zealand (2 genera) the southern. The total range lies between 34 N. and 40 S. latitude, and from 80 W. longitude westward to about 60 E. Tornatellina, Tornatellides and Elasmias are the most widely distributed genera. Lamellovum is restricted to the single island of Rapa. Auriculella, Gulickia and Tornatel- laria are solely Hawaiian, where they have exactly the dis- X INTRODUCTION. tribution of the Achatinellidcu, being absent from Kauai. The Hawaiian archipelago has by far the greatest number of genera and species, having representatives of all the genera except Lamellovum; but Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia have not been so fully explored. What we know of the distribution and structure of Torna- tellinid snails suggests that the group is of great antiquity. It has probably had since Palaeozoic times to acquire its pres- ent distribution. Yet the presence of closely related species on separate island groups indicates that some emigration has been in progress up to recent times, whether by wind or flot- sam, or both, is uncertain. A few of the species which occur on low islands, and near the shore of others, have in all prob- ability been transported from island to island by human agency, as they cling to leaves and stems of plants and other objects, and might be picked up in any cocoanut grove. Large accessions to the list of species now known may be expected from the Hawaiian Islands, Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia, particularly from the high islands. Eapa and Juan Fernandez are points of especial interest for further investigation. TERMINOLOGY OP THE STAGES OF GROWTH. The shells of most TornatelUnidce change remarkably in structure during the development of the individual. The characters of adolescent stages often indicate relationship not expressed by the adult stage. In the discussion of these stages we have used the well-known modified Hyattian terminology of the stages of growth and decline, as follows : Oonic. Egg, up to maturation. Embryonic. From fertilization to the culmination of podo- cyst, primitive kidney and other specially embryonic struc- tures. As the succeeding (nepionic) stage is not distinguish- able in shells of Tornatellinidae, "embryonic" is here prac- tically used to cover the stage ending with birth or escape from the egg capsule. Nepionic. Babyhood. Scarcely or not recognizable in the shell, in this family, and in practice included in the embry- INTRODUCTION. XI onic. The nepionic shell-record is always brief in pulmonates — the fractional part of a whorl — but in many genera it is legible. Developmentally important, since it includes the decline and disappearance of embryonic structures, such as the podocyst, and rapid development of kidney and other neanic structures ; terminates with birth. Neanic. Youth, up to the completion of the shell, which is usually coincident with the time of reproductive activity. Ephebic. Maturity. Gerontic. Old age. Each of these stages may be subdivided by use of the pre- fixes ana-, meta-, para-. Thus ananeanic signifies an early neanic substage; metaneanic, mid-neanic; and paraneanic, a late neanic substage, or almost full grown. It will be noted that many Tornatellinid snails are phylo- gerontic, or in the old age of the race, shown by the culmina- tion of structural differentiation in the neanic stage, with simplification in the later stages. Many instances are noted under Lamellina, Tonwtellides and other genera. It is an indication that such genera are geologically old. This con- clusion is supported by the facts of distribution, for several of the genera range over islands scattered from side to side of the Pacific, where the facilities for migration of land ani- mals must be the least favorable. SUPPLEMENT TO VOL XXI. During the visit of the senior author to the Hawaiian Islands in 1913, large accessions were made to the material studied in the preparation of the Vol. XXI ; part from col- lections made by the authors, part from the latest finds of Messrs. Thaanum and Spalding. This material is herein described. Family AMASTRID^E Pilsbry. Subfamily LEPTACHATININ^E Ckll. Letachatinini COCKERELL, Science (N. S.) Vol. 37, p. 256 Feb. 14, 1913). Genus LEPTACHATINA Gould. L. POPOUWELENSIS P. & C., n. sp. PI. 9, fig. 4. The shell is imperforate, narrow, the diameter slightly less than one-fourth the length ; cinnamon-colored, glossy, weakly marked with growth-lines. Whorls 7%, somewhat convex, the last laterally flattened, tapering at the base. The aper- ture is oblique, piriform. Outer lip is thin, obtuse, and arches forward at the upper third. Coluniella short, obli- quely truncate below ; fold weak. Parietal callus thin. Length 8, diam. 2.1 mm., length of aperture 2.2 mm. Oahu : Western ridge of Popouwela, Spaldiug, Cooke and Pilsbry. Type 110596 A. N. S. P. This species resembles the slender forms of the Diamond Head Pleistocene. L. exoptabilis has a larger aperture and differently shaped lip. In L. leiahiensis the columella differs. L. scutilis has a much larger summit, and is less slender. 2 LEPTACHATINA. L. SAGITTATA P. & C. 11. Sp. PI. 11, fig. 9. The shell is minutely perforate, similar to L. lanceolata but more slender, light cinnamon, glossy, with faint growth striae ; summit very obtuse, whitish. Outer lip obtuse, not thickened. Columella straight in front view, its edge re- flected over the perforation. In oblique view in the aperture a small, vertical lamella may be seen, standing at a right angle with the plane of the peristome, further in and stronger than in L. lanceolata. Length 6.2, diam. 2.2 mm.; 6Vo whorls. Molokai: Pipe-line trail, upper Kaunakakai. Cooke & Pilsbry, Jan., 1913. L. molokaiensis, with six whorls, is a larger shell, having the columella more sinuous, and the columellar margin ap- pressed. L. lanceolata is a more conic shell with wider last whorl. It is common in the same station with L. sagittata. L. LANCEOLATA Cooke. Vol. XXI, 65. Pipe-line trail in upper Kaunakakai ; northwestern ravine of Kamalo (Cooke & Pilsbry). L. TRITICEA (Gulick). Vol. XXI, pi. 3, fig. 52. "Shell dextral, iniperforate, elongately ovate, thin, shin- ing, pellucid, pale corneous, very finely striated; apex some- what acute, pallid ; spire convexly conic ; suture simple, lightly impressed; whorls 6y2, rather convex; columellar fold cen- tral, white, sublamelliform. Aperture sinuately pyriform; peristome scarcely thickened within ; with dextral margin un- reflected, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, corneous, ad- nate ; parietal margin wanting. Length 8%, breadth 4, length of body- whorl 5y3 mm. Average weight .17 grains." Oahu: Keawaawa, on the ground (J. T. Gulick!). Achatinclla triticea GULICK, Annals of the Lyceum of Na- tural History of New York, vi, 1856, p. 184, pi. 6, f. 12.- Leptachatina triticea Gulick, SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lon- don, iii, p. 276, pi. 14, f. 8, 1899.— L. tritacea Gulick, COOKE, Man. Conch, xxi, p. 28. LEPTACHATINA. 3 "Smaller and more elongately ovate than the preceding" [L. fragilis]. Var. b. Smaller, more solid, ovate conic, with lip thickened (Gulick). Doubtless close to L. oryza Pfr., but the columella and parietal callus are thin and the shell is imperforate. L. ORYZA (Pfeiffer). PL 10, figs. 1 to 9. Vol. XXI, p. 28, pi. 3, figs. 60, 61 (not 59). An error in Vol. XXI to references to figures of this species and sub- cylindracca would pretty effectually prevent their proper identification. Figs. 60, 61, of Vol. XXI, are not quite typical, being a little too conic. PI. 10, fig. 1 is from the type in the British Museum. The species is especially characteristic of the Pleistocene and later beds in Oahu, found in many deposits in different parts of the island. At about the same time, its close rela- tives existed on other islands: antiqua in Kauai; avus in Molokai ; isthmica in Maui ; defuncta in Hawaii — all now extinct. L. oryza was sent to Pfeiffer by Frick, who certainly col- lected on the northern coast of Oahu from Kahuku eastward, as we know by the Bulimellas he obtained, among other things. The description agrees well with specimens from the neigh- borhood of Kahuku, where several deposits containing L. oryza are adjacent to the road. This place was also, prob- ably, the source of Newcomb's specimens of oryza, which were figured in Vol. XXI, pi. 3, figs. 60, 61. The recent form from Keawaawa described by Mr. Gulick as Ach. triticea (misprinted "tritacea" in Vol. XXI, p. 28) may prove to be distinct from oryza, and the original description is reprinted above. All of the localities represented in collections made by the authors in 1913 are noted here, to show the general distribution of this common Pleistocene species along the north and west and part of the south coast of Oahu. In some places it occurs by myriads. In typical L. oryza the striation is distinct, more emphatic near the suture, where the strige bend backward a little. The roughness is slightly exaggerated in pi. 3, fig. 60, of Vol. XXI. 4 LEPTACHATINA. The axis varies from "subrhnate" to distinctly perforate. The face of the columella is thickened, and the parietal callus is rather strong. The coluinellar lamella recedes, and is scarcely or not visible in a direct face view, but the shell need be turned very little to show it like Vol. XXI, pi. 3, fig. 61. That shell measures, length 8.1, diani. 3.8 mm. (No. 57822 A. N. S.) Diamond Head, in the cutting of the ocean road and above it ; around the tunnel on the N. W. side ; floor of the crater, and in the breccia along the ascent to the lookout (Cooke, Bryan and Pilsbry). L. oryza is common everywhere in the Diamond Head deposits, but the most perfect come from the inside of the crater around the "lake" (pi. 10, figs. 7, 8). The parietal callus and columellar margin are especially thick ; the striation is faint or nearly effaced except close to the suture; and the umbilical crevice is very small or even closed. Sometimes the columellar lamella emerges ; sometimes it is not visible in a front view. The size varies from length 10, diani. 4.1 mm., to length 9, diam. 4 mm. It occurs also in the bench of consolidated calcareous sand which extends eastward of Diamond Head. Punchbowl, about 300 ft. above the summit, and about two feet below the surface, specimens were taken by Prof. Wm. Alanson Bryan. The Kailua specimens occurred in a raised bench of cal- careus sand-rock about ^ mile from the north shore (Pils- bry). See pi. 10, fig. 9. They have the columellar lamella more prominent in front view, and the size averages smaller, than in shells from Diamond Head, length very little more or less than 8 mm. At Laie the shells are from a dune deposit utilized as a sand pit by the railroad. It is west of the stream, between the road and the sea. The shells vary in prominence of the columellar lamella, and are sometimes imperforate. Length 6.3 to 8 mm., but there are very few of the larger shells, 7x3 mm. is a common size. At the deposit iy2 miles east of Kahuku (pi. 10, figs. 3, 4, Cooke & Pilsbry) the shells are a little more strongly striate than those from eastward, and 8 mm. long. In another place LEPTACHATINA. 5 in the sand dunes near the shore, there are small shells, like those of Laie. PI. 10, figs. 5, 6. The shell deposits on benches of the high coral bluff 1^/2 miles west of Kahuku are very rich in Lep- tachatinas. The oryza are usually markedly conic in shape, quite different from the cylindric race of Diamond Head. The perforation is very narrow or closed, and the columella is shortened. Size from 8 x 3.7 to 7 x 3.3 mm. L. oryza hesperia n. subsp. PL 10, figs. 10, 11. The shells vary from openly perforate to nearly closed, have weak, irregular, not very fine, wrinkles of growth, stronger below the suture. The columellar lamella is stronger within than in oryza, and projects subhorizoiitally. Colu- mellar margin and parietal callus heavy. Length 9.3, diam. 4.1, aperture 4 mm., 7 whorls (usual size) . Length 7, diam. 3.5 mm., 5% whorls (small, obese form). Length 7, diam. 3.1 mm., 6% whorls (small narrow form). Oahu: Kawaihapai, in soil of a plowed field between the railroad and the bluff, and on the latter. Haleiwa, on the golf links, in superficial deposits of calcareous sand (Cooke and Pilsbry). In the Haleiwa shells the perforation is almost closed, or rarely entirely so. They measure 9 x 4 to 7.5 x 3.8 mm. It is smaller and usually a little narrower than L. captiosa, with less ample aperture and more horizontal columellar lamella. L. ORYZA AVUS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. subsp. PL 10, figs. 12 to 16. The shell is irnperf orate, cylindric, the upper third taper- ing, conic; solid, very lightly sculptured with inconspicuous growth-wrinkles, which are stronger, regular, and retracted below the suture, when unworn. Whorls very slightly con- vex. The suture ascends slightly in the last third or half whorl. Aperture vertical, the outer lip obtuse, rather thick. Columella concave above the fold which is moderately prominent in front view, rather strong within. Columellar margin thickened, reflected. Parietal callus thick. b LEPTACHATINA. Length 10.5, diam. 4.5, length aperture 4.2 mm. ; 7% whorls. Length 9.5, diam. 4.1, length aperture 4 mm. • 1 whorls. Length 9, diam. 4, length aperture 3.4 mm. ; 7 whorls. Molokai: Sand dunes of Moomomi, Pleistocene (Cooke and Pilsbry). Cotypes in coll. A. N. S. P. and Bishop Museum. An abundant and characteristic fossil of the dune-covered deposits, from the shore three-fourths of a mile inland, and about 600 ft. up the bluff. The stout, rather prominent columellar lamella and the weaker striation, differentiate this Molokai race from L. onjza of Oahu, — not that we Avould give the impression that the differences are startling. The shape and size vary within wide limits. It is extremely abundant. The surface is usu- ally etched by blowing sand, but perfect shells can be ob- tained in the soft layers of the bluff, and also from the red- dish earth underlying the dunes. Want of specimens at hand prevents a comparison with L. isthmica of Maui, which is evidently very close to the Moomomi race, if not the same. L. DORMITOR P. & C., 11. sp. PI. 11, fig. 3. The shell is imperforate, cylindric-conic, the upper half tapering to a conspicuously obtuse apex, nearly smooth ; slightly marked with growth-wrinkles, not more strongly striate under the suture. In the best preserved examples a dark brown band borders the suture below. The aperture is rather small, outer lip obtuse, somewhat thickened. Colu- mellar margin sinuous, reflected and adnate, not or but little thickened on the face, passing into a rather thick parietal callus. Columellar lamella emerging conspicuously, and in oblique view thin, but broad and somewhat approaching a horizontal direction. Length 9.6, diam. 4.1, aperture 4 mm. ; nearly 7 whorls. Length 10, diam. 4.1, aperture 4 mm. ; 7 whorls. Length 9, diam. 4.1 mm. Molokai : near the top of Mauna Loa, at about 1350 ft. ele- vation, on the south side of the "crater" (Cooke & Pilsbry ). A Holocene fossil. With much the shape of L. oryza avus, LEPTACHATINA. 7 this is a thinner shell, without more conspicuous subsutural striation, and with a sharper columellar lamella. At the top of Mauna Loa, probably the last refuge of AchatinelUdcc in western Molokai, it survived until the human period, as it was found there in artificial stone piles (sweet potato hills), associated with Ama-stra, Partulina d. occidentalis, and many small land shells. L. SOMNIATOR P. & C., n. sp. PL 11, figs. 4, 5. The shell is perforate or closed, oblong-conic, rather thin, the outlines of the spire convex below, straight near the ob- tuse apex; surface faintly marked with growth-striae, which are stronger below the suture. Whorls hardly convex. Aper- ture somewhat piriform, the outer lip thin, obtuse, more curved in its lower half; columellar margin reflected, thick- ened ; columellar lamella moderately prominent in front view, thin, broad and subhorizontal within. Parietal callus very thin. Length 7, diam. 3.2, aperture 3 mm. ; 6 whorls. Molokai: near the top of Mauna Loa, at about 1350 ft. elevation, with L. dormitor. Holocene (Cooke and Pilsbry). Constantly smaller than L. dormitor, with only a very thin parietal callus. The shape also differs somewhat and the columella is more thickened, but the shape of the columellar lamella is nearly the same. L. CORNEOLA (Pfeiffer). PI. 9, figs. 1, 2. Vol. XXI, p. 58. Very beautiful specimens, here figured, have been taken by Mr. Thaanum in Halawa. The color of the last whorl is ecru-olive or between that and deep colonial buff, becoming chamois on the spire. Some shells have a narrow subsutural line of chestnut. Two of this lot are figured. L. OPIPARA MANANA P. & C., n. Sllbsp. Surface rather strongly, regularly striate ; whorls 5~y2 ; outer lip very slightly arched forward in the middle; colu- mellar fold strong, subhorizontal. Length 10, diam. 4.7, aper- ture 4.1 mm. LEPTACHATINA. North side of the summit of the peak at intersection of the Waimano-Manaua ridge and the main range, Spalding and Pilsbry. Type 108057 A. N. S. P. L. EMERITA Sykes. Vol. XXI, p. 31. This widely spread shell occurs as far west as Puuuea near Meyer's lake (Cooke and Pilsbry, 1913). L. CONCOLOR Cooke. Vol. XXI, p. 31. Common in Kamalo, northwestern ravines ; also ravine east of Puu Kolekole, and another east of Makolelau house (Cooke & Pilsbry, 1913). L. MCGREGORI P. & C., 11. Sp. PI. 11, fig. 8. The shell is imperforate, ovate and obese, the diameter more than half the length; rather thin, glossy, weakly striate, isabella color, somewhat transparent. Summit obtuse, spire conic above, convexly conic below ; last whorl large, oval. The suture appears narrowly margined, by transparence. The aperture is rather narrow fully half the length of the shell, vertical. Outer lip smooth-edged but not thickened. Colu- mellar lamella median, thin but strongly developed. No per- ceptible parietal callus. Length 6.3, diam. 3.7, aperture 3.2 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. West Maui: near Lahaina, at 1000 ft. elevation (R. C. McGregor, 1900). Type no. 110592 A. N. S. P., cotype in Bishop Mus. This is perhaps the most obese species of the genus. .It is probably related to L. guttula (Gld.), a decidedly larger shell. L. compacta Pse. is evidently different. L. nitida occidentals is a much larger shell. Section ANGULIDENS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sect. Shell ovate-conic or cylindric-conic, having the face of the columella and the edge of the parietal callus thickened, the latter terminating in a callous tubercle which is separated from the termination of the outer lip by a narrow gutter-, aperture contracted. In known species the axis is perforate. Type L. subcylindracea Cooke. LEPTACHATINA. Distribution, all of the islands except Niihau and Lanai, (the fossils of which are unknown). With one exception, all of the species are Pleistocene fossils. This is clearly a natural group, distinguished by a pecu- liarity found in no other Achatinellid shell. It is of interest to the zoogeographer because the group is common to the Pleistocene deposits of most of the islands, and is thus an- other proof that the island faunas of Pleistocene time were more closely related than the recent faunas. Most other groups of Leptachatina are not characteristic enough in struc- ture to demonstrate the relationships of species from differ- ent islands. The only living species of Angulidens are L. hyperodon of Maui and L. microdon of Waianae. The following six species are now known to belong to the group. L. FOSSILIS Cooke. Vol. XXI, p. 61. Kauai. L. COOKEI Pilsbry. PI. 11, figs. 1, 2. The shell is perforate, ovate-conic, weakly marked with growth-lines, or nearly smooth and glossy in the best pre- served specimens. Apex small, obtuse. Spire straightly conic above, convex below, the last whorl more or less notice- ably cylindric, more flattened than the penultimate whorl; the base is convex, compressed around the axial crevice. Whorls 6!/2, slowly enlarging, the penultimate somewhat con- vex, those above nearly flat. The suture is superficial ; in the last third it ascends slightly, and at the aperture it is rather abruptly, arcuately deflexed. The aperture is oblique, ovate, contracted ; outer lip obtuse ; columellar lip reflected, thick- ened on the face, and appressed above the narrow perforation, continuous with a callous cord which bounds the rather thick parietal callus, and terminates in an enlargement or tubercle which is separated from the termination of the outer lip by a narrow groove or posterior commissure of the aperture. The columellar lamella is thin, broad and subhorizontal ; out- wardly emerging to the edge of the columella. Length 10, diam. 5, aperture 4 mm. ; Qy2 whorls. Length 9.5, diam. 4.9 mm. 10 LEPTACHATINA. Length 9.3, diam. 5 mm. Length 9.2, diam. 4.4 mm. Oahu : Kawaihapai, on a steep wooded bluff, about 500 ft. above the coastal plain, and perhaps % mile from the sea. Cotypes No. 110593 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Mus., coll. by Cooke and Pilsbry, 1913. Lcptachatina cookei PILS., Nautilus, xxviii, p. 61, October, 1914. This is a much larger, more robust species than other forms having a parietal callus and posterior commissure, and the columellar lamella is broader and less oblique. By its form and texture it recalls L. resinula. No living shells were found, but the species cannot have been long extinct. It may possibly turn up alive in some part of the western end of the Waianae range. L. MICRODON P. & C., n. sp. PI. 9, fig. 3. The shell is perforate, oblong-conic, opaque, light brown; surface rather glossy, marked with fine growth-lines. Out- lines of the spire straight in the upper half, where the whorls are but slightly convex; the penultimate whorl more convex; last whorl not very convex, compressed around the axial crevice. Whorls 6^. The suture is but slightly impressed, and in the last third of a whorl it ascends slightly, but it is not deflexed at the aperture, as usual in related species. The aperture is hardly oblique, ovate-piriform. The outer lip is obtuse, whitish within. The face of the columella is strongly calloused above, where it passes into the parietal callus. Columellar fold is rather small and ascends obliquely. The parietal callus is thin, transparent, bounded by a thickened edge, which terminates above in a small, drop-like tubercle, separated from the termination of the outer lip by a narrow groove. Length 11.3, diam. 5 mm. ; aperture 5 mm. Oahu : western ridge of Popouwela, Waianae Mountains, Spalding, Cooke and Pilsbry, 1913. L, cookei is a shorter shell with more conic spire ; the aper- ture is contracted ; the columella is notably shorter, with a LEPTACHATINA. 11 stronger fold, and the parietal callus is much heavier. The type lot was found just west of the crest of the ridge, some distance north of the "Endodonta locality", on the steep, shaded and leafy slope. So far as we know, it has not been found elsewhere. L. SUBCYLINDRACEA Cooke. PI. 11, figs. 10 to 14. Vol. XXI, p. 28, pi. 3, fig. 59. The type of this species, no. 57820 A. N. S. P., was found in a lot of L. oryza received from Dr. Newcomb. It has the same texture and bluish- white color as the associated oryza, and very likely came from one of the roadside deposits in the region of Kahuku. One from there is figured, pi. 11, fig. 10. The shell is solid and perforate. The surface is finely, somewhat irregularly striate, the stride stronger and curving backward near the suture. There is a broad margin visible by translucence below the suture, but not otherwise defined. The columellar lamella is small and deeply immersed. The thick reflection of the columellar lip almost closes the per- foration. The parietal callus is thick and terminates above in a small tubercle, separated by a narrow channel from the termination of the outer lip. Length 6.8, diam. 2.8 mm.; 6l/2 whorls. When only a few specimens of this species were known, it was not unnaturally thought to be a form of L. oryza. Now that hundreds of specimens have been found, it is easy to see that it belongs to the group of L. fossilis of Kauai, having the same peculiar parietal callus and posterior gutter. The description is amplified above, from the type specimen. Oahu, in Pleistocene deposits : Punchbowl, about 300 ft. be- low summit (Win. Alanson Bryan) ; Diamond Head, on the ii.-w. and ocean sides, and within the crater; also in the sup- posed raised reef, eastward (Cooke and Pilsbry). Coral bluff near Kahuku (C. &P.). Molokai : Sand dunes of Moomomi, also near the summit of Mauna Loa, at about 1350 ft. under stones, Holocene (Pilsbry & Cooke). Kahoolawe: Pleistocene deposits of "Schooner Bay," on 12 LEPTACHATINA. the Maui side (Cooke & Pilsbry). Smuggler's Bay, on the south side (Pilsbry). In shells from Diamond Head and Punchbowl the surface is almost smooth, and the columellar lamella is often, but not always, stronger than at Kahuku. Diamond Head specimens vary in size from length 6.25, diam. 2.8 mm., to length 7.8, diam. 3 to 3.1 mm. The shells from Moomomi, Molokai, pi. 11, fig. 14, do not seem to differ from the types in striation, but the columellar lamella is perceptibly stronger, as in shells from Diamond Head. It is an abundant species in the dune deposits and on the bluff up to about 600 ft. ; also in the reddish earth of the buried forest-layer. Specimens measure : Length 7.7, diam. 3.1, aperture 2.8 mm. ; 6% whorls. Length 7.3, diam. 3.1, mm. Length 6, diam. 2.8 mm. (smallest one noticed). On the south side of the "crater" near the treeless summit of Mauna Loa, specimens were found under the stones of aboriginal sweet-potato hills. The shells are fragile from de- cay and are very small, 5.8 mm. long, 2.5 wide, to 5 mm. long, 2.3 wide ; 5i/£ whorls. Probably the summit of Mauna Loa wras the last stand of land shells in the western half of Molokai ; and it seems likely that data fixing the date of last occupation of the peak could be recovered from old natives of Molokai. It is clear that up to that time, Partulina, Amastra and Lcptachatina, as well as the smaller snails of other families, still existed there. Kahoolawe specimens, pi. 11, figs. 11, 12, 13, are slightly differentiated by their more regular and close striation, and it might not be amiss to distinguish them as a local race. They are usually 7 to 8 mm. long. L. sulcylindracea is a more slender and elongate shell than L. hyperodon and L. anc( i/.: 22 AM ASTRA. A. ANTIQUA KAWAIHAPAIENSIS P. & C., U. Sllbsp. PL 2, fig. 13. Differs from A. antiqua Bald. (Vol. XXI, p. 160), by hav- ing the spire straightly conic, not contracted near the sum- mit; last whorl somewhat swollen above the periphery, while antiqua is evenly convex; sculpture much less coarse. It is found in the soil of a plowed field between the bluff and the railroad, and though fossil, shows some color. The embryonic whorls are neutral red, gradually fading down- wards, the last two whorls gray- white. The surface is weakly and very sparsely plicate, and irregularly indented. Aper- ture small, contracted, subaugular at base of the columella. Peristorne acute, strengthened with a rather strong orange- cinnamon callus which is somewhat further from the edge than usual. Columellar lamella rather small. Umbilicus about as in A. antiqua or slightly more compressed. Length 17, diarn. 10.5, aperture 8.3 mm.; 6 whorls. Oahu: Kawaihapai, at the western end of the Waianee Mountains, in soil of a field, perhaps 20-30 ft. above sea level, Pilsbry and Cooke, 1913. A. UMBILICATA (Pfr.). PL 2, figs. 5 to 8. Vol. XXI, p. 251. This species was sent to Pfeiffer by Frick. In the absence of Oahuan specimens, I formerly fol- lowed Newcomb's identification of Molokaian specimens as A. umbiUcata, and doubted its occurrence on Oahu. Speci- mens agreeing fully with Pfeiffer 's description and with Newcomb's Molokai examples are now before us from the following places in Oahu : 11/2 miles east of Kahuku ; Laie, west of the stream, between the road and the sea (Cooke and Pilsbry) ; Kaelepulu, Kailua, in debris of a rocky bluff 6 to 10 ft. high, about 14 mile from the sea (Pilsbry). All of these specimens are from Pleis- tocene deposits not far above sea-levd. We know from the shells he got that Frick collected a good deal oi the koolau side of the Main Range, and he certainly must many a time have passed the Laie and Kahuku deposits within a few feet, on the shore road. We do not doubt, therefore, that the type of A. umb&icata came from Oahu, AM ASTRA. 23 and from this region ; and would suggest that the Kahuku deposit be considered type locality. The species was doubtless once spread along the whole north shore. Many Kahuku shells (pi. 2, figs. 5 to 8) retain the color, orange-cinnamon above, fading to cinnamon-buff on the last whorl, or only the spire or the summit may be tinted, or the whole shell bleached white. The lip is blunt in adult shells. The columellar lamella is moderately strong, and does not quite reach the edge of the colmnellar lip. The latter is straightened, with a basal sinus which is filled up in old shells. Length 11.5, diam. 6.2 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 10.25, diam. 6 mm. Length 11.3, diam. 6 mm. Length 9.6, diam. 6 mm. The last measurement is that of a scarcely adult shell, the broadest of a considerable series. Specimens from Laie and Kailua are similar, but have lost all color. The exact locality in Molokai where Dr. Newcomb obtained living umbilicata is not known. In one of the lots sent to the Academy it was mixed with pctricola. So far as we know, neither species has been found by recent collectors on that island. We can find nothing in the shells to separate Newcomb 's specimens from those of Oahu, but the fossil f onn from Molokai seems somewhat different. A. UMBILICATA AKENARUM P. & C., 11. Sllbsp. PL 2, figS. 1 to 4. The shell is decidedly larger than umbilicata. It differs from morticina by having the spire more slender at first, then rather rapidly widening. a. Length 14, diam. 7.5, aperture 6.25 mm. ; 6% whorls. a. Length 13, diam. 6.3, aperture 5.3 mm. ; 7 whorls. b. Length 14, diam. 7.75, aperture 6.5 mm. ; 6i/2 whorls. b. Length 14.75, diam. 7.1, aperture 6.1 mm. ; 6% whorls. b. Length 12.3, diam. 7.2, aperture 6 mm. ; 6i/2 whorls. c. Length 11, diam. 6.5 mm. c. Length 12, diam. 7 mm. 24 AMASTRA. Molokai : Pleistocene sand dunes of Moomomi, Cooke and Pilsbry, 1913. Cotypes in A. N. S. P. and Bishop Mas. The measurements are from specimens from about 600 ft. elevation, at top of the bluff, a ; dunes at base of the bluff, & ; and low ground behind the dunes, about % mile south of the beach, c, where they average slightly smaller. Figures 3, 4, are normal, average specimens; figs. 1, 2, are selected slender and obese shells. A few of the best-preserved shells have the summit tinted pinkish-cinnamon. A. u. arenarum is excessively abundant in the deposits. A. FRAGILIS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 11, 12. The shell is thin, fragile, perforate, narrowly ovate-conic, chestnut brown, scarcely shining, very finely, irregularly striate, and with larger stria? at irregular intervals; com- monly daubed with fgecal matter and soil. Summit rather obtuse ; whorls convex, the last obtusely angular around the narrow umbilical slit. The aperture is oval, angular at both ends. Outer lip thin and fragile; columellar lip thin, straightened. Columellar lamella small, thin and very oblique, not quite reaching the edge. Length 9, diam. 4.7, aperture 4 mm. 5i/> wThorls. Molokai: Pipe-line trail in upper Kaunakakai, above and below the spring (Cooke and Pilsbry, Jan. 26, 1913), cotypes 110. 108629 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Mus. Kalamaula (Thaanum). Northwestern ravine of Kamalo, above the old ditch trail ; also further east, near the western PartuUna redfieldi colony (Pilsbry and Cooke). "Waikolu gulch (Thaanum). The obtuse but noticeable angulatiou around the umbilicus, and the shape of the aperture indicate that this is a narrowly umbilicate species of Cyclamastra, distinguished from the immediate allies of A. umbilicata by its more slender contour, excessively thin shell and narrow umbilicus. In common with some of its allies, it carries more or less dirt on the shell. The form taken in Kalamaula by Mr. Thaanum, pi. 2, fig. 12, is stouter in figure, but otherwise like the types. One meas- ures, length 8.5, diam. 5, aperture 4 mm., with 5 whorls. An AMASTRA. 25 oblique view is given to show the steep ascent of the columellar lamella. The Waikolu specimens approach those from Kalamaula in shape. A. MORTICINA Pils. Vol. XXI, p. 280. Differs from A. umbUicata by its larger size and slightly more regular increase of the spire, that of umbilicata being more attenuated in the upper part. The differences are rather trivial and would be thought unimportant were both forms from one island.. As it is, we are inclined to reduce morticina to a subspecies of A. umbilicata. Specimens taken by us in Pleistocene deposits at ' ' Schooner Bay, ' ' on the uninhabited desert island of Kahoolawe, are not distinguishable from the types from Maui. A. ULTIMA Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 9, 10. The shell resembles A. morticina in figure, but differs by having a noticeably larger umbilicus, and a much weaker columellar lamella. The spire is straightly conic, whorls all convex, those of the embryo smooth, the rest with weak sculpture of uneven and irregular growth-stride . Color from russet to mars brown. Last whorl is compressed around the umbilicus, within which there is a spiral sulcus opposite the columellar lamella. The aperture is rather narrow, angular at both ends, interior colored like the outside ; outer lip thin ; columella vertical, bearing a very low and very oblique lamella which does not quite reach the edge. Length 10, diam. 6.1, aperture 5 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 9.9, diam. 6, aperture 4.3 mm. ; 6 whorls. Hawaii : Kahuku, Kau, under lava slabs on a nearly naked flow, D. Thaanum. Cotypes 108146 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Mus. ; also in Thaanum coll. This is a species of the greatest interest, as it adds a mem- ber of the ancient group of Amastra umbilicata to the fauna of Hawaii, and in a locality near the southern point of the island. This group of very similar forms is now known from end to end of the archipelago, chiefly in deposits of Pleisto- cene age. 26 AMASTRA. The specimens of A. ultima were probably from the lava flow of 1887, which ran through Kahuku. Section METAM ASTRA (Oahu). A. EOS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 14, 15. The shell is perforate, thin, globose-conic, chestnut brown, darker along the suture, the base paler, marguerite yellow, at least near the axis. Surface slightly lustrous, finely, irre- gularly striate, without spiral lines. Apical whorls smooth. Outlines of spire straight above, convex below. Whorls strongly convex immediately below the suture. Outer lip thin; colurnellar lamella thin, moderately oblique. Length 12.4, diam. 8, aperture 6.25 mm., 6 whorls. Length 12, diam. 8.5 mm. Oahu: Keawaawa. Cotypes no. 108171 A. N. S. P.; also in coll. Thaanum. Kuliouou, W. D. Wilder. The living shell has a good deal of adhering dirt. Com- pared with A. breviata Baldwin, of Halawa and westward, this species differs by being thinner, without creamy mark- ings, and especially by being swollen just below the sutures. A. breviata is very closely related to the Main Range form of A. reticulata. The division of colors on the last whorl is generally con- spicuous and abrupt in immature shells, but in old ones the colors become blended, though the bipartite pattern is visible 011 close inspection. A. eos is from the eastern limit of Amastra in Oahu. We fancy that the two localities given above really denote the same colony, where Messrs. D. B. Kuhns and W. D. Wilder collected. There has been some uncertainty among collectors as to the limits of the two valleys. A. TRANSVERSALIS BRYANI n. Sllbsp. PL 2, fig. 16. The shell is perforate, cylindric with conic spire, rather solid. Sculpture of irregular growth-wrinkles which are a little puckered and retractive next the suture, and are never ciit into oblong granules, or crossed by impressed spiral lines as in A. transversalis or caputadamantis. The best preserved AMASTRA. 27 shells show numerous tawny spiral lines and bands. Near the summit the outlines of the spire are a trifle concave. Em- bryonic whorls a little more convex than those following. The aperture is subvertical ; outer lip obtuse, thickened. Columella vertical, forming an angle with the basal lip. Columellar lamella strong, subhorizoutal. Length 12.3, diam. 6.7, aperture 5.3 mm. ; 614 whorls. Length 12, diam. 6.4, aperture 5.3 mm. Oahu : Outside of Punchbowl, Honolulu, about 300 ft. be- low the summit, about 2 ft. below the surface of the soil (Professor Win. Alanson Bryan, Mar. 15, 1913), type 108958 A. N. S. P. This subspecies is well distinguished from A. transversalis by the sculpture. The latter species invariably has the axial strife more strongly developed and cut into granules. The color pattern also will probably prove quite different, but it is visible on only one of the series taken by Professor Bryan. Some other specimens however, show a tendency to erode in spiral bands, doubtless indicating former color markings. On Diamond Head we took specimens shaped exactly like the types out of a breccia of hard mud and angular fragments of lava, which forms the left wall of the path up to the look- out, inside the crater. None of them show color-markings. Larger shells, length 13.7, diam. 7.3, aperture 6 rnm., with 61/3 whorls, were taken. A. vetusta Baldwin, described from Punchbowl (Vol. XXI, p. 178), is a more strongly sculptured shell of different out- line. It is very closely related to A. albolabris, from which it differs chiefly by the smaller size and more conic shape. By a slip of the pen A. vetusta was referred to as "A. venusta" in Vol. XXI, p. 163, and on p. 174, tenth line from bottom. A. caputadamantis is probably to be regarded as a sub- species of A. transversalis. It is larger and more cyliudric, but has sculpture of the same character. The group of Amastra transversalis requires much further work in the field. They are to be looked for in the superficial deposits of the Pleistocene craters which stand in line along the foothills of Kona. 28 AMASTRA. A. TEXTILIS (Fer.). Vol. XXI, p. 164. A. cookei, Vol. XXI, p. 182, is merely a form of textilis. One of Pease's specimens of A. solida (Mus. Comparative Zoology), is a stunted, thickened textilis, but it does not seem to have sup- plied any part of his diagnosis. A. SUBROSTRATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 7, fig. 4. Vol. XXI, p. 174. A translation of the original description has been given in Vol. XXI. A figure of the type-specimen, obtained for us by Mr. E. A. Smith, is now given. This shows that it is identical with part of the shells in the type lot of A. solida Pease, described on p. 178 of Vol. XXI. It will be noted that the descriptions of Pfeiffer and Pease read much the same. A. snbrostrata is closely related to A. textilis (Fer.), from which it differs chiefly by the more attenuate spire. The out- line is convex below, a little concave above. The embryonic whorls have the fine and rather faint striation of textilis. The shell is thicker than in textilis. It differs from A. albo- labris by the texture, sculpture, color and shape of the aper- ture. A. (emulator has very much stronger sculpture on the embryonic whorls, as in A. cornea, and belongs to an appre- ciably different group of species. The deep recess below the columellar lamella and the somewhat straightened basal lip of A. subrostrata can be matched in any good series of A. textilis. A. subrostrata has the appearance of a shell from the east- ern part of the Main Range. Two of Pease's specimens of A. solida (pi. 7, figs. 2, 3) are identical with A. subrosinita. One is Prout's brown, the other russet to cinnamon brown, both indistinctly mottled and streaked with whitish on the last half whorl; embryonic whorls of the same color. In one shell (fig. 3) the lip is subangnlar outwardly, and has a smooth, rather thick, in- ternal lining. Length 13.5, diam. 7.8 mm., 5% whorls. The other has an amorphous, pimply, yellowish lip, which lias been built forward from a smooth one, visible about 3 mm. within (fig. 2). The eolnmrlhir margin and parietal c;illus AMASTRA. 29 are also strong, yellowish and roughened. It is evidently a very old shell which has added to the peristome in the senile stage, after normal growth had been completed. This speci- men supplied part of Pease's description — the phrases "more rarely rounded-angulate at the base" and "Peristome rugose, calloused, the margins joined by a thick callus" applying to it. A. MONTAGUI Pilsbry. PL 5, fig. 13. The shell is sinistral, imperforate, oblong-ovate, rather thin, chestnut-colored, with a denuded ecru-olive patch in front of the aperture and an ill-defined yellowish band below the suture. The very thin cuticle is somewhat dull. Outlines of the spire are somewhat convex, the summit rather obtuse. The whorls are most convex close below the suture. Surface finely sculptured with unequal growth-ripples; embryonic whorls very minutely, indistinctly striate, convex. The aper- ture is oblique, slate-violet within; outer lip acute, black- edged, with a slightly thickened whitish submargin within. Colurnellar lamella thin, rather steeply ascending, subtriaugu- lar. Length 13, diam. 7.75, aperture 6 mm.; 5~y2 whorls. Oahu : Summit of the Main Range, between Waiahole and Waiawa, D. Thaanum. Cotypes no. 108172 A. N. S. P. and 6842 Thaanum coll. Amastra montagui PILS., Nautilus xxvii, August, 1913, p. 39. This species, which was named in honor of Doctor C. Montague Cooke, is related to A. thaanumi, which was found in Kaaawa, on a lateral spur of the Main Range, some miles north of the habitat of A. montagui. The main difference between the species is that A. montagui is much more slender. This is the second sinistral Amastra from Oahu. All other sinistral species of the genus belong to the subgenus Heter- amastra, and live on the islands Molokai, Maui, Lanai and Hawaii. A. RETICULATA Pfr. Vol. XXI, p. 179. Typical specimens were taken by Mr. Thaanum in Haleauau, and by Pilsbry at the foot of a small intermediate ridge in Popouwela. In both lots, there were also some subcjdindric 30 AMASTRA. shells more like var. dispcrsa. Probably A. conspersa is not separable from typical reticulata. A. r. dispersa was taken by Thaanum in Haleauau, up to 19 mm. long, the largest 10.5 mm. in diameter. It is also common on the western ridge of Popouwela where the shells are extraordinarily variable in size, shape and color. A. RETICULATA VESPERTINA P. & C., 11. Sllbsp. PI. 2, fig. 17. The shell is small, perforate, oblong-conic or coni-cylindric, irregularly striate, not spirally striate ; fossil, but the freshest shells show traces of numerous dark spiral bands. Aperture only slightly oblique, angular at both ends. Outer lip obtuse, somewhat thickened within. Columellar lamella prominent and subhorizontal. Length 12, diam. 6.5, aperture 5.7 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 13, diam. 6.9, aperture 6 mm. ; 6 whorls. Oahu: Kawaihapai, in soil of a plowed field between the railroad and the bluff, cotypes no. 108980 A. N. S. P. and in the Bishop Museum. Pilsbry and Cooke, 1913. This form closely resembles A. transversalis bryani of the Punchbowl and Diamond Head. Both seem to be depauper- ate races, possibly in response to the increasing aridity which finally wrought their destruction. A. r. vespcrtina lived on the coastal plain near the railroad, about a half-mile from the first bluff of the Waianae range. It doubtless dates from the humid stage of the Pleistocene or the early human period, when forest extended down to the present sea level. A. EXTINCTA (Pfeiffer). PI. 7, fig. 5. Vol. XXI, p. 159. A figure of the type in the British Museum is given. It seems to be a species of the A. cornea group, and should be looked for in the superficial deposits of Kona. The figure suggests a shell which had succumbed to arid environment. Section AMASTRELLA. Oahu. A. RUBENS (Gld.). Vol. XXI, p. 192. Mokuleia, Haleauau and Makaha (Thaanum). A set from Mt. Kaala has the rich chestnut cuticle almost entire, the AMASTRA. 31 under color of nearly the same shade. They have great super- ficial resemblance to A. decorticata, which does not occur in the Waianae range. A. DECORTICATA Gulick. Vol. XXI, p. 200. The type lot of A. solida Pease (Vol. , XXI, p. 178), lent by the Museum of Comparative Zoology, proves to comprise three species. One shell is a short form of A. tcxtilis with an abnormally thickened outer lip, probably senile or pathologic. Two are identical with A. subrostrata Pfr., and have been noticed under that caption; one of them served for Pease's description of the peristome. The fourth shell, pi. 7, fig. 1, is an A. decorticata, with exactly the texture and color of many of Gulick 's Kawailoa specimens, but slightly abnormal by having the last two whorls rather tumid just below the suture, as if the spire had been slightly telescoped on the penultimate whorl. Exactly the same appearance is occasionally to be seen in Amastra, Bulimulus and other shells of like shape. The color is rather peculiar, kaiser-brown with tawny streaks, fading to yellow below the suture on the last 2~y2 whorls, and with dull blackish streak behind the outer lip ; the upper half of the spire being liver-brown. The outer lip has been broken and repaired, is dark-edged, and thickened a little distance within. Parietal callus moderately thick but transparent and therefore not conspicuous, exactly as in decorticata. Length 16, diam. 9 mm.; whorls 6%. It is a "dead'1' but fresh shell. Pease's description of the external color and dimensions were from this shell, while his description of the aperture was from one of the specimens of A. subrostrata. A. solida be- comes therefore a synonym of both species. From the appearance of the four shells assembled by Pease in his lot of A. solida, we would say that they were from three localities, and were associated by Pease simply because of the thickened peristome. In three of them the thickening is obviously abnormal ; the other shell being a normal A. subrostrata. Snails with irregular apertural calluses are 32 AMASTRA. common enough in some island faunas, but are remarkably rare in the Hawaiian group, probably because such structures are generally associated with aridity. In the Hawaiian group arid conditions have come in so suddenly that there has been extinction rather than adaptation of the snail fauna. A. ELLIPTICA Gulick. Vol. XXI, p. 204. Occurs in a Pleistocene or later deposit 1% miles west of Kahuku, in a bluff of calcareous-sand rock, near the seashore road, at a far lower level than the species now lives. Section PARAMASTRA. OaJrn. A. MICANS (Pfr.). Vol. XXI, p. 210. Amastra erecta Pease, Vol. XXI, p. 305, of which one of us has recently examined the type in the Pease collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, is identical with A. micans (like pi. 37, figs. 5, 6, of Vol. XXI). It is to be deleted from the list of Mauian species. Specimens of A. micans taken by Mr. Thaanum in Haleauau are bandless, chamois or honey yellow to chestnut, often with a fragmentary darker brown outer cuticle, and measure 15 x 7.5 to 17 x 8 mm. Those from Pukuloa are mostly a little narrower, chestnut-colored with dark blue summit. On the western ridge of Popouwela we found about half of the shells banded (frosti pattern), and very few white under a thin, pale yellow cuticle, the upper part of the spire flesh-colored. A. frosti is merely a mutation occurring in some colonies of micans, and not a valid species or subspecies. A. SPIRIZONA (Fer.). Vol. XXI, p. 215. Add the synonym: Achatinella boetica Mighels, Jay's Cata- logue Edit. 4, p. 214. The type locality of spirizona was doubtless Helemano or in that immediate neighborhood, and it is therefore exactly equivalent to A. acuta Swains. It occurs in hybrid colonies with the pattern called nigrolabris Smith. It is a notable fact that in the Waiauae range spirizona has a different set of associates. I have not the material to AMASTRA. 33 fully work out the question of its relations with A. cylindrica, but the two are certainly near akin. Well north on the western ridge of Popouwela it is found in typical pattern, together with cylindrica Nc. There is no evidence that they interbreed, and there are no blends in the series collected by Pilsbry. Further up the ridge, southward, in the place where Endodonta is abundant, there are a few spirizona as- sociated with many cylindrica-porphyrea-intermedia, and a very few specimens with the white suture of spirizona and the lighter ground-color and coarse striae of porphyrea. The type figure of A. rudis Pfr. (Vol. XXI, p. 219) is photographically reproduced in fig. 17 of pi. 30, Vol. XXII. A. CYLINDRICA (Newc.). PI. 8, figs. 12 to 16. The series from the western ridge of Popouwela demon- strates that A. cylindrica (Vol. XXII, pi. 29, fig. 11, photo- graphic copy of type figure), A. intermedia (Vol. XXII, pi. 29, fig. 13, type fig.) and A. porphyrea (Vol. XXII, pi. 29, fig. 16, type fig.) live in the same colony, no doubt interbreed, and are fully connected by blends. We unite all under the first name, A. cylindrica. The specific identity of these forms has already been recognized by several of the Island conchologistst" Newcomb's figures are reproduced in fac- simile on pi. 29 of Vol. XXII. As they are somewhat ideal- ized, we are giving views of Popouwela shells also, pi. 8, figs. 12-16. The outlines of the spire vary in convexity, but are sup- posed to be always more convex than in A. spirizona, which has straight contours. The last whorl at least is coarsely striate. The ground-color varies from nearly white or vinaceous buff to mikado brown, and is either plain or en- circled with lines and bands of a darker shade. The black or black-brown cuticle remains in shreds, emphasizing the stria- tion, or in patches; and it is most persistent in the dark- ground shells such as Newcomb figured as intermedia. The narrow, well-banded shells are Newcomb's cylindrica, the wider more obese ones, banded or not, are his porphyrea. A. variegata Pfr. is closely related to the preceding. 34 AMASTRA. Whether constantly distinct remains to be worked out. No new material bearing on this form was obtained in the expedition of 1913. AMASTRA OP LANAI. A. AUROSTOMA Baldwin. PL 8, figs. 9, 10, 11. Vol. XXI, p. 240. Specimens with the cuticle figured in zigzag stripes were taken by Mr. Thaanum near Kaalele Paaka (main ridge east of Lanaihale). In part of the shells this pattern gives place to uniform black on the last whorl. The under color is pale yellow orange or yellow ocher. The largest shells have the aperture and parietal callus white. A. MAGNA (Newc.). Vol. XXI, p. 237. The original fig- ure of A. gigantea Newc. is reproduced on pi. 29, fig. 17, of Vol. XXII. AMASTRA OF MOLOKAI. See pp. 23, 24 for species of Cyclamastra. A. VIOLACEA (Newc.). Vol. XXI, p. 257. Newcomb's ori- ginal figure is reproduced photographically on pi. 29, fig. 14, of Vol. XXII. A. PULLATA Baldwin. PI. 8, figs. 7, 8. Vol. XXI, p. 261. To the figures cited in Vol. XXI add pi. 37, fig. 17. New localities are : Puunea, north of Meyer's lake (Cooke & Pilsbry). Kalamaula (Thaanum). Head of Makakupaia gulches (Thaanum). Two specimens from the last locality are figured to show the extremes of shape, the more slender shells running into var. subnigra. Pipe-line trail near and at its head, upper Kaunakakai (Cooke & Pilsbry), mostly of the subnigra shape, but some shells nearly typical pullata ; last whorl sometimes variegated, usually deep brown or black. Var. unibrosa was taken by Pilsbry and Cooke in the ravine east of Makolelau house, and in the northwestern ravine of Kamalo, above the old irrigation ditch. A. MUCRONATA (Newc.) PI. 3, figs. 1, 2, 3 (Mapulehu). Vol. XXI, p. 268. See also Vol. XXII, pi. 30, fig. 49, type - AMASTRA. 35 fig. (also fig. 18, type fig. of A. fusiformis Pfr.). Probably Mapulehu is the type locality of this species. Specimens col- lected there by Mr. Thaanum are figured on pi. 3, figs. 1-3. It is also type locality of the synonymous A. simularis. Mr. Thaanum has collected large series of a somewhat smaller form, length 121/2 to 151/2 mm., in Mapulehu gulch. The aperture is usually less than half as long as the shell. The cuticle varies from elaborately figured to nearly plain. The ground-color is buff-pink, flesh or cinnamon, generally paler at the base, which may be white. More rarely the whole ground is white. The shell is quite thin. Further west, in Ualapue, Mr. Thaanum found a somewhat more solid form, with obscurely tessellated or merely streaked cuticle. Still further west, the color-variety atroflava was found by Dr. Cooke and myself in the northwestern ravine of Kamalo, above the ditch trail. The ground is cream or naples yellow, sometimes fleshy at the base, and the markings are mummy brown or blackish. Probably the types were from Kamalo, as figs. 9-12 of pi. 41 resemble these shells. Kamalo and Kawela are the western limits of mucronata, in any of its forms. Eastward of Mapulehu, Mr. Thaanum has collected forms of mucronata in Waialua and Moanui valleys on the south- eastern coast, and at Manawai opa in the great Halawa valley. The shells from these eastern localities are more obese than those from farther west, and might be segregated as a subspecies perhaps. In Halawa the ground-color is often very dark, liver brown; but others are pale, marguerite yellow. The mark- ings are typical. Near the mouth of Halawa Mr. Thaanum found fossil specimens, resembling those of Mapulehu in shape. The several varieties of Ancey and Sykes, noticed in Vol. XXI, are based chiefly upon ground-color, which is extremely variable in any large lot. Mr. Ancey 's var. maura is typical simularis, that is, a form of mucronata. Possibly the locali- ties of varieties roseotincta and citrca could be given by Mr. 36 AMASTRA. Perkins, and if so their identity with either the western or the eastern races could be decided. The relations of A. mucronata with A. modesta, dimissa nubifcra and subobscura, require further study with more material than we can command. A. SYKESI (Vol. XXI, p. 273), of which we have now seen a good many specimens, seems very well distinguished from the preceding by its much more globose shape. The locality is Pali-koi, Halawa. A. SUBOBSCURA H. & P. Vol. XXI, p. 276. Ualapue. A smaller form which may be called A. s. puella was taken by Mr. Thaanum in Ualapue. Length 9, diam. 5 mm., with 5y2 whorls. There is a rather acute peripheral carina on the whorls as far as the middle of the penultimate or farther, but no trace of it appears on the last whorl. It is noticeable above the suture in some speci- mens, nearly or quite concealed in others more closely coiled. Interior bluish white, with a slight thickening within the dark-edged lip in fully adult shells. A. KAUNAKAKAIENSIS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 3, figs. 8, 9, 10. The shell is narrowly perforate, oblong-conic, very thin. Chestnut brown, nude and glossy in front of the aperture, elsewhere covered with a very thin russet cuticle, which dark- ens to chestnut and often black on the last half whorl, where it becomes somewhat glossy. Embryonic whorls flattened, carinate and costate ; following whorls moderately convex, ir- regularly striate. Young up to middle of the fifth whorl are acutely angular, but the angle is concealed in adults. Aper- ture dark within, having no white lining and no lip-rib. The columellar fold is thin, oblique. Columellar margin reflected, nearly closing the perforation. Length 13, diam. 7.1, aperture 6.2 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 14.2, diam. 7.5 mm., 6 whorls (largest). Molokai : pipe-line trail in upper Kaunakakai district, above and a short distance below the spring. Pilsbry and Cooke, Jan. 26, 1913. AMASTRA. 37 This is a member of the mucronata group, distinguished by the very thin shell and the thin, wholly plain, russet cuticle, which darkens to chestnut on the last whorl. It is a thinner shell than A. subobscura. A. KALAMAULENSIS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PL 3, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7. The shell is imperforate or nearly so, ovate-conic, very thin, glossy light brownish olive in front of the aperture, elsewhere covered with a thin russet cuticle having darker or blackish streaks on the last whorl, often wholly black in its last half, and usually having a cream-white band at the periphery run- ning a short distance in front of the aperture. The embryonic whorls are flat, carinate and costate, the ribs coarser than in Mapulehu A. mucronata. Subsequent whorls somewhat convex, marked with irregular growth-lines. The acutely an- gular periphery persists upon the penultimate whorl, but it becomes rounded before reaching the last, where the position of the keel is marked by a light band on the ventral side in most individuals. The aperture is dark within, with no white lining. Columellar fold thin. Columellar margin reflected, nearly or entirely closing the perforation. Length 11.9, diam. 7, aperture 6.2 mm. ; 5% whorls. Molokai: Kalamaula. D. Thaanum. Cotypes no. 108227 A. N. S. P. and Bishop Museum. Also in Thaanum coll. This shell has the very thin texture of A. kaunakakaiensis, from which it differs by the more prolonged carinate stage, the more obese shape and the frequent presence of a whitish band in front of the aperture. It has a thinner prismatic layer than any form of A. mucronata or A. siibobscura, and there is not the least trace of mottling or zigzag figures in the cuticle. In a few specimens the embryonic whorls are slightly con- vex, the riblets almost obsolete, and the peripheral keel con- cealed. I cannot see that the rest of the shell differs. Similar cases of heteromorphic embryos have been noted in a few other Molokaian Amastras. By an error of the artist, figure 4 was grouped with figs. 1-3. 38 AMASTRA. A. HUMILIS MOOMOMIENSIS P. & C., n. subsp. PL 7, figs. 9 to 14. Differs from A. humilis chiefly by the much smaller, or often obsolete coluniellar fold. The shape is usually more slender and elongate. Length 20.5, diam. 8.3, aperture 7.5 mm., whorls iy2. Length 21.3, diam. 9 mm. Length 19.5, diam. 9 mm. Length 18, diani. 8.8, aperture 6.3 mm. ; whorls 7. Molokai : Pleistocene of the sand dunes of Moomoini, around base of the bluff, Cooke and Pilsbry, 1913. Cotypes no. 110594 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Mus. These shells dot the sand in the "draws" or swales of the dunes. In many places they may be scooped up by thousands. The loose ones are mostly etched by the blowing sand, but where the red-earth is exposed they occur imbedded, and show the irregular striation of recent humilis. The various stages in decadence of the columellar lamella are shown in the fig- ures. Occasionally the surface is somewhat malleate, and in some shells a tawny stain at the summit tells of the dark apex of the living shell. Moomomi is a shallow bay on the north coast at the end of the great escarpment running north from Mauna Loa. In some places the calcareous sand has been consolidated and stands in cliffs, carved into shelves and points by the wind. The soft layers in this formation are good collecting places for the small and minute forms. The shell-bearing layers begin about 20 ft. above sea level, and run up to about 600 ft. The presence of great numbers of fragile shells, Succinea, Endodonta, Philoncsia, Tornatcilinida: and Pupillidff show that the snails were buried where they lived. They indicate decidedly humid conditions and the presence of forest. Such conditions are now found eastward a third of the island's length from Moomomi, at elevations of over 1000 ft., but at present nowhere in the western half of the island. Here, as in Kahoolawe and Oahu, there is conclusive evidence of a Pleistocene climate far more humid than that of today. Living A. humilis was taken by Dr. Cooke and myself in a ravine east of Makolelau house. AMASTRA. 39 A. HUMILIS SEPULTA P. & C., n. subsp. PI. 7, figs. 15, 16, 17. Smaller and especially narrower than other forms of humilis; columellar fold strongly developed, a second low fold occasionally present above the columellar fold (fig. 15). Aperture small. Length 17, diam. 7, aperture 6.5 mm. ; iy2 whorls. Length 15.5, diam. 6.5, aperture 6 mm. ; 7 whorls. Molokai : Moomomi, with the preceding. Cotypes 110595 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Museum. This is much less abundant than A. h. moomomiensis in the series taken, but it was not noticed in the field, where the ground was gone over hastily. It may be that all of them are from some particular bed. It is a point to be worked out when these extensive beds can be gone over in detail. A. NUBILOSA GEORGII, U. Sp. PI. 7, figS. 6, 7, 8. The shell is larger than A. nubilosa, more slender than A. n. macerata. Surface rather coarsely striate and conspicu- ously malleate when not worn. Columellar fold smaller than in the recent forms, often very small. Length 26, diam. 12.8, aperture 11 mm. ; 8 whorls. Length 23.5, diam. 12, aperture 10.2 mm. ; 7 whorls. Molokai : Pleistocene, in sand dunes at base of the bluff, Moomomi, Cooke & Pilsbry, Jan. 30, 1913. Cotypes no. 109971 A. N. S. Phila. and in Bishop Museum. . This Amastra is rather rare in the dune deposits, associated with A. humilis moomomiensis, Partulina dwighti occidentalis and many smaller species. Named for Mr. George C. Cooke, manager of the Molokai Ranch. Living A. nubilosa was taken by Dr. Cooke and myself north of Meyer's place, in Puunea, probably the extreme western limit of its range, and the nearest approach of the living form to the locality of the fossil race of Moomomi. A. TRICINCTA Pilsbry. PI. 3, fig. 14 (embryo). Vol. XXI, p. 277. This species was found by us to be not uncommon in a small ravine east of Puu Kolekole. It differs from A. petricola by the thinness of the shell and total ab- 40 AMASTEA. sence of a callous rim within the outer lip. The embryo has an obtuse summit and angular periphery, the angle sometimes concealed in adult shells. Its sculpture varies somewhat, but is always fine. The neanic stage has an acute peripheral angle or a narrow keel, as far as the end of 3y2 to 41/2 whorls, after which the whorl becomes rounded. The peripheral whitish band is the most constant, the subsutural band being often wanting and the basal light patch mentioned in the descrip- tion is generally not noticeable. The largest shell taken is 9 mm. long. The embryo figured is 2.3 mm. long, composed of 2! whorls. A. ALBOCINCTA Pils. & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 3, figs. 11, 12. The shell is perforate, oblong-conic, small, thin, somewhat shining, more or less daubed with dirt in life. Spire straightly conic, tapering to a minute apex. Embryonic whorls drawn out, strongly convex, very delicately striate, having a silky luster. Neanic whorls convex, angular at the periphery, the angle concealed in adults, or sometimes visible just above the suture. Last whorl rounded, having sculpture of irregular, delicate growth-stride, liver-brown, more or less streaked with yellow, and having creamy bands at suture, periphery and around the columella, the sutural and colu- mellar often obsolete. The aperture is dark within, lip not in the least thickened. Length 9.3, diam. 5 mm. ; 5~y2 whorls. Molokai: northwestern ravine of Kamalo, just above the ditch trail, on a steep, wooded slope. Pilsbry and Cooke, Jan. 29, 1913. Cotypes 108689 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Mus. This species resembles A. tricincta in size, color, and in the thinness of the shell. The spire is more slender than in that species, with the tip more produced and acute. The embryonic shell (pi. 3, fig. 12, length 2.6 mm., of 2% whorls) is more oblong, with only an indistinct peripheral angle. A. petricola Newc., of which we have seen a number of examples, is a much more solid shell, with more obtuse apex. A. pusilla Newc. is more solid than A. albocincta, with coarser embryonic sculpture. A. albocincta and A. tricincta AMASTRA. 41 serve to connect the series of A. petricola and that of A. pusilla, and it is doubtful whether these small Amastras should not all be placed in one "series." A. pusilla has not been found by any subsequent explorer of Lanai, its habitat on that island resting upon Dr. Newcornb's statement only. Mauian Amastras. A. GONIOPS P. & C., n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 1 to 5. The shell is imperforate or narrowly perforate, solid, bi- conic, vandyke brown, the denuded surface in front of the aperture usually lighter, pecan brown; rather dull. Surface lightly marked with growth-wrinkles, sometimes having some spiral strige above the periphery. Periphery acutely angular or carinate in front, becoming rounded in the last half or less. Spire convex in the lower, slightly concave in the upper part. Embryonic whorls very finely, sharply striate, the em- bryonic shell (fig. 2) angular at the periphery, very similar to that of A. obcsa. Aperture quite oblique, the interior white, or tinted with pale blue, pink or violaceous; lip-rib strong, nearly white. Columella short, with a strong, not very oblique fold. Length 11.2, diam. 7.2 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 11, diam. 7 to 7.5 mm. West Maui: upper Olowalu gulch (D. Thaaiium, July, 1913). Cotypes in coll. A. N. S. P. and Bishop Museum. Also in coll. D. Thaanum. Mt. Lihau and Mt. Helu, rare (Thaaiium). A peculiar and strongly individual species having some affinity to the much larger and rougher A. nigra. The dense texture, smooth surface, half-carinate last whorl and Cycla- rnastra-like apical whorls are its most striking features. It was found in some abundance in the type locality. It does not agglutinate, though a few shells are dirty (fig. 4), as in all Amastras. A. agglutinans Nc., of West Maui is quite different, being more depressed, umbilicate, loaded with dirt at the periphery, and it has the rough cuticle of A. obesa. 42 AMASTRA. A. BALDWINIANA Pilsbry. PI. 8, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Vol. XXI, p. 292. The types from Mr. Baldwin were from ' ' Lahaiua, ' ' a district taking in a large segment of the south- western mountains. Olowalu in Lahaina district, is the larg- est valley on the southern slope. From the sea one looks up a vast gorge cleaving the very heart of the mountains, and terminating in a wall set with peaks. In this gulch Mr. Thaanum took a large series of shells which materially add to our knowledge of this species. At the highest locality it wras found, there are a few shells agreeing well with the types except that they are as conspicuously malleated as A. nigra. The smaller shells of this lot are often less malleated, and are similar to those from lower in the gulch. In the lower locality, out of 390 shells taken, only three are as large as the types, measuring 19, 21.5 and 22.5 mm. respectively. The usual length of adults is 15 to 16 mm. In many shells the cuticle is unfigured except for longitudinal streaks, but others have zigzag or mesh markings as in the affinis group, in mummy brown on a pale ochraceous buff ground, on part of the penultimate and last whorls, finally becoming solid chestnut-black on the last half whorl or less. Until the last whorl there is a delicate carina at the periphery, often visible above the last turn of the suture, and sometimes this persists as an inconspicuous angle on the front of the last whorl ; most of the shells are somewhat malleate, but some show no malleation. The embryo shells are either apricot buff or chestnut brown. We cannot point out any important distinction between many of the small, unmalleated specimens of baldwiniana, and A. conifera Smith, of Kula, East Maui. The peripheral carina persists longer in the latter; none I have seen are malleate, and it is not known to develop a large fonn like typical baldu'inicina. Whether the two are specifically dis- tinct is uncertain. The localities are now separated by a wide area barren of forest shells. The forests of Kula dis- trict are mostly dead or dying. I do not know that any collector since the time of Gulick has found A. conifera. AMASTRA. 43 Gulick's localities are very trustworthy, but we would like to see that of A. conifera verified. A. b. kahakuloensis P. & C., n. subsp., pi. 8, figs. 5, 6. An- other form of baldwiniana taken at Kahakuloa, W. Maui by Mr. Thaanum, is much more slender than any from Olowalu. A keel is generally visible above the suture towards its end, and there is sometimes a little malleation. The mummy brown cuticle is conspicuously streaked with whitish and on the last half whorl with black or blackish. The surface under it is pinkish buff or almost white. Length 17, diam. 8.5, aperture 7 mm. ; 6y2 whorls. Length 16.5, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm. A. AFFINIS (Newc.). PL 6, figs. 12 to 19. Vol. XXI, p. 297. A large series recently collected by Mr. Thaanum in the Polipoli Forest Keserve, Kula district (pi. 6, figs. 15 to 19) shows great variation. The shape varies be- tween length 15.2, diam. 7.3 mm. and 13 x 7.3 mm. The ground color may be light buff, ochraceous buff, buff-pink Prussian red, purple-drab, or various more neutral tints. Some shells are pale below as in Vol. XXI, pi. 44, fig. 8. The outer thin cuticle is usually figured in zigzag-netted pattern, often wholly absent. In Auwahi (pi. 6, figs. 12, 13, 14), a couple of miles from Polipoli, the shells have mainly a dull or dead appearance, with the cuticle largely deciduous, what remains being usually dense and opaque, as in Gulick's rustica. It seems obvious from these lots that the supposed sub- species or varieties pupoidea, bigener, bigener abberans, sub- pulla and Cinderella are merely mutants of afflnis, and with- out racial significance. A. LAHAINANA P. & C., U. Sp. PI. 6, figs. 1 to 10. The shell is perforate or closed, ovate-conic, thin but rather strong, not glossy, having rather coarse growth-striae near the suture, elsewhere weak. Color variable : carob brown, russet, apricot buff, ochraceous buff, or nearly white ; some- times the color is bipartite, light with a dark base or light 44 AMASTRA. with a dark spire, rarely dark with a light base. Eather rarely there is a thin fragmentary outer cuticle, ivory-yellow with zigzag or netted markings of mummy brown. The em- bryonic whorls (fig. 10) are more convex and more finely cos- tulate than in A. affinis. The embryonic shell is either chest- nut brown, pinkish buff or cream, and usually has oblique corneous markings on the last half whorl. The aperture re- sembles that of A. affinis ; outer lip scarcely thickened within ; columellar fold strong. Length 10.2, diani. 5.7, aperture 5 mm. ; 5~y2 whorls. Length 11, diam. 6, aperture 5.2 mm. West Maui: Olowalu Gulch, district of Lahaina, D. Thaanum. Cotypes in A. N. S. P. and Bishop Mus. A very pretty species, closely related to the East Mauian A. affinis, and like that variable in color. The embryonic whorls are more convex, more finely costulate, and show the keel less ; the shell is smaller than the average affinis, and the columellar lamella is a little larger. A. LINEOLATA (Newcomb). PI. 7, figs. 18, 19. Vol. XXI, p. 320. Newcomb 's collection contains three specimens on the lineolata cord, one having been broken off, probably to send to London for illustration in his paper of 1853. The three specimens represent two species. One shell has the "umber colored zigzag lines," and must there- fore be the type. The other two have no dark markings. They agree with Newcomb 's figure in P. Z. S., copied in volume XXI, pi. 45, fig. 9. The specimen which we take to be the type (pi. 7, figs. 18, 19), is openly perforate, rather thin. The spire is con- vexly conic below, but a little concave towards the summit. First half whorl smooth, next whorl flat, coarsely costate, carinate at the lower edge. The ribs are finer on the suc- ceeding whorl, towards the end of which they disappear ex- cept below the suture. Following whorls have faint growth- lines. The shell is pinkish under a thin tawny-olive cuticle, wliidi is marked with a dm-krr shade (Saccardo's umber) as shown in the figure. The embryonic whorls are brownish. AMASTRA. 45 The aperture is rather narrow; outer lip thin; columellar margin is reflected half over the umbilical crevice, and bears a small, steeply ascending lamella. Length 11.4, diam. 5.5 mm., aperture 5 mm. ; 5iX> whorls. It will be noted at once that the apex, the pattern of color and the columellar fold are those of A. affinis; but the shell is more slender than any affinis we have seen ; it is also some- what thinner, and has a conspicuously open perforation. We can only suggest that lincolata, as a close ally of affinis, is to be looked for in Maui. A. NEGLECTA n. sp. PI. 7, fig. 20. The other two shells on Newcomb's card of lincolata differ from the preceding in the following particulars. They are imperforate, like A. affinis; the shape is more broadly and regularly conic; the cuticle shows no dark variegation what- ever; the aperture is wider, and the columellar fold is decid- edly stronger and ascends less steeply. It seems to have been a shell of this kind which Newcomb figured in the P. Z. S. It is covered with a tawny-olive cuticle, and is bluish white where this is eroded in front of the aperture ; apical whorls brown. It differs from A. affinis by the stralghtly conic spire, which is narrower towards the apex, by the stronger, less steeply ascending columellar fold, and the absence of variegation. Length 12.7, diain. 6.2, aperture 5.5 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 12, diam. 6.7, aperture 5.5 mm. ; 6 whorls. Maui ? Type in Newcomb coll., Cornell University. ? Achatinella lineolata NEWC., P. Z. S. London, 1853, pi. 23, f. 29. Not the description. While decidedly of Mauian type, we cannot unite this with A. affinis or any allied species seen. A. johnsoni (which may prove to be a dark form of affinis) differs in shape, color and the columellar fold. A. aniictti, which seems close to neglecta in shape, is described as differing by its rough epidermis and purplish color. Its apex is undescribed, and the locality unknown. It will be noticed that neither of these shells agrees exactly 46 AMASTRA. with Newcomb's measurements. But neither do his measure- ments agree with the figure in P. Z. S., since that figure has about the same ratio of breadth to length as these shells, whereas Newcomb 's measurements represent it as a decidedly narrower shell. This is not to be taken too seriously, how- ever, as there are various ways of measuring the diameter of a shell of this shape, and moreover his measurements were probably read off of a flat scale, giving room for mistakes. A. FARCIMEN (Pfeiffer). PL 1, fig. 9. Vol. XXI, p. 291. Mr. E. A. Smith had our figure of the type-specimen made. This looks like a sinistral specimen of the pupoidea form of Amastra affinis, such as that figured in Vol. XXI, pi. 44, figs. 10, 11. The position of farcimen de- pends, however, upon the apical sculpture, which is not known to us. It does not look like a Heteramastra. A. MASTERSI (Newc.). Vol. XXI, p. 296. 4th line from bottom in place of northeastern read western. Section HETERAMASTRA Pilsbry. A. SOROR (Newc.). Vol. XXI, p. 285. Part of the specimens taken by Mr. Thaanum in Olowalu gulch, West Maui, have markings recall- ing A. affinis Nc. A. PILSBRYI Cooke. PI. 4, figs. 6, 7, 8. Shell imperforate, sinistral, elliptical with conic spire which is somewhat contracted near the summit. One cotype is of an old gold color, streaked with chestnut behind the outer lip, and with the spire brownish; the other (dead) cotype is wax yellow in front of the aperture, elswhere with a yellow gleam under a pale tawny cuticle, the last third of the last whorl chestnut. Surface of the last whorl semi-matt, the spire more shining; smooth to the eye, but under the lens unequal growth-wrinkles are seen. Embryonic whorls carinate, the keel visible above the suture ; first half whorl nearly smooth, the next two whorls sculptured with regular, slightly arcuate AMASTRA. 47 ribs, at first rather coarse, becoming finer to the end of the embryonic shell, which comprises 2^ whorls (fig. 7). Whorls 5y2> convex, the neanic whorls carinate, the keel usually concealed in adult shells; the last whorl is swollen below the deeply impressed suture, ventricose, tapering below. The aperture is rather long and narrow, slightly oblique, white within. Peristome slightly thickened close to the edge. Colu- mellar lamella of moderate size, thin and spiral, white ; parietal callus thin. Length 13.1, diam. 7.7, length of aperture 7 mm. Length 13.4, diam. 8.1, length of aperture 7.1 mm. West Maui: Mt. Helu. Cotypes in coll. Bishop Museum and no. 108170 Acad. Nat. Sciences. Also in Mr. Thaanum's collection. Amastra pilsbryi COOKE, Nautilus xxvii, Oct., 1913, p. 68. A. f rater no. Sykes of Lanai has some resemblance to this species, being of stouter contour than other Heteramastras. Although A. pilslryi has the stout contour and carinate, costate embryo of typical Amastra, it is perhaps to be re- garded as a stout species of Heteramastra, the wholly uu- figured cuticle favoring this view. It is rather isolated in the fauna as at present known, and does not readily fall into any of the recognized groups. A. ELONGATA (Newcomb). PI. 2, fig. 18. Vol. XXI, p. 230. Three specimens are no. 29960 of the Newcomb collection, Cornell University. One of these may be the type which was said to be unique, but none agrees exactly with Newcomb 's measurements. It is a shell having the color and texture of A. subsoror, with which it agrees in the long, convex embryonic whorls. The surface may be a little rougher. It differs from subsoror in the decidedly more elongate shape and consequently smaller aperture. It differs from A. perversa by the longer, more convex em- bryonic whorls. Seems to be a valid species, close to those of Maui and Molokai. Length 10.9, diam. 5.2, aperture 4.4 mm. ; 614 whorls. 48 AMASTRA. A. SUBSOROR H. & P. PI. 3, fig. 13. Vol. XXI, p. 287. The exact locality of this species is not known. Two of the three lots seen are without habitat, the other lot being labeled Lahaina, Maui, by Gulick. The summit of one of the type lot is figured on pi. 3. A. subsoror auwahiensis P. & C., n. subsp. PL 5, figs. 8, 9, 10. The shell is sinistral, imperforate, thin, ovate-turrite, chest- nut-brown, the cuticle becoming yellowish on the spire in old shells; lusterless, irregularly striate and having occasional rather prominent wrinkles. Sculpture of the embryo fine, close and delicate (too coarse in fig. 10). The last whorl is swollen. Outer lip fragile. Columellar fold small and very oblique. Length 11.1, diam. 6.25, aperture 5.25 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 12, diam. 6.25, aperture 5.3 mm. ; 6 whorls. East Maui : Auwahi, at 4200 ft., very abundant. Differs from subsoror chiefly by its more robust contour, the last whorl being more swollen, and the shell larger in every way. The sculpture of the apex is about the same. It was found in fine dirt around and under rocks or occasion- ally attached to them. Auwahi is on the slope of Haleakala facing Hawaii, just above Ulupalakua. Hitherto A. lava and A. hutchinsonii were the only Heter- amastras known from East Maui; but Mr. Thaanum's find shows that the group of forms supposed to be West Mauian is also represented in the east. Curiously enough, they were found in the southern slope, and not 011 the less remote Kula side. A. NUBIGENA Pils. & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 11, 12; pi. 3, fig. 15. The shell is imperforate, sinistral, solid but rather thin, ovate-turrite, dark chocolate-colored, pale around the colu- mella. Surface matt except in front of the aperture, where the very thin outer cuticle is worn off. Outlines of spire slightly concave above. Apex rather acute, the initial half Amastrid^e PLATE 1 . ' 1 7* 3 Amastridae 1 2 5 9 / 13 , ,' 17 6 18 \ L9 PLATE 2 1 )N ^ *> 16 20 Amastridee PLATE 3 I' • ':.,. !-•- Achatinellidoe PLATE • i •' . ' • V , iv P$ 6 7 • . 11 L3 Achatinellidse PLATE 5 *IWJ 1 10 . , /: . ' 12 - Afnastrida? PLATE 6 16 Amastridae •1 ' £ 6 •' PLATE 7 ' 4 . JO I • 11! • 17 '•• 18 15 •i\ \ -..;.Vv =.?£r ' Vlft:*' Amastridae PLATE 8 6 9 JO 11 14 Amastridae PLATE _iit . : ' 3 • i 7 • .[im 1 TiV-jM •-, ». * 6 8 ' .^ . • . PLATE 10 • 6 - / 8 9 10 11 - 12 m , ' . J Si 13 / r •H 15 -r> I , 16 PLATE 1 1 Achatinellidae PLATE 12 6 Achatinellidae PLATE la AMASTRA. 49 whorl smooth, next whorl having rather coarse, arcuate riblets, and earinate above the suture; the following whorl more closely and sharply rib-striate (pi. 3, fig. 15). Neanic whorls earinate, the carina showing above the suture on some of the whorls, becoming obsolete on the penultimate whorl; last whorl more or less swollen. The outer lip has a white internal thickening ; colurnellar lamella moderately strong, oblique. Length 10, diarn. 5.7, aperture 4 mm. ; G1^ whorls. Length 10.2, diam. 5.5, aperture 4.3 mm. ; 6*4 whorls. Length 9.3, diam. 5.6, aperture 4 mm.; 5% whorls. West Maui: gulch to the right of Maunahoomaha, above Lahaiua, D. Thaanum, 1913. Cotypes in A. N. S. P. and Bishop Mus. Also reported by Mr. Thaanum from Mt. Helu, Honokawai gulch, Moomuku and Honokohau. This form has coarser ribs on the embryonic whorls than any of the related species, and the second embryonic whorl is flatter. The shell is larger and much more solid than A. sub- soror. As in that, there is a small pale tract around the colu- mella, the rest of the shell being very dark brown. Hawaiian Amastras. A. MELANOSIS (Newcomb). PI. 1, fig. 17. Vol. XXI, p. 312. Having examined a paratype from Newcomb 's collection (pi. 1, fig. 17, no. 30,014 Cornell Univ.) we are satisfied that his melanosis was based upon immature shells, lacking almost or quite a whorl of maturity, and cor- responding exactly with the immature stage of the shells figured in Vol. XXI, pi. 47, figs. 1, 2. These shells were from Mr. Baldwin, labeled Hamakua. Probably obtained by him from Mr. Homer. Their exact locality could doubt- less be traced. Newcomb 's label however says "Mauna Loa, Hawaii." Very little importance is to be attached to this, since Newcomb himself did not collect the shells, and it is very doubtful whether such an Amastra occurs on Mauna Loa unless so far down as to rob the term of any definite geographic significance. At all events, the Harnakua shell appears to be the typical form of A. melanosis. Dr. Newcomb 's original figure, copied in Vol. XXI, pi. 47, 50 AMASTRA. fig. 6, was enlarged. A figure of the specimen in his collec- tion is given on pi. 1, fig. 17. It measures, length 9.9, diam. 7.1 mm., with 5 whorls. A. melanosis kauensis P. & C., n. subsp. PL 1, fig. 18. The shell has the short, wide contour of Newcomb's type figure of melanosis. The cuticle is dull brown with darker streaks, and is in large part deciduous in adult shells, expos- ing the dull, flesh-tinted, somewhat chalky substance of the shell. The embryo is acutely angular, the angle continuing to the middle or rarely to the end of the last whorl. It is con- cealed on the spire except in the last half or third of a whorl, where it is exposed by the slight descent of the last whorl. The umbilicus is open and half covered in some, wholly closed in other examples. Length 11.8, diam. 8.25 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Length 11.2, diam. 7.6 mm. "Waiohinu, Kau, near the southern end of Hawaii, Mr. Thaanum. Cotyes no. 108147 A. N. S. and in Bishop Mus.; it is also in the Thaanum collection. This form is larger than the type of melanosis, but shorter and broader than what we take to be the adult form of that species. A. FLAVESCENS (Newcomb). Vol. XXI, p. 315. In its various varieties, this species probably has colonies in every forest district of Hawaii. In specimens from Newcomb, figured in Vol. XXI, the last whorl is rounded. A series from Gulick, without exact locality, has it more or less angular in front. Two specimens from New- comb measure : Length 16.5, diam. 9, aperture 7.5 mm. ; 6y5 whorls. Length 15.3, diam. 8, aperture 7 mm. ; 6 whorls. In A. /. saxicola Bald, the whorls are more convex, the last one rounded peripherally. This is the race from far south, the type from an aa flow on the Kahuku ranch, Kau. A form from South Kona, which Mr. Baldwin erroneously sent as A. henshawi (Vol. XXI, p. 318, last paragraph, and pi. 47, fig. 15), is similar to flavescens except that it is more AMASTRA. 51 slender with smaller aperture. The whorls are rather flat- tened, as in typical flavescens, with the suture less impressed than in the following form. Eastern form (pi. 9, fig. 13). A large series from Olaa, 2550 ft. elevation, collected by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, and a number from Glenwood, Olaa, taken by myself, show that the eastern form has slight racial peculiarities. The shell is in the average more slender than flavescens from Newcomb, with more convex whorls and smaller aperture. The last whorl is everywhere rounded. The thin cuticle on the last 2i/£ whorls is cream buff, streaked on the last whorl with chamois, and towards the end of the whorl often with ochraceous buff. The upper part of the spire is cinnamon or sometimes nearly as light as the later whorls. Specimens measure : Length 15.4, diam. 7.8, aperture 6.4 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 15.8, diam. 7.8, aperture 6.9 mm. Length 15, diam. 8, aperture 7 mm. Length 13.1, diam. 7.7, aperture 6.5 mm. The last measurement is of the broadest shell in my series, the individual possibly not quite adult. Mr. Henshaw has found a less slender form, with similar coloration, at Hono- mou, 13 miles north of his Olaa colony. While this eastern race seems separable from the flavescens, of Newcomb and Gulick, I refrain from naming it at this time, as I have no Hamakua shells with exact locality. Further comparison of good series is needed to demonstrate the value of the Olaa and the South Kona races, and their relation to Hamakua flavescens. A. HENSHAWI Baldwin. PI. 9, fig. 14. Mr. Baldwin's description was reprinted in Vol. XXI, p. 318, but the specimen figured was a very different form which he subsequently sent out as A. henshawi, and not the original species. Mr. Thaanum, who put us right in the mat- ter, kindly gave one of the original lot of henshawi, collected by Mr. Henshaw near the Buchholz place, Kona. It is drawn in fig. 14. It is distinct from A. flavescens by its far broader contour. 52 LAMINELLA. The shell is solid, resembling flavescens in texture. It is rather sharply irregularly striate, very faintly pink under a very thin naples-yellow cuticle, which is partly deciduous, the spire cinnamon, darkening to the apex. The whorls are closely coiled, the last showing a distinct angle in front, and very shortly descending near the aperture. Suture well im- pressed. The columellar lamella is strong and subhorizonial. Length 15, diam. 9.5, aperture 7.75 mm. ; 6 whorls. Genus LAMINELLA Pfeiffer. LAMINELLA GRAVLDA (Fer.). Vol. XXI, p. 327. This fine snail lives on the leaves of the olond, which is often referred to by collectors as the "gravida plant." I never saw them on any other plant. They are extremely timid, and drop to the ground at the slightest jar. On inspection of the very large series in the Bishop Museum, the Irwiii Spalding and the Thaanum collections, it is obvious that there are several local races, which it is de- sirable to recognize by name. The subspecies of L. gravida from west of Nuuanu live in widely separated colonies, and are perfectly distinct from one another in characters. They might be ranked as species, be- ing more distinct than many species of Achatinella. Those from Nuuanu eastward occupy contiguous areas and are less clearly differentiated from each other. L. GRAVIDA DIMONDI (C. B. Adams). Vol. XXI, pi. 55, f. 1, 2, 4, 5. The cuticle is bone-brown to black, more or less extensively deciduous in angular patches, exposing the cream or pinkish buff or almost white under-tint. Aperture white or pinkish buff within. Embryonic whorls olive-buff or some shade of brown. Size larger than in Pauoa gravida. Length 26, diam. 4, aperture 2.3 mm. Length 25, diam. 14.5 mm. Oahu: Wailupe, Waialae (fig. 2, Cooke coll.), Palolo (figs. 1, 4, A. N. S. P.), Manoa, Mt. Konahuanui and upper Nuuanu (fig. 5, Cooke coll.). LAMINELLA. 53 This was mistaken for typical gravida in the former ac- count. Adams' description follows. "Achatinella Dimondi. Shell reversed, thick, long ovate- conic ; dingy white or very pale yellowish brown, with a black- ish margin to the aperture when mature ; with a greenish black fugacious epidermis; with the transverse strife rather slight, very unequal and irregular, without spiral strias ; apex subacute ; spire rather long, with the outlines moderately cur- vilinear; whorls nearly seven, quite convex, with the suture well impressed ; last whorl often somewhat flattened on the middle. Aperture subovate, with the columellar fold well de- veloped, with the deposit on the inner side very thin ; labrum sharp, not reflected, well thickened within. Mean divergence 45 degrees ; length 1 inch ; breadth 5 inch ; length of aperture .38 inch. "Variety (?) lata has a divergence, in a specimen about two-thirds grown, of 55 degrees. "Habitat, Sandwich Islands. ' This fine species is named in honor of Mr. Henry Dimond, of Honolulu, to whom I have been much indebted for the shells of these islands." (C. B. Adams.} L. GRAVIDA GRAVIDA (Fer.). PI. 1, figs. 1, 2. Probably the form from Pauoa valley and Tantalus is typical. This form agrees well with the original description and figure, and our analysis of Ferussac's Hawaiian shells makes Pauoa the most probable locality for his species from near Honolulu. No doubt the party ascended Mt. Tantalus. This form is figured in Vol. XXI, pi. 55, fig. 3. It is small, with thin cuticle more or less deciduous, but where retained it is profusely speckled with v-shaped and zigzag lines of warm sepia, olive brown or bone brown, more or less dis- posed in streaks, and over a pale ochraceous salmon under- tint. Embryonic whorls usually some shade of brown, some- times olive-buff or a darker shade. Interior flesh color. Some specimens are cream-colored under the cuticle, with the aperture warm. buff. The largest specimen found by the senior author is 21.3 mm. long. Oahu: Bowl of Tantalus (pi. 1, figs. 1, 2). L. GRAVIDA SUFFUSA (Reeve). Vol. XXI, pi. 55, figs. 7, 8. Cuticle almost entirely wanting, the shell pink or white; 54 LAMINELLA. embryonic whorls very pale. Eastern side of lower Nuuanu Valley. L. GRAVIDA KALIHIENSIS P. & C., n. Subsp. PI. 1, fig. 6. Shell large, between white and marguerite yellow, with only small traces of a thin, very pale buff cuticle, which, where suf- ficiently preserved, is seen to be profusely figured with v or w-shaped olive lines ; the embryonic whorls being straw yellow or paler; interior white. Length 25.5, diam. 14, aperture 12 mm. ; 7 whorls. Length 27, diam. 14, aperture 12 mm. Oahu: Kalihi. Cotypes no. 109905 A. N. S. P. and no. 25878 Bishop Museum. L. GRAVIDA AURANTIUM P. & C., n. Subsp. PI. 1, figS. 3, 4, 5. Shell ochraceous-orange, deepening to apricot-orange or al- most coral pink near the outer lip, fading upwards to warm or light buff, the embryonic whorls some shade of ochraceous- buff or of brown ; cuticle almost entirely deciduous, but when remaining it is transparent, with irregular dusky markings. Interior geranium pink. Length 23, diam. 13.7, aperture 11 mm. ; 7 whorls. Length 23, diam. 12 mm. Length 21, diam. 13 mm. Length 26.2, diam. 15.2 mm. (Head of Waiawa). Oahu : main ridge, above Waiahole, D. Thaanum. Cotypes no. 109904 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Mus. Head of Waiawa (probably near the same place), Spalding, Kuhns. Eastern ravines of Kaliuwaa, Irwin Spalding. On Olona. Notable for its rich color. The specimens from Kaliuwaa often have a more turrite shape and are paler, light buff, be- coming warm buff or ochraceous orange anteriorly, embryonic whorls liver brown. The aperture however is beautifully colored, geranium pink or rose doree (pi. 1, fig. 5). Length 25, diam. 13.2 mm. Length 22.2, diam. 13 mm. L. GRAVIDA WAIANAENSIS P. & C., II. Subsp. PI. 1, figS. 7, 8. The shell has a dead, lusterless surface, cartridge buff to LAMINELLA. 55 nearly white, partly covered with narrow shreds of sepia cuticle, which becomes blackish towards the end of the last whorl ; embryonic whorls with more or less flesh tint. Aper- ture white within, but with a livid purple border, generally broad, within the lip ; columella dark red. Length 23, diam. 12.5 mm. Oahu: Haleauau, Waianae Mountains. Cotypes in coll. A. N. S. P. and Bishop Mus. This race was mentioned as a form of L. straminea in Vol. XXI, at the foot of page 329. A specimen from Dr. Cooke's no. 1778 from the Waianae range was figured on pi. 55, fig. 6, but, by some oversight, in the explanation of plates the figure was said to be from a Nuuanu shell. L. SANGUINEA (Newc.). Vol. XXI, p. 330. The paragraphs at foot of page 332 and top of p. 333 be- long to L. gravida and not to L. sanguined. Mr. Oleson's note seems to have been misplaced in the MS., and the error was overlooked in the proofs. Many years ago Mr. Joseph Emerson found L. sanguined on the south side of Anahulu river, in Kawailoa, but not on the north side. This appears to be its western limit. Newcomb 's type figure of L. sanguined is reproduced photo- graphically on pi. 29, fig. 15 of Vol. XXII. Var. leucoderma. Ground color white with the faintest suggestion of pink, under a very pale buff cuticle, marked with black as usual. Interior white ; columella, parietal wall and a lip-border more or less pink ; summit dark, as in typical sanguined. Size small. Length 17 mm., 5% whorls. Near the middle of the western ridge of Popouwela, Waianae Mts., on ieie. Spalding, Pilsbry and Cooke. Occurs as a pure race, so far as we know. L. ALEXANDRI (Newc.). PI. 1, figs. 10 to 16. Very large and handsome specimens have been collected on Mt. Kukui, West Maui, by Mr. Thaanum. A series is figured. In most of them the black lines are straight, but in a few they net together (fig. 10), and rarely they almost disappear, only some dots remaining (figs. 14, 15-16). The largest shells measure 18 x 8.5 mm. 56 LAMINELLA. L. A. DUOPLICATA Baldwin, taken in lao valley by Mr. Thaanum, is broader and shorter in figure than Mr. Baldwin 's types, and the whorls are more convex. Some specimens have no black markings. L. KUHNSI Cooke. Vol. XXI, p. 343. Some specimens from Kahakuloa, the type locality, have no black markings. Others, from Ahoa, are copiously marked with oblique, more or less zigzag and netted lines. In a few the lines are sunken, as in L. aspera. L. CITRINA ( ' Migh. ' Pfr. ) . Vol. XXI, p. 350. Waihanau, and between Kahananui and Ualapue (Thaa- num). Pipe-line trail near mouth of tunnel, upper Kauna- kakai; bottom of ravine east of Pun Kolekole (Cooke and Pilsbry). The Waihanau lot contains also specimens of the color- form semivenulata, which is certainly not a subspecies, merely a mutation occurring in some colonies. Mr. Thaanum found a pure colony of dextral citrina at Kalamaula. All the embryos examined were dextral. L. DEPICTA Baldwin. Vol. XXI, p. 345. In deference to the opinion of Doctor Cooke and Mr. Thaa- num this is now ranked as a species distinct from L. alex- andri. Mr. Thaanum has two dextral individuals. Exactly where in Kamalo the typical form (Vol. XXI, pi. 52, figs. 10, 13-16) was found we do not know. L. depicta kamaloensis P. & C. A form found in north- western Kamalo above the amphitheatre, along the old Kamalo ditch, differs from depicta by its constantly smaller size, more convex whorls, the last more inflated, and by the decadent and fragmentary pattern of black on a ground varying from straw yellow to apricot buff. It was taken in some abundance by Cooke and Pilsbry in several places in the district mentioned, and has also been found by Mr. Thaanum, who took the shells figured in Vol. XXI, pi. 52, figs. 6, 7, 8. Length 12, diam. 6.2 mm., 5y% whorls. ANATOMY OP ACHATINELLID^E. 57 SOFT ANATOMY OF THE ACHATINELLUXE. Externally the animal of Achatinellidcc does not differ no- ticeably from that of Partulidce or of Bulimulida. The foot is usually shorter than the shell, rather broad, without divi- sion into longitudinal areas. In progression the sole shows advancing muscular waves. The lips, tentacles and eye- stalks offer no peculiarities. Dorsal and facial furrows are undeveloped or very weak. Small right and left body-lobes are developed on the mantle. The genital orifice is some dis- tance behind the tentacle, but seems nearer that than to the mantle, in alcoholic examples. It is decidedly further back than in Helicida. Pallial Organs. — They resemble those of Amastra and Ena. The surface of the lung is usually intensely black pigmented. It is macroscopically plain, without visible mesh of arteries and veins, only the pulmonary vein being visible. The kid- ney is very narrow and long, prolonged ureter-like forward nearly to the collar, where it opens by a pore on the intestinal side. A narrow fleshy ridge runs from the apex backward a short distance on the intestinal side. PL 20, fig. 3, Partulina dolei. The jaw, when present, is excessively thin and delicate. It is composed of narrow, more or less overlapping, vertical ele- ments, which seem completely united. They do not converge towards the middle (pi. 14, fig, 3, A. lorata). In some other species no jaw could be isolated. There seemed to be merely cuticle like that of the lower margin of the oral aperture. The radula is short and broad. It bears V-shaped rows of teeth. These teeth are very numerous (150 in a half- row, in A. lorata nobilis), all the side teeth are alike, and of a pecu- liar shape which may be called rastriform, or rake-like; the basal-plate being narrow and long, widening anteriorly, where it is recurved, the reflection being broad, bearing 5 to 7 den- ticles or delicate, acute cusps, which are unequal, the lateral cusps being largest. In some species there is a narrow "cen- tral " tooth having a narrow bicuspid or tricuspid reflection. In others a central seems to be wanting, or if present is not 58 ANATOMY OF ACHATINELLID^E. distinguishable from the marginal teeth. We believe that the narrow central, when present, is merely a modified mar- ginal tooth, and not homologous with the central tooth of normal radulas. These characters are shown in pi. 20, fig. 2, A. lorata nobilis, a tooth in profile at x, and pi. 20, fig. 1, A. vulpina. The forms of the teeth are almost exactly similar in many species of Achatinclla, Achatinellastrum, Bulimella, Partu- lina, Eburnella, Perdicella, Baldwinia and Newcombia, ex- amined by Mr. W. G. Binney, H. M. Gwatkin, H. Suter and the writer. The salivary glands are united above, and less broadly below the oesophagus, which is long and not dilated to form a crop. The stomach is long, cylindric, produced at the py- loric end. The intestine is long. As usual, the alimentary canal lies in four folds. Reproductive organs (plates 12, 13, 14). — The terminal male organs are drawn isolated in pi. 13, fig. 4. The penis (p.) branches into a long appendix (app.) which is enlarged a little towards the distal end, more at the proximal end, and is very slender in the middle. The penial retractor muscle (p. r.) is bifid, one branch being inserted at the apex of the penis, the other on the enlarged basal part of the appendix. The vas deferens is terminal on the penis, and lies free from the uterus. There is no flagellum. The vagina is extremely short. Spermatheca globular, lodged among the caeca of the prostate gland, in which it is more or less completely im- bedded (see pi. 13, fig. 3, right side). Its duct is very long, and not branched. The uterus is narrow below, but usually much enlarged above. It usually contains but one embryo in an advanced stage at a time (see pi. 13, fig. 3, the embryo showing through the transparent wall of the uterus). The ovotestis is imbedded in the uppermost part of the digestive gland. The albumen gland is very minute (pi. 12, fig. 1, a. gl.), and in some species could not be found. The prostate gland is enormously developed, consisting of a large mass of long tubules (drawn on the left in figures 2, 5, 6, of plate 12). ANATOMY OF ACHATINELLID^. 59 The embryo usually attains about 3!/2 whorls before birth. Its shell is perforate, with the columella callused and ob- liquely truncate, or with a convex columellar lobe. The colu- mellar lamella appears later. In Partulina the shell is finely engraved spirally, in Achatinella either more minutely en- graved or smooth. Free muscles. — The retractor penis attaches distally to the lung floor (not to the uterus as stated by Mr. Binney). The retractor muscles of the tentacles are free from the tail re- tractor or columellar muscle. Both divide anteriorly into three branches, ocular, tentacular and anterior pedal. One of the ocular bands passes between male and female branches of the genitalia. The pharyngeal retractor unites with one of the tentacular bands at about the posterior fourth of the latter. It is deeply bifurcate anteriorly (pi. 20, fig. 4, Par- tulina dolei). On account of the uniformity of the soft anatomy in Acha- tinellida:, no special descriptions are given under the generic heads. Characters in the soft parts to distinguish Neivcombia, Partulina, Achatinella or any of the subordinate groups from one another, have not been found. The first Achatinella to be dissected was A. bulimoides. The radula was described and the teeth figured by Heynemann in Malakozoologische Blatter, XIV, 1867, p. 149, pi. 1, figs. 2, 2a. Dr. Heynemann remarks on the astonishing similarity of the teeth to those of Janella (Athoracophorus). In 1873, Mr. W. G. Binney dissected a considerable num- ber of species, including the groups Achatinella, Bulimella, Achatinellastrum, Partulina, Amastra, Laminella, Leptacha- tina, figuring the teeth of several species and the genitalia of A. producta. (Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of N. Y., X, pi. 15.) In Annals of the N. Y. Acad. Sciences, iii, p. 96, pi. 3, 6, and 16, 1884, Mr. Binney reviewed his work, figuring the teeth of ten species, including Carelia, and the jaws of Carelia, Amastra and Laminella. In 1877 (Jahrbiicher d. d. Malak. Gesellschaft, p. 330), Dr. G. Pfeffer gave an excellent account of the soft anatomy of A. vulpina. He corrected various errors in Binney 's work, 60 ANATOMY OP ACHATINELLIO-E. but failed to recognize the nature of the retractor muscle of the appendix. Mr. H. M. Gwatkin, in Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p. 238, gives the results of his examinations of the teeth of 20 species of Achatinella and Partulina, six of Amastra, and one each of Leptachatina and Laminella. In the same volume, p. 239, Mr. H. Suter describes the teeth of A. cookei, lyonsiana, and Part. dolei, and the teeth and jaws of two Amastrcu, figuring those of Ach. dolei and Amastra nibicunda. In Proc. A. N. S. Phila., for 1900, p. 565, the senior writer described and figured the soft anatomy of A. dolei, pointing out the significance of the Achatinellid organization. The figures represent the following species: PLATE 12, figs. 1, 2, Achatinella abbreviata. Northwestern Palolo. A. gl., albumen gland; fl., appendix; r. p., retractor muscle of the penis. Fig. 3, Achatinella stewartii. Northwestern Palolo. Male organs and atrium only. Fig. 4, Achatinella viridans. Nuuanu. Male organs. Fig. 5, Achatinella byronii. Waimano-Manana ridge. Fig. 6, Achatinella lila. Waimano-Manana ridge. PLATE 13, fig. 1, Achatinella simulans Rve. Waolani. Sp., spermathecal duct; v. d., vas deferens. The specimen is not gravid, uterus therefore small. Fig. 2, Achatinella lorata nobilis Bve. Fig. 3, Achatinella mustclina. Popouwela. App., appen- dix ; other letters as above. Fig. 4, Achatinella vulpina. Glen Ada. Male organs. PLATE 14, fig. 1. Embryo of Pauahia tantilla. Line on left 1 mm. long. Fig. 2, Partulina rcdfieldi kamalocnsis. Lettering as above. Fig. 3, Achatinella lorata. Jaw. Fig. 4, Newcombia philippiana. ut., uterus, containing one embryo. Fig. 5, Partulina confusa. The minute, slender albumen gland is seen above the proximal end of the hermaphrodite duct. ANATOMY OF AMASTRIMS. 61 Family AMASTEID^ Pilsbry. Amastrida PILS., Manual of Conch., xx, p. viii, 1910.— Amastrincs PILS., vol. xxi, p. xx. Orthurethra similar to Achatincllid(r, Tornatellinidcc and Ferussacidce in pallial organs. Reproductive organs as in Achatinellidtr except that the penial retractor muscle is sim- ple, inserted on the penis at the base of the appendix. The appendix is conspicuously enlarged distally ; the albumen gland is well developed, and the duct of the spennatheca is short. Jaw well developed, vertically striate, plaited or ribbed. Radula oblong, distinctly divided into central, lateral and marginal areas by differences in shape of the teeth, as usual in land snails. Teeth in approximately straight, transverse rows; centrals narrower than the laterals, with one or three cusps ; laterals bicuspid, the basal plate quadrate ; marginals having the cusps more or less split. Shell varying from discoidal and openly umbilicate to ovate, turrited or subcylindric, with the axis umbilicate, per- forate or imperforate ; usually having a columellar lamella in the last whorl, but never a parietal lamella or palatal plicae. Animal externally similar to Achatinellidcr, etc. External genital opening is nearer to the mantle than to the eye peduncle. Oviparous or viviparous. Mainly living on the ground, sometimes (the genus Laminella) on plants. The differences in teeth, jaw and reproductive organs are certainly sufficient to distinguish this group as a family dis- tinct from the AchatinelUdce. Having found constant differ- ences in several unrelated organs, in a large number of species dissected, I have reconsidered my former opinion (vol. XXI, p. xx ) that the Amastroid genera form a subfamily of the AchatinelUda. The differences are far more fundamental than those separating many families of mollusks, and there seem to be no forms whatever, among the many which have been dissected, which are in any way transitional. The shells are much more alike than the soft parts, and this external 62 ANATOMY OF AMASTRID^E. similarity has no doubt influenced the prevalent classification to an undue extent. The distinction of Amastridce of the subfamily Leptacha- tinincc from the Ferussacida; is a difficult matter so far as the shells are concerned. The pallial organs, teeth and male re- productive organs are also similar; but the peculiar develop- ment of the prostate gland in Amastrida is a perfectly tan- gible and important differential character, which I over- looked when discussing the question in Vol. XIX, p. 212. Several genera of Ferussacida: reach back to the Eocene, in species not materially differing from the recent forms; so that they must have been differentiated during Mesozoic time. It is obvious that in such groups as Cochlicopa and Lepta- chatina we have to do with very old stocks, which have changed with extreme slowness. It is a fair inference that the shell of Leptachatina is not greatly changed from the an- cestral mesozoic or earlier stock which gave rise to the Ferussacidce, Amastridce, Achatinellida', Enida, etc. Soft Anatomy of Amastridae. The animal is externally similar to Achatinella except that the genital orifice is further back, near the mantle (Amastra, Carelia, Laminella) . The pallial organs are also substantially the same, except that the kidney is dilated laterally at the base, and therefore triangular in the lower part. (Carelia turricula, pi. 20, fig. 5.) The kidneys of several species of Amastra and Laminella do not differ materially. The jaw is strong, arcuate, and usually irregularly "stri- ated" vertically. In Leptachatina (pi. 21, fig. 10, L. labiata) it appears that the striation is caused by superficial overlap- ping edges of very narrow vertical plates, which are firmly united, as in the Bulimulidce. In Amastra and Carelia turri- cula the jaw is very opaque and appears nearly or quite smooth. Carelia bicolor is figured and described by Mr. Bin- ney as with "ten stout ribs, denticulating either margin." Similar variation from smooth to ribless occurs in several genera of Helicidce. The jaw of Laminella is like that of Amastra. The radula is oblong, teeth not very numerous, in ANATOMY OF AMASTRID2E. 63 approximately straight transverse rows. The central tooth is always much narrower than the laterals, and bears a single short cusp which is probably functionless. This is similar to the Achatinida, a family which differs fundamentally in other characters, such as the pallial organs and genitalia. In Carelia, Amastra and Laminella gravida the laterals are of the usual quadrate form, with two cusps. The marginal teeth have two cusps, or the ectocone may be split into two or rarely more denticles. PL 21, fig. 6, Carelia turricula has 1, 22, 24 teeth. PI. 21, figs. 1, 2, 3, Amastra gravida. PI. 21, fig. 4, Amastra spirizona. Laminella citrina has four or five denticles on the mar- ginals (pi. 21, fig. 8), the teeth otherwise as in Amastra. Pterodiscus rex, pi. 21, fig. 7, has 1, 9, 17 teeth in a half row. Like those of Amastra, the marginals have several den- ticles. In Leptachatina the marginals are multi-denticulate by splitting of the ectocone, and on the outer ones the mesocone is also split. PL 21, fig. 5, L. labiata. PL 21, figs. 9, 11, L. (Thaanumia) fuscula. The number of teeth is rather small. L. labiata having, 1, 11, 23 in a half row, L. fuscula 1, 9, 18, and Pauahia chrysallis 1, 6, 12 teeth, the marginals with five or six denticles. The reproductive organs are almost identical in general structure in the species of Carelia, Amastra, Pterodiscus and Laminella which have been examined. The penial retractor is invariably simple, inserted at the origin of the appendix, not the apex of the penis as in the Achatinellidtf. The ap- pendix is always more swollen distally than in Achatinellida:. The spermathecal duct is short, not long as in Achatinellida. There is a well-developed albumen gland, and the digitate prostate gland is nearly as large as in Achatinella. All of these genera are viviparous, usually carrying several young in the uterus. In Carelia turricula the embryo shell may be 12 mm. long, of 4y2 whorls before birth. In Amastra the com- parative length of the appendix varies widely. Thus, it is 50 mm. long in A. pullata subnigra, 13 mm. in A. aurostoma. In Amastrella flavescens (Hawaii), A. badia (Oahu), Cy- 64 ANATOMY OF AM ASTRIDE. clamastra cyclostoma (Kauai), Amastra magna and aurostoma (Lanai), and Paramastra turrit ella (Oahu), the appendix is moderate in length, about twice as long as the spermatheca and duct. Laminella and Pterodiscus have the same propor- tions. This is probably the more primitive condition, as it agrees also with Leptachatina. In a few other species examined, the appendix is extremely long. In Paramastra cylindrica (Waianae Mts.) it is 22 mm. long, five times the length of the spermatheca and duct, the terminal enlargement being nearly half the total length. Amastra pullata subnigra is rather different. The appen- dix is 50 mm. long, about 8 times the length of spermatheca and duct, and its terminal enlargement is short. This is the greatest development of the appendix in the Amastridce or Achatinellidfc. The pullata group is highly specialized in both appendix and the sculpture of the embryonic shell. It is believed that a comparative study of the appendix will assist materially in the classification of the Amastra. Amas- tra and Leptachatina are the largest and most varied genera of the family. The genitalia of the following species are represented on the plates. PLATE 15, fig. 1, Laminella gravida. Tantalus Bowl. Male organs, showing the penis extruded. Fig. 2, L. gravida. Nuuanu. Fig. 3, Laminella tetrao. Lanai. Upper female organs omitted. Fig. 4, L. gravida. Tantalus Bowl. Upper female organs omitted. Fig. 5, Laminella venusta. PLATE 16, fig. 1, Amastra pullata subnigra. App., appen- dix; p., penis; r. p., retractor muscle of the penis; sp., sper- matheca; ut., uterus. Fig. 2, Amastra turrit ella. Male organs. Fig. 3, Amastra turritclla. Another specimen. Fig. 4, Pterodiscus rex. Terminal ducts. Fig. 5, Amastra badia. ANATOMY OF AMASTRID.E. 65 Fig. 6, Amastra aurostoma. Fig. 7, Pterodiscus rex. Male organs and atrium. PLATE 17, fig. 2, Amastra cyclostoma. Kauai. Fig. 4, Carelia turricula Migh. Kauai. Fig. 6, Amastra spirizona. Popouwela. Fig. 7, Amastra flavescens. Glenwood, Hawaii. Leptachatina resembles Amastra closely in genitalia, ex- cept that the spermatheca duct is longer, though not so long as in Achatinella. Its basal third is enlarged, and the sper- matheca is globular. It is, however, not much more than half as long as the appendix. L. ventulus (Fer.), pi. 17, fig. 3. L. corneola (Pfr.), Halawa, Oahu. PL 17, fig. 1. L. attenuata Cooke, Haleieie, Kauai. PL 17, fig. 5, penis. Amastrida* are much more abundant as fossils than the Achatinellidfc, being found in all pleistocene deposits contain- ing land shells, often in prodigious numbers. The extinct species of Leptachatina, Amastra and Carelia are somewhat numerous. The classification of Amastrida is given on pp. xx, xxi, of Vol. XXI. Leptachatina and Amastra are the two really dis- tinct primitive stocks, the other groups being satellites of these, and evidently derived from them. Recognizing this, Professor T. D. A. Cockerell proposed to classify the genera in two tribes, Leptachatinini and Amastrini (Science, 1913, p. 256). These groups may be retained as subfamilies, the Lcptachatinincc containing the genera Leptachatina, Pauahia and provisionally Fernandezia, the Amastrina; comprising Armsia, Planamastra, Pterodiscus, Amastra, Carelia and La- mine lla. 66 TORNATELLINID^E. Family TORNATELLINID^E Pilsbry. Tornatellinida PILS., Nautilus, xxiii, p. 122, March, 1910. Orthurethra with a very long, narrow kidney without dif- ferentiated ureter. Respiratory surface of the lung plain. Genitalia of Achatinellid type, except that the appendix has no retractor muscle ; the penial retractor being simple and inserted at the distal end of the penis; jaw and teeth as in Achatinellidce, the teeth being rastriform, in oblique, V-shaped rows. The shell is small, glossy, longer than wide, globose, ovate or conic, perforate or closed, the aperture armed with a pari- etal lamella and usually one or two columellar lamella or folds. Distribution : Islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. This family is related, by its rudimentary albumen gland and highly developed, multifid prostate gland to the Amas- tridcr and Achatinellidc?. In the pallial organs Auriculella and Tornatettaria closely resemble the AchatmelUda. The lung is very long, not visibly veined, the mantle over it largely opaque white, with or with- out black stripes (Auriculella}, or clear, spotted with white (Tornatettaria}. Kidney very long, band-like ; the short peri- cardium at its base (Auriculella pulchra) . The genitalia are intermediate in character between Aclui- tincllida: and Amastridcu ; the sperrnatheca is lodged close to the prostate gland, and has a long duct, as in the former fam- ily, and the penial retractor is simple, attached to the penis only, as in the Amastrida, though the attachment is apical, as in Achatincllidcc. The appendix is shorter than in either fam- ily, not exceeding the penis much in length, and it is not en- larged distally. The vas deferens and retractor are inserted at the distal end of the penis, the retractor being inserted dis- tally on the lung floor. An eye-retractor passes between the branches of the genitalia. PI. 22, fig. 2, genitalia of Auriculella pulchra, Waimano- Manana ridge, Oahu. App., appendix ; h. d., hermaphrodite duct; p. penis; p. r., retractor of penis; sp., spermatheca; TORNATELLINIDJE. 67 sp. d., duct of spermatheca ; vag., vagina. Fig. 1, opposite side of the penis of same. Fig. 3, penis of Auriculella cerea Pfr. Molokai. Fig. 6, genitalia of Auriculella westerlundi- ana Auc. Glenwood, Hawaii. Figs. 4, 5, living animals of Auriculella castanea, Mt. Tantalus. The markings on the mantle show through the shell. The radula is like that of Achatinellidcc, having lost all cen- tral and lateral teeth, marginal teeth alone remaining (cf. Vol. XXII, pp. x, xi). A further relationship with the two families mentioned is seen in the shell, which both by its general form, and by the fold, sinuosity or oblique truncation of the columella, is a good deal alike in the three families. The Tornatellinida? differ from the others in having a parietal lamella, which no Achatinellid or Amastrid snail has. In this feature the Tor- natellinidce resemble most Pupillid 22, 22a = = A. brunnea Sin. "Differs from T. petitiana in color, sculpture, carination, and not dentate columella. It appears to be more related to T. sinistrorsa Cham., but is sufficiently different in its tur- rited form" (Pfr.). As already stated by Mr. Ancey, the type is not quite adult, as the outer lip is thin and unexpanded, and the last whorl is cariimte. In adults the peristome is noticeably expanded and the periphery is rounded. AURICULELLA, OAHU. 95 There is an oblique columellar fold and sometimes a lower obtuse callous lamella superposed upon it, and more prominent than the fold. In a few shells from the eastern side of Nuu- anu, the parietal lamella forks near the outer edge — one branch normal in form and position, the other lower, thicker and rounded, is curved and extends nearly to the insertion of the columella. In some of the Nuuanu shells there is a weak, fine and close spiral sculpture on the base. There are five color varieties of this species: the first and most abundant is the typical color, a corneous chestnut, streaked with a slightly lighter shade ; the second is of a uni- form corneous color; the third a uniform very dark chest- nut ; the fourth chestnut, with a very broad dark band at the periphery of the last whorl ; and the fifth with a narrow white band at the periphery of the last whorl; this light band is sometimes margined, above and below, by two bauds of a slightly darker shade than the ground color. Mr. Borcherding, following Hartman's identification, gives Kahanui, Molokai as the habitat. From his figure, his shell seems to be a form of A. brunnca Smith. A. castanea has also been stated to be from Maui, on Mr. Baldwin's authority ; but he confused this species with a chestnut variety of A. unipU- cata. 16. A. PETITIANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 28, fig. 8. ' ' Shell siuistral, conically turrited, smooth, glossy, pellucid, corneous ; spire elongate, apex somewhat acute ; suture nar- rowly margined ; whorls 8, scarcely convex, the last nearly equal to one-third of the length, rotund at the base ; parietal wall of the aperture furnished with a spirally entering, acute, elevated, white lamella; columella slightly twisted-dentate above ; aperture oblique, semioval, thinly calloused with white within ; lip acute. Length 6.3, diam. 3 mm. ; aperture 2.25 mm. long " (Pfr.}. Habitat unknown. Tornatellina petitiana PPR., Zeitschrift fiir Malak., 1847, p. 149. — KUESTER, Coiichyl. Cab., Tornatellina, p. 153, pi. 18, figs. 24, 25. — Achatinella petitiana PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 56 AURICULELLA, OAHU. 570. — Helicteres petitiana PEASE, Journ. dp Conchyl., 1868, p. 343. — Auriculclla petitiana PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 210. -ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 227. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiieusis, ii, Moll., p. 377. — Not A. petitiana BORCHERDING, Zoologica, part 48, p. 146, pi. 9, figs. 24, 24« (Kealia, Molokai) = a sinistral form of A. cerea. The specimen in the British Museum under this name be- longs to a different species, and 110 doubt is somewhat related to A. cerea Pfr. From an examination of Krister's figure and a comparison of the descriptions, A. petitiana seems to be very closely related to A. castanea Pfr. Pfeiffer, in a note on the latter species, compares the two. I have specimens that un- doubtedly belong to A. castanea which are corneous in tint. Pfeiffer does not state that his shell was umbilicate, and it .may be inferred that it was imperforate. All the Tornatel- liiias known to him at that time were imperforate (cf. Mono- graphia I, 1848, p. xxv). Kuester's figure, reproduced in pi. 28, fig. 8, gives the impression of an imperforate shell. Kuester says of the type specimen that there is a " weak whit- ish callous in the throat ' ' and that ' ' the columella ascends almost vertically, with a tooth-like prominent fold; the peri- stome straight, sharp". It was apparently not quite mature, though from the number of whorls (8) it must have been nearly so. By the numerous, closely coiled whorls, the size and color, Pfeiffer 's shell agrees with A. scrrula-, but that species has a strongly plicate and lamellate columella, and when not quite mature there is a lower-palatal plica, but no callus in the .throat. A. tantalus has part of the characters of petitiana, but it is distinctly perforate, and there are not whorls enough. There is an imperforate species found on Mt. Tantalus, •sometimes associated with A. tantalus, which it resembles in si/r, shape and often in color. It varies in one colony from Hirst nut-brown, through cinnamon of various shades and tints to naphthalene yellow with a cinnamon summit. There is a lower-palatal lamina in the neanic stage up to a length of •about 4.4 mm., and the columellar lamella is very prominent AURICULELLA, OAHU. 97 until the adult stage is reached, when it diminishes. It differs from A. serrula by the smaller number of whorls in the same length, and by having very few prickles on the parietal la- mella or none at all. 17. A. TANTALUS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 24, figs. 15, 16. The shell is sinistral, distinctly perforate, but the perfora- tion does not extend deeper than the last whorl; very thin, somewhat glossy, rather distinctly striate; cinnamon-colored (or sometimes with the last two whorls naphthalene yellow), the thin cuticle rather subject to disintegration, producing whitish dots and spots. Apex rather obtuse. Whorls G1/^, the first one convex and glossy, the rest very slightly convex, the last whorl very indistinctly subangular in front of the aper- ture, elsewhere rounded, the base rotund. Aperture of the usual shortly, irregularly-ovate shape, showing the external color within. The peristome is thin, very little expanded outwardly, more at the base; the columellar margin triangu- larly dilated, not appressed, but projecting forward in an ob- tuse angle, seen in a profile view. Parietal callus very thin. Parietal lamella high and thin. Columella vertical, very in- distinctly biplicate and somewhat excavated below in a front view, but in an oblique view in the mouth the two folds are somewhat more distinct. A fine keel runs vertically on the face of the columella to its base. Length 5.9, oblique diam. 2.8 mm. Oahu: Pauoa side of Tantalus along the Castle trail (type loc., Cooke & Pilsbry) ; Nuuanu (Cooke). This species is closely related to A. tenella Anc., of the Waianae range. It differs from that by having a decidedly larger parietal lamella, a smaller umbilicus and a somewhat different columella, as described above. The little keel or ver- tical rib on the face of the columella is much like that of A. perversa. Specimens in the late neanic stage have a strong lamella on the columella, but no palatal fold or callous. 98 AURICULELLA, OAHU. 18. A. CHAMISSOI (Pfeiffer). " Shell subperf orate, oblong-pyramidal, somewhat solid, under a lens sculptured with spiral strias, covered with a brown epidermis, obsoletely streaked. Spire elongately conic, slightly obtuse ; whorls T1/^, nearly flat, the last nearly equal to two-fifths of the length, somewhat compressed at the base ; aperture scarcely oblique, auriform; parietal lamella strong, outwardly branched downwards; columellar fold small, some- what twisted, white ; lip whitish, slightly expanded. Length 8, diam. 3.5 mm. ; aperture nearly 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide below the middle" (Pfr.). Oahu (Baldwin, Newcomb) ; Hawaii (Sykes) ; Sandwich Is. (Pfr., Mus. Cuming). Achatinella (Auriculella) chamissoi PFR., P. Z. S. London, 1855, p. 98. — Auriculella chamissoi PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 570 ; viii, 1877, p. 210. — NEVILL, Hand-List Moll. Ind. Mus., 1878, p. 159.— ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Mai. France, vi, 1889, p. 216. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis ii, p. 376. Unfortunately, this species is unfigured. The single speci- men in the British Museum appears to have the characters of an Oahuan shell. It is dextral, and seems to be somewhat dis- tantly related to A. tenella. The branching of the parietal lamella is probably not constant or of specific importance, as several specimens of A. castanea Pfr., from Nuuanu pos- sess this character. The alleged spiral striation is a peculiar feature for an Auriculella. 19. A. TENUIS Smith. PI. 25, fig. 16. "Shell sinistral, very elongately conic, slightly perforate, thin, somewhat diaphanous, lightly striate with lines of growth, brownish corneous, encircled by a pale band at the middle of the last whorl; whorls 8y2, scarcely convex; apex somewhat obtuse; aperture small; lip very slightly dilated; parietal lamella somewhat thickened at the aperture; colu- mellar fold doubled, lightly reflexed, joined to the lip by a very thin callus. Length 9, diam. 4 mm" (Smith). "Var. A. Shell brownish corneous, unicolorous" (8m.). Oahu: "Wahiawa, Helemano and Kawailoa (Gulick). AURICULELLA, OAHU. 99 Auriculella tennis SMITH, P. Z. S. Lond., 1873, p. 87, pi. 10, fig. 27. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 213. — ANCEY, BuU. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 280. This shell is very closely related to A. castanea Pfr. It dif- fers, however, in size, being more slender, slightly thinner, and in having a minute perforation. In the young 2.6 mm. long, and up to about three-fourths grown, the lower coluruellar lamella is very strongly developed. A. tennis var. solida Anc. is A. castanea Pfr. This latter species is found in the southeastern portion of the main mountain range of Oahu, while the former is found towards the northwestern extremity of the same range. Probably forms connecting the two species may be found when the intermediate region has been suffi- ciently explored. Some immature specimens are before us from the summit of the Manaua-Waimano ridge, taken from axils of ieie. 20. A. TENELLA Ancey. PL 19, figs. 7, 8. "Shell sinistral, ovately conic, pellucid, very thin, reddish corneous or straw color indistinctly streaked with reddish corneous; perforate, glossy, under a lens obliquely slightly striated (except the somewhat obtuse apex). Spire regularly conic ; whorls 7, regularly increasing, suture narrowly mar- gined; the upper whorls more convex, the rest scarcely con- vex ; the last larger, rotund, ascending slightly and for a long distance at the end. Aperture slightly oblique, scarcely thick- ened, nearly circular, emarginate above, with a minute la- mella (lamella thin) on the ventral portion of the penultimate whorl, emargiuate at the insertion of the colurnella. Colu- mella obliquely twisted-plicate within, plica sometimes slightly bipartite, the upper part of the lip straight, then slightly ex- panded, broadly dilated at the margin of the columella, thin. Length 6, diam. 3, length of aperture 3.6 mm" (Ancey). Oahu: Waianae Mts. (Baldwin, Cooke) ; Western ridge of Popouwela (Spalding, Cooke & Pilsbry). Auriculella tenella ANC., Bull. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 232. "This pretty species is related to diaphana Smith, and to 100 AURICULELLA, OAHU. westerlundiana Ancey. It differs from the first, which comes from a different part of Oahu, by the smaller size, the larger number of whorls, its color, etc. It differs, likewise, from the second by its color, the larger number of whorls, especially by the shell being more slender, glossy, and other characters which a comparison of the descriptions sufficiently shows. A. obcliscus of Pfeiffer is closely related to tenella • they agree in the number of whorls, columella, and proportions; it differs in color, in its sharp apex, its simple suture, etc.'' (Ancey). This is a rather rare species and one that is not found in many collections. I have collected a few specimens at Pale- hua, near the southeastern end of the Waianae Mts., and an- other small series back of Leilehua, at about the middle of the range ; these two series agree very closely and present only very slight differences. It is abundant on the western ridge of Popouwela. I have only three color-varieties of this species in addition to the typical pattern (fig. 7) ; the first uniformly corneous; the second corneous with broad light chestnut streaks; the third a slightly darker shade of chestnut, with a narrow dark chestnut band at the periphery extending on the spire, and almost covered by the suture. Fig. 8 represents a whitish corneous specimen with cinnamon streaks and a chest- nut brown band. It measures, length 6.5, oblique diarn. 3 mm. There is a rather small circular umbilicus, decidedly larger than in A. tantalus. 21. A. KUESTERI (Pfeiffer). Not figured. Shell subperforate, ovate-turrite, rather solid, very lightly striate, subopaque, pale green. Spire regularly long-conic, the apex rather obtuse ; suture linear, margined. Whorls 6, nearly flat, the last slightly exceeding two-fifths the total length, rounded at base. Aperture oblique, semioval, with a compressed, oblique deeply-entering parietal lamella; colu- mella acutely toothed ; peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin reflexed. Length 8, diam. 4; aperture 3.33 mm. (Pfr.) Habitat unknown ; described from the Cuming collection. AURICULELLA, MOLOKAI. 101 Tornatellina kusteri PPR., Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1854, p. 295 ; Monographia Hel. Viv., iv, p. 650. A species not recognized by subsequent authors, which by its assigned size, color and apertural characters seems to be an Oahuaii Auriculella. It is probably identical with some known species. Group of A. cerea. The shell is umbilicate, perforate or imperforate, from broadly ovate to attenuate, thin or solid. The colurnella is usually edentulous, rarely minutely dentate; but without a lamella at any stage of growth. Lip slightly thickened to strongly thickened. No palatal plicae at any stage. In the young the shell is imperforate, angled, the lip thin. Colu- mella twisted, usually with a minute, very oblique fold. This group includes the shells from Molokai, Maui, Lanai and Hawaii. The very oblique minute columellar fold is con- stant in the young of all the species examined, but there is no superposed lamella. Species of Molokai. a. Shell rather thin. b. Parietal callus thin throughout. c. Length about 7 mm., with 7 whorls. A. newcotnbi, no. 20. c1. Length about 5.5 to 6.5 mm. ; yellow, 6 to 6% whorls. A. flavida, no. 21. 61. Parietal callus thick at the edge. c.1 Length about 5.5 to 6.5 mm., 6 to 6% whorls. A. flavida, no. 21. c1. Length about 8.5 mm., with 8 whorls. A. cerea, no. 22. a1. Shell decidedly solid, rather thick. &. Imperforate, the columella not built forward ; in ob- lique view very indistinctly bidentate deep within. A. canalifera, 110. 24. ft1. Imperforate or umbilicate, the columella built for- ward in adults; in oblique view having an obtuse fold deep within. A. brunnea, no. 23. 102 AURICULELLA, MOLOKAI. 20. A. NEWCOMBI (Pfeiffer). PL 28, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. ' ' Shell sinistral, very shortly rinaate, turrited, thin, slightly striate, glossy, pellucid, pale corneous; ornamented with a reddish band; spire elongate, acute; whorls 7, nearly flat, the last nearly equal to one-third of the length, furnished in the parietal wall with an oblique lamella, rotund at the base; columella slightly twisted-plicate ; aperture oblique, semioval ; lip thin, slightly expanded, columellar margin dilated above, reflexed. Length 7, diam. 3 mm ; aperture 2^ mm. long ' (P/r.). Molokai (Newcomb in coll. Cornell Univ.) ; Kalarnaula (Perkins) ; Puunea, and northward to the pali (Cooke & Pils- bry). Balea newcombi PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 67. — Auriculella newcombi SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis ii, p. 377. -Not of Borcherding, Zoologica, part 482, p. 139, pi. 9, figs. 17? IS.—Achatinella obeliscus PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., iv. p. 570. — Auriculella obeliscus PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 213. I have seen the shells in the British Museum and in New- comb 's collection. The species is distinct from any other and has some resemblance to A. tenella Ancey, from Oahu. The two are, however, easily separable. It is most nearly related to A. cerea, but that species is larger, with a strong parietal callus. The figures purporting to be of this species in Zoologica represent a banded variety of A. brunnea. In the typical forms of A. newcombi the basal outline is more truncate and the aperture more diagonal than in Borcherding 's figures. The Puunea shells vary from cinnamon to chamois, the lighter ones often indistinctly streaked with cinnamon; and either color may be banded with chestnut-brown or sometimes a darker shade of the body-color at the periphery. The base is very convex, the lip thin, and the parietal callus is not thickened at the edge — this and its somewhat thinner shell being the main distinctions from A. cerea. Length 6.8, ob- lique diam. 3.2 mm., with 7 whorls. All of the specimens seen are sinistral. AURICULELLA, MOLOKAI. 103 21. A. FLAVIDA Cooke, n. sp. PL 26, figs. 8, 9. The shell is minutely perforate, dextral or siiiistral, ovately conic, naphthalene yellow, very thin, slightly diaphanous, glossy, under a lens minutely striate with lines of growth and with extremely fine revolving striae. Spire conic, apex obtuse. Suture hardly impressed, simple. Whorls 6^/2, slightly con- vex, the embryonic rather large, rounded, the last rotund, sac- cate but slightly tapering below. Aperture broadly oval, scarcely oblique. Parietal lamella very small, white. Colu- mella nearly straight. Lip very slightly thickened, the outer margin arcuate; the columellar margin is reflexed; parietal callus thin. Umbilicus moderate, rimate. Length, 6.2, diain. 3.1 mm. In the young the shell is imperforate, the columella is sim- ple, not dentate, slightly twisted. Molokai: Kamalo (Thaanum, Pilsbry & Cooke). This shell has the appearance of a small A. cerea Pfr. It differs considerably from the common forms of Pfeiffer's species in being much thinner and smaller, with a smaller umbilicus and thin parietal callus. It is closely related to A. newcombi Pfr., but differs in its less flattened base, and less conic spire, and the aperture is not diagonal. In thirteen specimens of the original lot before me, only two are sinistral. In a lot of eight from one of the colonies above Kamalo amphitheatre, six are sinistral ; and in a lot of seven from a neighboring colony, two are sinistral. The type is a dextral individual. The color varies ordinarily from mar- guerite yellow to amber yellow ; but a single specimen is a uni- form light brownish-corneous; two specimens are yellowish- corneous with a broad brown band just above the periphery and extending on the spire. In a lot from above the western colony of Partulina redfieldi kamaloensis, the parietal callus is thickened, as in A. cerea. 22. A. CEREA (Pfeiffer). PL 26, figs. 1 to 7. "Shell slightly perforate, dextral, elongately conic, thin, finely striate, diaphanous, wax colored; spire turrited, apex obtuse ; whorls 8, scarcely convex, the last whorl nearly equal 104 AURICULELLA, MOLOKAI. to one-third of the length, slightly compressed at the base; aperture a little oblique, truncately oval; parietal lamella thin ; columellar fold obsolete ; lip white, with the right mar- gin shortly expanded, dilated at the columella, spreading. Length 8.6, diam. 3.6 mm.; aperture 3 mm. long, 2 wide" (P/r.). The young of this species is imperforate, with an almost straight not dentate columella. The parietal lamella is very small. Molokai (Newcomb) ; near Waikolu (Cooke) ; Kealia (Bor- cherding) ; Upper Kaunakakai (Cooke, Pilsbry) ; Kawela (Thaanum). Achatinella cerea PFEIFFER, P. Z. S. Lond., 1855, p. 2, pi. 30r fig. 21. — Helicteres petitiana PSE., Journ. de Conchyl., 1868, p. 343. — Auriculella petitiana BORCHERDING, 1. c., p. 146, pi. 9, figs. 4, 4&. — Auriculella cerea PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 210. — ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Mai. France, vi, p. 376. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, Moll., p. 376. — BORCHERDING, Zoolo- gica, part 482, p. 145, figs. 23, 23a, 24, 24a, This species as known to us is usually sinistral, in some colo- nies entirely so. It is somewhat related to Auric, brunnea Smith, from the same island, but has a more attenuate spire and is a decidedly thinner shell. The heavy parietal callus and somewhat larger size distinguish it from A. newcombi. As in Auric, crassula Sm., there is as far as I know, no white banded form. No island was mentioned in the original description of A. cerea, but Newcomb, who supplied Pfeiffer's type, gave the locality Molokai. No shell exactly agreeing with the original description has been found by modern collectors. The shells we are calling cerea are slightly smaller with the whorls fewer by from one and one-half to one-half ; but they apparently be- long to Pfeiffer's species. The type-figure is copied, pi. 26, fig. 5. Specimens from Kawela (pi. 26, figs. 4, 6, 7) are mainly naphthalene yellow, but also varying to cinnamon ; the yellow form sometimes having a peripheral band of chestnut-brown. In one lot there are 14 sinistral and 5 dextral examples. AURICULELLA, MOLOKAI. 105 Length 7.8, diam. 3.6 mm., with 6y2 whorls (fig. 4), or length 7, oblique diarn. 3.5 mm., with 6y2 whorls (fig. 6). The parietal callus has a thickened edge, forming a ridge. In this character the shell differs from A. newcombi. It is shorter and relatively broader than Pfeiffer's type of A. cerea. It is abundant on the highlands near Waikolu (pi. 26, figs. 1, 2, 3), on the northern watershed, where the shells are larger and mainly cinnamon-colored, with or without a dark band. When yellow they are more of a chamois tint. Parietal callus is thickened and prominent. Length 8.3, oblique diam. 3.5 mm., with iy2 whorls. All seen are sinistral. Specimens from Kalihi, Kaunakakai, near the upper end of the pipe-line, vary from chamois through cinnamon (plain or banded) to liver brown; sometimes the last whorl is light, the spire dark vinaceous. Length 7.6, diam. 3.3 mm., with about 7 whorls, or smaller, length 6.4, diam. 3 mm., Qy2 whorls. All are sinistral, and the characteristic parietal callus is strongly developed. 23. A. BRUNNEA Smith. PI. 26, figs. 10 to 15. ' ' Shell conically ovate, sinistral, subperforate, glossy, chest- nut ; suture simple, narrowly encircled with white ; whorls 7, very slightly convex, the first two polished ; apex slightly ob- tuse ; aperture brown ; parietal lamina white, thin ; lip slightly dilated, united to the columella with a thin whitish callus;, columella very slightly reflexed, scarcely plicate. Length 8,. diam. 4mm." (Sin.). Molokai (Smith) ; Kalamaula (Perkins) ; Kaluaaha, Moa- nui (Thaanum) ; Waiakapuaa (Borcherding). Auriculella brunnea SMITH, P. Z. S. Lond., 1873, p. 88, pi. 10, fig. 23.— PFEIFPER, Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 212.— ANCEY,. Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 223.— SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, Moll., p. 375. — BORCHERDING, Zoologica, part 482, p. 140, pi. 9, figs. 19, 19a, 20, 20a. There are several color varieties of this species, and one color pattern that seems to be peculiar to it, the spire and last whorl above the periphery of a fawn color, while below the periphery the shell is dark chestnut. 106 AURICULELLA, MOLOKAI. The small point, such as Mr. Ancey described as ending on the columella of A. canalifera, is sometimes found in this species also. In 1759 specimens examined by Mr. Thaanum and myself only three and one-third per cent were dextral. The perforate form with a thin parietal callus described as typical is not so common as the imperforate form with a heavy parietal callus. Posteriorly the edge of the callus usu- ally becomes thickened and somewhat tuberculiform. In ob- lique view in the aperture the columella appears more strongly twisted than that of A. canalifera. 24. A. CANALIFERA Ancey. PI. 19, figs. 1, 2. "Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovately conic, somewhat thin, glossy, marked with oblique, smooth and obsolete lines of growth, unicolorous tawny, or encircled at the middle of the last whorl with a brown band, or sometimes dark tawny chest- nut and encircled by a peripheral whitish band accompany- ing the suture above. Spire conic, somewhat produced, apex obtuse ; whorls G1/^, nearly flat, suture appressed, the last di- lated, rotund, short, not ascending. Aperture oblique, irregu- larly ovate, dilated below, emarginate, armed with a com- pressed, whitish, small parietal lamina, becoming weaker within. Columella appressed, slightly twisted-plicate, armed with a whitish fold, ending exteriorly in a minute spine ; ob- liquely viewed it appears minutely bisinuate. Lip thin, scarcely thickened except at the columella, with the margins united by a simple and glossy, not tuberculate callus. Length 6.75, diam. 3.6, length of ap. (oblique) 2.5 mm." (Ancey}. Molokai : Halawa (Baldwin) ; Mapulehu Ridge, Kookoholua Thaanum ) . Auriculella canalifera ANCEY, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 121, pi. 7, fig. 11. "A very characteristic species, remarkable on account of the features of its columella, and unlike any others in that respect. The shell has the texture of A. diaphana, but has a more produced spire, different columella and is imperforate" (Ancey). The columellar lip is not built forward, as it is in the imper- forate form of A. brunnca, which is very closely related. AURICULELLA, LANAI AND MAUI. 107 Species of Lanai. 25. A. LANAIENSIS Cooke, n. sp. PL 19, figs. 12 to 16. The shell is perforate, sinistral, ovately conic, light cinna- mon with base slightly lighter, somewhat thin, not diapha- nous, hardly glossy, under a lens rather finely striate with lines of growth. Spire nearly conic, apex rather obtuse. Su- ture lightly impressed, simple. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the last rotund, subsaccate at the base. Aperture broadly oval, slightly diagonal, very slightly oblique. Parietal lamella very slightly developed. Colmnella simple, scarcely dentate. Lip erect, very slightly thickened, the outer margin curved, the columellar margin reflexed. Umbilicus rather small, subcircu- lar. Length 5.8, diam. 3.0 mm. Lauai (Thaanuni). Of thirty-four specimens examined, all are sinistral. Some of the largest shells measure nearly 7 mm. in length, while smaller adult specimens are scarcely 5 mm. long. Unfortu- nately, my specimens were preserved in formalin so that the exact texture cannot be noted. The chief characteristic of this species is the very minute parietal lamella, and a ten- dency of most of the shells to a light-colored base. This is emphasized, in some of the shells, by a dark band at the periphery. This species is most closely related to A. flavida. The latter is usually dextral, and the parietal lamella is more strongly developed; the shell is also more diaphanous. Probably the specimens reported from Lanai as A. brunnea belong to this species. Species of Mam. The three Mauiaii species are very closely related, and their discrimination is sometimes difficult. They are also closely allied to the Molokaiaii A. brunnea. All are quite solid, opaque shells. a. Shell very broad at the base ; umbilicus conspicuously open. expansa, no. 28. a1. Shell normal in form; umbilicus moderate or small. b. Shell very solid, with a conspicuous tubercle at upper angle of aperture. crassula, no. 27. 108 AURICULELLA, MAUI. bl. Shell solid, longer, the parietal callus often thick pos- teriorly, but not so distinctly tuberculiform. uniplicata, no. 26. 26. A. UNIPLICATA Pease. PI. 18, figs. 8 to 16. "Shell solid, perforate, dextral or sinistral, elougately ovate ; spire conic, hardly obtuse ; suture impressed ; whorls 6,. flatly convex; longitudinally thinly striated; aperture hardly oblique, truncately oval; lip thickened, with the margins joined by a callus ; parietal lamella thin ; columella simple, not plicate ; yellowish, or brownish, banded with brown. Length 7, diam. 4 mm." (Pse.). West Maui (Baldwin) : lao Valley, Honokohau and Waikee (Thaanum), Maunahooma (Cooke). Auriculella uniplicata PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl., xvi, 1868, p. 344.— SMITH, P. Z. S. Lond., 1873, p. 88, pi. 10, fig. 21.- PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 211. — ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 222. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, Moll., p. 378. — Not of BORCHERDING, Zoologica, part 482, p. 138, pi. 9, figs. 14, 14a. Next to A. auricula this is the most variable species of the genus. Some large, solid specimens collected by Mr. Thaanum at Honokohau, West Maui, measure 9 mm. in length by 4.6 mm. in breadth. Mr. Sykes has reported this species as com- ing from Molokai. I feel doubtful as to his identification. Borcherding's specimens are probably a form of A. brunnea Smith. This West Mauian species differs from A. crassula by the someAvhat more lengthened contour and the less developed thickening at the posterior angle of the aperture. In unipli- cata the parietal callus forms a ridge, when strongly devel- oped, while in crassula it rises in a rounded or oval tubercle. The form called A. jucunda Smith (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., x, 1874, p. 332) was never defined in any way. Ac- cording to specimens from Gulick's collection (pi. 18, figs. 6, 7, Lahaina, no. 92708 A. N. S. P.) it is a form of uniplicata with the parietal callus especially heavy, having some affinity to A. crassula. AURICULELLA, MAUI. 109 27. A. CRASSULA Smith. PL 18, figs. 1 to 5. "Shell sinistral (sometimes dextral), ovate-conic, solid, dis- tinctly perforate, hardly glossy, pale brown, whorls 6^, nearly flat ; aperture a dirty whitish within ; lip thickened, very lightly dilated at the base, prominently furnished with a small tubercle at the juncture of the last whorl ; columella thickened, somewhat reflexed, scarcely plicate, joined to the lip by a thin callus; parietal lamina thin. Length iy2, diam. 4 mm." (Smith). East Maui: Makawao (Smith, Baldwin) ; Olinda (Perkins) ; Haleakala at 4,000 feet (Perkins) ; Kailu (Cooke) ; Keanae (Cooke). "West Maui: lao Valley (Perkins). Auriculella crassula SM., P. Z. S. Lond., 1873, p. 88, pi. 10, fig. 22. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 210. — ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 224. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiien- sis, ii, Moll., p. 376. Not of BORCHERDING, Zoologica, p. 143, pi. 9, figs. 20, 20a, 22, 22a. — Auriculella ponderosa ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 225. — Auriculella sol- idissima Smith in BLAND and BINNEY, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., x, 1874, p. 331, nude name (Makawao). This species runs through a number of color varieties, the most common of which is an olive yellow; others have the spire dark, and the suture broadly white-bordered. The white belted pattern, though it occurs in nearly all the species of this genus, and is fairly common in A. uniplicata, does not seem to be found in this species ; at least no specimen of this color variety was found among over 1,500 specimens seen, but there is sometimes a brown belt at the periphery. The spire is nearly always darker than the last whorl, and there is usually a broad white band just below the suture. Borcher- ding's specimens from Molokai are probably a broad form of A. brunnea, and not the real crassula. The prominent tubercle at the posterior end of the thin or thick parietal callus is characteristic. 28. A. EXPANSA Pease. PL 19, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6. "Shell solid, umbilicate, slightly pyramidally ovate, sinis- tral (rarely dextral), longitudinally thinly striate; flatly com- 110 AURICULELLA, MAUI. pressed at the base ; apex obtuse ; spire slender, pyramidal, suture impressed; whorls 6, flatly convex, the last large, slightly inflated; strongly extended; lip somewhat reflexed, slightly expanded; parietal lamella strong, white; columella scarcely dilated above; white or pale straw color, sometimes chestnut, with a wiiite band, apex brownish. Length 6, diam. 4 mm." (Pse.). West Maui: Honolua (Thaanum). Auriculella expansa PSE., Jouru. de Conchyl., 1868, xvi, p. 343, pi. 14, fig. 8.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 210.- ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 226 ; Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, p. 121. — A. expansa var. porcellana ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 226. As pointed out by M. Ancey this species is related to A. uniplicata. In fact, some specimens of the latter approach very closely to it. Typical specimens of A. expansa are very easily recognized by their diagonal aperture, shorter spire and solid texture. Eight specimens of this species in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (no. 59,047), presented by the author, are very closely related to A. crassula. They are rather solid, with a prominent tubercle at the angle of the outer lip. The aperture, however, is more circular and more diagonal than in typical specimens of A. crassula, and the base is broader. A. expansa seems to be a form related to both A. uniplicata and A. crassula, but not intermediate between them. Mr. Ancey 's var. porcellana is probably a synonym of A. crassula. The original account follows: "I have received from the eastern part of the island of Maui a pretty form of Auriculella which I refer to expansa as a variety (var. por- cellana), and which differs from the type described above by the absence of any compression of the base of the last whorl, by the smoother shell of a yellowish white, gray towards the summit, by the thin, prominent, compressed parietal lamella, by its relatively small aperture, by its thick peristome, but evidently patulesceiit at the base and columella only, and by its margins joined by a strong callosity which is thickened towards the superior angle. Shell dextral or sinistraL Length 6, diam. 3%, height of aperture 2% mm." (Ancey). AURICULELLA, HAWAII. Ill Species of Hawaii. 29. A. WESTERLUNDIANA Ancey. PL 19, figs. 9, 10, 11. "Shell sinistral, perforate, grayish corneous, fragile, pel- lucid, ovately conic, glossy, under a lens very finely striate with lines of growth. Spire conic, apex strongly obtuse. Whorls 6, regularly increasing, convex, separated by an im- pressed suture ; the last whorl tumidly rotund, not ascend- ing. Aperture externally and at the base convexly rotund, slightly oblique, emarginate; parietal wall of the aperture furnished with a spirally compressed, elongate and thin la- mella; columella edentulous, viewed obliquely it is scarcely twisted-plicate within. Lip thin, simple, lightly and shortly spreading and expanded, reflexed at the columella, covering the dilating perforation ; the margins are not united by a cal- lus. Length 6.5, diam. 3.5, length of aperture 2.6 mm." (Ancey). Hawaii: Kona (Baldwin, Perkins, Thwing) ; Olaa (Perkins, Thaanum) ; Waimea (Lyons) ; Hilo (Thaanum) ; Glenwood (Thaanurn, Cooke & Pilsbry). Auriculella westerlundiana ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 218; op. cit., vii, 1890, p. 721.— SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, p. 275, pi. 13, fig. 21; Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, Moll., p. 379. M. Ancey in a note (Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vii, 1890, p. 721) mentions three color varieties of this species: corneous with a broad brown band; unicolorous, pale yellow; subcor- neous, pellucid ; chestnut without bands. This species is very distinct. Some of the thinner varieties of A. uniplicata somewhat resemble it, but the thickened lip, more solid shell, and less rotund aperture of the former easily distinguish the two species. It has some resemblance to A. perpusilla of Oahu, but a comparison of the diagnoses will easily separate the two. A. westerlundiana is consistently sin- istral. 112 GULICKIA. Genus GULICKIA Cooke, n. gen. The shells are sinistral, minutely perforate in the adult stage. Embryonic whorls spirally striate. Parietal lamella oblique. Columella slightly sigmoid, furnished with two al- most equal, rather strong, oblique folds. Peristome thin, un- expanded. Animal oviparous. Type, G. alexandri. This genus is intermediate between Auriculella, Tornatel- lides and Tornatellaria. It is probably most closely related to Auriculella, from which it differs by the striate embryonic whorl, fragile outer lip and the subequal columellar lamellae. In form, size and the strong oblique parietal lamella it ap- proaches some of the species of Tornatellides. It is related to Tornatellaria by its spirally striate embryonic whorls and ovi- parous reproduction. The position and form of the colu- mellar folds and also the closed umbilicus of immature speci- mens places Gulickia very close to Auriculella, but in Auricu- lella mature shells have a slightly or much thickened peri- stome. In Gulickia, the peristome is thin, as in Tornatellina. This and some of the Auriculellas are the only siuistral Ha- waiian species of Tornatellinidce. In immature specimens the oblique upper columellar fold extends to form the margin of the columella. The genus is dedicated to John T. Gulick. 1. G. ALEXANDRI Cooke, n. sp. PI. 28, fig. 7. Shell sinistral, minutely perforate, acutely conical, turrited, corneous, thin, subdiaphanous, shining, nearly smooth, min- utely striate with lines of growth. Spire conic, apex some- what obtuse, embryonic whorls minutely spirally striate. Su- ture simple, slightly impressed. Whorls 6%, slightly convex, slowly increasing, compressed, the upper convex, the last somewhat rotund, slightly angular at its beginning, convex at the base. Aperture somewhat oblique, ovate. Parietal lamella quite strong, very oblique, arcuate, minutely and ir- regularly serrate. Columella nearly straight, slightly sig- moid (in immature specimens), narrowly triangular, with two well-developed oblique lamellae. Peristome simple, thin, unexpanded, the outer margin arcuate. Length 3.5, diam. 1.7, •axis of apert. 1.3 mm. Parietal lamella 0.22 mm. in height. ELASMIAS. 113 "W. Maui: Maunahooma (Cooke, Forbes); Hoiiokowai (Thaanum). Type no. 14148 (Bishop Mus.) ; cotypes no. 13871 (Bishop Museum), and no. 111919 A. N. S. P. In adult shells the columellar folds are less oblique than in immature specimens, and extend nearly to the margin of the coluniella. In the original series collected by the author about 40 speci- mens were taken. A later trip by Mr. Forbes and the author yielded only 12 specimens. All the specimens were taken on the trunks of guava trees. Genus ELASMIAS Pilsbry. Elasmias PILS., Nautilus xxiii, March, 1910, p. 122, type Tornatellina aperta Pse. The shell is imperforate, globose-conic or rotund-ovate, com- posed of few (3 to 4y2) whorls, usually striate spirally. Aper- ture large, the columella calloused, in form of a wide or nar- row vertical plate, bilobed or angular, but without deeply en- tering lamellae, truncate or excavated below the plate ; parietal lamella as usual in the family. Viviparous or ovo- viviparous. Badula as in Tornatellina. Type: E. apertum (Pse.). Distribution: islands of the cen- tral and western Pacific and Indian Ocean ; Australia. Liv- ing on the leaves of plants. This genus occurs in some places throughout the range of the family with the exception of New Zealand and the islands off South America. In the area both inhabit, Elasmia-s is far less generally diffused than Tornatellina. "The animal [of E. apertum], which is very active, is sub- pellucid with dusky tentacles. The foot is oblong, rounded behind, and nearly as long as the shell. The eye-peduncles are stout. Labial tentacles, none. Muzzle large, dilated, and aids in locomotion" (Garrett}. Professor C. Semper dissected T. manilensis, but did not obtain a successful preparation of the genitalia. He noted that "the penis appeared to be simple. In the uterus were four or five eggs, the lowest containing a fully-developed em- bryo, the shell of which formed more than one entire whorl. 114 ELASMIAS. The kidney was band-like, very narrow. The radula was not isolated entire. The teeth seem to be all alike, but whether the central tooth was lacking was not determined. The teeth have a very long, fine and curved middle cusp and a little cusp on each side." It is obvious that Semper 's "middle cusp" is really the basal-plate. Probably the fragment was seen from below, being mounted upside down. The radula of E. aperta, examined by W. G. Bimiey, has "an exceedingly large number of teeth" arranged obliquely in waving rows, the teeth of the same type as those of Achatinetta (pi. 31, fig. 10). Significance of the characteristics of Elasmias. — The chief characters of Elasmias are those of early stages of Tornatel- lina and Auriculella. The small number of whorls, globose contour, broadened columella, large lamellae and spiral stria- tion are traits of the end of the embryonic and beginning of the neanic stages in the other genera. So far as we may es- timate the affinities of the genus, it is an arrested type, prob- ably not far removed from the ancestral Tornatellinid stock. When the complete anatomy is compared, this view can be tested. Meantime, the very wide distribution of the species, in an area the least favorable for migration, argues for the great antiquity of the genus. As in many other genera and families actually known to be very old, the species are much alike and not numerous, probably due to the general extinc- tion of phyletic side lines. Lamellovum seems to be a special- ized collateral group of the Elasmias stock which has survived in a single isolated locality. At first the uterine shell has a slender, somewhat sinuous but not folded columella, and there is no parietal lamella (pi. 31, fig. 2, a shell of 0.6 mm. diameter). Immediately after this stage the parietal lamella arises (pi. 29, fig. 9), and the columella broadens (pi. 29, fig. 8). By the end of the em- bryonic stage (pi. 31, fig. 3, diam. 0.8 mm.) the parietal and columellar lamella? are strongly developed. In some species they diminish in relative size in the later neanic stage, in others, such as fuscum and cernicum, the lamella continue strong. ELASMIAS. 115 Distribution of Elasmias. Hawaiian Islands: 1, E. fuscum. 2, E. luakahaense. 3, E. anceyanum. Polynesia: 4, E. ovatum. 4a, E. o. apertum. 5, E. pease- anum. Australia, New Guinea: 6, E. wakefieldioe (T. eucharis, T. terrestris). New Caledonia : 7, E. mariei. Philippines, East Indies, Maldive Is. : 8, E. manilense. 9, E. citreum. 10. E. sundanum. Mauritius, Bourbon : 11, E. cernicum. Caroline Is. : 12, E. ovatulum. Marianne Is. : 13, E. quadrasi. Islands of Izu, Japan : 14, E. kitaiwojimanum. Hawaiian Species. a. Parietal lamella strongly developed in adults; columellar plate broad. b. Shell not transparent, brownish. E. fuscum, no. 1. &&. Shell thin, transparent, corneous. E. luakahaense, no. 2. aa. Parietal lamella low ; columellar plate narrow. E. anceyanum, no. 3. 1. E. FUSCUM (Ancey). PI. 29, figs. 1 to 6. Shell broadly ovate-conoidal, imperforate, moderately thin but somewhat solid, tawny corneous, faintly marked with growth-stride. Spire conic, obtuse, short, less than one-half the length of the shell. Whorls 41/2, convex, suture not deep, the last large, ovate. Aperture ample, irregularly ovate, tapering above, distinctly oblique. Parietal lamella white, large, compressed, quite prominent but short, soon disappear- ing. Columellar process callous and flat, equal in size to that of T. aperta, with the callus slightly twisted above, obliquely truncate below. Length 3.25, diam. 2.2, length of aperture 1.75 mm. (Ancey). Hawaii: Olaa, Puna (type loc., Thaanum), Kona (Hen- shaw), Crest of Kilauea (B. Sharp). Maui: Kaupakalua 116 ELASMIAS. (Baldwin). Molokai : Puunea and Kamalo (Thaanum, Cooke, Pilsbry). Oahu : western ridge of Popouwela (Spalding, Pils- bry and Cooke). Tornatellina fusca ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl., li, 1903, pp. 306, 307, pi. 12, figs. 23, 24.— HENSHAW, Journ. of Malac., xi, 1904, p. 64. ' ' The species of Hawaiian Tornatellina which is most closely related to fusca is, without doubt, aperta; but the former is more robust, more solid, darker colored, and the spire is more nearly conic. It is also larger, and the lamellae though some- what alike are different. In some of the young examples, there are besides, two parallel dentiform plica? in the interior of the right margin (a remarkable character and one not ex- isting in aperta). The parietal lamella is white, prominent, compressed, but does not extend far into the interior. The •columella has a strongly-developed callus dilation, which is -flat, sinuous, and analogous to that of aperta, twisted at its insertion, denticulate and broadly truncate at the end" (An- Ancey's type specimen (no. 18434, B. P. Bishop Museum) is badly broken, as can be seen in his illustration, and it is not quite adult. The largest specimen (fig. 1) observed is from Kona, Hawaii, and was collected by Mr. Henshaw. It measures: length 3.95, diam. 2.25, length of aperture 1.8 mm., and has 4% whorls. The parietal lamella is very strong (0.43 mm. in height), arid flares outward. The columella bears a large flat oblong callus (length 0.61, width 0.43 mm.) on its margin. This columellar plate is thickened along its margin and this thickening extends, as a rather prominent ridge, just above the base, and nearly to the outer margin of the columella. In young specimens at the metaneanic substage, with about 4 whorls, the parietal fold is thickened, forming two or three ridges parallel to its margin. The columellar plate is triangu- lar in outline, with its inner margin sinuous and indistinctly Triplicate. There are two more or less distinct palatal folds- one basal the other just below the periphery. Figs. 5, 6. At younger stages the palatal folds are more prominent ELASMIAS. 117 and the inner margin of the columellar plate is more dis- tinctly biplicate. The interior of a Popouwela (Oahu) specimen is drawn in pi. 28, fig. 6. The largest seen from this locality is 3.2 mm., long. There is a decidedly paler form, which may be called E. /. obtusum (pi. 28, fig. 5), with less swollen whorls and more- obtuse summit on the western ridge of Popouwela, where it occurs with the dark typical form. The figured specimen measures, length 2.7, diam. 1.8 mm. 2. E. LUAKAHAENSE n. sp. PI. 29, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, Shell globosely-ovate, light corneous, thin, semi-transparent, somewhat shining, nearly smooth, under a lens minutely marked with growth-striae. Spire convex in outlines, summit obtuse. Suture simple, well impressed. Whorls almost 4, convex, increasing rather rapidly ; the last broadly ovate, with a convex base. Aperture large, irregularly ovate, ob- lique. Parietal lamella strong, flaring outwards, thin, arcuate in section. Columella vertical, slightly twisted. Columellar plate large, broad, irregularly triangular, concave below, with its inner margin sinuous, slightly twisted, thickened — the thickening extending as a ridge just above the concave base of the plate, and reaching nearly to the outer margin of the columella. Outer lip thin, convex. Length 2.5, diam. 1.6, length of aperture 1.4 mm. Kauai: Halemauu, Wailua (Cooke). Oahu: Nuuanu, Lua- kaha (type loc.) ; Manoa, Punaluu, and Kaliuwaa (Cooke) ; Waialua (Lyman). Type no. 14145, B. P. Bishop Museum. Tornatellina aperta ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl., li, 1903, p. 295, not of Pease. Ancey's specimens are in the collection of the Bishop Mu- seum, no. 18467. E. luakahaense is a much smaller species than E. apcrtum, and in adult specimens there are two less whorls. The shell is more fragile and lighter colored and the parietal lamella and columellar plate are much more strongly developed in proportion to the size of the aperture than in Pease's species. 118 ELASMIAS. In the latter the columellar plate is oblong and distinctly bi- dentate. The shells of E. luakahaense are much smaller, lighter colored and thinner than those of E. fuscum. In adult specimens the columellar plate is not as strongly developed as in fuscum. In fresh specimens of E. luakahaense the shells are covered with a whitish deposit. This character appears to be lacking in E. fuscum and E. anceyanum. All the speci- mens from Kaliuwaa are whitish-vitreous with a brown sum- mit. In embryonic specimens (figs. 7, 8) the shell is globose; the spire is shorter than in embryos of Tornatellina; the surface is minutely marked with growth-stria? and is without raised spiral striae; the parietal lamella is straight in section, about a half a whorl in length ; the colurnella is vertical ; the colu- mellar plate is oblong, narrow, with an almost straight inner margin. A young specimen (fig. 10), at metaneanic stage, is 1.35 rani, in length and has slightly over 3 whorls. The parietal lamella is very strongly developed, flaring outward and arcu- ate in section ; the columellar plate is stronger than that of an adult; there is a single short low basal palatal fold. In E. luakahaense the presence of palatal folds are not as constant a character as in E. fuscum. In the young of some colonies these folds are entirely absent, in others there may be from one to three folds, while in a few colonies all the young have three distinct folds — one basal, a second just below and a third just above the free edge of the parietal lamella. Only about a third of the young from the type local- ity have one or more palatal folds developed. 3. E. ANCEYANUM n. sp. PI. 31, figs. 7, 8. Shell broad, ovately-conic, brownish corneous, thin, trans- parent, glossy, nearly smooth, under a strong lens minutely marked with growth-stride. Spire somewhat conic, with slightly convex outlines, summit obtuse. Suture simple, im- pressed. Whorls 41/2, convex, increasing rather rapidly, the last subovate, rounded, with a convex base. Aperture large, subovate, oblique. Parietal lamella small, erect. Columella ELASMIAS. 119 slightly twisted; colmnellar plate almost vertical, narrowly rectilinear, with its inner margin nearly straight, Outer lip thin, convex. Length 3.1, diarn. 1.7, length of aperture 1.4 mm. West Maui: Mauuahooma (Cooke). Type no 14147, B. P. Bishop Museum coll. From E. fuscum this species differs in the thinness of its shell and in its much smaller parietal lamella and columellar plate. From luakahaense it differs in size, form of the shell, and its much smaller parietal lamella and columellar plate. A young specimen (at the nietaneanic stage), from the type lot, is 1.7 mm. in length and has 3l/2 whorls. The parietal lamella is very strong, flaring outward. The columellar plate is strong, triangular in outline, its margin is twisted, thick- ened, with the thickening continued along the base, and form- ing a rather prominent tooth at the inner basal angle of the columellar plate. With further development the apertural armature becomes less prominent, being noticeably decadent in the adult stage. No palatal lamina have been observed in a large series of the young of this species. Polynesian species. 4. E. OVATUM (Anton). PI. 30, fig. 1. Oval ventricose ; 3 ventricose whorls, with deep suture, last whorl two- thirds the whole ; apex obtuse ; aperture oval, with twro lamellae on the columella, the lower broadly curved around. Breadth 1, height l1/^ lines (Anton). The small shell is ovate, rather ventricose, glossy, very finely striate with growth-lines, nearly transparent, corneous-yellow ; the spire short, sornewrhat turrited, obtuse ; the S1/^ whorls are moderately high, convex, united by a simple, somewhat impressed, suture, which is the more distinct because of the nearly flat upper surface [of the whorls] ; last whorl is ven- tricose, scarcely two-thirds the total length, rounded below. The aperture is narrowly half-ovate ; on the parietal wall there is a short, very thin, broadly projecting, somewhat ob- lique white plate ; on the columella an equally strongly-pro- 120 ELASMIAS. jecting, sharply mucronate [geschweifte] fold; the peristome unexpanded, acute (Kuester). Length 3y2, diam. 2^ mm. (P/r.). Opana [— Opara or Rapa, Austral Group] (Anton). Strobilus ovatus ANTON, Verzeichniss der Conchylien: welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton befinden, p. 46, no. 1697 (1839). — Ackatina ovata Ant., PFR., Symbolae, i, p. 29. — Tornatellina ovata Anton, PFEIFFER, Monographia, ii, p. 394; iii, p. 526; iv, p. 652; vi, p. 264. — KUESTER, Conchylien Cabinet, Pupa, p. 150, pi. 18, figs. 12, 13. Kuester 's figure is copied. It may have been drawn from the type, though that is not stated. It is probably not separ- able specifically from E. apertum Pease. This type of shell is widely distributed in Polynesia, and not enough material is available for a definite opinion as to the status of the forms from different islands. As we have seen no specimens from Rapa, it seems wise to attempt no decision as to whether the ovatum group may best be classed as one species or as a group of closely-related species or subspecies. When series of all ages and from various islands have been obtained by leaf -sift- ing, the question may be approached with less danger of undue lumping or of premature splitting. 4a. E. OVATUM APERTUM (Pease). PL 30, figs. 2, 3. Shell globose-ovate, imperforate, thin, pellucid, glossy, brown-corneous ; spire obtuse ; suture impressed ; whorls 4, rotund-convex, the last subglobose, about equal to two-thirds of the length ; aperture ovate, subauriform, large, about equal to half the length of the shell ; lip thin, acute ; columella com- pressed, bidentate, obliquely truncate ; parietal lamella scarcely prominent; base rotund. Length 3y2, diam. 2y2 mm. (Pease}. Society Islands: Tahiti (Pease); Huaheine ; ranges throughout the group, not uncommon on foliage (Garrett) ; Marquesas Is. (Garrett). Rotuma (Gardiner). Tongatabu (Leefe). Sunday Island, Kermadec Is. (Tom Iredale). Tornatellina aperta PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 673 ; 1871, p. 473. — PFEIFFER, Monographia, vi, p. 264. — GAR- ELASMIAS. 121 RETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila., ix, p. 83, pi. 2, fig. 20. — SCHMELTZ, Mus. Godeffroy, Cat. v, p. 90. — SMITH, Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1897, xx, p. 521.— BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 99, pi. 3, f. F (teeth). Except in the pale brown color, darkening slightly towards the summit, this form does not seem, to differ materially from E. ovatum of Rapa ; but the only published figure of the latter is not sufficiently exact for a critical comparison. Probably E. apertum may be a form or subspecies of ovatum. E. fus~ cum is a decidedly darker color than apertum, and has stronger lamellas. E. cernicum also has larger lamellae. Under the microscope the surface of E. apertum shows only very- faint and fragmentary spiral lines in some places. A typical specimen has been figured by Garrett, and is re- drawn in pi. 30, fig. 2. The parietal lamella is rather strong, and little over a fourth of a whorl long. Length 2.7, diani. 2.5 mm. In others of the same lot, somewhat smaller, the parietal lamella is lower. Specimens from Huaheine (pi. 30, fig. 3) have the parietal lamella lower than in typical apertum, and the spiral striation more distinct. Length 2.4 mm. A series from Sunday Island, Kermadec group (pi. 30, figs. 4, 5), the parietal lamella is very low in adults, a little more prominent in the young. Spiral striation barely discernible in places. The largest measures, length 4.5, oblique diam. 2.6 mm., with 4^ whorls. An infant with 21/4 whorls (pi. 30, fig. 5, length ~\.l/$ mm.) shows relatively stronger lamellae than the adult. There are no palatal plicae at any age. The color is corneous, shading into cream-buff towards the summit. Mr. Edgar A. Smith remarks that "the type from Tahiti is a little larger and somewhat browner than the shells from Rotuma, but is similar in other respects." From this it ap- pears that the Rotuma specimens resemble those of the Ker- madecs in color, both being of the tint attributed to E. ova- tum, while Society Island shells have a perceptible tint of russet. 122 ELASMIAS. 5. E. PEASEANUM (Garrett). PL 31, fig. 5. "Shell imperf orate, oblong-ovate, smooth, thin, shining, faintly striated, dark brownish horn-color; spire conical, with nearly planulate outlines and subacute apex; suture faintly impressed ; whorls five and a half, convex, moderately increas- ing, last one large, rounded, not descending in front ; aperture large, oblique, truncately ovate, nearly half the length of the shell; peristorne thin, straight, regularly curved; parietal re- gion with a prominent, thin, revolving white lamina, which is slightly reflected posteriorly ; columella armed with a promi- nent, nearly vertical, bidentate plait. Length 5, diam. 2~y2 mm." (Garrett). Society Is. : Moorea Island, very rare on foliage (Garrett). Tornatellina peasana GARRETT, Journal of the Acad. Nat. Sciences of Phila., 2d ser., ix, p. 83, pi. 2, f. 19, 1883. "Closely allied to aperta, but much larger more elongate, darker color and the spire more produced." The tapering summit and subacute apex are further distinctions from apertum, which has a far more obtuse apex. Garrett 's figured type, is redrawn in our plate. The number of \vhorls is wrongly given by Garrett. There are 4i/£ in the type-speci- men, which measures, length 4.9, oblique diam. 2.7 mm. Species of Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia. Critical comparisons will probably reduce the number of species recorded from this area. 6. E. WAKEFIELDLE (Cox). PI. 30, figs. 9, 10. "Shell imperf orate, ovately-conical, very thin, translucent, rather shining, smooth, microscopically striated, yellowish- horny; spire conical, obtuse at the apex; whorls 4, slightly convex, last large, tumid, equaling one-half of the length ; aperture irregularly ovate, with a very thin central, vertical, parietal plate ; columella thinly expanded and revolute in- wards, grooved above; peristome simple, acute. Length 0.10, breadth 0.07, aperture 0.05 long, of an inch" {Cox}. Australia: Grafton, Clarence River, in decaying wood ELASMIAS. 123 (Wakefield, type loc.) ; near Lismore and on the Clarence Eiver (Petterd) ; vicinity of Brisbane, Queensland, on orange trees (H. Tryou). Bryoii Bay, N. S. Wales (Australian Mus.). Ballina, Richmond River, on flowers and leaves of Hibiscus (Ramsey). Achatinella ivakefieldicc Cox, Monograph of Australian Land Shells, p. 78 (1868). — Tornatellina wakefieldice Petterd, Journ. de Conchyl., xxv, 1877, p. 361. — PFEIFFER, Monogra- phia, viii, p. 318. — Tornatellina ivakefieldff Cox, HEDLEY, Records of the Australian Museum, iii. 1899, p. 153, pi. 28, fig. 14. The shell is globosely-ovate, corneous, and under a lens, very finely but not very distinctly striate spirally. The parietal lamella is very low. Columellar plate is quite short and dis- tinctly bilobed. Length 2.5, diam. 2.1 mm.; 3i/2 whorls (fig. 10). Mr. Hedley's figure of E. wakefieldia from Bryon Bay, N. S. W., is copied in fig. 9. Fig. 10 is from a younger New South Wales example. The distinctions between this species, T. eucharis and T. terrcstris have not been pointed out, if any exist. According to Hedley's figures, eucharis has a shorter spire and larger aperture, but these differences may be due to the different ages of the examples figured. We have not seen either of Brazier's species, and until they are furnished with differ- ential characters it hardly seems worth while to admit them as species. All published information is repeated below. Tornatellina eucharis Brazier. PL 30, fig. 8. " Shell im- perf orated, somewhat ovately conical, thin, transparent, glossy, very finely striated and decussated with finer striae; pale-straw color. Whorls 3%, convex, the last large and in- flated, three-fourths the whole length, spire very short, apex roundly obtuse ; thickened long callus tooth on the centre of body-whorl entering spirally ; base rounded. Aperture nearly vertical, ovate, peristome membranous, margins regular, the outer arched, columella twisted, rather thickened, entering spirally inwards, leaving about it a small groove. Length 11/4, breadth 1 line" (Brazier). Barnard Islands No. 3, North-East Australia (Chevert Ex- ped.). 124 ELASMIAS. "This graceful species is closely allied to TornatelUna ter- restris Braz. Two specimens found on bushes at the above islands" (Brazier). TornatelUna eucharis BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, 1876, p. 110.— HEDLEY, P. L. S. N. S. W., xxvi, 1901, p. 705, pi. 34, fig. 12. — T. lucharis, Zoological Eecord, vol. 39, 1902, Moll., p. 67. "One of the two type specimens from No. Ill, Barnard Islands, 2.5 mm. long, is here shown. I am doubtful if it be not the young of T. wakefieldcc Cox. T. eucharis occurred to me on Fitzroy Island, Queensland. T. aperta Pease seems closely allied" (Hedley). Fig. 8 is copied from Hedley. TornatelUna terrestris Brazier. " Shell imperforated, ovately-conical, thin, translucent, rather smooth, obsoletely striated and spirally lined with silky striae; pale, horny. Whorls 31/2, roundly convex, the last large, and globosely in- flated, suture impressed, spire short, obtuse at the apex, aper- ture very slightly oblique, rounded-ovate ; small, nearly ob- solete thin long tooth on the centre of the body-whorl; peri- stome thin, acute, margins regular, the columella rather thickened, straight, with a thin long broad plate, sub-twisted and bent in the centre, entering spirally inwards, as seen from the inside, fine decussating lines all through. Length 1^, breadth 1 line" (Brazier). Yule Island, New Guinea ; found on the ground under leaves (Chevert Exped.). TornatelUna terrestris BRAZIER. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, 1876, p. 109. No distinctions of specific value between this, E. eucharis and E. wakefieldia: appear in the description. Until such are pointed out, it hardly deserves a place among recognized species. 7. E. MARIEI (Crosse). PI. 30, figs. 11, 12. Shell imperforate, shortly conic, ovate-ventricose, thin, pel- lucid, corneous-hyaline. Spire short, the apex rather obtuse ; suture little impressed. Whorls 4, a little convex, the last inflated, longer than the spire, rounded basally. Aperture ro- ELASMIAS. 125 tund-lunar, colored like the outside, provided with an incon- spicuous entering parietal lamella. Peristome simple, the colurnellar margin provided with a strong whitish fold, basal and outer margins acute. Length 2y2, diam. 2 mm. (Crosse). New Caledonia: Baie du Sud (E. Marie). Tornatellina mariei CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xxii, 1874, pp. 109, 393, pi. 12, f. 7 ; xlii, 1894, p. 306.— GASSIES, Faune Conch. N. Caled., iii, in Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., 1880, p. 48, pi. 2, f. 22.— PPB., Monogr., viii, p. 319. 'This species is shorter and especially more swollen than T. noumeensis • it is also thinner and has a better developed columellar fold" (Crosse). Crosse 's figure, copied in our fig. 11, is not very good. A specimen received from E. Marie is drawn in fig. 12, length 2.4 nun. It is closely related to E. wakefieldia (Cox), but probably distinct by its more elevated spire. Extremely fine spiral striation may be seen on the last whorl. Species of the Philippines, East Indie.s and Islands of the Indian Ocean. 8. E. MANILENSE (Dohm). Shell ovate-conic, thin, smooth, pellucid, corneous. Spire conic, rather obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, the last scarcely two- thirds the length of the spire. Aperture oblong-semioval. Parietal lamella median, compressed, the crest curved later- ally. Columella oblique, white-callused, slightly truncate. Peristome acute, unexpanded. Length 4.5, diam. 3, length of aperture 2 mm. (Dohrn). Philippine Is.: Manila, Luzon, Ubay, Bohol (Dr. C. Sem- per). Maldive Group: Hulule, North Male Atoll (Gardiner). Natuna Is.: Bunguran (A. Everett). Tornatellina manilensc DOHRN, Malakozoologischer Blatter, x, 1863, p. 160. — PFEIFFER, Monographia, vi, p. 364. — SEM- PER, Reisen im Archip. Philippinen, LandinolL, pp. 133, 140, pi. 16, f. 13 (teeth). — E. A. SMITH, in Gardiner's Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, i, pt. 2, 1902, p. 144. From the two most nearly related species, ovata and cernica, 126 ELASMIAS. easy to tell by the smaller aperture, the simple columella, and the last whorl not inflated. From cernica also by the surface of the shell not decussate (Dohrn). According to Semper, this species lives among and on the leaves of water plants, and not infrequently crawls rather high on the trunks of mangroves. Possibly this observation was based on some small and superficially similar Assiminea, as Tornatellinidcc usually are no more aquatic in station than Piipillidce. The specimens seen from. Manila (pi. 31, fig. 6, length 2.7 mm.) do not agree well with Dohrii's description, and their identity with his type must be regarded as doubtful. There are slightly over four convex whorls, the first minutely striate spirally, the rest only faintly marked with growth-lines. Parietal lamella rather small and about one-third of a whorl long. Columella convex, narrow, not much callused, and in- distinctly bilobed. Cf. T. kochiana. The Maldive and Natuna records are from E. A. Smith, who states that he cannot distinguish the Maldive specimens from the Philippine form, and that the shells described as T. natunensis are the same. The original description of the latter is translated below, and the figure is copied. " Tornatellina natunensis. PL 38, fig. 16. Shell small, ovate, subconoid above, thin, subpellucid, pale brownish, im- perforate; striated with delicate lines of growth. Whorls 4, convex, the apex large, rounded. Aperture perpendicular, inversely auriform, a little less than half of the total length. Peristome thin, the columellar margin slightly twisted, hardly thickened or reflexed. Parietal lamella very thin, entering. Length 2.5 mm., diam. 1.5, aperture 1.3 long, .75 wide" (E. A. Smith). Natuna Islands: Bunguran (A. Everett). Tornatellina natunensis E. A. SMITH, Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist. (6), xiii, June, 1894, p. 458, pi. 16, f. 7. 8. E. CITREUM (Smith). PL 30, figs. 6, 7. Shell minute, imperforate, ovate, thin, brownish-corneous, little shining, striated with delicate oblique growth-lines. Spire short, very obtuse. Whorls 3^, very convex, the last ELASMIAS. 127 subglobose. Aperture auriform, a little exceeding half the total length, furnished with a single minute parietal tooth. Outer lip thin, arcuate. Columella straight, thick, at the base abruptly truncate. Length 2, diam. 1.5 mm. (Smith}. Lornbock Island, on orange trees (A. Everett). Tornatcllina citrea E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, April, 1898, p. 30, pi. 2, f. 17. "Under the microscope the surface has a minutely frosted appearance, produced by excessively fine spiral stria tion" ( Smith ) . The apertural lamellae are very much reduced in this spe- cies. The adult form, shown in Mr. Smith's figure, which is copied on pi. 30, fig. 7, has only an extremely narrow, straight columella, truncate at the base, but half -grown shells of 2y2 whorls (pi. 30, fig. 6, length 1.5 mm.) have a broader colu- mellar plate with convex edge. The shell, at all stages of growth, is decidedly fragile. Though smaller, it has some resemblance to E. anceyana. 10. E. SUNDANUM (Moelleudorff). Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, subpellucid, veiy lightly striatulate, opaque, buff-corneous. Spire moderately elevated for the genus, convexly conoid. Whorls 4, a little convex, rather rapidly increasing, the last quite convex. Aperture not very oblique, oval, somewhat excised. Peristome unexpanded, acute. Columella lamellarly dilated above, trun- cate in the middle. Parietal lamella moderate, produced deep within. Length 3, diam. 2 mm. (Mlldff.). Java (H. Fruhstorfer). Tornatellina sundana MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges., vol. 29, August, 1897, p. 90. 11. E. CERNICUM (Benson). PL 31, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Shell globosely conic, thin, striatulate, obsoletely decus- sated by extremely fine spiral striae, pale corneous, pellucid, glossy. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, ruddy. Whorls 4, con- vex. Aperture elliptical-ovate, longer than the spire, con- tracted by two folds : one lamelliform, entering, hyaline pari- 128 ELASMIAS. etal fold, and two dentiform columellar folds, placed at the angle of the truncate columella. Columella broad, vertical, hyaline, obliquely and broadly truncate. Bight margin sim- ple, acute. Length 3, diam. 2 to 2*4 mm. (Benson"). Mauritius : Moka, on the grounds of Sir D. Barclay, creep- ing in showery weather on the leaves of Niccioli hedges (Ben- son) ; Reduit ravine and Vacoa (Mobius). Bourbon: above Salazie (G. Nevill). Tornatellina cernica, BENS., Annals and Magazine of Na- tural History (2), vi, October, 1850, p. 254. — PFEIFFER, Mono- graphia, iii, p. 526. — KUESTER, Coiichylien Cabinet, Pupa, p. 155, pi. 18, figs. 30, 31. — VON MARTENS, in Mobius, Beitrage zur Meeresfauna der Insel Mauritius u. der Seychellen, 1880, p. 199. — Tornatellina (Septinaria) cernica Bens., G. NEVILL, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, xxxix, 1870, pt. 2, p. 413. — Tornatellina mauritiana PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852, p. 150. — Achatina- minutissima Barclay Ms., ac- cording to Pfeiffer. This species has a broad columellar plate, which is thin above the lower lamella until the fully adult stage, when the upper fold becomes distinct. The parietal lamella is about the third of a whorl long. No examples w7ith palatal plicae have been seen, but the mid-neanic stage is not represented in the series examined. One specimen opened contained two em- bryo shells, one, of nearly two whorls, diameter 0.8 mm., was probably about to be born, and represents the end of the em- bryonic stage (fig. 3). It has a large parietal lamella about half a whorl long, and a wide columellar plate differing very little from the adult stage. A smaller embryo, above the pre- ceding in the parent shell, has about l1/^ whorls, with a diam- eter of 0.6 mm. (pi. 31, fig. 2). There is no parietal lamella, and the slightly sinuous columella is thin and simple. It ap- pears that the apertural lamella? are very rapidly developed in the last part of the embryonic stage. It remains to call attention to the remarkable similarity of the Hawaiian E. fuscum to this species, almost the only dif- ferences being that fuscum has larger lamella? and is darker in «olor. The lamellae of E. ccrnicum are more strongly devel- Achatinellidae PLATE p.r. Amastridae PLATE 15 Amastridae PLATE 16 PLATE 17 TornatelJinidas PLATE 18 . 10 12 • • Torn^itellinidas 9 ' ! 2 6 10 •• • 11 15 PLATE 10 8 12 16 Achatinellidae ^n Amastridae -• PLATE 21 , . , •• ,., > o ^> ^>r ' - ': '-•.- 2 '••-. - , ^ \ -fi$™ i> TornateUinidas PLATE 22 i >/" i 5 TornatelJinidas PLATE 2; l ELASMIAS. 129 oped than in E. apertum and wakefieldia, and while all are very closely related, E. cernicum seems to be distinguishable. Pfeiffer placed his T. mauritiana as a synonym of cernica in the Monographia, where he substituted his description for that of Benson. ' ' Tornatellina mauritiana Pfr. Shell ovate-conic, thin, smooth, pellucid, corneous ; spire conic, somewhat obtuse \ whorls 4%, a little convex, the last inflated, nearly equal to the spire ; parietal lamella of the aperture median, compressed, entering ; columella callus, glossy, with a high dentate trunca- tion; aperture somewhat semioval; peristome simple, acute and straight. Length 4, diam. 2y2, aperture 2 mm. long." Species of the Caroline, Marianne and Japanese Islands. 12. E. OVATULUM (Moellendorff). Shell imperforate, conoid-ovate, thin, pellucid, very deli- cately striatulate, a little glossy, pale buff. Spire short, con- oid, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4, a little convex, parted by a crenulate suture, rapidly increasing, the last large, rather swollen. Aperture very oblique, oval; peristome unex- panded, acute, the columellar margin very narrowly reflexed, appressed. Parietal lamella rather elevated, spirally entering a long distance. Columella strongly twisted, at the base deeply excised bidentate. Alt. 3, diam. 2 mm. (Mlldff.). Caroline Is.: Ponape (Etscheid). Tornatellina ovatula MLLDFF., Journal of Malacology, vii, March 24, 1900, p. 114. 13. E. QUADRASI (Moellendorff). Shell imperforate, ovate-globose, thin, pellucid, delicately striate, somewhat shining, pale buff-corneous; spire little ele- vated, the apex rather obtuse; whorls 3~y2, a trifle convex, rapidly increasing, the last large, swollen. Aperture moder- ately oblique, oval, peristome simple, acute ; columellar mar- gin very slightly reflexed, appressed. Parietal lamella strongly elevated, spirally entering. Columella strongly lamellarly dilated, deeply excised at the base in a right angle. Length 2.5, diam. 2 mm. (Mlldff.). Marianne Islands (Quadras). 130 ELASM1AS. TornatelUna quadra-si MLLDFF., Nachrichtsblatt d. Deut- schen Malak. Gesellschaft, vol. 26, Feb., 1894, p. 16. 14. E. KiTAiwoJiMANUM (Pilsbry & Hirase). PL 31, figs. 9, 11. The shell is iiuperf orate, globosely-ovate, thin, corneous, somewhat translucent. Surface shining, the first whorl very minutely roughened, second whorl microscopically and very closely striate spirally, the last whorl marked with minute growth-lines and very fine, rather widely-spaced impressed spiral lines. Spire short, obtuse. Whorls almost 4, strongly convex. The aperture is ample, oblique ; outer lip fragile ; parietal lamella extremely low and about a half-whorl long, columella abruptly truncate at the termination of the steeply, spirally-ascending columellar lamella, and above it bearing a low, more steeply ascending lamella. Length 3.2, diam. 2.3 mm. Japan: Kita-Iwo-jima, Sulphur group, and Hachijo, Izu- shichito group, Izu. Type no. 84965 A. N. S. P. (Hirase). Tornatcllinti kituiwojimana PILS. & HIR., Nautilus, xvii, Sept. 4, 1903, p. 53. The columellar plate is narrow but distinctly biplicate ; the pfirietal lamella low but long. Kita-lwo-jima is one of the Sulphur or Volcano Islands, a little group lying south of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, and in line with the Izushichito group, or so-called "Seven Islands of Izu." They were dis- covered by Bernard de Torres in 1543, and are governed by • hipan from the Ogasawara Islands. Volcanic forces are still iictive in this group, which is regarded as a continuation of the Fuji chain, in which the species occurs also on Hachi- jo jima. This species has more convex, shorter whorls and a deeper suture than E. apcrtum and E. cernicum, and the parietal lamella is lower. LAMELLOVUM. 131 Genus LAMELLOVUM Pilsbry. Laniellovitm PILS., Nautilus, xxiii, Marcli, 1910, p. 123. for TomatelUna globosa. The shell is imperforate, broadly ovate, of rather numerous (about 6) whorls; parietal lamella long; columella thick, bear- ing several deeply entering lamellae; palatal plicae developed. Apical whorl small, spirally striated. Type Lamellovum glo- bosum. This genus is proposed for a peculiar species having the apertural armature much more complex than in Elasmias, the columella bearing numerous long, entering lamellae. The whorls are more numerous and the apex smaller than in Elas- niifi-s. The eggs or young at birth must be relatively smaller than in Elasmias. on account of the very narrow spaces be- t\vi-en the teeth. 1. L. GLOBOSUM (Petit). PI. 28, figs. 9-12. Shell ventricose-conic, pellucid, buff -greenish. Whorls 6 to 7, flattened, the last largest, ventricose, paler. Spire acutely conic. Aperture semilunar, ringent. Columella provided with a lamelliform tooth above the middle, margined by a tooth below, sometimes double, plicate at the base, the plica emarginate in front, bilobed, the upper lobe ascending, the lower subhorizontal ; outer lip acute. Length 4, diam. 3 mm. (Petit.) Shell globose-conic, rather solid, striatulate, greenish-buff; spire conic, rather acute ; suture very slightly impressed ; whorls 7, rather flattened, the last nearly as long as the spire, subglobose. Aperture elliptical-semioval, obstructed by four folds: one obliquely entering parietal fold, somewhat doubled below; a second strong, short, emarginate sub-bilobed on the columella, and two obsolete plicae in the palate. Length 4 to £1/2, diam. 3 mm. ; aperture 2*4 mm. long (Pfr.). Island of Opara [Rapa], under stones (Cuming). Elasmatina globosa PETIT DE LA SAUSSAYE, P. Z. S., 1843, p. 2. — TomatelUna globosa KUESTER, Conchy! . Cab., p. 154. pi. 18, figs. 26, 27. — PFR., Symboke, iii. p. 60; Monogr.. ii. p. 393 ; iii. p. 527 ; iv, p. 652 ; vi, p. 265. 132 TORNATELLINA. Iii tills peculiar shell the whorls are moderately convex, though the general outlines of the spire are straight. The surface is distinctly striate, the apex decidedly smaller than in typical Elasmias. The parietal lamella is about two-thirds of a whorl long. The inner half is quite low, but the outer is strongly developed, and has pairs of short lamellae upon its lower face, also some projections above the edge on its outer face. The coluinellar lamella is long, thickened at the edge. Above and below it are quite small lamellae (supracolumellar and intracollumelar), and the subcolumellar lamella is as strong but not as long as the columellar. Below it there is a very stout lamella, which does not reach far inward, but forms the lower margin of the columellar plate. Above and below the group of columellar lamella? there are deep, narrow sinuses. There are six short, deeply placed, interrupted palatal plicae. The basal lip is thick within. Length 3.7, diain. 3.2 mm. ; 5% whorls. Kuester's figure is copied in fig. 9. Figures 10-12 represent the specimen described above. Former descriptions do not notice all of the apertural lamella? and folds. Tfhe apertural lamella? do not all show in a front view (fig. 10). Fig. 12. an obliquely basal view, and fig. 11, view through a hole on the iMirhl side of the back. ^ive a better idea of the structure. Genus TORNATELLINA Pfeiffer. Tornatellina BECK, Index Molluscorum, 1837, p. 80, nude name. — Strobilux ANTON, Verzeichniss, 1839, p. 46. Not Stro- bila Sars, 1835, Medusa?, or of Sodoffsky, 1837, Lepidoptera. "Mrombttus Alton " GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 175 (type 8. turritus). — Tonnifcllina Beck, PFEIFFER, Symbolae, ii, 1842. pp. 5, 55, 130.— GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 175.— PPR., Nomen- clator Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 341. The shell is small (usually 2 to 5 mm. long), dextral, ovate- conic or oblong-ovate, imperforatc at all stages of yrowth, thin, uniform corneous or brown, the surface glossy, faintly marked with growth-lines. Aperture ovate; parietal lamella median, entering from one-fourth to a half -whorl (very rarely wanting); eolnnielhi sinuous, sometimes lamellate; outer lip TORNATELLINA. 133 thin, simple; the palatal wall either smooth, toothed or lam- inate. Reproduction viviparous. Type, T. clausa = =bilamellata. Distribution, Islands of the Pacific, East Indies. Tomatettina is now restricted to imperf orate species. The allied umbilieate forms are placed in the genera Tornatellides and Tornatellaria, and the genus Elasmias is instituted for the globose forms with truncate columella. Nomenclature. Tornatellina was instituted by Beck (Index Molluscorum, 1837, p. 80) for four species, all new, and none of them de- scribed. "1. T. clausa B., I. Opara. "2. T. trochiformis B., 1. Juan Fernaii. "3. T. trochlearis B., I. Mapasuera [Masafuera]. "4. T. archimedis B., I. Opara. "a. major. l'b. minor." Since neither the genus nor any of the species were defined by a single word, Beck's action was ineffective. His norm/no- nuda in no way prejudice subsequent work on either genus or species. Pfeiffer, in the Symbolic ad Historiam Heliceorum, ii, 1842, defined the genus Tornatellina Beck (p. 5), and described the following species (p. 55) : Tornatellina clausa Beck, T. minuta Ant., T. trochiformis Beck, T. trochlearis Beck. On p. 130 he gives a list of the known species : Archimedis B. (= turrita) , clausa B., cubensis Pfr. (==Achatina pellucida Pfr., 1840), ferussaci Pfr., minuta Ant., ovata Ant., oivaihiensis Cham., trochiformis B., trochlearis B. This is the first publication of Tornatellina which can be recognized in nomenclature. Gray, in 1847, selected T. clausa, the first species of Beck's and Pfeiffer 's lists, as the type. This species has been considered by Pfeiffer to be synonymous with T. bilamellata Anton. The subsequent selection of tro- chlearis as type, by von Martens (Die Heliceen, 1860, p. 259), was ineffective on account of the prior selection of T. claw by Gray. TORNATELLINA. It is unfortunate that the type of Torxatellin-a is a little- known species from a peripheral locality (Juan Fernandez). We know nothing of the lingual dentition or of the stages of development of any species of this island. Their relations to the TornatelHnas of Polynesia and other regions remain to lit' determined. If names differing from prior generic names only in gender are admitted, StrobHus Anton will have priority for the genus, if its type S. turrit us, proves to be congeneric with the Tornatellinas, as we suppose. It will also replace Elasmatina. based upon the same species. We have not seen this species, which differs from the others by its lengthened shape and numerous whorls. The tropical American genus Lcptinaria, and the genus Ochroderma closely resemble Tornatellina in shell characters, but the dentition is Achatinoid. The species are mostly larger than Tornatellina. Specie* of other families described as Tornatellina. Part of the species of all of the other genera of Tornatelli- nid(c were at first described under the generic name Torna- tellina- ; also the following species belonging to other families : Tornatellina striata Newcomb, 1861 - => Leptachatina . Vol. xxi, p. 62. Tornatellina cubensis Pfeiffer • = Blauneria. Tornatellina hierosolymarum Roth = = Cnlax'is. Vol. xix, p. 285. Tornatellina fraseri Bs.= Ferussacia. Vol. xix, p. 249. Tornatellina ceylanica H. Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1S71, p. 3; umlescribed. Numerous species of the genera L< i>tin <-i< s. Species of Japan, the Loochoo and Bonin Island*. a. Shell having a vertical rib or ribs within the outer lip ; length 3 to 3.2 mm., with 5 to 5i/2 whorls. b. Adult with strong lip-rib and no palatal ribs ; columella thick, minutely biplicate ; neanic stage with 2 or 3 eolumellar lamellae and serrate palatal ribs. Ogasa- wara (Bonin) Is. T. ogasawarana, no. 13. &'. Adult with thin lip and a smooth palatal rib. T. biplicata, no. 14. a1. No palatal or lip ribs. b. Shell rather obese, the diam. more than half of l.-i-L'ili. c. Length about 3.3 mm. ; 41/2-5 whorls. d. Parietal lamella low but long; Loochoo Is. T. rue-liana, no. 26. dl. Parietal lamella wanting; Bonin Ts. T. monodonta, no. 2.~>. TOKNATELLLNA. c1. Length about 2.2 mm., with 3y2 whorls; parietal lamella low, ^ of a whorl long ; Sulphur Is. T. hataiana, no. 28. b1. Shell rather slender, thediam. less than half the length, parietal lamella strong; whorls 6; Boiiin Is. T. nakadai, no. 27. U's of Micronesia (Caroline and Marianne Is.) T. subcylindrica, no. 22 ; T. microstoma, no. 23 ; T. moellen- dorffiana, no. 24; T. ponapensis, no. 29. Hawaiian Species. a. Diameter more than half the length. 6 . Young usually with one or two palatal folds ; columella strongly sinuous. T. baldwini, no. 5. &'. Young without palatal folds. c. Shell ovate ; columella weakly sinuous. T. mcgregori, no. 6. c1. Shell subcylindrical or narrowly ovate. T. gayi, no. 30. a1. Diameter less than half the length. b. Parietal lamella straight in section, not flaring out- ward. c. Parietal lamella very broad, subhorizontal ; no pal- atal ribs in the young; length 2y2-3 mm., 4%-5 whorls. T. ta.ntalus, no. 31. r1. Parietal lamella moderately developed ; young with palatal ribs. d. More than 3 mm. long. T. oblonga, no. 20. d1. Less than 3 mm. long. T. cylindrica, no. 15. />'. Parietal lamella strong, flaring outward, arcuate in section. r. Last whorl flattened, with a shallow, broad, per- ipheral depression. d. Aperture elongate, shell vitreous. T. lanceolata, no. 18. c/1. Aperture small, shell brownish -corneous. T. gracilis, no. 19. TORNATELLINA. 137 c1. Last whorl convex, without depression. d. Columella strongly twisted in the adult. T. polygnarnpta, no. 16. d1. Columella weakly twisted. T. peponum, no. 17. Polynesian Species. a. Shell oblong-turrited, of 9-10 whorls; Eapa. T. turrita, no. 51. a1. Shell obloug-conic or ovate-conic, of 7 whorls or less. &. Columellar lamella superposed upon the spiral fold; at least in the young ; two palatal plicse or successive pairs of teeth, sometimes wanting in the adult stage. c. Length 4y2 to 5 mm., diam. 2 to 3 mm., whorls 6-7 ; usually two palatal teeth or short, entering plicae. T. bilamellata, no. 1; T. hidalgoi, no. 2; T. gouldi, no. 4. c1. Smaller, length 2.5 to 3, diam. 1 to 1.6 mm.; whorls 5-6. Columella having palatal teeth in pairs or in one spiral series, sometimes wanting in the adult stage. d. Columellar lamella? 3, an oblique fold above and a small denticle below the median la- mella. e. Columellar lamella prominent in a front view; usually having palatal teeth in pairs. T. perplexa, no. 7. e1. Columellar lamella immersed ; a low cal- lous streak in the palatal region. T. societatis, no. 10. d1. One prominent colurnellar lamella, with a more or less obvious fold above it, but no denticle below it. e. Whorls convex; columellar lamella deeply placed. /. Length 2.8, diam. 1.6 mm. ; Fiji Is. T. columettwis, no. 11. f1. Narrower, length 3.2, diam. 1.5 mm. T. nitida, no. 8. 138 1 « >RN ATELLIN A. el. Whorls nearly flat, the sides of spire planu- late. T. micans, no. 9. 61. Palatal wall bearing vertical ribs. c. Diameter less than half the length. T. oblonga, jnv., no. 20. c1. Diameter over half the length. T. serrata, no. 21. b~. No palatal plicae, teeth or ribs, and no cohmiellar la- mella. c. Diameter less than half the length. T. oblonga, no. 20. c1. Diameter about equal to or exceeding half the length. d. Whorls plano-convex ; 2.7 x 1.5 mm. T. affinis, no. 35. dl. Whorls moderately convex, 3 x 1.5 mm. T. voyana, no. 37. d'2. Whorls rather strongly convex. T. pusilla, no. 33 ; T. impressa, no. 32 ; T. philippii, no. 36 ; T. trocMcaris, no. 35. Australia, New Zealand, Melanesia. Australia, T. jacksonensis, no. 41. Torres Straits, T. mas- tersi, no. 42. New Zealand, T. novoseela-ndica, no. 40. New Caledonia, T. noumecnsis, no. 43. Kermadec Is., T. kerma- deccnsis, no. 12 ; T. iredalei, no. 38 ; T. raoulensis, no. 39. East Indies, Philippines. T. ringens, no. 3; T. camarinwu, no. 46; T. kochianti, no. 44; T. ntoluccana, no. 45. .hunt A7< "nunidez, Masafuera. T. bilnmiUiiln, no. 1: T. trelusiana, no. 49; T. conica, no. .">(); '/'. hwli-iforniis. no. 51: T. niiinihi. no. 47: T. troclilearis, n... 35. Undcscribed species of Tonialeliina (in the old sense) have l)c<-!i n'ported from Ceylon (T. ceylanica H. Nevill) and Shanghai. See G. Nevill, Handlist of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, i, p. 160, 1878. These species may perhaps belong to or Tor>iafrll.i<]r«. TURNATELLINA. 139 Section TORNATELLINA a. sir. Tornatelliu* in which there is a strong, subhorizontal colu- niellar lamella superposed upon the columellar fold ; palatal teeth or plicae usually in vertical pairs, often standing on a vertical callus, or scattered in two, an upper and lower, series. Type T. bilamellata Anton. The columellar lamella is sometimes immersed and visible only in an oblique vieAV in the mouth. Two groups of species are placed here, one contains rather large species; the other (group of T. pcrplexa) consists of small fragile forms, which in characters reach out towards LameUina. Group of T. bilameUata. Four comparatively large forms which have never been directly compared compose this group. Coining from widely separated localities, they will probably prove to be distinct though similar species. The immature stages are unknown. 1. T. BILAMELLATA (AlltOll). PI. 34, figs. 9, 10. Oval, coiioidal, 5 to 6 flat, whorls, the last half the total length, apex acute. Aperture long oval, very narrow, with two lamellae on the columella and two delicate cords on the anterior wall of the aperture. Glossy, transparent, extremely delicate, brownish. Length 21/2, diam. 1% lines (Antan). Shell ovate-conic, very thin, striatulate, glossy, pellucid, corneous. Spire conic, the apex acute. Whorls 6 to 7, the last about three-sevenths the total length, rotund at base. Aper- ture elliptical, narrow, obstructed by a moderate, suboblique entering lamella on the parietal wall, a strong transverse columellar fold and two delicate parallel palatal laminae. Peristome acute. Length 5, diam. 3, aperture 2.5 mm. long (F/r.). Opana (Rapa or Opara) Island (Anton). Juan Fernandez (Pfr. ; Challenger Exped.). Strobilus bilamdlutus ANTON, Verzeichniss etc., l-s39. p. 46, no. 1694. — Tornatellina clama BECK, Index Moll., 1837, p. 80, teste Anton.— PFR., Symbolae ad Hist. Hel., ii, p. 55.- 140 TORNATELLINA. T. bilit nit Uata Anton, KUESTER, Conchy 1. Cab. Pupa, p. 147, pi. 18, f. 3 to 5. — H. & A. ADAMS, Genera of Recent Moll., p. 140, pi. 74, f . 4.— PFR., Monogr., ii, 393 ; iii, 527 ; iv, 652 ; vi, 265 : viii, 319.— E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1884, p. 280.— not of Schmeltz, Godeffroy Catal., v, p. 90. In the last volume of the Monographic/,, Pfeiffer gives the locality Juan Fernandez, and this has been confirmed by E. A. Smith. It is highly improbable that the same species oc- curs in 'both of the islands mentioned. The figure is from Kuester. The original description of T. cluusa follows: "Tornatellina clausa Beck, p. 80. — Strobilus bilamcllatus Ant., p. 46. — Shell ovate-conic, pellucid, corneous, very thin, striolate ; whorls 6, flat, the last shorter than the spire ; aper- ture oblique, oval ; peristome simple. Length 5i/2> diam. 3 mill.— Opara (Anton)." (P/r., 1842.) 2. T. HIDALGOI Crosse. PL 33, figs. 7, 9. Shell imperforate, oblong-conic, thin, a little shining, pel- lucid, chetstnut-corneous. Spire rather long, the apex a little obtuse, rounded. Whorls 6, slightly convex, slightly striatu- late obliquely, nearly smooth, the last whorl a little shorter than the spire, rotund, tapering at base. Aperture somewhat oblique, semioval, obstructed by a large, spirally directed, deeply entering, white parietal lamella. Columellar margin thickened within, white, having a strong white somewhat ir- regular fold. Outer lip simple, acute ; palatal wall armed with two deeply placed white teeth joined by a callus. Length 4i/*> to 5, diam. 2 mm. (Crosse). Gambier Islands (Paz). Toniatellina kidalgoi CROSSE. Journ. de Coiichyl., xiii, 1865, p. 219, pi. 6, f. 6.— PFR., Monogr., vi, 266.— GARRETT. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1879, p. 25, last paragraph. Somewhat related to T. perplcxa Garrett, but decidedly larger, with the coluinellar armature somewhat different. It is probably closely related to T. bilamellata. Garrett remarks that specimens from the Gambier Is. in his possession have two palatal teeth like Crosse 's type, "or have simply from one to two spiral rows of denticles in the palate." TORNATELLINA. 141 3. T. RINGENS Dohrn. Not figured. Shell conic, rather thin, striatulate, fulvous-corneous. Spire conic, acute; suture impressed. Whorls 7, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last subangular in the middle, at the base slightly depressed. Aperture rhombic-elliptical, ob- structed by 4 or 5 folds : 1 on the parietal wall, oblique, strong, compressed, < rplera and iuiida. 5. T. BALDWIN: Ancey. PI. 35, figs. 3, 4 ; pi. 40, fig. 13 ; pi. 42, figs. 1, 2. Shell oblong-ovate, irnperforate, thin, pellucid, corneous, glossy, under a lens slightly striatulate. Spire conoid, a little longer than the aperture, the summit subacute. Whorls 4, convex, rapidly increasing, the last oblong. Aperture acutely oblong-ovate, hardly compressed outwardly, bearing a rather minute revolving lamella on the parietal wall. Columella thickened, whitish, toothless, obliquely twisted, continued into the anterior margin. Length 2.5, diam. 1.5, length of aper- ture 1.2 mm. (Ancey}. Kauai (Baldwin, Cooke) ; Oahu: Manoa (Baldwin), Tan- talus (Baldwin, Cooke), Nuuanu (Cooke), Waianae Mts. (Perkins, Cooke); Maui: Kaupakalua and Keauae (Bald- win) ; Hawaii (Thaanum). In the pleistocene of Oahu at Kaelepulu, Kailua, Laie and iy2 miles W. of Kahuku. TortutlcHina baldwini ANC., Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1SS9, p. 238; Journ. de Conchyl., li, 1903, p. 296, pi. 12, figs. 1. 2. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, Moll., p. 380. 'The specimen from Oahu which served for the description was not fully developed. In the adult stage the species is a little larger, with one whorl more, and the spire is a little longer. The characters of the aperture remain the same" (Ancey}. Mr. Ancey 's figures are copied, pi. 35, figs. 3, 4. This species and T. i)ii't/rrlynesia ' ' ( Garrett) . Tornatcllina nitida PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 439; Journ. de Conch., 1871, p. 93 ; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473 — Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel., vi, p. 264.— GARRETT, Journ. A. N. S. Phila., ix, 1884, p. 83, pi. 2, L 24; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1879, pp. 22, 26 (Rurutu) ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1881, p. 399 (Hervey Is.). This species is distinguished by the short but high and acute lamella superposed upon the columellar fold, and only visible in an oblique view in the aperture. It differs from T. conica by the columellar lamella. Half-grown and young shells down to 1.5 mm. long are like the adults except that the columellar lamella emerges, and in those under 2 mm. long we notice no palatal denticles. T. coliimellaris, which we kmuv only from Mousson's description, seems to be a broader shell, but otherwise it must be very closely related. T. perplexa Garrett is closely related to nitida, but it has a triplicate colu- mella. while in T. nitida there is no subcolumellar denticle. Within the aperture there are often compressed palatal denticles, arranged in pairs, vertically. In some shells there are several such pairs. In other individuals there may be several denticles strung along in a single spiral series. PI. 36, figs. 3, 7, represent examples from Huaheine. In pi. 34, fig. 11, a specimen from Mauiki, Hervey Is., is shown in back view, showing the internal teeth through the shell, which measures 2.7 x 1.4 mm. Pease's description of this shell is not very satisfactory. He probably had some other species mixed with the nitida. Garrett, in 1879, gave a new description of nitida, fixing the name on the present species. His identification is in all prob- ability correct, and may be accepted pending new collections from Ebon Island, or an examination of Pease's type. The original description follows: "Tornatcllina nitida. — Shell small, ovately turreted, thin, fragile, of a light horn-color, whorls six, rounded ; last whorl TORNATELLINA. 147 flattened and slightly depressed around the middle ; aperture small, ovate, less than one-half the length of shell; outer lip simple, acute, slightly contracted at the middle ; plait on inner lip prominent; base of the columella slightly reflected over the umbilical region and furnished with one or two plaits or tooth-like projections" (Pease). 9. T. MICANS Garrett. "Shell small, imperforate, ovate-conic, transparent, thin, polished, faintly striate under the lens, pale brownish-horn color; spire subacute, oblong-conic, sides planulate; suture distinctly and narrowly marginate ; whorls six, sub-planulate, slowly and regularly increasing, the last rather large, not descending in front ; aperture oblique, ovate-lunate, more than a third the length of the shell; parietal wall with a prominent, strongly compressed lamina; peristome thin, sim- ple, regularly curved ; columella slightly twisted, depressed, armed with a sub-median, nearly horizontal, acute tooth-like fold; palate with numerous irregularly disposed denticles. Length 2y2, major diameter l1/^ mm- Austral Is. : Rurutu ( De Gage ) . Tornatellina micans GARRETT. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., March 25, 1879, p. 23. ' ' A single example before me differs so much from any other species, that, after some hesitation, I have concluded to de- scribe it as new. "It is shaped almost precisely like affinis, but has the pala- tal denticles, and acute, columellar, tooth-like plait of nitida" (Garr.). This species will be recognized by its flattened whorls. 10. T. SOCIETATIS n. sp. PI. 36, fig. 1 ; pi. 35, figs. 8, 11. The shell resembles T. nitida in shape, is light brown with some whitish streaks on the last whorl, marked with weak growth-lines, glossy. In front view the columella is rather strongly sigmoid, as in T. nitida • but viewed obliquely in the mouth there is seen to be an oblique, spirally entering colu- mellar fold above, then a rather acute columellar lamella, and 148 TORNATELLINA. below it a callus bearing a small tubercular tooth. This structure resembles 1\ perplexa except that the lamella and tooth are not quite so strong in T. societatis. Some distance within the outer lip there is a very low, whitish, vertical, cal- lus streak, occupying the position of the callus rib in Lami- nella. Parietal lamella well-developed, entering about a half- Avhorl, of about uniform height, its edge even. Length 3.25, diam. 1.55 mm.; aperture 1.2 mm. Society Islands: Raiatea (C. D. Voy), type no. 83155 A. N. S. P. This form differs from T. nitida by its tridentate columella a ud the very low callus in the palatal region, in place of den- ticles. In T. perplexa the columellar lamella is prominent in (the adult stage in a front view, but in societatis it is im- mersed. It must be admitted, however, that specific relations in the perplexa group are only imperfectly understood. We have not the large lots containing shells in all stages of growth which are essential to an adequate understanding of the group. Meantime, the form defined above seems to be distinct from the allied species. It seems intermediate between the perplexa group and1 Lamcllina. 11. T. COLUMELLARIS MOUSSOII. Shell imperforate, elongate-conic, pellucid, slightly striatu- l;i.tc, glossy, pale corneous. Spire regular conic, the summit rather acute, minute ; suture impressed, simple. Whorls 5, rapidly increasing, convex, the last not descending, larger, a little swollen above and below, not impressed in the middle. Aperture slightly oblique (20 degrees with axis), scarcely one-third the length, oval. Peristome unexpanded, acute ; margins not approaching, the right margin arcuate, colu- mellar margin adnate above. Columella bearing an acute, ftubhorizontol, deeply placed fold, continued forward in the somewhat thickened margin. Length 2.8, diam. 1.6 mm. (Mouss.). Fiji Is.: Kanathia (Dr. Graeffe). TornatclUna columellaris Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 129. — PPR., Monogr., viii, 316. TORNATELLINA. 149 iii general form this species resembles T. conica, with which the major part of the description also agrees. In the three examples observed, the spire is a little less elevated, and the last whorl is relatively larger. The chief difference between the species is in the columella, which in conica forms a weak subvertical cord, but in columellaris an acute lamella revplves about the columellar column, without reaching the edge. In one of the specimens there is a vertical series of three little dentiform granules some distance within the aperture. The above description and observations, somewhat abbre- viated from Moussou, show that T. columellaris is a form closely related to T. nitida, from which it differs by its shorter, broader shape. The internal teeth, which Mousson thought were probably pathologic, are apparently vestigeal structures in both of these species, being present only in certain indi- viduals, or at certain stages of growth. 12. T. KERMADECENSIS P. & C., 11. Sp. PI. 39, figS. 1 to 5. The shell is imperforate, oblong-conic, yellowish-corneous, glossy, composed of 514 rather strongly convex whorls, the last not compressed peripherally. Aperture irregularly ovate ; parietal lamella strongly developed, at least a half- whorl long, straight in section. Columellar lamella median, very strong, deeply entering ; a small, obtuse fold visible above it in oblique view. Palatal wall bearing several pairs of teeth, which are slightly lengthened in a spiral direction, and are visible through the shell. Length 3.3, diam. 1.6, aperture 1.2 mm. In the paraneanic stage (figs. 4, 5) the parietal lamella has an outward-flaring median lobe, and there are distinct, blunt, teeth above and below the median columellar lamella. Kermadec Is.: Sunday Island (Tom Iredale). Type to be deposited in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, N. Z. ; paratype in coll. A. N. S. P. While very closely related to T. perplexa, this species is noticeably stouter in figure from the apex 011 ; yet possibly it, should be ranked as a subspecies of that Polynesian shell. 150 TORNATELLINA. Section LAMELLINA Pease. Lamellina PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, p. 439, for L. serrata Pse. — Lamellidea PILSBRY, Nautilus xxiii, March, J910, p. 123, type T. peponum Gld. Tornatellinas in which there are one to three vertical pala- tal ribs, either smooth or serrate, placed at intervals in the last whorl, in the neanic stage, often wanting in the adult; columella armed with two or three folds or lamellae, at least in the neanic stage. Type L. serrata. In this section the palatal ribs are vertical, while in Torna- tellina the plica? or series of teeth are spiral ; but the T. per- plexa group forms a partial transition. The shells are small, up to 3.5 mm. long, thin and delicate. They live in the Bonin and Hawaiian Islands, Polynesia and Micronesia, but have not been found in Melanesia or Aus- tralia. The section Lamellidea was designed to include Tornatel- linse with simply folded columella and no palatal armature at any stage of growth; but the type-species, T. peponum, proves to pass through a Lamellina stage. Lamellidea therefore be- comes a synonym of Lamellina. Lamellina is a group possessing a complicated aperture- armature in various stages of decadence. In all of the species upon which we have information, the teeth and folds reach their acme in the neanic stage, later development being more or less retrogressive or phylogerontic. In T. serrata the adult stage shows but slight diminution in the lamellae and folds. In T. ogasawarana, T. microstoma and T. polygnampta the armature reaches its fullest development early in the neanic stage and in the ephebic or adult stage all characteristic struc- tures of Lamellina are lost, and there is a return to the sim- plicity of Tonml'-lliimps. The n-latious of such forms can only 'be ascertained by examination of series of different ages. On plates 32, 40 and 'Others, such series are figured. In T. of/(istnrwe look upon the embryo of Lamellina as a form retaining ancestral structures, probably common to most or all of the existing genera of the family before their divergence. Japanese Species. 13. T. OGASAWARANA Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PL 32, figs. 1-4, 11, 12. The shell is imperforate, ovate-pyramidal, brown, not very glossy, weakly marked with growth-stria?. Spire straightly conic, composed of slightly over 5 convex whorls, the last con- vex below, somewhat compressed laterally in its last half. Aperture oblique, ovate ; outer lip thin, but within its edge there is a strong callus rib, slightly brown-tinted, and weaker at the upper curve of the lip. Columella bearing a heavy, white, callous fold, which is produced forward at its lower end, and is either bifid (fig. 4) or nearly simple (figs. 1, '2) within. There is a very deep furrow between the columellar fold and the adjacent basal wall. Parietal lamella usually short, not entering deeply. Length 3.2, diam. 1.7 mm. ; length of aperture 1.25 mm. Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-jima) : Minami-jima, types 85760 A. N. S.; also Chichijima, Anijima, Nakano-shima and Imoto-jima (Y. Hirase). This common species of the Bonin Islands is closely related to T. siibcylindrica of Guam, in the Marianne group. Figs. 1, 2, 4 represent adult shells of the type lot from Mi- nami-jima. In a front view the columellar fold appears nearly simple, broad, heavily calloused, and terminating out- wardly in a strong lobe, foreshortened in this view, fig. 1, but seen partly in profile in fig. 2. In some examples, otherwise similar, the columellar callous is bilobed as seen in oblique view (fig. 4), by retention of the neanic condition in the ephebic stage. None of these specimens shows pale streaks externally or any other trace of former internal varices. No young specimens were in this lot. Specimens from Nakano- shima, an islet near Muko-jima (or Kater Island), in the Parry group, are exactly similar. Several from Chichi- jima If)!' TORNATELLINA. (Peel Island) are similar, but none are quite adult. The smallest, length 2.5 mm., shows a triplicate columella. Specimens from Ani-jirna (Buckland Island) are a trifle more robust (pi. 32, fig. 3, length 2.9, diam. 1.6 mm.), but perhaps are not absolutely full grown. Four or five whitish varix-streaks are visible through the last whorl. A younger (paraneanic) stage is drawn in figs. 11, 12, representing a shell 2.8 mm. long. The columella is biplicate, a strong hori- zontally entering lamella being superposed upon the colu- mellar fold. The parietal lamella is very strong, and the pala- tal rib is crenulate. A second internal palatal rib is visible outside as a whitish streak on the back. Figures 8, 9, 12, 2 and 1, represent four successive stages of development, the stages shown on plate 32 being as follows : Figures 1 to 6, ephebic (adult) stage. Figures 11, 12, paraneanic stage. Figures 7, 9, 10, metaneanic stage. Figure 8, last embryonic stage. It will be noted that some individuals retain the distinctly biplicate columella of the paraneanic stage in the ephebic (%. 4). Var. longa Pilsbry. PI. 32, figs. 5 to 10. Differs from ogu- fsawarcma- by its longer spire of fully 6 whorls. Length 3.5, diam. 1.6, aperture 1.2 mm. Chichi-jima (Peel Is.), figs. 5, 6, 8, 9. The specimens are pale-yellowish, possibly fossil. A young one 2.6 mm. long is drawn, fig. 9. An embryonic shell, removed from one of the adults, measures 0.65 mm. long (fig. 8). This has a triplicate columella, as in the neanic stage, but less strongly developed. Figs. 5, 6 are adult individuals. Living examples of this race, from Imoto-jima, are repre- sented by the adult form, like fig. 5, and the metaneanic stage, shown in figs. 7, 10, length 2.2 mm. The columella is here strongly triplicate. The palatal rib is smooth; within the l;ist whcrl there is a second rib on the back, visible as a whitish streak externally. 14. T. BiPLi('.\T\ Pilsbry. PL 37, fig. 3. The shell is ovate-pyramidal, thin, fragile, light brownish- TORNATELLINA. 153 yellow, smooth. Spire straightly conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 5!/2, moderately and evenly convex; the last whorl convex throughout, marked with two or three vertical whitish streaks at intervals of one-fourth of a whorl. Aperture ovate, oblique. Outer lip thin and sharp. Columella strongly twisted. An oblique lamella superposed upon the middle of the much more oblique columellar fold, but rather receding, clearly visible in an oblique view in the aperture. Parietal lamella very deeply entering, more than a half-whorl long, flaring outward. A short distance within the thin outer lip there is a narrow but strong white rib, weaker near its upper end, and another is placed about one-fourth of a whorl within. Length 3, diam. 1.7, aperture 1.25 mm. Japan: Hachijo-jima, Izu (Hirase). Types no 83380 A. N. S. P. Tornatellina biplicata PILS., Nautilus, xvi, September 8, 1902, p. 57. Referred to by error as "T. triplicata" in Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1905, p. 718. This species is known to us only in the adult stage, or what we take to be such. It has palatal barriers of the same type as the form Icevis of T. serrata (Pse.), from which T. biplicata differs by its less rapidly tapering spire and the much less prominent columellar lamella. T. biplicata is more regularly conic than T. ogasawarana, and has not the tinted lip-callus of that species. Haivaiian Species. 15. T. CYLINDRICA Sykes. PI. 43, figs. 1, 2, 3 ; pi. 40, figs. 1, 2. Shell elongate, cylindrical, corneous, perforate ; whorls 5- >, somewhat convex, slightly striate, the last rotund, equal to two-fifths of the whole length, suture impressed ; aperture ovate or lunate, a lamella revolving on the parietal wall. Columella thickened, whitish, twisted, sometimes furnished with a small denticle. Length 2.2, breadth hardly 1 mm. (Sykcs). Kauai: Makaweli (Perkins); Oahu: Waianae Mts. (type loc. ; Perkins, Cooke), under the bark of lehua (Mctrosideros TORNATELLINA. polymorpha) trees (Cooke) ; western ridge of Popouwela (Spalding, Cooke, Pilsbry). Tornatellina cylindrica SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, Moll., 1901, p. 381, pi. 9, fig. 28.— ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl., li, 1903, p. 301, pi. 12, figs. 11, 12. None of the specimens of this species seen in the collection of the British Museum nor any of those of the original lot sent to the Bishop Museum are perforate, and it is likely that this term was used in the diagnosis by oversight. Shells from the ' ' Endodonta locality ' ? on the western ridge of Popouwela, Waianae Mts., are typical. In the adult stage (pi. 40, fig. 2), the parietal lamella is very strongly developed and fully a half-whorl long. The columella is strongly spiral, terminating in a projecting point as usual. The last whorl, in fully mature shells, is either somewhat flattened or convex peripherally. Length 2.9, diam. 1 mm., aperture 0.9 mm. long; whorls 5^. In the early metaneanic stage (pi. 40, fig. 1) the parietal lamella is bifid at the edge, the columella is triplicate, median lamella much the largest, and there is a palatal rib. Later stages are like the adult form. These specimens were obtained from leaf sittings. Specimens from the Waianae mountains (pi. 43, figs. 1, 2, 3) are slightly larger (length 2.6, diam. 1.2 mm.) than Sykes' type. There are slightly over 5 somewhat flattened whorls. The outlines of the spire are almost straight. An example at the metaneanic stage (fig. 3) is 1.9 mm. in length and has 4y2 whorls. The parietal lamella is strongly developed, lobed and with a sinuous margin. The columella is triplicate : the upper fold is quite strong, the median very strong and there is a minute basal nodule. There are two well-developed palatal ribs, one of which, the outer, has three distinct teeth on its margin. We have not verified the locality Kauai. The species is re- lated to T. polygnampta, but its lamellae are less sinuated in the neanic stage. 1;V/. '/'. r. kUvhiumiKi i). subsp. PL 40, figs. 3,6. The shell TORNATELLINA. 155 is smaller than T. cylindrica, length 2.1, diam. 0.9 mm., with 5 whorls; aperture and columella shorter; whorls more con- vex, with deeper suture. In the iieanic stage (fig. 3) the parietal lamella flares outward in a strong lobe, and the colu- mella is triplicate ; palatal rib denticulate. Molokai : Kilohana, near the Leper Settlement trail, on the bark of a small dead tree (Pilsbry & Cooke). Types 108587 A. N. S. P., cotypes no. 33587 B. P. B. Mus. Also Puu Kole- kole, on the flat east of the peak (P. & C.). 16. T. POLYGNAMPTA P. & C., n. sp. PI. 41, figs. 1-5, 7, 8. The shell is imperforate, elongate, pale-brown, composed of 51/2 moderately convex whorls, the last not flattened ; lateral outlines nearly straight. Aperture one-third the total length ; columella twisted in a stronger spiral than T. peponum or T. oblonga • parietal lamella strongly flaring outward, high, with uneven edge and fully a half- whorl long. Length 3.3, diam. 1.4, aperture 1.1 mm. Maui : Makawao and Kaupakalua (Baldwin). This species is easily distinguished from T. gracilis by its thinner shell, the absence of a spiral depression on the last whorl, its broader and larger aperture and by its diameter being greater in proportion to its length. From T. peponum it differs by the narrower contour, more strongly spiral colu- mella and larger parietal lamella. In the iieanic stage it dif- fers from both species. A young specimen (pi. 41, figs. 7, 8), at the ananeanic stage, is 2.1 mm. in length and has slightly over 4 whorls. At this stage the columella is triplicate. The columellar fold is well developed, strongly twisted spirally. A very strong hori- zontal lamella overrides it in the middle, and below this there is a small nodule. The parietal lamella is very high, with sinuous edge. There are two white ribs on the palatal wall, one of them visible in the mouth. A later stage (metaneanic) is illustrated in figures 4, .">, obliquely basal and front views. The shell is 3.0 mm. long. The columella has lost its lower nodule. The high parietal lamella is bent into one or two conspicuous lobes. The two short palatal ribs are serrate. 156 TORNATELLINA. At a slightly later stage (paraneanic) the upper columellar fold becomes less prominent and the parietal lamella loses the lobes (fig. 3). Finally, at the adult or ephebic stage (pi. 1, figs. 1, 2), the median columellar lamella and the palatal ribs disappear en- tirely. T. p. kamaloensis P. & C. PI. 40, figs. 4, 5. The shell is imperforate, very slender, narrower than T. polygnampta, cinnamon; having irregular growth- wrinkles • outlines of the spire nearly straight. Base less convex than in T. polygnampta. Whorls 5^, not very convex. Aperture obstructed by a very large, subhorizontal parietal lamella, fully a half-whorl long. Columella more strongly sigmoid than in polygnmnpta. Length 2.9, diam. 1.2 mm. ; length of aperture 1.1 mm. The neanic stage (fig. 5) has the parietal lamella more strongly sinuated than T. polygnampta from Maui. Molokai : Western ravines of Kamalo near the old irriga- tion ditch (Cooke & Pilsbry). 17. T. PEPONUM (Gould). PL 35, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6; pi. 42, figs. 4, 5, 6. The shell is slender, turrite, amber-colored, the surface is smooth, scarcely marked with growth -striae. Outlines of the spire are straight, the summit obtuse. Whorls 5y2, all convex, separated by a well-impressed suture, which has a very nar- row transparent margin below. The aperture is somewhat oblique, ovate. Columella vertical, only slightly sinuous, the concavity of its lower part being occupied by a callus. The parietal lamella is fully a half-wrhorl long, and well devel- oped. Length 3.4, diam. 1.4, length of aperture 1.1 mm. Hawaiian Islands: "either at Hilo [Hawaii] or on Oahu, abundant on pumpkin vines" (U. S. Expl. Exped.). Hawaii: Olaa, Okala and Kohala (Thaanum). Type no. 5506 U. S. Nat. Mus. Pupa pcponum OLD., Proc. Bost, Soc. N. H., ii, March, 1847, p. 197; Expedition Shells, p. 34; U. S. Expl. Exped., Mollusca and Shells, p. 93, pi. 7, figs. 104, 104d— Tornatrttina TORNATELLINA. 157 peponum Gld., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, Mollusca, p. 382. Not T. peponum ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl., li, 1903, pp. 301, 302. The description and figures 1, 2 are from the type speci- men, no. 5506 Smithsonian Institution, already drawn in, Gould's figure 104. Mr. Sykes, who has shown that Gould confused three species in his description and figures of T. peponum, selected figures 104, 104d! of the Exploring Expe- dition Atlas to retain that name; figs. 104 a, &, c becoming T. confusa Sykes, while fig. 104e is a species of Tornatellaria. A young specimen, pi. 42, figs. 4, 5, is 2.1 mm. long and has 414 whorls. At this stage (early metaneauic) the parietal lamella is large, lobed and with a very sinuous margin. There are two strong serrated palatal ribs, only one of which is visible through the aperture. The columella is vertical, slightly sigmoid, the upper coluinellar fold is not strong; the median lamella is strongly developed and there is no indica- tion of a lower (sub-columellar) tubercle. A second young specimen (pi. 42, fig. 6, paraneanic stage) is 3.0 mm. long and has 5j/3 whorls. At this stage the parietal lamella is strong, lobed and has a sinuous margin. There are two palatal ribs visible through the aperture. These ribs are not as strong nor are they as serrated as those of the speci- men at the metaneanic stage. Neither is the median colu- mellar fold as strong as at an earlier stage. At the ephebic stage the parietal lamella is straight, the columella twisted and without the median fold, and the pal- atal ribs have disappeared. The relationship of T. peponum to T. oblonga Pse. is ex- tremely intimate. It differs slightly from oblonga in having a callus within the lower part of the columellar concavity, visible in an oblique view, and sometimes in the face view. This callus in T. oblonga is usually not noticeable, or is less developed. The last whorl of T. peponum does not have the flattening and depression characteristic of mature T. oblonga. The neanic stage differs. PL 35, figs. 5, 6, are from a specimen measuring length 3.8, diam. 1.5, aperture 1.2 mm., whorls nearly 6, from Maui. 158 TORNATELLINA. 18. T. LANCEOI.ATA C. & P. PI. 43, fig's. 4, 5, 6. Shell cylindrical, elongate, light corneous or vitreous, very glossy, thin, transparent, faintly and irregularly marked with minute growth-striae. Spire with almost lanceolate outlines, summit subacute. Suture impressed, faintly margined be- low. Whorls 5%, slightly convex above, becoming flatter, the last cylindrical, with almost straight outlines. There is a broad shallow depression beginning at about the middle of the last whorl and extending to the outer margin of the aper- ture. Aperture long, narrow, auriform. ' Parietal lamella large, oblique, slightly arcuate. Columella vertical, strongly twisted. Outer margin of aperture slightly sinuous. Length 3.5, diam. 1.3, length of aperture 1.1 mm. Oahu: Nuuanu, Tantalus, in very damp localities, under dead leaves and twigs ( Cooke ) . This species is more closely related to T. gracUis than to any other Hawaiian species. The shell is, however, thinner and more transparent ; the whorls more loosely coiled ; the last whorl is longer in proportion to its breadth and with straighter outlines ; the aperture is longer and narrower in proportion to its length ; and the spiral depression of the last whorl is not as pronounced as in T. gracilis. An embryonic specimen (fig. 5) from Tantalus is less globu- lar than that of T. oblonga and the surface is not as distinctly spirally marked. The parietal lamella is strong, nearly a whole whorl in length. The columella is swollen, with two well-developed oblique folds. An example (fig. 4) from Tantalus, at the ananeanic stage, is 2.75 mm. in length and has 5^3 whorls. The parietal la- mella is very large, curved, not lobed, with its margin slightly undulating. The columella is triplicate : the upper fold rather strong, the median very strong and the basal nodule fairly well developed. There are two palatal ribs, both of which can be seen in the aperture, the outer low without serrations, the inner strong, with three distinct teeth on its margin. Fig. 6 represents the final (ephebic) stage. TORNATELLINA. 159 19. T. GRACILIS Pease. PL 43, figs. 7, 8, 9 ; pi. 42, fig. 11. Shell elongate, slender, thin, glossy, smooth, marked with very delicate growth-strias, brownish corneous. Whorls 5, convex, the last whorl flattened, sometimes concentrically sul- cate in the middle. Aperture small, acutely ovate. Parietal lamella strong, prominent ; columella strongly callous, twisted. Length 3.75, diam. 1.5 mm. (Pse.). Kauai (Pease) : Kalalau, Limahuli and Wailua (Cooke) ; Oahu : Diamond Head and Round Top ( Cooke ) ; Maui (Thwing; Ancey, for T. extinct a) ; Hawaii (Pease, see label Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Kona ( ?Perkins, Thwing), Hamakua (Henshaw). Laysan Island (Bryan). Tornatellina gradUs PSE., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 460. — ? SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, Mollusca, 1900, p. 381.— Tornatellina, extincta ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vii, 1890, p. 341 ; Journ. of Malac., xi, 1904, p. 70.— HENSHAW, Journ. of Malac., xi, 1904, p. 64. Pease's examples of this species, in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, are mixed with typical specimens of T. ob- longa. None of the specimens of T. gracilis in the collection of the Bishop Museum are as broad as Pease 's measurements, which were probably taken from one of the specimens of T. oblong a. Specimens from the different Islands measure as follows : Length 3.0, diam. 1.1 ; whorls 534, Kauai, Kalalau. Length 3.2, diam. 1.1 ; whorls 6. Oahu, Diamond Head. Length 2.75, diam. 1.2 ; whorls 5%. Oahu, Bound Top (fig. 7). Length 3.4, diam. 1.2; whorls 6y2. Hawaii, Kona (fig. 8). Embryonic examples (pi. 42, fig. 11) from Round Top, Oahu, have the surface of the shell faintly spirally striate. The columella is slightly swollen ; the upper fold is weak, the median strong. The parietal lamella is very strong, about three-fourths of a whorl in length. An example from Diamond Head (fig. 9), at the rnetaneanic stage, is 2.14 mm. in length and has 4% whorls. The parietal lamella is strong, lobed and with a sinuous margin. The colu- 160 TORNATELLINA. mella is triplicate, the upper fold moderate, the median very strong, and the lower forming a minute nodule. There are two strong, tridentate palatal ribs visible in the aperture. Part of this armature does not show in the direct front view figured. One of Ancey's types of T. extincta (all of which are at the metaneanic stage) is 2.1 mm. long, with 4% whorls. It agrees exactly with young of grocilis. The most distinctive characters of adult specimens of T. gracilis are: the cylindrical shell (the last whorl being scarcely broader than the penultimate ) , the broad shallow de- pression of the last whorl and the rather small aperture. The examples from Round Top, Oahu, one of which is figured (fig. 7), differ slightly from the shells from the other locali- ties. Adult shells are shorter and broader in proportion to their length and the parietal lamella is not as strongly de- veloped. Specimens of this species from Laysan Island, collected by Professor Win. A. Bryan, are scarcely separable from typical Hawaiian material. They differ only in having a slightly smaller shell and in being a shade lighter in color. The original account of T. extincta follows : Shell elongate, oblong, imperforate, corneous, fragile, smooth, glossy. Spire long-conoid, a little obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, regularly in- creasing, suture minute, margined by transparence; last whorl ovate, convex. Aperture suboblique, armed with a large and strong parietal lamella, an acute, oblique, twisted columellar fold, and a vertical lamina more or less visible in the throat. Length 2.25, diam. 1, alt. aperture .75 mm. Cen- tral isthmus of Maui, the types from earth washed out of sub- fossil specimens of Amastra extincta Pfr. (Ancey). 'Easy to recognize among Hawaiian forms by the absence of a perforation, its palatal plicae and the simple columellar fold" (Ancey). 20. T. OBLONGA Pease. PI. 41, figs. 6, 9 ; pi. 42, figs. 7 to 10. For description and synonymy of oblonga see page 162 under Polynesian species. Kauai : Lihue, Kipu, Haena, Wainiha and Kilohana TORNATELLINA. 161 (Cooke) ; Oahu: Manoa (Baldwin, Cooke), Tantalus, Nuu- anu and Makiki (Cooke) ; Maui: Kapuulena and Kaupakalua (Baldwin) ; Hawaii: Waipo (Thaanum, Henshaw). Tornatellina oblonga Pse., ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, v, 1892, p. 72; Journ. de Coiichyl., li, 1903, p. 301.— HEN- SHAW, Joum. de Malac., xi, 1904, pp. 64, 70. Hawaiian examples differ only in size from specimens col- lected by Garrett at the Society Islands. Length 4.2, diam. 1.4 mm. Society Islands. Length 3.9, diam. 1.4 mm. Kauai (pi. 42, figs. 8, 9). The Hawaiian examples are found under the same condi- tions as mentioned by Garrett (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ix, 1884, p. 81). In an embryonic specimen (fig. 7), from Nuuauu, Oahu, the shell is imperforate, globose, with very minute raised spiral lines on the upper iy2 whorls. The parietal lamella is rather strong, a little more than a half of a whorl in length. The columella is vertical, with minute twisted folds. At the beginning of the metaneaiiic substage (pi. 41, figs. 6, 9; pi. 42, fig. 10), an example, 1.8 mm. in length with 4 whorls, fig. 10, has the following characteristics: the parietal lamella is nearly straight, not lobed, and the margin is very slightly sinuous; the columella is vertical, sigmoid, with a very weak upper fold, the median fold is rather deeply situ- ated, oblique and not very strong and there is a minute lower tubercle ; there are two palatal ribs, both of which can be seen through the aperture, their margins are slightly undulate, but not distinctly serrate or toothed as in other species of this section. Adult shells of T. peponum and Hawaiian examples of T. oblonga do not differ as much as do the young. In adult spe- cimens of T. peponum the whorls are more convex and loosely coiled, the outer margin of the aperture is more convex (in T. oblonga it is somewhat flattened), the columella is more strongly twisted and the parietal lamella is stronger and not as straight. The young at the metaneanic and until the para- neanic stage are easily separated by the much stronger median columellar fold, the strongly lobed parietal lamella, and the strongly toothed palatal ribs of T. peponum. 162 TORNATELUNA. I '. . — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 316. — SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v, pp. 89, 90. — Stenogyra (Subulina) bacillaris PAETEL, Catal., p. 104. — Tornatellina "oblongata Pease", PFEIFFER-CLESSIN, Nomenclator Heliceorum Viventium, 1881, p. 342, no. 24 (error for oblonga). The slender shape, small aperture, and nearly straight, ver- tical columella, which is but slightly thickened, distinguish this species, which according to Garrett, "inhabits all the groups from the Marquesas and Paumotus to the Viti Islands. Like T. philippii, it is a ground species, though sometimes found on the fronds of ferns, and ranges from near the sea- shore to 2,000 or more feet above sea-level. Prof. Mousson gives an accurate description of oblonga, under the name of bacillaris, from specimens collected by Dr. Graeffe at the Samoa Islands. I collected Mr. Pease's type examples at Huaheine. Its slender form and nearly vertical simple colu- mella will easily distinguish it." Mr. Pease originally had this form mixed with T. conica Mouss., and his description was apparently drawn from both species — perhaps rather more from conica. Garrett pointed out the mixture, restricting oblonga to the present form. It may be added that specimens in coll. A. N. S. received from Pease are the form herein described as oblonga. In the collec- tion of the Academy there are examples from Huaheine (%>. 9-11), Tahiti (figs. 5, 6), Marquesas Is.. Rarotonga, Mauiki. Hervey Is., Palmyra I., and the Hawaiian Is. It is very uniform in character, except that the columella varies from 164 TORNATELLINA. almost straight (fig. 9) to distinctly though slightly sinuous (fig. 5). Rarely one may see one or two low callous streaks within the palatal wall, but they are not at regular intervals. No individuals in the early neanic stage have been examined from Polynesia, so that the presence of well-developed palatal ribs, such as are found in Hawaiian examples, could not be verified. There are none in the middle or late neanic stages. Specimens of this species taken by the junior author on Plalmyra Island are identical with those collected by Garrett on the Society Islands and also with others from the Hawaiian Islands. We agree with Garrett that T. bacillaris Mouss., described from Futuna, Tonga Is., is identical with T. oblonga, with which the description agrees in all respects. The original fig- ure of bacilla/ris is copied, pi. 36, fig. 8. 21. T. SERRATA (Pease). PL 33, figs. 1 to 6. ' ' Shell minute, thin, lucid, fragile ; conically ovate ; whorls five, convex; aperture small, ovate, less than one-half the length of the shell ; a spiral lamella on the columellar lip and one at the base ; last whorl furnished with three longitudinal lamellae, extending its whole length and disposed at equal dis- tances from the outer lip, at about one-sixth of the circum- ference of the whorl apart; edges of the lamella? serrated'' (Pease). Marshall Is.: Ebon Island (Garrett, type loc.). Cook's or Ilervey Is. : not uncommon in the lowland forests near the sea- shore, and ranges throughout the group (Garrett). Austral I's. : Eurutu (De Gage). Society Is.: Huaheine, Tahiti, etc., adhering to the under side of loose stones, dead wood, among decayed leaves, and sometimes on the leaves of low bushes (Garrett). Kingsmill Is. (Pease collection). Lamellina errata PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 439; 1871, p. 473. — Torinitdlina scrrata PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 265.— GARRETT, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1879, p. 25 (Rurutu) ; Journ. A. N. S. Phila., viii, p. 399 ; Journ. A. N. S. Phila., ix, 1884, p. 82, pi. '_', H«rs. 22, 22a .—Lamellina Iccvis TORNATELLINA. 165 PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 672 ; 1871, p. 473.— Tornatel- lina lacvis PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 266. Garrett does not record serrata among the snails of the Fiji or Marquesas groups in his catalogues of those faunas. He states that it is "distributed throughout southeastern Poly- nesia." Such indefinite data are often the record merely of a general impression of the collector, and have but slight sci- entific value. T. serrata may be recognized by its conic shape, very convex whorls, strong columellar and parietal lamellae, and vertical palatal laminae, which are serrate when fully developed. In T. subeylindrica the palatal laminae and columellar lamellae are lost in the adult stage, and the shell is more cylindric. Figures 1 and 2 represent a specimen of the original lot of serrata, received from Pease. It is not mature, measuring 2.2 mm. long, 1.3 wide, with ^/2 whorls. The columella is nearly straight, solid, without a fold above, but it has a single strong, horizontal median lamella. The parietal lamella appears subtriangular in basal view, as usual in immature specimens. There are two serrate laminae within the last whorl, one dor- sal, the other near the aperture. Examples from Cook's (Hervey) Is., pi. 33, figs. 4, 5, differ by having an obtuse fold above the subhorizontal columellar lamella, the latter being superposed upon a strongly plicate columella. The adult shells measure, length 3, diam. 1.7 mm. (figs. 4, 5) . Young shells down to 2.2 mm. long are similar to fig. 5, except that the upper fold of the columella is a little weaker in some shells. The Society Island shells (pi. 33, fig. 3) are like those from Cook's Islands, the upper fold of the columella being well de- veloped. Lamellina l(?vis Pse. is, as Garrett has stated, merely ser- rata with the palatal laminae smooth or nearly so. Each lam- ina passes through a smooth stage before reaching its maxi- mum size, and again in the process of being absorbed. One of the original lot of Iccvis collected in the Society Is. by Gar- rett, and received from Pease, is figured, pi. 33, fig. 6. 166 TOKNATKLL1NA. '2~2. T. SUBCYLINDRICA Quadras et Moellendorff. PI. 33, figs. 10, 11. Shell not rimate, subcylindric-turrited, delicately striatu- late, thin, subpellucid, a little shining, buff-corneous. Spire jrni dually tapering, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6y2, rather convex, the last more distinctly plicate-striate, from the beginning rather deeply impressed spirally in the middle. Aperture moderately oblique, rounded-trapezoidal ; peristome simple, acute. Columella dilated above, running forward forming a dentiform process, strongly twisted spirally, sub- dentate above. Parietal lamella oblique, strongly elevated, extending deep within ; no palatal plica. Length 3.33, diam. 1.5 mm. In the young the columella is bidentate and the last whorl provided with internal ribs as in the preceding species (Mlldff.). Marianne Is.: Guam (Quadras). Tornatellina (Lamellina) siibcylindrica Q. et MLLDFF., Nachrichtsblatt d. D. Malak. Ges., vol. 26, Feb., 1894, p. 16. In the immature stage this snail has serrate palatal bar- riers, like T. serrata, but these are lost in the adult stage, which has also a simply twisted columella. An abundant series shows much variation in the contour of the last whorl, which may be impressed in the middle, as described above, ;ind shown in fig. 10, or merely flattened there. The columella is rather heavily calloused, moderately twisted, and projects forward in a strong, dentiform lobe. This is prominent in a profile view from the left side, though not shown in a front view, the lohe standing then directly towards the observer. An average adult shell measures, length 3.1, diam. 1.3, alt. of aperture 1 mm. (fig. 10). hi the adult stage it resembles T. oblonga. The young (metaneanic) shells (pi. 33, fig. 11, 2 mm. long with 414 whorls) have convex whorls, the last marked with one or two whitish streaks outside, marking the positions of strong, whitish, verliciilly placed internal palatal laminae, ser- rate at the edge. The columella is tridentate, like that of T. TORNATELLLNA. 167 perplexa, the upper and lower denticles small, seen only in an oblique view in the aperture, the median lamella strong and high. The lower or sub-columellar denticle is sufficiently im- mersed to be invisible in figure '11. The parietal lamella, at this stage of growth, is somewhat triangular, especially as viewed from the base ; and its free edge flares outward in the middle. 23. T. MICROSTOMA Quadras et Mlldff. PL 33, figs. 8, 12. Shell subrimate, oblong-conic, thin, subpellucid, delicately striate, slightly shining, buff-corneous. Spire turrited, the sides a little convex, apex acute. Whorls 6^, rather flat- tened, parted by a slightly impressed suture, slowly increas- ing, the last spirally impressed, subsulcate before the aper- ture. Aperture rather oblique, rhombic. Peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin a little dilated, spreading. Colu- mella strongly twisted spirally, lamellarly entering, excised above, projecting in a dentiform process externally. Parietal lamella moderately elevated, produced far within ; a single palatal plica remote from the margin. Length 3.5, diam. 1.7") mm. In the young shell the columella is trilamellate, the parietal lamella more elevated, last whorl having three internal trans- verse denticulate ribs, which wholly disappear in adults (Mlldff.). Marianne Is.: Guam (Quadras). Tornatellina (Lamellina) microstoma Q. et MLLDFF.. Xm-li- riehtsblatt d. Deutechen Malak. Gtesellschaft, vol. 26. Feb., 1894, p. 16. This species is much more robust than T. subcyWndrica. It resembles T. nitida Pse. in shape. The adult form is hardly distinguishable from T. moellendorffiana. but when the two are laid side by side, it is seen that microstoma has a just per- ceptibly narrower spire, and the whorls are less convex. In an oblique view in the mouth one can see a small ratlin- sharp columellar fold close to the insertion and rather deep within in microstoma, while moellendorffiana has a heavier, callous fold. 168 TORNATELLINA. Iii the young stage, microstoma is very distinct by its la- mellae and plicae. In a specimen 2.8 mm. long, 4% whorls (pi. 33, fig. 8), the columella has a strong, subhorizontal cen- tral lamella, a smaller, more delicate lamella above, and a minute, very deeply immersed one below. In the palatal wall there is a strong, serrate barrier, with another more deeply placed, visible as a whitish streak outside. The parietal la- mella flares outward in the middle. Younger examples, down to 2 mm. long, have the same armature. The figures are from specimens from the Quadras collec- tion. 24. T. MOELLENDORPFIANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 38, figs. 7, 10, 11. The shell is imperforate, oblong-conic, brownish-corneous, shining, very distinctly marked with growth-striae. The spire has slightly convex outlines and an obtuse apex. Whorls 5y2, moderately convex, separated by a delicately margined suture; the last whorl flattened in the middle, its last half rather deeply impressed there ; base very convex, sack-like, impressed around the axis. The aperture is quite oblique, ovate. Columella short and vertical, heavily calloused, the callus, in oblique view, is seen to emerge in an oblique, rounded fold or plait, which projects forward in a short lobe, some- what tooth-like, at its outer end. Some distance within the basal lip there is a low callous ledge, given off from the colu- mella ; it is more or less distinct within the outer lip also, as far up as the median contraction, where there is usually a more or less distinct callosity. The well-developed parietal lamella enters deeply. Length 3.7, diam. 1.8, length of aper- ture 1.2 mm. Tin- immature st;ii;e (pi. 38, figs. 7, 10, 2.8 mm. long, with nearly ."> \vhorls) has the aperture like the adult, except that 1ht> callus within the outer and basal lips is stronger. Marianne Is.: Guam (Quadras), associated with T. micros- toma. The adult stage of this species resembles that of T. micros- toma Mlldff., but it is slightly more robust with more convex whorls. The immature shells (figs. 7, 10) however differ TORNATELLINA. 169 widely, the present species having no distinct columellar la- mellae and no palatal serrate plate, though there is a low pala- tal callus. It is not a typical Lamellina, but the palatal cal- losity removes it from Tornatellinops. The basal callus passes out from behind the columellar callus in a rather peculiar way in this species and T. micros- toma. Section TORNATELLINOPS, n. sect. Lamellidea PILS., 1910, definition, but not the type assigned. Tornatellinte with the columella twisted and somewhat cal- loused, forming an oblique fold above, but not bearing a colu- mellar lamella at any stage of growth; there are no ribs, plicaB or denticles within the outer lip at any stage. Shell imperforate, oblong-conic, composed of 5 to 6 whorls. Type T. novoseela-nd/ica. Some species of Lamellina, in the adult stage, are indistin- guishable from this group, but their young stages differ. Most of the species now placed in Tornatellinops are known only by the adult stage, and their systematic place is there- fore more or less uncertain. Some of them are likely to turn out to belong to other sections, when series of the young are examined. Elasmatina differs from this group by its long contour and numerous whorls. This group, under the name Lamellidea, was properly de- fined in the synopsis published by the senior author in 1910 ; but unfortunately the species then selected as type does not agree with the definition, proving to have palatal ribs in the neanic stage. 25. T. MONODONTA Pilsbry & Hirase. PL 37, figs. 1, 2. Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, pale yellowish-corneous, imperfectly transparent, almost smooth. Spire straightly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4%, moderately convex, the last somewhat swollen. Aperture oblique, ovate, somewhat less than half the total length. Outer lip thin and simple, columella strongly twisted, forming a white spiral fold. No parietal lamella. Length 3.25, diam. 1.9 mm. 170 TORNATELLINA. Bouin Islands: Imoto-jima (type loc.), and Haha-jima, Ogasawara. Types no. 86479 A. N. S. P. Tormtellina monodonta PILSBRY and HIRASE, Nautilus, xviii, May, 1904, p. 6. This form is distinguished at once from others described from Ogasawara-jima and the islands of Izu by the absence of a parietal lamella. T. rue it ana is not so smooth, and has a low parietal lamella. The columellar fold is distinctly if rather minutely doubled (fig. 2), especially in immature specimens, though some trace of the same structure may be seen in adults. Fig. 1 repre- sents the type. Fig. 2 is a specimen from Haha-jima, viewed obliquely from below. 26. T. RUCUANA Pilsbry & Hirase. PL 37, figs. 4, 5. The shell is imperforate, oblong-conic, thin, brownish-cor- neous, the early whorls brown ; smoothish, weakly marked with growth-lines, somewhat glossy. Spire conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4^, convex. Aperture oblique, ovate ; outer lip thin and simple. Columella rather strongly twisted spir- ally, in immature specimens indistinctly doubled (fig. 5), a low fold appearing about the middle and very obliquely run- ning downward. In adult shells this is not noticeable. Pari- etal lamella small and low, about a half-whorl long. Length 3.3, diam. 1.9, length of aperture 1.4 mm. Loochoo (Ryukyu) Islands: Kerama-jima (Hirase). Type no. 89891 A. N. S. P. TornatMinti ntcitanu P. & H., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., Ivii, p. 718 (Dec. 8, 1905). This species resembles T. muiiodoniu, from which it differs chiefly by the possession of a low but well-developed parietal lamella. It is also less conic, a little more oval in shape. Half grown examples are like the adult stage in this respect. The parietal lamella is smaller than in T. oyasawarana or T. nn- kadai. 127. T. NAKADAI P. & C., u. sp. PL 37, figs. 8, 9, 10. shell is slender, unle brownish-yellow, nearly smooth, 'PI TORNATELLINA. 171 marked with faint growth-lines. Whorls 6, moderately con- vex. Aperture small, ovate, about one-third the length of the shell. Columella rather strongly twisted. Parietal lamella strong. Length 3.3, diarn. 1.35, aperture 1 mm. Length 3, diam. 1.45, aperture 1 mm. Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-jima) : Chichi- jima (Hirase). Type no. 83007 A. N. S. P. This snail is very closely related to T. peponum (Gld.), but it differs by the more strongly twisted columella, drawn in fig. 9, for comparison with that of peponum, pi. 35, fig. 2. As in T. peponum, there is, at the base of the coluinellar fold, a callus, or as it might be termed, a small subcolumellar fold, rather deeply placed, and filling the concavity of the lower part of the columella. T. nakadai differs notably from other known forms of the Japanese islands by its more slender contour, resembling T. peponum, T. oblong a, and T. subcylindrica. Only the adult stage is known, and it is placed in Tornatellinops provision- ally, pending an examination of the neanic stage. It is named in honor of Mr. Nakada, whose researches 011 behalf of Mr. Hirase have added many species to our knowledge of the Bonin Island fauna. 28. T. HATAIANA P. & C., ii. sp. PL 37, figs. 6, 7. The shell is imperforate, ovate, cinnamon-colored, somewhat transparent, smooth and glossy. Whorls 3^, n°t very con- vex, aperture about half the total length; parietal lamella low, about one-third of a whorl long. Columella convex in front view, seen to be minutely biplicate when viewed ob- liquely from below. Length 2.2, diam. 1.4, aperture 1.1 mm. Japan : Kita-Iwo-jima, Izu, one of the Sulphur Islands. Type no. 84966 A. N. S. P. (part of 1093 coll. Hirase). The apex is less slender than in T. biplicata. The speci- mens are probably not fully adult. In a paraneanic example, fig. 7, the columella is more distinctly biplicate, and there are no palatal ribs or plicae. 172 TORNATELLINA. 29. T. PONAPENSIS P. & C., n. 11. Shell imperforate, elongate, ovate-conic, thin, pellucid, de- licately striatulate, a little shining, pale buff-corneous. Spire rather high, the apex a little obtuse. Whorls 4%, a little convex, the last as long as the spire. Aperture rather oblique, narrowly oval; peristome simple, acute. Parietal lamella rather strong, high, spirally entering a long distance. Colu- mella subtruncate, strongly twisted, provided with a low, spiralty receding lamella. Alt. 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm. (Mlldff.). Caroline Is.: Ponape (Etscheid). Tornatcllimi pusilla MLLDFF., Journal of Malacology, vii, March 24, 1900, p. 114. Not T. pusilla Gould. An unfigured species of uncertain relationships, perhaps belonging near T. nitida. 30. T. GAYI C. & P., n. sp. PI. 42, fig. 3. The shell is narrowly ovate, brownish-corneous, very thin, fragile, transparent, nearly smooth, minutely marked with growth-striae. Outlines of the spire narrowly ovate, summit smooth, somewhat obtuse. Suture well impressed, faintly margined. Whorls nearly 41/£, somewhat convex, the last ovate, tapering towards the base. Aperture subauriforni. Parietal lamella minute. Columella nearly straight, slightly sigmoid, without a superposed median lamella. Outer mar- gin of aperture thin, arcuate. Length 1.9, diam. 1.0, length of aperture 0.7 mm. Kauai: Makaweli, under dead leaves (Cooke). Only three specimens of this species were taken, all of which are adult. It is the smallest species of the genus so far reported from the Hawaiian Is. T. (jtii/i seems to be re- lated to T. cylindrica ; it is smaller, the outlines of the spire are more convex, and the parietal lamella is much less devel- oped. The species is, for the present, located in section Torna- telUnops, but this position is provisional, pending the dis- covery of young shells. 31. T. TANTALUS P. & C., n. sp. PI. 40, figs. 8, 9, 10. The shell is oblong, slender, cinnamon, distinctly but ir- TORNATELLINA. 173 regularly striate ; outlines of spire slightly convex ; last whorl somewhat compressed laterally. Parietal lamella very broad, subhorizontal, about a half-whorl long. Columella spirally twisted. Length 3, diam. 1.2, aperture 1 mm.; 5 whorls. Length 2.4, diam. 0.9, aperture 0.8 mm. ; 4% whorls. In the neanic stage (fig. 8, length 1.8 mm.) the parietal lamella is broader but not sinuated ; the columella has a stout median lamella ; there are no palatal ribs or plicas. Oahu: southwestern rim of Tantalus bowl, outside, living in lichen growing on damp tree trunks (Cooke & Pilsbry). With some resemblance to T. cylindrica, this species dif- fers by the characters of the neanic stage and the stronger striation. The systematic position of the species is uncertain, as it may prove to have Lamellina characters in the ananeanic stage, which is not represented in the numerous series under examination. 32. T. IMPBESSA Mousson. PI. 34, fig. 8. "Last whorl somewhat tapering, the side concavely im- pressed in the middle. The last whorl tapers as it nears the aperture, and becomes a little concave, the concavity spiral in direction. At the same time it thickens a little, as may be seen by the greater opacity. Between this form and the type with rounded last whorl there are all possible intermediate forms" (Mouss.). Kanathia, Fiji Is. (Dr. Graeffe). Mousson reports T. cornea var. impressa as occurring also in Vai-Tupu, Ellice Is., and as an individual variation on other islands of the group. Part of Garrett's specimens of T. conica from Huaheine ;tre referable to var. impressa. PI. 34, fig. 8, represents one from Huaheine measuring 3.5 mm. long, diam. 1.55, aperture 1.1 mm. ; nearly 6 whorls. T. pusilla Gld. has a similar impressed zone on the last whorl, but it differs by having a more heavily calloused colu- mella ; that of T. impressa is only moderately thickened above, where the columellar curvature is greatest. "Var. impressa < ' 174 TORNATELLINA. is, we believe, a variation occurring' in conica colonies, not a distinct race. The peripheral impression is rather an old- ajiv character in this family. As the name conica is preoccu- pied in Torinttdlina, the present species may be called T. im- y;;v.s.sr/. and the typical form of conica Mouss. may be known as T. iinpressa var. nonnalis P. & C., n. n. The original account of T. con tea follows. T. conica Mousson (pi. 34, figs. 5, 6). Shell imperforate, elongate-conic, pellucid, slightly striatulate, glossy, corneous. Spire regular, conic, the apex rather acute ; suture simple, impressed. Whorls 5 to 5%, rather convex, the last not de- scending, rather swollen above, rounded, less so in the middle. Aperture a little oblique (25 degrees with the axis), two- sevenths the total length, oval, provided with an acute, enter- ing, median parietal lamella. Peristorne unexpanded, sub- acute, the margins not approaching, right margin curved more above and below than in the middle, basal regularly curved, columellar margin expanded and adnate above. Colu- mella formed of a narrow, subvertical, twisted thread, which passes into the basal margin. Length 2.9, diam. 1.5 mm. (Mouss.). Samoaii Is.: Upolu; Tutuila, common under dead leaves, chiefly of palms (Dr. E. Graeffe, type loc.). Fiji Is.: Kana- Ihia, and Vanua-Balavo, Lonima-lomma (Graeffe). Tonga Is.: Lifuku, island of Hapai (Graeffe). Hervey and Austral Is. Kllifi- Is.: Funafuti, Vai-Tupu, Niutao, Nui, Nukufetau (Dr. Graeffe). Society Is. : Iluaheine. Marquesas (Garrett). Tornatellina conica, Mousson, Journ. de Conchryl., 1869, p. 342, pi. 14, fig. 8; 1870, p. 128 (Viti Is.), with var. impressa, 1871, p. 16 (Tonga Is.); 1873, p. 106 (Ellice Is.). Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473. Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel., viii, p. 316. Garrett, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1879, p. 21 (Ru- nitu) ; 1887, p. 136 (Samoan Is.) ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1881, p. 399 (Hervey Is.) ; ix, 1884, p. 81 (Society Is. i ; Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 29 (Marquesas) ; I'. Z. S., 1887, p. 187 (Viti Is.). Schmeltz, Cat. Mus. Godeff., v. p. 89. In the shape of the shell and strongly convex whorls, this TORNATELLINA. 175 species resembles T. serrata. Mousson's deseriptiou is given above and his figure copied, pi. 34, fig. 5. Garrett writes as follows: "Not uncommon, and ranges from the Paumotu to the Viti Isles. I forwarded Mr. Pease a number of examples of this species intermixed with oblonga, and supposing the two to be identical, he included it in his diagnosis of the latter species. Having collected hundreds of specimens of both species at the different groups, I do not hesitate to consider them quite distinct. As compared to oblonga, it is lighter- colored, more robust, spire more rapidly tapering, body-whorl larger and more or less compressed in the middle. The pari- etal lamina is larger, and the columella more tortuous." We have figured also au example from Huaheiue, collected by Garrett (pi. 34, fig. 6). It measures, length 3, diam. 1.55, aperture 1 mm., whorls 5^. Two species of Tornatellina, T. oblonga Pse. and T. im- pressu normalis (T. cornea Mouss.), were 'collected by the junior author on Palmyra Island in July, 1913. Both were very common on the fronds of the toirdnest fern (Asplenium nidus), leaves of Panda nus, the trunks of trees and fallen leaves of the coconut palm. Undoubtedly tooth species were introduced at the time when coconuts were brought in large numbers for planting. Palmyra specimens of impressa normalis have a slightly stronger parietal lamella and the apical whorls are not as tightly coiled as specimens from the Society Islands, collected and identified by Garrett. The systematic place of T. impressa is uncertain. It may be a Lamellina ; but as yet series of the young have not been examined. Var. intiLscostata P. & C. PL 34, fig. 7. The shell is conic, with straight general outlines, corneous- brown, marked with opaque whitish longitudinal streaks, of which there are 2 or 3 on the last whorl, usually one on the penultimate whorl; these streaks being caused by internal white ribs. Whorls 5*4, rather strongly convex, the last one inflated. Aperture quite oblique, ovate. Parietal lamella small, deeply entering. Columella somewhat calloused, 176 TORNATELLINA. weakly twisted, moderately folded above, projecting forward in the middle. Palatal lamina? smooth, rather low, chiefly placed with the first half of the last whorl. Length 3.2, diam. 1.7, length of aperture 1.2 mm. Society Is.: Huaheine (A. J. Garrett), with T. conica. Several examples differ from T. conica, with which they were found, in having internal callous ribs at intervals, as in Lameltina, but the columella is not lamellate, being merely twisted, as in T. conica, at least in the mature stage, thereby differing markedly from the typical Lamellin». Further ma- terial, especially young shells, are needed to determine the status of this form. 33. T. PUSILLA (Gould). PL 34, figs. 1 to 4. Shell small, elongate, conic, polished, whitish-corneous, per- forate. Spire acute. Whorls 6, convex, tabulate above. Aperture subquadrate, posteriorly furnished with a lamella revolving inward. Peristome reflexed, the right margin sinuous. Length three-twentieths, width three-fortieths inch. [L. 3.75, diam. 1.87 mm.] (Gould.} Paumotu Is. : Metia (Makatea), an island in the western end of the archipelago, found under stones (Couthouy, U. S. Expl. Exped.). Partula pusilla GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., ii, 1847, p. 197 ; Expedition Shells, p. 33 ; U. S. Expl. Exped., Mollusca and Shells, p. 83, pi. 7, f. 90, 90. T. TROCHLEABIS 'Beck' Pfr. PL 35, fig. 9. Shell ventricose-fusiform, glossy, pellucid, pale corneous. Whorls 6, flattened, the last shorter than the spire, tapering basally. Aperture oblong; peristome simple, lamella of the parietal wall of the aperture transverse, large, acute. Length 4. diam. 2 mm. (Pfr.). Bapa (Opara) Island (Anton coll.) ; Masafuera (Beck). TonmtcUinn trochlearis BECK, Index Moll., 1837, p. 80 (nude name), teste Anton. — PFR., Symbols, ii, p. 55; Monogr., ii, 393 ; iii, 527 ; iv, 652 ; vi, 265.— KUESTER, Couchyl. Cab., p. 151, pi. 18, f. 18, 19. — StroUlus pellucidus Miihlf., ANTON, Verzeichniss, etc., p. 46, no. 1693 (nude name). The figure is from Kuester. Dohrn has suggested that the species belongs to the Auriculacea. It is not likely that it in- habits both of the islands mentioned above. 36. T. PHILIPPII Pfeiffer. PI. 36, fig. 4. Shell oblong-conic, thin, striatulate, pellucid, glossy, brownish-corneous. Spire conic, acute, whorls 6, convex, the last subglobose, about one-third the total length. Aperture ear-shaped, contracted by a compressed, entering parietal la- mella and a twisted, subtruncate columellar callus. Length 3.5, diarn. 2 mm.; aperture 1.25 mm. long (Pfr.). Society Islands: Tahiti (Philippi, Jr.) ; distributed through- out the group, but not plentiful. They were found adhering to the under side of loose stones, beneath dead wood and de- caying leaves (Garrett). Cook's or Hervey Is.: Aitutaka, under decaying leaves in forests near the sea-shore. Austral Is.: Rurutu. Marquesas Is.: Dominique Island, under dead leaves (Garrett). Tornatcliina philippii Pfeiffer, Zeitsch. Malak., 1849, p. 93 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, p. 524 ; Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 152, pi. 18, f. 20, 21.— PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 473— GARRETT, I 'roe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1879, p. 22; Journ. Acad. Nat. TORNATELLINA. 179 Sci. Phila., 1661, p. 397; 1884, ix, p. 81; Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 28. - - Leptinaria phiUppii II. and A. Adams, Gen. Moll., p. 141. "It may be readily known by its swollen whorls, turgid body, large, compressed, parietal laminae, and somewhat tor- tuous eolumella" (Garrett). We have not recognized this shell in material examined. The figure is from Kuester. 37. T. VOYANA P. & C., n. sp. PL 35, figs. 12, 13. The shell is imperforate, oblong-conic, sayal brown, glossy, minutely and irregularly striate. Whorls 5%, moderately convex, the last slightly flattened peripherally. Aperture ovate. Parietal lamella well developed, nearly a half-whorl long. Columella but little curved, projecting in a point at the columellar edge, as usual. Length 3, diam. 1.5 mm. Hervey Group: Mauiki (C. D. Voy). Types no. 83154 A. N. S. P. Society Is.: Huaheine (A. Garrett). Several immature (paraneanic) specimens are like the adult stage in structure of the eolumella. In one specimen of the type lot, fig. 13, there are two low, oblong, internal palatal denticles; one, with the long axis vertical, stands a short dis- tance within the outer lip, the other, on the same level, a half- whorl in, has the long axis in a spiral direction. The shell is not otherwise different from the rest of the lot. This may in- dicate that the species is a degenerate member of the T. nitida group. We have not been able to compare T. philippii or T. tro- chlcaris. The far less convex whorls separate T. vot/una from T. conica Mouss. 3. Species of New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia and Melanesia. These forms resemble T. oblonga and its allies in contour. There is a long parietal lamella, a rather strongly sigmoid eolumella, and no ribs or plicae within the outer wall, at least in the adult stage. We know nothing of the Tornatellina1 of the Melanesia!! archipelagos, yet the genus is almost certain to occur in New Ireland, the Solomons, New Hebrides, etc. The species of the Kermadecs have a Polynesian aspect. 180 TORNATELLINA. 38. T. IREDALEI P. & C., n. sp. PI. 39, figs. 6, 7, 8. The shell is iniperforate, oblong-conic, the diameter about half the length, cinnamon-brown, slightly transparent. Out- lines of the spire straight. Whorls 5~y2, moderately convex. Parietal lamella not large, nearly a half-whorl long. Colu- mella weakly sigmoid, the columellar margin slightly convex but not angular in profile view. Length 2.9, diam. 1.5, aper- ture 1.1 mm. Kermadec Is.: Sunday Island (Tom Iredale). Type to be deposited in the Canterbury Museum, N. Z. ; paratype in coll. A. N. S. P. The columella is distinctly less sinuous than in T. novosee- landica. T. petterdi, master si and noumecnsis are decidedly stouter in figure. The paraneanic stage, 2.4 to 2.5 mm. long, is like the adult in apertural characters. No younger examples were in the lot submitted by Mr. Iredale, after whom the species is named. This may be the species which has been recorded as T. novoseelandica from the Kermadecs. See Iredale, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, x, 1913, pp. 364, 365. 39. T. RAOULENSIS P. & C., n. sp. PI. 39, figs. 9, 10. 11. The shell is irnperforate, oblong-conic, the diameter slightly more than half the length, buffy-olive, nearly smooth. Whorls 6, rather strongly convex, united by a rather deep suture, which appears nearly horizontal. Aperture more than one- third the length of shell. Parietal lamella very oblique, rather high but short, about one-third of a whorl long. Colu- mella having a low, wide, spiral prominence in the middle, terminating in a strong, projecting angle, prominently seen in a profile view (fig. 9). Length 3.3. diam. 1.7, aperture 1.3 mm. Kermadec Is.: Sunday (Raoul) Island (Tom Iredale). Type to be deposited in the Canterbury Museum, N. Z. ; l>;iratype in coll. A. N. S. P. This is a larger, more robust species than T. iredalci, with the parietal lamella more oblique, shorter, and the columellar fold ending in a projecting point, as in Lamcllino and the TORNATELLINA. 181 I. perplexa group. A paraneanic shell is like the adult ex- cept for its more fragile lip. No young specimens were sent; so that its sectional position is not free from doubt. It differs obviously from all species found in Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. 40. T. NOVOSEELANDICA Pfeiffer. PI. 38, figs. 1, 2. Shell obloug-turrite, thin, smooth, glossy, fulvous-corneous. Spire turrite, rather acute. Whorls 5, a little convex, the last nearly one-third the total length, rounded at base. Parietal lamella deep, of moderate size. Columella white-calloused, highly twisted-subtruncate. Aperture slightly oblique, sub- auriforni. Peristome thin, acute. Length 3.5, diam. 1.5, aper- ture 1.33 mm. long (Pfr.). New Zealand (Strange) : North Island at Whangarei Heads (C. Cooper), near Auckland (Major Greenwood), Thames (Adams), Hunua Range (Brown) and Waimarama; very often found on fronds of Hymenopkyllum (Suter). Tornatcllina novoseelandica PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 149 (June 27, 1854) ; Monographia Hel. Viv., iii, 524 (1853) ; iv, 651 ; vi, 263.— KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 149, pi. 18, f. 10, 11.— HEDLEY & SUTER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), vii, 1892, p. 660.— SUTER, Journ. de Conchyl., xli, 1893, p. 236 ; Manual of the N. Z. Moll., p. 769. — Tornatellina neoze- htnica Pfr., HUTTON, Trans. New Zealand Institute, xvi, 191. —Elasmatina rechisiana GRAY, P. Z. S., 1849. p. 167 (Auck- land), not of Petit. A minute, slender, imperforate species, having the colu- rnellar fold unusually strong, and the whorls of the spire quite convex, the last whorl much less so. The parietal lamella runs deeply into the aperture. Fig. 2 is a copy of Kuester's illustration of Pfeiffer 's type. Fig. 1 was drawn from a spe- cimen received from Mr. Suter, length 3 mm. (The size-mark on the plate is too long.) 41. T. JACKSONENSIS (Cox). PL 38, figs. 5, 6. "Shell subperf orate, oblong- turre ted, very thin, translu- cent, rather shining, smooth, under the lens showing faint 182 TORNATELLINA. longitudinal stria?. Yellowish-horny. Spire elongated, grad- ually tapering, rather blunt at the apex. Whorls 5 to 6, slightly convex, last equaling one-third of the length. Aper- ture irregularly ovate, with a thin central, vertical, parietal plate. Columella twisted, its edges entering spirally inwards, leaving above it a deep entering groove or channel ; peristonie simple, acute. Length 0.14; breadth 0.06 inch; aperture 0.0") inch long" (Cox). Australia : Darling Point and other places about Port Jack- son; Wollongong, etc. (MacGillivray) ; Botanic Gardens, Syd- ney, N. S. Wales (Brazier). Bulinms jacksonensis Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, 1864, p. 25; Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), xiv, p. 185.- PFR., Monogr., vi, 149. — Achatinella j. Cox, Monograph of Australian Land Shells, p. 77, pi. 12, f. 15. — Tornatcllina jacksoncnsis BRAZIER, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 807. — PEASE, Jonrn. • Ic Conchyl., xvii, 1869, p. 176. A series of specimens from Port Jackson, no. 28920 Miis. Comp. Zool., does not show any marked difference from T. novoseelaiidica, unless it be that the whorls are not quite so convex. As Australasian conchologists, having abundant material for comparison, have not united the two, we leave both standing as species, although we doubt whether they are separable. Two specimens, the larger measuring 3.8 x 1.6 mm., with 5% whorls. ;ire drawn in pi. 53, figs. 12. 13. Fig- ures 5, 6 of plate 38 are copied from Cox. 42. T. MASTERSI Brazier. PI. 38, tig. 8; pi. 53, tig. 11. ''Shell imperforate, somewhat ovate, very thin, transparent, slightly shining, horny-green, faintly and transversely stri- ated. Whorls 5, convex, the last large and inflated, equaling half the length ; suture impressed ; spire conoid ; apex obtuse ; base rounded. Aperture vertical, ovate, peristome thin, sim- ple ; long, narrow, minute-like callous tooth on the center of the body-whorl: whitish, margins regularly arched, the colu- mellar margin white, thickened with callus, twisted, divided in the middle and entering spirally inwards, leaving a deep groove; above reflected at its outer edge. Length iyt, breadth % line" (Brazier). TOKNATELLINA. 183 Darnley Island, Torres Straits (Chevert Exped.}. Also northeastern Queensland and islands between there and New Guinea. Tornatellina maxtersi BBAZ., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, 1876, p. 108.— HEDLEY, P. L. S. N. S. W., xxvi, 1901, p. 705, pi. 34, f. 13, 14. "This species is of a very dull color, more so than any of the other species described in this paper. Eighteen speci- mens found on a tree at 600 feet elevation, the highest part of the island" (Brazier). Mr. Charles Hedley, whose figure of the type is copied on plate 38, writes as follows : ' ' One of the types from Darnley Island, 2.9 mm. in length, is shown at fig. 14 [8]. An example of T. petterdi Brazier (op. cit., p. 109) from no. iii, Barnard Islands, 2.7 mm. long, is represented by fig. 13 [pi. 38, fig. 9j. It seems to me au im- mature state of the same species. T. grenvillei Brazier (op. cit., p. 109) appears from a study of the types also to be iden- tical with T. mastcrsi. To this species belongs also a Torna- tellina from Boyne Island and Warroo, Queensland, identi- fied as T. eucharis by Hedley and Musson these Proceedings [Linnean Society of N. S. Wales] (2), vi, 1892, p. 558, pi. 28. "The double twist on the columella distinguishes this from the very similar T. oblonga Pease, of the Central Pacific. T. jacksonensis Cox, is a more slender shell" (Plcdlcij). In a series from Somerset, Cape York, the largest shell measures 3.6x1.9 mm., with 5*4 whorls (pi. 53, fig. 11). Others are smaller, and resemble Mr. Hedley 's figures in con- tour. The columella has two small and very oblique folds, which, in the young are hardly noticeable in a front view. Parietal lamella about one-third of a whorl long, very low and slender. Tt is smaller in the neanic stage than in the adult. The original descriptions of the forms regarded as syn- onyms here follow. T. petterdi Brazier. PI. 38, fig. 9. " Shell imperforate, oblong-turrited, very thin, transparent, shining, smooth, light yellowish-horny. Whorls 5, convex, last equaling half the TORNATELLINA. length ; spire moderately elongated, obtuse at the apex. Aper- ture nearly vertical, ovate; small thin tooth placed in the center of the body- whorl; columella thickened, twisted, the edge entering spirally inwards, leaving a deep groove above ; peristome thin, simple. Length iy2, breadth 1 line" (Bra- zier). Darnley Island, Torres Straits; found on trees (Chevert Exped.). TornatelUna ptttcrdi BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, 1876, p. 109. T. grenvillei Brazier. "Shell imperforate, oblong, thin, glossy, transparent, light horn-color, obliquely striated, de- cussated with minute silky lines. Whorls 5, roundly convex; suture distinctly impressed; spire conoid; apex obtuse; base convex. Aperture somewhat diagonal, elongately oval; peri- stome thin, simple, straight, margins regularly arched, the columellar margin thickened with callus, twisted, reflected and running spirally inwards, joining the thin Avhite lunate- shaped tooth placed in the body- whorl. Length iy2 breadth % line" (Brazier). Home Islands, North-East Australia; Albany Island, Cape York (Chevert Exped.). TornatelUna grenvillei BRAZ., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i. 1876, p. 109. 43. T. NOUMEENSIS Crosse. PI. 38, figs. 3, 4. Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, pellucid, a little shin- ing, brownish-corneous. Spire moderately long, the apex rather obtuse ; suture impressed . Whorls 5, a trifle convex, smooth, the last a little longer than the spire, somewhat rounded at the base. Aperture suboblique, semioval, colored like the outside. Parietal lamella horizontal, entering, whit- ish. Peristome simple, the columellar margin one-plicate, whitish, basal and outer margins acute. Length 2^, diam. iy± mm. (Crosse). New Caledonia: Hot Maitre near Noumea (Marie coll.). Also Lifu, Loyalty Is. (Lambert). TORNATELLJNA. 185 Tornatellma noumeensis CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xviii, 1870, p. 244; xix, 1871, p. 193, pi. 6, f. 4; 1894, p. 305.— PFR., Monogr., viii, 318. — GASSIES, Faune Conch. N. Caled., ii, 1871, p. 95, but not the figure. This form is closely related to T. novoseelandica, but differs by its broader, more conic shape. Figured from specimens received from M. Marie. Crosse's figure (copied in fig. 3), is not satisfactory. The color of fresh shells is corneous-chest- nut. Others are clear whitish-corneous, but they may be bleached. Cf. T. mastersi Braz., which differs specifically, we think, by its lower parietal lamella. 4. Philippine and East Indian Archipelagos. Several of these forms stand in need of further elucidation, their relationships being imperfectly known from the pub- lished descriptions. 44. T. KOCHIANA Moellendorff. PI. 38, figs. 14, 15; pi. 40, figs. 11, 12. Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, minutely striatulate, olivaceous-corneous. Spire conic, the apex somewhat acute. Whorls 5, convex. Aperture lunate-oval; peristome unex- panded, acute. Parietal lamella rather strong, entering deeply. Columella strongly twisted spirally, truncate at base. Length 3.25, diam. 1.75 mm. (Mttdff.). Philippines: at the town of Cebu, on plants (0. Koch). Tornatellina kochiana MLLDPF., Malakozoologische Blatter n. F., x. 1888, p. 163, pi. 4, f. 11. Smaller and somewhat wider than T. manilensis Dohrn, not smooth, but distinctly though finely striate, the columella is strongly twisted and distinctly truncate below, while in mani- lensis it is said to be scarcely truncate (Mlldff.). The original figures are copied on plate 38. A specimen 2.9 mm. long is drawn on pi. 40. figs. 11, 12. It needs further comparison with T. manilensis, which has been placed in Ela-s- mia-s, on account of the comparisons made in Dohrn 's descrip- tion. 186 TORNATELLINA. 45. T. MOLUCCANA 0. Boettger. PL 38, figs. 12, 13. Differs from T. oblonga-ta [sic] Pse. by the smaller, more eyliudric-oblong shell, the parietal lamellae more approaching the eolumella. Shell small, imperforate, snbregularly elon- gate-oblong, thin, glossy, corneous-brown. Spire turrite-con- vex, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5y2, a little convex, separated by a lightly impressed suture, obsoletely striatulate in groups, the last whorl flattened in the middle, two-fifths the length of the shell. Aperture a little oblique, auriform, unilamellate, the parietal lamella extremely strong, com- pressed, subtransverse, approximating the eolumella. Peri- stome simple, acute, the right margin rather straightly de- scending, columellar margin sigmoid with a twisted callus, wider and flattened at base, but not toothed. Length 2%, diam. 1, alt. apert. 1, width % mm. (Bttg.). Southern Amboyna: Ema (Strubell). Tornatellina moluccana BTTG., Bericht Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, 1891, p. 274, pi. 4, f. 1. Among the few species accessible to me only the Polynesian T. oblonga-ta Pse. is closely comparable, but that is certainly diverse specifically by the conic-oblong, not wholly oblong contour, with more pointed apex (Bttg.). The original fig- ures are copied. 46. T. CAMARINICA Moellendorff. Not figured. Shell imperforate, slenderly oblong-oval, thin, slightly stri- atulate, yellowish-corneous. Whorls 4i/2, a little convex. Aperture nearly vertical, acuminate-oval; peristome unex- panded, acute. Parietal lamella emerging, rather strong, en- tering deeply. Columella strongly twisted spirally, fold well developed, spirally receding. Length 3, diara. 1.5 mm. (Mlldff.). Philippine Is.: Village of Caramuan, province Camariiics, Luzon. TornaMlina ciolii. T. OBLONGUS (Anton). PI. 44, fig. 13. "Oval, conoidal, rather long, 5 convex whorls. Suture deep. Apex acute. Aperture oval, with a flat fold on the columella. Glossy, transparent, delicate, brown. Length iy2, diam. % lines. "Var., more ventricose, shorter. Habitat Opana" (Anton). Shell very narrowly umbilicate, ovate-conic, thin, glossy, pellucid, corneous. Spire acute. Whorls 5y2, a little convex, the last two-fifths the total length. Columella straightened, vertical. Aperture suboval. slightly obstructed by an entering parietal fold. Peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin reflexed from the base, dilated-spreading above. Length 3, diam. I--, mm., aperture I1/? mm. long, -:{ wide (Pfr., T. antoni). TORNATELLIDES, POLYNESIA, NEW ZEALAND. 199 Austral Is.: Rapa (Opara). Strobilus oblongus ANTON, Verzeichniss, p. 46, no. 1692 (1839). — Bulimus antoni PFR., SyniboUe ad Hist. Hel., i, p. 24 (1841) no description, new name based on S. oblongus Anton; ii, p. 43 (description) ; Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 221. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., Bulimus, pi. 80, f. 589. — Tornatellina (?) An- toni PFR., Nomenclator Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 343. The original description is given above. Pfeiffer renamed the species because in Bulimus the specific name was already in use. His description from the Monographia Heliceorum is also given. The figure is copied from. Reeve. Not seen by us. Cf. T. simplex, which may prove specifically identical with oblongus. 6. T. PERFORATUS (Liardet). PI. 44, figs. 11, 12. "Shell small, acute, polished, dark-brown color ; epidermis thin; whorls 5l/2, convex, spirally striate, with a white aper- tural lamina ; aperture oblique, pyriform ; colurnellar lip white, projecting from the base of the shell, expanding slightly over region of umbilicus; outer lip impressed and of a deep purple tint. "This shell is found embedded in the bark of dead logs. The animal has the tips of the eye-pedicels bulbous" (Liar- det). Fiji Is.: Taviuni (coll. Liardet). Lamelloria perforata LIARDET, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.. 1876, p. 101, pi. 5, f. 8, 8a, From the figure this seems to be somewhat more lengthened than T. simplex. No dimensions are given, but the length is indicated on the plate as 41/3 mm. The generic name used by Mr. Liardet may have been an error for Lamellina, since Lamellaria is a well-known genus of marine gastropods. 7. T. SUBPERFORATUS (Suter). PI. 44, figs. 14. 15. "Shell very small, conoidal, sub-perforate, thin, pellucid, shining, light-corneous. The only sculpture consists of fine oblique growth-lines. Color very light horny. Epidermis very thin, light-brown, very c;isily rubbed off. Spire elevated 200 TORNATELLIDES, NEW ZEALAND, ETC. conic, a little higher than the aperture. Protoconch globose. Whorls 5, convex, the last rapidly increasing, ventricose ; base rounded. Suture impressed, faintly and narrowly margined. Aperture subvertical, ovate, angled above. Peristome thin, sharp ; outer lip moderately convex, basal lip narrower, arched. Columella vertical, not twisted; inner lip thin, broadly reflexed above, and partly concealing the very narrow and not deep perforation. Parietal wall with an entering median small lamella. Diani. 2.2, height 3.5 mm." (Suter). New Zealand: Whaiigarei (type loc., C. Cooper); near Auckland (H. Suter, S. W. Wright). Tornatcllina subperforata SUTER, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, viii, 1909, p. 263; pi. 11, f. 30; Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, 1913, p. 769. The inflated body-whorl, the straight, not tortuous eolu- mella, and the narrow perforation separate it at once from T. novoseelandica Pfr. Type in my collection" (Suter}. The umbilicus is somewhat smaller than in T. simplex; as usual it penetrates to the first whorl, and is therefore as deep as in other Tornatellides. The parietal lamella is rather short in the adult stage. In the neanic stage, 2.2 mm. long, of 4 whorls, the parietal lamella is wider and fully a half-whorl long, and there is a distinct though small and strongly ob- lique lamella near the base of the columella (fig. 14). la. T. subpcrforatus kermadccrnsis n. subsp. PI. 44, fig. 16. Shell more slender, with a smaller summit. Kermadec Is. : Sunday or Raoul Island (Tom Iredale). Mr. Suter has reported T. subperforata from Raoul, col- lected by Miss Shakespear. The single specimen sent by Mr. Iredale is not adult, but it differs from subperforata of simi- lar length by the narrower contour and more slender apex. It is corneous-whitish ; parietal lamella well developed, fully a half-whorl long; columella minutely biplicate. Length 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm., 4% whorls. 8. T. INCONSPICUUS (Brazier). "Shell somewhat perforate, rather turrited, very thin, TORNATELL1DES, GALAPAGOS. 201 transparent, shining, moderately smooth, with very faint ob- lique stria? (as seen under the lens), bright yellowish horii- color; spire very little elongated, obtuse at the apex; whorls 5, convex, impressed at the suture, the last equaling about half of the length ; aperture ovate, with a thin central vertical tooth ; columella twisted and entering spirally ; peristome simple ; acute. Length 1 line, diam. y2 ; length of aperture 1^ line" (Brazier). Lord Howe's Island (Brazier). Tornatcllina inconspicua BRAZIER, P. Z. 8., 1872, p. 619 ; Memoirs of the Australian Mus., no. 2, p. 27. — PFR., Mouogr., viii, p. 319. — HEDLEY, Kecords of the Australian Mus., i, p. 142. We learn from Mr. Hedley's publication that the " type was deposited in the Australian Museum, but has been acci- dentally destroyed. Habitat, a gully on the North Eidge among dead leaves, rare." It has not been figured. The columella, "twisted and entering spirally", raises a suspicion that this species is a Tornatellinops, and not really "some- what perforate ' ' ; yet the one observation is as likely to be wrong as the other. 3. Galapagos species. The occurrence of Tornatellides in the Galapagos is unex- pected, though it is not the only Pacific element in the fauna of American islands. Juan Fernandez and Cocos Island (see Manual, Vol. XVIII, p. 325, XXI, p. 93, and this volume, p. 187) also have some Polynesian or Micronesian genera. 9. T. CHATHAMENSIS (Ball). PI. 44, figs. 17, 18, 19. "Shell small, horn-colored, with a blunt apex and six rounded whorls; suture very distinct; surface polished, deli- cately marked with lines of growth ; base rounded, relatively rather widely umbilicated. Aperture with the margin hardly thickened, rounded in front and at the suture ; pillar broad, thin ; body with a single elevated, thin, sharp lamina, extend- ing spirally inward from a point a little behind the peristome and nearly equidistant from the inner and outer lips. Alt. of shell 3.0, max. diam. 1.6 mm." (Dull). 202 TORNATELLIDES, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Galapagos Is.: Chatham Island, ou ferns at 1,600-2,000 ft. above the sea; South Albemarle Island on dry bones of tor- toises (Baur) ; Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island (Snodgrass and Heller). Leptinaria chathamensis BALL, Nautilus, v, 1892, p. 98; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1896, p. 451, pi. 16, f. 9 ; pi. 17, f. 16.— STEARNS, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, pp. 418, 428. —Bulimidus (Pelecostoma) cymatoferus REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, pt. 3, p. 14, pi. 2, f. 7 (Chatham Is., Wolf).— Tornatellina, chathamensis DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 95. A copy of the original figure of B. cymatoferus is given in fig. 18. Fig. 17 is a copy of Mr. W. G. Blimey 's sketch of a tooth of T. chathamensis. 4. Hawaiian species. Key to Hawaiian species of the Group of T. simplex. This Hawaiian group comprises species with relatively simple apertural armature, similar to those of Polynesia and other islands. The other Hawaiian groups are all special to that archipelago. a. Parietal lamella of adults very low, less than 0.07 mm. in height. b. Adult shells more than 3 mm. in length. c. Diameter less than 50 per cent of the length. d. Adult shells more than 3.6 mm. in length, umbilicus rather large, aperture diagonal. T. konaensis, no. 17. dl. Adult shells less than 3.3 mm. in length, umbilicus narrow, aperture not diagonal. T. kahoolavensis, no. 16. c1. Diameter half the length; 3x1.5 mm., with 6 whorls; umbilicus larger than that of kahoo- lavensis. T. kahukuensis, no. 14. c2. Diameter about 55 per cent, of the length; 3.5 x 2 mm. T. procerulus, no. 11. C3'. Diameter about 65 per cent, of the length; 3.3 x 2.1 mm. T. kilanea. no. 13. TORNATELLIDES, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 203 ft1. Adult shells less than 2.7 mm. in length. c. Adult shells rather narrowly ovate-conic, dia- meter 56 per cent or less of the length, which is about 2.5 mm. d. Outlines of spire slightly convex ; parie- tal lamella very low in the adult stage ; Hawaii. T. confusus, no. 15. d1. Outlines of spire straight; parietal la- mella moderate ; Laysan I. T. bryani, no. 15^>. c1. Adult shells broadly ovate, diameter 56-65 per cent of the length. T. compact us, no. 10. a1. Parietal lamella of adults moderately or well developed, more than 0.10 mm. in height. b. Parietal lamella of adults moderately developed less than 0.15 mm. in height. c. Shell conic. d. Umbilicus rather ample. T. subangulatus, no. 18. f/1. Umbilicus smaller, aperture wider. T. wiomatus, no. 20. c1. Shell oblong-conic, aperture ovate. d. 3.5 x 2 mm. T. procerulus, no. 11. d1. Smaller and narrower, parietal lamella larger. T. kamaloensis, no. 12. ft1. Parietal lamella strongly developed, more than 0,17 mm. in height, apex blunt. T. oncospira, no. 19. TORNATELLINA viTBEA. — " T. vitrea Pease I find nowhere described. It is closely related to T. newcombi Pfr., but is smaller, more ovate ; the 6 whorls are convex, the last rounded on the base. The umbilicus is narrower. The lamella on the parietal wall is small, and the columella is cylindrical and without, folds. Sandwich" (Dohrn). Cionella (Tornatellina) vitrea Pease, PAETEL, Catalog, p. 107 (name only). — Tornatellina vitrea Pease, DOHRN. Mala.k. Bl. x, 1863, p. 162. From the above descriptive notes, T. vitrea must be a 204 TORNATELLIDES, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. species of TornatelUdes, probably a form, related to T. pro- cerula Ane. No specimens so labeled can be found in the Pease collection, and in the absence of a recognizable descrip- tion the species must be discarded. The account applies equally well to several species. 10. T. COMPACTUS (Sykes). PL 45, figs. 1, 2, 3. "Shell perforate, ovate, brownish -corneous, a little shining, thin. Spire short, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5 to 5y2, well marked with growth-lines, a little convex, regularly and slowty increasing, the suture well impressed. Aperture ovate- p inform, often provided with a single minute lamella. Peri- stome simple, the columellar margin reflexed and expanded. Length 2.2, diam. 1.2 mm." (Sykes). Hawaii: Mauna Loa at 2,000 ft. on hilo grass (Perkins), Hilo (Thaanum, Cooke), Kaiwiki (Thaanum), Hamakua (An- cey), Kapua district of Kona (Forbes). Type in British Mu- seum, cotypes no. 13993 Bishop Museum. Tornatellina compact a SYKES, Faun. Haw., ii, Moll., p. 380, pi. 11, f. 1 (1900). — HENSHAW, Journ. of Malacology, xi, 1904, p. 64.— ANCEY, t. c., p. 70. "A compressed, compact little form, the aperture measur- ing about two-fifths of the length. The whorls are somewhat convex" (Sykes}. One of the cotypes, received from Sykes, has 4y2 whorls. It measures: length 2.15, diam. 1.5, axis of aperture 1.1 mm. Shells from Kapua, though slightly darker brown, are iden- tical with the typical form. An adult specimen (pi. 45, fig. 1) has 4% whorls. The embryonic whorls, as is also the case of the typical form, are not spirally striate. The suture of the embryonic shell is remarkably deep for a TornateUAdes. The transverse stria3 of the postembryonic whorls are almost regular and between them are numerous very fine striae. Aii adult specimen with 4% Avhorls measures: length 2.15, diam. 1.4. axis of a pert. 1.0, par. lain. 0.04, umb. 0.43 mm. In an immature shell with 4 whorls the columella is fur- nished witli a minute, somewhat oblique, deeply-seated lower fold (fig. 3). TORNATEbLIDES OP HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 205 Shells from Hilo and vicinity are thinner, lighter colored, and smoother than typical specimens, and, besides, the em- bryonic whorls are minutely spirally striate. An adult shell with 5 whorls measures: length 2.5, diam. 1.4, axis of apert. 1.0 mm. Typical compacta is not present in any of the fossil earth we have examined from Haniakua. 11. T. PROCERULUS (Ancey). PI. 45, figs. 4, 5, 6. "Shell of the group of T. peponum" [Aucey not Gould, see note below], ' but more robust, oblong, thin, subpellucid, corneous, obsoletely marked with fine growth-lines, openly per- forate, the perforation minute but distinct. Spire long- conoid, rather obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, regularly and rather slowly increasing, the last regularly ovate, hardly an- gular. Aperture oblong, sublunate, tapering above, slightly oblique. Parietal wall provided with a small median lamella. Columella unarmed but swollen. Peristome acute, the left margin triangularly expanded. Length 3.5, diam. 2, alt. apert. 1.33 mm. ' ' (Ancey ) . East Maui: Kaupakalua, type loc. (Baldwin). Very com- mon on all the islands except Kahoolawe. Cotypes no. 18442 Bishop Museum and 89843 P. A. N. S. ; lectotype no. 36246 Bishop Museum. Tornatellina procerula ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl., li, 1903, p. 302, pi. 12, f. 13, 14; Journ. of Malac., xi, 1904, p. 69.- HENSHAW, t. c., p. 63. — Tornatellina peponum GLD., ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 240; Journ. de Conchyl., li, 1903, p. 301. 'T. procerula is larger than peponum, of more robust form, but similar in other characters. In the young stage T. pe- ponum has an acute columellar denticle which disappears with age. This peculiarity I have not noticed in T. procerula" (Ancey) . T. procerulua with T. macromphala and Tornatellina ob- lomja are the commonest species of TornatelUnidee found on the Hawaiian Islands. These three species are abundant from near the seacoast, in favorable localities, to about 2,500 ft. ele- 20t> TORNATELL1DES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. vation. They are very often associated together. They are probably most often found on dead leaves on the ground, but are sometimes taken on the trunks of trees and shrubs, and, especially the first species, are sometimes abundant on the loAver leaves of shrubs. They have been found also in some of the fossil deposits, as at Kahuku. T. procerulus varies more than either of the other two species just mentioned. The colonies of different localities sometimes show conspicuous differences in size, color, texture of the surface and also in the height of the parietal lamella. With our present knowledge of this species it seems best to include all of the minor variations in a single species, but it will doubtless be subdivided into local subspecies eventually. Ancey's identification of T. peponum (of which his original, 1890, examples are in the Bishop Museum) was clearly based upon specimens of one of the numerous forms of procerula. But this species is not found among Gould's figures or ma- terial. The only species represented in Gould's material of peponum in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution is the Hilo shell fortunately selected by Sykes and figured by us. Ancey's type-specimen of procerulus was not isolated by him. The original lot contains more than 250 examples. A specimen (pi. 45, figs. 4, 5) from this lot has been selected to represent the species. It has 6 whorls and measures : length 3.5, diam. 1.9, axis of aperture 1.4, parietal lamella 0.14, um- bilicus 0.33 mm. The embryonic whorls are smooth and have no indications of spiral lines. In an immature shell with 4y2 whorls the columella ap- pears to be furnished with two folds. The upper fold is repre- vsented by a low, indistinct, oblique swelling; the lower is larger, transverse, about 0.1 mm. in height. The parietal lamella is strong, oblique, 0.16 mm. in height (fig. 6). A specimen, in the Ancey collection, from Hamakua, Ha- waii, and labeled in Ancey's handwriting "T. peponum", has 5% whorls and measures: length 3.3, diam. 1.8, axis of apert. 1.3, par. lam. 0.04, umb. 0.21 mm. The shell is slightly darker brown and the whorls are flatter than those of typical procerulus. In another lot, from Hilo, Hawaii, the shells are TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 207 lighter colored than, the typical form and the parietal lamella is merely indicated by a faintly raised line. A form of pro- cerulus is found on the crest of Kilauea. In the Ancey collection is a series from Kaupakalua, East Maui, with the MS. name T. peponum var. majuscula. These are rather large fully adult specimens of procerula. One of the specimens with slightly more than 6 whorls measures : length 3.7, diam. 1.9, axis of apert. 1.5, par. lam. 0.13 mm. Embryonic shells from an Oahuan form have the first whorl indistinctly spirally striate, the second whorl is faintly transversely striate. The shells are minutely perforate. The parietal lamella is low and the columella is unarmed. lla. T. procerulus puukolekolensis P. & C., 11. subsp. PI. 45. figs. 7, 8. More compact in form than T. procerulus, with the umbil- icus very much larger. Length 3, diam. 1.8 mm., with 5~y2 whorls. Molokai : in the bottom of a small ravine east of Puu Kole- kole (Pilsbry & Cooke). Cotypes no. 108669 A. N. S. P. and 33669 B. P. B. Mus. lib. T. procerulus kailuanus P. & C., n. subsp. PI. 45, fig. 9. The shell resembles T. p. puukolekolensis by the umbilicus, which is much larger than in T. procerulus. It differs from the Molokaian form by the thicker, more obtuse spire. The parietal lamella is quite low and nearly a half-whorl long. Length 2.9. diam. 1.7 mm. Oahu : Kaelepulu, Kailua, in ledges and around the base of a low coral bluff (Pilsbry). The umbilicus is much larger than in T. kahoolavensis. 12. T. KAMALOENSIS P. & C., n. sp. PI. 45, figs. 10, 11. The shell is perforate, oblong-conic, pale brown; spire straightly conic. Whorls 5y2, convex. Aperture ovate, the columellar margin well reflexed, columella slightly convex. Parietal lamella nearly a half- whorl long, moderately high. Umbilicus minute. Length 2.8, diam. 1.5, length of aperture 1 mm. 208 TORNATELL1DES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Molokai : northwestern ravine of Kamalo, above the old Kainalo ditch trail (Pilsbry & Cooke). Types no. 108700 A. N. S. P., cotypes in B. P. Bishop Mus. It is smaller, and especially narrower, than T. procerulus, with the parietal lamella better developed. 13. T. KILAUEA P. & C., n. sp. PI. 45, figs. 12, 13. The shell is rather narrowly uinbilicate, ovate-conic, obese, light-brown, glossy. Spire straightly conic with obtuse sum- mit. Whorls 5^3, moderately convex, the last rotund below. The aperture is irregularly ovate; parietal lamella very low, thread-like, about one-third whorl long. Columellar margin broadly dilated, simple. Length 3.3, diam. 2.1, aperture 1.4 mm. A young specimen of 4y2 whorls has a simple columella, like the adult. Earlier stages not seen. Hawaii : crest of Kilauea crater, about half a mile south of the Volcano House (Dr. B. Sharp). Types no. 112737 A. N. S. P. This species belongs 'to the procerulus group. It was found in company with the Kila.uea form of T. procerulus, but dif- fers from that by its far more obese figure. It is much larger than T. oncospira, T. compactus or T. confusus. 14. T. KAHUKUENSIS P. & C., n. sp. PL 46, figs. 11, 12. The shell is oblong-turrited, uinbilicate (the axial perfora- tion minute, but at the last whorl enlarging to three times its previous size), cinnamon-brown. Outlines of the spire barely convex, apex obtuse. Whorls 6, moderately convex, the last sack-like below. Aperture truncate-ovate. Parietal lamella very low and slender, nearly a half-whorl long. Columellar margin dilated and simple. Length 3, diam. 1.5 mm. Oahu : ledges near base of the "coral bluff", l1/^ miles west of Kahuku (Cooke & Pilsbry). Decidedly more slender than T. procerula, which occurs with it. The umbilicus is larger than in T. kalioolav crisis, which appears to be its nearest ally. This Knliuku deposit, at least the superficial shell debris, TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 209 is quite recent, since part of the shells still retain their proper color, though none were collected alive. It contains, however, a number of species now believed to be extinct. 15. T. CONPUSUS (Sykes). PL 46, figs. 1, 2. Shell perforate, narrowly ovate, brownish-corneous, trans- parent, thin, glossy, under a lens minutely and irregularly striate with lines of growth. Spire with slightly convex out- lines, apex rather obtuse. Suture simple, well impressed. Whorls 514, the embryonic increasing rapidly, the rest con- vex, increasing irregularly, the last long, convex, tapering to the base. Aperture large, narrow, obliquely truncate-ovate. Parietal lamella very low, forming a slightly raised line. Columella narrow, slightly tumid above, without folds. Um- bilicus very narrow, hardly circular, about one-fifth 'of the total diameter. Length 2.5, diam. 1.3, axis of apert. 1.05, par. Iain. 0.02, umb. 0.26 mm. Hawaii: Hilo (Gould, Thaanum, Cooke), Puna (Thaanum), Olaa (Cooke). Pupa pcponnni GOULD in part, U. S. Exp. Exp. Moll., pi. 7, figs. 104 a, b, c.—Tornatellina confusa SYKES, Faun. Haw., ii, Moll., pp. 380, 382 (1900).— ANCEY, Joum. de Conchyl., li, 1903, p. 300. The specimen chosen for our figure (pi. 46, fig. 1) of this sipecies agrees very closely with Gould's figure 104a. The original of figs. 104&,, b, c is lost, and we propose the shell drawn in our fig. 1 as type of the species as here rehabilitated. In the original figure the diameter is 52 per cent of the length and the axis of the aperture is 75 per cent of the diameter. In the selected specimen the diameter is 55 per cent of the length and the axis of the aperture is 80 per cent of the diam- eter. This species is very abundant in and around Hilo, and there is no doubt that Gould's figured specimen came from this locality. The figured specimen has the lowest parietal lamella of several hundred specimens examined by us. Usu- ally the parietal lamella is about 0.05 mm. in height in front but it soon descends into a simple raised line in back. An immature specimen with 4y2 whorls has the columella 210 TORXATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. i'urui.slit'd, near its base, with a very oblique, low, deeply- seated fold ; the upper columellar fold appears to be entirely absent, The parietal lamella is about 0.15 mm. in height. The embryonic whorls are encircled by very minute low spiral strife, (fig. 2). Mr. Sykes based this species upon Gould's figure, but he also gave "'Makaweli, Kauai", as the locality of specimens taken by Mr. Perkins. As no comparison of these Kauaian shells with topotypes from Hilo was made, and no description or figure of them was given, we may be permitted to hold that extension of its range as provisional until direct comparison can be made. At present T. confusa is known from Hawaii only. 151/2. T. BRYANI C. & P., n. sp. PI. 53, figs. 9, 10. Shell perforate, narrowly ovate-conic, light corneous, glossy, under a strong lens minutely irregularly striate, thin, trans- lucent. Spire elongate, conic, with slightly convex outlines, the apex obtuse. Suture impressed, simple. Whorls 5%, uni- formly convex, the embryonic increasing rapidly, the rest in- creasing slowly and regularly; the last whorl subcylindrical, rounded and tapering below, convex at the margin of the umbilicus. Aperture long-ovate, with a regularly curved outer margin. Parietal lamella low, erect, slightly sinuous along its upper edge. Columella tumid above, slightly convex below, unarmed. Peristome thin, erect, regularly arched. Umbilicus rather small, almost circular. Length 2.5. cliam. 1.4. axis of apert, 1.0. par. lam. 0.07, u nib. 0.32 mm. Length 2.7, diam. 1.5 mm. Laysari Island, on bark about roots of bushes (AVm. Alan- son Bryan). Type no. 39042 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. L'2748 B. P. B. Mus. and 112734 A. N. S. P. An immature specimen, with nearly 4y2 whorls (fig. 10), lias smooth apical whorls. The parietal lamella is rather strong, erect, about 0.12 mm. in height. The columella is narrowly triangular, with its inner margin almost straight and is furnished with a single low, almost transverse fold. TORXATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 211 Of the Hawaiian species of Tomatettides, T. bnjani is most closely related to T. kahoolavensis. It differs from the latter by its smaller size, straighter and more conical outlines of the spire, stronger parietal lamella, etc. This species was taken with TornatelliiHi (/nicilix, but was not nearly so abundant as that species. Ui. T. KAHOOLAVENSIS C. & P., ii. sp. PI. 46, figs. 3, 4, 7. Shell perforate, cylindrically turrited, in fossil state white, glossy, under a strong lens minutely striate, thin, translu- cent. Spire elongate, subcylindrical, with slightly convex out- lines ; apex subacute. Suture well impressed, indistinctly mar- gined. Whorls 6, the embryonic increasing rapidly, smooth, the rest increasing very slowly and regularly, convex, the last cylindrical, rounded below, slightly flattened about the um- bilicus. Aperture rather long, ovate, with a regularly curved outer margin. Parietal lamella low, erect. Columella nar- rowly triangular, unarmed. Peristome thin, erect. Umbili- cus rather small, pyriform. Length 3.2, diam. 1.55, axis of apert. 1.1, par. lam. 0.05, umb. 0.29 mm. Kahoolawe: Hakioawa (type loc., Pilsbry, Cooke), Hana- kaea (Pilsbry), Ahupuiki and Kanapou (Forbes and Stokes). Type no. 36249 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 111724 P. A. N. S. An immature specimen, with nearly 5 whorls, has the apical whorls smooth, without a trace of spiral lines. The parietal lamella is low, erect, about 0.09 mm. in height. The columella is furnished with two low oblique folds, the upper of which is hardly visible (fig. 3). This is the most abundant species of Tornatellides found 011 the island. It was present in all the fossil deposits. The only other species of this genus found there is referable to T. nmcromphala Anc. Tomatellwa gracilis is also very abun- dant, and TomatelMna baldwini rather rare. T. kahoolavensis undoubtedly belongs to the proc whorls, the parietal lamella is 0.16, the columellar fold 0.07 mm. in height. There are no spiral striae on the embryonic whorls (fig. 10). 19. T. ONCOSPIKA C. & P., 11. sp. PI. 46, fig. 8. Shell perforate, ovate, dark-corneous, glossy, minutely striate with lines of growth, somewhat thin and slightly trans- parent. Spire ovate, with convex outlines; apex obtuse, rounded. Suture simple, impressed. Whorls 5%, convex, the last rotund, subsaccate below. Aperture small, obli- quely truncate-ovate. Parietal lamella well developed, ob- lique. Columella triangular, slightly concave below, fur- nished with a deeply-seated lower fold. Peristome thin, erect, outer margin convex. Umbilicus rather small, circular. Length 3.0, diain. 1.6, axis of apert, 1.2, par. lam. 0.22, umb. 0.27 mm. Hawaii: Kaiwiki (Thaanum). Type no. 14170 Bishop Mu- seum, cotypes in Thaanum coll. A very rare species of which only four specimens have been taken. Unfortunately no immature specimens have been seen. A second specimen in the Bishop Museum has barely over 5 whorls. The parietal lamella is 0.18 mm. in height. The single basal columellar fold is slightly stronger than that of the type. The very convex outlines of the spire and the blunt apex easily separate this species from the others of the genus. 20. T. INORNATUS P. & C., n. sp. PI. 46, fig. 13. The shell is ovate-pyramidal, umbilicate, the axial perfora- tion very small, but enlarged at the opening by the consid- erable deviation of the last whorl. Cinnamon, with some whitish lines and spots due to erosion. Glossy. Outlines of the spire straight, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, not very con- vex, th.' last rounded basally. The aperture is irregularly ovate. Parietal lamella well developed, about one-third of a whorl long. Columellar margin broadly dilated, the colu- niella vertical, unarmed. th 3.4, diiiiii. 1.S, aperture 1.3 mm. TORNATKLLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 215 Molokai : Western ravine of Karaalo, near the old ditch trail (Cooke & Pilsbry). More widely umbilicate than T. procendus, with decidedly more strictly conic spire and a much larger parietal lamella. In the neanic stage there are two small, subequal, columellar lamellae. It is less strictly conic than T. subangulatus. and has a smaller umbilicus. Group of T. tha-a nitmi. Tornatettides with well-developed columellar i'olds in the adult stage. The shells are ovate-conic in outline ; whorls convex. The columellar folds are parallel, oblique and extend nearly or quite to the margin of the columella. This seems to be a natural and easily recognized group. Key to the Species. a. Shell less than 3 mm. in length, with a faint peripheral band ; embryonic whorls faintly spirally striate. b. Broadly conic, the diam. more than half the length. T. thaanumi, no. 21. b1. Narrowly conic, the diam. about half the length. T. diptyx, 110. 23. a1. Shell more than 3 mm. in length, unicolorous; embryonic whorls not spirally striate. T. idee, no. 22. 21. T. THAANUMI C. & P., n. sp. PL 47, figs. 1, 2, 4. Shell perforate, broadly-ovate, brownish-corneous, with a faint, broad, lighter band at the periphery, dull, quite strongly striate for a Tornatellides, striae minute, very close. Spire broadly conic, apex rounded, quite obtuse. Suture simple, well impressed. Whorls 614, quite convex, increasing very slowly and regularly, the embryonic slightly darker than the rest, the last rotund, subsaccate at the base. Aperture broadly ovate. Parietal lamella low, slightly oblique. Colu- mella of the same color as the shell, straight, narrowly Trian- gular, furnished with .two rather low, oblique folds, both of which extend nearly to the margin of the columella. Peri- stome thin, erect, strongly arcuate. Length 2.75, diam. 1.65, axis of apert. 1.2, parietal lamella 0.13, umbilicus 0.22 mm. broad. TOR.VATELL1DES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Molokai: Mapulehu (type loc.j, Kaluaaha (Cooke j ; Waia lua (Thaaiiuin), Pimnea (Pilsbry & Cooke). Type no. 36243 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 111847 P. A. N. S. and in Thaa- n urn coll. Jn an iiniuature specimeji with 5i/2 whorls the embryonic whorls are minutely spirally striate, the parietal lamella is strong and oblique, 0.13 mm. in height. The columellar folds are not as strongly developed as usual and almost equal in size. The upper is 0.07 mm. in height (fig. 3). Jt is one of the most distinct species of the genus, and the only one to show any color-pattern. Unfortunately an inju- dicious amount of potash was used in cleaning these shells and they have lost something of their original color. In Mapulehu all the specimens \vere taken on the dead leaves of the Ti (Cordyline trrminalis). 22. T. ID/E C. & P.,, n. sp. PL 47, figs. 3, 5, 6. Shell perforate, ovate, light-corneous, thin, transparent, shining, nearly smooth, under a lens minutely striate. Spire convexly conic, apex subacute. Suture simple, well impressed. Whorls G1/^, convex, slowly increasing, compressed, the last tumid, snbsaccate below. Aperture rather small, ovate. Pari- etal lamella of moderate size, oblique. Coluraella almost straight, simple, with two well-developed, oblique folds, both of which extend to the margin of the columella. Peristorne thin, convex. Umbilicus small, circular, deep. Length 3.6, diam. 1.7, axis of apert. 1.2, par. lam. 0.18, umb. 0.14 mm. Oahu : Palehua, in the Waianae Mts. (type loc., Cooke), Popowela, Makiki, Nuuanu, etc. (Spalding, Cooke). Type no. 1417S Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 111721 P. A. N. S. and Spalding coll. T. ifl(C is widely -spread on Oahu but it is ra flier rare. seldom are more than three of four specimens taken in a single day's collecting. It is terrestrial and is usually found on the dead leaves of the Ti (Cordjjl,inc ftrniimili.s). At first sight it nii'-ih! be taken for a small species <>!' Tornatellaria, but it differs from that genus in being viviparous, and the embry- onic whorls are not spirally striate. TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 217 From the other species of TornateUides it is easily recog- nized by its strong, slightly oblique columellar folds. These folds are nearly equal in size, usually the upper is very slightly stronger than the lower. In the type specimen the lower fold is 0.09 mm. in height. An immature specimen with over 5y2 whorls has a rather strong, thick parietal lamella 0.2 mm. in height. The upper columellar fold is 0.13, the lower 0.2 mm. in height (fig. 4). An embryonic specimen is minutely perforate ; the upper 11/2 whorls are smooth, the next whorl minutely transversely striate. Only the lower columellar fold is present. It is deeply seated and oblique. The parietal lamella is very strongly developed. In the form from the western ridge of Popowela, which may be called var. anisoplax P. & C. (pi. 47, fig. 7), the lower columellar lamella is decidedly larger than the upper in fully adult specimens, as well as in the neanic stage. Type no. 108899 A. N. S. P., cotype in B. P. B. Mus. 23. T. DIPTYX P. & C., n. sp. PL 47, figs. 8, 9. The shell is ovate-turrited, minutely umbilicate, brown, smooth ; outlines of the spire straight, the apex obtuse. Whorls nearly 6, rather convex, the last short. Aperture small, ovate. Parietal lamella very broad and at least a half-whorl long. Colurnella bearing two horizontal lamellae, the lower one some- what more prominent. The lamellae are rather deeply placed in the adult shell, but continue as low cords to the edge. In the neanic stage they are unequal and not immersed. Length 2.5, diam. 1.3 mm. Molokai: Western ravine of Kamalo (Cooke & Pilsbry). Type no. 112532 A. N. S. P.. cotype in B. P. B. Mus. The base is abrupt, as in the T. perkinsi group. It is de- cidedly narrower than T. thaanumi and T. idee. Group of T. cyphostyla. Tomatettides with elongate-conic spire and rather flat whorls. The base tapers. The parietal lamella remains of about the same height in adult and immature specimens, but 218 TORNATELL1DKS OP HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. usually it is slightly stronger in the adult stage. The colu- mella is usually unarmed in adult specimens. In immature specimens the columella is furnished with two oblique parallel lamellae or folds, of which the lower is usually much stronger than the upper; the latter being situated high, close to the parietal wall. This group is easily distinguished by its flat whorls. The form is more slender than is usual in the genus Tornatcllaria. a. Surface sculptured with irregular, low, rib-stria?. T. insignis, no. 26. ft1. Surface smooth. b. Parietal lamella of adults moderately developed, more than 0.18 mm. in height. c. Parietal lamella of adults more than 0.25 mm. in heights ; shells with 7 or more whorls. d. Adult shells more than 4 mm. in length. T. attenuatus, no. 25. dl. Adult shells less than 3.3 mm. in length. T. pilsbryi, no. 27. c1. Parietal lamella of adults less than 0.22 mm. in height, shells with less than 6^ whorls. T. cyphostyla, no. 24. ft1. Parietal lamella of adults very low, less than 0.1 mm. in height. c. Length 2.9, diam. 1.5 mm. Oahu. T. oahuensis, no. 28. c1. Length 4.6, diam. 2.2 mm. Molokai. T. moomomiensis, no. 29. 24. T. CYPHOSTYLA (Ancey). PL 48, figs. 1, 2. ''Shell conoid-oblong, slender, smooth, white in the sub- fossil condition, thin, glossy, openly but minutely perforate. Spire conic, long, the sides straight, summit obtuse. Whorls 6, slightly convex, regularly increasing, separated by a linear, appressed suture, the last oblong, somewhat tapering. Aper- ture distinctly oblique, truncate-oval, armed with a single re- volving parietal lamella. Columella regularly arcuate-slop- ing, somewhat thickened, unarmed. Peristome simple, acute, TOKNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 219 unexpanded, the outer margin arcuate near the insertion, columellar margin expanded, hardly closing the perforation. In the young stage the columella is triplicate. Length 2.75, diarn. 1.33, alt. apert. 1 rnm." (Ancey). Hawaii: Hamakua District; fossil (Henshaw). Type no. 18425 Bishop Museum, topotypes 36260 Bishop Museum and no. 111718 P. A. N. S. Tornatellina cyphostyla ANCEY, Joum. of Malac., xi, 1904, p. 70, pi. 5, f. 22, 23. — HENSHAW, t. c., p. 64. "A very distinct species, of regular outline. Its principal characters are the conic spire, barely convex whorls, ap- pressed suture and oblong aperture not at all widened below and slightly oblique. The columellar margin is gently curved and without plicae except in young specimens, and the parietal lamella is rather long" (Ancey). This species is very abundant in the fossil earth from Ha- makua. Unfortunately the margin of the peristoine of the type specimen is slightly broken. A perfect specimen from the same lot of earth as Aiicey's type measures: length 2.8, diam. 1.4, axis of apert. 1.1, par. lam. 0.2, umb. 0.27 mm. This specimen has 6% whorls. In an immature specimen with slightly over 5 whorls the columellar folds are very deeply seated and are not as strongly developed as in the other species of this group. The lower fold is 0.09 mm. in height and is much stronger than the upper, which forms a low, oblique fold close to the parietal wall. The parietal lamella is 0.18 mm. in height. The em- bryonic whorls are not spirally striate (fig. 2). 25. T. ATTENUATUS C. & P., 11. Sp. PI. 48, figS. 3, 4. Shell perforate, elougately conic, in the fossil state white, nearly smooth, under a strong lens minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire long and straightly conic ; apex somewhat obtuse. Suture simple, scarcely impressed. Whorls iy2, nearly flat, the last elongate, tapering towards the base. Aper- ture small, oval. Parietal lamella strong, oblique. Columella unarmed. Peristoine simple, erect, outer margin arcuate. Umbilicus small for a shell of this size, ovate. Length 4.2, diam. 1.9, axis of apert. 1.5, par. lam. 0.27. umb. 0.47 mm. 220 TORXATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Oahu. Manoa, fossil (Cooke). Type no. 14134 Bishop Mu- seum, cotypes no. 111714 P. A. N. S. Also Kaelepulu, Kai- lua (Pilsbry), ami Laie, west of the stream, between the road and the sea, in a deposit of calcareous sand (Cooke and Pils- bry). The appearance of this species is something like that of T. cyphostyla Anc. It is much larger, the whorls are slightly flatter, the aperture is broader in proportion to its length, etc. It resembles T. insignis in the shape and the minute axial perforation, enlarging at the last whorl; but it differs by the smoothness of the surface. An immature specimen with 5y2 whorls has the columellar folds deeply seated. The upper is low, transverse and indis- tinct, about 0.05 mm., the lower is parallel and 0.13 mm. in height. The parietal lamella is 0.21 mm. in height. In some- what smaller neanic shells from Laie the columellar lamellae are larger than in the example figured. 26. T. INSIGNIS P. & C., n. sp. PI. 48, tigs. 10, 11, 12, 13. The shell is pyramidal, with moderate umbilicus, but an extremely small perforation of the axis. Spire straight-sided, the apex small but obtuse. Whorls 6l/2 to 7, the first convex, the rest nearly flat, the last whorl rounded below, its last half (more or less) flattened peripherally. Sculpture of slightly irregular, low rib stricc, strongest on the last whorl, diminish- ing upwards. The aperture is irregularly ovate; parietal la- mella very wide, and fully a half-whorl long. Outer lip a trifle expanded. Columellar margin broadly dilated, un- armed. There is a low palatal callus, peripheral in position. Length 3.5, diam. L6, aperture 1.3 mm. In the neanic stage there are two rather small, subequal, colmnellar lamellae (fig. 12). Oahu : fossil in shell-deposits on ledges of the "coral blurt", " !!/, miles west of Kahuku (Cooke & Pilsbry). Type no. 112535 A. N. S. P., cotypes in B. P. B. Mus. This shell stands nearest In '/'. iilli'ii tin! i/x. a smooth species. The sculpture is much less emphatic than in T. mdic&status of Hawaii, and the shape is quite different. Probably they TOKNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 221 are not directly related, though they might be grouped to- gether on account of the sculpture, which is stronger in these two species than in any other known Tornatellwiidce. Both species belong to the pleistocene fauna, and became extinct probably in the early human period. 27. T. PILSBRYI Cooke. PI. 48, figs. 5, 6, 7. Shell perforate, elongate-conic, corneous, glossy, under a lens minutely striate with growth-lines, thin, diaphanous, but rather strong. Spire elongate-conic, with almost straight out- lines; apex slightly obtuse. Suture hardly impressed, mar- gined with a broad line. Whorls nearly 7, the embryonic in- creasing rapidly, convex, minutely, indistinctly, spirally striate, the rest increasing slowly and regularly, nearly flat, the last whorl long, tapering towards the base. Aperture narrow, obliquely truncate-ovate. Parietal lamella very large, oblique. Columella dilated above, furnished with two weakly developed, oblique and deeply-seated folds, of which the lower is the stronger until the fully adult stage is reached. Peri- stome thin, erect, the outer margin regularly arcuate. Length 3.1, diam. 1.5, axis of apert. 1.1, par. lam. 0.29, umb. 0.3 mm. Oahu: Western ridge of Popowehi, in the Waianae Moun- tains (Cooke and Pilsbry). Type no. 36261 Bishop Museum, cotypes 111838 and 110764 P. A. N. S. Tornatcl tides pilsbryi COOKE, Nautilus, xxviii, Nov., 1914, p. 79. All the specimens collected by the junior author were on the trunks of a species of Urera, a foot or two above the ground. It was not abundant at the time, and a later visit to the exact spot did not yield a single specimen. The senior author obtained living specimens from the siftings of dead leaves, taken in the place where Endodonta is abundant. This species is characterized by its very strong and unusu- ally long parietal lamella which extends nearly a whorl in- ward. The columellar lamellae are rather long, strong and oblique in the neanic stage, but nearly obsolete in the com- pletely adult shell. Tn an immature specimen with 5i/2 whorls the pnriet.il la- L'l'- TOKXATKLL1DKS OK HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. inrlla is 0.27 mm. in height. The lower eolumellar lamella is 0.2, the upper 0.14 mm. in height. Throughout the ueanic stage the lower eolumellar lamella is much larger than the upper (fig. 5). 28. T. OAHUENSIS C. & P., n. sp. PL 48, figs. 8, 9. Shell perforate, subeonie, dark-corneous, somewhat glossy, under a strong lens minutely striate with lines of growth, somewhat solid, not diaphanous. Spire subeonie, with nar- rowly ovate outlines; apex somewhat obtuse. Suture simple, slightly impressed. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the last ovate, slightly attenuate at the base. Aperture obliquely truncate- ovate. Parietal lamella small, slightly oblique. Columella narrowly triangular, unarmed. Peristome simple, erect, outer margin slightly arcuate. Umbilicus small, circular. Length 2.9, diain. 1.5, axis of apert. 1.0, par. lam. 0.08, umb. 0.28 mm. Oa.hu: Kahuku, at a low elevation, on shrubs (Heushaw). Type no. 14133 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 111836 P. A. N. S. Unfortunately all of the material had been preserved in I'nnnalin and is somewhat bleached. This species is cer- tainly closely related to T. cyphostyla Anc. The outlines of the spire are slightly more convex and the parietal lamella is much lower. In an immature shell with 5i/.> whorls the periphery is slightly angled, but there is no sign of eolumellar folds. A slightly smaller specimen with 5 whorls has rather weak eolu- mellar folds. The lower is 0.11 and the upper 0.04 mm. in height. The parietal lamella is remarkably low for such a young specimen of this group, being only 0.11 mm. in height. In another immature specimen with 4 whorls the embryonic whorls are faintly and closely spirally striate (fig. 9). 29. T. MOOMOMIENSIS P. & C., n. sp. PL 48, figs. 14, 15. The shell is pyramidal, openly umbilicate, very lightly stri- ate. Spire with straight outlines, the apex subacute. Whorls 7. the first convex, the rest nearly flat. Last whorl tapering a TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 223 little below the periphery, narrowly rounded basally. The aperture is small, oblong. Parietal lamella reduced to a mere thread. Coluniella unarmed, its margin dilated. Umbilicus large, contracting slowly within. Length 4.6, diam. 2.2, length of aperture 1.5 mm. Molokai : Moomomi, at base of the bluff and up to about 600 ft. ; also back of the dunes, about a quarter of a mile in- land ; fossil in the calcareous sands (Cooke & Pilsbry). Type no. 112534 A. N. S. P., cotypes in B. P. B. Mus. This species has the straight contour and flat whorls of the T. cyphostyla group and of Tornatcllaria. It is distinguished l>y the extreme reduction of the parietal lamella, and the ab- sence of columellar lamella?, from at least the mid-neanic stage on. Whether these lamella1 are present in younger stages has not been ascertained. Group of T. perkinsi. Tornatellides with abrupt, almost truncate basal contour (though the base itself is convex), conical spire and closely coiled whorls. The parietal lamella of adults is usually very low, not over 0.1 mm. in height; in immature specimens it varies from nearly twice to three times the height of the lamella of adults. The columella is furnished with two nearly equal, almost transverse folds, which are visible through the umbilical wall and are not strong in the adult stage. In immature specimens the lower columellar fold is somewhat stronger than the upper. In most of the species the umbilicus is remarkably large, but in perkinsi, frit and micromphalri it is small. a. Umbilicus large, more than 0.5 mm. in diameter. b. Adult shells with the diameter less than 57% of the length. c. Adult shells not over 3.3 mm. in length and with less than 7*4 whorls. T. macromphala, no. 34. c1. Adult shells more than 3.5 mm. (usually about 4 mm.) in length and with more than iy2 whorls. T. prodiictus, no. 33. 224 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. ft1. Adult shells with the diameter more than 65% of the length. T. spaldingi, no. 36. o1. Umbilicus about 0.4 mm. diarn. ; shell 2.6 x 1.4 mm., broader than T. perkinsi. T. comes, no. 31. (/.-. Umbilicus rather small, less than 0.3 mm. in diameter. b. Diameter more than half the length ; 2.8 x 1.6 mm. T. micromphala, no. 35. &'. Diameter less than half the length. c. Parietal lamella wide ; whorls convex. T. frit, no. 32. c1. Parietal lamella low ; whorls rather flat. T. perkinsi, no. 30. 30. T. PERKINSI (Sykes). PL 49, figs. 1, 2, 5. "Shell elongate-pyramidal, subperforate, corneous, striatu- late under the lens. Whorls 7, rather flat, slowly increasing ; suture somewhat impressed. Aperture ovate, bearing a rather minute lamella on the parietal wall. Coluniella thickened, whitish, marked with two inconspicuous plicas. Length 3, d iam. 1.2 mm." (Sykes). Kauai: Kaholuamano, at 4,000 ft. (Perkins). Olokele, Lihue (Cooke). Tontatilliiui perkinsi SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, Mol- lusca, p. 382, pi. 2, f. 14 (1900). "Its most noteworthy features are the very elongately pyramidal shape, flattened whorls, and the two inconspicuous plicse on the columella, the upper one being more deeply seated than the lower" (Sykes). The shells from Olokele were found on the fronds of Poly- podium spectrum and are slightly smaller than the type spe- cimen. One of them when compared with the type agreed perfectly except in size. Tt has 7 whorls and measures : length 2.9, diam. 1.2, axis of apert. 0.85, par. lam. 0.065, umb. 0.27 mm. The columella is tumid above and its folds are low and nearly transverse. The suture is distinctly margined. The embryonic whorls are rather smooth, except in specimens from Li h uc which have the embryonic whorls regularly and minutely transversely striate. TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 225 hi an immature specimen from Olokele with 5 whorls the shell is obliquely angulate at the periphery; the columella is furnished with two almost transverse, rather strong white folds, of which the lower is slightly stronger than the upper. The parietal lamella is strong and oblique, about 0.18 mrn. in height. The upper columellar fold is 0.06, the lower 0.12 mm. in height (fig. 2). 30a. T. PEBKINSI ACICULA ii. subsp. PI. 49, figs. 3, 4. Specimens from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai and West Maui dif- fer somewhat from the typical form of Kauai. Their spires are more slender and their apices decidedly more acute. The parietal lamella is, also, slightly stronger. This subspecies is rather widely distributed on the four islands but is never abundant in any one locality. Most of the specimens were taken on the dead leaves of Pandanus or ieie (Freycinctia arnotti}. A specimen from Punaluu, Oahu, is selected for the type of this subspecies. It measures: length 3.0, diam. 1.3, axis of apert. 0.8, par. lam. 0.09, umb. 0.23 mm. and has 714 whorls. Most of the adult specimens from this locality have the front, of the parietal lamella, irregularly eroded. This feature has not been found in any specimens from other localities. It occurs also in Nuuanu (Glen Ada) and on Mt. Tantalus. In an immature specimen with 5% whorls the parietal la- mella is 0.21 mm. in height. It is indistinctly striate, the striae being nearly parallel with its base. The upper colu- mellar fold is 0.09, the lower 0.13 mm. in height. Its em- bryonic whorls are not spirally striate. An embryonic shell from Waimea, Oahu, is minutely per- forate. The first whorl is minutely spirally striate, the second faintly transversely striate. The parietal lamella is well de- veloped and the columella is furnished with a rather strong basal fold (fig. 3). Types in B. P. B. Mus., cotypes no. Ill, 839 A. N. S. P. 31. T. COMES P. & C., n. sp. PI. 49, figs. 7, 8. The shell is pyramidal, umbilicate (the axial perforation ToKXATKLLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. very small, suddenly enlarging at the last whorl) ; brown, glossy. Outlines of the spire straight, the apex not very ob- tuse. Whorls 6, moderately convex, the last one short, rounded below. The aperture is short and rather broad. Parietal lamella well developed, nearly a half- whorl long. Colurnellar margin dilated. Columella vertical, bearing a very weak upper lamella, which extends nearly to the edge of the columellar lip. Length 2.6, diam. 1.4 mm. Molokai: Western ravine of Kamalo, near the old ditcli trail (Cooke & Pilsbry). Type no. 112537 A. N. S. P., cotypes in B. P. B. Mus. Related to T. perkinsi, but less lengthened, with the whorls more convex. It is more conic than T. frit. :3l>. T. FRIT P. & C., n. sp. PI. 49, fig. 6. The shell is oblong- turrited, very narrowly umbilicate, brownish. Apex obtuse. Whorls 6, convex, the penultimate slightly prominent, last whorl short. Aperture short. Pari- etal lamella moderate, about one-third of a whorl long. Colu- mella dilated, bearing a very low upper lamella, which con- tinues inconspicuously to the edge. Length 2.9, diam. 1.3 mm. Molokai: Western ravine of Kamalo (Pilsbry & Cooke). Type no. 109949 A. N. S. P., cotype in B. P. B. Mus. This species is somewhat more slender than T. perkinsi, with less straightly conic spire, decidedly more convex whorls and slightly coarser striation. The umbilicus is a trifle smaller than in T. perkinsi, and smaller than in T. comes. The parietal lamella is broader than in either. 33. T. PRODUCTUS (Ancey). PL 49, figs. 9, 10, 11. Shell narrowly umbilicate, elongate, conic, subtruncate at the base, corneous, glossy, nearly smooth, microscopically striate with growth-lines, quite thin, subdiaphauous. Spire elongate-conic, apex somewhat acute. Suture simple, slightly impressed. Whorls 8, hardly convex, very slowly and regu- larly increasing, the last short, rotund, subtruncate and saccate at the base. Aperture elongate-oval, somewhat ob- liquely truuciiti- above. Parietal lamella minute. Columella TORXATELL1DES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 227 scarcely tumid, narrowly triangular, furnished with t\vu minute scarcely oblique folds, the lower being weaker than the upper. Peristome simple, erect, outer margin arcuate, columellar margin nearly straight. Umbilicus nearly circular. Length 4, diam. 1.8, axis of apert. 1.2, par. lam. 0.07, umb. 0.54 nun. Kauai: Kipu (Baldwin, Cooke), Nounou Mts. (C. S. Dole), Hanakapiai (Deverill), Lihue, Hanakoa, Kalalau, Halemano, Makaweli ( C ooke ) . Tornatellina macro m.phula var. producta ANC., Journ. \- phala but differs in its more cylindrical form, flatter whorls, narrower last whorl, etc. In some cases the erosion has de- stroyed most of the parietal lamella, the remaining portion assuming the most fantastic forms. In young specimens only the front portion of the large oblique parietal lamella is eroded. In an immature specimen with 4l/o whorls the parietal la- mella is 0.23 mm. in height, there is a single deep cleft just back of its outer extremity. The upper columellar fold is 0.11, the lower 0.18 mm. in height. In older, but not adult specimens, there are from 3 l • 11 12 TornatelJinidffi PLATE 29 Torn a tell in id ae PLATE 30 IT! . 1 6 j 10 r> X35 11 9 11: Tornatellinidas PLATE i %; X5C I $ I --, ' ; ' 5 ^ til 9 *e 'V- ' ! • ~^^-- Jo /::\: • "•,--•--- 8 ti Tornatellinidee PLATE 32 2 • , 6 9 ;. - 10 • 11 Tornatellinidf3e ' PLATE 33 A • ^ST-'.V *v"l; 4- 8 6 \l 9 ~ ; 10 \2 Tornatellinidse I PLATE 34 2 \f • 8 r 5 9 6 10 ,-• ^ 11 . : 13 Tornatellinidse PLATE 35 $?<' M 10 J] 13 14 15 Tornatellinidse PLATE 36 \ 1 • - , ' 9 10 11 Tornatellinidse PLATE 37 3 - 5 • N 9 6 ' 10 Tornatellinidse PLATE 38 , 7 8. 6 — 9 •r 11 ' 15 Tornatellinidaa PLATE C5 9 • -' ;-r X:, • • • N \ >'k<< ^••^$KWS 9 11 TORNATELLARIA. 257 The ovate aperture is deeply excised by the penult whorl, and has a low but long parietal lamella. Columellar lamellae two, emerging, the upper one larger. Length 4.2, diam. 2.3, aperture 1.4 mm. ; width of umbilicus 0.4 mm. Whorls 8. Oahu: Mt. Tantalus, on the Castle Trail, Panoa slope. Cooke & Pilsbry, 1913. Type no. 112744 A. N. S. P., cotype in coll. Bishop Mus. Also Glen Ada, Nuuanu (Pilsbry). By its ample umbilicus this species is related to T. lila, from which it differs by the less obese shape and the rounded, narrower, last whorl. In T. occidentalis only the upper columellar lamella emerges, and the umbilicus is quite notice- ably smaller. In both of the localities mentioned, a wrider form occurs: length 4, diam. 2.45, width of umbilicus 0.5 mm., whorls nearly 8 (pi. 54, fig. 7). This may perhaps prove racially distinct, but from the material examined we do not think so. 3. T. OCCIDENTALIS P. & C., ii. sp. PI. 54, figs. 5, 6. The shell is narrowly mnbilicate (greatest width of umbili- cus contained 6% times in the diameter of the base), pyra- midal, pale brown ; very finely but sharply striate. Spire having almost straight lateral outlines, the individual whorls being very slightly convex ; apex rounded, obtuse. Last whorl convex, not angular, the base strongly convex around the umbilicus, less so toward the periphery. The irregularly ovate aperture has a rather strong parietal lamella. Colu- mella reflexed, the upper lamella emerging nearly to the lip-edge (or sometimes only enough to become visible in a front view) ; lower lamella immersed, not visible in adult shells. Length 3.9, diam. 2.2 mm., width of umbilicus about 0.34 mm. ; 7y2 whorls. Oahu: western ridge of Popouwela, Waianae Mountains, Spalding, Cooke & Pilsbry. Type and paratypes no. 108892 A. N. S. P., cotype in Bishop Museum. This species differs from T. newconibi in the following details : It is smaller and darker colored ; the base is more shortened ; umbilicus larger ; only the upper columellar lamella is visible in the adult stage. In T. adelincc the umbilicus is wider and both columellar lamellae emerge. 258 TORNATELLARIA. In the ananeanic and metaneanic substages there are two equal coluinellar lamellae, but the lower one then diminishes. This species was taken in large numbers in the " Endodonta colony", among dead leaves on the ground. 4. T. NEWCOMBI (Pfeiffer). PI. 54, figs. 9, 10. Shell perforate, ovate-turrite, thin, nearly smooth, a little shining, pale corneous. Spire rectilinear, conic, rather ob- tuse. Whorls 7, nearly fiat, the last hardly one-third the total length, convex at the base. Aperture oblique, rotund- lunar, obstructed by a moderate parietal lamella and two parallel coluinellar folds. Peristome simple, unexpanded, Length 4, diam. 2%, aperture 1% mm. long (Pfr.). Hawaiian Islands (Newcomb). Kauai: Kilohana, Wainiha (Cooke). Oahu (Baldwin, Aiicey) ; Waianae Mts., western slope (Lyman, Cooke) ; Kaipapau, Nuuanu, Konahuanui Manoa, Tantalus, etc., (Cooke). Type in British Museum. Tornatellina ncwcombi PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 335 ; Mouogr. Hel. Viv. iv, 653. — ANCEY, Journ. of Malacology xi, p. 69. -HENSHAW, t. c. p. 63. — Tornatellina (Torn a tell aria) IK tr- conibi Pfr., PILSBRY, Nautilus xxiii, 1910, p. 124. (Not Pupa pcponum, var., Gould, ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France vi, 1889, p. 239, Tornatellidcs sp.). T. newconibii is distinguished by its very narrow umbilicus, two emerging coluinellar lamellae, the whitish corneous tint, and by having the base less shortened than in other known Oahuan species. This species is limited to the islands of Kauai and Oahu. On the former island it has been taken in two localities only. It is abundant on the whole Koolau range of Oahu but is seldom met with in the Waianae mountains except on the western slope above Waialua. The specimens from Honolua, W. Maui, which Mr. Ancey referred to this species, are young T. cincta Auc. (Bishop Mus. Coll.no. 18479). The fossil form reported from Hawaii is distinctly T. trochoides. The type specimen in the British museum is not quite ma- TORN ATELL ARIA. 259 ture, as there is a slight angle at the periphery. In adult specimens this angle entirely disappears. There are about 14 spiral strise on the embryonic whorls of this species. The parietal lamella is 0.1-0.2 mm, in height and is very minutely serrate along its margin. The umbili- cus is from one-eighth to one-tenth of the diameter of the shell. In immature specimens the upper columellar fold is usually slightly stronger than the lower. PL 54, figs. 9, 10 represent a specimen from the Waianae Mts. above Waialua compared with the type in the British Museum. A series of specimens from Kauai and different parts of Oahu were compared with the type and this specimen was nearly identical. It is fully adult, has 7% whorls and measures length 4.2, diam. 2.3, axis of apert. 1.5 mm. The Waianae mountains above Waialua may be considered the type locality, as it is known that Newcomb collected in this region. Another specimen, from Kaipapau, Oahu, with 8 whorls is shorter, it measures length 3.9, diam. 2.4, axis of apert. 1.5 mm. The specimens from Kauai are identical with those from Oahu. A shell (no. 10026 A. N. S. P.) from Dr. Newcomb, prob- ably a topotype, though no locality is given, measures 4.2 mm. long, 2.3 wide, with 7 whorls. 5. T. STOKESI P. & C., n. sp. PI. 54, fig. 8. The shell is perforate, ovate-conic, cinnamon-colored, glossy, with faint, irregular striation. Outlines of spire barely con- vex, nearly straight. Whorls 6l/2, slightly convex, the last rotund. Parietal lamella broad, a little more than a half whorl long, entire and tapering in front. Columellar la- mellae emerging to the edge, the upper one a little more oblique and less prominent than the lower. Length 3.1, diam. 2, length aperture 1.2 mm. ; height of parietal lamella 0.25 mm. Oahu: Glen Ada, Nuuanu (Pilsbry). Type no. 112717 A. N. S. P. Shorter and more obese than T. neivcombi, but like that in having a minute umbilicus. In other Oahuan species the 260 TORNATELLARIA. umbilicus is conspicuously wider. It is less conic than T. sharpi of Hawaii. Named for Mr. John F. G. Stokes, ethnol- ogist of the Bishop Museum. 6. T. UMBILICATA (Ancey). PL 54, figs. 11, 12. Shell glossy (in the young state), openly and deeply um- bilicate, the umbilicus minute, punctiform, rufous-corneous, dextral, smooth, pellucid, thin, ovate-conic. Spire conoidal, the apex a little obtuse, long. Whorls (in immaturity) iy2, regularly and slowly increasing, the upper ones more convex, lower scarcely convex, narrowly pellucid-margined ; the last whorl short, swyollen. Aperture oblique, emarginate, angular above, with a very strong, compressed, very prominent re- volving parietal lamella. Columella acutely biplicate, the upper fold stronger. Dimensions of the young specimens described above, length 3.75, diam. 2.5, alt. apert. 1.33 mm. (Ancey). West Maui : Lahaina (type loc.) (Baldwin), Maunahooma (Cooke). Molokai: widely distributed over the eastern half (Thaanum, Cooke & Pilsbry). Type no. 18451 Bishop Mus. Auriculella umbilicata ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France vi, 1889, p. 232. — TornatelUna umbilicata ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. France v, p. 721. T. umbilicata, is intermediate between T. trochoides Sykes and T. newcombi Pfr. It is more closely related to the former but differs in its glossier surface, more convex whorls, shorter base and higher parietal lamella. From T. newcombi it differs, mainly, by its smaller umbilicus and higher parietal lamella. Typical specimens from Maunahooma measure length 3.9- 4.25, diam. 2.25-2.5, axis of apert. 1.6 mm. Height of parietal lamella 0.33-0.36 mm. The umbilicus is 1/10-1/14 of the total diameter of the shell. The parietal lamella is minutely serrate along its margin. The spiral stria? on the embryonic whorls are very low and indistinct. In immature specimens (fig. 12) the upper columellar fold is slightly stronger than the lower. Mr. Ancey at first described this species as a young Auri- culella, but subsequently he recognized that the shells were nearly adult Tornatellinas. TORNATELLARIA. 261 7. T. TROCHOIDES (Sykes). PI. 54, figs. 13-17; pi. 55, fig. 9. Shell deeply perforate, corneous, pyramidal, pellucid, nearly smooth. Spire conoidal, the apex rather acute. Whorls 7-7i/o, regularly and slowly increasing, flattened, the last sub- carinate at the periphery, suture impressed. Aperture quadrate-ovate, angular above, bearing a strong, conspicuous parietal lamella. Columella brown, thickened, provided with two plicae. Length 4, diam. 2 mm. (Sykes). Lanai (Perkins, Thaanum, Spalding), Molokai (Thaanum, Cooke), Hawaii: Waimea (Thaanum), fossil (Henshaw). Tornatellina trochoides SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, Moll., p. 383, pi. 11, f. 31 (1900). "Closely related, apparently, to T. umbilicata Ancey, but differs from it in the relative proportions of height and breadth" (Sykes). It also differs by its less polished surface, smaller parietal lamella and flatter whorls. T. trochoides and T. cincta are very intimately connected. In the former the parietal lamella is weaker, the base shorter, the umbilicus is slightly larger and the whorls more closely coiled. It is by no means an easy matter to determine Molokaiaii Tornatellaria3. T. trochoides was described from a shell not absolutely mature. The original figure is copied on pi. 55, fig. 9. A cotype, received from Mr. Sykes, pi. 54, fig. 16, has 7 whorls and measures, length 3.7, diam. 1.95, axis of aperture 1.4 mm. None of the cotypes received by the Bishop Museum were wholly mature specimens, and in all of them the lower columellar fold is slightly stronger than the upper. The parietal lamella is minutely serrate along its edge ; the suture is indistinctly margined; and there are about ten low distinct spiral strife on the embryonic whorls. The umbilicus is about % of the total diameter of the shell. A lengthened form from Lanai, pi. 54, figs. 13, 14, meas- ures length 5, diam. 2.5 long, axis of aperture 1.6 mm., with whorls. This species is widely distributed over the eastern half 262 TORNATELLARIA. of Molokai. In immature specimens from this island the upper columellar fold is slightly stronger than the lower. A form of T. trochoides is also found on Hawaii. Living examples were collected at Waimea by Mr. Thaanum. The whorls are not as closely coiled as in typical specimens of trochoidcs and the spire is slightly more convex in outline. The parietal lamella is decidedly weaker. The shells are slightly shorter and broader. What appears to be a nearly adult shell with 6% whorls measures: length 4.2, diam. 2.5 mm. The fossil material from Hawaii is much closer to the typical form, scarcely distinguishable. Adult specimen with 7% whorls measures, length 4.05, diam. 2.15 mm. This is un- doubtedly the form erroneously referred to T. newcombi by Ancey, Journ. of Malac. xi, 1904, p. 63. 8. T. CINCTA (Ancey). PL 55, figs. 1, 2. Shell long-conic, minutely umbilicate, thin, fulvous, the last whorl encircled by a more or less distinct whitish median zone. Spire long, conic, rectilinear, the apex minute, a little obtuse. Whorls 8, flat, parted by a linear suture, nearly smooth, hav- ing a rather oily gleam, narrowly coiled, regularly and slowly increasing, the last indistinctly angular, chiefly at its begin- ning, rather short, quite abruptly tapering. Aperture oblique, armed in the middle of the parietal wall with a compressed, very prominent, whitish, thin, revolving lamella. Columella acutely biplicate, straight, the folds oblique, subequal, reach- ing to the margin. Peristome simple, acute, unexpanded, the columellar margin expanded in a long triangle over the um- bilicus ; margins remote. Length 5, diam. 2.5, aperture 2 mm. (Ancey}. E. Maui: Mukuwae, Kaupakalua (Baldwin) ; W. Maui: lao Valley (Thaanum), Lahaina (Forbes, Cooke). Molokai (Baldwin, Thaanum, Cooke & Pilsbry). Lanai (Forbes). Tornatellina cincta ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl. li, 1903, p. 297, pi. 12, f . 5, 6 ; Journ. of Malacology xi, p. 69. This shell, large for the genus, is doubtless spread over the whole Hawaiian archipelago, though it has not yet been re- TORN ATELL ARIA. 263 corded from Kauai or Lanai. Desiring to clear up the ques- tion of its identity with T. newcombi Pfr., I submitted speci- mens to Mr. Edgar A. Smith of the British Museum, where the types of Pfeiffer's species are deposited. He reported that T. cincta differs by the more robust parietal and columellar lamella, narrower umbilicus and more angular last whorl (Ancey). Unfortunately Mr. Ancey did not designate the type lot of this species in his collection. There are two lots named by him, the first from Lahaina, West Maui, and the second from Kaupakalua, East Maui. There are unnamed lots in his collection from Makawao (1) and Kaupakalua (6) E. Maui, and from Lahaina (1) W. Maui. The junior author has selected the Makawao lot (no. 18500 Bishop Mus.) as the type (p. 55, fig. 1). Although not labeled, it is the only species of Tornatellaria in the Ancey collection from this locality, — the locality first mentioned in his description. The finest speci- men in this lot has 8 whorls and measures, length 5.1, diam. 2.5, axis of apert. 1.8 mm. Parietal lamella 0.33 mm. in height. These measurements agree fairly well with those given by Ancey. Fig. 2 is from a Mapulehu example. A specimen in the Ancey collection from lao Valley (Bishop Mus. 18473) measures length 4.7, diam. 2.25, axis of apert. 1.8 mm. We have been unable to find typical specimens of this species from Hawaii or Oahu in the Aiicey collection. The fossil material identified by Ancey for Henshaw as T. cincta is referable to T. henshawi rather than to T. cincta, and has been placed with the former species. There is no doubt that these two species are very intimately related. In T. cincta the umbilicus is from 1/7-1/10 of the diameter of the shell. The parietal lamella is very minutely serrate along its edge. In immature specimens though the columellar folds are very nearly equal, the lower is slightly more strongly developed. The spiral striae of the embryonic whorls are low and indistinct. 9. T. ANCEYANA C. & P., u. sp. PI. 55, fig. 4. The shell is perforate, turrited, corneous, rather thin, trans- 264 TORNATELLARIA. parent, somewhat shining, nearly smooth, minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire long conic, with slightly concave out- lines. Suture simple, lightly impressed. Whorls 7%, slightly convex, the post-embryonic closely coiled, the rest increasing slowly, the last slightly tumid, tapering towards the base. Aperture slightly larger, proportionately than those of most of the species of the genus, ovate. Parietal lamella moder- ately developed, slightly oblique, its margin more distinctly serrate than in any of the other species. Columella nearly straight, expanded above the umbilicus, with two nearly equal (the upper slightly stronger than the lower), well developed folds, extending nearly to the margin. Peristome thin, un- expanded, arcuate. Length 3.7, diam. 1.8, axis of apert. 1.4 mm. Height of parietal lam. 0.18 mm. E. Maui, Kaupakulua (Baldwin). Type no. 18424 Bishop Mus. ; cotype 111853 A. N. S. P. Closely related to T. trochoides and T. cincta but easily recognized by its smaller size, narrower form, more attenuate spire with slightly concave outlines, and the more distinctly serrate parietal lamella. The serrations are conic and rather distantly separated. The embryonic whorls are encircled by low indistinct spiral stria. This species is rather rare. 10. T. HENSHAWI (Ancey). PL 55, fig. 3. Shell oblong, conic-turrite, thin, glossy, smooth, brown- corneous, minutely perforate. Spire long, conic, rectilinear or with the sides slightly convex, the summit minute, a little obtuse. Whorls iy2, slowly increasing, nearly flat, separated by an appressed, superficial suture, the last wrhorl short, rounded, very slightly, obscurely angular at the beginning, base convex. Aperture oblique, round-emarginate, armed with a moderate parietal lamella and two equal oblique colu- mellar folds. Columella narrowly dilated above the perfora- tion. Peristome simple, acute, unexpended, the margins re- mote. Length 5 mm (Ancey). Hawaii: Hamakua (H. W. Henshaw) ; Olaa (D. Thaanum) ; Waimea fossil (H. W. Henshaw). Type no. 18436 Bishop Mus. TORNATELLARIA. 265 Tornatdlina hcnshawi ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl. li, 1903, p. 299, pi. 12, f. 9, 10.— T. cincta ANC., Journ. of Malac. xi, 1904, p. 63. A species related to T. abbreviata but decidedly more lengthened and having more whorls. It is intermediate be- tween the latter and T. newcombi Pfr., T. cincta Anc., but differs from these two forms by the closer whorls, and from the first by the narrower umbilicus, more numerous whorls, larger size and so on ; from the second by the weaker folds and lamella?, the last whorl very little or not at all angular at its origin, and the smaller umbilicus (Ancey). The type specimen measures, length 4.9, diam. 2.6, axis of apert. 1.8 mm. The parietal lamella is 0.25 mm. in height. This species is most closely related to T. sykesi P. & C. from the same island. In the former species the outlines of the spire are less convex, the umbilicus is narrower, the parie- tal lamella is not as strong and the upper columellar fold less strongly developed. The spiral stria? on the apical whorls of T. henshawi are very low and indistinct on all the specimens at hand. The umbilicus is less than 1/20 of the diameter of the shell. Figured from a cotype. A specimen (Bishop Mus. no. 34027) from the fossil beds of Waimea, collected by Mr. Henshaw, measures, length 5.8 diam. 2.8 mm. and has 8 whorls. This is undoubtedly the form Ancey identified from there as T. cincta (Jouru. of Malac. xi, 1904, p. 63). 11. T. SYKESII C. & P., n. sp. PI. 55, fig. 6. The shell is perforate, ovate conic, brownish corneous with a broad pale band at the periphery, transparent, shining, nearly smooth, minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire conic, with slightly convex outlines. Suture scarcely im- pressed, distinctly margined. Whorls 8, nearly flat, slightly convex, slowly increasing, compressed, the last broadly ovate, faintly marked with a light broad band at the periphery, base convex, slightly tapering. Aperture rather small, broadly ovate. Parietal lamella strong, very oblique, slightly arcuate. 266 TOENATELLARIA. Columella nearly straight, expanded above the umbilicus, with two well developed lamellae extending to the outer margin of the columella. Peristome thin, erect, slightly arcuate. Length 4.5, diam. 2.5, axis of apert. 1.8 mm. Height of parietal la- mella 0.35 mm. Hawaii: Hilo (Thaanum), Olaa (Thaanum, Cooke). Type no. 14194 Bishop Mus. Cotypes 33959 and 14018 Bishop museum; 111858 A. N. S. P. and in Mr. Thaanum 's collection. T. sykesii is closely related to T. henshawi. In the former the shell is shorter, stouter and the spire has slightly more convex outlines. The parietal lamella is stronger, with min- ute serrations along its inner margin and the front end is usually eroded. In T. sykesii the colurnellar folds are more strongly developed. A pale peripheral band is never present in T. henshawi. The shell differs from T. a. ha-wanensis by having two strongly developed and subequal columellar lamellae, and the broad, outwardly flaring parietal lamella is eroded and irre- gular in front. It is three-fourths of a whorl long. Color cinnamon-buff. An Olaa specimen measures, length 4.4 ; diam. 2.6, length of aperture 1.75 mm. ; 71/4 whorls. It is less glossy and darker colored than T. smithi, and it has a much more prominent parietal lamella. The umbili- cus is about one-eleventh of the total diameter. In immature specimens the lower columellar fold is slightly stronger than the upper. There are about 12 fine low spiral striae on the embryonic whorls. lla. T. SYKESI ILLIBATA C. & P., ii. var. PI. 55, fig. 7. In size, form and color-pattern this variety agrees closely with the typical form from Hawaii. The parietal lamella of illibata is lower, without the minute serrations on its inner margin and its front margin is never eroded. The columellar folds are much weaker. In young specimens the lower colu- mellar fold is much stronger than the upper. There are about 12 distinct spiral striae on the embryonic whorls. Length 4.5, diam. 2.5, axis of apert. 1.8 mm. Height of parietal lamella 0.27 mm. TORNATELLARIA. 267 Molokai: Kilohana type locality (Cooke), Puunea (Pilsbry, Cooke). Type no. 34028 Bishop Mus., cotypes no. 24510 Bishop museum and 111859 A. N. S. P. This variety is not quite as closely coiled as the typical form. There are iy2 whorls in the type of the variety which have the same length as the type of the species. The umbilicus is slightly larger than in the typical form, being about one- ninth of the total diameter. 12. T. CONVEXIOR P. & C., u. sp. PI. 55, fig. 8. The shell is perforate, light cinnamon colored, slightly transparent, with a somewhat dull surface. Outlines of the spire are distinctly convex, the individual whorls being slightly convex, the last rounded peripherally and below. Parietal lamella is broad, eroded or excised in front, and a whorl long. Two columellar lamellae emerge ; they are about equally prominent, but the upper one is more oblique. Length 4.4, diam. 2.4, aperture 1.5 mm. ; 8 whorls. Hawaii : Olaa, D. Thaanurn ; with T. sykesi. Type no. 112751 A. N. S. P. ; cotypes in Bishop Mus. T. henshawi, T. trochoidcs and T. cincta have distinctly less convex, nearly straight lateral outlines. T. sykesi is de- cidedly wider, with the parietal lamella not so long. T. um- bilicata has a more slender spire and a shorter, wider parietal lamella. While we hesitate to add another to this difficult group, yet it does not seem possible to identify the shells with any described species. 13. T. ABBREVIATA (Ancey). PI. 55, figs. 12, 13. Shell obese-ovate, thin, more or less pellucid, glossy or with a somewhat silken sheen, light or brown-corneous, minutely but deeply and openly perforate. Spire conic, the apex minute, a little obtuse. Whorls 6y2, regularly increasing, somewhat flat or very little convex, suture lightly impressed ; the last whorl obese, rather sack-like, rounded (only in the young encircled by an angle). Aperture suboblique, irre- gularly oval, angular above, armed with a strong white com- pressed parietal lamella and two minute, oblique, spiral folds 268 TORNATELLARIA. (the lower one larger, the first sometimes obsolete). Peris- tome simple, acute, dilated and expanded at the columella. Length scarcely 4.0, diam. 2.5, alt. apert. 1.75 mm. (Ancey). E. Maui: Kaupakalua (Baldwin), Kula, Kailua (Cooke). Cotypes no. 18421 Bishop Museum and 111850 A. N. S. P. Type not isolated by Ancey. Tornatellina abbreviata ANCEY, Journ. de Conehyl. li, 1903, p. 298, pi. 12, figs. 7, 8. T. abbreviate/, which belongs to the group of T. wnbilicata Anc., of the western part of Maui, is more swollen than the latter, and the parietal lamella, while robust, is less developed. It is quite a large perforate species, with the conic spire com- posed of GI/> nearly flat whorls separated by a shallow suture. The last whorl is swollen, well rounded, and not angular ex- cept in the young stage. The two columellar folds are small but distinct at this stage. In the adult they are less de- veloped, and the upper one, which is perhaps a little less salient, tends to become effaced. The little circular perfora- tion is covered above by the narrow expansion of the colu- mellar margin (Ancey). Recognition marks of this species are the obese shape and strong parietal lamella, which tapers in front and is not noticeably irregular or eroded there. Both columellar la- mellae are moderately developed in the neanic stage, the lo\ver one being stronger, but in the adult only the lower persists, the other being visible as an obtuse convexity, visible in an oblique view in the aperture. A cotype from the Ancey col- lection is figured on pi. 55, fig. 13. It measures, length 3.7, diam. 2.5, length of aperture 1.75 mm., agreeing closely with Mr. Ancey 's type measurements. Kaupakalua, East Maui. The specimen figured in pi. 55, fig. 12, is larger than any in Ancey 's material. It came out of the original lot from Mr. Baldwin, from which Ancey 's material \vas taken. It has 7J/4 whorls and measures length 4.6, diam. 2.95, axis of apert. 2.1 mm. Height of parietal lamella 0.32 mm. In adult specimens the umbilicus is one-sixth to one-ninth of the dia- meter. There are about 14 very fine spiral stria? on the em- bryonic whorls. TORNATELLARIA. 269 13o. T. abbrcviata hawaiiensis n. var. PL 55, fig. 14. Specimens of this species from Hawaii have a slightly lower parietal lamella and weaker columellar folds than those from Maui, but both columellar lamellae emerge. They are also somewhat more slender. Length 4.3, diaiii. 2.5, axis of apert. 1.85 mm. Height of parietal lamella 0.25 mm. ; 7 whorls. Hawaii: Kukuihaele (type loc.), Okala and Waimea (Thaanum) ; Waimea fossil (Henshaw). Type 34026 Bishop Mus. Cotypes 15236 Bishop Museum, 111851 A. N. S. P., and in Mr. Thaanum 's collection. The fossil material is considerably larger than the living. A specimen with 7y2 whorls measures, length 5.4, diam. 3.25, axis of apert. 2.3 mm. In fresh immature specimens the lower columellar fold is stronger than the upper. There are about 12 rather separ- ated fine distinct spiral stride on the embryonic whorls. 14. T. SMITHI C. & P., n. sp. PL 55, fig. 11. The shell is perforate, broadly conic, light corneous, vitreous, shining, nearly smooth, very minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire conic, apex subacute. Suture simple, lightly impressed. Whorls 6y2, moderately convex, slowly increas- ing, compressed, the last somewhat ventricose with convex tapering base. Aperture not small, ovate. Parietal lamella low, oblique. Columella nearly straight, slightly tumid, fur- nished with two almost equal folds, which extend to the margin of the columella. Peristome simple, thin, acute, arcuate. Length 3.8, diam. 2.3, axis of apert. 1.8 mm. Height of par. lamella 0.15 mm. Hawaii: Olaa, Kaiwiki and Hilo (Thaanum); Kaalapuu- wale, in the district of Kona (Forbes). Type Bishop Mus. 14195. Cotypes Bishop Mus. 14015 and 14051, 111857 A. N. S. P., and in Mr. Thaanum 's collection. In most specimens the front portion of the parietal lamella is broken or eroded. The umbilicus is from 1/9 to 1/13 of tin- diameter of the shell. In immature specimens there are about 20 low close spiral threads on the embryonic whorls. This 270 TORN ATELL ARIA. species appears to be closely related to T, abbreviata of East Maui. It differs, however, in its more conical spire with more convex whorls, smaller umbilicus and lower parietal lamella. The species is dedicated to Mr. E. A. Smith of the British Museum. The specimens from Kaiwiki differ somewhat from the more widely distributed form. They are more obese, measuring length 3.6, diam. 2.7 mm. The parietal lamella is lower, about 0.10 mm. in height. There are two color varieties of this form; the typical vitreous-corneous and a single specimen of a uniform darker corneous color. 15. T. SHARPI P. & C., n. sp. PL 55, fig. 10. The shell is perforate, rather broadly ovate-conic, light- cinnamon ; glossy, very weakly striate. Outlines of the spire barely convex. Whorls 6y2, convex, the last rotund. Parietal lamella rather high, excised in front. Columellar lamellae two, subequal, the upper emerging to the edge, the lower slightly shorter. Length 3.3, diam. 2.2, aperture 1.4 mm. Hawaii : crest of Kilawea crater, about half a mile south of the Volcano House, Dr. Benj. Sharp. Similar to T. abbreviata hawaiiensis, but decidedly smaller. T. stokesi of Oahu is less conic in shape. The authors collected over about the same ground in 1913 without finding this species. 16. T. BALDWINIANA C. & P., n. sp. PL 55, fig. 5. The shell is perforate, ovate-conic, corneous, transparent, shining, under a lens distinctly and almost regularly striate with lines of growth. Spire convexly conic, apex subacute. Suture simple, well impressed, indistinctly narrowly mar- gined and minutely crenulate. Whorls 6^/2, convex, increas- ing slowly and regularly, the last tapering towards the base. Aperture proportionately large, oblong-ovate. Parietal la- mella low, entire, scarcely diagonal. Coluniella tumid above, with two low folds, the upper slightly stronger than the lower. Peristome thin, acute, uniformly arcuate. Length 3.4, ERRATA AND ADDITIONS. 271 diam. 1.95, axis of apert. 1.45 mm. Height of parietal lam. 0.11 mm. W. Maui: Maunahooma (Cooke). Type no. 34029 Bishop Mus. Cotypes no. 21013 Bishop Mus. and no. 111854 A. N. S. P. The most aberrant species of the genus. At first glance it appears to be a Tornatellides, but the animals are ovi- parous. This species is smaller and has fewer whorls than any of the other species ; the whorls are more convex, and the columellar folds are quite weak and diagonal. In young shells the columellar folds are remarkably weak, but the parietal lamella is proportionately stronger than in adults. The shell is distinctly striate. The embryonic whorls are distinctly en- circled with about 20 spiral strise. The shell is stouter in form and has a longer parietal lamella than Tornatellides bellus or T. plagioptyx, species which other- wise somewhat resemble T. baldwiniana. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. PAGE 44. 2d line under A. LINEOLATA (Newcomb). Read Uneolata card in place of lincolata cord. PAGE 73. Key to species of Oahu. In the third and fourth lines the phrase tvhorls of the spire but slightly convex was misplaced. It belongs in the following paragraph following the guide-letter a. PAGE 121. Second paragraph from bottom. The Sunday Island form is perhaps referable to typical F.. ovatum rather than to the variety apert u in. PAGE 125. 7th line from bottom. For Tornatellino manilense read Tornatellina manilensis. LEPTACHATINA. The following species probably belongs to this genus. It is unknown to other authors, and as the type is lost, it may be disregarded as unidentifiable. Bulimus pumicatus Mighels. Shell dextral, conical, polish^ 1, glossy, light brown color, irnperf orate ; whorls 7, slightly eon- vex ; aperture oval, small, with a delicate fold on the left side ; 272 ERRATA AND ADDITIONS. lip simple, acute. Length one-fifth, diam. three-twentieths inch. Oahu. (Proc. Boston Society of Nat. Hist. II, 1845, p. 19). P. 36. After A. obscura puclla add : PL 6, fig. 11. FERNANDEZIA. F. DIAPHANA (King). Shell subcylindric, diaphanous, transversely striate. Length five-sixteenths, width five-thirtyseconds of an inch. Juan Fernandez ( Kin g ) . Achatina diaphana KING, Zoological Journal v, 1830-31, p. 342. TORNATELLINA. TORNATELLINA NORFOLKENSIS PrestOll. Shell subulately cylindrical, thin, fragile, semi-transpar- ent, smooth, polished, shining, pale reddish-broAVii ; whorls 6, the first very small, the second proportionately large, the re- mainder regularly increasing, marked only with irregular growth-plicas ; suture impressed, very narrowly margined below, columella whitish, developed into a rather twisted, inwardly-projecting fold, and extending above into a light, well-defined, and somewhat restricted parietal callus, which reaches to the upper margin of the labrum; labrum simple, aperture inversely auriform, bearing a single, curved, erect, white, entering, parietal lamella. Alt. 3.5, diam. maj. 1.25 mm. (Preston, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8 ser., vol. 12, p. 536, Dec., 1913.) Ball's Bay, Norfolk Island (R. Bell). Tornatellina norfolkensis moohucnsis Preston. Shell differing from T. norfolkensis, Preston, in its very slightly shorter and much broader form, and in the parietal lamella, which in the present species is quite obsolete. Alt. 3.5, diam. maj. 1.5 mm. (Preston, t. c., p. 537.) Moohu Stone, a small islet off the coast of Norfolk Island (R. Bell). ERRATA AND ADDITIONS. 273 Tornatellina norfolkensis nepeanensis Preston. Shell allied to both T. norfolkensis and T. moohuensis, but differing from the former in its much broader form and from the latter in its more tapering spire, more rounded whorls and well-developed parietal lamella. Alt. 3.5, diam. maj. 1.5 mm. (Preston). Nepeau Island (R. Bell). With the exception of Vallonia sp., which is exceedingly plentiful, this and the following are the only living species of land Mollusca found upon the Island (Preston, t. c., p. 537). TORNATELLINA DUPLICILAMELLATA Preston. Shell fusiformly ovate, polished, shining, yellowish-brown; whorls 5; regularly but rather rapidly increasing, somewhat inflated, marked only with growth striae ; suture impressed ; columella margin white, twisted, bearing a short projecting lamella above, descending below in an almost vertical curve; aperture rather obliquely, inversely auriform, furnished with a well-developed, entering, parietal lamella. Alt. 2.25, diam. maj. 1.5 mm. (nearly) (Preston, t. c., p. 537). Nepean Island (R. Bell). P. 150. The name Lamcllina Pse. proves to be preoccupied by Lamellina Bory de Saint- Vincent, Encycl. Meth., Zoo- phytes II, p. 480, 1824. It must therefore take the name Lamellidea, which was considered a synonym in the text. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. NOTE. — Unless otherwise stated, the figures represent specimens in the collection of the Academy. All original figures of shells were drawn by Miss Helen Winchester ; those of the soft anatomy by Pilsbry. FIGURE. PAGE. PLATE 1. Laminella, Amastra. 1, 2. Laminella gravida Fer. Typical. Tantalus Bowl. 108036-7 53 3, 4. Laminella g. aurantium P. & C. Above Waiahole. 109904 54 5. Laminella g. aurantium. P. & C. Kaliuwaa. 109907. 54 6. Laminella g. kalihiensis P. & C. Kalihi. 109905 . . 54 7, 8. Laminella g. waianaensis P. & C. Haleauau. 109903 54 9. Amastra farcimen Pfr. Type. British Mus 46 10-15. Laminella alexandri Newc. Mt. Kukui. 109906. 55 17. Amastra melanosis Nc. Paratype, Newcomb coll . . 49 18. Amastra m. kauensis P. & C. Waiohinu, Kau. 108147 50 PLATE 2. Amastra. 1-4. Amastra umbilicata arenarum P. & C. Moomomi. 23 5-8. Amastra umbilicata Pfr. Half-mile east of Kahuku 22 9, 10. Amastra ultima P. & C. Kahuku, Kau 25 11, 12. Amastra fragilis P. & C. Molokai. 108244, 108629 24 13. Amastra antiqua kawaihapaiensis P. & C. Oahu. . 22 14, 15. Amastra eos P. & C. Keawaawa, Oahu 26 16. Amastra transversalis bryani P. & C. Punchbowl. . 27 17. Amastra retieulata vespertina P. & C. Kawaihapai. 30 18. Amastra elongata Nc. Newcomb collection 47 19,20. Amastra hartmani (= similaris). Newcomb coll., Cornell Univ. Mus. 29987 20 PLATE 3. Amastra. 1-3. Amastra mucronata Nc. Mapulehu. 108229 .... 34 4-7. Amastra kalamaulensis P. & C. 108227 37 8-10. Amastra kaunakakaiensis P. & C. 108628 36 (274) EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 275 FIGURE. PAGE 11, 12. Amastra albocincta P. & C. Kamalo. 108689, 108688 40 13. Amastra subsoror H. & P. 57786 48 14. Amastra tricincta Pils. Embryo. 108878 39 15. Amastra nubigena P. & C. West Maui 48 PLATE 4. Amastra. 1-5. Amastra goniops P. & C. Olowalu 41 6, 7. Amastra pilsbryi Cooke. Mt. Helu. 108170 46 8. Amastra pilsbryi Cooke. Mt. Helu. Bishop Mus. . . 46 9-12. Amastra obesa aurora P. & C. Auwahi, Maui . . 18 13. Amastra obesa Newc. Embryo. Polipoli, E. Maui. 19 PLATE 5. Amastra. 1-4. Amastra metamorpha P. & C. Auwahi, Maui ... 19 5, Amastra metamorpha P. & C. Embryo 19 6, 7. Amastra m. debilis P. & C. Olowalu, Maui 20 8-10. Amastra subsoror auwahiensis P. & C. Auwahi. 48 11, 12. Amastra nubigena P. & C. West Maui 48 13. Amastra montagui Pils. Oahu. 108172 29 PLATE 6. Amastra. 1-10. Amastra lahainana P. & C. Olowalu 43 11. Amastra subobscura puella P. & C. Ualapue 36 12-14. Amastra affinis Nc. Auwahi 43 15-19. Amastra affinis Nc. Polipoli 43 PLATE 7. Amastra. 1. Amastra solida Pease (= decorticata) . Mus. Comp. Zool 31 2,3. Amastra solida Pease (= subrostrata) . Mus. Comp. Zool 28 4. Amastra subrostrata Pfr. Type, British Museum . . 28 5. Amastra extincta Pfr. Type, British Museum .... 30 6-8. Amastra nubilosa georgii P. & C. Moomomi. 109971. 39 9-14. Amastra humilis moomomiensis P. & C. Moo- momi. 110594 38 15-17. Amastra h. sepulta P. & C. Moomomi. 110595. 39 18, 19. Amastra lineolata Nc. Newcomb coll 44 20. Amastra neglecta P. & C. Maui 45 PLATE 8. Amastra. 1-4. Amastra baldwiniana Pils. Olowalu 42 5, 6. Amastra b. kahakuloensia P. & C. Kahakuloa ... 43 7, 8. Amastra pullata Bald. Head Makakupaia gulches. 108245 34 276 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 9-11. Amastra aurostoma Bald. Kaalele Paaka, Lanai. 108174 34 12-16. Amastra cylindrica Nc. W. ridge Popouwela ... 33 PLATE 9. 1, 2. Leptachatina corneola Pfr. Halawa. 108328 ... 7 3. Leptachatina microdon P. & C. Popouwela 10 4. Leptachatina popouwelensis P. & C. Popouwela, Oahu. 110596 1 5. 6. Leptachatina petila Gul. Kailua 14 7, 8. Leptachatina petila Gul. Keawaawa 14 9, 10. Leptachatina nematoglypta P. & C. Halawa. 108322 14, 11, 15. Carelia olivacea Pse. Pease coll., M. C. Z 16 12. Pauahia semicostata Pfr. Type, British Mus 16 13. Amastra flavescens Nc. Olaa, 2,550 ft 51 14. Amastra henshawi Bald. Topotype, orig. lot 51 15. Carelia olivacea Pse. Pease coll., M. C. Z 16 PLATE 10. Leptachatina. 1. Leptachatina oryza Pfr. Type, British Museum .... 3 2. Leptachatina oryza Pfr. \]/2 m. East of Kahuku . . 4 3. 4. Leptachatina oryza Pfr. iy2 miles east of Ka- huku 4 5, 6. Leptachatina oryza Pfr. iy2 miles W. of Kahuku. 4 7. 8. Leptachatina oryza Pfr. Diamond Head 4 9. Leptachatina oryza Pfr. Kailua 4 10, 11. Leptachatina o. hesperia Pils. Kawaihapai. 108981 5 12-16. Leptachatina avus P. & C. Moomomi. 108982 . . 5 PLATE 11. Leptachatina. 1, 2. Leptachatina cookei Pils. Kawaihapai 9 3. Leptachatina dormitor P. & C. Molokai 6 4, 5. Leptachatina somniator P. & C. Molokai 7 6, 7. Leptachatina hyperodou Pils. Cornell Univ. coll. 12 8. Leptachatina mcgregori P. & C. West Maui 8 9. Leptachatina sagittata P. & C. Molokai. 108889 . . 2 10. Leptachatina subcylindracea Cooke. Kahuku 11 11-13. Leptachatina subcylindracea Cooke. Kahoolawe. 108853 " 11 14. Leptachatina subcylindracea Cooke. Moomomi 11 PLATES 12, 13, 14. Achatinella, anatomy. For explanation see page 60. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 277 FIGURE. PAQE PLATES 15, 16, 17. Ama-strida, anatomy. For explanation see pages 64, 65. PLATE 18. Auriculella. 1-5. Auriculella crassula Smith. Maui. 91818 109 6,7. Auriculella uniplicata Pse. (jucunda Sm.). Gulick coll. 92708 108 8. Auriculella uniplicata Pease Maunahooma. Bishop Mus 108 9-11. Auriculella uniplicata. 62532 108 12-14. Auriculella uniplicata. 92750 108 15, 16. Auriculella uniplicata Pease. West Maui. 92751. 108 PLATE 19. Auriculella. 1. Auriculella canalifera Ancey. Bishop Mus 106 2. Auriculella canalifera Ancey. A. N. S. 91820 .... 106 3. Auriculella expansa Pse. Maui. 59047 109 4-6. Auriculella expansa Pse. Bishop Mus 109 7, 8. Auriculella tenella Anc. Waianae Mts. Bishop Mus. 99 9, 10. Auriculella westerlundiana Anc. Hawaii. 91811.. Ill 11. Auriculella westerlundiana Ancey. Hawaii. 59056. Ill 12-16. Auriculella lauaiensis Cooke. Lanai. 92753 and Bishop Mus 107 PLATE 20. Anatomy of Achatinellidcr. 1. Achatinella vulpina. Teeth. Glen Ada. 108082.. 58 2. Achatinella lorata nobilis. Teeth 58 3. Partulina dolei. Pallial organs and alimentary tract; s. g., salivary gland 57 4. Partulina dolei. Free muscles ; I. o. r., left ocular re- tractor ; 1. t. r., left tentacular retractor ; ph. r., pharyngeal retractor; t. r., foot retractor 59 5. Carelia turricula. Pallial organs 62 PLATE 21. Anatomy of Amastridcc. 1-3. Laminella gravida. Fer. Teeth 63 4. Amastra spirizona Fer. Teeth 63 5. Leptachatina labiata Pfr. Teeth 63 6. Carelia turricula Migh. Teeth 63 7. Pterodiscus rex Sykes. Teeth 63 8. Laminella citrina Migh. Marginal teeth 63 9. 11. Thaanumia fuscula Cooke 63 10. Leptachatina labiata Pfr. Jaw 62 278 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. PLATE 22. Anatomy of Auriculella. 1. Auriculella pulchra Pse. Penis 66 2. Auriculella pulchra Pse. Genitalia 66 3. Auriculella cerea Pfr. Penis 67 4. 5. Auriculella castauea Pfr. Living animal. Tan- talus 67, 94 6. Auriculella westerlundiana Anc. Genitalia 67 PLATE 23. Auriculella, Oahu. 1. Auriculella ambusta Pse. Bishop Mus 86 2. Auriculella ambusta Pse. A. N. S. P. 108269 86 3. Auriculella a. obliqua Anc. From Baldwin. 66531. 88 4. Auriculella a. obliqua Anc. Lihue, Gulick. 92524. . 88 5-7. Auriculella pulchra Pse. From Pease. 59060 ... 83 8-13. Auriculella pulchra Pse. Waolani valley. 108004 85 14. 15. Auriculella pulchra Pse. "Maunakope". 108005 85 16. Auriculella pulchra Pse. Halawa. 108265 85 17-19. Auriculella pulchra Pse. Waimano-Manana ridge. 108052 86 20. Auriculella pulchra Pse. Helemano. (solida Gu- lick.) 92216 86 PLATE 24. Auriculella, Oahu. 1-9. Auriculella auricula Fer. Bishop Mus 78 10. Auriculella a. pellucida Gul. Kaliuwaa. 92503 80 11, 12. Auriculella diaphana cacuminis P. & C. "Mauna- kope". 108277 77 13. Auriculella straminea Cooke. Tantalus. Bishop Mus. 77 14. Auriculella montana, var., Lanihuli. Bishop Mus... 82 15.16. Auriculella tantalus P. & C. Mt. Tantalus. 108045. 97 PLATE 25. Auriculella, Oahu. 1, 2. Auriculella perpusilla Smith. Oahu. Bishop Mus. 91 3, 4. Auriculella perversa Cooke. Nuuanu. Bishop Mus. . 90 5-9. Auriculella mimita C. & P. Nuuanu. Bishop Mus. and A. N. S 90 10, 11, 12. Auriculella castanea Pfr. Bishop Mus. and A. N. S 94 13, 14. Auriculella serrula Cooke. Konahuanui. Bishop Mus 93 15. Auriculella turritella Cooke. Konahuanui. Bishop Mus 92 16. Auriculella tenuis Smith. Helemano. Bishop Mus. 98 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 279 FIGURE. PAGE PLATE 26. Auriculella. 1-3. Auriculella cerea Pfr. Waikolu. 91814 103 4. Auriculella cerea Pfr. Bishop Mus 103 5. Auriculella cerea Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond 103 6. 7. Auriculella cerea Pfr. Kawela. 92752 103 8, 9. Auriculella flavida Cooke. Kamalo. Bishop Mus. and 94495 103 10-12. Auriculella brunnea Smith. Bishop Mus 105 13-15. Auricullela brunnea Smith. A. N. S. 94491, 91813, 94491 105 PLATE 27. Auriculella, Oahu. 1-6. Auriculella diaphana Smith. Makiki. Bishop Mus. 76 7, 8. Auriculella montana, variety from Lanihuli. Bishop Mus 82 9. Auriculella montana Cooke. 91819 82 10, 11. Auriculella olivacea Cooke. Oahu. Bishop Mus. 81 12-14. Auriculella malleata Anc. Mt. Kaala. 112947 . . 88 PLATE 28. 1. Auriculella newcombi Pfr. Nr. Meyer's Lake. 108585 A. N. S 102 2. Auriculella newcombi Pfr. Puunea. 108282. A. N. S.. 102 3. 4. Auriculella newcombi Pfr. Near top Leper Settle- ment trail. 108728. A. N. S 102 5. Elasmias fuscum obtusum P. & C. Popouwela 117 6. Elasmias fuscum Anc. Interior. Popouwela 117 7. Gulickia alexandri Cooke. Maui. Bishop Mus 112 8. Auriculella petitiana Pfr. Conchylien Cabinet .... 95 9. Lamellovum globosum Petit. Conchylien Cabinet . . 131 10-12. Lamellovum globosum Petit. A. N. S. coll 131 PLATE 29. Elasmias. 1. Elasmias fuscum Anc. Kona, Hawaii. Bishop Mus. 115 2-6. Elasmias fuscum. Olaa (2, 4, neanic stage). Bishop Mus 115 7-10. Elasmias luakahaense C. & P. Nuuanu. Bishop Mus 117 PLATE 30. Elasmias. 1. Elasmias ovatum Anton. Conchylien Cabinet 119 2. Elasmias o. apertum Pse. Society Is. 24021 A. N. S. 120 3. Elasmias o. apertum Pse. Huaheine. 24020 A. N. S. : 20 4. 5. Elasmias ovatum apertum Pse. Sunday Island . . 121 280 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 6. Elasniias citreum Smith. Lombok Island 126 7. Elasmias citreum Smith. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. . 126 8. Elasmias eucharis Braz. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.. 123 9. Elasmias wakefieldise Cox. Rec. Austr. Mus 122 10. Elasmias wakefieldiaj Cox. 113147 A. N. S. P 122 11. Elasmias mariei Crosse. Journ. de Conch 124 12. Elasmias mariei Crosse. 24042 A. N. S. P 124 PLATE 31. Elasmias. 1-4. Elasniias cernicum Bens. Mauritius 128 5. Elasmias peaseanum Garrett. Type. Moorea. 24023 122 6. Elasmias manilense Dohrn ( ?) . No. 78496 A. N. S. P. 126 7. 8. Elasmias anceyanum C. & P. 14147 Bishop Mus. 118 9. 11. Elasmias kitaiwojimanum P. & H. 84965 A. N. S. P 130 10. Elasmias apertum Pse. Teeth, after Binney 114 PLATE 32. Tornatellina. 1, 2, 4. Tornatellina ogasawarana P. & H. Minamijima. 85760 151 3. Tornatelliua ogasawarana. P. & H. Anijima. 83295. 151 5, 6, 8, 9. Tornatellina o. longa Pils. Chichijima. 83284 152 7,10. Tornatellina o. longa Pils. Imotojima. 84956.. 152 11, 12. Tornatellina ogasawaraua P. & H. Anijima. 83295 151 PLATE 33. Tornatellina. 1-3. Tornatellina serrata Pse. Society Is 164 4, 5. Tornatellina serrata Pse. Cook's Is 164 6. Tornatellina laevis Pse. (= serrata). Society Is. ... 165 7, 9. Tornatellina hidalgoi Crosse. Journ. de Conch. . . 140 8. 12. Tornatelliua microstoma Mlldff. Guam 167 10, 11. Tornatellina subcylindrica Mlldff. Guam 166 PLATE 34. Tornatellina. 1, 2. Tornatellina pusilla Gld. Ebon Island 176 3. Tornatellina pusilla Gld. Rarotonga 176 4. Tornatellina pusilla Gld. U. S. Expl. Exped. Atlas. 176 5. Tornatellina conica Mouss. (== T. i. normalis). After Mousson 174 6. Tornatellina impressa normalis P. & C. Huaheine . . 174 7. Tornatellina i. intuscostata P. & C. Huaheine 175 8. Tornatellina impressa Mouss. Huaheine 173 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 281 FIGURE. PAGE. 9, 10. Tornatellina bilamellata Ant. Conchylien Cab. . 139 11. Tornatellina nitida Pease. Mauiki, Hervey Is 145 12, 13. Tornatellina perplexa Garrett. Specimen from Garrett 144 PLATE 35. Tornatellina. 1, 2. Tornatellina peponum Old. Type, 5506 U. S. N. M. 156 3, 4. Tornatellina baldwini Anc. Journ. de Conchyl. . . 142 5, 6. Toruatellina peponum Gld. Maui 156 7. 10. Tornatellina baldwini subrugosa P. & C. Maui . . 143 8. 11. Tornatellina societatis P. & C. Raiatea 147 9. Tornatellina trochlearis Pfr. Conchylien Cabinet. . . 178 10. Tornatellina baldwini subrugosa P. & C. Type. Maui. 143 12, 13. Tornatellina voyana P. & C. A. N. S. P. 83154. 179 14, 15. Tornatellina incgregori P. & C. A. N. S. P. No. 85387 144 PLATE 36. Tornatellina. 1. Tornatellina societatis P. & C. Raiatea 147 2. Tornatellina perplexa Garrett. 83155 A. N. S. P. . . 144 3. 7. Tornatellina nitida Pease. Huaheine 145 4. Tornatellina philippii Pfr. Conchylien Cabinet . . . 178 5. 6. Tornatellina oblonga Pse. Tahiti 162 8. Tornatellina bacillaris (= oblonga). Journ. de Con- chyl 164 9, 10, 11. Tornatellina oblonga Pse. Huaheine. 59888, 59889 162 PLATE 37. Tornatellina. 1, 2. Tornatelliua monodonta Pils. & Hir. Bonin Is. . . 169 3. Tornatellina biplicata Pils. Hachijojima 153 4, 5. Tornatellina rucuana Pils. & Hir. Loochoo Is. ... 170 6,7. Tornatellina hataiana Pils. & Cooke. Sulphur Is.. 171 8-10. Tornatellina nakadai P. & C. Bonin Is 170 PLATE 38. Tornatellina. 1. Tornatellina novoseelandica Pfr. North I., N. Z. ... 181 2. Tornatellina novoseelandica Pfr. Conchylien Cab.. . 181 3. Tornatellina noumeensis Crosse. Journ. de Conchyl. 184 4. Tornatellina noumeensis Crosse. New Caledonia . . . 184 5. 6. Tornatelliua jacksonensis Cox. Mon. Austr. Land Shells 181 7, 10, 11. Tornatellina moellendorffiana Pils. Guam . . . 168 8. Tornatellina mastersi Braz. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 182 282 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 9. Tornatellina petterdi (— mastersi). Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W 183 10, 11. Tornatellina moellendorffiana P. & C. Guam . . . 168 12, 13. Tornatellina moluccana Bttg. Ber. Senck. Ges.. . 186 14, 15. Tornatellina kochiana Mlldff. Malak. Blatter.. 185 16. Tornatellina natunensis Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H. . 126 PLATE 39. Tornatellina. 1-5. Tornatellina kermadecensis P. & C. Kermadec Is. 149 6-8. Tornatellina iredalei P. & C. Kermadec Is 180 9-11. Tornatellina raoulensis P. & C. Kermadec Is 180 PLATE 40. Tornatellina. 1, 2. Tornatellina cylindrica Sykes. Popouwela. 108897 A. N. S. P 153 3, 6. Tornatellina c. kilohanana P. & C. 108587 A. N. S. P 154 4, 5. Tornatellina p. kamaloensis P. & C. 109951 A. N. S. P 156 7. Tornatellina minuta Anton. After Kuester 187 8-10. Tornatellina tantalus P. & C. 10S025 A. N. S. P. 172 11, 12. Tornatellina kochiana Mlldff. 103544 A. N. S. P. 185 13. Tornatellina baldwini Anc. Neanic stage. Kaele- pulu. 112760 A. N. S. P 142 PLATE 41. Tornatellina. 1-5, 7. 8. Tornatellina polygnampta P. & C 105 6, 9. Tornatellina oblonga Pse. Ananeanic stage 160 PLATE 42. Tornatellina. 1, 2. Tornatellina baldwini Ancey 142 3. Tornatellina gayi C. & P. Kauai. Bishop Mus. ... 172 4. 5. Tornatellina peponum Gld. Ananeanic stage .... 157 6. Tornatellina peponnm Gld. Metaneanic stage 157 7. Tornatellina oblonga Pse. Embryonic stage. Nuu- anu 160 8-10. Tornatellina oblorga Pse. Lehui, Kanai. Adult and ananeamc stage 160 11. Tornatellina gracilis Pse. Embryonic stage 159 PLATE 43. Tornatellina. 1-3. Tornatellina cylindrica Sykes. Waianae Mts.. 153,154 4-6. Tornatelli^a lanceolata C. & P. Bishop Mus. and A. N. S. 158 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 283 FIGURE. PAGE. 7. Tornatellina gracilis Pse. Round Top. Oahu 159 8. Tornatellina gracilis Pse. Kona, Hawaii 159 9. Tornatellina gracilis Pse. Ananeanic stage. Dia- mond Head, Oahu 159 PLATE 44. Tornatellides. 1, 4. Tornatellides inexpectatus Pils. 87564 A. N. S. P. 196 2, 3. Tornatellides tryoni Pils. & Cooke. 82669 A. N. S. P 197 5-7. Tornatellides boeningi S. & B. After Boettger . . 196 8, 9. Tornatellides simplex Pse. Society Is. 24714 A. N. S. P 197 10. Tornatellides simplex Pse. Raratonga. 24715 A. N. S. P 197 11. 12. Tornatellides perforatus Liardet. P. Z. S. Lond., 1876 199 13. Tornatellides antoni (=oblongus Ant.). Reeve, Conch. Icon 198 14, 15. Tornatellides subperforatus Sut, 63692 A. N. S. P. 199 16. Tornatellides s. kermadecensis P. & C. Sunday Is.. 200 17. Tornatellides chathamensis Dall. Tooth. After Dall. 201 18. Pelecostoma cymatoferus (= T. chathamensis). After Reibisch 201 19. Tornatellides chathamensis Dall. After Dall 201 PLATE 45. Tornatellides. 1-3. Tornatellides compactus Sykes. 36244 Bishop Mus. 204 4-6. Tornatellides procerulus Anc. 36246 Bishop Mus. 205 7,8. Tornatellides p. puukolekolensis P. & C. 108669 A. N. S. P 207 9. Tornatellides p. kailuanus P. & C. 112766 A. N. S. P. 207 10, 11. Tornatellides kamaloensis P. & C. 108700 A. N. S. P 207 12. 13. Toruatellides kilauea P. & C. 112737 A. N. S. P.. 208 PLATE 46. Tornatellides. 1, 2. Tornatellides confusus Sykes. 36245 Bishop Mus. . 209 3,4,7. Tornatellides kahoolawensis C. & P. 36247 Bishop Mus 211 5,6. TornatpllideskonaensisC.&P. 36248 Bishop Mus. . 212 8. Tornatellides oncospira C. & P. 14170 Bishop Mus.. 214 9, 10. Tornatellides subangulatus C. & P. 36250 Bishop Mus. 213 284 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 11. 12. Tornatellides kahukuensis P. & C. 112765 A. N. S. P 208 13. Tornatellides inornatus P. & C. 112764 A. N. S. P. 214 PLATE 47. Tornatellides. 1, 2, 4. Tornatellides thaanumi C. & P. 36243 Bishop Mus 215 3, 5, 6. Tornatellides idffi C. & P. 14178 Bishop Mus.. . 216 7. Tornatellides i. anisoplax P. & C. 108899 A. N. S. P. 217 8, 9. Tornatellides diptyx P. & C. 112532 A. N. S. P.. . 217 10, 11. Tornatellides rudicostatus Anc. 14152 Bishop Mus 250 12. Tornatellides rudicostatus Anc. 112763 A. N. S. P. 250 PLATE 48. Tornatellides. 1, 2. Tornatellides cyphostyla Anc. 36260 Bishop Mus. 218 3,4. Tornatellides attenuatus C. & P. 14134 Bishop Mus 219 5-7. Tornatellides pilsbryi Cooke. 36261 Bishop Mus.. 221 8, 9. Tornatellides oahuensis C. & P. 14133 Bishop Mus. 222 10-13. Tornatellides insignis P. & C. 112535 A. N. S. P. 220 14, 15. Tornatellides moomomiensis P. & C. 112534 A. N. S. P 222 PLATE 49. Tornatellides. 1, 2, 5. Tornatellides perkinsi Sykes. 14155 Bishop Mus. 224 3, 4. Tornatellides p. acicula C. & P. 36255 Bishop Mus. 225 6. Tornatellides frit P. & C. 109949 A. N. S. P 226 7, 8. Tornatellides comes P. & C. 112537 A. N. S. P. . . 225 9-11. Tornatellides productus Anc. 36258 Bishop Mus. Kipu 226 12. 13. Tornatellides microraphala P. & C. 112536 A. N. S. P 229 14-16. Toriatellides macromphala Auc. 36256 Bishop Mus. Kaupakalua; and (fig. 16) Nuuanu 227 17, 18. Tornatellides m. ada P. & C. 112538 A. N. S. P. 229 PLATE 50. Tornatellides. 1-3. Tornatellides euryomphala Anc. 36263 Bishop Mus. 232 4-6. Tornatellides irregularis C. & P. 14157 Bishop Mus 234 7. 8. Tornatollides ronaldi C. & P. 36267 Bishop Mus.. 234 9-12. Tornatellides popouelensis P. & C. 108896 A. N. S. P. 235 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 285 FIGURE. PAGE. PLATE 51. Tornatellides. 1, 2. Toruatellides pyramidatus Ancey. 36265 Bishop Mus 236 3, 4. Tornatellides waianaensis P. & C. 108894 A. N. S. P 237 5, 6. Tornatellides bnmneus C. & P. 36266 Bishop Mus. 238 7. Tornatellides waianaensis P. & C. Var. 108S94a A. N. S. P 238 8. Tornatellides macroptychia Anc. 36262 Bishop Mus. Kaupakalua 239 9. Tornatellides macroptychia Anc. 18438 Bishop Mus. 239 10, 14. Tornatellides virgula C. & P. 36264 Bishop Mus. 241 11-13. Tornatellides leptospira C. & P. 36268 Bishop Mus. 243 PLATE 52. Tornatellides. 1, 2. Tornatellides terebra C. & P. 36251 Bishop Mus. 244 3, 4. Tornatellides prionoptychia C. & P. 36241 Bishop Mus 246 5. Tornatellides forbesianus C. & P. Embryo, x 60. 36240 Bishop Mus 248 6. 7. Tornatellides serrarius P. & C. 112539 A. N. S. P. 247 8,9. Tomatellides forbesi C. & P. 36239 Bishop Mus.. 247 10. Tornatellides f. nanus C. & P. 36240 Bishop Mus.. 248 11-13. Tornatellides drepanophora C. & P. 36242 Bishop Mus 249 PLATE 53. 1-3. Tornatellides plagioptyx P. & C. 112533 A. N. S. P. 242 4, 5. Tornatellides bellus C. & P. 14113 Bishop Mus. . . 241 6-8. Tornatellides spaldingi C. & P. 36259 Bishop Mus. 230 9, 10. Tornatellides bryani C. & P. 39042 Bishop Mus.. 210 11. Tornatellina mastersi Braz. 28917 Mus. Comp. Zool. 182 12, 13. Tornatelliua jacksonensis Cox. 28920 Mus. Comp. Zool 181, 182 14. Tornatellina trochiformis Pfr. After Kuester 190 15. Tornatellina turrita Ant. After Kuester 188 PLATE 54. Tornatellaria. 1. Tornatellaria lilae C. & P. 14175 Bishop Mus 256 2. Tornatellaria lilse C. & P. 112748 A. N. S. P 256 3. 4. Tornatellaria adelina P. & C. 112744 A. N. S. P.. 256 5, 6. Tornatellaria occidentalis P. & C. 108892 A. N. S. P. 257 7. Tornatellaria adelinae P. & C., var. 112745 A. N. S. P. 257 286 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURK. PAGE. 8. Toraatellaria stokesi P. & C. 112747 A. N. S. P 259 9, 10. Tornatellaria newcombi Pfr. 14184 Bishop Mus. 258 11, 12. Tornatellaria umbilicata Anc. 21059 Bishop Mus. Maunahooma 260 13, 14. Tornatellaria trochoides Sykes. Lanai. 112761 A. N. S. P 261 15. Tornatellaria trochoides Sykes, juv. 20062 B. P. B. Mus 261 16. Tornatellaria trochoides Sykes. Cotype. 13843 B. P. B. Mus ' ' 261 17. Tornatellaria trochoides Sykes. 20076 B. P. B. Mus. 261 PLATE 55. Tornatellaria. 1. Tornatellaria cincta Anc. 18500 Bishop Mus 262 2. Tornatellaria cincta Anc. Mapulehu. 24263 Bishop Mus 262 3. Tornatellaria henshawi Auc. 18655 Bishop Mus. . . . 264 4. Tornatellaria anceyana C. & P. 18424 Bishop Mus.. 263 5. Tornatellaria baldwiniana C. & P. Maunahooma. 34029 Bishop Mus 270 6. Tornatellaria sykesi C. & P. 14194 Bishop Mus 265 7. Tornatellaria s. illibata C. & P. 34028 Bishop Mus.. 266 8. Tornatellaria convexior P. & C. 112752 A. N. S. P.. 267 9. Tornatellaria trochoides Sykes. Copy of original fig. 261 10. Tornatellaria sharpi P. & C. 112762 A. N. S. P. ... 270 11. Tornatellaria smithi C. & P. 14195 Bishop Mus. ... 269 12. Tornatellaria abbreviata Anc. 14193 Bishop Mus... 267 13. Tornatellaria abbreviata Anc. 111850 A. N. S. P., from Ancey 267 14. Tornatellaria a. hawaiiensis C. & P. 34026 Bishop Mus. 269 INDEX TO VOLUMES XXI. XXII AND XXIII. AMASTRID.E, ACHATINELLID.E AND TORNATELLINID^E. abavus (Amastra) Pils xxi, 255 abbreviata (Achatinella) Rve. xxii, 123 abbreviata (Tornatellaria) Anc. xxiii, 267 abbreviata (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 208 Achatina accincta Rve xxi, 9, 15 Achatina accineta Mgh xxi, 2o Achatina adusta Gld xxi, 114 Achatina bicolor Jay xxi, 113 Achatiiia bulimoides Pfr xxi, 94 Achatina chrysallis Pfr xxi, 82 Achatina cochlea Rve xxi. In9 Achatina conifera Rve xxi, 98 Achatina consimilis Rve xxi, 95 Achatina diaphana King . . . .xxi;i, 272 Achatina fuliginea Pfr xxi, 115 Achatina rninuta Anton xxiii, 187 Achatina minutissima Barcl. xxiii, 123 Achatina newcombi Pfr xxi, Iu3 Achatina oahuensis Green . . . .xxi, 213 Achatina obeliscus Rve xxi, 103 Achatina sandwicensls Pfr xxi, 9 Achatina sculpta Pfr xsi, 6i Achatina stewartii Green . . . .xxii, 205 Achatina turricula Migh xxi, 1(J3 ACHATINELLASTRUM Pfr XXii, ISO ACHATINELLID.B (anatomy of) xxiii, 57 ACHATINELLA Swains xxii, 117 achatlnoides (Tornatellina) Pfr. xx'.il, 191 acicula (Achatinella) Schl. ..xxii, 366 acicula (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 225 accincta (Achatina) Rve xxi, 9 accincta (Leptachatina) Migh. ..xxi, 2.~> accineta (Aehatinella) Migh. ...xxi, 2~> acuminata (Achatinella) Gld. ...xxi, 6 acuminata (Leptachatina) G'.d...xxi, 5 acuta (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 231 acuta (Achatinella) Swn xxi, 217 ada (Tornatellides) P. & C. ..xxii, 229 adamsii (Achatinella) Nc. ...xxii, 363 adamsii (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 43 adelinae (Tornatellaria) P. & C. xxiii, 25U adusta (Achatinella) Rve. xxii, 213, 227 adusta (Carelia) Gld. xxi, 114 aemulator (Amastra) Anc xxi, 189 afflnis (Achatinella) Newc xxi, 297 affinis (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 297 ; xx ii, 43 afflnis (Tornatellina) Grt. ...xxiii, 177 agatha (Achatinella) Rv. xxii, 368, 369 agglutinans (Achatinella) Nc. xxi, 283 agglutinans (Amastra) Nc xxi, 283 aiea (Amastra) Pils xxi, 2l5 alata (Amastra) Sykes xxi, 121 alatus (Pterodiscus) Pfr xxi, 121 alba (Achatinella) Nutt xx.i, 2.9 I alba (Achatinella) Sykes xxii, 324 j albescens (Achatinella) Gul,..xxii, 258 i albida (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 221 albocincta (Amastra) P. & C. . .xxiii, 40 albofasclata (Achatinella) Sm. xxii, 29-1 albo-labris (Achatinella) Nc. ..xxi, 173 albolabris (Amastra) Nc xxi, 173 albospira (Apex) Sm xxii, 306, 3(J9 alexandri (Gulickia) Cooke ..xxiii, 112 alexandri (Laminella) Nc, xxi, 341 ; xxiii, 55 aloha (Achatinella) P. & C xxii, 330 AMASTRA Adams xxi, 133 AMASTRELLA Sykes.. xxi, 136. 151, 191 AMASTRID.E Pils. (anatomy of ) xx i:, 61 AMASTRIN.B xxi, xx ; xx.ii, 65 amhusta (Auriculella) Pse. ...xxiii, 86 amicta (Amastra) Smith xxi, 3'20 amoena (Achatinella) Pfr xxiii, 81 amoena (Auriculella) Pfr xxii, 81 ampla (Achatinella) Nc xxii, ITS ampulla (Achatinella) Gul xx.i, 57 anacardiensis (Achatinella) Paet. xxii, 369 analoga (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 213, 228 anceyana (Achatinella) Bald. . .xxii, 75 anceyana (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 39; xxiii, 13 anceyana (Partulina) Bald. ...xxii, 75 (287) 288 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. anceyana (Tornatellaria) C. & P. xxiii, 263 anceyanum (Elasmias) C. & P. xxiii, 118 angulata (Carelia) Pse xxi, 116 ANGULIDENS P. & C xxiii, 8 angusta (Achatinella) Paetel. xxiii, 191 anlsoplax (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, -217 anthonii (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 155 anthonli (Amastra) Nc xxi, 155 anthonyi (Amastra) Pse xxi, loo antiqua (Amastra) Bald xxi, 160 antiqua (Leptachatina) Pse xxi, 7 antoni (Tornatelllna) Pfr. ..xxiii, 19!) aperta (Tornatellina) Anc. ..xxiii, 117 aperta (Tornatellina) Pse xxiii, 120 apertum (Elasmias) Pse xxiii, 120 apexfulva (Achatinella) Dix. ..xxii, 317 Apex Martens xxii, 118, 274 apicata (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 32i aplustre (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 205, 212 aptycha (Achatinella) Lyons, .xxii, 32,5 aptycha (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 54, 145, 363 approximans (Leptachatina) Anc. xxi, 52 arborea (Leptachatina) Sykes. .xxi, 38 archimedis (Tornatellina) Bk. xxiii, 189 arenarum (Amastra) P. & C. . .xxiii, 23 armatus (Bulimus) Migh xxi i, 78 ARMIELLA Hyatt xxi, 14.j AEMSIA Pils xxi, 132 artata (Leptachatina) Cooke. . .xxi. 8) artata (Pauahia) Cooke xxi, 80 assimilis ( Achatiuella) Newc. .xxi, 306 assimilis (Amastra) Newc xxi, 305 atroflava (Amastra) Pils xxi. 272 attenuata (Achatinella) Pfr.. . .xxii, 63 attenuata (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 69 attenuatus (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 219 augusta (Achatinella) Sm. xxiii, 191, 203 aurantlum (Laminella) P. & C. xxiii, 54 auricula (Achatinella) Pfr xxiii, 78 auricula (Auriculella) F6r.. . .xx'li. 78 auricula (Partuln) Ff>r xxiii, 78 Auricula sinistrorsa Cham xxill, 78 AURICULELLA Pfr xxl'i, 71 aurora (Amastra) P. & C xxlil, 18 aurostoma (Amastra) Bald. xxi, 240; xxiii, 34 avus (Leptachatina) P. & C. . xxiii, 5 azona (Carelia) Anc xxi, 104 B bacca (Achatinella) Rve xxii, 123 bacillaris (Tornatellina) Mouss. xxiii, 163 badia (Amastra) Bald xxi, 185 baetica (Achatinella) Migh. ...xxi, 216 baileyana (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 51, 52 BALDWINIA Anc xxii, 90, 364 baldwiniana (Amastra) Pils. xxi, 292 ; xxiii, 42 baldwiniana (Tornatellaria) C. & P. xxiii, 270 baldwinii (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 237 baldwini (Leptacaatina) Cooke, xxi, 12 baldwinl (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 142 balteata (Amastra) Pils xxi, 2-10 balteata (Leptachatina) Pse.... xxi, 70 balteata (Partulina) Pils xxii, 17 beata (Achatinella) P. & C xxii, 329 bella (Achatinella) Rve xxii, 79 bella (Partulina) Rve xxii, 79 bellula (Achatinella) Sm xxii, 230 bellus (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 241 bensonia (Achatinella) Paetel, xxii, 368 bettsiana (Achatinella) Bald. MS. = dole! blcolor (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 348 bicolor (Carelia) Jay xxi, 113 bigener (Amastra) Hy xxi, 300 bilamellata Ant xxiii, 139 bilineata (Achatinella) Rve. xxii, 208, 210 biplicata (Achatinella) Newc. .xxi, 244 biplicata (Amastra) Newc xxi, 243 biplicata (Tornatellina) Pils. xxiii, 152 blandiana (Tornatellina) Pfr. xvii, 289 boeningi (Tornatellides) S. & B. xxiii, 196 boeningi (Tornatellina) S. & B. xxiii, 196 boetlca (Achatinella) Migh xxiii, 32 borcherdingi (Amastra) H. & P. xxi. 260 brevlana (Achatinella) Bald... xxi. 171 hrevlata (Amastra) Bald xxi, 171 brevicula (Leptachatina) Ps^...xxi, 24 brevis (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 154 brevis (Leptachatina) Cooke... xxi, 52 brunnea (Aurlculplla) Sm. ...xxiii, 105 i brunneus (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 238 bryani (Amastra) P. & C xxiii, 26 bryani (Tornatellides) C. & I'. xxiii, 210 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXHI. 289 buddii (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 187 BULIMELLA Pfr xx. i, 118 bulimoides (Achatinella) Swains. xxii, 154 bulimoides (Fernandezia) Pfr.. .xxi, 94 Bulimulus cymatoferus Relb. xxili, 2 .2 Bulimus albicans Pfr xxii, 367 Bulimus antoni Pfr xxiil, 199 Bulimus armatus Migh xxiii, 73 Bulimus clausinus Migh xxii, 366 Bulimus insignis Migh xxii, 26 Bulimus jacksonens^s Cox.. . .xxiii, 182 Bulimus kanaiensis Pfr xx i, 3G7 Bulimus lactifluus Pfr xxii, 367 Bulimus liratus Pfr xxii, 3 Bulimus newcombianus Pfr. ...xxii, 13 Bulimus pumicatus Migh. ...xxiii, 271 Bulimus scutilis Migh xxi, 11 Bulimus splendida Ant xxi, 98 byronii (Achatinella) Wood. ..xxii, 133 cacuminis (Auriculella) P. & C. xxiii, 77 cassia (Achatinella) Gul xxH, 263 callosa (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 78 callosa (Leptachatina) Pfr xxi, 78 camarinica (Tornatellina) M.Idff. xxili, 186 canaliculata (Achatinella) Ba'.d. xxii, 6 canaliculata (Newcombia) Bald, xxii, 6 canalifera (Auriculella) Anc. xxiii, 106 Candida (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 161, 162 Candida (Partulina) P. & C...xxii, 365 capax (Achatinella) P. & C...xxii, 137 captiosa (Leptachatina) Cooke. .xxi, 29 caputadamantis(Amastra)Pils. xxi, 184 CARELIA H. & A. Ad 100 carinata (Amastra) Gul xxi, 283 carinella (Newcombia) Bald xxii, 7 carinella (Partulina) Bald xxii, 358 Carinella Pfr xxi, 142 carnicolor (Partulina) Bald. xxii, 58. 364 casta (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 235 castanea (Achatinella) Rve...xxil, 212 castanea (Amastra) Pils xxi, 191 castanea (Auriculella) Pfr. xxiii. 67, 94 castanea (Tornatellina) Pfr. . .xxiii, 94 cerea (Achatinella) Pfr xxiil, 104 cerea (Auriculella) Pfr... xxiii, 67, 103 cerealis (Achatinella) Gld xxi, 13 cerealis (Leptachatina) Gld. ...xxi, 13 cernica (Tornatellina) Bs.... xxiii. 128 cernlcum (Elasmias) Bens., .xxiii, 127 cervina (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 264, 267 _ cestus (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 286 ceylanica (Tornatellina) Nev. xxiii, 134 cincta (Tornatellaria) Anc... xxiil, 262 cincta (Tornatellina) Anc.. . .xxiii, 262 Cinderella (Amastra) Hy xxi, 3uO cinerea (Achatinella) Sykes. . .xxii, 291 cinerosa (Achatinella) Pfr. ..xxii, 336 cingula (Achatinella) Migh xxi, 53 cingula (Leptachatina) Migh. . .xxi, 52 cingulata (Achatinella) Fricke xxii, 369 cinnamomea (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 11 cinnamomea (Newcombia) Pfr. xxii, 10, 355 cinnamomea (Achatinella) Fricke xxii, 369 circulata ( Achatinella) Fricke, xxii. 3t>9 citrea (Amastra) Sykes xxi, 'J71 citrea (Tornatellina) Sm xxiii, 127 citreum (Elasmias) Sm xxiii, 126 citrina (Laminella) Pfr xxiii, 56 Clara (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 74 clausa (Tornatellina) Bk. xxiii, 139, 140 clausiana (Leptaehatina) Hartm. xxii, 366 clausinus (Bulimus) Migh xxii, 306 Clementina (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 123, 125 cochlea (Carelia) Rve xxi, 108 cognata (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 264, 267 colorata (Achatinella) Rve.... xxii, 22-4 columellaris (Tornatellina) Mouss. xxiii, 148 compacta (Labiella) Pse xxi, 44 compacta (Leptachatina) Pse... xxi, 44 compacta (Tornatellina) Sykes. xxiii, 204 compactus (Tornatellides) Sykes. xxili, 204 compressa (Achatinella) Pfr.. .xx'i, 360 j compta (Partulina) Pse xxii, 36 concavospira (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 351 concidens (Achatinella) Gail... xxii, 264 i concolor (Achatinella) Sm. xxii, 236, 239 concolor (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 31 ; xxiii, 8 ' concomitans (Partulina) Hy...xxii, 37 confusa (Achatinella) Sykes. .xxii. 15 confusa (Partulina) Sykes. xxii, 96. 105- confusa (Tornatellina) Sykes. xxili, 209 confusus (Tornatellides) Sykes. xxiii, 209 conlca (Amastra) Bald xxi, -'{13- 290 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. conica (Tornatellina) Ant xx'ii, 189 conica (Tornatellina) Mss. .. .xxiii, 174 conicoides (Leptachatina) Sykes. xxi, 32 conicospira (Amastra) Sm. ...xxi, 223 conicus (Strobilus) Ant xxiii, 19.) conifera (Amastra) Smith . . . .xxi, 303 conifera (Fernandezia) Rve xxi, 9S coniform is (Apex) Gul...xxii, 306, 312 consanguinea (Achatinella) Sm. xxii, 224 consimilis (Fernandezia) Rve... xxi, 94 conspersa (Achatinella) Pfr. ..xxi, 180 conspersa (Amastra) Pfr xxi, 180 conspicienda (Leptaehatina) Cooke xxi, 5C contracts (Achatine'la) Gul.. .xxii, 258 convexior (Tornatellaria) P. & C. xxiii, 267 convexiuscula (Leptaehatina) Sykes. xxi, 19 cornea (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 188 cornea (Amastra) Pfr xxi, 187 corneola (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 58 corneola (Leptaehatina) Pfr. xxi, 58 ; xxiii, 7 eorusca (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 62 coruscans (Leptaehatina) Hartm. xxi, 41 costata (Newcombia) Borch xxii, 4 costellosa (Tornatellina) Guppy xviii, 3fll costulata (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 6 ', costulata (Leptaehatina) Gul. ..xxi, 03 costulosa (Leptaehatina) Pse...xxi, 71 crassa (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 4o crassa (Partulina) Nc xxii, 40, 362 crassidentata (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 191, 199 crassilabrum (Achatinella) Nc. xxi, 189 crassilabrum (Amastra) Nc. ...xxi, 189 crassula (Auriculella) Sm. .. .xxiii, 1' 9 crocea (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 6.", crocea (Partulina) Gul xxii, (55 crystallina (Achatinella) Gul... xxi, 20 crystallina (Leptachatina) Gul. xxi, 26 cubensis (Tornatellina) Pfr.. .xxiii, 134 cucumis (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 213, 227 eumlnpiana (Carelia) Pfr xxi, 112 cum Indiana (Klasmatina) Pet. xxiii, 190 cumingiana (Tornatellina) Pfr. xviii, 328 cumingl (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 10 oumingl (Newcombia) Nc xxii, li) cuneata (Leptaehatina) Cooke. . .xxi, 6 cuneus (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 236, 240 curta (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 252 CYCLAMASTRA P. & V. xxi, 136, 147, 158 eyclostoma (Amastra) BjlJ.. . .xx', 147 cylindrata (Leptaehatina) Pse. .xxi, 18 cylindrella (Leptaehatina) Cooke xxi, 51 cylindrica (Achatinella) Nc. ..xxi, 228 cylindrica (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 227 ; xxiii, 3o cylindrica (Tornatellina) Sykes. xxiii, 153 cymatoferus (Bulimulus) Reib. xxiii, 202 cyphostyla (Tornatellides) Anc. xxiii, 218 cyphostyla (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 219 D davisiana (Amastra) Cooke ...xxi, 176 debilis (Amastra) P. & C xxii, 20 deeepta (Achatinella) Ad xxi, zi9 decipiens (Achatinella) Nc....xxii, 145 decora (Achatinella) Auct. xxii, 289, 292 decora (Achatinella) Fer xxii, 331 decorata (Newcombia) Pils. ...xxii, 12 decorticata (Amastra) Gul. xxi, 200 ; xxiii, 31 defuncta (Leptaehatina) Cooke, xxi, 39 delta (Achatinella) Gul.. .xxii, 252, 256 densilineata (Achatinella) Rve. xxii, 49 dentata (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 77 dentata (Tornatellina) Pse. ..xxiii, 162 depicta (Laminella) Bald xxiii, 56 depressiforrnis Pse xx;, 131 deshaysii (Achatinella) Morel, xxi, 3u6 dextroversa (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 179 diaphana (Auriculella) Sm.... xxiii. 76 diaphana (Pernandtz!a) King, xxiii, 272 digonophora (Patula) Anc xxi, 130 digonopho. xxi, 327 ; xxiii, 52, 53 gravis (Achatinella) Fe"r xxii, 369 grayana (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 241 grayana (Amastra) Pfr xxi, 241 grenvillei (Tornatellina) Braz. xxiii, 184 grisea (AchatinelLa) Nc xxii, 112 grisea (Partulina) Nc xxii, 111 griseizona (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 353 grossa (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 226 gulickiana (Amastra) Pils. ...xxi, 168 gulickiana (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 273 gulickii (Apex) Sm xxii, 325, 327 gummea (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 27 gummea (Leptaehatina) Gul. ...xxi, 26 guttula (Achatinella) Gul xx , 36 suttula (Leptachatina) Gul xxi. 33 guttula (Leptachatina) Sykes . .xxi, 27 gyrans (Amastra) Hy xxi, 314 H halawaensis (Achatinella) Borch. xxii, 26, 27 hanleyana (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 278, 281 hartmani (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 1«0 ; xxiii, 20 hartmani (Leptachatina) No... xxi, 160 hataiana (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 171 havaiana (Achatinella) Rv. ..xxii, 368 hawaiana (Achatine.la) Gul. ..xxii, 369 hawaiiensis (Achatinella) Bald. xxii, 110 hawaiiensis (Amastra) Pils.... xxi, 319 hawaiiensis (Tonvatellaria) C. & P. xxiii, 2G9 hayseldeni (Partulina) Bald. ..xxii, 88 helena (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 16 heleua (Partulina) Nc. . . .xxii, 16, 356 Helicamas'tra P. & V xxi, 118 heliciformis (Amastra) Thwing xxi, 282 heliciformis (Amastra) Anc. ..xxi, 128 heliciformis (Pterodiscus) Anc. xxi, 127; xxiii, 17 Helicterella Gulick xxii, 274 HKMCTKHES Fe>., Beck xxll, 117 Helicter Pse xx i, 117 Helix alata Pfr xxi, 121 Helix apex fulva Dixon xx 1, 318 Helix bryonii Wood xxii, 134 Helix depresslformis Pse xxi, 131 Helix lugubris Gmel xxii, 318 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. 293 Helix luteola Fe"r xxi, 321 Helix prostrata Pse xxi, 132 Helix spirizona Fer xxi, 216 Helix textilis Fer xxi, 164 Helix tristls Fe> xxi, 2J6 Helix turritella Fe"r xxi, 213 Helix ventulus Fe"r xxi, 54 henshawi (Amastra) Bald. xxi, 318 ; xxiii, 51 henshawi (Leptacnatina) Sykes. xxi, 86 henshawi (Tornatellaria) Anc. xxiii, 264 henshawi (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiil, 265 hepaticum (Achatinellastrum) Borch. xxii, 83 herbacea (Achatinella) Gul...xxii, 251 hesperia (Leptachatina) P. & C. xxiii, 5 HETERAMASTRA Pils. xxi, 137, 141, 283 hidalgo! (Tornatellina) Cr xxiii, 140 hierosolymarum (Tornatellina) Roth xx, 285 honomuniensls (Newcombia) Pils. xxli, 12 horneri (Achatinella) Bald.. . .sxii, 108 horneri (Partulina) Bald. xxii, 92, 107, 305 humilis (Achatinella) Newc. ..xxi, 256 humilis (Amastra) Newc. xxi, 255 ; xxiii, 38 hutchlnsonii (Amastra) Pse...xxi, 289 hutchinsonii (Helicter) Pse xxi, 289 hyallna (Tornatellina) Tate..xviii, 3 9 hyattiana (Carelia) Pils xxi. 108 hybrlda (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 208, 212 hyperleuca (Carelia) Pils xxi, 114 hyperodon (Leptachatina) P. & C. xxiii, 12 I idae (Partulina) Borch xxii, 30, 31 idse (Tornatellldes) C. & P...xxlli, 216 ignominiosus (Achatinella) Pse. xxli, 369 ILIKALA Cooke xxi, 4, 89 lllibata (Tornatellaria) C, & P. xxiii, 266 illimis (Leptachatina) Cooke... xxi, 10 imitatrix (Leptachatina) Sykes, xxi, 68 impressa (Achatinella) Pse. . .xx:i. 3T9 impressa (Tornatellina) Mss. xxilf, 173 impressa (Leptachatina) Sykes, xxi, 66 inconspicua (Tornatellina) Braz. xxi I, 201 inconsplcuus (Tornatellides) Braz. xxiil, 2°0 induta (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 48 induta (Partuliua) Gul xxii, 48 inelegans (Achatinella) P. & C. xxli, 168 inexpectata (Tornatellina) Pils. xxiii, 196 inexpeetatus (Tornatellides) Pils. xxiii, 196 infelix (Amastra) Pils xxi, 193 inflata (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 202 inflata (Amastra) Pfr xxi, 201 inornata (Achatinella) Migh.. .xxi, 2t4 inornata (Fernandezla) Pi, s.... xxi, 97 inornatus (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii. 214 insignia (Bulimus) Migh xxli, 26 inslgnis(Tornatellides)P. & C. xxiii, 220 interjecta (Amastra) H. & P.. .xxi, 287 intermedia (Achatinella) Nc... xxi, 222 intermedia (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 222; xxiii, 33 iuterstriata (Tornatellina) Tate xviii, 311 intuscostata (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 175 iredalei (Tomatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 180 irregularls (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 234 irwinlana (Amastra) Cooke. ..xxi, 172 irwini (Achatinella) P. & C...xxii, 302 Isthmlca (Leptachatina) Anc... xxi, 44 jacksonensis (Achatinella) Cox xxiii, 182 jacksonensis (Tornatellina) Cox xxiii, 181 Johnson! (Achatinella) Nc. xxli, 205, 211 Johnson! (Amastra) H. & P...XX!, 304 jucunda (Auriculella) Sm....xx!il, 108 juddii (Achatinella) Bald, .. .xxii, 244 Juncea (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 241 K kaaeana (Partulina) Bald xxii, 41 kahakuloensis (Amastra) P. & C. xxiii, 43 kahana (Amastra) Pils xxi, 192 kahoolavensls (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 2il kahukuensls (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 338 kahukuensis (Tornatellidee) P. & C. xxlli, 208 kailuamis (Tornatellides) P. & C. xx'ii, 2°7 kaipapauenais (Amastra) Pils. xxi. 168 294 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. kaipaupauensis (Amastra) Pils. = kai- papauensis. kalamaulensis (Amastra) P. & C. xxiii, 37 kalihiensis (Laminella) P. & C. xxiii, 54 kaliuwaaensis (AchatinelLa) P. & C. xxii, 150 kaluaahacola (Partulina) P. & C. xxii, 339 kamaloensis (Laminella) P. & C. xxiii, 56 kamaloensis (Partulina) P. & C. xxii, 362 kamaloensis (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 207 kamaloensis (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 156 kanaiensis (Bulimus) Pfr xxii, 367 kauaiensis (Bulimus) Pfr xxii, 367 kauaiensis (AchatinelLa) Nc.-.xxi, 1^3 kauaiensis (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 143 ; xxiii, 18 fcaupakaluana (Amastra) Pils. xxi, 301 kaupakaluana (Partulina) Pils. xxii, 60, 363 kawaihapaiensis (Amastra) P. & C. xxiii, 22 kermadecensis (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 200 fcermadecensis (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 1^9 kilauea (Tornatellides)P. & C. xxiii, 2d8 kilohanana (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxi i, 154 kltalwojimana (Tornatellina) P. & H. xxiii, 130 kitalwojimanum (ELasmias) P. & H. xxiii, ISO knudsenl (Amastra) Bald xxi, 14G knudseni (Leptachatina) Cooke. .xxi, 8 kochiana (Tornatellina) Mlldflf. xxiii, 183 kohalensls (Amastra) Pils. ...xxi, 314 konaensis (Leptachatina) Sykes xxi, 45 konaensis (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 212 konana (Partulina) P. & C...xxii, 3''5 kuesteri (Anriculella) Pfr. .. .xxiii, 10) kuesteri (Tornatellina) Pfr. . ..xxiii, 1 soror (Amastra) Nc. xxi. 285; xxiii, 46 sowerbiana(Bulimella)IIartm. xxii, 17(! sowerbyana (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii. 175 spadlcea (Achatinella) Gul...xx'i, 157 spaldingi( Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 271 spaldingi (Amastra) Cooke . . .xxi, 170 spaldingi (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 230 ephserica (Amastra) Pse xxi, 119 SPIRAXIS xxi, 94, 95 Spiraxis cuminglana Pfr xxi, 112 Spiraxis paradoxa Pfr xxi, li'5 Spiraxis obsoleta Pfr xxi, 23 Spiraxis sandwichens's Pfr. . .xxii, 367 spirizona (Amastra) F£r. xxi, 215 ; xxiii, 32 splendida (Achatinella) Nc. ...xxii, 51 splendlda (Partulina) Nc xxii, 51 splendida (Fernandezia) Ant... xxi, 9S splendida (Partulina) Nc. xxii, 51, 3,03 splendiduia (Stenosryra) Sm....xx!, OS Stenosjyra splendiduia Sm xxi, 9^ stewartii (Achatinella) Green xxii, 204 stewartil (Achatina) Green xxii, 205, 210 stiria (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 10 stiria (Leptachatina) Gul xxi, !> stokes! (Tornntelbra) P & C. xxlil, 25!) straminea (Auriculella) Cooke x\l'i, 77 striata (Leptachatina) Nc xxl. 6- striata (Tornatellina) Nc. xxi, 62; xxiii, l.?4 striatella (Achatinella) Gul. ...xxi, 91 striatella (Leptachatina) Gul. ..xxi, 91 striatula (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 74 striatula (Leptachatina) Gnl. ..xxl, 74 Strobilus Anton xxiii, 132, 188 Strobilus bilamellatua Ant.. . .xxiii, 139 Strombilus Gray xxiii, 188 subangulata (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 213 subangulatus (Tornatellides) Anc. xxiii, 213 subassimilis (Amastra) Hy....xxi, 307 subcornea (Amastra) H. & P...xxi, 189 subcrassilabris (Amastra) H. & P. xxi, 293 subcylindracea (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 28 ; xxiii, 11 subcylindrica (Tornatellina) Q. M. xxiii, 166 subnigra (Amastra) H. & P. ..xxi, 263 subobscura (Amastra) H. & P. xxi, 276 subovata (Achatinella) F6r. ..xxii, 369 subovata (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 37 subperforatus (TornateKides) Sit. xxiii, 199 subperforata (Tornatellina) Sut. xxiii, 200 subpolita (Partulina) H. & P. xxii, 359 subpulla (Amastra) H. & P. . . .xxi, 300 subrostrata (Achatinella) Pfr. xxi, 175 subrostrata (Amastra) Pfr. xxi, 174 ; xxiii, 28 subrugosa (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 143 subsoror (Amastra) H. & P. xxi, 287 ; xxiii, 48 subula (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 17 subula (Leptachatina) Gul xxi, 17 subulata (Elasmatina) Pet... xxiii, 189 succincta (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 60 succlncta (Leptachatina) Nc. . . .xxi, 6:) suffusa (Achatinel!a) Rve xxi, 327 suffusa (Laminella) Rve xxiii. 53 sulcata (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 4 sulcata (Newcombia) Pfr xxii, 5 sulphuratus (II«'icteres) Bk...xxii, 366 sulphurea (Amastra) Anc xxl, 199 sundanum (Klasmias) Mlldff. xxiii, 127 sundana (Tornatellina )M Ulff. xxl i, 127 supracostata (Leptachatina) Sykes xxi, 66 suturalls (Carelia) Anc xxl, 114 swalnsonl (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 150 swiftii (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 3O6 sykesl (Amastra) Pils. xxi, 273 ; xxiii, 36 sykes! (Tornatellaria) C. & P. xxiii, 265 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. 301 tsenlolata (Achatinella) Pfr. ..xxii, 130 talpina (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 52, 53 tantalus (Aurlculella) P. & C.. .xxiL, 97 tantalus(TornaUli;naiP. & C. xxiii, 172 tantilla (Leptachatina) Cooke..xxi, 81 tantilla (Pauahia) Cooke xxiii, 15 tappaniaua (Achatinella) Ad. ..xx.i, 55 tappaniana (Partulina) Ad. xxii, 54, 367 tenebrosa (Leptachatina) Pse...xxi, 75 tenella (Auriculella) Anc xxiii, 9D tenuicostata (Leptachatina) Pse. xx , 68 tenuilabris (Amastra) Gul. ...xxi, 194 teuuis (Auriculella) Sm xxiii, 98 tenuispira (Amastra) Bald. ...xxi, 212 terebra (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 62 terebralis (Achatinella) Gul. ...xxi, 17 terebralis (Leptachatina) Gul. xxi, 17 terebra (Partulina) Nc xxii, 61, 364 terebra (Tornatellidcs) Anc.. .xxiii, 2-14 terebra (Tornatellina) Anc... xxiii, 245 teres (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 14 teres (Leptachatina) Pfr xxi, 14 terrestris (Tornatellina) Braz. xxiii, 124 tessellata (Achatinella) Nc....xxii, 28 tessellata (Partulina) Nc xxii, 28 testudinea (Achatinella) Bald, xxi, 158 textilis (Amastra) F£r. xxi, 164 ; xxiii, 28, 31 THAANDMIA Anc xxi, 4, 82 thaanumlana (Partulina) Pils. xxii, 112 thaanumi (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 273 thaanumi (Amastra) Pils xxi, 177 thaanumi (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 88 thaanumi (Pterodiscus) Pi*s. xxi, 125 ; xxiii, 17 thaanumi (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 215 theodorei (Achatinella) Bald. . .xxii, 34 theodorei (Partulina) Bald. xx'i, 33, 360 thurstoni(Achatlne'la) P. & C. xxii, 177 thwingi (Partulina) P. & C...xxii, 357 TORNATELLARIA Pils XXlii, 251 TORNATELLIDES Pils xxiii, 192 TORNATELLINA Pfr xxii', 132 TORNATELLINID.B Pils xxiii, 66 Tornatellinoides Pfr xxiii. 101 TORNATELLINOPS Pils. ..XXlii, 135, 109 TORNATELLOIDES Pfr xxiii, 191 torquata (Achatinella) Paetel xxii, 369 torrida (Achatinella) Gul. xxii. 143. 148 transversalis (Achatinella)Pt'r. xxi. 183 trausversalis (Amastra) Pfr. xxi, 183 ; xxiii, 26 tricincta (Amastra) Pils. xxi, 277; xxiii, 39 Trickella Nevill xxiii, 71 tricolor (Achatinella) Sm. ...xx.i, 226 trllineata (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 191, 202 tripllcata (Auriculella) Pse... xxii, 79 triplicata (Tornatellina) Pils. xx ii, 153 tristis (Amastra) Fer xxi, 205 tristis (Helix) Fe"r xxi, 2J6 tritacea (Leptachatina) Gul. ; error for triticea. trochiformis (Tornatellina) Pfr. xxiii, 190 trochlearis(Tornatellina) Bk. xxiii, 178 trochoides (Tornatellaria) Sykes xxiii, 261 trochoides (Tornatelliua) Sykes xxiii, 261 Tropidoptera Anc xxi, 118 tryoni (Fernandezia) Pils xxi. 07 tryoni (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 197 tuba (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 367 tuberans (Apex) Gul xxii, 306, 313 tumefactus (Apex) Gul. xxii, 332, 334 turbinata (Achatinella) Nutt. xxii, 367 turbiniformis (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 352 turgida (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 294 turgidula (Labiella) Pse xxi, 51 turgidula (Leptachatina) Pse. ..xxi. ol turricula (Carelia) Mi.gh xxi, 103 turrita (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 15 turrita (Leptachatina) Gul xxi, 15 turrita (Tornatellina) Ant. ..xxiii, 1S8 turritella (Amastra) Fe> xxi, 213 turritella (Auriculella) Cooke xxiii, 92 turritus (Strobilus) Ant xxiii, 189 u ualapuenslg (Newcombia) Pils. xxii, 12 ultima (Amastra) P. & C xxiii, 25 umbilicata (Achatinella) Pfr. xxi, 252 umbilicata (Amastra) Pfr. xxi, 251 ; xxiii, 22 umbilicata (Tornatellaria) Anc. xxiii. 260 umbilicata (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 2HO umbrosa (Amastra) Bald xxi, 263 undata (Amastra) Bald xx% 185 ; undosa (Achatinella) Gul.. .xxii, 45, 46 undulata (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 252, 256 unlwlor (Amasitra) Anc xxi, 210 302 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. unilamellata (Achatinella) Schl. xxii, 366 uniplicata (Amastra) Hartm. xxi, 265 uniplicata (Auriculella) Pse. xxiii, 108 ustulata (Achatinella) Gul. ...xxii, 48 ustulata (Achatinella) Nc., Pfr. xxii, 224 ustulata (Partulina) Gul. xxii, 47, 362 valida (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 334 vana (Leptachatina) Sykes . . . .xxi, 28 variabilis (Achatinella) Nc. ...xxii, 83 varia (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 191, 2J1 varia (Leptachatina) Cooke. . . .xxi, 32 variabilis (Carelia) Pse xxi, 107 variabilis (Partulina) Nc xxii, 83 variegata (Achatmella) Pfr. . .xxi, 229 variegata (Amastra) Pfr xxi, 229 ventrosa (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 279, 280 ventulus (Achatinella) Rve....xxi, 165 ventulus (Leptachatina) Fer. ..xxi, 54 venulata (Achatinella) Nc. xx!i, 208, 211 venusta (Amastra) ; error for ve- tusta xxi, 174 versipellis (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 196 versipilis (Achatinellastrum) Pse. xxii, 196 versicolor (Apex) Gul.. . .xxii, 306, 310 vespertina (AchatineTa) Bald, xxii, 322 vespertina (Amastra) P. & C. xxiii, 30 vestita (Achatinella) Migh. xxii, 342, 344 vetusta (Amastra) Bald xxi, 178 vidua (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 161, 163 ; xxii, 367 villosa (Amastra) Sykes xxi, 289 viridans (Carelia) Pse, xxi, 107 violacea (Achatinella) Newc...xxi, 257 violacea (Amastra) Newc. xxi, 257 ; xxiii virens (Achatinella) Gul xxii, viridans (Achatinella) Rve. . .xxi', viridans (Achatinella) Migh...xxi, viridis (Carelia) Pse xxi, , 34 213 246 125 107 virgulata (Partula) Migh xxii, 26 virgulata (Partulina) Migh. xxii, 25, 358 virgula (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 241 vitrea (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 41, 53 vitrea (Tornatellina) Pse. .. .xxiii. 203 vitreola (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 35 vitreola (Leptachatina) Gul. ...xxi, 35 vittata (Achatinella) Rve xxii, 289 voyana (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 179 vulpina (Achatinella) Fer. ...xxii, 212 vulpina (Achatinella) Rve.... xxii, 191 w waianaensis (Laminella) P. & C. xxii, 54 waianaensis (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 237 waiawa (Amastra) Pils xxi, 215 wailuaensis (Achatinella') Sykes xx!i, 72 wailauensis (Amastra) Pils. ...xxi, 258 wailauensis (Newcombia) Pils. xxii, 7 waimanoensis (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 137 WAIMBA C. & P xxiii, 250 wakefieldise (Achatinella) Oox xxiii, 123 wakefieldiae (Elasmias) Cox. .xxiii, 122 wakefieldi8e(Tornatellina)Cox xxiii, 123 westerlundiana (Auriculella) Anc. xxiii, 61, 111 wesleyi (Pterodiscus) Sykes. . .xxi, 123 wheatleyana (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 168 wheatleyi (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 161. 10,9 wilder! (Achatinella) Pils. ...xxii, 173 wilsoni (Fernandezia) Pils xxi, 96 winniei (Partulina) Bald xxii, 44 zebra (Achatinella) Nc xxii. 19 zebra (Partulina) Nc xxii, 19 zebrina (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 20 zebrina (Partulina) Pfr xxii, 20 zonata (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 258 zonata (Carelia) Borch xxi, 116 DATES OF ISSUE, VOL. XXIII. Part 89, pp. 1-48, plates 1-13, Oct. 23, 1914. Part 90, pp. 49-128, plates 14-23, Aug. 4, 1915. Part 91, pp. 129-256, plates 24-38, Dec. 1, 1915. Part 92, pp. 257-302, plates 39-55, Feb., 1916. TornatelJinidaa PLATE 5 , 6 g 10 \ •I 11 Tornatellinidse PLATE 41 /fi . -' - 8 6 9 Tornatellinidas PLATE 6 8 X50 Tornatellinidee PLATE %$'•'••• - Tornatellinidas PLATE i ' , >; , . " • '•„ i _ . - i 5 -• -,- • 9 14 ' M 16 1 i '• • 6 II / ' 10 17 11' si 19 Torriottellinidae PLATE • 1 • > t > J i > • 0 10 - 11 11' Torn a tell in id ae i - - 6 PLATE ! 8 11 .... - 1L' 10 LO Tornatellinidae PLATE > •' ---iA • > ' (S£ I t \i ' 10 \ 8 ' 11 i ' -a! •, ' 1 . / A'.' ' Tornatellinidae PLATE • 4< ? ' 9 , 10 ; ' • ^ 11 •- if Tornatellinidas PLATE • >' • 3 ' .. .. . 6 ! 9 K) ,1 11 1.) IV • V 18 Tornatellinidep PLATE • | k :.«--•" 10 n 12 TornatelHnidfe Tornatellinidae G X45 2 • j ; ' 11 12 PLATE 4 Tornatellinids* PLATE ,- •i % V* -* -»*e8i s£ 5 T p 9 -' 1 10 - 11 Tornatellimdaa PLATE 5 6 10 13 , •!*? . ^ i j. jk- ^£1 ' « , v'r" \ • f /^\ (; /7 - , •. •'•^r. -. •;-. 4 ^*'":'-3 J C\ * jn ..c^ , • > -- 11 4 11' I 14- 15 16 17 Tornatellinidae m ;— - ; PLATE a - - i J • • lo - II 8 • L3 1-1. -,