3RARY VERSITY OF kLIFORNIA EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY SECOND rSRIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES FOUNDED BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, SC.D.. SPECIAL CUBATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLTTSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. part .89 uColored* PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY VOL. XXIII APPENDIX TO AMASTRIDvE. TORNATELLINID^ INDEX, VOLS. XXI-XXIII BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D. AND C. MONTAGUE COOKE, Ph.D. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: HENRY SKINNER, M.D., Sc.D., WITHER STONE, A.M., Sc.D., HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D., WILLIAM J. Fox, EDWARD J. NOLAN, M.D. The President, SAMUEL GIBSON DIXON, M.D., LL.D., ex-officio. EDITOR : HENRY A. PILSBRY. TREASURER : S. RAYMOND ROBERTS. CONTENTS PAGE Preface v Introduction vii Key to genera of TornatellinidaB vii Notes on classification viii Distribution of Tornatellinidse ix Terminology of the stages of growth x Anatomy of the Achatinellidae 57 Anatomy of the Amastridae 61 Systematic Part — Family AMASTRIDAE Pilsbry 1, 61 Genus Leptachatina Gould (Supplement) 1 Section Angulidens Pilsbry & Cooke 8 Section Labiella Pfeiffer 13 Section Ilikala Cooke 14 Genus Pauahia Cooke (Supplement) 15 Genus Carelia Adams (Supplement) 16 Genus Pterodiscus Pilsbry (Supplement) 16 Genus Amastra Adams (Supplement) 18 Genus Laminella Pfeiffer (Supplement) 52 Family TORNATELLINIOE Pilsbry 66 Genus Auriculella Pfeiffer 71 Genus Gulickia Cooke 112 Genus Elasmias Pilsbry 113 Genus Lamellovum Pilsbry 131 Genus Tornatellina Pfeiffer 132 Section Lamellidea Pils. (Lamellina Pease) 150, 273 Section Tornatellinops Pilsbry & Cooke . . . 169 Section Elasmatina Petit 188 (iii) IV CONTENTS. PAGE (Tornatelloides Pfeiffer) 191 Genus Tornatellides Pilsbry 192 Subgenus Waimea Cooke & Pilsbry 250 Genus Tornatellaria Pilsbry 251 Appendix : additions and corrections 271 Explanation of Plates 274 Dates of issue of the parts of Volume XXIII 302 Index to Volumes XXI, XXII, XXIII .287 PREFACE The present volume, mainly concerned with the Family Tornatellinidae, completes a trilogy treating of the snails of Pacific Islands, chiefly of the Hawaiian Islands; the other volumes deal with the Families Amastridse and Achatinellidae. Together with the Partulidae (Volume XX) these are numerically the most important families of the land-snail faunas of the Pacific. They also comprise nearly all of the large land snails of these faunas. Members of the Super- family Orthurethra, these primitive land snails, dispersed in the Palaeozoic, parallel the Sigmurethra in their adaptations. There are terrestrial and arboreal types, and cylindric, conic, Bulimoid, Achatinoid and Helicoid shell- forms. This re- markable parallelism has caused the Orthurethrous genera to be scattered, in former classifications, among the series of continental families of the Superfamily Sigmurethra, an arrangement which ignored the structural features of the pallial organs. Of the 219 species and 44 subspecies or named varieties described in this volume, 93 species and 38 subspecies are here defined for the first time. The type-specimens of 168 of the species and subspecies have been examined by one or (usually) both of the authors; also cotypes, paratypes or specimens from the original lots of many other species. Thirty-seven of the species and subspecies herein described have not been seen by either author. Part of these are nom- inal species, known only by the original descriptions, not subsequently identified by authors or collectors. As half the world separated the authors during the prep- aration of the manuscript, it was not always possible to col- laborate upon every point. The first part of the work, up to p. 68, was therefore chiefly by the senior, the succeeding pages, up to p. 113, mainly by the junior author. In the rest of the book the work is mingled in every genus. The Hawai- (v) Vi PREFACE. ian species were worked up in great part by the junior, other species by the senior author; but in many cases throughout the work both authors contributed material on the same species. The primary responsibility for the new species is indicated by the sequence of author's initials following the specific names. Both authors have had the advantage of studying Tornatellinidae in the field. The present study of Tornatellinidae is based, for the most part, on the collection of the Bishop Museum, containing nearly 3,000 lots from the Hawaiian Islands, including Mr. Ancey's Hawaiian collection and types, and on the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, about 500 lots from nearly all regions inhabited by these snails. Mr. Samuel Henshaw, of the Museum of Comparative Zo- ology, has generously permitted examination of the material in his charge, including part of the types of W. H. Pease. We are indebted to Mr. W. F. Clapp for a MS. catalogue of Tornatellinidaa and Achatinellidae in the same museum. Dr. Wm. H. Dall allowed us to study and illustrate certain specimens in the United States National Museum. Mr. Tom Iredale sent the material he had collected in the Kermadec Islands. Certain types in the British Museum we are able to figure by the kindness of Mr. E. A. Smith. The privilege of studying material from the Newcomb col- lection we owe to Professor G. D. Harris, of Cornell Uni- versity. Messrs. D. Thaanum, of Hilo, and Irwin Spalding, of Hono- lulu, have opened their great Hawaiian collections to us. Many of our new species are testimonials to their ability in the field. We are also sensible of the continued encouragement afforded by the President and Publication Committee of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the Direc- tor and Trustees of the Bishop Museum, Honolulu. H. A. P. C. M. C. Philadelphia and Honolulu, February, 1916. INTRODUCTION KEY TO THE GENERA OP TORNATELLINID^E. a. Shell imperforate, the columellar axis solid throughout. 6. Shell globose or broadly ovate ; columella conspic- uously calloused. c. Whorls few, 3 to 4% ; apex large ; columellar callous bilobed; aperture and throat ample (pi. 28, fig. 6). ELASMIAS, p. 113. c1. Whorls about 6 or 7 ; apex small; columella having numerous, deeply entering lamellae, ob- structing the throat (pi. 28, figs. 10-12). LAMELLOVUM, p. 131. ft1. Shell ovate, ovate-conic, oblong or turrited-conic ; columella often lamellate but not heavily calloused within. c. Lip thin, sharp and unexpanded; shell thin or fragile, uniform brown or corneous, dex- tral. TORNATELLINA, p. 132. c1. Lip more or less expanded, not sharp; shell moderately strong or solid, often dark or bright colored or banded. AURICULELLA, p. 71. a1. Shell perforate or umbilicate in the last whorl, above which the axis is solid. b. Lip expanding, thickened within or blunt-edged ; shell often strongly colored or banded. AURICULELLA, p. 71. fr1. Lip not expanding, thin and sharp-edged; shell small (3% mm.). GULICKIA, p. 112. a2. Shell perforate or umbilicate, the axis perforate through- out; thin or fragile, less than 6 mm. long. (vii) Viii INTRODUCTION. b. Oviparous; whorls usually almost flat. TORNATELLARIA, p. 251. fe1. Viviparous; whorls usually convex. TORNATELLIDES, p. 192. NOTES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OP TORNATELLINID^E. The systematic study of this family was begun by Beck (1837), Anton (1839) and Pfeiffer (1842). Dohrn also dis- cussed the system in 1863 (Malakozoologischer Blatter X, p. 156). Many naturalists, among whom we may mention Har- per Pease, Andrew Garrett, C. F. Ancey and 0. von Moel- lendorff, have contributed descriptions of species, the old genus Tornatellina becoming thereby more and more hetero- geneous. An illustrated monograph of Tornatellina was published about 1850 by H. C. Kuester, in the Systematisches Conchy- lien-Cabinet (15 species). Pfeiffer, in his Nomenclator of 1878, enumerated about 60 species of Auriculella and Torna- tellina, descriptions of which had appeared in the successive volumes of his Monographia Heliceorum. A new classification of these snails was offered by the senior author in a synopsis of the genera published in 1910. This classification is fully worked out, with additions by both authors, in the present volume. The family now numbers 174 species and 20 subspecies, exclusive of those ascertained to be synonyms. Some 10 or 12 of these species are of doubtful standing. About 45 per cent of the known species and subspecies are first described in this volume. A sequence of the genera better than that given in the text follows, related genera being bracketed together: f Lamellovum. [ Elasmias. Tornatellina. Tornatellides. f Tornatellaria. < Gulickia. ( Auriculella. INTRODUCTION. IX An entirely satisfactory classification of the genera is nat- urally not to be expected until we are acquainted with their soft anatomy. Elasmias, Tornatellina and Tornatellides are viviparous, Tornatettaria, Oulickia and Auriculella being oviparous. The mode of reproduction probably indicates real affinity between the last three genera, especially as there are other features of likeness. All of them are confined to the Hawaiian group. They seem to be arboreal and terrestrial adaptations of an old indigenous stock. Elasmias has a rather primitive, infantile aspect, resem- bling the embryonic stage of other genera, as noted on page 114. The two genera having the axis perforate, Tornatellides and Tornatellaria, are probably not closely related, though superficially similar. Auriculella has the shell-axis solid, though often the last whorl deviates, leaving a shallow umbilicus. Its special fea- tures are those adaptive characters common to arboreal land snails of many families — varied coloring, spreading lip and smooth surface. It seems significant that the Auriculella- Gulickia-Tornatellaria group, like the Achatinellida, does not occur on Kauai. Both groups are exclusively Hawaiian, both are confined to humid forest regions, and their distribution seems to have been controlled by the same conditions. DISTRIBUTION OF TORNATELLINHXE. This family is almost wholly confined to the islands of the Pacific, but a few species occur in the East Indies and as far west as Mauritius (1 genus). Eastward, a few inhabit the American islands Juan Fernandez, Masafuera and the Gala- pagos (2 genera). The Bonin Islands and islands of Izu, Japan, are the northern limit (3 genera), and New Zealand (2 genera) the southern. The total range lies between 34 N. and 40 S. latitude, and from 80 W. longitude westward to about 60 E. Tornatellina, Tornatellides and Elasmias are the most widely distributed genera. Lamellovum is restricted to the single island of Rapa. Auriculella, Gulickia and Tornatel- laria are solely Hawaiian, where they have exactly the dis- X INTRODUCTION. tribution of the Achatinellidce, being absent from Kauai. The Hawaiian archipelago has by far the greatest number of genera and species, having representatives of all the genera except Lamellovum; but Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia have not been so fully explored. What we know of the distribution and structure of Torna- tellinid snails suggests that the group is of great antiquity. It has probably had since Palaeozoic times to acquire its pres- ent distribution. Yet the presence of closely related species on separate island groups indicates that some emigration has been in progress up to recent times, whether by wind or flot- sam, or both, is uncertain. A few of the species which occur on low islands, and near the shore of others, have in all prob- ability been transported from island to island by human agency, as they cling to leaves and stems of plants and other objects, and might be picked up in any cocoanut grove. Large accessions to the list of species now known may be expected from the Hawaiian Islands, Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia, particularly from the high islands. Eapa and Juan Fernandez are points of especial interest for further investigation. TERMINOLOGY OF THE STAGES OP GROWTH. The shells of most Tornatellinidce change remarkably in structure during the development of the individual. The characters of adolescent stages often indicate relationship not expressed by the adult stage. In the discussion of these stages we have used the well-known modified Hyattian terminology of the stages of growth and decline, as follows : Oonic. Egg, up to maturation. Embryonic. From fertilization to the culmination of podo- cyst, primitive kidney and other specially embryonic struc- tures. As the succeeding (nepionic) stage is not distinguish- able in shells of Tornatellinidae, "embryonic" is here prac- tically used to cover the stage ending with birth or escape from the egg capsule. Nepionic. Babyhood. Scarcely or not recognizable in the shell, in this family, and in practice included in the embry- INTRODUCTION. xi onic. The nepionic shell-record is always brief in pulmonates — the fractional part of a whorl — but in many genera it is legible. Developmentally important, since it includes the decline and disappearance of embryonic structures, such as the podocyst, and rapid development of kidney and other neanic structures ; terminates with birth. Neanic. Youth, up to the completion of the shell, which is usually coincident with the time of reproductive activity. Ephebic. Maturity. Gerontic. Old age. Each of these stages may be subdivided by use of the pre- fixes ana-, meta-, para-. Thus ananeanic signifies an early neanic substage; metaneanic, mid-neanic; and paraneanic, a late neanic substage, or almost full grown. It will be noted that many Tornatellinid snails are phylo- gerontic, or in the old age of the race, shown by the culmina- tion of structural differentiation in the neanic stage, with simplification in the later stages. Many instances are noted under Lamellina, Tornatellides and other genera. It is an indication that such genera are geologically old. This con- clusion is supported by the facts of distribution, for several of the genera range over islands scattered from side to side of the Pacific, where the facilities for migration of land ani- mals must be the least favorable. SUPPLEMENT TO VOL. XXI. During the visit of the senior author to the Hawaiian Islands in 1913, large accessions were made to the material studied in the preparation of the Vol. XXI; part from col- lections made by the authors, part from the latest finds of Messrs. Thaanum and Spalding. This material is herein described. Family AMASTRID.E Pilsbry. Subfamily LEPTACHATININ.E Ckll. Letachatinini COCKERELL, Science (N. S.) Vol. 37, p. 256 Feb. 14, 1913). Genus LEPTACHATINA Gould. L. POPOUWELENSIS P. & C., n. sp. PI. 9, fig. 4. The shell is imperforate, narrow, the diameter slightly less than one-fourth the length; cinnamon-colored, glossy, weakly marked with growth-lines. Whorls 7%, somewhat convex, the last laterally flattened, tapering at the base. The aper- ture is oblique, piriform. Outer lip is thin, obtuse, and arches forward at the upper third. Columella short, obli- quely truncate below; fold weak. Parietal callus thin. Length 8, diam. 2.1 mm., length of aperture 2.2 mm. Oahu: Western ridge of Popouwela, Spalding, Cooke and Pilsbry. Type 110596 A. N. S. P. This species resembles the slender forms of the Diamond Head Pleistocene. L. exoptabilis has a larger aperture and differently shaped lip. In L. leiahiensis the columella differs. L. scutilis has a much larger summit, and is less slender. 2 LEPTACHATINA. L. SAGITTATA P. & C. n. Sp. PL 11, fig. 9. The shell is minutely perforate, similar to L. lanceolata but more slender, light cinnamon, glossy, with faint growth striae; summit very obtuse, whitish. Outer lip obtuse, not thickened. Columella straight in front view, its edge re- flected over the perforation. In oblique view in the aperture a small, vertical lamella may be seen, standing at a right angle with the plane of the peristome, further in and stronger than in L. lanceolata. Length 6.2, diam. 2.2 mm. ; 6^2 whorls. Molokai : Pipe-line trail, upper Kaunakakai. Cooke & Pilsbry, Jan., 1913. L. molokaiensis, with six whorls, is a larger shell, having the columella more sinuous, and the columellar margin ap- pressed. L. lanceolata is a more conic shell with wider last whorl. It is common in the same station with L. sagittata. L. LANCEOLATA Cooke. Vol. XXI, 65. Pipe-line trail in upper Kaunakakai ; northwestern ravine of Kamalo (Cooke & Pilsbry). L. TRITICEA (Gulick). Vol. XXI, pi. 3, fig. 52. 11 Shell dextral, imperf orate, elongately ovate, thin, shin- ing, pellucid, pale corneous, very finely striated; apex some- what acute, pallid ; spire convexly conic ; suture simple, lightly impressed; whorls 6%, rather convex; columellar fold cen- tral, white, sublamelliform. Aperture sinuately pyriform; peristome scarcely thickened within ; with dextral margin un- reflected, arcuate ; columellar margin dilated, corneous, ad- nate ; parietal margin wanting. Length 8%, breadth 4, length of body- whorl 5% mm. Average weight .17 grains. " (Gulick.) Oahu: Keawaawa, on the ground (J. T. Gulick!). Achatinella triticea GULICK, Annals of the Lyceum of Na- tural History of New York, vi, 1856, p. 184, pi. 6, f. 12.— Leptachatina triticea Gulick, SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lon- don, iii, p. 276, pi. 14, f. 8, 1899. — L. tritacea Gulick, COOKE, Man. Conch, xxi, p. 28. LEPTACHATINA. 3 " Smaller and more elongately ovate than the preceding" [L. fragilis]. Var. ~b. Smaller, more solid, ovate conic, with lip thickened (Gulick). Doubtless close to L. oryza Pfr., but the columella and parietal callus are thin and the shell is imperforate. L. ORYZA (Pfeiffer). PL 10, figs. 1 to 9. Vol. XXI, p. 28, pi. 3, figs. 60, 61 (not 59). An error in Vol. XXI to references to figures of this species and sub- cylindracea would pretty effectually prevent their proper identification. Figs. 60, 61, of Vol. XXI, are not quite typical, being a little too conic. PL 10, fig. 1 is from the type in the British Museum. The species is especially characteristic of the Pleistocene and later beds in Oahu, found in many deposits in different parts of the island. At about the same time, its close rela- tives existed on other islands : antiqua in Kauai ; avus in Molokai ; isthmica in Maui ; defunct a in Hawaii — all now extinct. L. oryza was sent to Pfeiffer by Frick, who certainly col- lected on the northern coast of Oahu from Kahuku eastward, as we know by the Bulimellas he obtained, among other things. The description agrees well with specimens from the neigh- borhood of Kahuku, where several deposits containing L. oryza are adjacent to the road. This place was also, prob- ably, the source of Newcornb's specimens of oryza, which were figured in Vol. XXI, pi. 3, figs. 60, 61. The recent form from Keawaawa described by Mr. Gulick as Ach. triticea (misprinted "tritacea" in Vol. XXI, p. 28) may prove to be distinct from oryza7 and the original description is reprinted above. All of the localities represented in collections made by the authors in 1913 are noted here, to show the general distribution of this common Pleistocene species along the north and west and part of the south coast of Oahu. In some places it occurs by myriads. In typical L. oryza the striation is distinct, more emphatic near the suture, where the striae bend backward a little. The roughness is slightly exaggerated in pi. 3, fig. 60, of Vol. XXI. 4 LEPTACHATINA. The axis varies from "subrimate" to distinctly perforate. The face of the columella is thickened, and the parietal callus is rather strong. The columellar lamella recedes, and is scarcely or not visible in a direct face view, but the shell need be turned very little to show it like Vol. XXI, pi. 3, fig. 61. That shell measures, length 8.1, diam. 3.8 mm. (No. 57822 A. N. S.) Diamond Head, in the cutting of the ocean road and above it ; around the tunnel on the N. W. side ; floor of the crater, and in the breccia along the ascent to the lookout (Cooke, Bryan and Pilsbry). L. oryza is common everywhere in the Diamond Head deposits, but the most perfect come from the inside of the crater around the "lake" (pi. 10, figs. 7, 8). The parietal callus and columellar margin are especially thick; the striation is faint or nearly effaced except close to the suture ; and the umbilical crevice is very small or even closed. Sometimes the columellar lamella emerges ; sometimes it is not visible in a front view. The size varies from length 10, diam. 4.1 mm., to length 9, diam. 4 mm. It occurs also in the bench of consolidated calcareous sand which extends eastward of Diamond Head. Punchbowl, about 300 ft. above the summit, and about two feet below the surface, specimens were taken by Prof. Wm. Alanson Bryan. The Kailua specimens occurred in a raised bench of cal- careus sand-rock about y± mile from the north shore (Pils- bry). See pi. 10, fig. 9. They have the columellar lamella more prominent in front view, and the size averages smaller, than in shells from Diamond Head, length very little more or less than 8 mm. At Laie the shells are from a dune deposit utilized as a sand pit by the railroad. It is west of the stream, between the road and the sea. The shells vary in prominence of the columellar lamella, and are sometimes imperf orate. Length 6.3 to 8 mm., but there are very few of the larger shells, 7x3 mm. is a common size. At the deposit iy2 miles east of Kahuku (pi. 10, figs. 3, 4, Cooke & Pilsbry) the shells are a little more strongly striate than those from eastward, and 8 mm. long. In another place LEPTACHATINA. 5 in the sand dunes near the shore, there are small shells, like those of Laie. PI. 10, figs. 5, 6. The shell deposits on benches of the high coral bluff iy2 miles west of Kahuku are very rich in Lep- tachatinas. The oryza are usually markedly conic in shape, quite different from the cylindric race of Diamond Head. The perforation is very narrow or closed, and the columella is shortened. Size from 8 x 3.7 to 7 x 3.3 mm. L. oryza hesperia n. subsp. PL 10, figs. 10, 11. The shells vary from openly perforate to nearly closed, have weak, irregular, not very fine, wrinkles of growth, stronger below the suture. The columellar lamella is stronger within than in oryza, and projects subhorizontally. Colu- mellar margin and parietal callus heavy. Length 9.3, diam. 4.1, aperture 4 mm., 7 whorls (usual size) . Length 7, diam. 3.5 mm., 5y2 whorls (small, obese form). Length 7, diam. 3.1 mm., 6% whorls (small narrow form). Oahu: Kawaihapai, in soil of a plowed field between the railroad and the bluff, and on the latter. Haleiwa, on the golf links, in superficial deposits of calcareous sand (Cooke and Pilsbry). In the Haleiwa shells the perforation is almost closed, or rarely entirely so. They measure 9 x 4 to 7.5 x 3.8 mm. It is smaller and usually a little narrower than L. captiosa, with less ample aperture and more horizontal columellar lamella. L. ORYZA AVUS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. subsp. PL 10, figs. 12 to 16. The shell is imperforate, cylindric, the upper third taper- ing, conic; solid, very lightly sculptured with inconspicuous growth-wrinkles, which are stronger, regular, and retracted below the suture, when unworn. Whorls very slightly con- vex. The suture ascends slightly in the last third or half whorl. Aperture vertical, the outer lip obtuse, rather thick. Columella concave above the fold which is moderately prominent in front view, rather strong within. Columellar margin thickened, reflected. Parietal callus thick. b LEPTACHATINA. Length 10.5, diam. 4.5, length aperture 4.2 mm. ; 7% whorls. Length 9.5, diam. 4.1, length aperture 4 mm. ; 7 whorls. Length 9, diam. 4, length aperture 3.4 mm. ; 7 whorls. Molokai: Sand dunes of Moomomi, Pleistocene (Cooke and Pilsbry). Cotypes in coll. A. N. S. P. and Bishop Museum. An abundant and characteristic fossil of the dune-covered deposits, from the shore three-fourths of a mile inland, and about 600 ft. up the bluff. The stout, rather prominent columellar lamella and the weaker striation, differentiate this Molokai race from L. oryza of Oahu, — not that we would give the impression that the differences are startling. The shape and size vary within wide limits. It is extremely abundant. The surface is usu- ally etched by blowing sand, but perfect shells can be ob- tained in the soft layers of the bluff, and also from the red- dish earth underlying the dunes. Want of specimens at hand prevents a comparison with L. isthmica of Maui, which is evidently very close to the Moomomi race, if not the same. L. DORMITOR P. & C., n. sp. PL 11, fig. 3. The shell is imperforate, cylindric-conic, the upper half tapering to a conspicuously obtuse apex, nearly smooth ; slightly marked with growth-wrinkles, not more strongly striate under the suture. In the best preserved examples a dark brown band borders the suture below. The aperture is rather small, outer lip obtuse, somewhat thickened. Colu- mellar margin sinuous, reflected and adnate, not or but little thickened on the face, passing into a rather thick parietal callus. Columellar lamella emerging conspicuously, and in oblique view thin, but broad and somewhat approaching a horizontal direction. Length 9.6, diam. 4.1, aperture 4 mm. ; nearly 7 whorls. Length 10, diam. 4.1, aperture 4 mm. ; 7 whorls. Length 9, diam. 4.1 mm. Molokai : near the top of Mauna Loa, at about 1350 ft. ele- vation, on the south side of the "crater" (Cooke & Pilsbry). A Holocene fossil. With much the shape of L. oryza avus, LEPTACHATINA. 7 this is a thinner shell, without more conspicuous subsutural striation, and with a sharper columellar lamella. At the top of Mauna Loa, probably the last refuge of Achatinellidce in western Molokai, it survived until the human period, as it was found there in artificial stone piles (sweet potato hills), associated with Amastra, Partulina d. occidentalis, and many small land shells. L. SOMNIATOR P. & C., n. sp. PL 11, figs. 4, 5. The shell is perforate or closed, oblong-conic, rather thin, the outlines of the spire convex below, straight near the ob- tuse apex; surface faintly marked with growth-striae, which are stronger below the suture. Whorls hardly convex. Aper- ture somewhat piriform, the outer lip thin, obtuse, more curved in its lower half; columellar margin reflected, thick- ened ; columellar lamella moderately prominent in front view, thin, broad and subhorizontal within. Parietal callus very thin. Length 7, diam. 3.2, aperture 3 mm. ; 6 whorls. Molokai: near the top of Mauna Loa, at about 1350 ft. elevation, with L. dormitor. Holocene (Cooke and Pilsbry). Constantly smaller than L. dormitor, with only a very thin parietal callus. The shape also differs somewhat and the columella is more thickened, but the shape of the columellar lamella is nearly the same. L. CORNEOLA (Pfeiffer). PI. 9, figs. 1, 2. Vol. XXI, p. 58. Very beautiful specimens, here figured, have been taken by Mr. Thaanum in Halawa. The color of the last whorl is ecru-olive or between that and deep colonial buff, becoming chamois on the spire. Some shells have a narrow subsutural line of chestnut. Two of this lot are figured. L. OPIPARA MANANA P. & C., n. Subsp. Surface rather strongly, regularly striate-, whorls 5!/2; outer lip very slightly arched forward in the middle; colu- mellar fold strong, subhorizontal. Length 10, diam. 4.7, aper- ture 4.1 mm. 8 LEPTACHATINA. North side of the summit of the peak at intersection of the Waimano-Manana ridge and the main range, Spalding and Pilsbry. Type 108057 A. N. S. P. L. EMERITA Sykes. Vol. XXI, p. 31. This widely spread shell occurs as far west as Puunea near Meyer's lake (Cooke and Pilsbry, 1913). L. CONCOLOR Cooke. Vol. XXI, p. 31. Common in Kamalo, northwestern ravines ; also ravine east of Puu Kolekole, and another east of Makolelau house (Cooke & Pilsbry, 1913). L. MCGREGORI P. & C., n. Sp. PL 11, fig. 8. The shell is imperforate, ovate and obese, the diameter more than half the length; rather thin, glossy, weakly striate, isabella color, somewhat transparent. Summit obtuse, spire conic above, convexly conic below ; last whorl large, oval. The suture appears narrowly margined, by transparence. The aperture is rather narrow fully half the length of the shell, vertical. Outer lip smooth-edged but not thickened. Colu- mellar lamella median, thin but strongly developed. No per- ceptible parietal callus. Length 6.3, diam. 3.7, aperture 3.2 mm. ; 5% whorls. West Maui: near Lahaina, at 1000 ft. elevation (R. C. McGregor, 1900). Type no. 110592 A. N. S. P., cotype in Bishop Mus. This is perhaps the most obese species of the genus. .It is probably related to L. guttula (Gld.), a decidedly larger shell. L. compacta Pse. is evidently different. L. nitida occidentalis is a much larger shell. Section ANGULIDENS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sect. Shell ovate-conic or cylindric-conic, having the face of the columella and the edge of the parietal callus thickened, the latter terminating in a callous tubercle which is separated from the termination of the outer lip by a narrow gutter- aperture contracted. In known species the axis is perforate. Type L. subcylindracea Cooke. LEPTACHATINA. 9 Distribution, all of the islands except Niihau and Lanai, (the fossils of which are unknown). With one exception, all of the species are Pleistocene fossils. This is clearly a natural group, distinguished by a pecu- liarity found in no other Achatinellid shell. It is of interest to the zoogeographer because the group is common to the Pleistocene deposits of most of the islands, and is thus an- other proof that the island faunas of Pleistocene time were more closely related than the recent faunas. Most other groups of Leptachatina are not characteristic enough in struc- ture to demonstrate the relationships of species from differ- ent islands. The only living species of Angulidens are L. hyperodon of Maui and L. microdon of Waianae. The following six species are now known to belong to the group. L. FOSSILIS Cooke. Vol. XXI, p. 61. Kauai. L. COOKEI Pilsbry. PI. 11, figs. 1, 2. The shell is perforate, ovate-conic, weakly marked with growth-lines, or nearly smooth and glossy in the best pre- served specimens. Apex small, obtuse. Spire straightly conic above, convex below, the last whorl more or less notice- ably cylindric, more flattened than the penultimate whorl; the base is convex, compressed around the axial crevice. Whorls 61/2, slowly enlarging, the penultimate somewhat con- vex, those above nearly flat. The suture is superficial ; in the last third it ascends slightly, and at the aperture it is rather abruptly, arcuately deflexed. The aperture is oblique, ovate, contracted; outer lip obtuse; columellar lip reflected, thick- ened on the face, and appressed above the narrow perforation, continuous with a callous cord which bounds the rather thick parietal callus, and terminates in an enlargement or tubercle which is separated from the termination of the outer lip by a narrow groove or posterior commissure of the aperture. The columellar lamella is thin, broad and subhorizontal ; out- wardly emerging to the edge of the columella. Length 10, diam. 5, aperture 4 mm. ; 6% whorls. Length 9.5, diarn. 4.9 mm. 10 LEPTACHATINA. Length 9.3, diam. 5 mm. Length 9.2, diam. 4.4 mm. Oahu : Kawaihapai, on a steep wooded bluff, about 500 ft. above the coastal plain, and perhaps % mile from the sea. Cotypes No. 110593 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Mus., coll. by Cooke and Pilsbry, 1913. Leptachatina cookei PILS., Nautilus, xxviii, p. 61, October, 1914. This is a much larger, more robust species than other forms having a parietal callus and posterior commissure, and the columellar lamella is broader and less oblique. By its form and texture it recalls L. resinula. No living shells were found, but the species cannot have been long extinct. It may possibly turn up alive in some part of the western end of the Waianae range. L. MICRODON P. & C., n. sp. PL 9, fig. 3. The shell is perforate, oblong-conic, opaque, light brown; surface rather glossy, marked with fine growth-lines. Out- lines of the spire straight in the upper half, where the whorls are but slightly convex; the penultimate whorl more convex; last whorl not very convex, compressed around the axial crevice. Whorls 6%. The suture is but slightly impressed, and in the last third of a whorl it ascends slightly, but it is not deflexed at the aperture, as usual in related species. The aperture is hardly oblique, ovate-piriform. The outer lip is obtuse, whitish within. The face of the columella is strongly calloused above, where it passes into the parietal callus. Columellar fold is rather small and ascends obliquely. The parietal callus is thin, transparent, bounded by a thickened edge, which terminates above in a small, drop-like tubercle, separated from the termination of the outer lip by a narrow groove. Length 11.3, diam. 5 mm. ; aperture 5 mm. Oahu: western ridge of Popouwela, "Waianae Mountains, Spalding, Cooke and Pilsbry, 1913. L. cookei is a shorter shell with more conic spire ; the aper- ture is contracted; the columella is notably shorter, with a LEPTACHATINA. 11 stronger fold, and the parietal callus is much heavier. The type lot was found just west of the crest of the ridge, some distance north of the "Endodonta locality77, on the steep, shaded and leafy slope. So far as we know, it has not been found elsewhere. L. SUBCYLINDRACEA Cooke. PI. 11, figS. 10 to 14. Vol. XXI, p. 28, pi. 3, fig. 59. The type of this species, no. 57820 A. N. S. P., was found in a lot of L. oryza received from Dr. Newcomb. It has the same texture and bluish- white color as the associated oryza, and very likely came from one of the roadside deposits in the region of Kahuku. One from there is figured, pi. 11, fig. 10. The shell is solid and perforate. The surface is finely, somewhat irregularly striate, the strise stronger and curving backward near the suture. There is a broad margin visible by translucence below the suture, but not otherwise defined. The columellar lamella is small and deeply immersed. The thick reflection of the columellar lip almost closes the per- foration. The parietal callus is thick and terminates above in a small tubercle, separated by a narrow channel from the termination of the outer lip. Length 6.8, diam. 2.8 mm.; 6^ whorls. When only a few specimens of this species were known, it was not unnaturally thought to be a form of L. oryza. Now that hundreds of specimens have been found, it is easy to see that it belongs to the group of L. fossilis of Kauai, having the same peculiar parietal callus and posterior gutter. The description is amplified above, from the type specimen. Oahu, in Pleistocene deposits : Punchbowl, about 300 ft. be- low summit (Wm. Alanson Bryan) ; Diamond Head, on the n.-w. and ocean sides, and within the crater; also in the sup- posed raised reef, eastward (Cooke and Pilsbry). Coral bluff near Kahuku (C. &P.). Molokai : Sand dunes of Moomomi, also near the summit of Mauna Loa, at about 1350 ft. under stones, Holocene (Pilsbry & Cooke). Kahoolawe: Pleistocene deposits of "Schooner Bay/' on 12 LEPTACHATINA. the Maui side (Cooke & Pilsbry). Smuggler's Bay, on the south side (Pilsbry). In shells from Diamond Head and Punchbowl the surface is almost smooth, and the columellar lamella is often, but not always, stronger than at Kahuku. Diamond Head specimens vary in size from length 6.25, diam. 2.8 mm., to length 7.8, diam. 3 to 3.1 mm. The shells from Moomomi, Molokai, pi. 11, fig. 14, do not seem to differ from the types in striation, but the columellar lamella is perceptibly stronger, as in shells from Diamond Head. It is an abundant species in the dune deposits and on the bluff up to about 600 ft. ; also in the reddish earth of the buried forest-layer. Specimens measure : Length 7.7, diam. 3.1, aperture 2.8 mm. ; 6% whorls. Length 7.3, diam. 3.1, mm. Length 6, diam. 2.8 mm. (smallest one noticed). On the south side of the "crater" near the treeless summit of Mauna Loa, specimens were found under the stones of aboriginal sweet-potato hills. The shells are fragile from de- cay and are very small, 5.8 mm. long, 2.5 wide, to 5 mm. long, 2.3 wide; 5% whorls. Probably the summit of Mauna Loa was the last stand of land shells in the western half of Molokai ; and it seems likely that data fixing the date of last occupation of the peak could be recovered from old natives of Molokai. It is clear that up to that time, Partulina, Amastra and Leptachatina, as well as the smaller snails of other families, still existed there. Kahoolawe specimens, pi. 11, figs. 11, 12, 13, are slightly differentiated by their more regular and close striation, and it might not be amiss to distinguish them as a local race. They are usually 7 to 8 mm. long. L. subcylindracea is a more slender and elongate shell than L. hyperodon and L. anceyana. It is also more solid, with the parietal callus better developed. L. HYPERODON, n. sp. PI. 11, figs. 6, 7. The shell is perforate, oblong-conic, grayish yellow, a little LEPTACHATINA. 13 translucent, faintly striate. Outlines of the spire are con- vex below, straight near the obtuse, rounded apex. The whorls are barely convex, the last ascending a little towards the aperture, where the suture abruptly turns down. The aperture is vertical, narrowly rounded but scarcely angular at the foot of the columella. Outer lip obtuse, contracting a little, columella vertical, reflected, passing into the parietal callus, which is distinctly if but slightly thickened near the edge, and forms an oblong, small tooth where it terminates at the posterior commissure. The columellar lamella is scarcely or not visible in a front view, but is moderately strong and oblique in an oblique view in the aperture. Length 5.8, diam. 2.75, length of aperture 2.7 mm. ; 5^2 whorls. East Maui (Newcomb). Type and another in the New- comb collection, Cornell University. This species differs from L. anceyana Cooke (a fossil of the Mana deposits, Hawaii, Vol. XXI, p. 39) in very little besides its smoother surface. The Hawaiian shell is rather strongly striate, the striae becoming stronger and recurved near the suture. The difference in sculpture between the two forms is emphasized by the whiteness of the fossil, which gives the striation full value to the eye. If found on the same island, we would rank hyperodon as a variety of L. anceyana. Newcomb 's collection contains two species in the vial la- beled A. grana (no. 29981 of his collection in Cornell Uni- versity). Four shells are the form figured as grana in Vol. XXI. Two belong to the species described above. L. ANCEYANA Cooke. Vol. XXI, p. 39. To the description of anceyana should be added: The parietal callus is slightly thickened along its outer edge, and enlarges into a small, somewhat triangular tubercle pos- teriorly, separated from the termination of the outer lip by a narrow channel. Section LABIELLA Pfr. L. LABIATA (Nc.). Vol. XXI, p. 77. Additional localities are Mokuleia (Gulick), Popouwela (Pilsbry, Spalding and 14 LEPTACHATINA. Cooke). It extends the whole length of the Waianae range, on ridges of the northern side. Section ILIKALA Cooke. L. PETILA (Gulick). PL 9, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8. Vol. XXI, p. 92, pi. 11, fig. 9. In the type lot from Koko Head the color is pale yellowish brown (cinnamon-buff). Surface dull. First whorl smooth, the next with fine, close axial striae. The later whorls have thread-like strice, unequal and unevenly spaced, but fine and close. The outer lip is obtuse. Columellar fold small and strongly oblique, hardly visible in a front view. Parietal callus noticeably thickened at the edge. Length 6.6 to 6.8 mm. Oahu : Koko and Keawaawa (Gulick) . Fossil at Kaelepulu, Kailua, in pockets of a calcareous sand-rock bluff, about 14 mile from the sea (Pilsbry). The specimens from Keawaawa (pi. 9, figs. 7, 8) are like the types from Koko. In the fossil deposit on the Kailua peneplain the shells are a trifle larger, up to 7.2 mm. long, and the columellar lamella is obsolete, represented by a slight swelling only (pi. 9, figs. 5, 6). The striaa are unequal, and usually in groups. L. petila is a dry-country species, very likely derived from the following humid zone form. It belongs to the rapidly disappearing low country fauna. L. NEMATOGLYPTA Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 9, figs. 9, 10. The shell is narrowly perforate, turrite, rather thin, chest- nut brown or auburn. First whorl smooth, the next very delicately striate axially. Later whorls have thread-like strias, unequal and unevenly spaced, often twinned or in groups of three. The whorls are strongly convex and parted by a well impressed suture. Outer lip thin. Columella dis- tinctly truncate in a front view, having a strongly oblique but rather small lamella. Parietal callus very thin. Length 8.7, diam. 4 mm. ; aperture 3.25 mm. ; 7 whorls. Oahu: Kawailoa (Gulick) ; Halawa (Thaanum, type loc.) ; PAUAHIA. 15 fossil in Nuuanu and Manoa valleys (Cooke), and 1% miles west of Kahuku (Pilsbry & Cooke). L. petildj specimens from Nuuanu and Manoa, Vol. XXI, p. 92, pi. 4, f. 61-63 (Manoa), 64 (Nuuanu). This is larger and much darker colored than true L. pettta, and has a decidedly stronger columellar lamella. The outer lip is thin, and the parietal callus merely a film. It is a shell of the humid zone, which has not yet been found living east of Halawa. The fossil material from Nuuanu and Manoa, figured in Vol. XXI, seems to belong to this rather than to the real L. petUa. Mr. Gulick had one specimen from Kawailoa, now no. 1239!/2 Boston Society collection; and there was one speci- men in the lot of fossils (Pleistocene or later) which we took on the " coral bluff/' 1% miles west of Kahuku. Genus PAUAHIA Cooke. Vol. XXI, p. 80. Type P. artata. As genera go in Achatinellidce, this group we think should have generic rank. It differs from Leptachatina by the closely coiled whorls and the development of internal lamellae — a strong columellar lamella which is broad and flares up- wards in the penultimate whorl, diminishing in those above and below, and a palatal lamina subperipheral in position, about half a whorl long, in the penultimate and part of the last whorl. In some species, as P. chrysallis, both are absorbed in the adult stage ; in others (P. tantilla) they per- sist. Both lamellae appear very early, being present before the shell has attained three whorls (pi. 14, fig. 1, P. tantilla, length 1.6 mm.). The soft anatomy is unknown except the teeth. P. tantilla Cooke (Vol. XXI, p. 81) is found on the western ridge of Popouwela in the "Endodonta locality" (Spalding, Pilsbry and Cooke). An infant of this lot is figured, pi. 14, fig. L P. chrysallis (Pfr.) has an internal axial lamella, double at the edge, and a palatal lamina, in shells 8 mm. long, from Kawailoa, coll. by Gulick. Adult shells of the same lot opened 16 PAUAHIA, CARELIA, PTERODISCUS. have the axis simple above the last whorl, the internal pro- cesses being absorbed. This species was found by us also on the western ridge of Popouwela, in the Waianae mountains, together with P. tantilla. P. (?) SEMICOSTATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 9, fig. 12. Vol. XXI, p. 65. The numerous, closely coiled whorls, the short last whorl and narrow mouth, give reason for believing this species will turn out to belong to Pauahia. "We cannot find a satisfactory place for it in any other group of Lept- achatina. The figure was prepared under the eye of Mr. E. A. Smith, and represents the type-specimen in the British Museum. It has not been figured before, and has not been rediscovered by Hawaiian conchologists. Sub-family AMASTRINJE. Genus CARELIA Ads. Carelia adusta in both plain and bicolored forms is in Mr. Joseph Emerson's collection from Haena. C. cumingiana in the same collection is labeled as from the koolau or north- ern district of Kauai. C. OLIVACEA Pease. PI. 9, figs. 11, 15. Vol. XXI, p. 106. Specimens in the Pease collection, no. 23343 Mus. Comp. Zoology, are here figured. The larger one is not the type of olivacea, which was still larger. The smaller may be the type of Pease's var. viridis. Both are "dead" shells which have lost nearly all of the periostracum. The aperture is narrower and longer than in C. hyattiana, and the columella is much more deeply arched. The outlines of the spire are more convex, and the last whorl is less angular. Length 52, diam. 17.25 mm.; 8 whorls. Length 42, diam. 15 mm. : iy2 whorls. Genus PTERODISCUS Pilsbry. Vol. XXI, p. 118. Snails of this genus live on sticks and dead leaves, on steep, moist, well-shaded slopes. They are very hard to find, the irregular shape and dark color of the PTERODISCUS. 17 dirt-loaded shell assimilating well with their surroundings. They are widely spread, and probably to be found with care- ful search wherever conditions are suitable. As in the typi- cal group of Endodonta, the colonies are isolated and prob- ably small, though we suppose neither so small or so widely separated as the colonies of Endodonta appear to be. The incrusting dirt is, of course, foreign to the shell, to which it adheres quite firmly, being cemented thereto by the slime of the animal. Pterodiscus is colloquially known in the Islands as " Flatamastra. ' ' Having seen a good many specimens we are disposed to agree with Mr. Spalding that too many Oahuan forms have been described. They are rather variable in degree of depres- sion, carination, width of umbilicus, and of course in the amount of dirt carried. I had not time to go over Mr. Spalding 's long series except in the most superficial way, but a re-examination of the Academy's series, augmented by seven lots from as many localities, which I brought home, indicate two species in each Oahuan range. 1. Umbilicus narrower, often closed with agglutinated ma- terial; columellar lamella well developed: P. REX Sykes, in- cluding P. thaanumi and P. cookei. Eastern in the Main E/ange. 2. Umbilicus wider, broadly conic, with angular margin; columellar lamella smaller, receding: P. WESLEYI Sykes. Western in the Main Range. 3. Umbilicus narrow, columellar lamella well developed, spire flat : P. DISCUS P. & V. Waianae Range. 4. More elevated and solid, etc.: P. HELICIFORMIS Anc. Waianae Range. P. heliciformis, hitherto reported merely from the "Waianae Range," has been found in some quantity in Palikea (Thaanum). The specimens are somewhat smaller than the types, and like them vary in elevation and size of the umbilicus. Some of them, chiefly the young ones, are conspurcate, especially at the periphery. 18 AMASTRA. Genus AMASTRA Adams. A. (KAUAIA) KAUAIENSIS (Newc.). Vol. XXI, p. 143. In Mr. Joseph Emerson's collection there is a series of 28 specimens of this rare species taken in Little Norway, Halemanu. Submenus CYCLAMASTRA Pils. Vol. XXI, p. 147. By its perforate axis and convex, un- specialized embryonic whorls, Cyclamastra is the most primi- tive of existing Amastrmce. It is now known to be found on all the islands except Lanai, the fossils of which have not been collected. It is most frequently encountered as a fossil of the land-shell beds. Formerly widely spread and wonder- fully abundant, it is now local, and except in a few localities, rare. Series of A. sphczrica. A. OBESA AURORA P. & C., n. subsp. PI. 4, figs. 9, 10, 11, 12. The shell resembles typical A. obesa in shape and surface, but differs by having a red lip-rib, and the embryonic shell (fig. 11) is less acutely angular at the periphery than in obesa (cf. pi. 4, fig. 13, embryo of A. obesa from Polipoli Forest Reserve). Length 10.5, diam. 8 mm. ; 5^ whorls. Length 10, diam. 7 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 9.6, diam. 8 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 8.2, diam. 6.7 mm. ; 5 whorls. East Maui: Auwahi, at about 4200 ft. elevation, (D. Thaa- num, 1913). Cotypes in collections of A. N. S., Bishop Mus. and Thaanum. Mr. Thaanum reports that this race was found in large numbers in open forest, on dead leaves, among and under rocks. Nearly all adult shells are free from dirt. The young ones are sometimes bedaubed, the agglutinations usually most copious at the periphery. The reddish color of the lip-rib is constant, only varying in intensity. It fades in alcohol. In the same neighborhood and at almost the same elevation, AMASTRA. 19 a very pretty small form of the race was found. It was from more open country, at the upper edge of the forest. Length 9, diam. 7 mm.; 5^ whorls (largest). Length 8, diam. 6 mm. ; 5 whorls. Auwahi is two miles or a little more from Polipoli, a grassy ridge separating the two localities, which are on the great ridge running southwest from Haleakala. A. obesa of normal size, with the aperture white, was taken by Mr. Thaanum in the Polipoli Forest Reserve, Kula, at 4300 ft. elevation. It is very rare there, only about a dozen living shells found in two days. They measure from length 11.5, diam. 9mm. to 11 x 8!/3 nim. Even the living ones have the cuticle partially deciduous. An embryo is figured, pi. 4, fig. 13. A. METAMORPHA P. & C., n. Sp. PI. 5, figS. 1 to 5. The shell is perforate, dextral, long conic, rather thin; russet, the last whorl usually light brownish olive or isabella color, and white under the cuticle in adults. Spire straightly conic, the whorls convex. Embryonic whorls convex, worn in adults, but in the young they are very minutely and deli- cately striate (fig. 5). Later whorls are lusterless, with sculpture of indistinct, irregular growth-lines, the last whorl usually having a few coarse wrinkles. The aperture is small, with a rather thick white lining in adult shells; outer lip acute, dark-edged, not thickened within. Columellar lamella small and oblique. Length 12.25, diam. 6, aperture 5 mm. ; 6% whorls. Length 11.25, diam. 5.5, aperture 4.7 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 10.5, diam. 6.3, aperture 4.9 mm. ; 5% whorls. West Maui: Olowalu Gulch, D. Thaanum. Cotypes in A. N. S. P. and Bishop Mus., also in Thaanum coll. This interesting Amastra was found by Mr. Thaanum in July, 1913. It is isolated among Mauian species, and appears to be an elongated form of Cyclamastra, related remotely to obesa and agglutinans. There is a certain resemblance to the Hawaiian group of A. melanosis, which like A. meta- morpha has affinities with both Amastrella and Cyclamasira. 20 AMASTRA. The rough surface, white lining, embryonic sculpture, and the mode of agglutination, are all features which we think indicate relationship to A. obesa. So far as known, Cyclamastras of the umbilicata series do not agglutinate; but as nearly all of them are fossils, this point is somewhat uncertain. At all events, the Mauian A. morticina differs from A. metamorpha by its more ample umbilicus, the conspicuous angularity of the aperture at the foot of the columella, and by its stouter figure. Most adult shells are clean, but the immature stage is some- times copiously loaded with dirt, the thickest accumulations being at the periphery and around the lip. See figures 3 and 4. A. METAMORPHA DEBILIS P. & C., n. Subsp. PL 5, figS. 6, 7. Differs from the preceding by the absence of any white lining of the interior, the shell being very thin, even fragile. Exterior russet throughout. Columellar lamella smaller and more oblique. Average contour more slender than in metamorpha. Length 13.1, diam. 5.8 mm. ; 6% whorls. Length 12.1, diam. 5.7 mm.; 6% whorls. Length 11.5, diam. 5.25 mm. Olowalu Gulch, at a greater elevation than A. metamorpha, D. Thaanum, July, 1913. This may prove specifically distinct, if intergrades with metamorpha do not turn up ; yet the general resemblance of the two forms is such that they may well be associated for the present. Series of A. umbilicata. For the greater part, these were shells of the plains and low elevations, down to near sea level. With the passing of the low forests these Amastras have become extinct, with few exceptions. A. HARTMANI 'Newc.' Hartman. PI. 2, figs. 19, 20. Vol. XXI, p. 160. Specimens in the Newcomb collection, AMASTRA. 21 here figured, serve to elucidate this little-known form. They have the whiteness and texture of sand-dune fossils. It ap- pears that Doctor Newcomb had a tablet bearing five speci- mens. Three remained glued fast when one of us examined it. Two shells had been removed, as the glue marks show, and doubtless were given to Doctor Hartman. The label on the tablet is as follows: "Achatinella Hartmani Newcomb. ex- tincta Pfr., a misnomer as this is not an extinct species. Kauai." It appears therefore that the locality given by Hartman "Oahu" was from Pfeiffer, who gave that locality for A. extwcta, which Newcomb and Hartman supposed to be the same as hartmani. Newcomb 's "recent examples/' thought to be the same as these fossils, but really differing by the far less inflated shell, were said to be from Oahu. Stripped of the masque fashioned out of the misconceptions of Newcomb and Hartman, it appears that A. hartmani is a fossil shell of Kauai, closely related to A. similaris Pse., and so far as we know, unlike any Oahuan species. A. hartmani has a conspicuously rotund last whorl and a straightly conic spire. The whorls are strongly convex, suture deeply impressed, by transparence showing a very narrow clear gray margin below. There are irregular and rather strong wrinkles of growth on the last whorl. The surface is glossy, perhaps polished by the dune sand. Outer lip is obtuse, somewhat thickened within. Columellar fold small, as in A. similaris. The only difference between these shells and A. similaris received from Pease is that the aper- ture is a little more rounded at the base of the columella in A. hartmani. In similaris it is more distinctly angular. The value of this difference remains to be seen, when the shells are collected in quantity. Fossil Cyclamastras are generally found in copious numbers. Meantime A. hartmani may be given a provisional place in the Kauaian list. Length 12.3, diam. 7.9 and 8, aperture 6.1 mm. Length 12, diam. 7.5, aperture 6.1 mm. The tip of the spire is broken in all of the shells. 22 AM ASTRA. A. ANTIQUA KAWAIHAPAIENSIS P. & C., H. Subsp. PI. 2, fig. 13. Differs from A. antiqua Bald. (Vol. XXI, p. 160), by hav- ing the spire straightly conic, not contracted near the sum- mit; last whorl somewhat swollen above the periphery, while antiqua is evenly convex; sculpture much less coarse. It is found in the soil of a plowed field between the bluff and the railroad, and though fossil, shows some color. The embryonic whorls are neutral red, gradually fading down- wards, the last two whorls gray- white. The surface is weakly and very sparsely plicate, and irregularly indented. Aper- ture small, contracted, subangular at base of the columella. Peristome acute, strengthened with a rather strong orange- cinnamon callus which is somewhat further from the edge than usual. Columellar lamella rather small. Umbilicus about as in A. antiqua or slightly more compressed. Length 17, diam. 10.5, aperture 8.3 mm.; 6 whorls. Oahu: Kawaihapai, at the western end of the Waianse Mountains, in soil of a field, perhaps 20-30 ft. above sea level, Pilsbry and Cooke, 1913. A. UMBILICATA (Pfr.). PL 2, figs, 5 to 8. Vol. XXI, p. 251. This species was sent to Pfeiffer by Frick. In the absence of Oahuan specimens, I formerly fol- lowed Newcomb's identification of Molokaian specimens as A. umbilicata, and doubted its occurrence on Oahu. Speci- mens agreeing fully with Pfeiffer's description and with Newcomb's Molokai examples are now before us from the following places in Oahu : iy2 miles east of Kahuku; Laie, west of the stream, between the road and the sea (Cooke and Pilsbry) ; Kaelepulu, Kailua, in debris of a rocky bluff 6 to 10 ft. high, about 14 mile from the sea (Pilsbry). All of these specimens are from Pleis- tocene deposits not far above sea-level. "We know from the shells he got that Frick collected a good deal on the koolau side of the Main Eange, and he certainly must many a time have passed the Laie and Kahuku deposits within a few feet, on the shore road. "We do not doubt, therefore, that the type of A. umbilicata came from Oahu, AMASTRA. 23 and from this region; and would suggest that the Kahuku deposit be considered type locality. The species was doubtless once spread along the whole north shore. Many Kahuku shells (pi. 2, figs. 5 to 8) retain the color, orange-cinnamon above, fading to cinnamon-buff on the last whorl, or only the spire or the summit may be tinted, or the whole shell bleached white. The lip is blunt in adult shells. The columellar lamella is moderately strong, and does not quite reach the edge of the columellar lip. The latter is straightened, with a basal sinus which is filled up in old shells. Length 11.5, diam. 6.2 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 10.25, diam. 6 mm. Length 11.3, diam. 6 mm. Length 9.6, diam. 6 mm. The last measurement is that of a scarcely adult shell, the broadest of a considerable series. Specimens from Laie and Kailua are similar, but have lost all color. The exact locality in Molokai where Dr. Newcomb obtained living umbilicata is not known. In one of the lots sent to the Academy it was mixed with petricola. So far as we know, neither species has been found by recent collectors ori that island. We can find nothing in the shells to separate Newcomb 's specimens from those of Oahu, but the fossil form from Molokai seems somewhat different. A. UMBILICATA ARENARUM P. & C., n. Subsp. PL 2, figS. 1 to 4. The shell is decidedly larger than umbilicata. It differs from morticina by having the spire more slender at first, then rather rapidly widening. a. Length 14, diam. 7.5, aperture 6.25 mm. ; 6% whorls. a. Length 13, diam. 6.3, aperture 5.3 mm. ; 7 whorls. b. Length 14, diam. 7.75, aperture 6.5 mm. ; 61/2 whorls. b. Length 14.75, diam. 7.1, aperture 6.1 mm. ; 6% whorls. b. Length 12.3, diam. 7.2, aperture 6 mm.; 6% whorls. c. Length 11, dia,m. 6.5 mm. c. Length 12, diam. 7 mm. 24 AMASTRA. Molokai : Pleistocene sand dunes of Moomomi, Cooke and Pilsbry, 1913. Cotypes in A. N. S. P. and Bishop Mus. The measurements are from specimens from about 600 ft. elevation, at top of the bluff, a ; dunes at base of the bluff, ~b ; and low ground behind the dunes, about % mile south of the beach, c, where they average slightly smaller. Figures 3, 4, are normal, average specimens ; figs. 1, 2, are selected slender and obese shells. A few of the best-preserved shells have the summit tinted pinkish-cinnamon. A. u. arenarum is excessively abundant in the deposits. A. FEAGILIS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 11, 12. The shell is thin, fragile, perforate, narrowly ovate-conic, chestnut brown, scarcely shining, very finely, irregularly striate, and with larger striae at irregular intervals; com- monly daubed with faecal matter and soil. Summit rather obtuse; whorls convex, the last obtusely angular ' around the narrow umbilical slit. The aperture is oval, angular at both ends. Outer lip thin and fragile; columellar lip thin, straightened. Columellar lamella small, thin and very oblique, not quite reaching the edge. Length 9, diam. 4.7, aperture 4 mm. 5y2 whorls. Molokai: Pipe-line trail in upper Kaunakakai, above and below the spring (Cooke and Pilsbry, Jan. 26, 1913), cotypes no. 108629 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Mus. Kalamaula (Thaanum). Northwestern ravine of Kamalo, above the old ditch trail; also further east, near the western Partulina redfieldi colony (Pilsbry and Cooke). Waikolu gulch (Thaanum). The obtuse but noticeable angulation around the umbilicus, and the shape of the aperture indicate that this is a narrowly umbilicate species of Cyclamastra, distinguished from the immediate allies of A. umbilica'ta by its more slender contour, excessively thin shell and narrow umbilicus. In common with some of its allies, it carries more or less dirt on the shell. The form taken in Kalamaula by Mr. Thaanum, pi. 2, fig. 12, is stouter in figure, but otherwise like the types. One meas- ures, length 8.5, diam. 5, aperture 4 mm., with 5 whorls. An AMASTRA. 25 oblique view is given to show the steep ascent of the columellar lamella. The Waikolu specimens approach those from Kalamaula in shape. A. MORTICINA Pils. Vol. XXI, p. 280. Differs from A. umbilicata by its larger size and slightly more regular increase of the spire, that of umbilicata being more attenuated in the upper part. The differences are rather trivial and would be thought unimportant were both forms from one island.. As it is, we are inclined to reduce morticina to a subspecies of A. umbilicata. Specimens taken by us in Pleistocene deposits at ' ' Schooner Bay," on the uninhabited desert island of Kahoolawe, are not distinguishable from the types from Maui. A. ULTIMA Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 9, 10. The shell resembles A. morticina in figure, but differs by having a noticeably larger umbilicus, and a much weaker columellar lamella. The spire is straightly conic, whorls all convex, those of the embryo smooth, the rest with weak sculpture of uneven and irregular growth-striae. Color from russet to mars brown. Last whorl is compressed around the umbilicus, within which there is a spiral sulcus opposite the columellar lamella. The aperture is rather narrow, angular at both ends, interior colored like the outside ; outer lip thin ; columella vertical, bearing a very low and very oblique lamella which does not quite reach the edge. Length 10, diam. 6.1, aperture 5 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 9.9, diam. 6, aperture 4.3 mm. ; 6 whorls. Hawaii : Kahuku, Kau, under lava slabs on a nearly naked flow, D. Thaanum. Cotypes 108146 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Mus. ; also in Thaanum coll. This is a species of the greatest interest, as it adds a mem- ber of the ancient group of Amastra umbilicata to the fauna of Hawaii, and in a locality near the southern point of the island. This group of very similar forms is now known from end to end of the archipelago, chiefly in deposits of Pleisto- cene age. 26 AMASTRA. The specimens of A. ultima were probably from the lava flow of 1887, which ran through Kahuku. Section METAM ASTRA (Oahu). A. EOS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PL 2, figs. 14, 15. The shell is perforate, thin, globose-conic, chestnut brown, darker along the suture, the base paler, marguerite yellow, at least near the axis. Surface slightly lustrous, finely, irre- gularly striate, without spiral lines. Apical whorls smooth. Outlines of spire straight above, convex below. Whorls strongly convex immediately below the suture. Outer lip thin; columellar lamella thin, moderately oblique. Length 12.4, diam. 8, aperture 6.25 mm., 6 whorls. Length 12, diam. 8.5 mm. Oahu: Keawaawa. Cotypes no. 108171 A. N. S. P.; also in coll. Thaanum. Kuliouou, W. D. Wilder. The living shell has a good deal of adhering dirt. Com- pared with A. breviata Baldwin, of Halawa and westward, this species differs by being thinner, without creamy mark- ings, and especially by being swollen just below the sutures. A. breviata is very closely related to the Main Range form of A. reticulata. The division of colors on the last whorl is generally con- spicuous and abrupt in immature shells, but in old ones the colors become blended, though the bipartite pattern is visible on close inspection. A. eos is from the eastern limit of Amastra in Oahu. We fancy that the two localities given above really denote the same colony, where Messrs. D. B. Kuhns and W. D. Wilder collected. There has been some uncertainty among collectors as to the limits of the two valleys. A. TRANSVERSALIS BRYANI n. Sllbsp. PL 2, fig. 16. The shell is perforate, cylindric with conic spire, rather solid. Sculpture of irregular growth-wrinkles which are a little puckered and retractive next the suture, and are never cut into oblong granules, or crossed by impressed spiral lines as in A. transversalis or caputadamantis. The best preserved AM ASTRA. 27 shells show numerous tawny spiral lines and bands. Near the summit the outlines of the spire are a trifle concave. Em- bryonic whorls a little more convex than those following. The aperture is subvertical; outer lip obtuse, thickened. Columella vertical, forming an angle with the basal lip. Columellar lamella strong, subhorizontal. Length 12.3, diam. 6.7, aperture 5.3 mm. • G1/^ whorls. Length 12, diam. 6.4, aperture 5.3 mm. Oahu : Outside of Punchbowl, Honolulu, about 300 ft. be- low the summit, about 2 ft. below the surface of the soil (Professor Win. Alanson Bryan, Mar. 15, 1913), type 108958 A. N. S. P. This subspecies is well distinguished from A. transversalis by the sculpture. The latter species invariably has the axial striae more strongly developed and cut into granules. The color pattern also will probably prove quite different, but it is visible on only one of the series taken by Professor Bryan. Some other specimens however, show a tendency to erode in spiral bands, doubtless indicating former color markings. On Diamond Head we took specimens shaped exactly like the types out of a breccia of hard mud and angular fragments of lava, which forms the left wall of the path up to the look- out, inside the crater. None of them show color-markings. Larger shells, length 13.7, diam. 7.3, aperture 6 mm., with 61/3 whorls, were taken. A. vetusta Baldwin, described from Punchbowl (Vol. XXI, p. 178), is a more strongly sculptured shell of different out- line. It is very closely related to A. albolabris, from which it differs chiefly by the smaller size and more conic shape. By a slip of the pen A. vetusta was referred to as "A. venusta" in Vol. XXI, p. 163, and on p. 174, tenth line from bottom. A. caputadamantis is probably to be regarded as a sub- species of A. transversalis. It is larger and more cylindric, but has sculpture of the same character. The group of Amastra transversalis requires much further work in the field. They are to be looked for in the superficial deposits of the Pleistocene craters which stand in line along the foothills of Kona. 28 AMASTRA. A. TEXTILIS (Fer.). Vol. XXI, p. 164. A. cookei, Vol. XXI, p. 182, is merely a form of textilis. One of Pease's specimens of A. solida (Mus. Comparative Zoology), is a stunted, thickened textilis, but it does not seem to have sup- plied any part of his diagnosis. A. SUBROSTRATA (Pfeiffer). PL 7, fig. 4. Vol. XXI, p. 174. A translation of the original description has been given in Vol. XXI. A figure of the type-specimen, obtained for us by Mr. E. A. Smith, is now given. This shows that it is identical with part of the shells in the type lot of A. solida Pease, described on p. 178 of Vol. XXI. It will be noted that the descriptions of Pfeiffer and Pease read much the same. A. subrostrata is closely related to A. -textilis (Fer.), from which it differs chiefly by the more attenuate spire. The out- line is convex below, a little concave above. The embryonic whorls have the fine and rather faint striation of textilis. The shell is thicker than in textilis. It differs from A. albo- labris by the texture, sculpture, color and shape of the aper- ture. A. (Emulator has very much stronger sculpture on the embryonic whorls, as in A. cornea, and belongs to an appre- ciably different group of species. The deep recess below the columellar lamella and the somewhat straightened basal lip of A. subrostrata can be matched in any good series of A. textilis. A. siibrostrata has the appearance of a shell from the east- ern part of the Main Range. Two of Pease's specimens of A. solida (pi. 7, figs. 2, 3) are identical with A. subrostrata. One is Prout's brown, the other russet to cinnamon brown, both indistinctly mottled and streaked with whitish on the last half whorl ; embryonic whorls of the same color. In one shell (fig. 3) the lip is subangular outwardly, and has a smooth, rather thick, in- ternal lining. Length 13.5, diam. 7.8 mm., 5% whorls. The other has an amorphous, pimply, yellowish lip, which has been built forward from a smooth one, visible about 3 mm. within (fig. 2). The columellar margin and parietal callus AMASTRA. 29 are also strong, yellowish and roughened. It is evidently a very old shell which has added to the peristome in the senile stage, after normal growth had been completed. This speci- men supplied part of Pease's description — the phrases "more rarely rounded-angulate at the base" and "Peristome rugose, calloused, the margins joined by a thick callus'' applying to it. A. MONTAGUI Pilsbry. PL 5, fig. 13. The shell is sinistral, imperforate, oblong-ovate, rather thin, chestnut-colored, with a denuded ecru-olive patch in front of the aperture and an ill-defined yellowish band below the suture. The very thin cuticle is somewhat dull. Outlines of the spire are somewhat convex, the summit rather obtuse. The whorls are most convex close below the suture. Surface finely sculptured with unequal growth-ripples; embryonic whorls very minutely, indistinctly striate, convex. The aper- ture is oblique, slate-violet within; outer lip acute, black- edged, with a slightly thickened whitish submargin within. Columellar lamella thin, rather steeply ascending, subtriangu- lar. Length 13, diam. 7.75, aperture 6 mm.; 5% whorls. Oahu: Summit of the Main Range, between Waiahole and Waiawa, D. Thaanum. Cotypes no. 108172 A. N. S. P. and 6842 Thaanum coll. Amastra montagui PILS., Nautilus xxvii, August, 1913, p. 39. This species, which was named in honor of Doctor C. Montague Cooke, is related to A. thaanumi, which was found in Kaaawa, on a lateral spur of the Main Range, some miles north of the habitat of A. montagui. The main difference between the species is that A. montagui is much more slender. This is the second sinistral Amastra from Oahu. All other sinistral species of the genus belong to the subgenus Heter- amastra, and live on the islands Molokai, Maui, Lanai and Hawaii. A. RETICULATA Pfr. Vol. XXI, p. 179. Typical specimens were taken by Mr. Thaanum in Haleauau, and by Pilsbry at the foot of a small intermediate ridge in Popouwela. In both lots, there were also some subcylindric 30 AMASTRA. shells more like var. dispersa. Probably A. conspersa is not separable from typical reticulata. A. r. dispersa was taken by Thaanum in Haleauau, up to 19 mm. long, the largest 10.5 mm. in diameter. It is also common on the western ridge of Popouwela where the shells are extraordinarily variable in size, shape and color. A. RETICULATA VESPERTINA P. & C., n. Subsp. PI. 2, fig. 17. The shell is small, perforate, oblong-conic or coni-cylindric, irregularly striate, not spirally striate ; fossil, but the freshest shells show traces of numerous dark spiral bands. Aperture only slightly oblique, angular at both ends. Outer lip obtuse, somewhat thickened within. Columellar lamella prominent and subhorizontal. Length 12, diam. 6.5, aperture 5.7 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 13, diam. 6.9, aperture 6 mm. ; 6 whorls. Oahu: Kawaihapai, in soil of a plowed field between the railroad and the bluff, cotypes no. 108980 A. N. S. P. and in the Bishop Museum. Pilsbry and Cooke, 1913. This form closely resembles A. transversalis bryani of the Punchbowl and Diamond Head. Both seem to be depauper- ate races, possibly in response to the increasing aridity which finally wrought their destruction. A. r. vespertina lived on the coastal plain near the railroad, about a half-mile from the first bluff of the Waianae range. It doubtless dates from the humid stage of the Pleistocene or the early human period, when forest extended down to the present sea level. A. EXTINCTA (Pfeiffer). PI. 7, fig. 5. Vol. XXI, p. 159. A figure of the type in the British Museum is given. It seems to be a species of the A. cornea group, and should be looked for in the superficial deposits of Kona. The figure suggests a shell which had succumbed to arid environment. Section AMASTRELLA. Oahu. A. RUBENS (Gld.). Vol. XXI, p. 192. Mokuleia, Haleauau and Makaha (Thaanum). A set from Mt. Kaala has the rich chestnut cuticle almost entire, the AMASTRA. 31 under color of nearly the same shade. They have great super- ficial resemblance to A. decorticata, which does not occur in the Waianse range. A. DECORTICATA Gulick. Vol. XXI, p. 200. The type lot of A. solida Pease (Vol. XXI, p. 178), lent by the Museum of Comparative Zoology, proves to comprise three species. One shell is a short form of A. textilis with an abnormally thickened outer lip, probably senile or pathologic. Two are identical with A. subrostrata Pfr., and have been noticed under that caption; one of them served for Pease's description of the peristome. The fourth shell, pi. 7, fig. 1, is an A. decorticata, with exactly the texture and color of many of Gulick 's Kawailoa specimens, but slightly abnormal by having the last two whorls rather tumid just below the suture, as if the spire had been slightly telescoped on the penultimate whorl. Exactly the same appearance is occasionally to be seen in Amastra, Bulimulus and other shells of like shape. The color is rather peculiar, kaiser-brown with tawny streaks, fading to yellow below the suture on the last 2y2 whorls, and with dull blackish streak behind the outer lip ; the upper half of the spire being liver-brown. The outer lip has been broken and repaired, is dark-edged, and thickened a little distance within. Parietal callus moderately thick but transparent and therefore not conspicuous, exactly as in decorticata. Length 16, diam. 9 mm.; whorls 6%. It is a "dead" but fresh shell. Pease's description of the external color and dimensions were from this shell, while his description of the aperture was from one of the specimens of A. subrostrata. A. solida be- comes therefore a synonym of both species. From the appearance of the four shells assembled by Pease in his lot of A. solida, we would say that they were from three localities, and were associated by Pease simply because of the thickened peristome. In three of them the thickening is obviously abnormal; the other shell being a normal A. subrostrata. Snails with irregular apertural calluses are 32 AMASTRA. common enough in some island faunas, but are remarkably rare in the Hawaiian group, probably because such structures are generally associated with aridity. In the Hawaiian group arid conditions have come in so suddenly that there has been extinction rather than adaptation of the snail fauna. A. ELLIPTICA Gulick. Vol. XXI, p. 204. Occurs in a Pleistocene or later deposit iy2 miles west of Kahuku, in a bluff of calcareous-sand rock, near the seashore road, at a far lower level than the species now lives. Section PAEAMASTEA. Oahu. A. MICANS (Pfr.). Vol. XXI, p. 210. Amastra erect a Pease, Vol. XXI, p. 305, of which one of us has recently examined the type in the Pease collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, is identical with A. micans (like pi. 37, figs. 5, 6, of Vol. XXI). It is to be deleted from the list of Mauian species. Specimens of A. micans taken by Mr. Thaanum in Haleauau are bandless, chamois or honey yellow to chestnut, often with a fragmentary darker brown outer cuticle, and measure 15 x 7.5 to 17x8 mm. Those from Pukuloa are mostly a little narrower, chestnut-colored with dark blue summit. On the western ridge of Popouwela we found about half of the shells banded (frosti pattern), and very few white under a thin, pale yellow cuticle, the upper part of the spire flesh-colored. A. frosti is merely a mutation occurring in some colonies of micans, and not a valid species or subspecies. A. SPIEIZONA (Fer.). Vol. XXI, p. 215. Add the synonym: Achatinella boetica Mighels, Jay's Cata- logue Edit. 4, p. 214. The type locality of spiriznna was doubtless Helemano or in that immediate neighborhood, and it is therefore exactly equivalent to A. acuta Swains. It occurs in hybrid colonies with the pattern called nigrolabris Smith. It is a notable fact that in the "Waianae range spirizona has a different set of associates. I have not the material to AMASTRA. 33 fully work out the question of its relations with A. cylindrica > but the two are certainly near akin. Well north on the western ridge of Popouwela it is found in typical pattern,, together with cylindrica Nc. There is no evidence that they interbreed, and there are no blends in the series collected by Pilsbry. Further up the ridge, southward, in the place where Endodonta is abundant, there are a few spirizona as- sociated with many cylindrica-porphyrea-intermedia, and a very few specimens with the white suture of spirizona and the lighter ground-color and coarse striae of porphyrea. The type figure of A. rudis Pfr. (Vol. XXI, p. 219) is photographically reproduced in fig. 17 of pi. 30, Vol. XXII. A. CYLINDRICA (Newc.). PL 8, figs. 12 to 16. The series from the western ridge of Popouwela demon- strates that A. cylindrica (Vol. XXII, pi. 29, fig. 11, photo- graphic copy of type figure), A. intermedia (Vol. XXII, pi. 29, fig. 13, type fig.) and A. porphyrea (Vol. XXII, pi. 29, fig. 16, type fig.) live in the same colony, no doubt interbreed, and are fully connected by blends. We unite all under the first name, A. cylindrica. The specific identity of these forms has already been recognized by several of the Island conchologists. Newcomb 's figures are reproduced in fac- simile on pi. 29 of Vol. XXII. As they are somewhat ideal- ized, we are giving views of Popouwela shells also, pi. 8, figs. 12-16. The outlines of the spire vary in convexity, but are sup- posed to be always more convex than in A. spirizona, which has straight contours. The last whorl at least is coarsely striate. The ground-color varies from nearly white or vinaceous buff to mikado brown, and is either plain or en- circled with lines and bands of a darker shade. The black or black-brown cuticle remains in shreds, emphasizing the stria- tion, or in patches; and it is most persistent in the dark- ground shells such as Newcomb figured as intermedia. The narrow, well-banded shells are Newcomb 's cylindrica, the wider more obese ones, banded or not, are his porphyrea. A. variegata Pfr. is closely related to the preceding. 34 AMASTRA. Whether constantly distinct remains to be worked out. No new material bearing on this form was obtained in the expedition of 1913. AMASTR^E OF LANAI. A. AUROSTOMA Baldwin. PL 8, figs. 9, 10, 11. Vol. XXI, p. 240. Specimens with the cuticle figured in zigzag stripes were taken by Mr. Thaanum near Kaalele Paaka (main ridge east of Lanaihale). In part of the shells this pattern gives place to uniform black on the last whorl. The under color is pale yellow orange or yellow ocher. The largest shells have the aperture and parietal callus white. A. MAGNA (Newc.). Vol. XXI, p. 237. The original fig- ure of A. gigantea Newc. is reproduced on pi. 29, fig. 17, of Vol. XXII. AMASTR^E OF MOLOKAI. See pp. 23, 24 for species of Cyclamastra. A. VIOLACEA (Newc.). Vol. XXI, p. 257. Newcomb's ori- ginal figure is reproduced photographically on pi. 29, fig. 14, of Vol. XXII. A. PULLATA Baldwin. PL 8, figs. 7, 8. Vol. XXI, p. 261. To the figures cited in Vol. XXI add pi. 37, fig. 17. New localities are : Puunea, north of Meyer's lake (Cooke & Pilsbry). Kalamaula (Thaanum). Head of Makakupaia gulches (Thaanum). Two specimens from the last locality are figured to show the extremes of shape, the more slender shells running into var. subnigra. Pipe-line trail near and at its head, upper Kaunakakai (Cooke & Pilsbry), mostly of the siibnigra shape, but some shells nearly typical pullata ; last whorl sometimes variegated, usually deep brown or black. Var. umbrosa was taken by Pilsbry and Cooke in the ravine east of Makolelau house, and in the northwestern ravine of Kamalo, above the old irrigation ditch. A. MUCRONATA (Newc.) PL 3, figs. 1, 2, 3 (Mapulehu). Vol. XXI, p. 268. See also Vol. XXII, pi. 30, fig. 49, type AM ASTRA. 35 fig. (also fig. 18, type fig. of A. fusiformis Pfr.). Probably Mapulehu is the type locality of this species. Specimens col- lected there by Mr. Thaanum are figured on pi. 3, figs. 1-3. It is also type locality of the synonymous A. simularis. Mr. Thaanum has collected large series of a somewhat smaller form, length 12% to 15% mm., in Mapulehu gulch. The aperture is usually less than half as long as the shell. The cuticle varies from elaborately figured to nearly plain. The ground-color is buff -pink, flesh or cinnamon, generally paler at the base, which may be white. More rarely the whole ground is white. The shell is quite thin. Further west, in Ualapue, Mr. Thaanum found a somewhat more solid form, with obscurely tessellated or merely streaked cuticle. Still further west, the color-variety atroflava was found by Dr. Cooke and myself in the northwestern ravine of Kamalo, above the ditch trail. The ground is cream or naples yellow, sometimes fleshy at the base, and the markings are mummy brown or blackish. Probably the types were from Kamalo, as figs. 9-12 of pi. 41 resemble these shells. Kamalo and Kawela are the western limits of mucronata, in any of its forms. Eastward of Mapulehu, Mr. Thaanum has collected forms of mucronata in Waialua and Moanui valleys on the south- eastern coast, and at Manawai opa in the great Halawa valley. The shells from these eastern localities are more obese than those from farther west, and might be segregated as a subspecies perhaps. In • Halawa the ground-color is often very dark, liver brown; but others are pale, marguerite yellow. The mark- ings are typical. Near the mouth of Halawa Mr. Thaanum found fossil specimens, resembling those of Mapulehu in shape. The several varieties of Ancey and Sykes, noticed in Vol. XXI, are based chiefly upon ground-color, which is extremely variable in any large lot. Mr. Ancey 's var. maura is typical simularis, that is, a form of mucronata. Possibly the locali- ties of varieties roseotincta and citrea could be given by Mr. 36 AMASTRA. Perkins, and if so their identity with either the western or the eastern races could be decided. The relations of A. mucronata with A. modest a, dimissa nubifem and subobscura require further study with more material than we can command. A. SYKESI (Vol. XXI, p. 273), of which we have now seen a good many specimens, seems very well distinguished from the preceding by its much more globose shape. The locality is Pali-koi, Halawa. A. SUBOBSCUEA H. & P. Vol. XXI, p. 276. Ualapue. A smaller form which may be called A. s. puella was taken by Mr. Thaanum in Ualapue. Length 9, diam. 5 mm., with 5y2 whorls. There is a rather acute peripheral carina on the whorls as far as the middle of the penultimate or farther, but no trace of it appears on the last whorl. It is noticeable above the suture in some speci- mens, nearly or quite concealed in others more closely coiled. Interior bluish white, with a slight thickening within the dark-edged lip in fully adult shells. A. KAUNAKAKAIENSIS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 3, figs. 8, 9, 10. The shell is narrowly perforate, oblong-conic, very thin. Chestnut brown, nude and glossy in front of the aperture, elsewhere covered with a very thin russet cuticle, which dark- ens to chestnut and often black on the last half whorl, where it becomes somewhat glossy. Embryonic whorls flattened, carinate and costate ; following whorls moderately convex, ir- regularly striate. Young up to middle of the fifth whorl are acutely angular, but the angle is concealed in adults. Aper- ture dark within, having no white lining and no lip-rib. The columellar fold is thin, oblique. Columellar margin reflected, nearly closing the perforation, Length 13, diam. 7.1, aperture 6.2 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 14.2, diam. 7.5 mm., 6 whorls (largest). Molokai : pipe-line trail in upper Kaunakakai district, above and a short distance below the spring. Pilsbry and Cooke, Jan. 26, 1913. AMASTRA. 37 This is a member of the mucronata group, distinguished by the very thin shell and the thin, wholly plain, russet cuticle, which darkens to chestnut on the last whorl. It is a thinner shell than A. subobscura. A. KALAMAULENSIS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PL 3, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, The shell is imperforate or nearly so, ovate-conic, very thin, glossy light brownish olive in front of the aperture, elsewhere covered with a thin russet cuticle having darker or blackish streaks on the last whorl, often wholly black in its last half, and usually having a cream- white band at the periphery run- ning a short distance in front of the aperture. The embryonic whorls are flat, carinate and costate, the ribs coarser than in Mapulehu A. mucronata. Subsequent whorls somewhat convex, marked with irregular growth-lines. The acutely an- gular periphery persists upon the penultimate whorl, but it becomes rounded before reaching the last, where the position of the keel is marked by a light band on the ventral side in most individuals. The aperture is dark within, with no white lining. Columellar fold thin. Columellar margin reflected, nearly or entirely closing the perforation. Length 11.9, diam. 7, aperture 6.2 mm. ; 5% whorls. Molokai: Kalamaula. D. Thaanum. Cotypes no. 108227 A. N. S. P. and Bishop Museum. Also in Thaanum coll. This shell has the very thin texture of A. kaunakakaiensis, from which it differs by the more prolonged carinate stage, the more obese shape and the frequent presence of a whitish band in front of the aperture. It has a thinner prismatic layer than any form of A. mucronata or A. subobscura, and there is not the least trace of mottling or zigzag figures in the cuticle. In a few specimens the embryonic whorls are slightly con- vex, the riblets almost obsolete, and the peripheral keel con- cealed. I cannot see that the rest of the shell differs. Similar cases of heteromorphic embryos have been noted in a few other Molokaian Amastras. By an error of the artist, figure 4 was grouped with figs. 1-3. 38 AMASTRA. A. HUMILIS MOOMOMIENSIS P. & C., n. subsp. PL 7, figs. 9 to 14. Differs from A. kumilis chiefly by the much smaller, or often obsolete columellar fold. The shape is usually more slender and elongate. Length 20.5, diam. 8.3, aperture 7.5 mm., whorls 7y%. Length 21.3, diam. 9 mm. Length 19.5, diam. 9 mm. Length 18, diam. 8.8, aperture 6.3 mm. ; whorls 7. Molokai : Pleistocene of the sand dunes of Moomomi, around base of the bluff, Cooke and Pilsbry, 1913. Cotypes no. 110594 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Mus. These shells dot the sand in the "draws'7 or swales of the dunes. In many places they may be scooped up by thousands. The loose ones are mostly etched by the blowing sand, but where the red-earth is exposed they occur imbedded, and show the irregular striation of recent humilis. The various stages in decadence of the columellar lamella are shown in the fig- ures. Occasionally the surface is somewhat malleate, and in some shells a tawny stain at the summit tells of the dark apex of the living shell. Moomomi is a shallow bay on the north coast at the end of the great escarpment running north from Mauna Loa. In some places the calcareous sand has been consolidated and stands in cliffs, carved into shelves and points by the wind. The soft layers in this formation are good collecting places for the small and minute forms. The shell-bearing layers begin about 20 ft. above sea level, and run up to about 600 ft. The presence of great numbers of fragile shells, Succinea, Endodonta, Philonesia, Tornatellinidce and Pupillidce show that the snails were buried where they lived. They indicate decidedly humid conditions and the presence of forest. Such conditions are now found eastward a third of the island's length from Moomomi, at elevations of over 1000 ft., but at present nowhere in the western half of the island. Here, as in Kahoolawe and Oahu, there is conclusive evidence of a Pleistocene climate far more humid than that of today. Living A. humilis was taken by Dr. Cooke and myself in a ravine east of Makolelau house. AMASTRA. 39 A. HUMILIS SEPULTA P. & C., n. subsp. PI. 7, figs. 15, 16, 17. Smaller and especially narrower than other forms of humilis ; columellar fold strongly developed, a second low fold occasionally present above the columellar fold (fig. 15). Aperture small. Length 17, diam. 7, aperture 6.5 mm. ; iy2 whorls. Length 15.5, diam. 6.5, aperture 6 mm. ; 7 whorls. Molokai : Moomomi, with the preceding. Cotypes 110595 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Museum. This is much less abundant than A. h. moomomiensis in the series taken, but it was not noticed in the field, where the ground was gone over hastily. It may be that all of them are from some particular bed. It is a point to be worked out when these extensive beds can be gone over in detail. A. NUBILOSA GEORGII, n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 6, 7, 8. The shell is larger than A. nubilosa, more slender than A. n. macerata. Surface rather coarsely striate and conspicu- ously malleate when not worn. Columellar fold smaller than in the recent forms, often very small. Length 26, diam. 12.8, aperture 11 mm.; 8 whorls. Length 23.5, diam. 12, aperture 10.2 mm. ; 7 whorls. Molokai : Pleistocene, in sand dunes at base of the bluff, Moomomi, Cooke & Pilsbry, Jan. 30, 1913. Cotypes no. 109971 A. N. S. Phila. and in Bishop Museum. . This Amastra is rather rare in the dune deposits, associated with A. humilis moomomiensis, Partulina dwighti occidentalis and many smaller species. Named for Mr. George C. Cooke, manager of the Molokai Ranch. Living A. nubilosa was taken by Dr. Cooke and myself north of Meyer's place, in Puunea, probably the extreme western limit of its range, and the nearest approach of the living form to the locality of the fossil race of Moomomi. A. TRICINCTA Pilsbry. PI. 3, fig. 14 (embryo). Vol. XXI, p. 277. This species was found by us to be not uncommon in a small ravine east of Puu Kolekole. It differs from A. petricola by the thinness of the shell and total ab- 40 AMASTRA. sence of a callous rim within the outer lip. The embryo has an obtuse summit and angular periphery, the angle sometimes concealed in adult shells. Its sculpture varies somewhat, but is always fine. The neanic stage has an acute peripheral angle or a narrow keel, as far as the end of 8^2 to 4^ whorls, after which the whorl becomes rounded. The peripheral whitish band is the most constant, the subsutural band being often wanting and the basal light patch mentioned in the descrip- tion is generally not noticeable. The largest shell taken is 9 mm. long. The embryo figured is 2.3 mm. long, composed of 2y2 whorls. A. ALBOCINCTA Pils. & Cooke, n. sp. PL 3, figs. 11, 12. The shell is perforate, oblong-conic, small, thin, somewhat shining, more or less daubed with dirt in life. Spire straightly conic, tapering to a minute apex. Embryonic whorls drawn out, strongly convex, very delicately striate, having a silky luster. Neanic whorls convex, angular at the periphery, the angle concealed in adults, or sometimes visible just above the suture. Last whorl rounded, having sculpture of irregular, delicate growth-striae, liver-brown, more or less streaked with yellow, and having creamy bands at suture, periphery and around the columella, the sutural and colu- mellar often obsolete. The aperture is dark within, lip not in the least thickened. Length 9.3, diam. 5 mm. ; 5% whorls. Molokai: northwestern ravine of Kamalo, just above the ditch trail, on a steep, wooded slope. Pilsbry and Cooke, Jan. 29, 1913. Cotypes 108689 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Mus. This species resembles A. tricincta in size, color, and in the thinness of the shell. The spire is more slender than in that species, with the tip more produced and acute. The embryonic shell (pi. 3, fig. 12, length 2.6 mm., of 2% whorls) is more oblong, with only an indistinct peripheral angle. A. petricola Newc., of which we have seen a number of examples, is a much more solid shell, with more obtuse apex. A. pusilla Newc. is more solid than A. albocincta, with coarser embryonic sculpture. A. albocincta and A. tricincta AMASTRA. 41 serve to connect the series of A. petricola and that of A. pusilla, and it is doubtful whether these small Amastras should not all be placed in one "series." A. pusilla has not been found by any subsequent explorer of Lanai, its habitat on that island resting upon Dr. Newcomb's statement only. Mauian Amastras. A. GONIOPS P. & C., n. sp. PL 4, fig. 1 to 5. The shell is imperforate or narrowly perforate, solid, bi- conic, vandyke brown, the denuded surface in front of the aperture usually lighter, pecan brown ; rather dull. Surface lightly marked with growth-wrinkles, sometimes having some spiral striae above the periphery. Periphery acutely angular or carinate in front, becoming rounded in the last half or less. Spire convex in the lower, slightly concave in the upper part. Embryonic whorls very finely, sharply striate, the em- bryonic shell (fig. 2) angular at the periphery, very similar to that of A. obesa. Aperture quite oblique, the interior white, or tinted with pale blue, pink or violaceous; lip-rib strong, nearly white. Columella short, with a strong, not very oblique fold. Length 11.2, diam. 7.2 mm. ; 51/2 whorls. Length 11, diam. 7 to 7.5 mm. West Maui: upper Olowalu gulch (D. Thaanum, July, 1913). Cotypes in coll. A. N. S. P. and Bishop Museum. Also in coll. D. Thaanum. Mt. Lihau and Mt. Helu, rare (Thaanum). A peculiar and strongly individual species having some affinity to the much larger and rougher A. nigra. The dense texture, smooth surface, half-carinate last whorl and Cycla- mastra-like apical whorls are its most striking features. It was found in some abundance in the type locality. It does not agglutinate, though a few shells are dirty (fig. 4), as in all Amastras. A. agglutinans Nc., of West Maui is quite different, being more depressed, umbilicate, loaded with dirt at the periphery, and it has the rough cuticle of A. obesa. 42 AMASTRA. A. BALDWINIANA Pilsbry. PI. 8, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Vol. XXI, p. 292. The types from Mr. Baldwin were from "Lahaina," a district taking in a large segment of the south- western mountains. Olowalu in Lahaina district, is the larg- est valley on the southern slope. From the sea one looks up a vast gorge cleaving the very heart of the mountains, and terminating in a wall set with peaks. In this gulch Mr. Thaanum took a large series of shells which materially add to our knowledge of this species. At the highest locality it was found, there are a few shells agreeing well with the types except that they are as conspicuously malleated as A. nigra. The smaller shells of this lot are often less malleated, and are similar to those from lower in the gulch. In the lower locality, out of 390 shells taken, only three are as large as the types, measuring 19, 21.5 and 22.5 mm. respectively. The usual length of adults is 15 to 16 mm. In many shells the cuticle is unfigured except for longitudinal streaks, but others have zigzag or mesh markings as in the affinis group, in mummy brown on a pale ochraceous buff ground, on part of the penultimate and last whorls, finally becoming solid chestnut-black on the last half whorl or less. Until the last whorl there is a delicate carina at the periphery, often visible above the last turn of the suture, and sometimes this persists as an inconspicuous angle on the front of the last whorl ; most of the shells are somewhat malleate, but some show no malleation. The embryo shells are either apricot buff or chestnut brown. We cannot point out any important distinction between many of the small, unmalleated specimens of baldwiniana, and A. conifer a Smith, of Kula, East Maui. The peripheral carina persists longer in the latter; none I have seen are malleate, and it is not known to develop a large form like typical baldwiniana. Whether the two are specifically dis- tinct is uncertain. The localities are now separated by a wide area barren of forest shells. The forests of Kula dis- trict are mostly dead or dying. I do not know that any collector since the time of Gulick has found A. conifer a. AMASTRA. 43 Gulick's localities are very trustworthy, but we would like to see that of A. conifera verified. A. b. kahakuloensis P. & C., n. subsp., pi. 8, figs. 5, 6. An- other form of baldwiniana taken at Kahakuloa, W. Maui by Mr. Thaanum, is much more slender than any from Olowalu. A keel is generally visible above the suture towards its end, and there is sometimes a little malleation. The mummy brown cuticle is conspicuously streaked with whitish and on the last half whorl with black or blackish. The surface under it is pinkish buff or almost white. Length 17, diam. 8.5, aperture 7 mm. ; 6y2 whorls. Length 16.5, diam. 9, aperture 8 mm. A. AFFINIS (Newc.). PI. 6, figs. 12 to 19. Vol. XXI, p. 297. A large series recently collected by Mr. Thaanum in the Polipoli Forest Reserve, Kula district (pi. 6, figs. 15 to 19) shows great variation. The shape varies be- tween length 15.2, diam. 7.3 mm. and 13 x 7.3 mm. The ground color may be light buff, ochraceous buff, buff-pink Prussian red, purple-drab, or various more neutral tints. Some shells are pale below as in Vol. XXI, pi. 44, fig. 8. The outer thin cuticle is usually figured in zigzag-netted pattern, often wholly absent. In Auwahi (pi. 6, figs. 12, 13, 14), a couple of miles from Polipoli, the shells have mainly a dull or dead appearance, with the cuticle largely deciduous, what remains being usually dense and opaque, as in Gulick's rustica. It seems obvious from these lots that the supposed sub- species or varieties pupoidea, bigener, bigener abberans, sub- pulla and Cinderella are merely mutants of affinis, and with- out racial significance. A. LAHAINANA P. & C., n. Sp. PI. 6, figS. 1 to 10. The shell is perforate or closed, ovate-conic, thin but rather strong, not glossy, having rather coarse growth-striae near the suture, elsewhere weak. Color variable : carob brown, russet, apricot buff, ochraceous buff, or nearly white ; some- times the color is bipartite, light with a dark base or light 44 AMASTRA. with a dark spire, rarely dark with a light base. Bather rarely there is a thin fragmentary outer cuticle, ivory-yellow with zigzag or netted markings of mummy brown. The em- bryonic whorls (fig. 10) are more convex and more finely cos- tulate than in A. affinis. The embryonic shell is either chest- nut brown, pinkish buff or cream, and usually has oblique corneous markings on the last half whorl. The aperture re- sembles that of A. affinis ; outer lip scarcely thickened within ; columellar fold strong. Length 10.2, diam. 5.7, aperture 5 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 11, diam. 6, aperture 5.2 mm. West Maui: Olowalu Gulch, district of Lahaina, D. Thaanum. Cotypes in A. N. S. P. and Bishop Mus. A very pretty species, closely related to the East Mauian A. affinis, and like that variable in color. The embryonic whorls are more convex, more finely costulate, and show the keel less ; the shell is smaller than the average affinis, and the columellar lamella is a little larger. A. LINEOLATA (Newcomb). PL 7, figs. 18, 19. Vol. XXI, p. 320. Newcomb ?s collection contains three specimens on the lineolata cord, one having been broken off, probably to send to London for illustration in his paper of 1853. The three specimens represent two species. One shell has the "umber colored zigzag lines," and must there- fore be the type. The other two have no dark markings. They agree with Newcomb 's figure in P. Z. S., copied in volume XXI, pi. 45, fig. 9. The specimen which we take to be the type (pi. 7, figs, 18, 19), is openly perforate, rather thin. The spire is con- vexly conic below, but a little concave towards the summit. First half whorl smooth, next whorl flat, coarsely costate, carinate at the lower edge. The ribs are finer on the suc- ceeding whorl, towards the end of which they disappear ex- cept below the suture. Following whorls have faint growth- lines. The shell is pinkish under a thin tawny-olive cuticle, which is marked with a darker shade (Saccardo's umber) as shown in the figure. The embryonic whorls are brownish. AMASTRA. 45 The aperture is rather narrow; outer lip thin; columellar margin is reflected half over the umbilical crevice, and bears a small, steeply ascending lamella. Length 11.4, diam. 5.5 mm., aperture 5 mm. ; 5% whorls. It will be noted at once that the apex, the pattern of color and the columellar fold are those of A. affinis; but the shell is more slender than any affinis we have seen ; it is also some- what thinner, and has a conspicuously open perforation. We can only suggest that lineolata, as a close ally of affinis, is to be looked for in Maui. A. NEGLECTA n. sp. PL 7, fig. 20. The other two shells on Newcomb's card of lineolata differ from the preceding in the following particulars. They are imperf orate, like A. affinis; the shape is more broadly and regularly conic; the cuticle shows no dark variegation what- ever; the aperture is wider, and the columellar fold is decid- edly stronger and ascends less steeply. It seems to have been a shell of this kind which Newcomb figured in the P. Z. S. It is covered with a tawny-olive cuticle, and is bluish white where this is eroded in front of the aperture ; apical whorls brown. It differs from A. affinis by the straightly conic spire, which is narrower towards the apex, by the stronger, less steeply ascending columellar fold, and the absence of variegation. Length 12.7, diam. 6.2, aperture 5.5 mm.; 6 whorls. Length 12, diam. 6.7, aperture 5.5 mm. ; 6 whorls. Maui ? Type in Newcomb coll., Cornell University. ? Achatinella lineolata NEWC., P. Z. S. London, 1853, pi. 23, f. 29. Not the description. While decidedly of Mauian type, we cannot unite this with A. affinis or any allied species seen. A. joknsoni (which may prove to be a dark form of affinis) differs in shape, color and the columellar fold. A. amicta, which seems close to neglecta in shape, is described as differing by its rough epidermis and purplish color. Its apex is undescribed, and the locality unknown. It will be noticed that neither of these shells agrees exactly 46 AMASTRA. with Newcomb's measurements. But neither do his measure- ments agree with the figure in P. Z. S., since that figure has about the same ratio of breadth to length as these shells, whereas Newcomb's measurements represent it as a decidedly narrower shell. This is not to be taken too seriously, how- ever, as there are various ways of measuring the diameter of a shell of this shape, and moreover his measurements were probably read off of a flat scale, giving room for mistakes. A. FARCIMEN (Pfeiffer). PL 1, fig. 9. Vol. XXI, p. 291. Mr. E. A. Smith had our figure of the type-specimen made. This looks like a sinistral specimen of the pupoidea form of Amastra affinis, such as that figured in Vol. XXI, pi. 44, figs. 10, 11. The position of farcimen de- pends, however, upon the apical sculpture, which is not known to us. It does not look like a Heteramastra. A. MASTERSI (Newc.). Vol. XXI, p. 296. 4th line from bottom in place of northeastern read western. Section HETERAMASTRA Pilsbry. A. SOROR (Newc.). Vol. XXI, p. 285. Part of the specimens taken by Mr. Thaanum in Olowalu gulch, West Maui, have markings recall- ing A. affinis Nc. A. PILSBRYI Cooke. PL 4, figs. 6, 7, 8. Shell imperforate, sinistral, elliptical with conic spire which is somewhat contracted near the summit. One cotype is of an old gold color, streaked with chestnut behind the outer lip, and with the spire brownish; the other (dead) cotype is wax yellow in front of the aperture, elswhere with a yellow gleam under a pale tawny cuticle, the last third of the last whorl chestnut. Surface of the last whorl semi-matt, the spire more shining ; smooth to the eye, but under the lens unequal growth-wrinkles are seen. Embryonic whorls carinate, the keel visible above the suture ; first half whorl nearly smooth, the next two whorls sculptured with regular, slightly arcuate AMASTRA. 47 ribs, at first rather coarse, becoming finer to the end of the embryonic shell, which comprises 2~y% whorls (fig. 7). Whorls 5%, convex, the neanic whorls carinate, the keel usually concealed in adult shells; the last whorl is swollen below the deeply impressed suture, ventricose, tapering below. The aperture is rather long and narrow, slightly oblique, white within. Peristome slightly thickened close to the edge. Colu- mellar lamella of moderate size, thin and spiral, white; parietal callus thin. Length 13.1, diam. 7.7, length of aperture 7 mm. Length 13.4, diam. 8.1, length of aperture 7.1 mm. West Maui: Mt. Helu. Cotypes in coll. Bishop Museum and no. 108170 Acad. Nat. Sciences. Also in Mr. Thaanum's collection. Amastra pilsbryi COOKE, Nautilus xxvii, Oct., 1913, p. 68. A. fraterna Sykes of Lanai has some resemblance to this species, being of stouter contour than other Heteramastras. Although A. pilsbryi has the stout contour and carinate, costate embryo of typical Amastra, it is perhaps to be re- garded as a stout species of Heteramastra, the wholly un- figured cuticle favoring this view. It is rather isolated in the fauna as at present known, and does not readily fall into any of the recognized groups. A. ELONGATA (Newcomb). PL 2, fig. 18. Vol. XXI, p. 230. Three specimens are no. 29960 of the Newcomb collection, Cornell University. One of these may be the type which was said to be unique, but none agrees exactly with Newcomb 's measurements. It is a shell having the color and texture of A. subsoror, with which it agrees in the long, convex embryonic whorls. The surface may be a little rougher. It differs from siibsoror in the decidedly more elongate shape and consequently smaller aperture. It differs from A. perversa by the longer, more convex em- bryonic whorls. Seems to be a valid species, close to those of ]\{aui and Molokai. Length 10.9, diam. 5.2, aperture 4.4 mm. ; 6% whorls. 48 AMASTRA. A. SUBSOROR H. & P. PL 3, fig. 13. Vol. XXI, p. 287. The exact locality of this species is not known. Two of the three lots seen are without habitat, the other lot being labeled Lahaina, Maui, by Gulick. The summit of one of the type lot is figured on pi. 3. A. subsoror auwahiensis P. & C., n. subsp. PI. 5, figs. 8, 9, 10. The shell is sinistral, imperforate, thin, ovate-turrite, chest- nut-brown, the cuticle becoming yellowish on the spire in old shells; lusterless, irregularly striate and having occasional rather prominent wrinkles. Sculpture of the embryo fine, close and delicate (too coarse in fig. 10). The last whorl is swollen. Outer lip fragile. Columellar fold small and very oblique. Length 11.1, diam. 6.25, aperture 5.25 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 12, diam. 6.25, aperture 5.3 mm. ; 6 whorls. East Maui : Auwahi, at 4200 ft., very abundant. Differs from subsoror chiefly by its more robust contour, the last whorl being more swollen, and the shell larger in every way. The sculpture of the apex is about the same. It was found in fine dirt around and under rocks or occasion- ally attached to them. Auwahi is on the slope of Haleakala facing Hawaii, just above Ulupalakua. Hitherto A. Iczva and A. hutchinsonii were the only Heter- amastras known from East Maui; but Mr. Thaanum's find shows that the group of forms supposed to be West Mauian is also represented in the east. Curiously enough, they were found in the southern slope, and not on the less remote Kula side. A. NUBIGENA Pils. & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 11, 12; pi. 3, fig. 15. The shell is imperforate, sinistral, solid but rather thin, ovate-turrite, dark chocolate-colored, pale around the colu- mella. Surface matt except in front of the aperture, where the very thin outer cuticle is worn off. Outlines of spire slightly concave above. Apex rather acute, the initial half AMASTRA. 49 whorl smooth, next whorl having rather coarse, arcuate riblets, and carinate above the suture; the following whorl more closely and sharply rib-striate (pi. 3, fig. 15). Neanic whorls carinate, the carina showing above the suture on some of the whorls, becoming obsolete on the penultimate whorl; last whorl more or less swollen. The outer lip has a white internal thickening ; columellar lamella moderately strong, oblique. Length 10, diam. 5.7, aperture 4 mm. ; 6*4 whorls. Length 10.2, diam. 5.5, aperture 4.3 mm. ; G1/^ whorls. Length 9.3, diam. 5.6, aperture 4 mm.; 5% whorls. West Maui: gulch to the right of Maunahoomaha, above Lahaina, D. Thaanum, 1913. Cotypes in A. N. S. P. and Bishop Mus. Also reported by Mr. Thaanum from Mt. Helu, Honokawai gulch, Moomuku and Honokohau. This form has coarser ribs on the embryonic whorls than any of the related species, and the second embryonic whorl is flatter. The shell is larger and much more solid than A. sub- soror. As in that, there is a small pale tract around the colu- mella, the rest of the shell being very dark brown. Hawaiian Amastras. A. MELANOSIS (Newcomb). PI. 1, fig. 17. Vol. XXI, p. 312. Having examined a paratype from Newcomb 's collection (pi. 1, fig. 17, no. 30,014 Cornell Univ.) we are satisfied that his melanosis was based upon immature shells, lacking almost or quite a whorl of maturity, and cor- responding exactly with the immature stage of the shells figured in Vol. XXI, pi. 47, figs. 1, 2. These shells were from Mr. Baldwin, labeled Hamakua. Probably obtained by him from Mr. Homer. Their exact locality could doubt- less be traced. Newcomb 's label however says "Mauna Loa, Hawaii." Very little importance is to be attached to this, since Newcomb himself did not collect the shells, and it is very doubtful whether such an Amastra occurs on Mauna Loa unless so far down as to rob the term of any definite geographic significance. At all events, the Hamakua shell appears to be the typical form of A. melanosis. Dr. Newcomb 's original figure, copied in Vol. XXI, pi. 47, 50 AMASTEA. fig. 6, was enlarged. A figure of the specimen in his collec- tion is given on pi. 1, fig. 17. It measures, length 9.9, diam. 7.1 mm., with 5 whorls. A. melanosis kauensis P. & C., n. subsp. PL 1, fig. 18. The shell has the short, wide contour of Newcomb 's type figure of melanosis. The cuticle is dull brown with darker streaks, and is in large part deciduous in adult shells, expos- ing the dull, flesh-tinted, somewhat chalky substance of the shell. The embryo is acutely angular, the angle continuing to the middle or rarely to the end of the last whorl. It is con- cealed on the spire except in the last half or third of a whorl, where it is exposed by the slight descent of the last whorl. The umbilicus is open and half covered in some, wholly closed in other examples. Length 11.8, diam. 8.25 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 11.2, diam. 7.6 mm. Waiohinu, Kau, near the southern end of Hawaii, Mr. Thaanum. Cotyes no. 108147 A. N. S. and in Bishop Mus. ; it is also in the Thaanum collection. This form is larger than the type of melanosis, but shorter and broader than what we take to be the adult form of that species. A. PLAVESCENS (Newcomb). Vol. XXI, p. 315. In its various varieties, this species probably has colonies in every forest district of Hawaii. In specimens from Newcomb, figured in Vol. XXI, the last whorl is rounded. A series from Gulick, without exact locality, has it more or less angular in front. Two specimens from New- comb measure : Length 16.5, diam. 9, aperture 7.5 mm. ; 6% whorls. Length 15.3, diam. 8, aperture 7 mm. ; 6 whorls. In A. f. saxicola Bald, the whorls are more convex, the last one rounded peripherally. This is the race from far south, the type from an aa flow on the Kahuku ranch, Kau. A form from South Kona, which Mr. Baldwin erroneously sent as A. henshawi (Vol. XXI, p. 318, last paragraph, and pi. 47, fig. 15), is similar to flavescens except that it is more AMASTRA. 51 slender with smaller aperture. The whorls are rather flat- tened, as in typical flavescens, with the suture less impressed than in the following form. Eastern form (pi. 9, fig. 13). A large series from Olaa, 2550 ft. elevation, collected by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, and a number from Glenwood, Olaa, taken by myself, show that the eastern form has slight racial peculiarities. The shell is in the average more slender than flavescens from Newcomb, with more convex whorls and smaller aperture. The last whorl is everywhere rounded. The thin cuticle on the last 2y% whorls is cream buff, streaked on the last whorl with chamois, and towards the end of the whorl often with ochraceous buff. The upper part of the spire is cinnamon or sometimes nearly as light as the later whorls. Specimens measure : Length 15.4, diam. 7.8, aperture 6.4 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 15.8, diam. 7.8, aperture 6.9 mm. Length 15, diam. 8, aperture 7 mm. Length 13.1, diam. 7.7, aperture 6.5 mm. The last measurement is of the broadest shell in my series, the individual possibly not quite adult. Mr. Henshaw has found a less slender form, with similar coloration, at Hono- mou, 13 miles north of his Olaa colony. While this eastern race seems separable from the flavescens, of Newcomb and Gulick, I refrain from naming it at this time, as I have no Hamakua shells with exact locality. Further comparison of good series is needed to demonstrate the value of the Olaa and the South Kona races, and their relation to Hamakua flavescens. A. HENSHAWI Baldwin. PL 9, fig. 14. Mr. Baldwin's description was reprinted in Vol. XXI, p. 318, but the specimen figured was a very different form which he subsequently sent out as A. henshawi, and not the original species. Mr. Thaanum, who put us right in the mat- ter, kindly gave one of the original lot of henshawi, collected by Mr. Henshaw near the Buchholz place, Kona. It is drawn in fig. 14. It is distinct from A. flavescens by its far broader contour. 52 LAMINELLA. The shell is solid, resembling flavescens in texture. It is rather sharply irregularly striate, very faintly pink under a very thin naples-yellow cuticle, which is partly deciduous, the spire cinnamon, darkening to the apex. The whorls are closely coiled, the last showing a distinct angle in front, and very shortly descending near the aperture. Suture well im- pressed. The columellar lamella is strong and subhorizontal. Length 15, diam. 9.5, aperture 7.75 mm. ; 6 whorls. Genus LAMINELLA Pfeiffer. LAMINELLA GRAVIDA (Fer.). Vol. XXI, p. 327. This fine snail lives on the leaves of the olond, which is often referred to by collectors as the "gravida plant.'7 I never saw them on any other plant. They are extremely timid, and drop to the ground at the slightest jar. On inspection of the very large series in the Bishop Museum, the Irwin Spalding and the Thaanum collections, it is obvious that there are several local races, which it is de- sirable to recognize by name. The subspecies of L. gravida from west of Nuuanu live in widely separated colonies, and are perfectly distinct from one another in characters. They might be ranked as species, be- ing more distinct than many species of Achatinella. Those from Nuuanu eastward occupy contiguous areas and are less clearly differentiated from each other. L. GRAVIDA DIMONDI (C. B. Adams) . Vol. XXI, pi. 55, f. 1, 2, 4, 5. The cuticle is bone-brown to black, more or less extensively deciduous in angular patches, exposing the cream or pinkish buff or almost white under-tint. Aperture white or pinkish buff within. Embryonic whorls olive-buff or some shade of brown. Size larger than in Pauoa gravida. Length 26, diam. 4, aperture 2.3 mm. Length 25, diam. 14.5 mm. Oahu: Wailupe, "Waialae (fig. 2, Cooke coll.), Palolo (figs. 1, 4, A. N. S. P.), Manoa, Mt. Konahuanui and upper Nuuanu (fig. 5, Cooke coll.). LAMINELLA. 53 This was mistaken for typical gravida in the former ac- count. Adams' description follows. "Achatinetta Dimondi. Shell reversed, thick, long ovate- conic ; dingy white or very pale yellowish brown, with a black- ish margin to the aperture when mature ; with a greenish black fugacious epidermis; with the transverse striae rather slight, very unequal and irregular, without spiral striae ; apex subacute ; spire rather long, with the outlines moderately cur- vilinear; whorls nearly seven, quite convex, with the suture well impressed; last whorl often somewhat flattened on the middle. Aperture subovate, with the columellar fold well de- veloped, with the deposit on the inner side very thin ; labrum sharp, not reflected, well thickened within. Mean divergence 45 degrees ; length 1 inch ; breadth 5 inch ; length of aperture .38 inch. "Variety (?) lata has a divergence, in a specimen about two-thirds grown, of 55 degrees. "Habitat, Sandwich Islands. ' ' This fine species is named in honor of Mr. Henry Dimond, of Honolulu, to whom I have been much indebted for the shells of these islands." (C. B. Adams.) L. GRAVIDA GRAVIDA (Fer.). PL 1, figs. 1, 2. Probably the form from Pauoa valley and Tantalus is typical. This form agrees well with the original description and figure, and our analysis of Ferussac's Hawaiian shells makes Pauoa the most probable locality for his species from near Honolulu. No doubt the party ascended Mt. Tantalus. This form is figured in Vol. XXI, pi. 55, fig. 3. It is small, with thin cuticle more or less deciduous, but where retained it is profusely speckled with v-shaped and zigzag lines of warm sepia, olive brown or bone brown, more or less dis- posed in streaks, and over a pale ochraceous salmon under- tint. Embryonic whorls usually some shade of brown, some- times olive-buff or a darker shade. Interior flesh color. Some specimens are cream-colored under the cuticle, with the aperture warm buff. The largest specimen found by the senior author is 21.3 mm. long. Oahu: Bowl of Tantalus (pi. 1, figs. 1, 2). L. GRAVIDA SUPFUSA (Reeve). Vol. XXI, pi. 55, figs. 7, 8. Cuticle almost entirely wanting, the shell pink or white; 54 LAMINELLA. embryonic whorls very pale. Eastern side of lower Nuuanu Valley. L. GRAVIDA KALIHIENSIS P. & 0., n. SUbsp. PL 1, fig. 6. Shell large, between white and marguerite yellow, with only small traces of a thin, very pale buff cuticle, which, where suf- ficiently preserved, is seen to be profusely figured with v or w-shaped olive lines ; the embryonic whorls being straw yellow or paler; interior white. Length 25.5, diam. 14, aperture 12 mm. ; 7 whorls. Length 27, diam. 14, aperture 12 mm. Oahu: Kalihi. Cotypes no. 109905 A. N. S. P. and no. 25878 Bishop Museum. L. GRAVIDA AURANTIUM P. & C., n. subsp. PL 1, figs. 3, 4, 5. Shell ochraceous-orange, deepening to apricot-orange or al- most coral pink near the outer lip, fading upwards to warm or light buff, the embryonic whorls some shade of ochraceous- buff or of brown ; cuticle almost entirely deciduous, but when remaining it is transparent, with irregular dusky markings. Interior geranium pink. Length 23, diam. 13.7, aperture 11 mm. ; 7 whorls. Length 23, diam. 12 mm. Length 21, diam. 13 mm. Length 26.2, diam. 15.2 mm. (Head of Waiawa). Oahu : main ridge, above Waiahole, D. Thaanum. Cotypes no. 109904 A. N. S. P. and in Bishop Mus. Head of Waiawa (probably near the same place), Spalding, Kuhns. Eastern ravines of Kaliuwaa, Irwin Spalding. On Olona. Notable for its rich color. The specimens from Kaliuwaa often have a more turrite shape and are paler, light buff, be- coming warm buff or ochraceous orange anteriorly, embryonic whorls liver brown. The aperture however is beautifully colored, geranium pink or rose doree (pi. 1, fig. 5). Length 25, diam. 13.2 mm. Length 22.2, diam. 13 mm. L. GRAVIDA WAIANAENSIS P. & C., n. Subsp. PL 1, figS. 7, 8. The shell has a dead, lusterless surface, cartridge buff to LAMINELLA. 55 nearly white, partly covered with narrow shreds of sepia cuticle, which becomes blackish towards the end of the last whorl; embryonic whorls with more or less flesh tint. Aper- ture white within, but with a livid purple border, generally broad, within the lip ; columella dark red. Length 23, diam. 12.5 mm. Oahu : Haleauau, Waianae Mountains. Cotypes in coll. A. N. S. P. and Bishop Mus. This race was mentioned as a form of L. straminea in Vol. XXI, at the foot of page 329. A specimen from Dr. Cooke's no. 1778 from the Waianae range was figured on pi. 55, fig. 6, but, by some oversight, in the explanation of plates the figure was said to be from a Nuuanu shell. L. SANGUINEA (Newc.). Vol. XXI, p. 330. The paragraphs at foot of page 332 and top of p. 333 be- long to L. gravida and not to L. sanguined. Mr. Oleson's note seems to have been misplaced in the MS., and the error was overlooked in the proofs. Many years ago Mr. Joseph Emerson found L. sanguinea on the south side of Anahulu river, in Kawailoa, but not on the north side. This appears to be its western limit. Newcomb 's type figure of L. sanguinea is reproduced photo- graphically on pi. 29, fig. 15 of Vol. XXII. Var. leucoderma. Ground color white with the faintest suggestion of pink, under a very pale buff cuticle, marked with black as usual. Interior white ; columella, parietal wall and a lip-border more or less pink ; summit dark, as in typical sanguinea. Size small. Length 17 mm., 5% whorls. Near the middle of the western ridge of Popouwela, Waianae Mts., on ieie. Spalding, Pilsbry and Cooke. Occurs as a pure race, so far as we know. L. ALEXANDRI (Newc.). PL 1, figs. 10 to 16. Very large and handsome specimens have been collected on Mt. Kukui, West Maui, by Mr. Thaanum. A series is figured. In most of them the black lines are straight, but in a few they net together (fig. 10), and rarely they almost disappear, only some dots remaining (figs. 14, 15-16). The largest shells measure 18 x 8.5 mm. 56 LAMINELLA. L. A. DUOPLICATA Baldwin, taken in lao valley by Mr. Thaanum, is broader and shorter in figure than Mr. Baldwin's types, and the whorls are more convex. Some specimens have no black markings. L. KUHNSI Cooke. Vol. XXI, p. 343. Some specimens from Kahakuloa, the type locality, have no black markings. Others, from Ahoa, are copiously marked with oblique, more or less zigzag and netted lines. In a few the lines are sunken, as in L. aspera. L. CITRINA CMigh.7 Pfr.). Vol. XXI, p. 350. Waihanau, and between Kahananui and Ualapue (Thaa- num). Pipe-line trail near mouth of tunnel, upper Kauna- kakai; bottom of ravine east of Puu Kolekole (Cooke and Pilsbry). The Waihanau lot contains also specimens of the color- form semivenulata, which is certainly not a subspecies, merely a mutation occurring in some colonies. Mr. Thaanum found a pure colony of dextral citrina at Kalamaula. All the embryos examined were dextral. L. DEPICTA Baldwin. Vol. XXI, p. 345. In deference to the opinion of Doctor Cooke and Mr. Thaa- num this is now ranked as a species distinct from L. alex- andri. Mr. Thaanum has two dextral individuals. Exactly where in Kamalo the typical form (Vol. XXI, pi. 52, figs. 10r 13-16) was found we do not know. L. depict a kamaloensis P. & C. A form found in north- western Kamalo above the amphitheatre, along the old Kamalo ditch, differs from depicta by its constantly smaller size, more convex whorls, the last more inflated, and by the decadent and fragmentary pattern of black on a ground varying from straw yellow to apricot buff. It was taken in some abundance by Cooke and Pilsbry in several places in the district mentioned, and has also been found by Mr. Thaanum, who took the shells figured in Vol. XXI, pi. 52, figs. 6, 7, 8. Length 12, diam. 6.2 mm., 5% whorls. ANATOMY OP ACHATINELLID^. 57 SOFT ANATOMY OF THE ACHATINELLID.E. Externally the animal of Achatinellida does not differ no- ticeably from that of Partulidcz or of Bulimulidce. The foot is usually shorter than the shell, rather broad, without divi- sion into longitudinal areas. In progression the sole shows advancing muscular waves. The lips, tentacles and eye- stalks offer no peculiarities. Dorsal and facial furrows are undeveloped or very weak. Small right and left body-lobes are developed on the mantle. The genital orifice is some dis- tance behind the tentacle, but seems nearer that than to the mantle, in alcoholic examples. It is decidedly further back than in Helicidcz. Pallial Organs. — They resemble those of Amastra and Ena. The surface of the lung is usually intensely black pigmented. It is macroscopically plain, without visible mesh of arteries and veins, only the pulmonary vein being visible. The kid- ney is very narrow and long, prolonged ureter-like forward nearly to the collar, where it opens by a pore on the intestinal side. A narrow fleshy ridge runs from the apex backward a short distance on the intestinal side. PL 20, fig. 3, Partulina dolei. The jaw, when present, is excessively thin and delicate. It is composed of narrow, more or less overlapping, vertical ele- ments, which seem completely united. They do not converge towards the middle (pi. 14, fig, 3, A. lorata). In some other species no jaw could be isolated. There seemed to be merely cuticle like that of the lower margin of the oral aperture. The radula is short and broad. It bears V-shaped rows of teeth. These teeth are very numerous (150 in a half -row, in A. lorata nobilis), all the side teeth are alike, and of a pecu- liar shape which may be called rastriform, or rake-like; the basal-plate being narrow and long, widening anteriorly, where it is recurved, the reflection being broad, bearing 5 to 7 den- ticles or delicate, acute cusps, which are unequal, the lateral cusps being largest. In some species there is a narrow ' ' cen- tral " tooth having a narrow bicuspid or tricuspid reflection., In others a central seems to be wanting, or if present is not 58 ANATOMY OF ACHATINELLID^E. distinguishable from the marginal teeth. We believe that the narrow central, when present, is merely a modified mar- ginal tooth, and not homologous with the central tooth of normal radulse. These characters are shown in pi. 20, fig. 2, A. lorata nobilis, a tooth in profile at x, and pi. 20, fig. 1, A. vulpina. The forms of the teeth are almost exactly similar in many species of Achatinetta, Achatinellastrum, Bulimella, Partu- lina, E~burnella, Perdicella, Baldwinia and Newcombia, ex- amined by Mr. W. G. Binney, H. M. Gwatkin, H. Suter and the writer. The salivary glands are united above, and less broadly below the oesophagus, which is long and not dilated to form a crop. The stomach is long, cylindric, produced at the py- loric end. The intestine is long. As usual, the alimentary canal lies in four folds. Reproductive organs (plates 12, 13, 14). — The terminal male organs are drawn isolated in pi. 13, fig. 4. The penis (p.) branches into a long appendix (app.) which is enlarged a little towards the distal end, more at the proximal end, and is very slender in the middle. The penial retractor muscle (p. r.) is bifid, one branch being inserted at the apex of the penis, the other on the enlarged basal part of the appendix. The vas deferens is terminal on the penis, and lies free from the uterus. There is no flagellum. The vagina is extremely short. Spermatheca globular, lodged among the caeca of the prostate gland, in which it is more or less completely im- bedded (see pi. 13, fig. 3, right side). Its duct is very long, and not branched. The uterus is narrow below, but usually much enlarged above. It usually contains but one embryo in an advanced stage at a time (see pi. 13, fig. 3, the embryo showing through the transparent wall of the uterus). The ovotestis is imbedded in the uppermost part of the digestive gland. The albumen gland is very minute (pi. 12, fig. 1, a. gl.)9 and in some species could not be found. The prostate gland is enormously developed, consisting of a large mass of long tubules (drawn on the left in figures 2, 5, 6, of plate 12). ANATOMY OF ACHATINELLHXE. 59 The embryo usually attains about 3% whorls before birth. Its shell is perforate, with the columella callused and ob- liquely truncate, or with a convex columellar lobe. The colu- mellar lamella appears later. In Partulina the shell is finely engraved spirally, in Achatinella either more minutely en- graved or smooth. Free muscles. — The retractor penis attaches distally to the lung floor (not to the uterus as stated by Mr. Binney). The retractor muscles of the tentacles are free from the tail re- tractor or columellar muscle. Both divide anteriorly into three branches, ocular, tentacular and anterior pedal. One of the ocular bands passes between male and female branches of the genitalia. The pharyngeal retractor unites with one of the tentacular bands at about the posterior fourth of the latter. It is deeply bifurcate anteriorly (pi. 20, fig. 4, Par- tulina dolei). On account of the uniformity of the soft anatomy in Acha- tineUidcu, no special descriptions are given under the generic heads. Characters in the soft parts to distinguish Newcombia, Partulina, Achatinella or any of the subordinate groups from one another, have not been found. The first Achatinella to be dissected was A. bulimoides. The radula was described and the teeth figured by Heynemann in Malakozoologische Blatter, XIV, 1867, p. 149, pi. 1, figs. 2, 2a. Dr. Heynemann remarks on the astonishing similarity of the teeth to those of Janella ( Athoracophorus) . In 1873, Mr. "W. G. Binney dissected a considerable num- ber of species, including the groups Achatinella, Bulimella, Achatinellastrum, Partulina, Amastra, Laminella, Leptacha- tina, figuring the teeth of several species and the genitalia of A. producta. (Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of N. Y., X, pi. 15.) In Annals of the N. Y. Acad. Sciences, iii, p. 96, pi. 3, 6, and 16, 1884, Mr. Binney reviewed his work, figuring the teeth of ten species, including Carelia, and the jaws of Carelia, Amastra and Laminella. In 1877 (Jahrbiicher d. d. Malak. Gesellschaft, p. 330), Dr. G. Pfeffer gave an excellent account of the soft anatomy of A. vulpina. He corrected various errors in Binney 's work, 60 ANATOMY OP ACHATINELLID.E. but failed to recognize the nature of the retractor muscle of the appendix. Mr. H. M. Gwatkin, in Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1895, p. 238, gives the results of his examinations of the teeth of 20 species of Achatinella and Partulina, six of Amastra, and one each of Leptachatina and Laminella. In the same volume, p. 239, Mr. H. Suter describes the teeth of A. cookei, lyonsiana, and Part, dolei, and the teeth and jaws of two Amastrcz, figuring those of Adi. dolei and Amastra rubicunda. In Proc. A. N. S. Phila., for 1900, p. 565, the senior writer described and figured the soft anatomy of A. dolei, pointing out the significance of the Achatinellid organization. The figures represent the following species: PLATE 12, figs. 1, 2, Achatinella abbreviate. Northwestern Palolo. A. gl., albumen gland; ft., appendix; r. p., retractor muscle of the penis. Fig. 3, Achatinella stewartii. Northwestern Palolo. Male organs and atrium only. Fig. 4, Achatinella viridans. Nuuanu. Male organs. Fig. 5, Achatinella byronii. Waimano-Manana ridge. Fig. 6, Achatinella lila. Waimano-Manana ridge. PLATE 13, fig. 1, Achatinella simulans Bve. Waolani. Sp.? spermathecal duct; v. d., vas deferens. The specimen is not gravid, uterus therefore small. Fig. 2, Achatinella lorata nobilis Rve. Fig. 3, Achatinella mustelina. Popouwela. App., appen- dix; other letters as above. Fig. 4, Achatinella vulpina. Glen Ada. Male organs. PLATE 14, fig. 1. Embryo of Pauahia tantilla. Line on left 1 mm. long. Fig. 2, Partulina redfieldi kamaloensis. Lettering as above. Fig. 3, Achatinella lorata. Jaw. Fig. 4, Newcombia philippiana. ut., uterus, containing one embryo. Fig. 5, Partulina confusa. The minute, slender albumen gland is seen above the proximal end of the hermaphrodite duct. ANATOMY OF AMASTRID.E. 61 Family AMASTEIDJE Pilsbry. Amastridc? PILS., Manual of Conch., xx, p. viii, 1910. — Amastrina PILS., vol. xxi, p. xx. Orthurethra similar to Achatinellidt?, Tornatellinidc? and Ferussacidce in pallial organs. Reproductive organs as in Achatinellidcz except that the penial retractor muscle is sim- ple, inserted on the penis at the base of the appendix. The appendix is conspicuously enlarged distally; the albumen gland is well developed, and the duct of the spermatheca is short. Jaw well developed, vertically striate, plaited or ribbed. Eadula oblong, distinctly divided into central, lateral and marginal areas by differences in shape of the teeth, as usual in land snails. Teeth in approximately straight, transverse rows; centrals narrower than the laterals, with one or three cusps ; laterals bicuspid, the basal plate quadrate ; marginals having the cusps more or less split. Shell varying from discoidal and openly umbilicate to ovate, turrited or subcylindric, with the axis umbilicate, per- forate or imperf orate ; usually having a columellar lamella in the last whorl, but never a parietal lamella or palatal plicae. Animal externally similar to Achatinellidcz, etc. External genital opening is nearer to the mantle than to the eye peduncle. Oviparous or viviparous. Mainly living on the ground, sometimes (the genus Laminella) on plants. The differences in teeth, jaw and reproductive organs are certainly sufficient to distinguish this group as a family dis- tinct from the Achatinellidcz. Having found constant differ- ences in several unrelated organs, in a large number of species dissected, I have reconsidered my former opinion (vol. XXI, p. xx ) that the Amastroid genera form a subfamily of the Achatinellidce. The differences are far more fundamental than those separating many families of mollusks, and there seem to be no forms whatever, among the many which have been dissected, which are in any way transitional. The shells are much more alike than the soft parts, and this external 62 ANATOMY OF AM ASTRIDE. similarity has no doubt influenced the prevalent classification to an undue extent. The distinction of Amastrida of the subfamily Leptacha- tinince from the Ferussacidce is a difficult matter so far as the shells are concerned. The pallial organs, teeth and male re- productive organs are also similar; but the peculiar develop- ment of the prostate gland in Amastridce is a perfectly tan- gible and important differential character, which I over- looked when discussing the question in Vol. XIX, p. 212. Several genera of Ferussacidce reach back to the Eocene, in species not materially differing from the recent forms; so that they must have been differentiated during Mesozoic time. It is obvious that in such groups as Cochlicopa and Lepta- chatina we have to do with very old stocks, which have changed with extreme slowness. It is a fair inference that the shell of Leptachatina is not greatly changed from the an- cestral mesozoic or earlier stock which gave rise to the Ferussacidce, Amastridce, Achatinellidce, Enidce, etc. Soft Anatomy of Amastridce. The animal is externally similar to Achatinella except that the genital orifice is further back, near the mantle (Amastra, Carelia, Laminella) . The pallial organs are also substantially the same, except that the kidney is dilated laterally at the base, and therefore triangular in the lower part. (Carelia turricula, pi. 20, fig. 5,.) The kidneys of several species of Amastra and Laminella do not differ materially. The jaw is strong, arcuate, and usually irregularly "stri- ated" vertically. In Leptachatina (pi. 21, fig. 10, L. labiata) it appears that the striation is caused by superficial overlap- ping edges of very narrow vertical plates, which are firmly united, as in the Bulimulidce. In Amastra and Carelia turri- cula the jaw is very opaque and appears nearly or quite smooth. Carelia ~bicolor is figured and described by Mr. Bin- ney as with "ten stout ribs, denticulating either margin. " Similar variation from smooth to ribless occurs in several genera of Helicidce. The jaw of Laminella is like that of Amastra. The radula is oblong, teeth not very numerous, in ANATOMY OF AM ASTRIDE. 63 approximately straight transverse rows. The central tooth is always much narrower than the laterals, and bears a single short cusp which is probably functionless. This is similar to the Achatinidce, a family which differs fundamentally in other characters, such as the pallial organs and genitalia. In Carelia, Amastra and Laminella gravida the laterals are of the usual quadrate form, with two cusps. The marginal teeth have two cusps, or the ectocone may be split into two or rarely more denticles. PL 21, fig. 6, Carelia turricula has 1, 22, 24 teeth. PI. 21, figs. 1, 2, 3, Amastra gravida. PI. 21, fig. 4, Amastra spirizona. Laminella citrina has four or five denticles on the mar- ginals (pi. 21, fig. 8), the teeth otherwise as in Amastra. Pterodiscus rex, pi. 21, fig. 7, has 1, 9, 17 teeth in a half row. Like those of Amastra, the marginals have several den- ticles. In Leptachatina the marginals are multi-denticulate by splitting of the ectocone, and on the outer ones the mesocone is also split. PL 21, fig. 5, L. labiata. PL 21, figs. 9, 11, L. (Thaanumia) fuscula. The number of teeth is rather small. L. lal}iata having, 1, 11, 23 in a half row, L. fuscula 1, 9, 18, and Pauahia chrysallis 1, 6, 12 teeth, the marginals with five or six denticles. The reproductive organs are almost identical in general structure in the species of Carelia, Amastra, Pterodiscus and Laminella which have been examined. The penial retractor is invariably simple, inserted at the origin of the appendix, not the apex of the penis as in the Achatinellidcz. The ap- pendix is always more swollen distally than in Achatinellidcz* The spermathecal duct is short, not long as in Achatinellida. There is a well-developed albumen gland, and the digitate prostate gland is nearly as large as in Achatinella. All of these genera are viviparous, usually carrying several young in the uterus. In Carelia turricula the embryo shell may be 12 mm. long, of 4^ whorls before birth. In Amastra the com- parative length of the appendix varies widely. Thus, it is 50 mm. long in A. pullata subnigra, 13 mm. in A. aurostoma. In Amastrella flavescens (Hawaii), A. badia (Oahu), Cy- 64 ANATOMY OF AMASTRID^E. clamastra cyclostoma (Kauai), Amastra magna and aurostoma (Lanai), and Paramastra turritella (Oahu), the appendix is moderate in length, about twice as long as the spermatheca and duct. Laminella and Pterodiscus have the same propor- tions. This is probably the more primitive condition, as it agrees also with Leptachatina. In a few other species examined, the appendix is extremely long. In Paramastra cylindrica (Waianae Mts.) it is 22 mm. long, five times the length of the spermatheca and duct, the terminal enlargement being nearly half the total length. Amastra pullata subnigra is rather different. The appen- dix is 50 mm. long, about 8 times the length of spermatheca and duct, and its terminal enlargement is short. This is the greatest development of the appendix in the Amastridce or Achatinellidce. The pullata group is highly specialized in both appendix and the sculpture of the embryonic shell. It is believed that a comparative study of the appendix will assist materially in the classification of the Amastra. Amas- tra and Leptachatina are the largest and most varied genera of the family. The genitalia of the following species are represented on the plates. PLATE 15, fig. 1, Laminella gravida. Tantalus Bowl. Male organs, showing the penis extruded. Fig. 2, L. gravida. Nuuanu. Fig. 3, Laminella tetrao. Lanai. Upper female organs omitted. Fig. 4, L. gravida. Tantalus Bowl. Upper female organs omitted. Fig. 5, Laminella venusta. PLATE 16, fig. 1, Amastra pullata subnigra. App., appen- dix; p., penis; r. p., retractor muscle of the penis; sp., sper- matheca; ut., uterus. Fig. 2, Amastra turritella. Male organs. Fig. 3, Amastra turritella. Another specimen. Fig. 4, Pterodiscus rex. Terminal ducts. Fig. 5, Amastra badia. ANATOMY OF AMASTRID^E. 65 Fig. 6, Amastra aurostoma. Fig. 7, Pterodiscus rex. Male organs and atrium. PLATE 17, fig. 2, Amastra cyclostoma. Kauai. Fig. 4, Carelia turricula Migh. Kauai. Fig. 6, Amastra spirizona. Popouwela. Fig. 7, Amastra flavescens. Glenwood, Hawaii. Leptachatina resembles Amastra closely in genitalia, ex- cept that the spermatheca duct is longer, though not so long as in Achatinella. Its basal third is enlarged, and the sper- matheca is globular. It is, however, not much more than half as long as the appendix. L. ventulus (Per.), pi. 17, fig. 3. L. corneola (Pfr.), Halawa, Oahu. PL 17, fig. 1. L. attenuata Cooke, Haleieie, Kauai. PI. 17, fig. 5, penis. Amastridcc are much more abundant as fossils than the Achatinellidcc, being found in all pleistocene deposits contain- ing land shells, often in prodigious numbers. The extinct species of Leptachatina, Amastra and Carelia are somewhat numerous. The classification of Amastridce is given on pp. xx, xxi, of Vol. XXI. Leptachatina and Amastra are the two really dis- tinct primitive stocks, the other groups being satellites of these, and evidently derived from them. Recognizing this, Professor T. D. A. Cockerell proposed to classify the genera in two tribes, Leptachatinini and Amastrini (Science, 1913, p. 256). These groups may be retained as subfamilies, the Lcptachatinince containing the genera Leptachatina, Pauahia and provisionally Fernandezia, the Amastrincz comprising Armsia, Planamastra, Pterodiscus, Amastra, Carelia and La- minella. 66 TORNATELLINIOE. Family TOKNATELLINIDJ3 Pilsbry. Tornatellinidce PILS., Nautilus, xxiii, p. 122, March, 1910. Orthurethra with a very long, narrow kidney without dif- ferentiated ureter. Respiratory surface of the lung plain. Genitalia of Achatinellid type, except that the appendix has no retractor muscle ; the penial retractor being simple and inserted at the distal end of the penis; jaw and teeth as in Achatinettidce, the teeth being rastriform, in oblique, V-shaped rows. The shell is small, glossy, longer than wide, globose, ovate or conic, perforate or closed, the aperture armed with a pari- etal lamella and usually one or two columellar lamellae or folds. Distribution : Islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. This family is related, by its rudimentary albumen gland and highly developed, multifid prostate gland to the Amas- tridce and Achatinettid&. In the pallial organs Auriculella and Tornatellaria closely resemble the Achatinellidce. The lung is very long, not visibly veined, the mantle over it largely opaque white, with or with- out black stripes (Auriculella), or clear, spotted with white (Tornatellaria). Kidney very long, band-like ; the short peri- cardium a4; its base (Auriculella pulchra) . The genitalia are intermediate in character between Acha- tinellidce and Amastridce-, the spermatheca is lodged close to the prostate gland, and has a long duct, as in the former fam- ily, and the penial retractor is simple, attached to the penis only, as in the Amastridce, though the attachment is apical, as in Achatinellidcz. The appendix is shorter than in either fam- ily, not exceeding the penis much in length, and it is not en- larged distally. The vas deferens and retractor are inserted at the distal end of the penis, the retractor being inserted dis- tally on the lung floor. An eye-retractor passes between the branches of the genitalia. PL 22, fig. 2, genitalia of Auriculella pulchra, Waimano- Manana ridge, Oahu. App., appendix; h. d., hermaphrodite duct; p. penis; p. r., retractor of penis; sp., spermatheca; TORNATELLINID^E. 67 sp. d., duct of spermatheea; vag., vagina. Fig. 1, opposite side of the penis of same. Fig. 3, penis of Auriculella cerea Pfr. Molokai. Fig. 6, genitalia of Auriculella westerlundi- ana Anc. Glenwood, Hawaii. Figs. 4, 5, living animals of Auriculella castanea, Mt. Tantalus. The markings on the mantle show through the shell. The radula is like that of Achatinellidce, having lost all cen- tral and lateral teeth, marginal teeth alone remaining (cf. Vol. XXII, pp. x, xi). A further relationship with the two families mentioned is seen in the shell, which both by its general form, and by the fold, sinuosity or oblique truncation of the columella, is a good deal alike in the three families. The Tornatellinidcz differ from the others in having a parietal lamella, which no Achatinellid or Amastrid snail has. In this feature the Tor- natellinidcz resemble most PupiHAd&, and are remarkably similar to the genus Leptinaria in the Achatinidce. The foot, when the animal is in movement, is about as long as the shell in Auriculella but decidedly shorter in TornateUina. It is quite narrow, and in progression shows muscular waves, as in Helicidcz and many other snails (pi. 22, fig. 4). The sole often becomes areolate, when the animal is not moving, as though the muscles were contracted in large, irregular, ver- tical bundles. This has been noticed in both Auriculella and Tornatellides macromphala. In Auriculella the eye peduncles are bulbous at the ends, as usual in land snails, but in Torna- tellides they are not enlarged distally. Snails of this family are always small. In most of them the shell is three to five mm. long ; but some species of Auricu- lella reach a length of 10 or 11 mm., being larger than some Leptachatinas. The largest species of Tornatellina are slightly longer than the smallest Auriculellas. The Tornatellinidce might, from their wide distinction, be thought ancestral to the very local Achatinellidcz and Amos- tridcz ; yet it does not seem possible that the simple, general- ized radula of Amastrida could have been derived from the very-highly modified radula of Tornatellinidce. And so far as the shell is concerned, the Achatinellidce are nearer to 68 TORNATELLINID.E. Amastridce than either is to Tornatellinidcu. We conclude that the three families, while interrelated, are all very old, and probably descended from an ancient extinct family, more generalized than either, and related to the Pupillidce (includ- ing Enid. Shell sinistral. c. Broadly ovate, ventricose, length 4.5 mm. perversa, no. 11. c1. Ovate, smaller, length 4 mm. perpusilla, no. 12. &1. Shell dextral. minuta, no. 10. II. Form high, the length twice or more than twice the ob- lique diameter; shell and lip thin; columella biplicate, at least in the immature stages. GROUP OF A. CASTANEA. a. Shell perforate or umbilicate. ft. Shell dextral; length 8 mm. chamissoi, no. 18. 61. Shell sinistral. c. Cinnamon with paler streaks, 8 to 9 mm. long, with 814 whorls. tennis, no. 19. d. Length about 6 mm., with 6y2 to 7 whorls. e. Parietal lamella small; umbilicus moder- ate; Waianae Mts. tenella, no. 20. e1. Parietal lamella well developed, perfora- tion small; eastern. tantalus, no. 17. a1. Shell imperforate, the columellar margin appressed. AURICULELLA, OAHU. 75 5. Shell dextral. turritella, no. 13. ft1. Shell sinistral. c. Parietal lamella minutely spinose. serrula, no. 14. c1. Parietal lamella smooth. d. Length 8 mm., with 8 whorls. * castanea, no. 15. dl. Length 6.3 mm., with 8 whorls. petitiana, no. 16. Three species described by Pfeiffer, A. amcena, A. cham- issoi and A. petitiana, have not been recognized with certainty by modern collectors. It is not known positively that the last two are from Oahu. Group of A. auricula. The shell is usually solid, rarely translucent, perforate, or rarely imperf orate (when imperf orate, the umbilicus is closed with the thickening of the columellar lip). The oblique diam- eter is about half or more than half of the length. Spire conic or a little convexly conic, composed of flattened or but slightly convex whorls. Columella usually unidentate, often with posterior minute fold deep within. Lip usually thickened, expanded, sometimes duplicate, rarely thin. In the young the shell is imperf orate, angulate at the periphery; without palatal plicae, the columellar fold strong, nearly transverse, with an acute edge. This group comprises the bright-colored or white species, and a few with dull coloring. The shells are larger than in the group of A. perpusilla, with more whorls, which are nearly flat. The two Waianaean species, malleata and ambusta, are well characterized, and in the East, A. diaphana is unmis- takably distinct, also A. straminea, which however stands near auricula. The rest of the species — A. auricula, olivacea, man- tana, amcena and pulchra form a complex of interrelated forms in which * ' species ' ' are distinguished with difficulty. The distinction made in the key between species with ' ' dupli- cate ? ' lip and those with it 1 1 blunt, not duplicate ' ' is rather 76 AUKICULELLA, OAHU. a matter of degree as between pulchra and the five species following. Old specimens of auricula, montana, etc., have an incipient and inconspicuous development of the " dupli- cate " structure. 1. A. DIAPHANA Smith. PL 27, figs. 1 to 6. "Shell sinistral, ovately conic, very thin, corneous, striped with brown, obscurely encircled at the middle of the last whorl by a brown band; whorls 5^, slightly convex; suture simple; lip thin, slightly dilated; columella scarcely plicate, sometimes reflexed, forming a small umbilical cleft, joined to the lip by a thin callus; parietal lamella thin. Length 7, diam. 4 mm.'7 (Smith). Var. " Shell unicolorous ". (8m.) Oahu: Olomana, Kailua, Palolo, Kalihi (Gulick), Makiki (Gulick, Cooke, Pilsbry), Tantalus (Perkins, Cooke, Pilsbry), Pauoa (Perkins, A. A. Heller). Auriculella diaphana SMITH, P. Z. S. Lond., 1873, p. 87, pi. 10, fig. 25.— PPB., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 209.— ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 219. — SYKES, Fauna Hawai- iensis, Moll., p. 376. £< It is like Aur. tennis Smith, in structure, and like Aur. auricula Fer. in form. The latter species, however, is usually dextral, while this is almost always sini'stral." (Smith.) A large series of about 600 specimens, agreeing closely with the above description, was collected by the authors at the head of Makiki Valley, and others around Tantalus, where it is an abundant snail. All the specimens are remarkably constant in form and texture, and all are sinistral. Twenty- five examples taken at random were carefully measured and have an average length and diameter of 7.05 x 3.96 mm. The largest specimen was 7.7 x 4.0 mm., the smallest 6.6 x 3.7 mm., and the mean variation from the average length was only 0.2 mm. The common color-varieties are: (a) unicolorous dark red- dish brown; (6) corneous with broad indistinct stripes of a slightly brownish corneous; (c) corneous with a narrow light colored band bordered above and below by narrow dark AURICULELLA, OAHU. 77 bands; (d) corneous with narrow dark brown band; (e) dark reddish brown with a narrow or broad yellowish corneous band. It never has the opaque texture of A. auricula. la. A. diaphana cacuminis P. & C., n. subsp. PL 24, figs. 11, 12. Very much larger than A. diaphana, but similar to that in its thin texture; exquisitely glossy, ochraceous-tawny with a chestnut peripheral band (sometimes wanting), but also vary- ing to uniform chestnut-brown or to colonial-buff. Aperture some tint of vinaceous within, the thin edge of the well-ex- panded lip being pale. Length 9.6, oblique diameter 5 mm. ; 61/2 whorls. Oahu: " Mauna Kope," at the head of the Kalihi-Moana- lua ridge (Thaanum). This case falls in with many others noted in our volume on Achatinettid&, where eastern species extend their range west of Nuuanu valley, in noticeably modified races, upon the peaks of the mountain axis. The efficiency of Nuuanu as a barrier to the spread of the mountain tree-snails was much less in former times. 2. A. STBAMINEA Cooke, n. sp. PL 24, fig. 13. The shell is perforate and rimate, dextral, elongately conic, pale chalcedony yellow, fading towards the apex, and more opaque, almost straw yellow near the lip ; thin, imperfectly diaphanous, glossy, under a lens very minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire long conic, apex obtuse. Suture scarcely impressed, faintly margined. Whorls 6*4, nearly flat, the last rather narrow, elongate, ascending slightly to the aperture, somewhat tapering towards the very convex base. Aperture irregularly ovate, slightly oblique and diag- onal. Parietal lamella rather small, slightly oblique. Colu- mella simple, with a small, nearly horizontal lamella. Lip expanded, slightly thickened within, the outer margin con- vex, the columellar margin reflexed; parietal callous thin, with a short thickening near the posterior angle. Umbilical groove rather long. Length 7.6, oblique diam. 3.7 mm. Oahu: Mt. Tantalus (Cooke). 78 AURICULELLA, OAHU. This species differs from A. auricula in its much more elon- gately conic form, thinner shell, shape of aperture, etc. It has some, probably superficial, resemblance to A. tenella Anc. The mantle is white, irregularly mottled with narrow, nearly black patches. No sinistral specimens have been found in over two hundred individuals examined. A few specimens have a slightly brownish spire. The average measurements of 8 adult specimens are : Length 7.6, diam. 3.9 mm. 3. A. AURICULA (Ferussac). PI. 24, figs. 1 to 10. " Shell ovately acute, imperf orate, slightly thickened, some- what striate, yellowish; spire conical, apex obtuse. Whorls 5, contiguous, the last ventricose, subcarinate. Aperture subquadrangular ; lip acute, thickened within, with flexuous outer margin ; columella unidentate. Furnished, in the depth of the aperture, with an elevated strongly marked lamella. Length 3, diarn 1ft lines (6.8x4.0 mm.)." (Fer.) Hab. Oahu: Tantalus (Perkins, Cooke), Nuuanu, Pauoa and Palolo (Cooke). Also westward north of the main range. Partula auricula FERUSSAC, Prod., 1821, p. 66, no. 6; QUOY and GAIMARD, Voy. autour du Monde, Uranie et Psysici- enne, Zool., p. 468. — SOULEYET, Voy. de la Bonite, Zool., ii, 1852, p. 511, pi. 29, figs. 9-11.— PFEIFFER, Conchyl. Cab., Par- tula, p. 277. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., Partula, no. 18. — Buli- mus auricula PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 1848, p. 75. — Achatinella (Auriculella) auricula PFEIFFER, P. Z. S. Lon- don, 1855, p. 1 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 569 ; vi, p. 187.— Auri- culella auricula PEASE, P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 649. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 209. — ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 211. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, Moll., p. 375. — Auricula owaihiensis CHAMISSO, Nov. Act. Soc. Leop., xiv, 1829, p. 639, pi. 36, fig. 1.— KUESTER, Con- chyl. Cab., Auriculacea, 1844, p. 26, pi. 3, figs. 14-16. — Auri- cula sinistrorsa CHAMISSO, Nov. Act. Soc. Leop., xiv, 1829, p. 640, pi. 36, fig. 2. — KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., Auriculacea, 1844, p. 48, pi. 7, figs. 14-16.— ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 213. — Partula dumartroyii SOULEYET, Revue Zoologique, 1842, p. 102. — Bulimus armatus MIGHELS, AURICULELLA, OAHU. 79> Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, 1845, p. 19. — Auriculella armata ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 213. — Auriculella pa- tula SMITH, P. Z. S. London, 1873, p. 88, pi. 10, fig. 24.— ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 215. — Auricu- lella perkinsi SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis ii, Moll., p. 377, pL 11, figs. 17, 18. — Auriculella triplicata PEASE, Journ. de Con- chyl., 1868, p. 346. This species varies greatly in form, size and color. The typical form (or rather the form which comes nearest to Ferussac's description) is from Pauoa, just back of Hono- lulu. A. perkinsi is slightly larger and more solid than the Pauoa shells, but in form and color-pattern agrees closely with the typical auricula. The largest adult specimen measured 9.5x4.8 mm., the smallest 6.5 x 4.1 mm. Most of the specimens are perforate. Bulimus armatus Migh. was undoubtedly from Oahu, as. the columellar fold is present ; not from Hawaii as he states. The color- variety figured as A. dumartroyi by Souleyet is rather characteristic. This color- variety, with a very broad light band, is only found in the upper part of Nuuanu and Tantalus. From the known localities of other species col- lected during the voyage of the Bonite, there is no doubt that this shell came from Nuuanu, though the measurements are rather large for a shell from this locality. A. triplicata Pease is a rather broad form of this species. The deep duplication of the columella is often found in typi- cal specimens of auricula. Pease's specimens undoubtedly came from Palolo Valley. The young of this and the allied species are imperforate, angular at the periphery of the last whorl, and the columellar fold is strongly developed, rather thin and nearly horizontal; there are no palatal plicae. The different colonies of A. auricula , from Nuuanu, are very interesting. They differ from one another considerably.. Some colonies are entirely dextral, while in one only 12 per cent are dextral, the others with varying percents all the way between. Each colony is remarkably constant in its pro- portions of length to breadth. Usually some one color- var- 80 AURICULELLA, OAHU. iety predominates in each colony, and a few of the color- varieties are limited to single colonies. Most of the color- varieties are found in nearly all the colonies, though occa- sionally one or more are absent. The colonies from the western side of Nuuanu have sometimes a small tubercle at the junc- tion of the outer lip, but this character is entirely absent in the shells from the eastern side and also the Pauoa shells. The most common color-varieties are: (a) brown with a slightly darker spire ; (&) unicolorous brown ; (c) light brown striped with a darker shade; (d) brown with a narrow white band at the periphery; (e) brown with a very broad whitish band; (/) chestnut with a narrow white band bor- dered above and below by two narrow dark brown bands; (g) yellowish white with a very narrow brownish band; (h) brownish with a broad dark brown band; (i) light brown with a narrow dark brown band and slightly different shades of yellow. The lip is dark brown, light purplish brown or white. A. pulchra and A. montana are closely related to A. auri- cula, and there are colonies which seem to contain both auri- cula and pulchra as well as some specimens which are difficult to decide upon. Yet throughout nearly all of the range of pulchra (from the western Nuuanu ridge westward, on the southern slopes of the range) there are no true auricula whatever. The undescribed form named A. pellucida by Gulick (Evo- lution, Racial and Habitudinal, p. 220, 1905) is straw yellow (varying to naphthaline yellow) with white sutural line, the spire paler or cinnamon, or rarely the whole shell is cinna- mon. Most of the specimens have no callous in the posterior angle of the aperture, but when present it is very small. The expanded lip is not thickened or "duplicate"; length about 7 mm. This form has the characters of A. auricula (and in fact can be exactly matched in Palolo auricula), but it is in the territory of A. pulchra. It comes from Kaliuwaa (pi. 24, fig. 10), Punaluu and Hauula (Gulick coll. in A. N. S. P., no. 92503, etc., and in Bishop Mus.). Length 7.8, oblique diameter 4 mm. AURICULELLA, OAHU. 81 Length 7.3, oblique diameter 4 mm. 4. A. AMCENA (Pfr.), Vol. XXII, pi. 30, fig. 3. "Shell subperf orate, ovately oblong, thin, slightly striate, glossy, yellow, obscurely banded with a brown band; spire convexly conical, apex slightly obtuse ; suture impressed ; whorls 6^2, slightly convex, the last nearly equal to 3-7 of the length, slightly attenuate at the base; aperture oblique, semioval ; parietal lamella subtransverse ; columellar fold sub- duplicate, calloused, a spiral lamina superposed; lip simple, unexpanded. Length 11%, diam. 5 mm." (Pfr.) Sandwich Islands (Frick) ; Oahu: Halemano (Perkins). Achatinella amcena Pfr., P. Z. S. Lond., 1855, p. 2, pi. 30, fig. 3 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 569 ; vi, p. 187 ; viii, p. 233.— Frickella amcena Pfr., SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, Moll., p. 379. — Auriculella (section Frickella) amcena GULICK, P. Z. S. Lond., 1873, p. 91. — Auriculella amcena HARTMAN^ Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1888, p. 14. This shell is more or less related to A. montana. It differs chiefly in its more elongately oval spire, size, etc. Probably the type is not quite mature, as the lip is thin. There is no necessity of considering amoena as forming a spe- cial genus or section, as it is closely allied to other species of the group of A. auricula. The original figure was reproduced photographically in Vol. XXII, pi. 30, fig. 3. 5. A. OLIVACEA Cooke, n. sp. PL 27, figs. 10, 11. The shell is perforate-umbilicate, dextral, ovately conical, rather solid; the last whorl is amber yellow, the rest brown shading into the lighter color on the penultimate whorl, in- side of the umbilical region white, a narrow white band ac- companies the suture. The surface is glossy, distinctly stri- ate. Spire conic, apex slightly obtuse. Suture slightly mar- gined, scarcely impressed. Whorls 6%, nearly flat, the last rotund, slightly elongate, convexly tapering at the base. Aperture hardly oblique, nearly ovate, slightly diagonal^ Parietal lamella rather small, nearly vertical. Columella simple, thickened, with a rather small lamella. Lip expanded, 82 AURICULELLA, OAHU. thickened, the outer margin arcuate, bordered on the outside with white, the columellar margin reflexed over the umbilicus* and connected with the outer margin by a rather thick green- ish-white callus. Umbilicus large for the genus, nearly cir- cular. Length 11, diam. 5.6 mm. Oahu: Mt; Olympus, at an elevation of about 2,500 feet (Kuhns, Cooke) ; Konahuanui, at an elevation of 3,300 feet (Kuhns, Spalding). The large size, distinct though fine striae, greenish color,, etc., at once separate this species from any other. All the specimens agree very closely in shape, size of umbilicus, etc. Some of them have a lighter colored spire, only a shade darker than the last whorl. The average length and diameter of four adult specimens are 10.5 mm. long, 5.4 mm. diameter. This species differs from Auric, montana in color, form of spire, size of umbilicus, texture of the surface, etc. From A. pulchra it differs in size, form of aperture, the lip simply ex- panded, not beveled or duplicate, the color and the more dis- tinct striation. 6. A. MONTANA Cooke, n. sp. PL 27, fig. 9. The shell is perforate, dextral (rarely sinistral) ; ovate; with the spire cream-buff or ivory-yellow, the last whorl opaque white; solid, glossy, under a lens very finely striate with lines of growth. Spire conic with the outlines barely convex; apex small. Suture simple, slightly impressed. Whorls 6%, slightly convex, the last long, ovate, with taper- ing base, somewhat flattened dorsally. Aperture white, auri- form, not oblique, very slightly diagonal. Parietal lamella rather thin, rather small, vertical. Columella thickened with a rather small, almost horizontal thin lamella. Lip thickened, the outer margin sinuously thickened, the lower spreading, the columellar margin reflexed over the umbilicus. The colu- mella and outer lip are united by a rather thick, smooth cal- lus, with a transverse tubercle at the juncture. Umbilicus ovate. Length 10.1, diam. 5.3 mm. Oahu: Mt. Konahuanui (Cooke). Variety, pi. 24, fig. 14; pi. 27, figs. 7, 8. Slightly more AURICULELLA, OAHU. 83 elongate, spire chestnut brown, last whorl having indistinct cinnamon streaks on a much lighter ground. Lip, columella, and callus deep chocolate, parietal and columellar lamellae lighter. Length 9.7, diam. 4.9 mm. Oahu: Lanihuli (Cooke). This species might be confused with A. pulchra, of which it may perhaps be a variety. It differs in that the last whorl is more elongate and slightly flattened, the base less saccate. Of the type form, I have 31 specimens before me which range from 9 to 10.4 mm. in length, and from 4.9 to 5.2 mm. in breadth. The color-pattern is the same in all the speci- mens. Only one specimen is sinistral. Of the variety, out of 38 adult specimens (of which five are sinistral), 21 specimens have the dark lip, etc. ; 7 approach the typical color-pattern except that the first three whorls are darker colored. This species has only been found on two of the higher peaks of the main mountain range of Oahu, from about 2,000 to 3,000 feet. It is not abundant in either of the two localities. 7. A. PULCHRA Pease. PI. 23, figs. 5 to 20. ' i The shell is solid, ovate, dextral, perforate, longitudinally striate ; whorls 6, flatly convex, the last subinflated ; suture impressed, aperture subaurif orm ; lip thickened, reflexed, ex- panded, with the margins united by a thick callus; parietal lamella prominent; columella reflexed above the umbilicus; with a thick fold; white, encircled by a greenish band, lip brownish. Length 10, diam. 6 mm." (Pease.) "Var. Pale straw-color, lip white ." (Pease.) Oahu: Western ridge of Nuuanu (Cooke, Pilsbry) ; Mauna- kope (Thaanum) Halawa and Koneleau ridge near summit (Thaanum) ; Waimano-Manana ridge at summit (Spalding, Pilsbry) ; Waiawa, Kalaikoa, Ahonui, Wahiawa, Helemano, Kawailoa, Opaeula, Pupukea, Waiaiee (Gulick) ; Poamoho (Thaanum) ; on the north side at Kahaluu and Hakipuu (Gulick), and Kaliuwaa (Thaanum). Auriculella pulchra PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl., xvi, 1868, p. 346, pi. 14, fig. 6.— PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 212.— 84 AURICULELLA, OAHU. HARTMAN, Proe. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1888, p. 15.— ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malae. France, vi, 1889, p. 214.— SYKES, Fauna Ha- waiiensis, ii, p. 378. — Auriculella solida Gulick, BLAND, Ann. JLyc. N. H. of N. Y., x, 1874, p. 332 (name only). We have examined the specimens in Pease's collection at Cambridge and those presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, most of them belonging to Pease's variety only; the coloration described as typical being rather rare. The figure in the Journal de Conchyliologie represents the " pale straw-colored " variety. The typical coloring as shown by a Pease specimen (pi. 23, fig. 5) is white with a broad grape-green zone above the periphery, changing on the penultimate whorl to brown, the summit being deep brown. There is a border of the white ground below the suture, as- cending the spire, and a small brown area around the umbili- cus. Other specimens of the Pease lot have the last whorl and summit and peristome cinnamon, intervening whorls very dark with a very narrow white sutural margin (pi. 23, fig. 6), or the whole shell may be marguerite yellow or sea-foam yel- low, this being Pease's variety. Of 14 specimens seen from Pease, 3 are sinistral. None of these shells equals Pease's measurements, the largest being 9 mm. long, 4.6 in oblique diameter. The shell is very much like A. auricula, but differs by being more solid, usually larger, and by having a strong tubercle at the posterior end of the parietal callus, connecting with the end of the outer lip. The lip is beveled in the upper lialf, from an angulation or keel running parallel with its edge. The width of the bevel varies in different colonies, Ibeing narrow in the east, but often wider, with a more pro- nounced keel, in the yellow western form which Gulick called solida. The lower half of the peristome has an obtuse rounded edge. The latter part of the last whorl is often quite notice- ably flattened peripherally, and the base is sack-like. It may be either dextral or sinistral. In one lot from high in Waolani there are 26 dextral and 35 sinistral individuals. The Waianae species malleata and ambusta, and particu- larly A. ambusta obliqua, differ from pulchra by the narrower AURICULELLA, OAHU,. 85 or closed umbilicus. The crest behind the lip is more emphatic than in most pulchra. The color-patterns of Pease's specimens noted above are of usual occurrence in "Waolani valley, from rather low down to the peak, where the shells are rather larger — up to 9 mm. long, which is near enough to Pease 's measurement. As Wao- lani is readily accessible from Honolulu — being one of the nearer little glens of the western wall of the superb Nuuanu valley — we select upper Waolani valley including the valley flank of Waolani Peak as the type locality. Here the species is abundant on leaves of shrubs along the trail. Besides the color-varieties mentioned above there are white shells, naples or maize yellow, or greenish above the periphery ; buff-pink or cinnamon shells with the spire of the same tint or lighter, the peristome white, or spire slate color, the lip and parietal wall chestnut-brown. Also many combinations, shades and tints of all of these patterns. We have added to the figures of Pease specimens (pi. 23, figs. 5, 6), others from Waolani collected by one of us (pi. 23, figs. 8-13). Most of the specimens in Mr. Gulick's collection were labeled A. solida Gk., a name which has appeared in print, but has never been defined in any way, probably because Gu- lick recognized its identity with pulchra. He collected great numbers in many of the western valleys. Low in Waolani valley the average size is smaller than higher up, though larger individuals also occur. Several measure : Length 7.8, oblique diameter 4.5 mm. ; 6 whorls. Length 6.6, oblique diameter 3.7 mm. ; 5J^ whorls. Length 7.2, oblique diameter 3.6 mm. ; 6^3 whorls. A. pulchra ranges from the northwestern end of the main range to Nuuanu valley. The greatest variety of colors is found southeastward. Many colonies westward have but one or two patterns. Maunakope. White, with the spire either slightly russet, greenish -yellow, dark brown or blue ; peristome usually dark. Figs. 14, 15. Halawa. Yellow above, white below the periphery; white with slate or greenish spire. Fig. 16. 86 AURICULELLA, OAHU. Summit Waimano-Manana ridge. Uniform yellow, or with, the spire slate or vinaceous rufous; in the latter case some- times having a peripheral band of the same color. Found in ieie axils. Figs. 17-19. Waiawa; Ahonui, also Opaeula. Dark olive-buff, becoming white on the back and base, spire sometimes rufous; peristome white. Kalaikoa; Wahiawa. Similar to preceding, or cinnamon or tawny olive, spire light or dark; peristome white. These are like two of the common Waolani patterns. Poamoho. Like figs. 9, 20, 13, or rarely with a rufous peripheral band. Helemano (fig. 20), Kawailoa, Waialee, Pupukea. Amber yellow with white sutural line and white peristome. On the north side of the main range, the specimens from Hakipuu and Kaliuwaa are yellow, with, white sutural line. Those from Kahaluu are plain yellow, white, or cinnamon (the base a little lighter), or the spire is cinnamon, last whorl white with a cinnamon band. The localities " Kaala and Mt. Tantalus (Perkins) " are doubtful, the first certainly erroneous, probably based upon a specimen of A. ambusta obliqua. The range of pulchra eastward is still rather indefinite. From the western ridge of Nuuanu and westward, A. auricula is not found; but some specimens not distinguishable from pulchra are found in the A. auricula territory. Thus at the base of the eastern ridge of Nuuanu, in the Luakaha district, opposite the reservoir, the authors found a few pulchra among the much more numerous A. auricida. A Kalihi series from the Gulick collection is clearly pulchra. The shell is white with yellowish spire, or greenish yellow above the periphery, the tubercle in the angle well developed. Even among Gu- lick 's Palolo auricula, one can find some individuals with the characters of pulchra. Yet as a general rule, only auricula is found east of Nuuanu. 8. A. AMBUSTA Pease. PL 23, figs. 1, 2. " Shell solid, imperforate, conically ovate, sinistral " [or AURICULELLA, OAHU. 87 dextral], " distinctly longitudinally striate; whorls 6, flatly convex- suture impressed; apex obtuse. Aperture subauri- f orm, vertical ; lip thickened, duplicate, parietal lamella some- what thin; columellar fold thick, twisted, high; pale purplish white, base burnt umber, covered with a brown, deciduous epidermis. Length 8%, diam. 5 mm/' (Pease). Oahu: Waianae Mts. (Baldwin, Lyman) ; Palikea (Spald- ing) ; Popouwela (Thaanum). Auriculella ambusta PEASE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1868, xvi, p. 345.— PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 211.— ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1899, p. 214. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, p. 375. — Auriculella obliqua ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, v, 1892, p. 721. — SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, p. 275, pi. 13, fig. 17. — Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, p. 377. This peculiar species is rather limited in its distribution as it has only been found near the middle of the Waianae Moun- tain range. Pease described his shell as imperforate, but a careful ex- amination showed that most of his shells have a minute per- foration, which is sometimes closed by the thickening of the lip, or perhaps always in old shells. The keel-like ridge be- hind the lip, giving it a duplicated appearance, continues on the base. This is unlike A. pulchra, in which the ridge ap- proximates to the basal edge, though prominent behind the outer lip. In A. malleata also, the ridge does not continue to the base, and its crest is rounded, not keeled or angular as in ambusta. The apical whorl is yellow, whitish or bluish- black, spire delft blue (lighter or darker), often brown above the suture, or it may be nearly white or pale yellow, becoming white on the upper part of the last whorl ; lower part of the last whorl brown (cinnamon to amber brown), usually more or less covered with a deciduous blackish epidermis, which gives the scorched appearance signalized by the very apt name ambustus. The interior is dark below in many specimens, and there is a short transverse callus at the posterior end of the peristome. A sharp ridge runs outside the outer lip. Length 7.6, oblique diameter 4.5, aperture 4 mm. It turns either way. In one lot from Popouwela there are 9 dextral and 7 sinistral individuals. 88 AURICULELLA, OAHU. Sa. A. ambusta obliqua Ancey. PL 23, figs. 3, 4. No formal description of A. obliqua has been published, but Mr. Ancey has given the following notes: "Mr. Baldwin has made the remark that there are in Oahu two species not in- habiting the same districts, both called by the name auricula Ferussac. I therefore propose the new name of obliqua for those that are almost always sinistral, of a uniform white or yellowish color, having the spire quite short, but chiefly re- markable for the great obliquity of its strongly thickened peristome, angular in the middle, and having a characteristic sinuosity at this point. The base of the aperture recedes strongly, and the peristome is very patulous at the lower ex- tremity77 (Ancey). Oahu, in the Waianae range: Lihue (Gulick) ; Western ridge of Popouwela, abundant (Spalding, Cooke & Pilsbry) ; Mokuleia (Gulick). Ancey ?s type has been figured by Mr. Sykes, and is now contained in the Bishop Museum at Honolulu, and some of the same lot, from Mr. Baldwin, are in coll. A. N. S. P. It is white or straw-yellow, usually with some short cinnamon streaks, faint or distinct, on the flattened periphery of the last half whorl. In some of the specimens from Lihue (fig. 4) these streaks are quite conspicuous. In others from Po- pouwela they are frequently wanting altogether; but none in a series of several hundred has any of the dull blackish epi- dermis characteristic of A. ambusta. This, and the slightly more lengthened shape are the sole peculiarities distinguish- ing the subspecies from A. ambusta. The same form had been named by Gulick, but his name never appeared in print, to our knowledge. 9. A. MALLEATA Ancey. PL 27, figs. 12, 13, 14. "The shell is solid, perforate, oblong conoidal, glossy, opaque, white, usually with a reddish or brownish, sometimes- white, apex; sinistral; under a lens subimpressed with light lines of growth. Spire somewhat elongate, convexly con- oidal, apex minute, somewhat acute. Whorls 6^2 to 7, the first slightly convex, the rest flat, very often malleate with a AURICULELLA, OAHU. 89 few elevated wrinkles descending forwardly like many Lim- naeas. Aperture subauriform, angulate above, spreading and receding below, oblique, furnished with a quite thin or mod- erate parietal lamella and with a not prominent, slightly ob- tuse, sometimes indistinctly duplicate columellar lamella. Lip thickened, expanded at the base, exteriorly margined, with the margins joined by a callus bearing a tubercle or swelling at the juncture, flattened further down, and slightly carried for- ward in the middle. Length 9, diam. 4.25; alt. ap. (oblique) 4.5 mm." (Ancey). Oahu: Summit of Mt. Kaala, in the Waianae Mts. (Thwing, Cooke). Auriculella malleata ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 120, pi. 7, fig. 12. "Related to A. obliqua Ancey found on Oahu, but much more slender, malleated, and tinged with brown on the earlier whorls" (Anc.). This is a very distinct species and is not abundant in any locality. The forwardly-descending malleation is very dis- tinct in some of the specimens. The small umbilicus appears acutely ovate from below. The shape is narrower, more ob- long than in the allied Waianaean species A. ambusta. So far as known it is always white, very solid, with the outlines of the spire slightly convex and the summit perceptibly nip- ple-like. There is a low swelling or rounded ridge behind the outer lip, but not a sharp ridge such as malleata, obliqua and pulckra have. Usual size 8.8 mm. long, 4 mm. in oblique diameter. A form of ambusta is sometimes slightly malleate. Group of A. perpusilla. The shell is small, perforate, thin, more or less translucent, composed of few (less than 6) convex whorls; lip expanded, but very slightly thickened. Columella straight or having an obtuse median fold. The young are imperf orate, obliquely angled at the periph- ery ; columella with a rather strong, transverse, thin fold. Three species, in the main range of Oahu. The strong con- vexity of the whorls of the spire distinguishes these species from the preceding and following groups. 90 AURICULELLA, OAHU. 10. A. MINUTA C. & P., n. sp. PL 25, figs. 5 to 9. Shell narrowly perforate, dextral, ovately conic; the last whorl is cartridge buff with some faint cinnamon streaks, shading to cinnamon on the spire, thin, slightly translucent, .glossy, under a lens minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire conic, apex obtuse. Suture slightly impressed, mar- .ginate. Whorls 5%, slightly convex, the last rotund, subsac- cate at the base. Aperture irregularly ovate. Parietal lamella small, thin, whitish, standing at an angle of about 45 degrees with the axis. Columella edentulous, slightly twisted. Lip thin, slightly expanded, outer margin convex, columellar mar- gin reflexed and nearly adnate. Umbilicus narrow, sublim- ate. Length 4.8, diam. 3.7 mm. Oahu: Nuuanu (Cooke), Palolo (Lyman, Cooke). This shell is closely related to A. perpusilla. It differs, however, in its more elongate and conic form, less convex whorls and much narrower umbilicus ; it is always dextral, or at least in more than 700 examples no sinistral specimens have been found. There are six color varieties found in Nuu- anu, viz.: (a) the corneous type color; (fr) unicolorous dark chestnut; (c) dark chestnut with a broad white band at the periphery of the last whorl and extending under the suture of the penultimate whorl; (d) corneous with a rather narrow dark band at the periphery of the last whorl; (e) light chest- nut with a similar band at the periphery and (/) a darker chestnut similarly banded, with a light base and the dorsal surface of the last whorl dark chestnut. The shells from Palolo are all unicolorous, corneous. 11. A. PERVERSA Cooke, n. sp. PI. 25, figs. 3, 4. The shell is minutely perforate, sinistral, broadly ovate, unicolorous, dark chestnut, thin, slightly translucent, under a lens minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire conic, the summit obtuse, apex minute, pale. Suture impressed, nar- rowly margined. Whorls 5%, convex, the last ventricose, sac- cate at the base. Aperture slightly oblique, diagonal, irregu- larly ovate. Columella with a minute fold deep within, and {under a lens) with a very minute, thin, perpendicular fold AURICULELLA, OAHU. 91 near the outer margin of the eolumella extending to the inner margin of the lip, at the base of the eolumella. Lip rather thin, expanded, the outer margin curved, the columellar mar- gin reflexed over the umbilicus, the margins united by a thin, transparent callus. Umbilicus minute, subcircular. Length 4.5, diam. 3.0 mm. Immature specimens have a rather prominent transverse columellar fold, and the perpendicular fold 011 the face of the eolumella is absent. Oahu: Nuuanu (Cooke) ; Kuliouou (Thaanum). This species is closely related to A. perpusilla Sm. It has a slightly larger shell, with the last whorl more tumid. The shell is slightly thicker. The columellar fold is slightly more distinct and with the presence of the additional perpendicular fold easily separate the two species. This outer fold is rather hard to make out as it is very minute. A. perversa differs from A. minuta by the sinistral coil and the vertical fold men- tioned. It is also usually wider. The specimens from Kuliouou are a shade darker and slightly smaller, 4.4 mm. long. 12. A. PERPUSILLA Smith. PL 25, figs. 1, 2. "Shell minute, sinistral, shortly ovate-conic, perforate, fragile, corneous. Whorls 5, somewhat convex ; suture simple ; aperture subcircular; parietal lamina thin; lip thin, very slightly dilated ; eolumella scarcely plicate, somewhat reflexed. Length nearly 4, diam. 2.66 mm." (Smith). Oahu: Kahalu (Gulick) ; Kahana (Lyman, Kuhns) ; Kali- uwaa (Judd) ; Kaaawa (Spalding, Kuhns). Auriculella perpusilla SMITH, P. Z. S., Lond., 1873, p. 87, pi. 10, fig. 26.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 213.— AN- CEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 220. The single specimen collected by Mr. Gulick and described by Mr. Smith, is unfortunately broken. There is enough re- maining to make out the characters of the last whorl and aper- ture. The shells from Kahana collected by Mr. Lyman agree very closely with the type. They are multicolored, as fol- lows : corneous ; dark chestnut ; corneous with a dark band at 92 AURICULELLA, OAHU. the periphery of the last whorl; and dark chestnut with a white band on the last whorl. The shells from Kaaawa are a very pale tint of yellow, shading to cinnamon on the spire and sometimes near the lip. Group of A. castanea. The shell is at least twice as long as wide, usually imper- f orate, sometimes perforate ; thin, sometimes slightly solid. Spire turrited or elongately conic. Lip thin or only very slightly thickened, but little expanded. Columella twisted, biplicate in the young, and usually in the adult stage, with the outer margin adnate or free. In the young the shell is imperf orate, carinate or angled at the periphery ; the columellar lamella, developed on the lower part of the fold, is strongly developed, the fold itself less so, and more oblique. One species, A. tenella, is found in the Waianae mountains,, the others all in the main range. 13. A. TURRITELLA Cooke, n. sp. PI. 25, fig. 15. The shell is imperforate, dextral, turrited, elongate, chest- nut, rather thin, semidiaphanous, not glossy, under a lens minutely and regularly striate with lines of growth. Spire elongately conic, apex somewhat obtuse. Suture scarcely im- pressed, marginate, dark chestnut. Whorls 9^, the embryonic rounded, the rest flat, slowly and regularly increasing, com- pact, the last somewhat rotund, subsaccate at the base. Aperture ovate, hardly oblique. Parietal lamella scarcely ob- lique, rather small, whitish. Palatal fold minute, transpar- ent, elongate, deeply situated nearly midway between the columella and the periphery. Columella twisted, thickly cal- lous, strongly biplicate, the upper lamella oblique, the lower slightly more developed, more horizontal, both extending to the margin of the lip. Lip rather thin, expanded, the outer margin slightly arcuate, the columellar margin reflexed, ad- nate. The margins are united by a very thin transparent, very minutely punctate callus. Length 8.6, diam. 3.6 mm. The young of this species is decidedly angulate at the per- AURICULELLA, OAHU. 93 iphery. The palatal fold is bifurcate near its beginning and more strongly developed than in the adult. There is some- times an upper palatal fold, just above the periphery. The folds of the columella are strongly developed, especially the lower which is almost horizontal. Oahu: Konahuanui, at an elevation of about 3,000 ft. (Ly- man, Cooke). There is a great deal of variation in the columella of the six adult specimens which I have before me. The columella in one specimen is hardly biplicate, while in another there are three distinct columellar folds. This species somewhat resembles A. castanea Pfr. It dif- fers from the latter by having flatter and more compact whorls, it is decidedly more turrited in form, besides being always dextral. 14. A. SERRULA Cooke, n. sp. PL 25, figs. 13, 14. The shell is imperf orate, sinistral, turrited, elongately conic, light chestnut corneous, thin, diaphanous, glossy, under a lens very minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire elon- gately conic, apex somewhat obtuse. Suture not impressed, very narrowly margined, slightly darker than the shell. Whorls Sy2> the embryonic slightly rounded, the rest nearly flat, slowly increasing, rather compact, the last rotund, sub- saccate at the base. Aperture nearly ovate, slightly oblique. Parietal lamella well developed, whitish, very slightly ob- lique, minutely serrate, being set with microscopic thorn-like spines, inclined a little towards the opening. Columella twisted, callous, biplicate. Columellar lamellae parallel, rounded, about equal in size and extending to the margin. Lip thin, unexpanded for the most part, but slightly expanded below, the outer margin slightly arcuate, the columellar mar- gin reflexed, adnate. Length 6.2, diam. 2.8 mm. The young are strongly angled at the periphery. The par- ietal lamella is slightly more strongly serrate than in the adult. There is a basal palatal fold as in A. turrit ella, but it is not bifurcate. This fold is set with minute spines, like the parietal lamella. It persists up to the end of the neanic stage, but is 94 AURICULELLA, OAHU. absent in the adult. As in all related species the lower colu- mellar lamella is the more strongly developed, Oahu: Mt. Konahuanui, at about 3,000 feet (Cooke) ; Kuli- ouou (Thaanum). In size this species approaches A. tenella Ancey. It differs in proportion of length to breadth, in its much thinner shell and in the serrate parietal lamella. 15. A. CASTANEA Pfr. PL 25, figs. 10, 11, 12. 1 'Shell sinistral, ovately turrited, somewhat solid, slightly striate, glossy, corneous chestnut, spire turrited, somewhat obtuse ; suture impressed, marginate ; whorls 8, somewhat flat, the last a little more than one-third of the length, carinate ; parietal lamella strong, white, entering spirally; columella twisted above and callously thickened; aperture oblique, re- versed auriform; lip unexpanded, external margin acute, columellar margin slightly thickened. Length 8, diam. 4 mm. ; aperture 3 mm." (Pfr.). Oahu: Moanalua and Nuuanu (Cooke) ; Tantalus (Perkins, Cooke, Pilsbry). Tornatellina castanea PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 1853, p. 524. — Achatinella lurida PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 570; Mai. Blatt., 1846, p. 166. — Leptinaria castanea AD., Gen. Moll., ii, p. 140. — Balea castanea t. c., p. 174. — Auriculella lurida PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 213. — ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 228. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, Moll., p. 376. — Auriculella tennis SM., var. solida ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 230. — Not Auriculella lurida BORCH., Zoologica, part 48, p. 141, pi. 60, figs. 21, 21&, 22, 22a = A. Irunnea Sm. "Differs from T. petitiana in color, sculpture, carination, and not dentate columella. It appears to be more related to T. sinistrorsa Cham., but is sufficiently different in its tur- rited form" (Pfr.). As already stated by Mr. Ancey, the type is not quite adult, as the outer lip is thin and unexpanded, and the last whorl is carinate. In adults the peristome is noticeably expanded and the periphery is rounded. AURICULELLA, OAHU. 95 There is an oblique columellar fold and sometimes a lower obtuse callous lamella superposed upon it, and more prominent than the fold. In a few shells from the eastern side of Nuu- anu, the parietal lamella forks near the outer edge — one branch normal in form and position, the other lower, thicker and rounded, is curved and extends nearly to the insertion of the columella. In some of the Nuuanu shells there is a weak, fine and close spiral sculpture on the base. There are five color varieties of this species: the first and most abundant is the typical color, a corneous chestnut, streaked with a slightly lighter shade ; the second is of a uni- form corneous color; the third a uniform very dark chest- nut; the fourth chestnut, with a very broad dark band at the periphery of the last whorl ; and the fifth with a narrow white band at the periphery of the last whorl; this light band is, sometimes margined, above and below, by two bands of a slightly darker shade than the ground color. Mr. Borcherding, following Hartman's identification, gives Kahanui, Molokai as the habitat. From his figure, his shell seems to be a form of A. brunnea Smith. A. castanea has also been stated to be from Maui, on Mr. Baldwin's authority; but he confused this species with a chestnut variety of A. unipli- cata. 16. A. PETITIANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 28, fig. 8. ' * Shell sinistral, conically turrited, smooth, glossy, pellucid, corneous; spire elongate, apex somewhat acute; suture nar- rowly margined; whorls 8, scarcely convex, the last nearly equal to one-third of the length, rotund at the base ; parietal wall of the aperture furnished with a spirally entering, acute, elevated, white lamella; columella slightly twisted-dentate above ; aperture oblique, semioval, thinly calloused with white within; lip acute. Length 6.3, diam. 3 mm.; aperture 2.25 mm. long" (P/r.). Habitat unknown. Tornatellina petitiana PFR., Zeitschrift fur Malak., 1847, p. 149. — KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., Tornatellina, p. 153, pi. 18, figs. 24, 25. — Achatinella petitiana PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 96 AURICULELLA, OAHU. 570. — Helicteres petitiana PEASE, Journ. de Conehyl., 1868, p. 343. — Auriculella petitiana PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 210. — ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 227. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, Moll., p. 377. — Not A. petitiana BORCHERDING, Zoologica, part 48, p. 146, pi. 9, figs. 24, 24& (Kealia, Molokai) =a sinistral form of A. cerea. The specimen in the British Museum under this name be- longs to a different species, and no doubt is somewhat related to A. cerea Pfr. From an examination of Krister's figure and a comparison of the descriptions, A. petitiana seems to be very closely related to A. castanea Pfr. Pfeiffer, in a note on the latter species, compares the two. I have specimens that un- doubtedly belong to A. castanea which are corneous in tint. Pfeiffer does not state that his shell was umbilicate, and it may be inferred that it was imperforate. All the Tornatel- linas known to him at that time were imperf orate (cf. Mono- graphia I, 1848, p. xxv). Kuester's figure, reproduced in pi. 28, fig. 8, gives the impression of an imperforate shell. Kuester says of the type specimen that there is a ' e weak whit- ish callous in the throat " and that "the columella ascends almost vertically, with a tooth-like prominent fold; the peri- stome straight, sharp". It was apparently not quite mature, though from the number of whorls (8) it must have been nearly so. By the numerous, closely coiled whorls, the size and color, Pfeiffer's shell agrees with A. serrula- but that species has a strongly plicate and lamellate columella, and when not quite mature there is a lower-palatal plica, but no callus in the throat. A. tantalus has part of the characters of petitiana, but it is distinctly perforate, and there are not whorls enough. There is an imperforate species found on Mt. Tantalus, sometimes associated with A. tantalus, which it resembles in size, shape and often in color. It varies in one colony from chestnut-brown, through cinnamon of various shades and tints to naphthalene yellow with a cinnamon summit. There is a lower-palatal lamina in the neanic stage up to a length of •about 4.4 mm., and the columellar lamella is very prominent AURICULELLA, OAHU. 97 until the adult stage is reached, when it diminishes. It differs from A. serrula by the smaller number of whorls in the same length, and by having very few prickles on the parietal la- mella or none at all. 17. A. TANTALUS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 24, figs. 15, 16. The shell is sinistral, distinctly perforate, but the perfora- tion does not extend deeper than the last whorl; very thin, somewhat glossy, rather distinctly striate; cinnamon-colored (or sometimes with the last two whorls naphthalene yellow), the thin cuticle rather subject to disintegration, producing whitish dots and spots. Apex rather obtuse. "Whorls 6%, the first one convex and glossy, the rest very slightly convex, the last whorl very indistinctly subangular in front of the aper- ture, elsewhere rounded, the base rotund. Aperture of the usual shortly, irregularly-ovate shape, showing the external color within. The peristome is thin, very little expanded outwardly, more at the base ; the columellar margin triangu- larly dilated, not appressed, but projecting forward in an ob- tuse angle, seen in a profile view. Parietal callus very thin. Parietal lamella high and thin. Columella vertical, very in- distinctly biplicate and somewhat excavated below in a front view, but in an oblique view in the mouth the two folds are somewhat more distinct. A fine keel runs vertically on the face of the columella to its base. Length 5.9, oblique diam. 2.8 mm. Oahu: Pauoa side of Tantalus along the Castle trail (type loc., Cooke & Pilsbry) ; Nuuanu (Cooke). This species is closely related to A. tenella Anc., of the Waianae range. It differs from that by having a decidedly larger parietal lamella, a smaller umbilicus and a somewhat different columella, as described above. The little keel or ver- tical rib on the face of the columella is much like that of A. perversa. Specimens in the late neanic stage have a strong lamella on the columella, but no palatal fold or callous. 98 AURICULELLA, OAHU. 18. A. CHAMISSOI (Pfeiffer). " Shell subperf orate, oblong-pyramidal, somewhat solid> under a lens sculptured with spiral striae, covered with a brown epidermis, obsoletely streaked. Spire elongately conic, slightly obtuse; whorls 7^, nearly flat, the last nearly equal to two-fifths of the length, somewhat compressed at the base ; aperture scarcely oblique, auriform; parietal lamella strong, outwardly branched downwards; columellar fold small, some- what twisted, white; lip whitish, slightly expanded. Length 8, diam. 3.5 mm. ; aperture nearly 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide below the middle" (Pfr.). Oahu (Baldwin, Newcomb) ; Hawaii (Sykes) ; Sandwich Is. (Pfr., Mus. Cuming). Achatinella (Auriculella) chamissoi PFR., P. Z. S. London,. 1855, p. 98. — Auriculella chamissoi PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 570; viii, 1877, p. 210.— NEVILL, Hand-List Moll. Ind. Mus., 1878, p. 159.— ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Mai. France, vi, 1889, p. 216. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis ii, p. 376. Unfortunately, this species is unfigured. The single speci- men in the British Museum appears to have the characters of an Oahuan shell. It is dextral, and seems to be somewhat dis- tantly related to A. tenella. The branching of the parietal lamella is probably not constant or of specific importance, as several specimens of A. castanea Pfr., from Nuuanu pos- sess this character. The alleged spiral striation is a peculiar feature for an Auriculella. 19. A. TENUIS Smith. PI. 25, fig. 16. " Shell sinistral, very elongately conic, slightly perforate, thin, somewhat diaphanous, lightly striate with lines of growth, brownish corneous, encircled by a pale band at the middle of the last whorl; whorls 8^, scarcely convex; apex somewhat obtuse ; aperture small ; lip very slightly dilated ; parietal lamella somewhat thickened at the aperture ; colu- mellar fold doubled, lightly reflexed, joined to the lip by a very thin callus. Length 9, diam. 4 mm" (Smith). "Var. A. Shell brownish corneous, unicolorous" (Sm.). Oahu: Wahiawa, Helemano and Kawailoa (Gulick). AURICULELLA, OAHU. 99 Auriculella tennis SMITH, P. Z. S. Lond., 1873, p. 87, pi. 10, fig. 27. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 213. — ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 280. This shell is very closely related to A. castanea Pfr. It dif- fers, however, in size, being more slender, slightly thinner, and in having a minute perforation. In the young 2.6 mm. long, and up to about three-fourths grown, the lower columellar lamella is very strongly developed. A. tennis var. solida Anc. is A. castanea Pfr. This latter species is found in the southeastern portion of the main mountain range of Oahu, while the former is found towards the northwestern extremity of the same range. Probably forms connecting the two species may be found when the intermediate region has been suffi- ciently explored. Some immature specimens are before us from the summit of the Manana-Waimano ridge, taken from axils of ieie. 20. A. TENELLA Ancey. PL 19, figs. 7, 8. " Shell sinistral, ovately conic, pellucid, very thin, reddish corneous or straw color indistinctly streaked with reddish corneous; perforate, glossy, under a lens obliquely slightly striated (except the somewhat obtuse apex). Spire regularly conic ; whorls 7, regularly increasing, suture narrowly mar- gined; the upper whorls more convex, the rest scarcely con- vex ; the last larger, rotund, ascending slightly and for a long distance at the end. Aperture slightly oblique, scarcely thick- ened, nearly circular, emarginate above, with a minute la- mella (lamella thin) on the ventral portion of the penultimate whorl, emarginate at the insertion of the columella. Colu- mella obliquely twisted-plicate within, plica sometimes slightly bipartite, the upper part of the lip straight, then slightly ex- panded, broadly dilated at the margin of the columella, thin. Length 6, diam. 3, length of aperture 3.6 mm" (Ancey). Oahu: Waianae Mts. (Baldwin, Cooke) ; Western ridge of Popouwela (Spalding, Cooke & Pilsbry). Auriculella tenella ANC., Bull. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 232. "This pretty species is related to diaphana Smith, and to TOO AURICULELLA, OAHU. westerlundiana Ancey. It differs from the first, which comes from a different part of Oahu, by the smaller size, the larger number of whorls, its color, etc. It differs, likewise, from the ^second by its color, the larger number of whorls, especially by the shell being more slender, glossy, and other characters which a comparison of the descriptions sufficiently shows. A. smatina glolosa PETIT DE LA SAUSSAYE, P. Z. S., 1843, p. 2. — Tornatellina globosa KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 154, pi. 18, figs. 26, 27. — PFR., Symbolae, iii, p. 60 ; Monogr., ii, p. 393 ; iii, p. 527 ; iv, p. 652 ; vi, p. 265. 132 TORNATELLINA. In this peculiar shell the whorls are moderately convex,, though the general outlines of the spire are straight. The surface is distinctly striate, the apex decidedly smaller than in typical Elasmias. The parietal lamella is about two-thirds of a whorl long. The inner half is quite low, but the outer is strongly developed, and has pairs of short lamellae upon its lower face, also some projections above the edge on its outer face. The colurnellar lamella is long, thickened at the edge. Above and below it are quite small lamellae (supracolumellar and intracollumelar) , and the subcolumellar lamella is as strong but not as long as the columellar. Below it there is a very stout lamella, which does not reach far inward, but forms the lower margin of the columellar plate. Above and below the group of columellar lamellae there are deep, narrow sinuses. There are six short, deeply placed, interrupted palatal plicae. The basal lip is thick within. Length 3.7, diam. 3.2 mm.; 5% whorls. Kuester's figure is copied in fig. 9. Figures 10-12 represent the specimen described above. Former descriptions do not notice all of the apertural lamellae and folds. Tbe apertural lamellae do not all show in a front view (fig. 10). Fig. 12, an obliquely basal view, and fig. 11, view through a hole on the right side of the back, give a better idea of the structure. Genus TORNATELLINA Pfeiffer. Tornatellina BECK, Index Molluscorum, 1837, p. 80, nude name. — Strobilus ANTON, Verzeichniss, 1839, p. 46. Not Stro- bila Sars, 1835, Medusae, or of Sodoffsky, 1837, Lepidoptera. —"Strombilus Alton " GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 175 (type 8. turritus). — Tornatellina Beck, PFEIFFER, Symbolae, ii, 1842, pp. 5, 55, 130.— GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 175.— PFR., Nomen- clator Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 341. The shell is small (usually 2 to 5 mm. long), dextral, ovate- conic or oblong-ovate, imperfefute at all stages of growth, thin, uniform corneous or brown, the surface glossy, faintly marked with growth-lines. Aperture ovate ; parietal lamella median, entering from one-fourth to a half -whorl (very rarely wanting) ; columella sinuous, sometimes lamellate ; outer lip TORNATELLINA. 133 thin, simple; the palatal wall either smooth, toothed or lam- inate. Reproduction viviparous. Type, T. clausa = bUamcllata. Distribution, Islands of the Pacific, East Indies. Tornatellina is now restricted to imperf 'orate species. The allied umbilicate forms are placed in the genera Tornatellides and Tornatellaria, and the genus Elasmias is instituted for the globose forms with truncate columella. Nomenclature. Tornatellina was instituted by Beck (Index Mottuscorum, 1837, p. 80) for four species, all new, and none of them de- scribed. "1. T. clausa B., I. Opara. "2. T. trochiformis B., I. Juan Fernan. "3. T. trochlearis B., I. Mapasuera [Masafuera]. "4. T. archimedis B., I. Opara. "a. major, "b. minor." Since neither the genus nor any of the species were denned by a single word, Beck's action was ineffective. His nomina nuda in no way prejudice subsequent work on either genus or species. Pfeiffer, in the Symbolcc ad Historiam Heliceorum, ii, 1842, defined the genus Tornatellina Beck (p. 5), and described the following species (p. 55) : Tornatellina clausa Beck, T. minuta Ant., T. trochiformis Beck, T. trochlearis Beck. On p. 130 he gives a list of the known species : Archimedis B. (= turrita) , clausa B., cubensis Pfr. (=Achatina pellucida Pfr., 1840), fentssaci Pfr., minuta Ant., ovata Ant., owaihiensis Cham., trochiformis B., trochlearis B. This is the first publication of Tornatellina which can be recognized in nomenclature. Gray, in 1847, selected T. clausa, the first species of Beck's and Pfeiffer 's lists, as the type. This species has been considered by Pfeiffer to be synonymous with T. bilamellata Anton. The subsequent selection of tro- chlearis as type, by von Martens (Die Heliceen, 1860, p. 259), was ineffective on account of the prior selection of T. clausa by Grav. 134 TORNATELLINA. It is unfortunate that the type of Tornatellina is a little- known species from a peripheral locality (Juan Fernandez). We know nothing of the lingual dentition or of the stages of development of any species of this island. Their relations to the Tornatell'inas of Polynesia and other regions remain to be determined. If names differing from prior generic names only in gender are admitted, Strobilus Anton will have priority for the genus, if its type 8. twrritus, proves to be congeneric with the Tornatellinas, as we suppose. It will also replace Elasmatina, based upon the same species. We have not seen this species, which differs from the others by its lengthened shape and numerous whorls. The tropical American genus Leptinaria and the genus Ochroderma closely resemble Tornatellina in shell characters, but the dentition is Achatinoid. The species are mostly larger than Tornatellina. Species of other families described as Tornatellina. Part of the species of all of the other genera of Tornatelli- nidce were at first described under the generic name Torna- tellina ; also the following species belonging to other families : Tornatellina striata Neweomb, 1861 = Leptachatina. Vol. xxi, p. 62. Tornatellina cubeiisis Pf eiffer = Blauneria. Tornatellina hierosolymarum Hoih=Calaxis. Vol. xix, p. 285. Tornatellina fraseri Bs.= Ferussacia. Vol. xix, p. 249. Tornatellina ceylanica H. Nevill, Bnum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3 ; undescribed. Numerous species of the genera Leptinaria and Ochroderma were described as Tornatellina. See Manual, vol. xviii, pp. 288 to 328. Classification. Tornatellina was divided, in 1910, into four sections with substantially the following characters: TORNATELLINA. 135 a. Shell oblong-conic or ovate-conic; whorls less than 7. b. Aperture having a parietal and a columellar lamella and two palatal plicae or two spiral series of teeth, at least in the neanic stage. Section Tornatettina, species no. 1 to no. 12. b1. Aperture having a parietal and one to three columellar lamellae, and successive vertical palatal ribs in the neanic stage, sometimes persisting in the adult stage. Section Lamellina, species nos. 13 to 24. b2. Columella sinuous, parietal wall lamellate; no palatal teeth or ribs at any stage of growth. Section Torna- tellinops, species nos. 25 to 47. (/'. Shell long- tur rite or conic; whorls 9 or 10, flattened. Sec- tion Elasmatina, species nos. 48 to 51. Adult individuals of the first two sections are phylogerontic in some species, becoming secondarily simplified in the adult stage, and indistinguishable from species of Tornatellinops. Tlie classification of species known by the adult stage only is therefore uncertain in some cases. Geographic Distribution and Keys to Species. Species of Japan, the Loochoo and Bonin Islands. a. Shell having a vertical rib or ribs within the outer lip; length 3 to 3.2 mm., with 5 to 51/2 whorls. b. Adult with strong lip-rib and no palatal ribs ; columella thick, minutely biplicate; neanic stage with 2 or 3 columellar lamellae and serrate palatal ribs. Ogasa- wara (Boiiin) Is. T. ogasawarana, no. 13. b1. Adult with thin lip and a smooth palatal rib. T. biplicata, no. 14. a>. No palatal or lip ribs. b. Shell rather obese, the diani. more than half of length. c. Length about 3.3 mm. ; 41/^-5 whorls. d. Parietal lamella low but long ; Loochoo Is. T. rucuana, no. 26. d1. Parietal lamella wanting; Bonin Is. T. monodonta, no. 25. 136 TORNATELLINA. c1. Length about 2.2 mm., with 3^ whorls; parietal lamella low, y$ of a whorl long ; Sulphur Is. T. hataiana, no. 28. b1. Shell rather slender, the diam, less than half the length, parietal lamella strong ; whorls 6 ; Bonin Is. T. nakadai, no. 27. Species of Micronesia (Caroline and Marianne Is.) T. subcylindrica, no. 22 ; T. microstoma, no. 23 ; T. moellen- dorffiana, no. 24; T. ponapensis, no. 29. Hawaiian Species. a. Diameter more than half the length. b . Young usually with one or two palatal folds ; columella strongly sinuous. T. baldwini, no. 5. fe1. Young without palatal folds. c. Shell ovate ; columella weakly sinuous. T. mcgregori, no. 6. c1. Shell subcylindrical or narrowly ovate. T. gayi, no. 30. a1. Diameter less than half the length. 1). Parietal lamella straight in section, not flaring out- ward. c. Parietal lamella very broad, subhorizontal ; no pal- atal ribs in the young; length 2^-3 mm., 4%-5 whorls. T. tantalus, no. 31. c1. Parietal lamella moderately developed ; young with palatal ribs. d. More than 3 mm. long. T. oblonga, no. 20. dl. Less than 3 mm. long. T. cylindrica, no. 15. ft1. Parietal lamella strong, flaring outward, arcuate in section. c. Last whorl flattened, with a shallow, broad, per- ipheral depression. d. Aperture elongate, shell vitreous. T. lanceolata, no. 18. d1. Aperture small, shell brownish-corneous. T. gracttis, no. 19. TORNATELLINA. 137 c1. Last whorl convex, without depression. d. Columella strongly twisted in the adult. T. polygnampta, no. 16. dl. Columella weakly twisted. T. peponum, no. 17. Polynesian Species. %. Shell oblong- turri ted, of 9-10 whorls; Rapa. T. turrit a, no. 51. %l. Shell oblong-conic or ovate-conic, of 7 whorls or less. b. Columellar lamella superposed upon the spiral fold ; at least in the young ; two palatal plicae or successive pairs of teeth, sometimes wanting in the adult stage. c. Length 4y2 to 5 mm., diain. 2 to 3 mm., whorls 6-7 ; usually two palatal teeth or short, entering plicae. T. bttamcllata, no. 1 ; T. hidalgoi, no. 2 ; T. gouldi, no. 4. c1. Smaller, length 2.5 to 3, diam. 1 to 1.6 mm. ; whorls 5-6. Columella having palatal teeth in pairs or in one spiral series, sometimes wanting in the adult stage. d. Columellar lamellae 3, an oblique fold above and a small denticle below the median la- mella. e. Columellar lamella prominent in a front view; usually having palatal teeth in pairs. T. perplexa, no. 7. el. Columellar lamella immersed; a low cal- lous streak in the palatal region. T. societatis, no. 10. d1. One prominent columellar lamella, with a more or less obvious fold above it, but no denticle below it. e. Whorls convex; columellar lamella deeply placed. /. Length 2.8, diam. 1.6 mm. ; Fiji Is. T. columellaris, no. 11. f1. Narrower, length 3.2, diam. 1.5 mm. T. nitida, no. 8. 138 TORNATELblNA. el. Whorls nearly flat, the sides of spire planu- late. T. micansy no. 9. 61. Palatal wall bearing vertical ribs. c. Diameter less than half the length. T. oblonga, juv., no. 20. c1. Diameter over half the length. T. serrata, no. 21. 52. No palatal plicae, teeth or ribs, and 110 columellar la- mella. c. Diameter less than half the length. T. oblonga, no. 20. c1. Diameter about equal to or exceeding half the length. d. Whorls plano-convex ; 2.7 x 1.5 mm. T. affinis, no. 35. d1. Whorls moderately convex. 3 x 1.5 mm. T. voyana, no. 37. d2. Whorls rather strongly convex. T. pusilla, no. 33 ; T. impressa, no. 32 ; T. philippii, no. 36 ; T. trochlearis, no. 35. Australia, New Zealand, Melanesia. Australia, T. jacksonensis, no. 41. Torres Straits, T. mas- tersi, no. 42. New Zealand, T. novoseelandica, no. 40. New Caledonia, T. noumeensis, no. 43. Kermadec Is., T. kerma- decensis, no. 12 ; T. iredalei, no. 38 ; T. raoulensis, no. 39. East Indies, Philippines. T. ring ens, no. 3 ; T. camarinica, no. 46 ; T. kochiana, no. 44 ; T. moluccana, no. 45. Juan Fernandez, Masafuera. T. bilamellata, no. 1 ; T. reclusiana, no. 49 ; T. conica, no. 50 ; T. trochiformis, no. 51 : T. minuta, no. 47 ; T. trochlearis, no. 35. Undescribed species of Tornatellina (in the old sense) have been reported from Ceylon (T. ceylanica H. Nevill) and Shanghai. See G. Nevill, Handlist of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, i, p. 160, 1878. These species may perhaps belong to Ela-smias or Tornatellides. TOENATELLINA. 139 Section TORNATELLINA s. sir. Tornatellinse in which there is a strong, subhorizontal colu- mellar lamella superposed upon the columellar fold; palatal teeth or plicae usually in vertical pairs, often standing on a vertical callus, or scattered in two, an upper and lower, series. Type T. bilamellata Anton. The columellar lamella is sometimes immersed and visible only in an oblique view in the mouth. Two groups of species are placed here, one contains rather large species; the other (group of T. perplexa) consists of small fragile forms, which in characters reach out towards Lamellina. Group of T. bilamellata. Four comparatively large forms which have never been directly compared compose this group. Coming from widely separated localities, they will probably prove to be distinct though similar species. The immature stages are unknown. 1. T. BILAMELLATA (AntOll). PI. 34, figS. 9? 10. Oval, conoidal, 5 to 6 flat whorls, the last half the total length, apex acute. Aperture long oval, very narrow, with two lainellse on the columella and two delicate cords on the anterior wall of the aperture. Glossy, transparent, extremely delicate, brownish. Length 2^, diam. l1/^ lines (Anton). Shell ovate-conic, very thin, striatulate, glossy, pellucid, corneous. Spire conic, the apex acute. Whorls 6 to 7, the last about three-sevenths the total length, rotund at base. Aper- ture elliptical, narrow, obstructed by a moderate, suboblique entering lamella on the parietal wall, a strong transverse columellar fold and two delicate parallel palatal laminae. Peristome acute. Length 5, diam. 3, aperture 2.5 mm. long (Pfr.y. Opana (Rapa or Opara) Island (Anton). Juan Fernandez (Pfr.; Challenger Exped.). Strobilus bilamellatus ANTON, Verzeichniss etc., 1839, p. 46, no. 1694. — Tornatellina clausa BECK, Index Moll., 1837, p. 80, teste Anton. — PFR., Symbolae ad Hist. Hel., ii, p. 55. — 140 TOBNATELLINA. T. bUamettata Anton, KUESTER, Coiichyl. Cab. Pupa, p. 147, pi. 18, f. 3 to 5.— H. & A. ADAMS, Genera of Recent Moll., p. 140, pi. 74, f . 4.— PFR., Monogr., ii, 393 ; iii, 527 ; iv, 652 ; vi, 265; viii, 319.— E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1884, p. 280.— not of Schmeltz, Godeffroy CataL, v, p. 90. In the last volume of the Monographia, Pfeiffer gives the locality Juan Fernandez, and this has been confirmed by E. A. Smith. It is highly improbable that the same species oc- curs 'in 'both of the islands mentioned. The figure is from Kuester. The original description of T. clausa follows : "Tornatettina clausa Beck, p. 80. — Strobilus bftamett&tus Ant., p. 46. — Shell ovate-conic, pellucid, corneous, very thin, striolate ; whorls 6, flat, the last shorter than the spire ; aper- ture oblique, oval; peristome simple. Length 5%, diam. 3 mill.— Opara ( Anton). " (Pfr., 1842.) 2. T. HIDALGOI Crosse. PL 33, figs. 7, 9. Shell imperforate, oblong-conic, thin, a little shining, pel- lucid, chestnut-corneous. Spire rather long, the apex a little obtuse, rounded. Whorls 6, slightly convex, slightly striatu- late obliquely, nearly smooth, the last whorl a little shorter than the spire, rotund, tapering at base. Aperture somewhat oblique, semioval, obstructed by a large, spirally directed, deeply entering, white parietal lamella. Columellar margin thickened within, white, having a strong white somewhat ir- regular fold. Outer lip simple, acute; palatal wall armed with two deeply placed white teeth joined by a callus. Length 4y2 to 5, diam. 2 mm. (Crosse). Gambier Islands (Paz). Tornatellina hidalgoi CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xiii, 1865, p. 219, pi. 6, f . 6.— PFR., Monogr., vi, 266.— GARRETT, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1879, p. 25, last paragraph. Somewhat related to T. perplexa Garrett, but decidedly larger, with the columellar armature somewhat different. It is probably closely related to T. bilamellata. Garrett remarks that specimens from the Gambier Is. in his possession have two palatal teeth like Crosse 's type, "or have simply from one to two spiral rows of denticles in the palate." TORNATELLINA. 141 3. T. BINGENS Dohrn. Not figured. Shell conic, rather thin, striatulate, fulvous-corneous. Spire conic, acute; suture impressed. Whorls 7, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last subangular in the middle, at the base slightly depressed. Aperture rhombic-elliptical, ob- structed by 4 or 5 folds : 1 on the parietal wall, oblique, strong, compressed, crested ; 1 or 2 columellar, varying ; 1 or 2 palatal plicae, the lower compressed, upper tuberculifonn. Length 5%, diam. 3, length of aperture 2y± mm. (Dohrn). Philippine Islands (A. Pokkes in coll. 0. Semper). Tornatellina ringens DOHRN, Malak. Blatter, x, 1863, p. 161. — PFR., Monographia Hel. Viv., vi, 265. It agrees remarkably in figure with T. philippii, but the dentition is wholly different. The parietal fold is alike in the two species. The columella in our species is calloused and bears one or two lamellae of unequal size, the upper being much smaller arid deeply-seated, sometimes wholly vanishing, the lower very strongly developed, callous, generally bifid within, seldom simple inside and bifid outwardly (as Pfeiffer described for T. gouldi). There are also two palatal teeth standing on a, transverse callous, the lower tooth compressed, the upper small, tubercular, sometimes disappearing. The callous is deposited anew at various periods of growth (Dohrn). 4. T. GOULDI Pfeiffer. Not figured. Shell ovate-conic, thin, smoothish, pellucid, corneous. Spire long-conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5^, con- vex, the last nearly two-fifths the length, rotund. Aperture oblique, erect-lunar, obstructed by a strong entering parietal lamella and a thick subtriangular columellar fold. Peristome unexpanded, thin. Length 4, diam. 2.5 mm., aperture 2 mm. long (Pfr.). Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.). Tornatellina gouldi PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 335 ; Moiiogr., iv, 651. 6 ' Similar to T. philippii, from which it differs chiefly by the prominent subtriangular columellar fold " (Pfr.). Known 142 TORNATELLINA. to us by the original description only. It is not certainly known to belong to the bilamellata group. Group of T. perplexa. Small, delicate species, very similar to those of the section Tornatellinops, from which they differ by having an acute lamella superposed upon the weak columella fold. They differ from Lamellina by lacking well-developed vertical ribs within the palatal wall, yet in some species the two groups are scarcely distinguishable. The delicate palatal denticles are often absent in adult shells. The neanic stage is like the adult in perplexa and nitida. 5. T. BALDWINI Ancey. PI. 35, figs. 3, 4; pi. 40, fig. 13 ; pi. 42, figs. 1, 2. Shell oblong-ovate, imperforate, thin, pellucid, corneous, glossy, under a lens slightly striatulate. Spire conoid, a little longer than the aperture, the summit subacute. Whorls 4, convex, rapidly increasing, the last oblong. Aperture acutely oblong-ovate, hardly compressed outwardly, bearing a rather minute revolving lamella on the parietal wall. Columella thickened, whitish, toothless, obliquely twisted, continued into the anterior margin. Length 2.5, diam. 1.5, length of aper- ture 1.2 mm. (Ancey). Kauai (Baldwin, Cooke) ; Oahu: Manoa (Baldwin), Tan- talus (Baldwin, Cooke), Nuuanu (Cooke), Waianae Mts. (Perkins, Cooke); Maui : Kaupakalua and Keanae (Bald- win) ; Hawaii (Thaanum). In the pleistocene of Oahu at Kaelepulu, Kailua, Laie and 1% miles W. of Kahuku. Tornatellina baldwini ANC., Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 238 ; Journ. de Conchyl., li, 1903, p. 296, pi. 12, figs. 1, 2. — SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, Moll., p. 380. i ' The specimen from Oahu which served for the description was not fully developed. In the adult stage the species is a little larger, with one whorl more, and the spire is a little longer. The characters of the aperture remain the same" (Ancey). Mr. Ancey 's figures are copied, pi. 35, figs. 3, 4. This species and T. mcgregori are more obese than other TORNATELLINA. 143 imperforate Hawaiian Is. species, with fewer whorls. A specimen in the collection of the A. N. S. P. measures, length 3.25, diam. 1.75, aperture 1.25 mm. The parietal lamella is very low and about one-third of a whorl long. Reduction of the parietal lamella to a greater or less extent is character- istic of the species; it is always short in the adult, a little larger and stronger in the neanic stage. The columella is strongly twisted, thin; and the striation is distinct. Whorls 4%. A slightly larger specimen in the collection of the Bishop Museum has 4% whorls and is 3.5 mm. in length. Ancey's type specimen, B. P. Bishop Museum coll., no. 18422, is from Manoa, Oahu. In an embryonic specimen the shell is imperforate. Under a high-power lens the surface is minutely granulate. The columella is almost straight, not swollen as in T. mcgregori and there is no sign of the median columellar lamella. The parietal lamella is very minute, much smaller than in T. b. subrugosa or T. mcgregori. Most of the young, at about the metaneanic stage, have a short, lower palatal fold. Some specimens (pi. 40, fig. 13, Kaelepulu) have, in addition, a second palatal fold opposite the margin of the parietal lamella. The columella at the metaneanic stage is almost straight, twisted, and is furnished near the middle with a rather strong almost transverse fold. The parietal lamella is rather strong, scarcely bent in cross section, and its margin is very slightly sinuous. The specimen fig- ured in pi. 42, fig. 2, is 2.25 mm. in length and has 4 whorls. 5a. T. b. subrugosa, n. var. PL 35, figs. 7, 10. A series of sheUs from Maui (no. 98050 A. N. S. P.) differs from typical T. baldwini by having low, widely and unequally spaced narrow folds or wrinkles in the direction of the growth stride. The columella is strongly twisted much as in T. gra- cilis. The parietal lamella is moderately high but very short, 1/4 to l/$ of a whorl long. The figured specimen measures 2.8 mm. long, 1.55 diam., length of aperture 1.3 mm. ; but an im- perfect shell is much larger. It is an extremely fragile form. An embryonic shell, taken out of the mouth of an old one, is 144 TORNATELLINA. globose, imperforate, with a small lamella or denticle in the middle of the columella fold (pi. 35, fig. 7). 6. T. MCGREGORI P. & C., n. sp. PI. 35, fig-s. 14, 15. Shell ovate, brown, very fragile, rather glossy, marked with growth-wrinkles. Whorls convex. Columella slightly sinuous, but very much less so than in T. baldwini-, in an ob- lique view in the aperture it appears nearly straight. Pari- etal lamella inconspicuous, very small and thread-like, far more reduced than in T. baldwini. Length 2.8, diam. 1.65, length of aperture 1.25 mm. Hawaii: Hilo, under guava leaves (R. C. McGregor, 1900; H. W. Henshaw), types no. 85387 A. N. S. P. In large series of shells of all ages taken by Mr. McGregor removed from one of the larger shells is figured (pi. 35, fig. 15). It has a rather strongly convex columellar fold, but no lamella superposed upon it, such as there is in T. ft. subrugostt, The columellar fold is much broader than that of embryos of typical T. baldwini. In large series of shells of all ages taken by Mr. McGregor and by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, none of the young have any trace of the palatal fold found in T. baldwini. The whorls of T. mcgregori are less convex and more closely coiled than those of T. l)aldwini. 7. T. PERPLEXA Garrett. PL 34, figs. 12, 13. ' ' Shell small, oblong-conic, imperforate, fragile, glossy, pel- lucid, smooth, pale brownish-horn color; spire obloiig-eonic, with subplanulate outlines; apex obtusely rounded; suture distinctly linear; whorls six, convex, moderately and regu- larly increasing, the last convexly rounded not deflected in front; aperture oblique, ovate-lunate, about one-third the length of the shell ; peristome thin, straight, regularly curved ; columella depressed, tortuous, bidentate, the basal tooth small, the upper, which is submedial, is larger and prominent ; pari- etal region with a large, prominent, curved lamina; palate garnished with more or less numerous irregularly disposed denticles. Length 2%, major diameter 1 mm" (Garrett). TORNATELLINA. 145 Austral Is.: Rurutu (type loc. ; Ch. De Gage). Cook's or Hervey Is. Society Is. : not uncommon, and ranges through- out the group (Garrett). Tornatellina perplexa GARRETT, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., 1879, p. 24; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1881, p. 398; ix, 1884, p. 82, pi. 2, f. 23.— Tornatellina bUamellata SCHMELTZ (not of Anton), Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, v, p. 90. * The columella is tridentate, there being a high, acute median lamella, and two subequal and much smaller denticles, one above and another below. In adult shells the upper and lower denticles can be seen only in an oblique view in the aperture, as in pi. 34, fig. 12, and pi. 36, fig. 2; but in the young (neaiiic) stage the three lamellae are noticeable in a front view. This structure separates T. perplexa at once from T. nitida, which is otherwise related. Garrett writes : ' ' Some examples have the palatal denticles mounted on delicate, longitudinal lines of callus ; others have the internal teeth so distinct as to give the aperture a ringent appearance. Cook's Island examples sent to the Museum Godeffroyanum were erroneously referred to Anton's T. ~bi- lamellata, a species twice the size of this. ' ' 8. T. NITIDA Pease. PL 36, figs. 3, 7 ; pi. 34, fig. 11. The shell is turrite, with straight sides, very thin, clear yel- lowish corneous, rather transparent, glossy, faintly marked with slight growth-wrinkles. Composed of 5i/^ moderately convex whorls, parted by a very narrowly margined suture ; the last whorl convex. Aperture small, oblique. Outer lip simple, fragile. Columella somewhat thickened, sigmoid, spirally twisted, grooved around the insertion, and encircled with a sharp, thin median lamella superposed upon the colu- mellar callus, and so deeply placed that in adult shells it is visible in oblique view only. The parietal lamella is strong and extends inward half a whorl. In the palate there are fre- quently one or two spiral rows of small compressed denticles. Length 3.2, diam. 1.5 mm., aperture 1.1 mm. (Huaheine spe- cimen). Marshall Group: Ebon Island (Andrew Garrett, type loc.). 146 TORNATELLINA. Society Is.: Huaheine ; and Austral Is.: Kurutu (Garrett). Hervey Is.: Mi whorls. The parietal la- mella is very large, curved, not lobed, with its margin slightly undulating. The columella is triplicate : the upper fold rather strong, the median very strong and the basal nodule fairly well developed. There are two palatal ribs, both of which can be seen in the aperture, the outer low without serrations, the inner strong, with three distinct teeth on its margin. Fig. 6 represents the final (ephebic) stage. TORNATELLINA. 159 19. T. GRACILIS Pease. PL 43, figs. 7, 8, 9 ; pi. 42, fig. 11. Shell elongate, slender, thin, glossy, smooth, marked with very delicate growth-striae, brownish corneous. Whorls 5, convex, the last whorl flattened, sometimes concentrically sul- cate in the middle. Aperture small, acutely ovate. Parietal lamella strong, prominent ; columella strongly callous, twisted. Length 3.75, diam. 1.5 mm. (Pse.). Kauai (Pease) : Kalalau, Lirnahuli and Wailua (Cooke) ; Oahu: Diamond Head and Round Top (Cooke); Maui (Thwing; Ancey, for T. extincta) ; Hawaii (Pease, see label Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Kona (^Perkins, Thwing), Hamakua (Henshaw). Lays an Island (Bryan). Tornatellina gracilis PSE., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 460. — ? SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, Mollusca, 1900, p. 381.— Tornatellina extincta ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vii, 1890, p. 341; Journ. of Malac., xi, 1904, p. 70.— HENSHAW, Journ. of Malac., xi, 1904, p. 64. Pease's examples of this species, in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, are mixed with typical specimens of T. ob- longa. None of the specimens of T. gracilis in the collection of the Bishop Museum are as broad as Pease 's measurements, which were probably taken from one of the specimens of T. oblonga. Specimens from the different Islands measure as follows : Length 3.0, diam. 1.1 ; whorls 5%, Kauai, Kalalau. Length 3.2, diam. 1.1 ; whorls 6. Oahu, Diamond Head. Length 2.75, diam. 1.2 ; whorls 53/4. Oahu, Bound Top (fig. 7). Length 3.4, diam. 1.2; whorls 6y2. Hawaii, Kona (fig. 8). Embryonic examples (pi. 42, fig. 11) from Bound Top, Oahu, have the surface of the shell faintly spirally striate. The columella is slightly swollen ; the upper fold is weak, the median strong. The parietal lamella is very strong, about three-fourths of a whorl in length. An example from Diamond Head (fig. 9), at the metaneanic stage, is 2.14 mm. in length and has 43/4 whorls. The parietal lamella is strong, lobed and with a sinuous margin. The colu- 160 TORNATELLINA. mella is triplicate, the upper fold moderate, the median very strong, and the lower forming a minute nodule. There are two strong, tridentate palatal ribs visible in the aperture. Part of this armature does not show in the direct front view figured. One of Ancey's types of T. extincta (all of which are at the metaneanic stage) is 2.1 mm. long, with 4% whorls. It agrees exactly with young of gracilis. The most distinctive characters of adult specimens of T. gracilis are: the cylindrical shell (the last whorl being scarcely broader than the penultimate), the broad shallow de- pression of the last whorl and the rather small aperture. The examples from Bound Top, Oahu, one of which is figured (fig. 7), differ slightly from the shells from the other locali- ties. Adult shells are shorter and broader in proportion to their length and the parietal lamella is not as strongly de- veloped. Specimens of this species from Laysan Island, collected by Professor Wm. A. Bryan, are scarcely separable from typical Hawaiian material. They differ only in having a slightly smaller shell and in being a shade lighter in color. The original account of T. extincta follows : Shell elongate, oblong, imperforate, corneous, fragile, smooth, glossy. Spire long-conoid, a little obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, regularly in- creasing, suture minute, margined by transparence; last whorl ovate, convex. Aperture suboblique, armed with a large and strong parietal lamella, an acute, oblique, twisted columellar fold, and a vertical lamina more or less visible in the throat. Length 2.25, diam. 1, alt. aperture .75 mm. Cen- tral isthmus of Maui, the types from earth washed out of sub- fossil specimens of Amastra extincta Pfr. (Ancey). "Easy to recognize among Hawaiian forms by the absence of a perforation, its palatal plicge and the simple columellar fold" (Ancey). 20. T. OBLONGA Pease. PI. 41, figs. 6, 9 ; pi. 42, figs. 7 to 10. For description and synonymy of oblonga see page 162 under Polynesian species. Kauai: Lihue, Kipu, Haena, Wainiha and Kilohana TORNATELLINA. 161 (Cooke) ; Oahu: Manoa (Baldwin, Cooke), Tantalus, Nuu- aiiu and Makiki (Cooke) ; Maui: Kapuulena and Kaupakalua (Baldwin) ; Hawaii: Waipo (Thaanum, Henshaw). Tornatellina oUonga Pse., ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, v, 1892, p. 72; Journ. de Conchyl., li, 1903, p. 301.— HEN- SHAW, Joum. de Malac., xi, 1904, pp. 64, 70. Hawaiian examples differ only in size from specimens col- lected by Garrett at the Society Islands. Length 4.2, diam. 1.4 mm. Society Islands. Length 3.9, diam. 1.4 mm. Kauai (pi. 42, figs. 8, 9). The Hawaiian examples are found under the same condi- tions as mentioned by Garrett (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ix, 1884, p. 81). In an embryonic specimen (fig. 7), from Nuuanu, Oahu, the shell is imperforate, globose, with very minute raised spiral lines on the upper l1/^ whorls. The parietal lamella is rather strong, a little more than a half of a whorl in length. The columella is vertical, with minute twisted folds. At the beginning of the metaiieanic substage (pi. 41, figs. 6, 9; pi. 42, fig. 10), an example, 1.8 mm. in length with 4 whorls, fig. 10, has the following characteristics : the parietal lamella is nearly straight, not lobed, and the margin is very slightly sinuous ; the columella is vertical, sigmoicl, with a very weak upper fold, the median fold is rather deeply situ- ated, oblique and not very strong and there is a minute lower tubercle ; there are two palatal ribs, both of which can be seen through the aperture, their margins are slightly undulate, but not distinctly serrate or toothed as in other species of this section. Adult shells of T. peponum and Hawaiian examples of T. oblonga do not differ as much as do the young. In adult spe- cimens of T. peponum the whorls are more convex and loosely coiled, the outer margin of the aperture is more convex (in T. oblonga it is somewhat flattened), the columella is more strongly twisted and the parietal lamella is stronger and not as straight. The young at the metaneanic and until the para- neanic stage are easily separated by the much stronger median columellar fold, the strongly lobed parietal lamella, and the strongly toothed palatal ribs of T. peponum. 162 TOBNATELLINA. T. dentata is the neanic stage of T. oblonga, according; to the type , c. — Tornatellina confusa SYKES, Faun. Haw., ii, Moll., pp. 380, 382 (1900).— ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl., li, 1903, p. 300. The specimen chosen for our figure (pi. 46, fig. 1) of this species agrees very closely with Gould's figure 104&. The original of figs. 104#, h, c is lost, and we propose the shell drawn in our fig. 1 as type of the spe-cles as here rehabilitated.. In the original figure the diameter is 52 per cent of the length and the axis of the aperture is 75 per cent of the diameter. In the selected specimen the diameter is 55 per cent of the length and the axis of the aperture is 80 per cent of the diam- eter. This species is very abundant in and around Hilo, and there is no doubt that Gould's figured specimen came from this locality. The figured specimen has the lowest parietal lamella of several hundred specimens examined by us. Usu- ally the parietal lamella is about 0.05 mm. in height in front but it soon descends into a simple raised line in back. An immature specimen with 4i/£ whorls has the columella 210 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. furnished, near its base, with a very oblique, low, deeply- seated fold; the upper eolumellar fold appears to be entirely absent. The parietal lamella is about 0.15 mm. in height. The embryonic whorls are encircled by very minute low spiral stride (fig. 2). Mr. Sykes based this species upon Gould's figure, but he also gave "Makaweli, Kauai", as the locality of specimens taken by Mr. Perkins. As no comparison of these Kauaian shells with topotypes from Hilo was made, and no description or figure of them was given, we may be permitted to hold that extension of its range as provisional until direct comparison can be made. At present T. confusa is known from Hawaii only. 15y2. T. BRYANI C. & P., n. sp. PL 53, figs. 9, 10. Shell perforate, narrowly ovate-conic, light corneous, glossy, under a strong lens minutely irregularly striate, thin, trans- lucent. Spire elongate, conic, with slightly convex outlines, the apex obtuse. Suture impressed, simple. Whorls 5%, uni- formly convex, the embryonic increasing rapidly, the rest in- creasing slowly and regularly; the last whorl subcylindrical, rounded and tapering below, convex at the margin of the umbilicus. Aperture long-ovate, with a regularly curved outer margin. Parietal lamella low, erect, slightly sinuous along its upper edge. Columella tumid above, slightly convex below, unarmed. Peristome thin, erect, regularly arched. Umbilicus rather small, almost circular. Length 2.5, ddam. 1.4, axis of apert. 1.0, par. lam. 0.07, umb. 0.32 mm. Length 2.7, diam. 1.5 mm. Laysan Island, on bark about roots of bushes (Wm. Alan- son Bryan). Type no. 39042 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 22748 B. P. B. Mus, and 112734 A. N. S. P. An immature specimen, with nearly 4% whorls (fig. 10), has smooth apical whorls. The parietal lamella is rather strong, erect, about 0.12 mm. in height. The columella is narrowly triangular, with its inner margin almost straight and is furnished with a single low, almost transverse fold. TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 211 Of the Hawaiian species of Tomatettides, T. bryani is most closely related to T. kahoolavensis. It differs from the latter by its smaller size, straighter arid more conical outlines of the spire, stronger parietal lamella, etc. This species was taken with Tornatellina graeilis, but was not nearly so abundant as that species. 16. T. KAHOOLAVENSIS C. & P., n. sp. PI. 46, figs. 3, 4, 7. Shell perforate, cylindrical!; turrited, in fossil state white, glossy, under a strong lens minutely striate, thin, translu- cent. Spire elongate, subcylindrical, with slightly convex out- lines ; apex subacute. Suture well impressed, indistinctly mar- gined. Whorls 6, the embryonic increasing rapidly, smooth, the rest increasing very slowly and regularly, convex, the last cylindrical, rounded below, slightly flattened about the um- bilicus. Aperture rather long, ovate, with a regularly curved outer margin. Parietal lamella low, erect. Columella nar- rowly triangular, unarmed. Peristome thin, erect. Umbili- cus rather small, pyriform. Length 3.2, diam. 1.55, axis of apert. 1.1, par. lam. 0.05, umb. 0.29 mm. Kahoolawe : Hakioawa (type loc., Pilsbry, Cooke), Hana- kaea (Pilsbry), Ahupuiki and Kanapou (Forbes and Stokes). Type no. 36249 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 111724 P. A. N. S. An immature specimen, with nearly 5 whorls, has the apical whorls smooth, without a trace of spiral lines. The parietal lamella is low, erect, about 0.09 mm. in height. The columella is furnished with two low oblique folds, the upper of which is hardly visible (fig. 3). This is the most abundant species of Tornatellides found on the island. It was present in all the fossil deposits. The only other species of this genus found there is referable to T. macromphala Anc. Tornatellina gracilis is also very abun- dant, and Tornatellina baldwini rather rare. T. kahoolavensis undoubtedly belongs to the procerulus group. The upper columellar fold is a little more strongly developed than in most of the species. In size and form it approaches T. irregularis of West Maui. Probably T. con- 212 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. fu-sus is its nearest ally. It is, however, easily separated from that species by its larger size, more numerous whorls and stronger parietal lamella. 17. T. KONAENSIS C. & P., n. sp. PI. 46, figs. 5, 6. Shell umbilicate, narrowly ovately turrited, corneous, nearly smooth, slightly glossy, under a lens minutely striate with lines of growth, and with a few distant slightly stronger striae on the median whorls, thin, translucent. Spire subconic, apex somewhat obtuse. Suture simple, well impressed. Whorls 6%, convex, the last rotund. Aperture narrowly oval, diag- onal. Parietal lamella very minute, represented by a thin, raised line. Columella narrowly triangular, inner margin slightly arcuate. Peristome thin, erect, outer margin arcuate. Umbilicus large, circular. Length 3.8, diam. 1.8, axis of apert. 1.6, urnb. 0.56 mm. Hawaii: Kona (Baldwin) ; Puna (Spalding) ; Olaa (Thaa- num). Type 110. 36247 Bishop Museum, cotype no. 111725 P. A. N. S. The original specimens of this species were received from Mr. Baldwin under the name Tornatellina konaensis Ancey, which has been retained, as Mr. Baldwin doubtless distributed other specimens under the same name. No specimens of this species are contained in the Ancey collection. Additional examples referable to konaensis were later collected by Spald- ing. Mr. Thaanuin found it in considerable quantity at Olaa. One of these specimens, in basal view, is drawn in fig. 6. It differs from T. procerulus in the far wider umbilicus, the more lateral, oval aperture, and in having the parietal lamella reduced to a minute thread or even wholly lost in mature shells. In the iieanic stage the lamella is distinct but very low. The species is closely related to T. subangulatus, but it is easily separated by its very low parietal lamella, form of a.perture, etc. In an immature specimen with five whorls, from Puna, the umbilicus is rather narrow and the columella slightly twisted. The parietal lamella is oblique, 0.13 mm. in height. The TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 213 lower coluinellar fold is deeply seated, 0.09 mm. in height and there is a slight swelling on the upper part of the columella, but no distinct upper fold. The embryonic whorls are smooth and there is no indication of spiral striae. 18. T. SUBANGULATUS ( Ancey ) . PL 46, figs. 9, 10. " Shell oblong-conic, thin, rather shining, pale-corneous, pellucid, having inconspicuous growth -lines ; openly umbili- cate, the umbilicus cylindric, not very wide. Spire regularly conic, the apex rather small, somewhat obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, suture linear, the last whorl oblong, tapering and obscurely roundly-compressed, at the base, at the begin- ning more or less subangular. Aperture suboblique, narrowed at both ends, the parietal wall bearing a moderate spiral la- mella. Columella somewhat swollen, unarmed, broadly di- lated. Length 3, diarn. 1.75, alt. apert. 1.33 mm." (Ancey). East Maui: Kaupakalua (Baldwin), Kula (Cooke). Type 110. 18449 Bishop Museum, paratypes no. 18608 Bishop Mu- seum and no. 111846 P. A. N. S. Tomatettina subangulata ANCEY, Journ. de Conchy!., li, 1903, p. 303, pi. 12, f. 15, 16. "It differs from T. pcpanum [ Ancey 's peponum equals procerula,] by the very regularly conic though quite long spire, the usually distinct angulation at the beginning of the last whorl, its tapering base, which narrows the aperture in this part, making it more or less angular; finally its umbilicus is well open and cylindric, though not reaching the size of that of T. macromphala, and is covered in a front view of the shell by a wide dilation of the columella. This is more or less swollen but constantly unarmed, even in the young stage" (Ancey). A specimen from the Ancey coll. (no. 18608 Bishop Mu- seum) with 6*4 whorls measures: length 3.3, diam. 1.75, axis of apert. 1.3, par. lam. 0.13, umb. 0.63 mm. This species ap- pears to be very variable in the development of the columellar fold of immature specimens. Very rarely the columellar fold is absent as stated by An- cey. Usually only the lower columellar fold is present, the 214 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. upper being always obsolete. In an immature specimen with 5 whorls, the parietal lamella is 0.16, the columellar fold 0.07 mm. in height. There are no spiral striae on the embryonic whorls (fig. 10). 19. T. ONCOSPIRA C. & P., n. sp. PL 46, fig. 8. Shell perforate, ovate, dark-corneous, glossy, minutely striate with lines of growth, somewhat thin and slightly trans- parent. Spire ovate, with convex outlines; apex obtuse, rounded. Suture simple, impressed. Whorls 5y2, convex, the last rotund, sub-saccate below. Aperture small, obli- quely truncate-ovate. Parietal lamella well developed, ob- lique. Columella triangular, slightly concave below, fur- nished with a deeply-seated lower fold. Peristome thin, erect, outer margin convex. Umbilicus rather small, circular. Length 3.0, diam. 1.6, axis of apert. 1.2, par. lam. 0.22, umb. 0.27 mm. Hawaii: Kaiwiki (Thaanum). Type no. 14170 Bishop Mu- seum, cotypes in Thaanum coll. A very rare species of which only four specimens have been taken. Unfortunately no immature specimens have been seen. A second specimen in the Bishop Museum has barely over 5 whorls. The parietal lamella is 0.18 mm. in height. The single basal columellar fold is slightly stronger than that of the type. The very convex outlines of the spire and the blunt apex easily separate this species from the others of the genus. 20. T. INORNATUS P. & C., 11. sp. PL 46, fig. 13. The shell is ovate-pyramidal, umbilicate, the axial perfora- tion very small, but enlarged at the opening by the consid- erable deviation of the last whorl. Cinnamon, with some whitish lines and spots due to erosion. Glossy. Outlines of the spire straight, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, not very con- vex, the last rounded basally. The aperture is irregularly ovate. Parietal lamella well developed, about one-third of a whorl long. Columellar margin broadly dilated, the colu- mella vertical, unarmed. Length 3.4, diam. 1.8, aperture 1.3 mm. TORNATELLIDES OP HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 215 Molokai : Western ravine of Kamalo, near the old. ditch trail (Cooke & Pilsbry). More widely umbilicate than T. procerulus, with decidedly more strictly conic spire and a much larger parietal lamella. Iii the neanic stage there are two small, subequal, columellar lamellae. It is less strictly conic than T. sitbangulatus, and has a smaller umbilicus. Group of T. thaanumi. Tornatellides with well-developed columellar folds in the adult stage. The shells are ovate-conic in outline; whorls convex. The columellar folds are parallel, oblique and extend nearly or quite to the margin of the columella. This seems to be a natural and easily recognized group. Key to the Species. a. Shell less than 3 mm. in length, with a faint peripheral band ; embryonic whorls faintly spirally striate. 6. Broadly conic, the diam. more than half the length. T. thaanumi, no. 21. bl. Narrowly conic, the diam. about half the length. T. diptyx, no. 23. a1. Shell more than 3 mm. in length, unicolorous ; embryonic whorls not spirally striate. T. idee, no. 22. 21. T. THAANUMI C. & P., 11. sp. PL 47, figs. 1, 2, 4. Shell perforate, broadly-ovate, brownish-corneous, with a faint, broad, lighter band at the periphery, dull, quite strongly striate for a Tornatettides, striae minute, very close. Spire broadly conic, apex rounded, quite obtuse. Suture simple, well impressed. Whorls 614, quite convex, increasing very slowly and regularly, the embryonic slightly darker than the rest, the last rotund, subsaccate at the base. Aperture broadly ovate. Parietal lamella low, slightly oblique. Colu- mella of the same color as the shell, straight, narrowly trian- gular, furnished with two rather low, oblique folds, both of which extend nearly to the margin of the columella. Peri- stome thin, erect, strongly arcuate. Length 2.75, diam. 1.65, axis of apert. 1.2, parietal lamella 0.13, umbilicus 0.22 mm. broad. 216 TOBNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Molokai : Mapulehu (type loc.), Kaluaaha (Cooke) ; Waia lua (Thaanum), Puunea (Pilsbry & Cooke). Type no. 36243 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 111847 P. A. N. S. and in Thaa- num coll. In an immature specimen with 5y2 whorls the embryonic whorls are minutely spirally striate, the parietal lamella is strong and oblique, 0.13 mm. in height. The columellar folds are not as strongly developed as usual and almost equal in size. The upper is 0.07 mm. in height (fig. 3). It is one of the most distinct species of the genus, and the only one to show any color-pattern. Unfortunately an inju- dicious amount of potash was used in cleaning these shells and they have lost something of their original color. In Mapulehu all the specimens were taken on the dead leaves of the Ti (Cordyline terminate). 22. T. TDM G. & P., n. sp. PL 47, figs. 3, 5, 6. Shell perforate, ovate, light-corneous, thin, transparent, shining, nearly smooth, under a lens minutely striate. Spire convexly conic, apex subacute. Suture simple, well impressed. Whorls 6%, convex, slowly increasing, compressed, the last tumid, subsaccate below. Aperture rather small, ovate. Pari- etal lamella of moderate size, oblique. Columella almost straight, simple, with two well-developed, oblique folds, both of which extend to the margin of the columella. Peristome thin, convex. Umbilicus small, circular, deep. Length 3.6, diam. 1.7, axis of apert. 1.2, par. lam. 0.18, umb. 0.14 mm. Oahu: Palehua, in the Waianae Mts. (type loc., Cooke), Popowela, Makiki, Nuuanu, etc. (Spalding, Cooke). Type no. 14178 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 111721 P. A. N. S. and Spalding coll. T. idee is widely spread on Oahu but it is rather rare, seldom are more than three of four specimens taken in a single day's collecting. It is terrestrial and is usually found on the dead leaves of the Ti (Cordyline terminalis). At first sight it might be taken for a small species of Tornatellaria, but it differs from that genus in being viviparous, and the embry- onic whorls are not spirally striate. TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 217 From the other species of Tornatellides it is easily recog- nized by its strong, slightly oblique columellar folds. These folds are nearly equal in size, usually the upper is very slightly stronger than the lower. In the type specimen the lower fold is 0.09 mm. in height. An immature specimen with over 5% whorls has a rather strong, thick parietal lamella 0.2 mm. in height. The upper columellar fold is 0.13, the lower 0.2 mm. in height (fig. 4). An embryonic specimen is minutely perforate ; the upper 11X> whorls are smooth, the next whorl minutely transversely striate. Only the lower columellar fold is present. It is deeply seated and oblique. The parietal lamella is very strongly developed. In the form from the western ridge of Popowela, which may be called var. anisoplax P. & C. (pi. 47, fig. 7), the lower columellar lamella is decidedly larger than the upper in fully adult specimens, as well as in the neanic stage. Type no. 108899 A. N. S. P., cotype in B. P. B. Mus. 23. T. DIPTYX P. & C., n. sp. PI. 47, figs. 8, 9. The shell is ovate-turrited, minutely umbilicate, brown, smooth ; outlines of the spire straight, the apex obtuse. Whorls nearly 6, rather convex, the last short. Aperture small, ovate. Parietal lamella very broad and at least a half-whorl long. Columella bearing two horizontal lamellae, the lower one some- what more prominent. The lamellae are rather deeply placed in the adult shell, but continue as low cords to the edge. In the neanic stage they are unequal and not immersed. Length 2.5, diam. 1.3 mm. Molokai: Western ravine of Kamalo (Cooke & Pilsbry). Type no. 112532 A. N. S. P., cotype in B. P. B. Mus. The base is abrupt, as in the T. perkinsi group. It is de- cidedly narrower than T. thaanumi and T. idee. Group of T. cyphostyla. Tornatellides with elongate-conic spire and rather flat whorls. The base tapers. The parietal lamella remains of about the same height in adult and immature specimens, but 218 TORNATELL1DES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. usually it is slightly stronger in the adult stage. The colu- mella is usually unarmed in adult specimens. In immature specimens the columella is furnished with two oblique parallel lamellae or folds, of which the lower is usually much stronger than the upper; the latter being situated high, close to the parietal wall. This group is easily distinguished by its flat whorls. The form is more slender than is usual in the genus Tornatellaria. a. Surface sculptured with irregular, low, rib-striae. T. insignis, no. 26. a1. Surface smooth. b. Parietal lamella of adults moderately developed, more than 0.18 mm. in height. c. Parietal lamella of adults more than 0.25 mm. in heights ; shells with 7 or more whorls. d. Adult shells more than 4 mm. in length. T. attenuatus, no. 25. d1. Adult shells less than 3.3 mm. in length. T. pilsbryi, no. 27. c1. Parietal lamella of adults less than 0.22 mm. in height, shells with less than 6% whorls. T. cyphostyla, no. 24. 61. Parietal lamella of adults very low, less than 0.1 mm. in height. c. Length 2.9, diam. 1.5 mm. Oahu. T. oahuensis, no. 28. c1. Length 4.6, diam. 2.2 mm. Molokai. T. moomomiensis, no. 29. 24. T. CYPHOSTYLA (Ancey). PL 48, figs. 1, 2. "Shell conoid-oblong, slender, smooth, white in the sub- fossil condition, thin, glossy, openly but minutely perforate. Spire conic, long, the sides straight, summit obtuse. Whorls 6, slightly convex, regularly increasing, separated by a linear, appressed suture, the last oblong, somewhat tapering. Aper- ture distinctly oblique, truncate-oval, armed with a single re- volving parietal lamella. Columella regularly arcuate-slop- ing, somewhat thickened, unarmed. Peristome simple, acute, TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 219 unexpanded, the outer margin arcuate near the insertion, eolumellar margin expanded, hardly closing the perforation. In the young stage the columella is triplicate. Length 2.75, diam. 1.33, alt. apert. 1 mm." (Ancey). Hawaii: Hamakua District; fossil (Henshaw). Type 110. 18425 Bishop Museum, topotypes 36260 Bishop Museum and no. 111718 P. A. N. S. Tornatellina cyphostyla ANCEY, Journ. of Malac., xi, 1904, p. 70, pi. 5, f. 22, 23.— HENSHAW, t. c., p. 64. 4 'A very distinct species, of regular outline. Its principal characters are the conic spire, barely convex whorls, ap- pressed suture and oblong aperture not at all widened below and slightly oblique. The eolumellar margin is gently curved and without plicae except in young specimens, and the parietal lamella is rather long" (Ancey). This species is very abundant in the fossil earth from Ha- makua. Unfortunately the margin of the peristome of the type specimen is slightly broken. A perfect specimen from the same lot of earth as Ancey 's type measures: length 2.8, diam. 1.4, axis of apert. 1.1, par. lam. 0.2, umb. 0.27 mm. This specimen has 6% whorls. In an immature specimen with slightly over 5 whorls the eolumellar folds are very deeply seated and are not as strongly developed as in the other species of this group. The lower fold is 0.09 mm. in height and is much stronger than the upper, which forms a low, oblique fold close to the parietal wall. The parietal lamella is 0.18 mm. in height. The em- bryonic whorls are not spirally striate (fig. 2). 25. T. ATTENUATUS C. & P., ii. sp. PL 48, figs. 3, 4. Shell perforate, eloiigately conic, in the fossil state white, nearly smooth, under a strong lens minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire long and straightly conic; apex somewhat obtuse. Suture simple, scarcely impressed. Whorls 7%, nearly flat, the last elongate, tapering towards the base. Aper- ture small, oval. Parietal lamella strong, oblique. Columella unarmed. Peristome simple, erect, outer margin arcuate. Umbilicus small for a shell of this size, ovate. Length 4.2, diam. 1.9, axis of apert. 1.5, par. lam. 0.27, umb. 0.47 mm. 220 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Oahu. Manoa, fossil (Cooke). Type no. 14134 Bishop Mu- seum, cotypes no. 111714 P. A. N. S. Also Kaelepulu, Kai- lua (Pilsbry), and Laie, west of the stream, between the road and the sea, in a deposit of calcareous sand (Cooke and Pils- bry). The appearance of this species is something like that of T. cyphostyla Anc. It is much larger, the whorls are slightly flatter, the aperture is broader in proportion to its length, etc. It resembles T. insignis in the shape and the minute axial perforation, enlarging at the last whorl ; but it differs by the smoothness of the surface. An immature specimen with 5y2 whorls has the columellar folds deeply seated. The upper is low, transverse and indis- tinct, about 0.05 mm., the lower is parallel and 0.13 mm. in height. The parietal lamella is 0.21 mm. in height. In some- what smaller neanic shells from Laie the columellar lamellae are larger than in the example figured. 26. T. INSIGNIS P. & C., n. sp. PL 48, figs, 10, 11, 12, 13. The shell is pyramidal, with moderate umbilicus, but an extremely small perforation of the axis. Spire straight-sided, the apex small but obtuse. Whorls &y2 to 7, the first convex, the rest nearly flat, the last whorl rounded below, its last half (more or less) flattened peripherally. Sculpture of slightly irregular, low rib stria, strongest on the last whorl, diminish- ing upwards. The aperture is irregularly ovate ; parietal la- mella very wide, and fully a half-whorl long. Outer lip a trifle expanded. Columellar margin broadly dilated, un- armed. There is a low palatal callus, peripheral in position. Length 3.5, diam. 1.6, aperture 1.3 mm. In the neanic stage there are two rather small, subequal, columellar lamellae (fig. 12). Oahu: fossil in shell-deposits on ledges of the " coral bluff," 11/2 miles west of Kahuku (Cooke & Pilsbry). Type no. 112535 A. N. S. P., cotypes in B. P. B. Mus. This shell stands nearest to T. attenuatus, a smooth species. The sculpture is much less emphatic than in T. rudicostatus of Hawaii, and the shape is quite different. Probably they TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 221 are not directly related, though they might be grouped to- gether on account of the sculpture, which is stronger in these two species than in any other known Tornatellinida. Both species belong to the pleistocene fauna, and became extinct probably in the early human period. 27. T. PILSBRYI Cooke. PI. 48, figs. 5, 6, 7. Shell perforate, elongate-conic, corneous, glossy, under a lens minutely striate with growth-lines, thin, diaphanous, but rather strong. Spire elongate-conic, with almost straight out- lines; apex slightly obtuse. Suture hardly impressed, mar- gined with a broad line. Whorls nearly 7, the embryonic in- creasing rapidly, convex, minutely, indistinctly, spirally striate, the rest increasing slowly and regularly, nearly flat, the last whorl long, tapering towards the base. Aperture narrow, obliquely truncate-ovate. Parietal lamella very large, oblique. Columella dilated above, furnished with two weakly developed, oblique and deeply-seated folds, of which the lower is the stronger until the fully adult stage is reached. Peri- stome thin, erect, the outer margin regularly arcuate. Length 3.1, diam. 1.5, axis of apert. 1.1, par. lam. 0.29, umb. 0.3 mm. Oahu: Western ridge of Popowela, in the Waianae Moun- tains (Cooke and Pilsbry). Type no. 36261 Bishop Museum, cotypes 111838 and 110764 P. A. N. S. Tornatellides pilsbryi COOKE, Nautilus, xxviii, Nov., 1914, p. 79. All the specimens collected by the junior author were on the trunks of a species of Urera, a foot or two above the ground. It was not abundant at the time, and a later visit to the exact spot did not yield a single specimen. The senior author obtained living specimens from the siftings of dead leaves, taken in the place where Endodonta is abundant. This species is characterized by its very strong and unusu- ally long parietal lamella which extends nearly a wrhorl in- ward. The columellar lamella? are rather long, strong and oblique in the neanic stage, but nearly obsolete in the com- pletely adult shell. In an immature specimen with 5% whorls the parietal la- 222 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. inella is 0.27 mm. in height. The lower columellar lamella is 0.2, the upper 0.14 mm. in height. Throughout the neaiiic stage the lower columellar lamella is much larger than the upper (fig. 5). 28. T. OAHUENSIS C. & P., 11. sp. PL 48, figs. 8, 9. Shell perforate, subconic, dark-corneous, somewhat glossy, under a strong lens minutely striate with lines of growth, somewhat solid, not diaphanous. Spire subconic, with nar- rowly ovate outlines; apex somewhat obtuse. Suture simple, slightly impressed. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the last ovate, slightly attenuate at the base. Aperture obliquely truncate- ovate. Parietal lamella small, slightly oblique. Columella narrowly triangular, unarmed. Peristome simple, erect, outer margin slightly arcuate. Umbilicus small, circular. Length 2.9, diam. 1.5, axis of apert. 1.0, par. lam. 0.08, umb. 0.28 mm. Oahu: Kahuku, at a low elevation, 011 shrubs (Henshaw). Type no. 14133 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 111836 P. A. N. S. Unfortunately all of the material had been preserved in formalin and is somewhat bleached. This species is cer- tainly closely related to T. cyphostyla Anc. The outlines of the spire are slightly more convex and the parietal lamella is much lower. In an immature shell with 51/2 whorls the periphery is slightly angled, but there is no sign of columellar folds. A slightly smaller specimen with 5 wiiorls has rather weak colu- mellar folds. The lower is 0.11 and the upper 0.04 mm. in height. The parietal lamella is remarkably low for such a young specimen of this group, being only 0.11 mm. in height. In another immature specimen with 4 whorls the embryonic whorls are faintly and closely spirally striate (fig. 9). 29. T. MOOMOMIENSIS P. & C , n. sp. PL 48, figs. 14, 15. The shell is pyramidal, openly umbilicate, very lightly stri- ate. Spire with straight outlines, the apex subacute. Whorls 7, the first convex, the rest nearly flat. Last whorl tapering a TOBNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 223 little below the periphery, narrowly rounded basally. The aperture is small, oblong. Parietal lamella reduced to a mere thread. Columella unarmed, its margin dilated. Umbilicus large, contracting slowly within. Length 4.6, diam. 2.2, length of aperture 1.5 mm. Molokai : Moomomi, at base of the bluff and up to about 600 ft. ; also back of the dunes, about a quarter of a mile in- land; fossil in the calcareous sands (Cooke & Pilsbry). Type no. 112534 A. N. S. P., cotypes in B. P. B. Mus. This species has the straight contour and flat whorls of the T. cyphostyla group and of Tornatellaria. It is distinguished by the extreme reduction of the parietal lamella, and the ab- sence of columellar lamellae, from at least the mid-neanic stage on. Whether these lamellae are present in younger stages has not been ascertained. Group of T. perkinsi. Tornatellides with abrupt, almost truncate basal contour (though the base itself is convex), conical spire and closely coiled whorls. The parietal lamella of adults is usually very low, not over 0.1 mm. in height; in immature specimens it varies from nearly twice to three times the height of the lamella of adults. The columella is furnished with two nearly equal, almost transverse folds, which are visible through the umbilical wall and are not strong in the adult stage. In immature specimens the lower columellar fold is somewhat stronger than the upper. In most of the species the umbilicus is remarkably large, but in perkinsi, frit and micromphala it is small. a. Umbilicus large, more than 0.5 mm. in diameter. &. Adult shells with the diameter less than 57% of the length. c. Adult shells not over 3.3 mm. in length and with less than 7*4 whorls. T. macromphala, no. 34. c1. Adult shells more than 3.5 mm. (usually about 4 mm.) in length and with more than iy2 whorls. T. productus, no. 33. 224 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 61. Adult shells with the diameter more than 65% of the length. T. spaldingi, no. 36. a1. Umbilicus about 0.4 mm. diam. ; shell 2.6 x 1.4 mm., broader than T. perkinsi. T. comes, no. 31. a~. Umbilicus rather small, less than 0.3 mm. in diameter. b. Diameter more than half the length ; 2.8 x 1.6 mm. T. micromphala, no. 35. fe1. Diameter less than half the length. c. Parietal lamella wide ; whorls convex. T. frit, no. 32. c1. Parietal lamella low ; whorls rather flat. T. perkinsi, no. 30. 30. T. PERKINSI (Sykes). PL 49, figs. 1, 2, 5. " Shell elongate-pyramidal, subperf orate, corneous, striatu- late under the lens. Whorls 7, rather flat, slowiy increasing; suture somewhat impressed. Aperture ovate, bearing a rather minute lamella on the parietal wall. Columella thickened, whitish, marked with two inconspicuous plicse. Length 3, diam. 1.2 mm." (Sykes). Kauai: Kaholuamano, at 4,000 ft. (Perkins), Olokele, Lihue (Cooke). Tornatellina perkinsi SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, Mol- lusca, p. 382, pi. 2, f. 14 (1900). "Its most noteworthy features are the very elongately pyramidal shape, flattened whorls, and the two inconspicuous plicaB on the columella, the upper one being more deeply seated than the lower77 (Sykes). The shells from Olokele were found on the fronds of Poly- podium spectrum and are slightly smaller than the type spe- cimen. One of them when compared with the type agreed perfectly except in size. It has 7 whorls and measures : length 2.9, diam. 1.2, axis of apert. 0.85, par. lam. 0.065, umb. 0.27 mm. The columella is tumid above and its folds are low and nearly transverse. The suture is distinctly margined. The embryonic whorls are rather smooth, except in specimens from Lihue which have the embryonic whorls regularly and minutely transversely striate. TOBNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 225 In an immature specimen from Olokele with 5 whorls the shell is obliquely annulate at the periphery; the columella is furnished with two almost transverse, rather strong white folds, of which the lower is slightly stronger than the upper. The parietal lamella is strong and oblique, about 0.18 mm. in height. The upper columellar fold is 0.06, the lower 0.12 mm. in height (fig. 2). 30a. T. PERKINSI ACICULA n. subsp. PL 49, figs. 3, 4. Specimens from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai and West Maui dif- fer somewhat from the typical form of Kauai. Their spires are more slender and their apices decidedly more acute. The parietal lamella is, also, slightly stronger. This subspecies is rather widely distributed on the four islands but is never abundant in any one locality. Most of the specimens were taken on the dead leaves of Pandanus or ieie (Freycvnetia arnotti). A specimen from Punaluu, Oahu, is selected for the type of this subspecies. It measures: length 3.0, diam. 1.3, axis of apert. 0.8, par. lam. 0.09, umb. 0.23 mm. and has 714 whorls. Most of the adult specimens from this locality have the front of the parietal lamella irregularly eroded. This feature has not been found in any specimens from other localities. It occurs also in Nuuanu (Glen Ada) and on Mt. Tantalus. In an immature specimen with 5% whorls the parietal la- mella is 0.21 mm. in height. It is indistinctly striate, the striae being nearly parallel with its base. The upper colu- mellar fold is 0.09, the lower 0.13 mm. in height. Its em- bryonic whorls are not spirally striate. An embryonic shell from Waimea, Oahu, is minutely per- forate. The first whorl is minutely spirally striate, the second faintly transversely striate. The parietal lamella is well de- veloped and the columella is furnished with a rather strong basal fold (fig. 3). Types in B. P. B. Mus., cotypes no. Ill, 839 A. N. S. P. 31. T. COMES P. & 0., n. sp. PL 49, figs. 7, 8. The shell is pyramidal, umbilicate (the axial perforation 226 TORNATELL1DES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. very small, suddenly enlarging at the last whorl) ; brown, glossy. Outlines of the spire straight, the apex not very ob- tuse. Whorls 6, moderately convex, the last one short, rounded below. The aperture is short and rather broad. Parietal lamella well developed, nearly a half-whorl long. Columellar margin dilated. Columella vertical, bearing a very weak upper lamella, which extends nearly to the edge of the columellar lip. Length 2.6, diam. 1.4 mm. Molokai : Western ravine of Kamalo, near the old ditch trail (Cooke & Pilsbry). Type no. 112537 A. N. S. P., cotypes in B. P. B. Mus. Related to T. perkinsi, but less lengthened, with the whorls more convex. It is more conic than T. frit. 32. T. FRIT P. & G., ri. sp. PL 49, %. 6. The shell is oblong- turrited, very narrowly umbilicate, brownish. Apex obtuse. Whorls 6, convex, the penultimate slightly prominent, last whorl short. Aperture short. Pari- etal lamella moderate, about one-third of a whorl long. Colu- mella dilated, bearing a very low upper lamella, which con- tinues inconspicuously to the edge. Length 2.9, diam. 1.3 mm. Molokai: Western ravine of Kamalo (Pilsbry & Cooke). Type no. 109949 A. N. S. P., cotype in B. P. B. Mus. This species is somewhat more slender than T. perkinsi, with less straightly conic spire, decidedly more convex whorls and slightly coarser striatioii. The umbilicus is a trifle smaller than in T. perkinsi, and smaller than in T. comes. The parietal lamella is broader than in either. 33. T. PRODUCTUS (Ancey). PL 49, figs. 9, 10, 11. Shell narrowly umbilicate, elongate, conic, subtruncate at the base, corneous, glossy, nearly smooth, microscopically striate with growth-lines, quite thin, subdiaphanous. Spire elongate-conic, apex somewhat acute. Suture simple, slightly impressed. Whorls 8, hardly convex, very slowly and regu- larly increasing, the last short, rotund, subtrunca;te and saccate at the base. Aperture elongate-oval, somewhat ob- liquely truncate above. Parietal lamella minute. Columella TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 227 scarcely tumid, narrowly triangular, furnished with two minute scarcely oblique folds, the lower being weaker than the upper. Peristome simple, erect, outer margin arcuate, columellar margin nearly straight. Umbilicus nearly circular. Length 4, diam. 1.8, axis of apert. 1.2, par. lam. 0.07, umb. 0.54 mm. Kauai: Kipu (Baldwin, Cooke), Nounou Mts. (C. S. Dole), Hanakapiai (Deverill), Lihue, Hanakoa, Kalalau, Halemano, Makaweli (Cooke). Tornatellina macromphala var. producta ANCV Journ. de Conchyl., li, 1903, p. 297. Ancey's material consisted of two specimens both of which an* much discolored. Productus differs from macromphala by its much more slender spire, straighter outlines, number of whorls, etc. Both species often occur together but in such cases there are no intermediates. It is a rather common species up to about 3,000 ft. elevation, and is usually found on the dead leaves of Pandanus, sometimes in very open coun- try. They also differ in the color of the animals. In ma- cromphala the animal is very dark, while that of producta is very light. An extremely narrow form has been found at Kipu. An adult specimen with slightly more than 7 whorls measures: length 3.2, diam. 1.3. This form seems at first sight to be more closely related to T. perkinsi, but the more acute apex, color, and wider umbilicus place it with productus. In an immature specimen of the typical form, with 5^ whorls, the apical whorls are minutely spirally striate. The last whorl is angulate at the periphery. The parietal lamella is 0.12 mm. in height. The columella is furnished with two slightly oblique folds, the upper 0.08, the lower 0.1 mm. in height (fig. 10). 34. T. MACROMPHALA (Ancey). PI. 49, figs. 14, 15, 16. " Shell conic-turbinate, thin, corneous, slightly shining, openly and deeply umbilicate, the umbilicus large for the genus, circular; delicately marked with growth-lines. Spire produced, of perfectly conic outlines, the apex minute. 228 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Whorls 6 to Gi/4, slowly and regularly increasing, a trifle con- vex, parted by a simple suture, the last whorl short, dilated, saccate, hardly angular. Aperture short, small, nearly ver- tical, obliquely truncate above; furnished with a small or moderately small parietal lamella. Columella tumid, bearing two spiral lamellae (visible in the young stage, but in adults more or less obsolete, especially the lower one which is some- times almost entirely absent). Peristorne simple, the colu- mellar margin dilated, expanded. Length 2.75, diam. 1.75, alt. apert. 1 mm." (Ancey). East Maui: Kaupakaluia (type loc.) and Keanae. Oahu: Tantalus (Baldwin). Molokai and Kahoolawe (Cooke & Pils- bry). All islands except Niihau. Cotypes no. 18439 Bishop Museum, topotypes no. 111834 P. A. N. S. TornatelUna macromphala ANC., Journ. de ConchyL, li, 1903, p. 296, pi. 12, f. 3, 4. — HENSHAW and ANCEY, Journ. of Malacology, xi, 1904, pp. 63, 70. * ' This species is remarkable, when completely developed, for the swollen base and the amplitude of the umbilicus. Young shells are more narrowly perforate and have readily visible though small columellar lamellae, which are feeble or nearly disappear in the adult" (Ancey). The shells from the different islands are remarkably alike and the species is very common and generally distributed. Ancey 's specimens from Keanae, East Maui, do not seem to have passed into the collection of the Bishop Museum, al- though there are other species of Tornatellides from this locality. The type specimen of this species was not isolated by Ancey in his collection, in which there is but a single lot of six specimens labeled in his handwriting. This lot is un- doubtedly the type lot, and is from Kaupakalua, East Maui. There are, besides this type lot, eighteen other lots of this species from Maui in the Ancey collection, none of which were labeled, except as to locality. Most of the specimens of the type series are larger than the measurements given in the description. The specimen which best fits the description has 61/2 whorls and measures: length 2.9, diam. 1.6, axis of apert. 1, par. lam. 0.09, umb. 0.5 mm. TORNATELL1DES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 229 One of the larger specimens has 7 whorls aud measures: length 3.2, diain. 1.8, axis of apert. 1, par. lam. 0.09, umb. 0.63 mm. Another lot from the Ancey collection has a number of immature specimens. One of them, with 5j/3 whorls, has the apical whorls nearly smooth. The columella is furnished with two strong almost transverse nearly equal folds of which the upper is 0.09, the lower 0.13 mm. in height. The parietal la- mella is oblique, 0.18 mm. in height. In an embryonic shell, from Nuuaiiu, Oahu, the first whorl is irregularly spirally striate, the second faintly and irregu- larly clathratulate. There is a minute perforation. The colu- mella is straight. The lower columellar fold is present, the upper is merely indicated by a faint swelling on the inner margin of the columella. The parietal lamella is well de- veloped and slightly oblique (fig. 16). T. macromphala is common in pleistocene or later deposits on several islands. One from the bluff west of Kahuku, Oahu, measures, length 3.2, diam. 2 mm. 34a. T. m. ada P. & C., n. subsp. PL 49, figs. 17, 18. The shell is slightly smaller than T. macromphala from which it differs chiefly by having a conspicuously smaller um- bilicus, both within and at the opening ; but it is, however, de- cidedly larger within than in T. micromphakt. There are two distinct though small columellar lamellae. Length 2.6, diam. 1.55 mm. Whorls 6. Oahu: Glen Ada, north side of Nuuanu Valley (Pilsbry). Type no. 112538 A. N. S. P., cotype in B. P. B. Mus. 35. T. MICROMPHALA P. & C., n. sp. PL 49, figs. 12, 13. The shell is conic, somewhat like T. macromphala, but nar- rower, with the whorls more convex. Umbilicus much nar- rower both within and at the opening ; the wall bounding the umbilicus is convex, not flattened as in macromphala. Parie- tal lamella low but rather long. Two weak and subhorizontal columellar lamellae, continuing to the edge. Length 2.8, diam. 1.6 mm.; umbilicus 0.3 mm. Whorls 6. Molokai: Western ravine of Kamalo (Cooke & Pilsbry). Type no. 112536 A. N. S. P., cotypes in B. P. B. Mus. 230 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. The eolumellar lamellae are strong and subequal in the neanic stage. T. plagioptya is a larger species, with the base more produced and the eolumellar lamellae more oblique. 36. T. SPALDINGI C. & P., 11. sp. PL 53, figs. 6, 7, 8. Shell openly perforate, conic, corneous slightly glossy, under a lens minutely striate with growth-lines, rather thin, subdiaphanous. Spire broadly conic, with almost straight outlines, apex rather acute. Suture simple, impressed. Whorls 6, rather closely coiled, slightly convex, the last large, rotund, saccate, with flattened base. Aperture rather small, broadly auriform. Parietal lamella minute. Columella tumid above, concave below, with two minute almost horizontal folds. Peristome simple, erect, outer margin arcuate. Um- bilicus large, circular. Length 2.4, diam. 1.6, axis of apert. 0.9, par. lam. 0.08, umb. 0.74 mm. Oahu: Kaaawa, type loc., on dead Paiidanus leaves (Spald- ing), Ahuimanu (Spalding), ? Leilehua in the Waianae Mts. ( Oooke) . Type no. 36259 Bishop Museum, eotypes no. 111845, P. A. N. S. and Spalding coll. Closely related to T. macromphala, but shorter, wider in proportion to its length and, in the typical form, with a de- cidedly wider umbilicus. An immature specimen with 4% whorls has the columella furnished with two rather strong, nearly equal folds, the upper is 0.11, the lower 0.13 mm. in height. The parietal la- mella is strong, oblique, 0.14 mm. in height. The first em- bryonic whorl is minutely spirally striate, the second nearly smooth (fig. 8). Specimens from Leilehua are doubtfully placed in this species. The shells have approximately the same measure- ments as the typical form, but the umbilicus is much less in diameter. Group of T. euryomphala. Tornatellides with turrited spires, convex whorls, of a brownish corneous color, and with a slightly shortened base in most species. Usually the columella is furnished with one or TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 231 two lamellae or folds. In adult specimens the upper columellar lamella is the stronger; sometimes the lower or both lamellae are obsolete. The opposite occurs in immature specimens, as the lower lamella is usually much stronger than the upper, sometimes extending horizontally for about l/^ the diameter of the aperture. The umbilicus is rather small, oval in outline. In immature specimens the parietal lamella is much stronger than in adults. The embryonic whorls may be spirally striated or not. This is one of the most numerous groups in species and varieties. It differs from the Group of T. simplex by having two distinctly developed columellar lamella in the neanic stage. These may persist in the adult stage in some species ; in others they are more or less receding or immersed, or none may be visible in the adult, which by itself might cause such species to be placed in the simplex group. a. Adult shells with the parietal lamella less than 0.05 mm. in height ; columella unarmed ; 2.1 x 1.1 mm. T. leptospira, no. 48. a\ Adult shells with the parietal lamella more than 0.1 mm. in height. b. Adult shells less than 3.1 mm. in length. c. Whorls very closely coiled; 6 or more whorls. d. Umbilicus rather small, but more than 0.24 mm. in diameter. e. Adult shells less than 2.7 mm. in length. /. Adult shells with the diameter less than 52% of the length. T. brunneus, no. 43. /*. Adult shells with the diameter less than 48% of the length. T. pyramidatus, no. 41. cl. Adult shells 2.9 mm. or more in length. /. Light brown ; upper columel- lar lamella conspicuously emerging in adults. 232 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. T. euryomphala, no. 37. fl. Darker; columellar lamellae not visible in a front view. T. waianaensis, no. 42. dl. Umbilicus minute, less than 0.15 mm. in diameter. T. macroptychia, no. 44. c1. Whorls loosely coiled, not more than 5%. d. Shells more than 2.7 mm. in length. e. Last whorl broadly ovate, aperture long, rather narrow; 2 columellar lamellae emerging. T. bellus, no. 46. c\ Columellar lamellae receding, not visible in a front view of the adult ; 3.3 x 1.8 mm., with 5% whorls. T. popouelensis, no. 40. dl. Shells less than 2.5 mm. in length, last whorl ovate, aperture truncate-ovate, rather broad. T. virgula, no. 45. 61. Adult shells over 3.2 mm. long. c. Columella showing two lamellae in the adult stage, front view. d. 3.8 x 1.65 mm., 7 whorls. T. ronaldi, no. 39. d\ 3.4 x 1.9 mm., 5% whorls. T. plagioptyx, no. 47. c1. Columella unarmed or with scarcely noticeable lamellae in front view of adults. d. Spire a little convexly conic ; 3.7 x 1.65 mm., 7 whorls; crest of parietal lamella uneven. T. irregularis, no. 38 d1. Spire conic ; 3.3 x 1.8 mm., 5^ whorls. T. popouelensis, no. 40. 37. T. EURYOMPHALA (Ancey). PL 50, figs. 1, 2, 3. "Shell turrite, thin, corneous, a little shining, fulvous-cor- neous, having, for the genus, a broad, open and deep umbili- cus. Spire conic, rectilinear. Whorls 6, convex, striatulate, regularly increasing, suture impressed, the last whorl rounded, TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 233 more ample, wider. Aperture suboblique, emarginate, with a strong revolving lamella on the belly of the penultimate whorl and two obsolete co-lamellar denticles, the lower one smaller. Peristome simple, acute, -the upper margin arcuate, columellar margin dilated, expanded. Length 3, diam. y2, length of apert. 1, width scarcely 1 mm. " (Ancey). West Maui: highest point; Lahaina (Baldwin). Type no. 18430 Bishop Museum, paratypes no. 18431 and 18432 Bishop Museum and no. 111719 P. A. N. S. Tornatellina euryomphala ANC., Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 239.— SYKES, Faun. Haw., ii, p. 381. " Differs from newcombi by its smaller size, the number of whorls, width of the umbilicus, strong parietal lamella, and the slightly projecting, obsolete, columellar denticulations" (Ancey). Ancey 's type material consists of three specimens. A single adult and two immature, one of which is nearly adult. There is a second lot of six specimens from Lahaina collected by Bald- win and named by Ancey. One of these is almost the dupli- cate of the type and is in far better condition. This specimen (pi. 50, figs. 1, 2) has 6^/2 whorls and measures: length 3, diam. 1.5, axis of apert. 1.05, par. lam. 0.16, umb. 0.36 mm. Aiicey's type measures 1.5 mm. in diameter, not one-half Dim., as stated in his description. T. euryamphala and T. macro ptychia are very closely re- lated. The former is slightly larger, with more convex whorls, the base is flatter and the umbilicus is larger. In adult speci- mens the upper columella fold is stronger than the lower. The surface is minutely stria te. An immature specimen, from the same lot as the figured specimen, is much lighter in color. It has 51/4 whorls, the lower columellar fold is much stronger than the upper, the former being 0.12, the latter 0.05 mm. in height. The parietal lamella is 0.2 mm. in height. It is eccentrically ribbed with 3-4 raised lines, one of which forms the inner margin of the lamella. The embryonic whorls are not spirally striate (fig. 3). 234 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 38. T. IRREGULARIS C. & P., ii. sp. PL 50, figs. 4, 5, 6. Shell narrowly umbilicate, narrowly ovate, brownish-cor- neous, shining, somewhat diaphanous, minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire ovately conic, apex subobtuse. Su- ture lightly impressed, faintly margined and minutely crenu- late. Whorls 7, the embryonic increasing rapidly, the rest slightly convex, increasing very slowly and regularly, the last rotund, sub-truncate at the base and slightly saccate. Aper- ture small, ovate, obliquely truncate. Parietal lamella of medium height, slightly oblique, in adult or nearly adult spe- cimens the front is irregularly eroded. Columella swollen above, concave below, unarmed. Peristome thin, erect, with the outer margin quite convex. Length 3.7, diam. 1.65, axis of apert. 1.25, par. lam. 0.16, umb. 0.35 mm. West Maui : Top of Mt. Kukui at about 6,000 ft. elevation. Quite abundant on the leaves of shrubs (Cooke). Type no. 14157 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 111723 P. A. N. S. This species is undoubtedly closely related to T. euryom- phala but differs in its more cylindrical form, flatter whorls, narrower last whorl, etc. In some cases the erosion has de- stroyed most of the parietal lamella, the remaining portion assuming the most fantastic forms. In young specimens only the front portion of the large oblique parietal lamella is eroded. In an immature specimen with 4^ whorls the parietal la- mella is 0.23 mm. in height, there is a single deep cleft just back of its outer extremity. The upper columellar fold is 0.11, the lower 0.18 mm. in height. In older, but not adult specimens, there are from 3 to 5 deep clefts in the parietal lamella (fig. 5). 39. T. RONALDI C. & P., n. sp. PI. 50, figs. 7, 8. Shell perforate, elongately turrited, brownish, with lighter colored embryonic whorls, surface silky, slightly glossy, under a lens minutely striate, striae rather stronger than in most Tornatellides, flexuous; rather thin, somewhat diaphanous. Spire elongately turrited, with rather straight outlines ; apex acute. Suture impressed, with its margin minutely irregu- TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 235 larly crenulate. Whorls 7, the embryonic increasing rapidly, the rest convex, increasing slowly, the last elongate, tapering towards the base, slightly flattened about the umbilicus. Aperture rather large, obliquely truncate-oval. Parietal la- mella moderate. Columella narrowly triangular, furnished with two minute parallel folds, which extend to the margin. Peristome thin, erect, with the outer margin slightly flattened. Length 3.8, diam. 1.65, axis of apert. 1.2, par. lam. 0.14, umb. 0.38 mm. Oahu: Palehua in the Waianae Mts. (type loc.) and along the range as far as Popowela. Type 110. 36267 Bishop Mu- seum, cotypes no. 111844 P. A. N. S. Named for Ronald von Holt, who collected a part of the original series. This species is found on the leaves and twigs of shrubs and on the ieie. T. ronaldi is separated from the other species of this group by its size, long attenuate spire and convex whorls. Its distinctly irregularly striated sur- face also serves to differentiate 'it. In an immature specimen with 5 whorls the embryonic whorls are smooth, without an indication of spiral striae. The parietal lamella is strong, oblique and 0.21 mm. in height. The lower columellar fold is strong, but not as strong pro- portionately as in most of the other species of this group. The upper columellar fold is 0.11, the lo\ver 0.18 mm. in height 40. T. POPOUELENSIS P. & C., n. sp. PL 50, figs. 9, 10, 11, 12. The shell is pyramidal, umbilicate (the umbilicus moder- ately wide in the last whorl, but above it the axial perforation is very small), cinnamon-brown, somewhat glossy, finely, un- evenly striatulate. The outline of the spire is straight, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls S1/^, moderately convex, the last narrowly rounded at the base, and somewhat excavated be- hind the broad wall of the columellar lip. Aperture truncate- ovate. Parietal lamella moderate, nearly a half-whorl long. Columellar margin slightly sinuous, dilated. Columella hav- ing a quite small, deep-seated, oblique lamella close to its in- sertion, and the trace of another below it ; neither reaching to 236 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. the edge of the dilated eolumellar lip. Length 3.4, diam. 1.9 mm. Immature specimens have the parietal lamella stronger, and there are two oblique columellar lamellae, the lower one slightly larger (fig. 9). Oahu : Western ridge of Popouwela, in the Waianae Moun- tains at the "Endodonta locality" (Spalding, Cooke & Pils- bry). Types no. 108896 A. N. S. P., cotype in B. P. B. Mus. T. ronaldi is a narrower, more lengthened shell, otherwise closely related to this species, which was found in abundance in the leaf-siftings. T. popouelensis is darker-colored than Tornatellaria baldwiniana, the umbilicus is more widely open, and it is viviparous. 41. T. PYBAMIDATUS (Aiicey). PL 51, figs. 1, 2. "Shell conoid-turrite, thin, glossy, of a pleasing rufous- corrieous, openly but minutely umbilicate, under a lens slightly marked with growth-lines. Spire produced, long-conoid, the apex a little obtuse. Whorls 6%-7, slowly increasing, separ- ated by an impressed, very horizontal suture, convex, the last whorl ovate, rather short, hardly dilated, tapering a little at the base. Aperture small, irregularly oval, obliquely sub- truncate above, nearly vertical, armed with a moderate com- pressed parietal lamella. Columella swollen, dilated, un- armed or obsoletely one-folded above. Peristome simple, the columellar margin rather widely expanded. Length 2.66, diam. 1.25, alt. apert. scarcely 1 mm." (Ancey). "In the young the columella is provided with two strong, acute lamellae, the lower one larger" (Ancey). Hawaii: Olaa (Thaianum, Cooke), Hilo (Thaanum), Kil- auea (Cooke). Type no. 18444, cotypes no. 18646 Bishop Museum. Tornatellina pyramidata ANC., Journ. de Conchy!., li, 1903, p. 304, pi. 12, f. 19, 20. " I see no species with which I could unite T. pyramidata, a small, long shell recalling T. cylindrica Sykes and gracilis Pease in general shape, though the spire is more regularly pyramidal and conic. The parietal lamella is moderately TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 237 strong, and the columellar dilation, slightly swollen in the adult, carries an indistinct fold above, tending to be obsolete. In young shells, on the contrary, two strong columellar folds may be observed, the lower one projecting more. The colora- tion is a very light reddish-corneous" (Ancey). Ancey 's type-specimen is broken about the parietal wall and does not show the characters of the aperture. A second lot from the Ancey collection, from Hilo, has three speci- mens, one of which is immature. This is undoubtedly the young specimen referred to by Ancey in his note. Typical specimens were -collected in Olaa. In an adult specimen (pi. 51, fig. 1) the columella is furnished with two low, indistinct folds. This specimen measures: length 2.6, diam. 1.25, axis of apert. 0.92, par. lam. 0.14, umb. 0.25 mm. T. pyramidatus is very closely related to T. macroptychia of East Maui. It differs mainly in its slightly more convex and closely-coiled whorls, shorter last whorl and, in adult speci- mens, the columellar folds are less strongly developed. In a young specimen with 5 whorls the lower columellar fold is not as strongly developed as in the young of T. ma- croptychia of about the same age. The upper fold is 0.02, the lower 0.09 mm. in height. The parietal lamella is 0.22 mm. in height (pi. 51, fig. 2). An embryonic shell from Kilauea is nearly smooth, there are no indications of spiral lines, but the surface is minutely transversely striate, especially near the suture. 42. T. WAIANAENSIS P. & C., n. sp. PI. 51, figs. 3, 4. The shell is slender, turrited, umbilicate (the umbilicus moderately large at the last whorl, but the axial perforation above it very minute) ; cinnamon-brown, usually showing darker and paler streaks ; somewhat shining ; distinctly striate at and below the periphery. Outlines of the spire straight. Whorls 61/2, convex. Parietal lamella high and at least a half- whorl long. Columellar lip broadly dilated, and having the very weak, inconspicuous trace of a lamella, which is subhori- zontal and close to the upper insertion. Length 3.2, diam. 1.45. aperture 1 mm. 238 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Iii the inetaiieanic substage there are two high columellar lamellae, the lower one somewhat the stronger and a somewhat diffuse entering callous ridge, lower palatal in position, much as in some young Auriculellas. The columellar lamellae per- sist in the paraneanic substage, but the palatal ridge gradu- ally disappears (fig. 4). Oahu: Western ridge of Popouwela, Waianae Mountains, in the "Endodonta locality" (Spalding, Cooke & Pilsbry). Types no. 108894 A. N. S. P., cotypes in B. P. B. Mus. This species, like nearly all the Popouwela forms, was taken in abundance. The last whorl is less shortened and less ab- ruptly terminated below than in any form of T. perkinsi. The color is darker, and the parietal lamella larger. The palatal callus of the young shell is a remarkable feature. Ordinarily one cannot see distinct columellar lamellae within the aperture of adults, in oblique view; but one specimen of full size and appearing to be adult (pi. 51, fig. 7) shows them well developed far within, though not visible in »a direct front view. Possibly we have to do with another species, but it may be a case of individual retention of a feature of im- maturity. 43. T. BRUNNEUS C. & P., n. sp. PI. 51, figs. 5, 6. Shell perforate, narrowly ovately-turrited, reddish-brown, embryonic whorls corneous, somewhat glossy, nearly smooth, under a lens minutely striated, quite thin, subdiaphanous. Spire turrited, apex somewhat acute. Suture simple, im- pressed. Whorls 6, convex, slowly and regularly increasing, the last rotund, with somewhat saccate base. Aperture broadly ovate. Parietal lamella well developed, slightly ob- lique. Columella tumid above, furnished with a single minute, almost transverse fold just below the parietal wall. Peristome simple, erect, outer margin convex. Umbilicus minute, oval. Length 2.45, diam. 1.3, axis of apert. 0.95, par. lam. 0.14, umb. 0.3mm. Oahu: Nuuanu near the Pali, on the leaves of a grass (Agrostis variabilis). Type no. 36266 Bishop Museum, co- types no. 111715 P. A. N. S. TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 239 In this species usually only the upper columellar fold is present in adult specimens. Sometimes the lower fold is rep- resented 'by a faint raised line. T. brunneus is more nearly related to T. macroptychia than to any other species of the group. It differs slightly in size, less tapering base, etc. In an immature specimen, with slightly more than 5 whorls, the parietal lamella is large, slightly oblique, 0.23 mm. in height. The columellar folds are strong, and nearly equal in size. The upper is 0.16, the lower 0.18 mm. in height (fig. 5). In an embryonic specimen the shell is minutely perforate and the surface is smooth, there being no indications of spiral lines. 44. T. MACROPTYCHIA (Ancey). PL 51, figs. 8, 9. Shell perforate, narrowly conic, brownish-corneous, with a silky surface, minutely striate with lines of growth, thin, slightly diaphanous. Spire narrowly conic, apex obtuse. Su- ture impressed, minutely crenulate, indistinctly narrowly margined. Whorls 6, the embryonic increasing rather rapidly, the rest closely coiled, increasing slowly, convex, the last ob- long, tapering towards the base. Aperture truncate-ovate. Parietal lamella moderate. Columella narrowly triangular, furnished with two nearly equal, oblique folds, of which the upper is slightly stronger. Peristome thin, erect, the outer margin regularly curved. Umbilicus minute, circular. Length 2.8, diam. 1.4, axis of apert, 1.0, par. lam. 0.12, umb. 0.14 mm. East Maui: Kaupakalua (Baldwin), Ukulele (Forbes). Type (immature) no. 18437 Bishop Museum, paratype (adult) 36262 Bishop Museum. Cotypes no. 111835 P. A. .N. S. Tornatellina macroptychia, ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl., li, 1903, p. 305, pi. 12, f. 21, 22. Unfortunately the material from which Ancey described this species was not adult. Adult specimens occur in the An- •cey collection in two unassorted lots, but were not recognized by him. The columellar folds persist in T. macroptychia longer than in most of the species of this group. T. macrop- 240 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. tychia is characterized by its small size, closely coiled whorls and rather obtuse apex. No embryonic specimens have been examined. In the immature specimen of the type lot, the first embry- onic whorl is slightly flattened. There are faint indications of spiral lines on the second whorl. The parietal lamella is 0.19 mm. in height. The upper columellar fold is 0.14, the lower 0.19 mm. in height (fig. 9). There are four specimens labeled as cotypes by Ancey in his collection, of which three belong to T. virgula. The original description is as follows: TornatellMia macroptychia Anc. ' t Shell conic-oval, fulvous- corneous, with a rather silky sheen, marked with close, mi- croscopic lines of growth, very minutely perforate. Spire conic, nearly two-thirds the total length of the shell, the apex minute, obtuse. Whorls 5 to 5^4, convex, regularly increas- ing, suture impressed, the last whorl rather abruptly ovate, slightly tapering. Aperture suboblique, truncate-rounded, obstructed by strong white lamellae as follows : one very large revolving parietal, and two acutely produced, horizontal colu- mellar lamellae, the lower one larger. Peristome acute, nar- rowly expanded in triangular shape at the columella. Length 2, diam. 1.2, alt. apert. 0.75 mm. "This small fulvous-corneous species is very peculiar. Its strong lamellae are far more developed than in any Hawaiian Tornatellina whatever. For a moment I thought this the fea- ture of a shell not yet adult (for in nearly all the species of this genus the lamellae are stronger in the young than in the adult stage, when those of the columella disappear or become weaker) yet the number of whorls seems to indicate a con- trary view; moreover it is impossible to relegate T. macrop- tychia' to any species yet known in the archipelago. The par- ietal lamella is extremely large, and the two columellar la- mellae are very prominent and placed horizontally, the lower one being larger. The perforation is narrow and covered above by the expansion of the columellar margin" (Ancey). TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 241 45. T. VIRGULA C. & P., n. sp. PL 51, figs. 10, 14. Shell minutely perforate, elongate, narrowly ovate, cor- neous, glossy, under a lens minutely striate with lines of growth, thin, diaphanous. Spire elongate, with slightly con- vex outlines. Suture simple, impressed. Whorls 5%, slightly convex, the last ovate, somewhat tapering towards the base. Aperture obliquely truncate-ovate. Parietal lamella rather small, scarcely oblique. Columella narrowly triangular, fur- nished with t\v^ low thread-like folds. Peristome simple, erect, outer margin arcuate. Umbilicus minute, circular. Length 2.4, diam. 1.2, axis of apert. 1.0, par. lam. 0.11, umb. 0.25 mm. East Maui: Kaupakalua (Baldwin). Type no. 36264 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 111849 P. A. N. S. This species closely resembles T. macroptychia, but is slightly smaller, with less conic spire and the whorls are not as closely coiled. The name appears in Ancey's collection and in specimens sent out by Baldwin, now in the Cooke col- lection. With Ancey's type of T. macroptychia were three of this 'Species. In an immature specimen with 4% whorls, the last whorl in much narrower and tapers more towards the base than in macroptychia and the columellar folds are not as strongly de- veloped. The first embryonic whorl is very minutely and faintly spirally striate. The parietal lamella is 0.21 mm. in height. The upper columellar fold is 0.09, the lower 0.18 mm. in height (fig. 10). 46. T. BELLUS C. & P., n. sp. PL 53, figs. 4, 5. Shell minutely perforate, ovately conic, reddish-brown, with embryonic whorls corneous, very glossy, nearly smooth, under a strong lens minutely striate, thin, diaphanous. Spire ovately conic, apex somewhat obtuse. Suture simple, im-' pressed. Whorls 5%, convex, increasing regularly and slowly, the last broadly ovate, tapering towards the base. Aperture obliquely truncate-ovate, somewhat auriform. Parietal la- mella moderate, hardly oblique. Columella narrowly triangu- lar, slightly tumid above, furnished with two very acute and 242 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. oblique folds. Peristome simple, erect, outer margin convex, columellar margin somewhat reflexed over the narrow um- bilicus. Umbilicus minute, circular. Length 2.8, diam. 1.5, axis of apert. 1.3, par. lam. 0.16, umb. 0.23 mm. West Maui : Maunahooma near Lahaina (Cooke) . Type no. 14113 Bishop Museum. 1 This species is closely related to T. brunneus of Oahu but the spire is broader with more convex outlines, the base is more attenuate and the whorls are more loosely coiled. From the other species from Maui T. bellus differs by its more atten- uate base, long and narrow aperture, etc. The umbilicus is narrow and compressed. The measurement above is across the longer diameter. The columella, viewed from below, is flexuous. The two columellar folds extend nearly to the mar- gin. There is only a single immature specimen in the series. It has slightly over 5 whorls. The parietal lamella is 0.2 mm. in height. The columellar folds are rather large and parallel. The upper is 0.12, the lower 0.16 mm. in height. 47. T. PLAGIOPTYX Pilsbry & Cooke, n. sp. PL 53, figs. 1, 2, 3. The shell is ovate-pyramidal, umbilicate, the umbilicus mod- erate, but reduced to a perforation aibove the last whorl. Out- lines of the spire straight, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5%, rather strongly 'convex. Brown, with irregular white lines due to erosion of the cuticle. Parietal lamella moderate, nearly a half-whorl long. Columellar margin dilated. Columella bearing two small, equal, rather strongly oblique lamellae, which do not reach the expanded edge in adult shells. Length 3.4, diam. 1.9, aperture 1.4 mm. Molokai : Western ravine of Kamalo, near the old ditch trail (Cooke & Pilsbry). Type no. 112533 A. N. S. P., cotype in B. P. B. Mus. This is a larger, broader shell than T. euryomphala or T. macroptychia, with the parietal lamella lower and the colu- mellar folds more slender. In the immature stages they reach to the margin of the columellar lip. It is a more robust shell than T. lellus, with more convex whorls; but the two are closely related. TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 243 48. T. LEPTOSPIRA C. & P., n. sp. PL 51, figs. 11, 12, 13. Shell perforate, narrowly elongate-ovate, brownish-corne- ous, glossy, under a lens very minutely striate, thin, translu- cent. Spire narrowly turrited, with slightly convex outlines, apex blunt. Suture slightly impressed, simple. Whorls 5%, the embryonic increasing very rapidly, the rest increasing slowly and regularly, convex, the last slightly swollen, ob- liquely truncate at the base. Aperture rather large, auri- form. Parietal lamella low. Columella unarmed, narrow. Peristome thin, erect, with its outer margin regularly curved. Umbilicus rather large. Length 2.1, diam. 1.1, axis of apert. 0.85, par. lam. 0.03, umb. 0.3 mm. Oahu: Nuuanu near the Pali, on the stems of a grass (Agrostis variabUis). Type no. 36268 Bishop Museum, co- types no. 111833 P. A. N. S. Most nearly related to T. virgula of East Maui. From this species it differs in size, fewer whorls, smaller parietal lamella, etc. It is undoubtedly one of the smallest species of Torna- telUdes inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands. It is very common on the stems of the bunch grass near the Nuuanu Pali. T. brunnea is found on the same plants but usually occurs on the leaves. In an immature specimen with 4^ whorls the parietal la- mella is large and oblique, 0.18 mm. in height. The colu- mellar folds are strong and nearly parallel, the upper is 0.07, the lower 0.11 mm. in height. The embryonic whorls are regu- larly spirally striate. The striae are fine and widely spaced (%. 13). An embryonic specimen is almost globose. It has a narrow, cleft-like perforation. The columella is thickened longitudi- nally, a little back of the margin, forming a narrow longitu- dinal fold, which is bidentate. The parietal lamella is moder- ately developed. The surface of the shell is very minutely clathratulate (fig. 11). Group of T. terebra. Shells of 6-Sy2 compressed whorls, the last slightly flattened about the margin of the umbilicus. The parietal lamella is serrate or bears one or more acute projections. 244 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. This group is distributed on all the islands. Most of the species are found only on dead leaves and twigs. a. Parietal lamella with fine spine-like serrations. b. Adult shells with less than 7 whorls, and with the diameter more than 50 per cent of the length. c. Parietal lamella of adult shells moderately de- veloped, more than 0.1 mm. in height, outlines of spire convex. d. Adult shells more than 2.5 mm. in length ; parietal lamella serrate, the incisions about J/3-V2 its height. T. forlesi, no. 52. d1. Adult shells less than 2.5 mm. in length; parietal lamella serrate nearly to its base. T. f. nanus, no. 52o«. c1. Parietal lamella of adult shells low, less than than 0.1 mm. in height ; outlines of spire conic. d. Diameter contained about 1.9 times in the length. T. prionoptychia, no. 50. d1. Diameter contained about 1.6 times in the length. T. serrarius, no. 51. ft1. Adult shells with more than 7 whorls, and with the diameter less than 40 per cent, of the length. T. terebra, no. 49. a1. Parietal lamella bearing a scythe-like process, and without spine-like serrations. T. drepanophora, no. 53. 49. T. TEREBRA (Aiicey). PL 52, figs. 1, 2. " Shell elongate, terebriform, thin, pellucid, light-corneous, under the lens lightly and closely impressed with growth lines, minutely perforate. Spire much produced, regularly, conically tapering, the apex minute. Whorls 7 to 7*4, closely coiled, a little convex. Suture somewhat impressed. Aper- ture small, somewhat oblique, truncate-oval, with a rather small and serrate parietal lamella. Columella provided with two folds, scarcely visible in adult shells. Peristome acute, unexpanded, the columellar margin minutely dilated and ex- panded. Last whorl short, rounded, somewhat saccate. Length 2.66, diam. 1.0, alt. apert. 0.75 mm." (Ancey). TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 245 East Maui: Kaupakalua (Baldwin), Hana (Forbes), Kai- ula (Cooke). West Maui: Waikapu (Forbes), Maunahoorna (Cooke). Molokai: Kaluaaha (Thaanum), Maunahui, Mapu- lehu (Cooke). Lanai (Forbes). Hawaii: Keehia (Thaa- num). Type no. 18450 Bishop Museum. Tornatellina terebra ANCEY, Journ. de Conchy!., li, 1903, p. 303, pi. 12, f. 17, 18. "I at one time referred this remarkable species to T. per- kinsi Sykes, discovered by Mr. Perkins on the island of Kauai, which it resembles in the very much lengthened shape. Mir. Sykes, to whom I sent an example of T. terebra, has pointed out to me that the two species are different. T. terebra has a very curious peculiarity: the parietal lamella has the shape of a saw, of which the very acute and spiniform teeth are di- rected forward and are very regular and remarkably strong for so small a shell. The columella of immature individuals is provided with two folds which become very indistinctly ap- parent in the adult. The spire seems to be more acute than in T. perkinsi, and the whorls are even closer, while the size is smaller. This species appears to be constant in these charac- ters. It is not common " (Ancey). None of the specimens which we have seen from East Maui has over 7% whorls. A specimen from Maunahooma, West Maui, has just 8 whorls and measures : length 2.95, diam. 1.1, axis of apert. 0.75, par. lam. 0.09 mm. In this specimen the columella is unarmed. A specimen from Lanai has 8y2 whorls and measures : length 3.3, diam. 1.1, axis of apert. 0.73, par. lam. 0.11, umb. 0.12 mm. Both columellar folds are present, the upper being slightly stronger than the lower. A speci- men (pi. 52, fig. 1) from Kaluaaha, Molokai, has 8y2 whorls and measures : length 3.5, diam. 1.2, axis of apert. 0.8, par. lam. 0.12, umb. 0.12 mm. The apical whorls are lighter- colored than the rest of the shell and smooth. The suture is indistinctly margined, minutely and almost regularly crenu- late. The surface of the shell is minutely striate. The colu- mellar folds are minute, and the parietal lamella is incised to about one-half its height. An immature specimen (pi. 52, fig. 2) from Mapulehu, 246 TOBNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Molokai, lias 5^ whorls. The columellar folds are slightly oblique, parallel and the lower is slightly stronger than the upper. An older specimen, with 7 whorls, has the colu- mellar folds nearly equal in height. 50. T. PRIONOPTYCHIA C. & P., n. sp. PL 52, figs. 3, 4. Shell perforate, conic, light brownish-corneous, slightly glossy, under a lens minutely irregularly striate, thin, trans- lucent. Spire conic, with slightly convex outlines, apex sub- acute. Suture simple, subimpressed. Whorls 6, the first em- bryonic increasing very rapidly, the rest increasing slowly and regularly, the last ovate, tapering slightly towards the base, flattened about the umbilicus. Aperture auriform. Parietal lamella low, serrate nearly to its base, the spinif orm serrations oblique and pointing outwards. Columella tumid, furnished with two low linear folds, both of which extend to the margin of the columella. Peristome thin, erect, with the outer mar- gin almost regularly arcuate. Umbilicus rather large, cir^ cular. Length 2.45, diam. 1.3, axis of apert. 0.9, par. lam. 0.07, umb. 0.36 mm. Oahu : Nuuanu, near the Pali, on dead leaves (Cooke) . Type no. 36241 Bishop Museum, cotype no. 111842 P. A. N. S. In an immature specimen with over 5 whorls (fig. 4), the parietal lamella is very strong, about 0.22 mm. in height, the front only is serrate, the serrations being more or less trian- gular and pointing outwards. The columella is furnished with two almost transverse folds, both of which extend nearly to the margin of the columella. The upper is 0.05, the lower 0.13 mm. in height. The embryonic whorls are very minutely spir- ally striate. In an immature specimen with less than 5 whorls the parietal lamella is entire. The original material of this extremely interesting species was collected in 1904. Since then no additional specimens have been found, although the junior author has collected sev- eral times in the immediate locality, and once especially for this species. It probably is a very local species, limited to the dead leaves under an isolated tree or clump of trees. The original and only material came from the second sub- TORNATELL1DES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 247 ridge south of the Nuuanu Pali, and consists of two adult and six immature specimens. T. terebra is its closest relative. T. prionoptych'ia is broader in proportion to its length, and the spire is less produced, with more conic outlines. 51. T. SERRARIUS P. & C., 11. sp. PL 52, figs. 6, 7. The shell is ovate-turrite, umbilicate (the umbilicus open, well-like, the last whorl not deviating tangentially), light pinkish-cinnamon, somewhat transparent, not very glossy. Spire conic with straight outlines and subacute apex. Whorls 6*/3, convex, the last narrowly rounded around the large um- bilicus, inside of which the columellar lamellae can be seen through the shell. Aperture small. Parietal lamella long but not wide, serrate, bearing long points directed forward. Columellar margin broadly dilated. Columella convex above the middle, and bearing two very low, thread-like lamellae, which reach weakly to the margin. Length 2.7, diam. 1.7, aperture 0.9 mm.; width of umbilicus 0.35 mm. Oahu: Glen Ada (Pilsbry). Type no. 112539 A. N. S. P. Related to T. spaldingi, which is a much shorter species, with only slight traces of serration on the parietal lamella; but in an entirely natural classification these two species be- long together. The open, well-like umbilicus and serrate la- mella separate T. serrarius from the widespread T. macrom- phala. T. prionoptychia is closely related, but it is a narrower shell with the umbilicus smaller within — the axial perforation only about half as wide as the orifice. 52. T. FORBESI C. & P., n. sp. PL 52, figs. 8, 9. Shell perforate, convexly elongate, corneous, somewhat transparent, slightly glossy, with an oily luster, under a lens minutely and almost regularly striate with lines of growth. Spire convex in outline, apex rather blunt ; suture lightly im- pressed, minutely and almost regularly crenulate. Whorls 6y2, the embryonic smooth, increasing rapidly, the rest in- creasing slowly, slightly convex, the last compressed, with an almost truncate base. Aperture rather large, truncate-oval. 248 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Parietal lamella low, serrate, in front the space between the serrations is partly filled, in back the spine-like serrations are free, about one-third the height of the lamella. Columella broadly triangular, furnished with two low, almost transverse and nearly equal folds, the lower of which extends to the mar- gin of the eolumella. Umbilicus rather large, perspective, about one-fifth the diameter of the shell. Peristome thin, erect. Length 2.6, diam. 1.5, axis of apert. 0.85, par. lam. 0.12, umb. 0.33 mm. West Maui: Waikapu (Forbes). Type no. 36239 Bishop Museum. In an immature specimen with 5 whorls the lower columellar fold is large and transverse, arid is much stronger than the upper. The latter is indicated by a low raised line and is re- markably weak for such a young shell. The serrations of the parietal lamella are more distinct than in the adult specimens. The embryonic whorls are smooth (fig. 8). This is an extremely rare shell, of which only four speci- mens were found by Mr. Forbes, two adult and two immature. The convex outlines of the spire easily separate it from all other species of this group. 520. T. FORBESI NANUS C. & P., n. subsp. PI. 52, figs. 5, 10. The shell is smaller than the typical form, thin, glossy, transparent. The aperture is rather large. The parietal la- mella is low, cut nearly to its base by the elongate, spine-like serrations. The columella is broadly tumid, furnished with two equal low thread-like folds, both of which extend to the margin of the columella. The umbilicus is large, perspective, about one-fourth the diameter of the shell. Length 2.4, diam. 1.5, axis of apert. 0.92, par. lam. 0.11, umb. 0.38 mm. Hawaii: Hilo; Reed's Island (Cooke) (type locality), Rainbow Falls (Thaanum, Cooke); Kukaehaele (Thaanum), Puna (Spalding), four miles Olaa (Cooke). Type no. 36240 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 111720 P. A. N. S., and Thaa- num's coll. This variety seems to be widely distributed over the island of Hawaii, but is extremely rare. The specimens from Reed's TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 249 Island were collected on the leaves of honohono (Commelina nudiflora) . This variety is shorter and broader in proportion to its length than the typical form. The parietal lamella is, also, more deeply cleft. An embryonic shell, with just over two whorls, is perforate. The surface is nearly smooth with no indications of spiral lines. The columella is truncate below, the lower margin being formed by the lower columellar fold, the upper fold being merely indicated by an oblique swelling. The parietal lamella is entire (fig. 5). 53. T. DREPANOPHORA C. & P., n. sp. PI. 52, figs. 11, 12, 13. Shell perforate, narrowly turrited, corneous, somewhat glossy, under a lens minutely striate with lines of growth, thin, translucent. Spire elongately turrited, with slightly convex outlines, apex obtuse. Suture simple, impressed. Whorls 6^3, the first increasing rapidly, the rest compressed, convex, increasing very slowly and regularly, the last slightly tumid, with a slightly flattened base. Aperture auriform, narrow. Parietal lamella low in front, higher in back, with a scythe-like tooth where the low and high portions unite, the back portion strongly arcuate above. Columella tumid, un- armed. Peristome (slightly broken in the type) thin, with slightly flattened outer margin. Umbilicus large, nearly cir- cular. Length 2.15, diam. 1.0, axis of apert. 0.65, par. lam. 0.02 (in front) 0.09 (in back), umb. 0.39 mm. Kauai: Puukapele, on dead fern leaves (Cooke). Type no. 36242 Bishop Museum. An immature specimen with 4% whorls has no spiral lines on the embryonic whorls. The parietal lamella is entire, very large and curved outwards, 0.21 mm. in height. The colu- mella is furnished with two almost transverse, rather deeply- seated folds, which are nearly equal in size. The upper is 0.07, the lower 0.09 mm. in height (fig. 13). It is an extremely rare species, of which only three speci- mens have been taken. Its small size and the peculiar form of the parietal lamella easily separate it from other species of the group. 250 TORNATELLIDES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Submenus WAIMEA C. & P., n. subg. The shell is similar in form to Tornatellides. It differs in its costate surface and the broad, shallow, dorsal sulcus or de- pression on the last whorl. In immature specimens there is a rather long, low palatal fold and two eolumellar lamellae. The embryonic whorls are spirally striate" as in Tornatellaria. 54. T. RUDICOSTATUS (Ancey). PL 47, figs. 10, 11, 12. Shell oblong-attenuate, perforate, whitish when dead (and very likely corneous in a fresh condition), remarkably ridged with close, acute, nearly straight, not regular lirse. Spire rather produced, conoid, rather obtuse. Whorls 6, convex, regularly increasing, separated by a suture crenulated by the ribs, the first whorl smooth, the last oblong, a little tapering, with a median concentric sulcus on the back and towards the aperture. Aperture slightly oblique, somewhat irregularly truncate-oval, in adults unarmed except for a strong parietal lamella. Columella a little thickened, arcuate. Peristome acute, unexpanded, the eolumellar margin dilated and ex- panded. Length 2%, diam. 1*4, alt. apert, % mm. (Ancey). In the young shell there are besides the parietal lamella two acute plicae on the columella and a long transverse plica re- volving within the palatal wall (Ancey). Hawaii: fossil in the Hamakua district (Henshaw, Thaa- num). Tornatellina rudicostata ANCEY, Journal of Malacology, xi, Sept. 29, 1904, p. 70, pi. 5, f. 20, 21.— HENSHAW, t. c., p. 64. An extraordinary species, quite unlike anything described in the genus. The general aspect is that of a very small Lep- tachatina henshawi, but the plicae are coarser and irregular. The sculpture is quite unusual in the genus. No living forms are allied to this (Ancey). The specimen figured in Ancey 's paper is not adult. An- cey 's type-specimen (no. 18448 Bishop Museum) is also an immature shell. The specimen (Bishop Mus. coll. no. 14152) figured on pi. 47, figs. 10, 12, has 6% whorls and measures: TORNATELLAEIA. 251 length 2.9, diam. 1.3, axis of aperture 1.1 mm. The parietal lamella is 0.13 mm. in height. There are 26 costaa on the last whorl. This specimen was collected by Henshaw and is from the original lot of dirt from which Ancey's type was selected. This and T. waianaensis are the only Hawaiian perforate species having an entering or spiral palatal plica. This char- acter is found in some of the Hawaiian species of Elasmias and Auriculella. In all it occurs in the neanic stage, disap- pearing in maturity. In very young specimens the two columellar folds are rather strong, slightly oblique and of about an equal size. In slightly older specimens the upper columellar fold is a little stronger than the lower (fig. 11). Mr. Thaanum has searched the region from which the fossil material came, but was unable to find living examples of this species. Genus TORNATELLAEIA Pilsbry. Tornatellaria PILS., Nautilus xxiii, March, 1910, p. 123, type T. newcombi. Tornatellinida with the shell perforate or umbilicate, thin, dextral ; shape from ovate to pyramidal-conic, the outlines of the spire nearly straight; whorls G1/^ to 9^, flattened or not very convex; apex minutely striate spirally, surface smooth- ish. Parietal lamella from two-thirds to an entire whorl long. Two columellar lamellae in the young stages, one or both emerging in the adult. Peristome thin, unexpanded and acute. Mantle marked with narrow black blotches and lines transverse to the whorls. Oviparous. Type : T. newcombii Pfr. Distribution : Hawaiian Islands, except Niihau and Kahoolawe. These small forest snails are like Tornatellides in being thin, self-colored or nearly so, and umbilicate. They are separated from Tornatellides chiefly by reason of their oviparous repro- duction (the other genus being viviparous), and also by the more deeply entering parietal lamella. Usually, too, the shape is more strictly conic or pyramidal, and the whorls are flat- tened. The genus is neither so generally distributed nor so 252 TORNATELLARIA. prolific in species as Tornatellides. It is also more primitive than Tornatellides, both by the mode of reproduction and by the greater similarity of the lamellae of the young and adult stages. The oviparous reproduction and the system of apertural lamellae are alike in Tornatellaria and the less evolved groups of Auriculella. The genus Gulickia, closely related to Auri- culella, is also much like Tornatellaria. There seems to be real affinity between these three genera. But Auriculella and Gulichia, even when umbilicate at the last whorl, have the axis solid until the ephebic stage, while in Tornatellaria the axis is perforated throughout. To the generic characters given above we may add that the surface may be either glossy, silky or dull. It is minutely striate with lines of growth. The spire varies from slightly concave to convex in outline. The embryonic shell, of just over two whorls, is regularly, spirally striate, the striae being in the form of slightly raised lines. In immature specimens the lower columellar lamella is usually stronger than the upper, but in five species (newcombi, Ulce, umbilicata, anceyana and baldwiniana) the reverse is found. In most of the species, when examined under a high-power lens, the margin of the parietal lamella is seen to be indistinctly and irregularly ser- rate. In T. anceyana the serrations are distinct and regular. By its convex whorls, few in number, the last one rotund, T. baldwiniana looks like a Tornatellides ; but the other species have a distinct facies which one soon learns to recognize. The identification of specimens is somewhat difficult in this genus, on account of the similarity of several of the Molokai- Maui-Hawaiian species. The types of all the species have been examined in the preparation of this monograph. Types of all but one species are in the collections of the Bishop Museum and Academy of Natural Sciences. The species of Tornatellaria are terrestrial. They are usu- ally found on dead leaves and twigs where the ieie (Frey- cinetia arnotti) and kukui (Aleurites moluccana) are grow- ing. A few specimens are sometimes taken on the trunks of TORNATELLARIA. 253 living trees within a foot or two of the ground. They appear to be partial to rather damp stations. The greatest differentiation of the genus has taken place on Maui. The three most dissimilar species, anceyana, ab- breviata and baldwinana, are found on this island. Tornatel- laria is extremely rare on the island of Kauai. The only species so far reported from there is T. newcombi, a common Oahuan form. We suspect that it is a recent introduction, and that Kauai was without representatives of Tornatellaria, as it was without Auriculella or Achatinella. The distribution of the group strongly suggests that the Lanai-Molokai-Maui region was its center of dispersal. Several of the Lanai-Molokai-Maui species are common to two or three of these islands, and the Hawaiian species are very closely related to them. The Oahuan species are all dif- ferent from those of the eastern islands. Distribution of Tornatellaria. jj ii "3 Occidentalis. Newcombi. Stokesi. Umbilicata. Trochoides. 3 Anceyana. Henshawi. •53 0| x' = r£ X Convexior. Abbreviata. A. hawaiiensis. Smithi. "c- X Baldwini. B 1 Oahu 0 ^ ^ ft ft 5 Alolokii • * T<- -X- 4 Lanai . . . « 2 W Maui . ^ ^ 3 E Maui « -X- ^ 3 ft ft ft # ^ ^ * 7 254 TORN ATELL ARIA. Key to species of Tornatellaria. a. In adult specimens the diameter less than 60% of the length. b. Adult shells with more than 7 nearly flat whorls, c. Parietal lamella more than 0.3 mm. in height. d. Parietal lamella not eroded in front, out- lines of spire scarcely convex. e. Base somewhat flattened, shell glossy. T. umbilicata, no. 6. e1. Base tapering, shell not glossy. T. cincta, no. 8. d1. Parietal lamella eroded in front, outlines of spire slightly convex. e. Wider, 4.4 x 2.6 mm. T. sykesii, no. 11. e1. Narrower, 4.4x2.4 mm. T. convexior, no. 12. c1. Parietal lamella less than 0.3 mm. in height. d. Parietal lamella more than 0.2 mm. in height. e. Umbilicus very minute, less than 1/15 diam. of the shell. T. henshawi, no. 10. e1. Umbilicus %-l/10 diam. of the shell. /. Periphery encircled by a broad light zone. T. s. illibuta, no. lla. 71. Periphery not encircled by a broad light zone. T. trochoides, no. 7. d1. Parietal lamella less than 0.2 mm. in height. e. Base slightly flattened, outlines of spire slightly convex. /. Only the upper columellar lamella emerges ; umbilicus contained about 6% times in TORNATELLARIA. 255 diam. of base. T. occidentalis, no. 3. f1. Two columellar lamellae emerging. g. Umbilicus about one- sixth the diam. of base. T. adelince, no. 2. gl. Umbilicus one-eighth the diameter or less. T. newcombi, no. 4. e1. Base tapering, outlines of spire slightly concave. T. anceyana, no. 9. &1. Adult shells with less than 7 convex whorls. T. baldwiniana, no. 16. In adult specimens the diameter is 60% or more of the length. b. Parietal lamella 0.2 mm. in height or more. c. Umbilicus large, about one-sixth the diam. of base. T. adelinc? var., no. 2. c1. Umbilicus minute. d. Only the upper columellar lamella emerg- ing, shell obese. T. abbreviata, no. 13. dl. Two columellar lamellae emerging. e. Shell larger, over 4 mm. long. T. a. hawaiiensis, no. 13a. e1. Shell smaller, less than 3.5 mm. long. /. Parietal lamella entire an- teriorly. T. stokesi, no. 5. f1. Parietal lamella excised an- teriorly. T. sharpi, no. 15. ft1. Parietal lamella less than 0.2 mm. in height. c. Adult shells with more than 7 almost flat whorls. Shells not glossy. T. like, no. 1. c1. Adult shells with less than 7 slightly convex whorls. Shells glossy. T. smithi, no. 14. 256 TORN ATELL ARIA. 1. T. LILJ5 C. &. P., n. sp. PI. 54, figs. 1, 2. Shell narrowly and deeply umbilieate, ovately turrited, dark corneous, dull, very closely and lightly striated, quite thin. Spire conic. Outlines very slightly convex, apex subacute. Suture simple, hardly impressed. Whorls 7y2, nearly flat, the embryonic convex, the last angular at the periphery, with a slightly convex, very short base. Aperture broadly trun- cate ovate, rather small. Parietal lamella low, oblique. Columella simple, expanded over the umbilicus, furnished with two scarcely oblique, thin, corneous folds ; the upper stronger than the lower and extending nearly to the margin of the columella. Peristome thin, above the obliquely angled peri- phery nearly straight, arcuate below. Length 3.9, diam. 2.5, axis of apert. 1.5 mm. Height of parietal lamella 0.14 mm. Oahu: central and eastern portion of the Waianae Mts. Type locality, ridge west of Kolekole Pass on the Leilehua side. Type no. 18424 Bishop Museum, cotypes 13666 B. P. B. Mus. and 112748 A. N. S. P. Belated to T. newcombi, but broader in proportion to its length, with a larger umbilicus, flatter whorls, of which the last, in adult specimens, is angular at the periphery, and a much shorter base. It is wider than T. adelince, and differs by the angulation. In T. lilce the umbilicus is larger relative to the diameter of the shell than in any other species of the genus except T. adelintz, being %-% of the basal diameter. The upper columellar fold is stronger than the lower. The embryonic whorls are encircled with about 10 spiral striae. The parietal lamella is 0.14-0.22 mm. in height and is minutely serrate along its margin. 2. T. ADELINE P. & C., n. sp. PI. 54, figs, 3, 4. The shell is umbilieate (width of umbilicus contained nearly six times in the diameter of the base), pyramidal, pale brown ; very finely but sharply striate. Outlines of the spire are barely convex, nearly straight, the individual whorls being very slightly convex. Apex rounded. The last whorl is rounded peripherally and most convex around the umbilicus. TORNATELLARIA. 257 The ovate aperture is deeply excised by the penult whorl, and has a low but long parietal lamella. Columellar lamellae two, emerging, the upper one larger. Length 4.2, diam. 2.3, aperture 1.4 mm. ; width of umbilicus 0.4 mm. Whorls 8. Oahu: Mt. Tantalus, on the Castle Trail, Panoa slope. Cooke & Pilsbry, 1913. Type no. 112744 A. N. S. P., cotype in coll. Bishop Mus. Also Glen Ada, Nuuanu (Pilsbry). By its ample umbilicus this species is related to T. lilce, from which it differs by the less obese shape and the rounded, narrower, last whorl. In T. occidentalis only the upper columellar lamella emerges, and the umbilicus is quite notice- ably smaller. In both of the localities mentioned, a wider form occurs: length 4, diam. 2.45, width of umbilicus 0.5 mm., whorls nearly 8 (pi. 54, fig. 7). This may perhaps prove racially distinct, but from the material examined we do not think so. 3. T. OCCIDENTALIS P. & C., ii. sp. PI. 54, figs. 5, 6. The shell is narrowly umbilicate (greatest width of umbili- cus contained 6^ times in the diameter of the base), pyra- midal, pale brown; very finely but sharply striate. Spire having almost straight lateral outlines, the individual whorls being very slightly convex; apex rounded, obtuse. Last whorl convex, not angular, the base strongly convex around the umbilicus, less so toward the periphery. The irregularly ovate aperture has a rather strong parietal lamella. Colu- mella reflexed, the upper lamella emerging nearly to the lip-edge (or sometimes only enough to become visible in a front view) ; lower lamella immersed, not visible in adult shells. Length 3.9, diam. 2.2 mm., width of umbilicus about 0.34 mm. ; 7% whorls. Oahu: western ridge of Popouwela, Waianae Mountains, Spalding, Cooke & Pilsbry. Type and paratypes no. 108892 A. N. S. P., cotype in Bishop Museum. This species differs from T. newcombi in the following details: It is smaller and darker colored; the base is more shortened ; umbilicus larger ; only the upper columellar lamella is visible in the adult stage. In T. adelincz the umbilicus is wider and both columellar lamellae emerge. 258 TORNATELLARIA. In the ananeanic and metaneanic substages there are two equal columellar lamellae, but the lower one then diminishes. This species was taken in large numbers in the " Endodonta colony ", among dead leaves on the ground. 4. T. NEWCOMBI (Pfeiffer). PL 54, figs. 9, 10. Shell perforate, ovate-turrite, thin, nearly smooth, a little shining, pale corneous. Spire rectilinear, conic, rather ob- tuse. Whorls 7, nearly flat, the last hardly one-third the total length, convex at the base. Aperture oblique, rotund- lunar, obstructed by a moderate parietal lamella and two parallel columellar folds. Peristome simple, unexpanded, Length 4, diam. 2%, aperture 1% mm. long (Pfr.). Hawaiian Islands (Newcomb). Kauai: Kilohana, Wainiha (Cooke). Oahu (Baldwin, Ancey) ; Waianae Mts., western slope (Lyman, Cooke) ; Kaipapau, Nuuanu, Konahuanui Manoa, Tantalus, etc., (Cooke). Type in British Museum. Tornatellina newcombi PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 335 ; Monogr. Hel. Viv. iv, 653. — ANCEY, Journ. of Malacology xi, p. 69. — HENSHAW, t. c. p. 63. — Tornatellina (Tornatellaria) new- combi Pfr., PILSBRY, Nautilus xxiii, 1910, p. 124. (Not Pupa peponum, var., Gould, ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France vi, 1889, p. 239, Tornatellides sp.). T. newcombii is distinguished by its very narrow umbilicus, two emerging columellar lamellae, the whitish corneous tint, and by having the base less shortened than in other known Oahuan species. This species is limited to the islands of Kauai and Oahu. On the former island it has been taken in two localities only. It is abundant on the whole Koolau range of Oahu but is seldom met with in the Waianae mountains except on the western slope above Waialua. The specimens from Honolua, W. Maui, which Mr. Ancey referred to this species, are young T. cincta Anc. (Bishop Mus. Coll.no. 18479). The fossil form reported from Hawaii is distinctly T. trochoides. The type specimen in the British museum is not quite ma- TORN ATELL ARIA. 259 ture, as there is a slight angle at the periphery. In adult specimens this angle entirely disappears. There are about 14 spiral striae on the embryonic whorls of this species. The parietal lamella is 0.1-0.2 mm. in height and is very minutely serrate along its margin. The umbili- cus is from one-eighth to one-tenth of the diameter of the shell. In immature specimens the upper columellar fold is usually slightly stronger than the lower. PL 54, figs. 9, 10 represent a specimen from the Waianae Mts. above Waialua compared with the type in the British Museum. A series of specimens from Kauai and different parts of Oahu were compared with the type and this specimen was nearly identical. It is fully adult, has 7% whorls and measures length 4.2, diam. 2.3, axis of apert. 1.5 mm. The Waianae mountains above Waialua may be considered the type locality, as it is known that Newcomb collected in this region. Another specimen, from Kaipapau, Oahu, with 8 whorls is shorter, it measures length 3.9, diam. 2.4, axis of apert. 1.5 mm. The specimens from Kauai are identical with those from Oahu. A shell (no. 10026 A. N. S. P.) from Dr. Newcomb, prob- ably a topotype, though no locality is given, measures 4.2 mm. long, 2.3 wide, with 7 whorls. 5. T. STOKESI P. & C., n. sp. PL 54, fig. 8. The shell is perforate, ovate-conic, cinnamon-colored, glossy, with faint, irregular striation. Outlines of spire barely con- vex, nearly straight. Whorls 6^2? slightly convex, the last rotund. Parietal lamella broad, a little more than a half whorl long, entire and tapering in front. Columellar la- mellae emerging to the edge, the upper one a little more oblique and less prominent than the lower. Length 3.1, diam. 2, length aperture 1.2 mm. ; height of parietal lamella 0.25 mm. Oahu: Glen Ada, Nuuanu (Pilsbry). Type no. 112747 A. N. S. P. Shorter and more obese than T. newcombi, but like that in having a minute umbilicus. In other Oahuan species the 260 TORN ATELL ARIA. umbilicus is conspicuously wider. It is less conic than T. sharpi of Hawaii. Named for Mr. John F. G. Stokes, ethnol- ogist of the Bishop Museum. 6. T. UMBILICATA (Ancey). PI. 54, figs. 11, 12. Shell glossy (in the young state), openly and deeply um- bilicate, the umbilicus minute, punctiform, rufous-corneous, dextral, smooth, pellucid, thin, ovate-conic. Spire conoidal, the apex a little obtuse, long. Whorls (in immaturity) 7%, regularly and slowly increasing, the upper ones more convex, lower scarcely convex, narrowly pellucid-margined; the last whorl short, swollen. Aperture oblique, emarginate, angular above, with a very strong, compressed, very prominent re- volving parietal lamella. Columella acutely biplicate, the upper fold stronger. Dimensions of the young specimens described above, length 3.75, diam. 2.5, alt. apert. 1.33 mm. (Ancey). West Maui: Lahaina (type loc.) (Baldwin), Maunahooma (Cooke). Molokai: widely distributed over the eastern half (Thaanum, Cooke & Pilsbry). Type no. 18451 Bishop Mus. Auriculella umbilicata ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France vi, 1889, p. 232. — Tornatellina umbilicata ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. France v, p. 721. T. umbilicata is intermediate between T. trochoides Sykes and T. newcombi Pfr. It is more closely related to the former but differs in its glossier surface, more convex whorls, shorter base and higher parietal lamella. From T. newcombi it differs, mainly, by its smaller umbilicus and higher parietal lamella. Typical specimens from Maunahooma measure length 3.9- 4.25, diam. 2.25-2.5, axis of apert. 1.6 mm. Height of parietal lamella 0.33-0.36 mm. The umbilicus is 1/10-1/14 of the total diameter of the shell. The parietal lamella is minutely serrate along its margin. The spiral strige on the embryonic whorls are very low and indistinct. In immature specimens (fig. 12) the upper columellar fold is slightly stronger than the lower. Mr. Ancey at first described this species as a young Auri- culella, but subsequently he recognized that the shells were nearly adult Tornatellinas. TORN ATELL ARIA. 261 7. T. TROCHOIDES (Sykes). PL 54, figs. 13-17; pi. 55, fig. 9. Shell deeply perforate, corneous, pyramidal, pellucid, nearly smooth. Spire conoidal, the apex rather acute. Whorls 7-7!/2, regularly and slowly increasing, flattened, the last sub- carinate at the periphery, suture impressed. Aperture quadrate-ovate, angular above, bearing a strong, conspicuous parietal lamella. Columella brown, thickened, provided with two plica?. Length 4, diam. 2 mm. (Sykes). Lanai (Perkins, Thaanum, Spalding), Molokai (Thaanum, Cooke), Hawaii: Waimea (Thaanum), fossil (Henshaw). Tornatellina trochoides SYKES, Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, Moll., p. 383, pi. 11, f. 31 (1900). "Closely related, apparently, to T. umbilicata Ancey, but differs from it in the relative proportions of height and breadth " (Sykes). It also differs by its less polished surface, smaller parietal lamella and flatter whorls. T. trochoides and T. cincta are very intimately connected. In the former the parietal lamella is weaker, the base shorter, the umbilicus is slightly larger and the whorls more closely coiled. It is by no means an easy matter to determine Molokaian Tornatellarise. T. trochoides was described from a shell not absolutely mature. The original figure is copied on pi. 55, fig. 9. A cotype, received from Mr. Sykes, pi. 54, fig. 16, has 7 whorls and measures, length 3.7, diam. 1.95, axis of aperture 1.4 mm. None of the cotypes received by the Bishop Museum were wholly mature specimens, and in all of them the lower columellar fold is slightly stronger than the upper. The parietal lamella is minutely serrate along its edge ; the suture is indistinctly margined ; and there are about ten low distinct spiral striae on the embryonic whorls. The umbilicus is about % of the total diameter of the shell. A lengthened form from Lanai, pi. 54, figs. 13, 14, meas- ures length 5, diam. 2.5 long, axis of aperture 1.6 mm., with 9!/3 whorls. This species is widely distributed over the eastern half 262 TORN ATELL ARIA. of Molokai. In immature specimens from this island the upper columellar fold is slightly stronger than the lower. A form of T. trochoides is also found on Hawaii. Living examples were collected at Waimea by Mr. Thaanum. The whorls are not as closely coiled as in typical specimens of trochoides and the spire is slightly more convex in outline. The parietal lamella is decidedly weaker. The shells are slightly shorter and broader. What appears to be a nearly adult shell with 6% whorls measures: length 4.2, diam. 2.5 mm. The fossil material from Hawaii is much closer to the typical form, scarcely distinguishable. Adult specimen with 7% whorls measures, length 4.05, diam. 2.15 mm. This is un- doubtedly the form erroneously referred to T. newcombi by Ancey, Journ. of Malac. xi, 1904, p. 63. 8. T. CINCTA (Ancey). PI. 55, figs. 1, 2. Shell long-conic, minutely umbilicate, thin, fulvous, the last whorl encircled by a more or less distinct whitish median zone. Spire long, conic, rectilinear, the apex minute, a little obtuse. Whorls 8, flat, parted by a linear suture, nearly smooth, hav- ing a rather oily gleam, narrowly coiled, regularly and slowly increasing, the last indistinctly angular, chiefly at its begin- ning, rather short, quite abruptly tapering. Aperture oblique, armed in the middle of the parietal wall with a compressed, very prominent, whitish, thin, revolving lamella. Columella acutely biplicate, straight, the folds oblique, subequal, reach- ing to the margin. Peristome simple, acute, unexpanded, the columellar margin expanded in a long triangle over the um- bilicus ; margins remote. Length 5, diam. 2.5, aperture 2 mm. (Ancey). E. Maui: Mukuwae, Kaupakalua (Baldwin) ; W. Maui: lao Valley (Thaanum), Lahaina (Forbes, Cooke). Molokai (Baldwin, Thaanum, Cooke & Pilsbry). Lanai (Forbes). Tornatellina cincta ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl. li, 1903, p. 297, pi. 12, f . 5, 6 ; Journ. of Malacology xi, p. 69. This shell, large for the genus, is doubtless spread over the whole Hawaiian archipelago, though it has not yet been re- TORNATELLARIA. 263 corded from Kauai or Lanai. Desiring to clear up the ques- tion of its identity with T. newcombi Pfr., I submitted speci- mens to Mr. Edgar A. Smith of the British Museum, where the types of Pfeiffer's species are deposited. He reported that T. dncta differs by the more robust parietal and columellar lamellae, narrower umbilicus and more angular last whorl (Ancey). Unfortunately Mr. Ancey did not designate the type lot of this species in his collection. There are two lots named by him, the first from Lahaina, West Maui, and the second from Kaupakalua, East Maui. There are unnamed lots in his collection from Makawao (1) and Kaupakalua (6) E. Maui, and from Lahaina (1) W. Maui. The junior author has selected the Makawao lot (no. 18500 Bishop Mus.) as the type (p. 55, fig. 1). Although not labeled, it is the only species of Tornatellaria in the Ancey collection from this locality, — the locality first mentioned in his description. The finest speci- men in this lot has 8 whorls and measures, length 5.1, diam. 2.5, axis of apert. 1.8 mm. Parietal lamella 0.33 mm. in height. These measurements agree fairly well with those given by Ancey. Fig. 2 is from a Mapulehu example. A specimen in the Ancey collection from lao Valley (Bishop Mus. 18473) measures length 4.7, diam. 2.25, axis of apert. 1.8 mm. We have been unable to find typical specimens of this species from Hawaii or Oahu in the Ancey collection. The fossil material identified by Ancey for Henshaw as T. cincta is referable to T. henshawi rather than to T. cincta, and has been placed with the former species. There is no doubt that these two species are very intimately related. In T. cincta the umbilicus is from 1/7-1/10 of the diameter of the shell. The parietal lamella is very minutely serrate along its edge. In immature specimens though the columellar folds are very nearly equal, the lower is slightly more strongly developed. The spiral striae of the embryonic whorls are low and indistinct. 9. T. ANCEYANA C. & P., n. sp. PL 55, fig. 4. The shell is perforate, turrited, corneous, rather thin, trans- 264 TORNATELLARIA. parent, somewhat shining, nearly smooth, minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire long conic, with slightly concave out- lines. Suture simple, lightly impressed. Whorls 7%, slightly convex, the post-embryonic closely coiled, the rest increasing slowly, the last slightly tumid, tapering towards the base. Aperture slightly larger, proportionately than those of most of the species of the genus, ovate. Parietal lamella moder- ately developed, slightly oblique, its margin more distinctly serrate than in any of the other species. Columella nearly straight, expanded above the umbilicus, with two nearly equal (the upper slightly stronger than the lower), well developed folds, extending nearly to the margin. Peristome thin, un- expanded, arcuate. Length 3.7, diam. 1.8, axis of apert. 1.4 mm. Height of parietal lam. 0.18 mm. E. Maui, Kaupakulua (Baldwin). Type no. 18424 Bishop Mus. ; cotype 111853 A. N. S. P. Closely related to T. trochoides and T. cincta but easily recognized by its smaller size, narrower form, more attenuate spire with slightly concave outlines, and the more distinctly serrate parietal lamella. The serrations are conic and rather distantly separated. The embryonic whorls are encircled by low indistinct spiral striae. This species is rather rare. 10. T. HENSHAWI (Ancey). PI. 55, fig. 3. Shell oblong, conic-turrite, thin, glossy, smooth, brown- corneous, minutely perforate. Spire long, conic, rectilinear or with the sides slightly convex, the summit minute, a little obtuse. Whorls 7%, slowly increasing, nearly flat, separated by an appressed, superficial suture, the last whorl short, rounded, very slightly, obscurely angular at the beginning, base convex. Aperture oblique, round-emarginate, armed with a moderate parietal lamella and two equal oblique colu- mellar folds. Columella narrowly dilated above the perfora- tion. Peristome simple, acute, unexpanded, the margins re- mote. Length 5 mm (Ancey). Hawaii : Hamakua (H. W. Henshaw) ; Olaa (D. Thaanum) ; Waimea fossil (H. W. Henshaw) . Type no. 18436 Bishop Mus. TOR NATELL ARIA. 265 Tornatellina henshawi ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl. li, 1903, p. 299, pi. 12, f. 9, 10.— T. cincta ANC., Journ. of Malac. xi, 1904, p. 63. A species related to T. abbreviata but decidedly more lengthened and having more whorls. It is intermediate be- tween the latter and T. newcombi Pfr., T. cincta Anc., but differs from these two forms by the closer whorls, and from the first by the narrower umbilicus, more numerous whorls, larger size and so on ; from the second by the weaker folds and lamellae, the last whorl very little or not at all angular at its origin, and the smaller umbilicus (Ancey). The type specimen measures, length 4.9, diam. 2.6, axis of apert. 1.8 mm. The parietal lamella is 0.25 mm. in height. This species is most closely related to T. sykesi P. & C. from the same island. In the former species the outlines of the spire are less convex, the umbilicus is narrower, the parie- tal lamella is not as strong and the upper columellar fold less strongly developed. The spiral striaa on the apical whorls of T. henshawi are very low and indistinct on all the specimens at hand. The umbilicus is less than 1/20 of the diameter of the shell. Figured from a cotype. A specimen (Bishop Mus. no. 34027) from the fossil beds of Waimea, collected by Mr. Henshaw, measures, length 5.8 diam. 2.8 mm. and has 8 whorls. This is undoubtedly the form Ancey identified from there as T. cincta (Journ. of Malac. xi, 1904, p. 63). 11. T. SYKESII C. & P., n. sp. PI. 55, fig. 6. The shell is perforate, ovate conic, brownish corneous with a broad pale band at the periphery, transparent, shining, nearly smooth, minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire conic, with slightly convex outlines. Suture scarcely im- pressed, distinctly margined. Whorls 8, nearly flat, slightly convex, slowly increasing, compressed, the last broadly ovate, faintly marked with a light broad band at the periphery, base convex, slightly tapering. Aperture rather small, broadly ovate. Parietal lamella strong, very oblique, slightly arcuate. 266 TORN ATELL ARIA. Columella nearly straight, expanded above the umbilicus, with two well developed lamellae extending to the outer margin of the columella. Peristome thin, erect, slightly arcuate. Length 4.5, diam. 2.5, axis of apert. 1.8 mm. Height of parietal la- mella 0.35 mm. Hawaii: Hilo (Thaanum), Olaa (Thaanum, Cooke). Type no. 14194 Bishop Mus. Cotypes 33959 and 14018 Bishop museum; 111858 A. N. S. P. and in Mr. Thaanum 's collection. T. sykesii is closely related to T. henshawi. In the former the shell is shorter, stouter and the spire has slightly more convex outlines. The parietal lamella is stronger, with min- •ute serrations along its inner margin and the front end is usually eroded. In T. syUesn the columellar folds are more strongly developed. A pale peripheral band is never present in T. henshawi. The shell differs from T. a. hawaiiensis by having two strongly developed and subequal columellar lamellae, and the broad, outwardly flaring parietal lamella is eroded and irre- gular in front. It is three-fourths of a whorl long. Color cinnamon-buff. An Olaa specimen measures, length 4.4 ; diam. 2.6, length of aperture 1.75 mm. ; 7^4 whorls. It is less glossy and darker colored than T. smithi, and it has a much more prominent parietal lamella. The umbili- cus is about one-eleventh of the total diameter. In immature specimens the lower columellar fold is slightly stronger than the upper. There are about 12 fine low spiral striae on the embryonic whorls. lla. T. SYKESI ILLIBATA C. & P., n. var. PL 55, fig. 7. In size, form and color-pattern this variety agrees closely with the typical form from Hawaii. The parietal lamella of illibata is lower, without the minute serrations on its inner margin and its front margin is never eroded. The columellar folds are much weaker. In young specimens the lower colu- mellar fold is much stronger than the upper. There are about 12 distinct spiral striae on the embryonic whorls. Length 4.5, diam. 2.5, axis of apert. 1.8 mm. Height of parietal lamella 0.27 mm. TORNATELLARIA. 267 Molokai : Kilohana type locality (Cooke), Puunea (Pilsbry, Cooke). Type no. 34028 Bishop Mus., cotypes no. 24510 Bishop museum and 111859 A. N. S. P. This variety is not quite as closely coiled as the typical form. There are 7% whorls in the type of the variety which have the same length as the type of the species. The umbilicus is slightly larger than in the typical form, being about one- ninth of the total diameter. 12. T. CONVEXIOR P. & C., n. sp. PI. 55, fig. 8. The shell is perforate, light cinnamon colored, slightly transparent, with a somewhat dull surface. Outlines of the spire are distinctly convex, the individual whorls being slightly convex, the last rounded peripherally and below. Parietal lamella is broad, eroded or excised in front, and a whorl long. Two columellar lamellae emerge ; they are about equally prominent, but the upper one is more oblique. Length 4.4, diam. 2.4, aperture 1.5 mm. ; 8 whorls. Hawaii: Olaa, D. Thaanum; with T. sykesi. Type no. 112751 A. N. S. P. ; cotypes in Bishop Mus. T. henshawi, T. trochoides and T. cmcta have distinctly less convex, nearly straight lateral outlines. T. sykesi is de- cidedly wider, with the parietal lamella not so long. T. urn- bilicata has a more slender spire and a shorter, wider parietal lamella. While we hesitate to add another to this difficult group, yet it does not seem possible to identify the shells with any described species. 13. T. ABBREVIATA (Ancey). PL 55, figs. 12, 13. Shell obese-ovate, thin, more or less pellucid, glossy or with a somewhat silken sheen, light or brown-corneous, minutely but deeply and openly perforate. Spire conic, the apex minute, a little obtuse. Whorls 6^/2? regularly increasing, somewhat flat or very little convex, suture lightly impressed ; the last whorl obese, rather sack-like, rounded (only in the young encircled by an angle). Aperture suboblique, irre- gularly oval, angular above, armed with a strong white com- pressed parietal lamella and two minute, oblique, spiral folds 268 TORNATELLARIA. (the lower one larger, the first sometimes obsolete). Peris- tome simple, acute, dilated and expanded at the columella. Length scarcely 4.0, diam. 2.5, alt. apert. 1.75 mm. (Ancey). E. Maui: Kaupakalua (Baldwin), Kula, Kailua (Cooke). Cotypes no. 18421 Bishop Museum and 111850 A. N. S. P. Type not isolated by Ancey. Tornatellina abbreviata ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl. li, 1903, p. 298, pi. 12, figs. 7, 8. T. abbreviata, which belongs to the group of T. umbilicata, Anc., of the western part of Maui, is more swollen than the latter, and the parietal lamella, while robust, is less developed. It is quite a large perforate species, with the conic spire com- posed of 61/2 nearly flat whorls separated by a shallow suture. The last whorl is swollen, well rounded, and not angular ex- cept in the young stage. The two columellar folds are small but distinct at this stage. In the adult they are less de- veloped, and the upper one, which is perhaps a little less salient, tends to become effaced. The little circular perfora- tion is covered above by the narrow expansion of the colu- mellar margin (Ancey). Recognition marks of this species are the obese shape and strong parietal lamella, which tapers in front and is not noticeably irregular or eroded there. Both columellar la- mellag are moderately developed in the neanic stage, the lower one being stronger, but in the adult only the lower persists, the other being visible as an obtuse convexity, visible in an oblique view in the aperture. A cotype from the Ancey col- lection is figured on pi. 55, fig. 13. It measures, length 3.7, diam. 2.5, length of aperture 1.75 mm., agreeing closely with Mr. Ancey 's type measurements. Kaupakalua, East Maui. The specimen figured in pi. 55, fig. 12, is larger than any in Ancey 's material. It came out of the original lot from Mr. Baldwin, from which Ancey 's material was taken. It has 714 whorls and measures length 4.6, diam. 2.95, axis of apert. 2.1 mm. Height of parietal lamella 0.32 mm. In adult specimens the umbilicus is one-sixth to one-ninth of the dia- meter. There are about 14 very fine spiral stride on the em- bryonic whorls. TORN ATELL ARIA. 269 13a. T. abbreviata hawaiiensis n. var. PL 55, fig. 14. Specimens of this species from Hawaii have a slightly lower parietal lamella and weaker columellar folds than those from Maui, but both columellar lamellae emerge. They are also somewhat more slender. Length 4.3, diam. 2.5, axis of apert. 1.85 mm. Height of parietal lamella 0.25 mm. ; 7 whorls. Hawaii: Kukuihaele (type loc.), Okala and Waimea (Thaanum) ; Waimea fossil (Henshaw). Type 34026 Bishop Mus. Cotypes 15236 Bishop Museum, 111851 A. N. S. P., and in Mr. Thaanum 's collection. The fossil material is considerably larger than the living. A specimen with 71/2 whorls measures, length 5.4, diam. 3.25, axis of apert. 2.3 mm. In fresh immature specimens the lower columellar fold is stronger than the upper. There are about 12 rather separ- ated fine distinct spiral striae on the embryonic whorls. 14. T. SMITHI C. & P., n. sp. PL 55, fig. 11. The shell is perforate, broadly conic, light corneous, vitreous, shining, nearly smooth, very minutely striate with lines of growth. Spire conic, apex subacute. Suture simple, lightly impressed. Whorls 6%, moderately convex, slowly increas- ing, compressed, the last somewhat ventricose with convex tapering base. Aperture not small, ovate. Parietal lamella low, oblique. Columella nearly straight, slightly tumid, fur- nished with two almost equal folds, which extend to the margin of the columella. Peristome simple, thin, acute, arcuate. Length 3.8, diam. 2.3, axis of apert. 1.8 mm. Height of par. lamella 0.15 mm. Hawaii: Olaa, Kaiwiki and Hilo (Thaanum); Kaalapuu- wale, in the district of Kona (Forbes). Type Bishop Mus. 14195. Cotypes Bishop Mus. 14015 and 14051, 111857 A. N. S. P., and in Mr. Thaanum ?s collection. In most specimens the front portion of the parietal lamella is broken or eroded. The umbilicus is from 1/9 to 1/13 of the diameter of the shell. In immature specimens there are about 20 low close spiral threads on the embryonic whorls. This 270 TORNATELLAR1A. species appears to be closely related to T. abbreviate*, of East Maui. It differs, however, in its more conical spire with more convex whorls, smaller umbilicus and lower parietal lamella. The species is dedicated to Mr. E. A. Smith of the British Museum. The specimens from Kaiwiki differ somewhat from the more widely distributed form. They are more obese, measuring length 3.6, diam. 2.7 mm. The parietal lamella is lower, about 0.10 mm. in height. There are two color varieties of this form; the typical vitreous-corneous and a single specimen of a uniform darker corneous color. 15. T. SHARPI P. & C., n. sp. PL 55, fig. 10. The shell is perforate, rather broadly ovate-conic, light- cinnamon; glossy, very weakly striate. Outlines of the spire barely convex. Whorls 6%, convex, the last rotund. Parietal lamella rather high, excised in front. Columellar lamellae two, subequal, the upper emerging to the edge, the lower slightly shorter. Length 3.3, diam. 2.2, aperture 1.4 mm. Hawaii: crest of Kilawea crater, about half a mile south of the Volcano House, Dr. Benj. Sharp. Similar to T. abbreviata hawaiiensis, but decidedly smaller. T. stokesi of Oahu is less conic in shape. The authors collected over about the same ground in 1913 without finding this species. 16. T. BALDWINIANA C. & P., n. sp. PL 55, fig. 5. The shell is perforate, ovate-conic, corneous, transparent, shining, under a lens distinctly and almost regularly striate with lines of growth. Spire convexly conic, apex subacute. Suture simple, well impressed, indistinctly narrowly mar- gined and minutely crenulate. Whorls 6%, convex, increas- ing slowly and regularly, the last tapering towards the base. Aperture proportionately large, oblong-ovate. Parietal la- mella low, entire, scarcely diagonal. Columella tumid above, with two low folds, the upper slightly stronger than the lower. Peristome thin, acute, uniformly arcuate. Length 3.4, ERRATA AND ADDITIONS. 271 diam. 1.95, axis of apert. 1.45 mm. Height of parietal lam. 0.11 mm. W. Maui: Maunahooma (Cooke). Type no. 34029 Bishop Mus. Cotypes no. 21013 Bishop Mus. and no. 111854 A. N. S. P. The most aberrant species of the genus. At first glance it appears to be a Tornatettides, but the animals are ovi- parous. This species is smaller and has fewer whorls than any of the other species ; the whorls are more convex, and the columellar folds are quite weak and diagonal. In young shells the columellar folds are remarkably weak, but the parietal lamella is proportionately stronger than in adults. The shell is distinctly striate. The embryonic whorls are distinctly en- circled with about 20 spiral striae. The shell is stouter in form and has a longer parietal lamella than Tornatellides bellus or T. plagioptyx, species which other- wise somewhat resemble T. baldwiniana. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. PAGE 44. 2d line under A. LINEOLATA (Newcomb). Read lineolata card in place of lineolata cord. PAGE 73. Key to species of Oahu. In the third and fourth lines the phrase whorls of the spire but slightly convex was misplaced. It belongs in the following paragraph following the guide-letter a. PAGE 121. Second paragraph from bottom. The Sunday Island form is perhaps referable to typical E. ovatum rather than to the variety apertum. PAGE 125. 7th line from bottom. For Tornatellina manilense read Tornatellina manilensis. LEPTACHATINA. The following species probably belongs to this genus. It is unknown to other authors, and as the type is lost, it may be disregarded as unidentifiable. Bulimus pumicatus Mighels. Shell dextral, conical, polished, glossy, light brown color, imperforate ; whorls 7, slightly con- vex ; aperture oval, small, with a delicate fold on the left side ; 272 EERATA AND ADDITIONS. lip simple, acute. Length one-fifth, diam. three-twentieths inch. Oahu. (Proc. Boston Society of Nat. Hist. II, 1845, p. 19). P. 36. After A. obscura, puella add : PL 6, fig. 11. FERNANDEZIA. F. DIAPHANA (King). Shell subcylindric, diaphanous, transversely striate. Length five-sixteenths, width five-thirtyseconds of an inch. Juan Fernandez ( King ) . Achatina diaphana KING, Zoological Journal v, 1830-31, p. 342. TORNATELLINA. TORNATELLINA NORFOLKENSIS Preston. Shell subulately cylindrical, thin, fragile, semi-transpar- ent, smooth, polished, shining, pale reddish-brown; whorls 6, the first very small, the second proportionately large, the re- mainder regularly increasing, marked only with irregular growth-plicae; suture impressed, very narrowly margined below, columella whitish, developed into a rather twisted, inwardly-projecting fold, and extending above into a light, well-defined, and somewhat restricted parietal callus, which reaches to the upper margin of the labrum; labrum simple, aperture inversely auriform, bearing a single, curved, erect, white, entering, parietal lamella. Alt. 3.5, diam. maj. 1.25 mm. (Preston, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8 ser., vol. 12, p. 538, Dec., 1913.) Ball's Bay, Norfolk Island (R. Bell). Tornatellina norfolkensis moohuensis Preston. Shell differing from T. norfolkensis, Preston, in its very slightly shorter and much broader form, and in the parietal lamella, which in the present species is quite obsolete. Alt. 3.5, diam. maj. 1.5 mm. (Preston, t. c., p. 537.) Moohu Stone, a small islet off the coast of Norfolk Island (R. Bell). ERRATA AND ADDITIONS. 273 Tornatellina norfolkensis nepeanensis Preston. Shell allied to both T. norfolkensis and T. moohuensis, but differing from the former in its much broader form and from the latter in its more tapering spire, more rounded whorls and well-developed parietal lamella. Alt. 3.5, diam. maj. 1.5 mm. (Preston). Nepean Island (R. Bell). With the exception of Vallonia sp., which is exceedingly plentiful, this and the following are the only living species of land Mollusca found upon the Island (Preston, t. c., p. 537). TORNATELLINA DUPLICILAMELLATA Preston. Shell fusiformly ovate, polished, shining, yellowish-brown; whorls 5; regularly but rather rapidly increasing, somewhat inflated, marked only with growth striaB; suture impressed; columella margin white, twisted, bearing a short projecting lamella above, descending below in an almost vertical curve ; aperture rather obliquely, inversely auriform, furnished with a well-developed, entering, parietal lamella. Alt. 2.25, diam. maj. 1.5 mm. (nearly) (Preston, t. c., p. 537). Nepean Island (R. Bell). P. 150. The name Lamellina Pse. proves to be preoccupied by Lamellina Bory de Saint- Vincent, Encycl. Meth., Zoo- phytes II, p. 480, 1824. It must therefore take the name Lamellidea, which was considered a synonym in the text. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. NOTE. — Unless otherwise stated, the figures represent specimens in the collection of the Academy. All original figures of shells were drawn by Miss Helen Winchester ; those of the soft anatomy by Pilsbry. FIGURE. PAGE. PLATE 1. Laminella, Amastra. 1, 2. Laminella gravida Fer. Typical. Tantalus Bowl. 108036-7 53 3, 4. Laminella g. aurantium P. & C. Above Waiahole. 109904 54 5. Laminella g. aurantinm P. & C. Kaliuwaa. 109907. 54 6. Laminella g. kalihiensis P. & C. Kalihi. 109905 . . 54 7, 8. Laminella g. waianaensis P. & C. Haleauau. 109903 54 9. Amastra farcimen Pfr. Type. British Mus 46 10-15. Laminella alexandri Newe. Mt. Kukui. 109906. 55 17. Amastra melanosis Nc. Paratype, Newcomb coll . . 49 18. Amastra m. kauensis P. & C. Waiohinu, Kau. 108147 50 PLATE 2. Amastra. 1-4. Amastra umbilicata arenarum P. & C. Moomomi. 23 5-8. Amastra umbilicata Pfr. Half-mile east of Kahuku 22 9, 10. Amastra ultima P. & C. Kahuku, Kau 25 11, 12. Amastra fragilis P. & C. Molokai. 108244, 108629 24 13. Amastra antiqua kawaihapaiensis P. & C. Oahu. . 22 14, 15. Amastra eos P. & C. Keawaawa, Oahu 26 16. Amastra transversalis bryani P. & C. Punchbowl. . 27 17. Amastra reticulata vespertina P. & C. Kawaihapai. 30 18. Amastra elongata Nc. Newcomb collection 47 19,20. Amastra hartmani (=similaris). Newcomb coll., Cornell Univ. Mus. 29987 20 PLATE 3. Amastra. 1-3. Amastra mucronata Nc. Mapulehu. 108229 .... 34 4-7. Amastra kalamaulensis P. & C. 108227 37 8-10. Amastra kaunakakaiensis P. & C. 108628 36 (274) EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 275 FIGURE. PAGE. 11, 12. Amastra albocincta P. & C. Kamalo. 108689, 108688 40 13. Amastra subsoror H. & P. 57786 48 14. Amastra tricincta Pils. Embryo. 108878 39 15. Amastra nubigena P. & C. West Maui 48 PLATE 4. Amastra. 1-5. Amastra goniops P. & C. Olowalu 41 6, 7. Amastra pilsbryi Cooke. Mt. Helu. 108170 46 8. Amastra pilsbryi Cooke. Mt. Helu. Bishop Mus.. . 46 9-12. Amastra obesa aurora P. & C. Auwahi, Maui . . 18 13. Amastra obesa Newc. Embryo. Polipoli, E. Maui. 19 PLATE 5. Amastra. 1-4. Amastra metamorpha P. & C. Auwahi, Maui ... 19 5, Amastra metamorpha P. & C. Embryo 19 6, 7. Amastra m. debilis P. & C. Olowalu, Maui 20 8-10. Amastra subsoror auwahiensis P. & C. Auwahi. 48 11, 12. Amastra nubigena P. & C. West Maui 48 13. Amastra montagui Pils. Oahu. 108172 29 PLATE 6. Amastra. 1-10. Amastra lahainana P. & C. Olowalu 43 11. Amastra subobscura puella P. & C. Ualapue 36 12-14. Amastra affinis Nc. Auwahi 43 15-19. Amastra affinis Nc. Polipoli 43 PLATE 7. Amastra. 1. Amastra solida Pease (= decorticata) . Mus. Comp. Zool 31 2, 3. Amastra solida Pease (= subrostrata) . Mus. Comp. Zool 28 4. Amastra subrostrata Pfr. Type, British Museum . . 28 5. Amastra extincta Pfr. Type, British Museum 30 6-8. Amastra nubilosa georgii P. & C. Moomomi. 109971. 39 9-14. Amastra humilis moomomiensis P. & C. Moo- momi. 110594 38 15-17. Amastra h. sepulta P. & C. Moomomi. 110595. 39 18, 19. Amastra lineolata Nc. Newcomb coll 44 20. Amastra neglecta P. & C. Maui 45 PLATE 8. Amastra. 1-4. Amastra baldwiniana Pils. Olowalu 42 5, 6. Amastra b. kahakuloensis P. & C. Kahakuloa ... 43 7, 8. Amastra pullata Bald. Head Makakupaia gulches. 108245 ... 34 276 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 9-11. Amastra aurostoma Bald. Kaalele Paaka, Lanai. 108174 34 12-16. Amastra cylindrica Nc. W. ridge Popouwela ... 33 PLATE 9. 1, 2. Leptachatina corneola Pfr. Halawa. 108328 ... 7 3. Leptachatina microdon P. & C. Popouwela 10 4. Leptachatina popouwelensis P. & C. Popouwela, Oahu. 110596 1 5. 6. Leptachatina petila Gul. Kailua 14 7, 8. Leptachatina petila Gul. Keawaawa 14 9, 10. Leptachatina nematoglypta P. & C. Halawa. 108322 14 11, 15. Carelia olivacea Pse. Pease coll., M. C. Z 16 12. Pauahia semicostata Pfr. Type, British Mus 16 13. Amastra flavescens Nc. Olaa, 2,550 ft 51 14. Amastra henshawi Bald. Topotype, orig. lot 51 15. Carelia olivacea Pse. Pease coll., M. C. Z 16 PLATE 10. Leptachatina. 1. Leptachatina oryza Pfr. Type, British Museum .... 3 2. Leptachatina oryza Pfr. iy2 m. East of Kahuku . . 4 3. 4. Leptachatina oryza Pfr. iy2 miles east of Ka- huku 4 5, 6. Leptachatina oryza Pfr. iy2 miles W. of Kahuku. 4 7. 8. Leptachatina oryza Pfr. Diamond Head 4 9. Leptachatina oryza Pfr. Kailua 4 10, 11. Leptachatina o. hesperia Pils. Kawaihapai. 108981 5 12-16. Leptachatina avus P. & C. Moomomi. 108982 . . 5 PLATE 11. Leptachatina. 1, 2. Leptachatina cookei Pils. Kawaihapai 9 3. Leptachatina dormitor P. & C. Molokai 6 4, 5. Leptachatina somniator P. & C. Molokai 7 6, 7. Leptachatina hyperodon Pils. Cornell Univ. coll. 12 8. Leptachatina mcgregori P. & C. West Maui 8 9. Leptachatina sagittata P. & C. Molokai. 108889 . . 2 10. Leptachatina subcylindracea Cooke. Kahuku 11 11-13. Leptachatina subcylindracea Cooke. Kahoolawe. 108853 11 14. Leptachatina subcylindracea Cooke. Moomomi 11 PLATES 12, 13, 14. Achatinella, anatomy. For explanation see page 60. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 277 FIGURE. PAGE. PLATES 15, 16, 17. Amastridce, anatomy. For explanation see pages 64, 65. PLATE 18. Auriculella. 1-5. Auriculella crassula Smith. Maui. 91818 109 6, 7. Auriculella uniplicata Pse. (jucunda Sm.). Gulick coll. 92708 108 8. Auriculella uniplicata Pease Maunahooma. Bishop Mus 108 9-11. Auriculella uniplicata. 62532 108 12-14. Auriculella uniplicata. 92750 108 15, 16. Auriculella uniplicata Pease. West Maui. 92751. 108 PLATE 19. Auriculella. 1. Auriculella canalifera Ancey. Bishop Mus 106 2. Auriculella canalifera Ancey. A. N. S. 91820 106 3. Auriculella expansa Pse. Maui. 59047 109 4-6. Auriculella expansa Pse. Bishop Mus 109 7, 8. Auriculella tenella Anc. Waianae Mts. Bishop Mus. 99 9.10. Auriculella westerlundiana Anc. Hawaii. 91811.. Ill 11. Auriculella westerlundiana Ancey. Hawaii. 59056. Ill 12-16. Auriculella lanaiensis Cooke. Lanai. 92753 and Bishop Mus 107 PLATE 20. Anatomy of Achatinellidcz. 1. Achatinella vulpina. Teeth. Glen Ada. 108082.. 58 2. Achatinella lorata nobilis. Teeth 58 3. Partulina dolei. Pallial organs and alimentary tract ; s. g., salivary gland 57 4. Partulina dolei. Free muscles ; I. o. r., left ocular re- tractor ; 1. t. r., left tentacular retractor ; ph. r., pharyngeal retractor; t. r., foot retractor 59 5. Carelia turricula. Pallial organs 62 PLATE 21. Anatomy of Amastrida. 1-3. Laminella gravida. Fer. Teeth 63 4. Amastra spirizona Fer. Teeth 63 5. Leptachatina labiata Pfr. Teeth 63 6. Carelia turricula Migh. Teeth 63 7. Pterodiscus rex Sykes. Teeth 63 8. Laminella citrina Migh. Marginal teeth 63 9. 11. Thaanumia fuscula Cooke 63 10. Leptachatina labiata Pfr. Jaw 62 278 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. PLATE 22. Anatomy of Auriculella. 1. Auriculella pulchra Pse. Penis 66 2. Auriculella pulchra Pse. Genitalia 66 3. Auriculella cerea Pfr. Penis 67 4. 5. Auriculella castanea Pfr. Living animal. Tan- talus 67, 94 6. Auriculella westerlundiana Anc. Genitalia 67 PLATE 23. Auriculetta, Oahu. 1. Auriculella ambusta Pse. Bishop Mus 86 2. Auriculella ambusta Pse. A. N. S. P. 108269 86 3. Auriculella a. obliqua Anc. From Baldwin. 66531 . 88 4. Auriculella a. obliqua Anc. Lihue, Gulick. 92524. . 88 5-7. Auriculella pulchra Pse. From Pease. 59060 ... 83 8-13. Auriculella pulchra Pse. Waolani valley. 108004 85 14. 15. Auriculella pulchra Pse. " Maunakope ' '. 108005 85 16. Auriculella pulchra Pse. Halawa. 108265 85 17-19. Auriculella pulchra Pse. Waimano-Manana ridge. 108052 86 20. Auriculella pulchra Pse. Helemano. (solida Gu- lick.) 92216 86 PLATE 24. Auriculella, Oahu. 1-9. Auriculella auricula Fer. Bishop Mus 78 10. Auriculella a. pellucida Gul. Kaliuwaa. 92503 80 11, 12. Auriculella diaphana cacuminis P. & C. "Mauna- kope". 108277 77 13. Auriculella straminea Cooke. Tantalus. Bishop Mus. 77 14. Auriculella montana, var., Lanihuli. Bishop Mus. . . 82 15. 16. Auriculella tantalus P. & C. Mt. Tantalus. 108045. 97 PLATE 25. Auriculella, Oahu. 1, 2. Auriculella perpusilla Smith. Oahu. Bishop Mus. 91 3, 4. Auriculella perversa Cooke. Nuuanu. Bishop Mus. . 90 5-9. Auriculella minuta C. & P. Nuuanu. Bishop Mus. and A. N. S 90 10, 11, 12. Auriculella castanea Pfr. Bishop Mus. and A. N. S 94 13, 14. Auriculella serrula Cooke. Konahuanui. Bishop Mus 93 15. Auriculella turritella Cooke. Konahuanui. Bishop Mus 92 16. Auriculella tenuis Smith. Helemano. Bishop Mus. 98 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 279 FIGURE. PAGE. PLATE 26. Auriculella. 1-3. Auriculella cerea Pfr. Waikolu. 91814 103 4. Auriculella cerea Pfr. Bishop Mus 103 5. Auriculella cerea Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond 103 6. 7. Auriculella cerea Pfr. Kawela. 92752 103 8, 9. Auriculella flavida Cooke. Kamalo. Bishop Mus. and 94495 103 10-12. Auriculella brunnea Smith. Bishop Mus 105 13-15. Auricullela brunnea Smith. A. N. S. 94491, 91813, 94491 105 PLATE 27. Auriculella, Oahu. 1-6. Auriculella diaphana Smith. Makiki. Bishop Mus. 76 7, 8. Auriculella montana, variety from Lanihuli. Bishop Mus 82 9. Auriculella montana Cooke. 91819 82 10, 11. Auriculella olivacea Cooke. Oahu. Bishop Mus. 81 12-14. Auriculella malleata Anc. Mt. Kaala. 112947.. 88 PLATE 28. 1. Auriculella newcombi Pfr. Nr. Meyer 's Lake. 108585 A. N. S 102 2. Auriculella newcombi Pfr. Puunea. 108282. A. N. S. . 102 3. 4. Auriculella newcombi Pfr. Near top Leper Settle- ment trail. 108728. A. N. S 102 5. Elasmias fuscum obtusum P. & C. Popouwela 117 6. Elasmias fuscum Anc. Interior. Popouwela 117 7. Gulickia alexandri Cooke. Maui. Bishop Mus 112 8. Auriculella petitiana Pfr. Conchylien Cabinet .... 95 9. Lamellovum globosum Petit. Conchylien Cabinet . . 131 10-12. Lamellovum globosum Petit. A. N. S. coll 131 PLATE 29. Elasmias. 1. Elasmias fuscum Anc. Kona, Hawaii. Bishop Mus. 115 2-6. Elasmias fuscum. Olaa (2, 4, neanic stage). Bishop Mus 115 7-10. Elasmias luakahaense C. & P. Nuuanu. Bishop Mus 117 PLATE 30. Elasmias. 1. Elasmias ovatum Anton. Conchylien Cabinet 119 2. Elasmias o. apertum Pse. Society Is. 24021 A. N. S. 120 3. Elasmias o. apertum Pse. Huaheine. 24020 A. N. S. 120 4. 5. Elasmias ovatum apertum Pse. Sunday Island . . 121 280 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 6. Elasmias citreum Smith. Lombok Island 126 7. Elasmias citreum Smith. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. . 126 8. Elasmias eucharis Braz. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.. 123 9. Elasmias wakefieldiae Cox. Rec. Austr. Mus 122 10. Elasmias wakefieldige Cox. 113147 A. N. S. P 122 11. Elasmias mariei Crosse. Journ. de Conch 124 12. Elasmias mariei Crosse. 24042 A. N. S. P 124 PLATE 31. Elasmias. 1-4. Elasmias cernicum Bens. Mauritius 128 5. Elasmias peaseanum Garrett. Type. Moorea. 24023 122 6. Elasmias manilense Dohrn ( ?) . No. 78496 A. N. S. P. 126 7. 8. Elasmias anceyanum C. & P. 14147 Bishop Mus. 118 9. 11. Elasmias kitaiwojimanum P. & H. 84965 A. N. S. P 130 10. Elasmias apertum Pse. Teeth, after Binney 114 PLATE 32. Tornatellina. 1, 2, 4. Tornatellina ogasawarana P. & H. Minamijima. 85760 151 3. Tornatellina ogasawarana P. & H. Anijima. 83295. 151 5, 6, 8, 9. Tornatellina o. longa Pils. Chichijima. 83284 152 7, 10. Tornatellina o. longa Pils. Imoto jima. 84956 . . 152 11, 12. Tornatellina ogasawarana P. & H. Anijima. 83295 151 PLATE 33. Tornatellina. 1-3. Tornatellina serrata Pse. Society Is 164 4, 5. Tornatellina serrata Pse. Cook's Is 164 6. Tornatellina Isevis Pse. (= serrata). Society Is. ... 165 7, 9. Tornatellina hidalgoi Crosse. Journ. de Conch. . . 140 8. 12. Tornatellina microstoma Mlldff. Guam 167 10, 11. Tornatellina subcylindrica Mlldff. Guam 166 PLATE 34. Tornatellin&. 1, 2. Tornatellina pusilla Gld. Ebon Island 176 3. Tornatellina pusilla Gld. Rarotonga 176 4. Tornatellina pusilla Gld. U. S. Expl. Exped. Atlas. 176 5. Tornatellina conica Mouss. (— T. i. normalis). After Mousson 174 6. Tornatellina impressa normalis P. & C. Huaheine . . 174 7. Tornatellina i. intuscostata P. & C. Huaheine 175 8. Tornatellina impressa Mouss. Huaheine 173 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 281 FIGURE. PAGE. 9, 10. Tornatellina bilamellata Ant. Conchylien Cab. . 139 1. Tornatellina nitida Pease. Mauiki, Hervey Is ...... 145 12, 13. Tornatellina perplexa Garrett. Specimen from Garrett PLATE 35. Tornatellina. 1, 2. Tornatellina peponum Gld. Type, 5506 U. S. N. M. 156 3, 4. Tornatellina baldwini Anc. Journ. de Conchyl. . . 142 5, 6. Tornatellina peponum Gld. Maui .............. 156 7, 10. Tornatellina baldwini subrugosa P. & C. Maui . . 143 8, 11. Tornatellina societatis P. & C. Raiatea ........ 147 9, Tornatellina trochlearis Pfr. Conchylien Cabinet... 178 10. Tornatellina baldwini subrugosa P. & C. Type. Maui. 143 12, 13. Tornatellina voyana P. & C. A. N. S. P. 83154. 179 14, 15. Tornatellina rncgregori P. & C. A. N. S. P. No. 85387 ..................................... 144 PLATE 36. Tornatellina. 1. Tornatellina societatis P. & C. Raiatea ........... 147 2. Tornatellina perplexa Garrett. 83155 A. N. S. P. . . 144 3, 7. Tornatellina nitida Pease. Huaheine ........... 145 4. Tornatellina philippii Pfr. Conchylien Cabinet . . . 178 5, 6. Tornatellina oblonga Pse. Tahiti ............... 162 8. Tornatellina bacillaris (= oblonga). Journ. de Con- chyl ...................................... 164 9, 10, 11. Tornatellina oblonga Pse. Huaheine. 59888, 59889 ..................................... 162 PLATE 37. Tornatellina. 1, 2. Tornatellina monodonta Pils. & Hir. Bonin Is. . . 169 3. Tornatellina biplicata Pils. Hachijojima ......... 153 4, 5. Tornatellina rucuana Pils. & Hir. Loochoo Is ---- 170 6, 7. Tornatellina hataiana Pils. & Cooke. Sulphur Is.. 171 8-10. Tornatellina nakadai P. & C. Bonin Is ......... 170 PLATE 38. Tornatellina. 1. Tornatellina novoseelandica Pfr. North I., N. Z. ... 181 2. Tornatellina novoseelandica Pfr. Conchylien Cab. . . 181 3. Tornatellina noumeensis Crosse. Journ. de Conchyl. 184 4. Tornatellina noumeensis Crosse. New Caledonia . . . 184 5. 6. Tornatellina jacksonensis Cox. Mon. Austr. Land Shells ..................................... 181 7, 10, 11. Tornatellina moellendorffiana Pils. Guam . . . 168 8. Tornatellina mastersi Braz. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 182 282 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 9. Tornatellina petterdi (= masters!). Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W 183 10. 11. Tornatellina moellendorffiana P. & C. Guam . . . 168 12, 13. Tornatellina moluccana Bttg. Ber. Senck. Ges. . . 186 14, 15. Tornatellina kochiana Mlldff. Malak. Blatter.. 185 16. Tornatellina natunensis Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H. . 126 PLATE 39. Tornatellina. 1-5. Tornatellina kermadecensis P. & C. Kermadec Is. 149 6-8. Tornatellina iredalei P. & C. Kermadec Is 180 9-11. Tornatellina raoulensis P. & C. Kermadec Is 180 PLATE 40. Tornatellina, 1, 2. Tornatellina cylindrica Sykes. Popouwela. 108897 A. N. S. P p 153 3, 6. Tornatellina c. kilohanana P. & C. 108587 A. N. S. P 154 4, 5. Tornatellina p. kamaloensis P. & C. 109951 A. N. S. P 156 7. Tornatellina minuta Anton. After Kuester 187 8-10. Tornatellina tantalus P. & C. 108025 A. N. S. P. 172 11. 12. Tornatellina kochiana Mlldff. 103544 A. N. S. P. 185 13. Tornatellina baldwini Anc. Neanic stage. Kaele- pulu. 112760 A. N. S. P 142 PLATE 41. Tornatellina. 1-5, 7, 8. Tornatellina polygnampta P. & C 105 6, 9. Tornatellina oblonga Pse. Ananeanic stage 160 PLATE 42. Tornatellina. 1, 2. Tornatellina baldwini Ancey 142 3. Tornatellina gayi C. & P. Kauai. Bishop Mus. ... 172 4, 5. Tornatellina peponum Gld. Ananeanic stage .... 157 6. Tornatellina peponum Gld. Metaneanic stage 157 7. Tornatellina oblonga Pse. Embryonic stage. Nuu- anu 160 8-10. Tornatellina oblorga Pse. Lehui, Kanai. Adult and ananeanic stage 160 11. Tornatellina gracilis Pse. Embryonic stage 159 PLATE 43. Tornatellina. 1-3. Tornatellina cylindrica Sykes. Waianae Mts. . 153, 154 4-6. Tornatellina lanceolata C. & P. Bishop Mus. and A. N. S. . 158 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 283 FIGURE. PAGE. 7. Tornatellina gracilis Pse. Round Top. Oahu 159 8. Tornatellina gracilis Pse. Kona, Hawaii 159 9. Tornatellina gracilis Pse. Ananeanic stage. Dia- mond Head, Oahu 159 PLATE 44. Tornatellides. 1, 4. Tornatellides inexpectatus Pils. 87564 A. N. S. P. 196 2, 3. Tornatellides tryoni Pils. & Cooke. 82669 A. N. S. P 197 5-7. Tornatellides boeningi S. & B. After Boettger . . 196 8, 9. Tornatellides simplex Pse. Society Is. 24714 A. N. S. P 197 10. Tornatellides simplex Pse. Raratonga. 24715 A. N. S. P 197 11. 12. Tornatellides perforatus Liardet. P. Z. S. Lond., 1876 199 13. Tornatellides antoni (=oblongus Ant.). Reeve, Conch. Icon 198 14, 15. Tornatellides subperforatus Sut. 63692 A. N. S. P. 199 16. Tornatellides s. kermadecensis P. & C. Sunday Is.. 200 17. Tornatellides chathamensis Dall. Tooth. After Ball. 201 18. Pelecostoma cymatoferus (= T. chathamensis). After Reibisch 201 19. Tornatellides chathamensis Dall. After Dall 201 PLATE 45. Tornatellides. 1-3. Tornatellides compactus Sykes. 36244 Bishop Mus. 204 4-6. Tornatellides procerulus Anc. 36246 Bishop Mus. 205 7, 8. Tornatellides p. puukolekolensis P. & C. 108669 A. N. S. P 207 9. Tornatellides p. kailuanus P. & C. 112766 A. N. S. P. 207 10, 11. Tornatellides kamaloensis P. & C. 108700 A. N. S. P 207 12. 13. Tornatellides kilauea P. & C. 112737 A. N. S. P.. 208 PLATE 46. Tornatellides. 1, 2. Tornatellides confusus Sykes. 36245 Bishop Mus.. 209 3,4,7. Tornatellides kahoolawensis C. & P. 36247 Bishop Mus 211 5,6. Tornatellides konaensis C. & P. 36248 Bishop Mus. . 212 8. Tornatellides oncospira C. & P. 14170 Bishop Mus.. 214 9, 10. Tornatellides subangulatus C. & P. 36250 Bishop Mus. . . 213 284 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 11. 12. Tornatellides kahukuensis P. & C. 112765 A. N. S. P 208 13. Tornatellides inornatus P. & C. 112764 A. N. S. P. 214 PLATE 47. Tornatellides. 1,2,4. Tornatellides thaanumi C. & P. 36243 Bishop Mus 215 3, 5, 6. Tornatellides idee C. & P. 14178 Bishop Mus.. . 216 7. Tornatellides i. anisoplax P. & C. 108899 A. N. S. P. 217 8, 9. Tornatellides diptyx P. & C. 112532 A. N. S. P.. . 217 10, 11. Tornatellides rudicostatus Anc. 14152 Bishop Mus 250 12. Tornatellides rudicostatus Anc. 112763 A. N. S. P. 250 PLATE 48. Tornatellides. 1, 2. Tornatellides cyphostyla Anc. 36260 Bishop Mus. 218 3,4. Tornatellides attenuatus C. & P. 14134 Bishop Mus 219 5-7. Tornatellides pilsbryi Cooke. 36261 Bishop Mus.. 221 8, 9. Tornatellides oahuensis C. & P. 14133 Bishop Mus. 222 10-13. Tornatellides insignis P. & C. 112535 A. N. S. P. 220 14, 15. Tornatellides moomomiensis P. & C. 112534 A. N. S. P 222 PLATE 49. Tornatellides. 1, 2, 5. Tornatellides perkinsi Sykes. 14155 Bishop Mus. 224 3, 4. Tornatellides p. acicula C. & P. 36255 Bishop Mus. 225 6. Tornatellides frit P. & C. 109949 A. N. S. P 226 7, 8. Tornatellides comes P. & C. 112537 A. N. S. P. . . 225 9-11. Tornatellides productus Anc. 36258 Bishop Mus. Kipu 226 12. 13. Tornatellides micromphala P. & C. 112536 A. N. S. P 229 14-16. Tornatellides macromphala Anc. 36256 Bishop Mus. Kaupakalua; and (fig. 16) Nuuanu 227 17, 18. Tornatellides m. ada P. & C. 112538 A. N. S. P. 229 PLATE 50. Tornatellides. 1-3. Tornatellides euryomphala Anc. 36263 Bishop Mus. 232 4-6. Tornatellides irregularis C. & P. 14157 Bishop Mus 234 7, 8. Tornatellides ronaldi C. & P. 36267 Bishop Mus.. 234 9-12. Tornatellides popouelensis P. & C. 108896 A. N. S. P. . . 235 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 285 FIGURE. PAGE. PLATE 51. Tornatellides. 1, 2. Tornatellides pyramidatus Ancey. 36265 Bishop Mus 236 3,4. Tornatellides waianaensis P. & C. 108894 A. N. S. P 237 5, 6. Tornatellides brunneus C. & P. 36266 Bishop Mus. 238 7. Tornatellides waianaensis P. & C. Var. 108894a A. N. S. P 238 8. Tornatellides macroptychia Anc. 36262 Bishop Mus. Kaupakalua 239 9. Tornatellides macroptychia Anc. 18438 Bishop Mus. 239 10, 14. Tornatellides virgula C. & P. 36264 Bishop Mus. 241 11-13. Tornatellides leptospira C. & P. 36268 Bishop Mus. 243 PLATE 52. Tornatellides. 1, 2. Tornatellides terebra C. & P. 36251 Bishop Mus. 244 3, 4. Tornatellides prionoptychia C. & P. 36241 Bishop Mus 246 5. Tornatellides forbesianus C. & P. Embryo, x 60. 36240 Bishop Mus 248 6. 7. Tornatellides serrarius P. & C. 112539 A. N. S. P. 247 8, 9. Tornatellides forbesi C. & P. 36239 Bishop Mus.. 247 10. Tornatellides f. nanus C. & P. 36240 Bishop Mus.. 248 11-13. Tornatellides drepanophora C. & P. 36242 Bishop Mus 249 PLATE 53. 1-3. Tornatellides plagioptyx P. & C. 112533 A. N. S. P. 242 4, 5. Tornatellides bellus C. & P. 14113 Bishop Mus. . . 241 6-8. Tornatellides spaldingi C. & P. 36259 Bishop Mus. 230 9, 10. Tornatellides bryani C. & P. 39042 Bishop Mus.. 210 11. Tornatellina mastersi Braz. 28917 Mus. Comp. Zool. 182 12, 13. Tornatellina jacksonensis Cox. 28920 Mus. Comp. Zool 181, 182 14. Tornatellina trochiformis Pfr. After Kuester 190 15. Tornatellina turrita Ant. After Kuester 188 PLATE 54. Tornatellaria. 1. Tornatellaria lilae C. & P. 14175 Bishop Mus 256 2. Tornatellaria lilse C. & P. 112748 A. N. S. P 256 3. 4. Tornatellaria adelinse P. & C. 112744 A. N. S. P.. 256 5, 6. Tornatellaria occidentalis P. & C. 108892 A. N. S. P. 257 7. Tornatellaria adelinse P. & C., var. 112745 A. N. S. P. . . 257 286 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 8. Tornatellaria stokesi P. & C. 112747 A. N. S. P 259 9, 10. Tornatellaria newcombi Pfr. 14184 Bishop Mus. 258 11, 12. Tornatellaria umbilicata Anc. 21059 Bishop Mus. Maunahooma 260 13, 14. Tornatellaria trochoides Sykes. Lanai. 112761 A. N. S. P 261 15. Tornatellaria trochoides Sykes, juv. 20062 B. P. B. Mus 261 16. Tornatellaria trochoides Sykes. Cotype. 13843 B. P. B. Mus 261 17. Tornatellaria trochoides Sykes. 20076 B. P. B. Mus. 261 PLATE 55. Tornatellaria. 1. Tornatellaria cincta Anc. 18500 Bishop Mus 262 2. Tornatellaria cincta Anc. Mapulehu. 24263 Bishop Mus 262 3. Tornatellaria henshawi Anc. 18655 Bishop Mus. . . . 264 4. Tornatellaria anceyana C. & P. 18424 Bishop Mus.. 263 5. Tornatellaria baldwiniana C. & P. Maunahooina. 34029 Bishop Mus 270 6. Tornatellaria sykesi C. & P. 14194 Bishop Mus 265 7. Tornatellaria s. illibata C. & P. 34028 Bishop Mus.. 266 8. Tornatellaria convexior P. & C. 112752 A. N. S. P.. 267 9. Tornatellaria trochoides Sykes. Copy of original fig. 261 10. Tornatellaria sharpi P. & C. 112762 A. N. S. P. ... 270 11. Tornatellaria smithi C. & P. 14195 Bishop Mus. ... 269 12. Tornatellaria abbreviata Anc. 14193 Bishop Mus. . . 267 13. Tornatellaria abbreviata Anc. 111850 A. N. S. P., from Ancey 267 14. Tornatellaria a. hawaiiensis C. & P. 34026 Bishop Mus. . 269 INDEX TO VOLUMES XXI. XXII AND XXIII. AMASTRHXE, ACHATINELLID^E AND TORNATELLINID^E. abavus (Amastra) Pils xxi, 255 abbreviata (Achatinella) Rve. xxii, 123 abbreviata (Tornatellaria) Anc. xxiil, 267 abbreviata (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 268 Achatina accincta Rve xxi, 9, 15 Achatina accineta Mgh xxi, 25 Achatina adusta Old xxi, 114 Achatina bicolor Jay xxi, 113 Achatina bulimoides Pfr xxi, 94 Achatina chrysallis Pfr xxi, 82 Achatina cochlea Rve xxi, 109 Achatina conifera Rve xxi, 98 Achatina consimilis Rve xxi, 95 Achatina diaphana King xxiii, 272 Achatina fuliginea Pfr xxi, 115 Achatina minuta Anton xxiii, 187 Achatina minutissima Bard, xxiii, 128 Achatina newcombl Pfr xxi, Iu3 Achatina oahuensis Green . . . .xxi, 213 Achatina obeliscus Rve xxi, 103 Achatina sandwicensis Pfr xxi, 9 Achatina sculpta Pfr, xxi, 61 Achatina stewartii Green xxii, 205 Achatina turricula Migh xxi, 1C3 ACHATINELLASTRUM Pfr XXII, ISO ACHATINELLID^E (anatomy of) xxiii, 57 ACHATINELLA Swains xxii, 117 achatinoides (Tornatellina) Pfr. xxiii, 191 acicula (Achatinella) Schl. ..xxii, 366 acicula (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 225 accincta (Achatina) Rve xxi, 9 accincta (Leptachatina) Migh. ..xxi, 25 accineta (Achatinella) Migh xxi, 2~> acuminata (Achatlnella) Gld. ...xxi, 6 acuminata (Leptachatina) G'd...xxi, 5 acuta (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 231 acuta (Achatinella) Swn xxi, 217 ada (Tornatellides) P. & C... xxiii, 229 adamsii (Achatinella) Nc. ...xxii, 363 adamsii (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 43 adelinae (Tornatellaria) P. & C. xxiii, 25G adusta (Achatinella) Rve. xxii, 213, 227 adusta (Carelia) Gld xxi, 114 aemulator (Amastra) Anc xxi, 189 affinis (Achatinella) Newc xxi, 297 affinis (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 297 ; xx ii, 43 affinis (Tornatellina) Grt. ...xxiii, 177 agatha (Achatinella) Rv. xxii, 368, 369 agglutinans (Achatinella) Nc. xxi, 283 agglutinans (Amastra) Nc xxi, 283 aiea (Amastra) Pils xxi, 215 alata (Amastra) Sykes xxi, 121 alatus (Pterodiscus) Pfr xxi, 121 alba (Achatinella) Nutt xxii, 2.9 alba (Achatinella) Sykes xxii, 324 albescens (Achatinella) Gul,..xxii, 258 albida (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 221 albocincta (Amastra) P. & C.. .xxiii, 40 albofasciata (Achatinella) Sin. xxii, 292 albo-labris (Achatinella) Nc. ..xxi, 173 albolabris (Amastra) Nc xxi, 173 albospira (Apex) Sm xxii, 306, 3C9 alexandri (Gulickia) Cooke ..xxiii, 112 alexandri (Laminella) Nc, xxi, 341 ; xxiii, 55 aloha (Achatinella) P. & C xxii, 330 AMASTRA Adams xxi, 133 AMASTRELLA Sykes.. xxi, 136, 151, 191 AMASTRID^B Pils. (anatomy of) xx ii, 61 AMASTRIN^J xxi, xx ; xx.ii, 65 ambusta (Auriculella) Pse. ...xxiii, 86 amicta (Amastra) Smith xxi, 320 amoena (Achatinella) Pfr xxiii, 81 amoena (Auriculella) Pfr xxii, 81 ampla (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 1C8 ampulla (Achatinella) Gul xx.i, 57 anacardiensis (Achatinella) Paet. xxii, 369 analoga (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 213, 228 anceyana (Achatinella) Bald. ..xxii, 75 anceyana (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 39 ; xxiii, 13 anceyana (Partulina) Bald. ...xxii, 75 (287) 288 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. anceyana (Tornatellaria) C. & P. xxiii, 263 anceyanum (Elasmias) C. & P. xxiii, 118 angulata (Carelia) Pse xxi, 116 ANGULIDENS P. & C xxiii, 8 angusta (Achatinella) Paetel . xxiii, 191 anisoplax (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 217 anthonii (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 155 anthonii (Amastra) Nc xxi, 155 anthonyi (Amastra) Pse xxi, 155 antiqua (Amastra) Bald xxi, 160 antiqua (Leptachatina) Pse xxi, 7 antoni (Tornatellina) Pfr. ..xxiii, 190 aperta (Tornatellina) Anc. ..xxiii, 117 aperta (Tornatellina) Pse xxiii, 120 apertum (Elasmias) Pse xxiii, 120 apexfulva (Achatinella) Dix.. .xxii, 317 Apex Martens xxii, 118, 274 apicata (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 32i aplustre (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 205, 212 aptycha (Achatinella) Lyons, .xxii, 32,5 aptycha (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 54, 145, 363 approximans (Leptachatina) Anc. xxi, 52 arborea (Leptachatina) Sykes..xxi, 38 archimedis (Tornatellina) Bk. xxiii, 189 arenarum (Amastra) P. & C. . .xxiii, 23 armatus (Bulimus) Migh xxi i, 78 ARMIELLA Hyatt xxi, 14,5 ARMSIA Pils xxi, 132 artata (Leptachatina) Cooke. . .xxi, 8:) artata (Pauahia) Cooke xxi, 80 assimilis (Achatinella) Newc. .xxi, 306 assimilis (Amastra) Newc xxi, 305 atroflava (Amastra) Pils xxi, 272 attenuata (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 63 attenuata (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 69 attenuatus (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 219 augusta (Achatinella) Sm. xxiii, 191, 203 aurantium (Laminella) P. & C. xxiii, 54 auricula (Achatinella) Pfr xxiii, 78 auricula (Auriculella) Fe"r xx'ii, 78 auricula (Partula) Fe"r xxiii, 78 Auricula sinistrorsa Cham xxiii, 78 AURICULELLA Pfr xxi'i, 71 aurora (Amastra) P. & C xxiii, 18 aurostoma (Amastra) Bald. xxi, 240 ; xxiii, 34 avus (Leptachatina) P. & C.. xxiii, 5 azona (Carelia) Anc xxi, 104 B bacca (Achatinella) Rve xxii, 123 bacillaris (Tornatellina) Mouss. xxiii, 163 badia (Amastra) Bald xxi, 185 bsetica (Achatinella) Migh. ...xxi, 216 baileyana (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 51, 52 BALDWINIA Anc xxii, 90, 364 baldwiniana (Amastra) Pils. xxi, 292 ; xxiii, 4,2 baldwiniana (Tornatellaria) C. & P. xxiii, 270 baldwinii (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 237 baldwini (Leptacnatina) Cooke, xxi, 12 baldwini (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 142 balteata (Amastra) Pils xxi, 240 balteata (Leptachatina) Pse xxi, 70 balteata (Partulina) Pils xxii, 17 beata (Achatinella) P. & C xxii, 329 bella (Achatinella) Rve xxii, 79 bella (Partulina) Rve xxii, 79 bellula (Achatinella) Sm xxii, 230 bellus (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 241 bensonia (Achatinella) Paetel, xxii, 368 bettsiana (Achatinella) Bald. MS. = dole! bicolor (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 348 bicolor (Carelia) Jay xxi, 113 bigener (Amastra) Hy xxi, 300 bilamellata Ant xxiii, 139 bilineata (Achatinella) Rve. xxii, 208, 210 biplicata (Achatinella) Newc.. xxi, 244 biplicata (Amastra) Newc xxi, 243 biplicata (Tornatellina) Pils. xxiii, 152 blandiana (Tornatellina) Pfr. xvii, 289 bo>eningi (Tornatellides) S. & B. xxiii, 196 boeningi (Tornatellina) S. & B. xxiii, 196 boetica (Achatinella) Migh.. . .xxiii, 32 borcherdingi (Amastra) H. & P. xxi, 266 breviana (Achatinella) Bald... xxi, 171 breviata (Amastra) Bald xxi, 171 brevicula (Leptachatina) Pse... xxi, 24 brevis (Achatinella) Pfr. xxi, 154 brevis (Leptachatina) Cooke. . .xxi, 52 brunnea (Auriculella) Sm. ...xxiii, 105 brunneus (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 238 bryani (Amastra) P. & C xxiii, 26 bryani (Tornatellides) C. & I*. xxiii, 210 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. 289 buddii (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 187 BULIMELLA Pfr XX J, 118 bulimoides (Achatinella) Swains. xxii, Io4 bulimoides (Fernandezla) Pfr...xxi, 94 Bulimulus cymatoferus Reib. xxiii, 2 2 Bulimus albicans Pfr xxii, 367 Bulimus antoni Pfr xxiii, 199 Bulimus armatus Migh xxiii, 78 Bulimus clausinus Migh xxii, 366 Bulimus insignis Migh xxii, 26 Bulimus jacksonensls Cox. .. .xxiii, 182 Bulimus kanaiensis Pfr xx i, 367 Bulimus lactifluus Pfr xxii, 367 Bulimus liratus Pfr xxii, 3 Bulimus newcombianus Pfr. . . .xxii, 13 Bulimus pumicatus Migh. ...xxiii, 271 Bulimus scutilis Migh xxi, 11 Bulimus splendid-a Ant xxi, 98 byronii (Achatinella) Wood. .. xxii, 133 cacuminis (Auriculella) P. & C. xxiii, 77 csesia (Achatinella) Gul xx.i, 263 oallosa (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 78 callosa (Leptachatina) Pfr xxi, 78 camarinica (Tornatellina) M.ldff. xxiii, 186 canaliculata (Achatinella) Bald, xxii, 6 canaliculata (Newcombia) Bald, xxii, 6 canalifera (Auriculella) Anc. xxiii, 106 Candida (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 161, 162 Candida (Partulina) P. & C...xxii, 365 capax (Achatinella) P. & C...xxii, 137 captiosa (Leptachatina) Cooke. .xxi, 29 caputadamantis(Amas-tra)Pils. xxi, 184 CARELIA H. & A. Ad 100 carinata (Amastra) Gul xxi, 283 carinella (Newcombia) Bald xxii, 7 carinella (Partulina) Bald xxii, 358 Carinella Pfr xxi, 142 carnicolor (Partulina) Bald. xxii, 58, 364 casta (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 235 castanea (Achatinella) Rve...xxii, 212 castanea (Amastra) Pils xxi, 191 castanea (Auriculella) Pfr. xxiii, 67, 94 castanea (Tornatellina) Pfr.. .xxiii, 94 cerea (Achatinella) Pfr xxiii, 104 cerea (Auriculella) Pfr... xxiii, 67, 103 cerealis (Achatinella) Gld xxi, 13 cerealis (Leptachatina) Gld. ...xxi, 13 cernica (Tornatellina) Bs xxiii, 128 cernicum (Elasmias) Bens., .xxiii, 127 cervina (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 264, 267 cestus (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 286 ceylanica (Tornatellina) Nev. xxiii, 134 cincta (Tornatellaria) Anc... xxiii, 262 cincta (Tornatellina) Anc xxiii, 262 Cinderella (Amastra) Hy xxi, 3UO cinerea (Achatinella) Sykes.. .xxii, 291 cinerosa (Achatinella) Pfr. ..xxii, 336 cingula (Achatinella) Migh xxi, 53 cingula (Leptachatina) Migh. ..xxi, 52 cingulata (Achatinella) Fricke xxii, 369 cinnamomea (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 11 cinnamomea (Newcombia) Pfr. xxii, 10, 356 cinnamomea (Achatinella) Fricke xxii, 369 circulata (Achatinella) Fricke, xxii, 369 citrea (Amastra) Sykes xxi, 271 citrea (Tornatellina) Sm xxiii, 127 citreum (Elasmias) Sm xxiii, 126 citrina (Laminella) Pfr xxiii, 56 cLara (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 74 clausa (Tornatellina) Bk. xxiii, 139, 140 clausiana (Leptachatina) II a rim. xxii, 366 clausinus (Bulimus) Migh xxii, 366 Clementina (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 123, 125 cochlea (Carelia) Rve xxi, 108 cognata (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 264, 267 colorata (Achatinella) Rve xxii, 224 columellaris (Tornatellina) Mouss. xxiii, 148 compacta (Labiella) Pse xxi, 44 compacta (Leptachatina) Pse... xxi, 44 compacta (Tornatellina) Sykes. xxiii, 204 compactus (Tornatellides) Sykes. xxiii, 204 compressa (Achatinella) Pfr... xxii, 369 compta (Partulina) Ps« xxii, 36 concavospira (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 351 concidens (Achatinella) Gul.. .xxii, 264 concolor (Achatinella) Sm. xxii, 236, 239 concolor (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 31 ; xxiii, 8 concomitans (Partulina) Hy...xxii, 37 confusa (Achatinella) Sykes. .xxii, 15 confusa (Partulina) Sykes. xxii, 96, 105 confusa (Tornatellina) Sykes. xxiii, 209 confusus (Tornatellides) Sykes. xxiii, 209 conica (Amastra) Bald xxi. 313 290 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. conica (Tornatellina) Ant xxiii, 189 oonica (Tornatellina) MSB. .. .xxiii, 174 conicoides (Leptachatina) Sykes. xxi, 32 conicospira (Amastra) Sin. ...xxi, 223 conicus (Strobilus) Ant xxiii, 190 conifera (Amastra) Smith . . . .xxi, 303 conifera (Fernandezia) Rve xxi, 93 coniformis (Apex) Gul...xxii, 306, 312 consanguinea (Achatinella) Sm. xxii, 224 consimilis (Fernandezia) Rve. ..xxi, 94 conspersa (Achatinella) Pfr. ..xxi, 180 conspersa (Amastra) Pfr xxi, 180 conspicienda (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 56 contracta (Achatinella) Gail... xxii, 258 convexior (Tornatellaria) P. & C. xxiii, 267 convexiuscula (Leptachatina) Sykes. xxi, 19 cornea (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 188 cornea (Amastra) Pfr xxi, 187 corneola (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 58 corneola (Leptachatina) Pfr. xxi, 58 ; xxiii, 7 corusca (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 62 coruscans (Lepfcachatina) Hartm. xxi, 41 coetata (Newcombia) Borch xxii, 4 costellosa (Tornatellina) Guppy xviii, 301 oostulata (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 63 coetulata (Leptachatina) Gul. ..xxi, 63 costulosa (Leptachatina) Pse...xxi, 71 crassa (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 40 crassa (Partulina) Nc xxii, 40, 362 j crassidentata (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 191, 199 crassilabrum (Achatinella) Nc. xxi, 189 crassilabrum (Amastra) Nc xxi, 189 crassula (Auriculella) Sm. ...xxiii, If 9 crocea (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 60 crocea (Partulina) Gul xxii, 65 crystallina (Achatinella) Gul... xxi, 26 crystallina (Leptachatina) Gul. xxi, 26 cubensis (Tornatellina) Pfr... xxiii, 134 eucumis (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 213, 227 cumingiana (Oarelia) Pfr xxi, 112 cumingiana (Elasmatina) Pet. xxiii, 190 cumingiana (Tornatellina) Pfr. xviii, 328 cumingi (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 10 cumlngi (Newcombia) Nc xxii, 10 cuneata (Leptachatina) Cooke. . .xxi, 6 cuneus (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 236, 240 curta (Achatinella) Nc.. xxii, 252 CYCLAMASTRA P. & V. xxi, 136, 147, 158 cyclostoma (Amastra) Bald. ...xxi, 147 cylindrata (Leptachatina) Pse. .xxi, 18 cylindrella (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 51 cylindrica (Achatinella) Nc. ..xxi, 228 cylindrica (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 227 ; xxiii, 3o cylindrica (Tornatellina) Sykes. xxiii, 153 cymatoferus (Bulimulus) Reib. xxiii, 202 cypho«tyJa (Tornatellides) Anc. xxiii, 218 cyphostyla (Tornatellina) Arac. xxiii, 219 D davisiana (Amastra) Cooke . . .xxi, 176 debilis (Amastra) P. & C xx.ii, 20 decepta (Achatinella) Ad xxi, ^9 decipiens (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 145 decora (Achatinella) Auct. xxii, 289, 292 decora (Achatinella) Fe"r xxii, 331 decorata (Newcombia) Pils. ...xxii, 12 decor ticata (Amastra) Gul. xxi, 200 ; xxiii, 31 defuncta (Leptachatina) Cooke, xxi, 39 delta (Achatinella) Gul.. .xxii, 252, 256 densilineata (Achatinella) Rve. xxii, 49 den-tata (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 77 dentata (Tornatellina) Pse. ..xxiii, 162 depicta (Laminella) Bald xxiii, 56 depressiformis Pse xxi, 131 deshaysii (Achatinella) Morel, xxi, 306 dextroversa (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 179 diaphana (Auriculella) Sm. ...xxiii, 76 diaphana (Fernandezia) King, xxiii, 272 dlgonophora (Patula) Anc xxi, 130 digonophora (Planamastra) Anc. xxi, 130 diluta (Achatinella) Sm xxii, 228 dimidiata (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 47 dimidiata (Leptachatina) Pfr... xxi, 47 dimissa (Amastra) Pils xxi, 276 dimoni (Achatinella) Ad xxiii, 53 dimoni (Laminella) Ad xxiii, 52 dimorpha (Achatinella) Gul... xxii, 258 diptyx (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 217 discus (Amastra) P. & V xxi, 123 discus (Pterodiscus) P. & V. xxi, 123 ; xxiii, 17 dispersa (Amastra) H. & P.. . .xxi, 180 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. 291 dissimillcepe (Amastra) Pils. . .xxi, 275 dissimilis (Leptachatina) Cooke, xxi, 42 diversa (Achatinella) Gul, xxil, 191, 201 dixoni (Achatineliastmm) Bcwch. xxii, 82 dolei (Achatinella) Bald xxil, 6;) dole! (Carelia) Anc xxi, 1(9 dolei (Partulina) Bald xxii, 60, 364 dolium (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 316 dormitor (Leptachatina) P. & C. xxiii, 6 drepanophora (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 249 dubia (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 114 dubia (Partulina) Nc xxi, 113 dubiosa (Achatinella) Ad xxii, 55 dulcis (Leptachatina) Cooke . . .xxi, 85 dumartroyii (Partula) Soul. ..xxiii, 78 dunkeri (Achatinella) Cum. xxii, 208, 210 duoplioata (Laminella) Bald. . .xxiii, 55 duplicilamellata (Tornatellina) Prest. xxiii, 273 duplocincta (Achatinella) P. & C. xxil, 323 durandi (Amastra) Anc 245 dwightii (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 36 dwightii (Partulina) Nc...xxii, 35, 360 eburnea (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 57 EBURNELLA Pse xxii, 67 ELASMATINA Petit xxiii, 135, 188 ELASMIAS Pils xxiii, 113 elegans (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 166 elegantula (Amastra) Pils. ...xxi, 277 elevata (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 16 ellipsoidea (Achatinella) Gld...xxl, 167 elliptica (Amastra) Gul. xxi, 204 ; xxiii, 32 elongata (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 230 elongata (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 230 ; xxiii, 47 eloagata (Amastra) Borch. ...xxi, 290 emerita (Leptachatina) Sykes. xxi, 31 ; xxiii, 8 emersoni (Achatinella) Nc. ...xxii, 247 emmersoni (Achatinella) Nc. .xxil, 247 Endodonta wesleyi Sykes 124 eos (Amastra) P. & C xxiii, 28 erecta (Amastra) Pse. xxi, 305 ; xxiii, 32 ernestina (Achatinella) Bald. xxil, 213, 229 errans (Amastra) Pils xxi, 182 errans (Partulina) Pils xxil, 111 eucbaris (Tornatellina) Braz. xxiii, 123 euryomphala (Tornatellides) Anc. xxiii, 232 euryomphala (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 233 ewaensis (Pterodiscus) Pils. ..xxi, 125 exilis (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 20 exilis (Leptachatina) Gul xxi, 19 exoptabilis (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 21 expansa (Auriculella) Pse. ..xxiii, 109 expansa (Fernandezia) Pils xxi, 05 extensa (Leptachatina) Pse xxi, 71 extincta (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 159 extincta (Amastra) Pfr. xxi, 159 ; xxiii, 30 extincta (Carelia) Nc xxi, 117 extincta (Leptachatina) Bald, xxi, 281 extincta (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 159, 160 faba (Achatinella) Pfr xxil, 367 farcimen (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 293 farcimen (Amastra) Pfr. xxi, 291 ; xxiii, 46 fasciata (Achatinella) Gul. ...xxii, 56 FERNANDEZIA Pils xxi, 93 ; xxiii, 272 ferniginea (Achatinella) Bald, xxi, 158 ferussacl (Tornatellina) Pfr..xviii, 288 fissidens (Strobilus) Mhl xxiii, 190 flavescens (Achatinella) Newc. xxi, 316 flavescens (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 315 ; xxiii, 50 flavida (Auriculella) Cooke . .xxiii, 103 flavidus (Apex) Gul xxii, 306, 311 flemingi (Partulina) Bald xxii, 71 folliculus (Achatinella) Schl.. .xxii, 366 forbesiana (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 286, 289 forbesi (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 247 forbsiana (Bulimella) Hartm, xxii, 286 formosa (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 264, 266 fossilis (Amastra) Bald xxi, 315 fossilis (Leptachatina) Cooke. .xxi, 61 fragilis (Amastra) P. & C xxiii, 24 fragilis (Leptachatina) Sykes... xxi, 27 fraseri (ToTnatellina) Bs xix, 249 fraterna (Amastra) Sykes xxi, 233 fraterna (Leptachatina) Cooke, xxi, 91 Frickella Pfr xxiii, 71 fricki (Achatinella) Pfr.. xxii, 162, 165 frit (Tornatellides) P. & C... xxiii, 226 frosti (Amastra) Anc. xxi, 211 ; xxiii, 32 292 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. fucosa (Achatinella) Prick. . .xxii, 114 fulgens (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 190 fulgida (Leptachatina) Cooke..xxi, 12 fulgurans (Partulina) Sykes ..xxii, 21 fulgurans (Perdicella) Sykes. ..xxJ, 21 fuliginea (Carelia) Pfr xxi, 115 fuliginosa (Achatinella) Old... xxi, 206 fulva (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 84, 85 fulvicans (Partulina) Bald xxii, 73 fumida (Achatinella) Gul, xxi, 41 fumida (Leptachatina) Gul xxi, 4>0 fumosa (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 53 funcki (Tornatellina) Pfr xviii, 238 fusca (Tornatellina) Anc. . . .xxiii, 115 fusca (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 90 fusca (Leptachatina) Nc xxi, 89 fuscobasis (Achatinella) Sm...xxJ, 170 fuscobasis (Bulimella) Sm. . .xxii, 170 fuscula (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 83 fuscula (Leptachatina) Gul xxi, 8i fuscum (Elasmias) Anc .xxiii, 115 gayi (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 72 gayi (Tornatellina) C. & P... xxiii, 172 germana (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 76 germana (Partulina) Nc xxii, 76 gemma (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 4 gemma (Newcombia) Pfr xxii, 3 georgii (Amastra) P. & C xxiii, 39 gigantea (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 239 gigas (Tornatellina) Martens, xviii, 327 glabia (Bulimella) Hartm xxii, 161 glabra (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 164 glauca (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 249, 250 globosa (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 292 globosa (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 289, 291 globosa (Elasmatina) Petit ..xxiii, 131 globosa (Tornatellina) Pfr. ..xxiii, 131 globosum (Lamellovum) Pet. xxiii, 131 glutinosa (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 46 glutinosa (Leptachatina) Pfr. ..xxi, 46 glutinosa (Carelia) Anc xxi, 118 goniops (Amastra) P. & C xxiii, 41 goniostoma (Achatinella) Pfr. xxi, 297 gouldi (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 49 gouldi (Tornatellina) Pfr. ...xxiii, 141 gouldii (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 52, 363 gouldii (Partulina) Nc xxii, 62 gracilis (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 16 gracilis (Leptachatina) Pfr xxi, 16 gracilis (Tornatellina) Pse... xxiii, 159 grana (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 34 grana (Leptachatina) Nc xxi, 34 granifera (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 25 grassa (Achatinella) Pfr., Hartm. xxi, 224 gravid a (Laminella) Fe"r. xxi, 327 ; xxiii, 52, 53 gravis (Achatinella) Fer xxii, 369 grayana (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 241 grayana (Amastra) Pfr xxi, 241 grenvillei (Tornatellina) Braz. xxiii, 184 grisea (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 112 grisea (Partulina) Nc xxii, 111 griseizona (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 353 grossa (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 226 gulickiana (Amastra) Pils. ...xxi, 168 gulickiana (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 273 gulickii (Apex) Sm xxii, 325, 327 gummea (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 27 gummea (Leptachatina) Gul. ...xxi, 26 guttula (Achatinella) Gul xx , 36 guttula (Leptachatina) Gul xxi, 33 guttula (Leptachatina) Sykes ..xxi, 27 gyrans (Amastra) Hy xxi, 314 H halawaensis (Achatinella) Borch. xxii, 26, 27 hanleyana (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 278, 281 hartmani (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 160 ; xxiii, 20 hartmani (Leptachatina) Nc...xxi, 160 hataiana (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 171 havaiana (Achatinella) Rv. ..xxii, 368 hawaiana (Achatine la) Gal. ..xxii, 369 hawaiiensis (Achatinella) Bald. xxii, 110 hawaiiensis (Amastra) Pils.. . .xxi, 319 hawaiiensis (Tornatellaria) C. & P. xxiii, 269 hayseldeni (Partulina) Bald. ..xxii, 88 helena (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 16 helena (Partulina) Nc. ...xxii, 16, 356 Helicamastra P. & V xxi, 118 heliciformis (Amastra) Thwing xxi, 282 heliciformis (Amastra) Anc. ..xxi, 128 heliciformis (Pterodiscus) Anc. xxi, 127 ; xxiii, 17 Helicterella Gulick xxii, 274 HELICTERES Fer., Beck xxii, 117 Helicter Pse xx i, 117 Helix alata Pfr xxi, 121 Helix apex fulva Dixon xx i, 318 Helix bryonil Wood xx;i, 134 Helix depressiformis Pse xxi, 131 Helix lugubris Gmel xxii, 318 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. 293 Helix luteola Fe"r xxi, 321 Helix prostrata Pse xxi, 132 Helix spirizona Fe"r xxi, 216 Helix textilis Fe"r xxi, 164 Helix tristis F£r xxi, 206 Helix turritella Fe*r xxi, 213 Helix ventulus Fe"r xxi, 54 henshawi (Amastra) Bald. xxi, 318 ; xxiii, 51 henshawi ( Leptacnatina ) Sykes. xxi, 86 henshawi (Tornatellaria) Anc. xxiii, 264 henshawi (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 265 hepaticum (Achatinellastrum) Borch. xxii, 83 herbacea (Achatinella) Gul...xxii, 251 hesperia (Leptachatina) P. & C. xxiii, 5 HETERAMASTRA Pils. xxi, 137, 141, 283 hidalgoi (Tornatellina) Cr xxiii, 140 hierosolymarum (Tornatellina) Roth xx, 285 honomunieneis (Newcombia) Pils. xxii, 12 horneri (Achatinella) Bald.. . .xxii, 108 horneri (Partulina) Bald. xxii, 92, 107, 365 hiimilis (Achatinella) Newc. ..xxi, 256 humilis (Amastra) Newc. xxi, 255 ; xxiii, 38 hutchinsonii (Amastra) Pse... xxi, 289 hutchinsonii (Helicter) Pse xxi, 289 hyalina (Tornatellina) Tate..xv!ii, 3 9 hyattiana (Carelia) Pils xxi, 108 hybrida (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 208, 212 hyperleuca (Carelia) Pils xxi, 114 hyperodon (Leptachatina) P. & C. xxiii, 12 I idse (Partulina) Borch xxii, 30, 31 idae (Tornatellides) C. & P... xxiii, 216 ignominiosus (Achatinella) Pse. xxii, 369 ILIKALA Cooke xxi, 4, 89 illibata (Tornatellaria) C, & P. xxiii, 266 illimis (Leptachatina) Cooke... xxi, 10 imitatrix (Leptachatina) Sykes, xxi, 68 impressa (Achatinella) Pse. ,.xx:'i, 369 impressa (Tornatellina) Mss. xxiii, 173 impressa (Leptachatina) Sykes, xxi, 66 inconspicua (Tornatellina) Braz. xxi i, 201 inconspicuus (Tornatellides) Braz. xxiii, 2^0 induta (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 48 induta (Partulina) Gul xxii, 48 inelegans (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 168 inexpectata (Tornatellina) Pils. xxiii, 196 inexpeotatus (Tornatellides) Pils. xxiii, 196 infelix (Amastra) Pils xxi, 193 inflata (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 202 inflata (Amastra) Pfr xxi, 201 inornata (Achatinella) Migh...xxi, 214 inornata (Fernandezia) Pils. ...xxi, 97 inornatus (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 214 insignia (Bulimus) Migh xxii, 26 insignls( Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 220 inter jecta (Amastra) H. & P.. .xxi, 287 intermedia (Achatinella) Nc... xxi, 222 intermedia (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 222 ; xxiii, 3S interstriata (Tornatellina) Tate xviii, 311 intuscostata (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 175 iredalel (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 180 irregularis (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiiJ, 234 irwiniana (Amastra) Cooke... xxi, 172 irwini (Achatinella) P. & C...xxii, 302 | isthmica (Leptachatina) Anc... xxi, 44 jacksonensis (Achatinella) Cox xxiii, 182 jacksonensis (Tornatellina) Cox xxiii, 181 johnsoni (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 205, 211 johnsoni (Amastra) H. & P...xxi, 304 jucunda (Auriculella) Sm xxiii, 108 juddii (Achatinella) Bald, .. .xxii, 244 juncea (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 241 K kaaeana (Partulina) Bald xxii, 41 kahakuloensis (Amastra) P. & C. xxiii, 43 kahana (Amastra) Pils xxi, 192 kahoolavensis (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 2il kahukuensis (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 338 kahukuensis (Tornatellide*) P. & C. xxiii, 208 kailuanus (Tornatellides) P. & C. xx'ii, 207 kaipapauensis (Amastra) Pils. xxi, 168 294 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXH, XXHI. kaipaupauensie (Amastra) Pils. — kai- papauensis. kalamaulensis (Amastra) P. & C. xxiii, 37 kalihiensis (Laminella) P. & C. xxiii, 54 kaliuwaaensis (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 150 kaluaahacola (Partulina) P. & C. xxii, 359 kamaloensis (Laminella) P. & C. xxiii, 56 kamaloensis (Partulina) P. & C. xxii, 362 kamaloensis (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 207 kamaloensis (Tomatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 156 kanaiensis (Bulimus) Pfr xxii, 367 kauaiensis (Bulimus) Pfr xxii, 367 kauaiensis (Achatinella) NC...XXI, 1^3 kauaiensis (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 143 ; xxiii, 18 kaupakaluana (Amastra) Pils. xxi, 301 kaupakaluana (Partulina) Pils. xxii, 60, 363 kawaihapaiensis (Amastra) P. & C. xxiii, 22 kermadeceneis (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 200 fcermadecensis (Tomatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 149 kilauea (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 208 kilohanana (Tomatellina) P. & C. xxi:i, 154 kitaiwojimana (Tomatellina) P. & H. xxiii, 130 kitaiwojimanum (Elasmias) P. & H. xxiii, 130 knudseni (Amastra) Bald xxi, 146 knudseni (Leptachatina) Cooke.. xxi, 8 kochiana (Tomatellina) Mlldff. xxiii, 185 kohalensig (Amastra) Pils. ...xxi, 314 konaensis (Leptachatina) Sykes xxi, 45 konaensis (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 212 konana (Partulina) P. & C. ..xxii, 3C5 kuesteri (Auriculella) Pfr xxiii, 101 kuesteri (Tomatellina) Pfr... xxiii, 101 kuhnsi (Laminella) Cooke. .. .xxiii, 56 kuhnsi (Leptachatina) Cooke. . .xxi, 48 kuhnsi (Partulina) Pils xxii, 22 labiata (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 77 labiata (Leptachatina) Nc. xxi, 77 ; xxiii, 13 LABIELLA Pfr xxi, 3, 76 lacrima (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 46 lactea (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 84, 86, 364 Iseva (Amastra) Bald xxi, 288 Isevigata (Leptachatina) Cooke, xxi, 11 laevis (Lamellina) Pse... xxiii, 164, 165 laevis (Leptachatina) Pse xxi, 7 lagena (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 79 lagena (Leptachatina) Gul xxi, 78 lahainana (Amastra) P. & C.. .xxiii, 43 laiensis (Achatinella) P. & C. xx i, 178 lamellata (Tomatellina) Pfr. xviii, 288 LAMELLIDEA Pils. . .xxiii, 150, 169, 273 Lamellina Pse xxiii, 135, 150, 273 LAMELLOVUM Pils xxiii, 131 lanaien'sis( Auriculella) Cooke xxiii, 107 lanaiensis (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 67 lanceolata (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 65 ; xxiii, 2 lanceolata (Tomatellina) C. & P. xxiii, 158 lata (Achatinella) Ad xxiii, 53 laticeps (Amastra) Pils xxi, 287 latizona (Achatinellastrum) Borch. xxii, 82 lehuiensis (Achatinella) Sm...xxii, 271 leiahiensis ( Leptachatina ) Cooke xxi, 22 lemmoni (Partulina) Bald xxii, 61 lenta (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 79 lepida (Leptachatina) Cooke... xxi, 40 LEPTACHATINA Gld. xxi, 1, 355; xxiii, 1, 271 LEPTACHATiNiNvE Ckll xxiii, 1, 65 leptospira (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxi i, 243 leucochila (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 73 leucO'Chila (Leptachatina) Gul. .xxi, 73 leucoderma (Laminella) P. & C. xxiii, 55 leucophaea (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 326 leucophffius (Apex) Gul xxii, 336 leucorraphe (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 301 ! leucorraphe* (Apex) Gul xxii, 3 )2 i leucozonalis (Helicteres) Bk. xxii, 366 leucozonus (Apex) Gul xxii, 337 ligata (Achatinella) Sm. xxii, 236, 238 : lignaria (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 62, 63 | lila (Achatinella) P:ls xxii, 139 I lilaceum (Achatinellastrum) Hartm. xxii, 191 lilacens (Apex) Gul xxii, 325, 327 lilse (Tomatellaria) C. & P.. .xxi'i, 256 liliacea (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 191, 199 limbata (Achatinella) Gul. ...xxii, 134 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. 295 lineolata (Achatinella) Newc. xxi, 320 lineolata (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 320; xxiii, 44 liratus (Bulimus) Pfr xxii, 3 littoralis (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 266 litus (Pterodiscus) Pils xxi, 122 livida (Achatinella) Sw xxii, 246 longa (Amastra) Sykes xxi, 247 longa (Fernandezia) Pils xxi, 99 longa (Tornatellina) Pils. ...xxiii, 152 longior (Partulina) Pils xxii, 63 longispira (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 213, 228 Jongiuscula (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 57 lorata (Achatinella) Fer xxii, 278 lorata (Achatinella) Rve xxii, 141 luakahaense (Elasmias) C. & P. xxiii, 117 lubrica (Achatinella) Schl xxii, 363 lubricoides (Achatinella) Schl. xx i, 366 lucharis (Tornatellina) xxiii, 1:4 lucida (Leptachatina) Pse xx', 62 luctuosa (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 1T9 luctuosa (Amastra) Pfr xxi, 193 luguhris (Achatinella) Anct...xxii, 318 lugubris (Turbo) Chemn xxii, 318 lurida (Achatinella) Pfr xxiii, 94 lurida (Auriculella) Pfr xxiii, 94 lutea (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 367 luteola (Amastra) Fer xxi, 321 luteostoma(Achadne:ia) Bald, xxii, 170 lymaniana (Achatinella) Bald, xx i, 350 lyonsiana (Achatinella) Bald, xxii, 172 M macerata (Amastra) H. & P. ..xxi. 260 macrodon (Partulina) Borch. . .xxii, 35 macromphala (Tornatellides) Anc. xxiii, 227 macromphala (Tornatellina) Anc. xiii, 228 macroptychla (Tornatellides) Anc. xxiii, 239 macroptychia (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 239 macrostoma (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 126 magna (Achatinella) Ad xxi, 237 magna (Amastra) Ad xxi, 237 magnifica (Achatinella) Paetel. xxii, 368 mahogani (Achatinella) Gul. xx i, 141, 143 makahaeneis (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 345 makawaoensifl (Amastra) Pils. xxi, 294 malleata (Amastra) Smith ____ xxi, 302 malleata (Auriculella) Anc. .. .xxiii, 88 manana (Leptachatina) P. & C. xxiii, 7 manilense (Elasmias) Dhn... xxiii, 125 manilensis (Tornatellina) Dhn. xxiii, 125, 271 margaretse (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 240 margarita (Achatinella) Pfr ____ xxi, 25 marginata (Achatinella) Gul. ..xxi, 59 marginata (Leptachatina) Gul. xxi, 58 mariei (Elasmias) Cr ....... xxiii, 124 mariei (Tornatellina) Cr ..... xxiii, 125 marmorata (Achatinella) Gld. . .xxii, 43 marmorata (Partulina) Gld. .. .xxii, 42 martensi (Achatinellastrum) Borch. xxii, 78 masters! (Achatinella) Newc. ..xxi, 296 masters! (Amastra) Borch. ...xxi, 267 masters! (Amastra) Newc ..... xxi, 295 masters! (Tornatellina) Braz. xxiii, 182 mauiensis (Achatinella) Pfr... xxii, 20 mauiensis (Partulina) Pfr ..... xxii, 20 maura (Amas»tra) Anc ........ xxi, 270 mauritiana (Tornatellina) Pfr. xxiii, 128 mcgregori (Loptachatina) P. & C. xxiii, 8 mcgregori (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 144 media (Amastra) H. & P ...... xxi, 167 melampoides (Achatinella) Pfr. xxi, 54 melanosis (Achatinella) Newc. xxi, 312 melanosis (Amastra) Newc. xxi, 312 ; xxiii, 49 melanostoma (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 141, 142 MBTAMASTRA P. & H. xxi, 137, 139, 162 metamorpha (Amastra) P. & C. xxiii, 19 meyeri (Partulina) Borch ..... xxii, 29 micans (Achatinella) Pfr ..... xxi, 210 micans (Amastra) Pfr. xxi, 210 ; xxiii, 32 micans (Tornatellina) Grt... xxiii, 147 micra (Leptachatina) Cooke... xxi, 24 j inicrodon (Leptachatina) P. & C. xxiii, 10 micromphala (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxi.i, 229 microstoma (Achatinella) Gld. xxi, 167 j microstoma (Tornatellina) Q. M. xxiii, 167 mighelsiana (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 78 mighelsiana (Partulina) Pfr... xxii, 77 minor (Carelia) Borch ........ xxi, 116 minuscula (Achatinella) Pfr... xxii, 18 296 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. minuscula (Achatinella) Thwing xxii, 23 minuta (Auriculella) C. & P.. .xx.ii, 90 minuta (Tornatellina) Ant...xxiii, 187 minutissima (Achatinella) Barcl. xxiii, 128 mistura (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 156 modesta (Achatinella) Ads xxi, 275 modesta (Amastra) Ads xxi, 275 modesta (Amastra) Borcn xxi, 272 moellendorffiana (Tornatellina) Pils. xxiii, 168 moesta (Achatinella) Newc....xxi, 216 moesta (Amastra) Newc xxi, 246 molokaiensis (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 22 moluccana (Tornatellina) Bttg. xxiii, 186 monacha (Achatinella) Pfr. ..xxii, 342 monarcha (Achatinella) Thwing xxii, 342 monodonta (Tornatellina) P. & H. xxlii, 169 montana (Amastra) Bald xxi, 308 montana (Auriculella) Cooke. .xxiii, 82 montagui (Amastra) Pils xxiii, 29 montagui (Partulina) Pils xxii, 66 moohuensis (Tornatellina) Pr^st. xxiii, 272 moomomiensis (Amastra) P. & C. xxiii, 38 moomomiensis (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 222 morticina (Amastra) Pils. xxi, 280; xxiii, 25 morbida (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 114, 117 morbida (Leptachatina) Cooke. .xxi, 87 mucida (Achatinella) Bald. ...xxii, 35 mucida (Partulina) Bald, xxii, 34, 361 mucronata (Achatinella) Newc. xxi, 268 mucronata (Amastra) Borch. . . xxi, 267 mucronata (Amastra) Newc. xxi, 268 ; xxiii, 34 multicolor (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 141, 143, 176 multillneata (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 342 multistrigata (Partulina) Pils. xxii, 34, 360 multizonata (Achatinella) Bald. xxii, 230, 231 mustelina (Achatinella) Migh. xxii, 342 mutabilis (Partulina) Bald xxii, 68 myrrhea (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 52 N nakadai (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 170 nana (Amastra) Bald xxi, 301 nanus (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 248 napus (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 349 nattii (Achatinella) B. & H xxii, 74 natii (Partulina) B. & H xxii, 73 natunensis( Tornatellina) Sm. xx ii, 126 nealii (Achatinellastrum) Hartm. xxii, 74 neglecta (Amastra) P. & C xxiii, 45 i neglectus (Apex) Sm. . . .xxii, 306, 310 nematoglypta (Leptachatina) P. & C. xxiii, 14 neozelanica (Tornatellina) Hutt. xxi i, 181 nepeanensis (Tornatellina) Prest. xxiii, 273 newcombia (Newcombia) Hartm. xxii, 13 NEWCOMBIA Pfr xxii, 1, 355 newcombiana (Newcombia) Pfr. xxii, 13 Newcombiana Thwing xxii, 1 newcombianus (Bulimus) Pfr. xxii, 13 newcombi (Auriculella) Pfr... xxii, 102 newcombi (Balea) Pfr xxiii, 102 newcombi (Carelia) Pfr xxi, 104 newcombi (Tornatellaria)Pfr. xxiii, 258 newcombi (Tornatellina) Pfr. xxiii, 258 nigra (Achatinella) Newc xxi, 293 nigra (Amastra) Newc xxi, 292 nigricans (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 138 nigrolabris (Amastra) Sm xxi, 217 nitida (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 42 nitida (Leptachatina) Nc xxi, 42 nitida (Tornatellina) Pse xxiii, 145 nivea (Achatinella) Bald xxi', 59 nivea (Partulina) Bald... xxii, 59, 363 nivosa (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 123 nobilis (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 233 norfolkensis (Tornatellina) Prest. xxiii. 272 normalis (Amastra) Pils xxi, 153 normalis (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 174 noumeensis (Tornatellina) Cr. xxiii, 184 novoseelandica (Tornatellina) Pfr. xxiii, 181 nubifera (Amastra) P. & H xx', 274 nubigena (Amastra) P. & C... xxiii. 48 nubilosa (Achatinella) Migh...xx', 259 nubilosa (Amastra) Migh xxi, 259 nucleola (Achatinella) Gld xxi, 154 nucleola (Amastra) Gld xxi, 153 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXDOC. 297 nucleola (Achatinella) Rve xxi, 173 nucula (Amastra) Sm xxi, 236 nympha (Achatinella) Gul. ..xxii, 144 o oahuensis (Achatinella) Green xxi, 213 oahuensis (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 222 obclavata (Achatinella) Pfr. xxi, 9, 15 obeliscus (Achatinella) Pfr... xxiii, 102 obeliscus (Auriculella) Pfr... xxiii, 102 obeliscus (Carelia) Rve xxi, 104 obesa (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 282 obesa (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 281 ; xxiii, 18 obllqua (Achatinella) Gul. ...xx.i, 158 obliqua (Auriculella) Anc xxiii, 88 oblongata (Tornatellina) Pfr. xxiii, 163 oblonga (Tornatellina) Pse. xxiii, 160, 162 oblongus (Strobilus) Ant xxiii, 199 oblongus (Tornatellidee) Ant. xxiii, 198 obscura (Achatinella) Newc...xxi, 247 obsoleta (Leptachatina) Pfr xxi, 23 obsoleta (Spiraxis) Pfr xxi, 23 obtusa (Achatinella) Nc., Pfr. xxi, 14 obtusa (Leptachatina) Nc., Pfr. xxi, 13 occidentalis (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 4S occidentalis (Partulina) P. & C. xxii, 361 occidentalis (Tornatellaria) P. & C. xxiii, 257 octavula (Achatinella) Paetel xxi, 9 ; xxii, 369 octogyrata (Achatinella) Gul... xxi, 64 octogyrata (Leptachatina) Gul. xxi, 63 ogasawarana (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 151 olaaensis (Leptachatina) Cooke. .xxi, 45 olesonii (Achatinella) Bald... xxii, 369 olivacea (Achatinella) Rve. . .xx:i, 213 ollvacea (Auriculella) Oooke. .xxiii, 81 olivacea (Carelia) Pse. xxi, 106 ; xxiii, 16 omphalodes (Leptachatina) Anc. xxi, 83 omphalodes (Thaanumia) Anc. xxi, 84 oncospira (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 214 oomorpha (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 158, 159 opipara (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 30 ; xxiii, 7 optabilis (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 84 orientalis (Amastra) H. & P...xxi, 181 ornata (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 18 ornata (Partulina) Nc xxii, 18, 356 oryza (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 28 oryza (Leptachatina) Pfr. xxi, 28 ; xxiii, 3 ovata (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 160 ovata (Leptachatina) Cooke... xxi, 33 ovata (Tornatellina) Pfr xxiii, 120 ovatula (Tornatellina) Mlldff. xxiii, 129 ovatulum (Elasmias) Mlldff. xxiii, 129 ovatum (Elasmias) Anton. . .xxLi, 119 ovatus (Strobilus) Ant xxiii, 120 oviformis (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 176, 177 ovum (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 297 owaihiensis (Auricula) Cham, xxiii, 78 pachystoma (Labiella) Pse xxi, 50 pachystoma (Leptachatina) Pse. xxi, 50 pallida (Achatinella) Nutt. xxii, 279, 280 papyracea (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 243 paradoxa (Carelia) Pfr xxi, 1.-5 PARAMASTRA P. & H. xxi, 137, 1 ,9, 209 Partula dumartroyii Soul xxiii, 78 Partula pusilla Gld xxiii, 176 PARTULINA Pfr xxii, 14 PARTULINELLA Hyatt xxii, 391 parvula (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 36 parvula (Leptachatina) Gul. ...xxi, 35 patula (Auriculella) Sm xxiii, 79 Patula digonophora Anc xxi, 130 PADAHIA Cooke xxi, 3, 8 ) ; xxili, 15 peaseana (Planamastra) Pils. xxi, ISO peaseana( Tornatellina) Garr. xxiii, 122 peaseanum (Elasmias) Garr. xxiii, 122 peasei (Amastra) Smith xxi, 322 pellucida (Auriculella) Gul. ..xxiii, 80 pellucidus (Strobilus) Mhl... xxiii, 178 peponum (Tornatellina) Gld. xxiii, 156 PERDICELLA Pfr xxii, 15 perdix (Achatinella) Rve xxii, 45 perdix (Partulina) Rve xxii, 45 perfecta (Partulina) Pils. xxii, 54, 363 perforata (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 62, 64 perforata (Lamellaria) Ldt... xxiii, 199 perforata (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 88 perforata (Tornatellina) Pfr. xviii, 302 perforatus (Tornatellides) Ldt. xxiii, 199 perkinsi (Auriculella) Sykes ..xxiii, 79 perkinsi (Lepta chart ina) Sykes. .xxi, 56 perkinsi (Newcombia) Sykes .... xxii, 9 perkinsi (Tornatellides) Sykes xxi i, 224 perkinsi (Tornatellina) Sykea xxiii, 224 298 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. perplexa (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 296 perplexa (Tornatellina) Grt. xxiii, 144 perpusilla (Auriculella) Sm. ..xxiii, 91 persubtilis (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 15 perversa (Achatinella) Sw xxii, 331 perversa (Amastra) Pils xxi, 278 perversa (Auriculella) Cooke. .xxiii, 90 petasus (Armsia) Anc xxi, 133 petasus (Pterodiscus) Anc. ...xxi, 133 petila (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 92 petila (Leptachatina) Gul. xxi, 92 ; xxiii, 14 petitiana (Achatinella) Pfr. ..xxiii, 95 jpetitiana (Auriculella) Borch. xxiii, 104 petitiana (Auriculella) Pfr xxiii, 95 petitiana (Tornatellina) Pfr.. .xxiii, 95 petitiana (Helicteres) Pse xxiii, 104 petricola (Achatinella) Newc. xxi, 253 petricola (Amastra) Newc. ...xxi, 253 petricolor (Achatinella) Bald, xxi, 253 petterdi (Tornatellina) Braz. xxiii, 183 pexa (Achatinella) Gul... xxii, 114, 116 pfeifferi (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 13 pfeifferi (Newcombia) xxii, 13, 355 pha&ostoma (Partulina )Anc. xxii, 106, 107 phseozona (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 184 philippiana (Achatinella) Pfr... xxii, 8 philippiana (Fernandezia) Pils. xxi, 96 philippiana (Newcombia) Pfr. xxii, 8, 356 philippii (Tornatellina) Pfr. xxiii, 178 physa (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 105, 109 physa (Partulina) Nc. xxii, 95, 109, 365 pica (Achatinella) Sw xxii, 318 pilsbryi (Amastra) Cooke xxiii, 46 pilsbryi (Carelia) Sykes xxi, 105 pilsbryi (Leptachatina) Cooke. .xxi, 55 pilsbryi (Tornatellides) Cooke xxiii, 221 pittieri (Tornatellina) Martens xviii, 328 plagioptyx (Tornatellidefi) P. & C. xxiii, 242 PLANAMASTRA xxi, 12^ planospira (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 147 platystyla (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 114, 116 plicata (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 3 plicata (Newcombia) Pfr xxii, 2 plumata (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 191, 200 plumbea (Achatinella) Gul. ...xxii, 44 plumbea (Partulina) Gul xxii, 43 polita (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 80 polita (Partulina) Nc.. , xxii, 80 polygnampta (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 155 polymorpha (Apex) Gul. xxii, 306, 315 ponapensis (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 172 popouelensis (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 235 popouwelensis (Leptachatina) P. & C. xxxi, 1 porcellana (Achatinella) Nc. ..xxii, 70 porcellana (AuricuVla) Anc. xxiii, 110 porcellana (Partulina ,- Nc xxii, 69 porcus (Amastra) Pils xxi, 207 porphyrea (Achatinella) Nc. ..xxi, 224 porphyrea (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 224; xxiii, 33 porphyrostoma (Amastra) Pse. xxi, 226 pr8estabilis( Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 43 prasinus (Achatinella) Rve...xxii, 213 prionoptychia (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 246 procera( Achatinella) Anc. xxii, 106, 107 procerula (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 205 procerulus (Tornatellides) Anc. xxiii, 205 produota (Achatinella) Rve. ..xxii, 207 producta (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 227 productus(Tornatellides)Anc. xxiii, 226 prostrata Pse xxi, 132 proxima (Partulina) Pse. xxii, 32, 360 proximus (Helicter) Pse xxii, 32 PTERODISCUS Pils. ..xxi, 118; xxiii, 16 puella (Amastra) P. & C xxiii, 36 pulchella (Achatinella) Pfr... xxii, 284 pulcherrima (Achatinella) Sw. xxii, 140 pulchra (Auricule:la) Pse. xxiii, 66, 83 pulchra (Leptachatina) Cooke.. xxi, 29 pullata (Amastra) Bald. xxi, 261 ; xxiii, 34 pulla (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 235 pumicatus (Bulimus) High., .xxiii, 271 Pupa peponum Gld xxiii, 156, 209 pupoidea (Achatinella) Newc. xxi, 299 pupoidea (Amastra) Newc xxi, 299 pupoidea (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 74 pupukanioe (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 174 pusilla (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 235 pusilla (Amastra) Nc xxi, 234 pusilla (Partula) Gld xxiii, 176 pusilla (Tornatellina) Gld. ..xxiii, 176 pusilla (Tornatellina) Mlldff. xxiii, 172 putikolekolensis (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 207 pygmaea( Achatinella) Sm. xxii, 236, 239 pyramidalis (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 47 pyramidalis (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 46, 363 pyrainidata, xxii, 47 = pyramidalis. INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXH, XXIII. 299 pyramidata (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 236 pyramidatus (Tornatellides) Anc. xxiii, 236 pyramis (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 48 pyramis (Leptachatina) Pfr. .. .xxi, 47 pyramis (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 73 pyrimidalia (Achatinella) Lyons xxii, 363 quadrasi (Elasmias) Mlldff.. .xxiii, 129 quadras! (Tornateli;na)M Idff. xxiii, 130 quernea (Achatinella) Frick. .xxii, 332 radiata (Achatinella) Gld xxii, 19 radiata (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 126 radiata (Partulina) Gld... xxii, 49, 363 raoulensis (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 180 reclusiana (Elasmatina) Pet. xxiii, 189 reclusiana(Tornatellina)Gray xxiii, 181 reclusiana (Tornatellina) Pet. xxiii, 1^9 recta (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 248 redfieldii (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 38 redfieldii (Partulina) Nc. xxii, 38, 362 reevei (Achatinella) Ad xxii, 246 resinula (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 59 resinula (Leptachatina) Gul xxi, 59 reticulata (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 179 reticulata (Amastra) Pfr. xxi, 179 ; xxiii, 29 rex (Amastra) Sykes xxi, 126 rex (Pterodiscus) Sykes xxi, 126 ; xxiii, 17 rhodoraphe (Achatinella) Sm. xxii, 252 ridua (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 367 rlgida (Carelia) Hyatt xxi, 111 ringens (Tornatellina) Dhn. xxiii, 141 rohri (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 26, 27 ronaldi (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 234 rosea (Achatinella) Swains. . .xxii, 151 roseoplica (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 180 roseotincta (Amastra) Sykes.. xxi, 270 rotunda (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 163 rubens (Achatinella) Gld xxi, 190 rubens (Amastra) Gld. xxi, 190 ; xxiii, 30 rubicunda (Amastra) Bald. ...xxi, 195 rubida (Amastra) Gul xxi, 2:3 rubiginosa (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 13O rubristoma (Amastra) Bald. ..xxi, 242 rucuana (Tornatellina) P. & H. xxiii, 170 rudicoetata (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 250 rudicostatus (Tornatellides) Anc. xxiii, 250 rudis (Achatinella) Pfr. xxi, 219 ; xxii, 409 rudis (Amastra) Pfr xxi, 2^9 rufa (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 30 rufa (Partulina) Nc xxii, 29 rugosa (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 135 rugulosa (Amastra) Pse xxi, 152 rustica (Amastra) Gul xxi, 298 rutila (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 126, 128 saccata (Achatinella) Pfr. ...xxii, 364 saccula (Leptachatina) Hartm. xxi, 61 sagittata (Leptachatina) P. & C. xxiii, 2 eandwicensis (Leptachatina) Pfr. xxi, 9 sandwicheasis( Leptachatina) Pse. xxi, 9 sandwichensis (Spiraxis) Pfr. xxii, 367 saxatilis (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 21 saxatilis (Leptachatina) GUI. ..xxi, 20 saxicola (Amastra) Bald xxi, 317 scamnata (Achatinella) Fe*r,..xxii, 368 schauinslandi (Partulina) Borch. xxii, 33 scitula (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 264, 268 sculpta (Leptachatina) Pfr xxi, 64 scutilis (Bulimus) Migh xxi, 11 scutilis (Leptachatina) Migh... xxi, 10 semicarinata (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 87 semicarinata (Partulina) Nc...xx.i, 86 semicarnea (Amastra) Anc. ...xxi, 272 semicostata (Achatinella) Pfr. xxi, 65 ; xxiii, 16 semicostata (Pauahia) Pfr xxiii, 16 semicostulata (Lepftachatina) Sykes xxi, 63 seminiger (Bulimus) Mke xxii, 318 seminigra (Amastra) Pils xxi, 193 seminigra (Monodonta) Lam. xxii, 318, 321 seminuda (Amastra) Bald xxi, 264 semipicta (Leptachatina) Sykes xxi, 49 senilis (Amastra) Bald xxi, 311 sepulta (Amastra) P. & C xxiii, 39 serrarius (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 247 serrata (Lamellina) Pse xxiii, 104 serrata (Tornatellina) Pse. . .xxiii, 164 serrula (Auriculella) Cooke. . .xxiii, 93 sharp! (Tornatellaria) P. & C. xxiii, 270 similaris (Amastra) Pse. xxi, 150 ; xxiii, 21 simplex (Leptachatina) Pse. ...xxi, 38 300 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. simplex (Tornatellides) Pse. xxiii, 197 simplex (Tornatellina) Pse... xxiii, 198 simulacrum (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 299 simulans (Achatinella) Rve...xxii, 292 simularis (Amastra) Hartm. . .xxi, 269 sinclairi (Carelia) Anc xxi, 117 sinistra (Achatinella) Fe*r. ...xxii, 369 sinistrorsa (Amastra) Bald xxi, 310 sinistrorsa (Auricula) Cham., .xxi i, 78 smithi (Leptachatina) Sykes...xxi, 49 smithi (Tornatellaria) C. & P. xxiii, 269 societatis (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 147 sola (Amastra) Pils xxi, 153 sol Ida (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 51 solida (Amastra) Pse. xxi, 178 ; xxiii, 28, 31 solida (Auriculella) Anc xxiii, 94 solida (Auriculella) Gul xxiii, 84 solitaria (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 204 somniator( Leptachatina) P. & C. xxi i, 7 sordida (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 349 soror (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 285 soror (Amastra) Nc. xxi, 285; xxiii, 46 sowerbiana(Bulimella) Hartm. xxii, 176 sowerbyana (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 175 spadicea (Achatinella) Gul. ..xxii, 157 epaldingi( Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 271 spaldingi (Amastra) Cooke . . . xxi, 170 spaldingi (Tomatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 230 sphserica (Amastra) Pse xxi, 149 SPIRAXIS xxi, 94, 05 Spiraxis cumingiana Pfr xxi, 112 Spiraxis paradoxa Pfr xxi, 1°5 Spiraxis obsoleta Pfr xxi, 23 Spiraxis sandwichens's Pfr. . .xxii, 367 spirizona (Amastra) Fe*r. xxi, 215; xxiii, 32 splendida (Achatinella) Nc. ...xxii, 51 splendida (Partulina) Nc xxii, 51 splendida (Fernandezia) Ant... xxi, 98 splendida (Partulina) Nc. xxii, 51, 363 splendidula (Stenoeyra) Sm xxi, 98 Stenogyra splendidula Sm xxi, 98 stewartii (Achatinella) Green xxii, 204 stewartii (Achatina) Green xxii, 205, 210 stiria (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 10 stiria (Leptachatina) Gul xxi, 9 stokesi (TornatelHr'a) P & C. xxiii, 259 straminea (Auriculella) Cooke xxi'i, 77 striata (Leptachatina) Nc xxi, 62 striata (Tornatellina) Nc. xxi, 62 ; xxiii, 134 striatella (Achatinella) Gul. ...xxi, 91 striatella (Leptachatina) Gul... xxi, 91 striatula (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 74 striatula (Leptachatina) Gul. . .xxi, 74 Strobilus Anton xxiii, 132, 188 Strobilus bilamellatus Ant xxiii, 139 Strombilus Gray xxiii, 188 suban.gulata (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 213 subangulatus (Tomatellides) Anc. xxiii, 213 subassimilis (Amastra) Hy. ...xxi, 307 subcornea (Amastra) H. & P...xxi, 189 subcrassilabris (Amastra) H. & P. xxi, 293 subcylindracea (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 28 ; xxiii, 11 subcylindrica (Tornatellina) Q. M. xxiii, 166 :subnigra (Amastra) H. & P. ..xxi, 263 subobscura (Amastra) H. & P. xxi, 276 subovata (Achatinella) Fe"r...xxii, 369 subovata (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 37 subperforatus (Tornatellides) S it. xxiii, 199 subperforata (Tornatellina) Sut. xxiii, 2fX) subpolita (Partulina) H. & P. xxii, 359 subpulla (Amastra) H. & P xxi, 300 subrostrata (Achatinella) Pfr. xxi, 175 subrostrata (Amastra) Pfr. xxi, 174 ; xxiii, 28 subrugosa (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 143 subsoror (Amastra) H. & P. xxi, 287 ; xxiii, 48 subula (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 17 subula (Leptachatina) Gul xxi, 17 subulata (Elasmatina) Pet... xxiii, 189 succincta (Achatinella) Nc xxi, 60 succincta (Leptachatina) Nc. . . .xxi, 60 suffusa (Achatinella) Rve xxi, 327 suffusa (Lamineila) Rve xxiii, 53 sulcata (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 4 sulcata (Newcombia) Pfr xxii, 5 sulphuratus (He'.icteres) Bk. . .xxii, 366 sulphurea (Amastra) Anc xxi, 199 sundanum (Elasmias) Mlldff. xxiii, 127 sundana (Tornatellina) M Idflf. xxi i. 127 supracostata (Leptachatina) Sykes xxi, 66 suturalis (Carelia) Anc xxi, 114 swain&oni (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 150 swiftii (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 306 sykesi (Amastra) Pils. xxi, 273 ; xxiii, 36 sykesi (Tornatellaria) C. & P. xxiii, 265 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. 301 taeniolata (Achatinella) Pfr...xxii, 130 talpina (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 52, 53 tantalus (Auriculella) P. & C.. .xxih, 97 tantalus (Tornatdllna) P. & C. xxiii, 172 tantilla (Leptachatina) Cooke. .xxi, 81 tantilla (Pauahia) Cooke xxiii, 15 tappaniana (Achaitinella) Ad. ..xx.i, 55 tappaniana (Partulina) Ad. xxii, 54, 367 tenebrosa (Leptachatina) Pse. ..xxi, 75 tenella (Auriculella) Anc xxiii, 90 tenuicostata( Leptachatina) Pse. xx , 68 tenuilabris (Amastra) Gul. ...xxi, 104 tenuis (Auriculella) Sm xxiii, 98 tenuispira (Amastra) Bald xxi, 212 terebra (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 62 terebralis (Achatinella) Gul. ...xxi, 17 terebralis (Leptachatina) Gul. xxi, 17 terebra (Partulina) Nc xxii, 61, 364 terebra (Tornatellides) Anc...xx:il, 244 terebra (Tornatellina) Anc. ..xxiii, 245 teres (Achatinella) Pfr xxi, 14 teres (Leptachatina) Pfr xxi, 14 terrestris (Tornatellina) Braz. xxiii, 124 tessellata (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 28 tessellata (Partulina) Nc xxii, 28 testudinea (Achatinella) Bald, xxi, 158 textilis (Amastra) Per. xxi, 164 ; xxiii, 28, 31 THAANUMIA Anc xxi, 4, 82 thaanumiana (Partulina) Pils. xxii, 112 thaanumi (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 273 thaanumi (Amastra) Pils xxi, 177 thaanumi (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 88 thaanumi (Pterodiscus) PiiS. xxi, 125 ; xxiii, 17 thaanumi (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 215 theodorei (Achatinella) Bald... xxii, 34 theodorei (Partulina) Bald. xx'i, 33, 360 thurstoni(Achatine'la) P. & C. xxii, 177 thwingi (Partulina) P. & C...xxii, 357 TORNATELLARIA Pils xxiii, 251 TORNATELLIDES Pils xxiii, 192 TORNATELLINA Pfr xxii', 132 TORNATELLINID^B Pils xxiii, 66 Tornatellinoides Pfr xxiii, 191 TORNATELLINOPS Pils. . .xxiii, 135, 169 TORNATELLOIDES Pfr xxiii, 191 torquata (Achatinella) Paetel xxii, 369 torrlda (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 145, 148 transversalis (Achatinella) Pfr. xxi, 183 transversalis (Amastra) Pfr. xxi, 183 ; xxiii, 26 tricincta (Amastra) Pils. xxi, 277 ; xxiii, 39 Trickella Nevill xxiii, 71 tricolor (Achatinella) Sm. ...xx.i, 226 trilineata (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 191, 202 triplicata (Auriculella) Pse... xxii, 79 triplicata (Tornatellina) Pils. xx ii, 153 tristis (Amastra) Fer xxi, 205 tristis (Helix) Fer Xxi, 206 tritacea (Leptachatina) Gul. ; error for triticea. trochiformis (Tornatellina) Pfr. xxiii, 190 trochlearis(Tornatellina) Bk. xxiii, 178 trochoides (Tornatellaria) Syfces xxiii, 261 trochoides (Tornatelliua) Sykes xxiii, 261 Tropidoptera Anc xxi, 118 tryoni (Fernandezia) Pils xxi, 97 tryoni (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 197 tuba (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 367 tuberans (Apex) Gul xxii, 306, 313 tumefactus (Apex) Gul. xxii, 332, 334 turbinata (Achatinella) Nutt. xxii, 367 turbiniformis (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 352 turgida (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 294 turgidula (Labiella) Pse xxi, 51 turgidula (Leptachatina) Pse... xxi, ul turricula (Carelia) Migh xxi, 103 turrita (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 15 turrita (Leptachatina) Gul xxi, 15 turrita (Tornatellina) Ant... xxiii, 188 turrltella (Amastra) Fer xxi, 213 turritella (Auriculella) Cooke xxiii, 92 turritus (Strobilus) Ant xxiii, 189 u ualapuensis (Newcombia) Pils. xxii, 12 ultima (Amastra) P. & C xxiii, 25 umbilicata (Achatinella) Pfr. xxi, 252 umbilicata (Amastra) Pfr. xxi, 251 ; xxiii, 22 umbilicata (Tornatellaria) Anc. xxiii, 260 umbilicata (Tornatellina) Anc. xxiii, 260 umbrosa (Amastra) Bald xxi, 263 undata (Amastra) Bald xx4, 185 undosa (Achatinella) Gul... xxii, 45, 46 undulata (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 252, 2o6 unicolor (Amasitra) Anc xxi, 210 302 INDEX TO VOLS. XXI, XXII, XXIII. unilamellata (Aehatinella) Schl. xxii, 366 uniplicata (Amastra) Hartm. xxi, 265 uniplicata (Auriculella) Pse. xxiii, 108 ustulata (Achatinella) Gul. ...xxii, 48 ustulata (Achatinella) Nc., Pfr. xxii, 224 ustulata (Partulina) Gul. xxii, 47, 362 valida (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 334 vana (Leptachatina) Sykes xxi, 28 variabilis (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 83 varia (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 191, 231 varia (Leptachatina) Cooke xxi, 32 variabilis (Carelia) Pse xxi, 107 variabilis (Partulina) Nc xxii, 83 variegata (Achatinella) Pfr. . .xxi, 229 variegata (Amastra) Pfr xxi, 229 ventrosa (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 279, 280 ventulus (Achatinella) Rve xxi, 165 ventulus (Leptachatina) Fe"r. . .xxi, 54 venulata (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 208, 211 venusta (Amastra) ; error for ve- tusta xxi, 174 versipellis (Achatinella) Gul. xxii, 196 versipilis (Achatinellastrum) Pse. xxii, 196 versicolor (Apex) Gul xxii, 306, 310 vespertina (Achatinella) Bald, xxii, 322 vespertina (Amastra) P. & C. xxiii, 30 vestita (Achatinella) Migh. xxii, 342, 344 vetusta (Amastra) Bald xxi, 178 vidua (Achatinella) Pfr. xxii, 161, 163 ; xxii, 367 villosa (Amastra) Sykes xxi, 289 viridans (Carelia) Pse, xxi, 107 violacea (Achatinella) Newc. . . xxi, 257 violacea (Amastra) Newc. xxi, 257 ; xxiii, 34 virens (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 213 viridans (Achatinella) Rve. ..xxii, 246 viridans (Achatinella) Migh... xxi, 125 viridis (Carelia) Pse xxi, 107 virgulata (Partula) Migh xxii, 26 virgulata (Partulina) Migh. xxii, 25, 358 virgula (Tornatellides) C. & P. xxiii, 241 vitrea (Achatinella) Nc, xxi, 41, 53 vitrea (Tornatellina) Pse xxiii, 203 vitreola (Achatinella) Gul xxi, 35 vitreola (Leptachatina) Gul xxi, 35 vittata (Achatinella) Rve xxii, 289 voyana (Tornatellina) P. & C. xxiii, 179 vulpina (Achatinella) Fe*r xxii, 212 vulpina (Achatinella) Rve xxii, 191 w waianaensis (Laminella) P. & C. xxii, 54 waianaensis (Tornatellides) P. & C. xxiii, 237 waiawa (Amastra) Pils xxi, 215 wailuaensis (Achatinella) Sykes xxii, 72 wailauensis (Amastra) Pils xxi, 258 wailauensis (Newcombia) Pils. xxii, 7 waimanoensis (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 137 WAIMEA C. & P xxiii, 250 wakefleldise (Achatinella) Cox xxiii, 123 wakefieldiae (Elasmias) Cox.. xxiii, 122 wakefieldise (Tornatellina) Cox xxiii, 123 wester lundiana (Auriculella) Anc. xxiii, 6Y, 111 wesleyi (Pterodiscus) Sykes... xxi, 123 wheatleyana (Achatinella) P. & C. xxii, 168 wheatleyi (Achatinella) Nc. xxii, 161, 169 wilder! (Achatinella) Pils. ...xxii, 173 wilsoni (Fernandezia) Pils xxi, 96 winniei (Partulina) Bald xxii, 44 zebra (Achatinella) Nc xxii, 19 zebra (Partulina) Nc xxii, 19 zebrina (Achatinella) Pfr xxii, 20 zebrina (Partulina) Pfr xxii, 20 zonata (Achatinella) Gul xxii, 258 zonata (Carelia) Borch xxi, 116 DATES OF ISSUE, VOL. XXIII. Part 89, pp. 1-48, plates 1-13, Oct. 23, 1914. Part 90, pp. 49-128, plates 14-23, Aug. 4, 1915. Part 91, pp. 129-256, plates 24-38, Dec. 1, 1915. Part 92, pp. 257-302, plates 39-55, Feb., 1916. Amastridas PLATE i 2 6 3 JO ':*M|. *,-^ Amastridae PLATE 2 3 6 9 10 11 T i : 13 14- y 17 18 19 V; 8 • f. 12 A 16 L'O Arnastridae PLATE Achatinellidae PLATE 13 Achatinellidae PLATE Afnastridas PLATE 6 ^JlHL PI •^> (; 8 • •.*£•/? 10 ^; n 13 1.4. 15 •c/ 16 -fc - V ^•/ m 17 f 18 Ama^tridae PLATE 7 1 10 II 12 Ib 17 20 Amastridae f PLATE 8 9 •r JO 11 15 Amastridae PLATE Amastridas PLATE 10 I a •• | ! 6 . : I- "' t \ 13 15 16 Amastridae PL/LTE 1 1 I 11 13 Achatinellidae PLATE 12 rp.~ \ ^ 6 Achatinellidae PLATE 13 sp .d. ,-v.d. m m I ' •p.r. p.r, app. Achatinellidce PLATE Amastridae app. Amastridae PLATE 16 Amastridae PLATE IT Tornatellinidas PILATE 18 A. •'>• o 6 10 t. ..... •, 7 11 13 15 16 Tornstellinidae PLATE 10 5 8 9 1O 11 12 13 15 16 Achatinellidae Amastridae PLATE 21 •. \J v 3 \j\A7\ 2 ft •: 5 i TornatelJinidae PLATE 22 6 Tornatellinidas PLATE 23 Tor na tell in id ae / I . PLATE 5 Tornatellinidae PLATE Tornatellinidae PLATE 2G 9 Tornatel Hnidae PLATE 27 Tornatellinidae PLATE 28 8 6 0 11 TornatelJinidas PLATE 29 TornatelJinidae ,3' PLATE 00 £1. '"••':"• 1 \ '•• (• . Tornatellinidae 11 Tornatellinidse PLATE 32 10 11 Tornatellinids? PLATE 33 •\ 8 6 Tornatellinidse PLATE 34 11 12 Tornatellinidae PLATE 35 12 Tornatellinidse PLATE 36 Tornatellinidse PLATE 37 \ 8 9 Tornatellinidse PLATE 38 2 6 dm 10 14 12 13 15 16 Tornatellinidas PLATE O9 5 1 f 9 10 11 TornatelJinidaB PLATE ^ O Tornatellinidse PLATE 41 8 9 TornatellinidaB PLATE ^ >•- ' 3 9 10 Tornatellinidffi PLATE , X50 9 Tornatelltnidas PLATE 15 1.6 18 Tornatellinidae PLATE 6 11 9 m 13 TornatellinidaB PLATE Tornatellinidae 10 11 Tornatellinida* PLATE 3 ti JO II 11' 14. 15 TornateliinidcB PLATE 2 (i 10 ••^,..-:>":; 11 : « -- •.•• 17 13 1.4. 1.0 16 Torn a tell in id a* PLATK F>0 %; 10 TornateUinidce PLATE 5 Torn a tel Jin id 33 PLATE 52 X45 4 8 1O 12 S L-3 Tornatellinidae PLATE 5 Torn ate Him das PLATE 6 14. 10 13 Ami 15 16 SI it V 17 Tornatellinida? PLATE 55 >~ 2 14 DAY USE 732- U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES