EAKm SCliNCB SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY VOL. XXV PUPILLID^: (GASTROCOPTUSLE, VERTIGININ^E) BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D. AND C. MONTAGUE COOKE, Ph.D. Collaborating on Hawaiian forms PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA I9I8-I920 EAftftt scisNd LIBRARY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE i HENRY SKINNER, M.D., Sc.D. WITHER STONE, A.M., ScJX HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D. WILLIAM J. Fox EDWARD J. NOLAN, M.D. EDITOR : HENRY A. PILSBRY. TREASURER : S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, CONTENTS PAGE Introduction — Terminology of the teeth of Pupillidse vii Descriptions of genera and species — Subfamily Gastrocoptinse. Genus CHONDRINA Reichenbach 1 Subfamily Vertigininae 68 Genus VERTIGO Miiller 69 American species 74, 372 Species of Japan and Eastern Asia 150 Palaearctic species, Europe, Asia, Northern Africa 159, 378 Fossil Vertigininae 214, 379 Genus STAURODON Lowe 224 Genus LYROPUPA Pilsbry (Hawaiian) 226 Genus PTYCHALAEA Boettger 273 Genus NESOPUPA Pilsbry 274 Systematic classification 275 Hawaiian species 278 Cocos Island species 322 Polynesian, Micronesian and Melanesian species 324 East Indian species ^. . . . 336 Species of India and Ceylon 345 Species of the Mascarene Islands 349 African species 356 St. Helena species 363 Genus CAMPOL^MUS Pilsbry 364 Genus COSTIGO Boettger 366 Appendix : additions and corrections 370 Explanation of Plates 381 Dates of publication, parts 97-100 392 Index 393 (iii) 696292 PREFACE The present volume is chiefly concerned with the subfamily Vertiginina, to be completed in the next and final volume on Pupillidae. In treating of these snails the author has had the advan- tage of assistance from Dr. V. Sterki with the American Ver- tigines. The portions relating to Hawaiian species are in large part due to the collaboration of Dr. C. Montague Cooke, though all of the species have been studied by both authors. The work is based on material contained in the following collections, chiefly in the first two : The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The Bishop Museum, Honolulu. The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. The United States National Museum. The Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh (Sterki collection). The Indian Museum, Calcutta. The Bryant Walker collection, Detroit. In addition to the naturalists mentioned in Vol. XXIV, page vi, the author desires to express his thanks for mate- rial to Dr. S. Stillman Berry of Eedlands, California; Mr. William H. Clapp, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Major M. Connolly, London. H. A. P. PHILADELPHIA, NOVEMBER, 1919. INTRODUCTION For convenient reference a diagram showing the termin- ology of the teeth is repeated here. Lamellae Sapracolumellar — ~ COLUMBLLAR '""'jir— Suprapalatal — — UPPER PALATAL •-* Inter palatal ^ LOWER PALATAL I Iniracolumellar »-....... V *\ ft ^7^ i •~~z& Infrapalatal **»^, BASAL FIG. 1. TERMINOLOGY OF LAMELLAE AND FOLDS. The names of primary teeth are in small capitals. The bay formed by the upper arc of the outer lip, and usually limited by the upper palatal and angular teeth, is called the SINULUS. This term has also been used extensively in Clausilia, Ennea, etc., in the same sense. In Vertigo, the point of the outer lip, running forward or bent inward, has been termed the AURICLE by Dr. Sterki. The ridge encircling the whorl behind and parallel to the free margins of the peristome is known as the CREST (collar, calliis cervicalis, ~bourrelet exterieur, Nackenwulst) . (vii) Viii INTRODUCTION. The use of formulas for expressing succinctly such struc- tures as the teeth of bivalves or gastropods would be a great convenience if it were not that nearly every investigator in- vents a new system for himself. Without uniform currency, terminology loses its value as an intellectual tool. For this reason, and because such formulas appeal to some but not to all naturalists, little use has been made of them in this work. In the Introduction to Vol. XXIV, p. viii, the tooth-formula used by Westerlund was noticed, and a more elaborate one was proposed. As the latter has never been used practically, it need not be considered further, being at best rather clumsy. Westerlund 's formula gives merely the number of teeth on each margin of the aperture, parietal, columellar, and palatal including basal, thus: 2-1-3. This is easily understood and often convenient for succinct statements in keys or tables. More elaborate formulas for brief statement of the aper- tural denticulation of Vertigo (but applicable also to other Pupillida3) have been published by Dr. V. Sterki (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1889, pi. 42, fig. 5) and by Mr. C. M. Steenberg (Danmarks Fauna, Landsnegle, 1911, p. 156, fig. 127). Though these formulas have been used but little outside of the publications mentioned, the lists of symbols are given below as a matter of record. Both the Sterki and the Steenberg formulas express the structures fully. The chief objection to them is that they are rather difficult for one not a specialist on Pupillidae to inter- pret. Steenberg 's symbols do not distinguish between pri- mary and secondary teeth, and are based upon the Danish language ; Sterki does not recognize the lamella angidaris as a primary tooth. In writing his formulae, Dr. Sterki uses dots in place of figures for the secondary teeth. It appears to me that an ''international" formula uniting the best features of both could be constructed by designating the six primary teeth by the initials of their Latin names, and the secondary denticles by dots; the parietal, columellar and baso-palatal parts of the formula to be separated by hyphens. In all formulae the enumeration proceeds anti- clockwise. INTRODUCTION. IX Terminology of "International" Sterki Stcenberg this work. formula. formula. formula. Parallel and Twin lamellae la. V± Angular lamella A 1 V2 Parietal lamella P A V3 Inf raparietal lamella I . 2 V4 Supracolumellar lamella . At Columellar lamella C B A2 Subcolumellar lamella . A3 Basal fold B C B Infrapalatal folds 3 G6-8 Lower palatal fold Pi D G5 Interpalatal fold 4 G4 Upper palatal fold Ps E G3 Suprapalatal fold . 5 G2 Suturalfold 6 Gt In the second column the letters i and s are added to the initial P to indicate inferior and superior palatals. As an example, the teeth of an 8-toothed Vertigo antwertigo (angular, parietal, inf raparietal, columellar, basal, infra- palatal, lower and upper palatals) would be represented thus: Westerlund formula: 3 — 1 — 4 Sterki formula: .A.BC.DE Steenberg formula : V 2, 3, 4 — A — B — Gs, 5, e "International" formula: AP.— C— B. Pi Ps v/. SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES FOUNDED T5Y GEORGE W./TRYON, JR. HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D., SPECIAL CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Part PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOG1CAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY Subfamily GASTROCOPTIN^ (continued). Genus CHONDEINA Reichenbach. Pupa, in part, DRAPARNAUD 1805, and of most subsequent authors ; not of Bolten, 1798. — Chondrus CUVIER, 1817, in part. — Cochlodonta FERUSSAC, 1821, in part. Torquilla STUDER, Kurzes Verzeich., etc., 1820, p. 89. — VON MARTENS, Die Heliceen, 1860, p. 287, type Pupa avenacea Brug. Not Torquilla Brisson, 1760 (Aves). Chondrina REICHENBACH, Allgemeine Taschenbibliothek der Naturwissenschaften. 5ter Theil. Zoologie oder Natur- geschichte Thierreichs, i, 1828, p. 93, as substitute for Chon- drus Cuv. ; ii, 1836, p. 152, for H. avenacea. Modicella H. and A. ADAMS, Genera Rec. Moll., ii, 1855, p. 169. — BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk., xlii, 1889, p. 249. — WESTERLUND, Fauna Europaea Moll. Extramar. Prodr., ii, 1878, p. 178 ; Synopsis, 1897, p. 94.— Cf. also CAZIOT, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 33, 1908, p. 195. Alloglossa LINDSTROEM, Om Gotlands Nutida Mollusker, 1868, p. 18; monotype A. a-venacea (Brug.). The shell is rimate, cylindric-conic or conic, brown (except the group of C. similis, which have the shell opaque-whitish), of 4% to 10 whorls. Aperture with teeth arranged as in Abida, but often small, reduced in number or wanting; palatal plicae not entering deeply and not enlarged to form an internal barrier. Peristome somewhat expanded. Radula having the central and lateral teeth narrow, uni- cuspid, the cusp long and curved in profile; marginals with several cusps. Type C. avenacea (Brug.). Distribution, southern Europe from Portugal to the Caucasus, north to Gotland; North Africa. 2 CHONDRINA. The radular teeth of Chandrina differ a good deal from those of other Pupillid> J043JO *3 'C'C'C c «»%>>>> *" "S'S'w b G C C 3 iij :|:.3:11:|I*: tllllii flfl :iiilit$sJlfl :ll§lilii:§l£i * t) B e 7» • fl •*ovi*34t •unziQ i CO CS 00 05 rH 1 1 1 100 «OOCOI'?f«OiO'O TH-*N TH 1 b» <0 iO M9 Op OO CO rH 00 II I I I H«l> !>• O5 t- TO iiii CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 29 (a. Species of the Pyrenees, Catalonia and Aragon, to Valencia.) 9. CHONDRINA BIGORRIENSIS ('Charp.' Des M.). PL 2, figs. 1, 2, 3, 7. The shell is fusiform-conic, perforate and rimate, hessian- brown, fading to cinnamon-brown at the summit ; but slightly glossy ; finely and regularly rib-striate (but varying in degree and distinctness). Whorls moderately convex, the last a little flattened over the palatal region, which is marked with three white lines ; the base compressed into a rounded keel ; whitish- rufous towards the lip. Aperture oblong, cinnamon within, having 8 teeth: angular lamella long, continuous with the spiral; parietal long and low; columellar larger and longer than the subcolumellar ; 3 equal, rather long palatals, and a very minute or subobsolete and inconspicuous suprapalatal. Peristome white, but slightly expanded, a rather thick cinna- mon callous within the throat, but not thickened at the edge. Length 9.2, diam. incl. perist. 2.8 mm. ; Sy2 whorls. Length 7, diam. incl. perist. 2.4 mm. ; iy2 whorls. Central Pyrenees: type loc. Bagneres de Bigorre (Hautes- Pyrenees). [Pupa megacheilos] var. d, pusilla. (Pupa bigorriensis Charp.), DES MOULINS, Actes Soc. Linn, de Bordeaux, vii, 1835, p. 163, pi. 2, f. D!, o2. — ? P. farinesii var. bigoriensis Charp. subvar. ventricosa DUPUY, Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Tou- louse, xiii, 1879, p. 55 (La Preste; no description). — Pupa bigorriensis GOURDON, Moll. Mts. de Luchon et de la Barousse, Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Toulouse, xv, 1881, p. 92 (dist. in Hautes-Pyrenees and Haute-Garonne). — FAGOT, same Bull., xvi, 1882, p. 73 (Pic du Gar). — Pupa megacheilos var. gracilis ROSSM., Iconogr., ii, pt. 11, 1842, p. 10, pi. 53, f. 729 (Mont- pellier and Barrege). Mr. Ancey has reported (as Pupa bigorriensis Charp. var. sinistrorsa) finding a single sinistral specimen among normal specimens from Cazaril, Bigorre (Le Naturaliste, i, 1881, p. 403). Des Moulins' original description follows: 30 CHONDRIN^] OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Var. d. (pusilla). It is this shell which received from M. de Charpentier the name of Pupa bigorriensis. It is smaller than the preceding variety [teMMmargwata] ; its peristome is less widened; and the aperture, of which the basal angle is almost effaced, is less lengthened. The effacement of this in- ferior angle loses all really characteristic importance by its inosculation with the type [that is, the typical megacheilos, in which the aperture is somewhat angular at the base] equally in the four varieties. It only forms an individual variation which dominates the type at Bagneres de Bigorre, whilst it is the type which dominates at la Preste (Pyr.-Oriental.). Length 7-8, diam. 2% mm. Central Pyrenees. Des Moulins' figure, copied in pi. 2, fig. 3, shows a fourth fold in the base. The specimens from Bigorre (received from Locard, and from other sources), do not show this fold. Perhaps the name pusilla should be used for this species, since it was that adopted by Des Moulins ; yet as pusilla and bigorriensis were published simultaneously ( as above ) , it may not be necessary to reject the selection of the second by nearly all subsequent authors. Rossmaessler states that he received pusilla from the Pyrenees from Parreyss in 1845 under the name P. consobrina (Iconogr., iii, 1859, p. 108). Pupa moquiniana is ranked as a variety of bigorriensis by Westerlund. There does not seem to be much difference. Var. moquiniana Kiister. PL 2, figs. 8, 9. The shell is elon- gate, rather obtuse, conic-cylindric, rimate, finely rib-striate, the striae rather oblique, having a silky luster, dark reddish- brown, the apex rust-yellowish. The 7-8 whorls are flatly con- vex, contracted towards the base, joined by a simple, slightly impressed suture, and increasing in height very gradually. Neck flat, compressed at the base, rounded, sometimes quite keel-like, whitish; also the rest of the neck is light flesh- colored, with 4 unequal whitish streaks from the folds show- ing through. Aperture wide, rust-reddish, vertical, higher than wide, with 9 unequal folds in the contracted throat : two on the parietal wall, the inner one far within, small ; 2 on the columella, the upper one much larger, sometimes emerging far; 5 in the palate, the upper one small, far within, like the rest in this place, elevated tooth-like; the 2d, 3d, and often CHONDRIN.E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 31 the 4th emerging to the peristome, the 5th small, obtuse, almost always in the obtuse angle formed by columella and lip, often even standing on the columella, frequently turned towards the right. Peristome sharp, broadly expanded, white-lipped; columella nearly straight ; terminations approaching. Length 31/^-4, diam. li/4 lines (Kuester). France: Mt. Beudar near Pau (Basses-Pyrenees). Pupa moquiniana KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 52, pi. 7, f. 4, 5.— PFR., Monogr., ii, 347. 10. CHONDRINA TENUIMARGINATA (Des Moulins). PL 2, figs. 4, 5. "Very brown; less solid and less lengthened than the pre- ceding [elongatissima] , smaller and more striate than var. a [Italian megacheilos] , with the same variations as to the in- ferior angle of the aperture, but having the margin of the peristome thinner, sharper, and reflected less flatly; 7-8 whorls. Length 8-9, diam. 3 mm. Pyrenees-Orientales. It was this which M. Michaud had intended to publish under the name P. farinesi, and M. Farines under that of P. pyrenaica. It offers a subvariety of a very light corneous color, transpar- ent, fragile, very much striate, from Barcelona (Des Moulins). Pyrenees-Orientales: la Preste (Farines, Fagot); also re- ported from Luchon (Haute-Garonne) by Moquin-Tandon. Pupa frumentum BOUBEE, Bull. Hist. Nat. France, 3e. sect., moll, et zooph., 1833, pp. 10, 11 ; edit, of 1834, p. 30 ; not of Drap. — Pupa megacheilos var. c (tenuimarginata) DES MOU- LINS, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., vii, 1835, p. 163, pi. 2, f. cl-4. — Pupa farinesi Mich. MS., and P. pyrenaica Farines MS., ace. to Des Moulins, in synonymy of tenuimarginata, 1835. — Pupa ~badia MOQUIN-TANDON, as synonym of tenuimarginata, Hist. Moll. France, ii, 1855, p. 354. — Pupa leptocheilos FAGOT, Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Toulouse, 1879, p. 241. — Pupa leptochila Fagot, LOCARD, Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon (7), iii, 1896, p. 188. The arrangement of teeth is practically the same as in bigor- riensis, but it is a less cylindric, lighter colored shell, with the aperture more angular below, at least typically. There is sometimes a small sutural fold. The angular lamella is con- 32 CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. tinuous with the spiral. Des Moulins' figure is copied in pi. 2, fig. 5. The name was altered by Fagot on the ground that * ' sesquipedalia verba excludenda sunt" as specific names — a salutary but obsolete Linnean regulation. Var. elongatissima (Des Moulins). PL 2, fig. 6. Remark- able for its elongation, the fusiform appearance, the narrow- ness of the umbilicus (consequent upon the elongation), and by the smallness of the whorls of the point, characters which make it resemble a Clausilia. The shell, more transparent than that of Italy [megacheilos], is more solid than in the following varieties [tenuimarginata, bigorriensis] . The peri- stome thickened and reflected almost as flatly as in that of Italy, presents the same variations as to the inferior angle of the aperture. The size of aperture is equal to that of var. a [megacheilos], which results in a different proportion which is very characteristic of the variety ; 9-10 whorls. Length 12- 13 mm., diam. 3^-4 mm. Pyrenees. The celebrated ento- mologist and lichenologist M. Leon Dufour gave four speci- mens to M. de Grateloup, biit the precise locality is unknown to me (Pupa megacheilos var. b (elongatissima), Des Moulins, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., vii, 1835, p. 162, pi. 2, f. si, s2). Moquin-Tandon has recorded this variety from back of Gavarnie on the Spanish side of the boundary; perhaps he intended the following form. 11. CHONDRINA GIGANTEA ('Moq.' Bossm.). PL 3, figs. 7, 8. Its color is light corneous-brown ; while very finely striate, it is much more decidedly so than P. megacheilos Jan. The umbilical orifice, narrow but very distinctly developed in megacheilos, is only weakly indicated ; the back of the neck is less strongly compressed, and the aperture therefore less an- gular below. It is especially remarkable that the two middle palatal folds become weaker inwards, as usual, while in mega- cheilos they always begin there with a tubercle. The lip of the less expanded peristome is weaker and not so broad and flat as in the other species (Rossm.). Cirque de Gavarnie, on the Spanish border, beyond the Pont de Neige (Partiot). CHONDRIN^ OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 33 Pupa badia var. gigantea Moquin-Tandon MS., ROSSMAES- LER, Iconogr., iii, 1859, p. 106, pi. 85, f. 937 (as var. ? of mega- cheilos) . 12. CHONDRINA GONIOSTOMA (Kiister). PL 2, figs. 13, 14. Shell somewhat cylindric-conic, rather thin, translucent, narrowly but deeply umbilieate, very finely rib-striate, glossy, especially on the penult whorl, reddish corneous-brown, the summit yellowish ; the spire is rather drawn out, the 7-8 whorls flatly convex, appearing separated by a deep suture, slowly increasing ; neck flat, yellowish behind the lip, with three whit- ish lines; base compressed, sharpened keel-like. Aperture rather broad, rounded-triangular, with a sharp angle below at the passage of the lip into the columella; at the base of the latter there is sometimes a tooth-like projection. Four plicae in the palate, the first small, the second very large, emerging to the peristome and forming a blunt tubercle there; colu- mellar lip ascending in a curve, much shorter than the peri- stome. Length 4, breadth 1% lines (Kuester). France: in the eastern Pyrenees (Kiister). Pupa goniostoma KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 53, pi. 7, f . 1-3. — PFR., Monogr., ii, 345 ; iii, 547 ; iv, 673 ; vi, 314. — BOURGUIG- NAT, Moll, de San- Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 22; Malac. de PA1- gerie, ii, 85, pi. 5, f. 35-38. A species more closely related to P. megacheilos than the preceding [P. moquiniana], but readily distinguished by the peculiar shape of the aperture as well as by the lack of a white lip. The finer striation, stronger gloss, smaller number of folds and more purely conic form separate goniostoma from moquinianci, in which there is also a tendency towards the formation of an apertural angle. From cereana the present species is distinguished by the greater size and especially by the union of the second palatal fold with the peristome ; from avena by the greater number of palatal folds (Kuester}. This appears to be a variety of tenuimarginata Des Moulins. Form aucta West. With 6 palatal folds, the first very short, sutural, 2d short, 3d to 5th marginal, 6th below, near the columella (Fauna Pal. Reg. Binnenconch., iii, 1887, p. 96). 34 CHONDRIN/E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Var. juliensis Bgt. PL 2, figs. 15, 16. Shell resembling the type, but having two folds (instead of one) at the insertion of the right margin. San Julia de Loria, Andorra. The typical form is quite rare, but the var. julieiisis is much more abun- dant (Pupa, goniostoma var. juliensis Bourguignat, Moll, de San-Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 24). 13. CHONDRINA ANGULATA (Fagot). Shell perforate-rimate, conic-tapering, the spire fusiform, densely, subregularly striate, corneous-buff; whorls 12, the upper convex, lower flattened, the last with a strong white crest at base. Aperture oblique, oval-compressed, angular below; 2 parietal, 2 columellar and 5 or 6 palatal folds, the angular long, 3d palatal emerging, 4th and 5th punctif orm ; outer margin strongly thickened, the columella porcellanous. Length 11, diam. 2 mm. (Westerlund). Spain. Pupa angulata FAGOT, in Cronica Cientifica, 1888, not seen. — Modicella angulata Fag., WESTERLUND, Synopsis, p. 95. Appears to differ from others of the group by the large number of whorls. 14. CHONDRINA ARIGONIS (Rossm.). PL 2, figs. 10, 11, 12, 17, 18. Shell perforate-rimate, ovate-turrited, the spire acutely tapering ; violaceous-brown, substriate ; whorls 7-8, convex, the last finally ascending, the neck a little swollen, the base rotundly compressed a little, buff, having two short white lines; suture deeply impressed. Aperture rounded semi- ovate, 6-folded : two folds on the parietal wall, one oblique, at the insertion of the lip, the other elevated, immersed ; two on the columella ; two rather deeply placed plicae of medium size in the somewhat calloused palate ; peristome somewhat spread- ing, with a very fully developed white or brownish lip. Length 6%-8, diam. 3% mm. (Rossm.). Spain: Pego, Prov. Valencia (Jose Arigo). Pupa arigonis ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., iii, p. 105, pi. 85, f. 936. — PPR., Monogr., vi, 316. — Pupa arigoi Rssm., WESTER- LUND, Fauna, iii, p. 101. CHONDRINA OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 35 By the form and the much developed lip it groups with the smaller forms of megacheUos, but differs by the base of the neck not compressed, and by having only 2 palatal plicae, as well as by the upper anterior fold [angular lamella] which never penetrates inward to the inner end of the parietal lamella, but always terminates at its forward end (Rossm.). The outer lip expands very little or not at all, but the whole peristome is widened by the conspicuous thickening of the inner edge. There is also a wide buff band behind the lip. Typically the teeth are strongly developed, but in one lot labeled Catalonia they are much reduced, low and weak, length 7.9, diam. 2.9 mm., 8 whorls. However, this lot is per- haps not really referable to arigonis. In another set from the type locality, the shell is more conic, and there are very minute, deeply immersed supra- palatal and basal plicae (figs. 17, 18, length 6, diam. 2.7 mm.). The surface, in all specimens seen, is nearly smooth or has very low, coarse wrinkles. Other described forms of the series follow; none of them have been figured, and their relations with the better known species remain to be indicated. 15. CHONDRINA BAREGIENSIS ('Bgt.' Loc.). — Cylindric, a little ventricose, 8 slightly convex whorls, the suture well marked; aperture subtriangular, a little contracted, angular at the base ; 2 small superior folds, the lower well immersed ; 1 columellar at the superior angle; 4 narrow palatals, the upper obsolete, not reaching to the peristome ; peristome thin, very little reflected, sharp ; shell a little shining, dark red, ornamented with coarse striae. Length 9, diam. 3 mm. En- virons of Bareges (Hautes-Pyrenees). (Pupa baregiensis Bourguignat in coll., Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon. (7), iii, 1896, p. 187.) It appears to be distinguished by the single columellar lamella. 16. CHONDRINA CENTRALIS (Fagot). Quite small, conic, short and squat, rapidly tapering; 7 convex whorls with im- pressed suture. Aperture rounded basally, with parallel mar- gins ; 2 superior folds, one moderate, the other small ; 2 colu- mellars, the lower one more slender; 2 palatals, the lower obsolescent, not reaching the peristome. Peristome acute, 36 CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYBENEAN CENTER. little reflected. Shell wine-brown, ornamented with quite spaced lamellar striae. Length 7, diam. 3 mm. Plateau de Lourdes, vallee du Gave d'Ossoii (Hautes-Pyrenees). (Pupa centralis, Fagot, Hist, malacol. des Pyrenees Francaises et Espagnoles, Bull. Soc. Ramond, 1891, xxvi, not seen; desc. from Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon, (7), iii, 1896, p. 188.) 17. CHONDRINA DERTOSENSIS (Bofill). Shell perforate-sub- rimate, ovate-subeonoid, obtusely tapering at the apex, cor- neous-reddish, a little glossy, obliquely striatulate ; 7-8 convex whorls, regularly increasing, separated by an impressed suture, smooth at the apex ; the last whorl a little swollen, a little compressed at the rimation, slightly ascending to the aperture. Aperture subvertical, semiovate-rounded, plicate as follows: An angular fold at the insertion, another rather prominent, immersed parietal in the middle ; 2 on the colu- mellar lip, the lower one smaller; 2 or 3 palatals (in adults), the upper one stronger, reaching the lip, the others shorter, a little immersed; peristome unexpanded, acute, with a tawny lip within, the margins strongly approaching, the outer curved above, columellar slightly reflected. Length 6, diam. 2, aper- ture 2 x 1l/3 mm. (Pupa dertosensis Bofill, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, p. 162). Spain: rocks at the peak of the Serra de Cardo, Tortosa Catalonia) . This form has been placed by Westerlund in the avenacea group, by Caziot in the farinesii group near pulchella. 18. CHONDRINA CRASSATA ('Bofill', Fagot). Shell nearly covered rimate, almost cylindrical, rather rapidly tapering at the summit, corneous- violaceous or rufescent, nearly smooth. Whorls 9, rapidly regular, the last compressed basally, broadly crested, descending at the aperture. Aperture produced to the left, ovate, with 2 parietal, 2 columellar and 4 palatal folds. Columellar lamellae nearly equal ; first palatal puncti- form, the rest subequal, not emerging; peristome expanded throughout, strongly thickened, porcellanous, the columellar margin oblique, straight, outer margin arcuate. Length 10, diam. 2y2 mm. Spain. (Pupa crassata Bofill, in Fagot, Cro- nica Cientifica, 1888, not seen ; desc. from Westerlund, Synop- sis, 1897, p. 96.) 19. CHONDRINA SCHISTA (West.). Shell deeply perforate, cylindric-conic, cherry-brown, rarely reddish-corneous, smooth (sometimes, under strong magnification, very irregularly stri- CHONDRIN.E OP THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 37 ate), with oblique apex. Whorls 7-8, somewhat convex, the upper very rapidly increasing, the two before the last nearly equal, the last anteriorly obtusely angular above ; flattened in the middle, strongly blunt-keeled at the base. Aperture oval, with 2 parietal lamellae (the angular lamella long, interrupted deep within) ; 2 columellar lamellae, strong and horizontal; 4 palatal plicae (the first very short, deep within, the rest very long, interrupted, the second nearly reaching the margin. Peristome narrowly expanded, brownish yellow ; margins sep- arated, the outer lip more arcuate above. Length 5-G1/^, diam. 2-21/2 nim. Pyrenees. (Pupa schist a Westerlund, Fauna Pal. Reg. Binnenconch., iii, 1887, p. 112.) 20. CHONDRINA HOSPITII (Fagot). Shell cylindric-conic, corneous-buff, a little rufous, not glossy, striate; whorls 8, convex, regular, the last a little larger, swollen in the middle, compressed below, much ascending. Aperture lunate-oval, large, with 2 parietal, 2 columellar and 3 or 4 palatal folds. Angular lamella thin, entering ; parietal deep ; columellar strong, immersed; 2 upper palatals subequal, the first some- what immersed ; sometimes with a punctiform fourth palatal fold. Peristome expanded throughout, white, thickened, the external margin much incurved, columella arcuate. Length 7-8, diam. 2 mm. Spain : Venasque. (Pupa hospitii Fagot, Cronica Cientifica, 1888, not seen; desc. from Westerlund, Synopsis, 1897, p. 95.) PUPA ORTIGOSANA Fagot, of Ortigos (Logrona) is an unpub- lished species mentioned by Caziot, Ann. Soc. Linn, de Lyon, liii, 1907, p. 196, who placed it between hospitii Fag. and lusi- tanica Rm. (b. Species of Central Spam,} 21. CHONDRINA GRATIOSA (West.). Shell rimate, oblong-turrited, cylindric, brown, delicately rib-striate; whorls 7, convex. Aperture oblong-ovate, with 1 parietal, 2 columellar, 4 palatal folds (no angular; parietal deeply placed, high, compressed and short ; columellars small, immersed, white; 1st to 3d palatals remote, outwardly thick, inwardly tapering, long and slender, the 4th basal, smallest, punctiform, more deeply immersed). Peristome unexpanded, thin, the margins distant, very lightly curved, the outer shortly arcuate above. Length 4 mm. ( West.). 38 CHONDRIN.E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Central Spain, in drift of the Jarama river (S. Calderon). P.[upa] (Modicella) gratiosa WESTERLUND, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., iii, 1898, p. 167. It seems to be near P. sardoa Cantr. (West.). (c. Species of Northern Spain.) Besides the following forms, C. gorbeana, no. 40, belongs to this district. 22. CHONDRINA VASCONIC A (Kobelt). Shell fusiform-turrited, the spire slender, rather obtuse at the apex, rufescent-corneous, finely rib-striate; 8 convex whorls, separated by a deep suture, slowly increasing, the last a little longer than the penult, compressed at base, distinctly ascending in front, compressed behind the aperture, and lightly scarred over the lamellae. Aperture small, truncate- ovate, with the peristome thickened, margins joined by a very thin callous, contracted by 6 lamellae : two in the parietal wall, one larger, reaching the callous at the insertion of the outer margin, the other deep, entering, small ; a third at the begin- ning of the basal margin ; and three parallel folds in the outer margin, shining through to the outside, of which the lower is scarcely visible in the aperture. Length 6, diam. 2, alt. aper- ture scarcely 1.5 mm. (Kobelt). Spain: Orduna, Biscaya (Kob.). Pupa vascomca KOBELT, Jahrb. d. Malak. Ges., ix, 1882, p. 72. 23. CHONDRINA KOBELTI ('Hid/ Westerlund). Shell oblong with rather conic spire, irregularly striate, chestnut-brown, whitish near the aperture. Whorls 7, very convex, the last rounded beneath, flattened anteriorly, slowly ascending above; suture impressed. Aperture triangular- oblong, with 6 or 7 teeth : 2 parietal lamellae, the angular long, 1 columellar lamella, situated high, horizontal in front, not running forward, curving upward rapidly within; 4 palatal folds, the first very small, within, the other three nearly equal, separated, elevated within, very shortly entering. Peristome CHONDRIN^] OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 39 simple, the margins separated; outer margin thin, arcuate above, then straightened; columellar margin nearly vertical, somewhat thickened, dilated; columella somewhat calloused. Length 5y2, diam. 2 mm. (West.). Spain : Oviedo, Asturias. Pupa kobelti Hid., WESTERLUND, Fauna, Pal. Reg. Binnen- conch., iii, 1887, p. 102. Modicella kobelti WEST., Synopsis, p. 95. 23a. C. kobelti ordunensis n. subsp. PL 3, figs. 2, 3, 4. The shell is shortly rimate, cylindric-fusiform, rather solid, carob-brown, with an irregular cinnamon band behind the peristome and on the base; penult and last whorl flattened, tapering downwards, furrowed above the rounded, projecting base. Spire stout, convexly conic, not paler. Whorls con- vex. Sculpture of fine oblique striae. The aperture is much longer than wide, subtriangular, being narrowed below, rounded basally, tawny within, armed with 7 (or 8) white lamella? and plica? : angular lamella low, rather long, extend- ing a little beyond the outer end of the parietal, which is stronger ; columellar lamella horizontal, strong, not emerging, curving upward deep within; the subcolumellar lamella ob- tuse, tuberculiform, tinted, not visible in a direct front view. Three subequal plica? are evenly spaced, the upper palatal reaching to the peristome, the others shorter; they show as white or whitish streaks outside (and there is sometimes a minute, immersed, suprapalatal fold). The columellar lip is dilated, peristome otherwise unexpanded, with a thin, blunt edge ; but it is rather strongly thickened a little distance within the palate. Length 5.5, diam. 2.1 mm.; 6y2 whorls (fig. 3). Length 5, diam. 2.1 mm. Spain: Pena de Ordufia; type no. 22791 A. N. S. P. This form differs from the unfigured C. kobelti West., from further west in northern Spain, by having a well-developed subcolumellar lamella, which, however, is immersed and scarcely visible in a front view. I have not seen C. kobelti. 40 CHONDRIN^E OP THE PYRENEAN CENTER. (d. Species of Portugal, the Province of Cadiz, and Morocco.) 24. CHONDRINA LUSITANICA ('Rossm.' Pfr.). PI. 3, figs. 5, 6. The shell is subperforate-rimate, cylindric-conic, very ob- liquely, irregularly ribbed, brown ; spire tapering, obtuse ; whorls 8, convex, the last ascending at the end, the neck sharply costulate, buff; base somewhat compressed obliquely; with 4 white lines. Aperture suboval, liver-colored, 8-plicate : 2 rather long lamellae, near together, on the parietal wall, one extending to the outer margin where it connects with the in- sertion, the other more immersed; 2 moderate folds on the columella ; 4 in the palate, showing outside white through the tawny throat, the upper one remote and small, the second curved, reaching the margin, the third and fourth shorter and a little further in. Peristome spreading, somewhat thickened, the outer margin angularly curved above. Length 7, diam. 3 mm. (Rossm.). Portugal: Serra d'Arzabida [Arrabida] (type loc.) ; many places in provinces Douro, Beira and Estremandura (Nobre). Pupa lusitanica Rossm. in litt., PFR., Monogr., ii, 1848, p. 347. — ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., iii, 1859, p. 105, pi. 85, f. 935. — LOCARD, Conchyl. Portugaise, Arch. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Lyon, vii, 1899, p. 147. — Pupa avenacea var. luzitanica Rossm., NOBRE, Annaes Sci. da Acad. Polytech. do Porto, iii, 1908, p. 50, pi. 1,13, 4. This form is distinguished from avenacea chiefly by the strong rib-striation and the internally thickened lip, produc- ing a light tawny area behind the lip. The teeth are strongly developed, the angular entering as far as the parietal, no divi- sion into angular and spiral lamellae being evident. The minute denticle in the base is sometimes nearly obsolete, and the suprapalatal is minute. Some authors have considered lusitanica a variety of ave- nacea, but it is surely quite distinct by the callous thickening in the throat and the strong sculpture. It belongs to a group of forms chiefly developed in the Pyrenees, and not to the immediate group of avenacea. Whether the true avenacea occurs in Portugal is highly doubtful; its western limit has CHONDRINA OP THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 41 not been determined, and even reliable Spanish records are lacking. M. Morelet at one time cited lusitanica as P. secale, a species not found in Portugal. The best recent account of lusitanica is that of Nobre. 25. CHONDRINA CALPICA (West,). PI. 3, figs. 10, 11. Shell perforate, ovate-turrited, horn-yellow, often densely suffused with bluish, ribbed; 7% whorls, the upper convex, the last depressed on the neck, somewhat compressed at the base, ascending above. Aperture oblong-semiovate, with 6 strong white, immersed lamellaB and plicae : 1 parietal lamella, 2 columellar, the lower one very small; palatal folds 3, the upper very long ; peristome thin, simple, acute ; outer margin strongly arched above. Length 7, diam. 3 mm. ( West.). Gibraltar: along the way from the city to the fortress (J. Lindahl). Pupa calpica WESTERLUND, Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., 1872, p. 27 ; Malak. Bl., xxii, 1874, p. 58, pi. 2, f . 6-8 ; Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 103. — PFR., Monogr., viii, 386. — KOBELT, Iconogr. n. F., ix, 1902, p. 70, f. 1694. The angular lamella is rudimentary or obsolete. In fresh shells (Westerlund's had been preserved in spirits) the color is. carob-brown or chocolate, fading more or less upward, but sometimes the whole tint is lighter, nearer walnut-brown. Sometimes there is a small suprapalatal plica, as in fig. 11. Length 6.5, diam. 2.8 mm. It is related to tingitcwia. 26. CHONDRINA TINGITANA (Kobelt). PL 3, fig. 9. Shell rimate-perforate, fusiform-turrited, the spire slender; corneous; sculptured with oblique, rather widely spaced, ar- cuate ribs; 7 slowly increasing whorls, separated by a deep suture, the last nearly twice as long as the penult, the base compressed in an obtuse crest. Aperture ovate, somewhat ob- lique, with the margins of peristome converging, joined by a thin callous, subtuberculiferous near the insertion of the outer lip ; contracted within by 6 lamellae : one compressed parietal ; two, the upper larger, in the basal [columellar] margin; 3 parallel in the outer margin. Alt. 7.5; a variety is smaller and more swollen (Kobelt). 42 CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Morocco : mountains of Beni Hosemar, opposite Tetuan, on limestone cliffs (Kobelt). Pupa tingitana KOBELT, Jahrb. d. malak. Ges., ix, 1882, p. 71. The specimen figured, labeled Tetuan, determined by Cles- sin, is not exactly typical of the species or the variety. The peristome is quite thin; angular lamella very low, irregular, composed of low tubercles weakly connected, and sometimes penetrating as far as the parietal lamella, but usually shorter or interrupted. Parietal lamella high. Upper and lower palatal plicas are rather long, a minute suprapalatal above them. Length 7, diam. 2.9 mm. Chondrina tingitana algesirae (Kob.). Differs from the preceding, which is close, by having the outer margin only armed with two lamellae, and also the tubercle of the parietal callous far more distinct. Found by me in multitudes on a limestone ridge near Algeciras ; seems constantly distinct from the preceding by the lack of the third lamella on the palate, yet is apparently only a local variety (Kobelt). (e. Species of Algeria.) 27. CHONDRINA LETOURNEUXI (Bgt.). PL 3, figs. 14. Shell rimate, obese-oblong, ventricose, rather solid, corneous, sharply and strongly costulate. Spire short, tapering, the apex obtuse, smooth. Whorls 8, slightly convex, slowly in- creasing, parted by a moderately impressed suture, the last whorl tapering, compressed-carinate at base, deeply furrowed in the middle, and strongly ascending at the insertion of the outer lip. Aperture semioval, 7-folded ; a lamelliform fold at the outer lip, a stronger, more deeply placed parietal fold, two obliquely descending, emerging columellar folds, of which the lower is stronger, and three lamelliform, emerging palatal plicae, of which the upper is very strong, converges towards the parietal fold, which it almost touches. Peristome thick- ened, white, expanded, the outer margin arcuately angular anteriorly; margins joined by a thick callous cut into seven little teeth, one in the upper angle between the outer lip and the large lamelliform fold, and six others between the large CHONDRIN.E OP THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 43 fold and the columellar margin. Length 5%, diam. 2l/2 mm- (Bgt.). Algeria : debris of the ravine of Chabet-Beinan, near Cape Caxine, 14 kilometers west of Algiers (Letourneux, Poupil- lier). Pupa letourneuxi BOURGUIGNAT, Malacologie de 1'Algerie, ii, 1864, p. 78, pi. 5, f. 19-22. The exact relations of this species and the next are in doubt, as we do not know whether there is an internal palatal plica above the upper emerging one, and the presence of a spiral lamella is uncertain. Their presence in Algeria is rather anomalous, as they appear to be of Pyrenean type. I have elsewhere (p. 4) referred to the Algerian records for C. goniostoma and other Pyrenean species. 28. CHONDRINA LALLEMANTIANA (Bgt.). PL 3, fig. 13. Shell rimate, acuminate-elongate, ventricose at base, solid, somewhat glossy, subpellucid, under the lens regularly and obsoletely subcostulate, pale corneous or whitish-ashen. Spire acuminate, the apex smooth, rather acute. Whorls 9, a little convex, slowly increasing, separated by an impressed suture, the last whorl tapering, compressed at the base (as though gibbous) and carinate (the keel acute, strong, nearly disap- pearing at the peristome), at the periphery thicker, whitish, and strongly ascending at the outer lip. Aperture semiovate, slightly contracted below, having 7 folds: a lamelliform fold at the outer lip ; parietal fold minute, lamelliform ; 2 strong columellar folds; and 3 emerging, lamelliform palatal plicae, of which the upper is stronger. Peristome white-thickened, expanded, strongly reflected at base; outer margin arcuate anteriorly; the margins joined by a whitish callous orna- mented with 7 or 8 very long little plications. Length 7, diam. 3mm. (Bgt). Algeria: debris of the ravine Chabet-Beinan, near Cape Caxine, 14 kilometers west of Algiers (Letourneux, Poupil- lier). Pupa lallemantiana BOURGUIGNAT, Malacologie de TAlgerie, ii, 1864, p. 80, pi. 5, f. 23-27. 44 CHONDRINJE OP THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Differs from letoumeu&i, according to Bourguignat, by the conoid form, more glossy shell of a lighter tint, by the more separated, blunter, much less strong costulations, by the ab- sense of a median furrow on the last whorl, as in letourneuxi; by the outer margin not angular and not projecting forward by the less projectng columellar folds, not obliquely entering ; by the upper palatal plica not converging to the parietal fold, and by the plications of the parietal callous, which have a lamelliform, not a punctiform appearance as in letourneuxi. Section MODICELLA Ads. Series of C. farinesii. These forms of the Pyrenees and southeastern Spain differ from avenacea by the weakness or loss of teeth; of palatal folds there are not more than two, often one or none. Parietal and columellar margins each bear two, one or no lamellae. When present, the lamellae and folds are small and short. As is usual in series showing degeneration of the teeth, the individual lamellae and plicae become highly variable, and their value as specific characters is correspondingly diminished. There has been no rational revision of the many local forms, races or species. The work can be done only by a naturalist able to get a practical knowledge of them in the field and by study of the types or topotypes. As the data are not at hand for construction of a key, some of the more obvious characters have been tabulated below as an aid in determination. In the second column of the table, a indicates the presence of an angular lamella. CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 45 Teeth 00 *z 0 BE 1 a CS 5 Sculpture k a 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 hi 2 1 2 2 0 2 2 3 2 2 2 0 farinesii. . . . -V farinesii var. . < speluncae ... tarraconensis . < 0 a a 0 a 2 2 0 0 a a a a 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 1 0 I 1 i i 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 0 7-7* 9-10 8 7? 6* io-ii 8 8 9-10 8 8 7 5-6.6 8 6 6 4 6.5 8 7-8 7-8 7 0| 7 2-2.6 3 2 2 If 1.5 3| 3-3J y 2 2| 2f striate. fine crowded wrinkles, irregularly striatulate. " undulately striatulate. smooth, finely costulate. wrinkle-striate. very finely striolate. wrinkle-striate. hair-striate. distinctly, irregularly striate. striate. strongly striate. very finely, closely striate. irregularly hair striate. ribbed, inconspicuous striae, costulate-striate. striatulate. fine, uneven striae. microdon. . . . boettgeriana. . jumillensis . . . ignota guiraonis . . saltus . ... obliterata . . . massotiana . . . m. penchinatiana m. angustata . . m. confusa . . . m. sexplicata . . aragonica. . . . domicella. . . . pulchella .... p. manotiana . . ilendensis. . . . gorbeana .... 10 8 8 7* 8 7* 6-9 7 4.5 6 6 7 2-2J 2.5 1.5 2 2 2.8 29. CHONDRINA FABINESI (Des Moulins). PI. 5, figs. 1, 2. Shell cylindric-conic, more or less lengthened, striate, brown ; whorls 6-7, a little convex, the suture deep. Aperture sub- oval, toothless; peristome whitish, simple, not reflected; um- bilicus patulous virguleeform. Length 6-6%, diam. 2 mm. A variety is shortened, more conic, length 5, diam. 2 mm. (DesM.). The shell is thin, chestnut-brown or carob-brown, finely and irregularly striate, the striation sometimes almost effaced, sometimes distinct. The whorls are strongly convex, the last somewhat compressed laterally, rounded basally. The peri- stome is thin, whitish, the columellar margin dilated, outer lip unexpanded, strongly arcuate above. Typically there is no trace of lamellae or plicae. 46 CHONDRIN.E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Length 6.6, diam. 2.6 mm.; 7% whorls (La Preste). Length 6, diam. 2.3 mm. ; 7 whorls. Length 5 mm.; 7 whorls (Perpignan). Pyrenees of southern France and eastern Spain, generally distributed; type loc. La Preste (Pyrenees-Orientales), on limestone back of the thermal baths (J. N. Farines) ; north- eastward to dep. Lozere. Pupa farinesii DES MOULINS, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vii, 1835, p. 156, pi. 2, f. El-3.— PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 308.— ROSSM., Iconogr., ii, pt. 10, p. 25, f. 639. — KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 51, pi. 6, f . 21, 22. — MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll. Fr., ii, 1855, p. 359, pi. 26, f. 5-10, with var. dentiens, I. c., f. 11.— BOURGUIGNAT, Mollusques de San-Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 15, pi. 2, f. 1-3, with var. dentiens, p. 17, pi. 2, f. 5, var. obesa,, p. 17, pi. 2, f. 4, and var. subcarinata, p. 17, pi. 2, f . 6 (in Rev. et Mag. de Zool., xv, 1863, p. 58). — CAZIOT, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, liii, 1907, p. 194 (distribution). — MARGIER, Feuille Jeunes Naturalistes, no. 516, 1913, p. 199 (distribution). — Probably not P. farinesii of SETTEPASSI, Feuille J. Nat., no. 520, 1914, p. 75. A well-differentiated species, by the lack or very small size of teeth, recalling the Sicilian G. rupestris and the Algerian G. dupoteti, yet not closely related to either. The distribution of farinesii has been worked out by Mar- gier and Caziot. It is generally distributed in the dep. Pyre- nees-Orientales, and occurs also in the Spanish Provinces of Gerona and Barcelona. There is a record from Portugal, no doubt erroneous. In France it extends northward from the dep. Pyrenees-Orientales through Aude, Tarn, and Averyron to Lozere, that is, along the Cevennes uplift (using this term in a wide sense) . There is even a single record from Langogne (dep. Allier), but I regard this as dubious, since the Abbe Dumas, who seems to have collected assiduously, did not find it (Rev. Sci. du Borbonnais, 1901). It is very local in these eastern departments, special localities being on limestone rocks of the gorge of Malefosse, of the Tarn, as far up as Bla- joux. M. Locard found specimens in flood debris of the Rhone, doubtless washed in from a western affluent. There is CHONDRIN.E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 47 no satisfactory evidence that farinesii occurs anywhere east of the Rhone. It has been reported from the Apuan Alps of Tuscany, but while I have not seen specimens, I am disposed to think them terminal members of a parallel and independent evolution-series from the avenacea stock. See under oligo- donta. Of the several varieties described, the first three appear to occur with the typical form, and seem to be merely mutations. Var. obesa Bgt. Shell shorter, more obese than the type. San-Julia de Loria, Andorra. Var. subcarinata Bgt. Shell a little more lengthened than the type, with an obsolete carina at the base, which makes the aperture larger. San-Julia de Loria. Var. dentiens Moq.-Tand. PL 5, fig. 4. The angular lamella present as a whitish deposit, diffuse or in form of a little tooth, and a low prominence may usually be seen on the columella. La Preste. Var. biplicata Bgt. Shell of a little smaller size, having only one tooth on the columella instead of two as in the type [of jumillensis] . Eocks of San- Julia de Loria ; also valleys of Ussat and Vic-Dessos (Ariege). (Pupa jumillensis var. bipli- cata Bourguignat, Moll, de San-Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 18, pi. 2, f. 10-12.) It differs from var. dentiens by having a low columellar lamella as well as an angular. See p. 50. Var. ascendens West. Shell widely perforate; whorls 7%, the ascent of the last high and long, rounded at base. Aper- ture with the base narrower, two-folded; outer margin angu- larly curved above. Length 6, diam. 3 mm. St. Beat, Pyre- nees. (Pupa jumillensis var. ascendens Westerlund, Fauna Europasa Moll. Extramar. Prodr., fasc. ii, 1878, p. 179.) PUPA SPELUNCAE ('Bgt.,' Loc.). Cylindric-elongate, feebly tapering; 9-10 slightly convex whorls, the last a little larger, suture moderate ; rimation quite strongly developed ; aperture subrectangular, a little excentric ; peristome thin, sharp, with- out external crest; shell quite solid, slightly glossy, deep brown, ornamented with fine, crowded wrinkles. Length 8, diam. 3 mm. Entrance of the grotto of Eaux-Chaudes (Basses- Pyrenees). (Pupa speluncce Bourguignat in coll., Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon, (7), iii, 1896, p. 185.) 48 CHONDRINA OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Probably a large form of farinesii. 30. CHONDRINA TARRACONENSIS (Fagot). Shell rather openly perforate, regularly conic from the base, corneous-buff, irreg- ularly striatulate ; whorls 8, somewhat convex, slowly increas- ing, the last larger, ascending, rounded at the base. Aperture vertical, ovate-lunate, with 1 to 3 teeth: angular smaller, parietal more or less lengthened, or punctiform or wanting; columella thick, toothed; peristome unexpanded, margins nearly parallel. Length 6, diam. 2 mm. Spain. (Pupa tarra- conensis Fagot, Catal. Moll. Essera (not seen) ; Westerlund, Synopsis, 1897, p. 100.) Cfr. M. jumttl. v. ascendens W. ( Westerlund) . 31. CHONDRINA LONGINI (Fagot). Shell rimate-perf orate, the perforation nearly covered by the columellar margin, cylindric-conic, opaque, glossy, corneous-violaceous, at the summit yellowish; irregularly and obliquely undulately stri- atulate; spire tapering from base to summit, especially so in the upper part, the apex corneous, smooth, mamillate, not prominent, as though truncate; whorls 7%, a little convex, separated by a well-impressed suture, regularly increasing, the last larger, not compressed below but rounded, ascending a little to the aperture. Aperture slightly oblique, ovate- rounded, 3-plicate as follows: 1 tooth-like, porcellanous an- gular ; 1 immersed, lamellif orm, compressed, tapering parietal, also porcellanous ; 1 straight columellar, more or less incurved at the summit ; peristome thickened at the aperture, the mar- gins little approaching, the columellar margin lightly in- curved, reflected at the umbilicus, outer margin simple, regu- larly curved. Alt. 6, diam. 2 mm. ; alt. aperture l1^, width 1 mm. (Pupa longini FAGOT, in Navas, Boletin Soc. Aragonesa de Cienc. Nat., v, 1906, p. 201). Spain : pena Foradata above the Salient, Aragon, at an ele- vation of over 2000 meters (R. P. Longin Navas). It is perhaps approached only by our Pupa saltus of the Essera valley, and ignota of the valley of Panticosa ; but it is distinguished from the first by the less numerous whorls (8 instead of 10), the last whorl rounded at the base and not compressed, the aperture more oval-rounded, by its columellar fold more immersed and curved at the top, etc.; from the second it differs by the greater size, more swollen whorls, the feebler teeth, etc. (Fagot). This is apparently the Pupa navasi Fagot, ined., mentioned by Caziot, Ann. Soc. Linn, de Lyon, liii, for 1906 (1907), p. 197, from the same place. CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 49 32. CHONDRINA MICRODON (West.). Shell rimate-perf orate, ovate-conic, with the spire 2~y2 times longer than the aperture, brown, smooth, the apex obtuse. 6% strongly, beautifully convex whorls, regularly increasing, the last rounded below, ascending in front; suture deep, narrow. Aperture strongly receding below, obliquely oblong, with one conic tooth deep within and high up on the columella; peristome simple, nearly unexpanded, only the columellar margin being dilated above ; margins very little and almost equally arcuate, except that the outer lip is strongly curved and protracted towards the colu- mella above. Length 4, diam. 1% mm. (Pupa microdon WES- TERLUND, Fauna, Pal. Reg. Binnenconch., iii, 1887, p. 104. — Modicella m., WEST., Synopsis, 1897, p. 100). Spain : Montserrat, prov. Barcelona. 33. CHONDRINA BOETTGERIANA (Clessin). PL 5, fig. 3. Shell rimate, subfusiform, thin, brown, pellucid, finely cos- tulate, the ribs narrow, regular; 10-11 convex whorls, slowly and regularly increasing, separated by a moderately impressed suture, the last somewhat compressed at base, about equalling one-fifth the length. Aperture nearly quadrangular, toothless. Peristome acute, a little reflected, the margins connected by a scarcely perceptible parietal callous, the outer margin lightly impressed. Length 6.5, diam. 1.5 mm. (Clessin). Spain: Jaen. Pupa boettgeriana CLESSIN, Malak. Blatter (n. F.), v, 1882, p. 188, pi. 4, f. 4. Described from one specimen. From farther southwest than other toothless species. 34. CHONDRINA JUMILLENSIS ('Guirao,' Pfr.). PI. 5, figs. 6, 7. Shell perforate, ovate-turrited, rather solid, obliquely wrinkle-striate, slightly glossy, purplish-brown. Spire con- vex, slowly tapering, the apex rather acute; suture deep, simple. Whorls 8, convex, the last scarcely forming one-third of the length, slightly compressed around the punctiform per- foration. Columella longitudinally folded within and trans- versely two-toothed. Aperture slightly oblique, truncate- oblong ; parietal wall having a little lamella at the right angle ; peristome simple, slightly expanded, the right margin strongly curved above, toothless, columellar margin widely dilated. Length 8, diam. 3% mm., aperture 3 mm. long (Pfr.). 50 CHONDRIN^E OP THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Southeastern Spain: Jumilla and Orihuela (Bourgeau). Pupa jumillensis Guirao, PFR., Monogr., iii, 1853, p. 540 (Pupa bourgeaui Shuttlew. Mss. cited as a synonym). BOUR- GUIGNAT, Moll, de San-Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 17, pi. 2, f. 7-9. The original description of jumillensis is translated above. The figures are from Bourguignat, who did not give the source of the specimens, remarking that it is " found in a great num- ber of Spanish localities. ' ' Nomenclature. — Rossmaessler, in 1859, described as the true Pupa jumillensis of Guirao a form much smaller than Pfeif- fer's and having but one columellar lamella instead of two. He was at a loss as to the source of Pfeiffer's specimens, which were supposed to have been furnished by himself. The matter is discussed at length in Iconographie, iii, p. 110. Bourguig- nat, in his Mollusques de San-Julia de Loria, cited above, re- described jumillensis Pfr., and synonymized jumillensis Em. with his own P. jumiUensis var. biplicata, from the Pyrenees — a locality far from Rossmaessler 's. Westerlund ignores Pfeif- fer's jumillensis of 1853, accepting Rossmaessler 's species of 1859, a proceeding clearly inadmissible. The untangling of this snarl must be left to European students who must elu- cidate the zoological relations of the forms as well as their nomenclature. Various forms which have been described as varieties of jumillensis appear referable rather to farinesii. A variety with three folds, 1 angular, 1 immersed parietal and 1 colu- mellar, is noted by Bofill in the Province of Barcelona (Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., iii, 1886, p. 154). Possibly some form of fari- nesii is intended. Cf. P. tarraconensis Fagot. Pupa ignota appears to have been proposed as a substitute for P. jumillensis Pfr. not Rossm., and if so it becomes an exact synonym of jumillensis as here understood. Since I have not seen the original publication, Locard's description of ignota is given here. Pupa ignota Fagot. Cylindric-turriculate, a little elongate, spire high ; 8 convex whorls, the suture well marked ; aperture oblong-rounded, triplicate: 1 superior fold, lodged at the suture; 2 columellar folds; peristome a little everted; shell a CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 51 little glossy, violaceous-brown, very finely striolate. Length 7-8, diam. 3-3% mm. Haute-Garonne, Hautes et Basses- Pyrenees, etc. (Pupa ignota Fagot, Cat. Moll. Essera, in Cro- nica Cientifica, 1888, p. 23; Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon, (7), 1896, p. 185). 34a. Chondrina jumillensis guiraonis n. n. Vol. XXIV, pi. 47, fig. 9. The color is between russet and chestnut-brown, somewhat glossy, wrinkle-striate. The aperture is shorter and more ob- lique than that of farinesn. Angular lamella small and slen- der ; columellar lamella low, obtuse, so deeply immersed that it does not show in a direct face view. Length 4.7, diam. 2.2 mm. Rossmaessler's description of jumillensis follows: "Shell most minutely perforate, ovate-turrited, brown, obliquely stri- ate, the apex somewhat obtuse; whorls 6, convex, the last slightly compressed at base, a little ascending; aperture rounded semi-ovate, having 2 folds: one very slender fold at the insertion of the outer lip, one deep within on the straight- ened columella ; peristome a little expanded, thin, simple, the outer margin strongly curved, columellar margin rather straightened. Alt. 5, diam. 2% mm." (Rossm.). Rocks of Monte San Miguel near Orihuela, prov. Alcante, and of Monte de Santa Ana near Jumilla, prov. Murcia, Spain (A. Guirao). Pupa jumillensis Guirao, ROSSM., Iconogr., iii, p. 110, pi. 85, f. 943. — Cf. Pupa jumillensis var. biplicata BOURG., Moll, de San-Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 18, pi. 2, f. 10-12. This shell is shorter and rougher than C. farinesii dentiens, with a shorter aperture. The type specimen figured is from Jumilla, no. 22790 A. N. S. P. Bourguignat's var. biplicata was said by him to equal jumil- lensis Rm., which I doubt. It is from Andorra in the Pyre- nees, and is probably a form of farinesn. 35. CHONDRINA SALTUS (Fagot). Shell nearly covered rimate-perf orate, corneous-buff, reddish, hair-striate ; spire regularly tapering from the base, subulate ; whorls 9-10, the last ascending; aperture oval, with single folds on parietal wall, columella and palate; angular tooth-like callous, colu- 52 CHONDRIN^E OP THE PYEENEAN CENTER. mellar immersed, palatal small, immersed ; outer margin thick- ened, arcuate, columella straightened, reflected above. Length 7-8, diam. 2 mm. Spain. (Pupa saltus Fagot, Catal. Moll. Essera, Cronica Cientifica, 1888, not seen; descript. from Westerlund, Synopsis, 1897, p. 101.) 36. CHONDRINA OBLITERATA (Charp.). PI. 5, figs. 9, 10. The shell is long, cylindric-conic, thin, slightly glossy, purple-brown, distinctly but irregularly striate, composed of nearly 8 whorls, rather rapidly increasing in height, weakly convex, joined by a whitish, thread-like, somewhat impressed suture; the apex bluntly rounded, the last whorl contracted below, with flat neck. The aperture is semiovate; on the straight columella an indistinct fold stands; two of them in the palate, the upper one indistinct, punctiform, the lower somewhat longer ; a fourth indistinct one on the parietal wall near the insertion of the peristome. The columellar reflection is wide and almost half covers the large, deep umbilical crev- ice. Length 3% lines, width 1 line (Kuester). Portugal (Holl). Pupa obliterata CHARPENTIER, in Kuester, Conchyl. Cab., p. 112, pi. 15, f . 7-9.— PPR., Monogr., iii, 544. This species is known only by the description of Charpen- tier, and the figure and description of his type by Kiister. It has not been found by recent collectors in Portugal, and that locality must be considered dubious. It has some resemblance to forms of eastern Spain. Cf. also M. avenacea apuana. 37. CHONDRINA MASSOTIANA (Bgt.). PL 5, fig. 5. Shell oval-turriculate, deeply rimate, corneous-chestnut, with a very fugacious blue-white bloom when fresh, obliquely striate. Spire lengthened, the summit smooth, glossy and quite obtuse; 8 whorls, regularly increasing; suture deep, making the whorls very convex and a little flattened towards the suture ; last whorl slightly keeled around the umbilical fissure, and slightly ascending in front. Aperture slightly oblique, rounded-oblong, with four little teeth, as follows: one at the insertion of the outer lip, the second, deeply immersed, in the middle of the convexity of the penult whorl, the third in the CHONDRIN^ OP THE PYBENEAN CENTER. 53 upper part of the columellar lip ; finally a fourth, lamelliform, in the middle of the outer lip. These teeth exist only in quite adult individuals. Peristome a little everted. Columellar margin rectilinear, reflected and dilated, the outer lip strongly arched, the margins converging and strongly approaching. Length 6y2, diam. 214 mm. (Bgt.). Pyrenees: damp rocks along the pathway, San-Julia de Loria, Andorra. Pupa massotiana BOURGUIGNAT, Moll, de San-Julia de Loria, 1863, p. 18, pi. 2, f. 13, 14 (in Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1863).— Pupa penchinatiana BGT., t. c., p. 20, pi. 2, f. 15, 16. Closely related to jumttlensis and farinesii, from which it differs by having a palatal fold and a small parietal lamella. Var. penchinatiana Bgt. PL 5, fig. 11. Umbilical crevice more open, and there are two palatal folds, not reaching the peristome, while the single one of massotiana is on the peri- stome and extends a little way inward. Pathway at San- Julia de Loria. Pupa penchinatiana has been recorded from the mountains of Kabylia in Algeria (Hanoteau et Letouriieux, La Kabylie, 1872, p. 227). Such a distribution appears anomalous, yet, as in the case of Abida brauni, one is perhaps not justified in ex- pressing more than surprise. Var. sexplicata Bofill. With 2 columellar folds. Catalonia, at the Escalas de Sopeira; limestone rocks at Pont de Mon- tanyana, and on the margins of the Noguera Ribagorzana (Pupa penchinatiana var. sexpUcata Bofill, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, p. 160). Var. angustata West. Shell broadly perforate, conic, strongly striate, with 7 whorls ; margins of the peristome ob- liquely produced downward, approaching one another; the aperture therefore narrowed below, outer lip strongly curved above. Two lamella on parietal wall, one on columella, two folds in palate. Length 7, diam. 2% mm. Alcazar, Spain. (Pupa massotiana var. angustata West., Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 102.) Var. confusa West. Shell ovate-turrited, very finely, very obliquely and closely, regularly striate, dark cherry-brown; 54 CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. the last whorl rounded below. Aperture with 4 white teeth: 1 small angular lamella, 1 sunken, short, strong, parietal, and 2 horizontal columellar teeth, deep within, high on the colu- mella, the second one very small. No palatal folds. Catalonia. Coll. Ponsonby, sent by Bofill as P. dertosensis Bof. (P. masso- tiana, var. confusa West., Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 102). Var. aragonica Fagot. Shell rimate, cylindric-conic, elon- gate, buff-reddish, very delicately, irregularly hair-striate ; whorls 10, somewhat convex, rapidly and regularly increasing, the last ascending, compressed at the base, but not carinate. Aperture oblique, oval, with 2 parietal, 1 columellar, 2 palatal folds. Angular lamella tooth-like ; columellar small, oblique ; palatals rather short, remote ; peristome expanded throughout, white, the columellar margin nearly straight, outer margin longer, arcuate. Length 6-9, diam. 2-2% mm. Spain. (Pupa aragomca Fagot, Catal. Moll. Essera, 1888, p. 17 ; descript. from Westerlund, Synopsis, p. 101.) 38. CHONDRINA DOMICELLA (Westerlund). Shell rimate, ovate-conic, obliquely ribbed, rufous-brown. Whorls 8, con- vex, regularly increasing, last slightly compressed at base; suture deep. Aperture oval, rounded beneath, with 6 lamellae and plicae : 1 long angular lamella, 1 much shorter, immersed parietal fold, 2 horizontal columellar lamellae, situated high and immersed, the upper much the stronger, opposite the palatal laminae ; 3 palatal laminae, not marginal, the 1st rather immersed, very short, 2d and 3d prolonged inward, especially the 2d. Peristome but slightly expanded, the outer margin obtusely, angularly curved above. Length 7, diam. 2.5 mm. (West.). France: Lourdes (Fagot). Pupa (Torquilla) domicella West. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xlii, 1892, p. 36. Lourdes, France. "This species approaches nearest to P. massotiana" (W.). 39. CHONDRINA PULCHELLA (Bofill). Shell perforate-subrimate, conoidal, rather glossy, of a deep reddish color, obliquely ornamented with irregular, inconspic- uous striae; regularly tapering from the convexity of the last CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. 55 whorl to the summit; 8 very convex whorls of slow, regular increase, separated by a deep suture, the first whorls smooth, summit quite obtuse; last whorl a little ascending above towards the aperture, ornamented with 2 transverse linesv not very long and not reaching the peristome, corresponding to palatal folds. Aperture nearly vertical, suboval-truncate, with 6 lamellif orm denticles : one angular, white, approaching the outer lip at the beginning but diverging inwardly; one apertural [parietal], white, immersed, quite near the end of the angular lamella; two whitish columellars; two yellowish palatals, immersed, feebly prolonged inwardly. Peristome simple, narrow, curved towards the apertural angle, slightly everted at the base and the columella, the margins approach- ing, united by a weak callous. Length 4%, diam. 1%, aper- ture 1 x % mm. (Bofitt). Spain : arid places of Montsech, Catalonia, on rocks of the road of Pont de Mont any ana, at "Ca'n Quinquilla." Pupa pulchella BOFILL, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, p. 161. By its teeth this Pupa has some resemblance to our var. sexplicata of P. penchinatiana (Bourg.), but it is readily dis- tinguished by the conoidal form, by the regular taper of the spire from the convexity of the last whorl to the summit, by the very convex whorls, smaller size, slimmer form, and the reddish color (Bofill). Possibly related to granum Drap. Var. manotiana 'Bgt./ West. Shell umbilicate, oblong- conic, costulate-striate, brown; whorls T^, regularly increas- ing, convex, separated by a rather deep suture, the last some- what ascending in front. Aperture oval, an angular fold at the insertion of the outer margin, and a parietal fold in the middle, a columellar fold, and two palatal folds, all deeply placed, white, short and high, a denticle on the columella below ; peristome unexpanded, thin, the outer margin strongly arcuate above and approaching the columellar margin. Length 6, diam. 2 mm. Spain. (Pupa [TorquUla] pulchella Bof. var. manotiana Bgt. in sc., Westerlund, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges., 1894, p. 172.) 56 CHONDRIN^E OF THE PYRENEAN CENTER. Var. ilendensis (Fagot). Shell rimate-perf orate, conic, stri- atulate, corneous-buff; spire lengthened-turrited ; whorls 8, regular, the last slightly larger, a little compressed at base. Aperture oblique, ovate, with 2 parietal, 2 columellar and 2 palatal folds. Angular lamelliform, the parietal regular, ar- cuate ; upper columellar tooth-like, the lower remote ; palatals equal, not emerging, exactly opposite the columellar. Peri- stome unexpanded, reflected at the umbilicus, the columellar margin almost straight. Length 6, diam. 2 mm. Spain. (Pupa ilende-nsis Fagot, Catal. Moll. Essera, 1888 ; descript. from Westerlund, Synopsis, p. 102.) 40. CHONDRINA GORBEANA n. sp. PL 3, fig. 12. The shell is deeply, rather shortly rimate, long-conic, slowly tapering from the last whorl to the obtuse summit, glossy, carob-brown, the apex paler, last whorl with a tawny or white band behind the lip. Sculpture of fine but irregularly devel- oped oblique striae. Whorls moderately convex, the last ascend- ing in front, slightly compressed, the base quite narrowly rounded. The suture is impressed, bordered by a pale gray line. The aperture is truncate-oval, brown within. Angular lamella very low; parietal lamella represented by a barely perceptible callous ; columellar lamella small, far within, high on the pillar. No palatal folds. The peristome is dilated above the umbilical fissure, the outer lip not in the least ex- panded ; within its edge there is a rather strong, white callous throughout. Parietal callous thin and transparent. Length 7, diam. to lip-edge 2.8 mm. ; iy2 whorls. Spain : Pena de Gorbea (southern border of prov. Vizcaya). This species differs from avenacea by the strong white cal- lous within the peristome, as well as by the obsolescence of the lamellae and absence of plicae. In one specimen the an- gular lamella is short and tubercular but stronger than in the type. The species appears to be a degenerate member of the bigoriensis group. The locality is not far east of Orduna. CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. 57 Section Solatopupa Pilsbry. Solatopupa PILS., Man. Conch., XXIV, p. 234, type Pupa similis (Nov. 9, 1917). The shell is calcareous though thin, opaque, whitish with more or less cinereous, violaceous or bluish tint, and often marbled with brown ; having angular, parietal and columellar lamella*, upper and lower palatal and basal folds, or lacking teeth. Type C. similis (Brug.). Distribution : southern France, northern and western Italy south to Tuscany; a group of the olive zone, living on lime- stone rocks exposed to the sun. a1 . Palatal folds well developed ; 5 to 7 teeth. C. similis, no. 41. or. No palatal folds. 61. Shell conic, thin and fragile, toothless. C. psarolena, no. 43. 62. Shell cylindric, opaque, teeth 3 to 0. C. pallida, no. 42. 41. CHONDRINA SIMILIS (Brug.). PL 4, figs. 1 to 4. The shell is shortly rimate, cylindric-fusiform, opaque, pale cinereous or nearly white, generally more or less clouded and obliquely flamed with cinereous or vinaceous gray, the upper whorls of a chamois tint. More or less distinctly striate. Upper whorls strongly, the later ones weakly convex, the base rounded. Aperture is shortly oval, brown within, having 5 whitish teeth : angular lamella short and low, joining the lip. Parietal lamella rather strong. Columellar lamella obliquely ascending within, not emerging, a very low prominence (or a small, blunt lamella) below it. Upper and lower palatal folds subequal, not approaching the peristome. Peristome white, somewhat expanded, scarcely thickened. Length 10.5, diam. above aperture 3.2 mm. ; Sy2 whorls (Marseilles). Length 14, diam. above aperture 3.6 mm. ; 10 whorls (Grasse). Length 13, diam. above aperture 4 mm.; 9y2 whorls (Nice). 58 CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. Length 8.6, diam. above aperture 2.9 mm. ; 7% whorls (Cette). Southern France: northern and western Italy south to Tuscany; Corsica, Bulimus similis BRUGUIERE, Encyclop. Meth., i, 1792, p. 355. — Pupa simUis Brug., DUPUY, Hist. Moll. France, p. 401, pi. 20, f. 6.— WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 94; with (p. 95) forms major, minor, variegella, pachygastra, laevigata, dis- similis; var. porcellata, in Supplement, 1890, and Synopsis, 1897, p. 79.— MARGIER, Feuille Jeunes Nat., 1901, no. 365, p. 139 (distribution). — CAZIOT, Ann. Soc. Linn, de Lyon, vol. 50, 1904, pp. 147-154; var. fasciata, and var. guidoni, p. 151 (synonymy, varieties, distribution) ; Etude sur les Moll. terr. et fluv. de la Principaute de Monaco et du Dep. Alpes-Mari- times, 1910, p. 309. — MERLE, La Nature, 1912, no. 2055, p. 305, f. 2 (radiograph). — Pupa cinerea DRAP., Tableau, p. 61; Hist, Moll. Fr., p. 65, pi. 3, f. 53, 54.— Ross., Iconogr., pt. 5, p. 19, f. 336.— KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 36, pi. 5, f. 4-8 — SCHMIDT, Abh. Nat. Ver. Sachsen u. Thiiringen in Halle, i, p. 42, pi. 10, f. 82 (anat.).— PAGET, Ann. and Mag. N. H., (2), xiii, 1854, p. 455 (tooth variation and banding at Nice; in- cludes several species). — Pupa cinerea Drap., var. pachygaster SHUTTLEWORTH, Mittheil. Naturforsch. Ges. in Bern, no. 3, June, 1843, p. 18, no description. — Pupa quinquedentata Born, Pfeiffer, Monogr., ii, 345, with var. minor = Pupa variegella Ziegl. in coll.; iii, 547; iv, 673; vi, 314; viii, 384.— ROSSM., Iconogr., iii, pt. 17, p. Ill, pi. 85, f. 945. — MOQUIN-TANDON, Hist. Moll. Fr., ii, 1855, p. 352, pi. 25, f. 15-22; with varr. major, variegella, minor, pachygaster. — BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. Chateau d'lf, p. 24, pi. 1, f. 14, 15, with var. turriculata, p. 25, pi. 1, f. 16.— G. NEVILL, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 125 (all along the Genoese Riviera, at Menton from the sea to 4000 ft.) ; also varr. pr 'cehist orica and speluncarum. Probably not Turbo quinquedentatus Born, Test. Mus. Caes. Vindob., 1780, p. 359, pi. 13, f. 9. — Pupa quinquedentata Born (cinerea Drap.) WIEGMANN, Nachrbl. d. Malac. Ges., 1901, p. 12 (anatomy). — Jaminia quinquelamellata Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 1826, p. 91, teste Bourguignat. — Pupa quinqueplicata POTIEZ et MICHAUD, Galerie, etc., i, 1838, p. 163. CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. 59 This very abundant species varies widely in size, degree of variegation and in sculpture, the greatest diversity being among lots from the Alpes-Maritimes. Bruguiere's type was about 10 mm. long, from the south of France. In several lots from Italy there is a short basal fold which is often so far immersed that it is not visible in a direct face view (pi. 4, fig. 2, Florence). It is not constantly present in any lot examined. Paget appears to have noticed this fold in specimens from the Riviera, but no other author has men- tioned it. The subcolumellar lamella varies from distinct to so deeply immersed as to be nearly invisible, in different individuals of most lots examined. In the Alpes-Maritimes it lives in populous colonies, accord- ing to Caziot, in well-exposed, sunny places, at Saint-Jeannet, Eze, Saint Vallier, etc., up to 1000 m., on calcareous rocks. It avoids alluvial plains and is very rarely found on igneous rocks. A length of 16 mm. is not common, but specimens that long have been found on the rocks of Eze, etc., the diam. 4 mm. The distribution of C. similis has been worked out by Mar- gier and Caziot. In northern Italy it is rare in Piedmont, but extends through Lombardy and as far as Verona in Vene • tia, according to specimens in this collection. Southward it appears to be confined west of the Apennines, being very com- mon in Liguria, also in Tuscany (Leghorn, Florence, etc.) south to a point 17 kilom. southeast of Rome. In France it is found in Corsica, in the departments of Alpes-Maritimes, Alpes Basses, and westward, north to Drome and Estaing (Aveyron), west to Amelie-les-Bains, in the Pyrenees. It has also been recorded from the province of Gerona, eastern Spain, from Fonteta and Figuera on the Ampurdan, its south- ern known limits. The details of distribution are given by Margier, Feuille Jeunes Nat., 1901, pp. 139-141. A scalariform abnormal form resembling Clausilia scalaris Pfr. has been noted by Caziot (1904, p. 150). Since 1848 this species has often been called P. quinqueden- tata (Born), but the identity of Bern's species is very uncer- tain. The figure looks more like a Clausilia, and may possibly 60 CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. be one of the long and slender varieties of Abida variabilis; the description is inconclusive, and the locality unknown. The following described forms are synonyms : Form dissimilis West. Quite cylindric, with the spire shortly, conically tapering only near the summit, all whorls equally and very slowly increasing, somewhat angular below ; no angular lamella; parietal lamella very high, very oblique, long. Length 12-14, diam. scarcely 3 mm. ; aperture 2% mm. See under P. olivetorum. Pupa olivetorum Loc. Cylindric, very narrowly elongate, the spire feebly acuminate ; 10-12 quite convex whorls, the last angular towards the rimation ; suture well marked ; aperture small, oboval ; peristome not very thick ; 2 superior folds, one very small at the suture, the other long and deeply placed; columella simply folded; two deep palatal folds; shell some- what thin, ashy white, marbled, finely striolate. Length 15- 16, diam. 3 mm. Le Midi, Alpes-Maritimes. Gard, Herault, etc. (Locard, Ann. Soc. Agricult. Lyon, (7), iii, 1896, p. 183). Identical with dissimilis West, and not a species or even a valid variety, according to Caziot (1904), but simply a slen- der mutation occurring individually in normal colonies in many places, never in pure colonies. The tendency to produce such cylindric individuals is common in many species of the genus. Pupa plagionixa 'Bgt.,' Loc. Quite small, almost regularly conic, rather squat. 8-10 nearly flat whorls, the last well keeled at the base ; suture not very deep ; aperture subrec- tangular, with the same apertural teeth as similis; shell solid, ashy-white, marbled with blue, finely wrinkled. Length 9-11, diam. 3% mm. Alpes-Maritimes, Var, Bouches du Rhone, Isere, etc. (Locard, Ann. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon, (7), iii, 1896, p. 184). According to Caziot (1904) this is certainly an ab- normal shell. Pupa variegella Ziegl. This form was mentioned as Chon- drus variegellus Ziegl., but not defined by Cristofori and Jan (Catalogus, etc., sect, ii, 1832, p. 5, no. 18) ; they give the locality southern France. The next notice and first definition is by Beck, who has a var. c. varia, with the synonym Pupa variegella Zigl., under Torquilla cinerea (Index Moll., 1837, p. 87). He refers to Rossmaessler's fig. 336 as illustrating his variety. This figure appears to be a strongly variegated speci- men of the typical form, about 13 mm. long. Pfeiffer, in CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. 61 1848, recognized a var. minor, of which he cites P. variegella Ziegl. as a synonym, with the description, "Whorls 8, length 9y2, diam. 3 mm." No locality is given. Moquin-Tandon, 1855, recognized var. variegella for a "shell larger [than typical similis], very distinctly marbled," with the locality Grasse. This interpretation has been accepted by Ct. Caziot (1904). If the name variegella is used at all, it should prob- ably be restricted to the shell figured by Eossmaessler, but a better course would be to discard it as superfluous. The following varieties are given for what they are worth — not much in most cases. Var. major Moq. Shell larger, of the same color. Sainte- Lucie near Narbonne; Draguignan (Moq.-Tand., L c., pi. 25, f. 22). The figure measures 16.5 mm. long, 4.5 diam. Var. minor Moq. Shell smaller. Caziot states that this form is common at the chateau of Nice and other places in the Alpes-Maritimes. Length 9-10, diam. 3 mm. ; on the Var river, 8x2% mm. Var. pachygaster 'Shuttl.,' Moq. Shell of the same size as the typical form [9-13x3-4 mm.] or smaller, more ventricose. Corsica: Ajaccio, Saint-Florent (Moq.-Tand.). The name is preoccupied. Form laevigata West. Irregularly, finely striate or almost smooth. Var. porcellata West. Shell subfusiform, rather swollen in the middle, strongly tapering above, very acute, regularly and closely rib-striate; length 11, diam. in the middle 3% mm. Spezzia, Italy. Var. fasciata Caziot. Each whorl ornamented with a brown median band, as in Cochlicella. Aqueduct de Carpentras (Alpes-Maritimes) ; also in Provence. Var. guidoni Caziot. Differs from the type by its colora- tion, the cask-like form of the whorls of the spire, the more pronounced suture and the nearly smooth shell. Pioggiola pres le Mont Padro, Corsica, on granite. Var. Juliana Issel. Color reddish, more or less intense, probably due to the ferruginous material abundant in the same locality. Baths of S. Giuliano, Prov. Pisa. (Pupa quin- quedentata var. Juliana ISSEL, Memorie Soc. Ital. di Sci. Nat., ii, no. 1, 1866, p. 21.) 62 CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. Var. pr cellist orica G. Nevill. The commonest subfossil shell in all the deposits except F ; though varying in countless ways, it always preserves a distinct "facies" from that of the pre- ceding living form [similis] ; it can invariably be distin- guished by the much stronger and more regular striation, not so oblique, so flexuous, or so inclined to be subobsolete; the aperture is also invariably smaller and more contracted, less everted as a rule, with both margins straight and parallel, in- stead of more or less rounded; the folds appear scarcely to differ at all. Long. 14, diam. 4 mm. Type of the var. from deposit B, Menton (NevUl) . Var. speluncarum G. Nevill. A more distinct and charac- teristic variety than the preceding, which I only found in de- posit F, where it was abundant, and in the interior of the cave itself (as I have already mentioned). A very short, convexly swollen, tumid form, of only 9 instead of 10 whorls, the last being proportionally much broader; striation more like that of the typical form than of the preceding variety; the short, quadrangular, unusually everted aperture, with remarkably thickened and reflected peristome, seems to be its most char- acteristic feature, the margins being more convexly rounded and united by a distinct (instead of subobsolete) callosity. I can see no difference in the folds (or teeth). Long. 10%, diam. 3% millim. From deposit F (Nevill). Menton. Types, Indian Museum, Calcutta. Var. isabella Caziot. A variety of lengthened shape, very slightly swollen, robust, 11 very slightly convex whorls. It differs from the type especially by the dimensions, length 17- 18, diam. 4%. mm. The typical similis varies between length 9-15, diam. S-S1/^ mm. The var. major West, has, length 16 mm., with a diam- eter equal to my variety ; it is thus more obese. The var. isa- bell& approaches var. variegella Ziegler which has been found at Grasse, and which is more ventricose and more distinctly marbled. The variety of the Courmettes has, besides, the depth of the aperture of a dirty yellow color. Some specimens show a single band, such as is characteristic of my var. uni- fasciata. Southern slope of the Courmettes between the tor- CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. 63 rent du Loup and the village Tourette (Alpes-Maritimes) (Caziot). Pupa similis Brug. var. isabellcu CAZIOT, Feuille Jeunes Naturalistes, no. 513, 1913, p. 148, fig. on p. 147. 42. CHONDRINA PALLIDA ('Phil.,' Rossm.). PL 4, figs. 5 to 8. Shell with a shallow umbilical crevice, ovate-fusiform, pointed; lilac-ash-gray, with irregular brownish flecks and horn-colored apex; weakly striate, somewhat glossy. Eight somewhat convex whorls. Aperture semi-ovate, the throat yellowish-brown ; peristome expanded, sharp, simple, the colu- mellar margin shorter and straighter than the outer lip. Columella somewhat callous, advancing. Length 4, diam. 1^ lines, 7 whorls (Rm.). Upper Italy (Philippi) ; Riviera from Toulon to Porto Venere near Spezia (v. Martens). Pupa pallida Phil, in lit., ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., ii, pt. 11, 1842, p. 11, pi. 53, f. 732.— KUESTER, C. Cab., p. 86, pi. 12, f. 12, 13. — PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 308. — VON MARTENS, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges., 1900, p. 70 (between Rapallo and Zoagli, very abun- dant on limestone cliffs) . — Pupa patula Menke, teste Pfr., Monogr., viii, p. 363. The type figure is copied, fig. 7. It is not known where the very small, toothless form which served as type of this species occurs; but it is doubtless merely a local race or colony of the prevalent larger form known as amicta Parr. It is unfortunate that the species was first described from a peripheral mutation. Var. amicta Parreyss. — Shell deeply rimate, cylindric-tur- rited, solid, smooth, bluish-white; spire long, corneous above, gradually terminating in a rather obtuse cone ; suture simple. Whorls 9, scarcely convex, the last about two-sevenths the total length, subtuberculate-compressed at base. Aperture nearly vertical, truncate-oblong, fleshy-brown within, with 3 teeth: the first angular, second standing apart deep on the belly of the penult whorl, the third fold-like, deep on the colu- mella. Peristome white, a little expanded ; the margins some- what unequal, right margin toothless. Length 12, diam. 3 mm.; apert. 3% mm. long, 3 wide (Pfr.). 64 CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. Pupa amicta Parreyss MS., PPR., Malak. Bl., i, 1854, p. 67 • Monogr., iv, 668 ; vi, 307. — BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. terr. chat, d'lf, p. 25, pi. 1, f. 11-13.— ISSEL, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., vii, 1881, pp. 208-212; with var. excelsa, p. 210. — Pupa pallida var. tridentata EOSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., iii, pt. 17, 1858, p. Ill, pi. 85, f. 944. — P. pallida var. dentiens MARTENS, Die Hel., 1860, p. 287. Distinguished from typical pallida by the presence of small angular, parietal and columellar teeth ; but these are variable in development in adult shells of the same lot. In some of the examples from Nervi, Liguria, the angular and parietal are reduced to slight traces (pi. 4, fig. 5), and there is no colu- mellar. Such specimens approach the original pallida rather closely, but all I have seen are slightly larger, 9y2 to 10 mm. long. Other shells of the same lot have two distinct teeth and a trace of the columellar, or none. Specimens from Spezia have the three teeth distinct (pi. 4, fig. 8). This may be taken as type locality of amicta, since Pfeiffer gave only Sicily (1854) and northern Italy (1859). Specimens from Grasse (Terver) have the lip more ex- panded than Italian shells seen; two teeth, with rarely a small columellar also (pi. 4, fig. 6). The parietal is often not visible in a direct face view. They vary in size : Length 12, diam. above aperture 3.3 mm. ; 9 whorls. Length 9.5, diam. above aperture 3 mm. ; iy2 whorls. Although amicta has been reported from the Chateau d'lf (Dep. Bouches-du-Ehone) and the peninsula of Saint-Man - drie, near Toulon (Bourguignat, 1860), and I have specimens from Grasse (Var), yet it appears to be wranting in the Dep. Alpes Maritimes, where the snail fauna has been studied care- fully by Ct. Caziot and many others. It occurs at suitable places along the whole coast of Liguria, but the colonies, while rather numerous, appear to be of limited extent. According to Issel, C. amicta ordinarily lives on limestone rocks near sea level, but it has also been found inland and at some elevation, at Bavari and Traso in the Bisagno valley, five or six kilometers from the coast, at about 100 meters elevation, and above Cassagna and Statale, ten to twelve kilometers in- PLATE 1 * 11 11 If Pu pill id 3? PLATE O t ; •*f 10 " * 15 11 17 PLATE 3 PUPILLIDXE PLATE 4 A 13 PUPILLID^C PLATE 5 16 JtIL 2 1919 SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES FOUNDED BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. OONTINITKD BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D., SPECIAL CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Part 98. Col red PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. CHONDRINA, SECTION SOLATOPUPA. 65 land at about 450 meters above the sea. Upon these specimens he bases the following variety. Var. excelsa Issel. The shell more slender, more acuminate, smaller, and having the aperture more regularly oval, and with the margins more approaching. 43. CHONDRINA PSAROLENA (Bgt.). PL 4, figs. 9, 11. Shell rimate-p erf orate, conic-oblong, fragile, a little pellu- cid, obliquely striatulate; corneous, irregularly marked with longitudinal streaks of cinereous or whitish-blue. Spire conic, the apex acute, corneous, smooth; whorls 7, very convex, parted by a deeply impressed suture, the last whorl not one- third the whole length. Aperture rounded, the peristome simple, acute, not reflected; columella simple; columellar margin dilated, a little expanded ; margins strongly converg- ing, joined by a thin callous. Length 7-8, diam. 4 mm. ; height of aperture 2.5, width 1.75 mm. (Bgt.). Alpes-Maritimes, in the gorges of the Saorge (type loc.? Bgt., Caziot) ; also cavern la Giachera in the Nervia valley, Liguria, and on the Costa di Drego above a little affluent on the left of the Argentina or Tazzia river, at 1000 meters eleva- tion (Issel) ; fossil in the pleistocene deposits of Menton (Nevill). Bulimus cinereus MORTILLET, Coq. fluv. et terr. de Nice, in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Savoie, iii, 1851, p. 96. — Bulimus cinereus DUMONT et MORTILLET, Descript. somm. des esp. nouv., in Prospectus de 1'Hist. Moll, terr., etc., Savoie et du Basin du Leman, 1852, p. 3. — ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr., iii, pt. 17-18, 1858, p. 102, pi. 84, f. 929. Not Bulimus cinereus Reeve, 1848. — Bulimus psarolenus BOURGUIGNAT, Amenites Malac., ii, 1859, p. 116, pi. 15, f . 1, 2. — Pupa psarolena Bgt., STABILE, Bull. Malac. Ital., i, 1868, p. 33 (discussion of synonymy). — NEVILL, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 124.— CAZIOT, fitude Moll. Monaco, et Alpes- Marit., 1910, p. 313, pi. 9, f. 23, 24.— Pupa mortilleti v. MAR- TENS, Die Hel., 1860, p. 287 (n. n. for B. cinereus Mort). I have not seen this species, which appears to take the place of pallida in the Alpes-Maritimes, but apparently at much greater elevations than pallida. It lives on dusty limestone 66 UNDETERMINED PUP^E. rocks according to Caziot. Bourguignat found it on rocks of the gorges above the village of Saorgio, near Nice, in great abundance. Mortillet's locality was back of Menton. G. Nevill found an elongated form of the species in the pleisto- cene of Menton. Caziot 's figures also represent more length- ened examples. Unidentified and Undescribed Species of Abida, Granopupa or Chcmdrina. Pupa affinis Aradas et Maggiore, Catalogo regionato della Conchiglie viventi e fossili di Sicilia, p. 116 (Atti Accad. Gioenia, xv, 1839; xx, 1843). Shell conic-cylindric, ashy, smooth, solid; aperture 5-toothed; margin white, slightly re- flected. Alt. 3%, diam. 1% lines. Coast of Catania. Differs from P. variabiUs by the form, cylindric to the upper third, and the situation of the teeth, of which one is in the insertion of the lip, second in the labrum, two minute and contiguous on the columella, and the fifth, laminar, in the labium. I have not seen this publication, and take the diagnosis from Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, 220, who quotes from A. & M. Ross- massler's use of the name P. affinis was probably prior. Pupa contorta Calcara. T. cylindraceo-conica, striata, cor- neo-cinerascens ; anfr. 8 plano-convexi, ultimus ante finem notabiliter contortus; apertura alba, 8-dentata, margine eras- siusculo, subreflexo. Long. 3 lin. Palermo, Sicily. (Calcara, Effem. scient. per la Sicil., N. 75, p. 101.) Torquilla gastrodes Zigl. Beck, Index Moll., 1837, p. 58. Dalmatia. Jaminia heptodonta Risso. T. glabra, nitida; anfr. 11, line- olis obliquis impressis sculpti; apertura septemdentata ; epi- dermis fuscescens. Circa Nizza. Long. 0.009 (Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 1826, p. 92). Torquilla hornbeckii Villa. See vol. xvi, p. 24. Pupa libanotica Tristram. Shell cylindric-oblong, corneous or whitish, under the lens irregularly striate, the apex very obtuse ; whorls 10, a little convex, the suture impressed ; first 5 whorls very obtuse and rapidly increasing ; 6th whorl about equal to the 7th ; the last and penult strongly contracting, the UNDETERMINED PUP^. 67 last carinate at the base and contracted at the aperture. Aperture semi-oval, one-toothed, the tooth standing on the callous; peristome whitish, reflected, continuous in a callous. Length 11, diam. 4% mm. (Tristram). Palestine: Ainat, Lebanon (Tristram). Pupa libanotica TRISTRAM, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 538. This species has not been figured. It may belong to the Enida, but has been considered a Torquilla. Pupa plusiodonta Holmberg. Shell subperforate, fusiform- ovate, thick, scarcely shining, unequally subplicate and stri- ate, brownish fulvous, paler towards the apex ; spire subovate- conic, the apex obtuse, suture deep; whorls 7%, gradually increasing, convex, the first brownish-tawny, smooth, the rest darker, the last very little ascending, one-third the length. Aperture oval, contracted by 8 pliciform teeth : two parietal, of which one is produced to the suture, the other more deeply placed, parallel, further from the right margin; two on the columella, of which one further from the base is higher than the other ; one basal, is smaller than the rest ; and three mar- ginal, parallel and equidistant, the first nearly basal, the second going further in, the third deep ; these being visible ex- ternally as whitish lines. Peristome acute, expanded, pale, whitish externally and within; columellar margin straight, the basal regularly curved, right margin moderately curved, becoming strongly so near the suture; margins separated, joined by a thin callous. Length 9%, diam. 3%, aperture 3^2 mm. long, 2% wide (Holmberg}. Argentina: on the left bank of the Rio Negro near where it enters the sea, a single specimen found among fluviatile, land and sea shells (Pupa plusiodonta HOLMBERG, Apuntes de Historia Natural, i, no. 2, Feb. 1909, p. 27). It has not been figured. The description suggests a form of Abida or Chondrina. As the unique type was found among shells which had been collected some twenty-five years before, it appears likely that a stray European shell, perhaps from Italy, had got among them in the meantime. The following names, without further information, except 68 VERTIGININAE. that they belong to the submenus TorquiUa, are from Schau- fuss, Molluscorum Systema et Catalogus, Samml. Fr. Paetel, 1869: Pupa dalmatina Prtsch. Dalm. P. 85. Pupa parmjena d'Orb. Cuba. P. 85. Second edition of the same: Catalog der Conchylien- Sammlung von Fr. Paetel, 1873. Pupa baldensis Parr. M. Bald. P. 107. Pupa depresstiabris Parr. Gorz. P. 107. Pupa formosa Parr. Balkan. P. 108. Pupa inconspecta Parr. Serb. P. 108. Pupa labiosa Parr. Grasse. P. 108. [==P. braunvi var. labiosa Moq. ?] Pupa oblonga Parr. Italia. P. 108. Pupa prolongata Parr. Banat. P. 108. Pupa proximo, Rm. Illyr. P. 108. Pupa striatula Parr. Hispan. P. 108. Pupa turgida. Zglr. Illyr. P. 109. The same, edition of 1883 : Pupa anceps Fagot. Europ. P. 158. The same, 4th edition, 2d part, 1889 : Pupa scalariformis Em. Sicil. P. 304. Pupa tricolor Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xx, pi. 20, f . 190. ? = tricolor Villa. Subfamily VERTIGININAE. Pupillid snails without inferior tentacles. This group comprises Pupillidae having compact, oval, ovate or cylindric shells of quite small or minute size, usually iy2 to 3 mm. long,' from brown to amber or olivaceous color, having the typical 6 teeth of the family, or varying to none or to a greater number. The axis is perforate, but usually closed in the adult stage. Vertigininae are abundant in Holarctic, Polynesian and Hawaiian faunas, almost wholly wanting in South American and African. VERTIGO. Oil The subfamily, in its present limits, is a new group. The family Vertigimdae of Stimpson (Shells of New England, 1851, p. 53) comprised only the genus Vertigo including V. simplex Gld., but Stimpson also characterized his family by the want of inferior tentacles. From the literature it may be gathered that some Pupillidae certainly belonging to other subfamilies are deficient in ten- tacles, and according to Gredler, a reliable observer, V. genesii has inferior tentacles. Further careful observations on many species are needed. The inferior tentacles are usually very short in Pupillidae, and may therefore be overlooked easily. A general likeness may be traced between the shells of the genera now referred to Vertigininae ; it appears to be a na- tural group; though the variation is so great throughout the family that definitions sufficiently elastic to cover any of the groups larger than genera become too comprehensive to be diagnostic. The genera fall into two main geographic divisions: 1. northern or mainly Holarctic, including Vertigo, Trunca^ tellina, Sterkia and their satellite groups, and 2. Polynesian and Tropical, with Nesopnpa and the associated groups. Places where these divisions overlap are extremely few. A list of fossil genera and species of Vertigininae follows the account of the genus Vertigo. Genus VERTIGO Muller. Vertigo 0. F. MULLER, Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium Hist., ii, 1774, p. 124, monotype V. pusilla Mull. Isthmia GRAY, London Medical Repository, xv, 1821, p. 239, for "Helix Isthmia cylMrica Drap, t. 3, f. 30, 31," => V. pygmcea Drap. Cf. BALL. Tr. Wagner Inst. iii, pt. 2, p. 248 ; Nautilus xvii, 1904, p. 114, and NEWTON and HARRIS, Proc. Malac. Soc. London i, p. 72, footnote 1.— GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 176, type Vert, nitida — edentida Drap. Al&a JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. London xvi, 1830, p. 357. —GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 176, type A. paliwtris Jeffr. = V. antwertigo. — PILSBRY, Nautilus xviii, 1905, p. 119. 70 VERTIGO. Staurodon LOWE, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 214, type P. pygmaa Drap. Not Staurodon Lowe, 1852. Dexiogyra STABILE, Moll. terr. Viv. du Piemont, 1864, p. 104 (in Atti della Soc. di Scienze Nat., Milano, vi), for V. moulinsiana, V. pygm&a, V. antivertigo. V. antwertigo here designated as type. Dexiogira De BETTA, Moll. Prov. Veron., 1870, p. 83. Nearctula STERKI, Nautilus vi, 1892, p. 5, type by orig. des., V. calif ormca Rowell. Haplopupa PILSBRY, Nautilus xi, Feb. 1908, p. 119, mono- type V. daUiana. Pupa DRAPARNAUD, 1801, and of many subsequent authors. Not Pupa Bolten, see Vol. XXIV, p. 267. Small, oval, oblong or ovate, compact Pupillids, the summit very blunt; usually glossy and some shade of brown. Aper- ture having the typical six teeth of Pupillidae, none of them concrescent, part or all of them sometimes wanting; angular lamella not marginal when present. Outer lip straightened or bent inward in the middle. Animal without inferior tentacles. Type, V. pusflla Mull. The apertural teeth of Vertigo show great modifications in number and size. There are often small teeth accessory to the six typical ones, and in other forms there has been re- duction of teeth, the basal, angular and . upper palatal being lost in many species. Other forms have gone further, tooth- less species resulting from degeneration of teeth in several phyletic lines within the genus in both Europe and America. These modifications make a diagnosis of the genus almost im- possible. These teeth, though among the best specific characters, are subject to wider variation than usual. The secondary den- ticles are especially likely to vary ; but also the basal fold, the angular lamella and often the upper palatal fold are variable, being either present or absent in many species. In many Vertigos the basal fold is subcolumellar in position, rather than on the basal margin at the foot of the eolumella. It has therefore often been counted as a second columellar tooth in descriptions. VERTIGO. 71 In Europe, several diverse forms have given rise to smistral species, but up to this time no sinistral species or specimens have been reported from America or Japan. The shells of Vertigo are usually clean, but V. dalliana at least occurs daubed with slime and dirt, like many Gastrocoptinae. Key to the subgenera of Vertigo. a1. Angular lamella curving towards and connected with the outer lip ; lamella and plicae well developed. Subgenus Ptychal&a, species no. 41. a2. Angular lamella, when present, standing free of the peris- tome, not emerging to the edge. 61. Columellar lamella short, lamellar or toothlike, sub- horizontal or inwardly ascending a little, sometimes absent. Subgenus Vertigo. 62. Columellar lamella subvertical, spirally ascending (pi. 5, fig. 18) ; upper palatal fold entering very deeply, the lower shorter or wanting. Subgenus Vertilla, species nos. 81, 82. b3. Columellar lamella subvertical, the upper palatal fold shorter than the lower or wanting; no angular lamella or basal fold in known species. Subgenus Vertttlaria, species no. 31. &4. Columellar lamella curving down at its inner end (pi. 13, figs. 2, 4) ; lower palatal fold entering very deeply, much longer than the upper. Subgenus Angustula, species nos. 32, 33. Nomenclature. In his original publication of Isthmia, 1821, Gray refers to only one species, identical with Vertigo pygnuea. On ac- count of his somewhat irregular system of indicating the groups of " Helix," Harris & Newton have ruled this paper out as not binomial, stating that the name must date from Gray, 1840. It may be observed that their ruling has not been followed by any other author. All the names of a work stand or fall together ; one cannot accept part as binomial and 72 VERTIGO. reject the remainder as polynomial. In the present case, Gray was in effect using subgenera, and not what is commonly understood as polynomial terms; I have not found Gray's publication of Isthmia in 1840, though he quotes that date in his paper of 1847, where V. mtida (presumably = Pupa edentula Drap.) is mentioned as the type. Isthmia has been extensively used in Europe for the genus Truncatellwa Lowe. Al&a was proposed by Jeffreys for dextral Vertigines, but later, in the British Conchology, he considered "this generic addition to be quite useless and untenable." Dall has ex- pressed a similar view; and I fully agree with these authori- ties, although Boettger, Westerlund and most German authors have used Al&a. Dexiogyra was proposed for the same group, and is even less defensible. The value of Nearctula and Haplopupa remains to be as- certained when the affinities of their type species are better understood. They do not seem separable from the subgenus Vertigo by sufficient characters, as at present known. Distribution of Vertigo. Vertigo is essentially a northern genus of humid stations or regions. The group of Vertigo modest a is circumpolar, numerous in races and individuals above the parallel of 60°, and extending south at increasing elevations, in the Canadian and Transition zones, to about lat. 33° in Arizona, there only in mountain-top colonies. In Europe it does not go so far south, only to the Austrian Tyrol. Only 5 species of Vertigo have been reported from the American tropical fauna (Mexico and the West Indies), 3 of them being identical with northern species, the other 2 doubt- fully distinct from the widely spread V. ovata. This identity, together with the fact that they appear to be among the rarest snails in those regions, surely indicates that Vertigo is a late comer in the American tropics, if not, as I suspect, imported by man. Species have been found as far south as about 18 N. Lat. In the Palsearctic fauna, Scandinavia and the eastern Alps (Tyrol) have the greatest development of the genus. No VERTIGO. 73 species is known from as far south as the 35th parallel, and only a few species (in Algeria and Tunis) approach it. Where Vertigo occurs in arid regions it inhabits humid places, usually at high levels. Thus, in the arid zone of south- ern New Mexico and Arizona, Vertigo is often abundant in the forests mainly above 8000 ft., where there is abundant shade and moisture. It may usually be found where there are aspens. Part of the species of temperate latitudes of Europe and America are identical or very similar. Their distribution probably dates from the Pliocene. Doubtless much if not all of the evidence of the route has been destroyed by glacial action. While the present distribution of these closely allied forms suggests emigration around the north Atlantic, a Pliocene distribution through northern Asia seems far more likely, though northern Pliocene fresh-water deposits which might contain traces of this fauna are still unknown. This interpretation is in harmony with the facts of present distribution relative to the circumpolar modesta group, where the data indicate continuity of distribution within post- Pliocene time from Alaska west to Lapland, and a southern movement during Glacial time. The other Vertigines, less tolerant of cold and for the greater part more differentiated, no doubt were pressed south earlier, and were exterminated in Siberia and the mountain states of western America. The survivors are chiefly at the extremes of their former range, in Europe and in the eastern half of North America. Vertigo pygm&a is to be regarded as a member of that Pliocene fauna, still unchanged in the two hemispheres, though in both giving rise to various divergent races. V. ovata and antivertigo are but slightly differentiated. V. moulinsiana and V. ventricosa differ slightly more, and a few other species could be similarly paired. In both hemispheres there are also far more differentiated forms of Vertigo, mainly southern in distribution, indicating a long period of evolution in America as well as in Europe. Where Vertigo arose may perhaps never be known. The presence of typical species in the Oligocene of Central Europe, 74 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. and of highly peculiar species in the Bermudas and Bonins — outlying, degraded old volcanic masses which have been base- levelled and further reduced by subsidence — indicate a long period of evolution in the northern continents. Its absence in the Atlantic archipelagos — Azores, Madeira, etc., is per- haps due to belated arrival of Vertigo proper in extreme western Europe. There are a few Eocene species probably belonging to the Vertigininae, which indicate the presence of the subfamily in western Europe prior to the Oligocene. The single genus Stawrodon in Madeira points in the same direction. The species of Vertigo are considered in four groups : I. American species. II. Species of Japan and the eastern border of Asia. III. Palaearctic species of Europe, Asia and northern Africa. IV. Tertiary species. I. AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. After the early work of Say and A. Binney, the American Vertigines were studied by Dr. Gould, and twenty years later by Professor E. S. Morse, who was a pioneer in the critical study of our minute land shells. His results, published in various papers between 1864 and 1868, were incorporated by W. G. Binney in his Terrestrial Mollusks vol. V, becoming a permanent addition to science. In 1889 Dr. V. Sterki pub- lished the first of a long series of papers on Pupillidas which have made him the first American authority on the subject. We owe to him the discovery of many of the most remark- able of our Vertigos, and also valuable critical work on the older species, their mutations and races. Many collectors were induced by him to search for the small Pupillidse, with gratifying results. In the preparation of the following monograph the author has had frequent occasion to consult Dr. Sterki. It will be seen that his published work, letters and MS. notes have been quoted freely ; and the monograph is much the better for his generous assistance. In every case Dr. Sterki 's contributions have been acknowledged in the text. AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 75 Specimens of all of the American species except V. arthuri have been examined in the course of this work, including types, paratypes or specimens from the describer of all except a few of the older species. SPECIES OF BERMUDA. — The species, while strongly differen- tiated, are evidently related to forms of the eastern United States. V. marki Gul., no. 18 (related to V. trident ata] . V. numellata Gul., no. 7 (remotely related to the ovata group). V. bermudensis Pils., no. 33 (related to V. milmm). SPECIES OF THE WEST INDIES. — These tropical forms may be presumed to be of northern origin, since all of them are either identical with species of the United States or at least not satisfactorily shown to be different. Possibly all may be importations within the period of commerce ; I cannot other- wise understand the absence of differentiation in those I have been able to examine. The following have been recorded. V. ovata Say, no. 4. Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico. V. neglecta Poey. Cuba ( ? = ovata, no. 4) . V. hexodon C. B. Ad. Jamaica ( ? = ovata, no. 4) . V. gouldii Binn., no. 11. Jamaica, Cuba, St. Croix, Tortola. V. milmm Gld., no. 32. Jamaica. V. cubana Dall. "Cuba" (== Hawaiian Lyropupa). Key to American groups of Vertigo. ft1. Columellar lamella crescentic, its inner end turning down- ward; lower palatal fold entering to the dorsal side and turning down at the end. Teeth all well developed. Subgenus ANGUSTULA, species nos. 32, 33. ft2. Columellar lamella subvertical; lower palatal fold short, a conspicuous external constriction over it (pi. 8, fig. 10) ; 3 or rarely 4 small teeth. Southern states. Subgenus VERTILLARIA, species no. 31. ft3. Columellar lamella short, entering horizontally or ascend- ing inwardly, or wanting. Subgenus Vertigo. 61. Lower palatal fold entering to the dorsal side; 6 well developed teeth; a very high crest. Bermuda. Group of V. numellata, species no. 7. 76 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. &2. Without the above combination. c1. 6-9 teeth; crest or auricle generally well de- veloped; rather strong, dark colored forms (pi. 6). Group of V. ovata, species nos. 1-6. c2. 2-6 teeth (pi. 7). Group of V. pygmcea, species nos. 8-20. c3. 4-6 teeth ; shell cylindric or oblong, striate. Group of V. color adensis, species nos. 21-24. c4. 0-5 teeth, never a basal fold ; cylindric or ovate (pi. 10). Group of V. modesta, species nos. 25-28. c5. 0-4 teeth, no basal fold; no trace of a crest; cylindric, ribbed or with traces of ribs (pi. 9). Group of V. caUfornica, nos. 29-30. The keys to species are often insufficient for the identifica- tion of critical or variable forms, but they are offered as better than no guide. I have not been able to make differential definitions of the groups of V. ovata, V. ventricosa, V. modesta and V. caUfornica. Group of Vertigo ovata. Rather dark-colored, glossy shells usually having 7 to 9 teeth, never less than 5, the basal fold always present, but often subcolumellar in position ; angular lamella present, often an infraparietal also. Crest and auricle generally distinctly developed. Key to species. 1. Shell distinctly striate, the palatal callus, crest and impressions behind the lip weak or wanting. Austro- riparian. V. rugosula, no. 1. Shell weakly or scarcely striate. 2. 2. Last half whorl deeply impressed or constricted over the palatal folds (pi. 8, fig. 14). Lamellae and lower palatal fold long. Southern states. 3. Last whorl only moderately or slightly impressed over the lower palatal fold (pi. 6, fig. 2). 4. AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 77 3. 1.8 x 1 mm. ; seven teeth. V. alabamensis, no. 2. 1.5 x 1 mm. ; six teeth. V. a. conecuhensis, no. 2a. 4. More than 2.6 mm. long, of 6 whorls; spire long, the aperture relatively small. V. morsei, no. 3. Shell smaller. 5. 5. Ovate, the spire very convexly conic; length about 2.2, diam. 1.3 to 1.4 mm. ; 5 whorls ; usually with 7 to 9 teeth. 6. Oblong-conic, the spire more slender than in V. ovata ; 2.5 x 1.35 mm., 5y2 whorls. California. V. berryi, no. 5. Oblong-cylindric, 2 x 1.1 mm., 5 whorls. Rocky Moun- tains. V. binneya/na, no. 6. 6. Crest and auricle well developed. 7. Crest and auricle very weakly developed. California. V. o. mariposa, no. 4&. 7. Teeth moderately large. V. ovata, no. 4. Teeth longer and stronger. Texas. V. o. diaboli, no. 4a. 1. VERTIGO RUGOSULA Sterki. PL 8, figs. 1, 2, 3. "Related to V. ovata and gouldti, in shape more elongated than the latter, more cylindrical and somewhat larger. Aper- tural parts and lamellae much like those of ovata, but the columella is decidedly longer and straighter, and the inferior columellar lamella is distinctly placed on it. Of a peculiar formation is the surface : of the 5 well rounded whorls, about one and a half of the upper are nearly smooth ; the following with exception of the last are distinctively and regularly striated, the last very finely but distinctly rugose in the sense of the lines of growth; near the aperture again striated. Color, dark chestnut. Length 1.8 to 2, diam. 1.1 mm." (Sterki). South Carolina: Sullivan's Island, type loc., W. G. Mazyck. Tennessee: near Cowan and near Sherwood, H. H. Smith. Mississippi: Pass Christian, B. Walker. Louisiana: De Soto Parish, L. S. Frierson; Lovett Landing, Morehouse Parish, C. B. Moore. Oklahoma: Limestone Gap, Ferriss & Pilsbry. Texas : Lee Co., J. A. Singley ; Navidad River bottom, Jackson Co., J. D. Mitchell. /8 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. Vertigo rugosula STERKI, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1890, p. 34 ; Nautilus iv, p. 39, pi. 1, f. 3; reprinted by Binney, Fourth Supplement T. M. vol. v, in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. 22, no. 4, 1892, p. 201, figure. — WHEELER, Nautilus xxv, p. 124 (Monte Sano, Madison Co., Ala.). Besides the smaller size, darker color, and characteristic striation, which is much more regular and stronger than in V. ovata, this species differs by the shape of the angular lamella, which is rather long, low in front, rising inwardly. It emerges about as far as the parietal lamella, which is strong and quite long. The infraparietal lamella is a very small tubercle, as a rule, sometimes scarcely or not perceptible. The inner end of the upper palatal fold turns downward. Further differences are given by Dr. Sterki: "The last whorl is rela- tively smaller, the aperture is somewhat less broad ; the crest and impressions over the palatal folds are less marked or wanting ; the palatal callus is thin or wanting ; the basal fold is situated higher on the columellar margin, in the position of a subcolumellar lamella, while in V. ovata it is basal. ' ' In profile view there is a slight prominence of the outer lip, at the termination of a shallow depression, but it is far less developed than the "auricle" of V. ovata. A topotype received from Dr. Sterki (fig. 3) measures, length 2, diam. 1.2 mm. ; barely 5 whorls. Dr. Sterki gave also the locality Fish Camp, Fresno Co., California, H. Hemphill; I have not seen the specimens but possibly they are what I am calling V. ovata mariposa, a shell which does not have the distinct striation of V. rugosula. la. Vertigo rugosula oralis Sterki. PI. 8, figs. 5, 6, 7. "It is somewhat smaller [than rugosula] , ovate, the striation and rugosity of the surface are less marked, and the inferior apertural [infraparietal] lamella is wanting; in turn it has in most examples a lamella at the base (between inferior colu- mellar and inferior palatal) and the callus in the palatal wall is rather strong. The coloration of part of them is somewhat lighter. It cannot be confounded with V. ovata Say, its relations to the type of rugosula being evident, and in addition, AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 79 ovata has been found with it. Nor can it be referred to ventricosa — it is larger and stronger, of much darker color, its surface is not so smooth and polished, it has 3 or even 4 lamellae more, and the columella is longer" (Sterki, for var. ovulum) . Florida: Volusia Co., type loc., G. W. Webster, Pilsbry and others. Alabama: Stevenson; Tallapoosa R., about 7 miles S. E. of Wetumpka. [Vertigo rugosula var.] ovulum STERKI, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1890, p. 35. Not Pupa ovulum Pfr., 1841, also a Vertigo. — Vertigo rugosula ovalis Sterki, PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 608 (substitute for ovulum Sterki).— V. r. oralis Sterki, PILSBRY, Nautilus xix, 40 (Cape Sable, Fla.) — WHEELER, Naut. xxvi, p. 15 (region of Huntsville, Ala.) — VANATTA, Naut. xxvi, 20, 33 (near Marco; Lee Co.; Seminole Pt., Monroe Co., Fla.). It is generally stouter in figure than V. rugosula, but the contour varies widely. Some shells are very globose. Length 1.7, diam. 1.1 mm., 4% whorls ) Tallapoosa R. 7 miles Length 2, diam. 1.2 mm., 5 whorls J s. E. of Wetumpka, Ala. Length 1.6, diam. 1.1 mm. "I __ , . ~ .„, I Volusia Co., Fla. Length 1.9, diam. 1.15 mm. j The angular lamella is shorter than in V. rugosula, and it is not lower in front. The lip-point is more strongly de- veloped in some specimens from Alabama (fig. 5) than in most of those from Florida (figs. 6, 7) . There is often a notice- able light-colored crest behind the lip. In a specimen from "Mt. Taylor," Volusia Co., the suprapalatal and infrapalatal folds are strongly developed. Though this form was at first described as a variety of V. rugosula, Dr. Sterki regards it as nearer to V. ovata, and very close to the European V. antivertigo. The name was pub- lished in 1900 as V. r. ovalis, but this appears to have been an error for oralis, under which name it has appeared in several subsequent lists. 2. VERTIGO ALABAMENSIS Clapp. PI. 8, figs. 9, 13, 14. The shell is cylindric-oval, perforate, convex, sutures well 80 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. impressed, the last whorl somewhat tapering below, bulging above, and deeply constricted over the palatal folds ; crest well marked. Lip well reflected, pale brown, and deeply con- stricted opposite the upper palatal, simple above the con- striction, and with a strong callus or internal collar running down and connecting with the columella. Denticles 7, the parietal high, sinuous and deeply entering; angular strong, flat; upper palatal deep, very high in front and tapering to the rear, lower palatal very deeply seated, inner end back of the subcolumellar lamella, both palatals distinctly showing from the outside as white lines. Columellar lamella strong flat ; subcolumellar bifid, strong ; basal fold distinct, set on the callous collar just below the subcolumellar lamella. Length 1.8, diam. 1.10 mm. ; length of aperture 0.69, width 0.63 mm. (Clapp). 5% whorls. Alabama : among rotting leaves in a ravine near junction of North River with Black Warrior, Tuscaloosa Co., H. H. Smith. Vertigo alabamensis CLAPP, Nautilus xxviii, April, 1915, p. 137, pi. 6, f. 6, 6a, 6fe. This is a peculiar species. The parietal lamella is very strongly developed, high and long. The angular lamella is far longer than usual in Vertigo, and converges inwardly towards the parietal. The columellar lamella descends near its outer end, and penetrates deeply. _The "subcolumellar" descends obliquely inward, its crest either emarginate or level (pi. 8, fig. 9). It is apparently to be considered a basal fold, since the palatal callus extends to it. If this interpretation is correct, the tooth described as the basal must be an infra- palatal fold. It is usually a very low tubercle, and very rarely "distinct," as described and figured by Dr. Clapp. The palatal folds are very strongly developed, the upper a high lamina, the lower rising to a peak deep within. The types of this and the following form are in coll. G. H. Clapp ; figured from paratypes in coll. A. N. S. P. 2a. Vertigo alabamensis conecuhensis n. subsp. PL 8, fig. 12. At Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Ala., Mr. Smith found a variety which differs from the type in being shorter and more globose AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 81 with thii teeth less strongly developed and the basal fold absent in all shells examined. Length 1.53, diam. 1 mm. Length of aperture 0.58, width .63 mm. (Clapp). Vertigo alabametisis co-necuhensis CLAPP, Nautilus xxviii, April, 1915, p. 137, pi. 6, f. 7, la. The size varies from 1.6 x 1.05 mm. to 1.5 x 1 mm. 3. VERTIGO MORSEI Sterki. PL 6, figs. 8, 9. "Shell large (for the group), cylindrical-turriculate, with a rather acute apex, imperforate rimate, with few obsolete striae of growth, shining, translucent. Whorls six, rather slowly and regularly increasing, the last scarcely higher than the penultimate and rather narrower, somewhat sloping to- wards the base, slightly ascending at the aperture; suture deep. Aperture lateral, scarcely oblique, comparatively small, inferior and palatal part well-rounded, the latter with an angu- lar impression and slightly protracted in about its middle, the upper half more strongly curved, peristome everted ; on the palatal wall, at some distance from and parallel with the margin [externally] a moderate crest, behind it a deep and large impression over the palatal folds, and in front of it a groove corresponding with the impression at the auricle; inside the crest there is a distinct callus of the same color as the shell; apertural lamellae and folds typically nine: three on the parietal wall (the same as in V. ovata), the largest whitish; two on the columella, the superior strong, vertical above, then in an angle turning horizontally, the inferior horizontal, lamelliform, thin, high and directed obliquely up- ward ; basal small, sometimes double, rarely 0 ; palatals high, and rather long, curved and directed upward; suprapalatal small, nodule-like. "Alt. 2.7, diam. 1.3; apert, alt. 0.9, lat. 0.8 mm." (Sterki). New Jersey : White Pond, Warren Co., Pilsbry. Michigan : Kent Co., type loc., Dr. De Camp. Ohio: Sandusky; fossil in marl, Castalia, Erie Co. Indiana : margins of Lakes James, Tippecanoe and Maxinkuckee under dead weeds, wood etc. L. E. Daniels. Illinois: Joliet, J. H. Ferriss. Vertigo morsei STERKI, Nautilus viii, Dec., 1894, p. 89. — 82 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. BLATCHLEY and DANIELS, 27th Ann. Rep. Dep. Geol. and Nat. Res. Indiana, 1902, p. 587, 632 (Kosciusko, Marshall and Steuben counties, Ind. — WALKER, Moll, of Michigan, 1906, p. 516, f. 149 (Dewey's Mill, near Grand Rapids, type loc. ; Eaton, Bay and Washtenaw counties, Mich.). "In one example the inferior parietal tooth is wanting, in another the basal only trace-like, and in a third the same is double, as frequently found in V. ovata. With the latter species, V. morsei has much resemblance, especially in the aperture: the configuration and the 'teeth' are the same, but the inferior columellar, and the two principal parietals, are rather larger, and markedly directed upward. The main dif- ference is in the number and relative size of the whorls : while in V. ovata they are five, and rapidly increasing, the last pre- dominating, in our species there are six, slowly increasing, the last, and consequently the aperture, comparatively small. This is a radical difference, and gives the shell quite another aspect, so that there can be no question about its being dis- tinct. But V. morsei is also decidedly larger, V. ovata not, or little, exceeding 2 mm. in altitude" (Sterki). The species is named in honor of Prof. E. S. Morse. Specimens determined by Dr. Sterki measure : Length 3, diam. 1.5 mm., 6y2 whorls. Length 2.6, diam. 1.3 mm., 6 whorls. The color is from auburn to chestnut-brown. There is a distinct crease behind the lip, from the crest to the lip- point, and over both palatal plicae there is a wide depression externally. Dr. Sterki writes that out of 100 specimens ex- amined from the marl of Erie Co., Ohio, 10 have an infra- parietal, quite small or vestigial. While it stands very close to V. ovata, this species does not appear to intergrade, so far as seen. It is the largest Vertigo known. 4. VERTIGO OVATA Say. PL 6, figs. 1 to 4, 7. "Shell dextral, subovate, brown; apex obtuse; whorls five, glabrous; suture not very deeply impressed, body whorl in- dented near and upon the labrum ; aperture semioval ; labrum AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 83 five-toothed, of which three are situate on the transverse por- tion of the lip, parallel to each other, equidistant, the superior and inferior ones being small, the latter sometimes obsolete, the intermediate one lamelliform, prominent, and the two others situate on the columella, approximate, extending at right angles to the three preceding ones, the superior one oblique and smaller; labrum reflected but not flattened, bi- dentate, teeth lamelliform, prominent; umbilicus distinct. Length less than one-tenth of an inch. Breadth nearly 1/20 inch" (Say). Length 2.2, diam. 1.4 mm. ; 5 whorls (Dutchess Co., N. Y.). Length 2.3, diam. 1.4 mm. (Ottawa, Canada). Length 2.15-2.35, diam. 1.35 mm. (Oswego, Ore.). Labrador and Alaska, south to Alabama, Texas and Arizona ; State of Vera Cruz, Mexico and West Indies. Type loc. Philadelphia. Vertigo ovata SAY, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. ii, 1822, p. 375. BINNEY, Man. Amer. Land Shells, 1885, p. 334, f. 362, 363.— MORSE, Amer. Nat. i, 1868, p. 668, f. 67, 68.— TAYLOR, Nautilus v, 91 (Vancouver I.). — WEBSTER, Naut. v, 119 (Florida).— STUPAKOFF, Naut. vii, 135 (Allegheny Co., Pa.). — PLEAS, Naut. vii, 68 (Henry Co., Ind.). — SQUYER, Naut. viii, 63 (Mingusville, Mont.). — PRIME, Naut. viii, 70 (Long Island, N. Y.).— STERKI Proc. U. S. N. M. xi, 1888, p. 375, pi. 42, f. 5-7; Naut. viii, 89 (Kent Co., Mich.) ; ix, 116 (San Marcial, N. M.); xxix, 123 (Geneva, O.).— SCHICK, Naut. viii, 137 (Philadelphia). — SARGENT, Naut. ix, 89 (Clearwater, Minn.). — HANHAM, Naut. x, 101 (Quebec); xiii, 3 (Winnepeg).— PILS. & CKLL., Naut. xiv, 86 (Las Vegas, N. M.). — COCKERELL, Naut. x, 41-43 (Mesilla, near Silver City and Eincon, N. M.) — Chadwick, Naut. xix, 58 (near Milwaukee, Wis.). — PILSBRY, Naut. xix, 130 (Grant, N. M.) ; xxv, 75 (Monroe Co., Pa.).— WALKER, Naut. xx, 81 (Monroe canyon, Neb.) ; Moll, of Michigan, 1906, p. 516, fig. 148 (entire state).— SMITH, Naut. xx, 90 (Otsego Co., N. Y.).— WHEAT, Naut. xx, 101 (Cayuga Lake, N. Y.). — HANNA, Naut. xxiii, 95 (Douglas Co., Kansas). — NYLANDER, Naut. xxii, 143 (Aroostook Co., Me.). — HENDER- SON, Naut. xxii, 9 (Amarillo, Texas). — PILSBRY & 84 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. Naut. xxii, 104 (Albuquerque, N. M.). — BERRY, Naut. xxiv, 63 (Unity, Me.) ; xxix, 125 (Winnecook, Mont. ) .—WHEELER, Naut. xxv, 124 (Monte Sano, Madison Co., Ala.). — GREEGER, Naut. xxix, 89 (Payne Co., Okla. ) .— OVER, Naut. xxix, 91 (Deuel and Clay Co., S. Dak.).— DANIELS, 27th Ann. Rep. Dep. Geol. and Nat. Res. Indiana, 1902, p. 632 (Kosciusko and Steuben counties, Dunreith, Arlington, Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis, Ind.). — J. HENDERSON, Univ. of Colo. Studies iv, p. 171, fig. 9 (Twin Lakes and Saguache, West Cliff, Trinidad, and V. o. antiquorum CklL, Grape Creek, Colo.).— JOHNSON, Fauna of New England 13, 1915, p. 215 (all New England states). — DALL, Land and Fresh Water Mollusks, Harriman Alaska Exped. xiii, 1905, p. 32 ("Ungava Bay, Labrador! Victoria, British Columbia! St. Paul, Kadiak I. ! Alaska ; Tigalda Island, Aleutian chain ! Laggan, Alberta, Manitoba"). Pupa ovata Say, GOULD, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist, iv, 1843, p. 350, pi. 16, f. 7, 8.— PFR., Monogra. ii, p. 360.— v. MARTENS, Biol. Centrali Amer., Mollusca, p. 327. — Isthmia ovata Say, MORSE, Journ. Portland Soc. N. H., i, 1864, p. 38, f. 93; pi. 10, f. 94. Zonites upsom CALKINS, Valley Naturalist ii, Dec., 1880, p. 53, fig. — . Cf. W. G. BINNEY, Suppl. to Terr. Moll. V, Bull. M. C. Z. xi, no. 8, Dec., 1883, p. 149, pi. 1, f. L (immature stage). Pupa ovata forma nov. antiquorum COCKERELL, Zoe ii, April, 1891, p. 18. In the collection of the Academy V. ovata is present from Prince Edwards Island, Quebec and Ontario, through all the eastern states south to the Potomac, and west of the Alle- ghanies south to Alabama and Galveston, Texas; through all of the northern states west to Montana and Colorado ; also in the Rio Grande Valley, south to Mesilla, New Mexico; in southern Arizona near the Mexican boundary in the Huachuca Mts., and westward to Tempe and Jerome. It is, however, decidedly local in Arizona and New Mexico, and except in the Huachucas, the specimens are from stream debris, per- haps always washed from greater elevations than the places AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 85 mentioned. In the Pacific states, there are specimens from Seattle, Washington (P. B. Randolph) and Oswego, Clackamas Co., northern Oregon (J. A. Allen). I have not seen it from Idaho, Utah, Nevada or California, but allied or subspecific forms occur in California. Specimens are also wanting in this collection from the southern Atlantic states, from Virginia to Florida. Antillean specimens are noted below. The Alaskan records are all from Dall. It appears to ex- tend north to about 58°, south to about 18°. If the specimens from these extremes are reliably determined, V. ovata has the greatest range in latitude and climate of any Vertigo or other Pupillid snail in the world, so far as I know. ' ' V. antivertigo Drap. and V. ovata Say have almost exactly the same dentition as to number, size, and shape, and places of the single lamellae, and also as to other features of the shells they are very similar. V. ovata, in general, is a little larger, of lighter coloration, the margin is somewhat more ex- panded; the aperture appears larger because the columellar margin is relatively a trifle shorter; the whorls increase in size somewhat more rapidly, and the suture is a trifle deeper. Specimens from Massachusetts are not only of the same or even a darker shade [than V. antivertigo], but also of the same and sometimes of a smaller size, and other distinguish- ing features are slightly marked. They resemble each other so much that it is difficult to separate them, and if collected at the same place no one would regard them as even distinct varieties. I hesitate, however, to declare them identical be- cause I have not yet made a comparison of the soft parts. Doubtless they are parallel forms, and if found on the same continent would be regarded as varieties of one species. V. antivertigo is remarkably constant throughout Europe so far as I know it, while V. ovata is on the contrary quite vari- able, owing, possibly, to the greater differences in climate. Also a few decided varieties exist and maybe more will be found ; the future study of these forms is likely to be of great interest" (Sterki). I have not seen var. antiquorum CklL, but no differential characters of importance appear in the description, which follows. 86 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. "Pupa, ovata forma nov. antiquorum. 2 mm. long; lamellae 7; three on parietal wall, the central one large and slender, the others very small: two on columella, these approximately of equal size, and both rather slender; two on external wall, continued backwards, the upper one large and curved down- wards about its middle. Whorls 4%, body-whorl inflated, the others diminishing regularly and rather rapidly towards the apex, outer lip conspicuously curved inwards opposite the upper tooth on external wall. Posttertiary deposit at West Cliff, Colorado. This form also occurs living, as Dr. Sterki, to whom I sent a specimen says it 'is of a form of which I have seen examples from many parts of the country, of the same size, shape and formation of lamellae.' " (CHI.). Translation of the original description of Pupa ovulum follows : "Pupa ovulum Pfr. — Shell minute, dextral, slightly rimate at base, apex obtuse, shining, brown ; whorls 5, a little convex, narrow, the last one inflated and impressed in the middle; aperture 6-toothed: two equal teeth on the columella, two in the right margin and two in the left. Length 1, diam. y2 lin. Vera Cruz (Hegewisch). Very like Vertigo pusilla Mull., but dextral, brown, the whorls less convex" (Pupa ovulum PFEIFFER, Symbolae ad Hist. Hel. i, 1841, p. 46). P. ovulum was placed in the synonymy of Pupa ovata Say in the Monographic ii, 1848, p. 361 ; Pfeiffer there referring the figures in Kiister (pi. 14, figs. 1, 2) to ovulum, so it may be inferred that they were drawn from Vera Cruz specimens ; though in the text of Kiister they are called Pupa ovata Say, and a different description is given. The figure is so poorly drawn that it might represent any form of the ovata group. Subsequent collectors do not appear to have found the Vera Cruz form. Its identity with V. ovata remains to be verified. There are no recent records of V. ovata from Mexico. Antillean forms provisionally referred to V. ovata. Forms which appear referable to this species are before me from Porto Eico, Santo Domingo and Cuba ; and the species described as Vertigo neglect a and Pupa hexodon, from Cuba AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 87 and Jamaica, have not been satisfactorily differentiated. Un- til sufficient material is brought together for definite con- clusions the whole may be referred provisionally to V. ovata. A bleached Vertigo from Santo Domingo, collected by W. M. Gabb, measures 1.9 x 1.2 mm. There is a suprapalatal tubercle but no other accessory teeth. The surface is distinctly, finely but not sharply striate, but otherwise agrees with ovata (pi. 13, fig. 13). Three specimens from Humacao, Porto Rico (pi. 13, fig. 16), similar to V. ovata in color and surface, are small, length 1.7, diam. 1.15 mm., with 4% whorls. There are weak infra- palatal nodules in two of them, all having a suprapalatal. None has an infraparietal lamella. Possibly this and the pre- ceding forms are separable as subspecies, but the material seen is insufficient for a decision. The J. B. Henderson collection contains a Cuban specimen of V. ovata, received from Poey through Gill, 2.1 x 1.36 mm., having a minute suprapalatal but no other accessory teeth. It does not differ from many northern examples. Pupa hexodon is not known to me by Jamaican specimens. In the description, repeated below, there is nothing to dif- ferentiate it from six-toothed individuals of V. ovata. Pupa hexodon (C. B. Adams). " Shell ovate; brown; smooth and shining; spire with convex outlines; whorls 5, rather convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture semi- oval, with the transverse lip rather oblique, constantly with six teeth, of which two are on the transverse lip, the inner one being a little larger; two teeth are on the columella, the upper one being a little larger, and on the outer lip are two, of which the lower one is a little larger ; umbilicus very small. This species resembles P. ovata Say. Length .085 inch, breadth .055 inch" [about 2.12x1.4 mm.] (Adams). Jamaica, C. B. Adams. Pupa hexodon C. B. ADAMS, Contributions to Conchology, no. 3, p. 37. — SHUTTLEWORTH, Diagn. n. Moll., no. 6, p. 145. Vertigo neglect a Poey (pi. 13, fig. 11). Shell dextral, rimate-perforate, ovate, very delicately striate, thin, pale brown; spire conic, obtuse; whorls 4%, convex, the last ex- 88 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. ceeding half the total height of the shell. Aperture sub- rotund, coarctate, 4-toothed : two very minute marginal teeth on the columella; one palatal, short; one strong, marginal in the process of the right margin. Peristome simple, expanded, the margins seperated by the lack of a callus; no apertural tooth. Length 1%, diam. 1 mm. Aperture small (Poey). Cuba: Cardenas, on the sandy shore (R. Arango). Vertigo neglecta Ar. mss., POEY, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la isla de Cuba, ii, 1856, p. 30, pi. 2, f. 17, 18.— PFR., Monographia v, p. 328. This has been surmised to be a V. ovata without the parietal teeth; and as the type was taken on the shore, it may very likely have been a dead shell in which the parietal callus bearing the teeth had scaled off, — not an unusual condition in drifted shells. 4a. Vertigo ovata diaboli n. subsp. PL 6, figs. 11, 12. All of the lamellae and plicae are larger than in V. ovata, entering further; infraparietal lamella developed. Palatal plicae, especially the upper, which converges towards the lower, very strong and long. The entering point of the outer lip is well developed, and the crest behind the lip moder- ately strong, but lower than in typical ovata. Length 2.2, diam. 1.25 mm. ; 5 whorls (type). Length 2.3, diam. 1.3 mm. Texas : drift debris of Devil 's River, about 4 miles from the Bio Grande, Val Verde Co. ; collected by Ferriss and Pilsbry, 1903. No. 90437 A. N. S. P. The specimens are all "dead" shells, but appear to have been lighter-colored than typical V. ovata. The point of the outer lip is seen to project well forward, in a profile view. The impressions behind the lip are about as in V. ovata. Perhaps a distinct species, but as it is known by a single gath- ering, it is left under V. ovata for the present. 4&. Vertigo ovata mariposa n. subsp. PL 6, figs. 5, 6. The shell has the usual broadly ovate shape and auburn or darker color. The teeth are about as in typical V. ovata. AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 89 Lower palatal is longer and enters more deeply than the upper. The basal is subcolumellar in position. The outer lip bends inward only very slightly ; the crest and the external im- pression over the palatal plicae are but weakly developed. Length 2.2, diam. 1.35 mm.; length of aperture 0.85 mm.; 4% whorls. California: Mariposa Co., type no. 11644 A. N. S. P.; meadow near Wawona, Sequoia Park, in the same county, H. N. Lowe, 1916. Easily recognized by the shape of the outer lip. So far as known, typical V. ovata does not occur in California. Mr. Lowe's specimens are a trifle smaller, 2.1 mm. long, and the color is very dark. 5. VERTIGO BERRYI n. sp. PL 6, figs. 10, 13. The shell is oblong-conic, auburn, glossy, slightly irre- gularly striate. The spire tapers from the last whorl, the lateral outlines being slightly convex; summit is very obtuse, of a paler tint. The whorls are rather strongly convex; the last having an inconspicuous narrow, low ridge close behind the lip expansion, preceded by a broad and deep impression over the palatal region, above which it remains strongly con- vex. Except for its smaller size, the aperture is about as in V. ovata. There is a small angular lamella near the large parietal ; columellar lamella rather massive, ascending inward. Palatal plicae subequal, rather long, the basal fold smaller; suprapalatal quite small. The teeth and palatal callus are much lighter than the lip. The peristome is expanded ; outer border is slightly curved in, but far less than in V. ovata. Length 2.5, diam. to lip edge 1.35 mm. ; length of aperture 0.9 mm. ; 5% whorls. California : Mill Creek Canyon, at 4600 ft., in the San Bern- ardino Mountains; collected by Dr. S. S. Berry, July, 1910. Type 105166 A. N. S. P. Also Valle Trinidad, Lower Cali- fornia, C. R. Orcutt, 1901 ; no. 308964 U. S. N. M. This species differs from V. ovata by the relatively narrow, almost straightly tapering spire, the much weaker inbending of the outer lip, the minute crest outside the peristome, and 90 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. the capacious external excavation over both palatal plicae. Vertigo morsel is similar to V. berry i in having a long spire relative to the aperture, but the Eastern species is much larger, has more convex lateral outlines, a much more developed point on the outer lip and a stronger crest behind the lip. It was reported as Vertigo ovata (Say) var., in Nautilus xxx, p. 38. 6. VERTIGO BINNEYANA Sterki. PL 11, fig. 12. The shell is cylindric-oblong, auburn, somewhat transparent, glossy, weakly, irregularly striate. The whorls are moderately convex, the last having a low but distinct crest behind the lip, a small impression between the crest and the point of the lip, and a rather large impression behind the crest, over the palatal folds. The aperture is rather small. The teeth are whitish; parietal lamella strong but rather short; a quite short angular lamella stands even with its outer end. Columellar lamella strong, but not long, ascending a little in- wardly. The palatal folds are both quite strong, the lower entering much further. Basal fold short. The peristome is somewhat expanded, the outer lip a little bent inward above the middle. There is a moderate palatal callus. Length 2.1, diam. 1.1, length of aperture 0.75 mm. ; 5 whorls. Montana: Helena, type loc., H. Hemphill; Glendive, Dr. Sterki; drift debris of Musselshell River, Winnecook, S. S. Berry. Manitoba: Winnipeg, Sterki. Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, G. W. Taylor. ( ? New Mexico : Albuquerque, Dr. Sterki.) Vertigo Unneyana STERKI, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1890, p. 33; Nautilus iii, 1890, p. 125 (Helena and Glendive, Mont.; Winnipeg, Man., Albuquerque, N. M.) ; iv, p. 39, pi. 1, f. 1. — BINNEY, Fourth Suppl., Bull. M. C. Zool. xxii, 1892, p. 198, fig.— PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1899, p. 315, fig. 2 (specimen from Winnepeg). — RANDOLPH, Naut. ix, 102 (Seattle, Wash.). — SQUYER, Naut. viii, 63 (Mingusville, Mont.). — BERRY, Naut. xxix, 125 (Winnecook, Mont.). It is smaller and more cylindric than any form of V. ovata, has a longer lower palatal fold, and a less impressed point in AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 91 the outer lip. V. pygmaa is wider, has a much stronger crest, and the angular lamella is small or wanting. Dr. Sterki informs me that it has been found in drift debris of the Missouri River, Iowa. Group of Vertigo numellata. The aperture has the typical six teeth well developed, the lower palatal fold long, entering to the dorsal side, columellar lamella receding, ascending somewhat inwardly. There is a very high, rounded crest. The single species inhabits Bermuda. 7. VERTIGO NUMELLATA Gulick. PL 13, figs. 14, 15. The shell is shortly rimate, oval, auburn, the surface dis- tinctly but weakly striate, glossy. Whorls weakly convex, the last having a very high, rounded crest, then deeply contracted behind the peristome ; behind the crest it is flattened, and nar- rowly furrowed over the palatal folds, one or both of the furrows usually extending upon the crest. Aperture is ob- structed by 6 teeth: the angular lamella is rather long and stands remote from the parietal. Parietal lamella strong and entering deeply. The columellar lamella is deeply placed, rather massive, and ascends somewhat inwardly. The upper palatal fold is strong and rather long. Lower palatal is some- what more immersed and longer, entering to a dorsal position. The basal fold is low and small, sometimes subobsolete. The palatal callus is not conspicuous. The peristome is thin, well expanded, prominently projecting forward and bent inward above the middle of the outer lip, thinner and retracted above the prominence. Length 1.8, diam. 1.05 mm. ; 5 whorls (type). Length 1.8, diam. 1 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Length 1.6 mm. ; 4*/2 whorls. Bermuda: Paynter's Vale, between Tucker's Town and Walsingham Bay, pleistocene and recent; also Knapton Hill, fossil; near Bailey Bay in the red clay breccia near Castle Harbor. Type no. 85583 A. N. S. P. Vertigo numellata GULICK, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1904, p. 92 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 413, pi. 36, f. 6.— VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. xii, 1907, p. 170, f. 54c. While highly specialized and peculiar, this species appears to be somewhat related to V. oralis and especially V. aldbamensis. It has also some resemblance but probably no direct relationship to V. ovata. It differs from all American species by the far more massive crest. There is a long lower palatal fold, but it is not turned down at the end as in V. milium, and the shape of the columellar lamella shows that V. numellata is not an Angustula-. This species was described from fossil examples in the lime rock, but it is abundant as a recent shell in Paynter's Vale, about Church Cave, near Tucker's Town. Except in color, there is no difference between recent and fossil examples. Group of Vertigo pygmaea. It is scarcely possible to define this group, some species approaching the group of V. ovata closely, while others are hardly distinguishable from the modest a group. As a whole the group is equivalent to the European group of V. moulinsiana and pygmaea. Key to species. (Eastern and central species). 1. Aperture having 3 teeth, parietal, columellar and lower palatal ; sometimes a minute upper palatal. 2. Aperture having at least 4 well developed teeth. 5. 2. 1.8 to 2.2 mm. long; upper palatal fold generally present but minute. 3. 1.5 to 1.6 mm. long ; upper palatal fold rarely developed. 4. 3. Palatal callus slight or wanting ; Maine to Colorado. V. tridentata, no. 16. Palatal callus strong ; Bermuda. V. marki, no. 17. 4. Subcylindric, yellowish, the lower palatal fold penetrat- ing to the dorsal side ; Ohio, N. C. V. parvula, no. 15. Ovate, dark olive buff, fragile, the lamella and folds small and short. New England. V. perryi, no. 14. 5. Lower palatal fold long, very deeply immersed, an im- AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 93 pression on the back over it ; 6 teeth ; 1.7 x 0.95 mm. Maine. V. nylanderi, no. 11. Lower palatal fold not notably immersed. 6. 6. Shell sharply but very finely striate, especially the penult whorl; no palatal callus; 1.85 to 1.95 x 1 mm.; 5 to 6 teeth. V. gouldii, no. 10. Shell nearly smooth, or but weakly striate. 7. 7. Crest and palatal callus moderately or strongly de- veloped. 8. Crest very low when present; palatal callus very weak or wanting. 11. 8. Shell cylindric-oval, 1.8 to 2 mm. long ; no angular lamella and the basal fold small or wanting. Maine to Va., west to Lake Superior. V. pygm&a, no. 9. Ovate, 1.8 to 2.2 mm. long. 9. 9. No angular lamella or basal fold; upper palatal fold small or minute. 10. A basal fold, and often an angular also; ovate-conic; upper palatal fold well developed. Northern states. V. v. elatior, no. 8a 10. Palatal callus moderate or thin ; Maine to Colo. V. trident at a, no. 16. Palatal callus heavy ; Bermuda. V. marki, no. 17. 11. Angular, parietal and columellar lamellae, upper and lower palatal folds ; no crest ; 1.25 x 0.84 mm. Florida Keys. V. hebardi, no. 13. No angular lamella, 4-5 teeth, a basal fold present or wanting; Northern States and Canada. 12. 12. 1.75 x 1.1 mm. V. ventricosa, no. 8. 1.5 x 0.9 mm. V. bollesiana, no. 12. (West Coast species). 1. With 4 or more well developed teeth. 2. With 2 or 3 weak teeth; no trace of crest or palatal callus; 2 x 1.23 mm. ; California. V. sterkii, no. 20. 2. 4 teeth; cylindric-oval; Oregon to Alaska. V. columbiana, no. 18. 5 to 6 teeth. 3. 94 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 3. Ovate-conic, with a strong palatal callus; British Columbia. V. v. elatior, no. Sa. Cylindric-oblong ; palatal callus very weak or wanting; Washington to California. V. andrusiana, no. 19. (Eastern species, Atlantic to Rocky Mountains) . 8. VERTIGO VENTRICOSA (Morse). PI. 7, figs. 1, 2, 3. "Shell umbilicate, ovate, conic, smooth, polished; apex ob- tuse; suture deep; whorls four, convex. Aperture, semi- circular, with five teeth, one prominent on the parietal margin, two smaller on the columellar margin, and two prominent within, contracting the aperture at the base ; peristome widely reflected, the right margin flexuose, within thickened and colored. Length .07 inch; breadth .45 inch" [1.75 x 1.1 mm.] (Morse). Magdalen and Prince Edward Is., Quebec, New England and New York, west to Ohio, Michigan and Illinois. Isthmia ventricosa MORSE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. viii, Nov., 1865, p. 207, fig. 1. — Vertigo ventricosa Morse, BINNEY, Terr. Moll, v, 1878, p. 218.— STERKI, 8th Ann. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci., 1900, p. 32 (Tuscarawas Co., 0.).— WHITEAVES, Ottawa Naturalist 1905, 171 (Riviere du Loup, Quebec). — NYLANDER, Nautilus xiii, 103 (Aroostook Co., Me.). — HANHAM, Naut. x, 101; xi, 111 (Isle d 'Orleans, Quebec). — WHEAT, Naut. xx, 161 (Cayuga L.} N. Y.). — BLANEY, Naut. xviii, 46 (Ironbound I., Me.). — WALKER, Moll, of Michigan, 1906, p. 517, f. 150 (Grand Rapids and Beulah, Benzie Co.). — JOHNSON, Fauna of New England no. 13, 1915, p. 214 (Me., N. H., Conn.). — V.[ertigo] approximans STERKI, Nautilus iii, 1890, p. 136. The author has seen typical ventricosa only from Canada, New England and New York, but it has been reported by Walker and Sterki from states bordering the Great Lakes as far west as Illinois. V. ventricosa differs from V. ovata by the constantly smaller size, absence of an angular lamella, and smaller num- ber of teeth. It is of an auburn color, somewhat transparent, glossy, with only a trace of striation. Under a high power AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 95 it shows microscopic punctation or granulation. The basal fold is usually quite small, though sometimes, as in the speci- men from Prince Edward Island figured (fig. 1), it is well developed. In many Maine examples it is absent (fig. 3, Buck- field, Oxford Co., Me.). The degree of prominence of the in- wardly bent point of the lip-edge varies a good deal. The crest is quite low. Specimens measure: Length 1.7, diam. 1 mm.; 4% whorls (Hebron, Me., fig. 2). Length 1.95, diam. 1.2 mm. ; 4% whorls (Buckfield, Me., fig. 3). A form which Dr. Sterki listed as V. approximans was originally stated to be "characterized by the two palatal lamellae being close together." It was from Rockford, 111. The original specimens are lost, but what appears to be the same form has been found in Ohio. " It is rather small, length 1.3, diam. 0.9 mm., more or less; short, slight, with no callus in the palate or a slight one. There are parietal and colu- mellar lamellae and two palatal folds, all small, the palatals close" (Sterki). Dr. 0. Boettger considered ventricosa a synonym of V. moulinsiana of Europe (Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins, 1889, p. 307) ; but the resemblance does not appear sufficiently close for specific identity. 8a. Vertigo ventricosa elatior Sterki. PL 7, fig. 6. "Larger and more elevated than ventricosa, with a rather acute apex; a strong callus in the palate, into which the palatal plicae merge, a strong tooth-like lamella in the base" (Sterki). Length 2.15, diam. 1.2 mm. ; 5 whorls. New York, Ohio, Michigan and west to Montana (Sterki) ; Aroostook and Hancock counties, Maine ; Darby and White 's Springs, west of Ward, Mont.; Field, B. C. and Laggan, Alberta ; Oscuro Mts., Socorro Co., N. M. Vertigo ventricosa var. elatior STERKI, The Land and Fresh Water Mollusca in the vicinity of New Philadelphia; a contribution to the Natural History of Tuscarawas Co., Ohio, p. 5, 1894. Eighth Ann. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci., 1900, p. 96 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 33; Nautilus viii, 107; xxix, 123 (Geneva, Ohio). — SARGENT, Naut. ix, 89 (Clearwater, Minn.). — NYLANDER, Naut. xiii, 103 (Aroostook Co., Me.). — HENDERSON, Naut. xx, 97 (Cazenovia, N. Y.).— WALKER, Moll. Michigan, 1906, p. 517 (throughout the Lower Peninsula) . — J. HENDERSON, Univ. of Colo. Studies iv, 172 (Lake George, Colo.). — Vertigo gouldi lagganensis PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila, 1899, p. 314, fig. 1 (Laggan, Alberta). Dr. Sterki reports it from the loess at New Harmony, Indiana, and from marl deposits, Castalia, Erie Co., Ohio. The shape, more conic than V. ventricosa, the strong palatal callus and teeth, the well developed basal fold and the larger size give this race individuality. It has an extensive range west of that of V. ventricosa, though also occurring in territory of the latter in the northeast, as far as northern Maine. Compared with V. pygmaa, V. g. elatior is more conic, the outer lip has a more distinct point or "auricle," the crest is less massive, usually weak, and there is a deeper external impression over the lower palatal fold. Dr. Sterki notes that there is often a supra-palatal fold developed, and occasionally an angular lamella. It would not be amiss to rank elatior as a species. 9. VERTIGO PYGMAEA (Drap.). PL 7, figs. 11, 12. The shell is cylindric-oval, auburn or chestnut-brown, glossy, having only weak traces of striation, but the surface appears densely weakly pitted microscopically. The whorls are moder- ately convex, the last having a strong rounded crest a short distance behind the peristome, separated from it by a con- cavity, and somewhat paler colored than the rest of the shell. The parietal lamella is strong but rather short, median. Columellar lamella deeply placed, short, ascending inwardly. Both palatal folds are strong, the lower one longer, as usual. They stand on a strong callus. The basal fold is very small, rarely absent. There is often a low suprapalatal fold. The peristome is well expanded, somewhat reflected, colored like the shell. The outer lip is only slightly incurved. Length 2, diam. 1.1 mm. ; 5 whorls. AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 97 Length 1.8, diam. 1 mm. Maine : Eockland, Thomaston and Warren, Knox Co., N. W. Lermond. Massachusetts, E. W. Roper. New York: Staten Island, E. W. Hubbard; Westchester Co., E. G. Vanatta; Dutchess Co., W. S. Teator; Madison Co., Henderson, Pilsbry; Herkimer Co., A. Bailey. New Jersey: Burlington Co., B. Long. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Co., Montgomery Co., Pilsbry; Chester Co., W. D. Hartman. D. C., Sterki. Vir- ginia: Alexandria, Sterki. Ohio: Columbus, H. Moores; Lake Superior, J. T. Crans. Vertigo callosa STERKI, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1890, p. 31 (Columbus, 0., Mass., N. Y.) not of Reuss, 1849.— Pupa (Nearctula) superioris PILSBRY, Nautilus xii, 1899, p. 103 (Lake Superior). — Vertigo pygmcea Drap., STERKI, Nautilus vi, May, 1892, p. 5 ; Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. 1889, p. 114.— PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 608.— HANHAM, Nautilus xi, 111 (Quebec). — HENDERSON, Naut. xx, p. 97 (Cazenovia, N. Y.). — JOHNSON, Fauna of New England no. 13, 1915, p. 216 (Me. and Mass. ) . This species was first recognized in America by Dr. Sterki ; it had long been in collections, confused with other species. It proves to be somewhat widely spread, having been found in many places between Quebec, Maine, Virginia and Ohio. The strong, continuous crest behind the well expanded lip and the absence of a distinctly defined upper arc or sinulus of the outer lip are its more prominent features. V. gouldii is a paler, much more sharply striate shell with weaker crest and distinct sinulus. V. ventricosa has a weaker and interrupted crest. In some lots, as that from Cazenovia, Madison Co., N. Y., the basal fold is small or rarely absent, only five teeth present. In others of the same lot there are both basal and suprapalatal folds, the latter weak ; these having seven teeth. Dr. Sterki notes that sometimes the basal fold is bifid, as an individual variation, and occasionally a small angular lamella is present. The crest and the palatal callus vary in strength. For other references to V. pygm&a see under Palaearctic species, no. 52. 98 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 10. VERTIGO GOULDH (Binney). PI. 7, figs. 4, 5, 8. Shell light chestnut, cylindrical-ovate ; whorls between 4 and 5, ventricose, the last occupying nearly half the length of the axis ; apex obtuse. Aperture lateral, composed of two unequal curves meeting in the center of the outer lip ; with 5 prominent white teeth: one upon the transverse margin, two uppn the umbilical margin and two upon the labial margin; lip thick- ened, not reflected, umbilicus a little open (A. Binney). Length 1.85 to 1.95, diam. 1 mm. ; Brookline, Mass. Prince Edward and Magdalen Islands west to Alberta, Field, B. C. and Montana, south to the Potomac River, North Carolina (Sterki), Tennessee at Cade's Cove, Blount Co. ; near Valley Head, Alabama (H. H. Smith), and Pleistocene of Kansas ( ?) ; also reported from the West Indies. Pupa gouldii BINNEY, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. i, 1843, p. 105 ; Terrestrial Moll, ii, p. 332, pi. 51, f . 2.— Vertigo gouldi W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll, v, p. 214.— STERKI, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1890, p. 31 ; 8th Ann. Rep. Ohio State Acad. Sci., 1900, p. 32 (Tuscarawas Co., O.) ; Nautilus xxix, 123 (Geneva, 0.) ; iii, p. 125 (Helena, Mont.; Ottawa, Ont.). — NYLANDER, Nautilus viii, 126 (Aroostook Co., Me.). — HANHAM, Naut. x, 191 ; xi, 111 (Quebec). — CLAPP, Naut. xiv, 64 (Kennebunkport, Me.). — HENDERSON, Naut. xx, 97 (Cazenovia, N. Y.). — JACK- SON, Naut. xxi, 144 (North Haven, Me.). — BERRY, Naut. xxiv, p. 63 (Unity, Me.). — PILSBRY, Naut. xxv, 75 (Monroe Co., Pa.). — VANATTA, Naut. xxviii, 11 (Sussex Co., N. J.). — DANIELS, 27th Ann. Rep. Dep. Geol. and Nat. Res. Indiana, 1902, p. 632 (Henry Co., Connersville, Dunreith, Ind.). — COCKERELL, Nautilus x, p. 143 (post-Tertiary deposit at West Cliff, Colo.).— WALKER, Moll, of Michigan, 1906, p. 517, f. 151 (generally distributed). — JOHNSON, Fauna of New England, no. 13, 1915, p. 214 (Westbrook, Bethel and Woodland, Me.; Cambridge, Roxbury and Westport, Mass.; Tiverton, R. I.; Northfield, Conn.). — ? HANNA and JOHNSTON, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull, vii, no. 3, Jan. 1913, p. 120, pi. 18, f. 4 (Pleistocene, Phillips Co., Ks.). Vertigo gouldii paradoxa Sterki, in NYLANDER, Nautilus xiii, Jan., 1900, p. 103. AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 99 It is related to V. pygmcca, but the crest behind the lip is not so strong, the whorl is more flattened or impressed at and behind the point or "auricle" of the lip, giving the latter the appearance of being biarcuate, though it is not as conspicu- ously so as Binney's description would lead one to suppose. The surface is very distinctly striate, especially the penult whorl. The basal plica is subcolumellar in position. The parietal lamella is strong and rather long. There is never any trace of a palatal callus. "The angular lamella may be present or absent. The inferior columellar (basal) is by no means constant, and in some forms is generally wanting. In a few specimens from Summit Co., Ohio, there is a very small but distinct infra- parietal nodule ; one of these has an angular also, and is thus 7-toothed. The palatal folds are rather variable in position and shape, and there may be a well marked external im- pression over them, or none" (Sterki). V. gouldn is rather commonly distributed in New England and New York, but more local southward, where it appears to follow the mountains to Tennessee and northern Alabama. The Pleistocene form from Kansas, as figured by Hanna and Johnston, differs so much in the position of the basal fold that its reference to gouldvi appears doubtful. So far as I know, there is no Austroriparian record, so that the West Indian occurrence appears anomalous, and requires confirma- tion. Dr. Sterki states that it is found in Cuba and Jamaica, and single specimens of this species are in coll. A. N. S. P. labelled St. Croix (Griffith), and Tortola (R. Swift). While these localities appear improbable, the high degree of accuracy of the Swift collection labels causes me to mention them. The possibility of importation or mixture of specimens must be considered. Vertigo gmtldii paradoxa Sterki, n. subsp. PL 12, figs. 6,8. ' ' Rather small, generally cylindrical, with the surface striae well developed, the palatals, usually somewhat long and thin, are close together, and the lower palatal is placed markedly 100 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. inward. Inferior columellar (basal) is usually wanting or quite small ' ' (Sterki) . Length 1.75, diam. 1 mm. (fig. 6). Maine: Woodland, Aroostook Co., type loc., Nylander. Quebec, Sterki. Figured from cotypes, no. 119007 A. N. S. P. It had been mentioned before (Nautilus xiii, 103), with the note "Fine examples with the two palatal folds continuous and one an- gular"— terms not diagnostic of the race. It stands midway between gouldii and nylanderi. 10&. Vertigo gouldvi cristata Sterki, n. subsp. PL 12, figs. 4,5. "The shell is rather large, about 2 mm. long (1.8 to 2.1) ; form cylindrical to somewhat oblong, barrel-shaped. Surface striae rather fine. Some distance behind the outer and basal lips there is a rather large, conspicuous crest, which does not extend above the middle ; behind it there is a broad flattening or impression over the palatals, the base being narrow there, then becoming rather broadly rounded towards the aperture. A small angular lamella may be either present or wanting. There is no basal ('lower columellar7) fold." (Sterki.) Length 2.1, diam. 1,2 mm. (fig. 4). Canada : Quebec, rather abundant, A. W. Hanham. A strongly marked race, having the crest as well developed as in many examples of V. pygmcea,, but without a callus in the palate, and with the sculpture of gouldii. Figured from cotype no. 119008 A. N. S. P. 11. VERTIGO NYLANDERI Sterki. PL 7, figs. 13, 14, 15. Shell rimate, oblong, with a rather acute apex, cinnamon colored, pellucid; whorls 4%-5, quite convex, with a deep suture; sculptured with somewhat irregular, crowded striae (except the embryonic whorl) ; the last occupying about one- half of the altitude, gradually narrowed towards the aperture, which is small. Peristome slightly everted, margin not thick- ened. The outer margin has an indentation barely above its middle, forming a well-marked sinulus ; behind it a trace of a AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 101 crest, and behind that a long, deep, furrow-like impression over the palatal folds, ascending obliquely from near the base ; no callus within ; lamellae and plicae 6 ; parietal lamella long and curved ; parallel with it is a thin, lamellif orm angular ; columellar lamella ascending inwardly. Palatal folds long, the lower palatal deep-seated, emerging only about to the inner end of the upper. Basal fold small, subcolumellar in position. Length 1.7, diam. 0.95 mm. Length 1.6, diam. 0.9 mm. Maine : Woodland, Aroostook county, 0. 0. Ny lander. Vertigo nylanderi STERKI, Nautilus xxii, Feb., 1909, p. 107. By the fine striation it has some resemblance to V. gouldti and might be regarded as an extreme form of V. g. paradoxa, as Dr. Sterki has suggested to me. The color is more that of V. bollesiana. It differs from those, and from all other American species, by the deeper immersion of the long lower palatal fold, and the deep impression in the back, over the palatals. It is remarkable that this strongly characterized species has been found in only a single locality. Type no. 1075 Sterki coll. Description and figures from a cotype, 98331 A. N. S. 12. VERTIGO BOLLESIANA (Morse). PI. 7, figs. 9, 10. Shell minutely perforate, cylindrical ovate, delicately striated, subtranslucent ; apex obtuse; suture well defined; whorls four, sub-convex ; aperture suborbicular, somewhat flat- tened on its outer edge; with five teeth, one prominent and rather curved on the parietal margin, two similar in form, the low^er one the smaller, on the columellar margin, and two slightly elevated lamelliform teeth within and at the base, peristome subreflected and thickened. Length .065 inch; breadth .035 inch (Morse). Maine: throughout the State, type loc. Orono. Massachu- setts, New Hampshire, New York. Also reported from Indiana and Michigan, south to Norfolk, Virginia (Morse) and mountains of Bast Tennessee. Isthmia bollesiana MORSE, Ann. Lye. of Nat. Hist, of N. Y., viii, 1865, p. 209, figs. 4-6.— W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll. vol. v, 102 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 1878, p. 215, f. 120; Man. Amer. Land Sh., 1885, p. 191.— STERKI, Nautilus iv, p. 9, footnote; iii, 125 (Sewanee, Tenn. ; St. Croix, W. I.).— PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, 133 (Cades Cove and Tuskeegee Mt., E. Tenn.). — TEATOR, Nau- tilus iii, 69 (Dover Plains, Dutchess Co., N. Y.). — PLEAS, Naut. vii, 68 (Henry Co., Indiana). — GARDNER, Naut. viii, 76 (Long Island, N. Y.). — CLAPP, Naut. xiv, 64 (Mt. Agamentieus, Me.). — BLANEY, Naut. xviii, 46 (Ironbound I., Me.). — WALKER, Moll, of Michigan 1906, p. 518, f. 152 (Petoskey, Charlevoix, Crystal Lake, Benzie Co. and Huron Mts., Mar- quette Co., Mich.). — JOHNSON, Fauna of New England, no. 13, 1915, p. 214 (Bethel, Me., Francestown, N. H.). There is an extremely small crest close behind the lip, and a rather large oblique depression over the palatal folds. The basal fold is subcolumellar in position, and rarely it is absent. As Morse says, it is smaller, lighter-colored and more trans- parent and delicate than V. gouldii, and it is less distinctly striated. The teeth are smaller, especially the palatals. Length 1.5, diam. 0.9 mm. ; 4% to 4% whorls. According to Morse, it occurs under dead leaves and on bark, in hardwood groves. It appears to be rare except in Maine. The specimens at hand are from New England and New York. The western records, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and those from East Tennessee I have not been able to verify personally. Dr. Sterki writes that he has ' * no specimens from Michigan and Ohio; some records may have been founded on misidentification. It appears to be northeastern." Dr. Sterki contributes the following notes: "After again looking over a good deal of material, including a number col- lected by E. S. Morse, I come to the conclusion that V. ~bol- lesiana is specifically distinct from gouldii, though some speci- mens of the latter resemble it closely. V. bollesiana is rather uniform in size, length 1.3 to 1.6 mm. (1) The striae are slighter, finer, than in goiddvi, often subobsolete, sometimes subregular, very fine and crowded. (2) the form is oval or ovoid, never cylindric. (3) it is generally of lighter color, corneous, not reddish or brownish. (4) the configuration of AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 103 the palate externally is different, though gouldii varies in that respect. In bollesima there is generally a small, narrow crest close behind the lip-margin, and a slight impression at the auricle, suggesting a double curve of the outer lip. This is less marked in gouldii. "The inferior columellar (basal) is often wanting or vestigial. In some specimens it is bifid. Some specimens have a very small angular. The peristome was described as subreflected and thickened, but it is narrowly everted, and thus only apparently thickened in a front view. ' ' 13. VERTIGO HEBARDI Vanatta. PL 8, fig. 4. The shell is minute, distinctly perforate, very shortly rim- ate, shortly oval, fragile, corneous; first whorl smooth, the penult irregularly, finely striate, last whorl with few striae; glossy. The whorls are rather strongly convex, the last not noticeably flattened or grooved, and without a crest behind the lip. The aperture is indistinctly triangular and has 5 teeth : angular lamella very low, half as long as the rather short, high parietal. The columellar lamella enters deeply and horizontally, its crest slanting downward. The palatal folds are rather short, subequal, the lower being slightly stouter and a trifle further in. The outer lip is scarcely expanded, some- what straightened, without a projecting point. Length 1.25, diam. 0.84 mm. ; 4 whorls. Florida: Long Key, Morgan Hebard. Vertigo hebardi VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1912, p. 445, fig. It is most like V. bollesiana, but the shell is shorter, has a distinct angular lamella and no external crest or impression behind the lip. Figure and description from the type. 14. VERTIGO PERRYI Sterki. PI. 7, fig. 7. ' ' Shell minute, dextrorse, ovate with the apex rather acute, rimate ; thin, transparent, of rather dark brown color with a slight greenish tinge [dark olive buff]. Whorls 4%, rather rapidly increasing, separated by a moderately deep suture, the last comparatively large, occupying over one-half of altitude, 104 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. rounded ; with a slight impression over the palatal fold ; aper- ture well rounded, truncate, the margins slightly everted, the outer margin barely impressed at the auricle which is marked by a slight angle projecting over the level of the peristome ; no callus in the palate ; lamellae and folds three or four, small, very short, of brownish color ; the parietal, columellar and in- ferior palatal, and sometimes there is also a superior palatal. Surface with very fine, irregular striae, somewhat shining,. Alt. 1.5 to 1.6, diam. 1.1 mm.; aperture, alt. 0.6 mm." (Sterki). Ehode Island : Warwick, J. F. Perry. Massachusetts: Dux- bury, W. F. Clapp. Vertigo perryi STERKI, Nautilus xix, Sept., 1905, p. 53. "The present species resembles the low form of Vertigo ventricosa Mse. in the shape and size of the shell, but the formation of the aperture and its lamellse and folds is quite different, the color is deeper and the surface less shining. From the other three described, typically three-toothed, east- ern Vertigos: tridentata Wolf, oscaricwia Sterki and parvula Sterki, V. perryi is also very different ; in all of the three, the parietal lamellae and palatal folds are much larger, longer, and of whitish color ; the aperture is higher than wide ; the shells are more elevated and of lighter color" (Sterki). The two localities now known for this strongly distinct species are only about 45 miles apart, and both are close to the sea. It is remarkable that a species so well characterized could exist undetected for so long, close to centers of concho- logical work. Specimens are contained in the collections of Dr. Sterki, Mr. Perry, Mr. H. F. Carpenter, the Academy of Natural Sciences, The Museum of Comparative Zoology and perhaps some others. The example figured measures: length 1.6, diam. 1.05 mm. In some others the teeth are weaker, and rarely there is the trace of an upper palatal fold. Often the columellar lamella is hardly visible in a front view. The lower palatal fold is often developed when the other teeth are scarcely noticeable. The shell is very fragile. At Duxbury, where it was collected by Mr. and Mrs. W. F. Clapp, it lives on grass in a swamp, in wet weather as much as a foot above1 the ground. AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 105 15. VERTIGO PARVULA Sterki. PL 12, figs. 7, 9. "It is of about the size, shape and appearance of V. (Angus- tula) milium Gld., but ranges in quite another group, having a quite simple palatal wall and margin, and only 3 lamellae" (Sterki). The shell is minute, subcylindric, tapering very little up- wards, the summit obtuse; thin, subtransparent, slightly yel- lowish, smooth and glossy, becoming finely striate behind the outer lip. The whorls are moderately convex, the last whorl well rounded, slightly impressed behind the projection of the outer lip. The aperture is somewhat triangular, with three teeth : parietal lamella rather short and high ; columellar lamella short, steeply ascending inwardly; lower palatal fold rather high in front, rapidly becoming lower as it recedes, penetrating to the dorsal side. Peristome very little everted, slightly thickened, and having a distinct callus ridge within. The outer lip projects forward and is slightly bent inward above the middle. Length 1.55, diam. 0.85 mm. ; barely 5 whorls. Ohio: Summit Co., A. Pettingell. Also found by A. G. Wetherby in the mountains of North Carolina, according to Dr. Sterki. V. [ertigo] parvula STERKI, Nautilus iii, April, 1890, p. 136. Figures and description are from the type specimen, no. 270 Sterki coll. It is one of the rarest species, known by the small size, cylindric shape and three well-developed teeth, the lower palatal being quite long and not marked externally by an impression. The auricle or point of the outer lip pro- jects well forward but is not much bent inward. It is much smaller than V. tridentata, and more cylindric and lighter colored than V. perryi, with relatively larger teeth. It is quite distinct from all of our species. The name parvula has been used in Pupa by Deshayes, 1864, but as there is some doubt as to whether his species is a Vertigo, I do not think it necessary to change the name of the form under consideration. 106 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 16. VERTIGO TRIDENTATA Wolf. PL 12, figs. 1, 2, 3. "Shell narrowly ovate, amber-colored, highly polished; whorls 5, smooth, with three teeth in the mouth, one on the middle of the lower lip, and one on each side, forming a regu- lar triangle" (Wolf). The shape varies from ovate to tapering oblong. It is honey-yellow, shading to somewhat browner below, paler above; surface smooth, with only faint indications of striae, glossy. The last whorl is somewhat flattened externally over the lower palatal fold, and has a rather narrow but generally distinct crest behind the lip. The outer lip projects forward and slightly inward near the middle. Parietal lamella high, rather short. Columellar lamella blunt, directed downward. Lower palatal fold strongly developed. Upper palatal fold quite small or sometimes wanting. These folds stand on a more or less distinct palatal callus. Angular lamella and basal fold are never developed. Length 2.2, diam. 1.1 mm.; 5% whorls. Length 2, diam. 1.1 mm. Length 1.85, diam. 1.1 mm.; 4% whorls. New York : Troy, Aldrich ; Mohawk, G. H. Clapp ; Syracuse, pleistocene, Burnett Smith. New Jersey: Princeton, A. D. Brown ; near Clementon, Bayard Long. Pennsylvania : Phila- delphia; York Furnace, A. P. Brown; Northampton Co., B. Long. Ohio : New Philadelphia, Sterki. Indiana : Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., Satterthwait. Illinois: Canton, J. Wolf, type loc. Also reported from Ontario, Minnesota, Michigan, Kansas, Colorado, New Braunfels, Texas, etc. Vertigo tridentata WOLF, Amer. Journ. of Conch, v, May 5, 1870, p. 198, pi. 17, f. 1.— STERKI, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xi, 1888, p. 375, no. 15, pi. 42, f . 4 ; Nautilus iii, April, 1890, p. 135; xxix, 123 (Geneva, 0.).— PLEAS, Naut. vii, 68 (Henry Co., Ind.). — HANHAM, Naut. xi, 111 (Quebec). — DANIELS, 27th Ann. Rep. Dep. Geol. and Nat. Ees. Indiana, 1902, 632 (Danville and Dunreith, Ind.).— HANNA, Naut. xxiii, 95 (Douglas Co., Kansas). — WALKER, Moll, of Michigan, 1906, p. 518, f. 153 (Ann Arbor and Grand Rapids).— J. AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 107 HENDERSON, Univ. of Colo. Studies iv, p. 172 (South Park, Colo.). — SARGENT, Naut. ix, 89 (Clearwater, Minn.). — JOHN- SON, Fauna of New England 13, 1915, p. 214 (Maine). The light color, tapering form, absence of basal and angular teeth and the small size or sometimes absence of an upper palatal, distinguish this from other American species. Most specimens have the upper palatal fold developed, either dis- tinct though small, or as a trace; yet in some it is wholly absent. The type is no. 58008 A. N. S. P, figured in A. J. C. Figs. 1-3 represent specimens of the type lot. The species was placed in the synonymy of V. ovata by Mr. Binney, but Dr. Sterki, in 1888, called attention to its dis- tinctive characters, which are now generally admitted. The two species are not closely related. Mr. Wolf found it "abundant in shady copses on green weeds, climbing as high as three feet from the ground. I col- lected 12,000 from standing weeds and not one from the ground, although it was searched well to find them." V. perryi differs from V. tridentata by the smaller size, more fragile, distinctly greenish shell, with broader, more rounded aperture, smaller teeth and dark-edged peristome. 17. VERTIGO MARKI Gulick. PL 13, fig. 17. The shell is shortly rimate, ovate, the spire convexly conic, the summit obtuse. Surface nearly smooth; color yellowish (bleached) . The whorls are moderately convex, the last some- what flattened over the lower palatal region, having a low, white crest close to the lip. Aperture with 4 teeth : a strong, moderately long parietal lamella, a low, massive columellar lamella, a small upper and larger lower palatal fold, both tuberculiform. The palatal callus is strongly developed. Peristome is slightly expanded, a little prominent and bent in above the middle of the outer margin. Length 2.05, diam. 1.1 mm.; 5 whorls (type). Bermuda: Paynter's Vale (Gulick, S. Brown) and Bailey Bay road cut ( Verrill) . Vertigo marki GULICK, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1904, p. 414, pi. 36, f. 7.— VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. xii, 1907, p. 170. 108 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. It appears rather closely related to V. tridentata from which it differs chiefly by the narrower aperture, further contracted by a much stronger palatal callus. Description and figure from the type, no. 85574 A. N. S. P. Other specimens were taken by S. Brown in leaf mould, Paynter's Vale, near the type locality; but while doubtless recent they are bleached. It is far less abundant than V. numellata in the same places. ( West Coast species of the V. pygmcea group ) . 18. VERTIGO COLUMBIANA Sterki. PL 9, figs. 12, 13. Shell minute, cylindric-oval, perforate, thin, pale corneous- brown (grayish cream-buff), somewhat transparent, glossy and weakly striatulate. Whorls nearly 5, convex, the last ex- panded in a very low crest very close to the lip, not noticeably constricted in front of the crest. Aperture truncate-oval, 4-toothed, the peristome thin, hardly expanded; parietal la- mella short and high, columellar a little smaller, lower palatal a rather short fold, about twice as long as the upper palatal which is smaller, shorter, almost tuberculif orm ; all the teeth are white, and the palatals show through the outside wall. Length 1.9, diam. 1.1 mm. (type). Length 2.05, diam. 1.2 mm. Vancouver Island, George W. Taylor, type loc. (no. 68881 A. N. S.). Washington: Olympia and Tacoma, H. Hemphill; Seattle, Hemphill, P. B. Randolph; L. Quiniault, Chehalis Co., S. S. Berry. Oregon: Douglas county, F. H. Andrus. St. Paul Island, Bering Sea, Dall. Vertigo columbiana STERKI, Nautilus, vi, 1892, p. 5 (name only).— PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 602, pi. 23, fig. 11.— DALL, Alaska Land and Fresh Water Mollusks, 1905, p. 30. — Pupa columbiana, STERKI, PILSBRY, Nautilus xi, 1898, p. 119 ; Class. Cat., p. 21, no. 212. The surface is decidedly less striate than in V. coloradensis, V. concinnula or V. gouldii. It is like that of V. ventricosa. There is no angular lamella and no basal fold in any of the specimens; but only a few have been seen from each locality. The single specimen from Olympia is very short, 1.4 x 1 mm. AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 109 (fig. 13). The species was mentioned in lists by Dr. Sterki as early as 1892, but it was described from no. 68881 A. N. S. P., in 1900. I have hesitated whether to rank V. columbiana as a western race of V. ventricosa, but as I have seen only one or two from each of the localities, it is left distinct temporarily. There is no "auricle" or incurved point of the outer lip, such as most specimens of ventricosa show, and none of the examples seen shows a basal tooth; yet in ventricosa this is sometimes lacking. If columbiana is not a race of V. ventricosa, it is certainly very near akin. PL 9, fig. 12 represents the type specimen, no. 68881 A. N. S. P. I have not seen the St. Paul Island specimens. V. columbiana utahensis Sterki (Nautilus vi, p. 5, name only; Pils. & Van., P. A. N. S. 1900, 603, pi. 23, fig. 10; Pils. & Ferr. 1910, p. 144) is identical, I believe, with V. colo- radensis, and has no direct relationship with V. columbiana. The type, no. 109009 A. N. S. P., is figured, pi. 12, fig. 12. 19. VERTIGO ANDRUSIANA Pils. PL 11, figs. 9, 10, 11. The shell is rimate, imperf orate, • cylindric-oblong, with con- vexly conic, obtuse summit; cinnamon-brown, becoming paler upwards, the initial whorl gray; somewhat glossy, without noticeable striation, most minutely granulose. The whorls are moderately convex, the last having a rather low but distinct crest followed by a wide, shallow contraction behind the lip ; an impressed line over the upper palatal fold terminates at the lip, which is slightly bent in at this point. The aperture has (four to) six teeth: a short, high parietal lamella, a small, tubercular angular lamella (sometimes very inconspicuous), a stout, short, columellar lamella which ascends a little in- wardly, a small, tubercular basal fold (sometimes wanting) and two well developed palatal folds, the lower being longer. The palatal folds stand upon a thin, light-colored callus. The outer lip is scarcely expanded, the basal slightly so, the colu- mellar margin dilated. Length 2.46, diam. 1.3 mm.; 5y2 whorls (type, fig. 10). Length 2.35, diam. 1.3 mm.; 5% whorls. Length 2.3, diam. 1.3 mm. 110 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. Oregon : Douglas Co., F. H. Andrus, type loc. Also north- ward, to Chehalis Co., Washington. Vertigo cmdrusiwna PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1899, p. 315, fig. 3 ; Nautilus xvii, p. 131. It stands very near V. pygm&a, but is slightly longer, the crest and palatal callus are less developed, and there is an angular lamella in the most fully developed examples, which however have the other teeth smaller than in pygnuea. The type specimen is redescribed above and drawn in pi. 11, fig. 10. In the original description and figure the angular lamella was overlooked; the shell was rolled too far towards the right under the monocular microscope used, and this small tooth was not seen. There are ten shells in the original lot, but perhaps only the type and another are absolutely mature. Both have the angular and the basal teeth distinct. Two other shells are very nearly adult. In both the angular lamella is represented by a slight thickening, of the color of the shell, and only notice- able in a basal view, and neither of them has a basal fold (fig. 11). It is likely that the basal is either wanting or present in adult examples of the species. Similar specimens were taken by Mr. S. S. Berry at Lake Quinault, Chehalis Co., Washington ; one before me has a very low angular lamella but no basal fold. The spire has whitish streaks. A series of some thousands of specimens was taken by Mr. John A. Allen "about clumps of bushes in a meadow," Oswego, Clackamas Co., Oregon. The shells (pi. 11, fig. 9) are all smaller than the type lot, variable in size and shape, and with the crest weak, or in the shorter individuals wanting. Among many examined, none has an angular lamella. The basal fold is occasionally developed, but more frequently absent. There is a distinct if thin palatal callus except in the quite small individuals. The color is usually darker than cinnamon brown or russet, often with light streaks on the spire. Length 2.15, diam. 1.2 mm. ; 514 whorls. Length 1.85, diam. 1.2 mm. ; 4% whorls. While this form has characters of V. columbiana, V. pygmtea AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. Ill and V. a. sanbernardinensis, it appears most closely related to V. andrusiana. 19a. Vertigo andrusiana sanbernardinensis n. subsp. PL 11, figs. 6, 7, 8. The shell is shortly rimate, imperforate, oblong, tapering very little upwards, terminating in a rounded, obtuse summit ; cinnamon-brown, moderately glossy, weakly, irregularly stri- ate. The whorls are rather convex, the last slightly flattened over the lower palatal fold, a trifle swollen in front of the flattening, but not crested, often having an impressed line parallel to the suture over the upper palatal fold. Teeth four to six: parietal lamella short, compressed, a small, tubercular angular lamella, even with or in advance of its outer end (sometimes wanting). Columellar lamella short but rather massive. Lower palatal fold strong and rather long, the upper palatal very much smaller and shorter. (Basal fold small and tubercular, at the junction of basal and columellar margins, and not present in the form selected as typical). There is no noticeable callus between the palatal folds. The outer lip expands very little; it is straightened and slightly thickened internally above the middle. Colu- mellar lip is narrowly reflected. Length 2.25, diam. 1.3 mm.; 5 whorls. Length 2.2, diam. 1.2 mm. Length 2.15, diam. 1.2 mm.; 5 whorls (type). Length 1.9, diam. 1.1 mm. ; 4% whorls. California: San Bernardino Mts., 7550 to 7750 ft., in the cienaga below Bluff Lake (type loc.), that north of the lake, and Bluff Lake meadow, everywhere associated with the local races of V. modest a, all collected by S. S. Berry. This form stands close to V. andrusiana, but there is no crest or contraction behind the lip, and no trace of a palatal callus. It appears to represent one extreme of a series leading through andrusiana to pygm&a. Whether the California form re- quires subspecific separation from andrusiana is open to doubt, but there is certainly some difference typically. It differs from V. columbiana by the much darker color, by being less 112 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. thin, and typically by having more teeth. V. binneyana is a paler, slightly more slender species, having a more distinct crest, and a deeper external impression over the palatal folds. All of these forms appear to be closely related, and are dis- criminated with some difficulty. The type is no. 118419 A. N. S. P. A paratype has been placed in the collection of S. S. Berry. In the topotypic lot the following tooth-mutations were found in adult specimens : 1. Angular, parietal, columellar, basal, upper and lower palatals. 2. Angular, parietal, columellar, upper and lower palatals (type). 3. ... parietal, columellar basal, upper and lower palatals. 4. ... parietal, columellar, . . . upper and lower palatals. The second arrangement is much the more abundant, the first, or complete tooth formula, and the third being rare, one of each out of 27 specimens. The presence of a basal fold is therefore exceptional in shells from around Bluff Lake. 20. VERTIGO STERKH n. sp. PI. 11, figs. 2 to 5. The shell is imperforate, with a curved umbilical crevice, ovate, chestnut-brown, glossy, slightly striate, but becoming distinctly striate behind the lip. The whorls are moderately convex, the last without any trace of a crest or contraction be- hind the lip, having a short, inconspicuous impression behind the auricle. The aperture has three teeth (or sometimes two) . The parietal lamella is low and short. Columellar lamella small, obtuse and deeply placed. The lower palatal fold is small, tuberculiform (and wanting in some examples). There is no palatal callus. The peristome is thin, brown, and well expanded, having a slight prominence inwardly above the middle of the outer margin, above which it is narrower. Length 2.1, diam. 1.25 mm. ; 4i/2 whorls. Type, fig. 3. Length 2, diam. 1.23 mm. Length 1.8, diam. 12 mm. California : Funston Meadow, Kern Eiver, Tulare Co., type AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 113 loc.; Onion Valley, Kearsarge Pass, Inyo Co., J. H. Ferriss and E. Hand, 1916. V. dalliana is a more conic, thinner shell, of different color, having more rapidly increasing, more convex whorls, and a larger aperture. Moreover, adult specimens of V. sterkii are always toothed. V. andrusiana is generally larger, and so far as seen, it always has much larger teeth. V. tridentata is a far paler, more slender shell, with smaller aperture, stronger teeth and a distinct auricle. In both of the localities V. sterkii occurred associated with V. modesta castanea — a form also characterized by degenera- tion of the teeth. Group of V. coloradensis. Subcylindric, distinctly striate forms, the striation strong- est on the penult whorl, related to the modesta and to the ventricosa and gouldii groups. Typically they are mountain snails — 6000 ft. up ; but V. hannai and V. arthuri are from the lower plains eastward. Key to species. 1. 2 to 2.3 mm. long ; a low crest ; parietal and columellar lamellae, sometimes an angular; 2 long palatal folds. Alpine in Colo., N. M., Ariz. V. concinnula, no. 23. 1.5 to 1.8 mm. long. 2. 2. No angular lamella. 3. An angular lamella present ; crest wanting or very weak. 5. 3. No noticeable palatal callus; a low crest. 1.7-1.9 mm. long. Mountain forms. 4. A strong palatal callus ; 1-1-3 teeth ; 1.5 x 0.8 mm. Western Dakota. V. arthuri, no. 24. 4. Teeth 1-1-2, no basal fold. V. coloradensis, no. 22. Teeth 1-1-3, a basal present. V. c. basidens, no. 22a. 5. Teeth 2-1-2, no basal fold. V. c. arizonensis, no. 22&. Teeth 2-1-3, a basal present. 6. 6. Diameter 1 mm. or more; striation irregular. Western Kansas. V. hannai, no. 21. Diam. under 1 mm. Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona. V. c. inserta, no. 22c. 114 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 21. VERTIGO HANNAI Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 12, fig. 12. "Shell light brown; ovate in outline. Lines of growth faint and oblique. Whorls, four and a half, well rounded, and the sutures well impressed. Apex smooth and white and obtusely pointed. Peristome thin and sharp, slightly ex- panded and the ends connected across the body whorl by a thin deposit of callus, almost no indentation in the upper palatal wall. Aperture semicircular and with six teeth. Two on the parietal wall, both of which are lamellar in shape, and the angle tooth is the smaller of the two, one columellar in the center of that wall of the aperture. This tooth is bifid, that portion toward the apex of the shell being the larger. One basal tooth, small and nodule-like. Two palatals, both of which are lamellar in shape, the lower one of which is the larger. Variation in the large series of this species is slight " (H. & J.). Length 1.77, diam. 1.04 mm. Length 1.74, diam. 1.04 mm. Length 1.63, diam. 1.04 mm. Length 1.55, diam. 1.04 mm. Kansas: Phillips County, along Prairie Dog creek between Norton and the Eepublican river, Pleistocene, Hanna and Johnston; type in U. S. N. M. no. 226396. Vertigo martini HANNA and JOHNSTON, Kansas University Science BuUetin vii, no. 3, Jan., 1913, p. 120, pi. 18, f. 3. Not V. martini Sayn, 1911. "This and Vertigo ovata are the only species found in this part of the country with two teeth on the parietal wall. The latter species, however, is much the larger and more ovate in outline. The size of martmi is about the same as that of gouldi from the same deposits, but that species is more cylin- drical and the angle tooth is never developed. The size is somewhat less than that of Vertigo tridentata, a recent shell of Eastern Kansas in which the basal tooth is absent" (H. & J.). The entire absence or merely indistinct trace of a crest be- hind the lip, the slighter "auricle" of the latter, and the AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 115 shorter palatal folds, as well as the somewhat shorter, wider shape, separate this species from V. binneyana, which is other- wise similar. It does not agree in detail with any of the forms of V. coloradensis, though closely related to them. The striation is of irregularly, rather widely spaced wrinkles, as strong as in V. coloradensis but decidedly less regular and less crowded than on the penult whorl of that species. The outer lip is not at all expanded, rather blunt. The parietal lamella is rather long, as in V. coloradensis. The figure is from the type, one of no. 226396 U. S. N. M. As the name had been used by Sayn for a Pleistocene species of France, that of Mr. Hanna has been substituted. 22. VERTIGO COLORADENSIS (Cockerell). PL 12, fig. 13. "Shell brown, shiny, thinnish, translucent enough to show teeth through (body whorl) from outside, striate, especially on penultimate whorl. Outline oblong-oval, barrel-shaped, apex blunt. Whorls four. Aperture pyriform. Peristome brown, thick, continuous by a well-marked callus on parietal wall. Outer lip not constricted; a crest is indicated behind peris- tome, but not well developed. The teeth within the aperture are brown, one long one on parietal wall, one on columellar, and two, the lower one largest, on outer wall. Length 1%, diam. 1 mm. (Ckll.). Length 1.75, diam. 1 mm. Colorado: near Swift Creek, Custer Co., Cockerell, type loc. FIG. 1. — VERTIGO COLORADENSIS CKLL. Utah : Box Elder canyon at 4500 ft., H. Hemphill. Arizona : Pine Canyon, at 7500 ft., and head of Cave Creek canyon. 116 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 8000 ft., Chiricahua Mts., Ferriss. Pupa coloradensis COCKERELL, Journ. of Conch., Leeds, vi, 1889, p. 63 (name only) ; British Naturalist, 1891, p. 100 (description) ; and in Binney, Fourth Supplement to Terr. Moll., v, Bull. M. C. Z., xxii, no. 4, p. 191. — Vertigo colora- densis Ckll., STERKI, Nautilus, vi, 1892, p. 5. — COCKERELL, Nautilus, x, 1897, p. 134.— PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 603, fig. 2.— PILSBRY, Nautilus xvi, p. 58 (copy of orig. desc.). — Vertigo columbiana utahensis Sterki, in PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 603, pi. 23, fig. 10. Professor Cockerell's description and figure are given above. The type specimen is said to be in the British Museum. It differs from V. concinnula by the smaller size, from V. gouldii by the absence of a basal fold and the coarser striation ; typi- cally it is also a trifle smaller than usual in gouldn, measuring 1.75 mm. long, 1 wide, while gouldii is generally 1.85 to 2mm. long. Prof. Cockerell's measurement, 1% mm., was certainly only approximate. The columellar lamella is a little oblique, ascending somewhat as it enters. Perhaps it could be ranked as a subspecies of gouldii, but I think it sufficiently distinct. V. columbiana utahensis from Box Elder canyon, northern Utah, is the same thing. The type is drawn in pi. 12, fig. 13. A few specimens from the Chiricahua Mountains are slightly larger, 1.9 x 1.1 mm. Dr. Sterki has given me the following notes on a specimen received from Cockerell through Binney. ' ' Subcylindrical to somewhat barrel-shaped, perforate, whorls over 5, the last nar- rowed; aperture very small, 0.5 mm. high; a slight, rounded crest behind the margin and a slight flattening or even im- pression over the palatals; at the auricle a slight, small, im- pressed groove just behind the margin and barely above the upper palatal plica. Peristome not or very little thickened; inside there is a distinct, rather thin callus into which the two palatal plicae merge, the lower rather long, the upper much shorter; no suprapalatal. Parietal moderately large; a very small angular; columellar not large but well formed, apparently not lamellar. 1.7 x 1 mm. ' ' AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 117 22a. Vertigo coloradensis basidens Pils. & Van. PL 12, fig. 15. Cylindric-oblong, with strongly striate middle whorls, and with a parietal lamella only on the parietal wall, as in V. coloradensis ; but having a small, short basal fold within the junction of eolumellar with basal margins; the lower palatal fold is especially long; there is a more or less distinct callus running upward from the outer end of the upper palatal fold ; finally, there is a wide and more or less prominent crest behind the lip. Length 1.8, diam. 0.95 mm. New Mexico: Bland, Bernalillo Co., Ashnmn, type loc. Colorado: Rio Blanco, Cockerell. Montana: Ward, L. E. Daniels. British Columbia: Field, S. Brown. V. coloradensis basidens PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 604. The palatal folds, especially the lower, are decidedly longer than in V. gouldi. The crest is rather broad and sometimes decidedly prominent, more so than in any closely related form. Two specimens from Field measure : 1.75 x 1.05 and 1.95 x 1 mm. Those from Ward, Mont., have the crest especially strong and light-colored, and the callus above the upper palatal fold is quite heavy. 22&. Vertigo coloradensis arizonensis Pils. & Van. PL 12, figs. 14, 16. Shell cylindric-oval, rimate, very small; very densely and sharply but most minutely striate ; light brown. Whorls con- vex, the last tapering below, the last half whorl narrow as though pinched at base, flattened over the position of the palatal folds, then rising in a low, hardly noticeable crest, obsolete except near the base. Aperture irregularly truncate- oval, the peristome well expanded, brown. Denticles 5, the parietal lamella high and strong, a minute angular lamella standing near its outer end. Columellar lamella entering obliquely, ascending a little. Upper and lower palatal folds very long, rising conically in the middle, distinctly showing through from the outside, the lower fold being a little stronger and more immersed, its position marked by a depression out- side. There is no palatal callus. 118 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VEETIGO. Length 1.8, diam. 0.9 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 1.7, diam. 0.9 mm. ; fully 5 whorls. Arizona : Mt. Mingus, near Jerome, at about 8500 ft., type loc., and on Oak Creek, 40 miles from Jerome, Yavapai Co., Ashmun; Bill Williams Mt., Coconino Co., Ferriss; Graham Mts., and Black River, Graham Co., Ferriss; Dragoon and Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co., Ferriss & Pilsbry. New Mexico : Grants, Valencia Co., A. & J. Bailey, and Bland, Bernalillo Co., E. H. Ashmun; on Willow, Whitewater and Silver creeks, Mogollon Mts., Ferriss & Daniels; everywhere along the crest of the Black Mts., Ferriss & Pilsbry. Vertigo coloradensis arizonensis PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 604, pi. 23, f. 9.— PILSBRY, Nautilus xix, 130 (Grants, N. M.). This race, of which large numbers have been studied from many localities, is somewhat narrower than V. coloradensis, and invariably has an angular lamella when adult. The palatal folds are long, and there is no basal or subcolumellar denticle. The penult whorl is usually more coarsely and dis- tinctly striate than the others. 22c. Vertigo coloradensis inserta n. subsp. PI. 12, figs. 10, 11. The shell is similar to V. c. arizonensis in size, shape and sculpture, and in possessing a small angular lamella; but the parietal and columellar lamellae are larger and thicker, and there is a basal fold. Length 1.85, diam. 0.9 mm. ; 5 whorls. Length 1.7, diam. 0.9 mm. Arizona: many places in the Santa Catalina Mts., the type locality being Bear Wallow; J. H. Ferriss. It appears to be of general occurrence in the Santa Cata- linas, the localities being between 8500 and 9500 ft. V. c. arizonensis, which inhabits the same zone in ranges north, west and east, was not found in the Santa Catalinas. One quite short specimen from Rustler Park, high in the Chiricahuas, measuring 1.6 x 0.95 mm. appears to be the same race. It differs from V. c. basidens by having an angular lamella. AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 119 23. VERTIGO CONCINNULA Ckll. PL 10, figs. 9, 10. Shell ovoid-cylindrical in outline, slightly tapering toward the blunt apex ; solid and somewhat opaque, so that the palatal folds are usually only dimly seen through from the outside. Surface shining, irregularly, obliquely striate, more strongly so on the penult whorl. Whorls 5, apical 2 whitish, the rest cinnamon (often with numerous irregularly scattered spots and flecks of very light buff). Whorls quite convex, the last slightly ascending toward the aperture, its latter half very de- cidedly flattened on the outer-inferior portion, this part bear- ing a moderate or low wavelike crest or ridge behind the lip, and then slightly constricted. Umbilical rimation short, im- perf orate. Aperture rounded, truncate above; peristome a little expanded ; parietal wall bearing a rather strong entering parietal lamella in the middle, and usually a smaller angular lamella to the right of its outer end ; columella with a strong, deep-seated entering lamella ; outer wall with two rather low, long palatal folds, the lower one longer. Length 2.1, diam. 1.2 mm. Colorado: Ouster and Summit counties, 6,000-10,000 ft. (Cockerell), and other places noted below. New Mexico: Beulah, Sapello canyon, T. D. A. Cockerell; Bland, Jemez Mts. and Capitan Mts., Ashmun ; Cloudcroft, Sacramento Mts., H. L. Viereck; Mogollon Mts., on Turkey, Willow and Silver Creeks, Ferriss and Daniels. Arizona: Mt. Mingus, near Jerome, Ashmun. Vertigo calif arnica Rowell, INGERSOLL, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., i, p. 128 (1875) ; Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey Terr, for 1874, Hayden, p. 392, 1876. No description. Not of Bowell. — Vertigo ingersolli Ancey MSS. in COCKERELL, J. of Conch., Leeds, vi, 1889, p. 64 (name only, substituted for P. calif ornica Ing. non Row.). — STERKI, Nautilus, vi, 1892, p. 5, with varieties haydeni Anc. and accedens Anc. (names only). — COCKERELL, Nautilus, x, 1897, p. 135 (identity with concinnula affirmed from part of original lot). — Pupa inger- solli Ancey MS., COCKERELL, British Naturalist, 1891, p. 101 ; reprinted in Nautilus xvi, p. 59. — Vertigo concinnula COCKER- 120 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. ELL, Nautilus, x, 1897, p. 135. — PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proe. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 599, pi. 23, f. 8.— J. HENDERSON, Univ. of Colo. Studies iv, p. 172 (Animas Valley, Rio La Plata and Cunningham Gulch, Cockerell, Naut. x, 135. Summit and Custer Counties and Black Lake Creek, Cockerell. "Vertigo calif ornica" Ing., Blue River Valley, Los Pinos Agency, S. W. of Los Pinos ; Howardsville, Animas Valley and Rio La Plata, Ingersoll, 1874, 392. Eldora, Henderson). — WHEELER, Nau- tilus xxv, 124 (Monte Sano, Madison Co., Ala.). — Pupa con- cinnula Ckll., PILSBRY, Nautilus, xi, 1898, p. 119; Class. Cat. L. Sh. Amer., p. 21 ; Nautilus, xii, 1899, p. 103. The dull, rather opaque shell, cylindrical and small, with long palatal folds and parietal lamella, separate this from V. modesta and its varieties. It approaches V. modesta parie- talis, which, however, is larger and smoother, with shorter parietal lamellae and palatal folds. The form of modesta from Labrador agrees with concmnula in having the penult whorl distinctly striate. The larger size, more cylindrical shape and presence of an angular lamella distinguish con- cinnula from V. coloradensis. V. c. inserta is distinctly smaller than c&ncinnula. In Colorado, according to Professor Cockerell, it occurs at higher elevations than V. coloradensis, between 6,000 and 10,000 feet; but in the Mogollon Mountains, N. M., concinnula is found in the same zone with V. colora- densis arizonensis. This species was first collected by Ernest Ingersoll, who identified it with the West Coast V. calif or nica. Ancey de- tected the error, and named it Vertigo ingersolU in MS. In 1891 Professor Cockerell published a brief descriptive note on V. ingersolU: — "It is allied to coloradensis, but 2 mm. long, cylindrical, dull brown, with a half whorl more, and a double lamella on the parietal wall." As the number of whorls of V. coloradensis had not been stated, and there are two lamellae, not a "double lamella," on the parietal wall, I have held this note to be insufficient to establish a species (Nautilus xvi, 59). The first recognizable description is that of concmmda Cockerell, 1897. Since ingersolU is known solely by Cocker- ell's several notes, no description of Mr. Ancey 's type having AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 121 been published, it seems undesirable to revive that name. The type of V. concinnula, from near Brush Creek, Ouster Co., 10,000 ft., is drawn in fig. 9. The two varieties, haydeni and accedens, have never been defined. There are some forms approaching corpulenta, but con- cinnula is more distinctly striate and has longer palatal folds. The specimens from Arizona and New Mexico are of a clearer, more translucent cinnamon color than those seen from Colorado; the crest is generally somewhat better developed. Length 2 to 2.3 mm. These southern examples form a transi- FIG. 1. — VERTIGO CONCINNULA CKLL. tion to V. modesta insculpta, the only difference being the smaller size and generally longer palatal folds of concinnula. According to Mr. Wheeler, the record from Alabama was based upon an identification by the writer; but the place is so remote from the known range of concinnula, and the en- vironment so diverse, that possibly the identification might be revised if the specimen was at hand. 24. VERTIGO ARTHURI (Martens). "Shell ovate, striatulate, perforate, of 5 rather swollen whorls ; the aperture triangular, outer margin thickened with- in ; 2 palatal folds, 2 columellars, the upper one larger, and 1 strong parietal. Length 1.5, diam. 0.8, apert. 0.5 mm." (Marts.) Vertigo bollesiana Morse var. arthuri von MARTENS, SB. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, nr. 9, Nov., 1882, p. 140. "Little Missouri, Dakota, coll. by Arthur Krause. It dif- fers from the type form of the species [V. bollesiana] by the 122 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. strongly thickened outer margin and the somewhat stronger dentition" (Marts.). The locality is at or near Medora or Little Missouri station of the Northern Pacific R. R., in Billings county, North Dakota. It occurred with. Euconulus fulvus, Valloma pul- chella and gracilicosta, PupUla muscorum and blandi, Gastro- copta armifera, "P. pentodon var." (? = #. holzingeri), and Succmea lineata W. G. B. V. Z>. arthuri is not known to American conchologists, but the description suggests V. colora- densis basidens. Dr. V. Sterki has sent a note on a Vertigo collected by Mr. A. W. Hanham at Winnipeg, Manitoba, which I suspect to be identical with arthuri. "Like coloradensis, though one speci- men has somewhat of a rounded crest over the palate. There is a strong, white callus in the palate, thickest where the short upper palatal plica merges into it, and thinner at the lower palatal. It does not extend up to the suture or to the base. "Length 1.6, diam. 0.9 mm. "Length 1.5, diam. 0.8 mm." Group of Vertigo modesta. Moderately large species, 2 to 3 mm. long, without sharp striation (except in V. m. insculpta), and never having a basal tooth, the tooth formula varying from 0-0-0 to 2-1-2. It is a circumpolar Arctic and alpine group, comprising many races with few teeth or none. The collections at hand are deficient in Siberian and Greenland Vertigines, and I am therefore leaving as species various forms which may prove to be merely local races of V. modesta, such as V. hoppii, V. krausseana and V. arctica. The arctic and subarctic forms have teeth as follows: Angular. Parietal. Columellar. Palatal. V. krausseana .... 0 1 0 or trace. 0 V. arctica 0 1 1 Oorl V. a. extima 0 0 0 0 V. m. ultima 0 0 0 0 V. hoppii 0 1 or 0 1 or 0 1 or 0 V. modesta ..lorO 1 1 2 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 123 It may turn out that the slight differences in size and teeth are insufficient for separating these forms specifically, and the subordination of all under V. modesta would not surprise me, when series of specimens from Lapland, Siberia, and Green- land can be brought together for comparison with the better known boreal American forms of V. modesta. Key to American species. Shell cylindric-oblong or cylindric-ovate ; 0 to 5 teeth. V. modesta and allies, nos. 25-29. V. rowelli, no. 32. Shell ovate, the spire strongly tapering ; California. 5 small teeth. V. occidentalis, no. 25/. Without teeth. V. dalliana, no. 30. 25. VERTIGO MODESTA Say. PI. 10, figs. 1, 2; page 124, figs. 1, 2, 2a. "Shell dextral, suboval, minutely wrinkled; apex obtuse; whorls six; umbilicus distinct; aperture obliquely subovate; labium with a prominent compressed semioval tooth equidis- tant from the extremities of the labrum, and a somewhat conic one rather below the middle of the columella ; labrum not re- flected, joining the preceding whorl at its upper extremity with a curve; bidentate, lower tooth placed opposite to that of the middle of the labium, the other smaller and placed a little above. Length less than one-tenth of an inch. Inhabits the Northwest Territory" (Say). The cylindric-oblong shell is from tawny to cinnamon colored, glossy, rather weakly striate, the striation more dis- tinct on the middle whorls. The last whorl has a weak crest behind the obtuse, brown outer lip, which expands very little, and is not noticeably caught in to form a sinulus. Teeth four, white : the parietal and columellar lamellae and lower palatal fold subequal, short; the upper palatal fold smaller. Length 2.6, diam. 1.3 mm. ; 5% whorls. Labrador, westward, over the crest of the Rocky Mts. (Field, B. C.) to Victoria and Nanaimo. Reported locally in Maine, Vermont and Connecticut. Loess of Iowa (Iowa 124 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 10 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 125 City, Des Moines) and Kansas (Phillips Co.). Alaska, abun- dant. The typical modesta replaced in the Rocky Mountain system and California by various weakly differentiated races. EXPLANATION OP FIGURES, p. 124. Fig. 1. Vertigo modesta (Say). Photographic copy of Gould 's original figure of Pupa decora. Figs. 2, 2a. Vertigo modesta (Say). Loess, Iowa City, Iowa, no. 11657. Fig. 3. Vertigo modesta (Say), form resembling V. arctica Wallenb. Length 2.6 mm., Norton Bay, Alaska, no. 79561. Figs. 4, 4&. Vertigo modesta ultima Pils. Norton Bay, Alaska, no. 79562. Figs. 5, 5a. Vertigo modesta parietalis Anc. Wickersham's, Miller Peak, Huachuca Mts., Arizona, no. 97509. Figs. 6, 6a. Vertigo hoppii Moller. Photographic copies of Moerch's figures. Fig. 7. Vertigo occidentalis St. Type specimen. Figs. 8, 8b. Vertigo modesta parietalis Anc. Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Cal., no. 104659. Fig. 8a. V. m. parietalis Anc. Cienaga below Bluff Lake, no. 105167. Fig. 9. Vertigo modesta castanea St. Mouth of Big Arroyo, Kern R., Tulare Co., Cal., no. 115204. Fig. 9a. V. m. castanea. Wood's Creek, Tulare Co., no. 115203. Fig. 9b. V. m. castanea. Onion Valley, Kearsarge Pass, Inyo Co., Cal., no. 115199. Fig. 10. Vertigo modesta corpulenta (Morse). Photographic copy of Morse's figure. Pupa modesta SAY, Long's Second Expedition, appendix, 1824, p. 259, pi. 15, fig. 5.— Vertigo modesta (Say), PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, f. 600, pi. 23, f. 2, 3, 6. — WHITEAVES, Ottawa Naturalist 1905, 171 (Kananaskis, Alberta). — JOHNSON, Fauna of New England, 13, Mollusca, 1915, p. 213 (Cape Elizabeth, Maine; Stonington, Conn.). — HANNA & JOHNSTON, Univ. of Kansas Science Bull, vii, 1913, p. 120 (Pleistocene of Phillips Co., Kansas) .— Ball, Alaska, Land and Freshwater Mollusks, p. 29, Harriman Alaska Exped. xiii, 1905 (in Alaska at Killisnoo, Chilkat and Chilkoot valleys, Pyramid Island, Portage Bay, Dyea, Klukwan, Point Romanof at the Yukon delta; St. George Island! St. Paul 126 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. Island! Unalaska! Booluk Island, Unalga Pass! Akutan Island! Popof Island, Shumagins, St. Paul, Kadiak Island! Orca, Prince William Sound! Yakutat Bay! Berg Inlet, Glacier Bay ! Muir Inlet !). — Pupa decora GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. ii, 1848, p. 263, fig. in text (region of Lake Su- perior) .— BINNEY, Terr. Moll, v, 1878, p. 201, pi. 71, f. 3 (Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake). — Vertigo decora Gld., MORSE, Amer. Naturalist i, 1868, p. 670 (Ascutney, Vt., L. L. Thaxter).— REINHARDT, S. B. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, 1883, p. 39 (Portage Bay, Killisnoo, Katlrachia, Kluguan, lower Deja valley and on Pyramid Island, Krauze). An imperforate cylindric-oblong or somewhat ovate shell, with short, rather small teeth arranged in form of a cross, or not infrequently the upper palatal fold is wanting, es- pecially in examples from the loess of Iowa. It is widely distributed in the Dominion of Canada and Alaska, and in the loess formation of Iowa and Kansas. V. modesta differs from typical V. m. corpulenta by the more cylindric shell, with one whorl more, but intermediate individuals or lots occur in the West. No specimens having a distinct angular lamella are known from east of the Rocky Mountains. There are numerous forms and mutations, some of them apparently subspecies characteristic of definite areas; others, such as parietatis, often occur associated with various races in the same colonies. The subspecific taxonomy is more or less arbitrary, and the number of forms worth recognition by name will vary with the material studied and the observer until collections fairly covering the range of the species are available. "This is the most abundant and widely distributed species in the north country. ' ' The type locality of modesta was somewhere near or west of the western end of Lake Superior. P. decora also came from the region of Lake Superior. The two names were evidently applied to exactly the same race. A photographic copy of Gould's figure of P. decora is given on p. 124, fig. 1. It is a variable snail. A specimen from Labrador meas- AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 127 ures, length 1.9, diam. 1.2 mm., and is closely striate on the penult whorl. Specimens from the loess of Iowa are quite variable in form and size. Those figured measure : Length 2.65, diam. 1.45 mm. (page 124, fig. 2a, Iowa City). Length 2.4, diam. 1.35 mm. (page 124, fig. 2, Iowa City). Length 2.3, diam. 1.2 mm. (plate 10, fig. 2, Des Moines). The smallest of these, pi. 10, fig. 2, is rather strongly striate, much as in V. concinnula. It has also been found by Mr. A. A. Hinkley in loess at New Harmony, Indiana, according to Dr. Sterki. In a series from Dyea valley, Alaska, the size varies from 2.4 x 1.4 to 2.65 x 1.4 mm. The crest is rather strong. The teeth vary from typical to slightly larger, and in some of them a small angular lamella is added. The lot is inter- mediate between modesta and mut. parietalis, or rather, it in- cludes both forms. A specimen was figured in Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, pi. 23, fig. 2. Specimens taken on Norton Bay, Alaska (R. C. McGregor) are deficient in teeth, an upper palatal fold being absent (page 124, fig. 3), the parietal and columellar lamellae small. Length 2.4 to 2.6, diam. 1.4 mm. It agrees rather closely with the description and figures of V. arctica Wallenb., de- scribed from Lapland, and I have no doubt is identical with the form listed as arctica from Port Clarence by Westerlund (Vega-Exped. Vet. Arbeten, iv, 163) ; yet I can but regard it as a form of modesta, in view of the fact that it is in the V. modesta area, and that a similar deficiency in teeth occurs in forms of modesta found in the loess of Iowa and in Cali- fornia. I do not here consider the question whether V. arctica is distinct from modesta for the reason that I have no Lapland examples of arctica. Pupa borealis Morelet is generally admitted to be identical with decora (modesta). A translation of the description follows: Shell rimate, ovate-oblong, glossy, diaphanous, ful- vous-corneous, regularly striate under the lens; whorls 6, a little convex, the last compressed at base, forming a moder- ate excavation. Aperture somewhat rounded oval, moderate, 128 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. four-toothed: 1 pliciform tooth deep on the parietal wall, 1 columellar, the rest smaller, in the palate. Peristome simple, straight, the columellar margin shortly dilated above. Length 3, diam. 1.5 mm. Kamchatka (Morelet). Pupa borealis MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. vii, 1858, p. 9. — PPR., Monogr. vi, p. 311. — W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll, v, 1878, p. 211; Third Supplement, Bull. M. C. Z. xix, 1890, p. 185, fig. in text ; Man. Amer. Land Sh. p. 483. Binney's figure of a specimen from Petropaulovski shows no upper palatal fold, and might be considered identical with V. arctica-, yet the teeth are so variable in these derivatives of modesta that a single specimen is inconclusive. Wallenberg's figures of the form he calls V. shuttleworthiana from Lapland look a good deal like modesta, the shells being much larger than the true shuttleworthiana. See Malak. Bl. v, pi. 1. 25a. Vertigo modesta ultima n. subsp. Page 124, figs. 4, 4a. On the north shore of Norton Sound Mr. R. C. McGregor obtained an entirely toothless form, having the shape and striation of V. modesta, and probably merely a terminal mem- ber of the mutation-series represented by the three-toothed form found elsewhere on Norton Sound. Like the latter, it is not distinguishable from the terminal forms of V. m. cas- taneai except by the remote locality. It is smaller than V. arctica extima of central Siberia and differs from V. krausseana by having no teeth and by the somewhat greater size. Length 2.6, diam. 1.4 mm. Length 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm. 25&. Vertigo modesta mut. parietalis Ancey. PI. 10, fig. 4. " Shell having two teeth on the parietal wall" (Ancey). The shape varies from that of corpulenta to about that of modesta ; whorls about 5. Teeth 5, there being an angular lamella; and the others are larger than in typical corpulenta. The surface is somewhat striate, as in modesta and corpulenta. Length 2.45, diam. 1.3 mm. ; 5% whorls. AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 129 Rocky Mountain region etc., the type locality Ogden canyon, Utah. Pupa corpulenta Morse var. parietalis ANCEY, Conchologists Exchange ii, Dec. 1887, p. 80 (Ogden canyon, Utah). — Vertigo modesta parietalis Anc., PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 601, pi. 23, f. 1.— HENDERSON, Univ. of Colo. Studies iv, p. 172 (Delta and Ouster counties, Black Lake Creek, Cockerell; North Park, Barber). — COCKERELL, Nau- tilus xxv, 59 (Tolland, Colo.). — BERRY, Nautilus xxix, p. 127 (Big Snowy Mts., Mont.). In the Sierra Nevada counties of California V. modesta and parietalis appear to be rather abundant. They were collected in the valleys of the San Joaquin and King's rivers, Bear and Fish Creeks, Fresno county, in many places by Mr. Ferriss in 1917. In some lots four-toothed forms occurred with parietalis, the latter in the majority. Lots from Pumice Flats, San Joaquin river, Bear Creek and Grouse Meadow, Kings river, are quite distinctly striate, much as in the Arizonian insculpta. In one lot from Simpson's meadow, Kings river, there are apparently adult shells having 5, 4 and 2 teeth (columellar and lower palatal). By individ- uals these specimens could be referred to parietalis, modesta and castanea. Other Californian forms of the species are noticed under occidentalis and castanea. The size and shape are variable in the same lots. The shorter shells having 5 whorls or even less, the larger fully 5~y2 whorls. Length 2.4, diam. 1.4 mm., Miller Pk., Huachucas (p. 124, fig. 5). Length 2.55, diam. 1.3 mm., Miller Pk., Huachucas (p. 124, fig. 5a). Length 2.4, diarn. 1.3 mm., Boise Co., Idaho. Length 2.7, diam. 1.35 mm., Boise Co., Idaho. This form is far more generally distributed than the typical corpulenta. In some places, as in in Ogden Canyon, the type locality, the two occur together; but in most localities all of the adult shells are parietalis. As forms with the parietalis 130 AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. teeth, occur in some places associated with both corpulenta and with shells having the contour of typical modesta, the sub- specific status can hardly be allowed this form. I conclude that parietalis is the more primitive stock, and corpulenta a mutation thereof, which has not obtained so wide a distribu- tion. Typical V. modesta is a more cylindric form which has mutated from long parietalis in the same way by loss of the angular tooth; but as the five-toothed stock is not found east of the Rocky Mountains, where modesta has a wide range, the racial distinction may perhaps be retained. Fig. 4 is from an Ogden Canyon specimen. Professor Cockerell has reported a form from Tolland,. Gilpin Co., Colorado, under the name V. m. parietalis, with the following note "Rather small for parietalis, but over 2 mm. long; palatal plicae long, as is concinnula; shell clear chestnut ; aperture strongly elbowed above. This is apparently a distinct race, between parietalis and concinnula, but hardly recognizable by a separate name. Ancey's name' ingersolli certainly included such forms as this, and could be so re- stricted without much risk of error" (Nautilus vol. 25, Sept., 1911, p. 59). See also under V. m. castanea, p. 134, for notes on parietalis forms of the San Bernardino Mts., CaL, figured on p. 124, figs. 8, So, 86. 25c. Vertigo modesta corpulenta (Morse). PL 10, fig. 3. Shell rimate perforate, elongate ovate, finely striated, polished, translucent, dark olive brown, apex round, obtuse; whorls four, convex, tumid, wider at the base, aperture large, sub-circular, with four obtuse teeth, one on the parietal mar- gin, one on the columellar margin, and two on the labrum; peristome slightly thickened and reflected. Length, .10 inch ; breadth .06 inch (Morse). Nevada: Little Valley, Washoe Co., type loc., on the east slope of the Sierra Nevada, 6500 ft. above the sea, R. E. Stretch. Isthmia corpulenta MORSE, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1865, p. 210, f. 7. — Pupa corpulenta Morse, BINNEY, Land and AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 131 F.-W. shells of N. A. i, 1869, p. 238; Terr. Moll, v, p. 201; Man. Amer. L. Sh., 1885, p. 172, f. 163.— Vertigo modesta corpulent a (Morse), PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 601, pi. 23, f. 7.— HENDERSON, Univ. of Colo- rado Studies iv, p. 172 (Colorado: Los Pinos Agency, Inger- sollj Center and Delta counties, CklL). Decidedly more obese than V. modesta, of only about 4% whorls. The crest behind the lip is distinct, and the four teeth are short, the lower palatal being tubercular or very short. Usual length 2.2, diam. 1.35 mm., to 2.45 x 1.4 mm. A photographic copy of Morse's figure is given on page 124, fig. 10. It is not known whether corpidenta occurs as a pure race. In a few small lots examined there are no parietalis, but all of the large lots available containing corpulenta, have parietalis also. 25d. Vertigo modesta insculpta n. subsp. PL 10, figs. 12, 13. The shell is similar to V. m. parietalis in teeth, but differs by the distinct, rather sharp striation of the penult and ante- penult whorls, sometimes also the last. Length 2.6, diam. 1.35 mm. Arizona: Bill Williams Mt., Coconino Co., Ferriss; Santa Catalina Mts. in many localities, 9000-9500 ft., the types from Mt. Lemon, 9500 ft. ; White Mts., Apache Co. ; Blue River and Rim of Blue Mts., Graham Co.; Chiricahua Mts., at head of Cave Creek and Long Park, about 8000 ft., Ferriss. New Mexico : Black Range, in the forest zone, Ferriss & Pilsbry. It differs from the southern form of V. concinnula by the larger size and typically shorter palatal folds, yet there is a certain amount of intergradation in both characters. In the Black Range, especially, there are often short specimens, down to 2.25 mm. long. Each of the ranges which ascends into the zone of coniferous forest appears to have either a smaller (concinnula) or a larger (inscidpta) stock, in the average distinguishable, though individuals are often perplexing. The distinction is rather finely drawn, yet such as it is, has been reached after examining some thousands of fresh shells. 132 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. Specimens from Bill Williams Mt., in northern Arizona are particularly sharply striate. They were recorded as V. con- cinula in Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1911, 197, but on account of their size, 2.4 to 2.5 mm. long, 1.4 wide, they appear more properly placed here. The locality is far north of others known, yet the whole intervening region is still unexplored for shells. The specimens from the Chiricahua range, which were form- erly recorded as V. modesta parietalis and V. concinnula ap- pear to be better placed here. They measure 2.4 to 2.5 TTITTI. long. At several places in the Santa Catalinas Mr. Ferriss found beautiful albino specimens. They have the translucent wax- like texture of Gastrocopta pentodon or corticaria. In every case they occurred in colonies of cinnamon-brown shells. 25e. Vertigo modesta castanea Sterki. PL 10, figs. 5, 6. ' ' Shell oblong or cylindric-oval, glossy, somewhat translu- cent; chestnut, sometimes with some whitish stripes. Whorls 4%-5, the last with a moderate crest behind the lip. Teeth very small, placed as in corpulenta, the lower palatal largest, columellar usually developed, parietal very small or obsolete, upper palatal wanting or minute. Alt. 2.3, diam. 1.4 mm." (P. & V.). California: Lake Co., HemphUl- Fish Camp, Fresno Co., H. Hemphill, type loc. ; Ranger, Panther creek, Wood 's creek, Funston meadow on Kern River, Babb Creek falls, Rae Lake, Tulare Co., Ferriss ; Wawona meadow, H. Lowe ; Onion valley, Kearsarge Pass, Inyo Co., Ferriss • Holcomb meadows, east of Sugar Loaf Peak, at 8300 ft., San Bernardino Mts., S. B. Co., 8. S. Berry. Vertigo castanea STERKI, Nautilus vi, 1892, p. 5 (Lake Co. ; name only). — Pupa castanea Sterki, PILSBRY, Nautilus xi, 1898, p. 119 (name only). — Vertigo modesta castanea Sterki, PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 602, pi. 23, f. 4, 5 (Fish Camp). — LOWE, Nautilus xxx, p. 95 (Wawona Meadow, Cal.). This form was recorded from Lake Co. by Dr. Sterki, but AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 133 without description. It was first described and figured from Fresno Co. specimens, the type being no. 11655 A. N. S. P. (pi. 10, fig. 6). The typical form has three teeth, parietal, columellar and lower palatal; but there are also specimens in the same lot which lack the palatal, and one without any teeth. In a lot from Wood 's creek, Tulare Co., there are specimens having 3 teeth, 4 teeth (a minute angular lamella being added), and no teeth (page 124, fig. 9E PLATE 8 PUPILLID^E PLATE 9 6 10 11 12 13 PLATE 1O 11 12 13 SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES FOUNDED BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D DEPARTMENT OF USCAi ^ SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Part PHILADELPHIA • 'UBLISPIED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OP NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 145 wards the subtriangular small aperture. Shell thin, delicate, of pale horn color, as is the palatal wall and margin; the latter simple and straight, with a very slight, thin callus inside, lamellse 3, whitish, rather small: one apertural [parietal], one columellar, longitudinal, and the inferior palatal; sometimes there is also a very small superior palatal. Length 1.5, diam. 0.8 mm." (Sterki). Length 1.45, diam. 0.8 mm. ; nearly 5 whorls. Length 1.53, diam. 0.85 mm. Florida: Mosquito Island, Volusia Co., type loc., Oscar B. and G. W. Webster; Grassy Key, Eaybon. Alabama: Ever- green, Conecuh Co., H. H. Smith. Louisiana: S.-W. cor. Madison Parish, Bayou Macon, C. B. Moore. Arkansas : Keller Place Landing, Ouachita R., Calhoun Co., C. B. Moore. Texas : Guadalupe B. near New Braunfels, Ferriss and Pilsbry. Vertigo ascariana STERKI, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1890, p. 33 ; reprinted in BINNEY, 4th Suppl. Terr. Moll, v, Bull. M. C. Zool. xxii, 1892, p. 197, fig. — , Nautilus iii, 1890, p. 136 ; iv, 1890, p. 39, pi. 1, f. 5.— PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1906, p. 147.— CLAPP, Nautilus xxviii, 1915, p. 137, pi. 6, f. 8. The surface is delicately but rather sharply and regularly striate, most conspicuously so on the penult whorl. The colu- mellar lamella is rather blunt and thick, the lower end vertical, the upper slanting slightly inward. The parietal lamella is short and rather high. Figured from the type, no. 60463 A. N. S. It varies in degree of inflation, as the figures show. Dr. Clapp has noted that the specimens from Evergreen, Alabama, are nearly smooth, showing only obsolete striation. One meas- ures 1.45 x 0.8 mm. The Texan form is also nearly smooth, 1.7 x 9 mm., and some have a thin palatal callus. All of the localities given are for specimens in coll. A. N. S. It is an isolated species, without near relatives in our fauna. Subgenus ANGUSTULA Sterki. Angustula STERKI, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xi, 1888, p. 378, for V. milium and V. venetzii; Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. 1889, p. P. & V., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 597. 146 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. Angular, parietal and columellar lamellae are strongly de- veloped, the parietal long, columellar crescentic, its inner end curving downward. Palatal folds strong, the lower entering to the dorsal side, its inner end curving downward. Type V. milium. The peculiarities of Vertigo milium were first fully worked out by Doctor Sterki, who considered it related to the Euro- pean V. angustior (venetzii) ; but the relation seems to be one of partial parallelism rather than of direct affinity. I may mention that Dr. Sterki now considers the relationship doubtful. The two species differ as follows : V. milwm. V. angustior. Dextral. Sinistral. Columellar lamella running Columellar fold spirally as- downward inwardly. cending inwardly. Lower palatal fold entering Upper palatal fold entering deeply. deeply. Angustula has some features in common with the Cali- fornian species of Sterkia, particularly the well-separated angular and parietal lamellae and the descending inner end of the columellar lamella; but there is probably no direct relationship. Dr. 0. Boettger has considered V. ovatula, of the German upper Oligocene and lower Miocene, to be closely related to V. mitium. I have not seen that species, but as the form of the columellar lamella as figured is entirely different in V. ovatula and V. milium, the former evidently does not be- long to Angustula. Two species are known: V. milium, no. 32, in which there is a moderate swelling behind the outer lip, and V. bermu- densis, no. 33, having a very high, massive crest. 32. VERTIGO MILIUM (Old.). PL 13, figs. 1 to 7. ' ' Shell minute, of a globosely-oval form, color a light chest- nut; whorls four or somewhat more, obviously wrinkled obliquely, rather convex ; apex bluntly rounded ; suture deep ; AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 147 aperture half the width of the last whorl, heart-shaped, the apex being at the right posterior angle ; the transverse margin is nearly direct; the outer lip is scalloped by an indentation of the lip ; the remainder of the margin is regularly arcuated ; lip white, slightly everted ; throat with six teeth, two of which are on the transverse lip, equidistant ; one, with a tubercle at its base, is on the middle of the columella, and nearly at right angles with the preceding, and is the largest; a fourth is on the indenture of the outer lip, directed between the two on the transverse lip ; and two smaller ones, more retired within the shell, are equidistant between the two last mentioned; umbilicus large and deep. Length less than 1/30 of an inch : breadth 1/40 of an inch" (Gould). Maine to Florida, west to South Dakota, Grand County, Colorado and southeastern Arizona; Tampico, Mexico; Jamaica. Type locality Oak Island, Chelsea, near Boston. Pupa milium GOULD, Boston Journal of Natural History iii, pt. 3, 1840, p. 402, pi. 3, f . 23 ; iv, p. 359, 1843 ; in Binney, Terr. Moll, ii, p. 337, pi. 71, f . 1 ; Invert. Mass. p. 187, f . 118. — ADAMS, Vermont Moll., p. 157. — Vertigo milium Gld., W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll, v, 1878, p. 215, pi. 71, f. 1 ; Man. Amer. Land Shells, 1885, p. 332, f. 361.— MORSE, Amer. Nat. i, 1868, p. 669, f. 65, 66.— STERKI, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xi, 1888, p. 377, pi. 42, f. 10, 13; Nautilus xxix, 123 (Geneva, 0.). — WALKER, Moll, of Michigan, 1906, p. 515, f. 146, 147 (Newaygo, Kent, Bay, Oakland, Washtenaw and Lenawee counties) ; Nau- tilus xxxi, 54, 56 (Chester Shoals and Palm Beach, Fla.). — JOHNSON, Fauna of New England 13, 1915, p. 215 (Me., Vt., Mass.). — DANIELS, 27th Ann. Rep. Dep. Geol. and Nat. Res. Indiana, 1902, p. 632 (Steuben Co., Brookville, Lawrence- burg, Dunreith, Ind.). — OVER, Nautilus xxix, 91 (Chamber- lain, Brule Co., S. Dak.). — VANATTA, Naut. xxviii, 11 (Sussex Co., N. J.). — PILSBRY, Nautilus xiv, 74 (Cape May, N. J.) ; xxv, 35 (Atlantic City, N. J.). — HANNA, Nautilus xxiii, 95 (Douglas Co., Ks.). — HINKLEY, Nautilus xxi, 77 (Tampico). — HANHAM, Nautilus x, 101 (Quebec). — CHADWICK, Nautilus xix, 58 (near Milwaukee). — CKLL., Nautilus iii, 21 (Kremm- ling, Colo.).— SMITH, Nautilus xx, 90 (Otsego Co., N. Y.). — 148 AMERICAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. STUPAKOFF, Nautilus vii, 135 (Allegheny Co., Pa.). — PRIME, Nautilus viii, 70 (Long Island, N. Y.). — GARDNER, Naut. viii, 76 (Long Island). — SARGENT, Naut. ix, 89 (Clearwater, Minn.). — PLEAS, Naut. vii, 68 (Henry Co., Ind.). — Pupa millium SOWERBY, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 18, f. 164. Gould's description and figure are not quite correct in some points ; evidently the columellar lamella and lower palatal fold were not fully seen. The color of the shell is cinnamon or paler. The last whorl has an external impression over the lower palatal fold; there is a swelling in front of the im- pression and below a deeper impression which runs to the lip, over the upper palatal fold. The angular lamella is high, short, and situated inward from the insertion of the outer lip. The parietal is high and long, entering deeply. The high columellar lamella enters horizontally at first, then turns downward, being crescent-shaped. (Its downward con- tinuation was mistaken by Gould for * ' a tubercle at its base " ) . The upper palatal fold is long and high, slightly curved. Lower palatal is a little immersed, high, thin and enters to the dorsal side, where it curves downward (fig. 5). Both palatal folds are rather thick and tapering at their outer ends. The basal fold is somewhat immersed, short and high. There is sometimes a small, tubercular suprapalatal fold. The outer lip is somewhat expanded and strongly biarcuate. The parietal callus is generally rather thick. Length 1.75, diam. 1 mm. ; 5 whorls. Cleveland, Ohio, fig. 1. Length 1.38, diam. 0.8 mm. ; 5 whorls. Cleveland, 0., fig. 3. Length 1.65, diam. 0.85 mm. Vermont, fig. 7. Length 1.4, diam. 0.9 mm.; 4% whorls. Volusia Co., Fla., fig. 6. V. mUium shows but little variation in the teeth, though in some examples the lower palatal fold emerges further than in others, and the degree of curvature of its inner end varies somewhat. The size and contour of the shell, however, are quite variable, as will be seen by reference to the measure- ments and figures. In one lot I found the length from 1.38 to 1.75 mm. The shortest specimens seen (but generally associated with AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 149 others of normal shape) are from the Gulf States. In a speci- men from ' l Mt. Taylor, ' ' an artificial mound on the St. Johns River, south of Volusia, Florida, the diameter is two-thirds of the length (pi. 13, fig. 6). Examples from Arizona and Tampico, Mexico, appear to be normal in shape and teeth. Specimens from Brownstown, St. Ann's, Jamaica, have strongly developed teeth, the inner end of the lower palatal fold scarcely bent downward, the shape normal. Length 1.2 to 1.25 mm. 33. VERTIGO BERMUDENSIS n. sp. PL 13, figs. 8, 9, 10, 12. The shell is minute, oblong, gray, irregularly rather weakly striate but not polished on account of a microscopic granula- tion. Whorls rather strongly convex, the suture appearing margined by translucence of the shell; last whorl convex in front but becoming flattened and tapering downwards dorsally. Some distance behind the aperture there is a very high, mas- sive, rounded crest, followed by a deep contraction, in which there is a pit behind the prominence of the outer lip. The aperture is piriform, having teeth arranged as in V. milium. The angular lamella is rather long and emerges further than the parietal, which is very long and curved, entering spirally. The columellar lamella is somewhat immersed (sometimes in- conspicuous in a front view) ; it enters horizontally, then turns downward along the axis, much as figured for V. milium. The stout upper palatal fold emerges to the palatal callus. The lower palatal arises farther inward, is high and lamellar, penetrating to the dorsal side where it turns downward slightly. The basal fold is absent, or represented by an in- distinct callus. The peristome is well expanded and projects forward in a rounded "auricle" above the middle of the outer margin. Length 1.45, diam. 0.8 mm. ; 5 whorls. Bermuda: around Church Cave, Paynter's Vale, near Tucker's Town (S. Brown, Arthur Haycock). This species has about the size and shape of V. milium, from which it differs chiefly by the enormous development of the oblique crest behind the lip. The much larger V. numel- 150 VERTIGO OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. lata has a similar crest, the lower palatal fold is long, also, and the angular and parietal lamellae similar in position; yet it has not the peculiarly shaped columellar lamella of Angustula. Pupa eyriesii Drouet, of Guyana, which I have placed in the genus Sterkia, has about the size of this species, but as nothing was said of the extraordinary crest, it appears to be quite different. I have not seen it. II. JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. Vertigo appears to be generally distributed in Japan, the maritime province of Siberia and northward to Bering Strait, though there are as yet but few records, widely scattered over a vast area. The insular species are known by shells brought together by Mr. Y. Hirase of Kyoto. For those of the main- land we depend upon records which leave much to be de- sired in point of illustration, and in some cases, possibly, of precision. The Japanese species (except V. dedecora) are quite similar to forms of North America and Europe, and belong to the same groups. Like Cochlicopa and a few other Holarctic genera, they mingle in a snail fauna which is otherwise chiefly Oriental in its affinities. V. dedecora of the Bonins is related to Tertiary species of Europe. The mainland species of eastern Siberia are not known to me by specimens, and all but one are boreal forms also found in Europe or America. The following have been reported. V. denudata (Mouss.) Vladivostok. No. 40. V. alpestris (Alder). Vladivostok, Amur Valley. See no. 73. V. borealis (Morel.), Kamchatka (= V. modesta, no. 25). V. Jcrausseana (Reinh.). Chukchi Peninsula (and Alaska?). No. 27. V. arctica (Wallenb.) Chukchi Peninsula? No. 66. The last three species, as represented in the Chukchi Pen- insula and Alaska are in need of rigid comparison, as it does not seem likely that three very similar forms in the same region are specifically distinct. They belong properly to the cireumpolar fauna. VERTIGO OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. 151 Key to Japanese species of Vertigo. 1. Angular lamella curving into and connected by a ridge with the upper termination of the peristome (subgenus Ptychalaea) . V. dedecora, no. 41. Angular lamella, if present, not connected with the upper termination of the peristome (Vertigo s. str.). 2. 2. Having a strong palatal callus and an external crest. 3. Without a palatal callus; no external crest. 6. 3. Shell finely but sharply striate, 1.8 x 1.15 mm. ; no angu- lar lamella present. V. hachijoensis, no. 36. Shell smoothish, striation very weak if present. 4. 4. An angular lamella present; basal tooth present, in a subcolumellar position ; outer lip noticeably bent in near the middle. 5. No angular lamella ; crest very close to the lip. V. kushiroensis, no. 37. 5. 2.15 x 1.4 mm. ; a suprapalatal nodule present ; crest strong. V. eogea, no. 34. 1.75 x 1 mm. ; no suprapalatal tooth. V. hydrophila, no. 35. 6. Outer lip straightened in the middle ; smoothish, aperture with 4 small teeth ; 1.65 to 1.8 mm. long. V. hirasei, no. 38. Outer lip biarcuate. 7. 7. Smoothish, with 1-1-2 teeth. V. japonica, no. 39. Striate, with 2-1-2 teeth. V. j. tosana, no. 39&. Subgenus VERTIGO s. str. 34. VERTIGO EOGEA n. sp. PI. 14, figs. 1, 2, 3. The shell is rimate, broadly ovate, auburn, fading some- what above, glossy, nearly smooth, but under the microscope some very weak striae are seen. The whorls are moderately convex, the last having a distinct, oblique impression over the palatal folds, followed by a rather strong, somewhat sinuous crest, which is light-colored and striate; in the con- cavity between crest and lip there is a linear impression run- ning to the projection of the lip. The aperture has a well 152 VERTIGO OP JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. marked sinulus. The parietal lamella is strong and rather long ; angular lamella small and short. The columellar lamella is situated high, ascends inwardly, and is rather large and massive. The two strong palatal folds are rather short and near together. The basal fold is smaller, at the junction of basal and columellar margins. There is a low supra- palatal nodule. The palatal and basal folds are united by a strong buff callus. The outer lip is strongly biarcuate, a little expanded, the columellar margin being rather widely reflected. Length 2.15, diam. 1.4 mm.; nearly 5 whorls. Japan: Akkeshi, Kushiro, Yesso (Y. Hirase). Type and paratypes no. 87899 A. N. S. P., from no. 1307 Hirase coll. Also Kashima, Harima (Hirase). I formerly identified these specimens with V. hydrophila, but they differ by the larger size, paler color, by the develop- ment of a suprapalatal fold, and by the shape, if Reinhardt's figures are correct. Possibly a comparison of specimens may show that it is a subspecies of V. hydrophila. It has some resemblance to V. pygmaea. A race from Kashima, Harima, in central Japan, differs by the less swollen spire and the very small size of the basal fold. Length 2.05, diam. 1.3 mm. (Fig. 3). 35. VERTIGO HYDROPHILA (Reinh.). PL 14, figs. 4, 5. Shell dextral, ovate, rimate, glossy, glabrous, striatulate un- der the lens, corneous, pellucid; spire conic, obtuse; 41/£ slightly convex whorls, rapidly increasing, the penult large, the last rounded, not compressed at the base. Aperture trans- versely cordate, 5 to 6 dentate : a strong parietal lamella and another [angular] obsolete; 2 columellars, the upper one stronger; 2 palatals. The palatal and columellar teeth are united by a glossy, ivory-like callus, which appears rufous externally. Peristome acute, a little expanded, the margins remote, joined by a thin callus, the right margin a little produced and bent inward, the columellar margin a little reflected. Length 1.75, diam. 1 mm. (Reinhardt). Japan: Hakodate, Yesso (Dr. Hilgendorf). VERTIGO OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. 153 Pupa (Vertigo) hydrophila- O. REINHARDT, Jahrb. d. Malak. Ges. iv, 1877, p. 323, pi. 11, f . 6.— Pupa hydrophila Reinhardt, KOBELT, Fauna Moll. Extramar. Jap., 1879, p. 61, pi. 1, f. 16. "Belongs in the kinship of P. antivertigo and stands es- pecially near P. ovata Say, which differs, however, by the somewhat slimmer shape, the last whorl somewhat compressed at base, and by the somewhat stronger teeth" (Reinhardt). I have not seen this species. The second cohimellar tooth described is what would now be considered a basal fold, sub- columellar in position. 36. VERTIGO HACHIJOENSIS n. sp. PL 14, figs. 6, 7. The shell is rimate, rather shortly oval, sayal brown, opaque. The surface is very finely, sharply striate on the penult and next earlier whorls, more coarsely and less sharply so on the last whorl. The whorls are moderately convex, the last not compressed below or impressed over the palatal region ; it expands into a rounded crest close to the lip. The aperture is ovate, with four well developed teeth: parietal lamella rather long ; columellar lamella somewhat smaller ; two rather small palatal folds, the lower one larger, as usual. In old specimens, such as the figured type, there is also a very low, almost inmersed basal fold (but in others this is wanting). There is a rather thick palatal callus. The outer lip is straightened and very slightly incurved in the middle, its edge a trifle expanded. Length 1.8, diam. 1.15 mm.; 4% whorls. Japan: Hachijojima, Izu, Y. Hirase. Type and para- types no. 83394 A. N. S. P. It is distinguished from other Japanese species having a crest and a palatal callus by the distinctly striate shell. It was mentioned without description in Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1905, p. 718. 37. VERTIGO KUSHIROENSIS Pils. & Hir. PI. 14, figs. 8, 9, 10. The shell is rimate, ovate, auburn. Surface glossy, nearly smooth, with only weak traces of striation. The whorls are convex, the last not impressed over the palatal region, having a strong, opaque buff crest behind the lip. The aperture is 154 VERTIGO OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. ovate, with 4 or 5 white teeth: parietal lamella moderately developed; columellar lamella directed downward, ascending a little within; two well developed palatal folds, the lower longer; a small basal fold (but wanting in some examples). There is a distinct whitish palatal callus. The outer lip is straightened in the middle but not inflexed; lower part of the peristome is expanded. Length 1.8, diam. 1.1 mm. ; barely 5 whorls (type, figs. 8, 10) . Length 1.75, diam. 1 mm. (fig. 9). Japan : Akkeshi, Kushiro, in northeastern Yesso, Y. Hirase. Type and paratype no. 90223 A. N. S. P. Vertigo hirasei kushiroensis PILSBRY & HIRASE, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1905, p. 718. This species differs from V. hydrophila by having no angu- lar lamella; from V. hirasei by the development of a strong crest, as well as by the stronger, darker shell. 38. VERTIGO HIRASEI Pils. PI. 14, figs. 13, 14. The shell is rimate, cylindric-ovate, ochraceous-buff, im- perfectly transparent, thin. Surface glossy, with faint traces of striae, becoming finely more distinctly striate a short dis- tance behind the lip. The summit is very obtuse. Whorls are rather weakly convex, the last not compressed below, with- out external impressions or crest. The aperture is ovate, having 4 small teeth: the parietal lamella is oblique, about 0.2 mm. long; columellar lamella short, ascending a little in- wardly. Lower palatal fold short, but longer and more im- mersed than the very small upper palatal. There is no trace of a palatal callus. The peristome is thin, strongly arched above, straightened in the middle; it is very slightly ex- panded in the lower part. In profile view (fig. 14) it is seen to bend well forward in a rounded lobe above the middle of the outer margin. Length 1.65, diam. 1 mm. ; fully 4% whorls. Japan: Yanagawa, Chikugo, in Kiushiu, Y. Hirase. Type and paratypes no. 79738 A. N. S. P. Vertigo hirasei PILSBRY, Nautilus xiv, March, 1901, p. 128 ; Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1901, p. 484, pi. 28, f. 53.— Vertigo VERTIGO OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. 155 hirasei glans PILSBRY & HIRASE, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1904, p. 631 (Okinoerabushima). The absence of angular and basal teeth and small size of the others, the thin lip, without palatal callus and not in- flexed, and the absence of a crest, are characteristic of this species. V. h. glans. — The characters I relied upon in character- izing V. h. glans have little value, and I doubt whether it is really separable. The shell is more egg-shaped and a trifle smaller than the type specimen of V. hirasei, and there is no upper palatal fold. Length 1.5, diam. 0.85 mm. (pi. 14, fig. 15, type specimen). Specimens of a race of V. hirasei were sent by Mr. Hirase from Miyakejima, an island of Izu. The teeth are larger than in the Kyushu form. It probably is another subspecies, but the specimens are not in sufficiently good condition for decision (pi. 14, figs. 11, 12). 28a. Vertigo hirasei okinoerabuensis Pils. & Hir. PL 14, fig. 16. The shell is longer than V. hirasei, of paler tint, with the lower palatal fold longer ; upper palatal present. Length 1.8, diam. 0.95 mm. ; nearly 5 whorls. Okinoerabushima, an island of Osumi, Hirase. Type and paratypes no. 87690 A. N. S. P. Vertigo hirasei okinoerabuensis PILS. & HIR., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1904, p. 631. The type is figured. A rather weakly differentiated form. 39. VERTIGO JAPONICA Pils. & Hir. PL 15, figs. 1, 2. The shell is perforate and rimate, oblong, the summit ob- tuse, auburn, thin; surface smoothish, showing some weak striae under the microscope, the last whorl distinctly striate behind the lip. The whorls are convex, parted by a well impressed suture, the last half of the last whorl tapering towards the base, having a rather deep furrow running to the auricle, but no crest. Aperture ovate, with four well- developed teeth: parietal lamella large and rather long; columellar lamella smaller, ascending a little inwardly; two 156 VERTIGO OP JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. palatal plicae well developed, the lower one somewhat more immersed. No palatal callus. The outer lip is biarcuate, a conspicuous entering angle at the junction of the arcs ; edge blunt and expanded. Length 1.65 diam. 0.95 mm. ; 5 whorls. Japan : Ikusagawa, 0 jima, Y. Hirase. Type and paratypes no. 85746 A. N. S. P. Vertigo japonica PILSBRY & HIRASE, Nautilus xvii, Feb., 1904, p. 118. It differs from V. hirasei by the entering point of the outer lip ; from V. hydrophila by the same character and by having fewer teeth. 39&. Vertigo japonica coreana n. subsp. PL 15, fig. 4. Differs from V. japonica by the decidedly longer lower palatal fold. Length 1.53, diam. 0.9 mm. Korea: Island of Ko-je, Y. Hirase. Type and paratypes no. 95772 A. N. S. P. Some "dead" specimens from Fusan, Korea, partly young and all more or less broken, look like V. japonica, but their identity is not certain. 39&. Vertigo japonica tosana n. subsp. PI. 15, fig. 3. The shell is distinctly striate ; there is a low angular lamella ; other teeth as in V. japonica. Length 1.65, diam. 0.95 mm. Japan: Irazuyama, Tosa, Y. Hirase. Type no. 86486 A. N. S. P. 40. VERTIGO DENUDATA (Mousson). PI. 15, fig. 8. Shell very minute, perforate, long-ovate, denuded of epi- dermis, smoothish, slightly striatulate, subopaque, whitish. Spire convex, rather obtuse at summit; suture impressed. Whorl 5~y2 to 6, convex, the penult a little larger, the last whorl somewhat tapering, not compressed below. Aperture nearly vertical, semicircular; peristome acute, a little re- flected, bordered by a wrinkle outside; margins connected; outer margin curved at the insertion, almost forming a right angle. Within there are two distant parietal teeth, one columellar and one palatal, sometimes a second small one being VERTIGO OF JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. 157 added. Length 1.2, diam. 1 mm. Ratio of aperture [to spire] 1 :1 (Mouss.). Siberia : Vladivostok, Louis Graeser. Pupa (Vertigo) denudata MOUSSON, Journ. de Conch, xxxv, 1887, p. 19, pi. 1, f. 6. ' ' Taken at the same point as P. alpestris, but it is not to be confused with that. It is always denuded, with little trans- lucence, whitish, while the other species is corneous and dis- tinctly translucent. P. denudata has % to 1 whorl more than alpestris, its whorls are less close, giving it a longer, slimmer shape; the aperture is more regularly rounded, the outer margin not concave" (Mousson). The presence of two teeth on the parietal wall, and of a crest ("perist. . . . extus ruga circumdatum") seem to show affinity with the V. hydrophUa group, but the figure is not sufficiently exact for a critical comparison with the Japanese species. Moreover, the dimensions given are clearly erroneous Subgenus PTYCHALAEA Boettger. Ptychalaea BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturkunde, Jahrg. 42, 1889, p. 293. Type by orig. des. V. flexidens (Bas.). Similar to Vertigo except that the angular lamella connects by a curved callous ridge with the termination of the outer lip; there is a rounded crest behind the peristome. Type V. flexidens Eeuss. Distribution, Lower Miocene to Pliocene of Europe ; recent in the Bonin Islands. The type of this subgenus, V. flexidem (pi. 15, fig. 15), has an infraparietal lamella and a suprapalatal denticle. The angular lamella and the rest of the structure agree exactly with the recent species, and I believe that there can be no doubt that the latter belong to Ptychalaea. The Bonin Islands have a highly peculiar snail fauna, doubtless evolved on a far larger land-mass which included all of the present islands. This fauna appears to have been derived from the continent not later than the middle Tertiary, and probably earlier. In Europe the species of Ptychalaea had about the 158 VERTIGO OP JAPAN AND EASTERN ASIA. distribution and nearly the duration of the Gastrocopts, which are also related to those of the Bonin Islands. The Tertiary species are enumerated on page 220. 41. VERTIGO DEDECORA (Pilsbry). PI. 15, figs. 5, 6, 7, 9. The shell is minute, with a distinct circular perforation, and a rather long umbilical chink, obesely oval, tawny, the surface having very weak but somewhat coarse striae and very little gloss. The whorls are moderately convex, the last one flat- tened over the palatal folds, rising in a rounded, lighter- colored crest behind the peristome, this crest being very promi- nent at the base. The parietal lamella is very long, entering deeply, not emerging to the edge of parietal callus. Angu- lar lamella is much shorter, connected by a callus with the termination of the outer lip. The columellar lamella is hori- zontal and deeply immersed. Upper palatal fold is larger and longer than the lower, and it emerges nearly to the peristome. Basal fold is short and somewhat immersed. There is a dis- tinct palatal callus. The peristome expands and is of a tawny color, the margins united by a distinct parietal callus. The outer margin is slightly impressed in the middle, a slight groove preceding the impression. Length 1.5, diam. 1 mm. ; 5 whorls. Length 1.6, diam. 1.05 mm. ; 5 whorls. Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-jima) : Hahajima, Y. Hirase. Type no. 82583 A. N. S. P. Nesopupa dedecora PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., Apr. 23, 1902, p. 31. The compact, broadly oval figure, strong crest, long parietal lamella and the union of angular lamella with the peristome are the more prominent features of this species. 410. V. d. tamagonari Pils. & Hir. PI. 15, figs. 10, 11. The shell is somewhat more globose and often smaller than typical dedecora :•; the crest is not quite so prominent. Chichijima, Ogasawara. Length 1.4, diam. 0.95 mm. (type). Length 1.5, diam. 1 mm. Nesopupa tamagonari PILSBRY & HIRASE, Nautilus xvii, Feb., 1904, p. 118. EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 159 Comparison of the whole series now at hand shows that this is merely a slight variant from another island, doubtfully separable from the original dedecora. III. PAUEARCTIC SPECIES, EUROPE, ASIA AND NORTHERN AFRICA. The European Vertigos have never been monographically studied. Westerlund's several works are synoptical compila- tions not really aiming to be critical monographs, I presume ; and the extensive and valuable papers of Gredler and Boettger, as well as the several faunal manuals, such as those of Clessin and others, cover only part of the ground. Wester- lund has carefully described many new forms from Sweden, where the genus appears to have an extraordinary develop- ment; but they have not been figured, and most of them are to be found in very few collections, or in but one, many being practically unknown outside of Sweden. Most of the species of Central Europe have been figured by Kobelt, Geyer and others, in lithographs, and by Steenberg in admirable pen drawings, among the best figures of Vertigo ever published. Having no special knowledge of European species, and possessing few of them, the author has compiled most of the following account from the original publications. NORTH AFRICAN SPECIES are all supposed to be distinct from those of Europe. They are still known only by Bourguignat 's work of over 50 years ago. V. discheilia Bgt, no. 49. V. briobia Bgt,, no. 59. V. maresi Bgt., no. 50. V. microlena Bgt., no. 60. V. aprica Bgt., no. 57. V. latasteana Bgt. & Let., no. 45. V. codia Bgt., no. 58. Westerlund has constructed a partial key to Palaearctic species, which is recast below with some small alterations. 1. Shell dextral. 2. Shell sinistral. 9. 2. Aperture toothless ; neck scarcely impressed in front, without an encircling crest; no internal palatal callus: 160 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. V. genesii, 78; dic slowly increasing, very convex, or swollen-convex, separated by a deep suture which is subhorizontal throughout, penult and antepenult whorls equal, the last scarcely or slightly larger, rotund at base. Aperture small, semioval, wholly toothless. Peristome 188 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. simple, thin, the outer margin arcuate, unexpanded, colu- mellar margin a little straightened, strongly reflected. Length 2%, diam. 1 mm. (Westerlund, 1894). Sweden, the special locality unknown. Pupa (Alaea) celata WESTERL., Nachrblatt D. M. Ges. 1894, p. 173. Belongs to the little group of P. genesi Gr., eggeri Gr. and inermis W., differing from all by its shape, the number and the different growth of the whorls (Westerl.). Westerlund subsequently (1897) stated that this descrip- tion, being inaccurate, was to be deleted and the following substituted. It appears likely that the two descriptions ap- ply to two species; but as neither has been figured, and no specimens are at hand, this surmise cannot be controlled. Vertigo celata W. Shell subperspectively perforate, obese, cylindric-ovate, obtuse, brown-reddish, whitish at apex, densely striate under a lens. Whorls 5%, convex, separated by an impressed suture which is oblique above, horizontal below ; the three last very slowly increasing, the antepenult nearly double the height of the preceding, the last two almost equal; last whorl almost equal in height in front and behind, the back regularly convex. Aperture semiovate, toothless, parietal margin subhorizontal ; margins unexpanded, the outer regu- larly arcuate. Length 2, diam. 1% mm. (Westerlund, Acta Soc. pro fauna et flora Fennica, xiii, no. 7, 1897, p. 64). Sweden: Dalbyo, Sodermanland. 65. VERTIGO REGULARIS (Westerlund). Shell openly perforate, cylindric, very obtuse, smooth, rufous-corneous. Whorls 6, somewhat tumidly convex, the upper ones very narrow, the antepenult one-third higher than the preceding, equal to the penult, the last a third shorter than the penult, at the back scarcely, in front distinctly higher, rotund at base ; suture immersed [ ? impressed] , nearly hori- zontal throughout. Aperture toothless, truncate-ovate, the parietal wall a little oblique, the margins distant and separ- ated, equally curved, the outer margin straight, columellar margin shortly reflected. Length 2, diam. 1% mm. (West.). EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 189 Turkestan: confluence of the Eadonak with the Bartang river (A. Kasnakow). P.[upa] (Vertigo) regularis WEST., Annuaire Mus. ZooL Ac. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersb., iii, 1898, p. 166. "Belated to P. celata of middle Sweden." One specimen. 66. VERTIGO EGGERI (Gredler). Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, the spire much narrowed, un- evenly substriatulate, glossy, brown-rufous. Whorls 5, con- vex, rapidly increasing, the last somewhat widened, shortly ascending at the insertion. Aperture ample, semioval, tooth- less. Peristome a little reflected, whitish bordered, the outer margin subangularly impressed and more produced in the middle, arcuate above at the insertion, the margins joined by an indistinct parietal callus. Length 2%, width 1% mm. (Gredler). Tyrol: in the so-called Barental bei Steinegg, near Bozen, under damp moss. Pupa (Vertigo) eggeri GREDLER, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges. xxii, 1890, p. 41. V. eggeri has much greater dimensions than V. geiiesii, and differs moreover by the totally different habitus, by its conic spire and more distinct striation, but it approaches genesii in the strong convexity of the whorls, in the coloring (also that of the peristome), and in lacking denticulation (Gredler). 67. VERTIGO ARCTICA (Wallenb.). PL 10, figs. 7, 8. Shell dextral, rimate, ovate, thin, smoothish, somewhat glossy, pellucid, brownish-tawny. Whorls 5 to 5%, convex, the last nearly two-fifths the altitude, rounded at base, an- teriorly having a somewhat swollen crest. Aperture slightly oblique, semiovate or piriform, obstructed by 3 teeth : in the middle of the parietal wall, on the columella, and a smaller one in the palate (frequently wanting) ; peristome spreading, slightly labiate, the margins joined by a callus, the right margin very strongly curved above, columellar margin some- what dilated, spreading. Length 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm. (Wallenb.). 190 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. Lapland : Walli-corso, a narrow ravine between Walli-f altet and Gaskaiwo, at the upper limit of trees; also one of the islands near Quick jock (Wallenberg). Bohemia; at high ele- vations in the Tatra and Austrian Tyrol (as P. tirolensis). It has also been reported from the Chukchi Peninsula and Alaska, but these specimens may be referable to V. modest a. Pupa arctica WALLENBERG, Malak. BL, v, 1858, pp. 32, 99, pi. 1, f. 3&-c, 4. — PFEIFFER, Monogr. vi, 325. — REINHARDT, SB. Ges. Nat. Fr., Berlin, 1883, pp. 32, 38 (Chukchi Penins.; Emma Harbor) . — WESTERLUND, Vega-Exped. Vet. lakttag. iv, 1887, pp. 152, 155, 157, 163 (Lapland, Siberia, Port Clarence, Alaska). — Vertigo arctica Wallenb., WESTERLUND, Mai. Bl. xiv, 1867, pp. 201, 202.— BABOR & NOVAK, Nachrbl. 1909, p. 147. — KOBELT, Iconogr. (2), viii, p. 93, f. 1535. — Pupa tiro- lensis GREDLER, Verh. Zool-bot. Ges. in Wien, xix, 1869, p. 912. Wallenberg states that out of 20 specimens apparently adult, only 2 had the palatal fold developed. It has never been made clear how V. arctica differs from weak-toothed races of V. modesta; especially since Wester- lund, who should certainly know V. arctica, identified it from Port Clarence, Alaska. Specimens possibly referable to V. arctica, collected at Norton Sound, Alaska by Mr. R. C. Mc- Gregor, have three teeth as in V. arctica, differing from typi- cal V. modesta by lacking an upper palatal fold, and com- pared with typical modesta, by the smaller size of the teeth. The example figured measures, length 2.65, diam. 1.35 mm. (page 124, fig. 3). I have not seen specimens of arctica from Lapland or any part of Europe, and cannot therefore indi- cate how it differs from V. modesta, if at all. Westerlund placed Pupa tirolensis in the synonymy of arctica after comparison of a specimen received from Gredler, and Kobelt has referred Pupa tatrica to the same species. The descriptions of these forms follow. 67 a. Vertigo arctica extima (West.). Shell broadly perforate, ovate-oblong, brown-corneous, slightly shining, smooth; whorls 5%, convex, rather slowly and regularly increasing, rounded at base, encircled with a EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 191 thin callus of the same color behind the aperture; suture strongly ascending anteriorly. Aperture little oblique, semi- ovate, rounded at the base, entirely toothless; peristome slightly spreading, the right margin strongly curved above; columellar margin a little straightened, reflected-spreading above; the right margin thinly labiate within. Length 2% to 3, diam. iy2 to 1% mm. (Westerlund). Siberia: Baklanowskij, Jenesei, lat. 64° 25' N. Pupa (Vertigo) 'arctica Wallenb., var. extima WESTERLUND, Nachr. d. Malak. Ges., viii, 1876, p. 99; Sibiriens Land- och Sotvatten-mollusker, p. 42, in Kongl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. xiv, no. 12, 1877. The shell appears to be larger than other toothless forms of the V. modesta stock, about the size assigned for V. hoppii. 67&. Vertigo arctica tatrica (Hazay). Shell small, dextral, cylindric, obtuse, corneous-buff, glossy. Aperture semiovate, 2 or 3 toothed. Whorls 5%. Alt. 2, diam. 1 mm. The small shell has a long-cylindric shape, is glossy, trans- lucent, of yellowish horn-color; spire blunted. The 5% con- vex whorls increase very slowly, the last being scarcely notice- ably wider than the penult, occupying scarcely % the length of the shell. Aperture semiovate, having 2 or 3 denticles: one sharp, lamelliform, stands on the parietal wall, a smaller on the columella and a small punctiform tooth on the inner wall [of the outer lip] ; the last is often lacking. The outer margin is evenly curved, not impressed (Hazay). Carpathians: Hohen Tatra, in Kotlina valley, on old tree trunks. Pupa tatrica HAZAY, Jahrb. d. Malak. Ges. xii, 1885, p. 32 ; Eszaki Karpat. p. 356. This species stands nearest to Pupa leantina Gredl., which is said to have 2 denticles, but differs by its conic shell with only 41/2 whorls and the impressed peristome. It is distin- guished from Pupa arctica Wallenberg, which also has 3 denticles, by the shape, increase of the whorls, the peristome not bent in (Hazay). 192 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 67 'c. V. arctica tirolensis (Gredler). Shell umbilicate ovate, obtuse at the apex, obsoletely stri- ate, glossy, pellucid, rufous-corneous. 5 convex whorls. Aperture oblique, cordate, bidentate, the columellar tooth short, acute, the parietal plicifonn. Peristome a little ex- panded, furcate, margins joined by a very thin callus, the right margin slightly inflected in the middle and somewhat projecting forward. Length 1%, diam. % lines (Gredler). Tyrol : Rodlerberg near the Peitler Kof el, at the upper limit of trees, under stones. Pupa tirolensis GREDLER, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xix, 1869, p. 912. 68. VERTIGO RONNEBYENSIS (Westerlund). PL 17, fig. 14. Shell deeply perforate, long-ovate, regularly finely striate, very glossy, reddish-brown. Whorls 5%, convex, the last about equal to the penult, which is a third higher than the preceding whorl, which is double the height of the next earlier; last whorl has a transverse callus of the same color near the aperture. Suture very oblique, ascending to the aperture. Aperture quite obliquely piriform, excised by the very oblique parietal wall, 4-toothed: 1 parietal lamella, 1 conic tooth at the lower end of the sharply emerging, dark- colored columella; 2 short, widely separated, deeply im- mersed palatal folds. Margins delicately united, the outer margin weakly arcuate, nearly straight, the columellar margin broadly reflected. Length 2%. to 2y2, diam. 1% to 1% mm. (WesterL). Sweden: Pehrsborg, near Ronneby, under rotten beech leaves. Northern Germany, Bohemia. Pupa ronnebyensis WESTERLUND, Expose Grit., in Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. (3) viii, 1871, p. 94; Fauna iii, p. 135.— D. GOLDFUSS, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. xxvi, 1894, p. 216; xxvii, 1895, p. 100 (Tegel near Berlin; Cladow, Neumark; near Landsberg a. Warthe, Spechthausen bei Eberswalde, Oderberg in der Mark and from the Oscher Walde (Kreis Schwetz) in West Prussia). — Vertigo ronnebyensis West., EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 193 MERKEL, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. 1887, p. 13-16 (Tegel bei Berlin). — BABOR & NOVAK, Nachrbl. 1909, p. 147 (Bohemia). — GEYER, Unsere Land- und Susswasser-Mollusken, 1909, p. 55, pi. 5, f. 18, 19 (dist. in Germany). This species approaches P. alpestris by the aperture pro- vided with 4 teeth, but it differs considerably by the shell be- ing of dark color, oblong-ovoid, and noticeably larger, nearly as large as a P. edentula of 6 whorls, the palatal teeth short and higher, etc. (Westerlund). The figure is from Geyer. 69. VERTIGO DALIACA (Westerlund). Shell oblong-cylindric, with rounded summit, smooth, red- dish horn-colored, somewhat glossy. Whorls 5, somewhat convex, the first two small, the second half as long as the third, the three last regularly increasing, the last slighHy and very slowly ascending, rounded, not as wide as the penult. Suture oblique. Aperture rounded, with one strong, conic, acute tooth high on the columella ; parietal margin but slightly oblique ; the margins equally arcuate, outer margin somewhat angular above. Length 1%, diam. 1% mm. (Westerl.). Sweden : Dalsland. Pupa daliaca WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg. Binnen- conchylien, iii, 1887, p. 131. Var. dalecarlica Westerlund. Shell cylindric, brown, slightly striatulate ; whorls 5 to 6, slowly and regularly increasing, the last 2 subequal, a little convex, the last rotund at the base, the suture oblique in the middle, subhorizontal at the aperture. Aperture semiovate : 1 very short, white, deeply placed parie- tal tooth, one in the palate nearly at the base, nodiform, im- mersed, rarely with 1 or 2 punctiform, brown, very obsolete teeth in the middle of the palate outwardly. Columellar margin of the peristome subvertical, reflected, the outer mar- gin strongly curved above, then obliquely straightened, un- expanded. Length ~Ly2 to 2, diam. 1 mm. Sweden in the province Dalarne, at Leksand and at Fu par. Mora. (Pupa daliaca var. dalecarlica Westerlund, Acta Soc. pro fauna et flora Fennica, xiii, no. 7, p. 64, 1897). 194 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 70. VERTIGO PINETICOLA (Westerlund). Shell rimate, ovate-cylindric, finely striate, reddish-brown, glossy. Spire produced, gradually tapering. 5 whorls, slowly increasing, convex, the last scarcely ascending in front. Suture deep, nearly horizontal. Aperture oblique, piriform, with one tooth below on the columella; parietal margin very oblique; peristome somewhat expanded. Length 2^-2%,, diam. 1% nim. (Westerl.). Sweden: Tenhult, prov. Smaland (E. Hemberg). Pupa pineiicola WESTERLUND, Expose Critique, in Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsaliensis, (3), viii, 1871, p. 97; Fauna iii, 1887, p. 131. 71. VERTIGO GEMMA Westerlund. Shell cylindric-oblong, slowly tapering above the middle,, obtuse, chestnut, glossy, smoothish. Whorls 6, convex, the last two wide, slightly unequal, the upper ones narrow (the penult more than double the alt. of the preceding), last whorl in front dilated below, the base gibbous-crested ; suture oblique above, horizontal below. Aperture (margins not as yet wholly complete) sub triangular, narrowed below, 1 or 2 toothed: palatal tooth nodiform, below the middle of the margin, a very minute denticle above the middle. Peristome simple, the outer margin angularly produced above the middle, very strongly arcuate above, a little straightened below the middle. Columella straight, vertical, thickened at base, the columellar margin dilated and reflected above, in front of the columella, below the columella strongly arched backward. Palatal and cervical callus wanting, between the penult and last whorls there is a transverse white line, from a thin in- ternal lip. Length 2%, diam. 1% mm. (Westerlund). Sweden: Dalbyo, Sodermanland. Pupa gemma WESTERLUND, Acta Soc. pro fauna et flora Fennica, xiii, no. 7, p. 65, 1897. Described from one specimen. EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 195 72. VERTIGO OVOIDEA (Westerlund). Shell ovate, ventricose, widest in the middle, reddish-yellow, finely striate, rather glossy. Whorls 5, convex, the upper ones rapidly increasing in width, the last equal in height to the penult in front, behind strongly sloping, far lower and less wide than the penult. Suture very oblique above, nearly horizontal below. Aperture semiovate, with three small tuber- cular teeth, one each on the parietal wall, columella and deep in the palate. Parietal wall scarcely oblique ; peristome sim- ple, acute, the columellar margin somewhat reflected above, margins delicately joined. Length 2, diam. li/4 mm. (WesterL). Sweden: Tenhult, Prov. Smaland (E. Hemberg). Pupa ovoidea WESTERLUND, Expose Critique, in Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. (3) viii, 1871, p. 96; Fauna iii, p. 131.— PFR., Monogr. viii, 393. 73. VERTIGO SIEVERSI (Bttg.). PI. 17, figs. 11, 12. Nearest related to V. siibstriata Jeffr., but ovate-turrited, not shortly ovate, the sculpture slighter. Shell small, ovate- turrite, somewhat glossy, rather silky, corneous-olivaceous, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, very delicately but distinctly striate, the last scarcely one-third the total length, encircled anteriorly with an annular broad but not strong callus, either fulvous or whitish, externally not or slightly impressed. Aperture truncate-ovate, 6-toothed: two pliciform palatals, two subequal columellars, and two parietals, the inner one larger. Peristome a little expanded, pale, somewhat thick- ened, sublabiate, the margins connected by a thin callus. Outer margin a little projecting and slightly impressed in the middle. Length 1% to 2%, diam. 1 mm. (Bttg.). Caucasia: Tabizhuri (Dr. Sievers) ; debris of the Psekup (Rosen). Pupa (Vertigo) pygnuza Drap. var. nitidula MOUSSON, Journ. de Conch. 1876, p. 143. — Pupa (Vertigo) sieversi BOETTGER, Jahrb. d. m. Ges. vi, 1879, p. 407, pi. 10, f. 6; with var. punctulum, pi. 10, f. 7; Jahrb. vii, 1880, p. 141, with var. punctum [sic] and var. subalpestris. — Vertigo 196 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. sieversi Bttgr. var. subalpestris BOETTGER, Bericht Senckenb. Nat. Ges. 1889, p. 25.— Pupa sieversi Bttg., ROSEN, Nachr. d. m. Ges. vol. 39, 1907, p. 205. Constantly of a more elongate turrited form [than V. pygm&a], by the striation and position of the parietal tooth most nearly related to V. substriata (Bttg.). Var. punctulum Bttg. PL 17, fig. 13. Smaller, more ovate. Mauglis; debris of the Kura at Borshom (Sievers) ; also Martkopi and Abastuman (Leder). In all the specimens from Abastuman the lower columellar tooth of typical P. sieversi is wanting (Bttg.). Var. subalpestris (Bttg.). Differs from V. alpestris chiefly by the very small size, alt. 1%, diam. % mm., the more ovate shape, the somewhat stronger sculpture and the stronger de- velopment of the upper parietal denticle. Caucasia: on the Kasbek (type loc.) ; forest region of the southeastern and northern spurs of the Oschten-Fischt moun- tain-group (Leder). Dr. Boettger states that specimens from the last locality are somewhat larger, length 1%, diam. 1 mm.; the second parietal tooth is altogether lacking, and in these characters and the size this form is so similar to the true V. alpestris that without the most careful attention it would be mistaken for that. Besides the differential features noted above, sub- alpestris has the weak indication of a narrow transverse cal- lus in the base of the mouth, near the peristome. Were it not for the transitions to sieversi from the Kasbek, subalpestris would be united with the real alpestris. Vertigo sieversi was first described as P. pygmaea var. nitidula, by Mousson ; and I am not sure that his name should be rejected. Boettger gives no reason for doing so. There is, however, a Tornatella nitidula of Lamarck, which in modern nomenclature will become Pupa nitidula. Mousson 's descrip- tion follows. Pupa (Vertigo) pygmaea Drap. var. nitidula Mousson. Smaller, 1.5 mm. long, 0.9 diam., brown, glossy, the base not compressed; 2 minute palatal teeth, not produced, visible ex- ternally, columellar tooth single small. This appears to me EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 197 to be only a variety of V. pygmaeus, which in Europe also varies considerably. Its smaller size, slightly less cylindric shape, the more rounded base, the weakness of the teeth, of which the 2 palatals are more immersed but visible from the outside, and the single, rudimentary columellar distin- guish it from the type (Mouss.). Transcaucasia : Tabizhuri, Dr. Sievers. 74. VERTIGO ALPESTRIS Alder. PL 18, figs. 1, 2. "Shell subcylindrical, thin and semitransparent, very glossy, pale yellowish-horn-color, closely and rather strongly striate in the line of growth; periphery rounded: epidermis thin. Whorls 4%, convex, but slightly compressed. Spire short, abrupt and bluntly pointed. Suture excessively deep. Mouth semioval and subangular, owing to the outward com- pression of the periphery: teeth four, viz.: one sharp and prominent tooth on the middle of the pillar [parietal wall], one strong and also prominent and thick tooth on the pillar lip, and two lamellae or plate-like teeth which are placed at some little distance within the outer lip, but not on any rib or callous fold as in V. pygm&a,; the labial teeth are visible on the outside, owing to the thinness and transparency of the shell. Outer lip rather thick very slightly reflected, not strengthened by any rib either outside or inside, outer edge abruptly reflected; inner lip somewhat thickened in adult specimen. Umbilicus small and narrow, but rather deep. L. 0.07. B. 0.04 inch (Jeffreys}. Length 2, diam. 1.1 mm. Length 1.9, diam. 1 mm. England: Lipwood, near Haydon Bridge, Northumberland, on an old wall, type loc. ; Clithero, Lancashire, etc. The Alps, Switzerland, the Lower Harz, etc. Norway, Sweden and Lapland ; in Siberia east to the Amur valley and Vladivostok. Vertigo alpestris Fer., ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland, etc., ii, 1838, p. 340.— GRAY, Turton's Manual, p. 202, pi. 12, f. 141. — JEFFREYS, British Conch., i, p. 259.— BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 42, 1889, p. 307 (Pleistocene and recent dist.) — KOBELT, Iconogr. (2), viii, p. 198 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 91, fig. 1531. — DEAN and KENDALL, Journ. of Conch, xii, 1908, p. 209 (distribution in England, and frequent association with V. pusilla). Pupa alpestris Fer., PFR., Monogr. viii, 1877, p. 396. — MOUSSON, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 19 (Wladiwostock). — WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 132 ; Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handlinger, xiv, no. 12, 1877, p. 44 (Jenissei, Siberia, 6 m. s. of Podk. Tunguska, 61° N. lat. Lapland N. to Quickjock, 67-68° N. lat.). Pupa alpestris Alder, STEEKI, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges. 1883, p. 73 (many localities in Switzerland), with var. elongata. Pupa shuttleworthiana Charpentier MS., PFEIFFER, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 148 (Bex, Switzerland) ; Monogr. Hel. Viv. ii, 355; iii, 555; iv, 680; vi, 327.— KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 128, pi. 16, f. 35-37.— WALLENBERG, Malak. Blatter v, 1858, p. 101, pi. 1, f. 5 (Quickjock, Lulea-Lapland). SCHRENCK, Amurl. Moll., 1867, p. 657. — GREDLER, Yerh. ZooL- bot. Vereins Wien, 1856, p. 128; Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. 1879, p. 112, with var. mitis (occurrence in the Tyrol). — SCHRENK, Reisen u. Forsch. im Amurlande ii, p. 657 (Krasnoyarsk, around Irkutsk, Kultuk on L. Baikal, lower Amur above Kidsi). — Vertigo shuttleworthiana Charpentier, KOBELT, Iconogr. (2), viii, p. 94, f. 1536. Pupa pygmaea var. alpestris MAACK, Bull. Acad. St. Pet. xi, 1853, no. 263, 264. Pupa (Vertigo) parcedentata (in part) SANDBERGER, Verh. Phys.-Med. Ges. Wiirzburg, n. F., xx, 1887, with varieties quadridens, pi. 8, f . la-c ; tridens, f . 2 ; and adversidens, f . 3. The total absence of a crest or palatal callus and the some- what straightened but not in-bent outer lip are characteristic. Wallenberg found the Lapland specimens a little larger than those of England, 2.2 x 1.2 mm. Var. mitis Westerlund. Aperture bidentate, one parietal and one columellar tooth; or tridentate, one parietal, one columellar and one lower palatal. Sweden. (Pupa alpestris var. mitis Westerl., Fauna Europaea, fasc. 1, 1876, p. 197; Pupa alpestris forma mitis, bidentata and tridentata, WESTER- LUND, Fauna iii, 1887, p. 132). EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 199 It has been reported from Transylvania by Clessin, and has been described as P. parcedentata var. tridens (see pi. 18, fig. 13) and perhaps var. adversidens (pi. 18, fig. 16) by Sand- berger, who records these, together with var. quadridens (pi. 18, fig. 14, = typical alpestris) from the Rhine valley loess. It may be presumed that Westerlund did not intend the terms bidentata and tridentata as names, but merely descrip- tive of the forms he included under var. mitis. Var. elongata Sterki. A few examples of a beautiful, large, cylindric form, of brownish color, rather smooth, from Trous (Canton Graubiinden) [Switzerland] are in the Mousson col- lection, collected by Blauner, and labelled pygmaea (Sterki, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges. 1883, p. 73). The identity of Pupa shuttleivorthiana (pi. 18, fig. 3, copied from Steenberg) with V. alpestris has been affirmed by Jeffreys (British Conchology, p. 261) and by Boettger (Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges. 1882, p. 19), who declared them absolutely identical. Kobelt, in the Iconvgraphie, remarks that "in the local faunas this species has frequently been misunderstood ; it is hardly anything other than a four-toothed race of V. alpestris.'" He states that the original locality is Bex, Switzerland, and it has also been reported from Belte- berga, Sweden, by Westerlund. 74&. Vertigo alpestris heldi (Clessin). PL 18, fig. 4. Shell rimate, turrited, irregularly and very finely striate, of reddish-brown color, glossy. Whorls 6, slowly increasing, rather convex ; the first 3 form a blunt summit which is about % the length of the shell; the last 3 are of nearly equal height and form the remaining cylindric part of the shell. The last whorl is neither calloused nor contracted preceding the aperture Aperture about 14 the length of shell, arcuately convex, somewhat impressed on the outer side, the impression running as a groove-like depression for a short distance on the last whorl. Toothed, the teeth reddish, very weak and placed deep in the throat ; 1 tooth on the middle of the parietal wall, 1 on the columella, 2 very weakly developed, frequently want- ing, on the palatal wall. Peristome continuous, somewhat 200 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. expanded, little thickened. Length 4-4.5, diam. 1 mm. (Clessin, 1877). Germany : drift debris of the Danube, Regensburg, Bavaria type loc. Giinzburg on the Danube, Schonthal on the Jagst and Neckarthailfingen on the Neckar (Goldfuss). Ireland? Pupa (Vertigo) heldi CLESSIN, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges. 1877, p. 49; Deutsche Exk.-Moll.-Fauna, edit. 2, p. 266, fig. 156. — OBERNDORFER, Nachrbl. 1898, p. 69. — Pupa (Alaea) heldi CLESSIN, Berichte naturwiss. Vereines zu Regensburg xiii, Heft fur 1910-1911, p. 83. — Pupa pygmaea var. elongata GEYER, Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Naturk. Wiirttemberg 1894, p. 107; identical with P. heldi, same Jahresh. vol. 36, 1907, p. 424. Debris of the Danube, Neckar, etc. ? Vertigo heldi TOMLIN, Irish Naturalist xii, 1903, p. 110; Journ. of Conch, x, 1903, p. 307; Proc. Malac. Soc. London xii, 313 (an abnormal V. pygmaea). — B. B. WOODWARD, t. c., p. 361 (doubts the identification). Clessin found only dead specimens in the Danube debris, but thought it must live not far away. It was found living in the Wurttemberg Jura. Dr. Geyer believes heldi to be an over- grown V. pygmaea. He notes that "full-grown specimens with completed peristome and teeth are rare. Contrary to the other Vertigos, the palatal teeth appear first, and the parietal tooth may even continue absent, this condition lead- ing to P. haeussleri Sterki. ' ' V. heldi was first reported from Ireland (Ballintoy, Co. Antrim) by Mr. B. Tomlin, whose specimen was examined by Dr. Boettger, who believed heldi to be a variety of alpestris. In his second note, attention is called to the smooth and glossy surface of the Irish shell while heldi is described as striate- "Placed side by side with a typical V. alpestris it differs in possessing an extra whorl and larger dimensions in every way, in its reddish-brown color, in its feebler dentition, and in the shape of the mouth, the outer margin of which slopes very obliquely from right to left, thus producing the sort of channel at the top to which Clessin refers." Subsequently Mr. Tomlin thought the Irish shell an abnormal V. pygmaea. This harmonizes with the ideas of Geyer, noticed under V. pygmaea. EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 201 74&. Vertigo alpestris leontina (Gredler). PL 18, figs. 5, 6. The shell is very small, subperforate, ovate-cylindric, obtuse, very delicately striate, very glossy, pellucid, whitish-corneous. Whorls 41/2, convex. Aperture semioval, 5-plicate, plicae un- equal ; 1 parietal, 1 columellar, 3 very small palatals, the lower one punctiform, the median and upper lamelliform. Peris- tome a little reflected, thickened, white, margins joined by a thin callus, the right margin sinuous. Length %, diam. % of a line (Gredler}. Tyrol : Lienz, scarce, at the foot of the Tristacherwand. Pupa leontina GREDLER, Verh. zool-bot. Ver. Wien 1856, p. 127, pi. 2, f. 4.— WESTERLUND, Malak. Bl. xxii, p. 128 (iden- tical with Pupa schultzii Phil.). — PFR., Monographia iv, 680. Among the Tyrol Pupas this new species stands next to P. shuttlewvrthiana [alpestris}, but it is smaller, lighter colored, more transparent, and has half a whorl less. The palatal folds (though the specimen is full grown) are far more weakly developed and differ in number ( Gredler) . Pupa isarica Westerlund. PI. 18, figs. 7, 8. 2-toothed, without any trace of palatal folds, though full grown, 1.7 x 1.1 mm. Bavaria : drift debris of the Isar, one specimen. Pupa leontina Gredler, CLESSIN, Deutsche Excursions- Mollusken-Fauna, 1876, p. 216, f. 122, not of Gredler.— Pupa isarica WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg. Binnenconch. iii, 1887, p. 134 (based upon Clessin's note and figure) ; Synops. Moll, extramar. Reg. Pal., 1897, index p. 11. — Vertigo isarica West., KOBELT, Iconogr. (2) viii, p. 95, f. 1539. Except by lacking palatal folds, this form agrees with V. leontina. It is known by a single example, possibly abnormal. 74c. Vertigo alpestris helvetica (Westerlund). Shell rimate-p erf orate, long-cylindric, with conically taper- ing apex, light reddish horn-color, very finely striate, whorls 6!/2, somewhat convex, regularly increasing, rather high, the last whorl small, but little more than 1/4 the total length, an- teriorly impressed at the base, then tubercularly blunt keeled 202 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. below, behind strongly sloping. Aperture oblique, narrow, triangular, with 1 parietal lamella, 1 columellar lamella, in the middle, receding below. Peristome simple, thin; outer margin arcuate above, then obliquely produced to the left; the columellar margin short, somewhat oblique towards the right. Length 2%, diam. 1*4 mm. (Westerlund). Switzerland : based on a single specimen without definite locality. Pupa alpestris var. helvetica WESTERLUND, Fauna Europaea 1876, p. 198. — Pupa helvetica WESTERL., Fauna Pal. Reg. etc., iii, 1887, p. 134. 75. VERTIGO SCHULTZII (Philippi). PL 18, fig. 9. Shell minute, rimate, subcylindric, obtuse, very smooth, glossy, fulvous ; whorls cylindric, aperture rounded, the throat 5-toothed, single teeth on parietal wall and columella, 3 in the palate, the lower one smallest. Alt. 1, diam. V12 lines; whorls 5 to 6 (Philippi). Sicily: Palermo, Dr. Schultz. Pupa (Vertigo?) schultzii PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1844, p. 106. — Pupa schultzii KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 93, pi. 13, f. 3, 4. — PFR., Monogr. ii, 359. — Vertigo schultzii Phil., KOBELT, Iconogr. (2), viii, p. 95, f. 1538 (copied from Kiister). A very remarkable species of the form of P. dilucida Ziegl., but with the whorls more strongly convex, and without trace of striae. By this it compares best with Vertigo pygmaea, though far more slender, with more strongly convex whorls. The parietal fold emerges very far, while the second palatal fold is only weakly developed (PhUippi). A lost species, possibly a form of alpestris as surmised by Kobelt, though the locality and very smooth surface are against that view. 76. VERTIGO ACHEILA Servain. Shell very minute, perforate, ovate, more convex on the left than on the right side, very glossy, smooth, diaphanous, corneous. Spire obtuse. Whorls 5, a little convex, slowly increasing, separated by a rather deep suture, the last whorl EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 203 moderate, convex, angular below around the perforation, above straight and slightly descending to the insertion of the lip, nearly % the total alt., thicker but not swollen behind the aperture. Aperture slightly oblique, trigonal, below angu- larly narrowed and transversely straightly thickened, 4- plicate, as follows: 1 strong parietal, 1 columellar at the upper part of the columella, and two approximate palatals, visible externally, the upper one stronger and reaching the margin. Peristome lipped within, spreading and a little re- flected, the outer margin a little straightened, thicker in the middle; the columellar margin somewhat straightened, in an oblique direction from left to right; margins rather remote. Length 1%, diam. 11/4, alt. ap. %, width y2 mm. (Servain). Spain : drift debris of the Ebre at Saragossa. Vertigo acKeila SERVAIN, Etude Moll. rec. en Espagne et en Portugal, 1880, p. 125. "The columellar margin has an obliquely rectilinear direc- tion from right to left, rendering the aperture triangular and quite angular at the base. The aperture is, moreover, char- acterized by a horizontal thickening interiorly in the lower part, altogether identical with that which has been remarked in the pupa microtragus of Turkey" (Servain). It appears to be known only by Servain 's description. 77. VERTIGO BUTTNERI Siemaschko. Shell very minute, ovate, somewhat obtuse, very elegantly striate, subrimate. Aperture semiovate, peristome white- lipped; parietal wall and palate 1-toothed. Length 2, diam. 1.5 mm. ; whorls 4% (Siem.). Courland: Parvecia (H. Biittner). Vertigo buttneri SIEMASCHKO, Bull, de la Classe Physico- Math. de 1'Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., vii, no. 159, 1849, p. 234. This small reddish-brown snail has great resemblance to Pupa ligranata, but it is a true Vertigo ; lightly striate, above obtuse, the aperture half-round, with thickened white margins, outwardly a little angular, and two-toothed. Of the teeth, one stands above, the other below, obliquely opposite; on the 204 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. right from the latter one sees sometimes another quite small denticle which stands nearer the outer lip. The greatest diameter is equal to the height of the last whorl (Siem.). So far as I know, this species has not been recognized by any subsequent author; yet it may be known under another name. 78. VERTIGO GENESII (Gredler). PL 18, figs. 10-12, 17, 18. The shell is very small, ovate, obtuse, indistinctly, spaced striate, glossy purplish brown. Whorls 4%, rather convex, high, rapidly increasing, joined by a somewhat impressed suture, the penult large, almost ventricose. Umbilical open- ing moderate. Aperture semirotund, nearly quadratic, with- out any folds. Peristome scarcely expanded, thickened lip- like, bordered with bluish black, the margins connected by a very weak callus, the right margin arched at the insertion. Length %, diam. y2 line [about 1.5 x 1 mm.] . Animal raven-black, the tentacles short, contracted in the middle, the anterior pair not indistinct (Pupa ?) . Bears itself quite timidly, but promptly takes courage again (Gredler). Tyrol : above St. Jenesien, near Botzen, at 5000 ft. (Gredler). Also in Germany, near Kisslegg, southern Wiirtemberg (Geyer). Sweden: "Westergotland (Linnarsson). Pupa genesn GREDLER, Tirol's Land- und Siisswasser- Conch., Verh. z.-b. Ver. Wien vii, 1856, p. 122, pi. 2, f. 3 — PPR., Monogr. iv, 662. — Alaea genesii CLESSIN, Corresp.-Bl. Zool. Min. Vereins Regensburg, 1877 ; Moll, fauna Oesterreich- Ungarns, 1887, p. 279. — Pupa genesii WESTERLUND, Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsaliensis, (3), viii, 1871, p. 97; Fauna, iii, p. 130 ( Oestergotland ) . — Pupa (Vertigo} parcedentata var. genesn SANDBERGER, 1887. — Vertigo genesii GEYER, Nachrbl. ' d. m. Ges. 1912, p. 125. — STEUSLOFF, Archiv Ver. Fr. Naturg. in Mecklenburg, 61 Jahr. 1907, p. 68, 71 (dist. in quaternary). — PupUla genesn Gredl., KOBELT, Iconogr. (2), viii, p. 82, f. 1512. Originally described as toothless, this species varies to forms with 4 teeth. It has been considered a toothless variety of V. parcedentata by Sandberger and Boettger, and if this view EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 205 is supported, the latter will stand as V. genesii parcedentata, as genesii was the first to be described. Kobelt placed the species in Pupilla on account of Gredler's note on the tentacles. D. Geyer, who collected V. genesii at the original locality, under the guidance of Gredler, writes as follows : "Vertigo genesii Gredler is not invariably toothless ('ohne alle Fatten' Gredler), but 4-toothed examples occur with the toothless ones; 1 tooth on the parietal wall, 1 on the colu- mella and 2 in the palate, showing through outside. These last two develop last, and examples about to become complete therefore appear to be transitional, with only 2 or 3 teeth. V. genesii is therefore similar in dentition to Pupilla mus- corum, steinif triplicates and others. The station of the snail is at the Sal ten near Jenesien (so the name of the village is pronounced, and so it appears on the charts — not 'St. Genesien'), in the neighborhood of Bozen. The snail is not restricted to rocks, as Gredler stated, but also lives on wood, in humid forest openings. "V. genesii is not confined to the Salten and Tyrol, but also lives in Germany. Years ago I found 4 specimens in a meadow near Kisslegg in the Wiirtemberian Allgau, and a single 4-toothed Pupa in the debris of the Aach near Wolfegg, 9 kilom. northwest of Kisslegg. * * * I see now that these German specimens, also from a humid but far lower station (at Salten about 1200, at Kisslegg 647 m.), agree completely with those of the Tyrol, being only a little lighter in color." Geyer further states that genesii and parcedentata "show the same variability in dentition, both having 0 to 4 teeth, but in size, contour, growth and number of whorls they differ from one another decidedly." Yet it must be noted that Geyer compares with Sandberger's fig. 1, which Boettger considered to be really V. alpestris. Geyer considers that parcedentata is a synonym of alpestris; but the small form without columellar or upper palatal folds, which is really the typical parcedentata, appears to support the view of Sand- berger and Boettger, that parcedentata is specifically not separable from genesii. 206 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. An allied but larger form has been found in the Kartitsch Valley, Tyrol, by Wiedemayr (Zeits. Ferdinandeums fur Tirol u. Vorarlberg, Innsbruck, 44, 1900, p. 167). Vertigo pygmaea var. concinna Scott = V. levenensis Scott has been placed by Kennard and Woodward (1917) in the synonymy of V. parcedentata. Dr. Boettger considered speci- mens submitted to him to be identical with genesii. The original description follows. Rather smoother and more glossy than the typical Vertigo pygm&a. It differs chiefly, however, in the mouth being un- furnished with teeth. In this respect it agrees Avith V. eden- tula, but the form of the shell is certainly that of V. pygmcea, (Scott). Scotland : Kirkland marl, Leven ; Pleistocene. V. pygnuza var. concinna T. SCOTT, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, x, p. 335, footnote, 1890; Scottish Naturalist, April, 1891, p. 53 (not seen). — Vertigo levenensis SCOTT, Scottish Naturalist 1891, p. 141, n. n. for V. p. concinna (not seen). CF. KENNARD & WOODWARD Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. vii, 119. The name cancinna was quite unnecessarily changed to levenensis on account of Pupa concinna Lowe, a Madeiran snail belonging to a different subfamily. TSa. Vertigo martini Sayn. A very small species of the size and nearly the shape of the short varieties of V. pygmaea, but having the aperture absolutely without folds or teeth. I do not see that there is anything in the French fauna which is comparable, and the Pliocene fossil forms having the aper- ture toothless, such as V. crossei of Hauterive, are all much larger and of a different shape (Sayn). France : Pleistocene ; marnes inferieures de Pont-Neuf , Ain river near its confluence with the Rhone. V. [ertigo] martini SAYN, Ann. Soc. Linn, de Lyon Annee 1911, Iviii, p. 246. A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward have suggested that this is probably identical with Vertigo parcedentata (Al. Braun) (Proc. Geologists' Asso., xxviii, 1917, p. 170). It EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 207 will be noted that the description of V. martini, such as it is, agrees with that of V. co-ncinna — levenensis. Its distinctness from V. genesii remains to be established, if it is not identical. 78&. Vertigo genesii parcedentata (Al. Br., Sbgr.). PL 18, figs. 15, 19. The small, narrowly ovate shell has a narrow umbilical crevice and blunt summit; consists of 4% to 5 convex whorls separated by a deeply impressed suture, the last whorl form- ing half of the total length. First whorl entirely smooth, the rest having rather oblique striae, of which there are several finer between two stronger striae. The aperture is semi- ovate, obliquely truncate above, with weakly reflected mar- gins which are connected by a very thin callus; the right margin being weakly arched forward. It has either one to four teeth [one or two; see below] or is wholly toothless. Length 1.8 to 2.2, diam. 1 mm. (Sandberger) . Germany: Pleistocene and Alluvium of the Rhine valley, etc. Pupa or Vertigo parcedentata A. BRAUN, Amtl. Bericht iiber die XX Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher u. Aerzte zu Main, 1842, p. 143 (Wiesbaden; no description). — Pupa (Pupilla) parcedentata A. Braun, SANDBERGER, Vorwelt, p. 876, pi. 36, f. 25, 1875; Verh. Phys.-Med. Ges. Wiirzburg xx, 1887, pp. 229-235, pi. 8 ; with, on p. 232, varieties quadridens, fig. 1 ; tridens, fig. 2 ; adversidens, fig. 3 ; bidens, fig. 4 ; glandi- cula, fig. 5; genesii, figs. 6-8. — Vertigo (Alaea) parcedentata (Al. Br.) BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. xxxxii, 1889, p. 308. — Vertigo parcedentata Al. Br., KENNARD and WOODWARD, Proc. Geol. Asso. xxviii, 1917, p. 170. (Pleistocene and Holocene, Northampton, Middlesex, Fifeshire) ; Proc. Malac. Soc. London vii, 1906, p. 119 (identity of V. levenensis with parcedentata var. genesii) . — Pupa adversidens and Pupa glan- dicula SANDBERGER, Verh. Phys.-Med. Ges. Wiirzburg, n. F., xix, 1886, p. 319, names only. — Pupa (Vertigo) parcedentata Al. Br., WiisT., Zeitschr. deutschen Geol. Gesell, vol. 59, 1907, p. 121 ; Zeitschr. f . Naturwiss, vol. 75, 1902, pp. 316, 320, pi. 6, f. 26-32. 208 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. The first description of this snail, so far as I can learn, was that of Sandberger in 1875; from this it appears that the form with a weak parietal tooth as well as one opposite it in the palate [lower palatal] , is to be regarded as typical. It is that which he figures. Boettger states that according to his understanding typical parcedentata forms have 1 or 2 blunt denticles, and occur in his environs in the younger Middle- Pleistocene loess of the ' ' Erbenheimer Talchens bei Wiesbaden und von Schierstein und im alten alluvium des Grossen Bruchs bei Traisa in der Prov. Starkenburg. " Outside of this region it is known from the loesses of Heidingsfeld, Wurzburg and Regensburg, and the toothless form has also been recognized in England and Scotland, perhaps also in France. According to Boettger, the earliest Pleistocene forms known appear to have been toothless; afterward variable, partly toothed forms in the later Pleistocene and Alluvium, finally extinction of the toothed parcedentata stock, which Boettger considered to belong to lower elevations, the toothless genesii alone surviving, and only in Alpine and high northern regions. In his paper of 1887 Sandberger described the following varieties, the first three probably referable to V. alpestris. Var. quadridens (pi. 18, fig. 14). Aperture armed with one mammilliform parietal tooth, one columellar and two on the throat [palate], of which the anterior is smaller. Var. tridens (pi. 18, fig. 13). Anterior tooth of the throat obsolete or wanting, the rest present. Var. adversidens (pi. 18, fig. 16). No columellar tooth, the rest are apparent. Var. bidens (pi. 18, fig. 15). Columellar and anterior tooth of the throat wanting. This form is the typical parcedentata. Var. glandicula (pi. 18, fig. 19). Only the parietal tooth visible. Var. genesii (pi. 18, figs. 10-12). Toothless; bright brown in life, subpellucid, the margins of aperture violacous-brown [— genesii Gredler] . Dr. Boettger considers the relatively large, 4-toothed loess form which Sandberger described as var. quadridens to be EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 209 y. alpestris (Alder). He states farther that he knows of no form of parcedentata-genesii having more than two teeth, none having a columellar or an upper palatal. Sandberger's varie- ties quadridens, tridens and adversidens would therefore be forms of alpestris. Boettger further remarks that recent forms of V. alpestris (Aid.) with only one palatal fold, or without them, are not rare, and have been described by Westerlund as var. tridentata and bidentata. Cf. notes under alpestris var. mitis West. See also Geyer's notes under V. genesii, from which it ap- pears that the living form may be either toothed or toothless. At present the distinctions, if any, between genesii and parce- dentata remain to be formulated. The present usage appears to be this: the recent specimens are called genesii and the fossil (Pleistocene or Holocene) are called parcedentata. Group of V. otostoma. Sinistral species with few, small teeth, arranged 1-1-1 or 1-1-0. 79. VERTIGO OTOSTOMA Westerlund. Shell [sinistral], cylindric, finely striate, yellowish-brown, glossy. Whorls 6y2 to 7, slowly increasing, convex, the two penult nearly equal, the last much higher, having two pale longitudinal furrows anteriorly. Aperture small, ear-shaped, with only 2 low white folds and 1 very small tooth in the lower part of the palate. Peristome very oblique, margins connected, the outer margin long, angularly drawn forward above the middle, not impressed, strongly arcuate above, pass- ing into the weakly sigmoid columella in a short arc. Length 22/3, diam. 1% mm. (West.). Sweden : Tenhult, prov. Smaland. Pupa otostoma, WEST., Nova Acta R. Soc. Sci. Upsal. (3) viii, 1871, p. 100; Fauna iii, 1887, p. 142.— PFR., Monogr. viii, 410. The special locality of this "ganz eigenthumlich und hochst merkwiirdig" shell is Augustenborg, a high hill opposite the road to the estate of Tenhult, iy2 Swedish miles from the town 210 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. of Jonkoping, southward, where it occurs with V. pineticola, avoided, arctica and others of the genus, upon twigs and fallen leaves. 80. VERTIGO CLEVEI Westerlund. Shell [sinistral] obesely ovate; whorls 5%, convex, the penult inflated below, the last scarcely higher, much narrower,, impressed at the aperture. Aperture truncate-ovate, the outer margin arcuate above, straight in the middle, oblique; basal margin rounded. Teeth only 2, one each on the parietal wall and the columella. Length 1%, diam. 1 mm. (West.). Sweden: Sala, in a place called Grona gangen (Prof. P. T. Cleve). Pupa clevei WEST., Fauna Pal. Reg. Binnen-conch. iii, 1887,, p. 142. Subgenus VERTILLA Moquin-Tandon. Vertilla M.-T., Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. et fluv. France ii, 1855, p. 408, for V. plicata and V. pusilla. Angular and parietal lamellae well developed, the angular not connected with the peristome, parietal long; columellar lamella subvertical, spirally entering above. Upper palatal fold very long, its inner end curving down ; the lower palatal short or wanting. Type V. angustior Jeffr. (V. plicata Moq.). This group differs from Augustula by having the columellar lamella of entirely different form, and the upper palatal fold penetrating deeply, its inner end decurved and somewhat hook-like (as in pi. 5, fig. 17). In Angustula and most species of Vertigo the upper palatal fold is shorter than the lower. While Angustula and Vertilla show a certain parallelism or convergence, there appears to be no direct or close relationship. Vertigo angulifera Boettger, a dextral species of the German Miocene, is said to be closely related to V. angustior, and prob- ably is ancestral to the recent species. Vertilla was proposed for sinistral species of Vertigo, — in- cluding the type of the genus ; and the name has been exten- sively used by European authors in this sense. The sinistral forms have obviously been derived from several dextral stocks EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 211 independently, so that Vertilla, as used by Boettger, Wester- lund and others is heterogeneous. The name may properly be restricted to V. angustior and its immediate relatives. 81. VERTIGO ANGUSTIOR Jeffreys. PI. 5, figs. 13, 16-18. Shell subfusiform or barrel-shaped, narrower in proportion than V. pusilla, rather solid, but semitransparent, glossy, light horn-colour, strongly, obliquely and rather closely striate in the line of growth ; periphery compressed and somewhat angular : epidermis thin: whorls 4%, rather convex, but compressed, gradually increasing in size, the penultimate one a trifle broader than the last, which occupies about two-fifths of the shell, the first or upper whorl smooth and shining: spire rather short, abrupt, and blunt at the point: suture rather deep, mouth subtriangular, and very narrow in consequence of the great contraction or sinuosity of the outer edge in the middle as well as towards the base ; teeth four or five, viz. two on the pillar [parietal wall] , the outer one of which is a little in advance of the other; one on the pillar lip [columella], which is sunk deep within the mouth and resembles a strong curved plate more than a tooth; and one thick and promi- nent tooth inside the outer lip, with rarely a small tubercle by the side of it. Outer lip exceedingly thick and scarcely in- flected, strengthened outside and inside by a strong rib which is situate near the rim and is yellowish- white ; the inside rib remarkably thick and increasing the contraction of the mouth ; inner lip consisting of a slight deposit on the columella. Umbilicus very small, narrow and indistinct, being much con- tracted by a sharp and gibbous keel or crest at the base of the shell. L. 0.06. B. 0.035 inch (Jeffreys). Vertigo angustior JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. London xvi, pt. 2, 1830, p. 361 (rejectamenta of a small stream at Marino, near Swansea) ; British Conchology i, p. 265. — STEENBERG, Danmarks Fauna, Landsnegle, 1911, p. 166, f. 137. — Pupa angustior Jeffr., PFEIFFER, Monogr. iii, 560 ; iv, 686 ; vi, 336. — WESTERLUND, Fauna Europaea Moll. Extramar. Prodr. ii, 1878, p. 200, with var. product a and gothorum, p. 201 ; Fauna iii, p. 142, with var. tiana Mich., producta W., gothorum W. — 212 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. Acta Soc. pro founa et flora Fennica, xiii, no. 7, p. 71 (dis- tribution, etc.). Turbo vertigo MONTAGU, Testacea Brit. 1803, p. 363, pi. 12, f. 6. Not Helix vertigo Gmelin. — Vertigo vertigo ISSEL, Moll. Pisa, 1866, p. 23. Pupa ocsensis HALEVATS, Res. Wiss. Erforsch, Balatonsees, iv, pt. 2, p. 60, pi. 3, f. 10. Upper Pontic beds, Oecs, Lake Balaton (considered by 0. Boettger a var. of V. angustula). Vertigo venetzii Charpentier MS., FER., Prodr. p. 65 (nude name). — CHARPENTIER, Cat. Moll. Suisse, p. 18, pi. 2, f. 11. — EOSSMAESSLER, leonogr. pt. 10, p. 30, f. 650. — STERKI, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1888, p. 380, pi. 42, f. 11, 12.— Pupa venetzii Charp., PFR. Monogr. ii, 364. Vertigo hamata HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 304. Vertigo plicata A. MULLER, Wiegmann 's Archiv f iir naturg. 1838, i, p. 210, pi. 4, f. 6 (Neuhaldensleben). Vertigo nana MICHAUD, Complement de 1'hist, nat. des moll., etc., 1831, p. 71, pi. 15, f. 24, 25 (Lyons). V. angustior is readily known by the strongly striate shell tapering towards both ends, the vertical columellar lamella and the very long and strong upper palatal fold, decurved at its inner end ; the lower palatal being either quite weak or want- ing. The palatal callus is very strong. Var. nana Mich. 2 parietal teeth ; columellar margin less thickened, with scarcely noticeable teeth. Upper palatal tooth short, the lower rudimentary. Southern France at Lyons; northern Italy (Westerlund). Michaud's description and figure are not complete for de- tails of structure, and as far as I can see pertain to practically typical V. angustior. Numerous specimens from Lyons ap- pear to be practically typical. Westerlund, however, defines nana as a variety. Dupuy says of specimens received from Michaud that the upper palatal fold is less strong, and the lower less distinct than in what he had figured as Pupa venetzii (Hist. Nat. Moll. France, p. 121). Var. producta Westerlund. Elongate ovate, chestnut- colored, 5% to 6 convex whorls, the last with straight back, very oblique, with a strong white tubercle at the base, pro- EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 213 duced forward, almost equally bipartite by the deep longi- tudinal furrow. Length 2, diam. 114 mm. (Westerlund). Sweden : Borgholm. Var. gothorum Westerlund. Shortly oval, rather ventri- cose, the 4^ to 5 whorls but little convex, the last longitudin- ally impressed in front, a little tubercular below. (Margins of the peristome united by a callus. Length 1%, diam. 1 mm. (Westerlund). Sweden: "Bellevue," Carlshamn. 82. VERTIGO CALLISTA Westerlund. Shell cylindric, chestnut-brown or rufous brown, densely striatulate ; whorls 6, convex, the antepenult and preceding en- tirely cylindric, separated by a deep suture, the penult whorl largest, the back of the last whorl strongly and straightly slop- ing, divided into two parts by a deep transverse furrow, the upper, larger part narrow, cylindric, the other very short basal part with a strong white protuberance near the aperture, from which it is separated by a wide furrow. Suture very oblique, not ascending to the aperture. Aperture placed to the left, suboval, with about 2 [parietal] teeth or folds: one shorter, more exterior, marginal, the other deeply entering, nearly continuous with the former ; palatal fold long, strongly curved within ; columella calloused, and the lip with a rufous callus deep within the outer margin. Peristome unexpanded, the outer margin strongly arcuate above, and angularly produced above the middle. Length 1%, diam. % mm. (WesterL). Sweden: Dalbyo, prov. Sodermanland. Pupa callista WESTERLUND, Acta Soc. pro fauna et flora Fennica, xiii, no. 7, 1897, p. 72. Vndescribed or uncertain species. Vertigo lucida Jan. T. dextrosa, conico-cylindrica, obtusa, diaphana, lucidissima ; apertura ovalis; labium columellae coarctatum; perist. edentulum. (Jan Mantissa p. 3), north- ern Italy. Vertigo dinii Stefani, = Truncatellina. Pupa (Vertigo) danica WesterL, Cat. der Conchyl.-Samm- lung Fr. Paetel, 1873, p. 107. Dania, nude name. 214 TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. Vertigo guadalupensis Fer., Tabl. Syst. p. 64, no. 6 "(4 dentata) . Habit. La Guadeloupe. ' ' Vertigo cylindrica J. Colbeau, Ann. Soc. Malac. Belgique iii, 1868, p. 97, pi. 2, fig. 7. Shell cylindro-conic, yellowish brown, glossy, the growth-striae quite noticeable, 5-6 whorls, the first very small, the later ones nearly equal ; aperture small, oval, longer than wide, without teeth. Length 1%, diam. about 1 mm. Colbeau remarks that the unique example of this shell he formerly regarded as a variety or anomaly of V. pygm&a, not adult. The aperture is relatively smaller than in V. muscorum [Drap., non L.] and edentula-, it is larger and more glossy than muscorum, smaller and darker colored than eden- tula. From Belgium. The figure is copied, pi. 17, fig. 8. May be a Truncatellina or an abnormal V. pygmaea. Vertigo sultrovhiformis de Gregorio (pi. 17, fig. 7). Shell very minute, pupoid, subtrochiform, the last whorl a little angular, aperture small, subrotund. Length 2 mm. Perhaps this is a variety of the preceding ["Pupa muscorum," a Truncatellina] having the last whorl broken and the spire a little wider. I have only one specimen (Vertigo subtrochi- formis de Greg., Annales de Geol. et de Paleont., 32 livr., Feb., 1907, p. 8, pi. 1, f. 17). Italy : Abano, found in mud from a hot spring. The figure is obviously inexact, and looks like anything but a Vertigo. Generic position dubious; though not so absolutely hopeless as some other generic references in the same paper, such as the * ' Glandina ' ' and ' ' Melanopsis. ' ' IV. FOSSIL SPECIES OF VERTIGO AND OTHER VERTIGININAE. Vertigininae are common as Pleistocene fossils, which in this work are included with the recent species. A few Eocene species described as Pupa are probably Ver- tigininae, but the only one of which the apertural character is known has no teeth. As this is undoubtedly a secondary condition, such a form could not be ancestral to the modern genera, and it was probably an end-product of evolution from some toothed genus of the Palaeocene or Mesozoic. TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. 215 Undoubted species of Vertigo, having teeth like V. moulin- siana or alpestris, and of quite modern aspect, appeared in the Lower Oligocene (amber of the Baltic coast) ; and in the Middle and Upper Oligocene and Miocene of central Europe the species became somewhat numerous. Most of these forms differ only in specific characters from living species, and the ancestors of the latter are probably among them. In Italy and southern France, Pliocene species occur, some closest to Miocene, others to recent forms. There has thus been a suc- cession of similar species in Europe from Oligocene to recent times. The subgenus VertUla appeared in one or two species in the German Lower Miocene. Ptychalaea, in the recent fauna known only from the Bonin Islands, is known by several European species from the Lower Miocene to Pliocene. Glandicula occurs in the Upper Oligocene and Lower Miocene, Germany and France, then becoming extinct, so far as known. Pseudelix and Enneopupa are other genera of the German Upper Oligocene which left no descendants. In America Vertigo is possibly represented by two Middle Eocene species, which from their shape and size appear refer- able to this genus rather than to Pupilla ; yet as the apertural characters are unknown, and they are from a far lower horizon than any indubitable Vertigo, little stress is to be placed upon the generic reference. The general appearance is that of the two French Eocene species following. Perhaps we have to do with an unrecognized Eocene genus, and for this reason the species are here listed as Pupae, as originally described. List of Tertiary species of Vertigo. PUPA ARENULA White. 12th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr, for 1878, pt. 1, p. 46, pi. 19, f. 8a, &. Upper Green River Group [= Bridger] Valley of Henry's Fork southward from Green River City, Wyoming. PUPA ATAVUNCULA White. Loc. cit., pi. 19, f. 9a. Same locality and horizon. 216 TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. PUPA BONNETI Cossm. Ann. Soc. Roy. Zool. et Mai. Belg. xli, 1906, p. 283. Eocene: Sparnacien inferieur, Grauves. PUPA HEBERTI Fougeroux et Denainvilliers. Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 75, pi. 3, f. 7. Upper Eocene : Calcaire de Provins, Saint-Parres near Nogent-sur-Seine. VERTIGO HAUCHECORNEI Klebs. Jahrb. Preuss. geol. Landes- anst. u. Bergakademie zu Berlin, 1885, (1886), p. 382, pi. 17, f. 5.— Koken, Die Vorwelt, p. 463, f. 112. Lower Oligocene, in amber, Prussian coast. VERTIGO KUNOWII Klebs. Jahrb. Preuss. geol. Landesanst, 1885 (1886), p. 386, pi. 17, f. 6. Lower Oligocene, in amber of the Prussian coast. Resembles genesii. VERTIGO MINOR Boettger. Vertigo callosa var. minor BTTG., Jahrb. d. geol. Reichsanst. xx, 1870, p. 296, pi. 13, f. 7. —V. (Alaea) minor BTTG., Jahrb. Nassau. 1889, p. 305; Tuchoric, Bohemia, Upper Oligocene. VERTIGO DEFRANCII (Brong.). Pupa defrancii BRONGNIART, Mem. du Museum, xv, 1810, p. 378, pi. 22, f. 19.— DESHAYES, An. s. Vert, ii, 1864, p. 857, pi. 56, f. 37-39. Aquitanian : Meulieres superieures, Milon, Palaiseau, Mont- morency. VERTIGO MOENANA Zinndorf. 37-42 Bericht ueber die Thatigkeit des Offenbacher Ver. Naturk. 1901, p. 136, pi. 5, f . 9. Upper Middle Oligocene, Offenbach a. M. VERTIGO ELSHEIMENSIS Bttg. Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 42, 1889, p. 295, pi. 7, f. 2. Middle Oligocene, Elsheim in Rhein- hessen. VERTIGO CALLOSA (Reuss). Pupa callosa REUSS, Paleon- tographica ii, 1849, p. 30, pi. 3, f. 7. — SANDBERGER, Vorwelt, p. 400, pi. 24, f. 19. — Vertigo (Alaea) callosa BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 42, 1889, p. 296. Upper Oligocene, Tuchoric, Bohemia. V. c. mut. maxima Bttg., t. c., 1889, p. 296, pi. 7, f. 3. Upper Oligocene, Hochheim. V. c. mut. convergent Bttg., t. c., p. 297, pi. 7, f. 4. Old Lower Miocene, Affenstein, near Frankfort a. M. V. c. mut. alleodus (Sandberger). Pupa alleodus SDBGR., Mainzer Becken p. 58, pi. 35, f. 10. — V. c. mut. alleodus BTTG., t. c., p. 298. Lower Miocene, Appenheim, Rheinhessen, etc. TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. 217 V. c. mut. quinquedentata Joos, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 64, 1911, p. 66. Miocene, Budenheim. Vertigo callosa cyrenarum Zinnd. Vertigo (Alaea) callosa (Rss.) var. cyrenarum ZINNDORF. 37-42 Bericht Offenbacher Ver. Naturk. 1901, p. 136. Cyrena marl, Upper Middle Oligo- cene, Offenbach, a. M. Vertigo callosa divergens Flach. Verb. Phys.-Med. Ges. zu Wiirzburg, n. F., xxiv, 1890, p. 8, pi. 3, f. 4.— Joos, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. 1912, 39. — Pupa (Vertigo) cardiostoma var. diverg- ens CLESSIN, Ber. naturw. Ver. Regensburg 1893, iv, p. 9, no. 38, pi. 1, f. 6. VERTIGO CARDIOSTOMA (Sandberger). Pupa (Vertigo) cardiostoma SDBGR., Vorwelt, 1875, p. 600, no description. — CLESSIN, Regensburger Correspondenzblatt 1877, p. 37; Malak. Blatter viii, p. 86. — Vertigo (Ptychalaea) cardiostoma BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 42, 1889, p. 294.— FLACH Verh. Phys-med. Ges. Wiirzburg, 1890, p. 8, pi. 3, f. 5.— Vertigo (Alaea) cardiostoma Joos, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. 1912, p. 39. Upper Miocene, Undorf, near Regensburg, Bavaria; Steinheim. Placed by Boettger in Ptychalaea, by Joos in Alaea. VERTIGO PROTRACTA (Sandberger). Pupa protracta SDBGR., Vorwelt, 1875, p. 400. — Vertigo (Alaea) protracta BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 1889, p. 300, pi. 7, f. 5. Upper Oligocene, Hochheim. VERTIGO OVATULA (Sandberger). Pupa ovatula SDBGR., Vorwelt, 1875, p. 400. — V. (Alaea) ovatula BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau., 1889, p. 301, pi. 7, f. 6. Upper Oligocene, Hochheim. V. o. mut. miLiiformis Boettger. Bericht Senck. Ges. 1884, p. 270, pi. 4, f . 9 ; Jahrb. Nassau, 1889, p. 302. Older Lower Miocene, near Niederrad. V. o. mut. hydrobiarum Boettger, Jahrb. Nassau, 1889, p. 302, pi. 7, f. 7. Newer Lower Miocene, Mosbach-Biebrich. Var. mosbachiensis Bttg., t. c., p. 303, pi. 7, f. 8; with the preceding. Dr. Boettger considers this species to be closely related to V. milium; but there is nothing in the description or figures to show that it has a columellar lamella of the Angustula type, 218 TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. so that the relationship claimed is quite uncertain, and appears to me improbable. VERTIGO KOCHI Boettger. Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 42, 1889, p. 304, pi. 7, f. 9. Upper Oligocene, Hochheim. VERTIGO DIVERSIDENS (Sandberger). Pupa diversidens SDBGR., Vorwelt, 1875, p. 549, pi. 29, f. 23.— Vertigo diversi- dens BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. Sansan p. 84, f. 124-127; Vertigo presbytera Bgt. mentioned as a synonym. Middle Miocene: Sansan. VERTIGO TUCHORICENSIS (new name). Pupa microstoma REUSS, Sitzungsber. Math.-Nat. Cl. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlii, 1861, p. 73, pi. 2, f. 8.— SANDBERGER, Vorwelt, p. 438, pi. 24, f. 17. — Vertigo microstoma Reuss, KLIKA, Tert. Land- und Susswasser-Conch. des nordwesten Bohmen, p. 98, f. 93, in Archiv naturwiss. Landesdurchforschung von Bohmen, vii, no. 4, 1891. Lower Miocene : Lipen, Bohemia. This is not Pupa microstoma Mlldff., 1881, or Pupa microstoma- Pfr., 1852. VERTIGO ( ?) GLOBULUS Desh. Pupa globulus Dh., An. s. Vert, ii, 1864, p. 860, pi. 56, f . 16-18. Lower Miocene : Cal- caire de Beauce. Perhaps a Gastrocopta. It has been re- ferred by Oppenheim to his genus Paracraticula. VERTIGO (?) ANODON (Desh.). Pupa anodon DESHAYES, An. s. Vert. Bassin Paris, ii, 1864, p. 849, pi. 56, f. 22-24. Lower Miocene : Calcaire de Beauce. VERTIGO (?) PARVULA (Desh.). Pupa parvula Dh., An. s. Vert, ii, 1864, p. 852, pi. 56, f . 31-33. Lower Miocene : Cal- caire de Beauce. VERTIGO COARCTATA (Desh.). Pupa coarctata Dh., An. s. Vert, ii, 1864, p. 856, pi. 56, f . 13-15. Lower Miocene : Cal- caire de Beauce. VERTIGO DIEZI (Clessin). Pupa (Alaea) diezi CLESSIN, Berichte Naturwiss. Ver. Regensburg, xiii, 1912, p. 107. Middle Miocene, Undorf, near Regensburg, Bavaria. VERTIGO UNDORFENSIS (Clessin). Pupa (Alaea) undorf- ensis CL., t. c., p. 108. Middle Miocene, Undorf. VERTIGO GLOBUS, new name. Pupa (Alaea) globula CL, t. c., p. 108 (Not Pupa globulus Deshayes). Middle Miocene, Undorf. TERTIARY VERTIGINTNAE. 219 VERTIGO MUSCICOLA Clessin. Pupa (Alaea) muscicola CLESSIN, t. c., p. 108. Middle Miocene, Undorf. VERTIGO INFLATULA (new name). Pupa (Alaea) inflata CLESSIN, t. c., p. 109 (not Pupa inflata Wagner, 1827). Middle Miocene, Undorf. VERTIGO MINIMA Clessin. Pupa (Alaea) minima CLESSIN, t. c., p. 109. Middle Miocene, Undorf. The name minima has been used in Pupa in a varietal sense. VERTIGO CYCLOPHORA Bgt. Malacol. de Colline de Sansan 1881, p. 83, pi. 5, f . 120-123. Middle Miocene : Sansan. The following 12 species are from the same formation. VERTIGO CAMPANEA Bgt., t. c., p. 85, pi. 5, f . 140-143. VERTIGO SANSANICA Bgt., t. c., p. 87, pi. 5, f. 128-131. VERTIGO LCEMODONTA Bgt., t. c., p. 88, pi. 5, f. 132-135. VERTIGO CALLOSTOMA Bgt., t. c., p. 89, pi. 5, f . 136, 137. VERTIGO CODIOLENA Bgt., t. c., p. 91, pi. 5, f. 144-147. VERTIGO MILNE-EDWARDSI Bgt., t. c., p. 92, pi. 5, f . 148-151. VERTIGO BOTHRIOCHEILA Bgt., t. c., p. 93, pi. 5, f. 152-155. VERTIGO RAGIA Bgt., t. c., p. 95, pi. 5, f. 156-159. VERTIGO TRIODONTA Bgt., t. c., p. 96, pi. 5, f. 160-163. VERTIGO RHYNCHOSTOMA Bgt., t. c., p. 97, pi. 5, f. 164-167. VERTIGO ONIXIODON Bgt., t. c., p. 98, pi. 5, f. 168-171. VERTIGO MICRONIXIA Bgt., t. c., p. 100, pi. 5, f. 172-175. VERTIGO PERAPERTA (new name). Pupa (Alaea) aperta Sandb. Ms., K. MILLER, Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Naturk. Wiirt- temberg, vol. 56, 1900, p. 397, pi. 7, f. 13.— Joos, Nachrbl. 1912, p. 40, pi. 2, f. 7. (Not Pupa aperta Marts., Mai. Bl. x, 1863, p. 180). Upper Miocene, Steinheim. It is said by Joos to be closely related to V. angulifera Bttg., which appears to be a Vertilla. The palatal fold is described by Joos as about 5 mm. long, — an obvious mistake, in a shell 1.4 mm. long ; probably 0.5 mm. was intended. VERTIGO PSEUDANTIVERTIGO Paladilhe. Revue des Sciences Naturelles, ii, 1873, p. 207, pi. 2, f. 25-27. Pliocene, near Montpellier. VERTIGO ( ?) BLEICHERI Paladilhe. Eev. Sci. Nat. ii, 1873, p. 51, pi. 2, f. 19-21. Pliocene, Montpellier. VERTIGO MYRMIDO Michaud. Ann. Soc. Linn, de Lyon, Rev. 220 TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. Ser., ii, 1855, p. 47, pi. 5, f. 14, 15.— Pupa (V.) myrmido SANDBERGER, Vorwelt, p. 723, pi. 27, f . 22. Pliocene, Hauterive. VERTIGO CROSSEI Michaud. Journ. de Conchyl. x, 1862, p. 77, pi. 4, fig. 3. Pliocene, Hauterive (Drome). A toothless form of which the position is dubious; perhaps a Columella. See Locard, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Lyon, ii, 1878, p. 230. VERTIGO SCHLOSSERI (Cossmann). Pupa (Vertigo) oviformis SCHLOSSER, Jahrb. k.-k. Geol. Eeichsanstalt 1907, Ivii, p. 757, pi. 17, f . 5. Not Pupa oviformis Michaud. P. [upa] schlosseri COSSMANN, Revue Grit. Paleozool. 1908, p. 257. Pliocene, Eichkogel near Modling. VERTIGO GLOBOSA Sacco. Fauna Malac. All. il. Piemonte, 1885, p. 31, pi. 2, f. 3.— Alaea globosa SACCO, I Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte xxii, p. 71, pi. 6, f. 8. Pliocene, Tassarolo. V. g. tassaroliana Sacco. Riv. Fauna malac. foss. terr. lac., 1887, p. 174. — Alaea g. var. tassaroliana SACCO, I moll. terr. Terz. Piem. xxii, p. 71, pi. 6, f. 9. Tassarolo, Fossano. Subgenus PTYCHALAEA Boettger. VERTIGO (PTYCHALAEA) FLEXIDENS (Ess.). Pupa flexidens REUSS, Sitzungs-Ber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. Cl., xxxii, p. 74, pi. 2, f. 9. — SANDBERGER, Vorwelt p. 439, pi. 24, f. 18. — V. (P.) flexidens BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. xxxxii, 1889, p. 293, pi. 7, f. 1. Lower Miocene, Appenheim in Rheinhessen; Tuchoric and Lipen, Bohemia; Saucats, Bor- deaux (var. girondica Boettger, t. c., p. 294). — WENZ, Nachrbl. d. m. Ges. 44, 1912, p. 190, f. 2.— KLIKA, Arch. Naturwiss. Landesdurchforschung von Bohmen, vii, no. 4, 1891, p. 95, f. 90. VERTIGO (PTYCHALAEA?) TRIGONOSTOMA (Al. Braun). Pupa trigonostoma Al. Br., in Walchner's Geognosie, p. 1185. — SANDBERGER, Mainzer Becken p. 59, pi. 5, f. 17. — V. (Ptycho- chilus) trigonostoma BTTG., Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 1889, 292. Upper Oligocene, Hochheim. VERTIGO (PTYCHALAEA) BLUMI Boettger. V. (Ptychochilus) Uumi BTTG., Bericht Senck. Ges. 1884, p. 268, pi. 4, f. 8. Lower Miocene, Schleusenkammer bei Niederrad. VERTIGO (PTYCHALAEA) PRISCILLA Paladilhe. Vertigo pris- TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. 221 cilia PALAD., Revue Sci. Nat. (Montpellier), ii, 1873, p. 53, pi. 2, f . 22-24. Pliocene, Montpellier. VERTIGO (PTYCHALAEA) CAPELLINII Sacco. Vertigo (Scara- bella) capellinn SACCO, 1885. Scarabella capellinii SACCO, I Moll. Terr. Terz. Piemonte, xxii, p. 71, pi. 6, f. 7. Piedmont Upper Pliocene, Villafranchian stage, Fossano and Tassarolo. V. c. ligustica Sacco. V. (S.) capellinii var. ligustica SACCO, 1887. Scarabella c. L, SACCO, 1. c. Tassarolo. Submenus VERTILLA Moquin-Tandon. VERTIGO ANGULIFERA Boettger. Bericht Senck. Nat. Ges. 1884, p. 271, pi. 4, f . 10 ; Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 42, 1889, p. 310. Lower Miocene of the Schleusenkammer near Nieder- rad. Placed in Alaea by Boettger, but probably a dextral species of Vertilla. Genus GLANDICULA Sandberger. Glandicula SANDBERGER, Land- und Siisswasser-Conchyl. der Vorwelt, p. 401, 1875; monotype Pupa (Glandicula) tiarula A. Brn. — Paracraticula OPPENHEIM Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., Wien, vol. 57, 1890, p. 126. Acorn-shaped, with deeply impressed suture, the post- embryonic whorls having sculpture of distant, oblique ribs; aperture triangular, the outer lip inflexed; typically with 3-1-2 teeth, the angular and parietal lamellae emerging to the margin. Type G. tiarula (A. Brn.), pi. 5, figs. 14, 15. Upper Oli- gocene: Hochheim, Landsehneckenkalk, GLANDICULA TIARULA (A. Brn.). Vertigo tiarula A. Braun, Walchner's Geogn. 2 edit., p. 1135. — Pupa tiarula Sandberger, Mainzer Becken p. 60, pi. 5, f . 18 ; Vorwelt, p. 401, pi. 23, f . 17. — Vertigo (Glandicula) tiarula Boettger, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. Jahrg. 42, 1889, p. 290. Boettger has given a good account of this rare snail, which has not been figured in sufficient detail. He believes its affinity to be with Ptychochilus (Lyropupa), mentioning such forms as perlonga Pse. and lyrata Gld., evidently influenced 222 TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. by the sculpture, a character of no great importance. I have not seen specimens. GLANDICULA TURCICA (Desh.). Pupa turcica Deshayes, An. s. Vert. Bassin Paris ii, 1864, p. 861, pi. 57, f. 1-3. Lower Miocene: Calcaire de Beauce. GLANDICULA (PARACRATICULA) UMBRA (Oppenh.), Pupa (Paracraticula) umbra OPPENHEIM, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., Wien, vol. 57, 1890, p. 126, pi. 3, f. 10. Eocene, Pugniello, Italy. This species is the type of Paracraticula Oppenh. Referred to Glandicula with some doubt. Genus ENNEOPUPA Boettger. Enneopupa BTTG., Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat, xxxii, 1889, p. 288. Monotype Pupa cylindrella Al. Br. Shell cylindric, of few (5-6) costulate whorls, the neck having a groove parallel to the suture ; aperture oblique ; peris- tome continuous, subobsolete ; angular lamella distinct but low, (1 or) 2 deeply placed, not marginal parietal lamellae separ- j ated from the angular; 2 columellar lamellae; (3 or) 4 long palatal folds. ENNEOPUPA CYLINDRELLA (Al. Braun). PL 5, fig. 12. Pupa cylindrella Al. Br., Walchner's Geogn. p. 1136. — Sand- berger, Mainzer Becken, p. 50, pi. 5, f . 9 ; Vorwelt p. 393, pi. 23, f. 7. — Vertigo (Enneopupa) cylindrella BTTG., t. c., p. 288. Upper Oligocene of Hochheim. Sandberger's figures are copied in pi. 5, fig. 12. Genus PSEUDELIX Boettger. Pseudelix BTTG., Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins f. Natur- kunde, Jahrg. 42, 1889, p. 316, type Pupa microhelix Sbgr. Shell with a small perforation, globose-conic, heliciform, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 4-5, nearly smooth. Aperture oblique, semilunar, with 1 to 3 compressed teeth, not deeply placed, the parietal lamella always distinct ; margins expanded, somewhat labiate. Type: Pupa microhelix Sbgr., from the Upper Oligocene landshell chalk of Hochheim (pi. 5, fig. 8). This group is compared by Boettger with the American Pupa TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. 223 conoidea Nc., which has some resemblance in figure and teeth. The entirely different and peculiar sculpture of conoidea, which belongs to the genus Bothriopupa (Vol. XXIV, p. 231), together with other differential features, shows that the sup- posed affinity is improbable. Prof. Boettger had not seen a specimen of conoidea. Pseudelix has a somewhat specialized shape, and appears to have left no survivors or no closely related genera. The nomenclature of the two species is not clear to me, Boettger ?s synopsis is followed. PSEUDELIX MICROHELIX (Sbgr.). Pupa microhelix SAND- BERGER, Mainzer Becken, p. 61, pi. 35, f . 26 ; Vorwelt, p. 402, pi. 23, f. 18. PSEUDELIX COMES Boettger. Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk. 1889, p. 317. — Helix piipuU Al. Braun, in Walchner's Geognosie, 2d ed., p. 1139. — Pupa microhelix in part, SAND- BERGER, Mainzer Becken p. 61, pi. 3, f. 8. Upper Oligocene landshell chalk of Hochheim. Genus Carychiopsis Sandberger. Fusulina SANDBERGER, olim. — Carychiopsis SANDBERGER, Land und Siisswasser-Conch. der Vorwelt, pp. 169, 170 (1872), type Pupa dohrni [dhorni] Deshayes. A group of minute, slender Pupoid snails, chiefly Lower Eocene, contains the species Pupa remiensis, alternans, ~bige- minata, dhorni (— dohrni Dh., Sandberger) and coarctata, all of Deshayes (Anim. s. Vert. Bassin Paris, ii, 1864, pp. 853- 856). Some of these have been referred to Vertigo by subse- quent authors, but in the opinion of Sandberger, which appears well founded, they have no special affinity with that genus, but belong near Carychium. Pupa interferens Desh. may possibly also belong to this group, though somewhat different. It has the general appear- ance of Gastrocopta. Carychiopsis costulata Sandberger ', t. c., p. 371, of the Lower Miocene of Germany and Bohemia, is the latest known member of the group. Pupa schwageri Reuss, Sitzungsber. d. k. Akad. "Wiss. Wien Ivii, p. 82 is synonymous. 224 STAURODON. Genus STAURODON Lowe. Staurodon LOWE, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. (2), ix, 1852, p. 278, for Pupa saxicola and P. seminulum. The shell is minute, oblong, the last whorl without crest. Peristome continuous by a strong parietal callus. Teeth ar- ranged as in Vertigo except that the angular lamella is tuber- culiform, marginal upon- the parietal callus close! to the termination of the outer lip, with or without a short con- tinuation inward. Type Staurodon saxicola (Lowe). Distribution, Madeira, See pi. 15, figs. 12-14, The emergence of the angular lamella and its union with the outer lip is probably an ancestral character, found also in Ptychalaea and some other Vertiginine groups, as well as in other subfamilies, such as Gastrocoptinae. In Staurodon this lamella has been much shortened, often running inward less than shown in pi. 15, fig. 14. The genus has probably existed on Madeira since the early Tertiary, as it appears to have no near relatives in the Euro- pean series from the Oligocene on. The strong parietal callus is doubtless a later development. Many snails of arid regions show more or less similar strucures. In his publication of 1852, Lowe places only the species Pupa saxicola and P. seminulum under Staurodon, but in his differential diagnosis of saxicola he mentions P. (Vertigo) alpestris and P. pygmaea in order to point out how saxicola differs from them, but without stating or implying that they belong to Staurodon. It appears from this that either saxi- cola or seminulum must be the type of Staurodon. In 1854 Lowe designated P. pygmaea Drap. the type of Staurodon, a course clearly barred by the fact that he had not included this species in his group in 1852. 1. STAURODON SAXICOLA (Lowe). PL 15, figs. 13, 14. The shell is shortly rimate, cinnamon-brown, oblong, taper- ing slightly upwards, very finely but distinctly striate, the striation strongest on the penult and antepenult whorls. The PUPILLID>E PLATK 11 te 10 11 12 PUPILUD/F PLATE 12 13 16 PUPILLiD>E PLATE 13 17 PUPILLID>e PLATE 14 6 :!?" •;§& " "";;'- ' # 11 10 12 15 PUPILLID./F Vi*S$Pf 2 D* 8 11 PUPILLID^E PLATE 16 9 6 10 t> " JU' 13 14 PLATE 17 14- 15 PUPILLID, PLATE 18 13 ID $ i: 4, 19 SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OF CONCtiOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES FOUNDED BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D., SPECIAL CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Part PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. STAURODON. 225 iirst whorl smooth. The whorls are moderately convex, the last without grooves or crest behind the lip. The aperture is rounded-piriform, containing 5 teeth. The angular lamella is a blunt, callous tubercle close to and in adults connected with the outer termination of the lip. The parietal lamella is long, high, and stands remote from the edge of the parietal callus. Columellar lamella short, entering horizontally. There are two rather short but high palatal folds, the lower one longer. No palatal callus. The peristome is slightly ex- panded, thick, of lighter tint than the shell; outer margin a little straightened in the middle, connected with the columellar margin by a thick, straight, cord-like callus across the parietal wall, bearing the angular lamella. Length 1.7 to 1.8, diam. 1 mm. ; 41/r41/£ whorls. Madeira: beneath stones and scoriae in dry, rocky spots of low elevation, in the south of Madeira; Praia Bay, west of Funehal, under loose pieces of basalt at the top of the cliff at the eastern end (Wollaston, Leacock) ; Feijaa dos Asnos and Cabo Girao (Baron Paiva). Subfossil in calcareous deposits near Canical (Wollaston). Pupa saxicola LOWE, Ann. Mag. N. H. ix, 1852, p. 278; P. /. S. 1854, p. 214.— PFEIPPER, Monogr. Hel. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 559.— KUSTER, Conchyl. Cabinet, Pupa, p. 182, pi. 21, f. 26, 27. — ALBERS, Malacol. Maderensis p. 62, pi. 16, f. 13, 14. — PAIVA, Monogr. Moll. Ins. Mader. 1867, p. 139. — WOLLASTON, Testacea Atlantica, 1878, p. 237. Pupa seminulum LOWE, Ann. Mag. N. H. ix, 1852, p. 278; Syn. p. 14. — PFR.,. Monogr. iii, 559. The cord-like parietal callus and the structure of the angu- lar tubercle are characteristic. la. 8. saxicola seminulum Lowe (PL 15, fig. 12). Differs from P. saxicola by the smaller, even very minute size, the whorls more swollen, suture deeper, shape more obese, the aperture triplicate, the folds unequal, arranged in a triangle, the ventral largest, the columellar and palatal smaller and snbequal; the subangularly somewhat straightened lip bent, inward; the upper denticle somewhat distinct inward (Lowe). 226 LYROPUPA. The figure represents a shell from the Lowe collection. It is smaller than saxicola, length 1.55, diam. 0.8 mm. In his second description Lowe gives the length as 1*4 to 1%, diam. % mm. His description, translated above, was from a shell without the upper palatal fold, perhaps not fully mature. Wollaston remarks that "the P. semmulum Lowe, which was detected by Mr. Leacock at the Cabo Garajao or Brazen Head, does not appear to me to differ specifically, in any single particular, from the present species [i. e., saxicola] . ' ' Genus LYROPUPA Pilsbry. By H. A. Pilsbry and C. Montague Cooke. Lyropwpa PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 432 (as a sub- genus of Nesopupa) , type Pupa lyrata Gould. — ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London vi, 1904, p. 124 (as a genus). The shell is openly rimate, often perforate, the shape from broadly ovate to cylindric ; embryonic 1% whorls microscopi- cally granulose, sometimes spirally striate, the following whorls abruptly becoming strongly sculptured with axial or oblique ribs narrower than their intervals. Aperture trun- cate above, rounded below, the peristome continuous, free and expanded. Angular lamella emerging to the margin ; parietal strong, somewhat immersed. Columellar deeply placed, strongly developed, axial or oblique. Two palatals the upper very long, emerging to the lip, defining a sinulus. A deeply placed basal fold often developed. Axis hollow and rather large. Immature stages toothless. Type Pupa lyrata Gould. Distribution, Hawaiian Islands. There are no inferior tentacles. The head has rounded lateral processes and a somewhat prominent median convexity above. The sole is almost white in species examined, the back and face pigmented. Important specific characters are found in the form and ar- rangement of the palatal folds, but they are so deeply im- mersed that the shell must be broken to see them. Holding it LYBOPUPA. 227 in the fingers under a dissecting microscope, the front of the last whorl and the whole columellar side of the aperture can be broken away with a needle, leaving the entire inside of the outer wall of the last half whorl exposed. In fossil shells it breaks off (as figured in pi. 25, figs. 2, 14, 15) . The piece may then be stuck upon a slip of card for convenient examination under the microscope. Care must be taken to break away enough of the basal wall to show the basal fold, which is often hard to see. A bull 's eye or other condenser is useful. In comparing specimens with the drawings it must be re- membered that the apparent shape of the tubercle under the inner end of the upper palatal fold changes somewhat with, the angle of vision. The large, hollow axis is broadly open in the young, as in pi. 26, fig. 8, L. spaldingi. Lyropupa lives on or near the ground. The sinistral species inhabit the humid forest zone where they may be found on mossy stones, fallen twigs and dead leaves. The dextral species live in dryer open country, under stones and logs. Only dex- tral forms are known from Niihau and Kahoolawe. Lyropupae are abundant in Pleistocene and later deposits; on all the islands. They formerly occupied a far greater area than at present. The forest species occurred at lower levels than now, as the Achatinellas did. A good part of the- low country species are now extinct, and others which are abundant as fossils are rare and local as living snails. Twenty-two species are now recognized, nine of them de- fined by former authors, Gould, Pease, Ball and Ancey. One species, Vertigo striatula Pease, has not been recognized with, certainty. The type specimens of all the others have been examined in the preparation of this work. DISTRIBUTION. — 16 of the 22 species are confined to single islands, so far as known. 6 are common to two or more islands,, but in most cases represented by special races on each. A narrower view of species than we have taken would increase the apparent insular endemicity but would not show inter- island relationships so well. 228 LYROPUPA. L. perlonga, Oahu, a subspecies in Niihau and Kauai. L. lyrata, Oahu, a variety in Kauai. L. micra, Oahu, a subspecies in Molokai. L. ovdtula, Oahu, a subspecies in Molokai and Hawaii. L. rhabdota, Molokai, a subspecies in Lanai and Maui. L. kahoolavensis, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe and Hawaii. L. kahoolavetisis shows very little variation throughout its range. It inhabits more islands than any other species, and is one of the most primitive. It occurs 011 4 islands as a fossil only. Except in the case of L. ovatula, the islands inhabited by one species are always contiguous. Probably some race of ovatula (also of kahoolavensis) will be found on Maui, where the Pupillidae are much less known than on other islands. If so the single exceptional case will be eliminated. Niihau and Kahoolawe each have but one species also found on the contiguous islands. Species of the islands from Molokai east are closely related, but Molokai also connects with Oahu, having three fossil sub- species of specific stocks which are widely spread on Oahu. Otherwise the species of the eastern group of islands all differ from those of Oahu and the western islands. In general, the distribution of Lyropupa agrees with Lept- ^chatima. The orderly sequence of species and subspecies from island to island, as well as upon the single islands, sug- gests migration over continuous land, and gives no ground for the hypothesis of carriage by wind, birds or other accidental or unusual means, which would surely have produced a less harmonic distribution. In the following table r signifies recent, / fossil forms; fr denotes forms chiefly known as fossils, but also rarely found living. LYROPUPA. 229> 1 8 *eS a A 1 Molokai. 1 Kahoolawe. 1 :| 1 L. lyrata uncifera fr " var r * fossilis f L. microthauma L rh abdota pluris lanaiensis r L. thaanumi L. prisca . f L. clathratula r L. truncata r L. spaldineri r T • t_ M • L. mirabilis r L. antiqua f L. hawaiiensis f L. Hparn.-i sinulifera L. anceyana r L. scabra f L. kahoolavensis f £ f ? f puukolekolensis r L. perlonga fr interrupta f filicostata f f L. raicra fr percostata f maunaloae f L. ovatula f kona f f L. plagioptvi .. f L. cyrta f L. cubana 9 ' L. thaumasia 1« Key to species of Lyropupa. I. Shell sinistral. a1. Angular lamella long and high; surface minutely striate spirally (in fresh shells). &1. Species of Oahu. c1. Small, length about 2 mm. or less. L. microthauma, no. 2. 230 LYROPUPA. c2. Larger, length over 2.2 mm. d1. Inner end of lower palatal fold straight. L. lyrata, no. 1. d2. Inner end of lower palatal fold hooked downward. L. lyrata uncifera, no. la. b2. Species of Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii. c1. Summit abruptly truncate ; Hawaii. L. truncata, no. 7. c2. Summit strongly convex;, obtuse. d1. Eibs rather close, 18 to 19 on the last whorl ; Maui. L. thaanumi, no. 4. d2. Ribs rather distant, about 15 on the last whorl; Molokai. L. rhabdota pluris, no. 3a. c3. Summit conic with obtuse apex. d1. Spiral threads distant; about 12 ribs on the last whorl. L. clathratula, 110. 6. d2. Spiral threads close or obsolete. e1. Molokai, Lanai and Maui. L. rhabdota, no. 3. e2. Hawaii. L. prisca, no. 5. a2. Angular lamella short and low, scarcely penetrating be- yond the outer end of the parietal lamella; later whorls with no spiral striation. b1. Lower palatal fold interrupted, a short outer and a high, tubercular inner portion. Oahu. L. mirabilis, no. 9. b2. Lower palatal fold continuous, penetrating more deeply than the upper, and usually stronger. c1. Back with 3 sulci; shell pale, fusiform; Oahu. L. spaldmgi, no. 8. c2. Back with one broad sulcus; color brown (in recent shells) . d1. Basal fold strong; Hawaii. e1. Whorls very convex, the last with 12 to 14 ribs; length 2.25 mm. L. anceyana, no. 13. LYROPUPA. 231 e~. "Whorls less convex, with more ribs ; length 2.4 to 2.9 mm. L. hawaiiensis, no. 11. d2. Basal fold rather weak or wanting ; Oahu, Molokai, Lanai and Maid. e1. 15 to 17 ribs on the last whorl. f1. Palatal folds rather long; Oahu. L. antiqua, no. 10. f2. Palatal folds short; Maui. L. scabra, no. 14. e2. 19 to 25 ribs on the last whorl; length 2 to 2.3 mm. ; Molokai, Lanai. L. sparna, no. 12. II. Shell dextral (Section Mirapupa). Lower palatal fold continuous, rather long, entering as far as the upper palatal, its inner end slightly enlarged and turned downward (pi. 22, figs. 2, 4) ; shells having the ex- ternal appearance of L. perlonga. Molokai, Lanai, Kahoo- lawe and Hawaii. L. kahoolavensis, no. 15. Lower palatal fold very short or reduced to a low, callous pad or tubercle; one, or usually two strong tubercles or short folds below the inner end of the upper palatal fold, forming a vertical barrier (pi. 25, figs. 14, 15). &1. Form cylindric, the last three whorls flattened in the middle ; three impressions on the back ; ribs narrow, generally flexuous. c1. Back having a hump below the middle of the last whorl; shell generally under 2 mm. long L. micra, no. 17. c2. No dorsal or basi-dorsal hump. d1. Narrow, flexuous ribs, mostly continuous and rather widely spaced ; Oahu. L. perlonga, no. 15. d2. Very irregular, closer ribs ; Oahu. L. p. interrupt^ no. 16a. d*. crowded, slender riblets; Kauai and Niihau. L. p. filicostata, no. 16&. 232 LYROPUPA. fe2. Form ovate or cylindric-tapering, or cylindric with conic summit; whorls convex; ribs strong, arcuate, about 15-16 on the last whorl; diam. equal to or ex- ceeding half the length. c1. Last half whorl having deep impressions; length 2 to 2.3 mm. d1. Species of Oahu. e1. A prominent, straight basal crest (pi. 24, fig. 2) ; lower palatal fold a diffuse tubercle. L. ovatida, no. 18. e2. No distinctly differentiated basal crest; lower palatal a short, high, oblique fold. L. plagioptyx, no. 19. d2. Species of Hawaii. Lower palatal and basal folds developed as oblong tubercles ; back humped at base. L. o. kona, no. 18«. c2. Last half whorl having two slight impressions, sometimes obsolete; lower palatal a very low, callous tubercle ; length 2.75 mm. Hawaii. L. cyrta, no. 20. Z>8. Form broadly oval, compact, the Avhorls short, con- vex, the last whorl with 25-30 ribs, and one or two impressions on the back ; length 1.9-2.2 mm. c1. Diameter about 70 per cent of the length; 5 whorls ; aperture contained 2% times in length of the shell. L. cubana, no. 21. c2. Diameter about 58 to 65 per cent of the length ; 5% whorls ; aperture scarcely one- third length of shell. L. thawmasia, no. 22. Group of L. lyrata. Sinistral Lyropupae characterized by a strong, long, angu- lar lamella, and by minute spiral striaB between and on the strong ribs. There are two series belonging to this group. LYROPUPA. 233 Species from Kauai and Oahu have the surface of the em- bryonic whorls wrinkled-granulose (except L. microthauma) . Those from Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii have the em- bryonic whorls minutely, closely, spirally striate. The two Oahuaii species are quite distinct, but L. lyrata has numerous local races or forms not yet fully worked out. L. trmicata of Hawaii is one of the most characteristic of the genus, but the other known species of Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii are closely related and by no means conspicuously differentiated. The following key is given as an alternative to that on p. 229 ; it is based upon more natural characters, but partly not to be observed in worn or fossil specimens. a1. Embryonic whorls minutely granulose-wrinkled ; Oahu. L. lyrata, no. 1. a2. Embryonic whorls minutely striate spirally. 5l. Later whorls very closely striate spirally. c1. Summit bluntly rounded. d1. Ribs numerous; Maui. L. thaanumi, no. 4. d2. Bibs rather widely spaced ; Molokai. L. rhabdota pluris, no. 3a. c2. Summit subconic. d1. Length 1.8 to 2.1 mm.; Oahu. L. microthauma, no. 2. d2. Length 2.5 to 2.7 mm. ; Molokai, Lanai and Maui. L. rhabdota, no. 3. d*. Length 2.7 to 3.1 mm. ; Hawaii. L. prisca, no. 5. b2. Later whorls distantly striate spirally; Hawaii. c1. Summit subconic. L. clathratula, 110. 6. c2. Summit abruptly truncate. L. truncata, no. 7. 1. LYROPUPA LYRATA (Gld.). PI. 19, figs. 1 to 6. "The shell is small, most generally simstral, chestnut colored, widely umbilicate ; 5 convex whorls, with about 20 neatly clathrate flexuous riblets ; aperture somewhat orbicular, bell-shaped, posteriorly armed with two lamella-like teeth and 234 LYROPUPA. two others in the throat. Length 22/200, diam. 13/200 inch" [2.75 x 1.62 mm.] (Gould). Hawaiian Islands (Gould). Oahu: very abundant over nearly the whole length of the Koolau Mountains (Thaanum, Spalding, Gouveia, Emerson, Cooke, Pilsbry). Type and paratypes no. 219, G. 2687, Museum of the University of New York. Pupa lyrata GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc., i, 1843, p. 139 ; Boston Journ. of Nat. Hist., iv, 1844, pi. 16, f . 16 ; Otia Conch., 1862, p. 189 (Habitat, Maui; "length 1/10, diam. 1/20 -f- inch") [2.54 x 1.27 mm.].— PFR., Monographia Hel. Viv., iii, p. 561— nee Pupa lyrata PFR., Monographia Hel. Viv. iv, p. 686 — nee BOETTGER, in von Martens' Conchologische Mittheilungen, i, 1881, p. 61, pi. 12, f. 17.— Vertigo lyrata H. and A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 172. — PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1871, p. 474 (Oahu). — Nesopupa (Lyropupa) lyrata, PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 432. — non Lyropupa lyrata ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 124. — Pupa magdalenae ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, v, 1892, p. 716 (Palama, Baldwin). — Pupa lyrata SYKES, Fauna Hawaiensis, ii, 1900, p. 294. — Lyropupa carbonaria ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 125, pi. 7, f. 21 (Nuuanu). The specimens in the Albany Museum., the original material on which Gould based his species, bear the habitat Kauai. Gould later, in Otia Conchologica, gave Maui as the habitat, and the measurements in this description are smaller than originally given. Both of these localities are incorrect. The Lyropupae from Maui and from Kauai have been compared with Gould's specimens and found to belong to different species or subspecies. P. lyrata was doubtless from Oahu, where typical examples have been taken in Nuuanu valley. Gould's type lot is heterogeneous. This accounts for his expression "plerumque sinistrorsa" and for the discordant measurements of his two descriptions. There is one specimen of the widely spread Nesopupa newcombi in the lot, and two of the dextral Lyropupa perlonga, a common Oahuan shell. The larger one of these was probably the original of Gould's left hand figure, which represents a dextral shell. His other LYROPUPA. 235 three figures show a sinistral shell, which may be taken as the type. This shell is drawn in pi. 19, fig. 4 ; or at least so we assume, as only this one specimen had the aperture well cleaned when the lot was examined. The spire is convexly conic. The ribs are strong through- out, 17 on the last whorl (Gould probably doubled the number seen on the face to reach the number "ad 20"). There is a rather deep external impression about a half whorl long over the upper palatal, and a shorter one, diverging forward, over the lower palatal. The lower palatal fold is rather long, as seen in the mouth. It becomes stronger towards the inner end, which penetrates slightly beyond the upper palatal fold. It is not hooked downward at the inner end, and not inter- rupted, though in some specimens of the lot there is a sub- median depression of the crest of the fold. Fig. 5 represents the palatal region of an example of the Gould series. Some others have the lower palatal fold somewhat shorter and lower anteriorly ( fig. 6 ) . Length 2.7, diam. 1.6 mm.; 5% whorls (type). Length 2.4, diam. 1.6 mm. (another of type lot). The contour varies, as the measurements indicate, the shorter examples being shaped like pi. 19, fig. 1, which represents a paratype of magdalenae, With this typical, strongly ribbed form of lyrata there are other specimens, probably collected from a different colony or locality, in which the ribs are weak and irregularly developed or partly wanting on the last whorl or two (pi. 19, figs. 8, 9). These may be called L. lyrata form gouldi. Pease's locality for this species, "Oahu," was based doubt- less on correctly named specimens. Boettger's description of lyrata was founded on specimens of another species from Hawaii. These are undoubtedly the same specimens used by Pfeiffer for his description. Ancey's description of lyrata was based on specimens of an unnamed species for which the name L. anceyana is proposed. Pupa magdalenae Ancey (type no. 18744 Bishop Mus., para- types 18745 B. Mus. and 119455 A. N. S. P.) is not separable 236 LYROPUPA. from lymta, in our opinion. It agrees in shape with the shorter examples of the Gould series. The only difference is that the lower palatal fold has a rather deep depression be- tween the inner tubercle and the rather high outer portion; but this is a variable feature in the type lot of lyrata. Two paratypes of magdalenae are drawn in pi. 19, figs. 1, 2. The paratypes have 17 to 19 costae on the last whorl, with the inter- stices minutely, spirally, deciduously striate ; just back of the aperture are two shallow sulci which further back unite, form- ing a rather broad sulcus extending for nearly half the length of the whorl ; the embryonic whorls, in immature specimens, are minutely granulose, the granules arranged in transverse wrinkles; at about the middle of the second whorl the costae suddenly appear. The angular lamella is strong, high, thin and long and terminates at the margin of the aperture; the parietal lamella is more deeply seated, strong, slightly bent outwards and is nearly half a whorl in length ; the columellar lamella is strong, lunate, axially seated on the columella and extending to the base ; the lower palatal is rather short, very deeply seated, corresponding to the lower outer sulcus ; upper palatal long, elevated in back, low in front, terminating almost on the margin of the peristome ; with the angular it forms a well-defined sinulus; there is no indication of a basal fold. There are from 5 to 5*4 whorls in adult specimens. Ancey's paratypes measure : Length 2.56 to 2.7, diam. 1.56 to 1.65, aper- ture 0.95 to 1.0 mm. L. carbonaria Ancey appears, from the entire type lot (now no. 18752 Bishop Museum), to be synonymous with lyrata. A paratype is drawn in pi. 19, fig. 3. It is somewhat more elongate than the Palama magdalenae, representing the longer phase of variation, as that does the shorter. It is similar to Gould's type specimen of Urata, which probably came from the same valley, Nuuanu. The palatal folds (pi. 19, fig. 6) are exactly as in some specimens of lyrata though the lower palatal is shorter than in the lyrata selected for the figure. la. Lyropupa lyrata nncifera C. & P., n. subsp. PL 19, figs. 12, 13. The shell is slightly smaller than that of the typical form, and more cylindrical in outline, with 17 to 18 strong, hardly flexuous costae. In its fossil state, the fine deciduous spiral striae are absent. There is a light-colored peripheral zone on the last whorl between tawny sutural and basal zones. Whorls 5, convex and separated by a deep suture; the last tapering towards the base. Parietal lamella more deeply LYROPUPA. 237 seated and closer to the angular than in the typical form. Lower palatal fold converging towards the upper inwardly, its inner end enlarged and curving towards the base. Length 2.4, diam. 1.4 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 2.55, diam. 1.5 mm.; 5y2 whorls (type). Length 2.2, diam. 1.35 mm. ; 5 whorls. Oahu: Coral bluff 1% miles west of Kahuku (Cooke and Pilsbry, type loc.) ; Malaekahana, Kaipapau, Laie and Punaluu (Cooke). Fossil in Pleistocene and later deposits. The essential character of this northwestern race is the hook- like shape of the lower palatal fold. In L. lyrata it is nearly straight. In its typical form the race appears to be extinct, yet there are some living forms which approach it and are referred here provisionally. Recent specimens from Kamanaiki, Kalihi, show some ap- proach to the fossil form. The lower palatal has an enlarged, slightly decurved inner end, which is almost separated from the low outer portion. Those collected living in Glen Ada, Nuuanu, have the lower palatal fold strongly hooked down- ward (pi. 19, iig. 10). The external shape varies from some- what conic to that of uncifera. The variations and races of lyrata will not be understood until specimens from a large number of places are opened for study of the palatal folds. It will probably be found necessary to recognize a number of local races. Kauaian race.— A slightly larger race which appears closely related to this subspecies though not identical, is found in a fossil state on Kauai at Limahuli (Dole, Cooke) and Haena (Cooke) . The shells agree with uncifera in having the parietal lamella very deeply seated and close to the angular lamella, but the lower palatal fold is low and rather wide, and its inner end descends very little. One of the specimens meas- ures: Length 2.62, diam. 1.45, alt. apert. 0.95 mm.; whorla 5 Va- A specimen from Limahuli is drawn in pi. 20, fig. 1. Ife. Lyropupa, lyrata fossilis C. & P., n. subsp. PL 19, figs. 7, 11. The shell is longer and narrower in proportion to its 238 LYROPUPA. length, than L. lyrata and more cylindrical in outline,* the apical whorls are granulose-wrinkled, the rest of the whorls, strongly sculptured, the last with about 15 hardly flexuous eostffi. Lower palatal fold very short. Length 2.8, diam. 1.47, apert. 1.0 mm.; whorls 5*/£ (type). Length 2.6, diam. 1.55 mm. Oahu: Very abundant in pleistocene deposits, Manoa, (Thaanum, Cooke) ; "Waimanalu (single specimen, Cooke). Type 11039 Bishop Museum ; paratypes 45279 Bishop Museum and 119462 A. N. S. P. The external features are about as in uncifera, but the lower palatal fold is somewhat more reduced than in any other form. 2. LYROPUPA MICROTHAUMA Ancey. PL 21, figs. 2, 3. " Shell smaller than the preceding [mirabUis] and less cylindrical, hence more conoidal-oblong ; whorls 5, with the upper margin extended less outwardly, angular lamella more elongate and distinct, the upper palatal elongate, almost abruptly truncate near the external margin, the lower more elongate, scarcely drop-shaped, not at all parallel to the pre- ceding, but diverging gradually forward. Length 1.8, diam, 1, apert. 0.66 mm." (Ancey). Oahu: Nuuanu, type loc. (Thaanum) ; numerous localities in the Koolau range from Keawaawa to Kaipapau (Spalding, Gouveia, Bridwell, Cooke) ; Waianae range, Pukaloa (Spald- ing, Cooke). Holotype 18750 Bishop Museum and paratypes 18751 Bishop Museum and Thaanum Coll. Lyropupa microthauma ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc., London, vi, 1904, p. 126, pi. vii, f. 20. L. microthauma is somewhat intermediate between the group of L. lyrata and that of L. mirabilis. The embryonic whorls are minutely spirally striate, a character found in most of the species of the first named group. The angular lamella is shorter than in the other species of this group but higher and more developed than in any species of the second group. The columellar lamella is very deeply, almost axially seated. It is rather strong and viewed from above slightly semilunate- LYROPUPA. 239 in outline. The abrupt termination of the upper palatal fold at the lip, and its slight enlargement there, are special features of the species. The lower palatal fold is shorter and stouter than the upper, and penetrates more deeply. In a few speci- mens the last whorl is distinctly closely and minutely striate spirally, but in most specimens the minute spiral striae are visible only on the ribs and have entirely disappeared from the interstices. Specimens from the type locality have from 19 to 21 rather strong slightly oblique ribs on the last whorl. Those from Kaipapau have 23 to 24. In a Kaipapau shell opened the lower palatal fold is some- what longer than in the Nuuanu preparation figured, and is curved, the concavity towards the base, the inner end being a little stronger. Length 1.96, diam. 1.04, apert. 0.65 mm. ; 6 whorls (type loc., head of Nuuanu Valley). Length 1.9, diam. 1.04, apert. 0.64 mm.; 5% whorls (Kaipapau). Length 1.92, diam. 1.1, apert. 0.65 mm.; 5% whorls (Pukaloa, Waianae Range). This species has never been found abundantly in any local- ity. It is usually taken in loose, damp talus more or less covered with dead leaves. It is probably distributed over the whole length of the Koolau Mts., as it has been found by a number of collectors in rather widely separated colonies. In the Waianae Mts. it has only been taken, on two occasions, from one of the little valleys. 3. LYROPUPA RHABDOTA C. & P., n. sp. PL 20, fig. 2. The shell is sinistral, rirnate-perforate, subcylindrical, with slightly convex and tapering outlines, brussels brown, except for a rather broad lighter zone at the middle of the last whorl, hardly translucent, dull. Sculpture of strong, slightly oblique ribs, 12 to 14 on the last whorl, the interstices and ribs spirally striate with minute, close, raised threads. Spire tapering above to a slightly conical, obtuse summit. The in- dividual whorls very convex and separated by a deep suture. 240 LYBOPUPA. Whorls 51/2, 1% embryonic, nearly smooth, marked by minute, close, raised, spiral lines, the transverse ribs beginning abruptly at this point. The last whorl tapers downward, and the latter part ascends slowly towards the aperture; there is a broad, shallow furrow extending for nearly % its length and ending just back of the lip. The aperture is perpendicular, trun- cate above, rounded below, peristome continuous. The inner half of the parietal margin is appressecl to the pemiltimate whorl, the outer half free. Angular lamella strong, erect, long, slightly curved outwards in cross section, extending to the outer margin; parietal lamella strong, somewhat curved spirally. Columellar lamella very deeply seated, obliquely placed on the columella, short. Upper palatal fold long, ex- tending nearly to the margin of the aperture, slightly modi- fied in front by the angular, with which it forms an almost complete sinulus. Lower palatal long, low, much more deeply seated than the upper and almost parallel with it. Peristome more or less expanded on all sides, thin at the margin. Length 2.7, diam. 1.53, apert. 1.0 mm. Molokai: Pelekunu, type loc. (Forbes), Wailau Pali and Kamalo (Cooke), Kalamaula (Thaanum, Pilsbry and Cooke), fossil at the base of the Kalaupapa cliffs (Cooke) and top of Mauna Loa (Pilsbry and Cooke). Type 11040, Bishop Museum; Paratypes 24871 B. M. and 119456 A. N. S. P. There can be no doubt that this species is distributed over the whole of the wooded portion of Molokai. Unfortunately it has never been found in any number in any one locality and in none of the lots are there more than half a dozen specimens — in most of them only 1 to 3. This species is, at first glance, very similar to some of the forms of lyra-ta from Oahu. It is easily separated by the dif- ferent sculpture of the embryonic whorls and the longer lower palatal fold. 3a. L. rhabdota plnris P. & C., n. subsp. PL 20, figs. 3, 4, 5. This short form of L. rhabdota is found along the pipe-line trail, upper Kaunakakai. The summit is obtuse and rounded, about as in L. thaa-numi. The spiral striae are weaker, less regular than in typical L. rhabdota. LYROPUPA. 241 Length 2.25, diam. 1.3, aperture 0.8 mm. ; 5^4 whorls. Length 2.15, diam. 1.4, aperture 0.9 mm. The form from the western ravine of upper Kamalo (figs. 3, 5) is similar but slightly larger. Length 2.45, diam. 1.5, apert. 0.95 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 2.4, diam. 1.4 mm. ; 5% whorls. These forms were collected by the authors in some abund- ance among dead leaves in humid, shady places, with L. h. sparna. They differ from L. thcuinumi by the smaller size and fewer ribs. A still smaller race of L. rhabdota was found in Mapulehu Valley (Cooke) . Except for their smaller size the shells agree perfectly with the larger and more widely distributed typical form. Length 2.1, diam. 1.28, apert. 0.75 mm. ; 5 whorls. '3b. L. rfwbdota lanaiensis Cooke, n. subsp. PL 20, fig. 6. Specimens from Lanai differ slightly from the Molokai form. The shells are slightly smaller, more conical in outline, taper- ing more gradually towards a somewhat acute summit; they are darker colored and with the pale zone only indicated near the aperture. There are 16 to 18 ribs on the last whorl ; the embryonic whorls, under a strong lens, are distinctly, spirally striate; the columellar fold enters obliquely, is short, almost nodule-like when viewed from above, and there is usually a minute basal fold, situated deep within. Length 2.5, diam. 1.5, apert. 0.92 mm. ; 5% whorls. Lanai: (Thaanum, Spalding, Forbes). Type 11041, Bishop Museum ; Paratypes 34182, Bishop Museum, and 119451 A. N. S. P. 3r. L. rhabdota baldwiniana Cooke, n. subsp. PL 20, figs. 7, 8. Specimens from West Maui agree very closely with the type form in shape, color, etc., but are slightly smaller. They differ mainly in that the embryonic whorls are much more finely stria,te spirally, and in the presence of a minute basal fold and the more axially seated columellar fold. There are usually about two more ribs on the last whorl, which is furnished with from 15 to 17. Length 2.5, diam. 1.5, apert. 1.0 mm.; 514 whorls. 242 LYROPUPA. West Maui: lao (type loc.), and Waikapu (Cooke) ; Hono- kawai (Thaanum) ; Maunahoama (Forbes and Cooke) ; Hona- kahua (Fleming). Type 11042 Bishop Museum; paratypes 38949 Bishop Museum and 119457 A. N. S. P. From L. r. lanaiensis it is separated by its more convex and swollen whorls, lighter color and much more finely spirally striate embryonic whorls. 4. LYROPUPA THAANUMI C. & P., n. sp. PL 20, figs. 12, 13. The shell is sinistral, rimate-perforate, cylindrical, mars brown, with a very indistinct, broad, pale zone just above the periphery of the last whorl, chiefly visible on the ribs which are there dirty white ; rather solid, opaque, dull. Sculpture of strong ribs, 18 or 19 on the last whorl, the interstices with minute, close, deciduous spiral striae, only visible with a strong lens. Spire nearly cylindrical, with a rounded, blunt almost truncate summit, the first two whorls nearly immersed in the third ; last three whorls rather strongly convex, separated by a deep narrow suture. Whorls 5y2, the embryonic iy2 when viewed under a strong lens (in adult specimens) are nearly smooth though indistinctly spirally striate. The last whorl ascends slightly near the aperture, tapering towards and con- tracted at the base, furnished with a broad, shallow furrow for a little more than half its length; the furrow bifurcates indistinctly near its termination, the upper branch extending to the margin of the lip. Aperture perpendicular, nearly quadrangular in outline, with rounded corners, and base, the peristome continuous, the inner half of the upper margin ap- pressed to the penult whorl, the outer free. The angular lamella is long, strong, its free edge slightly curved outwards, extending to the outer margin of the aperture. Parietal lamella strong, very deeply seated, bent outwards ; columellar lamella very deeply and almost axially seated. Upper palatal fold is long, high within, becoming low in front, emerging nearly to the margin of the aperture. Lower palatal fold very deeply seated and parallel to the upper, a little curved, extending deeper than the upper palatal, and enlarged, nodule- like, below the inner end of the latter. LYROPUPA. 243 Length 2.75, diam. 1.67, aperture 1 mm. (type). Length 2.5 mm. East Maui : Auwahi, type loc. (Thaanum) ; Ukulele (Forbes) . Type 11043 Bishop Museum ; paratypes 36896 Bishop Museum, 119452 A. N. S. P. and 7597 Thaanum collection. This species is related to L. rhabdota and its subspecies. It differs, however, in its larger size, more cylindric outline and the depressed, rounded summit. The same character separates it from L. prisca, which appears to be the most closely allied species. L. thaawumi is also related to L. truncata, but is easily separated by its less flattened apex, thicker shell and especially by the finer and closer spiral striae on the last whorl. 5. LYROPUPA PRISCA (Ancey). PI. 20, figs. 9, 10, 11. The shell is sinistral, rimate-perforate, subcylindrical, in its fossil state pinkish cinnamon with a narrow nearly white band above the periphery on the last two whorls, thick, opaque,, strongly costate, with 15 to 17 slightly oblique ribs on the last whorl; the interstices very minutely, closely, spirally striate (but in its fossil state these striae are usually absent). Spire subcylindrical, tapering gradually above to a rather obtuse- apex; individual whorls convex, separated by a deep suture.. Whorls 5% to 5%, the embryonic 1% whorls (under a strong lens) nearly smooth, only traces of minute close, spiral striae remaining. The last whorl ascends slightly towards the aper- ture, and, tapers very gradually to the base; it has two dis- tinct nearly parallel shallow sulci which unite further in back into a broad shallow furrow. Aperture perpendicular, roughly triangular with broadly rounded base, its margins continuous. Angular lamella long and strong, emerging to the margin. Parietal lamella thinner than in most of the species and de- cidedly slanting outwards. Columellar lamella strong, deeply seated, obliquely entering, high in front, low in back, running into the columella above. Upper palatal fold long, extending nearly to the margin, high within, very low where opposite the angular. Lower palatal fold shorter and broader, deeply seated, nearly parallel to the upper, and penetrating inward beyond it, either simple or divided by a median depression 244 LYROPUPA. (figs. 9, 10). There is a very small and very deeply placed basal fold, at least in some specimens. Peristome very slightly expanded. Length 3, diam. 1.62, apert. 1.1 mm. Length 2.7, diam. 1.6 mm. Hawaii : In pleistocene deposits at Mana and Palihoukapapa (Henshaw, Thaanum). Type 18746 Bishop Museum; para- types 18756 Bishop Museum, 119453 A. N. S. P., also in Henshaw and Thaanum colls. Lyropupa magdalenae var. prisca ANCEY, Journal of Mala- cology, London, xi, 1904, p. 68, pi. 5, f. 19.— ? Pupa lyrata Gould, BOETTGER in v. Marts., Conchol. Mittheil., i, 1881, p. 61, pi. 12, f. 17 (Auf der Iiisel Hawaii). The above description is not drawn from Ancey 's type speci- men but from another from Mana, as the former is not in per- fect condition. Ancey gave Palihoukapapa as the type local- ity but as this species is extremely rare in the deposits and common in those from Mana, I am of the opinion that the former locality is an error. Two nearly equal lots of earth from each locality were picked over and the Mana lot contained nearly 200 specimens of prisca to 1 from Palihoukapapa. From the number of specimens of prisca in the Ancey collection I have no doubt but that his came from the Mana deposit. L. prisca is in no way closely related to L. magdalence, the surface sculpture of the embryonic whorls is enough to separ- ate the two as species. It differs from the other species from Hawaii in having close, fine, spiral striae in the interstices be- tween the costa? in the most perfectly preserved examples; these stria? are almost or entirely absent in most the specimens examined, due to the fossil condition of the shells. Ancey 's measurements in the Journal of Malacology are somewhat con- fusing; his type measures, length 2.8, diam. 1.5 mm. Dr. Boettger's description and figure of what he identified as Pupa lyrata appears to have been based upon recent specimens of this or some very closely related Lyropupa. He placed V. striatula Pease in the synonymy of lyrata, but without hav- ing any knowledge of it other than the original description. L. thaanumi of Maui is very near akin to prisca; but the LYROPUPA. 245 blunter summit together with the distribution 011 a different island incline us to separate it specifically. 6. LYROPUPA CLATHRATULA Ancey. PL 21, figs. 1. " Shell sinistral, oblong, rimate-perf orate, opaque, with a somewhat silky sheen, deep purplish-black, unicolorous, some- what thin ; sculptured, except on the apex, with acute, oblique,, equidistant lamella-like lirae (12 011 the last whorl) ; in addition encircled and slightly clathratulate in the interstices with very slightly prominent elevated membranous lines, especially on the last two whorls. Spire ovate, obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, separated by an impressed suture, under a strong lens marked with lines of growth, the last furnished near the aperture with a not very distinct impression parallel to the suture, scarcely angulate about the umbilicus, ovate, a little tapering. Aper- ture suboblique, appressed, irregularly ovate, externally angu- late above, obstructed by 5 lamellae or plicae, namely : 2 parietal lamellae, one of which [parietal] is submedian, free, and the second shorter, more externally seated, united with the margin ; a deeply seated serniluiiate columellar, visible when viewed obliquely ; 2 long palatal, the upper almost reaching the mar- gin, the lower more deeply seated, corresponding to the shal- low, external sulcus. Peristome slightly expanded, purplish- brown, with the margins approaching above, but hardly con- tinuous. Length 2.25, diam. 1.5 mm." (Ancey). Hawaii: Olaa (Thaanum). Type 18742, paratypes 18768 Bishop Museum, 119436 A. N. S. P. and Thaanum coll. Lyropupa clathratula ANCEY: Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 125, pi. vii, f. 19 ; note bottom of p. 68, Journal of Malacology, xi, 1904. L. clathratula may ultimately prove to be a synonym of L. striatula. It is somewhat closely related to L. truncata; both have few and widely separated spiral striae ; in the latter species, however, the apex is much blunter and there are more apertural teeth. From the other species of Lyropupa it is most easily distinguished by the stronger and more distant spiral threads. The embryonic whorls are minutely, closely and regularly spirally striate. The columellar lamella is 246 LYROPUPA. rather obliquely seated. In most of Ancey's specimens the peristome is continuous, the portion which is appressed to the penultimate whorl being very thin. The lower palatal fold is shorter than the upper and penetrates inward beyond it. Length 2.45, diam. 1.5 mm. The original account follows of LYROPUPA STRIATULA (Pease). — "Shell cylindrical, oblong, somewhat solid, sinistral, umbilicate, longitudinally obliquely and flexuously strongly costate, with the interstices delicately transversely striate; whorls 5, rotundly convex, frequently rotund-angulate in the middle, the last scarcely extended, con- centrically broadly sulcate at its middle, rotund-angulate about the umbilicus, compressed at the base; apex obtuse; suture well impressed ; aperture subquadrangular, rotund at base, contracted by 3 lamellae, 2 on the parietal wall, the first [angular] large, united with the lip, the second median in- ternal; one on the superior portion of the columellar margin, attached to the labium ; peristome continuous, somewhat thick- ened, slightly expanded and reflexed, the outer lip posteriorly sinuous; reddish chestnut, with whitish ribs. ' ' Length 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm. ' ' (Pease ) . Hawaii (Pease). Vertigo striatula PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1871, p. 461. The type of this species is not to be found in Pease's collec- tion in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Pease men- tioned 3 lamellae, 2 on the parietal wall and 1 columellar lamella joined to the labium, that is, the inner lip ; implying that none were seen within the outer lip. As no known Hawaiian Pupillid has this structure, we assume that for the moment he forgot that the shell was sinistral, and the phrase "in margine columellari superne [lamella] 1 ad labium juncta" really applies to the outer lip and its upper palatal fold. It is quite natural that Pease, a careless observer, over- looked the real columellar lamella and the lower palatal fold, as these are deeply immersed. This hypothesis makes the description intelligible, and increases the probability that -strmtula is identical with L. clathratula. Since the point can- not be demonstrated beyond doubt, we think it best to ignore V. striatulci as a lost species unless new evidence is found. LYROPUPA. 247 7. LYROPUPA TRUNCATA Cooke. PL 21, fig. 4. The shell is rimate; sinistral, cylindrical, dark brown, elathratulate, with about 14 well developed lamelliform costae 011 the last whorl (between the costse 5-8 minute stride) and with 3-4 raised spiral striae on each whorl. Spire cylindrical ; apex almost flat, giving the shell a truncate appearance. Suture simple depressed. Whorls 5, the embryonic without transverse costae but with numerous minute close spiral striae, increasing rather rapidly; the rest convex, clathratulate, in- creasing slowly; the last slightly narrower than the penulti- mate, with two indistinct shallow, longitudinal depressions corresponding to the palatal plicae. Aperture perpendicular quadrate-ovate, with 7 folds, viz. : the angular lamella slightly arcuate, extending nearly to the margin of the peristome; the parietal a little deeper-seated, strongly developed; and, a minute dentiform infraparietal lamella; a deeply seated obliquely entering, but well developed columellar lamella; three nearly parallel palatal plicae, the upper extending nearly to the margin of the peristome, the lower more deeply seated and in addition to these a very short, deeply seated basal plica. Peristome continuous, slightly expanded. Length 2.6, diam. 1.66, aperture 1.1 mm. Hawaii: Kohala Mts. (Thaanum). Type 15411 Bishop Museum ; paratype in Thaanum coll. Lyropupa truncata COOKE, Occasional Papers of the B. P. Bishop Museum, iii, 1908, p. 211, text figure. An extremely rare species of which only a very few speci- mens have been taken. The only close relative known at present is L. clathratula, from which it is easily distinguished by its much blunter summit and more numerous apertural teeth. Unlike all of the other Lyropupas except clathratula, the ribs are thin with membranous edges. The spiral striae are further apart than in any other species. Section Lyropupilla, n. sect. Sinistral Lyropupas with a low, short angular lamella, and without spiral striation on the lower whorls. Type Lyropupa spaldingi. 248 LYROPUPA. 8. LYROPUPA SPALDINGI n. sp. PL 21, figs. 10, 12, 13. The shell is sinistral, rimate-perf orate, somewhat ovately fusiform, cartridge buff, somewhat thick, translucent with a silky sheen, marked with strong slightly flexuous costee, about 17 on the last whorl, the interstices are nearly smooth, in- distinctly flexuously striate. Spire convexly conic, tapering gradually to a slightly blunt apex, the upper whorls convex, the last two very convex, slightly angulate above the periphery', separated by a deep suture. Whorls 6%, the embryonic minutely granulose-wrinkled, the costee appearing abruptly at about the middle of the second whorl ; last whorl tapering strongly towards the base, somewhat inverted-conic in outline, with a rather acute base, deeply concentrically tri-sulcate back of the aperture, the upper sulcus long and broad, ex- tending for nearly % the length of the whorl, and reaching almost to the lip. Aperture perpendicular, somewhat quad- rangular in outline with much rounded corners, the margin continuous, free. Angular lamella short, blunt, extending to the margin ; parietal lamella deeply seated, its outer end ex- tending just beyond the inner end of the angular, strong, long, its free margin bent outwards, flexuous ; infraparietal usually present, very deeply seated and nearly nodule-like or short lamella-like ; columellar lamella very deeply and axially seated, nodular, viewed from above lunate with the horns pointing outwards; upper palatal fold long, high in back, low in front, extending to the inner margin of the peristome ; lower palatal deeply seated, long, parallel to the upper; there is present a short, low, deeply and concentrically seated basal fold which terminates almost at the base of the columellar lamella. Peris- tome free, continuous, its outer margin expanded. Length 2.82, diam. 1.53, apert. 0.85 mm. Oahu: Waianae Mts. from Palehua to Mokuleia; type local- ity Puu Kaua (Cooke). Type 11048, Bishop Museum, para- types 37192, and 119470 A. N. S. P. This is by far the most abundant species of Lyropupa found on the Waianae Mts., and its habitat extends over the whole length of the range. It is especially abundant in talus, but is LYBOPCPA. 219 alao found on dead leaves and twigs. It is usually taken in rather open country bat has also been found in damp forest patches as well as in talus in open situations. A basal riew of a young: specimen is drawn in pL 26, fig. 8. It is easily separated from L. mtrvbHis by its lighter color. fewer and more widely spaeed eosta*, its broader outline, the continuous lower palatal fold and the additional lamella? in the aperture. 9. LYBOPCPA iimAiuiJK Ancey. PL 21. figs. 5. 6, 7. "Shell sinistraL dark brown, eylindrieally oblong, except for the apex regularly and obliquely sculptured with distant acute lira*, scarcely shining, rimate-perfdrate. Spire obtuse. Whorls 6, regularly increasing, convex, with an impressed suture; the last inflated in front of the aperture, afterwards broadly slightly constricted, hardly attenuate, impressed at its middle, somewhat compressed at the umbilicus. Aperture scarcely oblique slightly projecting towards the right at the base and externally towards the outer and upper margin. extended, armed on the parietal wall with a marginal and short dentiform lamella near the upper angle: a second, the parietal, much larger, deeply seated and nearly median; a deeply seated strong eohuuellar fold (only seen when viewed obliquely}, and 2 palatal lamelbe. the lower of which is gutti- form. short deeply seated, the upper long anil extending to the margin. Length 2.5, diam. 1.33. apert. (alt.) 0.75 mm/" {Ancey). Oahu (Aneey) ; Popouwehu Waianae Mts, (Spalding, Cooke, Pilsbry). Type Ig747 Bishop Museum. Pupa mtrabdi* AXCEY, BulL Soc, MaL France, vii, 1890. p. 339; Mem. Soc. ZooL France, v, 1892, pp. 716.— Lyro- pupa mirabHif AXCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc^ London, vi, 1904, p. 126, pL vii, f. IB. Ancey described this species from a single specimen and without exact locality. As his specimen came from the aper- ture of a specimen of Ack. mHstflixa, the Waianae Range is undoubtedly the original locality. L. mirabHis is distributed nearly the whole range. It is very abundant among dead 250 LYROPUPA. leaves and debris in the woods on the western ridge of Popou- wela, with Endodonta and other small shells. In the type specimen there are 6% whorls, the embryonic whorls are wrinkled-granulose. The last whorl has 22 slightly oblique, slightly flexuous ribs. The angular lamella is short, low, blunt ; the parietal is deeply seated, curved, its edge bent outwards, hardly emerging further than the inner termination of the angular; the columellar is strong, deeply and axially seated on the columella, nodule-like viewed from the back. The lower palatal fold is short and rather high. Some dis- tance beyond it there is a strong, oblique, white tubercle below the inner end of the upper palatal plica. A very weak basal appears below it (fig. 6). The type specimen, according to my method of measuring, has the following dimensions: length 2.38, diam. 1.22, apert. (vert.) 0.75 mm. The speci- mens figured are from Popouwela. Figure 5 measures : length 2.3, diam. 1.28, apert, (vert.) 0.75 mm. 6 whorls. 10. LYROPUPA ANTIQUA C. & P., n. sp. PL 21, figs. 8, 9, 11. The shell is oblong, somewhat cylindric, slowly tapering to the apex, the whorls rather narrow and convex; sculpture of strong, somewhat oblique ribs, 15 to 17 on the last whorl. The last whorl has a broad and deep spiral concavity somewhat below the middle. Armature of the aperture is outwardly as in L. mirabilis, the angular lamella low and short, the parietal deeply placed, becoming strong deep within, flaring towards the upper palatal. The columellar lamella is rather massive. The upper palatal fold is relatively rather short. Lower palatal very deeply placed, low in front, where it is parallel with the upper, then stronger and turning downward, pene- trating well beyond the upper palatal (pi. 21, fig. 8). Length 2.8, diam. 1.4, aperture 0.8 mm. ; 6% whorls. Oahu : Manoa, in pleistocene deposits along the Upper Manoa Road (Thaanum, Cooke). Type 11047, Bishop Museum; para- types 45280, Bishop Museum and 119472 A. N. S. P. This species is easily separated from L. mirabilis by its larger size, more numerous whorls and fewer ribs on the last whorl. Internally it differs by the continuous, strongly bent lower palatal fold. LYROPUPA. 251 It is the only species of the mirabilis group so far reported from the Koolau Mountains. It is abundant in the deposits from the upper portion of the road, but entirely absent from the lower deposits — less than half a mile distant. It appears to be rather local, but it may have had a wider extension be- fore the destruction of the lower forest zone. 11. LYROPUPA HAWAIIENSIS (Ancey). PL 22, figs. 12, 14. The shell is sinistral, rimate-perforate, oblong, thick, opaque, in its fossil state brownish, marked with strong transverse, slightly flexuous ribs, 19 to 22 on the last whorl, the interstices minutely flexuously striate, parallel to the ribs. Spire with convex outlines, rapidly tapering above; apex rather obtuse. The individual whorls are rather strongly convex, separ- ated by a rather narrowly impressed suture. Whorls 5% to 6, the embryonic 1% nearly smooth, under a strong lens very minutely granulose, the transverse costse ap- pearing abruptly at about the middle of the second whorl. The last whorl has a somewhat flattened base ; furnished with a rather broad shallow sulcus on about the last % of its length, the sulcus ending just behind the expanded peristome. Aper- ture perpendicular, indistinctly triangular in outline, with very rounded corners; peristome continuous, with free mar- gins. Angular lamella short, blunt and low, extending to the margin; parietal strong, very deeply seated, a little curved concentrically, not very long, oblique, its free margin flaring outward. Sometimes there is an indistinct nodular, deeply seated infraparietal present. Columellar lamella short, nodu- lar, high, deeply seated and very obliquely entering; upper palatal fold rather short, low and not emerging to the lip. Lower palatal is somewhat higher and more deeply seated, nearly parallel to the upper, which reaches about to the middle of its length. Basal fold transverse, deeply seated, blunt, Peristome continuous, expanded. Length 2.58, diam. 1.45, apert. 0.95 mm. (fig. 14). Hawaii: Palihoukapapa and Mana (Henshaw, Thaanum) ; fossil. Type 18748 Bishop Museum, paratypes 36656 Bishop Museum and 119468 A. N. S. P. Also in Thaaiium and Hen- shaw collections. 252 LYROPUPA. Lyropupa mirabilis var. hawcwiensis ANCEY, Journal of Malacology, xi, 1904, p. 68, pi. 5, f. 19. The above description is based on a specimen from the ori- ginal material from which Ancey's type came, and may be considered a paratype. It agrees with Ancey's type which is slightly broken. This species is superficially close to L. mirabilis. It is here considered distinct on account of the fewer costae on the last whorl, the relative proportions of the lower palatal fold, which is not interrupted, to the upper, and the presence of a basal fold. The possession of this fold shows some relationship to L. anceyana from which it is easily separated by its oblong, less ovate form, the less convex whorls and more numerous ribs on the last whorl. Ancey's description follows: "Separated from the type (from the Waianae Mts., Oahu) as the shell is usually a little larger, more robust, with pale costulas; with a stronger and more elongate lower palatal lamelliform tooth ; whorls 6. Length 2.5, diam. 1.25, apert. (long.) 0.75 mm. There are twenty to twenty-two costulse on the last whorl, while in the type specimen there are about twenty-two to twenty-four. ' ' According to our methods, Ancey's type specimens has the following measurements: Length 2.45,_ diam. 1.35, apert. 0.85 mm. 12. LYROPUPA SPARNA C. & P., n. sp. PI. 22, figs. 6, 7, 10, 11. The shell is subcylindric, with rather long terminal cone, walnut brown or darker, with sculpture of rather short narrow ribs, about 20 on the last whorl, intervals microscopically granulose. There is a deep median sulcus on the last half whorl. Aperture is somewhat triangular, with well-expanded, pale, continuous peristome. The angular lamella is a low ridge or reduced to a mere swelling. Parietal high but short. The columellar lamella is short, thick, rounded, somewhat transverse to the columella. The upper palatal fold is low and not very long; lower palatal deeply placed, somewhat stronger than the upper, and penetrates much further in; it is usually a little curved. The basal fold is a low rounded or oblong tubercle. LYROPUPA. 253 Length 2.05, diam. 1.15, aperture 0.75 mm. (type). Length 2.1, diam. 1.33, aperture 0.75 mm. Length 2.2, diam. 1.2, aperture 0.8 mm. Molokai: Kalihi, type loc. (Pilsbry & Cooke), Kalamaula (Thaanum), Kawela. (Cooke), also fossil at Kaluaaha, Kalau- papa and Kaiehu (Cooke); Lanai: Mahana and Kaiholena (Forbes). Type 33627 Bishop Museum (fig. 6) ; para type 108919 A. N. S. P. (figs. 7, 10, 11). L. sparna differs from L. mirabilis by the palatal armature. It resembles L. antique, in this respect, but the shell is smaller and the ribs thinner and more numerous. L. hawaiiensis is a larger, more robust shell, with less triangular aperture and a stronger basal fold, but closely related. It occurred along the pipe-line trail in some abundance among dead leaves. As far as known, only two specimens have been collected on Lanai, one from each of the localities mentioned above. These two specimens agree very closely with those from Molokai. One of them measures, length 2.1, diam. 1.25 mm., 5% whorls. 12a. L. sparna simdifera P. & C. PL 22, fig. 13. The angular lamella is developed as a distinct though small plate, and the upper palatal fold is somewhat stronger than in sparna>, the sinulus being therefore better defined. The lower palatal fold is strong and deeply placed, more than half of its length beyond the inner end of the upper palatal. Length 2.2, diam. 1.1 mm. Molokai : Western ravine of Kamalo ; also in small numbers along the pipe-line trail with L. sparna (Cooke & Pilsbry). 13. LYROPUPA ANCEYANA C. & P., n. sp. PL 26, figs. 3, 6. The shell is sinistral, ovate, chestnut-brown, scarcely shin- ing. Sculpture of strong, rather narrow, equidistant, oblique ribs, slightly flexuous on the last whorl, where they are often more prominent above the middle, and number 12 to 14; minute striae of growth may be seen between the ribs, but no spiral strise. The first 1% whorls are microscopically granulose. The spire is oblong-tapering, the summit obtuse. The whorls are very convex, the suture deep and undulating. 254 LYROPUPA. The last whorl is impressed by a moderately deep and wide sulcus parallel with the suture, the base being narrowly rounded and prominent. The aperture is rounded below, truncate above, the sinulus not very well denned. The angu- lar lamella is short and very low. The parietal lamella is median, oblique, deeply placed, its deeply penetrating inner part stronger. The columellar lamella, rather deep within, appears as a plate with arcuate outline ; the upper end recedes, the plate standing obliquely. The upper palatal fold is low, slender, and does not penetrate far. Lower palatal is more deeply placed, very strong, somewhat curved, and penetrates to the back. There is a strong but short, obliquely axial basal fold. The peristome is whitish, somewhat thickened and well expanded, continuous. Length 2.25, diam. 1.4, aperture 0.72 mm. ; 5% whorls. Hawaii: Olaa (Thaanum). Type 11050 Bishop Museum; paratypes 18769 Bishop Museum, 119469 A. N. S. P. and 838 Thaanum Coll. Lyropupa lyrata (Gld.) ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 124; not Pupa lyrata Gould. This species is based on specimens believed by Mr. Ancey to be Gould's Pupa lyrata. It is well distinguished from allied forms by the very convex whorls, the unusually strong lower palatal fold and the short, high, deeply placed basal fold, stronger than in any related form. It is not nearly re- lated to L. lyrata, which differs by the well-developed angular lamella and the spiral striation. L. anceyana stands close to L. hawaiensis, but it is smaller with the ribs more widely spaced, the spire more tapering, and the whorls are conspicuously more convex. 14. LYROPUPA SCABRA P. & C., n. sp. PI. 26, figs. 1, 2. The shell is perforate and rimate, tapers above, last two whorls forming a short, cylindric portion; russet with sculp- ture of well-spaced ribs, about 16 on the last whorl. Last two- thirds of the last whorl has a deep and wide sulcus. The aperture is dark within with pale brown peristome and teeth. Angular lamella short, rather low. Parietal strong. Colu- LYROPUPA. 255 mellar lamella strong, almost transversely placed upon the columella. Upper palatal fold small, shorter than the lower, and not quite reaching the inner margin of the peristome; the entire length of both seen in a front view. Length 2.8, diam. 1.6, apert. 1.1 mm.; 5% whorls. East Maui: Ukulele, type loc. (Forbes). W. Maui: Mauna- hooma (Cooke). Type 11049 Bishop Museum; paratypes 12639, Bishop Museum and 119465 A. N. S. P. Only five adult specimens of this race have been seen, four from the type locality, one from West Maui. The shell is less fusiform than L. spaldwgi, darker colored, the base less produced, and the palatal folds shorter; but it differs conspicuously by the single broad and deep furrow on the back of the last whorl. Section Mirapupa C. & P., n. sect. The shell is dextral ; the angular lamella is high and rather long; the surface is ribbed and minutely striate spirally (when unworn). Other characters as in Lyropupa. Type Lyro- pupa perlonga (Pse.). Typically the lower palatal fold is short, and there are two tubercles forming a vertical barrier under the inner end of the upper palatal fold; but some species have the palatals as in typical Lyropupae. Except in being dextral, these shells resemble the typical Lyropupae. On all of the Hawaiian islands, these are Lyropupae chiefly of the arid lower zone, probably nowhere found in the zone of humid forest. They live under stones. Owing evidently to increasing aridity since the Pleistocene, many forms have become extinct, and the others are local and infrequently found as living snails. They are among the most abundant Pleisto- cene and Holoceue fossils, in many places to be collected by hundreds or by thousands. The peculiar feature of most Mirapupae is the inner barrier formed of two short folds or tubercles below the inner end of the upper palatal fold, as in pi. 25, fig. 15 and other figures. These internal tubercles are the enlarged and isolated inner 256 LYROPUPA. ends of the lower palatal and basal folds, which are otherwise reduced or sometimes absent. The structure is strictly com- parable to that of some Abidas, such as are illustrated in vol. 24, pi. 44, fig. 6. L. kahoolavensis is a relatively primitive species not showing1 this specialization. Among the sinistral Lyropupa* there is similar interruption of the lower palatal fold in L. mirabilis. 15. LYROPUPA KAHOOLAVENSIS P. & C., n. sp. PL 22, figs. 1 to 4, 8, 9. The shell is cylindric, obtuse at the ends, cinnamon-brown, very thin. Earlier whorls are strongly convex, the last two flattened in the middle, bulging below the deep suture. Em- bryonic 1% whorls are granose-vermiculate, the next whorl closely obliquely ribbed. The last 3 whorls, forming the cylin- dric portion, have widely spaced ribs, at first continuous and oblique (retractive), but on the last two whorls they are subvertical and widely spaced on the upper half of the whorl, interrupted in the middle, and on the lower half more oblique and irregular, and more numerous; minute spiral striae may be traced in the intervals. The last whorl has three impres- sions parallel to the suture, the upper long, reaching the lip, the others short, the third one being basal. The aperture has the usual squarish form. Peristome continuous, expanded, whitish. Lamellae of parietal wall as in L. perlonga except that the parietal does not penetrate so deeply. The columellar lamella is very deeply placed, vertical, but the lower end bends a little outward, the upper end bending inward. The upper palatal fold enters about one-third of a whorl. The lower palatal is immersed, continuous, bent downward and enlarg- ing at the inner end, which is even with that of the upper palatal. Below it there is a tubercular basal. Length 2.15, diam. 1.05 mm. ; 5% whorls. Type, Hakioawa Bay. Length 2.3 mm. ; 51/2 whorls. Length 2.4, diam. 1.2 mm. Hanakanaea or Smuggler's Bay. Length 2.6, diam. 1.2 mm. Kanapou. Length 2.55, diam. 1.15 mm. Kanapou. LYROPUPA. 257 Length 2.75, diam. 1.15 mm. ; 6 whorls. Kaiiapou. Length 2.15, diam. 1.15 mm. ; 5 whorls. Lanai. Length 2.5, diam. 1.2 mm. ; 6 whorls. Maunalei, Lanai. Length 2.2, diam. 1.1 mm.; 5% whorls (Kona crater, Hawaii). Kahoolawe: Hakioawa (type loc., figs. 1-3, 9), Kanapou and Hanakanaea Bays (Cooke, Stokes and Pilsbry) ; probably wherever fossils occur, as these places are near the north, southeast and western angles of the island. Lanai : Maunalei (Forbes) . Molokai: Summit of Mauna Loa and at Moomomi (Cooke and Pilsbry) ; Mauna Loa near the shifting sands and Kaiehu, near Moomomi (Cooke). Hawaii: Kona crater (Thwing; pi. 22, f. 4, 8). This species, which seems to be widely distributed on Kahoolawe, and the only Lyropupa known from that island, differs from other Mirapupas by the better developed, longer and continuous lower palatal fold. The enlarged inner end of this fold represents the iipper of the two tubercles of the inner barrier of the other species. The Kahoolawe species is also characterized by the sculpture and thin shell. No specimens were collected alive, though some appear fresh. The island is now a mere desert, many square miles without humus or herbage of any kind. At the third locality it was found but a few feet above sea level ; at the others in aeolian material at higher levels, up to several hundred feet above the sea. Specimens from Hawaii (no. 119466 A. N. S., 12438 Bishop Mus.) are somewhat more solid than those of Kahoolawe. In the specimen figured there are about 20 ribs on the last whorl (pi. 22, figs. 4, 8). In Molokai this species is somewhat widely distributed on the treeless western part, as a fossil of Pleistocene and more recent age, sometimes in aeolian deposits of calcareous sand, but on Mauna Loa under stones where they lived. Usually the lower palatal fold is shorter, its inner half higher than typical, and the tubercle below it is generally strongly de- veloped (pi. 26, fig. 13, Mauna Loa, near the shifting sands). 258 LYEOPUPA. On Lanai, as on Kahoolawe, this is the only Lyropupa known to exist. While some slight insular differentiation has been noted above, it is too variable to allow us to speak of races on the different islands. Cases of similar distribution have been re- corded in Leptachatma and the Tornatellinidae. L. kahoolavensis puukolekolemis P. & C., n. subsp. PI. 26, figs. 9, 12. Recent specimens from Puukolekole, Molokai, collected by Thaanum, are tawny or a little darker, irregularly sculptured, numerous riblets being intercalated on the lower half of the last whorl or two. The sinulus is more distinct than in Oahuan perlonga as the upper palatal fold emerges nearly to the edge. The lower palatal fold is a rather large callous pad, as seen in the mouth. It has a lower connection backward with the high tubercle below the inner end of the upper palatal. There is a quite weakly indicated basal callus, and the usual tubercle deep within. Length 2.1, diam. 1.2 mm.; 5 whorls (fig. 9). Length 2.25, diam. 1.25 mm. ; 5 whorls. This form has a lower palatal fold intermediate in develop- ment between kahoolavensis and perlonga, but the sculpture is practically as in the latter. It is more specialized than the fossil kahoolavensis, as the connection between the anterior and posterior portions of the lower palatal is low, and except in certain lights the fold appears interrupted. 16. LYBOPUPA PERLONGA (Pease). PL 23, figs. 1-6, 13, 14; pi. 24, figs. 6, 7. "Shell elongate, cylindrical, rimate-perf orate, dextral, pale- straw color, longitudinally thread-like costate, the costae oblique, remote, flexuous; spire obtuse; suture impressed; whorls 5, somewhat flat, the last concentrically sulcate at the middle, indented near the base; the base compressed, rotund- ate-angulate about the umbilicus; aperture somewhat quad- rangular, slightly extended, contracted at the base, rotund, pos- teriorly bilamellate, the upper lip sinuous above, unilamellate ; LYROPUPA. 259 peristome continuous, scarcely everted. Length 2.5, diam. 1mm." (Pease). Oahu : (Pease) . Very abundant in pleistocene and holocene deposits on the costal plain of Oahu, Diamond Head eastward ; Kailua ; living examples from Koko Head. Vertigo perlonga PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 462. — Pupa perlonga PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., viii, p. 377. — BOETTGER, in von Martens, Conchologische Mittheilungen, i, 1880, p. 60, pi. 12, f. 16. — Nesopupa (Lyropupa) perkmga, PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 432.— Lyropupa, per- longa ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 126. This is the most widely distributed and commonest Oahuan species of Lyropupa. Numerous specimens of the typical form or of one of its races are found in most of the fossil deposits adjacent to the Koolau range. Living examples are only occasionally found and are hardly ever abundant ; as far as known, less than a dozen lots have been reported. In every case where the junior author found living examples they were taken in open country under dead sticks and stones. Only once were they found in any number, and that was near the top of Koko Head, at an elevation of about 1,000 ft. Pease's unique type specimen, No. 48063 Mus. Comp. Zool., is drawn in pi. 23, fig. 1, with the aperture enlarged, fig. 2. It is a fossil shell, a good deal worn, the ribs worn from the upper part, giving it a more tapering outline than it origin- ally had. There are about 17 narrow ribs on the last whorl, 0.17 mm. apart on the face of the whorl, closer behind the lip, part of them extending over the strong basal ridge, which has an obtuse hump in the middle, preceded and followed by dimples, visible in basal view. The outer edge of the lip is broken away. The angular lamella is long, parietal lamella higher, entering deeply, emerging to the middle of the angular* The columellar lamella is seen as a broad, vertical plate, in front view. Upper palatal fold emerging to the lip. Lower palatal fold a low, callous nodule. Internal barrier, so far as it is visible in the mouth, as in pi. 24, fig. 7. Length 2.1, diam. 1.05 mm. The dimensions do not agree fully with Pease 's description, 260 LYROPUPA. but his measurement was doubtless only approximate. He gave the locality Oahu, and the label (in Anthony's hand) gives Nnuanu. It was probably from some Holocene deposit at a low level. Specimens from the bench of calcareous sandstone east of Diamond Head agree closely with the type specimen (pi. 23, figs. 3, 4, 5; also pi. 24, figs. 6, 7, showing the lamellae and an inside view of the palatal region ) . The summit is blunt ; the embryonic whorls are coarsely wrinkled-granulose ; the first three whorls increasing rapidly, the third whorl swollen, as broad as the last two; the later two or three whorls are slightly swollen below the suture, the last whorl tapering and narrowing below ; there are about 18 costae on the last whorl, the back of which is trisulcate, the uppermost sulcus long, shallow and broad, lightly indicated on the penult whorl, the two lower being short, dimple-like; the margin of the peristome is free; the angular lamella is long and low, extending to the margin; the parietal more deeply seated, emerging to the middle of the angular; the columellar lamella is deeply seated, its upper part vertical, the lower end sloping towards the aperture somewhat. In shape it is a semi-circular plate, slightly concave on the side next the aperture. The upper palatal fold is long, slender, its crest only slightly sinuated where approached by the angular and parietal lamellae. The lower palatal fold is nodule-like, low and short; beyond it, further in, there is a strong, tri- angular or comma-shaped barrier, a lower callus below it (pi. 24, fig. 7, interior view of palatal wall). Specimens from the raised bench of consolidated coral sand east of Diamond Head measure : Length 2.45, diarn. 1.05, aperture 0.8 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Length 2.25, diam. 1.1 mm. Length 2, diam. 1 mm. ; 5 whorls. The same typical form is found on Diamond Head near the lighthouse, and on the floor of the crater. All of these are fossil. Living specimens collected 011 Koko Head (pi. 23, fig. 6; pi. 26, figs. 4, 7) are brussels brown in color, they are slightly LYBOPUPA. 261 smaller than the typical perl&nga, with closer costee, and have distinct though minute close spiral striae in the intercostal spaces. There are about 20 riblets on the last whorl. The lower palatal fold is comma-shaped (pi. 26, fig. 4) in some examples, but in others there is a very low anterior callous pad, connected with the higher posterior portion (pi. 26, fig. 7). This may be a more mature phase. Length 2.15, diam. 1.2 mm. The shell of nearly 3 whorls is drawn in pi. 23, figs. 13, 14; diam. 1 mm. At Kaelepulu, Kailua, on a low lime-rock bluff about a quar- ter mile from the shore, this species is abundant and variable, extreme specimens measuring : Length 2.4, diam. 0.96 mm. ; 6 whorls (pi. 24, fig. 10). Length 1.9, diam. 1 mm. ; nearly 5 whorls (pi. 24, fig. 9). It occurs with L. ovatula, L. micra and L. m. percostata, also with other land shells, all now extinct in that place. The lower palatal fold is reduced to a very low, small rounded callus, difficult to see. The same form is found on the neck of Mokapu peninsula, likewise extinct. Form cyUndrata, pi. 23, fig. 8. Specimens from a few locali- ties differ somewhat from the typical form. The shells are longer, more cylindrical in outline and the third whorl is usually slightly more swollen and wider than the lower whorls. The lower palatal fold is shorter than in the forms described above. Length 2.6, diam. 1.05, apert. 0.73 mm. ; 5% whorls. Oahu : Makua ; type loc. Length 2.7, diam. 1.1, apert. 0.8 mm.; 6*4 whorls. Oahu: Diamond Head, sea-cliffs. 16a. Lyropiipa perlonga ititerrupta P. & C., n. subsp. PL 22, figs. 5 ; pi. 25, figs. 1 to 4, 10. The shell is cylindric, cinnamon or somewhat darker, the whorls flattened, swollen along the suture, with sculpture of irregular ribs, on the last whorl or two interrupted in the middle. Impressions on the last half whorl are strongly de- veloped. The parietal lamella is very long, curving at its inner end . Columellar lamella is crescentic, both ends curving 262 LYROPUPA. towards the aperture. The internal palatal tubercles are strongly developed, the lower palatal fold otherwise very low, in form of a rounded callus pad (fig. 2). Length 2.25, diam. 1.1 mm. ; 5% whorls ; type. Length 2, diam. 1.2 mm. ; 5 whorls. Length 1.8, diam. 1.1 mm. ; 4% whorls. Oahu: abundant in debris of the "coral bluff" 1% miles west of Kahuku (Cooke & Pilsbry) ; Maleakahana (Cooke). It is readily distinguishable by the irregular sculpture. The internal structure is much as in ovatula, but it has not the strongly differentiated basal crest of that. The parietal lamella penetrates much further than in Diamond Head perlonga, and the columellar plate is larger and more curved. Occasional individuals are very short but of about the dia- meter of the longer ones, as in the third measurement given above. Sometimes there is an indistinct dorsal hump near the base of the last whorl. A small form, resembling the smallest found at Kahuku, has been taken at Maleakahana (pi. 25, fig. 10) ; dune deposit west of the Laie stream, between the highway and the sea (Cooke & Pilsbry), on the north shore, near the northwestern point of Oahu. There is an inconspicuous, rounded basi-dorsal prominence ; the lower palatal is rather strongly developed. It is wider than L. micra of the same length, but approaches it somewhat by the incipient hump. Length 2, diam. 1.1 mm. 16&. L. perlonga filocostata C. & P., n. subsp. PL 23, fig. 12, Specimens from Kauai and Niihau differ from those from the other islands in that the surface is crowded with slender, oblique, flexuous costee (sometimes quite irregular), about 28 to 30 on the last whorl. All the specimens examined are fossil. In some of these the delicate spiral striae are still present. The lower palatal fold is low but comparatively strongly developed, and appears to be weakly united with the strong, oblique tubercle further in. There is a weak basal fold, fol- lowed within by another callus tubercle. Length 2.15, diam. 1.15, apert. 0.8 mm.; 5^ whorls; Kauai: Limahuli, type (Cooke). LYROPUPA. 263 Length 2.5, diam. 1.18, apert. 0.75 mm.; Niihau: Kiekie (Stokes). 17. LYROPUPA MICRA C. & P., n. sp. PI. 23, fig. 7; pi. 25, figs. 5, 6, 7. The shell is smaller than L. perlonga, the whorls nearly fiat ; ochraceous-tawny, with sculpture of many low riblets, which are somewhat irregular and unevenly spaced. The last half- whorl has the usual three impressions well developed, and be- low the middle there is a vertical ridge or hump, running to the base, about a third of a whorl behind the outer lip. The sinulus is small and rounded. The parietal lamella is not very long, but penetrates beyond the strong columellar lamella, which is straight and vertical. The upper palatal lamella penetrates to the dorsal side. Lower palatal is deeply im- mersed, short but large. The basal fold is narrow and longer, but also deeply placed. There is a vertical barrier below the end of the upper palatal, composed of two strong tubercles separated by a rather narrow sinus. Length 1.9, diam. 1.1 mm.; 5 whorls (Kaelepulu, type). Length 1.9, diam. 1.05, aperture 0.65 mm.; 5 whorls (Lualualei). Length 1.8, diam. 0.95, aperture 0.65 mm.; 5 whorls (Rocky Hill). Oahu: Kaelepulu, Kailua, on a lime-rock bench about % mile from the north shore (Pilsbry, type loc.). Eocky Hill, Manoa valley (Cooke; fig. 7) ; and in the Waianae region at Lualualei (Cooke) and Kawaihapai (Cooke and Pilsbry). Liv- ing at Lualualei, elsewhere fossil. A subspecies in Molokai. L. micra is more slender than L. thaumasia. The dorsal hump, while variable in prominence, appears to be constant in the great number seen. Both on Oahu and 011 the dry western part of Molokai it occurs with larger species of the perlonga group. The living specimens from Lualualei are cinnamon-colored. The specimens from Kaelepulu, Kailua (pi. 25, figs. 5, 6, 7), have the sculpture weaker than most of those from Eocky Hill though there are often prominent, thin laminae near the 264 LYROPUPA. base. The Rocky Hill example figured, pi. 23, fig. 7, is one of the most strongly sculptured. 17a. L. micro, percostata P. & C., n. subsp. PL 25, figs. 11, 12. The ribs are more prominent than in L. micra, more separ- ated, often in pairs. There is a prominent dorsal hump, below the middle of the last whorl. The parietal lamella is deeply placed, high within, its free edge flaring towards the suture. Columellar lamella immersed, vertical, nearly straight, the ends very weakly bent forward. Upper palatal fold about, one-third of a whorl long. Lower palatal a small, low and indistinct rounded callus, deeply immersed. Basal fold deep within, blunt and elongate. There are well-developed tubercles below the inner end of the upper palatal fold, be- yond the lower palatal and basal. Length 1.8, diam. 0.9 mm.; 5 whorls (type). Length 2 mm. ; 5% whorls. Oahu : Kaelepulu, Kailua, on a lime-rock bluff about a quarter mile from the shore ( Pilsbry ) . Chiefly distinguished by its sculpture. This and the less strongly ribbed L. micra are abundant in the same Holocene deposit, without intergrading forms. 176. L. micra maunaloae P. & C., n. subsp. PI. 25, figs. 8, 9. The Molokai form is somewhat more sharply sculptured than that of Oahu, and there are low protractive waves below the suture on the last whorl or two, or the riblets are grouped by fascicles there. Length 1.95, diam. 9 mm. (type, fig. 9). Length 1.75 mm. Length 1.9, diam. 0.97 mm. ; 5 whorls. Molokai: summit of Mauna Loa, and at Moomomi on the north shore, near sea level (Cooke & Pilsbry) ; near the shift- ing sands, Mauna Loa (Cooke). Pleistocene ?, and on the summit of Mauna Loa later, within the human period, though now extinct. Some of the examples from Moomomi are a little larger 2 to 2.1 mm. long. LYROPUPA. 265 18. LYROPUPA OVATULA C. & P., n. sp. PL 23, fig. 11 ; pi. 24, tigs. 1 to 5. The shell is of shorter, wider shape than L. perlonga, taper- ing more upwards. Whorls convex, the first 1% sinoothish, the rest sculptured with curved ribs stronger than in L. per- l&nga, subequally spaced, retractive on the spire, more nearly vertical on the last whorl, where there are about 16, standing nearly 0.2 mm. apart on the face of the whorl. The last whorl has three impressions on the last half : a long, deep and wide impression below the middle, the others shorter and sharper. The base has a prominent, straight crest (pi. 24, fig. 2), divided by the inferior impression, the ribs passing over it being small or obsolete. Its posterior end forms a rounded hump. The angular and parietal lamellae are longer than in L. perlonga. The vertical columellar lamella is crescentic, the concavity towards the aperture, and much more curved than in L. perlonga. The upper palatal fold emerges, and penetrates to the dorsal side. Below its inner end there are two callous nodules, as usual (pi. 24, fig. 4). There is a low but rather strong lower palatal fold, and a small basal fold. The peristome is rather well expanded. Length 2.25, diam. 1.3 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Kailua. Length 2.1, diam. 1.25 mm. Kailua. Length 2.2, diam. 1.28, ap. .85 mm.; 5 whorls. Manoa, pi. 23, fig. 11. Oahu : Kaelepulu, Kailua, in crevices and along the base of a low lime-rock bluff about 14 m^e from the shore (Pilsbry) ; Rocky Hill, Waimanalo and Koko Head (Cooke). It has only been found fossil. The peculiar basal crest is the most conspicuous external feature of this species. Internally, the longer parietal lamella and the markedly crescentic columellar lamella distinguish it. At Kaelepulu the type locality (pi. 24, figs. 1-3, 5) it occurs with L. perlonga, L. micra etc., all being abundant. The specimens are all dead, apparently being Holocene fossils. They vary in color from vinaceous-cinnamon to cart- ridge-buff, or of the former tint with a cartridge-buff median 266 LYROPUPA. zone. The shape varies from cylindric to more tapering. Spiral striation is not perceptible in most specimens, but it is faintly visible on some. 18&. Lyropupa ovatula kona P. & C., n. sp. PL 26, figs. 10, 11, 14, 5. The shell is shortly cylindric, the upper third conic, apex obtuse ; whorls convex, the last contracted below the periphery. Cinnamon-colored. The first 1% whorls are smooth (micro- scopically pitted), the rest with coarse sculpture of well-spaced ribs, quite oblique, retractive on the spire, nearly vertical on the last whorl, where they are usually interrupted or partly so in the middle, and about 16 in number. The intercostal intervals are nearly smooth, without spiral striae. The last whorl has a conspicuous constriction in the middle, stronger on its last half; there is an inconspicuous furrow (sometimes obsolete) over the position of the lower palatal fold, and a short basal furrow. Behind the basal and lower palatal fur- rows, and below the main constriction, there is a small in- flation or hump. The aperture is wide, with continuous, ex- panded peristome. Angular lamella long; parietal lamella high, not emerging. The columellar lamella is very deeply placed. The upper palatal fold defines a nearly closed sinulus. Lower palatal is very deeply placed, a rather strong, oblong tubercle. Basal fold, below the preceding, similar but nar- rower (or sometimes shorter). Below the inner end of the upper palatal there is a barrier formed of two erect tubercles, representing the inner ends of the lower palatal and basal folds (pi. 26, fig. 10). Length 2.3, diam. 1.25 mm. ; 5y2 whorls (type, Huehue). Length 2.1, diam. 1.25 mm. (Huehue). Length 2.25, diam. 1.3 mm. (Kapulehu). Hawaii: North Kona at Huehue (type loc.) and Kapulehu (Gouveia). Molokai: Moomomi (Cooke & Pilsbry). Only found fossil. The Hawaiian L. cyrta differs by the more regular shape of the last whorl. L. kahoolavensis has a continuous lower palatal fold, among other differences. L. o. kona is nearly related to LYROPUPA. 267 L. micro, and especially L. ovatula. It is larger than the former, with far stronger sculpture. L. ovatula of Oahu is very closely related, but the prominent basal crest and hump distinguish it. The lower palatal and basal folds are stronger in L. o. kona. The chief variations noticed among the numerous specimens are in shape (see measurements) and strength of the ribs, as shown in the figures. A single specimen (pi. 26, fig. 5) was among Lyropupae taken by the authors on Molokai at Moomomi on the north coast, at the end of the escarpment running north from Mauna Loa. It measures, length 2.25, diam. 1.4 mm., and appears to differ in no respect from those of the Kona slope of Hawaii. Probably the species will be found in Maui when fossil material from that island comes to hand. 19. LYROPUPA PLAGIOPTYX P. & C., n. sp. PL 24, figs. 8, 11, 12. The shell is ovate, rather solid, the whorls strongly convex, the greatest convexity below the suture, with sculpture of regular, strong, arcuate ribs, about 15 on the last whorl. The last whorl tapers downwards. Its last half is swollen and strongly ribbed below the suture, encircled in the middle with a rather deep sulcus, crossed by the ribs. Below this is a short, sharp lateral sulcus (over the lower palatal fold), and on the basal convexity are two very short impressions. The ribs diminish in size and are increased in number on ,the basal half of the last half whorl. Aperture as usual in the group externally. The columellar lamella is strongly crescentic, as in L. ovatula. The crest of the upper palatal fold is uneven. Below its inner end there is a small but high and short vertical tubercle. The lower palatal fold is immersed but visible in a front view, short, high and oblique, its outer end sloping steeply downward. Length 2.15, diam. 1.3 mm. Oahu : Kawaihapai, on a steep, wooded hillside about 500 ft. above the plain and perhaps % mile from the sea (Cooke & Pilsbry, 1913). This species, found only dead in the surface debris, is re- 268 LYROPUPA. lated to L. ova-tula, but it differs by not having a distinctly differentiated basal crest and especially by the internal struc- ture of the palatal region. The tubercle below the inner end of the upper palatal fold is of different shape, and the lower palatal fold is a high and oblique lamina in L. plagioptyx, a lower, diffuse tubercle in L. ova-tula-. The locality is at the western end of the Waiauae range. 20. LYROPUPA CYRTA C. & P., n. sp. PL 23, figs. 9, 10. The shell is stouter than L. perlonga, the outlines more con- vex, the spire tapering more upwards. The whorls are regu- larly and strongly convex, the last having only two sulci, and these very shallow or even scarcely discernible. The ribs are stronger than in perlonga , not flexuous, and number about 15 on the last whorl. They pass over the narrowly rounded base. The lower palatal and basal folds are deeply placed, the former a short, rather spreading callous tubercle, the latter narrower and longer. Two strong tubercles stand beyond their inner ends (pi. 25, fig. 15). Length 2.75, diam. 1.45, aperture 1 mm. ; 5i/2 whorls. Hawaii: fossil at Mana, type loc., and Palihoukapapa (Hen- shaw, Thaanum). This species resembles L. ovatula, but it is larger with far less distinct sulci on the last whorl and no differentiated basal crest. 21. LYROPUPA CUBANA (Ball). PL 25, figs. 13, 16, 17. "Shell pinkish brown, paler toward the apex, small, short, stout, dextral, five-whorled, apex rather bluntly rounded, sides subparallel, base full and rounded; spiral sculpture of fine striae, most prominent between the ribs on the last whorl and obsolete on the early whorls; they do not overrun the ribs; transverse sculpture of ( on the last whorl about twenty-five) strong, sigmoid, squarish, narrow, elevated ribs, running from suture to suture, and separated by much wider interspaces; these ribs are closer and finer toward the apex of the spire, they resemble when best developed those of Pupa lyratct- Gould ; last whorl subconstricted before the aperture is LYROPUPA. 269 formed; aperture obscurely trilobate, margin well reflected, whitish; primary lamellae, except A and B, set rather more deeply in the throat than usual. Formula ACE according to Dr. Sterki's arrangement. The primary A [angular lamella] is stronger and more tri- angular at the aperture than the others, but becomes a thin, narrow, sharp lamella internally; the secondary 2 [parietal lamella] does not come so near the aperture as A [angular lamella ] , but further back is a little higher than the latter, and the two run parallel like rails on a track, but somewhat irregu- larly. From the aperture no lamella can be observed on the pillar, but the primary C, [lower palatal fold] which fall* short of reaching the margin and is comparatively weak to- ward the aperture, in the depths of the throat, is higher and stronger, forming a prominent, high, thin lamella. The pri- mary E [upper palatal fold] is prominent at the angle of the outer lip, and projects toward A [angular lamella] ; deeper in it becomes lower and weaker, and still further in it projects in a high triangular plate stronger than any of the others at that depth. There are no indications of any other lamellae or callosities. The margin of the aperture is set somewhat obliquely to the axis (see fig. 16) . Max. Ion. of shell 1.75 ; max. diam. 1.37 mm. Habitat, Cuba" (DalL). Vertigo cubana DALL, Proc. II. S. Nat. Mus. xiii, 1890, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2. * ' A single specimen of this remarkable little species is in the U. S. National Museum, mollusk register 87645. It was re- ceived from the collection of the late Dr. Shurtleff, now be- longing to Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., and was obtained by him from the late Prof. C. B. Adams, or at least still occupies the tiny glass tube, stopped with sealing-wax, in which Professor Adams secured his minutiae, and a tiny label on which is written "Pupa .... Cuba" in Professor Adams' well-known chirography ' ' (DalL ) . There can be little doubt that the locality Cuba was an error. Professor Adams received and described land shells from the Hawaiian Islands, and as V. cubana differs very little from L. thaumasia, a Hawaiian origin appears probably, al- 270 LYROPUPA. though up to this time no other Hawaiian specimens have been- turned up. The species was referred to costata Pse. as a synonym by the senior author (Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p.. 432, footnote 4), upon comparison of the figures with examples of L. thaumasia which Pease sent out as costata ; but there are some small differences in shape which cause us now to leave them apart. The type specimen of cubana has lamellae and folds like those of thaumasia. In both species the broad, milk-white columellar lamella may be seen in an oblique view in the aperture. The lower palatal fold is short and rather high. The internal barrier is not visible in the mouth, but externally the impressions and the light markings due to the plicae are exactly as in thaumasia. The specimen measures : length 1.9, diam. 1.3 mm., alt. of aperture 0.8 mm. Figs. 16, 17 are copies of the original illustrations; fig. 13 a direct face view of the same specimen. 22. LYROPUPA THAUMASIA C. & P., n. sp. PL 24, figs. 13 to 15 ;. pi. 25, fig. 14. The shell is small, broadly oval, perforate and rimate, tawny, solid. Outlines of the spire are strongly convex. The whorls are short, convex, the embryonic l1/^ very minutely granulate, the rest with sculpture of moderately strong, oblique, some- what arcuate ribs about half as wide as their intervals, about 27-30 on the last whorl, which ascends slightly near the aper- ture. There are minute spiral striae between the ribs. The last half whorl has a rather shallow sulcus (sometimes scarcely noticeable) parallel with the suture, and nearer the base a shorter broader excavation preceded by an inflation. The base is narrow, rounded and straight (as viewed from below), passing posteriorly into the baso-dorsal inflation mentioned. The aperture is but slightly oblique, squarish, the peristome* well expanded, continuous, though adhering to the preceding whorl for a short distance above the columella. The angular lamella is rather long and straight; its edge curves slightly outward, to form a nearly entire circular sinulus with the upper palatal plica. The parietal lamella is very long, curved LYROPUPA. 271 at the inner end, its free edge being reflected towards the suture. The very deeply placed columellar lamella is not visible in a frontal view; it is stout and semicircular. The upper palatal fold is long, its free edge having two con- cavities where the angular and the parietal lamellae approach it ; its inner end curves downward a little, terminated on a very low semicircular callous rim which bounds the cavity formed by the posterior inflation of the basal crest. Upon this rim stand two short, high oblique folds, upper and lower, converg- ing towards each other inwardly. The lower palatal fold is short and rather high. Externally the palatal folds are visible as buff markings, the upper palatal and upper oblique fold showing as a decurved band, the lower oblique fold and lower palatal as indistinct spots (pi. 25, fig. 14). Length 1.95, diam. 1.18, aperture 0.73 mm.; 5% whorls (type). Length 1.95, diam. 1.13, aperture 0.66 mm. Limahuli, fossil. Length 2.02, diam. 1.3 mm. Ekaula. Length 2, diam. 1.25 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 1.9, diam. 1.25, aperture 0.6 mm. ; 5% whorls. Kauai: Hanakapiai (type loc.) ; Ekaula and Olokele (Cooke) ; also fossil at Limahuli (Dole and Cooke). Type 11061 Bishop Museum ; paratypes 15575 Bishop Museum and 119449 A. N. S. P. This species is well distinguished by its short, compact contour, numerous strong ribs, the absence of any trace of a third or subbasal impression on the back, and by the strongly developed apertural processes. L. thaumasm is closely related to L. cubana, and may prove to be connected by intermediate forms. On comparison of the type specimens there is no difference in color, sculpture or convexity of the whorls, but cubana is clearly wider than the shortest thaumasia at hand. In thaumasia of the same length as cubana, 1.9 mm., there is nearly a half whorl more, and the aperture is distinctly smaller. Its length, measured vertically is slightly less than one-third that of the shell, while in cubana it is decidedly more than that, contained 2^ times in length of shell. There is no difference in the apertural parts so far as visible in the mouth. 272 LYROPUPA. In L. thaumasm the diameter of the shell is about 58 to 65 per cent of the length ; in L. cubana it is about 70 per cent. The specimens from Bkaula (4) and Olokele (1) are slightly larger than the typical form, more globose in outline, with considerably weaker palatal plicae and with shallower and less distinct sulci on the last whorl. Fossil specimens from Lima- huli agree very closely with the typical form. Pease distributed this species as his Vertigo costata -, but the description of that shell does not apply well to this. Undetermined species. "VERTIGO COSTATA Pse. — Shell cylindrical, oblong, some- what solid, dextral, rimate-perforate, longitudinally flexuously strongly cost ate, reddish; whorls 4, rotundate-convex, the last strongly concentrically bisulcate, compressed at the base, apex obtuse ; suture strongly impressed ; aperture bell-shaped, rotund at the base, furnished with 4 lamellae, 2 on the parietal wall, the first united with the lip, the second median, entering, 1 on the basal margin, 1 on the lip posteriorly; inner lip flexuous ; peristome thin, with the margins not joined. Length 2.0, diam. 1.0 mm. Hawaii." (Pease.) Vertigo costata PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 461. — Pupa costata PPR., Monographia Hel. Viv., viii, p. 399. — BOETTGER, in von Martens, Conchologische Mittheilungen, i, 1880, p. 59.— ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1892, v, p. 710. This species could not be found in the Pease collection at Cambridge, and the junior author, in the course of many years' collecting has never seen a specimen meeting all the require- ments of the description, which gives characters both of Nesopupa and Lyropupa ; the 4 whorls and disjoined margins of the aperture would place it in Nesopupa, but the deep suture, strong, flexuous costse and the position of the upper palatal fold on the outer lip show that costata has certain claims to be ranked as a Lyropupa. Specimens sent by Pease as costata to the Academy of Natural Sciences and others sent to A. D. Brown (now in the museum of the Academy) are Lyropupa ihaumasia; but this species is far broader than Pease's measurements indicate, the PTYCHAL^A. 273 peristome is continuous, the dorsal impressions are not deep, and it could hardly have been described as flexuose forte costata. It was these specimens from Pease which the senior author referred to as Nesopupa (Lyropupa] costata, in Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 432. Other authors who have mentioned the species knew it only by Pease's description. At present therefore V. costata appears to be a lost species of uncertain genus ; unless the type comes to light it must be dropped as unrecognizable. Genus PTYCHAL^A Boettger. This volume, pp. 157, 220. This group was proposed for a Lower Miocene species of Europe ; a recent species of the Benin Islands appears to agree, but the writer has not seen the fossil genotype. They differ from Nesopupa chiefly by having a strong crest behind the lip, as in many Vertigos. This is not usually a character of much importance, but it is absent in the long series of species referred to Nesopupa. Boettger himself made a distinction between Ptychalosa and Ptychochilns (= Neso- pupa), both of which he recognized in the European Tertiary. We now consider Ptychalaea incorrectly placed in Vertigo. We are strongly disposed to subordinate Nesopupa, Costigo and Protiesopupa to Ptychalaea as subgenera ; yet specimens of the fossil type of the latter are not at hand, and species inter- mediate between Ptychalaea, and Nesopupa have not been found. At present we admit several genera, Nesopupa, Pronesopupa and Costigo, among the Polynesian and Oriental Vertigininae as a temporary expedient rather than as an ex- pression of definite conviction. It is quite probable that a study of the dentition would yield characters of value in this inquiry. 1. PTYCHALAEA DEDECORA (Pils.). P. 158. The fossil species P. flexidms Reuss, and possibly ca-pellinn Sacco belong here. The other species enumerated under Ptychal&a on p. 220 belong to Nesopupa. 274 NESOPUPA. Genus NESOPUPA Pilsbry. PtychochHus BOETTGER, Conchol. Mittheil., i, 1881, p. 47- type P. tantilla Gld. Not Ptychocheilus Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts xix, 1855, p. 227. Not Ptychochilus, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 10, 1877, p. 58. Nesopupa Pils., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, p. 432. The shell is minute, rimate, oval or ovate, the surface usually opaque and dull, pitted, striate or ribbed. Aperture with angular, parietal and columellar lamellae and usually palatal folds; lip expanded. Type N. tantilla (Gld.). Animal similar to Vertigo in lacking inferior tentacles. Eye tentacles cylindric, rather stout, not swollen distally, the eyes central in the ends as seen from above. Distribution : islands of the Pacific, Oriental and Ethiopian regions, St. Helena. Nesopupa is closely related to Ptychalaea (see above) and to Lyropupa, also to Costigo, Pronesopupa and CampotemuS) which we believe to be groups derived from various Nesopupae. The Madeiran Staurod&n* is also closer to Nesopupa than to Vertigo. As tertiary fossils Nesopupae are known from the Upper Oligocene to Pliocene of Europe. N. trigonvstoma (A. Brn.), N. Uumi (Bttg.), JV. priscUla (Palad.) (see p. 220) apparently belong here, appearing to be most related to the section Indo- pupa. Central Europe at that time had numerous Oriental genera of land snails. Inhabiting widely separated island groups, there have been several nearly independent centers of evolution, making the construction of a phylogenetic classification exceptionally dif- ficult. Thus, the Hawaiian Vertigininae though greatly varied, show few points of contact with those of other regions. The forms of Polynesia and Micronesia are a homogeneous group, but a few closely related species occur in the Moluccas and Mauritius. The Oriental region series is closely related to the Ethiopian group. While the interrelations of Nesopupid groups of restricted areas are fairly clear, it is not so when those of different f aunal NESOPUPA. 275 units are to be combined in one classification. Different com- binations of characters, and parallel but not identical stages in their evolution are to be considered. Under these condi- tions it has been thought most convenient for those concerned to treat the species by faunal rather than by taxononic groups. The following synopsis of classification is therefore an arrange- ment for convenience, in which groups of different faunas in a similar stage of evolution but not directly related are some- times juxtaposed. Synopsis of Sections of Nesopupa. a1. Angular lamella long, entering rather deeply, anteriorly curved, joining the peristome. Inner end of the columellar lamella turning downward I. Inner end of columellar lamella straight or upturned II. a2. Angular lamella not entering deeply, straight, joining the peristome III.. a3. Angular lamella very short, nodular or shortly lamellar, sometimes not emerging to the peristome IV.. I. Nesopiipa, typical section. The angular lamella is long, strong, curving to join the outer lip near its insertion; the inner end of the columellar lamella turns downward ; there are at least 5 well developed teeth. The surface is more or less pitted-granulose, with spaced cuticular riblets, often deciduous. This Section includes all of the Nesopupse of Polynesia and Micronesia which we have seen, N. moluccana, N. gonioplax of Mauritius, and probably the Melanesian species. N. tantiUa (Gld.). Tahiti. N. pleurophora (Shutt.). Tahiti. N. armata (Pse.). Borabora. N. paivae (Crosse). Gambier Is. N. dentifera (Pse.). Cook Is. N. godeffroyi (Bttg.). Samoa Is. N. tongana (Bttg.). Tonga Is. N. vitiana (Bttg.). Viti Is. N. norfolkensis (Sykes). Norfolk I. N. lifouana (Gass.). Lifu. N. mariei (Crosse). New Caledonia. N. quadrasi (Mlldff.). Guam. N. eapensis (Bttg.). Yap, Carolines. N. ponapica (Mlldff.) . Ponape, ' ' N. moluccana ( Bttg. ) . Amboina. . N. gonioplax ( Pils. ) . Mauritius. 276 NESOPUPA. la. Section Nesopi^pilla P. & C. A collateral group of the Hawaiian Islands, differing by the sculpture of smooth rib- striae without cuticular edges or pitting of the surface, having one or two furrows behind the lip, over the palatal folds; lamellae as in typical Nesopupa. N. plicif era Anc. Oahu. N. baldwini Anc. Maui. N. waianaensis C. & P. Oahu. N. b. centralis Anc. Hawaii. N. litoralis C. & P. Oahu. N. b. subcostata C. & P. Molokai. N. dispersa C. & P. Oahu to Hawaii. N. b. lanaiensis C. & P. Lanai. II. The angular lamella is long, strong, curving to join the lip insertion as in Nesopupa, but the columellar lamella is straight or slightly curved upward at the inner end, being less special- ized than in Nesopupa. Here are placed several sections not directly related. Ila. Section Cocopupa P. & C. Surface minutely pitted, without riblets. N. cocosensis (Dall.). Cocos Island. lib. Section Nesodagys C. & P. Surface with spaced ribs with cuticular edges and rugose intervals; angular lamella strong in front. N. wesleyana Anc. Hawaii to Oahu. N. w. rhadina C. & P. Molokai, N. w. gouveiae C. & P. Hawaii. Maui, Lanai and Oahu. N. w. tryphera C. & P. Kauai to N. thaanumi Anc. Oahu, etc. Molokai. lie. Section Indopupa P. & C. Similar, but with sculp- ture like typical Nesopupa; the angular lamella low in front. Oriental Region. N. moreleti (A. D. Br.). Borneo, N. filosa (Th. & Stol.). Burma. Philippines. N. brevicostis (Bs.). Barrackpore. N. moellendorffi. (Bttg.). Philip- N. salemensis (Blf.). Kalryen Hills. pines. N. cinghalensis (Crude.). Ceylon. lid. Section Afripu-pa P. & C. Sculpture of close rib-striae without cuticular edges. The last three species referred to this section with doubt. NESOPUPA. 277 N.griqualandica (M.&P.) S. Africa. N. (?) iota (Preston). Brit. E. N. farquhari (Pils.). S.Africa. Africa. N. bisuleata (Jick.). Abyssinia. N. ( ?) miera (Pils.). Mauritius. N. b. rhodesiana (Pils.) . Rhodesia. N. ( ?) nannodes (Q. & M.) . Philip- pines. He. Section Helenopupa P. & C. Surface smooth. N. turtoni (Smith) . St. Helena. III. Section Insulipupa P. & C. Angular lamella low through- out, straight, joining the outer lip; surface as in Nesopupa, pitted; form rather cylindric. Oriental and Ethiopian Re- gions, Mascarene Islands. The last four species are placed in this section with some doubt. N. malayana (Issel). Borneo, N. raegalomastoma (Malz.). W. Philippines. Africa. N. barraekporensis (Oude). Bar- 1ST. (?) com ore nsis (Pils.). Comoros. rackpore. N. (?) incerta (G. Nev.). Bourbon. N. corrugata (Prest.). Rhodesia. N.( I )ventricosa(H. Ad.). Mauritius. N. minutalis (Morel.). Comoros. N. ( ?) eelebensis (T. C.). Celebes. IV. Angular lamella small, short, or not emerging to the lip insertion; inner end of the columellar lamella not turning downward. IVa. Section Infranesopupa C. & P. Striae without cuti- cular edges. Hawaiian Islands. N. limatula C. & P. Maui. N. subcentralis C. & P. Hawaii. N. dubitabilis C. & P. Molokai. N. bishopi C. & P. Maui. N. d. kaalaensis C. & P. Oahu. N. f orbesi C. & P. Hawaii. N. anceyana C. & P. Hawaii. N. infrequens C. & P. Kauai. IVb. Section Limbatipupa C. & P. Striae or riblets having cuticular edges. Hawaiian Islands. N. neweombi (Pfr.). Hawaii to N. kauaiensis Anc. Kauai. Kauai (numerous varieties). N. singularis C. & P. Oahu, Maui. N. oahuensis C. & P. Oahu. N. alloia C. & P. Kauai. IV. Section — . Delicate lines of growth ; angular lamella remote from the lip insertion. N. proscripta (Smith) . Christmas Island, near Java. 278 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPILLID GROUPS. By C. Montague Cooke and H. A. Pilsbry. The Hawaiian species of this genus cannot readily be classi- fied with those of other regions. The characters elsewhere used for defining groups do not apply. They appear to have had an independent evolution. A pitted surface, so commonly seen in other islands, is not found here. There has been mature adaptive radiation; besides the terrestrial forms there are many living on the bark of trees, others on foliage ; some in relatively dry, others in very humid habitats. In arboreal, and especially in folicolous species there is a tendency towards degeneration of the teeth, which culminates in the species referred to Pronesopupa, which may be geneti- cally related to the Limbatipupae. This tendency may be traceable to the absence or rarity of predaceous insects, which are probably much more numerous on the ground than on bark and foliage. The authors have seen all of the Hawaiian Nesopupae and Pronesopupae except "Vertigo" bacca Pease. The types of the species of Ancey and of Cooke & Pilsbry are in the Bishop Museum, paratypes or topotypes of all but JV. alloia and N. forbesi are in the museum of the Academy. Section NesopupiUa P. & C., new section. While closely related to the typical Nesopupae by the form of the angular and columellar lamellae, these shells differ in sculpture and by the sulci of the last whorl. They are minute shells with nearly smooth, minutely granu- lose embryonic whorls, the third, fourth and last whorls costu- late (except in E. Maui and Hawaii specimens of N. baldwmi) ; costae without membranous edges, rather closely and evenly spaced. There are two nearly parallel sulci on the back of the last whorl, separated by a rounded ridge. The angular lamella is long, slightly sinuous, extending to the margin of the aperture ; palatal folds long, the upper emerging nearly to the margin ; columellar lamella rather short, ending abruptly in a swelling, its inner termination deflected downwards, al- HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 279 most at a right angle, and extending to the base of the columella. Type N. waianaensis. They are usually found close to the ground in rather damp places on stones, dead leaves, fallen twigs and the like. The unidentified Vertigo bacca Pease is like these species in having the last whorl concentrically bisulcate, but nothing is said of palatal folds. The very brief and incomplete de- scription follows. "Vertigo bacca Pse. T. cylindracea, abbreviata, tenuius- cula, dextrorsa, perforata, laevigata; apex obtusus; anfr. 4, rotundati, ultimus concentrice bisulcatus; apertura fere cir- cularis, in pariete aperturali bilamellata, columella subuniden- tata ; labrum vix eversum ; pallide fusca. "Hab. Kalaparia, insulae Hawaii" (Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 462). No dimensions were given. Subsequent authors have added nothing to the above account. Pease further remarks: "The above description was drawn up several years since from speci- mens collected at Kalapana, district of Puna, Island of Hawaii ; as they have been lost, I furnished the precise locality to en- able collectors to recover the type." Key to the Species of Nesopupilla. a1 . Angular lamella extending to outer margin of peristome or united to the outer lip-insertion by a thick callus. 61. Angular lamella terminating on the parietal wall, united to the lip insertion by a thick callus; only the lower sulcus on the back distinctly impressed. N. plicifera, no. 1. fr2. Angular lamella united to the outer margin of the peristome ; two furrows behind the lip clearly defined. c1. Lower palatal fold accompanied by a short fold near its outer end. N. waianaensis, no. 2. c2. Lower palatal fold not accompanied by a short lamella : Spire tapering near the summit. dl. Whorls weakly convex; length of shell more than 1.7 mm. N. litoralis, no. 3. 280 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. d2. Whorls convex; length of shell less than 1.65 mm. N. dispersa, no. 4. a2. Angular lamella terminating on the parietal margin near the insertion of the outer lip, not united to the lip insertion by a thick callus. N. baldwwi, no. 5. 1. NESOPUPA PLICIPEBA Ancey. PL 27, figs. 1, 2, 3. " Shell small, ovate, dark reddish brown, somewhat thin, slightly shining, except for the apex obliquely and closely pli- cate, plicae smooth, distinctly perforate. Spire obtuse, ovate or cylindrically ovate. Whorls 5, noticeably slightly convex, suture impressed and simple, the last whorl tapering at the base, concentrically sulcately impressed, with the sulcus cor- responding to the lower palatal lamella, slightly compressed about the umbilical crevice. Aperture hardly oblique, reced- ing slightly at the base, ovately truncate, furnished with lamellae, as follows : two parietal, of which the upper angular extends to the upper margin, and is connected with the outer margin; strongly elongated; the lower [parietal lamella] is large, a little deeper seated, extending slightly spirally. One small, acute, tooth-like, columellar. Finally, two elongated palatals, parallel, the upper almost reaching the margin. Peristome brown, thickened, narrowly expanded, with distant margins, united by an inconspicuous callus, the upper sub- angularly produced outwardly. Length 1.5, diam. hardly 1, aperture 0.5 mm. long. Oahu, Nuuanu (Thaanum) " (Ancey). Nesopupa plicifera Anc. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 122, pi. vii, f. 14. Type 18703, paratypes 18740 Bishop Museum. Ancey ?s material consists of the type and 4 paratypes. The angular lamella is slightly curved and is united with the junction of the outer lip by a thick callus, forming, with the upper palatal fold, an almost circular sinulus. In immature specimens of 4% whorls, from the type locality on the slopes of upper Nuuanu, just south of the Pali, the embryonic whorls are almost smooth, under a high-power lens very minutely granulose for the first 1% whorls, then, almost ab- ruptly rather strong, sharp, oblique costae set in. In adult HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 281 specimens carefully compared with the type but with better preserved surfaces, the third and fourth whorls are distinctly eostate ; on the last whorl the costae are at first well developed near the suture, becoming weaker below; the interstices are very minutely striate with lines of growth. The base is com- pressed and prominent. There is a narrow, rather deep con- centric sulcus on the back of the last whorl, just above the lower palatal fold, but no twisted sulcus just in back and parallel with the peristome, and merely a flattening over the upper palatal fold. In the holotype the costag are about .055 mm. apart on penultimate whorl and the shell has the follow- ing measurements: length 1.53, diam. 0.95, greatest length of apert. 0.61 mm. There are about 5% whorls and the outer margin of the aperture is not flattened. This is not the case in most of the adults examined ; for nearly all the fully adult specimens have 5% whorls, and the outer margin of the aper- ture is slightly flattened. The typical form is distributed over the whole Koolau Mountain range of Oahu. It is exceedingly abundant, if one has the patience to look for these minute forms, and can nearly always be found on the dead leaves of ieie (Freycinetia) wherever this plant occurs. It is occasionally found on other dead leaves, but rarely on stones. In one or two isolated cases the junior author has found typical specimens under moss on trunks of living trees. A single example of the typical form from the Waianae Mts. is in the Bishop Museum collection. Occurring with typical examples are a few slightly larger specimens from upper Kaliuwaa and Kaipapau, Oahu. They differ only in that the outline is slightly more cylindrical and the shells are slightly longer. One with 5% whorls measures : Length 1.71, diam. 0.92, apert. 0.6 mm. in greatest length. 2. NESOPUPA WAIANAENSIS C. & P., n. sp. PL 27, figs. 4, 5, 6. The shell is minute, perforate (umbilicus minute, deep, semi- circular in outline), ovately conic, snuff-brown, distinctly cos- tulate except on the embryonic whorls, shining, quite thin, somewhat translucent. Spire with convex outlines, and rounded apex ; individual whorls convex, separated by a rather 282 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. deep suture. Whorls 5, the first rather large, nearly smooth, under a high-power lens very minutely wrinkled ; the second slightly narrower than the first, becoming costulate rather abruptly near its termination ; the rest of the whorls increasing slowly and evenly, regularly and strongly costulate; riblets strongly oblique, with rounded edges, on the penultimate whorl about 0.055 and on the last whorl about 0.14 mm. apart (or partly obsolete) ; the interstices microscopically wrinkled, the wrinkles short; last whorl slightly broader than the penult, tapering to the base, scarcely ascending near the aperture, bisulcate, the sulci deep, corresponding to the palatal plicae, the lower strongly curved, deep, broad, remote from the peris- tome, the upper arched, not quite so deep, nearly reaching the peristome, the two separated by a convex ridge. Aperture irregularly truncate-ovate, small, slightly oblique, contracted, its outer margin slightly sinuous, its lip insertions converging, nearly united by a thick callus. Angular lamella long, slightly curved, slender, not very high, extending to the margin of the outer lip just before its insertion. The parietal lamella is deeper seated, stronger and slopes outward. The columellar lamella is strong, at first horizontally entering, then descend- ing around the columella. The upper palatal fold is long, lamella-like, nearly reaching the peristome, with a depression just in back of its outer end. The lower palatal fold is very deeply seated, with a dentiform nodule close to and below its outer end. The outer margin of the peristome is slightly thick- ened within, scarcely expanded, the columellar margin broadly expanded. Length 1.41, diam. 0.8, diag. length of aperture 0.5 mm. Cotype. Length 1.41, diam. 0.85, diag. length of aperture 0.52 mm. Cotype. Oahu: Waianae Mts. at Pukaloa, in the open valley under stones near the "Hunter's Cabin/' type loc. : Lualualei, near the head of the valley (Cooke) ; Kawaihapai at the western end of the range, fossil in soil of the plain and slopes of the foothills (Cooke & Pilsbry). This species is closely related to N. plicifera. The angular HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 283 lamella is proportionally slightly weaker than that of JVT. pUcifera and is attached to the outer lip rather than the parietal wall ; the lower palatal fold is accompanied by a denti- form, nodule which does not appear to be developed in any specimens of pUcifera; the lip insertions converge more and are nearly united by a thicker callus. Externally it has two strong furrows on the last whorl. 3. NESOPUPA LITOBALIS C. & P., n. sp. PI. 28, fig. 1. The shell is minute, perforate and shortly rimate, cylindrical, the upper third convexly conic, whitish in its fossil state, the last four whorls obliquely costate. Spire nearly cylindrical with slightly convex outlines, tapering above to a rather blunt apex, individual whorls only weakly convex, separated by an impressed suture. Whorls 5% to 5%, the first and second of nearly equal width, the rest increasing very slowly and regu- larly ; the embryonic shell, under a strong lens, almost smooth for about 11/2 whorls, the costae at first rather weak, blunt, the rest of the whorls evenly costate, costae oblique, with blunt edges, about 0.07 mm. apart on the penult and 0.11 apart on the last whorl, the interstices nearly smooth. Last whorl nearly cylindrical, tapering gradually towards the base, as- cending very slightly to the aperture, bisulcate on the back, the sulci corresponding to the palatal plicae, the lower sulcus shallow, broad, strongly arched, terminating at a slight dis- tance from the peristome, the upper, shallower, wide, nearly parallel almost reaching the peristome, the two separated by a rounded ridge. Aperture truncate-ovate, rather small, con- tracted within, its outer margin very slightly sinuous, slightly oblique, perpendicular, the lip-insertions united by a thick callus. Angular lamella strong, long, slightly diverging from the parietal, and nearly equal to the latter in height, extend- ing nearly to the margin of the peristome and united with it just outside of the lip insertion. Parietal lamella strong, quite oblique, deeply penetrating. Columellar lamella rather strong, at first transverse to the axis, then abruptly turning down- ward at right-angles. The upper palatal fold is long, strong, extending to the inner margin of the peristome, with a de- 284 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. pression just back of its prominent outer end. The lower palatal is deeply immersed, higher within, slightly sinuous. The outer and basal margins of the peristome are uniformly, slightly thickened within, not expanded ; the columellar mar- gin is broadly expanded. Length 1.83, diam. 1 ; greatest length apert. 0.61. Cotype, B. M. Length 1.75, diam. 1.03 ; greatest length apert 0.63. Cotype, A. N. S. Oahu: Ewa, type loc., very abundant under stones on the coral plain below "Sisal" (Cooke) ; Diamond Head (Cooke & Pilsbry) : found only fossil. Cotypes 11065, Bishop Museum, and 44694 A. N. S. P. The typical form of this species is easily distinguished from N. waicmaensis by its larger size, more cylindrical form and less convex whorls. Prom N. plicifera it is recognized by its more tapering summit, but especially by the thickened parietal callus, and the angular lamella terminating on the outer lip rather than on the parietal callus, though it is very near the junction of the two. 4. NESOPUPA DISPERSA C. & P., n. sp. PL 27, figs. 7, 8. The shell is minute, perforate (umbilicus, extremely minute, open, deep) sub-cylindrical, whitish or brownish in its fossil state ; the last three whorls distinctly costulate ; opaque. Spire sub-cylindrical, extended, with slightly convex tapering outlines, rather obtuse at the summit, individual whorls moder- ately convex, separated by a rather shallow suture. Whorls 5%, the embryonic large, the second slightly wider than the third near its initial stage, nearly smooth, under a strong lens very minutely punctate, the riblets beginning rather abruptly near the end of the second whorl ; rest of the whorls increasing slowly and regularly, distinctly finely and evenly costate, the costae slightly oblique, about 0.07 apart on the penult and 0.09 on the last Avhorl, with the interstices minutely granulose ; last whorl slightly broader than the penult, subcylindric, tapering gradually toward the base, its last third straight, hardly as- cending at the aperture, bisulcate behind the aperture, the HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 285 sulci corresponding to the palatal plicae ; the lower sulcus is strongly arched, shallow, broad, terminating at a little distance back of the aperture, the upper longer, shallower, not as strongly curved, extending nearly to the peristome. Aperture truncate-ovate, scarcely oblique, its outer margin slightly sinuous, lip insertions converging somewhat, sometimes united by a thin callus, thickened at and near the lip insertion. Angular lamella long, high, of nearly uniform height, nearly parallel to the parietal, extending to the margin of the outer lip ; parietal lamella more deeply seated, strong, long and somewhat oblique. Columellar lamella strong, deeply seated, at first transverse to the columella, then abruptly turned down- wards almost at a right angle and extending to the base of the columella. Upper palatal fold strong, long, with a slight depression back of its outer end, its margin nearly touching that of the angular lamella; extending nearly to the margin of the peristome. The lower palatal fold is deeply immersed, long, strong within, tapering gradually to its anterior end. Peristome with the outer and basal margins uniformly thick- ened within, the columellar margin narrowly, triangularly arched above the umbilicus. Length 1.53, diam. 0.86, greatest length of apert. 0.5 mm. Oahu: Makua, type loc. (Forbes & Cooke), and Lualualei (Cooke), in the Waianae Mts. ; Kailua (Pilsbry, Cooke), Waimanalo, Rocky Hill, Manoa, Kahala, Malaekahana, Kahuku and Kawailoa (Cooke) in the Koolau Mts. Molokai : Kalaeokailio Pt., Mauna Loa, Shifting Sands and Moomomi (Cooke & Pilsbry). Lanai : Mahana Gulch a single living specimen, and Western End (Forbes). Kahoolawe: Kanapou, (Stokes, Forbes) and Schooner Bay (Pilsbry and Cooke). East Maui: Kanaio and Auwahi (Fleming). Hawaii: Puuwaawaa (Thurston), Kona (Thwing, Gouveia), Huehue, Kapulehu and Waiaha (Gouveia). All specimens fossil from more or less recent beds, except the single fresh specimen from Mahana Gulch, Lanai. Type 11066 Bishop Museum, para types 42942 Bishop Museum and 44707 A. N. S. P. 286 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. A very variable and widely distributed little species. Speci- mens from different colonies and islands vary considerably from the typical form described above. The most important races may be briefly described as follows : a. The shells from Rocky Hill and Manoa, Oahu, have slightly blunter apices than the typical lot. b. Those from Kahuku and Kailua are slightly smaller but agree in other characters. c. Specimens from Kalaeokailio Pt., Molokai, are slightly longer and narrower in proportion to their length. d. Lanaian and East Mauian specimens are almost identical with the type lot. e. Specimens from Kahoolawe have more convex whorls and the outlines of the spire are also more convex. /. The shells from Hawaii are slightly smaller, cylindrical in outline and with fewer and closer costee. Shells from some of the different deposits have the follow- ing measurements : a. Length 1.53, diam. 0.86, greatest length apert. 0.55 mm. Rocky Hill, Oahu. a. Length 1.6, diam. 0.9 mm. Diamond Head, Oahu. &. Length 1.35, diam. 0.8, greatest length apert. 0.5 mm. ^ Kahuku, Oahu. &. Length 1.38, diam. 0.8, greatest length apert. 0.5 Kailua, Oahu. c. Length 1.6, diam. 0.83, greatest length apert. 0.55 mm. ; Kalaeokailio Pt., Molokai. c. Length 1.55, diam. 0.9 mm. Moomomi, Molokai. d. Length 1.5, diam. 0.86 ; greatest length apert. 0.52 mm. Western End Lanai. d. Length 1.45, diam. 0.82, greatest length apert. 0.55 mm. ; Kanaia, E. Maui. e. Length 1.53, diam. 0.86, greatest length apert. 0.55 mm. ; Kanapou, Kahoolawe. /. Length 1.43, diam. 0.75, greatest length apert. 0.52 mm. -r Puuwaawaa, Hawaii. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 287 5. NESOPUPA BALDWINI Ancey. PI. 27, figs. 9, 10. " Shell shortly cylindrical-oblong, openly yet minutely per- forate, brownish red, with a silky sheen, almost destitute of sculpture except for very thin lines of growth hardly visible under a strong lens. Spire obtuse. Whorls 5y2, convex, the first three increasing rapidly in diameter, the rest nearly equal, with an impressed suture. The last oblong, scarcely swollen, slightly attenuate at the base, contracted back of the aperture by two shallow sulci parallel to the suture ; slightly ascending in front. Aperture vertical, outwardly dilated angulate above the middle, truncate ovate, armed with plicse or lamellae as follows : parietals 2, of which one, the angular, is elongate, but shorter than the next ; the other, nearly median, more deeply seated, long; one columellar, acute, dentiform; and two elon- gate palatals, corresponding to the exterior sulci, parallel, of which the upper almost reaches the margin. Peristome nar- row, unicolorous, brown, slightly thickened, except at the colu- mella, slightly expanded, with quite distant margins, the ex- terior of which is slightly sinuous above. Length 1.5, diam. 0.8, alt. of apert. about 0.5 mm. Molokai (Baldwin) ; Kaupa- kulua, Maui (Baldwin.) (Ancey.) E. Maui; Kaupakalua (Baldwin), Kailua (Cooke), Mahiku (Forbes). W. Maui: Hahakea, Waihee (Cooke), Honokahau (Forbes). Molokai: abundant on the wooded eastern part (Thaanum, Forbes, Pilsbry, Cooke). Lanai: "top of Moun- tain" (Forbes). Hawaii: Keehia (Thaanum), Laaloa (Gouveia). Holotype 18698 Bishop Museum. Nesopupa Baldwini ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 122, pi. 7, fig. 13, with var. centralis Ancey. This species and N. plieifera, are certainly very closely re- lated. In baldwini the shell is darker colored, with slightly more convex outlines, the surface is smoother, the costulse much weaker, closer and finer ; the lip insertions are more re- mote, the angular lamella not being united with the outer lip by a thick callus. The columellar lamella is transverse to the columella, ending within in a rather prominent knob. In the typical form from Kaupakalua, Maui, the rib sculp- 288 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. ture of the group is almost completely wanting. The furrows behind the lip are only weakly impressed, the Upper one wholly lateral, the lower extending to the dorsal line. Both angular and parietal lamellae are long, the former reaching the thickened edge of the parietal callus near the insertion of the lip, the parietal lamella somewhat immersed, regularly curved in a basal view. The deeply placed columellar lamella is much thickened at the inner end, but is hardly bent down- ward. Lower palatal fold is deeply immersed, as usual. The upper palatal does not have a depression preceding the outer end, such as is seen in the Oahuan species. Ancey 's type has the following dimensions: length 1.6, diam. 0.98, greatest length of aperture 0.67 mm. These measurements are slightly greater than Ancey gave, but the specimen was labelled type in his handwriting. A paratype measures: length 1.65, diam. 1 mm. Specimens from West Maui are more like Molokai shells than those of East Maui. Var. centralis Ancey. A little smaller and less cylindric, whorls 5, otherwise scarcely differing from the type (Ancey). Hawaii: Olaa (Thaanum). Very close to the typical Mauian form. In an Olaa speci- men from Thaanum (no. 79991 A. N. S. P.) the surface shows no ribs, but there are some striae on the last fourth of a whorl. The upper palatal fold is indicated externally by a slight impression, the lower by a shallow, broad concavity, both being quite short for this species. It measures, length 1.65, diam. 1.05 mm. Specimens from Keehia, Hawaii, collected by Mr. Thaanum are almost exactly similar to Ancey 's type specimen. They are less distinctly costulate than those of Lanai, West Maui and Molokai. 5&. Nesopupa baldwini subcostata P. & C., 11. subsp. PL 27, figs. 11, 12. The surface is distinctly and closely costulate, the riblets not very strong, sometimes irregularly developed. Sulcus over the lower palatal fold well marked, the upper one shallow HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 289 or nearly obsolete. Angular and parietal lamellae about as long as in the typical form, nearly straight, the parietal emerg- ing further than typical. Length 1.6, diam. 1 mm. Length 1.48, diam. 0.95 mm. Widely distributed on the wooded part of Molokai, the typ3 from upper Kaunakakai, along the pipe-line trail. It occurs as far west as Puunea, north of Meyer's lake. 5Z>. Nesopupa bald-mini lanaiensis P. & C., n. subsp. PL 27, figs. 13, 14, 15. The surface has weak ribs, or largely obsolete, last whorl with both sulci d-eep, surface strongly convex between them; base swollen. Angular and parietal lamellae somewhat longer than in typical baldwini. Columellar lamella with the inner knob somewhat turned down. Length 1.5, diam. 0.9 mm. ; 5% whorls. Lanai. Section Infranexopupa C. & P., new section. The shells are minute, dextral (except for N. infrequens) ; angle lamella short, not reaching the margin of the aperture, parallel to the parietal ; upper palatal plica much shorter than the lower, neither of which is accompanied by a sulcus on the back of the last whorl ; with a slight swelling just back of and parallel to the margin of the aperture ; columellar lamella obliquely seated, not descending, when viewed from above slightly sigmoid. Type N. limatula. They are usually found on the fronds of ferns or leaves of low plants, but occasionally on the trunks of trees. Key to Species of Section Infranesopupa. a\ Shell sinistral. N. infrequens, no. 12. a2. Shell dextral. &1. Adult shells nearly 2.1 mm. in length. c1. Surface, between striae, covered with minute anastomosing wrinkles. Maui. N. bishopi, no. 10. 290 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. c2. Surface, between striae, minutely granulose. Hawaii. N. forbesi, no. 11. b2. Adult shells less than 1.9 mm. in length. c1. Aperture of , adult shells always furnished with a minute basal fold. N. d. kaalaensis, no. la. c2. Basal fold usually absent, only present in very rare individual instances. dl. Adult shells minute, less than 1.4 mm. in length. Molokai. N. dubitabttis, no. 7. d2. Adult shells more than 1.5 mm. in length. Maui, Hawaii. e1. Palatal plicae very short. Hawaii. /*. Shells broadly ovate to glo- bosely ovate, parietal and angular lamellae well separ- ated. N. anc-eyana, no. 8. /2. Shells nearly cylindric, angu- lar lamella usually dentiform, placed close to the parietal. N. subcentralis, no. 9. e2. Palatal plicae longer. Maui. N. limatula, no. 6.. 6. NESOPUPA LIMATULA C. & P., n. sp. PI. 28, figs. 6, 10. The shell is minute, sub-perforate (perforation very minute, almost closed), ovate, the last two whorls hazel, apical whorls much paler ; rather thin ; translucent with a silky sheen, micro- sopically striate. Spire with convex outlines and a rather ob- tuse apex; individual whorls convex, separated by a rather deep suture. Whorls 5 to 5^4, the embryonic 1% whorls con- vex, almost smooth, under the microscope very minutely punc- tate, viewed with oblique light the points arranged in spiral lines, glossy; the remaining whorls faintly striate, striae slightly flexuous, very low, evenly spaced, the interstices and striae covered with a fine network of minute wrinkles only seen under the microscope. The last whorl is rotund at the back,, ascending slightly near the aperture, a little contracted behind HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 291 the lip, the contraction preceded by a low, wide swelling parallel to the margin of the aperture, near and at the base. Aperture truncate-ovate, scarcely oblique, nearly perpendi- cular, the outer margin slightly rounded, the columellar mar- gin nearly straight, margins united by a very thin minutely punctate parietal callus. Angular lamella short, upright, not extending to the margin of the aperture. Parietal lamella long, strong, bent obliquely outwards. Columellar lamella strong, slanting downwards, deeply seated, entering almost horizontally in front, its inner end ascending; the upper and lower palatal plicae rather long, slightly converging backwards, extending to a little distance within the margin of the aper- ture; the lower one quite stout. Peristome thin, expanded at the columella and base, the upper outer portion erect. Length 1.65, diarn. 1.1, aperture (diag.) 0.65 mm. E. Maui : Ainahou and Palikou in Haleakala Crater (Cooke) and Ukulele (Forbes, Cooke). All specimens taken on the fronds of living ferns. W. Maui: Maunahooma (Forbes and Cooke) Honokaoo (Forbes). Type 11067 Bishop Museum,, paratypes 38489 Bishop Museum and 44692 A. N. S. P. Apparently a widely dispersed species on East and West Maui. All the specimens from E. Maui, were found at over- 6,000 ft. elevation; those from W. Maui 2,000 ft. elevation.. The single specimen collected by Mr. Forbes at Ukulele has a rather short, lamella-like fold between the upper and lower palatal plicae, otherwise it agrees perfectly with the typical specimens from Ainahou. A second specimen collected by Cooke from near the same spot is longer, slightly narrower with more convex outlines, lighter and uniformly colored and with short palatal plicae. This specimen measures : Length 1.9, diameter 1.07, aperture (diag.) 0.75 mm. 5!/4 whorls. West Maui specimens are slightly smaller, more compact and the apertural lamellae are not only more strongly developed but are also longer. A specimen from Maunahooma measures L. Length 1.55, diam. 1.1 mm. ; apert., greatest length 0.67 mm. 7. NESOPUPA DUBITABILIS C. & P., n. sp. PI. 28, fig. 9. This shell is smaller than N. limatula, more shortly ovate- 292 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. in outline. Fully adult specimens have but 4% convex whorls. The surface of the shell is more closely, finer and more evenly striate. Length 1.38, diam. 0.95 ; apert. greatest length 0.55 mm. Molokai: Poholua (type loc.), 2,500 ft. elevation; Kamoku and Kawela (Cooke) ; Ualapue (Forbes) ; Western ravine, head of Kamalo (Cooke & Pilsbry). Type 11068, Bishop Museum, paratypes 35150 Bishop Museum and 44728 A.N.S.P. This species is undoubtedly closely related to N. limatula from which it is here considered as a separate species not only by its geographical distribution but by its much smaller size, form, etc. In an immature specimen with 3*4 whorls the shell is openly perforate, lighter colored than in the adults. The embryonic whorls, under the microscope, are very minutely and closely granulose, the granules do not appear to be arranged in any particular order. The delicate, slightly oblique striffi appear rather abruptly at about l^ whorls. Specimens from the western ravine at the head of Kamalo are somewhat larger : Length 1.55, diam. 1.05 mm. Length 1.5, diam. 1 mm. la. Nesopupa dubitabilis kaalaensis C. & P., n. subsp. PL 28, fig. 13. Specimens from Oahu are very similar to N. dubitabilis in size and form. They differ, however, in that adult specimens are always furnished with a minute basal fold slightly sub- columellar in position. This fold has not been observed in specimens from Molokai. It is somewhat immersed, low, short, lamella-like rather than nodular. Two gerontic specimens show considerable variation in their lamella character. In the first there is a rather long, low swell- ing between the two palatal plicae, and the parietal lamella is continued nearly to the margin of the aperture, ending in a low broad nodule. In the second there is a minute nodular infraparietal lamella. An average adult measures: Length 1.45, diameter 0.97; aperture, greatest length 0.92 mm. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 293 Oahu: Waianae Range at Mokuleia (Cooke), and Kaala, eastern spur, about 2,500 ft. elevation under bark of lehua trees (Bridwell). Type 11069 Bishop Museum; para types 42720 Bishop Museum and 44709 A. N. S. P. 8. NESOPUPA ANCEYANA C. & P., n. sp. PL 28, figs. 2, 3. The shell is somewhat like that of N. limatula but longer, broader and usually with but 4% — 5 whorls. Shell compact, broadly ovate to globosely ovate, antique brown to buckthorn brown, the lower whorls indistinctly, minutely striate, the strife and their interstices covered with microscopic, irregular hair-like wrinkles. Spire with convex outlines; whorls con- vex, separated by a rather deep suture. The embryonic whorls are microscopically punctate with a few indistinct spiral lines just above the suture; last whorl slightly swollen just back of the aperture and scarcely flattened over the palatal plicae. Aperture irregularly triangular, with broadly rounded angles, lip-insertions scarcely converging. Angular lamella short, lamella-like, rather widely separated from the parietal. Parietal lamella long, strong, and nearly perpendicular to the parietal wall; columellar lamella very short, deeply seated, horizontally entering, and slightly slanting downwards notice- ably turned upward at the inner end, and in old specimens continued up the columella as a low callous ridge. The two palatal plicae are very short, not approaching the peristome, nearly parallel and rather widely separated. Length 1.78, diam 1.15; apert,, greatest length 0.73 mm.; 5 whorls. Length 1.53, diam. 1.1 ; apert., greatest length 0.7 mm. ; 41^ whorls. Hawaii: Olaa (Thaanum, Ancey coll.; Lyman) ; Kilauea (Cooke), Piihonua and Humuula (type loe. ; Forbes). Type 11072 Bishop Museum; para type 39300, Bishop Museum and 44723 A. N. S. P. This species is most easily distinguished from N. limatula of Maui by the much shorter palatal folds; from N. sub- centralis by its broader and more ovate outlines, smoother surface, its shorter and broader aperture ; the rather distantly 294 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. spaced parietal and angular lamellae, the angular being usually slightly longer and stronger than in centralis, and also by the wider spaced and more nearly parallel palatal plicae. A single specimen in the Ancey collection from Olaa is almost identical with Humuula specimens. Near the edge of the crater of Kilauea specimens are very abundant on the low growing kukaineenee (Coprosma). They are smaller than the typical form, globosely ovate, and have but 414 whorls. One of these specimens measures: Length 1.53, diam. 1.04, apart. 0.67 mm. The above measurements are of an average specimen. A number of slightly smaller speci- mens occur in most of the lots collected near Kilauea. At first glance they have the appearance of immature shells and are almost globular in outline. The peristome, however, is thick- ened. In these specimens the angular lamella is very short. One of them with 4% whorls measures : length 1.25, diam. 1.05, apert. 0.61 mm. In some specimens from the margin of Kilauea iki (fig. 3), the angular and parietal lamellae are quite close together, and the palatal folds are less widely spaced than in typical anceyanoi. Length 1.7, diam. 1.1 mm., aperture 0.66 mm. Length 1.5, diam. 1.1 mm. 9. NESOPUPA SUBCENTRALIS C. & P., n. sp. PL 28, fig. 8. The shell is minute, sub-perforate (perforation very minute)', nearly cylindrical, in its fossil state pale brownish white, often with a broad lighter peripheral zone, rather thin, hardly translucent, under a strong lens closely, quite evenly but weakly obliquely striate. Spire with convex outlines. The summit convexly conic, apex obtuse ; individual whorls slightly convex and separated by a rather shallow suture. Whorls 5, the embryonic smooth for iy2 whorls, the faint striae beginning rather abruptly at this point ; last whorl subcylindric, taper- ing towards the base, somewhat flattened over the palatal plicae, very slightly swollen back of outer margin of peristome. Aperture broadly truncate-ovate, hardly oblique, perpendicu- lar, lip-insertions remote. Angular lamella short, low, tooth- HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 295 like, deeply seated. Parietal lamella well developed, strong, perpendicular to the parietal wall. Columellar lamella short, horizontally entering, slanting downwards, inwardly, ending abruptly. Two palatal plicae rather short, lamella-like, nearly parallel and rather remote from the peristome, the lower one more immersed. Peristome slightly thickened within, ex- panded slightly except for the upper outer margin which is thin and erect. Length 1.7, diam. 0.98 ; apert., greatest length 0.7 mm. Hawaii: Palihoukapapa (type loc.), very abundant in the fossil deposits (Henshaw, Thaanum) ; Mana (Thaanum), rather rare. Living specimens on the Flow of 1823, 7,000 ft. elevation (Forbes); Waihou; S. Kona, on ferns (Gouveia). Type 18699 Bishop Museum ; topotypes 36654, Bishop Museum ; 44699 A. N. S. P. and in the Thaanum coll. Nesopupa baldwini var. centralis Anc., HENSHAW, Journ. of Malacology, xi, September 1904, p. 63. — ANCEY, same Journal Sept., 1904, p. 67 ; not N. b. centralis AN GEY, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. vi, June, 1904, p. 122. This species is closely related to N. anceyana, but the contour is narrower, the palatal folds less widely separated, as are also the angular and parietal lamellae. Mr. Ancey named the Palihoukapapa specimens in his col- lection (now in the Bishop Museum) Nesopupa baldwini var. centralis, but the original locality of N. b. centralis was Olaa • at the time it was described no Palihoukapapa material had been under examination. Moreover, a form of N. baldwini occurs at Olaa, and the present species has not been found there. The identification was apparently a hasty one, as N. baldwini and its varieties have dorsal sulci, lacking in this species. Living examples collected by Forbes at about 7,000 ft. eleva- tion, in the lava flow of 1823, are referable to this species. They are almost similar in size, though the living form has slightly more convex whorls; the color is brussels brown on the last whorl, gradually becoming paler above but none of the specimens have a pale peripheral zone. The surface has an oily sheen and under a strong lens is minutely closely 296 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. wrinkled ; the lamellae and plicae of the aperture have about the same development as in specimens from Palihoukapapa, except that the angular lamella is slightly longer and stronger. One of the specimens measures: length 1.83, diam. 0.98, apert. (diag.) 0.73 mm. There is but a single slight difference between these speci- mens and those collected by Gouveia at Waihou. In the latter the angular lamella is considerably longer, otherwise they agree perfectly. 10. NESOPUPA BISHOPI C. & P., n. sp. PL 28, fig. 4. The shell is minute, perforate (perforation very minute, nearly closed), nearly cylindrical, argus brown, lighter colored above, rather thin, translucent, with an oily sheen, minutely very weakly striate. Spire with nearly parallel outlines below, tapering above to a somewhat obtuse apex. The individual whorls somewhat convex, separated by a rather shallow, suture. Whorls 5%, the embryonic 11/2 nearly smooth, under a strong lens minutely indistinctly punctate ; rest of the whorls faintly striate, striae weak, oblique, discontinous ; under the microscope the whole surface is .seen to be covered with minute short wrinkles; last whorl cylindrical, tapering towards the base, ascending slightly and slowly near the aperture. Flattened outside of the palatal plicae, having a very small impression over the lower one, and slightly swollen just before reaching the aperture. Aperture truncate-ovate, scarcely oblique, nearly perpendicular, the lip insertions remote, not united by a callus. Angular lamella deeply seated, weak, short, about one-half the height of the parietal ; parietal lamella stronger, emerging further, nearly perpendicular to the parietal wall ; columellar lamella weaker than in most species of this group, short, horizontally inserted on the columella and deeply seated. Two palatal plicae of about equal length, rather short, not approaching the peristome and nearly parallel, the upper emerging slightly further than the lower. Peristome very slightly thickened, the columellar margin ex- panded, the lower and outer margins nearly erect. Length 2.08, diam. 1.1 ; apert., greatest length 0.8 mm. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 297 E. Maui : Haleakala Crater, near Crystal Cave, under stones 011 the floor of the Crater (Cooke). Type 12465 Bishop Museum, paratype 44696 A. N. S. P. As far as known only three specimens of this species have been collected. It differs principally from N. limatula, from the same island, by its larger size and weaker lamellae. 11. NESOPUPA FORBESI C. & P., n. sp. PL 28, fig. 5. The shells are larger than any of the other species from Hawaii, thinner and more transparent, more glossy, orange- citrine and with very low almost evenly spaced striae, the interstices not wrinkled as in living examples of central/is or a-nceyana. Spire oblong with very convex outlines, tapering gradually to the apex. Whorls 5, the embryonic almost smooth, hardly granulose under the microscope, the evenly spaced rather distant low striae beginning almost abruptly near the middle of the second whorl. Last whorl ascending slightly, swollen back of the aperture and hardly flattened over the palatal plicae. Aperture irregularly trapezoidal with rounded angles, the lip-insertions remote, united by a thin callus. Angular lamella minute, almost dentiform, deeply seated ; parietal deeply seated, long, strong, perpendicular to the parietal wall; columellar rather strong, deeply seated, slanting downwards; two palatal plicae short, rather deeply seated, converging inwardly, the lower considerably larger than the upper. Peristome tinged with a darker color than the rest of the shell, erect, very faintly thickened within. Length 2.08, diam. 1.22 ; apert., greatest length 0.85 mm. Hawaii: Huumula (Forbes). Type 39288 Bishop Museum. Only two specimens of this rare species are known at present. Both were taken by Forbes on plants in a large kipuka in the 1855 Flow, about half way between Halealoha and Ainahou, at about 5,000 ft. elevation. The size of this species easily distinguishes it from the other species from Hawaii. From JV. bishopi it is most easily separated by its lighter color, thinner shell more convex outlines, and the surface, which is very minutely granular rather than wrinkled in the inter- stices between the striae. 298 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 12. NESOPUPA INFREQUENS C. & P., n. sp. PL 28, fig. 7. The shell is simstral, minute, sub-perforate (perforation very minute), nearly cylindrical, buckthorn brown, thin, trans- lucent, hardly glossy ; under a strong lens the surface is very minutely, closely and obliquely wrinkled, the wrinkles hair- like, rather short, more or less anastomosed. Spire with con- vex outlines, gradually tapering towards the apex, individual whorls slightly convex, separated by a rather narrow suture. Whorls 5, the embryonic nearly smooth, under a strong lens minutely granulose, the granules apparently arranged in trans- verse rows, the minute striae gradually appearing at about the middle of the second whorl. The last whorl tapers gradually to the base, ascending slightly near the aperture, slightly flat- tened over the palatal plicae, and only faintly swollen back of the aperture. Aperture scarcely oblique, nearly perpendicu- lar, irregularly truncate-ovate, lip-insertions remote, united by a thin transparent callus. Angular lamella short, lamella- like, deeply seated; parietal strong, high, emerging further than the angular, perpendicular to the parietal wall; colu- mellar lamella rather short, strong, deeply seated, indistinctly slanting downwards; two palatal plicae not approaching the peristome, rather short, nearly parallel. Peristome very slightly thickened within, arched above the columella, slightly expanded on the lower margin, the outer margin erect. Length 1.65, diam. 0.98, apert. (diag.) 0.65 mm. Kauai: Halemanu, on a tree trunk; also on ferns (Cooke), Holotype 15489 Bishop Museum. It is the only sinistral Hawaiian Nesopupa known. Besides its sinistral coil, it is easily recognized from the other species of Nesopupa by the slightly coarse anastomosing striae of the lower whorls. One of us (Cooke) recently collected probably about 40 specimens in different localities, the extreme points probably six miles apart. It has a different habit from any of the true Nesopupae ; all the specimens taken in 1919 were on the fronds of ferns (Asplenium arnottii). A single one, the type, had previously been found on a tree. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 299 Section Nesodagys new section. Surface like Limbatipupa, but there is a long, lamella-like angular lamella reaching the lip. The two species included in this section are more or less intermediate between Limbatipupa and Nesopupa. a1. Shell oblong to ovate, embryonic whorls granulose. P. wesleyana and sub-species, no. 13. a?. Shell short, almost globose, embryonic whorls minutely spirally striate. P. thaanumi, no. 14. 13. NESOPUPA WESLEYANA Ancey. PL 29, figs. 1, 2. ''Shell oblong, thin, perforate, scarcely shining, under a strong lens granulate, brown-corneous, ornamented with oblique and distant, more or less deciduous, membranous cos- tulse, slightly wavy on the last whorl. Spire oblong, slightly obtuse. Whorls 5, separated by an impressed suture, the last oblong, ascending slightly towards its end, tapering ^gradually towards the base, slightly dilated near the aperture. Aper- ture vertical, truncate-ovate, very slightly receding at the base, nearly equal to % of the length, brownish within, 5-plicate; peristome not continuous, expanded and reflexed throughout, slightly thickened, sublabiate, with a unicolorous brownish lip. Angular lamella arcuate, elongate, slightly bent ; parietal a little more deeply seated, nearly median in position; colu- mellar lamella acute, deeply seated; two elongate, parallel palatal, the lower more deeply seated. Length 2, diam. 1, aperture about 0.75 mm. ' ' ( Ancey ) . Hawaii: Hilo, 4 miles Olaa road, type locality (Thaanum, Cooke) ; Glenwood (Pilsbry) ; Waipio Pali (Henshaw, Thaa- num) ; Kainbow Falls (Cooke) ; Puna (Thurston) ; fossil at Puuwaawaa (Thurston), Huehue (Gouveia) Palihoukapapa (Thaanum, Henshaw). Kahoolawe; fossil at Kanapou (Forbes & Stokes). E. Maui: Kaupakalua (Baldwin), fossil at Kanaio and Auwahi (Fleming). W. Maui: Waiakapu and Waihee (Forbes), Hahakea and lao (Cooke). Oahu: Ahui- manu (Cooke), Kamanaiki (Gouveia) fossil at Kailua (Pilsbry). No typical specimens of this species have been 300 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. seen from Kauai. Type 18704, Bishop Museum; paratypes 18707 Bishop Museum, 44727 A. N. S. P. and in Thaanum coll. Nesopupa wesleyana ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soe. London, vi, June 1904, p. 123, pi. 7, fig. 16. This species is easily recognized from P. newcombi by its more cylindrical spire and the long, lamella-like angular lamella. Typical P. wesleyana is usually found on rather damp rocks, though it is occasionally taken on rather smooth- barked trunks of trees. It does not seem to possess as many varieties or races as P. newcombi and the few varieties, noted below, are much more constant in all their characters than those of P. newcombi. The embryonic whorls are rounded, scarcely lighter colored than the rest of the shell, under a strong lens very minutely granulose, the granules not appearing to be arranged in any regular manner. In the typical form the angular lamella is situated parallel to the parietal inwardly, curving outwards in front and unit- ing to the outer lip at a slight distance back of the outer margin. It descends rather abruptly in front but gradually at the inner end. Sometimes there is a slight depression or notch just back of outer end. This is very well represented in fossil specimens collected by Pilsbry at Kailua, Oahu. The parietal lamella is strong, rather deeply seated and nearly per- pendicular to the parietal wall. The columellar is deeply seated, perpendicular to the columella and rather long. The lower palatal is somewhat deeply seated, long, parallel to, but stronger than the upper. The upper palatal extends nearer to the margin than the lower, inwardly its free margin is slightly bent towards the lower palatal. Externally there is a slight impression over it. A somewhat larger fossil race was found by Messrs Thaanum and Henshaw at Palihoukapapa. The whorls are slightly flatter than in the typical form. One of the specimens meas- ures: Length 2.15, diam. 1.22, apert. (diag.) 0.86 mm. 5% whorls. The type specimen has the following dimensions: Length HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 301 1.95, diam. 1.15, apert. (diag.) 0.8 mm. The color of fresh typical specimens from Hilo, Hawaii is buckthorn-brown. 130. Form gouveia C. & P. PL 29, fig. 4. A very small race of wesleyana was found by Gouveia at Hookena, and by Forbes at Kapua, both localities in South Kona, Hawaii. In this form the outline is narrowly ovate, tapering above. The aperture is truncately ovate, its outer margin hardly flattened. Whorls 4%. In cross section the upper palatal is only slightly bent ; the angular unites with the outer lip at a slight distance from the margin. Length 1.65, diam. 0.98, apert, (diag.) 0.73 mm. Type 11081 Bishop Museum, paratype 39429 Bishop Museum, and 44732 A. N. S. P. 13&. Form tryphera C. & P. PL 29, fig. 3. A form which is usually smaller than the typical and which appears to occur in pure colonies, has the upper palatal fold, abruptly bent in the middle, the inner half descending towards the lower palatal fold. A few of the specimens from Oahu (Nuuanu, Makiki and Moanalua, coll. by Spalding), are nearly equal to the typical form in size, but the majority of the colonies are decidedly smaller. Embryonic whorls similar to those of the typical form. Typical examples of this form have been taken from the following localities: Kauai : Lihue. Oahu: Palolo (type loc.), Tantalus, Nuuanu and Kaipapau, in the Koolau Range; Palehua and Popouwela, in the Waianse Range. Molokai : Puunea and Mapulehu (Thaanum). Except for the larger form from Oahu mentioned above the examples are remark- ably uniform in size and other characters. Length 1.75, diam. 1.1, apert. (diag.) 0.8 mm. 4% whorls (Palolo). Type 11082 Bishop Museum, para types 15422 Bishop Museum and 44714 A. N. S. P. 13c. N. w. rhadina C. & P., n. subsp. PL 29, fig. 13. The shell is slender, oblong, usually tapering above, brussels brown, convex, closely and regularly marked with well-de- veloped membranous costse. Spire with convex outlines. 302 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. Whorls 5%, very convex. The embryonic whorls are more coarsely granulose than any of the forms noted in this sub- genus. The granules for the first half whorl are arranged longitudinally, giving the appearance of striae; at about the beginning of the second whorl the very faint transverse striae appear to be made up of uniting granules. These striae, gradu- ally become stronger with the growth of the shell, the granules persisting in the inter-costal spaces, gradually becoming fainter and disappear about the end of the second whorL Aperture truncate-ovate, the outer margin hardly flattened, the lip insertions slightly converging, furnished with 5 lamellae. Angular lamella somewhat thickened and calloused in front, slender and thin inwardly, lower than the parietal. Colu- mellar lamella slightly slanting downward. The upper palatal fold is equal to if not higher than the lower, not quite as deeply seated, and slightly shorter. Length : 2.32, diam. 1.15, apert. (diag.) 0.85 mm. Type 11083 Bishop Museum, para- types 35126 Bishop Museum and 44726 A. N. S. P. Molokai: Poholua, type locality (Cooke) ; Kilohana and Puukolekole, Kamalo (Pilsbry and Cooke) ; Kalihi, Puunea, Waikolu (Cooke) ; Mapulehu (Thaanum) ; fossil specimens from Mauna Loa, Moomomi, Kalaeokailio (Cooke). This subspecies was at first considered as a separate species, but on comparing the large series of both wesleyana and rhadina in the Bishop Museum collection it appears to be better to consider both forms as belonging to the same species. N. rhadina is easily recognized from wesleya/iM by its more convex whorls, darker color and narrower outlines. Living examples of this subspecies are only taken under the loose bark of trees or in moss growing on tree trunks. It is never found abundantly, due to the amount of time con- sumed in finding only a few specimens. The most usual habitat is under loose bark of the lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) . On the flat east of the peak, Puukolekole, it varies in size and shape. Alt. 1.95, diam. 1.18 mm. Alt. 2.15, diam. 1.3 mm. ; decidedly ovate-conic. HAWAIIAN NBSOPUPAE. 303 Alt. 2.25, diam. 1.3 mm.; subcylindric. In forest at the head of Kamalo there is a large, stout, cyl- indric form with the laminae of the surface more crowded, and generally having an interpalatal fold. Length 2.4, diam. 1.25 mm. This may be called form kamaloemis (pi. 29, fig. 9) . Kauai : This sub-species has been taken in several localities and is probably well distributed over the whole of the moun- tainous area of the island. It is also occasionally found in some of the fossil deposits of the lowlands. The specimens from this Island are fairly typical. They are slightly more tightly coiled than the typical form and the outlines are a little more convex. A typical example, from back of Lihue, meas- ures: Length 2.3, diam. 1.1, apert. (diag.) 0.83 mm. A fossil specimen from Limahuli is decidedly smaller, more conical in outline and there are but 5 whorls. Length : 1.95, diam. 1.05, apert. (diag.) 0.75 mm. Oahu : This sub-species is widely distributed over the Koolau range but is not represented by a large series in any of the lots. From the Waiana? Mts. only a very few examples seem to have been taken. It is also found, though only in a few isolated cases abundantly, in a number of the fossil deposits from this island. Most of the specimens are considerably smaller than the typical form from Molokai. PL 29, fig. 7 represents a fossil specimen from Kahuku coral bluff. Specimens taken from a few of the lots in the Bishop Museum collection showed the following measurements. Length 2.02, diam. 1.1, apert. (Diag.) 0.79 mm. 5 whorls; Manoa — Palolo ridge (Cooke). Length 1.9, diam. 1.0, apert. (Diag.) 0.75 mm. 5 whorls; Waimano (Gouveia). Length 1.95, diam. 1.1, apert. (Diag.) 0.8 mm. 5 whorls; Waialaeiki ( Gouveia ) . Length 2.08, diam. 1.08, apert. (Diag.) 0.76 mm. 5% whorls; Popouwela, Waianae Mts. (Cooke). Length 1.8, diam. 0.95, apert. (Diag.) 0.7 mm. 5 whorls; Malaekahana, fossil (Cooke). Length 2.0, diam. 1.07, apert. (Diag.) 0.76 mm. 5 whorls; Kahuku, fossil (Cooke). 304 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. Length 2.25, diam. 1.13, apert. (Diag.) 0.85 mm. 5% whorls; Manoa, fossil (Cooke). Maui: Specimens of this subspecies from the highlands of West Maui, have the apices much eroded giving the appearance of a very blunt spire. The whorls are very convex and the outlines are almost cylindrical. The surface is covered with rather low, close, membranous costae. A well preserved speci- men (the apex of which is not much eroded) measures: Length 2.35, diam. 1.22, apert. (diag.) 0.97 mm. 5y2 whorls. Specimens from East Maui are similar to those from West Maui. Lanai: I have seen only two specimens of this sub-species from Lanai. Both were collected by Forbes and each came from a different locality. Both specimens appear to be more closely related to the Molokaian form than the Mauian. One of them measures: Length 2.15, diam. 1.15, apert. (diag.) 0.86 mm. 5% whorls. No specimens of this subspecies have been seen from Hawaii, and so far as I know up to the present time it has not been taken on that island. 14. NESOPUPA THAANUMI Ancey. PI. 28, figs. 11, 12. "Shell dextral, minutely rimate-perf orate, of a pleasing corneous buff color, ornamented with rather distant, weak and very deciduous, silvery shining, membranous costula?; somewhat conic-ovate, obtuse. Whorls 4^, convex, suture im- pressed ; the upper quite minute ; the last sub-saccate, shortly ovate, scarcely tapering at the base, ascending slightly to- wards its end, very lightly impressed outwardly back of the aperture. Aperture erect, truncate-oval, sub-rotund, ex- tended outwardly and bent in front (above the middle portion of the dextral margin), armed with strong white lamella as follows : an arcuate angular, elongate but short, extending to the margin ; a little more deeply seated parietal lamella, enter- ing deeply; a transverse, internal columellar; and 2 palatals, the upper seated a little nearer the margin, both elongate but not very long. Lip narrowly expanded, with quite distant insertions. Length 1.33, diam. 1.0, alt. apert. 0.5 mm. (Ancey). HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 305 Hawaii: Olaa (D. Thaanum), type 18701 Bishop Museum, topotypes 44678 A. N. S. P.; Glenwood, in moss on tree trunks, abundant (Thaanum, Pilsbry). Nesopupa thaanumi (ANCEY), Proc. Malac. Soc., London, vi, Tune 1904, p. 123. Unfortunately the holotype from the Ancey collection is •yadly broken. This species is very abundant in the type ocality, where it is found on tree-trunks, living among and on -he fronds of a loose-growing species of moss. Under similar •onditions this species has been found in nearly all the 1 Hawaiian Islands. P. thaanumi is somewhat similar to P. uesleyana tryphera. Its shell is, however, smaller, more com- )actly coiled, much lighter colored and the aperture is more Crowded writh the five lamellae. It has apparently some re- ationship to the species included in Nesopupa ss. It differs Tom all the species of the latter by its more convex whorls ind especially by the membranous character of its rather dis- ant riblets. Immature specimens from the type locality have lie embryonic whorls very minutely spirally striate. The ingular lamella is strong, long and slightly sinuous, high in 'ront, tapering gradually backward, and does not terminate >n nor is it joined to the outer lip, but extends to the margin >f the parietal wall. In this character it resembles species of \esopupa ss. with this distinction: that in thaanumi this amella is stronger, with a more sinuous margin and the outer »ortion is not parallel to the parietal, but is distinctly bent owards the outer lip. The parietal lamella is only slightly :iore deeply seated than the angular, and emerges almost to he margin on the parietal wall. It is very strong, high and Dug, and is nearly perpendicular to the parietal wall. The olumellar lamella is very strong, horizontally seated, rather >ng, diminishing rather abruptly inward, there turning up- .rards and accompanying the columella as a mere thread. The wo palatal folds are nearly parallel, about equal in height nd length ; the lower slightly more deeply seated ; the upper xtendirig nearly to the margin of the outer lip, with its free dge abruptly bent, almost at a right angle, towards the )wer palatal. -' 306 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. Length 1.4, diam. 1.0, apert. (diag.) 0.65 mm. Whorls 4% (topotype). Length 1.56, diam. 1.0, apert. (diag.) 0.63 mm. Whorls 4y2 (topotype). Ancey's type specimen, according to my method, measures 1.53 mm. in length. This species has not yet been reported from Kauai. Oahu : widely distributed over the Koolau range ; up to this time none have been seen from the Waianae Mts. Shells of the different colonies differ but slightly from each other in size and otherwise agree very closely. Most of the specimens are slightly lighter colored than those from Hawaii. Length 1.51, diam. 1.0 apert. (diag.) 0.64 mm., 4% whorls; Waialae-iki. Length 1.4, diam. 0.98, apert. (diag.) 0.61 mm., 4% whorls;. Nuuanu. Length 1.53, diam. 1.02, apert. (diag.) 0.64 mm., 4% whorls;. Kaliuwaa. Lanai : I have been able to examine but two specimens of this species collected on Lanai. Both specimens agree closely with the typical form. One of them measures: length 1.47, diam. 0.98, apert. (diag.) 0.65 mm., 4% whorls. Maui : This species is only known to have been taken from three localities on West Maui, and one from E. Maui. Like the specimens from the other islands, all the Maui specimens agree closely with the typical form. A specimen from Honokahau measures: length 1.43, diam. 1.02, apert. (diag.) 0.64 mm.,, whorls. Section LIMBATIPUPA C. & P., n. sect. The shells are minute, brown to greenish-brown; the free margins of the costulae membranous and sometimes slightly prolonged into sharp membranous points; the 5 primary lamellae and folds present in most species, the angular lamella either shortly lamelliform, nodular or absent. Type N. new- combi. The species composing this section are differentiated by their HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 307 sculpture and the short, lamella-like, or nodular angular lamella, which is sometimes lacking. The species are rather closely connected ; however, they seem to be sufficiently differentiated from each other, and may be easily recognized. N. newcombi is by far the most variable species of the family found in the Hawaiian Islands, and a number of quite distinct races have here been grouped under this name without subspecific rank. Key to the Species of the Section Limbatipupa. a1. Angular lamella absent or represented by a slightly swol- len callus. 61. Whorls 4, embryonic whorls minutely spirally striate, diameter about 70% of total length. N. alloia, no. 19. b2. Whorls 4%-5, embryonic whorls granulose, diameter about 60% of total length. N. singularis, no. 18, a2. Angular lamella nodular or short lamelliform. b1. Costa? prominent, thin, membranous. c1. Upper palatal fold short lamella-like. N. newcombi, no. 15.- c2. Upper palatal fold absent or nodular. N. oahuensis, no. 16,. b2. Costae low, with very narrow membranous margin. N. kauaiensis, no. 17. 15. NESOPUPA NEWCOMBI (Pfr.). Page 309, fig. 1. The shell is minute, perforate (perforation very minute,, circular), ovate, brownish olive, thin, somewhat translucent, slightly shiny, uniformly and widely costulate, the riblets with membranous margins, about 15 on the last whorl. In some specimens they are slightly spiniferous just above periphery. Intercostal spaces minutely striate (striae short, parallel). Spire conic with convex outlines, apex obtuse; individual whorls convex, separated by a rather deep suture. Whorls 4%, the embryonic 1% whorls are microscopically granulose, the granules apparently arranged in transverse rows, the mem- branous costa? appearing abruptly in about the middle of the.- 308 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. second whorl. The rest of the whorls are costate. Last whorl large, rotund, tapering towards the rounded base, scarcely ascending near the aperture. Aperture nearly circular, scarcely oblique, perpendicular, the lip insertions approaching and united by a thin callus. Angular lamella short, lamella- like, united to the outer lip by a thick callus for about half its height and not extending to the parietal margin. Parietal lamella more deeply seated, large, strong, nearly perpendicular to the parietal wall. Columellar lamella strong, transversely seated and slightly slanting downward. Two palatal plicae rather deeply seated, nearly parallel, the lower slightly stronger than the upper. Peristome expanded, its outer and lower margins thin, membranous ; very slightly thickened with- in; columellar margin dilated above the umbilicus. Length 1.65, diam. 1.1, aperture, greatest length 0.79 mm. Explanation of figures, page 309. Fig. 1. Nesopupa newcombi (Pfr.). Typical. 18714BM. Wai- pio, Kauai. 2. N. newcombi seminulum. 23375BM. Kapua, Hawaii. 3. 3d, N. newcombi multidentata. Type, 15316BM. Glen Ada. 4. N. newcombi angusta. Type, 20227BM. Kipu, Kauai. 4a-4d. N. newcombi interrupta. 44760. Kaelepulu, Kai- lua. 5. N. newcombi interrupta. Type, 42673BM. Waiaha, Hawaii. 6. 60-. N. newcombi interrupta. l1/^ miles west of Ka- huku. 44761. 7. N. newcombi disjuncta. Type, 17219BM. Mokuleia. 8. 8a. N. newcombi gnampta. Type, 12526BM. Lua- kaha, Nuuanu. 9. N. kauaiensis (Anc.). 20608BM. Kipu, below the Gap, Kauai. 10. N. kauaiensis (Anc.). 20730BM. Kipu, slopes of Haupu, Kauai. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 309 310 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. Hawaiian Islands (Pfeiffer) ; Hawaii (Boettger, Pease), Waipio Valley (Thaanum). Lanai, Maunalei Gulch (Forbes) ; Mahana, Kaihalena (Spalding). Molokai, Mapulehu, (Thaa- num and Cooke) ; Puulua and Kalihi (Cooke). Oahu, Palolo, Tantalus, Makiki (Cooke), Waialaeiki (Bridwell), Pauoa (Gouveia). The above is the distribution of the typical form as known at present. More or less distinct races of this species have been taken on all the main islands except Niihau. f Pupa newcombi PPR., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1852 (1854), p. 69; Monographia Heliceorum Viventium, hi, 1853, p. 530. Pupa newcombi PFR., Monographia Heliceorum Viventium, iv, 1859, p. 682.— KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, 1859, p. 172, pi. 20, f. 23, 24. — BOETTGER, in von Martens, Conchologische Mittheilungen, i, 1881, p. 56, pi. 11, f. 12; pi. 12, f. 13.— ANCEY, Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, v, 1892, p. 709. — Nesopupa newcombi PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 433. Vertigo costulosa PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 462. — Pupa costulosa PPR., Monographia Heliceorum Viven- tium, viii, p. 408. — ANCEY, Mem. de la Soc. Zool. de France, v, 1892, p. 711. This is one of the most variable species of shells found on the Hawaiian Islands. The typical form, with five lamellae in the aperture, appears to be rather uncommon. Specimens with from 6 to 10 lamellae and folds are found on nearly all the islands of the group. In some cases these races are found in nearly pure colonies, in others individuals representing two or more races are found in a single colony. Nearly 350 specimens from 33 colonies were closely examined and among them 40 different lamella-formulae were noted. The presence and form of almost all the lamellae seem to be variable characters except in a very few races. The only teeth found in all the specimens were the columellar, lower and upper palatal. In one (probably pathological) specimen the parietal and angular lamellae were absent, and in another the parietal lamella was lacking. Except for extremely rare HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 311 specimens the presence of these two lamellae must be con- sidered as a constant character. Two distinct forms of the angular lamella were found; in the first this lamella is reduced to a nodular or a short lamella-like form. This is usually united to the outer lip by A thick callus sometimes of more than half its height. In most cases it does not extend to the margin of the parietal callus, while in others it not only reaches the margin but is continuous with it, forming a low descending ridge along the callus of the margin. In the second form the angular lamella is discontinuous. It is represented by a low nodule seated deep within and to the outside of the parietal lamella, followed by a short interval with no indication of any thickening, and terminating near the angle with the usual nodule, as in fig. 4&. Forms with this character of the lamella are abundant in the Pleistocene deposits on nearly all of the islands. The parietal lamella is always strong and usually slants slightly outwards, but is often perpendicular to the parietal wall ; in some cases the free margin is slightly sigmoid. The infra-parietal lamella is usually represented by a low nodule- like swelling, rather deeply seated. In a very few cases speci- mens were found in which this lamella is discontinuous as described in the case of the second form of the angular lamella. The supra-columellar and subcolumellar lamellae are only pres- ent in a few specimens. They are never lamelliform, but appear as low callous swellings. The columellar lamella is always strong, horizontally entering, and generally slanting slightly downwards and emerging nearly to the outer margin of the columella. In most cases it terminates rather abruptly at the back and follows the margin of the columella upward as a low thread-like swelling. In two races, one from Kauai and the other from Oahu, the inner portion of this lamella is turned abruptly downwards terminating at the base of the columella, as in typical Nesopupa. The subcolumellar lamella, when present, is usually represented by a low elongate swell- ing parallel to the basal fold. The basal fold when present is generally lamelliform and reaches about half the size of the lower palatal. An infrapalatal fold is found only occasion- 312 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. ally. It is more deeply seated than the outward termination of the lower palatal fold, and has a low lamella-like form. The lower palatal fold is always present; it is deeply seated and generally much stronger than the upper palatal. The interpalatal fold is usually low, lamelliform, and more deeply seated than either the upper or lower palatals. Like the lower, the upper palatal fold was present in every specimen examined. The suprapalatal fold, when present, is nodular in form and is ordinarily seated about half way between the termination of the upper palatal fold and the inner margin of the peristome. The outline of the shell varies from narrowly conic-ovate to broadly ovate. There are from 4 to 4% whorls in adult specimens. The number of costag on the last whorl varies from about 15 to nearly 30. In each of the different colonies the number of costas is nearly uniform. Typical specimens of newcombi from Oahu are slightly larger than those examined from Hawaii. Otherwise they agree fairly closely. A specimen from Palolo has about 17 costas on the last whorl. It measures: length 1.75, diam. 1.1 apert. (diag.) 0.73 mm., 4i/2 whorls. Another specimen from Tantalus measures: length 1.83, diam. 1.2, apert. (diag.) 0.70 mm., 4% whorls. In all the specimens from the latter locality there are from 25 to 28 costae on the last whorl. Lanai speci- mens are somewhat smaller than those from Hawaii. They have about 20 costae on the last whorl. The outline of the shell is globosely-ovate. An adult specimen with 4% whorls measures: length 1.53, diam. 1.1, apert. (diag.) 0.67 mm. Molokai specimens are very similar to those from Oahu. An adult shell with 414 whorls measures: length 1.72 diam. 1.05 apert. (diag.) 0.73 mm. When typically developed the minor races can be deter- mined by the following key. a1. Columellar lamella straight or slightly upturned within. fe1. Angular lamella a short lamella or tubercle only. c1. Form rather broadly ovate-conic. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 313 d\ With 5 or 6 teeth. Length about 1.75 mm., typical newcombi. Length about 1.5 mm., form seminulum. d~. With 9 or 10 teeth. form multidentata. c2. Form narrower. form angusta. b2. Angular lamella interrupted, having a low inward lamella. c1. Aperture with 5 or 6 teeth. subsp. interrupt d. c2. Aperture with 7 or 8 teeth. form disjuncta. a2. Inner end of the columellar lamella turned downward. subsp. gnampta. Pfeiffer originally described this species thus : "P. newcombi Pfr. T. subperforata, ovata, tenuis, longi- tudinaliter costata, haud nitens, diaphana, saturate fusca; spira inflata, apice acutiuscula; anfr. 4 convexi, ultimus % longitudinis subaequans, basi rotundatus; apertura obliqua, semicircularis, edentula; perist. tenue, vix expansiusculum, margine columellari subreflexo. — Long. 2, diam. 1 mill. (Mus. Cuming. et Coll. Nr. 2.) Habitat in insulis Sandwich (New- comb)." This description appeared first in the Monographia Heli- ceoriim, later in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. It will be noted that he termed it edentulous. Sub- sequently, in the Manographia iv, 1859, he characterized his former description as incomplete, and reprinted it except that in place of the word edentula he substituted ' ' dentibus 4 pro- fundis coarctata : 1 parietal! compresso, 1 subtransverso ad columellam, 2 in palato ; ' ' the rest of the description, the meas- urements, habitat, and collector standing unchanged. It has been surmised that he confused two species, one tooth- less, like P. admodesta, the other dentate; but a more likely supposition is that he did not see the teeth at first. This is clearly what he implied by calling his first description "in- completus. ' ' The supposed types of newcombi in London, examined by one of us (Cooke) are typical specimens of N. wesleyana Anc. ; doubtless they had been substituted for the original examples. Boettger has described the true newcombi from specimens in 314 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. the Pfeiffer-Dohrn collection. The same author has stated that Vertigo costulosa Pease, according to specimens from Pease, is completely synonymous. Yet obviously Pease con- fused two species in his description, as he says that the last whorl is sometimes shortly bisulcate towards the lip. This is not true of any form of N. newcombi, and probably indicates that he had also a Nesopupilla. 150. Form seminulum (Boettger). Page 309, fig. 2. ' * The shell is smaller, narrower, more elongate, horn-brown, more often the angular lamella is less distinct. Length 1.5 to 1.75; diam. 1 to 1.25 mm." (Boettger). Hawaii : (Boettger, Thurston, Gouveia) . W. Maui : Waihee, Lahaina (Forbes, Cooke). E. Maui: Alalele (Cooke). Molo- kai: Mapulehu (Thaanum). Oahu: Tantalus, Nuuanu and fossil at Rocky Hill (Cooke), Waiawa and Waialaeiki (Spald- ing). Kauai, various localities (Cooke). Pupa newcombi var. seminulum BOETTGER in von Martens, Conchologische Mittheilungen i, 1881, p. 58, pi. 12, f. 14. Not Pupa seminulum Lowe, 1852. Except for a slightly narrower form, as Boettger has already pointed out, this variety differs in no way from some of the various races of P. newcombi. In fact some of the narrower forms mentioned above are not proportionately broader than the measurements given by Boettger would indicate. The name is preoccupied, but as its value is rather uncertain it is not renamed at this time. A number of shells from different localities have the fol- lowing measurements: Length 1.5, diam. 1.0 mm. 4% whorls; Kapua, Hawaii; 23375. Length 1.53, diam. 0.98 mm. 4% whorls; Puuwaawaa, Hawaii; 39784. Length 1.65, diam. 1.05 mm. 4% whorls ; Lahaina, W. Maui ; 20967. Length 1.8, diam. 1.1 mm. 4% whorls; Waihee, W. Maui; 39012. HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 315 Length. 1.53, diam. 0.98 mm. 414 whorls; (fossil) Rocky Hill, Oahu; 39832. Boettger mentions only five lamellae in the typical form of this species. In most of the races examined by us, a low lamelliform basal fold is present. 15&. Farm multidentata. Page 309, figs, 3, 3a. An easily recognized form that is widely distributed on Oahu is somewhat larger than the typical form, Living ex- amples are only found on damp moss-covered stones. The aperture is usually furnished with 9 or 10 lamellae and folds, the infraparietal, suprapalatal and basal being present in all the specimens examined. The interpalatal was present in about 90% of the specimens, and the infrapalatal and sub- columellar in about 20%. Angular lamella not very long, lamelliform. Length 1.9, diam. 1.12, apert. (diag.) 0.83 mm.; 4% whorls. Glen Ada, Nuuanu. Length 1.95, diam. 1.3 mm. Glen Ada, type. 15c. Form angusta. Page 309, fig. 4. The most abundant form on Kauai, and one which is nearly uniform in all its characters, is longer and slightly narrower than the typical form; the angle lamella is somewhat longer than in the form already described. A low lamelliform basal fold is always present. There are about 20 riblets on the last whorl and most of the shells are somewhat darker in color than the other forms. An adult specimen with 4% whorls measures: length 1.96, diam. 1.15, apert. (diag.) 0.73 mm. A similar form though slightly smaller is found on Oahu. An adult specimen with 4% whorls measures: length 1.83, diam. 1.1, apert. (diag.) 0.73 mm. 15d. JV. newcombi interrupta C. & P., n. subsp. Page 309, figs. 4or-6a. In the following races the angle lamella is discontinuous; there is a nodular outer and a lamelliform inner portion. From a number of fossil deposits of Kona, Hawaii, specimens 316 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. have been collected by Thwing and Gouveia. The infra- parietal and basal folds are usually present. One of the specimens from Waiaha, Hawaii, measures : Length 1.65, diam. 0.98, apert. (diag.) 0.64 mm.; 4% whorls. A number of fossil specimens of this form were also found at Kanapou, Kahoolawe, by Forbes and Stokes. In these the infraparietal lamella was present in about half of the speci- mens; the basal fold was present in all. One of them meas- ures: length 1.85, diam. 1.07, apert. (diag.) 0.65; 4% whorls. In a fossil deposit at Kainaio, E. Maui, a few specimens were found by Fleming. These are the smallest so far as seen. In nearly all the infraparietal and basal folds are present. One measures: length 1.47, diam. 0.98, apert. (diag.) 0.61; 41/4 whorls. This form is exceedingly abundant in a fossil deposit on the northern slope of Mauna Loa, Molokai. In slightly more than half the specimens the infraparietal was present. The basal fold was noted in all but one example. In a few speci- mens infrapalatal or interpalatal plicae were seen, and in two instances both of them were present in the same specimen. An average shell measures: Length 1.7, diam. 1.12, apert. (diag.) 0.67 ; 4y2 whorls. In Oahu this form is exceedingly abundant in fossil de- posits, and living examples are not uncommon; most of the living newcombi from the Waianse Mts. belong to form interrupta. It sometimes varies extraordinarily in shape, 4a-d represent- ing selected specimens from Kaelepulu, Kailua where it is an abundant Holocene fossil. The inner portion of the angular lamella is sometimes wanting. Figs. 6, 6& are from an aver- age and a short example from the coral bluff west of Kahuku, showing variations in teeth. The abundance of this and other species of Pupillidae in this deposit is astonishing. Fig. 6 measures, length 1.7, diam. 1.2 mm. Length 1.55, diam. 1.02 mm., whorls 4%; fossil, Kailua; (fossil). Length 1.59, diam. 1.1 mm., whorls 41/* ; fossil, Kahuku ; (fossil). HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 317 Length 1.73, diam. 1.1 mm., whorls 4% ; fossil, Rocky Hill. Length 1.72, diam. 1.17 mm., whorls 4%; fossil, Ewa, Waian«e Mts. Length 1.78, diam. 1.1 mm., whorls 4% ; fossil, Lualualei, Waianas Mts. Length 1.78, diam. 1.1 mm., whorls 4% ; fossil, Palolo. loe. Form disjuncta. Page 309, fig. 13. In another slightly distinct form, with a discontinuous an- gular lamella, a race which is widely distributed on Oahu, the infraparietal, inter-palatal, suprapalatal and subcolumellar, as well as the basal are almost uniformly present. No speci- mens of this race were found in fossil deposits. In a very few cases the supra- and subcolumellar infrapalatal folds were also noted. It is larger than form interrupts. Length 1.86, diam. 1.2 mm. ; whorls 4%, Mokuleia, Waiange Mts. Length 1.78, diam. 1.17 mm. ; whorls 4%, Moanalua. Length 1.65, diam. 1.1 mm. ; whorls 4%, Kalihi. 15/. N. newcombi gnampta C. & P., n. subsp. Page 309, figs. 14, 15. A widely distributed form of Oahu, is nearly typical except that the inner end of the columellar lamella turns abruptly downward forming a right-angle, with its inner leg terminat- ing at the base of the columella. One from Luakaha, Nuuanu, measures: length 1.65, diam. 1.05, apert. (diag.) 0.73 mm.; 4% whorls. Specimens from Kauai, with a similar columellar lamella, are slightly larger, one of them measuring: length, 1.78, diam. 1.1, aperture (diag.) 0.79 mm. 4% whorls. 16. NESOPUPA OAHUENSIS C. & P., n. sp. PI. 29, figs. 11, 12. The shell is minute, perforate, broadly ovate-conic, buck- thorn-brown, thin, slightly translucent, rather dull, marked with distant, weak, thin, membranous riblets (about 15 to 18 on the last whorl), the intercostal spaces minutely striate, striae parallel. Spire with slightly convex outlines, tapering above to a rather sharp apex. The individual whorls are very convex, separated by a deep suture. Whorls 4%, the em- 318 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. bryonic, under the microscope, minutely granulose, the minute, even, close striae appearing abruptly at about the middle of the second whorl; last whorl large, saccate, tapering towards the base and rounded about the margin of the perforation, ascend- ing slightly and slowly near the aperture. Aperture scarcely oblique, nearly perpendicular, irregularly truncate-ovate, slightly flattened on the right margin and arched towards the upper insertion. The lip insertions distant but somewhat con- verging and united by a thin callus. Angular lamella puncti- form, seated somewhat within the margin and united to the outer lip by a very thin callus. Parietal lamella more im- mersed, nearly perpendicular to the parietal wall, lamella-like, high and short. Columellar lamella small, short, deeply placed, nearly horizontal, the edge slightly slanting down- ward. Lower palatal fold rather deeply placed, short, rather high, lamella-like ; upper palatal, when present, not so deeply seated, weak, low, almost punctiform. Peristome expanded, the outer margin rather thin, the inner margin slightly thick- ened. Length 2.15, diam. 1.5, aperture 1 mm. Oahu: Nuuanu Valley at Luakuha falls, type locality (Cooke) Ahuimanu (Spalding). Type 11075 Bishop Museum; paratypes 12559 Bishop Museum and 44695 A. N. S. P. This species is very closely related to P. kauaiensis ; it differs, however, by the thinner and lighter colored shell ; the spire is shorter and broader and the aperture is larger than in the latter species; also, the membranous eostee are more distinct and stronger. In P. oahuensis the upper palatal fold is re- duced to a minute tubercle, hardly lamella-like in form. In most of the specimens examined it appears to be entirely lacking. This species has only been taken, so far as known, on damp rocks at the sides of waterfalls. Its larger size and shorter lamellae easily separate it from the various forms of P. new- combi. 17. NESOPUPA KAUAIENSIS Ancey. PL 29, figs. 5, 6 ; page 309, figs. 9, 10. 1 1 Shell sub-oblong, short, corneous-brown, obliquely wrinkled HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 319 with close and somewhat rough growth riblets, minutely per- forate, scarcely shining, somewhat thin. Spire obtuse, shortly subcylindrical but yet slightly conic-tapering. Whorls 5, con- vex, regularly increasing, suture impressed; the last shortly ovate, swollen, somewhat saccate, hardly ascending in front, not laterally compressed, rotund about the umbilicus. Aper- ture slightly oblique, not sinuate, truncate-subcircular, hardly effuse, furnished with tooth-like lamellae, as follows : two parie- tal, one of which, the angular, is small tubercle-like, and the second, parietal, median or nearly median, is elongate, more deeply seated, ending abruptly. An acute, small columellar; and 2 short, nearly equal palatals, slightly elongate, parallel. Peristome narrowly expanded and thickened on all sides, slightly more dilated at the columella, livid, with quite dis- tant margins. Length 2, diam. 1.33, apert. 0.75 mm." (Ancey). Kauai : Kipu (type loc.), Kipukai, Koloa, Halemanu, Haena, Wainiha and Kalalau (Cooke) ; Nounou Mts. (Dole). Type 18700 Bishop Museum; topotypes 20733 Bishop Museum and 44724 A. N. S. P. Nesopupa Kauaiensis ANCEY, Proc. Malac. Soc., London, vi, June 1904, p. 124, pi. 7, f. 17. The type specimen measures, length 2.15, diam. 1.4, apert. (diag.) 0.86 mm. Interstices of costas granulose, the granules arranged in rows, costoe granulose ; apical whorls eroded, the exact number could not be made out. The original specimens of this species were collected on the Kupu side of Haupu. Specimens in the Bishop Museum from near the original locality agree very closely with Ancey 's type now in the Bishop Museum. One of these specimens, carefully compared with the type, has 4% whorls, the color is argus-brown. The costae are lower, closer and more evenly spaced than in typical P. newcombi; their edges only very narrowly membranous. The embryonic whorls are distinctly granulose when viewed under a strong lens; the angular lamella is short, punctiform and seated close to the margin of a rather thick parietal callus. The parietal lamella is shorter than that of P. newcombi, deeply seated and nearly perpendicular to the parietal wall. The columellar lamella 320 HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. is rather short, thickened and low; the two palatal are short, nearly parallel, the lower nearly twice as high and long as the upper. An average specimen measures : length 2.1, diain. 1.4, greatest length apert. 0.86 mm. At a somewhat higher ele- vation the shells are slightly larger. One such measures: length 2.6, diam. 1.55, apert. 1.04 mm. On the same ridge, but nearer the sea and at a slightly lower station, the shells are much smaller. Among thirty examples taken at random, 12 had the five normal lamellae in the aperture; in 18 there was in addition a more or less minute basal fold. In this small race of kauaiensis the speci- mens at first glance have the appearance of typical newcombi. They are most easily recognized by the less expanded and more heavily thickened peristome and the lower and less mem- branous ribs, of which there are about 30 on the last whorl. A specimen of this small race (p. 309, f. 9) measures: length 1.63, diam. 1.16, aperture 0.73 mm. ; 4% whorls. This race is widely distributed on Kauai, in rather damp situations on rocks. 18. NESOPUPA SINGULARS C. & P., n. sp. PI. 29, fig. 8. The shell is minute, perforate (perforation very minute, nearly circular) ovately conic, with a short base, clay color, thin, translucent, rather dull, the surface rather closely ribbed- striate, a few of the striae, especially on the back of the last whorl (rather distantly and more or less evenly spaced) are more strongly developed and furnished with membranous edges; under a microscope the whole surface covered with very minute wrinkles. Spire with convex outlines tapering gradually to the semi-globular apex; individual whorls very convex, separated by a deep suture. Whorls 4% ; the em- bryonic minutely granulose, the granules more or less ar- ranged in transverse rows, the striae beginning gradually at about 1% whorls. The last whorl is sub-saccate, rounded about the umbilicus, the last % nearly straight. Aperture hardly oblique, nearly perpendicular, almost a complete circle, lip-insertions nearly united, connected by a rather thick, short white callus. Angular lamella usually absent, sometimes HAWAIIAN NESOPUPAE. 321 indicated by a low indistinct swelling ; parietal lamella strong, deeply seated, slanting outwards; columellar lamella strong, deeply seated, slanting downwards, the inner end abruptly turned upwards, following the columella as a thickened rounded ridge; two palatal folds rather short, parallel when seen through the shell from the back, rather remote from the peristome, of almost equal size. Peristome with a uniform whitish thickening within, the margin expanded, thin, of the 2. Diam. more than half the length; 2 x 1.2 mm. N. selebeiisis, no, 40. No angular lamella ; parietal and columellar lamellae pres- ent (Costigo). b\ One or two palatal folds; striate, with spaced hair- like riblets ; Moluccas. Costigo sapwruana, p. 366. b2. No palatal folds ; no cuticular riblets ; Busuanga. Costigo catomanica, p. 367. 338 EAST INDIAN NESOPUPJE. Section Nesopupa proper. 35. NESOPUPA MOLUCCANA (Boettger). PI. 32, figs. 11, 12. Shell small, with long, deep rima, globose-ovate, brown, silky. Spire short with convex sides, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4, a little convex, separated by a distinct suture, striate and moreover ornamented with delicate, membranous, very widely separated riblets, the last whorl distinctly compressed at the base, ascending above, towards the aperture dilated funnel- like, and with a long, rectangular lateral impression; three- sevenths the total length of the shell. The aperture is large, subvertical, truncate-oval, slightly impressed at the sinulus, with 6 or 7 teeth. Peristome expanded, thickened below the sinulus, calloused, violaceous, the margins joined by a light callus. Angular lamella very strong, emerging, joined to the margin of the peristome, curved, parallel within with the- strong, receding parietal lamella; one acute palatal tooth deeper in the region of the sinulus more distinct, the others, 2 or 3 parietals [palatals] and one columellar very deeply placed, scarcely visible. Length 1%, diam. 1%, alt. and width of aperture % mm. (Boettger). Moluccas: Ema, southern Amboina (Strubell). Vertigo (PtychochUus) moluccan indica Pfr. not Benson). If so, the low angular lamella was over- looked by all who have described the species. Mr. Sowerby's two wretched figures (Conch. Ind. and Conch. Icon.) appear to show it indistinctly. In renaming the shell Mr. Gude added nothing to the definition or illustration, though he had the types and other specimens under examination, and must NESOPUP^E OP THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. 349 have been aware of the inadequacy of the published data. The original description may be found in Vol. xxiv, p. 135. The shell is imperforate, shortly rimate, cylindric, cinna- mon-buff. First 1% whorls smoothish, the rest having un- even oblique striaB, mainly obsolete or blurred on the last two whorls, which have a minute vermiculate-granose sculpture, varying in distinctness on different specimens. The upper whorls are quite convex, the last two much less convex; last whorl having a broad, shallow impression behind the lip, over the upper palatal fold, both palatals showing through the shell as light spots. The squarish-oval aperture is longer than wide, having five teeth : angular lamella is quite low, diverging from the parietal and joining the outer lip. The parietal lamella is much the largest tooth. It is thin but high, directed obliquely and a trifle sinuous. The columellar lamella is situated high on the columella and rather deep within, ascending a little as it enters, and the edge is directed obliquely downward. The two palatals are well developed, the lower a little deeper within and longer. The lip is slightly lighter than the exterior, well expanded, with hardly any thickening. A parietal callus is scarcely visible. Length 2, diam. 1.12 mm. ; barely 5 whorls. These shells do not differ materially from the Philippine specimens which I have identified as malayana Issel ; yet as I have examined the types of neither species, and the original account of malayana is somewhat discrepant, the species are both allowed to stand provisionally. This Indian species has much stronger microscopic rugosity and less prominent oblique striae than N. minutalis. It differs from N. corrugata chiefly by the well-developed palatal folds, but it is also a little smaller than that species. VI. SPECIES OP THE MASCARENE ISLANDS AND COMOROS. The islands of the western Indian Ocean have representa- tives of three genera of three subfamilies of Pupillidae. One of these, the genus Gastrocopta,, has been considered in Vol. xxiv, p. 127. They are small, white-toothed shells in which 350 NESOPUP^E OP THE MASCABENE ISLANDS. the angular and parietal lamellae are eoncrescent into one sinuous lamella. The Vertigininae have been very poorly described, and only two of the nine species are at hand for examination. One subgenus, Nesopupa, is common to these islands and Poly- nesia; another, Insulipupa, is common to the East Indies, India, the Mascarene Islands and Africa. Several other species, in the absence of specimens or adequate figures, can- not safely be classified. The species borbonica and desmazu- resi resemble the East Indian group Costigo in teeth, and have provisionally been placed there. Key to Species. a1. Aperture having both angular and parietal lamellae. ft1. Angular lamella strongly developed, rather long and high ; columellar lamella entering deeply, dilated and curving downward at the inner end (Nesopupa) . c1. Length 2.5 mm., about 8 teeth. N. gonioplax, no. 47, c2. Length 1.5 mm., at least 5 teeth. N. micro,, no. 48, b2. Angular lamella small and much lower than the parietal; columellar lamella subhorizontal, not turned down within (Insulipupa) . c1. Species of the Comoros, having 5 or 6 teeth. d1. 2x1 mm. N. minutatis, no. 49. d2. 1.5 x 0.75 mm. N. comorensis, no. 50. c2. Bourbon ; 4 to 5 teeth, 1 or 2 palatals. N. incerta, no. 51* c3. Mauritius; angular, parietal and columellar lamellae only, no palatals. N. ventricosa, no. 52. a2. Parietal lamella present, but no angular; 1 columellar, 2 palatals. ft1. 2.5 x 1.33 mm. ; Bourbon. Costigo borbonica, p. 367. b2. 2.25 x 1 mm. ; Rodriguez. Costigo desmazuresi, p. 368. a3. No teeth on the parietal wall; columellar lamella, basal and two palatals present ; apex very obtuse ; length 2 mm. "Vertigo" praslinensis, no. 53. NESOPUP.E OP THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. 351 Section Nesopupa proper. 47. NESOPUPA GONIOPLAX n. sp. PL 33, figs. 8, 9, 10. The shell is ovate, cinnamon-brown, the peristome more reddish, the teeth paler. The surface has little gloss, and under the microscope shows some rather weak growth- wrinkles and a dense, very shallow pitting or minute mallea- tion. The whorls are convex, the last having behind the lip two furrows, one lateral, the other sub-basal, diverging for- ward, and corresponding to the upper and lower palatal folds. The aperture has subparallel sides, straight parietal callus and strongly curved base, the peristome well expanded, somewhat thickened, at the sinulus thinner and retracted. The angular lamella is very strong, curved, joining the outer lip, diverging forward from the very strong parietal lamella, the inner end of which is bent towards the columella. There is a small infraparietal, rather deep within. The columellar lamella enters nearly horizontally, then deep within on the axis after rising a little it turns downward forming a broad plate, only imperfectly seen from in front but prominent from the back (fig. 9). There is a small basal fold at the junc- tion of columellar and basal margins. The upper and lower palatal folds are sinuous, strong, and converge inwardly. A small suprapalatal stands above them, making 8 teeth in all. Length 2.5, diam. 1.55 mm. ; 5 whorls. Mauritius (Morelet collection from Nevill, type 64093 A. N. S.P.). The most remarkable character of this snail is the dilation and deflection of the columellar lamella. Nothing of this structure is seen in N. moreleti and others of that group, which are otherwise similar. Though the shells came from Nevill, according to Morelet 's label, I cannot find that either G. Nevill or H. Adams described the species. The following species is apparently its nearest affinity. 48. NESOPUPA MICRA, new name. PI. 33, fig. 4. The shell is deeply rimate, ovate-cylindric, thin, very lightly striate, silky, brownish-corneous. Spire convex, apex obtuse. 352 NESOPUP^E OF THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. Whorls 5, convex, the last obtusely angular around the um- bilical crevice, narrower and bisulcate behind the aperture. Aperture truncate-oval, vertical, with two parietal lamellae, the right-hand one prominent, left one remote. Peristome a little expanded, the right margin sinuous, provided with two entering folds. Length 1.5, diam. 0.75 mm. (H. Ad.). Mauritius: Bamboo (G. Nevill). Pupa (Pupilla) exigua H. ADAMS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 13, pi. 4, f. 4. Not Pupa exigua Say, 1822. Adams did not mention a columellar lamella, but it is seen in his figure. The species is perhaps related to the preceding or to the Continental bisulcata group. It is smaller and nar- rower than N. gonioplax, with different sculpture. Section Insulipupa P. & C. Probably N. ventricosa H. Ad., which lacks palatal folds, belongs to this group. In that case Insulipupa would include the subgenus Pagodella? H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 304, monotype Pupa ventricosa H. Ad. ; not Pagodetta Swainson, 1840. 49. NESOPUPA MINUTALIS (Morelet). PL 33, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell minute, rather deeply rimate, acutely subcylindric, corneous-tawny, somewhat shining, smooth, the apex obtusely conoid. Whorls 5%, a little convex. Aperture regularly oval, 6-plicate : one lamellif orm angular ; one transverse pari- etal; a rather prominent columellar; and three nearly equi- distant punctiform teeth in the outer margin. Peristome simple, a little expanded, the margins separated. Length 2, diam. 1 mm. (Morelet). Comoro Is. : Mayotte, on the islet of Dzaoudzi, on the bark of an Acacia. Pupa minutalis MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 29, 1881, p. 231, pi. 10, f. 5. The form is cylindric with obtuse, rounded or convexly conic summit. The surface is rather dull with some irregular striation. The angular lamella is quite low, forwardly diverg- ing from the parietal and joining or almost joining the outer NESOPUP^E OP THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. 353 lip. Parietal lamella high, rather long; columellar strong, siibhorizontally entering, its crest slanting downward. There are two quite short palatal folds, the lower one somewhat the larger and more immersed. The upper palatal is sometimes very small. According to Morelet ' ' trois denticules, visibles a la loupe, sont placees sur le cote libre du peristome, a des distances a peu pres egales Tune de 1'autre"; one of these must be a basal fold ; but no basal is to be seen in the speci- mens examined, and Morelet 's figure shows only parietal and columellar teeth. The outer lip is well expanded. In a series received from M. Marie it is not thickened, though whitish; in another set, also from Mayotte, there is a distinct though rather thin callous thickening, and the teeth are larger. Length 2, diam. 1.15 mm. ; slightly over 5 whorls. Length 1.8, diam. 1.1 mm. ; 5 whorls. This species, as Dr. Boettger has already noted, is related to the East Indian N. malayana. It differs from that species by the smoother surface, which has very little pitting or gran- ulation. 50. NESOPUPA COMORENSIS n. n. PL 33, fig. 5. The shell is minute, deeply rimate, ovate, glossy, brownish- corneous, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, joined by an impressed suture, the last slightly ascending, somewhat compressed at the base. Aperture semioval, with two parietal lamellae, another columellar, and two small teeth in the basal margin. Peristome somewhat expanded, the margins sub- parallel. Length 1.5, diam. 0.75 mm. (Morelet). Comoro Is.: Anjouan (Bewsher) ; Mayotte (Marie). Pupa monas MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 27, 1879, p. 310, pi. 12, f . 4 ; vol. 31, 1883, p. 196. Not Pupa substriata var. monas Westerlund, 1871. As specific and varietal names are held to have the same status in nomenclature, the name of this species has to be changed. 51. NESOPUPA INCERTA (G. Nevill). Not figured. Shell very closely resembling Vertigo (Pagodella) ventri* 354 NESOPUPJE OP THE MASCARBNE ISLANDS. cosa H. Ad., from Mauritius; there are, however, two pari- etal teeth and within the outer lip a distinct, well-developed tooth, with occasionally another small, indistinct one close to it; the eolumella is slightly more dilated and subangulated (NeviU). Bourbon: near Salazie, in company with V. pupula Dh. (G. NeviU). Vertigo (PagodeUa) incerta G. NEVILL, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 39, pt. 2, 1870, p. 413. "This most perplexing of shells can only be distinguished from Pagodella ventricosa H. Ad. (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p.. 303) by the different dentition of the aperture; of the latter I found about 40 specimens, to all appearance full grown and in first-rate condition, some of them, to my mind, very old specimens; in none of them were there any signs of any teeth whatever within the outer margin of the aperture ! Of the Bourbon species, I only found 5 specimens, one evidently young, the other 4 full grown and all showing the peculiar characteristics pointed out in my description. Still the re- semblance is so striking that I think no naturalist would hesitate to avow that they must at no very remote period have had a common origin; there is, indeed, just the chance that at Mauritius a similar variety may exist, but, from the number of specimens I found there, I doubt it exceedingly. I have, however, written to Mr. Dupont at Mauritius to ask him to kindly examine all he can possibly procure of this, species, and to see if he can find any trace of the apertural teeth, which give such a different appearance to my V. in- certa'1 (NeviU). It is curious that anyone could write so much about a shell and tell so little. 52. NESOPUPA VENTBICOSA (H. Adams). PI. 33, fig. 6. Shell deeply rimate, ovate, rather thin, obliquely striat- ulate, pale brown ; spire convexly conic, the suture impressed. Whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last ventricose, rounded at base. Aperture semioval, provided with a compressed, en- tering parietal fold and a tooth at the insertion of the right NESOPUP^ OP THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. 355 margin; peristome simple, slightly expanded, the margins joined by a callus, right margin somewhat sinuous, columel- lar margin dilated above. Length 2.5, diam. 1.75 mm. (H. Ad.}. Mauritius: The Moka ravines (G. Nevill). Pupa (Pagodella) ventricosa H. ADAMS, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 304, pi. 19, f. 6.— Pfr., Monogr., vi, p. 308. — Pagodella ventricosa H. Ad., G. NEVILL, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 39, pt. 2, 1870, p. 413. G. Nevill writes of Pagodella ventricosa: "I found about 40 specimens, to all appearance full grown and in first-rate condition, some of them, to my mind, very old specimens; in none of them were there any signs of any teeth whatever within the outer margin of the aperture." 53. " VERTIGO " ( ? ) PRASLINENSIS ( G. Nevill ) . Not figured. Shell resembles Pupa lienardiana Crosse, from Rodriguez, but the spire is less produced and there is no trace of the conspicuous parietal tooth; apex remarkably obtuse; 4% whorls which increase very rapidly, the first three more or less cylindrical, the last one moderately convex ; smooth, even under the lens no trace of sculpture is discernible; aperture triangular, regularly rounded at base, external margin some- what obsoletely sinuate; a strongly developed, transverse columellar tooth, three other palatal teeth, equidistant, the middle one the largest, no parietal tooth (G. Nevill). Length 2 mm. Seychelles Group: Praslin, near the Protestant church, at the foot of a cocoanut tree (Nevill; type in Indian Mus.). Carychium n. sp., G. NEVILL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 65. — Vertigo praslinensis G. NEVILL, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 50, pt. 2, 1881, p. 140. The position of this species is quite uncertain. It may possibly be a Gastrocopta or one of the Pupillinae. For a shell of this group or of Gastrocopta to have well-developed columellar and palatal teeth and no parietal is anomalous. In dead shells the latter sometimes scales off with the parietal callus. It appears that only one specimen was found. 356 AFRICAN NESOPUP^E. VII. AFRICAN SPECIES. a1. Angular and parietal lamellae present. &1. Angular lamella rather high, strong and curved. c1. Length 3 mm.; nearly smooth. St. Helena. N. turtoni, no. 60. c2. Length less than 2 mm. ; closely rib-striate. 'dl. Sculpture of rather coarse, very oblique striae ; shell ovate, white ; 1.5 x 1 mm. British E. Africa. N. iota, no. 57. d2. Sculpture of fine, close rib-striae; shell brown. el. One broad median external fur- row behind the aperture; lower palatal and basal folds rather deeply immersed; length 1.4 to 1.6 mm. S. Africa. N. griqualandic-a \, no. 54. ez. One very slight impression behind aperture; lower palatal but little immersed, basal minute, in sub- columellar position; length 1.6- 1.65 mm. S. Africa. N. farquhari, no. 55. es. One very slight impression be- hind aperture; palatals rather short ; no basal fold ; length 1.85 mm. Rhodesia. AT. b. rhodesiana, no. 56a. e*. Two deep furrows behind aper- ture; no basal fold; length 1.87 mm. Abyssinia. N. bisulcata, no. 56. b2. Angular lamella short and low; 2.25 to 2.4 mm. long. c1. Surface densely pitted; one palatal fold or none. Rhodesia. N. corrugata, no. 58. c2. Nianing, West Africa. AT. megalomastoma, no. 59. AFRICAN NESOPUPvE. 357 a2. No angular lamella; parietal, columellar and two palatal teeth present; length 1.75 mm. Island S. Thome. Costigo nobrei, p. 368. a3. Aperture without teeth (Genus Negulus; Vol. XXVI). Section Afripupa P. & C., n. sect. Minute Nesopupa with teeth of the typical section except that the columellar lamella does not turn down at its inner end ; sculpture of close rib-strias without cuticular edges. Type N. griqualandica (M. & P.). 54. NESOPUPA GRIQUALANDICA (Melv. & Pons.). PL 34, figs. 1-4. Shell very minute, rimate, thin, rotund-cylindric, brown; whorls 5, rather swollen, compressed at the sutures, every- where closely, longitudinally, finely striate, the last whorl de- pressed-sulcate in the middle, dorsally towards the lip. Aper- ture ovate-rotund; peristome thickened, sinuated on the labial [labralj margin, plicate: two parietal folds, very prominent and recurved, a third marginal on the columella, dentiform. Length 1, width 0.75 mm. (Melv. and Pons.). British South Africa: — Cape of Good Hope: Griqualand East (type loc., Sykes) ; Cradock (Farquhar) ; Port Eliza- beth (Ponsonby coll.). Natal: Pietermaritzburg, Dargle, Tongaat, Edendale (Burnup). Zululand: Dukuduku (Top- pin). Transvaal: Pretoria District (Parquhar) ; Heidelberg (Miss Livingston) ; Buiskop (Connolly). Rhodesia: Victoria Falls (Connolly). Pupa griqualandica MELVILL and PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xi, Jan. 1893, p. 3, fig. 9; (8), i, Jan. 1908, p. 76, pi. 1, f. 8, 10.— BURNUP, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), vii, 1911, p. 405. — Jaminia griqualandica (Melv. & Pons.), CONNOLLY, Ann. South African Museum, xi, pt. iii, 1912, p. 182. This species appears to differ from N. bisulcata (Jickeli) by the more deeply immersed lower palatal fold, the presence of a basal fold and the deeper external furrow of the last whorl over the upper palatal fold. It is also smaller than Jickeli records. 358 AFRICAN NESOPUP^E. Melvill and Ponsonby's original description and figure are chiefly remarkable for what was omitted. The dimensions are grossly inaccurate. In their second account two species appear to have been in view, though in the main it relates to the true griquMandica. The shell is distinctly perforate, openly rimate, long-ovate, the spire with convex outlines and very obtuse apex. Color cinnamon, becoming a little darker towards the base and paler towards the apex. First 1% whorls smoothish (micro- scopically irregularly granulose), the rest with straight, close, somewhat oblique striae; the latter part of the last whorl having a broad median furrow running to the lip, convex above and below it, with a shorter impression at the base. The aperture is wider in the upper part, nearly closed by 6 teeth: the angular lamella is subvertical, large, entering deeply, curving towards and joining the outer lip. Parietal lamella very long and high, oblique, directed towards a point above the lower palatal fold. The columellar lamella is rather deeply placed, not very high, and enters horizontally to the dorsal side, where the end tapers and turns upward but. very slightly. The upper palatal fold emerges to the peristome, and with the angular lamella defines a nearly closed, oval sinulus; it enters deeply, descending a little. The lower palatal is a long fold, deeply immersed, only par- tially visible in a front view. The basal fold is short, trans- verse to the cavity, deeply placed but visible from in front. The parietal callus is rather thin. Length 1.5, diam. 0.85 to 0.9 mm. ; 4% whorls. Pretoria. "Length 1.41, diam. 0.83 mm." (Burnup). "Length 1.6, diam. 0.99 mm." (Burnup, largest specimen). 55. NESOPUPA FABQUHABI Pilsbry. PL 34, figs. 7, 8, 9. Shell perforate, openly rimate, long-ovate, walnut-brown, somewhat glossy. Spire convexly conic, the apex obtuse; first 1% whorls smooth, the rest closely, somewhat obliquely rib-striate, as in N. griqualandica; the latter part of the last whorl flattened and having a quite small and shallow im- pression behind the lip, over the upper palatal fold. Aper- AFRICAN NESOPUPyE. 359 ture shaped about as in griqualandica, with 6 nearly white teeth. Angular lamella strong, slightly curved, joining the outer lip. Parietal lamella high, oblique, penetrating to the dorsal side. Columellar lamella deeply placed, strong, pene- trating to the dorsal side, where it is somewhat enlarged and deflected, then passing into a low callus obliquely ascending the axis. The upper palatal fold is strong, curved, emerging to the peristome, entering deeply. Lower palatal very high, long, somewhat immersed. Basal fold very low and small, on the basal end of the columella. The peristome is pale, well expanded and a little thickened, incurved and thicker in the middle of the outer margin. Length 1.6 to 1.65, diam. 0.9 mm. ; 5 whorls. South Africa: Grahamstown (J. Farquhar). Nesopupa farquhari PILS., Nautilus, xxxi, October 1917, p. 50. While related to N. griqualandica, this species differs in numerous particulars. The spire is somewhat longer; the last whorl is far less impressed behind the lip ; the angular lamella curves less; the lower palatal fold emerges much further, and is as prominent in a face view as the upper. Finally, the basal fold is even smaller than in griqualandica, and is upon the columella. In the other species it, stands deep within the base, in a face view being in front of the deeply immersed lower palatal fold. The Abyssinian N. bisulcata has not been directly com- pared with this species. By the description and figure it differs by being somewhat larger with no basal or subcolu- mellar tubercle, and the teeth do not appear to be as large as in farquhari. 56. NBSOPUPA BISULCATA (Jickeli). PL 34, figs. 11, 13, 14. The umbilicate shell is ovate-conic, scarcely glossy, very finely and obliquely costate longitudinally (visible under a lens), brown. The conic spire has an obtuse apex. The 5 convex whorls are separated by an impressed suture, the last whorl forming a third of the total length, is narrowed towards the base, with angular neck, and has two deep furrows. The* 360 AFRICAN XE60PUPJE- vertieal aperture is rounded and contracted by 5 folds: the right one of the parietal wall is connected with the termina- tion of the outer lip; the second is more deeply placed* There is a high columellar lamella and two palatal folds, of which the upper emerges to the peristome and unites there- with, the second disappears before reaching it. The peri- stome is moderately expanded and thickened within, the right margin bent inward by the upper furrow which cor- responds to the upper palatal fold. Length Ivg, diam. \f aperture % x % mm, (Jickeli) . Abyssinia: plateau of Rora-Beit-Andu. province of Ha- maszen. and on the Keren Mts., Bogos. under rotten leaves, wood and stones (Jickeli). Pupa bisulcata JICKELI, Malak. Blatter. 1873. p. 107; Fauna der Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken Nord-Ost- Afrika's, in Xova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Germ. Nat. Cur., voL 37, 1875, p. 119, pL 5, f. 10. No Abyssinian specimens are at hand, and as Mr. Burnup has observed. Jiekeli's figures do not agree in proportions with his measurements. The latter indicate a shell propor- tioned like the following form. 56a. X. bisulcata rbodesiana n. subsp. PL 34, figs. 5, 6. The shell is more elongate and cylindric than in N. bisul- cata according to Jickeli *s figures, the penult whorl equalling the last in diameter. The whorls are strongly convex, the striation less regular and not so strong as in 3T. griqualandica. Latter part of the last whorl is a little flattened laterally and close behind the outer lip there is a short furrow above the middle. The teeth are much smaller than in griqualan- dica and farquhari, the palatals especially being shorter. No basal or subcolumellar fold is present. Length 1.85, diam. 1 mm,; 5 whorls. Rhodesia: Victoria Falls (Connolly). A specimen of this form was sent with N. griqualandica. It differs so much in contour from Jiekeli's figures that, tak- ing the locality and faunal zone into consideration, I am dis- posed to give it subspecifie standing. AT. bisulcata is figured AFRICAN NESOPUP2E. 361 as evenly rib-striate, like N. griqualandica, while in the pres- ent form the sculpture is uneven. 57. XESOPUPA( ?) IOTA (Preston). PL 34, fig. 6a. 44 Shell minute, ovately pyramidal, thin, white; whorls 5, regularly increasing, the last ascending in front, sculptured with rather coarse, very oblique, transverse striae; suture jBomewhat deeply impressed, labrum sinuous, white, scarcely reflexed, the margins not joined, though it is continued for some distance along the parietal wall ; aperture almost irreg- ularly triangular, furnished with two oblique parietal lamellae, of which the lower is the coarser, a short lamella on the outer lip, a coarse basal denticle, and a coarse oblique lamella on the columella. "Alt. 1.5, diam. maj. 1 mm." (Preston). British East Africa: between Bumruti and Mount Kenia (collector unrecorded). Ennea iota PRESTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), vii, May, 1911, p. 463, pL 11, f. 2. This appears, from the figure, to be a Nesopwpa. The sculpture seems more like the Indian than the other African species. It is said to be white ; if so when alive, it is unlike any of the known species. Not seen by the writer. Section Insulipupa P. & C. 58. NESOPUPA CORRUGATA (Preston). PL 34, figs. 12, 15. Shell perforate, small, cylindrical, brownish-bronze color; whorls 5, rather convex, the first three rapidly increasing in both length and breadth, the last two in length only, corru- gated throughout, the third and fourth whorls being also ob- liquely, somewhat irregularly and distantly plicate; suture deeply impressed ; umbilicus very narrow ; columella whitish, outwardly and rather erectly expanded, obliquely descending ; labrum also whitish, somewhat sinuous, dilated below, erect and angulated above; aperture subquadrate, armed with a denticle just below the margin of the labrum, and below and to the left of this an oblique curved lamella on the parietal 362 AFRICAN NESOPUP/E. wall, a slightly projecting denticle very internally situate on the upper portion of the columella, and a small, rather in- distinct basal denticle situated well within, and rather on the right-hand side of the shell. Alt. 2.25, diam. maj. 1 mm. (Preston) . Length 2.29, diam. 1.08 mm. (Burnup). Length 2.25, diam. 1.15 mm.; 5% whorls (Connolly coll.). Rhodesia: Rain Forest, Victoria Falls (M. Connolly). Jaminia corrugata PRESTON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), ix, Jan. 1912, p. 71, fig. 4. The initial l1/^ whorls appear smooth, but there is a very close microscopic pitted-granose sculpture. The next whorl has rather weak but coarse striation. On the following whorls the surface appears punctate under a lens; when more mag- nified it is seen to be very closely, irregularly pitted, the pits very irregular in shape. There are also unequal, oblique strise, conspicuous on the last whorl only immediately below the suture, but noticeable on the penult and earlier whorls. The striation is hardly strong enough to justify Preston's term "plicate". The angular lamella is rather low, straight, extending inward slightly beyond the anterior end of the parietal lamella, diverging from the latter and nearly join- ing the outer lip. The parietal lamella is high, oblique, and enters rather deeply. The columellar lamella is deeply placed, rather short, ascending very little as it enters. There is a very low but fairly long lower palatal fold in a specimen in Mr. Burnup 's collection (fig. 12), but none in the Connolly shell (fig. 15). The peristome is thin, rather well expanded; parietal callus very thin. The pitting, while similar to that of many Nesopupae, is unusually copious. By the characters of the teeth it is an Insidipupa, standing close to N. ~barrackporensis and mala- yana. Fig. 14 is from a drawing by Mr. Burnup; fig. 15, from a specimen lent by Major Connolly. i 59. NESOPUPA MEGALOMASTOMA (Maltzan). Not figured. Differs from the Comoro Island type [of Pupa, minutalis Morel.] by the larger shell, the last whorl more lengthened- NESOPUP^: OP ST. HELENA. 363 -effuse downward, more impressed transversely behind the aperture. Aperture larger for the length of the shell, the peristome more expanded. Length 2%, diam. 1% mm ; aper- ture 1 mm. high, % wide (Maltzan) . West Africa. Nianing, in forest. Pupa (Stawodon) minutalis Morel., var. megolomastoma MALTZAN, Nachr. d. Malak. Ges., xxii, April 1890, p. 48. The name was evidently intended to he megalomastoma, ;and should be so corrected. VIII. ST. HELENA SPECIES. Section Helenopupa Pilsbry, n. sect. Lamellae and folds as in typical Nesopupa except that the columellar lamella curves slightly upward at its inner end; surface nearly smooth. Like Indopupa, Cocopupa and Insutipupa, this is less specialized than the typical Nesopupse. It is notable for the smooth surface. 60. NESOPUPA TURTONI (EJ. A. Smith). PL 33, figs. 11, 14, 15. Shell minute cylindric, obtusely conic above, whitish, sub- rimate. Whorls 5 to 6, convex, slowly increasing, parted by a slightly oblique suture, striated with very oblique, very delicate lines, the last whorl hardly descending, with one pit in the middle behind the lip. Aperture small, irregularly subquadrate, hardly a third of the total length, having 6 teeth within, three on the parietal wall, one columellar, two palatal; peristome white, slightly expanded and reflected, continuous, indented above. Length 3, diam. 1 mm.; aperture % mm. long and wide (Smith). St. Helena: Sugarloaf Quarry, common; extinct (Turton). Pupa turtoni SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 268, pi. 22, f. 20, 20a, Like the St. Helena Endodonts, this species has a Poly- nesian aspect. In the best preserved specimens the surface is smooth ex- 364 CAMPOL^MUS. cept for some very slight lines of growth, and of a somewhat transparent bluish-gray tint. There is a rather long flatten- ing of the last whorl, behind the outer lip, in the middle a very little impressed over the upper palatal fold. Other ex- amples are more chalky and opaque ; and when a little worn, long, narrow, external furrows (varying in depth) appear over the upper or over both palatals, often with a little pit above the labral end of the upper one. These furrows are the result of erosion, and not proper to the species in its perfect state. There is usually a triangular callus where the angular lamella joins the upper termination of the lip, which is more or less detached from the preceding whorl, and often more highly arched than in the example figured. The columellar lamella curves upward a little at its inner termination. There is a basal fold in form of a low tubercle, subcolumellar in position, and so deeply immersed that it is not visible in a face view; but often this is reduced to a slight callus which would hardly be noticed. Length 2.5, diam. 1.2 mm. ; 5% whorls. Length 2.2, diam. 1.2 mm.; 5*4 whorls. These notes are from two lots collected by Capt. Turton. Mr. Smith's measurements are obviously inexact, and do not agree with the proportions of his figures. Genus CAMPOL^MUS Pilsbry. Tomigerus sp., E. A. SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1892r p. 267. Campolccmus PILS., Nautilus, vi, Dec. 1892, p. 96, for Tomigerus (1) perexilis Smith. Shell resembling Tomigerus in miniature; minute, imper- forate but with a long basal suture, obtusely conic, the last whorl distorted, ascending. Aperture slanting upward, with distinct sinulus bounded by the long,i emerging angular lamella and upper palatal fold; parietal and columellar lamellae and lower palatal fold very deeply immersed ; lip well expanded. While this snail is astonishingly like Tomigerus in form> CAMPOLuEMUS. 365 yet the teeth are of Pupillid type, and it is believed that Nesopupa turtowi is perhaps the most nearly related of known species. Several other Pupillid groups, such as Boysia and Hypselostoma have the last whorl turned upward. 1. CAMPOLAEMUS PEBEXILIS (Smith). PL 33, figs. 13, 16-19. ' ' Shell dextral or sinistral, minute, obtusely pyramidal, im- perforate, whitish or pale tawny. Whorls 5, somewhat con- vex, slowly increasing, striate with delicate lines of growth, the last whorl strongly ascending in front, constricted behind the lip, furrowed and distorted, also furrowed basally, ap- *pressed to the preceding whorl. Spire very obtuse at apex. Aperture transversely ovate, having a nearly circular sinus above, narrowed within ; peristome continuous, more or less •expanded, " Length 1.5, greatest diam. 1.5, least 1 mm.; aperture 0.5 mm. long and wide" (Smith). Length 1.55, diam. 1.4 mm. ; 5 whorls. St. Helena : Side Path, and the sinistral form from Sugar- loaf Ridge; extinct (Capt. Turton). Tomigerus(l) perexUis B. A. SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1892, p! 267, pi. 22, f. 19-19b. This shell is remarkable for the upwardly inclined aper- ture and distorted last whorl, with a long basal suture, as in the South American genus Tomigerus. The first 1% whorls are smooth and unusually wide; penult and antepenult whorls have unevenly spaced but rather strong, quite oblique striae ; on the last whorl these are much weaker. The emerging angular lamella converges towards the upper palatal fold, forming a shortly oval, nearly tubular sinulus. It penetrates deeply, as far as the anterior «nd of the parietal lamella. The latter is deeply immersed, its forward end visible in a front view, deep within ; becom- ing a high lamella, it penetrates to the dorsal side. An infra- parietal lamella, more deeply placed, not visible in the aper- ture, penetrates about as far as the parietal. The anterior «nd of the columellar lamella is visible in an oblique view in the aperture. It also becomes high and penetrates to the 366 COSTIGO. dorsal side, turning downward at the inner end. The upper palatal fold emerges to the lip where it terminates in a rounded prominence. It penetrates very deeply, running ob- liquely downward. The lower palatal, which is situated far within, appears to consist of two rather short, oblique laminae meeting below in form of a wide V. The lip is expanded, thickened ; parietal callus strong. Mr. Smith's figure of the sinistral form referred to this species, copied in fig. 13, shows the sinulus less enclosed than in the dextral. In the typical form figured by Mr. Smith (fig. 17) the upper part of the peristome is some distance below the preceding suture. The external pit over the colu- mellar lamella and lower palatal fold is broad and rather deep. The length and diameter are given as equal by Mr. Smith ; in one measured the length exceeds the diameter. Mutation ascendens, pi. 33, figs. 16, 18, 19. Suture of the last whorl ascending to the preceding suture. Base more swollen, the pit smaller. Length 1.5, diam. 1.6 mm. Mut. cantrarius, pi. 33, fig. 13. Shell sinistral. Known to me by Mr. Smith's figure, here copied, which shows a less completely enclosed sinulus. Genus COSTIGO Boettger. Costigo BTTG., Bericht Senck. naturf . Ges., 1891, p. 270, as a section of Vertigo, for V. (c.) saparuana Bttg. "Differs from the section Alaea by the scarcely glossy shell, densely striate or costulate, the neck simple, without annular callus [crest], a single parietal tooth, no angular. Columellar tooth always present; palatals 0 to 2. Moluccas and Philippines ' ' ( Bttg. ) . This group, which appears very nearly related to Neso- pupa, is not known to us by specimens. To the species de- scribed by Boettger are added a few Mascarene and African forms which agree in teeth. It is probably not a natural group in its present limits — merely a convenience. 1. COSTIGO SAPAEUANA (Boettger). PI. 31, fig. 12. Shell small, punctate-rimate, subacutely ovate, corneous- COSTIGO. 367 apex rather acute. Whorls 5, convex, separated by a deep suture, very densely obliquely striatulate and ornamented with distant hair-like riblets, the last whorl somewhat en- larged, rounded basally, % the height of the shell, more strongly ribbed towards the aperture, and not ascending. Aperture ample, nearly vertical, semioval, slightly angular at the sinulus, 4-toothed, the teeth compressed; 1 parietal, simple, oblique, strong; 1 columellar, horizontal, in the middle of the columella; palatals either 2, widely separated, the lower one stronger, or only a lower fold. Peristome ob- tuse, narrowly expanded, colored like the outside, the mar- gins joined by a light callus, columellar margin somewhat dilated. Length 1.75 to 2, diam. 1.125 to 1.25, alt. and width aper- ture 0.75mm. (Bttg.). Moluccas: Sirisori on Saparua Island (Strubell). Vertigo (Costigo) sa^aruana BTTG., Bericht Senck. naturf. Ges., 1891, p. 270, pi. 3, f. 12, 12a. Distinguished from the externally similar genus Leuco- chttus by the single, entirely simple parietal tooth, from the oceanic Vertigine group Ptychochilus, which otherwise is very closely related, by the absolute lack of an angular tooth. 2. COSTIGO CALAMIANICA (Moellendorff). Not figured. Vertigo calamianica Mlldff., from Busuanga, is mentioned as a new species of the section Costigo in von Moellendorff 's Verzeichnis, Abhandl. Nat. Ges. Gorlitz, xxii, 1898, p. 152. It is evidently the form alluded to by Boettger, following his account of C. saparuana, in the following terms: "A second species of Costigo lives on Busuanga, Catanduanes, Philip- pines ; it is a new species, for which I am indebted to Consul Dr. O. Fr. von Moellendorff, and which has no cuticular ribs in addition to the sharp striation, and in which palatal teeth are lacking." 3. COSTIGO BORBONICA (H. Adams). PL 33, fig. 7. Shell deeply rimate, oblong-ovate, thin, nearly smooth, silky, rufous-brown. Spire convexly conic, the apex obtuse, 368 COSTIGO. suture impressed. Whorls 5, a little convex, the last some- what compressed at base, swollen and pitted behind the aper- ture. Aperture truncate-oval, subvertical, four-toothed : one entering, compressed parietal tooth, one tooth deep on the columella, two in the palate, the upper one minute. Peri- stome a little expanded, white-lipped, the margins joined by a thin callus, right margin somewhat sinuous. Length 21/£, diam. 1% mm. (H. Ad.). Bourbon (G. Nevill). Vertigo (Alaea) borbonica H. AD., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 290, pi. 28, fig. 8. 4. COSTIGO DESMAZURESI (Crosse). PL 33, fig. 12. Shell umbilicate, shortly cylindric, thin, translucent, ap- pearing smooth to the naked eye, but really marked with fine, slightly oblique striae visible only under a lens. Shell a little shining and of a light corneous-tawny color. Spire forming a short cone terminating in an obtuse summit. Suture well marked. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last whorl a little smaller than the spire, slightly tapering and rounded at the base. Aperture subvertical, of rounded semilunar shape and provided with 2 unequal spiral lamellae [palatal folds| situ- ated deep within. Peristome simple, narrowly expanded, a little reflected, and of a light rosy white ; margins separated ; parietal and columellar margins provided each with one in- ternal tooth ; these two teeth being placed at right angles to one another (Crosse). Length 2.25, diam. 1 mm. Rodriguez: Pointe aux Coraux (A. Desmazures). Pupa desmazuresi CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xxi, 1873, p. 140; xxii, 1874, p. 227, pi. 8, f. 3. Crosse remarks that one of the palatal folds is more readily visible than the other, and it only is shown in the figure. 5. COSTIGO NOBREI (Girard). PI. 34, fig. 10. Shell rimate, oval, very finely striate, as though vermie- ulate, corneous, subtransparent. Whorls 4-41^, very convex, with a deep suture, the last whorl contained about 2% time* COSTIGO. 369 in the total length, very distinctly contracted near the aper- ture, ascending a little, and very distinctly compressed at the base. Peristome simple, reflected. Aperture subvertical, somewhat rounded, toothed: a parietal fold larger than the others, a columellar fold more deeply placed, and two teeth on the outer wall, situated still further within the aperture. Length about 1%, diam. 1 mm. (Girard). Island of San Thome: Binda, under the bark of trees, F. Newton. Pupa tiobrei GIRARD, Jonial de Sci., Math. Phys. e Nat. Acmd. Real Sci. de Lisboa, (2), iii, no. 10, 1893, p. Ill, pi. 1, f. 21. Compared by Girard with Pupa corpulenta, an American Vertigo. It has sculpture like the Nesopupa, apparently, but does not appear nearly related to known African forms. By the single lamella on the parietal wall it resembles Costigo. ADDITIONS AND COEEECTION8, VOL. XXIV PAGE 95, 12th line from bottom, the references to figures should read: PL 28, figs. 2, 3, Ecuador, and pi. 28, fig. lr Duran. GASTROCOPTA OP THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. Vol. XXIV, p, 127. M. Germain has proposed a new genus, Falsopupa, for the species exigua H. Ad., microscopica Nev., lienardi (=> lieii- ardiana) Crosse and desmazuresi Crosse (Bull. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat. Paris for 1918, no. 7, p. 521; this number re- ceived at the Academy Oct. 14, 1919). This list contains species of two genera. No diagnosis of the group was given, and no species was selected as type. I take Pupa lienardiana Crosse (Falsopupa lienardi Crosse of Germain's list) to be the genotype. If the views of the affinities of the Mascarene species expressed in Vol. XXIV, pp. 127-133, are upheld, Falsopupa will become a synonym of the typical section of Gastrocopta. Genus ABIDA, vol. XXIV, p. 262. Add to the synonymy : Pupa Draparnaud, Tableau des Moll. terr. et fluv. de la France, 1801, pp. 32, 56, for muscorum [Drap. not Linne], pygmaea, antivertigo, vertigo [= pusttla Mull.], umbilicata, marginata, doliolum, dolium, granum, avena, frumentum, secale, polyodon, variabilis, 4-dens, 3-dens, cinerea, and vari- ous species of Clausilia and Balea. Pupa frumentum may be selected as type. Not Pupa Bolten 1798, or Pupa Lamarck, 1801. Deloplecta Agassiz, Nomenclator Zoologicus, 1842-6, Mol- lusca, p. 29, there said to "= Pupa". Agassiz, in the same (370) ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 371 work, mentions Pupa Humph., Mus. Calonnianum (a nomen •nudum), and Pupa Drapamaud. Deloplecta will be consid- ered equivalent to the latter, with the same type, Pupa fru~ mentum. Agassiz gives the reference "Charp., Cat. Moll. Suisse, 1837, ' ' but the name does not occur in that work. Pupella SWAINSON, Treatise on Malacology, 1840, pp. 183, 334 (P. variabttis here designated as type). Not Pupetta B. St. Vincent, 1825 (Infusoria). PAGE 264. Under the caption "Radula", the reference to Proc. Malac. Soc. London should be Vol. II. PAGE 307, tenth line from bottom, for "Bull. Soc. d'Agric." read: Ann. Soc. d'Agric. The same correction should be made on pp. 311 and 314. "PUPA" PYRENAICA Boubee. r Pupa hospitii (p. 37) is said to be a synonym of Pupa* (ModiceUa) pyrenaica Boubee (B., H. & d'A-A., Fauna Mala- cologia del Pirineu Catala, i, 1818, p. 99). The writer has not seen Boubee 's publication. According to Westerlund,. Clausitia pyrenaica Boubee 1833 is identical with Pupa pyren&aria (Boub.) Mich., and P. pyrenaica Boubee 1839 is P. ring em (Calliaud) Mich. It is evidently Abida "pyrena- aria" which Bofill, Haas and d'Aguilar-Amat had in view. See Man. Conch. XXIV, pp. 278, 288. The status of Bou- bee's species must be determined by reference to the original publication. VOLUME XXV. CHONDRINA GONIOSTOMA (Kiister). P. 33. Bofill, Haas and d'Aguilar-Amat consider Pupa angulata Fagot (p. 34) to be one extreme of this species, P. leptocheilos Fagot (p. 31) the other, the first having the mouth more angular, the second less so (Fauna Malacologia del Pirineu Catala, i, 1918, p. 95). As stated in the text, P. leptocheilos was proposed as a sub- stitute for tenuimarginata. 372 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. CHONDRINA ARAGONICA (Fagot). P. 54. P. saltus (p. 51) is a form of this according to the authors mentioned above (op. cit., p. 97). VERTIGO ALABAMENSIS CONECUHENSIS, p. 80. The authority, Clapp, should be substituted for "n. subsp." VERTIGO OVATA Say. P. 82. This species occurs also in the southeastern U. S. — Virginia, western North Carolina, Georgia and Florida (Sterki collec- tion) ; Florida at Snapper Creek hammock, Dade Co., Lower Matacumbe Key and Madeira hammock near the end of the peninsula (Geo. H. Clapp coll.). VERTIGO VENTRICOSA. P. 94. Dr. Sterki writes: "I believe that V. ventricosa is closely allied to V. ovata, not to V. pygm&a. I have repeatedly had forms in doubt between the two. Both have essentially the same formation of the palate, and there are small ovata with a slight palatal callus, occasionally no infraparietal and a barely vestigeal angular lamella." VERTIGO HEBARDI Van. P. 103. Additional localities are: Elliott's, Pumpkin, Lignum Vitae, No Name, Big Pine and Little Palo Alto keys, off south and southeastern Florida, Geo. H. Clapp collection. VERTIGO CONCINNUDA Ckll. P. 121. The shells illustrated in fig. 1 are from Willow Creek, Mogollon Mts., New Mexico; x 15. VERTIGO MODESTA (pp. 123-134). On p. 134 a race of V. modesta from near Bluff Lake in the San Bernardino Mts., California, was discussed. It was fig- ured on p. 124, figs. 8, 80, 8&. Without locality it would not be possible to separate some specimens from. V. m. castanea, while others would be as near V. m. parietalis. These ex- ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 373> tremes, however, are fully connected in the Bluff Lake series, which must thus be treated as a unit. As in the Santa Cata- lina race of this species (p. 132), albino shells occur in some abundance. As in many other cases, the albino mutation occurs in colonies with the brown shells, and there is no reason to believe that it does not interbreed with them, as has been demonstrated for a number of other such cases. Dr. Berry has described the albino mutation as V. m. micro- phasma. In the writer's opinion the brown shells found with them are of the same race ; but the name can be used for the San Bernardino race as a whole, with its several variations and mutations. Though certainly without definite differen- tial characters, it is not, as a whole, either typical castanea or typical parietalis. VERTIGO MODESTA MICROPHASMA Berry. Figs. 1-6. "The shell is cylindro-conic, rimate-umbilicate, thin, very pale horn-color, by transmitted light transparent and color- less. The surface is glossy and distinctly, irregularly, ob- liquely striate, especially on the upper whorls. The spire tapers from the last whorl, at first gradually, then more rapidly, to the obtuse apex. The whorls are strongly convex, the last with an indentation just back of the aperture over the lower palatal tooth, subsequently with a narrow, abrupt, axial constriction, then swollen to form a low, wave-like crest just back of and parallel to the lip. The aperture is rounded triangular, scarcely constricted on the outer margin, the peri- stome thickened and porcelain white in color, showing through the back of the shell as a white line, but the sharp lip scarcely reflected except over the columella. The posterior angle of the outer lip curves in rather sharply to the body whorl. The number of teeth varies from 2 to 5. The parietal and colu- mellar lamellae are always well developed. In addition there is almost always a well-developed lower palatal. A smaller, but variable upper palatal is frequently present, as also a minute angular lamella. All the teeth are porcelain-white in color. 374 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 1-6, VERTIGO MODESTA MICROPHASMA. 7, VERTIGO ALLYNIANA. 8, V. ALLYNIANA mut. XENOS. "Length of type 2.6; diameter to lip edge 1.5; length of aperture 0.9 mm.; whorls 5. "Type: Cat. no. 2740 of the writer's collection, fig. 2. Paratypes in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, California Academy of Sciences, Southwest Museum, United States National Museum, and the private collections of Mr. G-eorge H. Clapp and others. "Type Locality: 7,550 feet altitude, cienaga near Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, California; under sticks and logs at edge of forest; Nina G. Spaulding, G. E. Dole ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 375 S. S. Berry, August, 1910; 59 specimens in this and neighboring cienagas. Also taken at 7,200 feet altitude, west slope of Falls Creek Canyon, near the narrows about one mile above Dobbs Cabin, Dollar Pass Trail, San Bernardino Mountains, California ; under small sticks and pine cones on springy slope ; G. E. Dole and S. S. Berry, Sept, 29, 1918 ; 32 specimens" (Berry). Vertigo modesta microph-asma BERRY, Nautilus, xxxiii, Oct. 1919, p. 48, figs. 1-6. 1 * This very puzzling little mollusk is one of the most beau- tiful of American Vertigos. It is very close to V. modesta parietalis and may also be described as an albinistic race of that subspecies, but it is a protean form and some shells are equally close to V. modesta modesta or even to V. m. castanea, That it is more than a mere 'albino' of the recognized type is strongly evidenced by its occurrence in such abundance and at scattered localities, as also by the fact that its distribution is by no means coincident with that of any of the other forms mentioned. Nor, although usually associated, do the white or brown shells occur in any apparent regular ratio. At the second locality above cited diligent outlook yielded but three specimens of the brown parietalis. It is evidently a com- paratively recent offshoot from the parent stock, but the field evidence is that it already is a race with its peculiar char- acters heritable to a marked degree. 1 i It seems rather remarkable that such features as the color, shell texture, and similar characters in this form should ex- hibit such constancy as compared with the variability shown in the development of the lamellae. In 39 specimens of the type lot now before me, 1 has only 2 teeth (columellar and parietal), 15 have 3 teeth (columellar, parietal, and lower palatal), 9 have 4 teeth (an upper palatal usually the one added), and 14 have a full set of 5 teeth. No mature speci- mens with fewer than 2 nor more than 5 teeth have been noted. This variation in a single well-defined colony (its members having, as shown by the other characters noted, an undoubtedly close phylogenetic relationship with one an- other) throws a valuable bit of light on the difficulty of at- 376 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. tempting the separation of the various races of the modesta series by means of variations in the number of teeth alone. It chances that the specimen chosen as type is one of the 3-toothed forms. ' ' The animal is bluish-gray or slate in color, the body quite dark, the foot and peripheral portions much lighter and semi- transparent. A rough sketch of the cephalic region of one of the Falls Creek specimens is offered in fig. 6. "Whether the hereditary value of this race is that of a 'form' or a subspecies can only be shown by the more de- tailed study which must be left for the future. Until then the personal equation must necessarily largely govern. In any case it will prove useful to have a name for it" (Berry), VERTIGO ALLYNIANA Berry. Fig. 7. "The shell is minute, short, robust, ovate-conic in outline, thin, dark reddish-brown in color, with only a dull gloss; weakly, irregularly striate. The spire tapers with increasing rapidity from the last whorl to the obtuse apex. The whorls are convex, the last having a shallow but distinct excavation in the palatal region and a weaker one over the upper palatal tooth, the latter extending to the lip, which thus becomes flattened or very slightly indented on its outer segment. The aperture is pyriform in outline, and would be rather small except for the quite flaring lip, which is little thickened and very fragile at the edge. There are 5 teeth constantly de- veloped in all the material examined. The parietal, columel- lar, and upper and lower palatal lamellae are well developed, and there is a distinct, though small angular lamella. The- columellar is situated well back in the aperture and quite high up on the pillar. The lower palatal is also rather deeply immersed. "Length of type 2.1; diameter to lip edge 1.3; length of aperture 0.81 mm. ; whorls 4%. "Type: Cat. no. 3764 of the writer's collection. Paratypes in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and the private collection of Allyn G. Smith. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 377 "Type Locality: Donner Lake, California; A. G. Smith, May 30, 1916; 22 specimens" (Berry}. Vertigo aUyniana BERRY, Nautilus, vol. 33, Oct. 1919, p. 51, fig. 7. — Vertigo allyniana xenos BERRY, op. cit., p. 52, f. 8. ""I am not quite certain of the relationships of this small Vertigo. The texture of the shell, as well as the shape, are strongly reminiscent of V. occidentals Sterki, a more weakly- toothed species from the San Bernardino Mountains. None of the other species with which I am familiar require any special comparison. V. corpulenta (Morse) has a somewhat similar outline, but otherwise does not seem especially close" (Berry). Two paratypes measure : Length 2.18, diam. 1.4 mm. Length 2.1, diam. 1.27 mm. The holotype of V. a. xenos measured the same way : Length 2.1, diam. 1.45 mm. The latter form, based upon a single shell, found with typical attyniana, appears likely to be merely a shape muta- tion. Variation of contour equal to this is of common occur- rence in single colonies of many Vertigos, and in the absence of series sufficient to show that there is racial differentiation they are better left nameless. In washing a specimen of the typical allyniana the color and texture appear to be exactly as in the type of xenos. Mut. xenos (Berry), fig. 8. "With the preceding occurred a single specimen of a very similar form having the same number of teeth, but differing abruptly in its shorter, much more robust and swollen outline, its more transparent, glos- sier texture, and lighter brown color. The columellar tooth is placed distinctly further down on the pillar, and the re- maining lamellae differ slightly from those of the shells de- scribed above both in size and position. Length of type 2.0; diameter to lip edge 1.5 ; length of aperture 0.85 mm. ; whorls 4i/2. Type: Cat. no. 4128 of the writer's collection" (Berry). VERTIGO CALIFORNIA ELONGATA (Sterki). Page 142. The name el-ongata is several times preoccupied in both Pupa and Vertigo. It may stand as Vertigo calif ornica longa. 378 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. VERTIGO ROWELLJ (Newc.). P. 143. Two specimens from Oakland, type locality, measure : Length 2.8, diam. 1.4 mm.; nearly 6 whorls. Length 2.48, diam. 1.3 mm. ; 5% whorls. The minute costulation is rather pronounced on the penult whorl. The low, rounded rib-striae are about as wide as their intervals. On the last whorl they become weak, more and irregularly spaced. The long, convexly tapering spire is rather turrited. VERTIGO OSCARIANA St. P. 144. Found at Ft. Lauderdale and BriekeH's hammock below Miami by Geo. H. Clapp. PAGE 146, 15th line, for "columellar fold" read columel- lar lamella. VERTIGO MILIUM Gld. P. 146. Further localities in south and southeastern Florida: Ft. Lauderdale, Brickell's Hammock, Snapper Creek Hammock, Snake Creek Hammock, Pumpkin and Big Pine Keys; Fla- mingo and Coot Bay, Cape Sable, Madeira Hammock (Geo. H. Clapp coll.). PAGE 184, 7th line, for "Grenada" read Granada. P. 212, 8th line, for "V. atwustiOa" read V. angustior. VERTIGO THIBETIC A (Bens.). Pupa thibetica Bens. (vol. xxiv, p. 138) has been placed in Vertigo by "Westerlund ; as it is in the Palaearctic fauna, and is said to be smooth, translucent and glossy, this reference is probably correct. It has not been figured. VERTIGO PUSILLA mut. ALBINA Taylor. Shell translucent- white. Found with the typical form at Portsalon, near Let- terkenny, Donegal County, Ireland (J. W. Taylor, Journ. of Conch., vii, 1893, p. 194). ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 379 VERTIGO PUPAEFORMIS Pollonera. Vol. XXVI, pi. 5, fig. 10. Shell small, ovate-cylindric, very lightly striatulate ; whorls 6, convex, the last one-third the total length, provided with a strong, transverse callus [crest] anteriorly. Aperture sub- ovate, strongly five-toothed : 1 parietal tooth, 2 columellar, the lower one smaller, and 2 pliciform palatals, the lower one larger. Length 2, diam. 1.25 mm. (Pollonera). Italy : Val Salice, colline di Torino, Pleistocene. Vertigo (Dexiogyra) pupaeformis POLLONERA, Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Torino, (2), xxxviii, 1888, p. 30, fig. 22 of the plate. This form, which Pollonera states has not been found living in Piedmont or elsewhere, is said to differ from V. pygnuza by the less swollen, more cylindric form, the last whorl being less developed. VERTIGO (ALAEA) TROLLI Fischer and Wenz. Jahrb. nassau. Ver. Nat., vol. 67, 1914, p. 102, pi. 7, f. 27. Upper Miocene of Oppeln. VERTIGO ( ? GLANDICULA) GAALI Wenz. Senekenbergiana, i, no. 3, 1919, p. 67. New name for Pupa (LeucochUa) cf. larteti Gaal, Mitt. a. d. Jahrb. ungar. geol. Eeichsanst., xviii, 1911, p. 68, pi. 2, f. 4. VERTIGO DIVERSIDENS (Sandb.), this volume, p. 218, includes the following according to Dollfus, Etude sur la Molasse de 1'Armagnac, in Bull. Soc. Geol. France (4), xv, 1915, p. 362: V. laemodonta,, V. sansanica and V. callostoma Bgt. VERTIGO RHYNCHOSTOMA Bgt., this volume, p. 219, includes, according to Dollfus, op. cit., p. 363: V. onixiodon and V. micrcmixia Bgt. This species was found in the Noulet collec- tion under the name P. vascanensis Noulet Ms. PAGE 220. Vertigo trigonostoma, blumi and priscilla are to be removed from Ptychalaa and placed in Nesopupa, where they appear to be related to the section Indopupa. Vertigo capellinii (p. 221) belongs either to Nesopupa or to Ptycha- laa, probably the former. 380 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Paetel's Catalog contains many errors in spelling and authorities which are not worth noting here. The following are samples : [Pupa (Vertigo)} eurieysii Drouet. I. Trinidad. Paetel, Catalog der Conchylien-sammlung von Fr. Paetel, edit. 1883, p. 159. Error for Pupa eyriesii Drouet. [Pupa (Vertigo)} turgida Zglr. Illyr. Paetel, op. cit., p. 160. [Pupa (Alaea)] achila Sow. Hispan. Paetel, op. cit., 4th edit., 1889, ii, p. 293. Error for Vertigo acheila Serv. VERTIGO MURCHISONIAE Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, xxiii, 1867, p. 557, pi. 15, figs. 11, 12, from the Lias- sic deposit in Charter-House mine, Somerset, England, is a poorly preserved sinistral fossil, certainly not a Vertigo. EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XXV. Except when otherwise stated, the figures were drawn from specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences. Those marked B. M. after the museum number are in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu. PLATE 1. FIGURE PAGE 1. Chondrina megacheilos C. & J. Milan. 22754 7 2. 3. Chondrina megacheilos C. & J. Como. 3843 7 4, 5. Chondrina avenacea Brug. Metz. 22776 10 6, Chondrina avenacea Brug. Sicily. 22769 10 7, 8. Chondrina a. clienta West. Herkulesbad, Banat. 66045 15 9, 10. Chondrina a. riviana Schr. Riva. 101617 18 Fig. below 7. Chondrina a. duplicata Kiister. After Kiister . . . 14 Fig. below 8. Chondrina subhordeum West. After Kiis- ter 13 11. Chondrina cereana Kiist. After Kiister 21 12. Chondrina apuana Iss. After Del Prete 15 13, 14. Chondrina oligodonta Del Pr. After Del Prete. . 19 15. Chondrina cianensis Caz. After Caziot 20 PLATE 2. 1, 2, 7. Chondrina bigorrwmsis Ch. Bigorre. 22762 29 3. Chondrina bigorriensis Ch. After Des Moulins 29 4. Chondrina tenuimarginata Des M. Pyrenees. 3894. . 31 5. Chondrina tenuimarginata Des M. After Des Moulins. 31 6. Chondrina t. elongatissima Des M. After Des Moulins. 32 8, 9. Chondrina b. moquiniana Kiist. After Kiister .... 30 10-12. Chondrina arigonis Rm. After Rossmaessler .... 34 13, 14. Chondrina goniostoma Kiist. After Rossmaessler. 33 15, 16. Chondrina g. juliensis Bgt. After Bourguignat . . 34 17, 18. Chondrina arigonis Rm. Pego. 22792 34 PLATE 3. 1. Chondrina arigonis Rm. Catalonia. 114976 34 (381) 382 EXPLANATION OP PLATES, VOL. XXV. FIGURE PAGE 2, 3, 4. Chondrina k. ordunensis Pils. Pefia de Orduna. 22791 39 5. Chondrina hisitanica Em. After Eossmaessler 40 6. Chondrina lusitanica Em. Portugal. 22795 40 7. 8. Chondrina gigantea. After Eossmaessler 32 9. Chondrina tingitana Kob. Tetuan. 115001 41 10, 11. Chondrina calpica West. Gibraltar. 78391 41 12. Chondrina gorbeana Pils. Pena de Gorbea. 22779.. 56 13. Chondrina lallemantiana Bgt. After Bourguignat . . 43 14. Chondrina letourneuxi Bgt. After Bourguignat 42 PLATE 4. 1. Chondrina similis Brug. Nice. 22751 57 2. Chondrina similis Brug. Florence. 101600 57 3. Chondrina similis Brug. Grasse. 22739 57 4. Chondrina similis Brug. Marseilles. 22747 57 5. Chondrina pallida amicta Parr. Nervi. 4942 63 6. Chondrina pallida amicta Parr. Grasse. 44795 63 7. Chondrina pallida Phil. After Eossmaessler 63 8. Chondrina pallida amicta Parr. Spezia. 78390 63 9. Chondrina psarolena Bgt. After Bourguignat 65 10. Chondrina bergomensis Ch. Bergamo. 115007 .... 22 11. Chondrina psarolena Bgt. After Eossmaessler 65 12, 13. Chondrina circumplicata Mss. Lombardy. 114980. 22 PLATE 5. 1. Chondrina farinesii Des M. Pyrenees. 22787 45 2. Chondrina farinesii Des M. La Preste. 67669 45 3. Chondrina boettgeriana 01. After Clessin 49 4. Chondrina farinesii dentiens Moq. After Moquin- Tandon 47 5. Chondrina massotiana Bgt. After Bourguignat 52 6. 7. Chondrina jumillensis Guir. After Bourguignat . . 49 8. Pseudelix microhelix Sandb. After Sandberger 222 9, 10. Chondrina obliterata Ch. After Kiister 52 11. Chondrina m. penchinatiana Bgt. After Bourguignat. 53 12. Enneopupa cylindrella Al. Br. After Sandberger . . 222 13, 18. Vertigo angustior Jeffr. Lyons. 3801 211 14, 15. Glandicula tiarula Al. Br. After Sandberger ... 221 16, 17. Vertigo angustior Jeffr. Lausanne. 22901 211 PLATE 6. 1, 2. Vertigo ovata Say. Upper Eed Hook, N. Y. 48553. 82 EXPLANATION OP PLATES, VOL. XXV. 383 FIGURE PAGE 3. Vertigo ovata Say. Oswego, Oregon. 111397 82 4. 7. Vertigo ovata Say. Hamilton, Ontario. 62900 82 5. 6. Vertigo o. mariposa Pils. Mariposa Co., Cal. 11644. 88 8, 9. Vertigo morsei St. Lake James, Ind. 105714 81 10, 13. Vertigo berryi Pils. San Bernardino Mts. 105166. 89 11, 12. Vertigo o. diaboli Pils. Devil's River, Texas. 90437 88 PLATE 7. 1. Vertigo ventricosa Mse. Tignish, Prince Edwards I. 106971 94 2. Vertigo ventricosa Mse. Hebron, Maine. 87273 94 3. Vertigo ventricosa Mse. Buekfield, Maine. 87294 ... 94 4. 5. Vertigo gouldii Binn. Brookline, Mass. 82690 .... 98 6. Vertigo elatior St. Woodland, Aroostook Co., Maine. 79782 95 7. Vertigo perryi St. Duxbury, Mass. 14830 103 8. Vertigo gouldii Binn. Brookline, Mass. 82690 . 98 9, 10. Vertigo bollesiana Mse. Buekfield, Maine. 87312.. 101 11, 12. Vertigo pygmaea Drap. Upper Red Hook, N. Y. 48554 96 13-15. Vertigo nylanderi St. Woodland, Maine. 98331.. 100 PLATE 8. [Pigs. 1-7x19; figs. 4-8, 10-14x25.] 1, 2. Vertigo rugosula St. De Soto Parish, La. 87438 . . 77 3. Vertigo rugosula St. Sullivan's I., S. C. 60462 77 4. Vertigo hebardi Van. Long Key, Fla. 106359 103 5. Vertigo oralis St. Tallapoosa R., 7 miles above We- tumpka, Ala. 91060 78 6. 7. Vertigo oralis St. Volusia Co., Fla. 11654 78 8, 10, 11. Vertigo oscariana St. Volusia Co., Fla. 60463. 144 12. Vertigo a. conecuhensis Clapp. Evergreen, Ala. 113414 80 9, 13, 14. Vertigo alabamensis Clapp. Tuscaloosa Co., Ala. 113412 79 PLATE 9. 1, 2. Vertigo californica Rowell. Paratypes. San Fran- cisco. 59392 139 3. Vertigo c. cyclops St. Rocklin, Cal. 79817 141 4. Vertigo c. longa Pils. (elongata St.). S. Clemente I. 57856 142, 377 5. Vertigo c. catalinaria St. S. Barbara I. 113847 142 384 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XXV. FIGURE PAGE 6. Vertigo c. catalinaria St. S. Catalina I. 62362 142 7. Vertigo rowelli Newc. Douglas Co., Ore. 76372 143 8. Vertigo c. diegoensis St. San Ramon. 64578 141 9. Vertigo c. trinotata St. Monterey. 62363 140 10. Vertigo c. cupressicola St. Cypress Point. 118835.. 143 11. Vertigo c. diegoensis St. San Ramon. 64578 141 12. Vertigo columbiana St. Vancouver I. 68881 108 13. Vertigo columbiana St., var. Olympia. 11661 108 PLATE 10. 1. Vertigo modesta Say. Laggan, Alberta, 76375 123 2. Vertigo modesta Say. Loess, Des Homes, la, 79797. . 123 3. Vertigo m. corpulenta Mse. Ogden canvon, Utah. 11663 130 4. Vertigo m. parietalis Anc. Ogden canyon, Utah. 11659 128 5. Vertigo m. castanea St. Rae Lake, Cal. 115214 132 6. Vertigo m. castanea St. Type, Fish Camp, Cal. 11655. 132 7. 8. Vertigo arctica Wallenb. After Wallenbaum 189 8. Vertigo concinnula Ckll. Type, Custer Co., Colo. 59095 119 10. Vertigo concinnula Ckll. Jemez Mts., N. M. 73587. . 119 11. Vertigo occidentals St. Bluff Lake meadow, San Bernardino Mts. 105048 134 12, 13. Vertigo m. insculpta Pils. Mt. Lemon, S. Cata- linas. 109538, 109547 131 PLATE 11. 1. Vertigo dalliana St. Type, 416 Sterki coll 137 2-5. Vertigo sterkii Pils. Type and paratypes. 43706 . . 112 6, 8. Vertigo a. sanbernardinensis Pils. Cienaga below Bluff Lake. 118419 Ill 7. Vertigo a. sanbernardinensis Pils. 20 miles north of Yosemite. 114796 Ill 9. Vertigo andrusiana Pils. Oswego, Ore. 11398a 109 10. 11. Vertigo andrusiana Pils. (Fig. 10 the type.) Douglas Co., Ore. 76380 109 12. Vertigo binneyana St. Paratype. Helena, Mont. 11672 90 PLATE 12. 1-3. Vertigo tridentata Wolf. Fig. 2 the type. Canton, 111. 58008 . 106 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XXV. 385 FIGURE PAGE 4, 5. Vertigo gouldii cristata St. Paratype. Quebec. 119008 100 6,, 8. Vertigo gouldii paradoxa St. Paratype. Woodland, Me. 119007 99 7, 9. Vertigo parvula St. Type, 270 Sterki coll 105 10. 11. Vertigo coloradensis inserta Pils. Bear Wallow. 109559 118 12. Vertigo hannai Pils. Type. U. S. N. M 114 13. Vertigo coloradensis Ckll. (type of V. columbiana utahensis St.). Box Elder Co., Utah. 119009. . 115 14, 16. Vertigo c. arizonensis P. & V. Type. 119010 ... 117 15. Vertigo c. basidens P. & V. Bland, N. M. 79467 . . . 117 PLATE 13. 1-5. Vertigo miliuin Old. Near Cleveland, O. 95913 ... 146 6. Vertigo milium Old. Mt, Taylor, Volusia Co., Fla. 43707 146 7. Vertigo miliuin Old. Vermont. 58204 146 8. 10, 12. Vertigo bermudensis Pils. Type (f. 10, 12) and paratype. 105610 149 9. Vertigo bermudensis Pils. 91159 149 11. Vertigo neglecta Poey. After Poey 87 13. Vertigo ovata var. S. Domingo. 43705 87 14. 15. Vertigo numellata Gul. Bermuda. 91158 91 16. Vertigo ovata var. Porto Rico. 3807 87 17. Vertigo marki Gul. Type ; Bermuda. 85574 107 PLATE 14. 1, 2. Vertigo eogea Pils. Akkeshi. 89899 151 3. Vertigo eogea Pils. Kashima. 83396 152 4, 5. Vertigo hydrophila Reinh. After Reinhardt 152 6, 7. Vertigo hachijoensis Pils. Type. 83394 153 8-10. Vertigo kusbiroensis Pils. Type. 90223 153 11. 12. Vertigo hirasei Pils., var. Miyakejima. 86484 . . . 155 13, 14. Vertigo hirasei Pils. Type. 79738 154 15. Vertigo hirasei glans Pils. Type. 82689 155 16. Vertigo hirasei okinerabuensis Pils. Type. 87690 . . 155 PLATE 15. 1, 2. Vertigo japonica Pils. Type. 85746 155 3. Vertigo j. tosana Pils. Irazuyama. 86486 156 4. Vertigo j. coreana Pils. Fusan. 95772 156 5. 6, 7, 9. Ptychalaea dedecora Pils. Hahajima. 82583.. 158 386 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XXV. FIGURE PAGE 8. Vertigo denudata Mss. After Mousson , . 156 10, 11. Ptychalaea d. tamagonari P. & H. Type. 85745. 158 12. Staurodon s. seminulum Lowe. 97298 225 13, 14. Staurodon saxicola Lowe. 4930 224 15. Ptyehalaea flexidens Rss. After Wenz 157 PLATE 16. 1. Vertigo pusilla Mull. Lausanne. 22898 161 2, 3. Vertigo pusilla Mull. Niedermodau. 123426 161 4, 5. Vertigo antivertigo Drap. Lyons. 3797 163 6. Vertigo antivertigo Drap. Calvados. 22890 163 7. Vertigo sinuata Mouss. After Mousson 166 8. 9. Vertigo discheilia Bgt. After Bourguignat 170 10. 11. Vertigo maresi Bgt. After Bourguignat 171 12. Vertigo codia Bgt. After Bourguignat 184 13. Vertigo microlena Bgt. After Bourguignat 185 14. Vertigo aprica Bgt. After Bourguignat 184 15. Vertigo loroisiana Bgt. After Bourguignat 182 PLATE 17. 1. Vertigo moulinsiana Dup. Lyons. 22882 178 2, 3. Vertigo moulinsiana Dup. Cambridge. 109428 ... 178 4. Vertigo substriata mitis Bttg. After Boettger 173 5, 6. Vertigo m. ventrosa Heyn. After Heynemann 181 7. "Vertigo" subtrochiformis Greg. After de Gregorio. . 214 8. "Vertigo" cylindrica Colb. After Colbeau 214 9. Vertigo haeussleri St. After Sterki 178 10. Vertigo substriata Jeffr. 109425 172 11. 12. Vertigo sieversi Bttg. After Boettger 195 13. Vertigo s. punctulum Bttg. After Boettger 196 14. Vertigo ronnebyensis West. After Geyer 192 15. 16, 17. Vertigo pygmaea Drap. Lyons. 3799 . . 174 PLATE 18. 1. Vertigo alpestris Aid. Halker, England. 109427 197 2. Vertigo alpestris Aid. Lowenburg, Transylvania. 114999 197 3. Vertigo a. shuttleworthiana Ch. After Steenberg. . . . 199 4. Vertigo heldii 01. ( ? = pygm8ea). After Geyer 199 5. 6. Vertigo leontina Gredl. After Gredler 201 7, 8. Vertigo isarica West, (leontina Clessin). After Clessin 201 9. Vertigo schultzii Phil. After Kiister 202 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XXV. 387 FIGURE PAGE 10-12. Vertigo genesii Gredl. Topotype. After Sand- berger 204 13. Vertigo alpestris (tridensSandb.). After Sandberger. 208 14. Vertigo alpestris (quadridens Sandb.). After Sand- berger 208 15. Vertigo genesii parcedentata (bidens). After Sand- berger 207 16. Vertigo alpestris (adversidens Sandb.). After Sand- berger 208 17, 18. Vertigo genesii Gredler. After Gredler 204 19. Vertigo g. parcedentata (glandicula) Sandb. After Sandberger 207 PLATE 19. I, 2. Lyropupa lyrata Gld. (Paratype of Pupa magda- lena Anc.) Palama, Oahu. 18745BM 233 3. Lyropupa lyrata Old. (Paratype of Pupa carbonaria, Anc.) Nuuanu, Oahu. 18752BM 233 4. Lyropupa lyrata Gld. Type. 219G, 2687 N. Y. State Museum 233 5. Lyropupa lyrata Gld. Paratype, same museum 233 6. Lyropupa lyrata Gld. Nuuanu. 108336 233 7. Lyropupa 1. fossilis C. & P. Manoa. 119462 237 8. 9. Lyropupa lyrata, form gouldi P. & C. Type and paratype. New York State Museum 235 10. Lyropupa 1. uncifera P. & C. Glen Ada, 119422 ... 236 II. Lyropupa 1. fossilis C. & P. Type. Manoa. 11039BM. 237 12, 13. Lyropupa 1. uncifera C. & P. Cotypes. 1% miles west of Kahuku, Oahu 236 PLATE 20. 1. Lyropupa lyrata var. Limahuli, Kauai. 11038BM... 237 2. Lyropupa rhabdota C. & P. Pelekunu, Molokai. 11040BM 239 3. 5. Lyropupa r. pluris P. & C. W. ravine upper Kamalo. 119427 240 4. Lyropupa r. pluris P. & C. Pipe-line trail, Kauna- kakai. 48625 24Q 6. Lyropupa r. lanaiensis Cooke. Lanai. 11041BM .... 241 7, 8. Lyropupa baldwiniana Cooke. lao, W. Maui. 11042BM 241 9. 10. Lyropupa prisca Anc. Mana. 119453 243 11. Lyropupa prisca Anc. Mana. 11044BM 243: 388 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, VOL. XXV. PIGURE 12. Lyropupa thaanumi C. & P. Auwahi. 11043BM ... 242 13. Lyropupa thaanurai C. & P. Auwahi. 119452 242 PLATE 21. 1. Lyropupa clathratula Anc. Olaa, Hawaii. 18768 .... 245 2. Lyropupa microthauma Anc. Nuuanu. 11045BM . . . 238 3. Lyropupa microthauma Anc. Nuuanu. 21562BM. .. 238 4. Lyropupa truncata Cooke. Kohala Mts. 36996 247 5. Lyropupa mirabilis Anc. Popouwela. 11046BM 249 6. 7. Lyropupa mirabilis Anc. Popouwela. 108910 .... 249 8, 9. Lyropupa antiqua C. & P. Manoa. 119472 250 10. Lyropupa spaldingi C. & P. Puu Kaua. 119470 248 11. Lyropupa antiqua. Type ; Manoa. 11047BM 250 12,13. Lyropupa spaldingi C. & P. Puukaua. 11048BM. 248 PLATE 22. 1-3. 9. Lyropupa kahoolavensis P. & C. Type, fig. 1, and paratypes. Kahoolawe. 108871 256 4, 8. Lyropupa kahoolavensis P. & C. Kona crater, Ha- waii. 119466 256 5. Lyropupa perlonga interrupta P. &C. Kahuku. 119446. 261 6. Lyropupa sparna C. & P. Kalihi. 33627BM 252 7, 10, 11. Lyropupa sparna C. & P. Pipe-line, upper Kaunakakai. 108919 252 12. Lyropupa hawaiiensis Anc. Palihoukapapa. 119468. 251 13. Lyropupa sparna sdnulifera P. & C. Western ravine of Kamalo, Molokai. 119429 253 14. Lyropupa hawaiiensis Anc. Palihoukapapa. 119468. 251 PLATE 23. 1,2. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Type (a worn specimen). Nuuanu. 48063 Mus. Comp. Zool 258 3-5. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Typical. Bench of consoli- dated coral sand east of Diamond Head. 11052 B. M., f. 3, and 119473, f . 4, 5 258 6. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Recent. Koko Head. 11053 BM 258 7. Lyropupa micra C. & P. Rocky Hill. 11056BM 263 8. Lyropupa cylindrata C. & P. Makua. 11054BM 261 9. Lyropupa cyrta C. & P. Mana. 11060BM 268 10. Lyropupa cyrta C. & P. Mana. 119441 268 11. Lyropupa ovatula C. & P. Manoa. 11059BM 265 EXPLANATION OP PLATES, VOL. XXV. 389 FIGURE PAGE 12. Lyropupa filocostata C. & P. Limahuli, Kauai. 11057BM 262 13, 14. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Embryo of Koko Head specimen 258 PLATE 24. 1-3. Lyropupa ovatula C. & P. Type. Kaelepulu. 119434 265 4. Lyropupa ovatula C. & P. Palatal wall. Manoa. 119440 265 5. Lyropupa ovatula C. & P. Kaelepulu. 119434 265 6. 7. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Coral bench east of Dia- mond Head. 119473 261 8, 11, 12. Lyropupa plagioptyx P. & C. Kawaihapai. 109942 267 9, 10. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Kaelepulu, Kailua. 119425. 261 13, 14. Lyropupa thaumasia C. & P. Hanakupiai. 11061 BM 270 15. Lyropupa thaumasia C. & P. Hanakupiai. 119449.. 270 PLATE 25. 1-4. Lyropupa perlonga interrupta P. & C. West of Ka- huku. 119426 261 5-7. Lyropupa micra C. & P. Type and paratype. Kaele- pulu, Kailua. 48626 263 8, 9. Lyropupa micra maunalose P. & C. Summit of Mauna Loa, Molokai. 119447 264 10. Lyropupa perlonga interrupta P. & C. Malaekahana, Oahu. 119463 261 11, 12. Lyropupa micra percostata P. & C. Kaelepulu, Kailua. 48627 264 13. Lyropupa cubana Dall. Type specimen, U. S. Nat. Mus 268 14. Lyropupa thaumasia C. & P. Paratype. 119449 270 15 Lyropupa cyrta C. & P. Mana, Hawaii. 119441 .... 268 16, 17. Lyropupa cubana Dall. After Dall 268 PLATE 26. 1. Lyropupa scabra P. & C. Ukulele, E. Maui. 11049BM. 254 2. Lyropupa. scabra P. & C. Ukulele, E. Maui. 119465. . 254 3. 6. Lyropupa anceyana C. & P. Olaa, Hawaii. 11050 BM . . 253 390 EXPLANATION OP PLATES, VOL. XXV. FIGURE PAGE 4, 7. Lyropupa perlonga Pse. Palatal folds. Koko Head. 119437 260 5. Lyropupa ovatula kona P. & C. Moomomi. 44762 . . . 266 8. Lyropupa spaldingi, base of embryo. 11048BM 248 9, 12. Lyropupa k. puukolekolensis P. & C. Puukolekole. 119475 258 10, 11, 14. Lyropupa ovatula kona P. & C. Huehue, Ha- waii. 44763 266 13. Lyropupa kahoolavensis P. & C. Palatal folds. Mauna Loa, near shifting sands, Molokai. 44764 257 PLATE 27. 1-3. Nesopupa plicifera Anc. 11063, 15346, 19328BM. . . 280 4-6. Nesopupa waiaiiaensis C. & P. 11064BM 281 7, 8. Nesopupa dispersa C. & P. 11066BM 284 9, 10. Nesopupa baldwini Anc. 18732BM 287 11, 12. Nesopupa b. subcostata P. & C. 108885 288 3, 14, 15. Nesopupa b. lanaiensis P. & C. 34521BM 289 PLATE 28. 1. Nesopupa litoralis C. & P. Ewa. 11065 283 2. Nesopupa anceyana C. & P. Olaa, 11072 293 3. Nesopupa anceyana C. & P. Kilauea-iki 293 4. Nesopupa bishopi C. & P. 12465 296 5. Nesopupa forbesi C. & P. 11074 297 6, 10. Nesopupa limatula C. & P. 11067 290 7. Nesopupa infrequens C. & P. 15489 298 8. Nesopupa subcentralis C. & P. 11070 294 9. Nesopupa dubitabilis C. & P. 11068 291 10. Nesopupa limatula C. & P. 11067 290 11, 12. Nesopupa thaanumi Anc. Olaa. 11084 304 13. Nesopupa dubitabilis kaalaensis C. & P. 11069 292 (All but fig. 3 from Bishop Museum specimens.) PLATE 29. 1, 2. Nesopupa wesleyana Anc. 11079 299 3. Nesopupa w. tryphera C. & P. 11082 301 4. Nesopupa w. gouveije C. & P. 11081 301 5. 6. Nesopupa kauaiensis Anc. 11076 318 7. Nesopupa w. rhadina C. & P. Kahuku 303 8. Nesopupa singularis C. & P. Kaliuwaa. 11077 320 9. Nesopupa w. kamaloensis P. & C. Kamala. 108725. . . 303 10. Nesopupa alloia C. & P. Kauai. 11078 321 EXPLANATION OP PLATES, VOL. XXV. 391 FIGURE PAGE 11. 12. Nesopupa oahuensis C. & P. 11075 317 13. Nesopupa w. rhadina C. & P. Type. 11083 301 (All but figs. 5, 6, 7 and 9 from Bishop Museum specimens.) PLATE 30. 1,2,3. Nesopupa tantilla (Gld.). Type. 5505USNM. . . 324 4. Nesopupa tantilla (Gld.). 20665USNM 324 5, 6. Nesopupa pleurophora (Sh.) . 22917 326 7, 8. Nesopupa paivae (Crosse). After Boettger 328 9, 12, 13. Nesopupa armata Pse. Type. 48315MCZ 327 10, 11. Nesopupa cocosensis (Dall). Cocos Island 323 12. 13. Nesopupa armata (Pse.). Type. 48315MCZ . . . . 327 14. Nesopupa dentifera (Pse.). Cotypes. 48314MCZ . . . 329 PLATE 31. 1. Nesopupa proscripta (Smith). After Smith 344 2. Nesopupa selebensis (T.-C.). After Tapperone-Canefri. 343 3. 4. Nesopupa barrackporensis (Gude) 348 5, 6. Nesopupa einghalensis (Gude). After Gude 347 7. Nesopupa salemensis (Blanf.). Conch. Indica 347 8. Nesopupa salemensis (Blanf.). J. A. S. Beng 347 9, 10. Nesopupa filosa (Theob. & Stol.). Type and para- type, Indian Mus 345 11. Nesopupa brevicostis (Bens.). After Gude 346 12. Costigo saparuana Bttg. After Boettger 366 13. 14. Nesopupa godeffroyi Bttg. After Boettger 330 15, 16. Nesopupa tongana Bttg. After Boettger 331 17. Nesopupa tongana Bttg. After Boettger 331 18, 19, 20, 21. Nesopupa vitiana Bttg. Oneata. After Boettger 332 22, 23. Nesopupa vitiana Bttg. Viti Levu. After Boettger 332 24. Nesopupa mariei (Crosse). Journ. de Conch 334 25. Nesopupa lifouana (Gass.). Journ. de Conch 333 26. Nesopupa norfolkensis (Sykes). After Sykes 333 27. 28. Nesopupa eapensis (Bttg.). After Boettger 335 PLATE 32. 1-3. Nesopupa moreleti (A.D.Br.). A.D.Brown. 64105. 33£ 4,5. Nesopupa moellendorffi (Bttg.). After Boettger. .. 341 6. Nesopupa moreleti (A. D. Br.) . 96488 339 7, 8. Nesopupa quadras! Mlldff. 78395 335 9, 10. Nesopupa quadras! Mlldff. 96014 335 392 EXPLANATION OP PLATES, VOL. XXV. FIGURE PAGE. 11. Nesopupa moluccana (Bttg.). 117139 338 12. Nesopupa moluccana (Bttg.). After Boettger 338 13. Nesopupa nannodes (Q. & M.). Bohol. 114970 341 14, 15. Nesopupa malayana (Issel). After Issel 342 16. Nesopupa malayana (Issel). Manila. 63973 342 PLATE 33. I, 2, 3. Nesopupa minutalis Morel. 78394 352 4. Nesopupa micra Pils. (exigua H. Ad.). P. Z. S 351 5. Nesopupa comorensis Pils. (mo-nas Morel.). Journ.de Conch 353 6. Nesopupa ventricosa (H. Ad.). P. Z. S 354 7. Costigo borbonica (H. Ad.). P. Z. S 367 8-10. Nesopupa gonioplax Pils. Type. 64093 351 II. Nesopupa turtoni (Smith). St. Helena. 69935 .... 363 12. Costigo desmazuresi (Cr.). Journ. de Conch 368 13. Campolaemus perexilis (Smith), mut. contrarius. P. Z. S 366 14, 15. Nesopupa turtoni (Sm.). St. Helena. 69935 363 16, 18, 19. Campolaemus perexilis mut. ascendens 366 17. Campolaemus perexilis (Sm.). P. Z. S 365 PLATE 34. 1-4. Nesopupa griqualandica (M.& P.). Pretoria. 114968. 357 5, 6. Nesopupa rhodesiana Pils. Victoria Falls 360 6#. Nesopupa iota Prest. After Preston 361 7-9. Nesopupa farquhari Pils. 117282 . 358 10. Costigo nobrei (Girard). After Girard 368 11. 13, 14. Nesopupa bisulcata (Jick.). After Jickeli. . . 359 12. Nesopupa corrugata (Prest.). Burnup delin 361 15. Nesopupa corrugata (Prest.). Connolly coll 361 DATES OF ISSUE OP VOL. XXV. Part 97, pp. 1-64, plates 1-5, November 5, 1918. Part 98, pp. 65-144, plates 6-10, February 20, 1919. Part 99, pp. 145-224, plates 11-18, June 30, 1919. Part 100, pp. 225-404, plates 19-34, April, 1920. INDEX ABIDA Leach 370 abundans West 16 aeeedens Anc 119, 121 acheilaServ 202 achilaSow 380 adversidens Sandb 208 aequidentata Poll 165 affinis Arad 66 APRIPUPA P. & C 276, 357 alabamensis Clapp 79 alaea Jeffr 69, 72 albilabris Ziegl 8 albina Tayl 378 algesirae Kob 42 alleodus Sandb 216 Alloglossa Linds 1 alloia C. & P 321 allyniana Berry 376 alpestris Aid 150, 197 alternans Dh 223 amicta Parr 63 anceps Fagot 68 anceyana C. & P 253, 293 andrusiana Pils 109 angulata Fag 34, 371 angusta C. & P 315 angustata West 53 angustior Jeffr 211 ANGUSTULA St 71, 145 angustula 212, 378 annaensis Beck 333 anodon Dh 218 antiqua C. & P 250 antiquorum Ckll 84, 85, 86 antivertigo Dr 163 aperta Mill 219 (393) approximans St 94, 95 aprica Bgt 184 apuana Iss 15 apuna Iss., West 15 aragonica Fagot 54, 372 arcadica Reinh 16 arctica Wallenb 189 arenula White 215 arigoi West 34 arigonis Rm 34 arizonensis P. & V 117 armata Pease 327 arthuri v. Marts 121 ascendens Pils 366 aseendens West 47 atavuncula White 215 athesina Gredl 175, 177 aucta West 33 aureacensis Loc 14 ausonia Stef 176 avena Drap 11 avenacea Brag 10 avenieuhrm Hartm 14 avenoides West. 16 badia Moq 31 baldensis Parr 68 baregiensis Bgt 35 baldwiniana Cooke 241 baldwini Anc 287 barrackporensis Gude . . . 348 basidens P. & V 117 baudoni Mass. 169 bergomensis Ch 22 bermudensis Pils 149 berryi Pils 89 394 INDEX. bidens Saiidb 208 bidentata Jeffr 168, 169 bigeminata Dh. 223 biplicata Bgt 47, 51 bisulcata Jick 359 bleieheri Pal 219 blumi Bttg 220, 274, 379 boettgeriana Cl 49 bollesiana Mse 101 bonneti Cossm 216 borbonica H. Ad 367 borealis Morel 127 bothriocheila Bgt 219 bourgeaui Shutt 50 brevicostis Bs 346 briobia Bgt 185 Bulimus cinereus Mort. . . 65 Bulimus psarolenus B. . . 65 biittneri Siem. . . 203 calamanica Mlldff 367 californica Ing 119, 120 californica Rowell 139 calpica West 41 callicarens Bttg 176 callista West 213 callosa Reuss 216 callosa St 97 callostoma Bgt 219, 379 campanea Bgt 219 CAMPOL^EMUS Pils 364 capellinii Sacco 221, 379 carbonaria Anc 234 cardiostoma Sandb 217 CABYCHIOPSIS Sandb. . . . 223 castanea St 132 catalinaria St 142 caziotiana Pils 10 celata West 187 centralis Anc 288 centralis Fag 35 cereana Mhlf 21 cerealis Ziegl 12 charpentieri Sh „ 179 CHONDEINA Reich 1 Chondrus Cuv 1, 5 cianensis Caz 20 cinerea Drap 58 cinereus Mort 65 cinghalensis Gude 347 circumplicata Mss 22 cisalpina Poll 165 clathratula Anc 245 clevei West 210 clienta West 15 coarctataDh 218,223 cocchi Ben 13 Cochlodonta Fer 1, 6 COCOPUPA Pils 276, 322 cocosensis Dall 323 codia Bgt 184 codiolena Bgt 219 coUina West 162 coloradensis Ckll 115 columbiana St 108 comes Bttg 223 Qomorensis Pils 353 concinna Scott 206 concinnula Ckll 119, 372 condita Gassies 333 conecuhensis Clapp . . 80, 372 confusa West 53 consobrina Parr 30 contorta Calc 66 contrarius Pils 366 convergens Bttg 216 coreana Pils 156 cornea Loc 166, 176 corpulenta Mse 130 corrugata Prest 361 costata Pease 272 COSTIGO Bttg 366 costulata Sandb 223 costulosa Pease 310 crassata Bof 36 cristata St 100 crossei Mich 220 cubanaDall 268 cupressicola St 143 INDEX. 395 curtaHeld 173 -cyclophora Bgt 219 cyclops St 141 eyrenarum Zinn 217 Neyrta C. & P 268 cylindrata P. & C 261 ^ylindrella Al. Br 222 E PLATE 19 PUPILLID^E PLATE 20 11 13 PUPILLID^E PLATE 21 11 12 PUPILLID>E PLATE 22 12 PUPILLID/F. PLATE 23 PUPILLID^E PLATE 24 PUPrLLID>E PLATE 25 17 PUPILLID^E PLATE 26 12 V U f 1 L, L, i LJ OL fL,A TJfi PUPILLID^ PLATE 28 IE PUPILLID^E PLATE 29 13 PUPILLID.E PLATE 30 13 14 PUPILLID^ PLATE 31 24 25 PUPILLID^E PLATE 32 16 PUPILLID^ PLATE 33 ie PUPILLID^ PLATE 34 U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES