LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

SECOND SERIES: PULMOIS VTA.

MANUAL

OF

ONCHOLOGY;

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC,

WITH. ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

BY GEORGE W, TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY.

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATITRAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

Vol. VIII.

HELICID^E, Vol. VI.

PHILADELPHIA :
Published by the Conehological Section,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. IQTH AND RACE STS.
1892.

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

BINDER & KELLY, PRINTERS, 518 AND'SZO MINOR STREET, PHILADELPHIA.

In the present volume the description and illustration of the
Helicoid land mollusks will be completed. The first part (Part 29)
will continue and complete the account of the genus Cochlostyla.
The following part will contain additional species of Helix, being
a supplement to volumes III, IV, V, VI and VII. The two parts
remaining will contain a guide to the groups of Helices, a resume of
the anatomy of the group, and an Index to the species described in
volumes II to VIII of the MANUAL.

For the constant sympathy, advice and criticism of correspondents,
as well as for valuable information and specimens, the author is
deeply grateful. Special thanks are due to Mr. Charles Hedley of
Sydney, N. S. \V. ; to Mr. John Ponsonby of London, Mr. H. Suter,
in New Zealand, Dr. J. C. Cox, Sydney, and to Dr. V. Sterki, New
Philadelphia, Ohio.

H. A. P.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

FAMILY HELICIDJS, Vol. VI.

Genus COCHLOSTYLA Fer. (Continued.)
Section ORTHOSTYLUS Beck.

This section formed the subject of the last pages of the preceding
volume of the MANUAL, the larger species having been illustrated
and described in that place. The forms to be discussed below lead
from the more topical manifestations of Orthostylus toward the
section named by v. Martens " Cochlostylse elongatse " or Hypselo-
styla.

C. NUX Semper. Vol. VII, pi. 36, fig. 34.

Im perforate, elongate-globose, the apex very obtuse ; solid,
obliquely distinctly striated and regularly malleated ; unicolored
rufous, covered with a brown cuticle. Whorls 5, convex, the last
much inflated, as long as the spire. Columella somewhat straight-
ened, white, excavated ; aperture somewhat ear-shaped ; peristome
narrowly reflexed, pale violet colored within. (Semp.~)

Alt. 44, diam. 39 ; alt. of aperture 24, width 18 mill.

Mountain- district of Northeastern Luzon.

C. ( Orthostylus') mix SEMPER, Reis. Archip. Phil., Landmoll.
p. 204, t. 10, f. 2.

The exact locality is not known. The species is said by Semper
to be quite near to C. juglans, but differs in contour and especially
in the malleations upon the last whorl.

* Group of C. mus.

Ovate or turbinate, dull colored species, covered with hydroph-
anous cuticle, which is nearly uniform or streaked in the direction
of growth lines only.

(5)

6 COCIILOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS.

C. MUS Broderip. PL 1, figs. 1, 2.

Imperforate, ovate-conoid, solid. Ground color reddish-brown,
becoming light on the spire ; covered with a white or cream-white
hydrophanous cuticle which would be uniform except that it is
usually much worn into oblique streaks, often having some spirals
near the periphery. Aperture as long as the spire.

The spire is bluntly conoidal, apex obtuse; whorls 5<1, the last a
little descending in front. Aperture quite oblique, white or deli-
cate lilac inside; peristome thick, reflexed, edged with dark brown ;
columella wide, white, arcuate above, obliquely truncated below.

Alt. 48, diam. 35 mill. ; oblique alt. of aperture 29 mill.

Philippines.

Bulinus mus BROD. (in sched. Cuming) DELESSERT, Recueil, t.
39, f. 12.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 10.— PFR., Conchyl. Cab. Bui. t.
52, f. 5, 6; Monogr. ii, p. 17.

It is a much less conoidal, narrower shell than C. ticaonica, wider
than C. leucophcea. The oblique altitude of the aperture is about
equal to or exceeds the length of the spire, whilst in C. leucophcea
the spire is decidedly longer.

C. LEUCOPHCEA Sowerby. PI. 1, figs. 7, 8.

Imperforate, ovate-conoidal, solid. Ground color dark brown,
becoming yellowish on the spire, then whitish, the apex faint brown ;
covered with a white or brownish hydrophanous cuticle which shows a
blackish band at the periphery, and usually an irregular series of
eroded spots above, somewhat as in C. fenestrata and C. curia.

Spire elevated, obtuse ; whorls 6, the last slightly or not descend-
ing in front. Aperture oblique, white inside; peristome thick,
reflexed, brown-edged ; columella wide, white, obliquely truncated
below.

Alt. 47, diam. 30 mill. ; oblique alt. of aperture, with peristome
25 mill.

Alt. 44, diam. 28 mill.

8. Nicolas, Nueva Ecija and Candon, Ylocos, Luzon, Philippines.

Helix leucophcea Sow., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 18. — DELESSERT, Rec-
ueil t. .",!), f. 1.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. Bui. t. 10, f. 50.— PFK.,
Conchyl. Cab. Bui. t. 52, f. 4 ; Monogr. ii, p. 5. — Cochlostyla (Ortho-
stylus') leucophcRd SEMPER, Reis. Landmoll. p. 206, t. 13, f. 5 ; t.
18, f. 20 (anatomy).

COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS. 7

This species is allied to C. mus, but differs notably in being
narrower, with longer spire and smaller aperture. The style
of coloring reminds one of C. fenestrata and C. curia (p.
192 of the preceding volume), and its true systematic position is
still an open question with me. See also Semper's remarks upon
this species. C. leucophcea differs from all forms of C. metajormis
and rustica in the dark-edged lip.

C. GLAUCOPHTHALMA Pfeiffer. PI. 1, fig. 3.

Shell imperforate, ovate-oblong, solid, striatulate ; black-chestnut
with a streaked brown-ashen hydrophanous cuticle. Spire convex-
conoid, the apex dark blue, obtuse ; suture impressed ; whorls 5, a
little convex, the last shorter than the spire, obsoletely angulated at
the base. Columella somewhat sloping, dilated, flat, white, some-
what toothed at the base. Aperture oblique, truncate-oval, livid
inside ; peristome simple, very slightly expanded, the right margin
bowed. (P/r.)

Alt. 36, diam. 25 mill. ; aperture, alt. 19, width 14.

Philippines (Cuming).

Bulimus glaucophthalmus PFR., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 255 ; Conchyl.
Cab. Bui. p. 89, t. 31, f. 1, 2 ; Monogr. iii, p. 297.

I have not seen this species. It seems to be allied to C. mus and
leucophcea in contour, and to C. satyrus var. cyanocephala in color
pattern.

C. SECKENDORFFIANA Pfeiffer. Vol. VII, pi. 37, fig. 49.

Imperforate, turbinate, solid, somewhat glabrous, shining, chest-
nut-tawny. Spire elevated, apex obtuse, blue. Whorls 5, convex,
the last ventricose, not descending in front, the base chestnut-black-
ish. Columella oblique, wide, white, the base subdeutate. Aper-
ture rounded-subtetragonal, whitish inside ; peristome subexpanded,
brown-edged, the basal margin narrowly reflexed, forming an angle
with the columella. Alt. 32, greater diam. 34, lesser 29 mill.

Philippine Is. ? (Seckendorff coll.)

Helix seclcendorffiana PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 12 ; Con-
chyl. Cab. p. 308, t. 52, f. 7, 8 ; Monogr. i, p. 220.

This species may belong to the section Calocochlea, in the neigh-
borhood of C. dimera, etc. It is known to me by the description
and figures only. *

OOCHLO8TYLA-OBTHOSTYLUS,

C. SOLIDA Pfeiffer. PL 9, fig. 60.

Imperforate, ovate-oblong, solid, obliquely striated. Deep red-
dish, irregularly streaked with brown-white cuticle. Spire conic,
pale above ; whorls 7, scarcely convex, the last a little shorter than
the spire. Columella straight, subintorted at the base ; aperture
ear-shaped, subeffuse laterally, whitish within ; peristome rather
thick, narrowly expanded, reddish-black inside ; margins joined by
a thin, wide callus. (Pfr.^)

Alt. 84, diam. 40 ; aperture, alt. 41, width 25 mill.

Luzon, Philippines.

Bui. solidus PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 152 ; Monogr. ii, p. 28.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 2, f. 9.

There is a Calocochlea of the same name, but later in date (0.
solida Pfr., MANUAL vol. vii, p. 153); but it will probably prove
to be a mere variety or synonym of C. roissyana.

Group of C. pictor.

Ovate species, generally covered with a creamy hydrophanous
cuticle, which is varied by oblique or zigzag stripes.

C. PICTOR Broderip. PI. 4, figs. 38, 39, 40, 41.

Imperforate, oblong-conical, varying from ventricose to elongated ;
solid. Ground color chestnut-brown, becoming purple on the
earlier whorls, or rarely becoming paler on the spire. Covered
with an opaque white cuticle which is variously marked with irreg-
ular stripes of the ground-color, these dark stripes often interrupted
and frequently absent on the latter half of the body whorl. The
light cuticle is eroded in front of the aperture.

Spire elevated, apex obtuse; whorls 5?, the earlier ones purple
(rarely light brown), spirally striated. Aperture purplish inside,
oblique; peristome narrowly reflexed, dark purple-brown. Colu-
mella vertical, white.

Alt. 46, diam. 28, oblique alt. of aperture 24 mill.

Alt. 37, diam. 26, oblique alt. of aperture 22 mill.

Painty, Philippines.

i>!dor BROD., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 120. — Bu/imn.« pictor
, Kn-ut'il t. 39, f. 11. — PFR., Symbolse ii, p. 'I!) ; Monogr. ii,
]>. -'51.— PH. in 1'Y-r. Hist. t. 154, f. 14-17.— KKKVK, Conch. Icon, t.
4, f. 19; t. 10, f. 19. — Jinlimii* Inhropurpureus GRAT., Actes Soc.
Linn. Bord. xi, p. 418, t. 4, f. 4.

COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS.

This species differs from C. ventricosa midfulgetnnn in having a
dark purple-brown lip, as well as in some peculiarities of color
pattern, and in the usually purple apical whorls. I have never
seen specimens with dark-banded ground color (save a narrow colu-
mellar band), and this will probably prove another distinctive char-
acter. The variation in contour, as well as in size is considerable.
Fig. 38 is drawn from the most globose specimen before me, fig. 41
from one of the most slender.

C. SOLIVAGA Keeve. PI. 3, fig. 30.

Shell somewhat pyramidally ovate, rather thick, slightly ventri-
cose, not umbilicated ; whorls 6, smooth ; columella a little thick-
ened, arched ; lip reflected. Deep chestnut-purple, covered through-
out with a whitish hydrophanous epidermis. (Eve.}

Philippine Is.

Bulimus solivagus REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 74, f. 531, 1849. —
PFR., Mon. iii, p. 296.

This species is known by the original example only. It is prob-
ably allied to C. pictor.

The description of Pfeiffer is as follows ; Imperforate, turrited-
oblong, solid, black-chestnut, covered with an ashy-white cuticle
which is here and there streakedly interrupted. Spire elongate-
conic, apex obtuse, chestnut. Whorls 5=}, a little convex, the last
a little shorter than the spire, obsoletely angled, the base nude.
Columella rather straightened, narrow, fiat, pale lilac. Aperture
oblique, lunate-oval, livid-lilac inside; peristome simple, subex-
panded, lilac colored. Alt. 42, diam. 33 ; aperture, alt. 22, width
14 mill. (P/r.)

C. LEOPARDUS Pfeiffer. PL 1, fig. 9.

Imperforate, ovate, rather solid, longitudinally closely costulate-
striate ; tawny, elegantly variegated with spots and stripes of whit-
ish hydrophanous cuticle. .Spire short, conoid, pellucid above ;
whorls 5, convex, rapidly increasing, the last longer than the spire.
Columella long. Aperture very large, rounded-oval, white inside ;
peristome widely expanded, a little reflexed, edged with chestnut.

Alt. 47, diam. 30 ; aperture alt. 30, width 22 mill. (P/r.)

Philippines.

B. leopardus PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 67 ; Monogr. ii, p. 26.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 10, f. 51.

10 COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS.

Evidently a more ventricose species than 6'. pictor, ventricosa or
fulgetnim,

My valued correspondent John Ponsonby, of London, suggests
that C. codonensis Hidalgo, figured on pi. 53, fig. 37 of the preced-
ing volume of the MANUAL, is closely allied or possibly identical
with this species. Having seen neither, I cannot decide the point.

C. VENTRICOSA Chemnitz. PI. 3, figs. 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31.

Imperforate, ventricose, oblong-conoid, solid. Ground color a
tawny yellowish-brown, somewhat darker beneath, and frequently
having a dark band at periphery, with narrower bands at columella
and below the suture. Sometimes having no other pattern, but
typically covered with a creamy hydrophanous cuticle which is cut
into wide longitudinal bands by narrow, zigzag stripes of the ground
color. The dark stripes are usually bordered on one side by
opaque creamy stripes of equal width, the hydrophanus cuticle
being thinner over the rest of the surface.

Spire elevated, conical, apex rather obtuse. Whorls 61. Aper-
ture elliptical, oblique, blue-white inside ; peristome expanded,
reflexed, white ; columella vertical, rounded.

Alt. 50, diam. 32 ; aperture, oblique alt. 29 mill.

Alt. 55, diam. 32 ; aperture, oblique alt. 31 mill.

Alt. 58, diam. 30 ; aperture, oblique alt. 29 mill.

Guimaras, Philippines.

Bulla ventricosa CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. ix, pt. 2, p. 1, t. 117,
f. 1007, 1008 ; Das bauchicfite BlasenschnecTce CHEMN., L c. p. 16,
1786. — Bulimus ventricosus BRUG., Encycl. Moth, i, p. 365. — PFR.,
Symb. iii, p. 88 ; Conchyl. Cab. t, 58, f. 1-4 ; Monogr. ii, p. 30.—
PHIL., Abbild. iii, Bui t. 7, figs. 1, 5, 6, §.—Bul.frater FER., Hist,
t. 112, f. 1, 2.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 6, f. 25.— 7?. nobilis Rvi-:.,
Conch. Icon. t. 5, f. 20. — B. guimarasensis RVE., Conch. Icon. t. 6,
f. 24 ; Dn. in I-Y-r. Hist, iv, t. 157, f. 9-12.— B. decoratus FER., I. c.
t. 112, f. 3, 4.

This is a most variable species, approaching C-fulgetrum in color
and form, but distinguished from it by having a darker ground
color and in having the hydrophanous stripes much wider, when pres-
ent. It differs from C. pictor in having the lip invariably white ; from
all forms of C. satyr us in being more ventricose and an lacking a
suhsutural border.

The color varieties may be classified as follows :

COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS. 1 1

1. Typical ventricosa (pi. 3, figs. 25, 28). Ground color olive-
brown or tawny-yellowish, having dark bauds at periphery, above
and below the suture, and usually around the columella. Hydroph-
anous creamy cuticle generally well developed. The following fig-
ures represent this variety : Chemnitz, pi. 117, f. 1007, 1008 (the
hydrophanous coat had been worn from the specimen figured) ;
Conchyl. Cab. pi. 58, f. 1, 2 ; Conch. Icon. pi. 5, fig. 206 ; Abbild.
u. Beschreib. iii, Bui. pi. 7, fig. 9. Other forms of the typical var-
iety have the dark bands very faint or lacking (pi. 3, figs. 24, 26),
and the hydrophanous cuticle prominently developed. In a few
specimens before me the characteristic zigzag dark stripes are absent
(%. 24).

2. Scarcely separable from this is the form called GUIMARASEN-
sis Reeve (pi. 3, fig. 31), which has the same ground color, but lacks
hydrophanous creamy markings. The bands are usually narrower
than in fig. 31. Besides Reeve's figures, the following illustrations
represent this variety : Fer. Histoire, iv, pi. 157, figs. 9-12; Con-
chyl. Cab. pi. 58, fig. 4.

3. The var. DECORATA Fer. (pi. 3, figs. 27 and 29) is light
colored and shows a band at periphery, usually continuing up the
spire above the suture, and often a second faint band below the
suture. Figs. 3, 4 of pi. 112, Fer. Hist. ; figs. 5, 6, pi. vii of Phil.,
Abbild. ; and figs. 20a, 25 of Conch. Icon, represent this form.

A form also occurs without the peripheral girdle (pi. 3, fig. 23).
This has received the name of frater Fer. See Fer. Hist. pi. 112,
figs. 1, 2, and Phil. Abbild. iii, pi. 7, fig. 1.

Compare also, on all these forms, Hidalgo, Journ. de Conchylio-
logie 1887, p. 184, 185.

C. APLOMORPHA Jonas. PI. 12, fig. 11.

Imperforate, oblong-conic, elongated, solid ; lower two whorls
tawny-brown, with broad dark brown bands at suture and periph-
ery, and covered with a thin white cuticle worn into streaks ; next
earlier whorl light brown, the upper whorls white.

The spire is long, conical, apex obtuse, Whorls 6. Aperture
decidedly shorter than the spire, white within ; peristome expanded
and reflexed, white ; columella gently arcuate, not truncated below,
white. Alt. 41, diam. 24; oblique alt. of aperture 22i mill.

Philippines.

12 COCIILosTYLA-ORTHOSTYJ.t -.

Bulimus aplamorjihn* JONAS, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 189. — PniLii'i'i,
Al)l»ild. u. Beschreih. ii, Jlnl. t. 6, f. 1.— ? Ki:r:vi:, Conch. Icon. t.
10, f. 47.

This form differs from (.'. v-nfrir<>*<t in being smaller, slenderer,
with somewhat higher spire. it may, perhaps, prove to be con-
nected by intermediate specimens with rentricosa. The single spec-
imen before me arrives with Philippics figures in all respects except
that it is frosted over with silvery cuticle.

T. VKLATA Hroderip. PI. ll>, tig. 12.

Imperforate, ovate-oblong, solid ; yellowish, ornamented with
two bands and a basal area of chestnut, veiled with a whitish
hydrophanous cuticle. Spire conic, apex obtuse. Whorls 6,
scarcely convex, the last about equal to three-sevenths the entire
length. Columella nearly straight, slightly dilated, rose-white;
aperture oval, milk-white within ; peristome somewhat thickened,
narrowly reflexed, brown-edged, (/jfr.)

Alt. 44, diam. 21 ; aperture, alt. 21, width 12 mill.

Camotes Is., Philippines.

Bitlinus velatus BROD., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 15. — Bulimus velatus
PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 31. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 11, f. f>7.

Compare C. aplomorplia.
(1. LinuosA Pfeiffer. Unfiyured.

Imperforate, ovate-oblong, solid, striatdlate, covered with a some-
what hydrophanous cuticle of a parchment-ashen color, irregularly
streaked and at the suture ocellated with brown. Spire a little con-
vexly conic, obtuse ; whorls 62, nearly flat, the last slightly shorter
than the spire, shining dark chestnut; the cuticle deciduous around
the pale, compressed, somewhat straightened columella. Aperture
oblique, oval-oblong, bluish inside ; peristome chestnut-black, some-
what thickened, re volute, -the right margin lightly arcuate. (J'fr.)

Alt. 40, diam. 21 ; aperture, alt. 19, width 11 mill.

Palawan , Pit Uippines.

B. //W//x Pi ••!:., P. Z. S. 1856, p, 388 ; Monogr. iv, p. 37-").

Very similar in appearance to C. velata, according to Pfeiffer.

C. FULGETRUM Broderip. PI. 4, figs. 32, 33, 34, :M.

Imperforate, oblong-conoid. Ground color light yellow or light

brown, paler on the spire, frequently having a dark band at the
columella ; hydrophanous cuticle thin and rather deciduous, marked

COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS. 13

by rather separated oblique or zigzag cream-white stripes, which
are often accompanied by stripes of the ground color.

Spire elevated, conic, apex obtuse ; whorls 6. Aperture elliptical,
white or faint lilac inside ; peristome expanded and reflexed, white ;
columella vertical.

Alt. 54, diam. 31 ; aperture, oblique alt. 31 mill.

Alt. 59, diam. 34 ; aperture, oblique alt. 33 mill.

Alt. 45, diam. 29 ; aperture, oblique alt. 28£ mill.

Guimaras, Negros and Panay, Philippines.

Bulinus fulgetrum BROD., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 119. — Bulimus ful-
getrum DELESSERT, Rec. t. 39, f. 7, 8, 9. — REEVE, Conch, Syst. ii,
t. 172, f. 4; Conch. Icon. t. 5, f. 23.— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 31 ; Con-
chyl. Cab. p. 210, t. 59, f. 4-7.— B. ventricosus var. DH. in Fe>.
Hist. t. 145 A, f. 11, 12. — Cochlostyla fulgetrum HIDALGO, Journ.
deConchyl. 1887, p. 184.

Typical specimens, when not rubbed, show a thin film of whitish
cuticle with occasional narrow, white zigzag or oblique stripes, each
bordered behind by a denuded stripe of the same width. These
stripes are often very short. Specimens having a dark peripheral
band also occur. The color pattern is about all that separates this
species from C. ventricosa.

Group of C. satyr us.

Oblong species, usually dark with a brownish or ashen cuticle,
streaked in the direction of growth lines.

C. SATYRUS Broderip. PL 2, figs. 13-18 ; pi. 1, figs. 5, 6.

Imperforate, ovate-elongate, solid, smooth. Ground color chest-
nut-brown, darker beneath, becoming very pale on the spire, the
earlier 3 whorls usually whitish (rarely light orange-brown) ; cov-
ered with a hydrophanous whitish, brown-tinted or ashen cuticle,
which is more or less streaked obliquely. There is a narrow dark or
light margin below the suture, rarely wanting.

The spire is conoidal, longer than the aperture. Apex rather
obtuse ; suture but slightly impressed. Whorls 6, the last not
descending. Aperture oblique, ovate, bluish-white inside ; lip
brown-edged ; columella purplish-pink, slightly truncated below.

Alt. 44, diam. 28 mill. ; oblique alt. of aperture 25 mill.

Alt. 54, diam. 28 mill. ; oblique alt. of aperture 29 mill.

Tablas (Cuming) ; Albay and Palawan (Phil. Acad. Coll.);
Philippines.

14 COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS.

Helix (Cochlostyla*) satyrus Biiov., P. Z. S. 1840, p. l&l.—Bul.
satyrus PFR., Monogr. ii, p. i:>. — RKKYK, Conch. Icon. f. 29. — B.
ptilawanensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 388 ; Monogr. iv, p. 372.

This species is less solid than C. leucophcea, and has a more oval
and lengthened body whorl. It differs from the preceding forms in
lacking oblique or zigzag denuded stripes.

The typical C. satyrus (pi. 2, fig. 13) is rather conoidal, with
light colored upper whorls and nearly uniform cuticle. Specimens
before me from Albay seem to be typical.

A specimen is shown in fig. 15 which differs in being longer, much
streaked with blackish, in lacking the subsutural line, and in hav-
ing an orange apex. This may be more nearly related to the C.
palawanensis.

A variety which may be called v. minima is shown in figs. 5, 6,
of pi. 1. The cuticle is light, uniform where not eroded ; whorls 5
to 5£, the earlier whorls whitish, having a brown band bordering
the suture above, and the last 1 J whorls have a narrow brown band
below the suture, unfortunately omitted in the figures. Columella
pure white. Alt. 34, diam. 23 ; oblique alt. of aperture 20 mill.

Figures 16, 17, 18 of plate 2 represent a form collected upon the
Island of Palawan, which I take to be the palawanensis of Pfeiffer.
The shells have either a light chestnut (fig. 16) or a black (figs. 17,
18) ground color, becoming, in all cases, very light on the spire, the
earlier whorls whitish, showing a faint brown line above the suture.
The last three whorls always have a dark line bordering the suture
below, and this line has a tendency to emit short flames below
(figs. 16, 17), especially upon the spire. The hydrophanous cuticle
is persistent, ashy, becoming black on the body whorl in specimens
having dark ground color. The lip is black or brown. The colu-
mella is rounded, and of a purple color in dark, white in light
shells. The spire is wide, apex obtuse, sutures very shallow.

Var. cyanocephala Pils. PL 2, fig. 14.

Ground color dark brown on the last II whorls, becoming light
yellow on the next earlier, the upper whorls dark blue; hydroph-
anous cuticle ashy brown, streaked with black; sutural band
indistinct or wanting. Columella pink or white.

Borneo (R. F. Geale) ; Palawan.

( '. <;RAELLSI Hidalgo. PI. 5, figs. 2, 3.

Imperforate, ovate or oblong, solid, nearly smooth ; chestnut col-
ored, covered with a streaked hydrophanous cuticle, the streaks

COCHLOSTYLA-ORTHOSTYLUS. 15

oblique, close, whitish, more or less tawny. Spire conic, apex obtuse.
Whorls 6, slightly convex, the earlier 3 white, ante-penultimate
pale tawny, the rest chestnut colored, the last a little shorter than
the spire. Columella nearly straight, whitish-fleshy, a little cal-
loused. Aperture oval, obliquely subtruncate above, blue-white
inside ; peristome somewhat thickened, reflexed, blackish-brown.
(Hid.') Alt. 43, diam. 24 ; aperture, alt. 19, width 13 mill.

Entire Island of Balabac, Philippines.

C. graellsi HID., Journ. Conch. 1886, p. 155, t. 8, f. 5.

This species much resembles C. satyrus Brod. and cinerosus Pfr.
In satyrus the cuticle is unicolored and darker, in cinerosus the
flarnmules are wider, more spaced, and they terminate a short dis-
tance from the suture. In this species there is a dark line below
the suture on the last two whorls. (Hid.)

C. CINEROSA PfeifFer. PI. 1, fig. 4.

Irnperforate, ovoid, solid, obliquely striatulate; brown, covered
with a dark ashen cuticle which is worn off in streaks.

Spire convex-conic, apex obtuse. Whorls 5, moderately convex,
the last a little shorter than the spire. Columella subplane, slightly
dilated forward, white. Aperture oblique, truncate-oval, whitish
inside ; peristome subsimple, narrowly expanded.

Length 361, diam. 13 mill. ; length of aperture 20, breadth 14
mill. (Pfr.)

Palawan, Philippines.

Bui cinerosus PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 107, t. 32, f. 5; Monogr.iv,
p. 375.

The small size, obtuse spire and streaked cuticle are prominent
marks of this species, but it may prove to be only a small form of
C. satyrus.

C. C^SAR Pfeiffer. PL 5, fig. 1.

Imperforate, globose-conic, thin, nearly smooth, white under a
deciduous tawny cuticle; spire conoid, apex obtuse; whorls 5?,
moderately convex, the last about equalling the spire. Columella
nearly vertical, flat, white, truncate-dentate. Aperture subdiagonal,
lunate-rounded, white inside ; peristome white, narrowly expanded,
the right margin dilated forward above. (Pfr.)

Alt. 46, diam. 33 ; aperture, alt. 23, width 19 mill.

Philippines.

16 COCHLOSTYLA-HYPSELOSTYLA.

Buhmus ccesar PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 293 ; Monogr. iv, p. 357.
— Cochlostyla ccesar, HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 168, t. 6,
f. 4.

Section XI. HYPSELOSTYLA Martens, 1868.

Cochlostylce elongatce MARTENS, Ostas. Zool. Landschn. p. 98,
1867. — SEMPER, Reisen Landmoll. p. 208. — Hypselostyla MAR-
TENS MS., PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. vi, p. 7, 15 (for C. nympha and
C. dactylu8).—PFK. CLESS., Nomencl. Hel. Viv. p. 207, 1878 (as
synonym of Orthostylus). — MLLDFF., Landschn. Cebu p. 243, 1*90.

The shell is iinperforate, narrow and elongated, usually rather
thin and somewhat carinated at the periphery ; peristome more or
less expanded but not broad ; no umbilical fissure.

Group of C. cincinna.

Species with light ground color, with or without bands.
Hydrophanous cuticle wanting or very inconspicuous.

C. CINCINNA Sowerby. PI. 10, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Imperforate, lengthened, pyramidal, solid but not thick ; surface
shining, white, pink or pink-brown, with or without a darker .colu-
mellar patch, and usually having the last whorl irregularly streaked
and speckled with brown cuticle.

The spire is long, apex obtuse ; whorls 6-z, slightly convex, the
last well rounded. Aperture oblique, small ; peristome blunt, very
slightly or not expanded ; columella vertical, usually somewhat
truncated below.

Alt. 46, diam. 25 ; oblique alt. of aperture 22 mill.

Alt. 40, diam. 25 ; oblique alt. of aperture 20 mill.

Romblon ; Temple and Burias, Philippines.

Helix cincinnus SOWB., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 98. — Bui. cincinnus PFR.,
Monogr. ii, p. 9 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 182, t. 53, f. 10-13.— REKVI:.
Conch. Icon. t. 7, f. 30. — Cochlostyla cincinna SEMPER, Reisen
Arch. Phil. Landmoll. p. 211. — Bulimus labiozonalis GRAT..
Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. xi, p. 419, t. 4, f. 13. — Bui. gracilis Li: A,
Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. i, p. 173; Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. vii, p.
456, t. 11, f. G.—Bul. spretus REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 85, f. 633.—
B. virens PFR., P. Z. S., 1842, p. lf>:>; Monogr. ii, p. 8. — REKVI:,
Conch. Icon, t. 7, f. 32.— £. romblonensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p.
152. — UEKVE, Conch. Icon. f. 34. — B. pastor el la VAL.

COCHLOSTYLA-HYPSELOSTYLA. 17

The more typical forms have the periphery quite rounded, the
lip scarcely expanded, and the apex is never of a different color from
the spire.

Typical cincinna (pi. 10, figs. 1, 2) is white, or very pale buff, uni-
colored or having the columellar area pink, or the columellar area
brown and the lip pink ; dark patches of cuticle may be either
present or absent.

Var. gracilis Lea (pi. 10, fig. 5) is a dark variety, but under the
name may be included the pink and pink-brown examples (figs. 3,

4).

Var. virens Pfr. (pi. 10, fig. 10) is white, becoming pale green
below. It is from the island Burias.

Var. spretus Reeve (pi. 10, fig. 8) is "pale straw color, chestnut-
black around the umbilicus and edge of the aperture, covered
toward the base with a thin burnt-brown epidermis. It differs from
cindnnm in being of a more truly conical form." Habitat,
Romblon.

Var. romblonensis Pfr. (pi. 9, fig. 58 ; pi. 63 fig. 23) has the form
of typical cincinna. It is white or pallid buff, with dark bands at
suture and periphery and a dark columellar area. Lip colored or
not. This form has been united with C. subcarinata, but errone-
ously, that species having the lip more expanded than this. Fig.
23 is drawn from a specimen before me.

C. SUCCINCTA Reeve. PI. 10, fig. 14.

Imperforate, ovate-pyramidal ; rather solid, smooth; white, with
one or two chestnut bands and a blackish-chestnut basal area.

Spire elongated, rather obtuse ; whorls 7, slightly convex, the
last about two-fifths the entire length, rounded. Columella white,
somewhat twisted. Aperture oblique, truncate-oblong ; peristome
brown, scarcely thickened, very narrowly reflexed. (-P/V.)

Alt. 62, diam. 28; aperture, alt. 26, width 15 mill.

Philippines.

Bid. succinctus REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 74, f. 534 (1849).— PFR.,
Monogr. iii, p. 310.

I have not seen this form. It may prove to be merely a further
development of the cincinna-romblonensis stock, but it is larger than
any cincinna I have seen.

2

18 (.<O<tIILO8TYLA-HYP>KI.n>TYI.A.

C'. < ixriNNiFoKMis Sowerby. PI. 6, figs. 21, 22, 24.

Imperforate, ovate-pyramidal, rather thin ; white or very pale
buff, having dark brown bands above and below the sutures, at the
periphery and around the columella; the subsutural and frequently
the peripheral band tessellated with hydrophanous yellow spots.

The spire is elevated, but rather wide. Apex obtuse, purple or
white; whorls 52, slightly convex, the last angulated more or less
distinctly at the periphery. Aperture oblique, showing the bands
distinctly inside. Peristome thin, distinctly but very narrowly
expanded, white, stained with purple at the terminations of the
bands, Columella straight above, somewhat truncate below.

Alt. 48, diam. 27 ; aperture, alt. 20 mill.

Alt. 36, diam. 24; aperture, alt. 18 mill.

Alt. 34, diam. 25; aperture, alt. 19'} mill.

Luban, Philippines.

Helix cincinniformis SOWB., P. Z. S., 1841, p. 17. — Bulimus tin.
PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 9 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 181, t. 53, f. 6, 7.— KEEVE,
Conch. Icon. t. 6, f. 28.— DESK, in Fer. Hist. t. 157, f. 3, 4.

This species is closely allied to C. cincinna and C. snbcarinata.
It differs constantly from the variety romblonensis of the former
species in being a less elongated shell, thinner in texture, and with
thin, narrowly expanded lip, and in having the upper part of the
spire decidedly stouter. Figure 23 of pi. 6 represents a specimen
of cincinnns var. romblonensis.

The differences are made clearer in the following comparison :

C. cincinniformis.

Shell stouter, the outlines of
spire convex above.

Dark bands spotted with light
spots.

Shell thin.

Lip white, except at the ter-
minations of the bauds, thin,
narrowly expanded.

Semper has considered this species a form of cincinna, but
although it is certainly closely allied I prefer to see intermediate
specimens before uniting them. My artist lias omitted the light
flecks upon the bands in fig. '2'2.

C. cincinna var. romblonensis.

Shell slender, with narrow,
straight-sided spire. »J1.

Dark bands not spotted.

Shell solid.

Lip dark, obtuse.

COCHLOSTYLA-HYPSELOSTYLA. 19

In one of the specimens before me the space between the periph-
eral and basal bands is covered with chestnut colored lineolate
cuticle.

C. CARNEOLA Grateloup. PL 7, fig. 41.

Oblong-conoid, fleshy-white, fragile, pellucid, very shining ; very
finely longitudinally striated. Aperture semi-ovate, base rounded ;
columella subintorted ; whorls 6, slightly convex. Alt. 35, diam.
25 mill. (Grat.~)

Manila (f), Philippines.

Bulimus carneolus GRAT., Actes. Soc. Linn. Bord. xi, p. 417, t. 3,
f. 25.

This is a young shell, which PfeifFer surmises to be a unicolored
form of C. cincinni/ormis. The locality given cannot be correct.

C. SUBCABIXATA Pfeiffer. PL 9, fig. 59 ; pi. 11, figs. 16, 17, 18.

I m perforate, elongated, the spire conic, elevated. Surface shin-
ing, most minutely spirally and obliquely striated, of a delicate
green tint fading into white on the spire, having (typically) a golden-
brown sutured band flecked with golden-yellow. Body whorl often
retaining patches of thin brownish cuticle. Whorls 6, the apex
obtuse, earlier two whorls convex, the remainder nearly flat, obtusely
angular at the periphery; aperture rhomboidal, oblique, white
within; peristome thin, expanded; columella subvertical, arcuate.

Alt. 44, diam. 24 ; oblique alt. of aperture 22* mill.
Romblon (Cuming) ; Marinduque (Steere Exped. and Hidalgo).

Bulimus subcarinatus PFR., P. Z. S., 1842, p. 153 ; Monogr. ii, p.
8. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 35. — Cochlostyla eburnea HIDALGO,
Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 186, not of Reeve. — Cochlostyla mdllen-
dorffi HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 187, t. 7, f. 3.

This species differs from C. cincinna and its varieties in being of
a less solid texture, in having the lip distinctly expanded, and in
being more distinctly subcarinate.

Typically the color is a very delicate green tint, with a golden
flecked sutural band, and often some traces of thin brownish cuticle
on the body whorl; columella and lip white (pi. 9, fig. 59 ; pi. 11,
fig. 16).

This is varied by the darkening of the sutural border, the addi-
tion of a circum-columellar black-brown zone, and a dark brown
edge to the lip. This is the form which Hidalgo has named C. mol-

20 COCHLOSTYLA-HYPSELOSTYLA.

lendorffi. It is found associated with typical subcarinata in Marin-
duque (pi. 11, figs. 18, 19, 21).

Still another form is shown in fig. 17. It has a black-chestnut
band at suture, periphery and columella, but the lip is pure white.
This also lives associated with the preceding. It may be distin-
guished from the similarly marked C. cincinna var, romblonensis by
the thin, expanded lip.

C. EVANESCENS Broderip. PL 7, fig. 38.

Imperforate, ovate-conic, thin ; whitish, ornamented with a sut-
ural line and a basal area of chestnut ; spire conical, rather obtuse ;
whorls 6, nearly flat, the last rounded, about equal to three-sevenths
the entire length. Columella straight, ashen. Aperture lunate-
oval, milk-white inside; peristome thin, expanded, basal margin
forming an angle with the columella. (P/r.)

Alt. 33, diam. 19; aperture, alt. 16, width 11 mill.

Luzon, Philippines.

Bulinus evanescens BROD., P. Z. S., 1841, p. 15. — Bulimus evan-
escens " Pfr.," KEEVE, Conch. Icon. 1. 13, f. 72. — B. evanescens Brod.,
PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 10.

This seems to be very closely allied to C. subcarinata. I have
not seen specimens. Two varieties are recorded : ,5, unicolored
white, and ~f, pale tawny, with darker band at the suture, basal area
and peristome black.

C. EBURNEA Reeve. PI. 10, figs. 9, 11.

Imperforate, pyramidal, elongated,- pure white or covered with a
very thin cuticle of an excessively pale buff tint ; polished ; show-
ing under a lens, fine growth striie and spiral incised lines.

Spire high, apex obtuse; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last
slightly descending in front. Aperture oblique, ovate ; peristome
thin, expanded; columella vertical, not arcuate or concave, slightly
truncated at the base.

Alt. 39, diam. 22 ; oblique alt. of aperture 20 mill.

Tayabas, Luzon, Philippines.

Bulimus eburneus REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 13, f. 74 (not Cochin-
sty la eburnea Hidalgo, J. C. 1887, p. 186. Not Bid. eburneus Pfr.,
a species of Jiutiiiilnin*}. — B. politus RKKYI;, in corrigenda to HnL
Couch. Icon. — PFR., Monogr, iv, p. ,'>7±

This is a pure white shell having the periphery rounded as in
C. ciiu-iniHi, from which it differs in having the lip decidedly

COCHLOSTYLA-HYPSELOSTYLA. 21

expanded. In the last character it is like C. subcarinata, but the
constant epidermal subsutural band of that species is lacking in
eburnea.

Fig. 11 is incorrect in showing the columella arcuate. In the
specimen from which that figure was drawn, as well as in all others
which I have seen, the columella is straight above, subtruncate

below.

Group of C. carinata.

Species having the ground color either dark or light. Covered
with a variously patterned, conspicuous hydro phanous cuticle.

C. NIMBOSA Broderip. PI. 4, figs. 36, 37.

Imperforate, ovate-conic, elongated. Ground color chestnut-
brown (or light green), with a dark columellar tract and usually a
narrow peripheral band ; irregularly speckled and longitudinally
flamed with cream-white or brown hydrophanous cuticle, the flames
usually zigzag; apical whorls orange or light brown.

Spire conical, elevated ; whorls 6J. Aperture shorter than the
spire, oblique ; peristome expanded, somewhat reflexed, flesh col-
ored or brown. Columella vertical.

Alt. 63, diarn. 36 ; oblique alt. of aperture 32 mill.

Alt. 62, diam. 34 ; oblique alt. of aperture 30 mill.

Negros and Panay, Philippines.

Bulinus nimbosus BROD., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 121. — Bulimus nim-
bosus PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 30 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 209, t. 59, f. 3.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 4, f. 17.— DESH. in Fer. Hist. t. 145 A, f.
18, 19. — B. pfeifferianus REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 4, f. 18.

This species is the largest of the section Hypselostyla. It is
closely allied to C. nympha, differing in its larger size and the more
expanded and lighter colored lip» Compared with C. ventricosa
and fulgetrum this species is seen to have a more pyramidal, nar-
rower spire and the hydrophanous cuticle is more speckled. The
figures are drawn from typical specimens in the Philadelphia
collection.

The color variety pfeijferiana Rve. (fig. 37) has a light yellowish-
green ground color, with the usual dark columellar patch, but with-
out a peripheral band.

C. ELEGANS Semper. PL 13, fig. 55.

Imperforate, ovate-oblong, thin, tawny, with a very elegantly
marbled and flamed cuticle of pale brown.

22 COCHLOSTYLA-IIYPSELOSTYLA.

Spire conic, obtuse ; apex nude, rufous ; whorls 6, scarcely con-
vex, the last slightly shorter than the spire, subangulated ; colu-
mella somewhat twisted, longitudinally biangulate, entering. Aper-
ture oblong-snbpyriform, whitish within ; peristome thin, narrowly
expanded, the right margin dilated above and below, basal margin
forming an obsolete. angle with the columella. (Pfr.)

Alt. 52, diam. 25 ; aperture alt. 27, width 15 mill.

Siqu ijor, Pli Hipp ines.

Bulimus siquijorensis PFR., P. 7.. S., 1845, p. 74; Monogr. ii, p.
12 — REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 8, f. 42 (not Carocolla siquijorensis
Brod. 1841, also a Cochlostyla). — Cochlostyla eleyans SEMPER,
Reis. Landmoll. p. 210.

C. CARINATA Lea. PI. 13, figs. 53, 54.

Imperforate, elongated, the spire turrited-conic, the body whorl
carinated. Tawny-brown, darker below, fading to a light brown on
the spire, the apical whorls a trifle darker; usually in part or
almost entirely denuded of the thin creamy-brown hydrophanous
cuticle which is disposed in ragged oblique streaks.

Spire long, straight-sided, the earlier two wrhorls forming a some-
what bulbous apex. Whorls 7 to 7 2, the first two. convex, the rest
flat, the last whorl angular at the periphery, somewhat swollen
above and frequently subangular there also. Aperture oblique,
broad below, white or livid inside ; peristome dark brown, expanded,
receding below ; columella long, white, straight, somewhat receding.

Alt. 64, diam. 29 ; oblique alt. of apert. 31 mill.

Lucban, prov. of Tayabas, Luzon; Albay ; Catanduanes Is., Philip-
pines.

Bulimus carinatus LEA, Proc. «Amer. Philos. Soc. i, p. 174 (read
Feb. 21, 1840 ; Proc. for Jan. and Feb. 1840 distributed March 20,
1840); Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. vii, p. 458, t. 11, f. 7, 1841.—
Bulinus dactylua BROD., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 158 (read Nov. 24, 1*40).
—Jiufimus dactylus PFR., in Conchy 1. Cab. p. 209, t. 59, f. 1, 2;
Monogr. ii, p. 32. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 8, f. 39. — Cochlontylu
dactylus Brod., SKMI-KI:, Reis. Landmoll. p. 210. — HIDAI.<;<>,
Journ. de Conohyl. 1387, p.

The priority of Lea's name cnrinatHs over that given by Brod-
erip, tl'ichttu*, cannot be questioned. I have examined Lea's type,
a larire and finely developed specimen.

COCHLOSTYLA-HYPSELOSTYLA. 23

In its typical form, C. carinatus is readily distinguished from C.
nympha by its larger size and pronounced keel ; but intermediate
specimens are numerous.

As a varietal form the name dactylus may stand for the non-cari-
nated, highly variegated examples (fig. 54).

Var. NYMPHA Pfr. PL 13, figs. 60, 61.

The form is oblong-turrited ; color a varying tint of brown,
darker on the base, fading on the spire, the suture generally having
a dark border, the columella encircled by an ill-defined dark patch.
The hydrophanous cuticle varies from creamy to brown ; it is more
or less streaked or torn into shreds lengthwise, and usually there
are wide flames springing from the sutures. The spire is flesh-col-
ored or purplish above. Whorls 6*. Aperture white or flesh-
tinted inside ; peristome slightly expanded, dark brown ; columella
white, vertical.

Alt. 51, diam. 26 ; oblique alt. of aperture 24 mill.

Alt. 47, diam. 24 ; oblique alt. of aperture 22 mill.

San .Mateo, prov. Manilla; Tabaco and Daraga, prov. Albay,
Luzon; Marinduque, Philippines.

Bulimus nympha PFR., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 89; Monogr. ii, p. 13 ;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 170, t. 51, f. 3.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 8, f. 41.
—DESK, in Fer., Hist. t. 145 A, f. 3, 4. — Cochlostyla nympha
SEMPER, Reisen, Landmoll., p. 209. — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch.
1887, p. 170.

Specimens before me recently collected in Marinduque are nearly
destitute of hydrophanous cuticle except for a series of golden spots
tesselating the dark sutural band. The columella is surrounded by
a wide, black-brown, sharply defined band. Periphery angular
(fig. 61.)

C. TURRIS Semper. PI. 13, fig. 56.

The young shell is turrited, imperforate, solid, brown, streaked
with a hydrophanous whitish-buff' cuticle. Spire much elevated,
apex rather acute ; whorls 8 J, but little convex, the last subangular.
Columella vertical, twisted. Aperture semioval ; peristome?
(Semper.} Alt. 92, diam. 37 mill.

Near Satpat and Amberbuk, Tray a Mts.

C. turris SEMP., Reis. Landmoll., p. 210, t. 9, f. 3. — cf. HIDALGO,
Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 170.

24 COCHLC )STYLA-HYPSELOSTYLA.

This species evidently stands close to C. dadylus, and it is not
impossible that it should be considered a variety of that species ;
but the widely separated localities (Albay and the mountain valleys
of the eastern Cordillera, opposite Palanan), the greater number of
whorls, the much larger size (92 against 73 mill.), seems to me to
render it necessary to specifically separate this longest of all Cochlo-
stylas, at least temporarily, in spite of the fact that the single
example before me is immature. (£.)

C. DIANA Broderip. PL 11, figs. 22, 23, 30, 31.

Imperforate, elongated, turrited. Ground color pale yellow, fad-
ing above, the earlier two whorls pure white. More or less marked
on the body whorl with longitudinal white hydrophanous stripes.
Aperture, lip and columella pure white.

Alt. 47, diam. 22 ; aperture, alt. 23 mill.

Alt. 45, diam. 25 ; aperture, alt. 25 mill.

Alt. 35, diam. 20; aperture, alt. 18 mill.

Island of Negros, Philippinse.

Bulinus diana BROP., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 157. — Bulimus diana
REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 172, f. 2 ; Conch. Icon, t. 8, f. 40.— PFR.,
Conchyl. Cab. p. 208, t. 58, f. 8, 9 ; Monogr. ii, p. 32.

Bnlinus calista BROD., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 157.— DELESSERT,
Recueil, t. 39, f. 5.— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 12 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 169,
t. 51, f 2.— DESH. in Fer. Hist. t. 145 A, f. 1, 2.— REEVE, Conch.
Icon. t. 8, f. 38.

The typical C. diana is known by its light yellow color and white
apex and aperture. It varies much in degree of elongation, and in
carination, some specimens being as distinctly carinated as C. cari-
nata Lea.

All manner of transition forms between calista and diana occur ;
one is shown in pi. 11, fig. 30. This specimen is yellowish-green,
longitudinally clouded with white hydrophanous cuticle ; the earlier
two whorls are ivory white, the lip dark brown, columella encircled
bv u purple-brown area.

Yar. CAI.IM A Brod. PI. 11, figs. 24, 1T>.

Two apical whorls orange-brown ; lip brown-edged; columella
surrounded by a brown hand.

This is merely a color-phase of the C. diana, and is found in the

same localities.

COCHLOSTYLA-HYPSELOSTYLA. 25

C. CALYPSO Broderip. PI. 12, fig. 3.

Imperforate, ovate-pyramidal, very minutely striated ; diapha-
nous ; buff-white, ornamented with greenish bands and a chestnut
basal area. Spire pyramidal, apex obtuse, purple-brown. Whorls
6, rather flat, the last a little shorter than the spire, subangular in
the middle. Columella thickened, somewhat twisted, flesh colored.
Aperture lunate-oval, milk-white within ; peristome narrowly
expanded, edged with chestnut. (P/V.)

Alt. 40, diam. 21 ; aperture, alt. 21, breadth 13 mill.

Negros, Philippines.

Bulinus calypso BROD., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 158. — Bulimus calypso
PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 11. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 7, f. 31.
Seems to be closely allied to C. calista.

C. CAMELOPARDALIS Broderip. PI. 12, figs. 4, 5.

Imperforate, elongated, turrited. Light brownish-yellow, becom-
ing browner below7, the earlier (embryonic) 2 whorls orange-brown ;
the remaining whorls have longitudinal stripes of cream-white cuti-
cle. Spire long, apex obtuse; whorls 7 to 7}, the earlier 2 quite
convex, the rest nearly flat ; body-whorl obviously or almost im-
perceptibly subcarinated. Aperture narrow, elliptical, white inside,
the lip expanded, dark brown. CoJumella visibly twisted, brownish
or fleshy-white, surrounded by a purplish callus.

Alt. 51, diam. 22 ; oblique alt. of aperture 21 mill.

Alt. 49, diam. 22 ; oblique alt. of aperture 22 J- mill.

Zebu and Camotes Is., Philippines.

Bulinus camelopardalis BROD., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 157. — Bulimus
camelopardalis PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 12 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 178, t. 52,
f. 8, 9, — B. cameleopardalis RVE., Conch. Icon. t. 8, f. 36. — Cochlo-
styla camelopardalis SEMPER, Reisen, Landmoll. p. 208, t. 8, f. 13;
t. 18, f. 19 (anatomy). — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 168.
— MLLDFF., Landschn. Cebu, p. 244.

The extremely slender form and the style of marking (the stripes
being mainly longitudinal and neither zigzagged nor oblique except
on the base) constitute the principal characters of this form.
Neither of these characters is of much value, the alleged differences
in contour between camelopardalis and boholensis being readily
bridged by many specimens before me.

COCII l.< )ST VI.A-II YPSELOSTYLA.

Var. BOHOM-NSIS Brod. PI. 12, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

Shell lengthened, but variable in degree of elongation ; subcar-
inated or almost rounded at the periphery ; whorls 62 to 1\.
Ground color yellowish, becoming tawny below, paler above, the
earlier two or three whorls brown, covered with a cream-white
hydrophanous cuticle, which is cut by zigzag stripes (figs. 8, 10) or
by spots (fig. 9) of the ground color. Lip dark brown.

Alt. 42, diam. 22 ; aperture, alt. 22 mill. (fig. 6).

Alt. 49, diam. 20* ; aperture, alt. 22 £ mill. (fig. 10).

Maribojoc, Bohol, Philippines.

Bulinus boholensis BROD., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 158. — Bulimus bohol-
ensis REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 172, f. 3 ; Conch. Icon. t. 8, f. 37.—
PFR. in Conchyl. Cab. p. 178, t. 52, f. 10, 11 ; Monogr. ii, p. 13.—
DESK, in Fer. Hist. t. 145 A, f. 9, W.— Cochlostyla boholensis SEM-
PER, Reisen, Landmoll. p. 208.

There are often dark bands upon the light ground color, at suture,
periphery and columella, as shown in figs. 7, 9; but these are as
frequently lacking. Figs. 6, 7, 9, 10, drawn from specimens now
before me, show that the pattern of cuticle is excessively variable.
Fig. 8 is also a common pattern.

This form is so intimately related to C. camelopardalis that I can
only admit it to the rank of a local variety, characterized by the
color pattern only.

C. HAINESI PfeifFer. Unfigured.

Imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, obliquely lightly striated,
chestnut colored, painted with undulating streaks and yellow shreds.
Spire elongate, subconcave-conic, apex violet, rather acute. Whorls
(>•', a little convex, the last scarcely two-fifths of the entire length,
subangulate below the middle. Columella little sloping, livid fle^h
color. Aperture oblique, lunate-round; peristome expanded and
narrowly reflexed, violet-brown. Alt. 52, diam. 27 mill.; aperture
(with peristome), 27 mill, long, 17 wide. (Pfr.)

Philippines.

Bui. hainesi PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 115 ; Monogr. iv, p. 357.
Group of C. concinna.

Conic-pyramidal species, having hydrophanous cuticle, the colu-
melln rather wide and white.

COCHLOSTYLA-HYPSELOSTYLA. 27

C. CONCINNA Sowerby. PI. 11, figs. 26, 27, 28.

Imperforate, pyramidal-conic, the last whorl angulated at the
periphery, somewhat flattened at the base. Yellowish-brown, hav-
ing darker lines at suture and periphery (often lacking) and a
dark brown columellar patch ; variegated with irregular streaks and
angular spots of whitish hydrophanous cuticle, which on the base
forms two interrupted bands. Apex and upper portion of the earlier
1 2 ivhorls purplish-brown.

Spire conic, apex very obtuse ; whorls 6 to 6 J. Aperture oblique,
flesh colored inside, the lip expanded and edged with brown. Col-
umella wide, flat, white, more or less distinctly truncated at base.

Alt. 34, diam. 20; oblique alt. of aperture 17 rnirl.

Alt. 30, diam. 19?. ; oblique alt. of aperture 16 mill.

Tuguegarao, Cagayan ; Northwest coast of Luzon, Philippines.

Helix concinna Sow., P. Z. S., 1841, p. 20. — DELESSERT, Recueil,
t. 39, f. 2. — Bulimus concinnus PFR., Symb. iii, p. 53 ; Monogr. ii,
p. 15 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 180, t. 53, f. 4, 5.— DESK, in Fer. Hist. t.
145 A, f. 5. 6. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 10, f. 52. — Achatina con-
cinna PFR., olim. — Cochlostyla concinna SEMPER, Reisen. Phil.
Archip. Landmoll. p. 206, t. 13, f. 11; t. 18, f. 18 (anatomy).—
HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 169.

The columella of this species is like that of Orthostylus leuco-
phcea, but the light texture, distinctly angular periphery and style
of coloring cause me to consider it a Hypselostyla.

Var. FLAMMULA Semper. PL 11, fig. 29.

Imperforate, elongate-conic, solid ; brown, elegantly ornamented
with white flames. Spire elongated, apex obtuse. Whorls 6,
nearly flat, the last subangulated at the base, encircled at the
periphery with a black line. Columella straight, whitish ; aper-
ture trapezoidal, blue; peristome slightly thickened, narrowly
reflexed and black-edged. (Semp.')

Alt. 44, diam 24; aperture, alt. 20, width 12 mill.

Palanan and Digollorin, E. coast of North Luzon ; Satpat, in the
llaron valley, on the west side of the northeastern Cordillera.

C.flammula SEMP. Reis., Landmoll., p. 206, t. 9, f. 2.
I have not seen this form, but no characters except size~separat-
ing it from C. concinna are mentioned by Semper.

28

COCHLOSTYLA-IIYPSELOSTYLA.

C. ACUMINATA Sowerby. PI. 10, fig. 7.

Impcrforate, ovate-pyramidal, the apex a little obtuse ; solid ;
chestnut banded with black, irregularly striated with brownish
hydrophanous cuticle, bluish above, the apex pule. Whorls 6,
rather flat, the last about equal to four-ninths the entire length.
Columella straight, somewhat thickened in the middle, slightly
twisted, white. Aperture oval, livid inside, subeffuse at the base ;
peristome simple, brown margined within, a little expanded. (Pfr.)

Alt. 36, diam. 20; aperture, alt. 18, width 10 mill.

Cuyo, Philippines.

Helix acuminata SOWB., P. Z. S., 1841, p. 39. — Bnlimus acumina-
tus PFR., Symb. ii, p. 110; Monogr. ii, p. 14. — REEVE, Conch.
Icon. t. 11, f. 60.

Compare incompta and concinna.

C. INCOMPTA Sowerby. PI. 10, fig. 6.

Imperforate, ovate, rather thin, pale brown with two chestnut
bands and covered with a thin brownish cuticle. Spire conoidal,
obtuse. Whorls 5, slightly convex, the last scarcely shorter than
the spire. Columella nearly straight, subdilated, the base some-
what truncated, surrounded by a chestnut area. Aperture widely
lunate-oval ; peristome simple, expanded, the basal margin forming
an obtuse angle with the columella. (P/r.,)

Alt. 29, diam. 18 ; aperture, alt. 14, width 10 mill'.

Tablas, Philippines.

Helix incompta SOWB., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 103. — Bulimus incomptns
PFR., Symb. iii, p. 85 ; Monogr. ii, p. 15. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. t.
11, f. 53.

Seems to be allied to C. concinna and C. acuminata.

( '. I-VRAMIDALIS S,)werby. PL 9, figs. 61, 62.

Imperforate, oblong-pyramidal, somewhat thick ; tawny, banded
with dark chestnut, covered with a streaked deciduous brown
cuticle. Spire elongated, apex obtuse. Whorls 5, a trifle convex,
the last two-fifths the entire length. Columella somewhat twisted,
subdilated, white. Aperture lunate-oval, livid within; peristome
simple, narrowly expanded. (P/r.)

Alt. 40, diam. 1!) ; aperture, alt. 18, width 1 1 mill.

/.«/<nid of Cuyo, Philippines.

COCHLOSTYLA-HYPSELOSTYLA. 29

Helix pyramidalis Sows., P. Z. S., 1841, p. 39. — Bulimus pyra-
midalis PFR., Symb. iii, p. 87 ; Monogr. ii, p. 36. — REEVE, Conch.
Icon. t. 11, f. 59. — Bui. nebulosus PFR., Symb. i, p. 42 ; Monogr. ii,
p. 14.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 11, f. 58a.

Fig. 61 is the nebulosus of Pfr.
C. FISCHERI Hidalgo. PL 10, fig. 15.

Ovate-oblong, thin, pellucid, smooth, corneous-brown; above
closely variegated, below interruptedly bifasciate, with an opaque
tawny-white cuticle. Spire conoid, apex obtuse. Suture simple ;
whorls 5, slightly convex, the last swollen, not descending in front.
Aperture ovate, scarcely exceeding one-half the total altitude of
the shell, brown inside ; peristome narrowly expanded, bluish-white,
the margins joined by a subindistinct callus, right margin regularly
arcuate, columellar margin narrow, nearly vertical. (Hid.)

Alt. 35, diam. 21 mill.

Penon de Bintuan, Island of Busuanga, Philippines.

C.fischeri HID., Journ! de Conchyl. 1889, p. 301, t. 14, f. 5.

* * *

New Guinea and New Ireland species having the contour of
Hypselostyla.

The generic characters of the following three species, as well as
of C. papuensis Hedley (MAKUAL vol. vii, p. 190, pi. 58, fig. 97),
remain to be discovered. For the present they may be conven-
iently grouped here, although the slender, acute apices of these
southern forms do not accord well with the obtuse ones of the
Philippine Island species.

C. TRANSLUCIDA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 13, fig. 63.

Shell narrowly rimate, ovate-pyramidal ; decussated with oblique
and concentric stride ; rather thin, diaphanous, whitish. Spire
pyramidal, apex acute ; whorls 6, flat, the last a little shorter than
the spire, angulated at base. Columella nearly straight, somewhat
twisted to form a tooth in the middle. Aperture oblique, lunate-
oval ; peristome expanded all around, crenulated outside. Alt. 42,
diam. 29 ; aperture, alt. 21, width 13 mill. (Pfr.)

Port Dorey, New Guinea.

Helix translucida Q. & G. Voy. de 1'Astrolobe, Zool. ii, p. 103, t.
8, f. 11-13. — DESK, in Lmk. An. s. Vert, viii, p. 121. — FER. &

30 COCIIL<»TYLA-m P8ELO8TYLA.

DESK. Hist. t. 63 B, f. 5. — Cochlostyla translncida PFR. & CLI>- ..
Nomencl. Hel. Yiv. p. 209. — TAPPARONE CANKFRI, Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genov. xix, p. 103. — Bulimus quoyi PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 16;
viii, p. 10.

('. HIXDEI Cox. Vol. vii, pi. 14, figs. 71, 72.

Shell rather thin, semi-translucent, pyramidally ovate, non-
umbilicated ; whorls six and a half to seven, the first ventricose, the
second less so, the remainder almost flat in the centre but made to
appear convex by being contracted towards the sutural junction ;
they are white and are covered with a thin membranous epidermis
of a brownish-yellow or light chestnut color, which easily peels off
by exposure, the epidermis in matured specimens is only present on
the first three whorls, those beyond are nude, and from age and
exposure are whitish-brown; the first three whorls are slantingly
uniformly transversely striated with lines of growth, the striation
showing through the membranous epidermis ; the suture is impressed
and is lined below on the lower two whorls by a narrow but very
distinct dark baud, which grows finer as it ascends and becomes lost
about the middle of the third whorl ; the striation appears worn
off the upper 3 or 4 whorls. Columella arched, adnate, with a dis-
position only to be twisted, the lower end of the columella has a
blunt tubercular plait which is whitish soiled-looking, this streak of
almost white extends upwards as a narrow margin to the internal
edge of the columella. The aperture is oval with a rather broad
expanded reflected lip all round, the peristomal surface of which is
dark brown, almost quite black ; the interior of the aperture is of
pale cream color; the dark band which borders the suture shows
through the substance of the shell internally.

Length 40 mill.; breadth of last whorl 19 mill.; length of aper-
ture 20 mill. ; length of last whorl with aperture 22 mill. ; from apex
of shell to insertion of outer lip 14 mill. (C0#.)

New Ireland.

Cochlostyla hindei Cox, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), ii, p.
1063, March 21, 1888.

The following species is evidently closely allied to this, perhaps a
synonym.

('. ETEIMBUBG1 Brancsik. PI. 13, figs. 58, 59.

Shell shining, delicately striated; greenish-testaceous, the apex
more livid ; sometimes the last whorl is ferruginous. Turrited-conic,

COCHLOSTYLA-EUDOXUS. 31

apex slightly obtuse. Whorls 6, the last slightly carinated in the
middle and having a pitch-black line at the suture. Aperture
oblique, oblong-oval ; the outer lip thickened and reflexed, pitch-
black. Umbilicus none. (Brancsik.}

Alt. 36, diam. 18 ; aperture, alt. 18, width 12 mill.

Matupit, New Britain.

Helix (Geostrochus) heimburgi BRANCSIK, Jahresheft des Natur-
wissenschaftlichen Vereines des Trencsiner Comitates, 1890-'91, p.
80, t. 7, f. 2a, b.

Probably the same as Dr. Cox's C. hindei.

Section XII. EUDOXUS Albers, 1850.

Eudoxus ALB., Die Hel. p. 137. — MARTENS, Die Hel. 2d edit.,
p. 179, type B. effusus Pfr. — SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil.,

Landmoll. p. 213.

The shell is ovate or ovate conic, imperforate, smooth, shining,
very light colored, generally thin and destitute of hydrophanous
cuticle. Columella rather narrow, its face flattened.

This section is rather near in shell characters to Phengus. Ana-
atomically, as far as known, Eudoxus presents no features not found
in Cochlostyla generally.

C. EFFUSA Pfeiffer. PL 7, figs. 42, 43.

Imperforate, ovate, rather thin ; very lightly striated, the earlier
whorls minutely spirally striated. Covered with light buff cuticle,
paler above, white under the cuticle.

Spire conoidal, apex obtuse ; whorls 5, slightly convex. Aper-
ture half the length of the shell, white within ; peristome white,
thin, broadly expanded, especially on the outer and basal margins.
Columella vertical, narrow, flattened.

Alt. 40, diam. 30 mill.

Alt. 37, diam. 26 mill.

Tablas, Philippines.

Bulimus effusus PFR., P. Z. S., 1842, p. 152 ; Monogr. ii, p. 27.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 12, f. 64.

The narrow, bevelled columella and the broadly expanding lip
are characteristic. The unicolored form (fig. 42) was the original
type of the species.

Color-var. fasciata (pi. 7, fig. 43). Like the type in form, but
having chestnut-brown bands at suture and columella, and two on
the median part of the body-whorl.

32 COCHLOSTYLA-ECDOXUS.

I cannot believe that the shell figured in Philippi's Abliihlungen,
Bui. pi. (>, fig. 8, is this species. The columella is entirely different
in form.
C. HALICHLORA Semper. Vol. VII, pi. 27, figs. 4, 5.

Imperforate, globose-turb incite, thin but solid, of a delicate light
green tint, becoming white on the spire. Surface shining, smooth,
delicately obliquely striatulate and having some obsolete, micro-
scope spiral lines. Spire elevated, apex obtuse, often tipped with
orange ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, the last rounded or obtusely
angled at the periphery, scarcely descending in front. Aperture
large, oblique, subrhombic, white within ; peristome narrowly
expanded, its edge often slightly tinged with rust-color ; columella
vertical, white, straight, its face flattened, deeply inserted.

Alt. 32, diam. 32 mill.

Alt. 31, diam. 33 mill.

Calayan; Babuyanes, North Luzon, Philippines.

Cochlostyla (Corasia) halichlora O. SEMPER, Journ. de Conchy].
1866, p. 263, t. 8, f. 1.— SEMPER, Reis. Phil, iii, p. 172.

. This globose-turbinate, light green-tinted shell is typically very
distinct from other known species, but I have seen specimens inter-
mediate between halichlora and effusa. Semper considered this
species a Coraxia, but it is undoubtedly an Eudoxus.

C. LEAI Pfeiffer. PL 17, figs. 33, 34.

Imperforate, ovate-conoid, rather thin, shining; light buff.

Spire conoidal, apex obtuse; whorls 5*. somewhat convex, the
last obtusely subangulated in front. Aperture shorter than the
spire, oblique, rounded-quadrate; peristome narrowly expanded,
thickened within ; columella distinctly flattened, steeply sloping.

Alt. 37 JS, diam. 26 mill.

Philippines.

B. leai PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 29; Monogr. ii, p. 9.— REEVE,
Conch. Icon. t. 12, f. 66.

The shell described above and represented in fig. 33 differs from
Pfeiffer Js description in being bluntly angled at the periphery. I
believe, however, that it is the C. leai.

C. JONASI Pfeiffer. PL 8, figs. 53, 54, 56, 57 ; pi. 17, fig. 32 ; Vol.

VII, pi. :I7, figs. 43, 44.

Imperforate, ovate-conoid, rather solid, smooth, of a light }Tellow
tint, which is either clear buff or verging toward green or tawny.

COCHLOSTYLA-EUDOXUS. 33

Sutural margin often paler; earlier whorls either pale or tinted
with orange.

The spire is conical, apex very obtuse. Whorls about 5J, only
slightly convex. Aperture oblique, white within or having the
tint of the outside ; peristome thickened and somewhat expanded,
its face white ; columella nearly straight, white, sometimes truncated
at base.

Alt. 32, diarn. 25 mill, (average specimen.)

Alt. 35, diam. 24 mill, (elevated specimen.)

Alt. 28, diam. 27 mill, (depressed specimen.)

Philippines.

Helix jonasi PFR., P. Z. S., 1845, p. 126 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 298,
t. 50, f. 5, 6 ; Monogr. i, p. 225.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 26, V. 113.
—H*albersi PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 86 ; Monogr. iii, p.
300; iv, p. 362, etc.— Helix buschi PFR., P. Z. 8., 1845, p. 126;
Monogr. i, p. 226.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., Helix, t. 203, f. 1430.—
H. perdita REEVE, Conch. Icon., Helix, t. 25, f. 108. — Bui. brevi-
culus REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 12, f. 65. — ? B. leai PFR.

This species varies greatly in color and contour but the variations
are so connected and inter-related that I am unable to demarcate
the several described forms. Perhaps C. leai is another variety of
this species, but I have identified quite another form as that species.

The original figures of C. jonasi are copied on pi. 37, figs. 43, 44
of the preceding volume of the MANUAL. The typical C. buschi
is represented by figs. 53, 54, pi. 8. Reeve's H. perdita differs in
no respect from this. On pi. 17, fig. 32, is represented an
extreme form, being the most depressed specimen I have seen.

The tone of color varies from faint green, through buff to a pink-
ish flesh tint. The earlier whorls are often light orange colored.

C. SIMPLEX Jonas. PL 8, figs. 48, 49, 52.

Imperforate, ovate-conic, solid. Green beneath, fading to white
on the spire. Surface delicately striated.

Spire conic, apex rather obtuse; whorls 5 to 5z, slightly convex.
Aperture about half the length of the shell, oblique, the outer lip
somewhat arching forward, narrowly expanded and thickened,
white. Columella vertical, rounded, slightly truncated below.

Alt. 29, diam. 18 mill.

Alt. 25, diam. 17 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.
3

34 cocHLOSTYLA-i-:ri>o.\rs.

B. simplex JONAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1S42; p. l<s<).- -
Abbild. i, p. 53, t. 1, f. 2.— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 11 ; Conchyl. Cab.
p. 181, t. 53, f. 8.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 12, f. 63.

Allied to C. albersi, but narrower and more conic.

C. QUADRASI Hidalgo. PL 5, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Imperforate, ovate-conoid, solid, shining, smooth, (seen under a
lens to be slightly and very minutely decussated by oblique and
transverse scrise) ; white under a very thin green cuticle which is
evanescent above, ornamented with pale or intense brown-purple
bands, the base begirt with a black zone.

Spire conical, apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6, slightly convex,
the last shorter than the spire ; columella nearly straight, white ;
aperture oval, truncated above, white inside, showing the Jmnds
more or less ; peristome little thickened, slightly expanded, roseate or
brown-purple. (Hid.)

Alt. 26, diarn. 14 ; aperture, alt. 12, width 8 mill.

Saban and Torrijos, Marinduque.

C. quadrasi HID., Journ. de Conchyl. 1886, p. 154, t. 8, f. 3, 3a,
4; /. c. 1887, p. 177.

This species, says Hidalgo, is allied to C. simplex Jonas, but it is
quite distinct in coloration and the less swollen form.

C. COSSMANNIANA Crosse. PL 5, figs. 8, 9.

Imperforate, ovate-conoid, solid, somewhat shining, smooth (under
a lens showing irregular suboblique growth lines and transverse,
very delicate line). Whitish under a thin, shining, pale buff-green
cuticle, obscurely banded with brown, green-black around the colu-
mella. Spire conic, apex slightly obtuse, white ; suture impressed,
pallid. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the last slightly shorter than the
spire. Aperture ovate-angulate, brown-purple inside, white below
the suture and at the edge ; peristome somewhat thickened, slightly
expanded, white; base marked with purple; margins separated, the
columellar margin nearly straight, basal rounded, outer margin
arched. Alt. 28, diam. 19 mill. (Crosse.)

Torrijos and Saban, Marinduque, Philippines.

C. cossmanniana CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1886, p. 156, t. 8, f.
6. — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 177.
Allied to C. quadrasi, but less slender, etc.

COCHLOSTYLA-EUDOXUS. 35

Var. paUidioT Cr. (fig. 8). Whitish, the apex roseate, columella
encircled with black.

C. MODESTA Sowerby. PI. 17, figs. 28, 29, 30.

Irnperforate, ovate-conoid, rather thin ; lightly striatulate, shining ;
white, variously banded with brown or purple-brown, the more con-
stant bands being one at periphery, one at the columella, and
another, less constant, between them.

Spire conoidal, obtuse. Whorls 5. Aperture oblique, white and
showing the bands inside, the latter not reaching to the lip ; per-
istome slightly expanded, of a light reddish-brown color. Columella
white. Alt. 25, diam. 20 mill.

Luzon, Philippines.

Helix modesta SOWB., P. Z. S., 1841, p. 39. — Bulimus hindsi PFR.,
Symbolse, iii, p. 84, 1846. — (not B. hindsi REEVE, Conch. Icon.). —

B. verecundus REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 12, f. 62.

A peculiar little shell of a short form, very variable in color-
pattern, but like no other species.

C. BELCHERI Pfeiifer. PL 8, figs. 45, 46.

Imperforate, ovate-oblong, solid, smooth ; very light tawny, almost
white above, darker tawny below; having a dark chestnut border
below the suture, a band at periphery and a chestnut- black columel-
lar tract. Lip expanded, somewhat reflexed, its face and reverse
deep brown.

Spire convex-conoidal, obtuse; whorls 5|. Aperture half the
shell's length or somewhat less, ovate, white inside ; peristome
expanded, sometimes somewhat reflexed, dark brown. Columella
subvertical, white, dilated in a thin spreading callus.

Alt. 37, diam. 24 mill.

Alt. 35, diam. 23 mill.

Philippines.

Bulimus belcheri PFR., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 261 ; Monogr. iii, p.
311 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 110, t. 34, f. 5, Q.—B. hindsi REEVE, Conch.
Icon. t. 7, f. 33, not B. hindsi Pfr.

Resembles narrow forms of C. pictor in the dark lip and in form,
but differs entirely in the ccheme of color, which is very similar to
some patterns of C. phceostyla. The peripheral band is often only
faintly sketched or even entirely absent.

36 COCHLOSTYLA-EUDOX I >.

C. LACERATA Semper. PI. 13, fig. 57.

Imperforate, thin, striatulate, white, covered with a much lacerated
buff cuticle. Whorls 5, convex, the last about equalling the acute
spire in length. Columella flat, entering, white. Aperture lunate-
oval ; peristome thickened, reflexed.

Alt. 43, diam. 28 ; aperture, alt. 22, width 14 mill. (Semper.}

Valley of the River Saloc, Central Mindanao.

C. lacerata SEMF., Reisen, Laud moll., t. 9, f. 5. — C. paradoxa
SEMPER, Ibid., p. 217 ; not Cochlostyla ( Chlortea) paradoxa PFR.

Semper's earlier name must be retained on account of the prior
C. paradoxa of Pfeiffer. The species is very distinct in having a
network of yellow cuticle, over a white ground.

C. VIRGINEA Lea. PI. 7, figs. 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40.

Imperforate, ovate, thin, smooth and shining, white or of a delicate
blue-green tint, darker beneath ; suture narrowly white-edged. Lip
simple or very narrowly expanded ; columella concave, narrow.

The spire is variable in length ; apex rather obtuse, the tip occa-
sionally orange. Whorls about 5, slightly convex, the last a little
descending in front. Aperture- ovate, oblique ; peristome usually
almost simple or very narrowly reflexed. Columella arcuate, nar-
row, white.

Alt. 33, diam. 23, oblique alt. of aperture 18 mill.

Alt. 36, diam. 24, oblique alt. of aperture 21 mill.

Alt. 37, diam. 22, oblique alt. of aperture 19 mill.

Alt. 36, diam. 24, oblique alt. of aperture 22£ mill.

Miudoro; Luzon; Catanduanes, Philippines.

Bulinus bullula BROD., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 159 (read November 24,
1840). — Bulimus bullula PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 10; Conch. Cab. p.
179, t. 53, f. 2, 3.— PHIL., Abbild. i, Bui. t. 1, f. 1.— REEVE, Conch.
Icon. t. 12, f. 68. — Cochlostyla bullula SEMPER, Reisen, p. 218. —
HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 156; Obras Malacol. i, t.
lix, f. 2. — Bui. albinus GRATELOUP, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., xi, p.
417, t. 3, f. 24. — Bulimus virgineus LEA, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. i,
p. 174 (read Feb. 21, }840 ; copies of Proc. for Jan. and Feb. dis-
tributed March 20, 1840) ; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. vii, p. 456, t.
11, f. 3. — Cochlostyla chloroleuca MARTENS, .Mai. Bl. xv, p. \ti~),
1868. — SEMPER, Reis. Phil. Archip. p. 218. — Bui. cMoroleucusV\\:..
Novit. Conch, iii, p. 466, t. 101, f. 20, 21.— Cochlostyla bustoi
HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 157.

COCHLOSTYLA-EUDOXUS. 37

This species varies greatly in degree of elongation, but the
extremes seem to be closely connected by intermediate variations.
Figs. 39, 40, represent the chloroleuca Mts., a shell almost exactly
like Lea's type of virginea.

Fig. 68, pi. 9 represents the form named BUSTOI by Hidalgo,
and which is said by him to be a distinct species, distinguished by
the more conoidal shell, spire having an additional whorl and tipped
with reddish ; last whorl more transverse, less high ; aperture
oblique, peristome more reflexed. These differences do not seem to
be always associated, in the suite of 18 specimens before me. The
C. bustoi is from Catanduanes Is.

In regard to the name adopted for this species, it must be said
that Lea's description is fully as good as Broderip's, and has indis-
putable priority of publication. Broderip's description was not
actually printed, I believe, until 1841. I have examined Lea's type
specimen of B. virgineus. European conchologists do not seem to
be aware of Lea's paper in the Proceedings of the Philosophical
Society, as they quote the Transactions only. •

C. HOLOLEUCA Pfeiffer. Unfigured.

Imperforate, conic-ovate, rather thin ; striatulate, shining, sub-
diaphanous, white. Spire convex-conic, obtuse; suture narrowly
margined; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last rather rounded ; col-
umella straightened, scarcely oblique, callous ; aperture oblique,
truncate-oval, concolored within ; peristome narrowly expanded,
the columellar margin dilated, adnate, forming a distinct angle with
the basal margin. (Pfr.}

Alt. 32, diam. 23 ; aperture, alt. 15, width 12 mill.

Philippines.

B. hololeucus PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 93 ; Monogr. iv, p. 359 ; vi,

p. 7.

C. SMARAGDINA Reeve. PL 2, figs. 19, 20, 21, 22.

Imperforate, oblong-conoid, smooth and shining ; solid ; color
varying from bright green to yellow, olive or brown, rarely banded ;
the earlier whorls either white or purple-brown ; suture always hav-
ing a white border below.

The spire is conoid, elevated, rather acute ; whorls 51 to 6.
Aperture oblique, white or purplish within ; peristome expanded and

38 COCHLOSTYLA-EUDOXUS.

reflexed, pure white or reddish, rarely purplish-black ; columella
vertical white.

Alt. 60, diam. 37 mill.

Alt. 52, diam. 33 mill.

Eastern Mindanao, Philippines.

Bui smaragdinus Rv., P. Z. S., 1842, p. 49 ; Conch. Syst. ii, 1. 173,
f. 6 ; Conch. Icon., Bui., t. 6, f. 27.— DESH. in Fer., Hist., t. 110 B,
f. 5.— PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 207, t. 58, f. 5-7 ; Monogr. ii, p. 29.—
Cochlostyla (Eudoxus} smaragdina SEMPER, Reisen ini Archip.
Phil., LandmolL, p. 213, t. 13, f. 19 (Anat.).— HIDALGO, Obras
Malacol., t. 58.

Semper has found this species to be extremely variable. He
recognizes varieties as follows :

1. Typical smaragdina, in which the shell is smooth and glossy,
green or greenish-yellow, the spire either white or reddish.

2. Var. nigrescens. In this form the rose of the earlier whorls
changes into dark reddish-brown ; the emerald-green into black-
green or even black-brown. In a few examples distinct darker and
lighter spiral bands may be seen, and generally the base is darker
than the upper portion. The specimen from Bislig shows a wide
greenish-black band on the last whorl, between two narrower yel-
lowish-brown-green ones; the columellar tract is dark greenish-
black, and under the white sutural band there are a few alternately
darker and light spiral striae. The peristome is either white or
reddish dark red-brown. Localities are Lianga, Tandag, Bislig,
on the east coast, Suribao and Caguaitin the valley of the Agusan.

3. Var. lutea. Unicolored ocher or straw-yellow, the spire white
or reddish ; showing upon the last whorl more or less developed
traces of hydrophanous yellow cuticle ; where this is absent the sur-
face has the luster of the typical form, but when the cuticle is
largely present the shell is dull, and these examples, which occur in
the Agusan drainage, are usually smaller and compressed. The
smallest measures, alt. 40, diam. 30, aperture 21 mill, long, 14 wi<lc
The extremes are connected closely with the typical form. Some
specimens have a violet-Muck lip, forming a transition to C. (cgle.
Localities are : Bislig, Higaquit, on the east coast of Mindanao ;
Dapa "ii Siargao (Sts. of Surigao) ; Mainit and S. Juan de Surigao,
on the lowi-r course, Agusan, Monte- Pasiun and Monte- K in uta, on
the upper course of the Rio Agusan.

COCHLOSTYLA-EUDOXUS. 39

4. Var. striata (pi. 2, fig. 22). Close to the unicolored dark
variety there is another which shows a multitude of yellowish or
grayish stride upon the dark brownish-black ground. There also
occurs a form partly or wholly covered with a dull yellowish cuti-
cle, so characteristic of the third variety. The measurements below
are connected by intermediate examples.

Largest specimen, alt. 58, diam. 37 mill. ; aperture, 29 x 18 mill.
Smallest specimen, alt. 39, diam. 29 mill. ; aperture, 21 x 14 mill.
Jibon and Pasian, valley of the Kio Agusan.

5. Var. zonifera (pi. 2, fig. 21). Yellowish, banded at periphery,
around columella and below the white sutural band with brown.
Lip white, reddish or brown-black. Bislig, on the east coast ; Monte
Kinuta, Pasian, Jibon, Mainit and Jabonga, in the Agusan valley.

C. STRAMINEA Semper. PI. 17, fig. 31.

Imperforate, solid, but thin, dark straw-colored ; striatulate ; hav-
ing a white band at the suture and a greenish-white columellar
area. Spire short, conic, subacute. Whorls 5, convex, the last
about equal in length to the spire. Columella vertical, pale
corneous or black ; aperture oblong-oval, whitish ; peristome whit-
ish, very thin, scarcely reflexed. (Semper.)

Large specimen, alt. 51, diam. 33; aperture, alt. 26, width 17
mill.

Small specimen, alt. 42, diam. 31 ; aperture, alt. 24, width 15
mill.

Lower valley of the Agusan R., and east coast of Mindanao.

C. straminea SEMP., Reis., p. 216, t. 8, f. 10. (" C. cegle var" on
expl. to plate viii). — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 154.

Differs from C. smaragdina in wholly lacking the white sutural
zone.

C. CUMINGI Pfeiffer. PL 9, fig. 63.

Imperforate, ovate, very thin, obliquely striated, pellucid, whitish-
green, with a red line at the suture. Whorls 4£, slightly convex,
the last obsoletely angulated, slightly longer than the spire. Colu-
mella flat, subexcavated, brown. Aperture lunate-oval ; peristome
simple, the right margin widely expanded, basal margin subreflexed.
Alt. 32, diam. 21 mill. (Pfr.)

Camiguin de Mindanao.

Bid.cumingi PFR,, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 88; Monogr. ii, p. 11;
Conchyl. Cab. i, p. 66, Sal. 1. 19, f. 3, 4.— PHIL., Abbild. i, Bui. 1. 1, f.

40 COCHLOSTYLA-i;ilM>xr>.

7. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 12, f. 61. — Cochlostyla cumingi SEMPER,
Reisen, p. 217. — HIDALGO, Obras Malacol. i, t. 59, f. 1.

C. ;EGLE Broderip. PL 1, fig. 12.

Imperforate, solid, rugose-striate, tawny with two darker bands.
Spire short, conic, subacute. Whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last
about as long as the spire. Columella vertical, straight. Aperture
oblong-oval, reddish-white inside ; peristome brown-black, expanded,
slightly reflexed. (Pfr.)

Alt. 47, diam. 38 ; aperture, alt. 38, width 15 mill.

Mindanao.

Bidinus cegle BROD., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 181. — Bidimus cegle PFR.,
Mon. ii, p. 27. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 10, f. 49. — Cochlostyla
cegle SEMPER, Reisen, p. 216.

This species is closely allied to the more solid, more opaque and
larger C. smaragdina. Indeed, Semper seems disposed to unite
smaragdina, cegle, cumingi and straminea as varieties of a single
species. This union, although not unlikely, would be premature
until their coalescence is proven.

Var. BARAND.E Hidalgo. PL 1, figs. 10, 11 ; pi. 9, figs. 69, 70.

Shell of a shorter, ovate form, the spire shorter and having more
convex outlines than in typical wgle. White under a very thin
buff cuticle, the lip and a columellar crescent dark brown ; columella
flesh colored, slightly concave.

Bui cegle PFR., Conchyl. Cab. t. 49, f. 17, l8.— Coeklostyla bar-
tt)nl<i' HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 153.

Several specimens before me, twro of which are figured on pi. 9,
figs. 69, 70, show a transition toward the true C. cegle ; and I am
therefore inclined to rank this as a variety.

( '. OVIFORMIS Semper. PL 8, fig. 55.

Imperforate, egg-shaped, thin, subdiaphanous, shining; whorls 5,
slightly convex, the last a little longer than the spire; suture sub-
impressed; columella twisted, subexcavated. Aperture quadrate-
oval, white ; peristome thin, reflexed, white.

Length 50, diam. 37 ; aperture, alt. 29, breadth 19 mill. (Sem-
per.)

San Juan de Jlisliy, Mindanao.

('. iii'ii'in'inix SKMI\, Ruison im Archip. Phil., Landmoll., p. 218.

COCHLOSTYLA-EUDOXUS. 41

Only one specimen of this pure white and shining species is
before me. Perhaps it is merely a very globose white variety of C.
smaragdina ; but in the absence of any transition-forms it seems
necessary to indicate this as a new species. (Semper.)

C. UBER Pfeiffer. PL 7, fig. 44.

Im perforate, ovate, apex obtuse ; thin, subdiaphanous, buff-whit-
ish, obliquely, regularly and closely striated; spire semiglobose, sut-
ure impressed, white-margined ; whorls 4, inflated, the last exceed-
ing the spire; columella nearly straight, somewhat thickened at
the base ; aperture oval ; peristome simple, widely expanded.
Alt. 45, diam. 29, alt. of aperture 29, width 18 mill. (Pfr.}

G n imaras, Philippin es.

Bulimus uber PFR., P. Z. S., 1842, p. 153; Monogr. ii, p. 26.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 10, f. 48.

C. PMOSTYLA Pfeiffer. PI. 5, fig. 4 ; pi. 9, figs. 64, 65, 66.

Imperforate, ovate, rather thin, shining, having indistinct growth-
lines and fine spiral striae ; buff, olive-buff, or tawny-buff, generally
having a dark chestnut band below the suture, another at the
periphery, and a wide, dark columellar crescent. Earlier Ii whorls
purple-black; lip brown-edged.

The spire is convex-conic, apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5, slightly
convex. Aperture ovate, half the length of the shell, white with a
dark band inside. Lip thin, expanded and a trifle reflexed, brown-
edged. Columella vertical, almost straight, its face narrow, bevelled,
light brown, edged outside with white.

Alt. 33, diam. 22 mill.

Alt. 35, diam. 22 mill.

Philippines.

B. plmostylus PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 329 ; Monogr. ii, p.
361. — Cochlostyla phceostyla HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p.
155, t. 6, f. D ; Obras Molacol., t. 59, f. 7, 8.

The sutural band (fig 66), or the sutural and peripheral bands
(fig. 64), are sometimes absent. The shell has somewhat the color-
pattern of C. belcheri, but the purple apex, thinner texture, and
especially the form of the narrow columella, which is not dilated or
spreading, at once separate the two species. The columella of
pliaiostyla is as in the typical species of Eudoxus ( C. effusa, etc.),
whilst that of C. belcheri has the form developed in C. diana, cati&ta,
boholensis, etc.

42 COCHLOSTYLA-FIII-:N<;r>.

Section XIII. PHENGUS Albers, 1850.

Phengus ALB., Die Hel. p. 137, for B. opalinus and B. evanes-
cens. — v. MARTENS, Die Hel. 2d edit., p. 180, type H. opalina
Sowb. — SEMPER, Reisen im Archipel. Phil. Land moll. p. 212.

Thin-shelled, pale green species, distinctly trochoidal in contour,
having no hydrophanous cuticle.

Semper has restricted this section to the two species given below,
and in my opinion correctly. The shells have the texture and
color of Eudoxus but differ in being trochiform instead of oval
or ovate.

Anatomically this section forms a connecting link with Canistrum.
The globular accessory gland and the dart sac are becoming obsolete
in C. opalina, being much reduced in size, the dart sac containing no
dart.

C. OPALINA Sowerby. PL 8, figs. 50, 51.

Imperforate, pyramidal with flattened base and angular periph-
ery; thin, somewhat translucent; of a delicate blue-green color,
paler above, the suture having a very narrow white border below.

The spire is high with straight sides ; apex obtuse; whorls 6 to
6J, narrow, slowly widening. Aperture very oblique; peristome
very narrowly expanded, arched forward above. Columella rather
wide, arcuate, white.

Alt. 30, diam. 21 mill.

Alt. 26, diam. 17 mill.

Province Cagayan, Luzon; Camiguin de Luzon, Philippines.

Helix opalina SOWB., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 98.— PFR. in Conchyl.
Cab. p. 291, t. 49, f. 6, 7 ; Monogr. i, p. 231.— REEVE, Conch. Icon.
t. 23, f. 97. — Cochlostyla opalina SEMP., Reisen Landmoll. p. 212,
t. 13, f. 8 (anatomy).

This species is quite distinct in its high trochiform contour.

C. DUMONTI Pfeifter. PL 9, fig. 67.

[mperforate, trochoidal, rather thin; color a very faint tint of
green below becoming white on the spire, having a narrow sutural
margin of red-brown or opaque white, and a peripheral dark line,
or a narrow groove in its place.

The contour ia much that of Papuina, being flattened beneath,
(•oiio/d'i/ <i l>ore, the periphery oltti<*r/i/ subangular. The surface is
lightly striated obliquely; spire conoidal, apexvery obtuse. Whorls

COCHLOSTYEA-CANISTRUM. 43

5, convex. Aperture very oblique, white inside, not showing the
band; peristome white or pink, well expanded, arched forward
above. Columella white or pink, arcuate.

Alt. 29, diam. 21 mill.

Alt. 26h diam. 21 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

Helix dumonti PFR. in Phil., Abbild. ii, p. 84, Helix, t. 7, f. 6 ;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 294, t. 49, f. 14, 15 ; Monogr. i, p. 229.— Cochlo-
styla dumonti SEMPER, Keisen, Landmoll., p. 213.

The dark peripheral line is inlaid in the surface of the shell,
leaving a shallow groove when worn away. The lip in one spec-
imen before me is of a delicate pink color.

Section XIV. CANISTRUM Morch, 1852.

Canistrum KL, MORCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 31 (for B. luzonicus, ovoi-
deus, stabilis). — MARTENS in Alb., Die Hel., 2d. edit., p. 180 (type
C. luzonica Sow.). — SEMPER, Reisen, p. 219.

Ovate-conic or oblong shells, imperforate and solid ; banded ;
with or without hydrophanous cuticle ; surface microscopically
striated spirally. Whorls narrow. Lip well expanded, columella
vertical.

Anatomically this section differs strikingly from all other Cochlo-
stylas which have been investigated, in lacking all accessary glands
upon the geuitalia. A single species, C. stabilis, has* been investi-
gated, but it may be expected that the other forms of Canistrum,
and probably Prochilus and Chrysallis also, will be found to share
this peculiarity. Morch was perfectly correct in including but three
species in Canistrum ; but all subsequent authors have enlarged the
group by the addition of incongruous material.

C. OVOIDEA Bruguiere. PI. 5, figs. 13, 16 (typical), 10, 11, 12, 14,

15 (varieties).

Imperforate, oblong-ovate, solid. White, ivith a peripheral black-
brown band, which ascends the spire above the suture, becoming
brown.

Spire convex-conical, apex obtuse; whorls 6, slightly convex.
Aperture shorter than the spire, long-ovate, white and showing the

44 COCHLOSTYLA-CANISTRIM.

hand inside ; peristome well expanded, thick, white. Columella
vertical, indistinctly or more or less obviously folded.

Alt. .">:;, diain. 19 mill.

Alt. 39, diam. 19 mill.

Mt. :•>:{, dial n. 20 mill.

Luzon, Ticao, Masbate, Philippines.

Bid. ovoideus BRUG., Encycl. Muth. i, p. 335, 1792. — Sowr,.,
Conch. Illustr. f. 53, 105.— B. luzonicus SOWB., P. Z. 8., 1833,
p. 73. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 55. — B. costerii EYD. in Guer. Mag.
de Zool. t. 116, f. 2.— B. euryzonm PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p.
147. — PHIL., Abhild. iii, t. 7, f. 10. — Cochlostyla ovoidea SEMPER,
Reisen, p. 220. — HIDALGO, Journ de Conch. 1887, p. 179.

The typical ovoidea is represented in figures 13, 16. This is
varied by the addition of a brown band covering the white of
the body whorl except at suture and base (fig. 14) ; and
from this to the form called B. euryzonus (figs. 10, 11, 12, 15) the
transitions are abundant. In the typical euryzonus the body-whorl
is encircled by three broad dark zones, the lower one sometimes
extending to the columella ; the cuticle is yellow, with a white sub-
sutural line or band.

C. BALANOIDEA Jonas. PL 6, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20.

Imperforate, oblong-conic, solid. Ground-color yellowish, begirt
with three dark chestnut zones, one bordering the suture, one above and
the third below the periphery; a small basal tract is vivid green.
Hydrophanous cuticle thin, white, worn from the specimens before
me except for a series of small patches along the subsutural dark
hand, and some whitish streaks behind the lip. The upper two
hands ascend the spire.

Spire elevated, apex obtuse, whitish. Whorls 6-1, slightly convex.
Aperture shorter than the spire, oblique, white inside ; peristome
thick, broadly expanded, white edged with brown. Columella
calloused, white, vertical and straight.

Alt. 4:1, diam. lT> mill.

Mindoro, Ph illppines.

B. b'tfunnidesJo-SAs, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 188.— PHIL., Abbild. ii,
Bui. t. 6, f. 2.— Ri:r\ i, t. *;>, f. 630.— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 33.

This solid, oblong species has some resemblance to the trifasciate
variety of C. ovoidea, but it differs in the thicker, brown-edged lip,

COCHLOSTYLA-CANISTRUM. 45

non-plicate columella, the green basal area, sutural dark border,
etc.

C. STABILIS Sowerby. PI. 6, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28.

Imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, compact. The color, in specimens
which have been thoroughly wetted, or denuded of their hydro ph-
anous cuticle, is dark chestnut-brown with an indistinct black band
at the periphery and a wide snow-white bond under the suture ; spire
white with a brown band above the suture (figs. 27, 28). In fresh
specimens this coloring is totally concealed by a dense coat of cream-
white hydrophanous cuticle, having a narrow black line at the periph-
ery and a wider one on the base ; the peripheral line extending up
the spire above the sutures, becoming brown there.

Spire elevated, apex obtuse. Whorls 62, slightly convex, narrow.
Aperture oval-truncate, nearly white within, and showing faintly
the peripheral band ; lip well expanded, white. Columella sub-
vertical, white.

Alt. 32, diam. 20 mill.

Alt. 26, diam. 19 mill.

Southern Burias, Philippines.

Helix stabilis SOWERBY, P. Z. S., 1840, p. 104.— Bui. stabilis PFR.,
Symbolse ii, p. 51 ; Monogr. ii, p. 34; Conch yl. Cab., p. 172, t. 51,
f. 6.— PHIL., Abbild., iii, t. 7, f. 4.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 12, f. 67.
— Cochlostyla stabilis SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Landmoll.,
p. 219, t. 13, f. 7 ; t. 18, f. 5 (anatomy.)

This is a very solid, high-trochiform species. The young are ear-
in ated, and the keel generally persists on the front of the body-
whorl. The coloring changes completely when the hydrophanous
cuticle is removed. The species is extremely constant in color-
pattern. Under a strong lens the whole surface is seen to be finely
striated spirally.

C. BREVICULA Pfeiffer. Vol. VII, pi. 47, fig. 64.

Imperforate, subovate, the apex obtuse; obliquely obsoletely
striated ; shining, white, covered with a buff epidermis. Whorls 6,
narrow, slightly convex, the last about one-third the total length.
Columella nearly straight, expanded in a thin plate. Aperture
very oblique, transversely semioval ; peristome simple, expanded.
(Pfr.). Alt. 28, diam. 18 ; aperture alt., inside, 13, width 9 mill.

Romblon, Philippines.

4<) ( oriII.osTYLA-PIlOCHII.r-.

B. breviculus PFR., P. Z. S., 1842, p. 88 ; Sym\). ii, p. 43 ; Mon-
ogr. ii, ]>. 3.1 — PHIL., Abbild. iii, p. 33, t. 7, f. 8.—? ? B. breviculus
REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 12, f. do.

Nearly allied to C. stabilis, but readily separated by its short com-
pressed contour, more convex whorls and the broad semi-ovate
aperture. All examples which I have seen are unicolored white or
with a narrow brown crescent around the columella, and having an
evanescent yellowish epidermis over the rest. The columella is ver-
tical, dilated in a thin reflexed lamina ; the lip simple, pretty
broadly expanding. (-P/V.)

Reeve's figure probably does not represent this species.

Section XV. PROCHILUS Albers, 1860.

Prochilus ALBERS in Marten's edit, of Die Heliceen, p. 179, type
C. virgata.

Shell narrowly perforated, ovate-pyramidal, smooth and shining ;
the spire long. Aperture small, less than half the length of the
shell ; peristome very broadly reflexed. The soft parts of these
strikingly handsome shells are still unknown, but the affinities of the
group seem to be with Canistrum and Chrysallis. They live on
trees, like other conspicuously colored Cochlostylas.

C. CALOBAPTA Jonas. PL 15, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Perforate, ovate-pyramidal, thin ; the spire high and slender.

Cream colored or tawny brown, landless or encircled by a dark zone

at periphery and another at umbilicus, the former ascending the spire,

forming a narrow edge above the suture; varied with conspicuous

oblique stripes of cream-white liydrophanous cuticle.

The spire is slender, high; apex obtuse. Whorls 5-}, convex.
Aperture oblique, showing the band within : peristome thin, broadly
expanded, white ; its reverse having the same color as the general
surface of the shell. Columella reflexed, the reflexed edge curving
backward, or partly around the umbilicus, at its junction with the
base. Alt. 40, diam. 20 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

B. calobaptus JONAS, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 188.— PHIL., Abbild. i, t.
lt f. 6.— PFR. in Conchyl. Cab. p. 116, t. 35, f. 11-14; Monogr. ii,
p. 42. — Cochlostyla calobapta SEMP., Reis. p. 221. — Bui. cuyoensis
KKI.VK, Conch. Icon. t. 9, f. 43.

COCHLOSTYLA-PROCHILUS. 47

This is a decidedly thin shell, and although the whorls are con-
vex, the general outlines of the spire are somewhat concave. The
length of the aperture is contained about 2£ times in the entire
length of the shell.

C. CUYOENSIS PfeifFer. Unfigured.

Subperforate, ovate-pyramidal, rather glabrous, somewhat shining,
of a cinnamon-tawny color with flexuous pale streaks and one red-
dish band. Suture lightly impressed ; whorls 5£, nearly fiat, the last
scarcely exceeding one-third the total length. Columella short,
thickened wridely reflexed. Aperture oval ; peristome thin, little
expanded.

Alt. 30, diam. 15 ; aperture, alt. 13, width 8 mill.

Island of Cuyo, Philippines, very rare.

B. cwjoensis PFR., P. Z. S., 1842, p. 152 ; Monogr. ii, p. 43.

From the very closely allied C. calobapta this differs in the solid
shell, less convex whorls and less dilated peristome.

C. FICTILIS Broderip. PL 16, figs. 16, 17.

Narrowly perforate, fusiform-pyramidal, solid. Cream-white,
with longitudinal stripes of dark brown, these streaks often broken
into angular spots, sometimes zigzag or branching.

Spire high, apex obtuse ; whorls 6, almost flat. Aperture con-
tained about 2J times in the entire length, oblique; periston^e very
broadly and roundly expanded and reflexed, its face pure white,
lererse cream-white ; basal lip receding. Columella roundly reflexed,
strongly calloused above where it joins the base of the shell.

Alt. 34, diam. 15 mill.

Cuyo, Philippines.

Bulinusfidilis~BKOV.,P.Z.S., 1840, p. 96; Conch. Illustr. f.
115, 116. — Bulimus fictilis REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 173, f. 1 ;
Conch. Icon. t. 9, f. 44.— PHIL., Abbild. i, p. 54, Bui. t. 1, f. 5.—
PFR, Monogr. ii, p. 53; Conchyl. Cab. p. 211, t. 59, f. 10, 11.—
Bulinus larvatus BROD., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 96 ; Conch. Illustr. f.
117.

This form is well differentiated from the group of virgata-dryas-
partuloides, being slenderer in contour, and totally different in color-
pattern.

48 COCIILOSTYLA-PROCHILUS.

Yar. LARVATA Brod. PI. 15, fig. 10.

Shell more elongated, coloring of the external surface continued
upon the reverse of the lip, forming a colored rim on the lower
external edge.

Island of Cuyo.

C. YIUGATA Jay. PL 16, figs. 11,12, 13, 14, 15; pi. 17, fig. 3o.

Narrowly perforated, turrited, solid ; the spire slender. Ground-
color yelloiv, usually having two or three broad brown zones, and
frequently variegated with oblique stripes of cream-colored hydro-
phanous cuticle. Whorls 5^, rather convex ; aperture almost half
as long as the shell, oblique ; peristome very broadly expanded and
reflexed; columella roundly reflexed ; parietal wall having a thin,
transparent callus. Alt. 50, diam. 25 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

J3nlimu8virg«tusJAVtCiita\. 1839, p. 120, t. 6', f. 4.— REKYK,
Conch. Icon., t. 9, f. 46. — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 40. — SOWB., Conch-
Illustr., f. 112-114. — Cochlostyla virgata and C. porracea HIDAL<;<>,
Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 181. — Bui. sylvanus BROD., P. Z. S.,
1840, p. 95. — Partula labrella GRAT., Actes Soc. Linn. Brod., xi, p.
423, t. 4, f. 6.— B. porraceus JAY, Catal., p. 120, t. 6, f. 5.— Cochlo-
styla sylvanoides SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil. Landmoll., p.
222, t/10, f. 4.

The principal characters distinguishing this species from C. dryus,
are the longer aperture, the thinner parieto-columellar callus, the
more convex whorls and slenderer spire, and finally the darker
ground-color, which is always yellow.

The following color-varieties are connected by intermediate forms.

The typical coloring (shown in fig. 35 of plate 17) is as fol-
lows: Ground color light yellow; two broad brown zones upon the
Ixidv whorl continuing upon the reverse of the lip ; apical whorls
white; hydrophanous stripes present but sometimes evanescent; lip
not black-edged.

Color variety porracea (pi. 17, fig. 36) is of a clear yellow or yel-
low-green color, with or without stripes of opaque hydrophanoua
cuticle on the earlier whorls ; lip entirely pure white, its reverse
clear yellow ; apical whorls white.

Color variety sylvanoides Semper (pi. 17 fig. 37 ; pi. 16, fig. 11) is
clear yellow or with white sutural and peripheral hand:?. The
earlier whorls are white; the peristome is edged with black-brown,

HELICID>£

PLATE 1

10

HELICID^E.

PLATE 2

HELJCID^E.

PLATE 3

HELICID^E.

PLATE 4

HELICID^E

PLATE 5

HELICIDyE.

PLATE 6

PLATE 7

HELICID^E.

PLATE 8

4-7

55

PLATE 9

67

HELICID>£.

PLATE 1O

HELICID^E.

PLATE 11

PLATE 12

PLATE 13

60

PLATE 15

COCHLOSTYLA-PROCHILUS. 49

its reverse being of the same color. Semper described this from a
specimen denuded of cuticle. It is between the preceding and the
following in characters.

Color variety pulchrior (pi. 16, figs. 12, 13). Ground color yel-
low, having two or three wide dark zones ; striped with hydropha-
nous cuticle. Earlier whorls dark purple ; lip edged with black
its reverse black-brown. This is the most conspicuous and hand-
some form.

C. DRYAS Broderip. PI. 16, figs. 18, 19, 25.

Almost covered but perforated, solid, pyramidal, the spire
conically elevated, its lateral outlines straight. Whorls 6J to 7,
nearly flat. Aperture decidedly less than half the length of the
shell, oblique ; peristome very broadly reflexed, strongly rolled back-
ward or recurved at the edge. Reverse of the lip light colored, the
dark bands, when present, not continuing upon it. Ground-color
white or whitish buff, unicolored or having dark bands below suture,
around umbilicus and often at the periphery.

Spire straightly conical. Aperture small, the peristome very
broad, its face convex, white, never dark-edged. Columella very
heavily calloused above ; parietal callus rather thick at the edge.

Alt. 52, diam. 25 mill.

Alt. 48, diam. 21 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

Bulimus dry as BROD., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 94. — Bulimus dryas PFR.,
Monogr. ii, p. 41. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 45. — Bulimus par adoxus
PFR. in Phil., Abbild. ii, p. 155, t. 6, f. 6. — B. porrdceus SOWB.,
Conch. Illustr., f. 108-111, not of Jay.

A solider, more straightly conical species than C. virgata, gener-
ally having a whorl more, a thicker columellar callus and a lighter
ground color, as well as a different color-pattern. Notwithstanding
all of these differences there are individuals which it is extremely
difficult to satisfactorily name. The principal color patterns are
the following:

1. Unicolored white or faint buff (fig. 25).

2. Unicolored white or faint buff, with a dark chestnut band at
or near the suture, and another at the columella (fig. 19).

3. The same, but having a broad or narrow brown band at the
periphery (fig. 18).

A specimen before me is chestnut-brown, with light apex, white
sutural line and darker subsutural and umbilical bands.
4

50 COCHLOSTYLA-PROCHILUS.

C. PARTULOIDES Broderip. PI. 16, figs. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24.

Narrowly perforate, ovate-pyramidal, the spire straight-sided.
Whorls nearly 6, slightly convex. Aperture ovate, somewhat
oblique; peristome broadly, flatly expanded, white, its reverse
white. Colurnella wide, reflexed, distinctly truncated at the base.
Color yellowish, banded with black-brown, or dark chestnut with a
white sutural band. Alt. 34, diam. 18 mill.

Tablets and Mindoro, Philippines.

Bulinus partuloides BROD., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 181. — Bulimus par-
taloides REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 11, f. 54. — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 42.

I am in doubt whether this is more than a variety of C. dryas,
although the more typical forms, such as are represented in figures
23, 24, are readily distinguishable by their small size, abruptly
truncated columella, etc.

C. NIGROOINCTA Semper. PI. 13, fig. 62.

Perforate, conic-ovate, solid, smooth, shining, white, ornamented
with black chestnut bands. Spire conical, tawny above, the apex
obtuse. Whorls 5£, nearly flat, the last a little shorter than the
spire, carinated in the middle, the keel disappearing anteriorly ;
base rounded. Aperture subvertical, truncate-oval; peristome thin,
right margin sinuated above, then rather widely spreading; col-
umellar margin straightly ascending, vaultingly reflexed. (Pfr.)

Alt. 30, mill. 16 ; aperture with peristome, alt. 15, width 12 mill.

Philippines.

Bulimus pan PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 23, t. 3, f. 5 ; Novit. Conch.
p. 163, t. 44, f. 6, 7 ; Monogr. vi, p. 29 (not Helix pan BROD. 1841,
also a Cochlostyla). — Cochlostyla nigrocincta SEMPER, Reisen, p. 221.

C. MERCURIUS Pfeiffer. PI. 10, figs. 12, 13.

Perforated, ovate-conic, solid, shining (minutely decussated under
a lens), tawny-white, ornamented with wide chestnut bands ; spire
turrited-conic, rather acute. Whorls 6£, a trifle convex, the last
about three sevenths the entire length ; base rounded ; columella
substraightened. Aperture little oblique, truncate-oval; peristome
simple, narrowly expanded, the columellar margin vaultingly
reflexed. (P/r.)

Alt. 36, diam. 18; aperture alt. 16, width (inside) 9 mill.

Habitat unknown.

COCHLOSTYLA-CHRYSALLIS. 51

Bulimus mereurius PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 59 ; Monogr. iii, p.
340 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 113, t. 35, f. 3, 4.

Perhaps not a Cochlostyla, but without examining the type I am
unable to refer it to any other group.

Section XVI. CHRYSALLIS Albers, 1850.

Chrysallis ALB., Die Hel.,f>. 140 (part). — v. MARTENS in DieHel.

), p. 179, 1860, type C. chrysalidiformis Sow.

Shell perforated, elongated ovate-conic, solid, opaque, not smooth ;

e aperture ovate, less than half the length of the shell; lip broadly
expanded ; columellar margin dilated and reflexed. Hydrophanous
cuticle generally present.

Anatomy unknown.

These shells resemble Prochilus in general contour and in having
the columella or axis of the shell actually perforated — a character
in which they differ from all other sections of Cochlostyla except
certain forms of Corasia. The species of Chrysallis differ from
Proahilus in having the columella strongly folded above but not
truncated below ; in the rougher surface, dull coloring and the
possession of hydrophanous cuticle.

The three known species of Chrysallis inhabit the island Mindoro.
They may be distinguished as follows :

A. Parietal callus and columella porcelain-white, edged with dark
brown electrica.

B. Parietal wall not pure white

a. Body whorl well rounded ; aperture nearly half the
length of shell mindoroensis.

b. Body whorl laterally compressed ; aperture decidedly
less than half the length of shell chrysalidiformis.

C. CHRYSALIDIFORMIS Sowerby. PI. 14, figs. 64, 65, 66, 67.

Shell having a distinct crevice behind the columellar lip, but not
perforated ; of an oblong-ovate or cylindrical form ; solid. Typi-
cally straw-colored, with a brown sutural band spotted with white
and a brown peristome, but often clear buff with white lip, or
tawny-chestnut, conspicuously streaked with longitudinal white or
yellow stripes. Surface rather coarsely and irregularly wrinkled
by growth striae.

52 COCHLOSTYLA-CIIRYSALL1S.

The spire is long, with slightly convex outlines and blunt apex ;
whorls 7 or 7£, nearly flat, the last laterally compressed. Aperture
small, much less than half as long as the shell ; lip thin, very
broadly expanded ; columellar lip dilated ; parietal callus thin.

Alt. 70, diam. 30 mill.

Alt. 65, diam. 30 mill.

Alt. 75, diam. 26 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

Bulinus chrysalidiformis Sows., P. Z. S., 1833, p. 37 ; Conch.
Illustr., f. 28.— BROD., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 86.—Bulimus chrysalidi-
formis PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 76 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 201,t.57,f. 1-3.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 4, f. 16.— DH. in Fer., Hist., t. 149, f. 3-6,
10, 11.— Bulimus uslulatus JAY, Catal., p. 19, t. 6, f. 1, 1839.— B.
aspersus GRAT., Soc. Linn. Bord. xi, p. 421 (in part). — C. antonii
SEMPER, Reisen, p. 223.

The laterally-compressed body-whorl, the small aperture, pro-
duced at the base of the columella, and the more closed umbilicus,
are prominent characters separating this species from its allies.

The typical form (pi. 14, fig. 64) of Sowerby's original description
has a pale straw-colored cuticle ornamented with a chestnut sutural
band which is spotted with hydrophanous light patches; the lip and
columella are dark brown. A variation of this is shown in fig. 65,
representing a yellow form with white lip.

Color-var. ustulata Jay (figs. 66, 67) has a dark chestnut or red-
chestnut ground-color fading on the spire, and it is striped with
broad hydrophanous creamy or yellowish longitudinal bands.

Some specimens of this form are greatly elongated (fig. 67). The
outer lip usually shows a slight projection at the middle of its face,
produced by a short groove or furrow upon its reverse.

Variety antonii Semper. Shell broader, uniform yellow with
white sutural spots; lip white or roseate, very broadly expanded
subreflexed.

Alt. 67, diam. 42 mill. ; aperture, alt. 28, width 16 mill.

C. MINDOROENSIS Broderip. PI. 14, figs. 68, 69, 70, 71 ; pi. 15, figs.

1,2.

Umbilicate, conic-elongated-ovate, solid, the surface nearly luster-
less, somewhat wrinkled by oblique growth-stria?. Color dark
purple.-lmnvn (rarely light yellowish-brown) streaked longitudinally
with yellow or cream-white stripes, which are sometimes rather wide

COCHLOSTYLA-CHRYSALLIS. 53

and irregular (fig. 70), sometimes narrow, close and parallel (figs.
71, 1, 2.)

The spire is elevated, and either paler or darker than the body-
whorl. Apex obtuse, white or purple. Whorls 51 to 62, slightly
convex, the last whorl convex. Aperture ovate, somewhat less than
half the entire length of the shell, white inside ; lip broadly
expanded and reflexed, dark purple-brown (rarely light flesh-brown).
Columella widely dilated, folded, its reflexed edge dark brown.
Parietal wall covered with a thin transparent callus, showing the
colors of the external surface.

Alt. 64,'diain. 31 mill.

Alt. 48, diam. 26 mill.

Alt. 67, diam. 35 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

Bidinus mindoroensis BROD., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1840, p. 84.
— Bulimus mindoroensis PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 76; Conchyl. Cab., p.
202, t. 57, f. 4, 5.— REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii,t. 173, f. 5 ; Conch. Icon,
t. 4, f. 15. — Bui. wagneri GRAT., Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. ix, p. 164
(teste Pfr.). — Bui. aspersus GRAT., Ibid., p. 421, t. 2, f. 8. — Bui.
melanogaster MORCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 30.

This species is allied in color pattern to C. chrysalidiformis var.
ustulata, but may readily be distinguished by its less wrinkled sur-
face, larger and wider aperture, less elongated, more rounded body-
whorl, etc. It differs from C. electrica in having the parietal wall
colored like the exterior of the shell.

Occasional specimens possess a dark peripheral girdle bordered
above with a light band (fig. 70). The B. aspersus of Grateloup
(pi. 14, fig. 69) has no differential characters.

C. ELECTRICA Reeve. PI. 15, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.

Perforate, ovate-turrited, rather solid. Surface nearly smooth,
somewhat wrinkled by growth-lines and having subobsolete fine
spiral striae. Ground-color dark chestnut, covered with a thin but
even coat of brown cuticle, which is more or less variegated by
narrow lightning streaks of crean^-white accompanied by dark
streaks ; periphery begirt with a dark girdle (rarely obsolete) ; um-
bilical tract dark also, denuded of hydrophanous cuticle.

Spire conical, apex obtuse; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last
whorl convex. Aperture half the total length of the shell or some-
what less, white inside ; lip broadly and flatly expanded, dark

54 COCHLOSTYLA-CHRYSALLIS.

brown. Columella broad, distinctly folded ; parietal wall and col-
umella covered with a heavy deposit of pure white callus, the reflexed
edge of the columella and a band at the edge of the parietal callus
dark brown. Alt. 59, diam. 31 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

Bulimus electricus REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. v, f. 21 (April, 1848).
— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 326. — Bui. lichenifer MORCH, Catal. Conch.
Kierulf, p. 29, t. 1, f. 3 (October, 1850).— Bui. cailliaudi PETIT,
Journ. de Conchyl. 1850, p. 414, t. 13, f. 3.

This species is allied in form to C. mindoroensis,})ut it differs in hav-
ing the columella and parietal wall covered with an opaque porce-
lain-white callus edged with a brown band. The external coloration
of the shell, also, is different.

There can be no reasonable doubt that the three forms included
in the above synonymy are specifically identical. Fig. 4 is Reeve's
original electrica ; fig. 5 is the lichenifer of Morch ; fig. 3 is drawn
from a specimen before me.

Color-var. cailliaudi Petit (fig. 6) is a pale yellow individual or
perhaps a pale race, holding the same relation to the dark forms
that the typical C. chrysalidiformis holds to the var. ustulata Jay.

HELIX-LEUCOCHROA. 55

SUPPLEMENT TO HELIX.

The following pages contain descriptions of species which have
been made known since the publication of the various parts of this
work treating of the genus Helix, and also of certain species
omitted in the body of the work.

Genus SAGDA (Vol. Ill, p. 5).

From this group must be removed the species circumfirmata Redf.
and discrepans Pfr. (p. 9), of Bermuda. These belong to PCECILO
ZONITES, a genus of Zomtidce (Vid. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila.
1888, p. 285).

Genus LEUCOCHROA (Vol. Ill, p. 10).

KOBELT, in his continuation of Rossmiissler's Iconographie (new
series, vol. iii, p. 29-43, 1887), has discussed this group with his
accustomed acumen, and has illustrated a large series of specific
and varietal forms. He seems to consider H. thayaca and H.
titanodolena of Bourg. as mere varieties of H. otthiana, but SPIRONO
MALA (pi. 21, figs. 10, 11) he thinks is a well-defined and distinct
species.

L. CANDIDISSIMA var. SAKDOA Maltzan.

Illustrations of this Sardinian species or variety are given by
Kobelt ; the form has been referred to bcetica by some, to rimosa
Christ, and Jan by other authors. It is probably a local variety or
sub-species of candidissima.

L. OCTINELLA Bourguignat. PL 21, figs. 7, 8, 9.

See Manual iii, p. 13. The figures here given are from Kobelt.
This form differs from cariosula in the much stronger keel, and the
rougher sculpture, but intermediate specimens will probably be
found.

St. Denis au Sig S.-E. of Or an.

L. DEBEAUXI Kobelt. PI. 21, figs. 4, 5, 6.

The sculpture consists above of close, irregular wrinkles, which
are coarser and more uneven than in octinella and Kobeltiana-, the
whorls are shouldered, the last whorl becoming rounded toward the
aperture, by the obsolescence of the keel. This seems to be a species
distinct from Kobelti and mayrani.

Near Nemours, and Leila Marnia, Algier.

56 HELIX-LEUCOCHROA.

L. HISPANICA Westerlund. PI. 21, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell depressed-globuloid, covered umbilicate or with the umbili-
cus wholly closed, solid, chalky, gray-white, not shining, more or less
wrinkle-striate, the apex smooth, shining, submamillar, whorls 5, the
upper slightly convex, separated by a crenulated suture, regularly
and slowly increasing ; last whorl slightly dilated, angulated at the
periphery, the angle often becoming obsolete toward the aperture ;
arcuately deflexed in front, beneath convex, flat around the
umbilicus, into which it passes by a right angle. Aperture small,
semi-ovate subangulate outside ; peristome lightly thickened] mar-
gins joined by a thin callus, the upper margin much produced,
outer slightly reflexed, basal more or less dilated above the
umbilicus. Alt. 14, greater diam. 18, lesser Ifi mill. (Kob.}

Almeria and Malaga, southern Spain.

H. cariosula ROSSM., Icon, iii, p. 17, not Mich. — L. hispanica
WESTERL., Fauna Palsearct. Binnenconch. i, p. 87. — KOBELT,
contin. of Rossm. Icon. n. f., iii, p. 39, f. 448, 449.

L. SAHARICA Debeaux. PI. 21, figs. 15, 16, 17.

Shell subglobose-conoidal, exumbilicate, angulate, scarcely shin-
ing, chalky, white or slightly buff; irregularly striated ; spine conoid,
apex rather obtuse, smooth, white; suture profoundly impressed,
very slightly crenulated, whorls 5? slightly convex, regularly
widening, angulated above the suture; last whorl slightly dilated,
distinctly angulated in the middle but hardly carinated, deflexed in
front, base convex. Aperture ovate, lunate, oblique; peristome
thickened in adults, the outer and lower margins a little reflexed ;
margins parallel, insertions distant, joined by a callus; columellar
very little excavated, dilated at the insertion entirely closing the
umbilicus. Alt. 15, greater diam. 20£, lesser 18 mill. (Kob.)

Oases of the desert border, southern Or an.

L. saharica (Deb. in sched.) KOBELT, Nachr. Bl. 1887, p. 124;
Iconogr. iii, p. 36, f. 439, 440.

This seems to be a species peculiar to the Southern Oran desert
border, occurring with the two-toothed Macularias. The peculiar
suture, the slow increase of the whorls and the lusterless upper sur-
face remind one of the group of H. cariosula, and sunder this form
from the keeled varieties of H. candidissima.

HELIX-LAOMA. 57

L. ISSERICA Kobelt. PI. 21, figs. 12, 13, 14.

Shell depressed -trochoidal umbilicate, or having the umbilicus
more or less covered, or entirely so; periphery angulate, base a
little convex. Solid, chalky, striatulate, rather shining, white or
yellowish-white. Spire conoid, the apex peculiarly exserted.
Whorls 6, those of the apex convex, the following flat, lightly
impressed above the suture, forming a keel, which the impressed,
slightly crenulated suture follows ; last whorl inflated but scarcely
dilated, angulate-carinated, convex above and below : no umbilical
angle ; at the aperture the whorl descends suddenly and deeply.
Aperture very oblique, ovate-angulate, moderately lunate, margins
somewhat approaching, joined by a very thin callus; upper mar-
gin straight, produced, acute, forming an angle with the scarcely
reflexed outer lip, basal lip thickened, a little reflexed, dilated over
the umbilicus at the insertion. Alt. 15-18, diam. greater 2H-24,
lesser 185-21 mill. (Kob.)

Tizi R'rir, at the passage of the oriental Isser, below Palestro.

Leucochroa isserica KOB., Icon. Land u. Siisswasser-Moll. (n. f.),
iii, p. 33, f. 429-432, 1887.

This form lies between the groups of candidissima and otthiana.
It cannot be united with the former on account of the form of the
apex. It differs from spiranomala in lacking an umbilical angle,
and in having the whorls much less closely united at the sutures ; it
differs from thayaca and titanodolena in having the whorl much
more deeply deflexed at the aperture. The species is probably con-
fined to the basin of the Isser, and seems to be widely distributed
therein.

Unfigured Leucochroce.

L. ADANENSIS Naegele, Nachr.-Bl. D. M. Ges. 1890, p. 140.
Adana, Cilicia, Syria. Resembles fanbriata Bgt., but is more
depressed, the umbilicus is constant though more or less covered;
the keel is not crenulated, and the size is larger — alt. 8-10, diam.
16-18 mill.

Genus LAOMA (vol. Ill, p. 68, -f PhrixgnathusrIII, p. 37).
Laoma (Gray) PILS., Nautilus, Sept. 5, 1892, p. 55.

L. MARINA Hutton. PL 23, figs. 17-20.

Shell small, trochiform, carinated, narrowly perforated ; thin ;
subtranslucent, corneous, closely striped with reddish undulating or

58 HELIX-LAOMA.

zigzag streaks, radiating on the base, oblique above; the cord-like
keel alternately white and reddish. Surface obliquely regularly
striated ; shining with a golden luster.

Spire conic, with slightly convex slopes; apex slightly obtuse.
Whorls 6, flat, the carina projecting cord-like alon^ the sutures ;
last whorl somewhat concave above and below the peripheral keel ;
base convex.

Aperture somewhat oblique, rhombic ; columella thickened within
and bearing a strong spiral fold ; parietal wall bearing one or two
strong entering folds, outer lip having one fold above the periphery
and from one to three upon the base. Lip sharp, dark-edged ; sim-
ple except at the columella, where it is expanded.

Alt. 2-3, diam. 3'5 mill.

North I* land of New Zealand at Forty-mile Bush, Mt. Welling-
ton and Remuera, near Auckland.

Endodonta marina BUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 196. —
Laoma marina SUTER, /. c. xxiv, p. 283, 298, t. 23, f. 41, 42 (jaw
and dentition). — E. nerissa HUTTON, op. cit., p. 196 ; of. Suter, op.
cit. p. 283.

Suter has shown that the number of teeth developed varies from
three to seven, Button's L. nerissa being founded upon specimens
with the last number (fig. 18.)

This species has the contour and coloring of L. pcecilosticta Pfr.,
but in the teeth it resembles L. leimonias.

L. CONELLA Pfr. PL 23, fig. 16.

Shell very narrowly perforated, depressed-turbinate, distinctly
angled at the circumference, about equally convex above and
below the keel ; thin, somewhat translucent, horny with close irreg-
ular stripes of tawny-brown, which radiate below, and descend
obliquely forward above. Surface smooth, having a dull silky
luster but not shining ; growth striae very delicate.

Spire low-conoidal, apex obtuse ; whorls 4], rather convex.
Aperture somewhat oblique, sublunate ; peristome simple, thin, the
upper lip arched forward ; columellar lip dilated and subreflexed.
Umbilical perforation minute, almost concealed in the adult.

Alt. 2, diam. 3 mill.

Kakepuku. Horokiwi, Wellington and Auckland, New Zealand.

H. conella PFR., Mai. Bl. viii, 1861, p. 147 ; Monogr. v, p. 86.—
Phrixgnathus conella HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 1(J(>.

HELIX-LAOMA. 59

Pfeiffer's description indicates a shell larger than the individual
described above and figured ; some others before me have rather
higher spire.

L. ARIEL H utton. Unfigured.

Shell small, depressed, scarcely shining, finely ribbed, subperfor-
ate; color pale yellowish-horny. Spire conoidal, depressed, with 5
slowly increasing whorls, the last obscurely carinated ; finely stri-
ately ribbed, the base delicately spirally striatulate ; suture
impressed; umbilicus covered ; aperture oblique, lunate; peristome
thin, the columellar margin reflected.

Greatest diameter '13, least '12, height "1 inch. (Hutt.*)
North Island of New Zealand at Auckland, Wanganui Parua
Bay near Whangarei.

Phrixgnathus ariel HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, pp. 177, 196,
1883.— SUTER, 1. c., 1891, p. 278.

Distinguished from the other species of the genus by being finely
ribbed, and from H. pwcilosticta by the columella not being thick-
ened, and the suture not margined. From H. granum it differs in
color and in having the umbilicus covered. (Hutton.')

L. TRANSITANS Suter. PL 23, figs. 85, 86, 87.

Shell conoidal, subperforated, finely striated with growth lines,
faintly shining; color pale yellow-horn, irregularly banded with
chestnut; transparent, fragile. Spire conoidal, apex rather obtuse.
Whorls 5, slowly and regularly increasing, rather flattened, the last
acutely keeled, striae very delicate, slightly arcuate; suture not
deep, not margined. Aperture vertical, subrhomboidal ; peristome
rather thin, angulated ; outer lip strongly callous, the white cal-
losity reaching to a good distance in the interior. Columellar mar-
gin slightly deflexed, callous, short, regularly arched. Base convex.
Umbilicus very narrow, partly covered. In young specimens the
callosity extends very far backwards, and the umbilicus is open.
Diameter, greatest 3, least 2s, height, 2J mill. (Sut.)

Heavy Bush, Parua Bay, Whangarei (Ch. T. Musson).

Phrixgnathus transitans SUTER, Trans. N. Z. Inst. 1891, p. 297,
t. 22, f. 40a, 6.

This species is very near Ph. marina Hutt., but has no lamellae or
teeth in the aperture, and the suture is not margined. It may be

60 HELIX-LAOMA.

considered as an intermediate form between Phrlxgnathus and the
subgenus Laoma.

Among the few specimens none had the animal left in, and the
dentition, therefore, remains unknown for the present. (Suter.)

L. MARGINATA Hutton. PI. 23, figs. 94, 95, 96.

Shell small, conical, umbilicated, striated. Color pale horny-
brown, regularly longitudinally banded with reddish-fulvous, the
fulvous bauds becoming obsolete near the mouth, base pale horny-
brown. Spire conical, slightly acute ; whorls 5£, flattened, sharply
keeled; the fir^t 1? whorls smooth, but spirally striated, the rest
longitudinally striated with growth-lines ; base slightly convex,
radiately striated, and very delicately spirally striatulated ; periph-
ery sharply keeled; suture marginated; umbilicus narrow, about
one-tenth of the diameter ; aperture vertical, rhomboidal ; peri-
stome thin, the outer and inner margins nearly parallel, columellar
margin slightly reflected. Greatest diameter O15, least 0*13,
height 0*1 inch.

Animal small, eye peduncles long, the tentacles moderate; body
elongate, foot slightly produced behind beyond the shell. Color
pale yellowish ; peduncles, a stripe on each side of the head, and
another short stripe in the middle on each side of the foot purplish-
gray. Dentition, 40-1-40. (HutQ

Greymouth, New Zealand.

Phrixgnathm marginatus HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, p. 137,
1882 ; I. c., xvi, p. 196.

The figures were drawn from the type.

L. CELIA Hutton. Vol. IX, PL 1, fig. 10.

Shell trochoidal, narrowly umbilicated, carinated. Somewhat
translucent, alternately flamed with white and reddish-brown above,
horny-brown beneath. Surface apparently smooth and lustrous,
but not glabrous; under a lens seen to be obliquely striated, decus-
sated by very fine, crowded spiral lines.

Spire conical, composed of 5 whorls, which are rather convex and
separated by simple, slightly impressed sutures. Last whorl dis-
tinctly but rather bluntly angular at the periphery, very convex
below, and deeply indented around the umbilicus. Aperture
slightly oblique ; peristome thin, expanded at the columella.

Alt. 2, diam. 2* mill.

HELIX-LAOMA. 61

New Zealand, at Wanganui, Wellington, Horokiwi and near Maur-
iceville, Forty-mile Bush, North Island ; and Dunedin and Mulford
Sound, Greymouth and Temuka, South Island.

Phrixgnathus celia HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. lust, xvi, p. 176, 197,
— SUTER, I.e., xxiv, p. 274. — Helix fatua HUTTON, I. c., xiv, p. 153,
t. 3, f. N (jaw). Not H. fatua of Pfr.

The beautiful beading of the surface is a notable character, but
is seen only under a strong lens.

L. PHRYNIA Hutton. PI. 23, figs. 88, 89, 90.

Shell minute, conoidal, umbilicated, the epidermis plicated.
Color pale horny, radiately streaked with rufous. Spire conoidal,
acute; periphery obtusely angled; suture impressed; whorls 5,
rounded, smooth, the epidermis rather distinctly wrinkled ; umbili-
cus narrow, open ; aperture slightly oblique, rotundly lunar ; peri-
stome thin, the margins approximating ; the columellar margin
scarcely reflected. Greatest diameter •!, least '09, height '09 incht

Very near P. celia, but differs in the plaited epidermis. (Hutt.)

Wanganui, North Island, New Zealand.

Phrixgnathus phrynia HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 197.

L. ACANTHINULOPSIS Suter. PI. 23, figs. 100, 1, 2.

Shell small, conoidal, umbilicated ; color pale horny with regular
broad streaks of rufous, faintly shining, transparent, fragile. Epi-
dermis with slightly sinuated membranaceous plaits, about 12 in the
tenth of an inch (5 per mill.). Spire conoidal, rather depressed.
Whorls 5, slowly but regularly increasing, rounded ; periphery cari-
nated. Suture impressed. Aperture oblique, rotundly lunar.
Peristome thin, straight; the margins slightly approximating. The
columellar margin scarcely reflected, somewhat callous inside.
Umbilicus moderate, deep, open, one-fourth of the diameter.

Diameter 0'12 in. (3 mm.), height 0'08 in. (2 mm.). (Suter. )

South Island N. Z., White Horse Hill, Hooker Valley. Amongst
dead leaves and mould in the subalpine bush. Rather scarce.

This species is very near Ph. phrynia, Hutt., but the sjrire is more
depressed and the umbilicus larger. Animal: jaw arcuate, not
tapering, lamellate, the lamella flat, densely covered with hair-like
papillae; about five of the central lamellae much broader than the
others. Dentition: 21-1-21. Central tooth rectangular, much
longer than broad, reflexed portion nearly half the length of the

62 HELIX-LAOMA.

base, unicusjtid, marginal teeth twice as broad as the central tooth,
bicuspid, the cutting-points growing larger and reaching the poste-
rior margin of the base as they approach the margin of the radii la.
The last two teeth much broader than long, with rudimentary cusps.
(8ul.)

Phrixgnathus acanthinulopsis SUTER, Trans. N. Z. Inst. 1890, p.
92, t. 18, f. 11, a, b, S, T (shell and dentition).

L. TITANIA Hutton. PL 23, figs. 82, 83, 84.

Shell globosely conoidal, umbilicated, striated ; pale horny, irregu-
larly banded with chestnut. Spire conoidal, rather obtuse ; periph-
ery obtusely carinated ; suture margined ; whorls 5-6, rounded,
very finely striated ; umbilicus broad, perspective ; aperture very
slightly oblique, subcircular ; peristome thin, the margins closely
converging; columellar margin not reflected.

Greatest diameter '14, least *12, height '10 inch. (J/i/tt.)
Differs from P. sciadium in the higher spire and the obtuse keel.

Dunedin, S. Island, New Zealand.

Phrixgnathus titania HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 177, 198
(1883).
The type specimen is figured.

L. HAASTI Hutton. PL 23, figs. 91, 92, 93.

Shell minute, depressed, smooth, shining, umbilicated; color
horny, usually with irregular radiating bands of reddish brown and
white. Spire conoidal, depressed ; whorls 4-1, slowly increasing,
rounded, the last subcarinated, obscurely distantly striated ; suture
impressed; umbilicus moderate, pervious, showing the penultimate
whorl; aperture subvertical, lunately subcircular ; peristome thin,
arched, the margins not approaching.

Greatest diameter '12, least •!, height '07 inch.

Distinguished by its smooth, shining surface and brown and
white bands. Its generic position must remain doubtful until the
dentition is known. (Hutt.*)

Mi. Somers, Canterbury, South L, New Zealand, on limestone
cliffs.

Phrixgnathus (/) haasti HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p.
177, 198.

HELIX-LAOMA. 63

L. PUMILA Hutton. PL 23, figs. 97, 98, 99.

Shell minute, sub-discoidal, umbilicated, thin, translucent, smooth,
scarcely shining, with distant plait-like ribs ; color horny brown.
Spire slightly convex; whorls 4, increasing rather rapidly, rounded
with regular, distant membraneous ribs, about 20 to 25 in the tenth
of an inch, the interstices finely reticulated ; suture impressed ;
umbilicus rather large, about one-fourth the diameter of the shell,
gradated, pervious ; aperture large, rather oblique, subcircular,
broader than high; peristome thin, regularly arched, the columellar
margin slightly reflected. (Hutf)

Alt. -75, diam. 1'75 mill.

Eyreton, N. Canterbury, and Christchurch, New Zealand.

Microphysa (f) pumila HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, p. 134,
1882 ; 1. c., xvi, p. 195. — Phrixgnathus pumilus SUTER, in lit.

This species has much the aspect of Patula, but it is referred by
Mr. Suter to Phrixgnathus.

L. MICRORETICULATA Suter. PL 23, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Shell very small, globosely elevated, horny-fulvous, shining, very
thin, pellucid, finely striated, reticulated between the striae. Spire
conical, elevated. Whorls 5, rounded, regularly increasing. Suture
impressed. Aperture oblique, rotundly lunar, but little excavated
by the penultimate whorl. Peristome straight, acute, margins
faintly convergent ; columellar margiu somewhat reflected, descend-
ing straight. Umbilicus narrow, deep.

Diameter O07 in. (17 mm.), height O05 in. (T3 mm.). (Suter.)
Badwellj Forty-mile Bmh> N. Island, New Zealand.

Hyalina microreticulata SUTER, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii, 1889, p.
227, t. 15, f. 13a, b. — Phrixgnathus microreticulata SUTER, in lit.

L. ALLOCHROIDA Suter. PL 23, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.

Shell very small, depressed ; the first three whorls colorless, the
penultimate yellowish-horny, and ihe last horny-fulvous; very thin,
pellucid, with distant fine ribs, directed backwards on the surface
and somewhat arcuated on the side; about 30 ribs in the tenth of
an inch (12 per mm.). Distinctly reticulated between the ribs.
Spire slightly elevated. Whorls 5, swollen, regularly increasing,
the last not descending. Suture deep. Aperture slightly oblique,
rotundly lunar, little excavated by the penultimate whorl. Peri-
stome straight, acute, margins convergent, columellar margin

64 HELIX-GERONTIA.

slightly reflected, slightly bent downward. Umbilicus very narrow.
(Snter.) Alt. 1, diam 1'5 mill.'

Near Mauriceville, in the bush, North Island, New Zealand.
Hyalina allochroida SUTER, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii, p. 228, t. 15,
f. 14 a— c; with var. sericata, loc. cit., f. 15 a, b, and var. lateumbili-
cata, f. 16 a, b. — Phrixgnathus allochroida SUTER, in lit.

Var. sericata Suter. PL 23, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Shell very small, depressed, yellowish-horny, thin, pellucid,
closely and finely ribbed, ribs bent backwards on the surface,
slightly undulating on the periphery ; about 60 ribs in the tenth of
an inch (25 per mm.). Spire slightly elevated. Whorls 5, slowly
and regularly increasing, narrow, rounded, the last not descending.
Suture deep. Aperture oblique, lunar, higher than broad, little
excavated by the penultimate whorl. Peristome straight, acute,
upper margin somewhat advancing, columellar margin not reflected,
obliquely bent downwards. Umbilicus very narrow.

Diameter 0'05 in. (T2 mm.), height 0'03 in. (O7 mm.). (Suter.)

Under dead leaves and rotten wood in the bush. Found only

one specimen. North Island ; Forty-mile Bush ; Hastwell. (H. &)

Var. lateumbilicata Suter. PL 23, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Shell very small, depressed, yellowish-horny, shining, pellucid,
thin, with rather distant ribs, bent backwards on the surface, oblique
and undulated on the periphery. Interstices reticulated. Spire
slightly elevated, apex smooth, colorless. Whorls 5, regularly and
slowly increasing, narrow, rounded, the last rather descending.
Aperture very oblique, rotundly lunar, little excavated by the
penultimate whorl. Peristome straight, acute, margins convergent ;
columellar margin slightly reflected, arcuately bent downwards.
Umbilicus open, deep, about one -fifth of the diameter.

Diameter 0'06 in. (T5 mm.), height 0*04 in. (1 mm.).

Amongst dead leaves and mould in the bush. North Island ;
Forty-mile Bush ; Hastwell. (H. &)

Genus GERONTIA Hutton, 1883.

This name may be used in an enlarged sense to include all of the
New Zealand Helices having a Patuloid shell, a caudal mucus
gland and decidedly Patuloid rather than Zonitoid marginal teeth
of the radula. For these forms Hutton proposed a family, Charo-
pidce ; but on the ground that the genus Charopa was founded upon

HELIX-GERONTIA. 65

a species of Patula, Suter has changed the family name to Phenaco-
helicidce, including therein the genera Phacussa Hutt., Thalassia
(Hutt. non Alb.), Gerontia Hutt., Payra (Hutt. non Stal.), Pyrrlia,
Therasia, Phenacohelix, Patulopsis (Suter non Strebel), Amphidoxa
(of N. Z. authors, non Alb.) and Calymna. Now with the excep-
tion of Phacussa and perhaps Thalassia, these groups have a denti-
tion unequivocally Patuloid. The figures given by Hutton and by
Suter do not satisfactorily show the contours of the basal plates
(base of attachment) of the marginal teeth of Phacussa or Thalas-
sia, and I can therefore offer no intelligent opinion upon the sys-
tematic position of those groups ; but I am inclined to regard the
marginal teeth as pseudo-zomtoid, rather than truly aculeate.

The names proposed for species of this group in chronological
order are as follows :

1. Gerontia Hutt., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, p. 135, May, 1883.
(Type G. pantherina Hutt.)

2. Therasia Hutt., Ibid, xvi, p. 182, May, 1884. (Type T. cel-
inde Gray.)

3. Calymna Hutt., Ibid, xvi, p. 199, May, 1884. (Type C. costu-
lata Hutt.)

4. Pyrrha Hutt., Ibid, xvi, p. 200, May, 1884. (Type P. cressida
Hutt.)

5. Psyra Hutt., Ibid, xvi, p. 201, May, 1884, (Type H. dimorpha
Pfr.)

6. Phenacohelix Suter, Ibid, xxiv, p. 270, 1891. (Type H. pilula
Eve.)

7. Patulopsis Suter, Ibid, xxiv, p. 270, 1891. (Type H. ide
Gray.)

For further notes, see The Nautilus for September, 1892, p. 54.

Section GERONTIA Hutton (s. sir.').

G. PANTHERINA Hutton. Vol. IX, PI. 3, figS. 1, 2, 3.

Shell depressed, broadly and deeply umbilicated, obtusely cari-
nated above the periphery ; thin and rather fragile ; green-corneous,
a little translucent. Surface lustrous, sculptured with close fine,
unequal ribs of cuticle.

Spire slightly convex; whorls 4i, convex, separated by deep
sutures, the last whorl not descending in front. Aperture oblique,
round-lunar; peristome thin and simple; parietal wall smooth,
blue-white. Alt. 4<i, diam. 9 mill.

5 Greymouth, New Zealand.

66 HELIX-ALLODISCUS.

G. pantherina HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, p. 135 ; Ibid, xvi,
p. 166, 200, t. 9, f. I, t. 11, f. R (jaw and dentition).

This species has something the aspect of a small Selenites con-
cavus, but the surface is finely and densely striated and the shoulder
is obtusely angled.

G. CORDELIA Hutton. PI. 22, figs. 34, 35, 36.

Shell subdiscoidal, widely umbilicated, striated ; color pale horny,
marbled with reddish-brown and covered with a shining yellow
epidermis. Spire convex; whorl? 4£, slowly increasing, rounded,
with tolerably regular, rather crowded, and rather coarse strise of
old growth-lines, suture impressed ; umbilicus broad, conical, show-
ing all the whorls, but not gradated ; aperture slightly oblique, sub-
circular peristome thin, right margin descending, columellar mar-
gin rapidly ascending but not vertical, the two margins not
approaching. Greatest diameter '32, least '27, height '18 inch.
(Butt.)

Titirangi, Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman).

G. cordelia HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 179 (1884).

I place this species in Gerontia from the general appearance of
the shell, but do not know the animal nor the dentition. It differs
from G. pantherina in being more convex, in the epidermis not being
plaited, in being more coarsely striated, in the right margin descend-
ing, in the aperture being less oblique, and in its colors. (Hutt.)

My figures were drawn by Mr. Suter from Prof. Button's type.

Section ALLODISCUS Pilsbry.

Allodiscus PILS., The Nautilus, Sept. 5, 1892, p. 56, type ff.
dimorpha Pfr. — Psyra HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 201,
May, 1884.— Not Psyra Stal, 1876, a genus of Orthoptera.

G. DIMORPHA Pfr. (vol. II, p. 211).

G. CASSANDRA Hutton. PI. 22, figs. 37, 38, 39.

Shell depressed, subperforate, closely ribbed ; color pale horny,
with longitudinal angulated bands of chestnut. Spire conoidal,
depressed, obtuse; whorls 5-1, gradually increasing, very finely
ribbed; ribs about 20 in the tenth of an inch ; periphery rounded;
suture impressed ; umbilicus very narrow, almost covered; aperture
rather oblique, rotundly lunate; peristome acute, straight, the mar-

HELIX-ALLODISCUS. 67

gins not approaching; columellar margin obliquely ascending,
slightly reflected and thickened. Diameter '5 inch. (Hutt.)

The generic position of this shell is very doubtful ; it somewhat
resembles H. igniflua, but differs in its very narrow umbilicus.
The only specimens I have seen were old and rubbed. (Hutt.*)

Napier, North /., New Zealand.

Charopa (7) cassandra HUTT., Tr. N. Z. I. xvi, p. 181. — Psyra
cassandra HUTT., Ibid., p. 201.

My figures were drawn from Prof. Hutton's type.

G. VENULATA Pfr. (See Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 201 ; Manual
II, p. 211.)

G. TULLIA Gray. (Manual vol. II, p. 211.)

G. ADRIANA Hutton. TJnfigured.

Shell small, discoidal, narrowly umbilicated, finely ribbed ;
color pale horny with spots and angular streaks of chestnut. Spire
flat ; whorls 4?, slowly increasing, rounded, delicately ribbed ; ribs
about 50 in the tenth of an inch, the interstices reticulated; suture
impressed ; umbilicus narrow, but open ; aperture slightly oblique,
rotundly lunar ; peristome thin, regularly arched, the columellar
margin slightly reflected.

Greatest diameter '16, least *14, height '07 inch. (Hutt.}

Bank's Peninsula; and Napier, North I., New Zealand.

Fruticicola adriana HUTT,, Tr. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 175. — Payra
adriana HUTT., Ibid. p. 201.

The specimens before me are immature. Hutton says : spire flat,
closely ribbed ; ribs about 40 in the tenth of an inch ; umbilicus
narrow but open.

G. PLANULATA Hutton. Vol. IX, PI. 3, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell small, depressed, subperforated, closely ribbed, rather shin-
ing ; color horny-brown, sometimes clouded with rufous. Spire
slightly elevated, flatly convex ; whorls 41-5, slowly increasing,
rounded, ornamented with fine, slightly undulating ribs about 35
to 40 in the tenth of an inch, the interstice's finely striated with
growth lines; last whorl rounded at the periphery, but slightly
flattened below; sutures impressed; umbilicus very narrow and
generally covered over by the reflected columellar lip; aperture
subvertical, transversely rotundly lunar ; peristome thin ; the right

68 HELIX-ALLODI8CU8.

margin descending, then arched ; columellar margin thickened,
rapidly ascending and slightly reflected ; basal margin rather flat-
tened ; interior slightly callous.

Greatest diameter *15, least *12 ; height '6 inch. (Hutt.)

Auckland and Greymouth, New Zealand.

Charopa planulata HUTT., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 181, t. 9, f. I
(dentition). — Psyra planulata HUTT., Ibid. p. 202.

Iii the specimen figured there are about 21 riblets per millimeter
upon the front of the body-whorl at the periphery.

G. MIRANDA Button. PL 22, figs. 40, 41, 42.

Shell minute, depressed, imperforate, finely ribbed ; color pale
horny, tessellated with rufous. Spire flatly conoidal, obtuse;
whorls 5-6, rounded, very slowly increasing ; the first smooth, the
second and third with rather distant, delicate ribs, which get closer
and after the third whorl are very close and fine, about fifty in the
tenth of an inch ; umbilicus very narrow, covered ; suture impressed ;
aperture subvertical, lunate ; peristome simple, about three-fourths
of a circle, the columellar margin slightly callous and reflected.
Greatest diameter '15, least '14, height '11 inch. (Hutt.)

Animal : mantle subcentral ; tail truncated, with a mucus gland
below a papilla ; eye peduncles thick, approximated at their bases.
Anterior portion of the animal, including the eye peduncles and
tentacles, pale purplish, the peduncles darker ; a narrow white line
down the back; foot and the rest of the body yellowish-white.
(Hutt.y

Greymouth, New Zealand.

Charopa miranda HUTT., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 180, t. 9, f. w,
t. 11, f. 8 (dentition and jaw). — Psyra miranda HUTT., Ibid. p. 202.

My figures are drawn from Prof. Button's type.

G. GODETI Suter. PL 22, figs. 43, 44, 45.

Shell discoidal, perforated, color horny, without any markings,
not shining, transparent, thin, with strong, rather distant, and
almost straight radiating ribs, about 23 in the tenth of an inch (9
per mm.). Spire flat. Whorls 5, slightly rounded, narrow, regu-
larly increasing, the last not descending. Suture impressed.
Aperture subvertical, lunar, considerably excavated by the penulti-
mate whorl. Peristome straight, simple, basal margin slightly

HELIX-PHENACOHELIX, SUTERIA. 69

arcuated. Columellar margin very short, but little reflected,
slightly thickened. Umbilicus very narrow, but open. (Suter.}

Alt. 2-5, diam. 4*5 mill.

Foot of Sealy Range, Hooker Valley, South Island, N. Z. ; under
stones.

Psyra godeti SUT., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxiii, p. 90, t. 17, f. 8, a, b
(shell) ; O, P (jaw and dentition).

Stands nearest to Psyra tullia Gray, but is easily distinguished by
the absence of color-markings, the stronger more distant ribs and
the open umbilicus.

Section PHENACOHELIX Suter, 1891.
G. IOTA Pfr. (Vol. II, p. 212.)
G. GRANUM Pfr. (Vol. II, p. 212.)

G. CHORDATA Pfr.

Section SUTERIA Pilsbry.

Suteria PILS., The Nautilus, Sept. 5, 1892, p. 56, type H. ide
Gray. — Charopa HUTTON, olim, non Albers. — Patulopsis SUTER,
Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxiv, p. 270, 1891, type H. ida Gray ; not Patu-
lopsis Strebel, 1879, a Mexican group of Zonitidce.

G. IDE Gray. (Vol. II, p. 210.;
G. ZIGZAG Gould. (Vol. II, p. 210.)

This species, described in 1846, is evidently distinct from H. ide
Gray. The specimens were found by Dr. Pickering, of the U. S.
Expl. Exped., in a crater near Taiaimi, N. Z.

Section THERASIA Hutton, 1884.

A. Subperforate species.
G. CELINDE Gray. (Manual II, p. 211.)
G. VALERIA Hutton. PL 22, figs. 46, 47, 48.

Shell globose-conoid al, depressed, finely ribbed, subperforate ;
color pale horny, irregularly marked with rufous. Spire conoidal,
obtuse ; periphery obtusely angled ; suture scarcely impressed ;
whorls 4-5, rather flattened, irregularly finely ribbed, both above
and below, ribs about 20-25 in the tenth of an inch ; umbilicus very
narrow, covered ; aperture oblique, angularly lunate ; peristome

70 HELIX-THERASIA.

simple, the margins not converging ; columellar margin reflected.
Greatest diameter '25, least '2, height '15 inch. (Hutt.)

Dunedin, New Zealand.

• Therasia Valeria HUTT., Tr. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 183, 202, t. 9, f.
N_ H. hypopolia HUTT., Ibid, xiv, p. 151, t. 3, f. B, not of Pfr.

Differs from thaisa in the narrow umbilicus, from ophelia in being
ribbed. My figures were drawn by Mr. Suter from Prof. Mutton's
type.

G. OPHELIA Pfr. (Manual II, p. 211.)

B. Narrowly umbilicated species.

G. TAMORA Hutton. PI. 22, figs. 49, 50, 51.

Shell small, conical, umbilicated, with membranous plaits; color
horny-brown. Spire conical, rather acute ; periphery subangled .
suture impressed ; whorls 5-6, rather flattened, finely striated and
with irregular distant membranous ribs, easily rubbed off; umbilicus
narrow but open ; aperture transversely oval ; peristome thin, the
margins converging. (Hutt.') Alt. 2'5, diam. 4 mill.

Auckland, New Zealand.

Therasia tamora HUTTON, Tr. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 182, 202.

Differs from celinde in the open umbilicus, and from decidua in
being more conical and smaller. My figure is from the type.

G. THAISA Hutton. Vol. IX, PL 3, figs. 14, 15, 16.

Shell rather solid, depressed, umbilicated, striated ; color pale
brown, usually irregularly banded and marked with reddish-brown.
Spire conoidal, obtuse; whorls 5-5£, slowly increasing, rather flat-
tened, more or less obscurely angled, strongly but irregularly striated ;
suture impressed ; umbilicus rather narrow, about one-seventh of
the least diameter of the shell; aperture rather oblique, rotundly
lunate; peristome thin, the columellar margin rapidly ascending
and rather reflexed. Greatest diameter '4, least '35 height '28 inch.

Animal elongated ; the foot long and narrow, reaching beyond
the shell, rounded behind, slightly truncated and with a mucus
gland situated under a caudal papilla. Mantle subcentral, included ;
body roughish ; peduncles long, cylindrical, approximated at their
bases; tentacles moderate. Top of the head yellowish-white,
peduncles, tentacles, and a line down each side of the head dark
gray ; a broad longitudinal band of white, with a dark gray line

HELIX-THALASSOHELIX. 71

in the center, runs along each side, and below the band the foot
is edged with alternate broad gray and narrow white tranverse
bands. (HutQ

Auckland, Napier, Wellington, North Island; and Waipara, Wai-
taki, Queenstown, Dunedin, Lake Guyon, Waiau, Southland, South
Island, N. Z.

Therasia thaisa HUTT., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 182, t. 9, f. M,
t. 11, f. T (jaw and dentition). — Helix ophelia Rve., non Pfr.

A common species in limestone districts of the South Island.
My figures were drawn by Mr. Suter from the type.

G. DECIDUA Pfeiffer. PI. 22, figs. 52, 53, 54.

Shell depressed, subglobose, thin and fragile, narrowly umbili-
cated. Surface having oblique striae and very fine, close spiral stria?.
Brownish-horny, obscurely marked with brown, subtranslucent.

Spire low-conoid, apex obtuse. Whorls 5, the last obtusely
angled above the middle. Aperture somewhat oblique, round-
lunate ; peristome thin, simple, expanded at the umbilicus.

Alt. 6, diam. 82 mill.

Auckland; Wangaruru, N. Z.

H. decidua Pfr., Monogr. iv, p. 71. — Therasia decidua HUTT.,
Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 203.

G. TRAVERSI E. A. Smith. (Vol. II, p. 214.)

Allied to the last, but more distinctly marked with brown and
with more acute carina.

Section THALASSOHELIX Pilsbry.

Thalassohelix PILS., The Nautilus, Sept. 5,. 1892, p. 56, type H.
zelandice. — Thalassia of HUTTON and other New Zealand authors.
— ?? Thalassia ALBERS, Die Hel. 1860, p. 59. Not Thalassia
Chevrolat, 1834, a genus of Coleoptera.

It is somewhat doubtful whether the New Zealand species belong
to Thalassia of Albers, if we restrict that group to species similar
to its type, H. subrugata Pfr., of Australia. This species presents
certain conchological features which would cause me to separate it
from the following New Zealand forms, even if a change of the
name were not necessary on the ground of preoccupation.

72 HELIX-PYRRHA.

G. PORTIA Gray. (Vol. II, p. 213.)

G. LAMBDA Pfr. (Vol. I, p. 129.) H. ignifiua of Rve. is a
synonym.

G. PROPINQUA Hutton. PI. 22, figs. 55, 56, 57.

Shell depressed, striated, narrowly umbilicated ; color pale horny
with numerous narrow zigzag red bands, which are often broken up
into a series of spots. Spire convexly conoidal, apex obtuse ; whorls
4-5, rather flattened, the first two smooth, the rest very strongly
striated with oblique growth lines ; last whorl carinated, the base
rounded; suture impressed; umbilicus narrow; aperture oblique,
rotundly lunate, anteriorly subangled ; peristome thin, the colu-
mellar margin reflected. Greatest diameter 0*24, least O2, height
0'16 inch. Dentition 21-1-21. (Hutt.)

North Island of New Zealand at Auckland and Hawke's Bay ;
South Island at Weka Pass and Southland.

Thalassia (/) propinqua HUTT., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, 1882, p.
137 (1883).— T. propinqua HUTT., Trans, xvi, p. 169, t. 10, f. G, t.
11, f. V (dentition and jaw) ; p. 203.

Allied to H. zelandice but less acutely keeled, more strongly
striated and differently colored. My figures are drawn from the
type.

G. ZELANDI.E Gray. (Vol. II, p. 214.)

G. OBNUBILA Keeve. (Vol. I, p. 120.) H. sigma Pfr. MS. is a
synonym.

Section PYRRHA Hutton, 1884.

Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 200.
G. CRESSIDA Hutton. Vol. IX, PL 3, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Shell turbinate, depressed, thin, translucent, striated, umbilicus
covered ; fulvous-horny, spire convex ; whorls 5i, slowly increasing,
rounded, shining, finely irregularly striated or plaited ; suture
impressed ; umbilicus very narrow, covered by the peristome ;
aperture slightly oblique, Innately rotund ; peristome thin, regu-
larly arched, the columellar margins slightly thickened and reflected
over the umbilicus. Greatest diameter '48, least *38, height '33 inch.
(Hutt.)

Wellington, N. Isl.; and Preservation Inlet, Haast River, South-
land and Greymouth, S. Island, New Zealand.

HELIX-CALYMNA. 73

P/eifferia (/) cressida HUTT., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 178, t. 9,
f. X, t. 11, f . N (jaw and dentition). — Pyrrha cressida HUTT., I. c.,
p. 200.

In this species the shell is seen, under the microscope, to be finely
obliquely reticulated, the crossing strise having diagonal directions.
I formerly mistook it for H. guttula but in that species the shell is
described as very smooth, with an inconsiderable, submarginated
suture, and the last whorl as callous beneath, in all of which points
it differs from our species.

H. GUTTULA Pfeiffer. (Vol. II, p. 211.) This is said by Suter to
be no New Zealand shell, but probably from Mauritius (Trans. N.
Z. Inst. xxiv, p. 281).

Section CALYMNA Hutton, 1883.

Calymna HUTTON, Tr. N. Z. Inst. 1883, p. 199, -f Amphidoxa
Hutton and Suter. Not Amphidoxa Albers, 1850.

It is difficult to see why the New Zealand species have been
referred to the South American group Amphidoxa. I have com-
pared specimens of the shells, which seem to be sufficiently distinct ;
and we have no reason to believe that the anatomy will prove iden-
tical. Those who advocate a former land connection between South
America and New Zealand may consider this a sufficient reason for
uniting the species of New Zealand and Juan Fernandez in one
group, without a comparison of either shells or anatomy ; but con-
servative malacologists will demand more evidence before accepting
either the malacological or the geographical theory.

Calymna was proposed to include the species with ribbed whorls,
the type being C. costulata Hutton ; but the smoother forms (which
New Zealand writers refer to Amphidoxa) will also be included in
Hutton's group, as they do not differ in anatomy, and the difference
in shell characters is not sufficient for sectional separation.

A. Whorls ribbed. Typical Calymna.
G. COSTULATA Hutton. Vol. IX, PI. 3, figs. 20, 21, 22.

Shell small, subdiscoidal, umbilicated, shining but not polished,
ribbed ; color pale horny, longitudinally banded with reddish, the
bands absent on the last half of the last whorl. Spire almost flat,
whorls 3J, rapidly increasing, rounded, ornamented with fine spiral
striatulations and close ribs, about 40 to 45 in the tenth of an inch,

74 HELIX-CALYMNA.

the interstices very finely reticulated ; suture impressed ; umbilicus
a narrow perforation at the bottom of a broad funnel-shaped depres-
sion, which is ribbed like the rest of the whorls ; aperture oblique,
transversely ovate ; peristome thin, regularly arched. Greatest
diameter 014, least O'l. Dentition 14-1-14. (Hutt.*)

Province of Auckland, New Zealand.

Amphidoxa costulata HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. 1882, p. 136; L
c., 1883, p. 171, t. 10, f. A (dentition).— A. (Calymna) costulata
HUTTON, L c., 1883, p. 199. — Calymna costulata SUTER, L c., 1891,
p. 277.

Distinguished by its ribbing and spiral striation. The figures
were drawn by Mr. Suter from Prof. Button's type.

G. LAVINIA Hutton. Unfigured.

Shell subdiscoidal, umbilicated, ribbed ; color yellow-horny, mot-
tled with rufous on the upper side. Spire flat ; periphery rounded ;
suture scarcely impressed; whorls 3-1, rapidly increasing, rather
flattened above, rounded below ; upper surface not shining, evenly
and closely ribbed, ribs about 18 in the tenth of an inch; lower
surface smooth, shining, longitudinally striated and irregularly
spirally striatulated ; umbilicus moderate, showing all the whorls ;
aperture oblique, rotundly lunar; peristome thin, the margins
approaching; columellar margin not reflected.

Greatest diameter '5, least '4, height '25 inch. (Hutt.)

Palmerston; Wellington, N. Z.

A. lavinia HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. 1883, p. 180, 199.

Umbilicus wider than in A. costulata, and ribbing coarser, besides
being much larger.

G. FEREDAYI Suter. PL 22, figs. 58, 59, 60.

Shell small, globosely depressed, imperforate, shining, pale-horny,
without markings, thin, transparent ; with fine ribs, arcuated on the
surface and disappearing beneath, about 25 to 30 in the tenth of an
inch (10-12 per mm.). Spire short, obtuse. Whorls 3-1, rapidly
increasing, rounded. Suture impressed. Aperture oblique, rotundly
ovate. Peristome thin, straight, regularly arched, the upper part
advancing. Columellar margin somewhat bent to the left, not
reflexed. Margins approximating. Umbilical region infundibuli-
form, imperforate. Diameter 0'14 in. (3'5 mm.), height O'OS in.

(2 mm.). (Suter.)

Hastwfill, Forty-mile Bush, North Inland, N. Z.

HEL1X-CALYMNA. 75

Amphidoxa ( Calymna) feredayi SUT., Tr. N. Z. Inst. 1890, p. 91,
t. 18, f. 10 a, b (shell), Q, R (deDtition and jaw).

G. OLIVACEA Suter. PL 22, figs. 61, 62, 63.

Shell glohosely depressed, perforated, shining, pale yellow-olive,
without markings, thin and transparent, with very close-set arcu-
ated ribs, which are flatly rounded, about 10 per mm., interrupted on
the surface with several distinct spiral grooves. Spire slightly ele-
vated, obtuse; apex smooth. Whorls 3, rather rapidly increasing,
rounded, the last slightly flattened on the surface, rounded on the base.
Suture deep. Aperture oblique, rotundly ovate, slightly excavated
by the penultimate whorl. Peristome very thin, straight, regularly
arched, the upper part advancing. Columellar margin not reflected,
sharp, vertically slightly arcuated ; outer margin strongly arched,
the margins approximating. Umbilicus very narrow, not deep;
umbilical region infundibuliform, faintly striated.

Alt. 3'}, greater diam. 5, lesser 4 mill. (Suter.}

Hilly er1 8 Creek, near Auckland, N. Z.

Amphidoxa (Calymna) olivacea SUTER, Tr. N.. Z. Inst. 1891, p.
290, t. 21, f. 13 a, b (shell), 14, 15 (jaw and dentition).

B. Shell smooth, polished.

G. OMEGA Pfr. (H. compressivoluta Rv.). Vol. I, p. 128.
G. CORNEA Hutton. PI. 22, figs. 64, 65, 66.

Shell thin, depressed, imperforate, striated, translucent; color
pale horny. Spire slightly convex ; whorls 2|, rapidly increasing,
rounded, smooth, polished, finely striated with growth lines; suture
impressed; aperture very oblique, transversely oval; peristome thin,
regularly arched, columellar lip slightly reflected. Greatest diam-
eter 0'25, least Q~2. Dentition 17-1-17.

From A. compressivoluta this shell may be distinguished by the
whorls being convex instead of flattened ; from the other New
Zealand species of Amphidoxa by being imperforate, and of a pale
horny color without markings and without ribs. The mantle of the
animal is marbled with black, which shows through the shell/
(Butt.-)

Auckland, N. Z.

Amphidoxa cornea HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, p. 136, 1882 ;
/. c., 1883, p. 171, t. 10, f. A (dentition).

My figures were drawn by Mr. Suter from Prof. Button's type.

76 HELIX-CALYMNA.

G. CORNEOFULVA Pfeiffer. PL 22, figs. 67, 68, 69.

Shell umbilicated, depressed, suborbicular, thin, lightly striat
late, distinctly so toward the sutures, shining, pellucid, corneous-
tawny ; spire slightly elevated ; suture impressed ; whorls 5, slightly
convex, regularly increasing, the last subdepressed-rounded. Umbil-
icus narrow, slightly exceeding one-sixth the diameter of the shell.
Aperture little oblique, rotund-lunar; peristome simple, straight,
margins remote, the columellar margin arcuately sloping, slightly
dilated above. Alt. 4£, greater diam. 9-}, lesser 8i mill. (Pfr.)

New Zealand (Hochstetter).

H. eorneofulva PFR., Mai. Bl. viii, 1861, p. 148 ; Novit. Conch,
iii, p. 325, t. 78, f. 11-13. — Ampidoxa eorneofulva SUTER, Trans. N.
Z. Inst. 1891, p. 287, t. 20, f. 5 a, b (shell), 6, 7 (jaw and dentition).

This species was referred by Hutton to Hyalina cellaria, but
Suter has identified it with specimens of a Calymna from Nerger
Range, South Island, IS". Z.

G. ZEBRA Le Guillon, 1842. (See P. phlogophora, vol. I, p. 128.)
Hutton is doubtless correct in including as synonyms H. phloyo-
phora Pfr., 1849; H. flammigera Pfr., 1852; H. multilimbata H.
& J., 1854.

G. JACQUENETTA Hutton. PL 22, figs. 70, 71, 72.

Shell perforate, flattened, keeled ; color pale brown. Spire flat,
or very slightly convex ; whorls 2i, rapidly increasing, very slightly
convex, the last acutely keeled and rounded on the lower surface;
smooth, delicately striated with growth lines, the surface very finely
and irregularly diagonally reticulated, and crossed with faint dis-
tant spiral stria3 ; suture impressed ; umbilicus very narrow ; aper-
ture (?). Greatest diameter *2, least "12, height *06 inch. (Hutton.)

Greymouth, New Zealand.

Amphidoxa jacquenetta HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 179,
t. 10, f. C (dentition).

Distinguished by its keeled whorls. My figures are from draw-
ings of Prof. Hutton's type, furnished by Mr. Suter.

G. PERDITA Hutton. PL 22, figs. 73, 74, 75.

Shell thin, shining, pellucid, depressed, umbilicated ; color pale
olive-horny. Spire convex; whorls 35-4, rapidly increasing,
rounded, finely irregularly striated; suture deeply impressed;
umbilicus narrow, pervious; aperture oblique, Innately circular;

HELIX-CARTH^EA. 77

peristome thin, the right margin joined closely to the next whorl.
Greatest diameter '23, least *2, height '18 inch.

The shell differs from H. chiron in being higher, the umbilicus
narrower, and the right margin of the peristome not advancing.
From H. novarce it differs in being striated, in the suture being
impressed and the spire convex. From A. cornea it differs in being
umbilicated.

Animal with the mantle central, slightly reflected over the per-
istome of the shell ; tail pointed, depressed, with a mucus gland.
Color dark slate-gray, the mantle marbled with black and white ;
sole of the foot dirty yellowish. (JEZiift.)

Auckland, Wanganui and Wellington, North Island ; Greymouth,
South Island, New Zealand.

Amphidoxa perdita HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 179, t. 11,
f. C and Q (dentition and jaw).

G. CHIRON Gray. (Vol. I, p. 129.)

The specimens from Ohaupo, collected by Mr. Chas. T. Mousson,
and of which I give figures (pi. 22, figs. 76, 77, 78), are so strongly
plaited that I first took them for a new species, closely allied to A.
chiron ; but the dentition is decidedly that of the species mentioned,
as described and figured by Professor F. W. Hutton in Trans. N.
Z. Inst., vol. XVI. This species seems to vary very much with
regard to the plaits. Specimens I collected in the Forty-mile Bush
show almost no trace of plaits, but only well developed growth lines.
The shells from Ohaupo correspond with Gray's description, though
I should not call them plaited, but ribbed. A. chiron may be con-
sidered as an intermediate form between Amphidoxa s. str. and the
subgenus Calymna Hutton, which includes the forms with ribbed
whorls. (Suter.)

G. CREBRIFLAMMIS Pfr. (Vol. I, p. 130).

CARTH^A (vol. Ill, p. 37).
The position of this group is uncertain.

H. FLOSCULUS Cox. PL 22, figs. 79, 80, 81.

Shell depressed-trochiform, imperforate, thin but solid, carinated
at the periphery. Color variable ; either (1) alternately streaked
with brown or corneous and cream-white, or (2) chestnut-brown
above and below, having a creamy peripheral line and columellar

78 HELIX-PATULA.

spot, or (3) streaked, and having a dark band just below the periph-
ery. Surface nearly smooth.

Spire lovv-conoidal, apex obtuse ; whorls 5, very slightly convex,
the last not descending in front, narrowly excavated at the axis.
Aperture oblique, lunate, white and dark within ; peristome thin
and simple, very shortly reflexed at the columellar insertion.

Alt. 7, diam. 10 mill.

Norfolk Island.

H.floseulus Cox, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 695 ; Journ. de Conchyl. 1866,
p. 48.— PFR., Monogr. v, p. 128.

This species has much resemblance in form and color to H. kirn
Gray, of New Zealand ; and it probably belongs to the same genus,
although it may prove to be a Nanina.

Genus PATULA (vol. Ill, p. 19).

P. VIRIDESCENS Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 30, fig. 32.

Shell profoundly, broadly umbilicated, thin, flat depressed, whit-
ish, covered with a corneous cuticle. Whorls 3, rapidly increasing,
smooth, shining; the last whorl large, subeffuse. Aperture lunar-
ovate, oblique ; peristome simple, thin. Alt. 2, diam. 5 mill.
(M. & P.)

Pretoria, Transvaal.

H. (Patula) viridescens M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), viii,
p. 238; 1. e., vol. ix, t. 4, f. 1.

A small shell with olivaceous epidermis and of simple character.

P. SPURCA Sowerby. PL 36, figs. 1, 2.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, suborbicular, thin, whitish variega-
ted with rufous, hardly shining; spire little elevated, obtuse at
apex; whorls 5, a little convex, regularly and slowly increasing,
striated with oblique, flexuous, close growth lines; last whorl
rounded at the periphery, hardly descending in front; aperture
wide-lunate, simple, scarcely toothed or li rate; peristome thin, the
columellar margin slightly expanded and reflexed.

Alt. Sit, greater diam. 5, lesser 4s mill.; aperture 2i long, 1§
wide. (Smith.)

Siigarloaf Hill and Quarry, St. Helena (extinct).

Helix spurca SOWB., in appendix to Darwin's Geol. Obs. on
the Volcanic Islands, etc., p. 157. — FORBES, Journ. Geol. Soc.

HELIX-PATULA. 79

Lond. viii, p. 199, t. 5, f. 10. — Hyalina spurca WOLLASTON, Test. Atl.
p. 534.— Patula spurca SMITH, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 260, t. 21, f. 1, la.

In some specimens the spire is more elevated than in others, and
occasionally the apex is scarcely raised above the last whorl. The
majority of the examples examined have to a great extent lost their
original color and are now of a uniform whitish tint ; but a few
from Sugar loaf Ridge, which have the appearance of live shells,
look of a pale reddish color to the naked eye, but when viewed
under a lens it is seen that they are variegated with irregular radi-
ating blotches of red and white intermingled. The lines of growth
are distinct, finely hair-like, arcuate and oblique on the upper sur-
face and gently undulating on the body whorl. The umbilicus is
deep but narrow, equalling about one-fifth the diameter of the base.
(Smith.')

P. DIAN.E Pfeiffer. PL 36, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Shell umbilicated, depressed, discoidal, rather thin, closely stri-
ated and irregularly varicose, slightly shining, black-brown ; spire
plane; whorls 4, convex; the last not descending, subdepressed-
rotund ; umbilicus one-fourth the diameter. Aperture suboblique,
lunate-circular; peristome simple, straight, margins converging, the
columella a little dilated above. Alt. 2, greater diam. 41, lesser 4
mill. (P/r.)

Diana's Peak, St. Helena (living).

Helix diance PFR., Mai. Bl. 1856, p. 206; Monogr. iv, p. 103.—
Hyalina diance WOLL., Test. Atl. p. 534. — Patula diance SMITH, P.
Z. S. 1892, p. 261, t. 21, f. 2, 26.

Closely allied to P. spurca.

P. PERSOLUTA Smith. PL 36, figs. 9, 10, 11.

Shell minute, broadly and openly umbilicated, discoidal, planor-
biform, pale reddish (?) ; whorls 3->, very convex, separated by a
very deep suture, rather rapidly increasing, striated with oblique
growth lines; the last whorl tube-shaped, rounded, free from the
preceding and descending in front; aperture subcircular, the colu-
mellar margin slightly flattened. Alt. 2, greater diam. 3J, lesser
2! mill. (Sm.)

Side Path, St. Helena (extinct).

P. persoluta E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 261, t. 21, f. 3-36.

80 HELIX-PATULA.

This is a very remarkable little species, at once recognized by its
planorbiforra appearance, and the detached anterior portion of the
body whorl. The upper whorls do not rise above the last, and the
suture is remarkably deep. The umbilicus is very wide and open,
permitting the convolutions of the whorls to be observed to the
apex. Both of the specimens examined exhibited traces of red
towards the apex, and there is every probability of the living shell
having exhibited more or less of that tint. (Sw.)

P. L^TISSIMA Smith. PI. 36, figs. 6, 7, 8.

Shell minute, narrowly umbilicated, depressed, subconoid ; white
with radiating reddish spots above and below. Whorls 52, slowly
increasing, a little convex above, separated by a rather deep suture,
striated with strong growth-lines; the last whorl rounded at the
periphery, hardly descending in front. Aperture half-lunate, tooth-
less; peristome thin, simple, the columellar margin dilated; umbil-
icus profound, narrow, one-fifth the diameter of the shell.

Alt. 2J, greater diam. 4, lesser 82 mill. ($m.)

Sugar loaf Ridge, near the top, St. Helena (extinct).

P. Icetissima SMITH, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 261, t. 21, f. 4-4b.

This little species is remarkable for its small deep umbilicus, the
toothless aperture, rather well marked lines of growth, the rounded
periphery to the body whorl, and the red color markings. These
consist of radiating blotches on the upper surface of the whorls,
which become rather angular and wavy on the middle and lower
part of the body-whorl. (Sm.)

R APERTA v. Moellendorff. PL 37, figs. 35, 36, 37.

Shell minute, disk-shaped, broadly umbilicated, the umbilicus
shallow, showing all the whorls, its width contained 2-1 times in the
diameter of the shell. Spire almost flat, composed of 3f , slowly
increasing, convex whorls, the last rounded at the periphery, not
descending in front. Sculptured with delicate and rather close
thread-like rib-striae in the direction of growth lines. Color whitish.
Aperture small, oblique, round-lunar; peristome simple, thin, the
columellar margin dilated. Alt. 0'55, diam. 1*5 mill.

Montalban, near Manila, Luzon.

The above description and the figures are drawn from specimens
kindly furnished by Dr. v. Mollendorff. The species is remarkably
depressed, the umbilicus is wider and the aperture smaller than in

HELIX-PATULA. 81

any of the allied forms. The apical whorl seems to be smooth, but
I saw no abrupt change in sculpture between it and the following
whorls ; the species is therefore a true Patula.

P. LEPTA Westerlund. PL 30, figs. 36, 37, 38.

Shell small, narrowly umbilicated, convex-depressed ; densely
and delicately membranaceously-lamellate above and below, scarcely
shining, yellowish-corneous, the same color above and beneath.
Spire convex, obtuse ; whorls 3-1-4, rather slowly, regularly increas-
ing, convex, separated by a profound suture ; the last whorl obtusely
angulated above, much more convex beneath, not descending in
front. Aperture large, lunate-rounded ; peristome thin, columellar
margin widely patulous above. Alt. 1, diam. li mill. (West.)

Nagasaki, Japan.

H. (Patala) lepta WEST., Vega-Expeditionens Vetenskapliga
lakttagelser, iv, p. 195, t. 3, f. 7, 1887.

This little species is allied to amllygona Reinh. and flocculus Mor.

H. LEPTOTERA Mabille & Rochebrune. PI. 21, figs. 21, 22, 23.

Shell broadly and perspectively umbilicated, depressed, thin, pel-
lucid, very fragile, corneous-rufescent, a little shining, closely rib-
striate, and having yellowish streaks here and there. Spire sub-
compressed, scarcely projecting, apex very minute, eroded ; whorls
5-6, narrowly convex, regularly and rapidly increasing, separated
by a profound suture ; the last whorl large, obscurely angular at
its origin, not descending at the aperture, flattened beneath, obtusely
angulated around the umbilicus. Aperture small, round-lunate,
oblique ; peristome straight, simple, acute, the margins distant.

Alt. 3, greater diam. 5, lesser 4 mill. (M. & R.}

Orange Bay, Patagonia.

Patula leptotera M. & R., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1885-6, p.
123 ; Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Moll. p. 16, t. 6, f. 6.

H. RIGOPHILA Mabille & Rochebrune. PI. 21, figs. 18, 19, 20.

Shell broadly and perspectively umbilicated, depressed orbiculate,
thin, fragile, subpellucid, very sharply striate-costulate ; rufescent ;
spire flattened, apex very minute, smooth ; whorls 4, exactly rotund,
very rapidly and irregularly increasing, separated by a deeply
impressed, but non-canaliculate suture ; the last whorl large, convex-
6

82 HELIX-ENDODONTA.

rotund, not descending in front, a trifle compressed below, obscurely
angulated around the umbilicus. Aperture oblique, lunate-rotund,
peristome simple, acute, margins subapproximating.

Alt. 3, greater diarn. 6, lesser 5 mill. (M. & R.}

Around Orange Bay, Patagonia, at 100 meters alt.

Patula rigophila MAB., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1885-86, p. 123.
— M. & R., Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, p. 17, t. 6, f. 7.

Unfigured species.

Patula (Discus} brunnescens v. Mlldff. Tenimber Is. (Timor-
laut). Nachr.-Bl. D. M. Ges. 1892, p. 87.

Patula digonophora Ancey. Oahu. Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. 1889, p.
171.

Patula glissoni Ancey. Vate, New Hebrides. Le Naturaliste,
Feb., 1889, p. 50. Probably a Charopa.

Patula monstrosa Ancey. Viti-Levu, Vitian Archipelago. Le
Naturaliste, 1889, p. 71. (=P> irregularis Mouss., in Mus. God-
efFroy, and P. irregularis Garrett, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1887,
not Pat. irregularis C. Semper, teste Ancey). Probably a Char-
opa.

Patula pallens Gredler. Nachr. Bl. D. M. Ges. 1890, p. 35. Pa-
tong, southwest Hupe, China.

Subgenus ENDODONTA Alb., (Vol. Ill, p. 59.)

Mr. Tryon has included Pitys Pse. (not Beck) in Endodonta, on
account of the difficulty of distinguishing the two groups. There
can be no doubt that the distinction is rather shadowy, but not more
so than the differences between Pitys (Pse.) and Charopa. The supply
of names is largely in excess of the natural divisions in this case.
It is not improbable that under the head ENDODONTA might be
included these sections :—Simplicaria Mouss., Pitys Pse. not Beck,
Maoriana Sut., Endodonta Alb., Diaglyptus Pils., Libera Garr.,
Helenoconcha Pils. It is probably that Charopa and JEschro-
domus should also be inserted, in which case they would stand at
the head of the preceding list.

P. PHILIPPINENSIS Semper. PL 37, figs. 38, 39, 40.

Shell minute, of an earthy brown color, discoidal, deeply and
broadly umbilicated, the umbilicus one-third the diameter of the shell.
Spire low-convex, very obtuse, whorls 3-1, the earlier 1J very

HELIX-ENDODONTA. 83

delicately but sharply and distinctly spirally striated ; the remain-
ing whorls crossed by delicate but sharp radiating riblets, which at
the periphery of the last whorl number about 3* in the space of the
tenth of a millimeter. Last whorl rounded, scarcely descending in
front. Aperture round-lunar, oblique, having one strong entering
lamella on the parietal wall, one at the base of the columella, and
two dentiform plicae within the outer lip.

Alt. 0*75, diam, 1'5 mill.

Antipolo Mts. and Montalban near Manila, Luzon; Zebu on the
higher Mts.; Banda Is.; Sirisori, on the island of Saparua.

Endodonta philippinensis SEMP., Reis. d. Philippinen, p. 140. —
v. MCELL. Jahrb. d. D. Mai. Ges. xiv, p. 272, 1887 ; and Ber.
Senck. Nat. Ges. 1890, p. 221. — Endodonta philippinica BCETTGER,
Ber. Senck. Nat. Ges. 1891, p. 263.

Semper's description is very poor. The above description and
the figures are drawn from Luzon examples kindly transmitted to
me by Dr. von Moellendorff. The outer lip-tooth is situated some-
what higher in some examples. The specimen reported by Bcettger
from Banda Is. measures, alt. I, diam. If mill., and differs from
Cebu examples in having the periphery of the last whorl somewhat
natter, and the three palatal teeth rather stronger. Two young
specimens from Sirisori had the teeth not yet formed, and were a
little higher, with the umbilicus somewhat less wide.

P. FUSCOZONATA Beddome. PL 30, figs. 39, 40, 41, 42.

Shell convex, depressed, thin, pale yellowish-brown transversely
banded with fuscous bars ; spire scarcely raised, obtuse ; whorls 6,
furnished with rather prominent, close, transverse, oblique striations,
the suture convex and considerably raised ; the last whorl rather
sharply angled at the periphery; umbilicus small but distinct;
aperture lunate ; peristome simple, thin ; three elongated lamellae on
the parietal wall, which run some way into the shell, two prominent
but rather shorter ones opposite on the outer wall, near the um-
bilicus and one or two subobsolete ones just beyond these. (BeddJ)

Diam. 3s, height 2i mill.

Koror, Pelew Group.

H. (Endodonta} fuscozonata BEDD., P. Z. S. 1889, p. 116, t. 12,
f. 12.

Nearest to H. constricta Semper, but differs considerably in its
prominent striation, sharply angled periphery, and raised sutures.

84 HELIX-ENDODONTA.

P. KORORENSIS Beddome. PL 30, figs. 43, 44, 45.

Shell very narrowly umbilicate, thin, somewhat discoid; spire
depressed ; color light brown, blotched with a darker shade, trans-
versely decussated with about 23 revolving, prominent, thin, wavy
ribs, otherwise smooth ; whorls 5, convex ; peristome thin ; aperture
lunar circular, furnished with 4 narrow lamellae on the parietal
wall and 9 on the opposite exterior wall, all of which run into the
shell parallel with the whorl about 4 mill. (Bedd.')

Diam. 5i-6, height 4 mill.

Koror, Pelew Group.

H. (Endodonta) kororensis BEDD., P. Z. S. 1889, p. 116, t. 12, f.
11.

P. TIMANDRA Hutton. PL 24, fig. 21, 22, 23.

Shell small, disk-shaped, the spire flat, inner whorls a trifle sun-
ken ; umbilicus broad and shallow; periphery rounded ; color, rich
brown, with flames or t> -shaped stripes of whitish. Surface sculp-
tured with rather separated riblets, which are sinuous above, nearly
straight beneath.

Whorls 4-1, slowly increasing. Aperture slightly oblique, roundly-
lunar ; peristome thin, simple, the margins converging, forming
about three-fourths of a circle. Parietal wall bearing an entering
stout lamella ; basal and outer walls each having a short fold, some-
times absent. Alt. 1, diam. 3 mill.

Auckland, New Zealand.

Patula timandra HUTT., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 175, 192.—
Patula varicosa SUTER, Tr. N. Z. I. 1891, p. 293, t. 22, f. 28, 29
(jaw and teeth, the latter figured from an abnormal specimen, teste
Suter.)

This has been said to be a synonym of the Patula varicosa of
Pfeiffer (Manual III, p. 23) but it is not that species.

The latter half of the last whorl is depressed below the level of
the preceding whorl, but the inner whorls are slightly concave.
The teeth are deeply placed within the aperture, and would escape
notice unless carefully looked for. The parietal fold seems to be
the most constant, being present in young shells. The riblets are
markedly sinuous above, and they become subobsolete on the base,
increasing a little again as they pass into the wide umbilicus. At
the periphery there are five riblets to a millimeter. The following

HELIX-ENDODONTA. 85

species differs in the greater number of teeth and the much finer
striation.

This species, with the next two, forms a group intermediate
between the toothed Endodonta and the toothless Charopa.

P. JESSICA Hutton. PL 24, figs. 24, 25, 26, 27.

Shell small, discoidal, widely umbilicated, ribbed ; color horny,
largely radiately streaked and clouded with reddish-brown, giving
a general dark color to the shell. Spire flat or slightly convex,
apex often pushed in; whorls 4£ to 5 2, very slowly increasing,
rounded, with numerous rather close ribs, which are strongly sinu-
ated on the upper surface, but straight and feebler below ; ribs about
36 in the tenth of an inch, the interstices strongly striated with
growth-lines, and more or less reticulated with spirals; suture
impressed; umbilicus wide, perspective, showing all the whorls ; aper-
ture nearly vertical, rotundly lunar ; peristome thin, flatly angled
above, then regularly arched, the margins at right angles.

Greatest diameter -17, least '15, alt. '08 inch. (Hutton.')

Bealey, Canterbury, New Zealand.

Patula Jessica HUTTON, Tr. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 174.

P. CRYPTOBIDENS Suter. PI. 24, figs. 28, 29, 30, 31.

Shell very minute, discoidal, umbilicated, cinereous, not shining,
very fragile, subtransparent, with very fine and extremely close-set
ribs, which are slightly bent forward, but almost straight on the upper
surface, and rather sinuated at the periphery, about 85 to 90 in the
tenth of an inch (35 per mm.). Spire flat. Whorls 4£, narrow,
rounded, regularly increasing, the last not descending. Suture deep,
aperture rotundly lunate, subvertical, slightly excavated by the
penultimate whorl. Peristome acute, somewhat flattened at the
base, the upper margin advancing. Interior of the aperture with
two teeth. There is a callosity on the basal margin, from which to
the left rises a stout conical tooth ; another tooth of the same shape
is near the middle of the parietal wall. Both teeth are at some dis-
tance from the margin. Columellar margin short, arcuated, slightly
reflected. Umbilicus broad, perspective, showing all the whorls,
about one-third of the diameter. (Suter.)

Alt. 0'75, diam. 1'75 mill.

White Horse Hill, Hooker Valley, South I., New Zealand, among
mould in the subalpine bush.

86 HELIX-DIAGLYPTUS.

Pitys cryptobidens SUT., Tr. N. Z. Inst. 1890, p. 89, t. 17, f. 7a-c,
(shell), M, N (jaw and dentition.)

Owing to the very poor condition of the radula first examined by
Mr. Suter, he considered the teeth zonitoid. This was a mistake, as
he subsequently discovered ; the dentition being similiar to Patula.

Section DIAGLYPTUS Pilsbry.

Pitys BECK, Index Molluscorum p. 9, 1837 (name only), type P.
oparana B. (undescribed). — MOERCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 6, 1852 (no
description ; H. bilamellata Pfr. mentioned.)

Not Pitys PEASE, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 450.

Shell elevated-trochiform, umbilicated, the two apical whorls
spirally striated the remaining whorls strongly ribbed. Aperture
armed with a strong entering parietal lamella and two close col-
umellar plicae; peristome expanded; columella callously thickened
within, ending below in a callous nodule. Type Helix bilamellata
Pfr.

This section differs from LAOMA (type H. leimonias) in having
the apical whorls spirally striated, the columella strongly calloused
within, and the peristome expanded. The anatomy is unknown,
but it probably resembles Endodonta rather than Laoma.

There can be little doubt that Beck's subgenus Pitys was founded
for the species cited below; but as not a line of description of either
the subgenus or the species named by Beck was ever given, we can-
not accept the name, the identification of which rests wholly upon
its etymology. Pease confused Beck's P. oparana with Anton's H.
opanica, and accepting the latter as Beck's type, proceeded to define
the group ; but since Pitys Pease is demonstrably different from
Pitys Beck, we are compelled to reject his revival of the name. I
have given a new name to the present group in order to avoid the
confusion incident upon the employment of the name Pitys in a
sense new to modern conchologists. It cannot be contended that
Pitys should be retained for the group, because no description has
ever been given except that of Pease. Pitys will therefore be dropped
entirely from nomenclature.

P. BILAMELLATA Pfr. (MANUAL iii, p. 68). Mr. E. A. Smith has
changed the name to Patula pagodiformis because bilamellata is
preoccupied for a species from St. Helena. See P. Z. S. 1892, p. 262.
In case a change is necessary it might have been well to revive the
name oparana Beck.

HELIX-MAORIANA. 87

Section MAORIANA Suter.

Strobila BUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 195, 1884, not Stro-
bila MORSE. — Huttonella SUTER, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii, p. 224,
1889, not Huttonella Pfr. — Maoriana SUTER, 1. c. xxiii, p. 96,
1890.

A single species of this interesting group of Endodontoid snails was
known at the time Mr. Tryon published the account of Strobila in
the MANUAL, and that species was unfigured. I am indebted to
Mr. Suter for specimens of several species and figures of the others.
Either " Maoria " or " Maorina " would have been better names,
the termination used by Mr. Suter having an objectionable adjective
form.

The group is not of generic value, as New Zealand authors have
supposed. It is simply a moderately well defined section of Endo-
donta.

P. LEIODA Hutton. PL 24, figs. 32, 33, 34, 35.

Shell minute, subdiscoidal, umbilicated, ribbed ; color horny with
longitudinal bands of pale rufous. Spire almost flat, but very
slightly convex ; whorls five, very slowly increasing, rounded, with
numerous oblique narrow ribs, about thirty in the .tenth of an inch,
the interstices finely striated with growth-lines; suture impressed ;
umbilicus rather narrow, about one-sixth the diameter of the shell,
nearly cylindrical, margined with brown ; aperture vertical, rather
narrow, lunate ; peristome simple, thin, the right lip at first ascend-
ing, then descending and sweeping forward, leaving a shallow pos-
terior sinus, afterwards regularly arched, columellar margin shortly
ascending, rather straight, and slightly reflected over the umbilicus ;
interior of the aperture strengthened with seven spiral plaits on
the body-whorl, and another, rather distant, on the columella ;
parietal wall with ten spiral plaits.

Greatest diameter 0'08, least 007 ; height 0'05.

Animal. — Body elongated, narrow ; eye peduncles long and thick,
tentacles moderate ; mantle subcentral, rather anterior, enclosed ;
foot very long and narrow, with neither locomotive disc nor caudal
gland. Color pale grey, eye peduncles and a stripe on each side of
the head purplish; foot pale brown. Dentition, 12-1-12. (HntQ

Greymouth, South L, New Zealand.

Strobila leiodus HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, 1882, p. 135.—
S. leioda HUTTON, I. c. xvi, p. 166, 195, t. 9, f. P (dentition.)

88 HELIX-MAORIAXA.

The figures of this species, as well as of the others, were drawn
by Mr. Suter from the type specimens.

P. WAIRARAPA Suter. PI. 24, figs. 36, 37, 38, 39.

Shell depressed, small, light horny-brown with brown streaks,
which are irregular in breadth, faintly shining, fragile, with close and
fine ribs, which are somewhat undulating. Ribs about 38 in the
tenth of an inch (15 per mill.). Spire little elevated, nearly flat.
Whorls 6, slowly increasing, narrow, the last not descending,
rounded. Suture deeply impressed. Aperture slightly oblique,
lunately rounded, considerably excavated by the penultimate whorl.
Peristome straight not dilated, acute, margins slightly convergent.
Columellar margin riot reflected, descending. Aperture with 16
laminae — 5 on the penultimate whorl, 1 on the columella, and 10 on
the palatal wall. Of the laminae on the penultimate whorl the four
inferiors are close together, the superior at some distance, all show-
ing the same development. The lamina on the columella is more
developed, conical. The laminae on the palatal wall are fine, long
and nearly regularly distributed over the whole surface. Umbilicus
wide, perspective, deep, one-third of the diameter.

Alt. 0-4, diam. 1>75 mill. (Suter.}

Hastwell, Forty mile Bush, North /., New Zealand, under rotten
bark in the bush.

Helix ivairarapa SUTER, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii, p. 222, t. 14, f.
2a-c. 1889. — Maoriana wairarapa SUTER, 1. c. 1891, p. 298, t. 23 f.
45 (dentition.)

P. PSEUDOLEIODA Suter. PI. 24, figs. 40, 41, 42, 43.

Shell small, globose, yellowish-white, banded with somewhat back-
wards directed brown streaks, faintly shining, closely ribbed, ribs
on upper surface straight, a little undulating outside; ribs about 38
in the tenth of an inch (15 per mm.). Spire globosely elevated, less
rounded at the base. Whorls 6, round, very slowly increasing, the
last not descending. Suture pretty deep. Aperture lunately
rounded, slightly oblique, excavated by the penultimate whorl.
Peristome straight, not dilated, acute, margins distant, columellar
margin slightly descending. Aperture with 12 laminae — 3 on the
penultimate whorl, 1 on the columella, and 8 on the palatal wall.

The lowest plait on the penultimate whorl is strongly developed ;
the plait on the columella also is relatively large, tongue-shaped;
the laminae on the palatal wall are fine, long, the four lower ones

HELIX-MAORIANA. 89

are more approached than the others. Umbilicus very narrow,
deep, open. Alt. 1'5, diam. 2*25 mill. (Suter.')

Hastwell and Mauriceville, Forty-mile Bush, North L, Mew Zea-
land; under rotten wood and bark in the bush.

Helix pseudoleioda SUTER, Tr. N. Z. I. xxii, p. 221, t. 14, f. la-c.
—Maoriana pseudoleioda SUT., 1. c. 1891, p. 298, p. 298, t. 23, f. 43,
44 (jaw and dentition.)

Like P. leioda externally, but having only 12 lamellae in the
aperture.

P. HECTORI Suter. PI. 24, figs. 44, 45, 46, 47.

Shell small, depressed, discoidal, light horny-brown with large
close brown streaks, not shining, fragile, transparent, closely ribbed,
ribs nearly straight, about 38 in the tenth of an inch (15 per mm.).
Spire nearly flat. Apex bare of epidermis, light-grey. Whorls 5,
very slowly but regularly increasing, rounded, the last not descend-
ing. Suture impressed. Aperture slightly oblique, rotundly lunar,
excavated by the penultimate whorl. Peristome acute, straight,
margins convergent. Columellar margin not reflected, descending.
Aperture with 14 laminae — 5 on the penultimate whorl, 2 on the
columella and 7 on the palatal wall. On the middle of the penul-
timate whorl is a stout lamina, which is divided in two by a deep
groove, thus getting forked ; the other four smaller laminae are below
this one. The laminae on the columella are well developed, the
inner one with two or three sharp points, the second high, in the
shape of a sharp tooth. The plaits on the palatal wall are rather
stout, elevated, not very long, and regularly distributed. Umbilicus
broad, deep, perspective, nearly one-third of the diameter.

Alt. 1 to H, diam. 2} mill. (Suter.')

Hastwell, North L, New Zealand ; under rotten bark in the bush.

Helix hectori SUT., Tr. N. Z. I. xxii, p. 222, t. 14, f. 3a-c.— Maor-
iana hectori SUT., 1. c. 1891, p. 299, t. 23, f. 46, 47 (jaw and denti-
tion.)

P. MICBOUNDULATA Suter. PL 24, figs. 52, 53, 54, 55, 56.

Shell depressed, very small, pale horny, with neat brown streaks
which are sometimes sharply undulating, or else forming zigzag
lines, but varying in breadth; faintly shining, fragile with very
close ribs. Ribs bent a little forward on the surface, then going
straight downward — 60 in the tenth of an inch (25 per mill.).

90 HELIX-MAORIANA.

Spire very little elevated, nearly flat; apex bare. Whorls 5, slowly
increasing, rounded, the last not descending. Suture impressed.
Aperture slightly oblique, rotundly lunar, more excavated in the
upper part by the penultimate whorl. Peristome straight, acute,
margins not convergent, regularly arched, columellar margin
descending. Aperture with 13 laminae — 1 on the penultimate
whorl, 2 on the columella, and 10 on the palatal wall. The plait
on the penultimate whorl is central, high, but rather thin, forked at
the top by a deep and large groove. The two laminae on the col-
umella are stout, with large base, and both tongue-shaped. The
plaits on the palatal wall are fine, long, regularly distributed.
Umbilicus deep, broad, nearly one-third of the diameter.

Alt. 1, diam. 1'75 mill. (Suter.}

North Island, N. Z., at Hastwell, under rotten wood and bark ;
also at Greymouth.

H. microundulata SUTER, Tr. K Z. Inst. 1889, p. 223, t, 14, f. 4a-
d. — Maoriana microundulata SUT., 1. c. 1891, p. 299, t. 23, f. 49, 50
(jaw and dentition.)

P. AORANGI Suter. PI. 24, figs. 48, 49, 50, 51.

Shell small, depressed, globular, yellowish- white, with somewhat
irregular chestnut zig-zag or sinuated streaks, faintly shining, thin,
transparent. With well developed ribs, nearly straight, about H8 in
the tenth of an inch (15 per mill.). Whorls 5£ to 5, slowly increas-
ing, rounded. Suture impressed. Aperture slightly oblique,
rotundly lunar, regularly excavated by the penultimate whorl.
The last whorl not descending. Aperture straight, acute, margins
slightly convergent; columellar margin descending, not reflected.
Aperture with 12 laminae — 1 on the penultimate whorl, 2 on the
columella, and 9 on the palatal wall. The lamina on the penul-
timate whorl is a little above the centre, high, rather thin, and
forked by a deep and broad groove. The two laminae on the col-
umella are stout, with large base, and tongue shaped, the first rather
sharp. The nine lamellae on the palatal wall are fine and long —
the five lower ones a little stouter, and separated from the four upper
by a somewhat larger interval. Umbilicus deep, perspective, not
very broad, about one-quarter of the diameter.

Alt. 1-25, diam. 2 mill. (Suter.')

South I4an<l, N. Z. at Hooker Valley; environs of the Mount Cook
Hermitage.

HELIX-HELENOCONCHA. 91

H. aorangi SUTER, Tr. N. Z. I. 1889, p. 223, t. 14 f. 5a-c.—
Maoriana aorangi SUT., 1. c. 1891, p. 300, t. 23, f. 51, 52 (jaw and
dentition.)

Closely allied to M. microundulata, but larger, more globose, with
stronger, more distant ribs. The laminae of the aperture are nearly
equal in the two species, but M. aorangi has only nine lamellae upon
the palatal wall.

Section HELENOCONCHA Pilsbry.
P. BILAMELLATA Sowerby. PL 36, fig. 12. -

Shell orbiculate-depressed, the spire flat ; whorls 7, the last swollen
below, angular above. Umbilicus small. Aperture semilunar,
angulated at the upper outer part, the outer lip thin ; inner lip
bearing two spiral folds, the posterior one larger.

Alt. 31, diam. 81 mill. (Sowb.~)

Between Jamestown and Longwood, along the path, and at the
north end of the island, St. Helena.

H. bilamellata G. SOWERBY, append, to Darwin's Geol. Obs. on-
Volcanic Is., p. 157. — FORBES, Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. viii, p. 199,
t. 5, f. 8 (1852). — Patula bilamellata WOLLASTON, Test. Atlant., p.
537. — Patula bilamellata var. unilamellata SMITH, P. Z. S. 1892, p.
262, t. 21, f. 5.— (Not H. bilamellata PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1845,
p. 84; Couchyl. Cab., t. 101, f. 16-18; Monographia i, p. 188.)

The spire is flat, and marked with irregular reddish rays.

Var. unilamellata Smith. Aperture with the lower parietal
lamella wanting.

Sugarloaf Ridge, St. Helena.

P. VERNONI Smith. PI. 36, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Shell narrowly perforated, depressed discoidal, flattened above,
acutely carinated at the periphery, white, radiated with rufous above
and beneath ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, slightly convex, striated
with delicate growth-lines ; the last whorl acutely carinated, slightly
compressed above and below the carina, hardly descending in front,
painted below with undulating rufous rays, delicately radiately
striated. Aperture small, subrhomboidal, provided with a delicate
entering parietal lira ; peristome simple, thin, slightly thickened to-
ward the umbilicus.

Alt. 4, greater diam. 12, lesser 11 mill. (Sm.)

Side Path, St. Helena (extinct.)

92 HELIX-HELENOCONCHA.

Patula (Endodonta) vernoni SMITH, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 262, t. 21,
f. 6-66.

This species is at once recognized by its very flat spire, the com-
pressed very acute keel, the minute umbilicus, the single fine liration
upon the upper part of the body- whorl, running within the aperture,
and the style of coloring. The red rays upon both the upper and
lower surfaces are more or less wavy and interrupted. There is no
other sculpture excepting the fine lines of growth which cross the
upper surface of the whorls obliquely and are a little flexuous
beneath. The body-whorl has a more distinct impressidn below the
keel than above it. I have much pleasure in naming this very dis-
tinct species after my late friend, T. Vernon Wollaston, whose work
Testacea Atlantica is one of the most accurate and complete hitherto
published upon any Molluscan fauna. (Smith.')

P. BIPLICATA Sowerby. Unfigured.

Shell orbiculate-depressed ; whorls 5, rounded, striated. Aperture
semilunar ; parietal wall having two spiral folds, the upper one
larger. Umbilicus large. Alt. 1, diam. 2£ mill. (Sowb.~)

Northern part of St. Helena.

Helix biplicata SOWB. in appendix to Darwin's Geol. Obs. on the
Volcanic Is. visited during the Voy. H. M. S. 'Beagle,' p. 158
(1844). — Patula biplicata WOLLASTON, Test. Atlant., p. 538.

This species has been found only in a subfossil condition. It
differs from H. bilamellata in the larger umbilicus, more exserted
spire, and the rounded, not carinated whorls.

P. PSEUSTES Smith. PI. 36, figs. 16, 17, 18.

Shell conoid, pyramidal, narrowly umbilicated ; whitish, painted
above with square spots, below with flames of reddish; whorls 6£,
convex, separated by a deep suture, radially delicately costulate, the
last whorl rounded at the periphery, sculptured beneath with very
delicate flexuous striae ; aperture lunate, oblique, having six unequal
denticles within (2 lamelliform, on parietal wall, 3 smaller on the
columella, and 1 in the middle of the palate) ; peristome thin, mar-
gins remote, the columella slightly dilated.

Alt. 2 it, diam. 33 mill. (Smith.')

Flagstaff Hill, St. Helena (extinct.)

Patula (Endodonta) pseustes SM., P. Z. S. 1892, p, 262, t. 21, f.
1 7-76.

HELIX-HELENOCONCHA. 93

This species has the spire more elevated and conical than the
other species of Patula from the island. P. cutteri Pfr. may approach
it somewhat, but that species is said to have only two parietal
lamella, and two basal denticles near the columella. The present
species has an additional basal denticle, and a prominent thin
palatal lamella, which falls as it were between the two on the inner
or parietal side of the aperture. (Smith.')

P. CUTTERI Pfr. Unfigured.

Shell perforate, conoid-depressed, thin, rather closely chordate-
costate, scarcely shining, chestnut colored, tessellated with buff
above, obsoletely undulately streaked below ; spire shortly conoid,
vertex minute. Whorls 5*, convex, the last not descending, the
base a little convex. Aperture slightly oblique, lunar, having two
acute entering parietal laminae, and two dentiform basal ones, at
the columella ; peristome simple, straight, margins remote, the colu-
mellar margin slightly dilated above.

Alt. 2-5, diam. 4'75 mill. (Pfr.)

Diana's Peak, St. Helena (living).

H. cutteri PFR., Mai. Bl. 1856, p. 206; Monogr. iv, p. 155.—
Patula (Endodonta) cutteri SMITH, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 263.

A small species, unknown to me, apparently similar in general
features to the preceding, but with only four teeth within the aper-
ture, two parietal and two basal near the columella, more narrowly
umbilicated and probably more strongly sculptured. (Sm.)

P. POLYODON Sowerby. PI. 36, figs. 19, 20, 21, 22.

See MANUAL III, p. 62. Smith writes as follows : This is the
most widely umbilicated of all the species of Patula from St. Helena,
and this feature alone is sufficient to distinguish it from the rest.
The whorls also, in adult shells eight to nine in number, enlarge
very slowly. The striae are fine, regular, arcuately oblique above,
and slightly wavy on the last whorl. There are three parietal lirse
extending far within the aperture, of which the upper and lower are
neajrly always double. The plicae within the outer lip are almost
invariably (in adult shells) seven in number, subequidistant, but
not of equal thickness, two or three towards the columella being
stouter than the rest, which are slender and extend some distance
within. Diam. maj. 51 mill., min. 5, alt. 2£.
Side Path, Sugar loaf Quarry, Sugarloaf Ridge, St. Helena (extinct.)

94 HELIX-HELENOCONCHA.

The species to which the foregoing remarks apply is. certainly the
Helix alexandri of Forbes, for in the British Museum there are spec-
imens of it presented by Mr. Alexander, who also furnished Forbes
with the shells he described. Moreover the description is fairly
applicable, especially that portion of it referring to the umbilicus,
which is described as " maximus." It is much less certain that this
is the H. polyodon of Sowerby, but as Mr. Wollaston has united
these species as well as H. helenensis (Forbes) Pfeiffer, it will prob-
ably be advisable to acquiesce in this decision. There are however,
certain differences in the descriptions, which seem to indicate that
more than one species was described by these authors, for instance :
— H. polyodon is said to consist of six striated whorls, with three
parietal and five palatal lirse, and a moderate sized umbilicus,
whereas H. alexandri is described as having seven strongly striated
whorls, three parietal and eight palatal line, and a very large um-
bilicus. H. helenensis is characterized as possessing eight very nar-
row closely costate whorls, and only two parietal lirse and the same
number within the outer lip. Pfeiffer states that H. helenensis was
described by Forbes in the Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1851, and this state-
ment is copied both by Reeve and Wollaston. This appears to be
an error, for after a careful search, I have been unable to discover
in any publication the description by Forbes of any species of Helix
under that name. (Smith.')

P. MINUTISSIMA Smith. PL 36, figs. 23, 24, 25, 26.

Shell conoid-depressed, moderately widely umbilicated, maculated
and variegated with \yhite and reddish; spire slightly elevated,
obtuse above ; whorls 7, the earlier two smooth, pale rufescent, the
rest sliarhtly convex, ornamented with delicate, oblique, arcuate liru-
Ise, flexuous on the last whorl, which is rounded or sometimes
obsoletely angled at the periphery, hardly descending in front.
Aperture oblique, semi-lunate; parietal lamellae 6 in mature, 4 or 5
in younger shells ; palatal plicae 8-10 ; peristome thin, columellar
margin expanded. Alt. 2}, greater diam. 4;1, lesser 4-> mill. ($m.)

Sugar loaf Ridge, St. Helena (extinct).

Patula (Endodonia) minutissima SMITH, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 264, t.
21, f. 9-9c.

This species is smaller than P. polyodon, more narrowly umbili-
cated, has fewer whorls, coarser and more remote striae, and a dif-
ferent armature within the aperture. In full-grown shells there are

HELIX-HELENOCONCHA. 95

as many as six parietal line, as it were, in two groups of three.
They are very fine and extend a long way within. The plicae
within, the outer lip vary apparently from seven or eight to ten or
eleven, and some of them are more prominent than others. The
red markings take the form of radiating blotches on the upper sur-
face ; and more undulating or zigzag streaks beneath. (Sm.)

P. LEPTALEA Smith. PI. 36, figs. 27, 28, 29, 30.

Shell orbicular, depressed, broadly umbilicated ; whitish, varie-
gated with rufous; spire slightly elevated; whorls 5, the first 1?
smooth, the rest slightly convex, very delicately arcuately striated,
slowly increasing ; the last whorl rounded at the periphery, hardly
descending in front ; aperture oblique, semi-lunate; parietal lamel-
lae 3 (the upper and middle ones double), thin, deeply entering;
palatal plicae about 6. Alt. H, greater diam. 3i, lesser 3 mill.
(Smith.)

Sugarloaf Quarry, St. Helena (extinct).

Patula leptalea SM., P. Z. S. 1892, p. 264, t. 21, f. 10-10c.

This species is much smaller than P. polyodon and not quite so
large as P. minutissima ; it is flatter than either, much more finely
striated than the latter and has a different oral armature from both.
The parietal lirae are unequal in size, that nearest the columella
being the smallest. The two others are about equal and double,
and between, occasionally, a very small and slender intermediate
lira is observable. (Sm.*)

Unfigured species of Pitys and Endodonta.

Pitys elisce Ancey. Sandwich Is? Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. 1889, p.
180.

Pitys hamyana Ancey. Gambier Is. Le Naturaliste, 1889, p.
84.

Endodonta apiculata Ancey. Kaui, Sandwich Is. Bull. Soc.
Mai. Fr. 1889, p. 188.

Endodonta garretti Ancey. Society Is. Le Naturaliste, 1889, p.
118.

Pitys woapoensis Garrett. Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. iv, p. 17, 1887.
Island of Woapo, Marquesas.

Pitys octolamellata Garrett., t. c., p. 18. Dominique, Marquesas
Is.

96 HELIX-CHAROPA.

Pitys marquesana Garrett., i. c., p. 18. Nuka-Hiva, Marquesas
Is.

Pitys anceyana Garrett., t. c., p. 19. Dominique, Marquesas Is.

Section CHAROPA Albers, 1860.

The type of Charopa being H. coma Gray, it becomes necessary,
as Suter has shown, to use that name in a subgeneric sense, for the
Australo-Oceanic Patulse, which, although similar enough in general
appearance to the smaller species of Patula the world over, still
possess a few characters worthy of note. The spire has a tendency
to become flattened, or sometimes even concave, quite as in Diplom-
phalus ; and the upper termination of the peristome recedes more
or less, forming a notch or sinus at the superior angle of the mouth.
These characters, although of no very great importance, and vary-
ing greatly in degree of development in the different species, may
still be held sufficient to justify the separation of Charopa as a sec-
tion of Patula, pending the examination of the soft parts of the
animal. The separation of Charopa from Pitys and the allied
forms with toothed apertures, is at present artificial, and founded
wholly upon the presence or absence of teeth or folds within the
aperture.

The figured species have been described by Tryon in vol. Ill, p.
22, 23, 24. The following were not included there :

(1. Species of New Zealand.)

P. COMA Gray. Vol. IX, PI. 4, figs. 1, 2, 3.

See vol. Ill, p. 22.

Var. globosa Suter. Has the general appearance of P. lucetta,
but the umbilicus is wider and the ribs more distant.

Alt. -16 inch.

Near Hastwell, N. Island, X. Z.

P. LUCETTA Hutton (Vol. Ill, p. 22). P.'stokesii'E. A. Smith is a
synonym according to Mr. Suter.

P. ETA Pfr. (Ill, p. 24.) Var. maculata Suter.

Shell agrees in almost every respect with the type of the species,
but the white epidermis is adorned with rufous radiate streaks at
very irregular distances and from narrow to broad. There are
about 50 ribs in the tenth of an inch (20 per mm.) whilst the species,
according to Professor Hutton, has only 40 ; but I do not think this

HELIX-CHAROPA. 97

to be of much value for distinguishing the variety. According to
my observations, P. corniculum varies considerably in the number
of the ribs in different localities. I collected specimens in the Forty
mile Bush with about 50 ribs in the tenth of an inch, and near
Wellington with less than 40. Diam. 2*75, height 1'5 mill.
(Suter, in Trans. N. Z. Inst. 1890, p. 89.)

Foot of Sealy Range, Hooker Valley, South Island, N. Z.

P. BIANCA Hutton. PL 37, figs. 41, 42.

Shell minute, discoidal, widely urnbilicated, finely ribbed ; color
horny brown, banded with darker. Spire flat, or slightly convex;
whorls 4, slowly increasing, rounded, delicately ribbed ; ribs about
55 in the tenth of an inch, the interstices striated ; suture impressed,
umbilicus broad, gradated ; aperture slightly oblique, rotundly
lunar; peristome thin, regularly arched; greatest diameter •!, least
•09 inch. (Hutt.)

New Zealand : North Island at Auckland, Horokiwi, Wellington
and Hastwell; S. Isl. at Greymouth, Bealey and Hooker Valley.

P. bianca HUTT., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 175, 192. — SUTER.
Trans, xxiv, p. 273, 276, 292, t. 21, f. 20, 21 (jaw and dentition),
P. bianca var. montana SUTER, Trans, xxiii, p. 88, t. 17, f. K, L
(jaw and dentition).

Var. MONTANA Suter. Shell larger, darker colored without
streaks, the ribs coarser and more distant, about 35 in the tenth of
an inch, or 14 per mill. Alt. 11, diam. 2| mill.

White Horse Hill, Hooker Valley, S. Island, N. Z. ; under dead
leaves and rotten wood in the subalpine bush.

P. bianca is also found in the same locality, but rather scantily,
and differing from the type in being never over 2 mill, diam., by
having 4 whorls, and by the ribs being more distant, about 50 in-
stead of 55 in the tenth of an inch. (Suter.')

P. TAPIRINA Hutton. Vol. IX, PL 4, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell subdiscoidal, broadly umbilicated, closely ribbed; color
horny brown, sub-radiated with reddish spots. Spire very slightly
elevated, flat ; whorls 5M>, slowly increasing, rounded, ornamented
with narrow oblique ribs, about 16-20 in the tenth of an inch, the
interstices indistinctly striated with growth lines ; suture impressed ;
umbilicus about one-fourth the diameter of the shell, funnel-shaped,
gradated, pervious ; aperture subvertical, rotundly lunar ; peristome
7

98 HELIX-CHAROPA.

thin, upper margin rapidly advancing and then turning down with
a slightly concave sinuation, then regularly arched ; columellar
margin not reflected. Greatest diameter 0'19, least 0'16, height
0-07 inch. Dentition 13-1-13. (Button.}

Having compared this species with specimens of the true P. coma
from Auckland, I find that it is different, being more closely ribbed,
but less closely so than in P. biiccinella and P. infecta. The right
lip advances as in P. infecta, but it can be distinguished from that
species by the interstices between the ribs appearing almost smooth
when viewed by transmitted light, and an inch objective. (Hutton.)

North Island of New Zealand at Auckland, Hasticell, Hawke's
£ ay, Master ton and Wellington; South Inland at Greymouth, Temuka,
Dunedin and Queenstoivn.

Patula coma HUTT., Tr. K Z. I., xiv, p. 130, t. 3, f. L, not of
Gray. — Patula tapirina HUTT., ibid, xv, p. 134, and xvi, p. 193. —
P. tapirina f. albina SUTER, ibid, xxiv, p. 273.

P. SYLVIA Hutton.

Shell minute, discoidal, umbilicated, obliquely ribbed ; colors very
pale horny with faint thin radiating bands of chestnut on the upper
surface. Spire flat or slightly convex; whorls 5-1, very slowly
increasing, rounded, with delicate rather distant ribs which are very
oblique on the upper surface but transverse to the whorls on the
lower surface, ribs about 18 in the tenth of an inch, the interstices
rather strongly striated with growth lines ; suture impressed ; umbili-
cus rather wide, graduated; aperture slightly oblique, rotundly
lunar; peristome thin, regularly arched, the upper margin advanc-
ing.

Greatest diameter '12 ; least '1 ; height '06 inch. (Hutton.')

Auckland, Horokiwi, Forty -mile Bush, and Wellington, Nortli /.,
Bealey, 8. Isl, New Zealand.

r. sylvia HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 175, 193. — SUTER,
Ibid, xxiv, p. 273, 278 ; 1891.

Mr. Suter (in lit.) informs me that this is identical with P. tun
Pfr.

1*. /.ETA Pfr. (Ill, p. 23.)

Var. IRREGULARIS Suter. PL 19, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Shell depressed, subdiscoidal, yellowish-white, with distant light
brown streaks vanishing on the base, slightly shining, rather thin,

HELIX-CHAROPA. 99

transparent ; strongly plaited, plaits directed forwards on the upper
surface, and a little undulated, descending ; about 30 in the tenth
of an inch (12 per mm.). The rihs are irregularly developed and
distant. Spire slightly elevated. Whorls 5 to 5*, narrowly rolled
up, very slowly increasing, rounded, the last very slightly descend-
ing. Suture not deep; aperture rotundly lunar, but little excava-
ted by the penultimate whorl, slightly oblique. Upper margin
advancing. Margins straight, convergent, acute ; columellar mar-
gin nearly vertically descending. The parietal wall inside a little
callous, white. Umbilicus broad, perspective, showing all the
whorls, about one-third of the diameter.

Diam. 3, height 1'5 mill. (Sitter.)

Hastwell, Forty-mile Bush, North Island, New Zealand; under
rotten logs and dead leaves. Very scarce.

This variety is distinguished from P. infecta by the slightly ele-
vated spire, the faint indistinct markings ; it is narrower ribbed, the
rihs being irregular in distance and development; there is one-half
to one whorl less, and the diameter of the shell is smaller. (Sut.)

Var. ALPESTRIS Suter.

The shell of this variety differs from P. infecta Rv. by its different
color, it being cinereous-rufous with only a few pale-horny streaks.
The ribs are stouter and more distant, about 18 in the tenth of an
inch (7 per mill.). The whorls number only 4£ to 5 ; they are
somewhat broader, less rounded, and the suture, in consequence,
less impressed. The peristome has no callosity inside.

(Sut., Tr. N. Z. Inst. 1890, p. 88.)

White Horse Hill, Hooker Valley, S. Isl, Neiv Zealand.

P. COLENSOI Suter. PI. 19, figs. 16, 17, 18.

Shell discoidal, yellowish-grey, zigzag streaks of dark brown flow-
ing sometimes together, rather solid, transparent, faintly shining ;
with strong plaits, directed forwards on the upper surface, slightly
undulating on the side ; the interstices striated with growth-lines.
Ribs about 20 in the tenth of an inch (8 per mm.). Spire flat.
Whorls 5, narrow, slowly increasing, rounded, the last not descend-
ing, tapering. Suture deep. Aperture slightly oblique, rotundly
lunar little excavated by the penultimate whorl, margins convergent.
Umbilicus broad, perspective, showing all the whorls, about one-third
of the diameter. Diameter, 0*16 in. (4'25 mill.) ; height, 0'09 in.
(2-25 mill.) (Stit.)

100 HELIX-CHAROPA.

Forty mile Bush, North Island, New Zealand.
P. colemoi SUT., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii, p. 225, t. 14, f. la, b ; I.
c. xxiv, p. 293, t. 21, f. 20, 27 (jaw and dentition.)

Named in honor of the Rev. William Colenso, F. R. S., the dis-
coverer of the Unio waikarense. This species is near Pat. infecta
Reeve, but differs sufficiently from it to justify the creation of a new
species ; the direction of the ribs on the surface is different ; there
are only 5 whorls, more rapidly increasing, and the last consider-
ably more developed ; the peristome has no callosity ; the umbilicus
is a little narrower ; the diameter is greater, the color darker, the
ribs coarser and rather more distant. (Sul.)

P. VARIECOSTATA Suter. PI. 19, figs. 19, 20, 21.

Shell discoidal, small, white, with large yellow streaks at regular
distances, faintly shining, fragile, transparent, with close, fine ribs,
directed forwards on the upper surface and going straight down on
the side ; there is alternately one much higher than the next ;
interstices striated with growth lines and reticulated with spirals.
Ribs about 38 in the tenth of an inch (15 per mm.). Spire flat,
only the first whorls a little elevated. Whorls 5, slowly and regu-
larly increasing, swollen, the last not descending. Suture very
deep. Aperture slightly oblique, rotundly lunar, but little excava-
ted by the penultimate whorl. Peristome straight, acute, somewhat
tapering, columellar margin nearly vertically descending, upper
and lower margins strongly arcuated. Umbilicus broad, perspective,
about one-third of the diameter. Alt. 1, diam. 1*8 mill. (Suter.)

Mauriceville, North 2., New Zealand.

P. variecostata SUT., Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxii, p. 225, t. 14, f. 8.

P. RARICOSTATA Suter. PI. 19, figs. 22, 23, 24.

Shell small, depressed, subdiscoidal, color dark olive, not shining,
fragile, with distant, stout, dark brown ribs, bent backwards on the
upper surface and slightly undulating on the side. Ribs about 12
in the tenth of an inch (5 per mill.). Spire slightly elevated.
Apex white, bare of epidermis. Whorls 5, slowly increasing,
rounded, the last not descending. Suture not deep. Aperture
oblique, nearly circular, but very little excavated by the penulti-
mate whorl. Margins convergent. Columellar margin slightly
reflected, descending vertically. Lower margin strongly arcuated.

HELIX-CHAROPA. 101

Umbilicus broad, deep, showing the last whorls, about one-quarter
of the diameter. (Suter) Alt. 1, diam. 2 mill.

Mauriceville, North Island, New Zealand, in the mould under
dead leaves ; very scarce.

P. rarieostata SUT., Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxii, p. 226, t. 14, f. 9.

The shell is always covered with mud.

P. MUTABILIS Suter. PI. 19, figs. 25, 26, 27.

Shell subdiscoidal, depressed, urnbilicated, white, sometimes horny,
irregularly streaked with rufous, but the white form seems to be
predominant ; faintly shining, rather thin, transparent ; with sharp,
rather distant arcuated plaits, directed strongly forwards on the
upper surface, slightly undulating on the side, the interstices with
numerous fine growth-lines. Ribs about 13 in the tenth of an inch
(5 per mm.). Spire slightly elevated, flat. Whorls 5£, narrowly
rolled up, very slowly increasing, rounded, the last not descending.
Suture deep. Aperture slightly oblique, rotundly-lunar, somewhat
excavated by the penultimate whorl. Peristome straight, acute,
tapering, columellar margin straight, not reflected. Umbilicus
broad, perspective, showing all the whorls, about one-third of the
diameter. Diam. 3, height 1'5 mill. (Suter.)

South Island, N. Z., at White Horse Hill, and foot of Sealy
Range, Hooker Valley, under rotten wood, dead leaves, and in
mould in the subalpine bush.

P. mutabilis SUT., Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxiii, p. 84, t. 16, f. 2, a, I,
(shell), B, C (jaw and dentition.)

This species seems to be closely allied to Helix eastboumensis,
Beddome and Petterd, from Tasmania, but in the latter the ribs on
the upper surface are nearly straight, not arcuated ; the spire is
more elevated and not flat, and the umbilicus rather narrower and
deeper. But there also occurs a perfectly white and a darker
streaked form.

Animal : — Jaw finely striated, arcuated, not tapering, with a
slight median projection.

P. STERKIANA Suter. PL 19, figs. 28, 29, 30.

Shell subdiscoidal, depressed, umbilicated, gray-yellowish, with
very irregular rufous streaks and dots, sometimes tessellated or
forming zigzag lines ; not shining, rather solid, transparent ; with
very fine rib-like arcuated striaB, directed forwards on the upper

102 HKLIX-CIIAROPA.

surface, undulating on the side and straight beneath. Ribs about
60 in the tenth of an inch (24 per mill.). Spire but little elevated,-
flat. Whorls 5-1 to 6, slowly increasing, rounded, the last slightly
descending. Suture rather deep. Aperture oblique, lunately sub-
circular, but little excavated by the penultimate whorl. Peristome
straight, acute, tapering, margins slightly convergent, columellar
margin arcuated, very little expanded. Umbilicus moderate, deep,
about one-fourth of the diameter. Diam. 4, height 2 mill. (Suter.)
South Island, N. Z. at White Horse Hill, Hooker Valley.

P. sterkiana BUT., Tr. N. Z. Inst. 1890, xxiii, p. 85, t. 16, f. 3, a,
b (shell), f. D, E (jaw and dentition). — P. sterkiana var. reeftonen-
sis and forma major SUT., Trans, xxiv, p. 294, 295.

This species is, in the form of the shell, allied to Patula tapir in a
and P. infecta, but is much closer ribbed. (Sitter.')

Forma major. Somewhat larger than typical 8terk!<in<i. Alt.
2-1, diam. 4-1 mill.

Oicaka (Clutha).

Var. REEFTONENSIS Sut.

Considerably smaller, with more distant ribs, of which there are
about 15 per millim. ; otherwise like the type. Jaw and radula
much as in the type form. At first sight this seems to be intermedi-
ate between sterkiana and brouni, but close examination shows it to
be more allied to the former, though the ribs are much coarser and
more distant. Alt. If, diam. maj. 2f, min. 21 mill.

Boatman's, near Reef ton.

P. BROUNI Suter. PI. 19, figs. 31, 32, 33.

Shell minute, subdiscoidal, umbilicatcd, pale-horny with rather
distant dark-horny streaks, forming zig-/ag lines on the periphery
and beneath ; not shining, thin and fragile, transparent ; with very
fine and close ribs, nearly straight and directed forwards on the
upper surface, straight on the side and at the base ; about 60 in the
tenth of an inch (24 per mm.). Spire scarcely reaching above the
li>st whorl. Whorls 5, narrowly rolled up, slowly increasing,
rounded, the last not descending, suture impressed. Aperture
slightly oblique, rotundly lunar, but little excavated by the penul-
timate whorl. Margins regularly arched, convergent, straight,
acute, the outer lip slightly advancing. Columellar margin short
arcuated, not reflexed. Umbilicus broad, perspective, one third of
the diameter. Diam. 2'25, alt. 1 mill. (Suter.)

HELIX-CHAROPA. 103

South Island, N. Z. at White Horse Hill, Hooker Valley.

Named in honor of Captain Thomas Broun, of Karaka, Drury.

tis shell is closely allied to Pat. sterkiana, and has the same fine
ribs, but may at once be distinguished from it by its smaller size,
the different markings, and the somewhat different course the ribs
take.

P. brouni SUT., Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxiii, p. 86, t. 16, f. 4, a, b (shell),
f. F. G, (jaw and dentition.)
P. SERPENTINULA Suter. PI. 19, figs. 34, 35, 36.

Shell small, subdiscoidal, umbilicated, pale horny, with regular
streaks and dots of rufous; not shining, thin, transparent; with
sharp, close-set ribs, arcuated and directed forwards on the upper
surface, sinuated at the periphery and straight beneath ; about 38
in the tenth of an inch (15 per mill.) Spire scarcely elevated.
Whorls 5, rather narrow, regularly increasing, slightly rounded,
the last not descending. Suture deep. Aperture subvertical,
rotundly lunar, very little excavated by the penultimate whorl.
Peristome simple, straight, the upper margin slightly advancing,
margins convergent. Columellar margin short, arcuated, not
reflexed. Umbilicus large, perspective, showing all the whorls,
one- third of the diameter. Diam. 2'5. height T25 mill. (Sut.~)

South Island, New Zealand at White Horse Hill, Hooker Valley.

P. serpentinula SUT., Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxiii, p. 87, t. 16, f. 5, a, b
(shell), f. H, J (jaw and dentition).

This shell is near Patula sterkiana and P. brouni, but the ribs
are more distant. It is finer ribbed than Patula infecta.

P. EREMITA Suter. PI. 19, figs. 37, 38, 39.

Shell very minute, subdiscoidal, umbilicated, pale horny with
faint broad streaks of darker horny, silky, fragile, transparent ; with
fine and numerous ribs, slightly arcuated and directed forwards on
the upper surface, straight on the side and beneath ; about 70 in the
tenth of an inch (28 per mm.). Spire minute. Whorls 4£, nar-
rowly rolled up, regularly but slowly increasing, rounded, the last
not descending. Suture deep. Aperture subvertical, rotundly
lunate, but little excavated by the penultimate whorl. Peristome
straight, acute, regularly arched, margins convergent. Columellar
margin short, arcuate, not reflected. Umbilicus broad, perspective,
one-third of the diameter. Diam. 2, height 0'75 mill. (Sut.*)

South Island of New Zealand, at White Horse Hill, Hooker Valley.

104 HELIX-CHAROPA.

P. eremita SUT., Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxiii, p. 87, t. 17, f. 6, a, b.
This shell represents a middle form between Patula infiecta and
P. corniculum.

P. BICONCAVA Pfr. (Vol. I, p. 130.)

'This species, hitherto considered an Elcea or a Diplomphalus, has
been ascertained by Mr. Suter to agree in jaw and dentition with
the normal New Zealand Charopce. The same is true of the follow-
ing three species. See Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxiv, 1891, p. 295, pi. 22,
f. 30, 31 (jaw and dentition). Mr. Suter found the species in
Forty-mile Bush, North Island.

P. SUBANTIALBA Suter. PL 19, figs. 40, 41, 42.

Shell small, discoidal, light horny to white, somewhat shining,
fragile, transparent, very closely and finely ribbed ; ribs directed
forwards, slightly undulating on the upper surface, straight on the
side, about 90 ribs in the tenth of an inch (35 per mill.). Spire
deeply concave, infundibuliform. Whorls 5, the first ones very
narrovy, the last very large, nearly two-thirds of the diameter ; the
inner whorls swollen, the last descending rapidly on the inner side
and falling slowly arcuated to the periphery. Suture very deep.
Last whorl not descending. Aperture lunar, small, vertical,
strongly excavated by the penultimate whorl. Peristome straight,
acute ; upper margin narrowly, the lower more widely arcuated.
Margins convergent. Umbilicus large, deep, perspective, present-
ing nearly the same aspect as the upper surface.

Diam. 1'75, height 0'8 mill. (Suter.)

Hastwell, Mauriceville, Forty-mile Bush, North Island, New Zea-
land, damp places, under rotten wood in the bush.

Diplomphalus subantiabla SUT., Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxii p. 226, t. 15,
f. 10, a, 6, (shell). — Patula subantialba SUT., I. c. xxiv, p. 21)5, t. 22,
f. 32, 33 (jaw and dentition.)

This shell is a good miniature of Helix antialba Beddome, of
Tasmania, but differs from it.

P. HUTTONI Suter. PI. 19, figs. 43, 44, 45.

Shell .small, dbooidal, light-horny, with fine well-developed ribs,
directed forwards and arcuated on the upper surface, slightly
undulated on the periphery; about 40 ribs in the tenth of an inch
(16 per mm.). Spire deeply concave, to about one-third of the

HELIX-CHAROPA. 105

height. Apex smooth, white, shining. Whorls 4i, the inner ones
narrow, the last largely developed, occupying two-thirds of the
diameter, not descending, on the inner side rapidly ascending,
regularly arcuated to the periphery. Suture very deep. Aperture
lunar, narrow, vertical, much excavated by the penultimate whorl.
Peristome straight, acute; upper margin narrowly, lower more
broadly arcuated; columellar margin vertically descending, margins
convergent. Penultimate whorl smooth, white, rather callous. Um-
bilicus broad, deep, perspective, about one-third of the diameter.

Alt. 1-5, diam. 2'7 mill, (Sut.)

Hastwell, Forty-mile Bush, North Island, New Zealand.

Diplomphalus huttoni SUT., Tr. N. Z. List, xxii, p. 226, t. 15, f.

11, a, b (shell). — Patula huttoni SUT., 1. c. xxiv, p. 273.

P. MOUSSONI Suter. PI. 19, figs. 46, 47, 48.

Shell small, discoidal, white, banded with brown, the streaks fol-
lowing the direction of the ribs at irregular distances, faintly shin-
ing, thin, transparent, strongly ribbed ; ribs sharp, directed for-
wards and arcuated on the surface, slightly undulating on the
periphery, straight below, about 18 ribs in the tenth of an inch (7
per mm.). Spire concave to about one-quarter of the height.
Apex smooth, shining. Whorls 4, the first 3 very narrow, the last
large, -two-thirds of the diameter, not descending, on the inner side
rapidly ascending, regularly arcuated outside. Suture very deep.
Aperture vertical, lunar, excavated by the penultimate whorl.
Peristome straight, acute, lower margin regularly arcuated, the
upper margin forming a much narrower arch ; columellar margin
descending nearly vertically, not reflected ; margins convergent.
Penultimate whorl smooth, white, somewhat callous to a short dis-
tance outside the aperture. Umbilicus broad, perspective, about
one-quarter of the diameter. Alt. 2, diam. 4 mill.

Hastwell, Forty-mile Bush, North Island, New Zealand.

Diplomphalus moussoni SUT., Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxii, p. 227, t. 15, f.

12, a, b (shell). — Patula moussoni SUT., I. c.. xxiv, p. 273.

(2. Species oj Lord Howe Island.)

P. WILKINSONI Brazier. PI. 19, figs. 49, 50.

Shell small, discoidal, obtusely carinated, thin, translucent, color
pale yellow alternating with red radiating dashes; whorls 4£, con-
vex slowly increasing; sculpture fine regular microscopic costai

106 HELIX-CHAROPA.

decussated by similar spiral line ; suture impressed, spire plane
umbilicus wide, one-third of diameter, aperture vertical, oval
lunate, peristome sharp, thin.

Diam. maj. 2 2, min. 2. alt. 1 mill. (Hedley.')

Lord Howe Island ; between the North Ridge and Old Settle-
ment.

Helix (Charopa) wilkinsoni BRAZIER, Austr. Mus. Mem. no. 2, t.
5, f. 3, 4 (reversed), 1889. — Charopa ivilkinsoni Braz., HEDLEY,
Rec. Austr. Mus. i, p. 138, June, 1891.

The type is in the Australian Museum. My artist has copied the
original figures, rectifying the accidental reversion.

P. UNWINI Brazier. PL 19, figs. 51, 52.

Shell small, depressed, thin, translucent, umbilicate ; color uni-
form pale yellow ; whorls 4, rounded, gradually increasing ; sculpt-
ure oblique radiate stria?; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse; sut-
ure impressed; umbilicus wide, one-third of the diameter, deep,
perspective ; aperture not descending, roundly lunate, peristome
thin, straight. Diam. maj. 2], min. 2, alt. H mill. (Hedley.)

Low grounds at the north end of Lord Howe Island.

Helix (Patula) unwini BRAZ., Austr. Mus. Mem. no. 2, t. 4, f. 5,
6 (reversed). — Charopa unwini JBraz., HEDLEY, Records Australian
Museum i, p. 138.

The type is in the Australian Museum.

P. WHITELEGGEI Brazier. PI. 19, figs 53-58.

Shell discoidal, umbilicate, thin, translucent ; color chestnut
painted with zig-zag straw flames, interior subnacreous with bluish
lustre. Whorls 3-i, rapidly increasing, flattened between the
periphery and the suture, subangled at the periphery, slightly
descending at the aperture. Sculpture: numerous irregular oblique
sinuate sharp costse, which are smaller and closer'on the last whorl ;
in their interstices and parallel to them are close fine hair lines;
there is a decided break in the sculpture on reaching the embryonic
whorls which faintly repeat the adult sculpture. Suture divp,
acutely impressed, spire sunk, embryonic whorls li, distinct;
epidermis glistening ; base rather flattened, umbilicus about one-
sixth of major diameter, perspectively exhibiting all the earlier

HELIX-CHAROPA. 107

whorls, aperture diagonal, peristorae straight, sharp, body-whorl
overlaid by a thin callus.

Diam. maj. 16, miii. 13, alt. 6 mill. (Hedley.)

Summit of Mt. Ledgbird, Lord Howe Island.

Helix (Rhytida) Whiteleggei BRAZIER, Australian Museum Mem-
oirs, no. 2, t. 4, f. 23-25 (figures reversed and bad ; no description)
1889.— Helix (Rhytida) balli BRAZ., loc. cit., t. 4, f. 13, 14, 26.—
Helix (Rhytida) ledgbirdi BRAZ., loc. cit., t. 4, f. 19, ZQ.—Patula
whiteleggei Braz., HEDLEY, Kec. Austr. Mus. 1, no. 7, p. 138, t. 21,
f. 6 (jaw) and f. 1 (dentition), June, 1891 with var. balli Braz., p.
139, and var. ledgbirdi Braz., p. 140.

Var. BALLI Brazier. PL 19, figs. 59, 60, 61.

Shell depressly globose, often eroded; whorls rounded. Spire
slightly raised, base rounded, umbilicus narrow but exhibiting the
previous volutions. Alt. 6, greater diam. 11, lesser 10 mill.

Summit of Mount Ledgbird.

Var. LEDGBIRDI Brazier. PL 19, figs. 62, 63.

Shell globosely conoid, whorls rounded, spire elevated, base
rounded, aperture subcircular, umbilicus narrow.

Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 6 mill. (Hedley.)

Western flanks of Mount Ledgbird.

The type specimens of this species and its varieties are in the
Australian Museum.

I have copied the figures from Mem. Austr. Mus., although they
caricature rather than illustrate the species. Figs. 53, 54, 55, are
drawn from a specimen before me (No. 62,421 of the Acad. Mus.),
supplied by Dr. James C. Cox. The sculpture and coloring of this
specimen correspond to Hedley's most excellent description of
whiteleggei; the spire is plane; umbilicus between one-sixth and
one-seventh the diameter; alt. 6, greater diam. 122, lesser 10 mill.

Although rather aberrant, I am still disposed to group this spe-
cies in Charopa.

(3. Species of Tasmania and S. Australia.)

P. ANTIALBA Beddome. PL 36, figs. 23-26.

Shell thin, transparent; contour, a sphere truncated at the poles,
deeply concave above and below, the umbilical excavation deepest.
Color brown, the shade of dry dead leaves, streaks of slightly
lighter shade represent the flame painting of other species.

108 HELIX-CHAROPA.

Whorls 5, the earlier enrolled within the later and almost CGI
cealed by them. From the channelled suture the last whorl ris
perpendicularly, then arches outwards to its summit, from which it
describes a curve of a third of a circle to its base, whence it incurves
to the umbilical crater. The characteristic involute growth does
not occur till the shell has attained a whorl and a half, at which
point the embryonic sculpture is interrupted (as described in alban-
ens-is) by the adult and the shell at once commences to widen axi-
al ly ; viewed either from above or beneath, the smoother plane
embryonic shell is seen as the flat floor of the spiral or umbilical
pit. Sculpture: the last whorl is adorned with 150 sharp erect
straight costse, which are seen to stand out in profile on the periph-
ery like the teeth of a circular saw ; they are directed straight across
the whorl from the spiral to the umbilical sutures and may be
likened to the lines of longitude on a terrestrial globe. The sec-
ondary sculpture varies upon different parts of the shell, that
sketched in the accompanying illustration is selected from the
umbilical wall of the last revolution. Upon the spire two or three
raised hair-lines parallel to the costse occupy the intercostal spaces,
at right angles similar hair-lines cross both these and the costse,
producing a reticulated appearance. Towards the periphery these
spiral lines grow faint, while the intercostal lines multiply to half a
dozen, within the umbilicus the transverse lines diminish and the
spiral sculpture assumes the supremacy. Umbilicus cup-shaped,
profound, exposing every revolution, a third of the shell's diameter
in width. Aperture perpendicular, crescentic, peristome straight,
sharp, scarcely reflexed on the columellar margin, projecting at the
periphery past an imaginary line drawn from insertion to insertion.
Callus smooth, shining, thick, semitransparent, quite burying the
overtaken costre, projected on the penultimate whorl in advance of
the peristorne. Diana, maj. 2-}, min. 21, alt. 15 mill. (Hedley.)

Gad's Hill and Mount Bischoff, Tasmania (Beddome) ; occurred
under timber.

Helix antialba BEDDOME, Monograph of the Land Shells of Tas-
mania p. 41 ; Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 1879, p. 23 ; SUTER, Trans.
N. Z. Inst. xxii, 1889, p. 22G. — Charopa antialba HEDLEY, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 1892, t. 1, f. 5-8.

The type is in the collection of C. E. Beddome, Esq., R. N. The
above description and the figures are from advance proofs of an
article by my friend, Charles Hedley.

HELIX-CHAROPA. 109

Var. ALBA Hedley.
Entirely hyaline-white. Occurred with the above.

P. GADENSIS Beddome. PI. 35, figs. 16-18.

Shell thin, transparent ; contour discoidal, spire plane. Color
hyaline-amber, unicolorous. Whorls 3g, rather rapidly increasing,
deeply channelled at the suture, rounded on their summits and at
the periphery, flattened somewhat on the base. Sculpture : embry-
onic whorls comprising the first 1? revolutions delicately sculptured
by faint transverse capillary costse, the adult whorls are ornamented
by fine capillary costse, of which the last whorl bears about 175.
These are directed straight across the whorl, and are everywhere
crossed by very minute raised hair-lines, which within the umbilicus
grow coarser and dominate the transverse lines. Umbilicus about
a third of the diameter of the base, deep cup-shaped, margin
rounded. Aperture slightly oblique, roundly lunate, peristome
straight, sharp, projecting at the periphery, scarcely reflexed on the
columellar margin. Callus projecting, bluish-white, thin, just bury-
ing the costse of the preceding whorl.

Diam. maj. 2, min. If, alt. t mm. (Hedley.)

From Gad's Hill to Mt. Bisclioff, Tasmania (Beddome) ; occurred
in and under decayed timber.

H. gadensis Beddome, Monograph of the Land Shells of Tasmania,
p. 29 ; Proc. Roy. Soc. of Tasmania, 1879, p. 23. — Charopa gadensis
HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1892, t. 2, f. 1-4.

The type is in the collection of C. E. Beddome, Esq. My figures
and the above description are from advance proofs of an article by
Mr. Charles Hedley.

P. BISCHOFFENSIS Beddome. PI. 35, figs. 19-22.

Shell thin, globose, slightly gibbous, very narrowly perforated.
Color brown, some specimens darker than others; the last whorl
apparently darker than its predecessors. Whorls 5£, slowly increas-
ing, the penultimate wider than the final when seen from above,
channelled at the suture, tumid beneath it; last whorl gradually
and slightly ascending at the aperture, rounded at the periphery
and on the base. Sculpture everywhere closely ornamented by
microscopic transverse raised hair-lines, whose interstices are latticed
by smaller spiral lines ; upon the base there are distinguishable some
thirty faint and irregular spaced costse, but this primary sculpture

110 HELIX-CHAROPA.

is obsolete above. Embryonic shell of lo whorls plane and nearly
smooth, clearly marked off from the adult. Umbilicus very narrow,
abrupt at the margin, half covered by a tongue of callus. Aperture
crescentic, perpendicular, peristome thin, straight, projecting little
at the periphery. Callus especially prominent and heavy, curving
obliquely across the whorl.

Diam. maj. 2?, min. 2], alt. 2 mill. (Hedley.)

Mt. Bischoff, Tasmania (Beddome) ; occurred under timber.

Helix bischoffensis BEDDOME, Monograph of the Land Shells of
Tasmania, p. 39; Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1879, p. 23. — Charopa
bischoffensis HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1892, t. 2, f. 1-4.

The type is in the collection of C. E. Beddome, Esq., R. N. My
description and figures are copied from advance proofs of an article
by my friend Mr. Hedley, now in press.

P. RETEPOROIDES Tate. PI. 30, figs. 33, 34, 35.

Shell rather widely umbilicated, depressed, orbicular, thin ; spire
a little elevated ; whorls five, convex, separated by a deeply
impressed or channelled suture ; last whorl rounded, not descending
in front, base convex.; aperture slightly oblique to the vertical axis,
subcircular; peristome simple, its margins disunited; columella
slightly reflected over the umbilicus, which is wide and perspective.
The ornamentation consists of regular, crowded, thin, elevated, equal
ridges, and transverse equidistant microscopic striae in the inter-
costal furrows ; the ridges are more distant on the spire whorls than
on the last whorl; the transverse stride are more conspicuous on the
base, and the distance between them about equals thp width of the
interstitial grooves. Color of shell reddish-brown. ( Tate.'}

Alt. 4, greater diam. 7, lesser 6*25 mill. ; diameter of umbilicus
1-5 mill.

Black Hill, near Adelaide, under rotten stumps of the grass-tree ;
under stones at the foot of the cliffs at the junction of the River Para
and Jacob's Creek; slopes of Kaiser stuhl, Barossa Range; in the
stflnt/y bark forests about Clare and PenwortJiam, S. Australia.

H. reteporoides TATE, Trans, and Proc. and Rep. Roy. Soc. S.
Austr. ix, p. 62, t. 5, f. 14,1887.

This species belongs to a group of small shells, more or less
depressed and ornamented with raised lamella?, represented by many
species in Tasmania, with most of which I have compared it, and
by three described species in South Australia, but two or more spe-

HELIX-MICROPHYSA. Ill

cies yet remain undiagnostically known. As implied by the spe-
cific name, the shell above described has affinity with H. retepora
Cox, inhabiting the Flinders Range and at Port Lincoln ; the gen-
eral shape is the same, but in H. reteporoides the spire is not quite
so elevated, the whorls more rotund, deeper suture, more convex
base, larger umbilicus, the costal lamellae equal and very much
more numerous, and the transverse stria3 finer. (Tate.)

Unfigured species described as Charopa.

Charopa baldwini ANCEY, Sandwich Is. Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr.
1889, p. 176.

MlCROPHYSA. (Ill, p. 96.)

H. lansingi Bid. and H. stearnsi Bid. (p. 102), belong to the
genus Pristiloma, in the Zonitidce. See Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. N. S.
Phila. 1889, p. 191.

P. HYPOLEPTA Shuttleworth. PI. 21, figs. 28, 29, 30.

Shell minute, discoidal; whitish, subtranslucent and shining,
with wrinkles of growth above, nearly smooth beneath. Whorls 4,
very convex, quite gradually widening, the periphery of the last
one above its middle, the lower-lateral surfaces sloping, somewhat
as in H. vortex Pfr. The aperture is small, not very oblique, oval.
Lip acute, upper and basal margins quite arcuate, the baso-columel-
lar margin slightly expanded. The umbilicus is broad, more than
one-third the diameter of the shell. Alt. 1, diam. 2i mill.

Bermuda.

H. hypolepta SHUTTLW., MS.; see Diag. n. Moll., no. 6, Bern.
Mittheil. March, 1854, p. 129. — H. (Microphysa) hypolepta PJLSBRY,
Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila. 1889, p. 82, t. 3, f. 6, 7, 8.

It is evidently allied to H. vortex Pfr., but is much smaller, flat-
ter, with broader umbilicus. Hyalinia minuscula need not be com-
pared with this species, a glance at the figures shows at once its dis-
similarity. Shuttleworth never described this species, of which he
received specimens from Bland. A part of those before me are
also from Bland.

P. INTONSA Pilsbry. PI. 21, figs. 31, 32, 33.

Shell very small, narrowly umbilicated, thin, chestnut-brown,
semi-globose. Whorls 4, well rounded, separated by very deeply

112 HELIX-MICROPHYS A.

impressed sutures. Apex obtuse; last whorl rounded attheperipl
ery. Surface smooth, very lightly striatulate, having long, whitish,
sparsely scattered, delicate hairs, usually rubbed off except at the
sutures. Aperture slightly oblique, oval, parietal wall a little flat-
tened. Lip sharp, acute, very slightly expanded at the columellar
margin. Alt. 2, diam. 1*8 mill.

Orizaba, Mexico.

Patula intonsa PILS., Proc. Acad. K S. Phila. 1891, p. 314, t. 15,
f. 1-3.

The sparsely scattered, partly deciduous hairs are peculiar and
characteristic.

P. VENEZUELENSIS Jousseaume. PI. 21, figs. 24, 25.

Shell broadly and deeply umbilicated, suborbiculate-depressed,
thin ; brown-flesh colored ; striate ; ornamented with irregular and
oblique caducous lamellae. Whorls 4-i, convex, obtusely carinated.
Aperture subrotund; peristome simple, thin and acute.

Alt. 2£, greater diam. 4£, lesser 3 5 mill. (Jouss.~)

Colony of Torar, and at Valencia, Venezuela.

Trichia venezuelensis Jouss., Mem. de la Soc. Zool. de France, ii,
p. 248, t. 9, f. 12, 13, 1889.

The cuticle is thin and covered with little caducous, close oblique
lamella, the free edges of which bear very short hairs, flattened and
elongated in the direction of the lamellae.

P. ROJASI Jousseaume. PI. 21, figs. 26, 27.

Shell deeply umbilicately, subglobose, thin, brown-flesh colored,
obliquely striated with scaly lamellae. Whorls 4, rounded, convex.
Aperture subrotund ; peristome simple, thin, acute.

Alt. 2, greater diam. 3, lesser 2 2 mill. (Jouss.)

Caracas, Venezuela.

Trichia rojasi Jouss., Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii, p. 249, t. 9, f. 9, 10.

The surface is covered with a lamellose cuticle; the lamellae are
slashed on the edges, giving the appearance of minute, regularly
arranged scales. This species is closely allied to the preceding.

HELICID/e

PLATE 16

HELJCID^E.

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PATULA-MACROCYCLOIDES.

Section MACROCYCLOIDES Martens (Vol. Ill, j>. 48.)

P. MICROCYCLIS Boettger. PL 42, fig. 33.

Shell small, perspectively umbilicated, the umbilicus over two-
sevenths the diameter of the shell, depressed-convex, rather solid,
corneous-yellow, oily-shining ; spire conoid-convex, apex obtuse,
slightly projecting. Whorls 4J, slowly increasing, little convex,
•separated by an impressed suture, ornamented with sigmoid
impressed lines here and there deeper, and closer at suture and
umbilicus ; last whorl flattened above, at' the periphery rounded-
subangulate, the base convex, slightly enlarged toward the aperture,
not descending. Aperture moderately oblique, truncate-piriform ;
peristome obtuse, margins distant, joined by a callus, the upper mar-
gin straightened, obliquely descending, subretracted at the suture,
•then lightly subangularly protracted, simple ; columellar margin
slightly thickened and a little reflexed. (BttgS)

Alt. 3-3£, diam. 5-6 mill.; apert., alt. 11-11, width 2i-2f mill.

Hitulama, North Amboyna; Ema and Kusukusu (SereJi), South
Amboyna.

Macrocycloides microcyclis BTTG., Ber. Senck. Naturf. Ges. 1891, p.
260, t. 3, f. 7, 7a.

Keadily distinguished from known species of Macrocycloides by
the small size and lack of spiral striation. The upper surface
reminds one somewhat of Hyalinia (PolitaJ) petronella Charp., and
the umbilicus and aperture strongly resemble those of Macrocyclis
[Selenites] concava Say.

P. SAPARUANA Boettger. PL 42, figs. 31, 32.

Shell small, broadly umbilicated, the umbilicus one-third the
width of the shell, convex-depressed, thin, corneous-brownish, uni-
colo red, oily-shining ; spire very little elevated, slightly convex,
apex obtuse, slightly prominent, whorls 4?, slowly increasing, a little
convex, separated by impressed sutures ; ornamented with sigmoid
impressed lines, here and there deeper, and closer at suture and
umbilicus ; last whorl flattened above, the periphery very distinctly
angulated, convex below ; before the aperture not descending.
Aperture small, moderately oblique, subcircular, angled above and
at the right side ; peristome slightly obtuse, the margins subdistant,
joined by a callus ; upper margin little curved, obliquely descend-

114 PATULA-ANGUISPIRA.

ing, basal well rounded, columellar slightly thickened and a trifle
reflexed. (Bttg.)

Alt. 2|-3, diam. 5 £-6 mill. ; apert., alt. If, width 2 mill.

Papero, Island of Saparua.

Macrocycloides saparuana BTTG., Ber. Senck. Naturforsch. Ges.
1891, p. 260, t. 3, f. 8a-b.

The umbilicus is wider than in microcyclis Bttg., the entire con-
tour flatter, lens-shaped, the periphery angular, mouth smaller with
less steep and rectilinear upper margin.

P. SERICINA Boettger. PL 42, figs. 34, 35.

Shell small, perspectively umbilicated, the umbilicus f-| the
width of the shell, depressed-convex, thin, whitish, satiny ; spire
convex, apex little prominent. Whorls 4-41, slowly increasing,
convex, separated by a profound suture; ribbed with very close
hair-like striae, and in the interstices microscopically spirally lineo-
late ; last whorl much flattened above, rounded at the periphery,
the base more convex, subcylindrical ; slightly widening toward the
aperture, not descending. Aperture moderate, rather oblique,
truncate-piriform ; peristome simple, rather acute, the margins dis-
tant, joined by a callus ; the upper margin straightened, obliquely
descending, columellar margin not thickened, and but a trifle
reflexed. (Bttg.)

Alt. lf-2, diam. 3-3£ mill.; apert., alt. H, width If mill.

Oma, Island of Haruku.

Macrocycloides sericina BTTG., Ber. Senck. Naturf. Ges. 1891, p.
261, t. 3, f. 9, 9a-b.

It is easy to separate this from the relatives of M. microcyclis Bttg.
by its white color, dull satin luster, the close rib-striation, and small
size. It is interesting to find that the three principal islands of the
Amboyna group has each a well-defined species of Macrocycloides!

ACANTHINULA (Vol. Ill, p. 53.)

A. PERACANTHODA Bgt. (H. Raffrayi Bgt., olim.)

Cockerell has proposed to substitute the name raffrayana for
raffrayi (Journal of Conchology, Leeds, 1888, p. 261) but Bourgui-
gnat's name peracant hoda has priority.

Section ANGUISPIRA Morse (Vol. Ill, p. 55.)

This group of Patula is confined to the temperate portions of
North America. It consists of rather large species, all of which are

PATULA-ANGUISPIRA. 115

remarkable for their polymorphism. The species may be divided
into two sections : the first, or typical ANGUISPIRA, proposed for
alternate*,, including also mordax and cumber landiana (which are
hardly more than extreme forms of alternata), is characterized by a
flammulate, regularly striated shell, by the oviparous mode of repro-
duction, etc., and is not far removed from the section Discus. The
second division or section has a unicolored or spirally banded shell,
irregularly striated or ribbed, often spirally striated, and gives birth
to living young. The young usually have spiral rows of hairs, and
resemble considerably some New Zealand Patuloid forms, which
probably reproduce in the same manner. In the species of this
division, the characters of sculpture, form and color, and to a less
degree of the soft parts, vary to an extent inconceivable to those
who have not actually seen the shells. It may now be demonstrated
that the forms described as H. strigosa, cooperi, idahoensis, hemphilli,
haydeni, etc., are connected by such a multitude of intermediate
forms that it is absolutely impossible, by the most acute analysis, to
draw lines of demarcation between them. It is even impossible to
classify many specimens if we attempt only the division into three
series, as is done below.

The literature of these varieties and forms will be found in the
NAUTILUS for 1890, and in Binney's Second (1886), Third (1890),
and Fourth (1892), Supplements to Terr. Moll. V. The classifica-
tion is mainly that given by Binney (I. c.)
P. STRIGOSA Gould. (Vol. Ill, p. 56.)

(1) Radially ribbed forms (P. idahoensis Newc.)
Var. IDAHOENSIS Newc.

The type of this group of forms is well represented by figs. 29, 30,
31 of pi. 10, in Vol. Ill, representing the typical Patula idahoensis.
I have not seen intermediate forms absolutely uniting this to var.
binneyi (below), but the unbridged space between the two is so nar-
row that perfectly intermediate examples may be confidently
expected.
Var. NEWCOMBI Hemphill. PI. 41, fig. 88 (typical), figs. 89, 90

(var.)

This is perhaps the most extraordinary of the entire strigosa
series. The shells were collected near Ogden, Utah, at an altitude
of 4500 feet. In the typical newcombi (fig. 88) the body-whorl is
rounded but there is a keel sketched around it ; the surface has

116 PATULA-ANGUISPIRA.

coarse, irregular riblets, and two purple-brown bands. This form
Hemphill collected among leaves and brush, etc., on the steep
shady sides of a gulch facing the north, some miles north of Ogden*
Nearer the city, among quartzite boulders, in a single limited spot,
the shells were much more elevated (figs. 89, 90) and strongly car-
inated, the bands faint or absent. This form Hemphill calls tra-
satchensis.

Var. BINNEYI Hemphill. PL 41, figs. 79, 80 (typical), 81-87

(varr.)

When typically developed this form has the elevated contour of
P. idahoensis, from which it differs in the more numerous and irre-
gular smaller riblets. It is white, usually pink on the inner whorls ;
the aperture is circular, and the baso-columellar lip often develops
a callous nodule within (fig. 80). This form is common in Box
Elder Co., Utah. It passes directly into the var. cooperi which is
numerous in Box Elder Canon, and which differs typically in lack-
ing riblets. As I have said above, some specimens are bandless ;
but others show faint bands, and still others have two strong purple-
brown bands. The latter, when strongly ribbed are Mr. HemphilPs
" var." multicostata (fig. 81) ; specimens of which show vast varia-
tions in ribbing, in degree of elevation, and in size, diam. 10 to 20
mill. By rather gradual stages these bands become wider, until
they cover all of the surface except a whitish central band and
umbilical patch, or even these disappear. It is then the "var."
castanea Hemphill (figs. 84, 85). It should be noted that some of
the castanea are so smooth that they would pass as a variety of
typical strigosa ; others pass directly into " var." albofasciata Hemp-
hill (figs. 86, 87). All of the above forms are from Box Elder Co.,
Utah.

The form multicostata noted above as a color form of var. BINNEYI,
presents no characters distinguishing it from Hemphill's form
gouldi (figs. 82, 83) from the banks of the Bear River, north of
Brigham City, Utah, except that the latter is smaller than the forms
originally named multicostata ; but the sizes intergrade.

(2) Smooth forms (P. strigosa Gld.)

These forms have neither the oblique ribs of the preceding, nor
the spiral threads or cords of the following series (3). The surface
is obliquely striated either finely or rudely, and often decussated by
microscopic spiral incised lines.

PATULA-ANGUISPIRA. 117

Var. STRIGOSA Gould (typical) Vol. Ill, pi. 10, figs. 32, 33, 34. PL

42, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Far to the westward of all other colonies of strigosa, at Spokane,
Washington, is found a variety remarkable for its elegant sculpture
and coloring. The form is rather depressed, surface finely wrinkle-
striate and decussated by finer spiral incised lines. The color is
whitish, much stained and mottled with fleshy-brown above, or
entirely flesh-brown with white strise ; base whitish in adults, flesh-
brown in the young. Most specimens show many dots of trans-
lucent brown. There are generally two bands, one above, one
below, but both are frequently lacking, and many specimens show
additional bands on the base. The whorl descends toward the
aperture, which is elliptical. This form is really the original and
therefore the typical strigosa of Gould ; but Hemphill has given to
Spokane Falls specimens the name var. parma (pi. 42, figs. 7,. 8, 9).
Numerous specimens have been collected and distributed to Amer-
ican collectors by Mrs. Mary P. Olney, of Spokane, Wash., to whom
I am indebted for those figured.

Var. JUGALTS Hemphill. PI. 41, figs. 93, 94, 95.

A very broad, depressed form, from Salmon River, Idaho. It is
more or less distinctly 2-banded, the umbilicus is wide, and the whorl
descends deeply at the aperture. The surface is coarsely striated, but
not ribbed. HemphilPs var. intersum (pi. 41, figs. 91, 92) is a
smaller form of this in which the surface is generally more suffused
with purple-brown, and is more distinctly costulate, sometimes as
distinctly as in var. binneyi.

The following so-called varieties have been given names. They
have no varietal standing ; and there are several thousand forms of
strigosa equally deserving of names :

Form depressa Ckll. is a flattened form represented in vol. Ill,
pi. 10, fig. 36. FoYmfragilis Hemph. (pi. 41, figs. 5, 6) is nroder-
ately elevated, rather thin and somewhat translucent brownish or
flesh colored, with two bands ; from near Franklin, Idaho. Form
carnea Hemph. is generally bandless, fleshy-brown above, usually
whitish below, finely striated ; from near Salt Lake. Hardly worth
a name. Form rugosa Hemph. is a large robust variety with very
convex whorls, from New Brigham City, Utah. A depressed form
from near Logan, Utah, has been called var. albida Hemph. A form
connecting with var. binneyi has been named butioni Hemph. (pi.
41, figs. 97, 98). It is from Box Elder Canon, Utah, and is often

118 PATULA-ANGUISPIRA.

toothed, like other varieties from the same locality. Form globulosa
Ckll. from Summit Co., Col. is between cooperi and strigosa.

Var. SUBCARINATA Hemphill. PI. 41, fig. 96 (type), figs. 99, 1, 2,

3, 4 (varr.)

At and near Rathdrum, Idaho, Hemphill collected large numbers
of a form of strigosa remarkable for its great size. The shell is solid,
and varies from chalky-white unicolored, to dingy brownish with
two dark bands, and often numerous narrow bands beneath. They
are often irregularly clouded with brown. The surface is rather
rudely striated, but not ribbed. The degree of elevation also varies
within wide limits. The names subcarinata (fig. 96), bicolor (figs.
3, 4), lactea (fig. 99) and picta (figs. 1, 2) have been given by
Hemphill, but one name is ample for the entire lot, the color vary-
ing so interminably that no two individuals (except the uniform
white ones) can be found alike.

Form utahensis Hemphill. PI. 42, figs. 10, 11.

This is a rough, coarse, carinated variety, figured in Terr. Moll.
V., p. 158, fig. 66, and Man. Amer. L. Sh., p. 166, f. 154. The per-
istome is sometimes continuous by a raised heavy callus connecting
its terminations.

Var. COOPERI \V. G. Binney. Vol. Ill, pi. 10, fig. 35.

Elevated, globose forms, with cylindrical whorls, and round,
rather than elliptical aperture. On one side this, form passes into
true strigosa, and on the other directly into the costate forms lead-
ing toward P.'idahoensis. Cockerell has mentioned, without descrip-
tions, the following forms of P. strigosa cooperi : trtfasciata Mesa Co.,
Col. ; confluens, Custer, Garfield and Mesa Cos., Col. ; elevata, Delta
Co., Col. ; major, Mesa Co., Col. ; and minor near Egeria, Routt Co.,
Col.

(3) Spirally ribbed form* (P. haydeni Gabb.)

These forms are characterized by the possession of spaced spiral
cords or threads, between which a lens shows the surface to be
decussated. They are generally unicolored soiled white except for
the earlier whorls which are flesh tinted; but two faint bands
appear on some examples. It is almost impossible to diagnose
varieties, the series of forms being absolutely continuous. The
following names have been given :

TROCHOMORPHA. 119

Form hemphilli Newc. is a variety existing over a considerable
territory in Nevada, Idaho, Utah and Colorado. It is depressed,
carinated, and begirt with fine thread-like spirals. Form gabbiana
Hemph. (pi. 42, figs. 12, 13) is "a coarse, rough haydeni with the
revolving ribs nearly or quite obsolete." It passes into strigosa.
Form bruneri Ancey (or oquirrhensis Hemph.) has the spirals more
developed than in hemphilli, but less than in haydeni. The ends of
the peristome approach and are joined by a heavy callus. Form
haydeni typical (vol. Ill, pi. 10, figs. 40, 41) is the most divergent
of all, having very strong spiral cords and decussated intervals.

Another form, quite intermediate between oquirrhensis and strigosa,
has been called var. hybrida by Hemphill. It is from near Logan,
Utah.

Genus TROCHOMORPHA Alb. (Vol. Ill, p. 72.)

The following species were not included in Tryon's account of this
group in vol. III.

T. HAENSELI Schmacker and Boettger. PI. 30, figs. 6, 7, 8.

Shell moderately widely umbilicated, the umbilicus } the diam.
of the shell ; conic-depressed, compressedly carinated, shining, olive-
brown, unicolored ; spire little raised, exactly conical, apex rather
acute. Whorls 6j, very slowly increasing, very slightly convex, at
the suture distinctly hair-marginate, costulate-striate, without spiral
lines ; the last whorl rather convex beneath, roundly angled around
the umbilicus, scarcely wider than the penultimate whorl, hardly
descending. • Aperture moderately oblique, irregularly -rhomboidal ;
peristome simple, rather obtuse, the upper margin very short, sigmoid,
little protracted, basal margin receding in the middle, columella
obliquely ascending, almost subangulated where it joins the basal
lip, both subcalloused and slightly reflexed.

Alt. 5-51, greater diam. 122-132 mill.; apert., alt. 3i-3!, width
41-5 mill. (8. & B.)

South Cape of Formosa.

T. haenseli S. & B., Nachr.-Bl. 1891, p. 152, t. 1, f. 5.

T. borealis Mlldff. (Nachr.-Bl. 1888, p. 39) is closely allied, but
smaller, less dark, the umbilicus narrower, the spire rather convex-
conic, and the keel less acute ; the basal lip is also more deeply
S-shaped in the continental species.

120 TROCHOMORPHA.

T. TONKINORUM Mabille. PI. 30, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Shell rather widely and perviously umbilicated ; subtrochiform,
very much depressed, rather thin but somewhat solid ; rufescent ;
rather rudely costulate-incised, and marked with some inconspicuous
spiral lines; spire slightly convex, slightly projecting; apex obtuse,
concolored. Whorls 6, convex-flattened, carinated, regularly widen-
ing, separated by a margined, impressed suture : the last whorl car-
inated, a little convex in the middle, toward the carina compressed,
beneath radiately striated and slightly convex, obtusely angled
around the umbilicus. Aperture oblique, small, ax-shaped ; mar-
gins remote; peristome straight, acute.
. Alt. 3J, greater diam. 13, lesser 12 mill. (Mab.)

Tonquin*

T. tonkinorum MAB., Moll. Tonk. diagn. p. 7, May 14, 1887 ;
Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. iv, p. 97, t. 3, f. 1, 2, 3.

T. INFANDA Semper. PI. 20, fig. 4.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed, regularly striated above,
marked with impressed lines beneath ; reddish-chestnut, begirt with
a tawny band at the periphery. Spire depressed-conic, apex obtuse.
Whorls 5-6, nearly flat, carinated, the last convex beneath, nearly
smooth. Aperture oblique, angulate-luuar ; peristome simple, acute,
the upper margin straight, colurnellar margin not thickened.

Alt. 5?, greater diam. 12, lesser 11 mill. (Setup.)

Digollorin, Palanan and Cordillera of Amber biik, E. coast North
Luzon.

T. infanda SEMP., Reisen, p. 117. — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch.
1887, p. 93, t. 3, f. 5 ; Obras Malacol. i, p. 114.

Hidalgo considers this a color-variety of Tr. albocincta Pfr.

T. LUTEOBRUNNEA Mollendorff. PI. 20, figs. 20, 21.

This is the form figured by Hidalgo (Journ. Conch. 1887, p. 95,
t. 4, f. 2), as Tr. splendent Semp. It is from the Island Sibuyan,
Philippines. No diagnosis has been published. See Mlldff. Land-
schn. Cebu, p. 213, foot of page, and Hidalgo, Obras Malacol. i, p.
116.

T. LOOCENSIS Hidalgo. PI. 20, figs. 11, 12, 13.

Shell very broadly umbilicated, very much depressed, discoidal,
very acutely carinated ; very thin ; pellucid, a little shining, scarcely
striatulate, corneous-brown, unicolored. Spire flattened, slightly

TROCHOMORPHA. 121

elevated, obtuse. Suture simple. Whorls 6, the first slightly con-
vex, the rest flat, slowly increasing, the last a little wider than the
penultimate ; rather swollen around the umbilicus, obtusely angu-
lated, not descending in front ; aperture subtriangular, depressed ;
peristome simple. Umbilicus large, perspective, one-third the
diameter.

Alt. 3, greater diam. 15, lesser 13£ mill.; diam. of umbilicus 5
mill. (Hid.)

Mt. Cabugao at Looc, and Paragua, Tab las ; Philippines.

Tr. looeensis HID., Journ. de Conchol. 1887, p. 115, t. 4, f. 4;
Obras Malacol. i, p. 21, 115.

T. METCALFEI Pfr. Vol. Ill, pi. 17, figS. 17, 18 19.

From this species as defined by Pfeiffer and by Tryon (Man. iii,
p. 85) must be separated the varieties "minor" and " unicolor"
which have properly been defined as distinct species by y. Mollen-
dorff, under the names T. repanda and T. granulosa.

The typical METCALFEI is rather large (alt. 62, greater diam. 20,
lesser 18 mill.), of a corneous tawny color, with conspicuously white
suture and keel, the latter bordered above and below with a broad
tawny-brown band. The surface of the base is finely and beauti-
fully cut by microscopic spirals, except around the umbilicus where
it is more shining; the upper surface is slightly duller and lacks
spiral lines. The umbilicus measures one-fifth the greater diameter
of the shell. The last whorl generally descends a trifle below the
keel in front.

It is very closely allied to T. sibuyanica in form, but rather less
depressed, and conspicuously banded. It is a much larger shell than
T. repanda. T. granulosa differs in being unicolored and strongly
decussated above.

T. SIBUYANICA Hidalgo. PI. 20, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Shell discoidal, depressed, acutely carinated, rather thin, sub-
translucent, pale brownish- corneous-buff. Umbilicus perspective, its
width contained 5-5^ times in the diameter of the base. Surface
slightly shining above and marked with light growth-striae; hav-
ing a bright oily luster in the middle below, the outer half being
duller and distinctly spirally striated below the keel. Spire low,
depressed; whorls 6, the inner 2 convex, the rest flat, and separated
by a non-impressed white suture ; last whorl concave above and
below the acute white-edged keel. Aperture very oblique, ax-shaped,

122 TROCHOMORPHA.

flesh-colored within ; peristome simple, the upper lip thin, arched
forward, basal lip regularly arcuate, slightly thickened.

Alt. 6?, greater diam. 24, lesser 20 mill.

Alt. 7, greater diam. 23, lesser 20 mill.

Lugar Espana, Island of Sibuyan, Philippines*

Tr. sibuyanica HID., Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 96, t. 5, f. 3;
Obras Malacol. i, p. 20, 111.

The last whorl seen from above, is wider than usual, and the dis-
tance from the outer angle of the aperture to the line of the preced-
ing whorl is about equal to the distance from the latter to the inner
termination of the columella. The sculpture of the base also is
characteristic.

T. QUADRASI Hidalgo. Vol. IX, pi. 7, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell depressed, very acutely carinated, thin, sub translucent, horn-
colored, shining; very broadly umbilicated, the width of the umbil-
icus contained 4? times in the greatest diameter of the shell.

Surface somewhat iridescent in places; having delicate growth-
lines above, more glossy below, and closely spirally striated except
just at the mouth of the umbilicus. Spire low-conoid, the inner two
whorls convex, the rest nearly flat, slowly increasing, the last whorl
at aperture about one-fifth the diameter of the shell. Suture hardly
impressed, a white hair-line. Carina white-edged, the whorl concave
above and below it.

Aperture oblique, ax-shaped, the upper lip arched forward, not
arcuated, basal lip slightly thickened, white, regularly arcuate, the
columellar termination somewhat more distant from the suture than
the outer angle of the lip is.

Alt. 7s, greater diam. 24, lesser 21 f mill.

Alt. 7, greater diam. 22, lesser 20 mill.

Cuyapo, Province Nueva Ecija, Luzon, Philippines.

Trochomorpha quadrasi HID., Obras Malacol. i, p. 117. — v. MOELL.
Nachrbl. D. M. Ges. 1891, p. 123. — Tr. stenogyra v. MOELL. Nachr.-
bl. D. M. Ges. 1890, p. 202.

This beautiful species is closely allied to Tr. sibuyanica and Tr.
metcalfei. It differs from the former in the wider umbilicus, and
comparatively narrower last whorl (seen from above) ; it differs
from metcalfei in being larger with comparatively wider umbilicus,
narrower last whorl, and in lacking the broad brown bands above
and below the keel.

TROCHOMORPHA. 123

It was reported from Angat, Prov. of Bulacan, Luzon, by Hid-
algo, this being the locality first given by the native collector from
whom all the specimens were obtained ; but subsequently he gave
the locality Cuyapo. The above description and the figures are
drawn from specimens furnished by Dr. v. Mollendorff.

T. REPANDA'V. Mollendorff. Vol. Ill, pi. 17, figs. 20, 21.

This species has been figured as a variety of H. metcalfei (Man.
Ill, p. 85.)

Middle Luzon, near Manila, etc.

Trochomorpha (Videna) repanda MLLDFF., Ber. Senckenb. Ges.
1890, p. 211 ; Nachr.-Bl. d. d. Mai. Ges. 1891, p. 42.— H. metcalfei
var. ft PFR., Monogr. i, p. 121 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 97, f. 13, 14.— T.
boholensis HID., Journ. de Conchyl. 1887, p. 94, t. 4, f. 1 ; not of
Semper.

T. SPLENDENS Semper. PI. 20, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell openly umbilicated, the umbilicus about equalling 4 the
diameter of the basal ; depressed, lens-shaped, thin, very oily-shining,
of a horny-waxen color ; acutely carinated, the spire depressed, little
conoid. Whorls 6, slowly increasing, a little convex, rather dis-
tinctly striated, with no spiral line ; suture rather impressed, mar-
gined ; last whorl somewhat inflated beneath, almost smooth,
roundly-angled around the umbilicus. Aperture moderately oblique,
nearly rhombic ; the peristome simple, upper margin straightened,
lower deeply curved.

Alt. 5i, diam. 18* ; alt. 6i, diam. 18 mill. (Mild/.)

Zebu, Philippines.

Tr. (Videna) splendens SEMP., Reis. Phil. Landmoll., p. 118. —
MLLDFF., Landschn. Cebu, p. 213, t. 8, f. 1.

Semper described from a young example. The prominent specific
characters are the total lack of spiral sculpture, and the oily luster
of the surface.

T. SPLENDIDULA Mollendorff. PL 20, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Intermediate between splendens and costellifera, but the shell is
smaller, higher, more slowly increasing, the striae more distinct than
in the former of these, and it differs from the latter in being a little
larger, not ribbed nor spirally striated. The shell is moderately
umbilicated, umbilicus 5 the diameter of the base ; depressed, dis-
coid, thin, acutely carinated, horny-yellowish. Spire depressed but

124 TROCHOMORPHA.

distinctly conical. Whorls 5, slightly convex, slowly increasing,
the suture moderately impressed, submargined ; rather regularly
and densely striated, hardly sculptured spirally ; the last whorl is
angulate-convex below, roundly-subangulated at the umbilicus,
yellow-streaked at the aperture, below. Aperture little oblique,
irregularly trapezoidal; peristome simple, arcuate, upper margin
lightly curved, lower margin deeply curved.

Alt. 4i-4J, diam. 12£ mill.; apert., alt. 3J, width 51 mill.
(Mild/.)

West coast of Zebu.

T. (Videna) splendidula MLLDFF., Landschn. Cebu, p. 214, t. 8,
f. 2.

The striation is stronger than in T. splendens but not so strong as
in costellifera. The yellow streak just behind the lip, and parallel
with it, is peculiar. Exact locality not known, but probably the
village Balamban.

Hidalgo (Obras Mai. i, p. 115) considers this a form of T. splen-
dent Semp., but it seems to be sufficiently distinct.

T. NEGLECTA Pilsbry. PI. 20, figs. 14, 15, 16.

Shell openly umbilicated, the umbilicus of a deep funnel shape, its
width contained 5 or 5J times in the diameter of the base ; depressed,
lens-shaped, acutely keeled, thin but rather strong, shining, light
chestnut colored the apex pale corneous. The spire is conoidal ;
whorls 6 or 61, slowly increasing, slightly convex, separated by a
suture distinctly dark-margined above, scarcely impressed ; the last
whorl acutely keeled, a trifle concave above and below the keel ; the
base convex, roundly angled around the umbilicus. Upper surface
irregularly and coarsely plicate-striate ; lower surface more shining,
smoother, lightly striated ; no spiral strice either above or below.
Aperture rhomboidal, flesh-colored within ; upper lip arched for-
ward, thin ; basal lip gently arcuate, somewhat thickened ; col-
umellar lip strongly arcuate.

Alt. 8, greater diam. 24, lesser 2(H mill.

Philippines.

This large species is distinguished by the strong striation of its
upper surface, the total lack of spiral strise, and the funnel shaped
or conical umbilicus. It differs from T. sibuyanica in being a
stronger, higher shell, with conical spire, stronger sculpture, nar-
rower last whorl and in lacking spiral stria?. It differs from T.

TROCHOMORPHA. 125

hartmanm (Chemn. edit. II, Helix, t. 94, f. 16-18) in the more
rapidly increasing whorls. The figure 16 represents the basal lip
as too much arcuated, but in fig. 15 the columella should appear
more strongly arched upward. The specimens before me are
labelled " Mindoro," but I know not upon whose authority.

T. COSTELLIFERA Mollendorff. PL 20, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Shell umbilicated, umbilicus ] the diameter of the base, conoid,
depressed, thin, shining, corneous yellow, spire little raised, almost
regularly conical, the apex rather acute, whorls 5* slowly increasing,
convex, regularly ribbed striate, decussated throughout by very
delicate, distant impressed spiral lines, suture margined, crenulated,
last whorl with a thread-like carina, the base striated, roundly
angled around the umbilicus. Aperture oblique, irregularly
rhomboidal, peristome simple, acute, upper margin straightened, lower
margin rounded, sublabiate, columellar margin short, a little
straightened, slightly thickened.

Alt. 4f, diam. 10 mill. ; aperture, alt. 3i, width 4 mill. (Mlldf.*)

Northwestern Zebu, Philippines'

Trochomorpha (Videna) costellifera MLLDFF., Landschnecken
Fauna, Cebu, p. 214, t. 8, f. 3, 1890.

No Philippine species is closely related to this handsomely sculpt-
ured Trochomorpha. From T. splendens and T. splendidula with
which it shares the unicolored shell without a white keel-band, it is
separated by the regular, strong, ribbed-striation and the presence of
fine spiral sculpture. T. acutimargo, of which one is reminded by
Tryon's illustration, is much larger 16 mm., diam., and according to
the diagnosis is not ribbed but spirally striated, T. alboeineta has a
white keel band upon a darker color and it is besides not ribbed-
striate. (Mlldff.}

T. GRANULOSA Mlldff. PI. 20, figs. 22-24.

Shell openly umbilicated, convex-depressed, acutely carinated,
minutely granulated by transverse striae and fine spiral lines ;
corneous-tawny. Whorls 5i, slightly convex, the last a little exca-
vated below the keel, then convex, obtusely angulated around the
umbilicus. Aperture oblique, rounded rhomboidal; peristome
straight, arcuate.

Alt. 6, greater diam. 14i, lesser 13 i mill. (Mlldff.}

Siquijor, Philippines.

126 TROCHOMORPHA.

T. granulosa MLLDFF., Nachr.-Bl. 1888, p. 144 ; 1. c., 1891, p. 43.
— H. metcalfei var. PFR., Monogr. i, p. 121, and Conchyl. Cab.,
t. 97, f. 15, 16.

This species has been figured in Vol. Ill, p. 85, pi. 17, figs. 22,
23, as a variety of H. metcalfei.

T. STRUBELLI Boettger. PI. 30, figs. 9, 10, 11.

Shell perspectively umbilicated, the umbilicus nearly equal to one-
fifth the breadth of the shell ; depressed conical, rather solid, rather
shiny, olive-yellow, at the suture whitish, the carina white with a chest-
nut band above and below. Spire conic-convex, apex rather obtuse.
Whorls 6, a little convex, separated by an appressed, submarginated
suture, above regularly acutely striated, below distinctly spirally
lirulate ; last whorl acutely carinated, the carina compressed above
and below, the base slightly convex ; not descending in front.
Aperture diagonal, rhomboid-ax-shaped ; peristome straight, simple,
the upper margin lightly curved, basal distinctly arcuate ; columella
slightly so above.

Alt. 5£, diam. 10 mill. ; apert., alt. 3£, width 4 mill. (Bttg.)

Gunung Salak, Java.

T. strubelli BTTG., Bericht u'ber die Senckenbergische naturfor-
schende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, 1890, .p. 143, t. 5,
f. 5a-c.

This beautifully colored Videna is far higher (ratio 1 : T82) than
T. planorbis (Less.) var. javanica Mouss. (ratio 1 : 2*17 to 1 : 3*13),
T. tricolor Mts. (1 : 2'50) and T. bicolor Mts. (1 : 2'00 to 1 : 2'42) ;
and from the last, its closest relative, it differs besides in lacking
spiral lines upon the upper surface, and in the sharply contrasting
spiral bands bordering the keel. (Bttg.)

T. CONCOLOR Boettger. PI. 30, figs. 12, 13, 14.

Shell moderately umbilicated, umbilicus one-seventh the diameter
of the shell ; conic-depressed, rather thin, shining ; olive-brown ;
spire depressed convex-conic ; apex moderately obtuse. Whorls 5,
slightly convex, separated by a lightly impressed suture, with an
acute, concolored hair-margin; striatulate, without spiral lines; the
last whorl carinated, the keel moderately acute, convex on the base,
nearly subangled at the cylindrical umbilicus, not descending in
front. Aperture diagonal, rhomboid-ax-shaped ; peristome simple,
upper margin slightly curved, basal angulate-arcuate, columellar
lightly protracted.

TROCHOMORPHA. 127

Alt. 31-31, diam. 7-7 i mill.; apert,, alt. 2£, width 3£ mill.

Qunung Gedeh, Java.

T. concolor BTTG., Ber. Senck. naturf. Ges. 1890, p. 143, t. 5, f. 6,
6a-c.

This unicolored, comparatively small Videna also seems to be
higher than all of its Javanese allies (proportion 1 : 1*90). The
nearest species to it may be T. lardea v. Mts. of Java and the
Moluccas; but this has the proportion 1 : 2'55, and a white thick-
ened lip. (Bttg.~)

T. SUBNIGRITELLA Beddouie. PL 43, figs. 44, 45, 46.

Shell moderately umbilicated, depressedly turbinate, quite rounded
at the apex ; whorls 6, very gradually increasing, faintly striated,
the last sharply angled at the periphery, nearly flat on the under
side ; aperture oblique, subquadrate ; peristome simple, the margins
•distant ; color a rich dark brown, shining below.

Diameter $ inch, height I inch. (Beddome.)

Andaman Is. (Hungerford.)

Trochomorpha subnigritella BEDD., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 314, t. 29,
figs. 4, 5, 6.

This species recalls the Pacific forms of the genus rather than the
Indian ones, its nearest ally being T. nigritella, which, however, is a
larger shell with the last whorl much broader. Type in the Natural
History Museum. (Beddome.')

t

T. KANTAVUENSIS Garrett. PL 20, figs. 25, 26, 27.

Shell widely umbilicated, thin, fragile, pellucid, depressed, lentic-
ular, smooth, shining; incremental striae fine,, crowded, oblique;
luteous-corneous, the periphery margined above and beneath with a
reddish-chestnut line, the upper one following the whorls of the
spire ; suture with a depressed, narrow marginal line ; whorls 6 J,
slightly convex, rather rapidly increasing, last one not descending
in front, acute and compressedly carinated, keel whitish ; base more
polished than above, convex ; aperture very oblique, depressed, sub-
rhomboid-lunate ; peristome thin, straight above, margins converg-
ing, basal portion slightly thickened and gently arched. (Garrett.)

Alt. 7, diam. 20 mill.

I received several hundred examples of this very distinct species

>m a missionary who collected them in Kantavu Island. He

128 TROCHOMORPHA.

gave no information in regard to its station. Specimens sent to the
Godeffroy Museum in Hamburg were referred to T. sivainsonii, a
Society Island species ; and examples sent to an English correspon-
dent were confounded with T. metcalfei Pfeiffer, a Philippine spe-
cies. It is probably the Helix ( Videna) planorbis, in " Dr. James
C. Cox's Exchange List," which he accredits to Kantavu. The T.
planorbis of Lesson was collected by that naturalist in New Guinea*
and differs from our shell in being smaller, mottled with olivaceous,
and in having only 5 whorls. A careful comparison with the
description of T. metcalfei has convinced me that it cannot' be the
same as the Kantavu shell. T. swainsonii is smaller, thicker*
rougher, much more variable, and the positions of the lineations are
different. Its large size, depressed form, fragile texture, luteous
horn color with the chestnut-brown marginal lines, and large umbil-
icus, will readily separate it from any other Vitian species. (Gar-
rett.)

Kantavu Island, Viti Archipelago.

Tr. kantavuenzis GARRETT, P. Z. S., Lond., 1887, p. 177.

My figure is drawn from a specimen from the author, kindly fur-
nished by Mr. John Ponsonby, of London.

T. MORIO Tapparone Canefri. PL 30, figs. 15, 16.

Shell small, profoundly umbilicated, conic, carinated, rather solid,
obliquely irregularly striated, pale rufous-corneous ; spire convex-
conic, apex obtuse. Whorls 6, convex, separated by a deep suture,
slightly margined above; last whorl- carinated at the periphery, not
descending in front, a little compressed on the base. Aperture very
oblique, depressed-lunate ; peristome simple, acute ; margins distant,
and joined by a thin callus, basal and columellar margins somewhat
thickened. Alt. 6, greater diam. 7, lesser 6 mill. (T. (7.)

Amus, Isl. of Jobi, Bay of Geelvink, New Guinea,

T. (Nigritella) morio T. C., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) iv, p. 126
bis, 1. 1, f. 8, 9, 1887.

This species resembles a miniature T. ternatana, but besides its
much smaller size it is distinguished by the relative rudeness of the
striae, the depth of the sutures and the largeness of the umbilicus.

T. NIGRANS Smith. PL 30, figs. 29, 30, 31.

Shell widely umbilicated, depressed-conoid, chestnut colored with
a pale hair line at the periphery and suture. Whorls 6, slightly

TROCHOMORPHA. 129

convex, sensibly increasing, little shining, sculptured with delicate
growth lines ; the last whorl acutely carinated, hardly descending
in front, shining beneath. Umbilicus perspective, broad, deep.
Aperture diagonal, subrhombic-lunar ; peristome simple, acute, the
upper margin obliquely arcuate, lower margin receding.
Alt. 7, greater diam. 17, lesser 15 mill. ($w.)

Rossel Island, Louisiade Archipelago.

T. nigrans E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) iv, p. 200, t. 13, f
9-11, Sept., 1889.

This species approaches T. papua and T. planorbis and some
other species in many respects ; it may be recognized by the dark
chestnut color and the white thread-like keel and suture. ($w.)

T. RUBENS Hartman. PI. 47, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell umbilicated, the umbilicus deep and tubular, one-seventh
the diameter of the shell's base ; thin but rather solid, lens-shaped,
nearly equally convex above and below the acute, white-edged
peripheral carina. Color light horny-buff, more or less tinged and
obscurely streaked with tawny-brown, especially below suture and
keel, and having a blackish red-brown band just above the white
keel (and ascending the spire) and another immediately below the
keel. Surface a little shining, lightly marked by growth-striae, but
having no spiral striae. Spire convex, slightly conoidal, the apex
pale, obtuse. Whorls 5i, a trifle convex, the last not descending,
acutely keeled, a' little concave just above the keel and more so
below it, convex toward the middle of the base. Aperture ax-
shaped, purplish-flesh colored inside ; upper lip thin, straight, basal
arcuate, becoming thickened at the well arched columella.

Alt. 6, greater diam. 14£, lesser 13 mill.

Aura Island, New Hebrides (Layard.)

Trochomorpha rubens HARTM., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1888, p.
251, t. 13, f. 5, 5a, 5b.

The figures and the above description are drawn from the type
specimen, which is the individual figured on the plate of the Proc.
A. N. S. Phila. cited above.

T. GODETI Sowerby. PI. 30, figs. 26, 27, 28.

Shell openly umbilicated, the umbilicus one-fifth the diameter of
the base; depressed, carinated, the carina acute in front, becoming
quite obtuse on the latter part of the body whorl. Color tawny or
9

130 TROCHOMORPHA.

obscurely multilineate with tawny above, yellowish-corneous beneath,
having a narrow dark chestnut band below and another above the
periphery, the latter ascending the spire ; periphery and suture pale.
Surface having light growth lines but no spiral sculpture.

Spire convex, low; whorls 5-1, slowly widening, separated by a
shallow suture edged by a white line ; last whorl slightly descending
in front. Aperture very oblique, irregularly oval, purplish within ;
upper lip thin, arched forward ; basal lip callously thickened,
slightly subreflexed.

Alt. 7J, diam. 15 mill.; apert. alt. 6, width 7 mill.

Guadalcanar, Solomon Is.

T. godeti Sows., P. Z. S., 1889, p. 578, t. 56, f. 10.

Belongs to the group of meleagris Pfr. and partunda Ang., but
the umbilicus is much more widely open and the coloring differs.
My description and figures are drawn from specimens received from
Mr. Sowerby.

T. HENSCHEI Pfr. PI. 20, figs. 28, 29, 30.

Shell perspectively umbilicated, the width of the umbilicus con-
tained 5? times in the diameter of the base; solid, opaque, slightly
shining, buff-brown colored with five chestnut-brown bands, one a
short distance below the suture, the next narrower, just above the
white-edged, acute peripheral keel, the third wider, just below the keel,
the fourth in the middle of the base, the fifth within the umbilicus.
Surface having fine growth lines but no spiral striae. Spire convex,
apex obtuse ; whorls 5£, slightly convex, separated by a slightly
impressed, narrowly white-edged suture; the last whorl acutely
keeled, with flattened base. Aperture very oblique, showing the
bands within ; upper lip arched forward, rather thin ; basal lip
slightly arcuate, thickened ; columellar lip strongly arched.

Alt. 7, greater diam. 17, lesser 14 2 mill.

Solomon Is.

Helix henschei PFR., Mai. Bl. 1867, p. 197 ; Monogr. v, p. 495.

In figure 29 of my plate, the outer part of the basal lip should
have been straighter and the columellar part more strongly arcuate.
The above description and the figures are drawn from a specimen
kindly supplied by my friend, John Ponsonby, of London. I see
no difference whatever between this and the previously described H.
ludersi Pfr.

TROCHOMORPHA. 131

T. ZENOBIA Pfeiffer. PL 42, figs. 14, 15, 16.

Shell depressed, rather solid, opaque, tawny-brown, paler around
the umbilicus, shining. Umbilicus deep, showing all the whorls,
one-sixth the greater diameter of the shell.

Spire conoidal, apex obtuse. Earlier 2 whorls convex, shining,
the following whorls slightly flattened above the suture, slowly
increasing, closely and strongly plicatulate-striate, the striae arcuate ;
last wrhorl convex above, acutely carinated ; the base convex, shin-
ing, having light, arcuate growth striae ; no spiral lines either above
or below. Aperture oblique, subrhombic, flesh-colored within;
upper lip arcuate and arched forward ; basal lip well arched, thick-
ened, the columellar lip somewhat more strongly arcuate and pro-
duced forward toward its insertion.

Alt. 11-lli, greater diam. 24, lesser 21 2 mill. ; greatest width of
aperture 11 mill.

Alt. 10, greater diam. 23, lesser 20 mill.

New Georgia, Solomon Is.

H. zenobia PFR., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 527 ; Monogr. v. p. 250.

This hitherto unfigured species is well distinguished by the stria-
tion of the upper surface, which is uncommonly strong and regular
for a Trochomorpha. The shell figured is from the A. D. Brown
collection (in Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci.) ; but we have also examined
specimens in the exhibition series of the Academy, and from the
collection of Mr. J. Kitchie, Jr., of Boston, the measurements last
given above being taken from a shell in the Ritchie collection.
Except in size the species varies but little.

T. CONVEXA Hartman. PL 30, figs. 20-25.

Shell umbilicated, the umbilicus deep and narrow, its width con-
tained 6? times in the diameter of the base ; conoid-trochiform, the
base rather flattened, periphery very acutely carinated. Base and
carina and suture chestnut-brown, upper surface corneous-brown,
becoming lighter above. Surface having delicate but obvious
growth striae.

Spire conoidal, its outlines convex ; apex obtuse ; suture hardly
impressed. Whorls 6, very slowly widening, the last not descend-
ing, acutely keeled, slightly concave below the keel, then becoming
gently convex, and passing suddenly into the umbilicus which is
deep and straight-sided like a well. Aperture subrhombic, oblique^
the lip thin and sharp ; upper lip slightly arched forward, basal lip

132 TROCHOMORPHA.

receding; columellar lip strongly arcuate and a little calloused
within. Alt. 6£, diain. 13 mill.

Aura Island, New Hebrides.

T. convexa HTM., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1889, p. 93, t. 5, f. 7,
My description and figures 20, 21, 22, are drawn from the type
specimen in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Another specimen, figs. 23, 24, 25, differs in being higher (alt. 71,
diam. 12 mill.), in having the umbilicus narrower, and in being
somewhat lighter colored, showing more distinctly the narrow, pale-
brown bands at suture and above and below the carina. This speci-
men is in the collection of Dr. Hartman.

T. PLANOCONUS Mousson. PI. 47, figs. 4, 5, 6,

Shell umbilicated, trochiform, rather solid, scarcely shining,
rugosely striated ; striae rude, irregular, oblique ; color chestnut-
black, variegated with fulvous, gradually passing into dark chest-
nut-brown ; apex obtuse ; base dark honey-yellow, with a darker
line near the keel ; spire elevated, conoid, with planulate outlines ;
suture linear, narrowly margined ; whorls 7, slightly convex, slowly
and regularly increasing, last one acutely carinated ; keel com-
pressed and rugose; umbilicus small, deep; aperture diagonal, sub-
rhomboidal-luniform ; peristome above the keel acute and gently
arched, below the keel thickened and concave. (Garrett.)

Alt. 10, diam. 19 mill. (Garretf).

Alt. 11, diam. 18 mill, (specimen).

Ono Inland, Viti Archipelago.

Tr. planoconus Mouss., MS., Mus. Godeffroy 1885. — GARRETT,
P. Z.S., 1887, p. 175.

Distinguished from other similarly maculated species by its con-
ical spire and flat base, the acute light-edged keel being rather bent
downward. The umbilicus is deep and tubular, one-ninth the
diameter of the base. The color is a cjear, oily chestnut-brown
below, with an obscure dark line bordering the keel ; above it is
black, becoming reddish and then yellow toward the corneous apex ;
the entire upper surface, except several earlier whorls, is maculated
irregularly with creamy patches. The specimen described and fig-
ured is from the collection of Mr. John Ponsonby, of London.

T. MERZIANOIDES Garrett. Vol. IX, pi. 7, figs. 4, 5, 6.

The large size of this species, its honey-yellow base, chestnut-
brown upper surface, which is mottled with radiating lines and

TROCHOMORPHA. 133

spots of a luteous-white color, will at once distinguish it. The
upper surface is colored nearly the same as T. merziana, a Solomon
Island species; but the present species may be separated by the
absence of the basal band, darker color, the narrower last whorl,
and its narrower aperture. T. merziana also differs in having the
upper margin of the peristome inflected. (Garretf)
Alt. 10, diam. 22 mill.

Vanua Levu, Viti Is., adhering to tree trunks.

If. (Trocliomorpha) merzianoidesGARHETT, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1873, p. 237, t. 3, f. 72 ; P. Z. S., 1887, p. 173.

This species, of which Garrett's types lie before me, is allied to T.
planoconus, but differs in the color of the base, larger umbilicus,
and broader contour. The last whorl is notably convex above on
its latter part. The umbilicus readily exhibits all of the whorls,
and measures about one-seventh the diameter of the base.

Vol. Ill, p. 81. H. hermia Hutt. is, according to Suter, no New
Zealand shell but a Mauritian species.

Vol. Ill, p. 83. H. lardea Mts. is considered a var. of planorbis
Less, by Bttg. (Ber. Senck. Ges. 1891, p. 262).

Vol. Ill, p. 83. H. thieroti de Morgan is probably a synonym of
H. timorensis Mts. (v. Mlldff., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 334).

Vol. Ill, p. 90. H. howinsulce Cox is a species of Nanina, and
the type of the section Epiglypta Pils.

Vol. Ill, p. 92. For " H. tavinniensis Garrett," read H. taviuni-
ensis Garrett.

Unfigured species of Troehomorpha.

T. SAB^EA Martens, Nachr.-Bl. D. M. Ges. 1889, p. 146. Menaha,
Southern Arabia, evidently belongs to the ZonitidcB.

T. RUFA Mlldff. ibid. 1888, p. 144. Mt. Tila; prov. Lepanto,
Luzon, Philippines. Hidalgo (Obras i, p. 112) considers this a
variety of Tr. metcalfei.

T. BOREALIS Mlldff. ibid. 1888, p. 39. Woods on the Mts. Omi,
prov. Sytshuan, China, at 1000 meters alt.

T. SYNCECIA v. Moll., ibid. 1891, p. 42. Siquijor, Philippines (=
T. planorbis Less., teste v. Moll., Nachr.-Bl. 1892, p. 87).

T. STENOZONA Mlldff., Landschn. Cebu, p. 213. Luzon, Philip-
pines (undescribed).

134 PELLA.

T. (VIDENA) BOETTGERI Mlldff., Nachr.-Bl. d. d. Mai. Ges. 1891,
p. 201. Tablas and Romblon, Philippines (= Tr. conomphala
Hidalgo, Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 94, non Pfr.)

HELIX SWETTENHAMI de Morgan, Le Naturaliste, 1885, p. 68.
Perak. May be a Plectotropis.

T. SUBTRICOLOR J. Mabille, Moll. Tonk. diagn. p. 7, May 14,
1887 ; Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. iv, p. 96. Tonquin.

H. DICTYONINA Euthyme, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr., ii, p. 257, 1885.
Noumea, N. Caledonia. Probably a var. of If. dicti/odes Pfr., or
of H. mouensis Crosse.

TR. BINTUANENSIS Hidalgo, Obras Malacol. i, p. 116. Penon de
Bintuan, Busuanga, Philippines (Quadras). Closely allied to Tr.
splendens Semp., but differing in the rapid increase of the last volu-
tion.

TR. CROSSEI Hidalgo, L c., p. 117. Same locality.

TR. BAGOENSIS Hidalgo, 1. c., p. 118. Banks of the river Bago,
island of Negros, Philippines (Quadras').

T. THEMIS Garrett, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 177. Vanua Balavo and
Oneata, Viti Is. (= Tr. (Discus) ludersi Mouss., Journ. de Conch.
1870, p. 122, part, not of Pfr.).

TR. PULCHERRIMA Hartman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1890,
p. 228, pi. 3, f. 13 (N. Hebrides), belongs to the Zonitidse.

HELIX SWETTENHAMI de Morgan, Le Naturaliste 1885, p. 68, is
either a Trochomorpha or a Plectotropis.

TR. STAUDINGERI Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. vii, p. 145. Sangir
Is. Allied to Tr. lardea Mts.

POECILOZONITES (III, p. 95). This group has been shown by
the writer to belong to the Zonitidce. See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1888, p. 285.

PRISTILOMA, Vol. Ill, p. 102. H. lansingi&nd H. steams i should
be removed from the Helicidre. They form the genus Pristiloma
Ancey, in the Zonitidce.

PELLA (Vol. Ill, p. 103). As constituted by Albers (Die Hel),
and followed by Pfeiffer (Nomencl. Hel. Viv.), and by Tryon, this
group contains a number of very incongruous forms, as follows :

PELLA-PHASIS. 135

ZINGIS Martens, a group of Zonitidce, contains H. natalensis Pfr.
(vide Pilsbry, froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1889, p. 279, pi. 9, figs.
H, i), cotyledoni* Bens., trotteriana Bens., phytostylos Bens., and pos-
sibly some other species, Ancey's name Sheldonia is a synonym.

H. hudsonice Bens., belongs to Gallandia Bgt., a group usually con-
sidered a section of Vitrina. The relations of this extensive group
of globose Vitrinoid snails of South Africa urgently need investiga-
tion, but the soft parts only can give a clue to their affinities.

LEJEANIA Ancey, containing the thin, perforated species from
Abyssinia, such as H. darnaudi Pfr., isseli Mor., isselliana Nev.,
jicJceli Nev., lejeaniana Bgt., achilli Bgt., d'hericourtiana Bgt., etc.
This group is hardly separable from Fruticicola.

NATALINA Pils. (= Aerope Alb., not Leach), a genus of Rhyti-
didce, consisting of agnathous forms having an umbilicated globose
or depressed shell, plicate-striate above, polished beneath. This
genus contains, besides its type, H. caffra, the following species:
H. knysnaensis Pfr., vernicosa Kr., tremeni Melv. & Pons., eumacta
Melv. & Pons., dumeticola Bens., cosmia Pfr., omphalion Bens.
(^nn. Mag. (3) xiii, p. 494), and perhaps Helix (Macrocyclis) OORKO-
tera and liparoxantha Melv. & Pons. (Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, p.
238). The anatomy is described and illustrated in my papers in
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1889, p. 277, and 1890, p. 41.

Besides these, H. cyclaria Morel, and one or two other species
belong elsewhere. When these are eliminated, we find that we have
two groups of species remaining, one typified by H. bisculpta, the
other by H. menkeana. These groups will now be considered in
detail.

Genus PHASIS Albers, 1850.

Phasis ALB., Die Hel. p. 92 (1850), type and only species H.
menkeana Pfr. — Not Phasis Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. B. M, ii, p. 312

(1854).

This group consists of umbilicated shells of solid, opaque texture,
chalk-white with or without brown bands, the lip simple, dilated at
the umbilical insertion ; apical whorl corneous or dark. Of the
group I have seen only menkeana Pfr. and eapensis Pfr. ; but uiten-
hagensis Kr. and paludicola Bens, apparently belong here also.
The shells look like Xerophila.

1 36 PHASIS-TRACHYCYSTIS.

The name Phasis is said by Agassiz (Nomencl. Zool.) to have
been used by Hiibner in 1816 for a genus of Lepidoptera, but the
name was used for a species not a genus. See Zutriige zur Samml.
exot. Schmetterl. p. 41 (1818).

Section TRACK YCYSTIS Pilsbry.

Pella ALB. (in part), Die Hel., edit. Martens, p. 84 (1860), type
H. bisculpta Bens. — Not Pella Steph., Illustr. Brit. Ent., Mandibu-
lata, vol. v, p. 434 (1832), a valid genus of Coleoptera.

Small shells, generally thin, somewhat translucent, horny or
earthy brown in color, usually sculptured with fine oblique riblets;
the lip simple and thin, dilated at the columellar insertion ; umbili-
cus generally narrow.

These forms are evidently allied to Phasi* in the dilated colu-
mella, etc. They have the appearance of some of- the New Zealand
Patuloid Helices, but the foot lacks parapodial grooves and caudal
mucous pore. The jaw is ribbed ; and the group is probably to be
regarded as an odontognathous genus of the Haplogona of my
arrangement of the Helices (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1892).

The following forms should be added to those described in Vol.
III. See above, under Pella, for species to be removed to other groups.

Group of H. browning ii.

P. BROWNINGII Benson. Vol. IX, pi. 6, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell narrowly umbilicated (the width of the umbilicus ront<ihietl
8J times in the diameter of the shell), rather depressed, thick lens-
shaped ; thin, horn-colored, subtrans lucent below, baring radiating
streaks above and below of light brown, and close regular white rib-
lets above ; surface shining.

Spire low-conoid with slightly convex outlines and subobtuse but
not flattened apex ; suture moderate, crenulated. Apical whorl
smooth, corneous, the next half whorl having fine, delicate striae,
the following whorls sculptured with oblique, regular, thread-like rib-
lets, which are white ami dightlij curved, numbering on the body
whorl at periphery about §1* These riblets are slightly strengthened as
they pass over the peripheral angle, which is beautifully crenulated
by them ; but immediately below this they become thin and delicate,
mostly lose their white color, and to the naked eye disappear; but
under a lens they msiy be seen continuing to the umbilicus.

PHASIS-TRACHYCYSTIS. 137

Whorls 4 2, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last rather
obtusely keeled at the periphery, compressed just below the keel.
Aperture but little oblique, rhomboidal ; peristome thin, strongly
curved at the outer part and where it joins the columella ; colu-
mellar lip dilated above. Alt. 83, diam. 5 mill.

kCape Point, South Africa.
Helix browningii BENS., Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xiii, p. 493. —
FR., Mon. v, p. 178.

The specimen described above and figured on my plate is from
the original locality. H. erateina Melv. & Pons. should be com-
pared, but it differs in the somewhat more compressed keel and
smaller size.

Benson says that this species is smaller than H. prionacis, with
the same number of whorls ; the plication is closer, less deep, and
more regular, and extends only just below the angulate periphery,
instead of to the umbilicus, which is wider in prionacis. In the lat-
ter species the periphery is more compressed, the rufous-brown
markings are more disposed to be spotted than strigate, and do not
extend to the lower side as in H. browningii.

P. PRIONACIS Benson. Unfigured.

Shell umbilicated, conoid-depressed, above and below strongly
obliquely plicate, the plicae remote, whitish ; whitish-horny, here and
there ornamented with brown spots. Spire conoid, suture impressed,
apex slightly obtuse. Whorls 5, slightly convex, narrow, the last
compressedly carinated, convex below. Aperture wide lunate, ax-
shaped ; peristome thin, acute, columellar margin expanded, dilated
above. Alt. 3, greater diam. 6, lesser 5 mill. (Bens.}

Bredasdorp, South Africa.

Helix prionacis BENS., Ann. Mag. N". H. (3), xiii, p. 493, 1864. —
PFR., Mon. v, p. 183.

See notes under H. browningii.

P. ERATEINA Melvill & Ponsonby. PL 35, fig. 11.

Shell deeply but narrowly umbilicated, lenticular, depressed-conic.
Whorls 5, ashy, begirt obliquely with close regular lamellose riblets,
and decorated with longitudinal rufous flammules; having a cren-
ulated appearance at the sutures ; last whorl serrate-carinate at the

138 PHASIS-TRACHYCYSTIS.

periphery. Aperture subquadrate ; peristorae simple, a little reflexed
at the columellar margin.

Alt. 2-25 diam. 3 mill. (M. & P.)

Bredasdorp, in sand under stones, and Cape Point, S. Africa.

Helix (Pella) erateina M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ix, p. 88, t.
5, f. 3.

A most elegant and beautiful little shell, found, as noticed above,
by Mr. Layard in two localities ; we have taken the Bredasdorp
specimen as the type. Though minute, the sculpture is most elabor-
ate, with fine oblique liruke extending over the entire surface. The
umbilicus is deep, though narrow, last whorl serrately keeled, aper-
ture somewhat square, lip simple. (M. & P.)

This species should be carefully compared with the H. prionacis
and H. browningii of Benson, both of which are very closely allied.

P. LYG^A Melvill & Ponsonby. PL 35, fig. 7.

Shell profoundly but narrowly umbilicated, horny, thin ; spire
depressed-conoid ; whorls 6, the last acutely carinated, closely and
regularly obliquely striated above and below ; aperture lunar ; per-
istome simple, reflexed at the base, and forming a triangular lamina
at the columella. Alt. 7, diam. 12 mill. (M. & P.)

Natal (Lightfoot.)

Helix (Pella) lygcea M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ix, p. 85, t. 4,
f. 7 (Jan., 1892.)

A conspicuous species, but one which we have not seen in good
live condition. It is of the same horny and striated character of
whorl as the last two species, much resembling H. lens Fer. in
miniature, but the outer lip is not so strongly expanded nor devel-
oped as in that species. (M. <fc P.)

Group of H. bisculpta.

P. AULACOPHORA Ancey. PL 43, figs. 60, 61.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, globose-depressed, rather thin, pale
horny-brown colored, lusterless. Spire low-conoidal, apex obtuse ;
sutures well impressed. Whorls 43, convex, the first smooth, the
rest closely plicate-striate, slowly increasing ; the last whorl very
convex beneath, and having the cuticular folds more delicate and
crowded on its latter portion ; on the base these riblets are radiating ;
on the upper surface they bend obliquely backward, and make a

PHASIS-TRACHYCYSTIS. 139

broad bow-shaped sweep on the convexity of the whorl. Aperture
lunate, oblique; peristome thin, simple, well expanded at the col-
umellar insertion.

Alt. 3, greater diam. 4i, lesser 3i mill. ; alt. apert. nearly 2 mill.

Alt. 3'7, greater diam. 4'6 mill.

South Africa.

Helix aulacophora ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. vii, p. 158, 1890.

This small species belongs to the typical group of Pella. It is
more elevated than P. rariplicata, with narrower umbilicus and
closer riblets, but in P. bisculpta the riblets are much finer and
closer still, and the spire less conoidal.

The specimens described and figured were received from Mr. John
Ponsonby, of London.

P. TABULAE Chaper. PI. 43, figs. 52, 53.

Shell of the same size and general form of H. capensis Pfr. ; whorls
globulose but a little less enveloping ; spire less high, shell thinner.
Sculpture consisting of crowded, regular striae of growth covering
whole surface ; the striae being whitish, the interspaces pale brown
varying in intensity. The nucleus is shining and brighter brown;
the striae beginning after the first one or one and one-half whorls, the
next two whorls being nearly white ; but the general color is dark-
ened by the deepening in intensity of the color of the interspaces
between the strise.

Table Mountain, Cape Town.

Helicopsis tabular CHAFER, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1885, p. 483, 1. 11,
f. 4, 5.

Chaper, from whom the above description is taken, states that he
collected this species when taking a rapid walk up Table Mountain.
The thinness of the shell is explained by its habitat on this plateau
of gray quartzite.

P. BATHYCCELE Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 35, fig. 13.

Shell minute, very profoundly umbilicated, thin, horny-greenish,
planorbiform, the apex nearly immersed ; whorls 6, convex,
impressed at the sutures, encircled with regular longitudinal line ;
the last whorl rapidly increasing, effuse below; peristome thin,
simple ; aperture lunar. Alt. 1£, diam. 2i mill. (M. & P.)

Cragie Burn, Somerset East, S. Africa, under dead leaves in the
bush. (Miss M. L. Bowker.)

140 PHASIS-TRACHYCYSTIS.

H. (Pella) bathyccele M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) ix, p. 89,
t. 5, f. 4.

Conspicuous for its flattened upper whorls, as well as its deep
perspective umbilicus ; the whole surface of the shell being decor-
ated with fine longitudinal lirse.

P. BURNUPI Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 35, fig. 5.

Shell profoundly and narrowly umbilicated, depressed ; brownish-
horny, satiny, thin, somewhat pellucid. Whorls 4, convex, closely,
obliquely, longitudinally ribbed-plicate throughout ; at the sutures
compressed ; the last whorl compressed, semi-convex below. Spire
depressed, apex obtuse. Aperture obliquely lunar, thin ; peristome
simple, reflexed at the umbilicus.

Alt. 5, diam. 7 mill. (M. & P.)

Cope's Folly, near Maritzburg, S. Africa.

Helix (Pella) burnupi M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ix, p. 239,
1. 13, f. 6 (Sept., 1892.)

More depressed than If. bisculpta Benson, but of allied character,
the whorls being very finely obliquely costoplicate, compressed at
the sutures, the somewhat oblique mouth thin, reflected at the col-
umellar margin near the umbilicus, which is deep, but narrow.
Several specimens. (M. & P.)

P. LIRICOSTATA Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 35, fig. 9.

Shell slightly depressed, rugulose, thin, corneous, olive-blackish,
encircled by close, irregular lirse ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing ;
umbilicus deep, exceeding one-third the diameter of the shell ; aper-
ture lunar, peristome simple, straight, thin.

Alt. li, breadth 2-V mill. (M. & P.)

East Griqualand, S. Africa.

Helix (Pella) liricostata M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), viii, p.
239; ix, p. 94, t. 5, f. 1.

An extremely interesting little species of dark horny texture
throughout, beautifully longitudinally sculptured with oblique,
radiating line. This shell is allied to H. riwdaris Krauss, judging
from his figure, but we have not examined the shell itself. (M.

PHASIS-TRACHYCYSTIS. 141

P. HOTTENTOTA Melvill & PoDsonby. PI. 35, fig. 8.

Shell small, deeply but narrowly umbilicated, globose-depressed,
olivaceous-horny, thin ; lirate with close, oblique striae, here and
there thicker, as if varicose. Whorls 4i, a little convex, the last
subeffuse. Aperture lunar-ovate ; peristome very thin, columellar
margin reflexed. Alt. J, diara. 1] mill. (M. & P.)

Port Elizabeth, S. Africa.

Helix hottentota M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), viii, p. 239 ; ix,
p. 94, t. IV, f. 6.

An extremely minute, thin, horny, subpellucid shell, olive-brown
in color, very deeply though somewhat narrowly umbilicate, very
finely obliquely close-ribbed throughout (but this is barely distin-
guishable without a lens) ; the plications of the strise are occasion-
ally thicker, giving here and there an appearance of varices ; lip
simple, very thin, columellar margin slightly reflected at the umbil-
icus. This species cannot be confounded with any other from South
Africa which has yet come under our notice. (M. & P.)

P. RHYSODES Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 35, fig. 2.

Shell deeply but narrowly umbilicated, depressed-convex, thin,
horny-brownish ; at the apex flattened. Whorls 5, compressed
toward the sutures, obliquely begirt with irregular, whitish, longitu-
dinal lirse; last whorl hardly angled in the middle. Aperture
lunar-ovate ; peristome simple, thin, reflexed at the columellar mar-
gin. Alt. 4, diam. 6 mill. (If. & P.)

South Africa (E. L. Layard.)

Helix (Pella) rhijsodesM. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) ix, p. 87,
t. 4, f. 2.

Unfortunately Mr. Layard has no record of the precise habitat of
this little species, of which there are three specimens, two being
hardly full-grown, and consequently smaller than that selected for
the type. It falls under the H. bisculpta section of Pella, considered
typical in Tryon's Manual while it is there mentioned that the name
Sheldonia has been employed' by Ancey (1887) for such species as
natalemis, trotteriana, and cotyledonis. (M. & P.)

H. rhysodes is thin, horny, fuscous, five-whorled, with white oblique
lirse longitudinally crossing, somewhat irregularly, there being here
and there small spaces left quite clear and free ; and the shell pre-
sents a wrinkled appearance in consequence. The umbilicus is deep,

142 PHASIS-TRACHYCYSTIS.

but narrow; mouth lunar-ovate, lip a little reflexed at the col-
umellar margin. (M. & P.)

Group of H. planti.

P. PLANTI Pfr. (Vol. Ill, p. 105). PL 43, figs. 57, 58, 59.

Dohrn, in refiguring this species (Contin. Conchyl. Cab., p. 622,
t. 178, f. 29, 30, 31) remarks that although Pfeiffer calls the species
" longe pilosa," he cannot substantiate the statement, for it has no
hairs or bristles, but only strips of the membranous cuticle which
have become detached from the riblets, and look like hairs.

This peculiarity, with the lower situation of the peripheral angle,
will separate Planti from Africa.

P. AFRICA A. D. Brown. PL 43, figs. 55, 56.

Shell very narrowly umbilicated (the umbilicus about one-eigh-
teenth the diameter of the shell), depressed above, convex below,
obtusely angular at the circumference ; thin and rather fragile, light
horn-color, nearly lusterless.

Spire slightly raised, the apex small, raised ; the first whorl
smooth, following whorls sculptured with delicate, spaced cuticular
laminae, hardly seen except under a lens, and becoming more widely
spaced and more inconspicuous on the last whorl ; under a strong
lens the surface is seen to be very closely and extremely finely
spirally striated both above and below. Whorls 5, slightly convex,
the last subangular, convex below, not descending.

Aperture but little oblique, lunate-oval ; outer lip thin, a little
expanded ; columellar lip arcuate, broadly reflexed, partly conceal-
ing the umbilicus.

Alt. 6, diam. 9'6 mill. Adult specimen.

Alt. 5*5, diam. 8*5 mill. Adult specimen.

Great Brakke, South Africa.

H. africce A. D. BROWN, Amer. Journ. Conch, i, 1865, p. 136. —
PFR., Monogr. vii, p. 459 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 527, t. 162, f. 8, 9.

This species differs from H. planti as described by Pfr. in lacking
hairs, and from the same species as figured by Dohrn, in having the
peripheral angulation situated higher on the whorl. The membra-
nous riblets are a trifle ragged on the edges, but in none of the eight
specimens before me are there any hairs. The above description is
from Brown's types, now in the collection of the Academy.

PHASIS-TRACHYCYSTIS. 143

*. ACTINOTRICHA Melvill & Ponsonby. PL 35, fig. 14.

Shell covered but profoundly umbilicated, above planate-
depressed ; pellucid, horny, thin. Apex turbinate. Whorls 5,
impressed at the sutures, a little convex, covered throughout with a
horny epidermis, striate-lirate. The last whorl begirt by 4 lines of
bristles, those at and below the periphery long, on the base shorter,
and shortest around the umbilicus. Aperture semi-lunar, per-
istome thin, columella angulated below, triangularly reflexed at the
umbilicus. Alt. 5'5, diam. 9 mill. ( M '. & P.)

Maritzburg, South Africa.

Helix (Pella) actinotricha M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ix,
p. 238, t. 13, f. 5 (Sept., 1892.)

A most attractive little species, perhaps not quite adult; of a
delicate horny substance and color, very flattened at the periphery
and above, and with the apex of the last whorl somewhat turbinate.
The whole shell covered with a pale horny epidermis, everywhere
striate-lirate. Around the periphery most of these strise bear long
bristles or setae which extend around the shell ; just below also a
second series occurs, and further toward the base are two more series,
one with very short setse about midway and the other nearer the
umbilicus ; in this the bristles are shorter still. We know no species
at all nearly resembling this. Two specimens. (M. & P.)

P. TRICHOSTEIROMA Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 35, fig. 3.

Shell very narrowly but profoundly umbilicate, corneous brown, a
little convex, nearly smooth ; longitudinally obliquely delicately
striate, and all over decussated by very minute spiral lirulse.
Whorls 5, the last carinated in the middle, the carina furnished with
short hairs. Aperture lunar-ovate ; peristome simple, reflexed at
the columellar margin. Alt. 5£, diam. 7£ mill. (M. & P.)

Port Elizabeth, S. Africa.

Helix (Pella) trichosteiroma M. & P., Ann. Mag. K H. (6), ix,
p. 84, t. 4, f. 9.

Judging from the description of Helix petrobia Benson recorded
from High Constantia, Cape of Good Hope, but of which we have
not been able to examine the type, the species under discussion
would seem to differ chiefly in the acutely angled keel, fringed
with regular, short epidermal hairs, also in the form being more
convex, color dull brown, with no fulvous tinge, and other minor
distinctions. (M. & P.)

144 PHASIS-TRACHYCYSTIS.

Group of H. turmalis.
P. TURMALIS Morelet. PL 43, figs. 53, 54.

Shell perforated, depressed-conoid, costulate above, striatulate
beneath ; corneous-rufescent, hardly shining. Whorls 5, little con-
vex, the last compressed, obsoletely angulated. Aperture oblique,
compressed-lunar ; peristome simple, thin, straight, the columellar
margin slightly dilated at the insertion.

Alt. 3, greater diam. 5, lesser 4;> mill. (Morel}

Port Elizabeth, S. Africa.

Helix turmalis MOREL, Journ. de Conch. 1889, p. 5, t. 1, f. 1.

This species resembles H. plebeia, H. sericea, etc. of Europe. The
last whorl is depressed, feebly angulated, and pierced by a very nar-
row but deep umbilicus. The rounded aperture is also a little
depressed, its margin thin, sharp, terminations separated. The
shell is thin, horny brownish, lusterless, very coarsely costulate
above, finely striate beneath. (Morel}

P. INOPS Morelet. PL 43, figs. 50, 51.

Shell imperforate, depressed turbinate, rather solid, reddish or
buff-horny. Spire conoidal, apex subacute; whorls 5-1, the first
smooth, the last subdepressed, irregularly striated, the striae finer
beneath. Aperture obliquely lunar, margins remote, straight, the
columella angularly revolute above.

Alt. 4, greater diam. 5, lesser 4 mill. (Morel.}

Port Elizabeth, S. Africa.

H. inops MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl. 1889, p. 6, t. 1, f. 2.

More globular than H. turmalix, and imperforate. The columella
has a triangular dilation above. The shell is lusterless, yellowish
on the earlier whorls, passing on the last two whorls to a dark red;
engraved with relatively large, sinuous and quite regular grooves.
It differs from H. nitenhagensis Krauss in wanting the umbilicus,
etc.
P. MINYTHODES Melvill & Ponsonby. PL 35, fig. 15.

Shell very narrowly but profoundly umbilicated, globose-
depressed, smooth, little shining, horny. Whorls 4, obscurely
striated, the last subconvex, compressed at the sutures. Aperture
lunar-ovate, peristome thin, triangularly reflexed at the columellar
margin. Alt. 8, diam. 11 mill. (M. & P.)

Craig ie Burn, South Africa.

PHASIS-TRACHYCYSTIS. 145

Helix (Pella) minythodes M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ix,
p. 240, t. 13, f. 8.

A neat, horn-colored shell, with a very thin, almost smooth epider-
mis, without gloss. Whorls depressed, very obscurely striated ; per-
istome thin, triangularly reflexed over the umbilicus, which is very
narrow but deep ; mouth slightly squamose at the base. Three
specimens. (M. & P.)

P. CONISALEA Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 35, fig. 4.

Shell semi-pellucid, thin, narrowly umbilicated, whitish, orbic-
ulate-depressed ; spire convex ; whorls 5, convex, narrow, the last
longitudinally densely lirate, and covered all over with a very thin
silky-setose epidermis, the setae short, regularly situated upon the
lirse, and so disposed as to give the aspect of transverse lines. Aper-
ture lunar-oblong, patulous ; peristome thin, membranous, reflexed
at the columellar margin. Alt. 5, diam. 62 mill. (M. & P.)

Maritzburg, South Africa.

Helix (Pella) conisalea M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ix, p. 239,
t. 13, f. 7.

A little shell with the aspect of the British H. hispida L. orsericea
Mull. ; but when examined with a lens the whole pellucid surface is
seen to be covered with a delicate epidermis and upon the longitu-
dinal lirse are ranged with regular precision crowded short setee,
so straightly disposed as to give the effect of transverse lines. The
whorls are convex, five in number; umbilicus small, lip thin,
reflexed at the columellar margin over the umbilicus. Superficially
the shell has a dusty appearance suggesting the trivial name.
Several specimens. (3/. & P.)

P. TUGURIOLUM Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 35, fig. 1.

Shell covered umbilicate, thin, whitish horn colored, subplanate,
swollen beneath. Whorls 5, longitudinally very indistinctly striated,
transversely delicately and minutely concentrically decussated,
aperture lunar ovate ; peristome simple, a little reflexed at the col-
umellar margin. 'The largest specimen measures:

Alt. 6, diam. 81 mill. (M. & P.)

South Africa (Layard.)

Helix (Pella) tuguriolum M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ix, p. 88,
t. 5, f. 5.
10

146 PHASIS-TRACHYCYSTIS.

• Three specimens, of which two are perfect ; a plain, smoothish,
horny shell, bearing indistinct lines of longitudinal ribbing (when
closely examined with a lens), very minutely decussated by spiral
strise. Allied to H. Loveni Krauss, represented by only a poor spec-
imen in the National Collection, South Kensington, from which this
species seems to differ chiefly in the absence of any keel at the periph-
ery, and likewise in there being no sign of epidermis, which in H.
Loveni adheres to the ribs and renders them more conspicuous.
(M. & P.)

P. EPETRIMA Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 35, fig. 6.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed, thin, corneous, sub-
pellucid ; all over closely striatulate, striae oblique, regular ; spire
depressed-convex ; whorls 4, slightly convex, impressed at the
sutures, the last whorl rapidly increasing. Aperture lunar ; per-
istome simple, acute, shortly triangularly reflexed at the columellar
margin. Alt. 3, diam. 4* mill. (M. & P.)

Somerset District, South Africa.

Helix (Pella) epetrima M. & P., Ann. Mag. K H. (6), ix, p. 84,
t. 4, f. 3.

Allied to H. bisculpta Benson, from which this little species differs
in its whorls being more discoid, greater depression of spire, and
smaller size ; the system of sculpture, so far as the closely ranged lon-
gitudinal striae are concerned, though apparently identical, is found
upon examination with a strong lens to be far more clearly and
finely developed in H. bisculpta, the strise in that species looking
like finely cut serrations round the edge of the periphery while in
H. epetrima they are barely perceptible and the edge of the shell
looks ragged in comparison. (M. & P.)

P. CRAWFORD: Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 35, fig. 10.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, globose-depressed, hyaline, shining
above, olivaceous-satiny beneath, entirely smooth all over; spire
slightly raised, apex obtuse; whorls 5, slightly convex. Aperture
lunar, lip simple, acute, columellar margin suberect, widely reflexed
above, forming a triangular lamina as in H. bisculpta.

Alt. 11, diam. 16 mill. (M. & P.)

Port Elizabeth, S. Africa.

Helix (Pella) crawfordi M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), vi,
p. 469 ; ix, p. 94, t. 4, f. 4.

PHASIS-TRACHYCYSTIS. 147

A very distinct, large, smooth whorled snail, not easily to be com-
pared with any other Cape species. (M. & P.)

P. FARQUHARI Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 35, fig. 12.

Shell small, umbilicated, thin, ashy-horn colored ; whorls 4, all
over longitudinally pitted-rugose, a little graduate, slightly ventri-
cose, the apex papillar. Aperture rounded ; peristome thin, simple.

Alt. 2, diam. 3 mill. (M. & P.)

Port Elizabeth, South Africa.

Helix (Pella) farquhari M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ix,
p. 240, t. 13, f. 9. (Sept., 1892.)

A very minute species, somewhat recalling H. rupestris of
Europe. The surface is ashy corneous, irregularly wrinkled with
oblique lines longitudinally ; whorls 4, somewhat angled, and simple
mouth. (M. & P.)

P. STROBILODES Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 43, fig. 62.

Shell covered-umbilicate, conical, thin, dull white, covered with a
silky horn-colored cuticle. Whorls 6, narrow above, rapidly increas-
ing, below at the base a little ventricose. Aperture lunar, peristome
thin, simple, triangularly reflexed at umbilicus.

Alt. 5i, diam. 71 mill. (M. & P.)

Tharfield, South Africa.

Helix (Pella) strobilodes M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), xi,
p. 19, t. 3, f. 1. (Jan., 1893.)

A somewhat conical, closely whorled shell, with simple mouth and
narrow umbilicus. Allied to H. loveni Krauss. Two specimens.
(M. & P.)

Unfigured species of Trachycystis.

HELIX GLANVILLIANA Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. vii, p. 157
(1890). Graham's town, eastern district of Cape Colony. Allied
to aulacophora, but smaller, etc.

MACROCYCLIS (Vol. Ill, p. 109.)

The Australian species, franklandiensis Fbs. (of which E. bed-
domei Braz., vol. I, p. 126, is said by Ponsonby to be a synonym), har-
riettce Cox and ramsayi Cox (p. 110), should be removed from
Macrocyclis and placed in the genus RHYTIDA (Vol. I, p. 117.)

148 GONOSTOMA.

Genus HELIX Linne.
Subgenus GONOSTOMA (Vol. Ill, p. 114.)
H. ANNAI Paladilhe. PL 43, figs. 47, 48, 49.

Placed by Tryon under H. lenticula as a variety in Vol. III,,
p. 119. Specimens sent by Mr. John Ponsonby show that it is a
well-defined species. The shell is umbilicated, width of umbilicus
contained about 4£ times in greatest diameter of the shell (in len~
ticula nearly 6 times) ; form depressed, slightly convex above, roundly
angled at the periphery, which is near the top of the whorl, the base
very convex. Surface very finely striated (not regularly and
coarsely costulate as on the spire of lenticula). Whorls 41, convex,
slowly increasing. Aperture oblique, narrow ; lip thin, not in the
least thickened or expanded. Alt. 3, diam. 62 mill.

Tangier.

Helix annai PAL., Kev. et Mag. Zool. 1875, p. 82, t. 6, f. 13-18.

Mr. Ponsonby writes: " I have collected many, both at Tangier
and near Gibraltar. They never seem to be larger or fuller grown,
nor to have any tendency toward H. lenticula." To which it may
be added that the young are perfectly distinct from young lenticula.

H. COLUMNS Ponsonby. PI. 34, figs. 82, 83, 84.

Shell broadly and openly umbilicated, depressed, nearly circular
in circumference, lenticular, surrounded by an acute carina ;• spire
depressed, conic, narrow whorled, apex minute, slightly flattened ;
rather solid, little translucent, unicolored corneous-brown, paler
beneath. Whorls 8, very slowly increasing ; suture impressed, at
first linear, then subcrenate ; earlier whorl smooth, convex ; follow-
ing a trifle convex, very distinctly sculptured with distant, arcuate
riblets. Last whorl scarcely dilated, the basal convex, begirt with
an acute serrated carina a little above the middle, costellate above,
smoother and striated below, slightly descending in front. Aperture
oblique, produced above, receding below, irregularly lunate-ovate,
angled outwardly ; peristome thin, lipped with whitish, the margins
distant, upper margin straight, acute, lower margin reflexed, thick-
ened, columellar margin a little dilated at the insertion. (Kob.~)

Alt. 10, greater diam. 20, lesser 18 mill.

Top of Apes'- Aft., opposite Gibraltar.

Helix ( Gonostoma) columnce Pons. mss., KOBELT, Nachr. D. M.
Ges. xxi, 1889, p. 140; Rossm. Icon. N. F., p. 79, t. Ill, f. 662.

GONOSTOMA. 149

No specimens of H. lenticularis approach this species in
sculpture.

H. WALKERI Ponsonby. PI. 34, figs. 79, 80, 81.

Shell openly and deeply umbilicated, depressed, carinated, the
spire depressed-conic, narrow whorled, apex fine, lightly flattened ;
rather thin, pellucid, deep horn-brown. Whorls 8, very slowly
increasing, a little convex, separated by an impressed linear suture ;
pretty regularly sculptured with arcuate, subdistant riblets. Last
whorl not dilated, convex on the base and striatulate, having an
acute but scarcely compressed carina ; not descending in front.
Aperture very oblique, crescentic, angulate outwardly; peristome
thin, margins distant, joined by a very slight parietal callus, upper
margin straight, basal reflexed, lightly white-lipped, columella
impressed in the umbilicus, hardly dilated at the insertion. (Kob.}

Alt. 8, greater diarn. 14, lesser 13 mill.

Near Esmir, coast of Morocco.

H. ( Gonostoma) walker Pons. MSS., KOBELT, Nachr. D. M. Ges.
1889, p. 140; Rossm. N. F. iv, p. 79, t. Ill, f. 663.— WESTERL.
Fauna Paliiarct. Binnenconch. suppl., p. 14.

This is probably a variety of H. tarnieri in which the peripheral
keel extends entirely around the body- whorl to the aperture.

H. SUPRACOSTATA Kobelt. PI. 34, figs. 76, 77, 78.

Shelt narrowly and nearly covered umbilicate, acutely carinated,
convex above and below, lenticular, convex above and very dis-
tinctly sculptured with rather distant curved riblets; inflated-con-
vex and smoother, striatulate below ; corneous- wThitish covered with
a deciduous brown cuticle. Spire regularly depressed-convex, apex
minute, corneous. Whorls 7-8, slightly convex, very slowly increas-
ing, separated by an impressed suture crenulated by the riblets ; last
whorl scarcely wider than the penultimate, begirt by an acute
obsoletely serrated carina, inflated beneath, hardly descending in
front. Aperture oblique, irregularly rhomboidal, narrow, deeply
lunate ; peristome biangulate (lower angle less distinct), upper mar-
gin slightly thickened, outer margin straight, lipped within and
more or less distinctly toothed, basal margin reflexed subarcuate,
impressed in the umbilicus nearly covering it. (JToft.)

Alt. 7, diam. 13 mill.

Mts. of Beni Hoznear, near Tetuan, Algieria.

150 POLYGYRATIA.

Helix (Gonostoma) supraplicata KOB., Nachr. D. M. Ges. 1882,
p. 123 ; Rossm. Icon. N. F. iv, p. 15, t. 95, f. 530.

This species agrees in the aperture with H. gougeti Terv., in
sculpture with H. tarnieri Morel. In the umbilicus it approaches
H. buvignieri Mich, (asturica Pfr.), but it is always somewhat open.

H. BLANCI Pollonera. PI. 43, fig. 43.

Shell flattened, openly umbilicated, brown, pilose; the spire
immersed in the middle. Whorls 6, convex, the penultimate a little
projecting. Aperture vertical, triangular, Insinuate ; basal lip
incurved, the outer lip having a thick tooth.

Bassano and Schio, in Venetia, N. Italy.

H. bland POLL., Atti dell a Soc. Ital. di Sci. Nat. xxvii, p. 78,

%.

This form is intermediate between H. obvoluta and H. holoserica.

H. UNINODATA Gredler, Nachrichtsbl. D. M. Ges. 1890, p. 36.
Unfigured. China. Somewhat allied to H. binodata Mlldff.

POLYGYRATIA (Vol. Ill, p. 124.)
P. QUINQUELIRATA Smith. PI. 42, figs. 25-28.

Shell discoidal, slightly convex above, narrowly, umbilicated
beneath, thin, greenish-yellow, shining. Whorls 7, slowly increasing,
convex, striated with growth-lines, indistinctly concave above the
periphery, scarcely descending in front, provided with three unequal,
light internal folds, and two strong parietal laminse; aperture semi-
lunate, small ; peristome thin, scarcely expanded.

Alt. 3, greater diam. 6, lesser 5£ mill. ($w.)

North end of Fernando Noronha and on Platform Islaml.

Helix (Ophiogyra ty quinquelirata E. A. SMITH, Journ. Linn.
Soc. Lond. xx, p. 500, t. 30, f. 7-7 c.

H. JANEIRENSIS Pfr. (Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1851, p. 128 ; Mon. iii,
p. 265) from Rio Janeiro (Macgillivray), seems to belong to the
group of H. heligmoidea and cheilodropha Orb. It has not been
figured.

H. HELICYCLOIDES Orb. Vol. Ill, pi. 26, figs. 10, 11, 12.

The descriptions given by Pfeiffer in the Monographia iii, p. 107
and iv, p. 310 do not apply to this species. It is described by
d'Orbigny as thin, nearly diaphanous, very strong /i/ xtrintwl ti'«n*-
versely above, nearly smooth beneath ; last whorl descending

POLYGYRA. 151

toward the aperture, and on its last third constantly marked on the
convex side, by a strong depression ; lip visibly thickened but not
reflexed. Alt. 5, diam. 16 mill. It was collected in the humid
forests covering the foot of the eastern chain of the Bolivian Andes,
north of Cochabamba.

The figures in Fer. Hist., t. 69.B, f. 3 are copied from Orbigny's
plate ; Reeve figures and describes the true helicycloides.

Geniis POLYGYRA (Vol. Ill, p. 128.)

P. AURICULATA var. MICROFORIS Dall (p. 138), not microformis.
P. DISSECTA Martens. PI. 42, figs. 21-24.

Shell narrowly and deeply umbilicated, subdepressed, lightly
striatulate, tawny-corneous, somewhat shining ; spire shortly conoid ;
whorls 5a, slightly convex, the last rounded with very convex base;
deflexed and constricted behind the aperture. Aperture very
oblique, wide-lunate; peristome reflexed, white; parietal wall
provided with a rather simple oblique fold ; outer margin having
two low subelongate denticles, parallel to the margin and separated
by a narrow triangular slit ; basal margin having one obtuse small
denticle. (Ms.) Alt. 3 2, greater diam. 9, lesser 7£ mill.

Toluca, central Mexico.

Polygyra dissecta MTS., Biol. Centr. Amer., Mollusca, p. 167, t. 7,
f. 7, la-c.

Described from one specimen. In general appearance very like
H. plagioglossa, but to be distinguished by the two laminar teeth on
the outer margin.

P. RICHARDSONI Martens. PI. 42, figs. 17-20.

Shell obstructedly umbilicated, subdepressed, lightly striatulate,
tawny-brown, slightly shining ; spire shortly conoid ; whorls 5,
slightly convex, the last rounded, very convex beneath, at the aper-
ture distinctly striated, deflexed and constricted. Aperture very
oblique, lunate ; peristome reflexed, white ; parietal wall provided
with an unequally two-limbed fold, outer lip with a moderate obtuse
tooth, prolonged upward into a lamina parallel with the margin ;
basal margin having one vertical, subcompressed, moderate tooth.
(Mts.~) Alt. 4-5, greater diam. 9-11, lesser 8-9 £ mill.

Presidio de Mazatlan, State of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Polygyra richardsoni MTS., Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll., p. 168, t. 7,
f. 9, 9a-c. (April, 1892.)

152 POLYGYRA.

Near P. triodontoides Bid., but with the umbilicus still more
obstructed, only the last part of the penultimate whorl visible
within it (as in P. ariadnci), the ba.sal and external tooth nearer to
each other, and the latter more distinctly prolonged upward into a
lamina. (Ms.)

P. DORFEUILLEANA var. SAMPSONi Wetherby.

Differs from the type in having the umbilicus formed by the last
whorl much wider. It is more commonly found than the true dor-
feuilleana in Arkansas and Indian Territory.

P. JACKSONI var. DELTOIDEA Simpson.

Front margin of the parietal fold strongly elevated.

Indian Territory.

SCULPTARIA Pfr. (Vol. Ill, p. 138.)

A group of unknown affinities.

S. CHAPMANNI Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. vii, p. 156, (unfiyured).
Walwich Bay, Ovampoland.

HELIX RETISCULPTA Martens, Nachr.-bl. D. M. Ges. 1889, p. 154,
(unfigureiT). Ussab, in Damaraland, S. Africa.

STENOTREMA (Vol. Ill, p. 139).

H. STENOTREMA Fer. (Vol. Ill, p. 140.)

Var. subglobosa Pils. (pi. 50, figs. 26, 27). Spire lower than in
typical stenotrema, and color horn-brown, lips much developed, the
distal end of the parietal lamella being curved and produced
inward, the basal lip having a corresponding sinus, and on its outer
margin there is a small tooth. A short buttress from the parietal
lamella connects with the outer termination of the lip.

Woodville, Alabama.

H. MONODON Rack. (Vol. Ill, p. 142.)

This species has several very distinct varieties. Var. cinda Lewis
(pi. 50, figs. 28-30) is very much depressed, with broad umbilicus,
brown at periphery and suture. Var. alicice Pils. is extremely
globose, elevated, closely coiled, imperforate or nearly so. It
inhabits the moist lowlands of south-western Louisiana, the figured
specimen being from Lake Charles.

H. ELEVATA Say, (Vol. Ill, p. 148) read figs. 57-59, instead of
57-69.

POLYGYRA. 153

TRIODOPSIS (Vol. Ill, p. 143.)

This section includes the American species which Tryon has
>laced under " Isognomonostorna." The Old World forms, H. per-
and subpersonata belong to the restricted genus Helix, near
mpylwa, etc. The H. yucatanea Morel, (p. 146) belongs to the
T. texasiana group of section Dcedalochila.

[. APPRESSA Say (p. 148). PI. 50, figs. 6, 7 (young.)
This species attains a very large size in some parts of the South.
Specimens from Woodville, Alabama, measure: alt. 10, diam. 21 mill.

[. OBSTRICTA var. CAROLINENSIS Lea. PL 50, figs. 8, 9, 10.
Shell distinctly angulated at the periphery, strongly costulate
>ve, smoother below ; the dull upper surface sometimes showing a
iw sparsely scattered microscopic granules, under a lens. Aper-
ire having three strong teeth. Differs from typical obstricta in the
far less compressed peripheral keel ; from palliata in the very differ-
ent sculpture, etc.

South Carolina. '

H. SARGENTIANA Johnson & Pilsbry. PL 50, figs. 1-5.

Shell depressed, imperforate, lens-shaped, carinated. Surface
strongly rib-striate, the striation disappearing toward the center of
the base ; under a lens the surface between the rib-like striae is seen
to be finely granulated. The aperture is wide, oblique; lip broadly
reflexed, flattened, the basal lip bearing a long lamella, as in H.
appres*a. Upon the parietal wall there is a strong, high, curved
tooth, like that of If. elevata but longer. There are 6 whorls. The
color is light russet above, paler or whitish below.

Alt. 11, diam. 24 mm.

Alt. 12, diam. 24 mm.

Alt. 9 diam. 22 mm.

Woodville, Alabama.

Helix sargenti J. & P., Nautilus vi, p. '8 (May, 1892). Not H.
•sargenti BLD. — H. sargentiana J. & P. t. c., p. 48.

This species differs from H. appressa in its larger size, stronger
striation, and more especially in the granulated instead of spirally
striate microscopic sculpture, the strong carination, etc. It is allied
in shape and sculpture to H. carolinensis Lea, but differs in totally
lacking the upper lip tooth, in being flatter, more concave below,
•etc. The young shells (pi. 50, figs 4, 5) differ markedly from

154 POLYGYRA.

young H. appresta (pi. 50, figs. 6, 7), being flatter above, acutely
carinated, and more broadly umbilicated.

H. ROPERI Pilsbry. PL 50, figs. 19, 20.

Shell broadly umbilicated, flattened, subdiscoidal. resembling
in general form (but not in texture or sculpture), H. hartordiuna
Cooper and H. polygyrella Binn. & Bid.; rather thin, opaque, luster-
less, reddish chestnut-colored; surface delicately obliquely striated
above, smoother beneath, all over beset with short, delicate hairs.
Spire scarcely perceptibly convex, flat ; sutures moderately im-
pressed ; apex light-colored ; whorls 5-1, convex, very slowly widen-
ing, the last wider, rounded on the periphery and below ; slightly,
rather abruptly deflexed at the aperture, constricted immediately
behind the peristome. Aperture oblique, lunate-trilobate; per-
istome well expanded, thickened within, brownish, outer margin
bearing a square tubercular tooth within, basal margin bearing a
small tubercle near its union with the outer margin; parietal wall
with a long slightly curved transverse lamella, its upper termination
opposite the superior lip-tooth. Umbilicus broad and deep.

Alt. 3, diam. maj. 8, min. 7 mill.

Redding, at the head of the Sacramento Valley, Shasta Co., Cali-
fornia.

H. (Triodopsis) roperi PILS., Nautilus iii, p. 14, figs. — Polygyra
roperi W. G. BINN., Third Suppl. Terr. Moll. V, p. 212. ( Woodcut.)

Three specimens of this species were found in river drift by Mr.
E. W. ROPER of Revere, Mass. The shell seems to be intermediate
in contour between H. (Triodopsis) loricata Gld. and H. (Polygy-
rella) harfordiana J. G. Cooper. It differs from the former in being
flatter, much more broadly umbilicated, with different spire and no-
tably different surface sculpture ; from the latter it differs in the
totally different texture and hairy surface.

H. EDENTATA Sampson. -PL 50, figs. 16, 17, 18.

Shell imperforate, much depressed globose, light brownish -horn
colored, somewhat translucent, but having an opaque buff streak
behind the peristome. Surface but little shining, showing under a
lens numerous short, low, cuticular lamellse, elongated in the direc-
tion of growth-lines (fig 18a.).

Spire low, convex ; suture moderately impressed. Whorls 5, the
apical whitish, the last whorl abruptly, shortly deflexed in front,

POLYGYRA. 155

very strongly and suddenly constricted behind the lip, which is
reflexed, thickened and white ; the outer and outer-basal segment of
the lip is strongly thickened, and at the middle of the outer lip there is
a hardly noticeable tubercle, with another a little outside of the middle
of the basal lip, the space between them more thickened inwardly ;
parietal wall bearing an oblique, curved blade-like tooth.
Alt, 6-8, diam. 11' 7 mill.

Boston Mts., Crawford Co., Arkansas.

Triodopsis edentata SAMP., Nautilus iii, p. 85, figs. (Dec., 1889.)
The form and sculpture are quite as in H. inflecta, but the obsoles-
cence of the lip-teeth render it strikingly different from that species.

METODONTIA (Vol. Ill, p. 149.)

This section must be removed to the neighborhood of section
Petasia. It has nothing to do with Triodopsis.

MESODON (Vol. Ill, p. 150.)

H. ARMIGERA Ancey. PI. 50, figs. 21, 22, 23.

Shell perforated, globose, rather thin but solid, light chestnut-
brown ; entire surface (except inner 2 } whorls) clothed with delicate
short equidistant hairs, arranged in very oblique rows.

Spire low-conoid, apex obtuse. AVhorls of, convex, slowly widen-
ing, last whorl rounded, very convex below, very little deflexed in
front, decidedly contracted behind the lip, which is regularly and
rather widely expanded, dilated at the columellar insertion, its face
brown. Parietal wall often having a small lamellar white tooth.
Aperture rotund-lunate, somewhat oblique.

Alt. 8, diam. 12 mill.

San Francisco, California, to Vernon, B. C~

This is smaller than the typical H. columbiana, more globose and
convex beneath, more densely hirsute, and with less expanded per-
istome.

H. KIOWAENSIS Simpson. PI. 50, figs. 13, 14, 15. ,

Shell depressed, umbilicated (the umbilicus deep, and one-tenth
the diameter of the shell), solid, opaque, straw-colored, minutely
speckled with buff. Surface somewhat shining, regularly striated
obliquely, and showing under a lens traces of microscopic spiral
lines. Suture moderately impressed. Spire convex. AVhorls 5-5&,
slowly widening, the last slightly falling at the aperture, quite con-

156 PLECTOPYU-.

vex below, somewhat constricted behind the basal and outer lips.
Aperture round-lunate, small, very oblique; peristome slightly
expanded, heavily thickened within, white or purplish, the ends
somewhat approaching.

Alt. 8-1, greater diam. 14 mill.

Kiowa Station, Limestone Gap and near Eufaula, Indian Terri-
tory.

H. kiowaensis SIMP., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1888, p. 449. — Mesodon
kiowaemis W. G. B., Third Suppl. T. M. v, p. 199, figs.— Var.
arkansaensis PILS., The Nautilus iv^p. 131, 1891.

This very well-defined species may be a toothless Triodopsis, as
Binney suggests. It seems to be very distinct from all other species,
but certain forms of H. thyroides have a faint resemblance.

Yar. arkansaensis Pilsbry. PI. 50, figs. 11, 12.

Shell more robust, with larger aperture and smaller umbilicus
one-fifteenth the diameter of the shell.

Alt. 9i, diam. 15-15* mill.

Near Hot Springs, Arkansas (F. A. Sampson.)

PLECTOPYLIS (Vol. Ill, p. 159.)

It should be noted that the name Atopa Alb. cannot be used for
the Ceylonese group allied to Plectopylis, on account of the previous
use of that generic term in Coleoptera. The name GORILLA Ads.
must replace it.

P. JOVIA Mabille. Vol. IX, pi. 20, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Shell depressed, discoidal, very broadly umbilicated, the umbilicus
regular, funnel-shaped, its width contained not quite 2-] times in the
diameter of the shell ; solid, opaque, obliquely striatulate and decus-
sated by s'ubobsolete microscopic spiral lines above ; reddish under
a (deciduous?) yellowish-brown cuticle; lusterless.

Spire slightly convex, composed of 7 2 very slowly increasing
whorls; the last whorl wider, rather strongly deflexed in front, very
convex beneath and obtusely subangulated around the umbilicus.
Aperture oblique, rotund-truncate, the peristome well curved,
strongly reflexed, its face white and thickened, ends joined by an
elevated lol>c of th<' parietal callus, from which an entering lamella
arises extending a short distance inward. At the last third within
the whorl it is obstructed by a broad, curved, transverse, parietal

PLECTOPYLIS. 157

plate, the convexity of the curve outward, the upper border of it
slightly scalloped ; a minute denticle stands in front of the lower end
of this plate. The outer wall bears 7 plicse, the two outer small,
parallel to the sutures, the next to the lowest fold very minute, situ-
ated somewhat back of the others; the four median larger, and
directed obliquely across the whorl.

Alt. 13, diam. 29-31 mill.

Near Halong, Tonquin.

Plectopylis jovia MAB., Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. 1887, p. 99.

This species, of wjhich part of the original lot collected by the
Abbe Vathelet, is before me, is allied to P. schlumbergeri, differing
mainly in the more elevated parietal callus and larger size.

It is not improbable that both jovia and villedaryi will prove to
be varietal forms of schlumbergi.

P. VILLEDARYI Ancey. PL 43, figs. 36, 37, 38, 39.

Shell depressed, the spire nearly plane; umbilicus regular, brofid,
its width contained about 2-1 times in the greatest diameter of the
shell ; solid, opaque, striated. k

Whorls 6i, very slowly widening, the last descending in front,
very convex^ almost angular around the umbilicus. Aperture
oblique, obstructed by an elevated tongue-shaped callus connecting
the ends of the peristome, which is very heavily thickened and
strongly reflexed. A stout lamella arises from the middle of the
parietal callus and extends obliquely into the mouth, being about
4-5 mill. long. One-third of a whorl inward the throat is obstructed
by a transverse septum on the parietal wall, in front of each end of
which there is a small tubercle, the upper -ene smaller, the lower
elongated ; on the outer wall there are 7 short plicse, the "two outer
ones minute, parallel with the sutures, the lowermost separated from
the next visible fold by a rather wide space, in which when closely
examined a more minute fold is seen, situated to the rear of the
others ; the rest of the folds are larger, obliquely placed.

Alt. 9, diam. 20 mill.

Region of Lang-son, and Bac-ninh, Tonquin.

Plectopylis villedaryi ANC., Le Naturaliste, March, 1888, p. 71,
fig. 2.

Differs from the schlumbergeri chiefly in the smaller size and more
elevated parietal callus. It is also closely allied to jovia, but a
close examination shows certain differences, such as the* presence of

158 HELIX-CANDIDULA.

two small denticles in front of the parietal partition, and the even,
instead of scalloped, edge of the latter. The specimens before me
were collected by the Abbe A. Vathelet.

P. PHLYARIA Mabille. PL 43, figs. 40, 41, 42.

Shell openly umbilicated, depressed-discoid al, thin, a little solid,
scarcely shining, dull whitish under a deciduous, grayish, hairy cuti-
cle, arcuately striated and seen under a lens to be covered with
imbricating lamellae. Spire flat, apex shining, smooth, corneous.
Whorls 7-1, narrow, convex, rather rapidly and regularly increas-
ing, separated by a deeply impressed suture. The last whorl large,
but little wider than the preceding whorl if viewed from above ;
laterally compressed, obscurely angulated at the periphery, deeply
descending in front, tortuous, a little convex beneath. Aperture
half-round, toothed, the margins connected by a transverse parietal
lamina behind which a dentiform callus emerges ; peristome white,
thick, reflexed. Alt. 5£, greater diam. 15, lesser 13 mill.

Tonquin.

Helix phlyaria M.AB., Moll. Tonk. diagn., p. 6, May, 14, 1887;
Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. 1887, p. 100, t. 2, f. 1, 2, 3.

Unfigured species of Plectopylis.

PLECTOPYLIS AZONA Gredler, Nachr.-bl. D. M. Ges. 1889, p. 155,
156. China.

HELIX ESAU Gredler, Jahrb. D. M. Ges. xiv, 1887, p, 346.
Province Hupe, China. HELIX JACOB Gredler, 1. c., p. 347. Hupe.
HELIX PATUNGANA Gredler, 1. c. p. 348. Shi-shia-ho, southwest Hupe.
The systematic position of these small, toothless species is uncertain.
They group with kuangtungensis, squamulina, etc. ; and may belong
in the neighborhood of Plectotropis.

HELIX VALLATA Heude, Journ. de Conch. 1889, p. 45. Tchen-
K'eou, China. See also Gredler, Nachr.-bl. D. M. Ges. 1889,
p. 202.

Genus HELIX L.
Subgenus XEROPHILA Held.
Section Candidula Kobelt.
H. HERIPENSIS Mabille. PI. 44, figs. 92, 93, 94.

Shell depressed, openly umbilicated, the umbilicus narowing very
rapidly, its width contained about 5£ times in the diameter of the

HELIX-CANDIDULA. 159

shell ; solid, opaque, whitish, begirt by numerous unequal bands and
lines, 'which may be either interrupted, faint broivn or corneous-brown,
or dark brown and nearly continuous ; a supra-peripheral stronger
band generally developed, the periphery itself marked by a white line.
Surface finely, closely and very distinctly striated, equally above and
below.

Spire somewhat convex; apex obtuse, the earlier 1J whorls
corneous. Whorls 5s , slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last
much wider, rounded at the periphery, usually very obsoletely
angled at its origin, shortly descending in front. Aperture oblique,
transversely oval, slightly lunate ; peristome thin, thickened within
by a strong white rib.

Alt. GL>, diam. 11 mill.

Alt. 5, diam. 8 mill.

Near Paris, Lagny, etc., France.

H. heripemis MAB., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 304.— West.,
Fauna, p. 265. — H. solaciaca MAB., I. c.

The regular, fine striation and very rapidly narrowing umbilicus,
showing less than one whorl, are characteristic. Compared with H.
trepidula this species is much mo-re regularly, strongly striated and
less angular at the periphery.

A large number of specimens is before me, sent by A. Locard,
exhibiting considerable variation in color and size.

Yar. solaciaca Mabille. PL 44, figs. 83, 84.

Agrees with heripensis in the delicate, regular rib-striation, the
very rapidly narrowing umbilicus, etc. Color-pattern as in herip-
ensis, but bands rather pale and upper surface sometimes radially
streaked. Differs from heripensis only in the somewhat more robust,
swollen body- whorl. Alt. 7-1, diam. 12 mill.

This is the merest local form of heripensis, not really worth a
name. The specimens before me are from Locard.

H. LOROGLOSSICOLA Mabille. PI. 44, figs. 88, 89.

Shell depressed, umbilicated, the umbilicus rapidly narrowing to a
mere perforation, and showing hardly more than a half-whorl; its
width contained 6 times in the diameter of the shell; solid, opaque,
chalk-white or of a light brown tint with a white peripheral line,
sometimes unicolored but usually showing traces of few or many
light brown bands, of which one above and another below the periph-

160 HELIX-CANDIDULA.

ery are broader and somewhat more constant. Surface very rt
larly and finely rib -striated, as in H. heripensi*.

Spire very low, but slightly convex. Whorls 5$, slightly convex,
slowly increasing until the last which is much wider and descends a
trifle in front ; it is strongly carinated in front, the carina situated
high on the whorl, and extending from its origin about one-half
around, where it gradually becomes obsolete ; the latter part of the
body-whorl being rounded at the periphery and regularly convex
beneath. Aperture round-lunate, basal and outer lips regularly
curved, peristome strengthened within by a strong white rib.

Alt. 5J, diam. 10J mill.

Lyons, France.

H. loroglo«sicola MAB., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 304.

This species, which I have received from Arnould Locard, belongs
to the immediate group of H. heripensis, agreeing in sculpture,
umbilicus and aperture with that species, but differing in the gener-
ally more pallid coloring and the strong carination of the first half
of the body-whorl.

H. ANDALUSICA Kobelt. PL 40, figs. 43, 44.

Shell depressed, openly umbilicated, the umbilicus about one-fifth
the diameter of the shell ; solid, opaque, white or a little tinged with
brown, showing some scattered translucent dots, and sometimes a nar-
row brown interrupted band above the periphery, margined below
by a white one. Surface very finely and regularly striated above
and below.

Spire low-conic, the apex minute ; apical whorl dark. Whorls
5|, rather convex, very slowly increasing, the last much wider,
rounded at periphery and beneath, a trifle descending in front.

Aperture oblique, oval-lunate, peristome having a very strong
white rib within, the outer margin well curved, basal margin a little
straightened.

Alt. 7-7 i, diam. 11 . 3-12 mill.

Algi-sirax, etc., southern Sj»ii/t.

H. (nnhi./u,uca KOB., Juhrb. D. M. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 70 ; Rossm.
Icon., n. f. iv, p. 22, f. 540.

Belongs to the group of H. caperata ; well characterized by the
peculiar umbilicus. The specimens described above are from Pon-
sonby.

PLATE 28

fOC

PLATE 29

HELICID^E.

PIRATE 3O

HELICID>e

PLATE 3!

59

HELICiD^E.

PLA.TE 32

HELICID^E.

PLATE 33

PLATE 34

65

m

74

68 - -vs&si^ 71

67 69

75

76

77

7.9

84*1

80

81

PLATE 35

.

13

19

14

IE

16

PLATE 36

10

18

20

30

HELICID^E

PLATE 37

^UYv

HELICID^E.

PLATE 38

11

3 R

10

17

18

13

21

HELICID>E

PLATE 39

HELJCID>E

PLATE 4O

44 45

43 46 47

/H^ :'-^

49

53

51

57

55

56

58

61

60

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71 77;

T

4-

76

78

PLATK 41

79

83

HEL1X-CANDIDULA. lol

H. ORDUNENSIS Kobelt. PL 40, figs. 77, 78.

Shell small, narrowly but deeply umbilicated, globose, slightly
depressed, strongly striated, white or yellowish-white with two
sharply defined chestnut-brown bands on either side of the middle
line, the upper band ascending the spire ; prettily marked with a
narrow pale line on the base. The spire is convex with small,
smooth, blackish, apex. There are five rather convex whorls
separated by a simple linear suture ; they increase regularly and are
closely and regularly striated ; the last is somewhat angulate, regu-
larly rounded, hardly noticeably descending in front ; the aperture
is but little oblique, nearly circular, peristome simple, sharp, having
a distinct white rib within ; the margins converging ; columellar
margin scarcely dilated at the insertion. (Kob.)

Alt. 5£, greater diam. 7£, lesser 7 mill.

Near Orduna, on the rocky crown of the Concha a" Orduna.

H. (Gandidula*) ordunensis KOB., Nachrichtsbl. D. M. Ges. 1883 >
p. 115 ; Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 23, f. 542.

Differs from other species in the small size.

H. VATONNIANA Bgt. (H. FLORENTINE Ponsonby). PI. 40, figs. 47, 48.

Shell small, narrowly perforated, globose-trochoidal, rather strong,
not shining, dirty white with a few indistinct clear-brown bands of
spots and a series of more intensely colored, larger, radially disposed
spots under the suture. Spire high conical, with minute, hardly
obtuse apex. There are more than five well rounded whorls ; the
upper ones are smooth, horn colored ; the following irregularly and in
places rather coarsely striated ; they increase slowly and are
separated by a linear suture ; the last is nearly cylindrical, only a
trifle flattened on the base, not descending in front. Aperture
nearly circular, very little lunate, and but slightly oblique ; the per-
istome is thin, simple, not noticeably lipped ; the margins scarcely •
approach each other, and the basal margin is hardly dilated at the
insertion. (Kob.~)

Alt. 6J, greater diam. 7, lesser 6? mill.

Dunes east of Tangier.

H.florentim PONS. mss. KOBELT, Jahrb. D. M. Ges. 1882, p. 68 ;
Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 23, f. 543.

Seems to stand in the group of H. apicina, but differ widely from
other species in the high spire. Mr. Ponsonby now regards the species
as a synonym of H. vatonniana Bgt.

162 HELIX-CANDIDULA.

H. PSILORITANA v. Maltzan. PL 40, figs. 68, 69.

Shell small, rather widely perforated or narrowly umbilicated,
depressed globose, strong; roughly striated, the last whorl rib-
striated. White, generally marked with three brown bands, of
which the upper one indicates the periphery and is broader than the
two lower, but sometimes it occurs also with 4 or 5 bands. The spire
is quite convex, with minute, pointed, brownish apex. There are
between 5 and 6 whorls, which are quite convex and widen extremely
slowly and regularly. The suture is linear, scarcely impressed, but
distinctly and under the lens quite finely crenulated. The last
whorl is rounded, hardly wider and very indistinctly descending in
front. The aperture is not very oblique, quite circular, but some-
what dilated transversely and moderately lunate ; the peristome is
acute and strongly white-lipped, the margins converge but are not
connected by a callus ; the upper margin is somewhat produced for-
ward. The basal margin slightly reflected and scarcely dilated at
the insertion. (Kob.)

Alt. 6, greater diam. 8, lesser 71 mill.

Near Asomato, on the Psiloriti, the ancient Cretian Ida, on trunks
of olive trees.

H. ( Candidula /) psiloritana v. MALTZAN, Nachrichtsbl. I). M.
Ges. 1883, p. 105.— KOBELT, Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 26, f. 550.

H. DIENSIS v. Maltzan. PI. 40, figs. 75, 76.

Shell narrowly perforated, depressed-conoidal, rather strongly and
regularly striated; solid, whitish with scarcely distinct brown bands.
Spire rather high with quite minute, dark apex. Six well rounded
whorls increasing very slowly but separated by a linear suture ; the
last whorl is scarcely widened, more or less distinctly obtusely
angulate at the periphery, and rounded below ; in front very shortly,
distinctly deflected. The aperture is oblique, round-ovate, distinctly
lunate; peristome acute, having a not especially strong white lip
within ; the margin approaching slightly ; the upper is produced
throughout, the basal margin but very little reflected, and very little
dilated over the perforation. (Kob.)

Alt. 7i, greater diam. 11 J, lesser 10 mill.

Standia (anciently Dia) on the north coast of Crete.

H. (Candidula f) diensis MALTZ., Nachr. D. M. Ges. 1883, p. 104.
— KOB., Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 26, f. 549.

HELIX-CANDIDULA. 163

H. SUBVARIEGATA v. Maltzan. PI. 40, figs. 70, 71.

Shell small, narrowly but deeply umbilicated, depressed, solid,
distinctly but irregularly striated, rather shining; white, very
prettily marked with intense interrupted chestnut-brown bands, of
which the upper lies at the periphery and follows the suture up the
spire. The spire is depressed-convex, with minute, obtuse, horny-
brown apex. The five whorls are well-rounded from the beginning,
and increase slowly and regularly ; they are separated by a simple
linear little-impressed suture; the last whorl is scarcely widened,
hardly noticeably descending in front, the base somewhat flattened
and passing perpendicularly into the almost cylindrical umbilicus.
The aperture is oblique, rounded-ovate, strongly lunate, the bands
showing in the throat ; the peristome is simple, acute, having a low but
broad white lip within ; the margins converge but little and have
no connecting callus. The columella margin is hardly dilated at the
insertion. (Kob.~)

Alt. 5£, greater diam. 8£, lesser 8 mill.

Tuzla, Bay of Suda, Crete.

H. (Candidula) subvariegata v. MALTZAN, Nachr. D. M. Ges.
1883, p. 105.— KOBELT, Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 27, f. 551.

H. HELLENICA Blanc & Westerlund. PL 34, figs. 60, 61.

Shell narrowly but deeply umbilicate, rudely ribbed-striate, the
base smoother ; depressed-turbinate or convex-depressed, rather
solid, opaque ; whitish, variously adorned with brown lines and
bands, streaked and variegated above. The spire convex or
depressed-conical, with small, smooth, horn colored, slightly obtuse
apex. The six whorls are convex from the beginning and increase
rather fast but regularly ; they are separated by a linear impressed
suture; the last is somewhat widened, indistinctly angulate, the
angle generally disappearing toward the mouth ; base regularly con-
vex ; not deflected in -front. The aperture is but little oblique,
nearly circular, slightly lunate ; peristome straight, acute ; young
examples have a weak whitish lip, but adults having a strong
yellowish-red lip ; the margin in front of the lip also yellowish-red
in color ; the margins converge ; the columellar margin is somewhat
reflected and slightly dilated at the insertion. (Kob.~)

Alt. 6, greater diam. 9, lesser 8 mill.

Chalcis, Euboea, Greece.

164 HELIX-CANDIDULA.

H. hellenica BL. & WEST., Apei^u Faun. Mai. Grece, p. 70.—
KOBELT, Kossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 27, f. 552. — Not H. hellenica Bgt.
teste Bgt.

Var. CONTEMPTA Parreyss. PI. 34, figs. 58, 59.

Agrees with H. hellenica in size, sculpture and form of the umbil-
icus, but the last whorl is much more compressed, and lip thinner
and white. Alt. 6£, greater j3iam. 9, lesser 8 mill.

Greece.

If. contempta PARR, in sched. KOBELT, Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv,
p. 28, f. 553.

H. JAYLEI Paladilhe (Vol. IV, p. 14). PI. 46, figs. 45, 46, 47, 48.
Figures are here given, drawn from specimens communicated by
Mr. John Ponsonby. They represent the var. rusticula Palad.

H. SARDINIENSIS Villa. PL 45, figs. 18, 19, 20, 21.

This has been considered a synonym or variety of H. conspurcata,
but it is smaller, has fewer whorls, which increase more rapidly and
less regularly ; the umbilicus is not so narrow, the aperture is larger,
less rounded, more quadrate. The sculpture consists of elevated
riblets, very different from that of conspurcata.

Sardinia.

H. sardiniensis VILLA, Conch, ed insetti raccolti nelP isola di
Sardegna, 1836.— PAULUCCI, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. viii, p. 257, t. 7,
f. 7.

H. QUISQUILIJE Paulucci. PL 45, figs. 25, 26, 27.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, globose depressed, slightly carinated,
thin, subopaque ; horn-colored, variegated with a few white flames ;
having irregular distant hairs, and distinctly sharply costulate ; spire
elevated, apex corneous, smooth, obtuse; whorls 4J— 5, slightly
convex above, regularly increasing, separated by a profound suture ;
last whorl a little larger, strongly descending in front ; subcarinated
in the middle, convex below ; aperture small, oblique, little lunate,
ovate-rounded ; peristome straight, simple, acute ; columellar
margin slightly reflected. (Paul.)

Alt. 4, diam. maj. 5£, min. 5 mill.

S. Gregorio and Villaputzo, Sardinia.

H. quisquilice PAUL., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. 1882, p. 258, t. 7, f. 8.

Allied to H. conspurcata, but carinated, with smaller umbilicus,
etc.

HELIX-HELICELLA. 165

Section Helicella Moq.-Tand.

H. CESPITUM Drap. (Vol. Ill, p. 241). PI. 39, figs. 36-42.

The illustrations here given represent Algerian forms, collected
by Kobelt. Figs. 40, 41, from near Coustantine ; fig. 37 represents
a specimen from Akbon, in the valley of the Sahel, which is said by
Kobelt to be the most beautiful specimen ofcespitum brought by him
from Africa, and by him is called var. sabatieri. Figs. 38, 39 are
from one of the large white specimens, common in the Province
Constantine.

H. CALOPSIS Bourguignat. (Vol. Ill, p. 227). PI. 38, figs. 1-4.

Figures from Kobelt are here given showing the mature shell of
this species, which was not known to Bourguignat.

Environs of Cherchell, north coast of Algieria.

H. SITIFENSIS Bourguignat. PI. 39, figs. 32, 33.

Shell broadly but in part covered umbilicate, depressed, globose,
rather solid, chalky, little shining ; white, sometimes with traces of
brown streaks ; irregularly striated, the last whorl malleated and
marked with irregular impressions; whorls from 6 to 6J, regularly
increasing, separated by an impressed linear suture, convex ; the
last whorl cylindrical, generally descending slowly in front. Aper-
ture subcircular, lunate, slightly tinted with buff inside; peristome
thin, acute, margined within with buff-brown, then having a thin,
narrow, white lip ; margins converging, scarcely connected, col-
umellar margin dilated at the insertion and reflected partly over
the umbilicus. (Kob.~)

Alt. 18-19, greater diam. 25, lesser 22 mill.

Near Setif, Province of Constantine, Algiers.

H. setifensis Bgt. in LETOURNEUX, Exc. en Kalybie. — KOBELT,
Kossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 88, f. 685, 686.

This is always distinguished from cespitum by the yellow-brown
edge within the lip.

H. MONERIANA (Bourg.) Kobelt. PI. 39, figs. 25-29.

Shell profoundly umbilicate, the umbilicus varying much in size, but
partly covered by the reflected peristome ; the form very variable,
varying from depressed-globose to conic-globose ; strong, chalky, but
somewhat shining ; unicolored white with a few scattered blue-black
dots, the upper whorls closely regularly ribbed-striate, the lower irre-

166 HELIX-HELICELLA.

gularly roughly striated, sculptured with malleated impressions and
short horizontal oblique lines. There are fully 7 whorls, slowly and
rather regularly increasing, the upper forming a small and somewhat
projecting, translucent and horn-colored or blue-black apex ; the
following are quite convex, separated by the linear suture which
becomes deeply impressed below ; last whorl cylindrical and a trifle
flattened below, generally not at all descending in front, but spec-
imens also occur in which the last half of the whorl descends. Aper-
ture rather large, circular or ovate-circular, strongly lunate, slightly
tinted with yellowish inside ; the peristome is thin, acute, simple, at
a little distance within it is strongly white lipped ; the margins con-
verge somewhat and are connected by a thin scarcely noticeable
callus ; columellar margin somewhat dilated at the insertion and
reflected over the umbilicus. (Kob.)

Alt. 21, greater diam. 27, lesser 22* mill.

Alt. 20, greater diam. 25, lesser 22* mill.

Alt. 18£, greater diam. 26, lesser 22 mill.

Near Berrouayhia, Algieria.

H. moneriana Bourg., KOBELT, Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 88,
f. 682-684.

Has a stronger white lip than cespitum, and the umbilicus is nar-
rower.

H. LAURIN^E Issel. PI. 44, figs. 99, 100, 1.

Shell profoundly perforated, globose-depressed, transversely
dilated, fragile, shining, striatulate and irregularly slightly malle-
ated, brown, ornamented with white or brown-dotted radiating
bands. Apex smooth, very obtuse, brownish. Whorls 6*, separated
by an impressed suture, the upper ones nearly plane, the last rotund,
inflated, dilated at the aperture and slightly descending. Aperture
oblique, subrotund ; peristome acute, margins separated.

Alt. 10, diam. 16 mill. (IsseL)

Tunis (March ese Laura Doria.)

Helix (Xerophila f) laurince ISSEL, Annali Mus. Civ. di Storia
Nat. di Geneva (2) ii, 1885, p. 6, figs.

Somewhat allied to H. cantve Bgt. and tiranoi Bgt. of Spain.

H. AFFINIOR Debeaux. PI. 39, figs. 34, 35.

Shell moderately but deeply umbilicate, depressed globose, the
spire conoid, apex minute, subobtuse ; opaque ; solid ; all over rudely

HELIX-HELICELLA. 167

and rather irregularly ribbed-striate ; white, encircled by interrupted
chestnut bands, tinted with buff above and around the umbilicus ;
the upper surface of the spire radially streaked, having a series of
white spots at the suture ; whorls 6, slightly convex, slowly regularly
increasing, separated by an impressed suture ; the last whorl slightly
dilated, inflated and rounded beneath, abruptly and deeply deflected
in front. Aperture very oblique, transversely ovate, lunate ; per-
istome acute, subdilated, very distinctly lipped with brown within ;
the margins converging hardly joined ; basal and columellar mar-
gins slightly reflected. (7£b6.)

Alt. 12, greater diam. 16, lesser 14 mill.

Near La Senia, on the salt lake of Or an.

H. affinior Deb., KOBELT, Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 91, f. 701.

This species is very closely allied to H. sebJcarum, which occurs
with it, but is more globose, more evenly sculptured, always hand-
somely banded, and the last whorl is much less widened.

H. SEBKARUM Debeaux. PL 39, figs. 30, 31.

Shell rather narrowly and deeply umbilicate, depressed-globose,
spire depressed-conoid, the apex minute, violaceous ; dull whitish,
here and there tinged with light brown ; chalky ; whorls 6, slowly
increasing, separated by an impressed suture ; the upper whorls
scarcely convex, regularly and sharply striate ; the penultimate
whorl more convex, smoother ; the last whorl dilated, compressed,
sculptured with short impressed longitudinal lines, closely and
strongly ribbed behind the aperture, abruptly deflected in front.
Aperture oblique, rather irregularly ovate-rounded, strongly lunate ;
the throat varying from chocolate to roseate; peristome acute,
slightly dilated, having a strong yellowish-brown lip within ; the
upper margin somewhat straightened, lower and basal well arched,
the insertions hardly connected. (Kob.~)

Alt. 11, greater diam. 18, lesser 15 mill.

N La Senia, on the banks of the Sebeha of Oran.

H. sebkarum Deb., KOBELT, Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 91, f. 700.

In coloration, texture and sculpture most nearly allied to H. lute-
ata, but also reminding one of small forms of H. subdentata Fer.
(Kob.)

H. CALIDA Kobelt. PI. 38, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Shell moderately and deeply umbilicate, depressed-trochiform,
angulate, rather solid, but little shining ; sculptured all over with

168 HELIX-HELICELLA.

close acute riblets ; white, beautifully ornamented with bands and
streaks of chestnut; spire conoid, apex minute, projecting, buff.
Whorls 6, slowly increasing, separated by a linear, hardly impressed
suture, convex ; last little dilated, angulate at the periphery, rounded
at the base, and slowly passing into the umbilicus ; produced in
front but hardly descending. Aperture very oblique, subangulate,
ovate, moderately lunate ; peristome acute, thin, straight, lipped with
white inside ; the margins converging, hardly connected, columellar
margin very slightly dilated at the insertion. (Kob.)

Alt. 11, greater diam. 17, lesser 15 mill.

Neighborhood of Hamman Rirha, eastern foot of the Zaccar,
Algiers.

H. calida KOB., Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 78, f. 661.

H. ZACCARENSIS Kobelt. PI. 38, figs. 5-13.

Shell moderately and deeply umbilicate, depressed globose, solid,
little shining, ribbed-striate above, the riblets close ; smoother
beneath ; sculptured here and there with short impressed lines.
Whitish having an interrupted median chestnut band and numerous
brown lines ; spire depressed-conoid or conoid, apex small, smooth,
brown, little projecting ; whorls 6, regularly increasing, the suture
at first linear, then irregularly crenulated ; upper whorl slightly con-
vex, hardly carinated, the last inflated, subcylindrical, the base con-
vex, abruptly passing into the umbilicus, scarcely descending in
front, slightly dilated. Aperture oblique, lunate-circular ; peristome
thin, acute, straight, narrowly and rather remotely lipped with
white within ; margins converging, connected by a very thin callus ;
columellar margin slightly dilated at the insertion. {Kob.}

Alt. 14, greater diam. 21'8, lesser 18'5 mill.

Alt. 12£, greater diam. 18'5, lesser 16'5 mill.

On cliff's of the western Zaccar Peak, near Miliana, Algeria.

H. zaccarensis KOB., Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 77, f. 660.

Nearly allied to H. cdlopsis, but somewhat more narrowly umbil-
icated, having no trace of a keel, and more weakly sculptured.

H. FABRIESI Debeaux. PI. 38, figs. 19, 20.

Shell openly and deeply umbilicate, depressed trochiform, with
the spire conoid ; apex minute, slightly obtuse, black ; rather solid,
chalky, little shining; all over densely and irregularly ribbed-
striate ; last whorl with the exception of the tract immediately

HELIX-HELICELLA. 169

behind the aperture, smoother, but malleated, sculptured with short
impressed and horizontal lines. The color is dirty-white, without
bands ; whorls 6, convex ; suture impressed ; the upper whorls
increasing slowly ; the last is dilated, inflated, especially behind the
aperture ; at its origin bluntly angulate, becoming round ; very
shortly deflected in front. Aperture oblique, circular, strongly
lunate, more or less tinted with rose or brown within, peristome
acute, thin, slightly dilated on base and columella, or very slightly
reflected, having a strong reddish lip a short distance within. The
margins approach and are connected by a thin white callus. (Kob.~)
Alt. 8J, greater diam. 15, lesser 13 mill.

Near Oran.

H.fabriesi Deb., KOBELT, Rossrn. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 92, f. 703.

H. BREVETI Debeaux. PL 38, figs. 31, 32.

Shell with open funnel-shaped umbilicus, depressed-trochiform ;
the spire pyramidal, apex minute, slightly projecting ; rather solid ;
somewhat chalky, scarcely shining, finely and densely striatulate ;
dull white, sometimes encircled by an almost obsolete translucent
band ; whorls 5, slightly convex, slowly increasing, separated by an
impressed suture, the last whorl large, rounded or obsoletely sub-
angulate at the periphery, slightly descending in front; aperture
oblique, subcircular, but little lunate, white within; peristome
simple, acute, slightly expanded, having a thick white lip within ;
margins converging, joined by a very thin callus; columellar mar-
gin slightly dilated at the insertion. (Kob.)

Alt. 9, greater diam. 13, lesser 12 mill.

Tlemsen, Province of Oran, Algiers.

H. breveti Debeaux, KOBELT, Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 92, f. 702.

H. HEYNEMANNI Kobelt. PI. 40, figs. 63, 64.

Shell with wide but not perspective umbilicus ; the umbilicus
strongly contracted beyond the penultimate whorl ; depressed, solid,
striated, but little shining, chalk white, generally marked with a few
sharp dark brown bands ; the spire is quite depressedly convex,
apex small, smooth, black ; the six whorls are rather convex and
separated by a linear suture, they are closely regularly rib-striated
and increase regularly ; the last whorl is scarcely wider, nearly
cylindrical, and descends very slightly in front. Aperture round-
>vate, but little lunate, with thin sharp peristome, distinctly ribbed

170 HELIX-HELICELLA.

within ; margins converging but not joined by a callus; the columellar
margin is hardly dilated at the insertion. (Kob.)
Alt. 7, greater diam. 12, lesser 10 mill.

Tetuan, Algiers, on fronds of the dwarf Palm.

H. heynemanni KOB., Nachr.-bl. D. M. Ges. xv, 1883, p. 114;
Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 22, f. 541.

Allied to H. andalusica, but sufficiently different in the chalky
texture, rib-sculpture, etc.

H. GOUINI Debeaux. PI. 38, figs. 14, 15, 16.

Shell depressed, the spire a little convex, the umbilicus rather
broad, rapidly narrowing as it penetrates, one-fifth to one-sixth the
diameter of the shell. Solid, opaque ; ground color white, the upper
surface light brown ; having numerous interrupted bands and lines
of chestnut, of which one above the periphery is most constant ; often
having a series of alternately dark and light spots below the suture.
Surface sculptured with close, strong, curved while rib-strics.

Apex minute, the first whorl small, shining, dark chestnut colored ;
following whorls slightly convex, the last rounded at the periphery
and below, slightly descending in front. Aperture nearly circular,
but the penultimate whorl cuts a segment of 90° from the circle ;
peristome having a rather strong fleih-colored rib within.

Alt. 10J, diam. 16* mill.

Alt. 9i, diam. 16 mill.

Salt pits of Fleurus and St. Louis, near Or an, Algiers.

H. gouini (Deb.) KOBELT, Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 90, t. 116,
f. 699.

Very closely allied, says Kobelt, to H. colomiesiana Bgt. ; but it
is much more widely umbilicated than that species, if I may judge
colomiesiana by the figures. The surface is unusually well adorned
with white riblets, and some specimens exhibit alternate dark and
light dashes under the suture. My description is from specimens
from the collection of John Ritchie, Jr.

H. BOLLENENSIS Locard. PL 38, figs. 23, 24.

Shell globose-depressed with conoidal spire, umbilicated, the
umbilicus narrow, about one eighth the diameter of the shell ; solid,
opaque, white, more or less suffused with rufous, or having numerous
indistinct, very light tinted brown bands. Surface hardly shining,

HELIX-HELICELLA. 171

strongly and irregularly striated above and below, the striae somewhat
flexuous.

Spire subconoidal, apex obtuse ; apical 1£ whorls dark corneous;
following one or two whorls are speckled with translucent brownish ;
whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last much wider, very gradually
descending in front, well rounded at the periphery and beneath.
Aperture oblique, rotund-lunate, pure white within, and having a
thin white thickening a short distance in. Columellar margin
dilated.

Alt. 11, diam. 13! mill.

Alt. 10, greater diam. 14, lesser 12 mill.

Near Bollene, Dept. Vaucluse, France.

H. bollenensis Loc., Cat. gen. Moll. Fr. ii, p. 323.— KOBELT,
Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 93, f. 704. — H. lauracina FAGOT, Diagn.
d'esp. nouv. 1884, p. 3.

Allied to H. variabilis, but the umbilicus is smaller, the lip-callus
white, and the surface far more strongly striated. The specimens
before me were sent by Locard.

H. lauracina Fagot, of which authentic specimens from the orig-
inal locality are before me, offers no differential characters what-
ever.

H. VARIABILIS Drap. (Vol. Ill, p. 230.)

Judging from specimens before me named by Arnould Locard,
the following are synonyms : H. lautaretina Bgt., jussiana Bgt.,
grannonensis Bgt., salentina Blanc, menclranoi Servain.

H. SUBMARITIMA Desmoulins. This name is declared by Pollon-
era to have precedence over that of lauta Lowe (Vol. Ill, p. 239).
The species occurs at Rome and many other localities in Italy. See
Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xiv, p. 62, pi. 2, f. 8-10.

H. TERVERI Mich. (Vol. Ill, p. 240.)

A comparison of specimens of H. arenivaga Mabille received from
Locard, with specimens of terveri received from Terver, convinces
me that they are specifically identical.

H. TREPIDULA Servain. PI. 38, figs. 17, 18.

Shell depressed, openly umbilicated, the umbilicus contained 62-
7 times in the diameter of the shell ; solid, opaque, soiled white, uni-
colored or having obsolete brown bands. Surface having fine,
slightly irregular, oblique striae. Spire very low conic, the apex

172 HELIX-HELICELLA.

minute, hardly obtuse, composed of 1? dark-corneous smooth whorls.
Whorls 5 or 5i, rather slowly increasing until the last, which is
much wider and rapidly increases ; at its origin the last whorl is dis-
tinctly angular above its middle, the angle becoming less prominent
on the last third of the whorl; toward the aperture, the suture
descends below the peripheral angle. Aperture nearly circular
except for the segment (slightly less than a fourth) cut from it by
the parietal wall ; the upper lip is usually somewhat straightened also.
The peristome is thin, fragile, but strengthened a short distance
within by a narrow but strong brown (or white) rib.
Alt, 7, diam. 12 mill.

Lyons and Marseilles, France.

H. trepidula SERVAIN, in COUTAGNE, Faune malac. du basin du
Rhone, p. 12. — WESTERL., Fauna palsearct. Binnenconch. ii, p. 268.
— KOBELT, Kossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 93, f. 705.

This species may be known by the angular body-whorl and saffron,
brown lip-rib. The specimens before me, received from Locard,
show rather a wide range of variation in coloring. Some are dis-
tinctly banded with translucent brown, and others show a black-
brown peripheral band, with several narrower bands of the same on
the latter half of the base. The columellar lip is unusually well
rounded and expanded.

H. JACHNOI Clessin. PI. 44, figs. 96, 97, 98.

Shell broadly umbilicated, strong, depressed, strongly striated,
chalky-white, unicolored or with only weakly indicated bands.
Whorls 5£, slowly and regularly increasing, cylindrical, separated
by a deep umbilicus ; the last whorl scarcely double as wide as the
preceding, hardly deflexed. Aperture circular, but little modified
by the penultimate whorl ; peristome sharp, straight, with a white
lip within, margins not approaching.

Alt. 7, diam. 16 mill. (Cless.}

Galicia.

H. instabilis Ziegl. in ROSSM., Icon., f. 518. — H. jachnoi CLESS.,
Moll-Fauna Oesterreich-Ungarnsu. Schweiz, p. 183, fig. 88, 1887.—
var. bakowskiana CLESS. I. c., f. 89. — H. imtabilis var. bakowskiana
CLESS., Mai. Bl. 1879, p. 9, t, 1, f. 6.— BAKOW. Miezcaki zebr. na
Podulu 1879, p. 5, t. 1, f. 8, a, b.

This species is separated from H. instabilis by the very convex
whorls, deeper suture, and slower, more regular increase of the

HELIX-HELICELLA. 173

rhorls. In striation it is nearer to H. candicans than to H.
instabilis. '

Var. BAKOWSKIANA Clessin. (Vol. Ill, p. 248.)

Smaller, spire more elevated, upper surface strongly striated,
umbilicus narrower.

The varietal name precedes that of the species and should replace
it.

H. HILLYERIANA Paulucci. PI. 45, figs. 28, 29, 30.

Shell depressed globose, umbilicate, thin ; whitish-buff ornamented
with narrow interrupted pale chestnut zones; irregularly ribbed-
striate ; spire convex, apex smooth, slightly projecting, horny red-
dish; whorls 6*, regularly increasing, the last little larger, not
descending ; the suture impressed ; last whorl obscurely carinated
at the periphery, the carina disappearing toward the aperture.
Aperture oblique, lunate, rounded, white-lipped within ; peristome
thin, acute, straight, columellar margin slightly reflected. (Pcm/f.)

Alt. 9, greater diam. 12*, lesser 11 mill.

Decimomanun, Sardinia.

H. hillyeriana PAUL., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. 1882, p. 251, t. 7, f. 4.
H. TUTA Paulucci. PI. 45, figs. 22, 23, 24.

Shell globose, nearly covered perforate, thin ; whitish, having
many chestnut bands, or buff, banded and dotted ; substriate. Spire
convex, apex minute, corneous or blackish, smooth ; whorls 5£-6,
slightly convex, the first slowly, the rest rapidly increasing, separated
by an impressed suture ; last whorl larger, swollen, rotund, straight
at the aperture. Aperture oblique, exactly rounded, slightly lipped
within ; margins joined by a very thin callus, columellar margin
slightly reflected, half covering the perforation. (Paul.')

Alt. 91-11, greater diam. 13-14, lesser 1H-12* mill.

Sardinia.

Helix tuta PAUL., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. 1882, p. 245, t. 7, f. 1.

H. DOHRNI Paulucci. PI. 45, figs. 15, 16, 17.

Shell globose, conoid, nearly covered umbilicate ; thin ; dull gray,
ornamented with narrow interrupted chestnut zones ; distinctly but
unequally striated ; spire conoid, apex obtuse, smooth, pale corneous ;
whorls 6-6 i, the inner slowly and regularly increasing (the last and
next to the last much larger and more globose), separated by a dis-
tinct suture, last whorl ventricose, rounded, rapidly descending;

174 HELIX-HELICELLA.

aperture little oblique, subrotund ; margins converging ; peristome
acute, straight ; columellar margin reflected, partly covering the
perforation. (Paul.}

Alt. 10, greater diam. 11, lesser 10i mill.

Sassari, Sardinia.

H. dohrni PAUL., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. 1882, p. 252, t. 7, f. 3.
HELIX (HELIOMANES) RICHARDI Ponsonby mss., Kobelt, Nachr.-

BL D. M. Ges. 1889, p. 141. Black Cape, Africa.

Near to H. dautezi Kob., but more solid and rudely costulate.

H. CARUAN.E Kobelt. PI. 27, figs. 82, 83, 84.

Shell moderately and rather openly umbilicate, subglobose, or
depressed-globose, thin but rather solid ; little shining ; irregularly
ribbed-striate, the striae close, under the lens seen to be often trans-
versely interrupted ; visible within the umbilicus. Buff-whitish or
gray, having a whitish peripheral band, with an interrupted wide
chestnut band above it ; the rest of the upper surface is variously
marked with red-brown flecks, streaks and narrow interrupted
bands ; whorls 6, rather rapidly and irregularly increasing, separated
by a suture at first linear, becoming irregularly impressed ; apical
whorl small, smooth, horn-colored, hardly convex, the following
whorl slightly convex, the last whorl subinflated, dilated, rounded,
deeply descending in front, then deflected. Aperture oblique, ovate-
rounded, broadly lunate ; peristome thin, acute, narrowly but dis-
tinctly lipped within, the lip buff; margins slightly converging but
scarcely joined ; upper margin straight, flattened, columellar margin
brownish, dilated reflected over the umbilicus. (Kob.*)

Alt. 14-15, greater diam. 21, lesser 18 £ mill.

Malta.

H. caruance KOB., Nachr. D. M. Ges. xx, 1888, p. 119; Rossm.
Icon. n. f. iv, p. 84, f. 672, 673.— H. gattoi KOB., 1. c., p. 86, f. 676.

This form has hitherto been referred to variabilis or cespitum, but
is apparently distinct, being probably more nearly allied to the
group of H. mauritaniea Bgt. In the series before me, received
from A. Caruana Gatto, I am quite unable to see how two species
are to be distinguished, although examples may be selected agreeing
perfectly with Kobelt's figures of each. With all deference to the
opinion of Kobelt, whose knowledge of Xerophila vastly surpasses my
own, I am compelled by the series I have studied to rank H. gattoi
as a variety or form.

HELIX-HELICELLA. 175

Var. gattoi Kobelt. PI. 27, figs. 80, 81.

Larger, with wider umbilicus, more cylindrical body-whorl and
less intense, more speckled color-pattern.

H. LAMPEDUSJE Kobelt. PL 27, figs. 77, 78, 79.

Shell narrowly and compressedly perforate, globose-conic, rather
solid, rudely and irregularly ribbed-striate and malleated, slightly
smoother below, the riblets passing into the umbilicus; whitish,
variously marked with brown streaks and spots, usually having a
broad white middle zone with brown spots radially arranged above
it and coalescing below ; below the central zone there is a series of
interrupted and coalescing brown bands and often, a broad intensely
colored brown band. Whorls 6, rather regularly increasing,
separated by a linear suture, embryonal whorl minute, smooth, the
following slightly convex, the last somewhat inflated, especially
below ; at first slightly descending, then abruptly deflected. Aper-
ture oblique, subcircular, deeply lunate ; peristome acute, simple^
having a distinct buff lip within the brown margin ; throat gray-
blue, showing bands within ; margins somewhat converging, hardly
united ; columellar margin slightly dilated, reflected at the insertion.
(JTo&.) Alt. 14J, greater diam. 18, lesser 16 mill.

Island of Lampedusa.

If. lampedusce KOB., Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 85, f. 674, 675.

This pretty local form of the variabilis group is distinguished from
the Sicilian forms by its narrower umbilicus and rougher sculpture.

H. MESOSTENA Westerlund. PL 44, figs. 77, 78, 79.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, the umbilicus nearly closed, somewhat
widened at the opening ; depressed conoidal, very closely, regularly
finely striated ; chalky strong opaque, whitish banded with dark
seldom unicolored. Apex blunt. Whorls 6-62, slightly convex or
flattened, somewhat angular at the suture, slowly increasing, the last
whorl somewhat larger, compressed, indistinctly angular in the
middle, slowly but deeply descending in front. Aperture very
oblique, lunate-rounded, sometimes somewhat oval; peristome
straight, sharp, white-lipped within, the terminations converging,
columellar margin hardly dilated.

Alt. 6i-7, diam. 10 mill. ( TF.)

Crete at Kania, Kalatliines, Kandia, Archanes, Viano and Sitia.

176 HELIX-HELICELLA.

H. mesostena WESTERL., in West, and Blanc, Aperyu Faune
Grece, p. 71, t. 3, f. 23 (1879) ; Fauna Pal. Binnenconch., p. 235.—
MARTENS, Archiv f. Naturg. 1889, p. 187, t. 10, f. 10.

Distinguished by its closely crowded whorls, rather flat base, dark,
irregular flecking, narrow umbilicus and generally deeply descend-
ing whorl at the aperture.

The specimens from Kalathines are proportionately high, alt. 5£,
diara. 6* mill.

H. CESPITOIDES Fischer (Vol. Ill, p. 56). PI. 42, figs. 29, 30.

According to Crosse (Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 211) this shell
which has been referred to Pat. cooperi W. G. B. as a synonym, is a
form of the Mediterranean basin. The original figures are copied
on pi. 42, figs. 29, 30. The original description is as follows : Shell
orbiculate-depressed, rather solid, umbilicated, longitudinally irregu-
larly striated; whorls 6£, moderately increasing; brown-viola-
ceous and ornamented with obscure zones ; rotund-globulose ; suture
impressed, white ; last whorl rotund. Aperture obovate, transverse ;
peristome simple, slightly deflexed above, sub-thickened with white
inside ; columella not callous.

Alt. 12, greater diam. 22, lesser 19 mill.

Differs from H. cespitum in the darker coloration, more globulose,
less flattened whorls, etc.

( Oriental species.}
H. BEADLEI Pilsbry; n. sp. PI. 46, figs. 49, 50, 51.

Shell globose-conoidal or trochoidal, narrowly umbilicated, the
umbilicus about one-twentieth the diameter of the shell; solid,
opaque, white, variously banded with purple-brown. Surface some-
what shining, rather strongly striated, the striation subregular on the
spire, irregular on the body-whorl.

Spire conoidal, apex subacute ; earliest 1 * whorls minute, polished,
white, forming an unsculptured nuclear shell of H-l* mill, diameter.
Whorls 6*, slowly increasing, the inner ones somewhat speckled with
translucent, then becoming banded, the latter half of the last whorl
very gradually descending ; periphery rounded. Aperture rotund-
lunar, its length and breadth equal ; peristome thin, not thickened
within except slightly at baso-columellar margin.

Alt. 18, diam. 20* mill.

Alt. 18, diam. 19 mill.

Alt. 14£, diam. 17* mill, (not adult.)

Desert of Arabia.

HELIX-HELICELLA. 177

This species, which was collected years ago by Dr. E. R. Beadle,
is more allied to H. erkelii Kobelt than to any other form known to
me. The bands have the same purple-brown color, overlaid by a
whitish film, which is seen in some banded forms of erkelii, such as
that figured in Rossm. Icon, iv, pi. 152, fig. 1542. It further agrees
with Kobelt's species in the papillar apex, the rather distinctly
striated inner whorls, and the somewhat flattened aspect of the base ;
but in H. beadlei the striation is stronger and does not disappear on
the body- whorl, the spire is higher, and the umbilicus is notably
narrower. Many specimens of H. erkelii were collected by Dr.
Beadle. In the main they agree with Kobelt's figures and descrip-
tion better than with any other form, but they offer differences which
are probably at least varietal.

H. ERKELII Kob. var. DISCREPANS Pils. PL 46, figs. 58, 59.

Shell depressed, more narrowly umbilicated than the type, very
solid, unicolored white, or having a broad purple-brown band above,,
and a variable number of narrow ones below. Apical whorl smooth,
papillar ; the following whorls of the spire distinctly striated, body-
whorl smooth. Aperture rounded-lunate, the width and alt. about
equal ; interior white or cream-white, without internal lip or callus j
peristome simple, blunt. Alt. 14, diam. 22£ mill.

Desert of Sinai (Beadle !)

H. CANINA Ancey. PL 44, fig. 73.

Shell conoid-depressed, openly umbilicated, the umbilicus dilated
below, moderate, not equaling a fourth the diameter of the shell ;
rather solid, slightly shining, obsoletely and rather irregularly
striated, straw-buff, surrounded with numerous varying, narrow, very
frequently interrupted brown lines. Spire depressed-conoid, apex
rather minute, obtuse, corneous, smooth. Whorls 5f to 6, regularly
and quite slowly increasing, convex, the suture impressed ; last whorl
at its beginning a trifle angulated, becoming well rounded, convex
below, more or less deflexed in front. Aperture oblique, scarcely
labiate, narrowly lunate, transversely suboblong; outer margin
slopingly descending above, basal margin rounded, columellar mar-
gin thicker, (not marginated), slightly more expanded.

Alt. 7, greater diam. 9 J, lesser 8 mill. (Ancey.}

.Liban, in the region of Nahr-el-Kelb-

Helix canina ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, 1888, p. 188, fig.
12

178 HELIX-JACOSTA.

This pretty species belongs to the series of H. joppensis Mouss.,
KrynicTcii Andrz., subkrynickiana Mouss. It is the smallest of the
group yet published. (Anc.}

H. MILLEPUNCTATA Boettger. PL 44, figs. 70, 71, 72.

Differs from H. bargesiana Bgt. 1854, (=joppensis A. Schm.
1855) in the non-excentric, more funnel-shaped umbilicus, whorls 5,
not 6, more rapidly increasing from the beginning, the smoother
sculpture, the striae being closer, less acute, more irregular, and in
the color.

Shell whitish or horny-white, apex brown ; always having a nar-
row brown peripheral girdle ; very elegantly ornamented with
microscopic rounded tawny dots, either irregular or arranged in
numerous spiral lines, absent on the umbilical region.

Alt. 9, greater diam. 14£, lesser 12s mill. ; aperture, alt. 6}, width
6| mill.

Persia: Schah-rud, in the North Persian province Irak Adschmi;
varieties also widely dispersed in Asia Minor and northern Syria.

Helix (Xerophild) millepunctata BTTG., Zool. Jahrb. iv, p. 948,
t. 27, f. 13a-c. (1889.)

Differs from bargesiana Bgt., which I take to be a banded form of
joppensis Schm., in the much more rapid increase of the inner whorls.
H. bargesiana, proteus Rossm. and Krynickii Kryn. are remarkable
for the at first extremely slow increase in width of the whorls,
the last one then widening very rapidly ; whilst millepunctata is
normal in this repect, not unlike H. derbentina Kryn. ; but from
this last the entirely different marking separates it.

HELIX (XEROPHILA) SINAICA v. Martens. Sitzungs-Bericht der
Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, nr. 10, 1889, p. 200. Djebel
Musa, 2000 meters alt., and Wadi Barak, Sinai. Distinguished from
eremophila and erkelii by the raised spire and narrower umbilicus ;
from joppensis and bargesiana by the less rounded whorls and nar-
rower umbilicus.

Section JACOSTA (Vol. Ill, p. 251.)

H. BIANGULOSA Martens. PI. 44, figs. 85, 86, 87.

Shell umbilicated, conic-depressed, biangulate, closely radially j
costulate-striate, white, variegated with pale brown ; spire graduate,
apex obtuse. Whorls 41, the first pale brown, unicolored, smooth,
the following obtusely angulated and banded a little under the

HELIX- JACOSTA. 179

suture, distinctly carinated at the periphery, thecarina rather thick,
transversely rugulose ; last whorl flattened beneath, slightly descend-
ing at the aperture. Aperture subpentagonal, little oblique ; per-
istome straight, slightly lipped with white within.

Alt. 5i, greater diam. 7, lesser 6 mill. ; aperture, alt. 3, width 3i

mill. (J/fe.)

Southern Eubcea, near Stura, Greece.

H. (Xerophila) biangulosa MTS., Archiv f. Naturg. 1889, p. 176,
t. 10, f. 11.

Distinguished from H. syrensis mainly by the second keel on the
upper surface.

H. GRADILIS Martens. PI. 44, figs. 80, 81, 82.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, pyramidal, angulate, rather solid,
closely striated, white, painted with a few bands interrupted occa-
sionally with brown or diaphanous. Whorls 5, gradate, the first
smooth, white or pale brown, the rest flattened above, distinctly
angulated a little above the suture ; suture constricted ; last whorl a
little more convex below, slightly deflexed at the aperture. Aper-
ture slightly oblique, broad-ax-shaped; peristome straight, lipped
within, the outer and basal margins strongly arcuate, columella sub-
perpendicular, slightly dilated at the insertion.

Alt. 52-6, greater diam. 8, lesser 7 mill.

Island of Elasia, on the east coast of Crete.

H. (Xerophila) gradilis MTS., Archiv f. Naturg. 1889, p. 187,
t. 10, f. 12.

Separated from H. ledereri Pfr. by the much blunter keel, smaller
size, proportionally narrower umbilicus and weaker sculpture ; from
H. pyramdata Drap. by the regular elevation of the keel over the
suture, which is the same in all the specimens. (Ms.)

H. CALYMNIA Martens. PI. 44, figs. 74, 75, 76.

Shell subdepressed, moderately umbilicated, subtly radially striat-
ulate, white, painted with interrupted narrow brown bands. Spire
conical, subgradate ; whorls hardly 5, convex, separated by a deep
suture, the last whorl rounded, slightly descending in front. Apert-
ure subvertical, subcircular ; peristome straight, white-lipped within,
margins remote from one another, colurnellar margin arcuate,
scarcely dilated.

Alt. 4i, greater diam. 6£, lesser 4i mill. (Ms.)

Island of Kalymnos.

180 HELIX-JACOSTA.

H. (Xerophila) calymnia MTS., Archiv fiir Naturg. 1889, p.
t. 10, f. 9.
Described from a single specimen.

H. EMINENS Westerlund. PI. 27, figs. 75, 76 ; pi. 44, figs. 2, 3, 4

{exserta Mts.)

Shell trochoidal, scalariform, the peripheral keel strongly projecting
above the suture; umbilicated, the umbilicus about one-ninth the
diameter of the shell. Color buff-white ; surface closely ribbed-
striate all over.

Spire much elevated, the apex obtuse ; first whorl corneous, shin-
ing, convex ; carina beginning to project about the middle of the next
whorl, becoming more and more prominent ; the last whorl convex
above and below, compressed on each side of the median keel.

Aperture transversely oval, not lunate, somewhat angled out-
wardly; peristome thin, margins strongly converging, not much
thickened within.

Alt. 6, diam. 7 mill.

Alt. 5£, diam. 6£ mill.

Island of Syra, Greece (Spratt.)

H. eminens WEST., Fauna Pal. Reg. Binnenconch., p. 324, (1889).
— H. syrensis var. exserta MARTENS, Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte
1889, p. 183, t. 10, f. 13 (August, 1889.)

I do not know which of the names for this form has priority, both
being published in 1889, and both founded upon specimens from
Syra collected by Spratt. I am indebted to Mr. Ponsonby for spec-
imens.

H. AMPHICONUS Maltzan. PI. 40, figs. 65, 66, 67.

Shell quite narrowly perforate and depressed, distinctly carinated,
low conical above and below, closely and roughly ribbed striate, the
riblets running into the umbilicus below ; gray-white, indistinctly
banded or flecked with brown above, below having two distinct,
broad chestnut-brown bands, which are generally interrupted by
white dots, and sometimes having a narrow brown line between (
them. The spire is only a little elevated, the apex small, black- 1
brown ; there are five slowly increasing whorls, surrounded by a
strong thread-like projecting keel upon which the riblets project
sharper but rounded ; the last whorl is slightly wider, compressed
upon each side of the keel, somewhat swollen around the perforation,
very slightly descending in front. Aperture small, compressed,

HELIX-JACOSTA. 1 81

pointedly egg-shaped, distinctly lunate, excavated at the position of
the keel and channelled within ; the peristome is acute having a
strong white lip within ; the upper margin is somewhat produced
forward, lower margin slightly reflected, a little dilated at insertion.
(Kob.). Alt. 6, greater diam. 12£, lesser 11 mill.

Sitia, Crete.

H. (Jacosta) amphiconus MALTZ. Nachrichtsbl. D. M. Ges. xv,
p. 103, 1883.— KOBELT, Kossin. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 25, f. 546.

A very elegant species, resembling H. elegans in form, but ribbed
as in Jacosta.

H. SIDERENSIS Maltzan. PL 40, figs. 72, 73, 74.

Shell depressed, peculiarly obliquely perforated, the perforation
transversely enlarged at the last whorl; closely finely striated,
strong, but not thick. White with very distinct dark brown bands
of which generally but one is upon the upper side and three to five
upon the base. The spire is flatly convex with minute dark brown
apex ; there are five regularly increasing whorls, separated by the
impressed suture which is seen to be very finely and irregularly
crenulated viewed under the lens ; the upper whorls are but slightly,
the following somewhat more strongly convex ; the last is rather
broadened and more or less distinctly, bluntly, angularly flattened
above toward the suture, and more so upon the under side ;
suddenly deflected in front. Aperture but slightly oblique, trans,
versely ovate, having a more or less distinct angle outwardly-
moderately lunate; the peristome is acute having a very distinct lip
within ; the converging margins are joined by a quite thin callus,
the upper straight, somewhat produced forward ; the columellar
margin is very slightly reflected, scarcely dilated at insertion.
(Kob.). Alt. 6, greater diam. 11 J, lessor 10 mill.

Sidero Mts., Crete.

H. (Jacosta) siderensis MALTZ., Nachrichtsbl. D. M. Ges. 1883,
p. 104.— KOBELT, Eossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 26, f. 517, 518.

Very distinct in the peculiar perforation, as in H. (Carthusiana')
obstructa Fer.

H. SPRATTI Pfr. var. PERPLANATA Pils. PI. 45, figs. 12, 13, 14.

More depressed than typical spratti, the spire flat, upper surface
of whorls having a very strong central revolving rib. Umbilicus
wider and more open.

Alt. 4, diam. 11 mill. Sicily (Benoit.)

Of. Westerlund, Nachrichtsbl. 1892.

182 HELIX- JACOSTA.

H. HAMUD.E Kobelt. PL 34, figs. 74, 75.

Shell openly umbilicated, depressed, suborbicular, distinctly car-
mated, buff-brown, variously maculated and interruptedly banded
with brown or chestnut, especially above ; spire convex-depressed,
apex small, smooth. Whorls 5-6, the upper slightly convex, the
lower carinated, carina following the suture ; all whorls sculptured
with close oblique riblets, noduliferous toward the sutures ; last
whorl a trifle dilated, very little descending in front, surrounded in
the middle by a distinctly subserrate carina, convex above and
below. Peristome simple, very distinctly, subremotely labiate within.

Alt. 8, greater diam. 13i, lesser 12 mill.

Porto Farina, northern Tunis.

H. hamudce KOB., Nachrichtsbl. D. M. Ges. 1886, p. 101;
Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 20, f. 536.

Quite a number of species grouping immediately around H.
amanda Rossm., occur in Tunis, Bgt. and Letr. distinguishing seven ;
but none seem to be identical with this species, the name of which,
besides has priority. (Kob.~)

H. ENICA Letourneux & Bourguignat. PI. 40, figs. 58, 59, 60.

Shell depressed, very widely umbilicated, sublenticular, distinctly
bicarinate, rather solid, rudely and closely costellate above and
below ; gray-whitish, with inconspicuous spots and bands of rufous-
brown ; spire depressed-convex, apex minute, horny, smooth.
Whorls 5, the last with a serrated, sublamellose, compressed periph-
eral carina, slightly convex between the keels. Aperture very
oblique, rhomboidal, channelled outwardly; peristome acute, dis-
tinctly biangulate.

Alt. 7, greater diam. 18, lesser 16 mill.

Dschebel Zaghuan, Tunis.

H. enica L. & B., Prodr. Mai. Tunisie, p.. 88. — KOBELT in Rossm.
Icon. N. F. iv, p. 17, f. 532.

The difference from H. idia is not great, but is constant, so that
the separation of the two seems expedient.

H. ZEUGITANA Letourneux & Bourguignat. PI. 40, figs. 45, 46.

Shell profoundly and openly umbilicate, depressed, acutely car-
inated, entire flat above, slightly convex below ; rather thin, scarcely
shining, greyish-white, here and there obsoletely spotted with brown ;
sculptured all over with nearly regular white riblets; spire flat,

HELIX- JACOSTA. 183

very little convex ; the apex small, smooth, hardly projecting.
Whorls six, very slowly increasing, encircled by a projecting and
serrate carina, which the regularly impressed suture follows. The
last whorl is slightly dilated, nearly flat above, with an impressed
groove above the carina; swollen and subangulate around the
umbilicus; slightly but distinctly descending in front. Aperture
oblique, compressed ovate-acuminate in form, slightly lunate, out-
wardly channelled ; peristome thin, acute, without visible lip within ;
outwardly angulate; upper lip little rounded, the basal lip more
strongly rounded, hardly dilated at the insertion. (j5To£>.)

Alt. 4, greater diam. 11 J, lesser 10 mill.

Dschebel Zaghuan and Dschebel Rsass, northern Tunis.

H. zeugitana L. & B., Prodr. Mai. Tunisie, p. 93. — H. (Jacosta)
zeugitana KOB., in Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 20, f. 537.

H. PONSONBYI Kobelt. PI. 40, figs. 61, 62.

Shell rather narrowly but deeply umbilicate, depressed trochiform
carinated, rather solid, dull ashy-white ; spotted with brown at the
sutures, and ornamented with four or five narrow lines at the base
and a reddish-brown band above the carina. Whorls five, nearly
flat, rib striated, regularly increasing, the last whorl dilated, more
convex, distinctly ribbed, encircled at the periphery with a white
serrated carina, above which it is impressed ; base flattened, rect-
angularly passing into the umbilicus ; slightly deflexed in front.
Aperture transversely ovate, distinctly angulate at the carina, the
margins hardly converging; upper margin produced, lower margin
having a distinct, deep seated brown lip, and slightly dilated at the
insertion. (Kob.)

Alt. 5, greater diam. 10, lesser 9 mill.

Or an, Algeria, on cliffs ; solitary and not easy to find.

H.ponsonbyi KOB., Jahrb. D. M. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 18 ; Rossm. n.
f. iv, p. 21, f. 538.

This species forms a transition from the southern Spain group of
H. derogata to the group of H. amanda.

H. BARNEYANA Ancey. PI. 44, figs. 90, 91.

Shell depressed, narrowly umbilicated (the umbilicus contained
about 12 times in the diameter of the shell) ; solid, opaque, chalk-
white, more or less mottled with translucent, and having a narrow
chestnut or translucent band above and a broad one below the periph-
ery. There are often several additional brown bands developed on

184 HELIX-TURRICULA.

the base, and frequently the upper surface is suffused with brownish.
Surface coarsely sculptured with rude, irregular, oblique white riblets,
which distinctly crenulate the peripheral keel, and are much finer on
the base.

Spire low-conic, apex light corneous, polished. Whorls 4 J, slightly
convex, slowly widening, the last strongly carinated at the periphery.
Aperture oblique, transversely oval, somewhat lunate, peristome
thin, not lipped within, the outer margin not angled at the position
of the keel in adults.

Alt. 4*-4i, diam. 7J-8 mill.

Berrouaghia, Algeria.

H. barneyana Anc., WESTERL. Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. 1888, p. 61.

A smaller species than H. ponsonbyi Kob., and much more
strongly ribbed above. The specimens illustrated and described
were sent by R. Jetschin. Specimens of the same species are before
me, bearing Ancey's label " H. Theodori Ancey," and from the same
locality. I have not seen this name in print and suppose it to be
unpublished. There can be no doubt of the identity of the specimens
with barneyana.

Section TURRICULA Beck.

H. TUBERCULOSA Conrad. (Vol. IV, p. 25). PL 27, figs. 67, 68,

69, 70.

Additional figures of this species are here given for comparison
with the following forms. It is likely that crenulata Oliv. and tuber-
culosa are synonymous names, but the former was not sufficiently
well figured by Olivier to decide with certainty. H. tuberculosa
may be distinguished from H. ptychodia, H. philammia and H. bere-
nice by the invariable presence of a series of tubercles on the upper
surface of the whorl, midway between sutures, or suture and
periphery.

H. PTYCHODIA Bourg. (Vol. IV, p. 25). PL 27, figs. 71, 72, 73,

74.

Better illustrations are here given, the figures representing spec-
imens collected by G. Schweinfurth in 1885, at Gebel Gharebun,
(between Cairo and the upper end of the Red Sea). Bourguignat's
locality was the Isthmus of Suez. The ptychodia differs from H.
philammia in (1) the greater width of the umbilicus at every stage
of growth, (2) the more projecting, smooth, convex first whorl, (3)

HELIX-TURRICULA. 185

the less rounded less steep intermediate whorls, which have, however
the same sculpture, and (4) the last whorl descends less on the
penultimate, the sculpture remains the same, or becomes only a little
weaker; the peripheral angle and the more or less distinct but
closer grains serrating it are retained nearly to the aperture, and
the base is rather flat.

See v. Martens, Conch. Mittheil. iii, p. 1, t. 37, f. 9-15 (Dec.,
1889.)

H. PHILAMMIA Bourg. (Vol. IV, p. 25). PI. 27, figs. 61-66.

Bourguignat's description and figures were drawn from immature
examples of this species. Von Martens has given illustrations of the
adult form (figs. 61-63), collected by Schweinfurth in the region of
Galala, Egypt, near the Red Sea, at an altitude of 1300 meters.

H. BERENICE Kobelt. PL 27, figs. 58, 59, 60.

Shell trochoidal, narrowly wnbilicated, the umbilicus nearly con-
cealed by the overhanging columellar lip ; solid, chalky, lusterless,
of a dirty buff color. Surface roughened by irregular growth-lines,
the inner whorls inconspicuously malleated.

Spire conical. Whorls 6, those of the spire carinated, the carina
strongly crenulated, filling the suture, and sometimes slightly project-
ing; on the two latter whorls the carina is obsolete and the periphery
rounded. Latter half of the body- whorl slowly descending ; base
somewhat flattened.

Aperture rounded, slightly lunate, the breadth about equal to the
oblique height; peristome simple, not thickened within, the col-
umellar margin shortly dilated; parietal wall covered with a
moderate callus.

Alt. 19, diam. 21 J mill.

Lybia (Spratt.)

This species is also illustrated from the type, in the collection of
Ponsonby. It is somewhat allied to jET. lybica and H. tuberculosa,
but is much more intimately connected with H. philammia Bgt., of
which it should probably be considered a variety.

H. LYBICA Kobelt. PI. 27, figs. 53-57.

Shell depressed, umbilicated, the umbilicus deep, cylindrical, one-
tenth the diameter of the shell; solid, chalky ; slightly shining, of a
dirty- white tint, the apex milk-white. Surface superficially and finely
pitted all over.

186 HELIX-FRUTICICOLA.

Spire nearly flat, the apex somewhat projecting, consisting of li
glossy, porcelain-white, planorboid whorls ; the following whorls
dull, roughened, conspicuously crenulated at the sutures, rapidly
increasing ; last whorl either rounded at the periphery (figs. 56, 57),
or keeled and crenate in front, then becoming rounded (figs. 53, 54,
55) ; in either case, the jagged carina gives place to a shallow
peripheral sulcus ; base convex.

Aperture oval-lunate, slightly wider than high, oblique ; peristome
simple, thin, scarcely labiate within, the columellar margin shortly
dilated ; parietal callus very light.

Alt. 11, diam. 20 mill.

Alt. 10, diam. 19 mill.

Lybia (Spratt.)

The types of this hitherto unfigured species, from the collection of
Mr. John Ponsonby, are here illustrated and described. The species
is the most aberrant yet made known of the H. tuberculosa group ;
and in fact there is none approaching this in the greatly depressed
contour. There are 5-5£ whorls in all.

Vol. IV, p. 30 ; for H. sequentina read H. sequentiana.

Section FRUTICICOLA Held. (Vol. Ill, p. 170).

H. ANDRIA Martens. PL 45, figs. 34, 35, 36, 37.

Shell conoid-globose, narrowly perforated ; striatulate and very del-
icately sculptured with distant narrowly lunate scales ; gray-brown,
unicolored. Spire conical, apex subpapillar. Whorls 5i, slightly
convex, separated by a deep suture, the last whorl subangular at its
beginning, then rounded, about equally convex above and below,
deeply descending in front. Aperture oblique, rounded ; peristome
expanded, lipped with reddish or white inside, the margins joined by
a distinct callus, lower margin arcuate, not dilated, the columellar
triangularly dilated, partly covering the perforation. (Ms.)

Alt. 10 £, greater diam. 15, lesser 12? mill.

Alt. 8, greater diam. 13, lesser 11 mill.

Island of Andros, Ionian Archipelago.

H. (Frutidcola) andria MTS., Arch. Naturg. 1889, p. 181, t. 10,
f. 5.

Very like H. schuberti Roth in size and appearance, but differing
strongly in the peculiar sculpture, which reminds one of H. iucnr-
nata. When strongly magnified it seems to consist of crescentic scales

HELIX-FRUTICICOLA. 187

3 or 4 times as narrow as their interstices, and with the convexity
directed backward, not toward the mouth ; between them excessively
fine spiral lines appear. (Ms.)

H. PROCLIVIS Martens. PI. 46, figs. 52, 53, 54.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, subdepressed-globose, distinctly striat-
ulate, corneous, the suture whitish. Whorls 5 J, a little convex, the
last rounded, deeply descending in front. Aperture broad-lunate,
very oblique ; peristome white-lipped within, opaque yellow outside,
delicately expanded, margins subapproximating ; columellar margin
dilated at the insertion, partly closing the umbilicus:

Alt. 9£, greater diam. 14, lesser 11 mill. (Ms.)

Islands of Samos, Kalymnos, Kappari, Kos and Nisyros, and Asia
Minor at Smyrna, etc.

H. proclivis MTS., Archiv fur Naturg. 1889, p. 193, t. 10, f. 8.
(August, 1889.)

The smallest specimens measured only 11 mill, diameter. Also
found on the mainland at Magnesia (Maltzan) and Smyrna (Boett-
ger), measuring 12-14J mill. The species stands between H. schu-
berti Roth, which is more globular, with more circular, less oblique
mouth, and H. grelloisi Bgt. (Amenit. ii, t. 5, f. 10-12) described
from the Islands of the Archipelago, but this is decidedly flatter. A
white sutural band is rather weakly developed by most but not all
of the examples before me, as well as a pale peripheral band, as in
so many Fruticicolas. (Ms.)

H. PISIFORMIS Pfr. var. ATYPA Bttg.

Shell more shining than the type, microscopic sculpture less
strong, granules less distinct, last whorl ornamented with obsolete,
especially at the suture, spiral lines. Color sometimes whitish.

Astrabad, Schah-rud, etc., Persia (Bttg., Zool. Jahrb. iv, 1889,
p. 942.)

H. TRANSCASPIA Boettger. PI. 45, figs. 31, 32, 33.

Similar to H. sericea and rubiginosa, but more allied to H. pisi-
formis and arpatschiana, from which it differs in the shortly hairy
epidermis.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, conic-globose, subdepressed, horny-
yellowish or rufous brown, either with short caducous hairs arranged
in series forwardly descending, or yellowish, shining, very densely
covered with pit-like scars. Spire more or less convex-conic, apex a

188 HELIX-FRUTICICOLA.

little acute. Whorls 4J-5I, slightly convex, separated by an
impressed suture, very distinctly and densely subcostulate-striate,
the striae especially at the sutures wrinkle-waved ; last whorl very
slightly subangulated in the middle, and uni-cingulate with whitish,
shortly descending at the aperture and surrounded with an orange
or yellow band there. Aperture very oblique, rather large, excised-
subcircular, slightly wider than high, having a usually very strong
white lip a distance within ; peristome simple, acute, shortly
reflexed at the columella, the margins widely separated. (Bttg.)

Alt. 8, greater diam. 11 f, lesser 1(H mill.

Alt. 7i, greater diam. 10£, lesser 9 mill.

Alt. 5£, greater diam. 8*, lesser 7£ mill.

Germab, in Kopet-dagh, and peaks in southern Ashhabad, Trans-
caspia.

Helix (Carthusiana) transcaspica BTTG., Zool. Jahrb. (Abth. fiir
Syst, Geog. u. Biol. der Thiere), iv, p. 943, t. 27, f. 12a-d. (Dec. 27,
1889.)

The shell varies greatly in size, color, thickness and strength of
the lip-callus, being constant in the peripheral band and hirsuteness
only ; but in fully grown individuals the hairs seem to be lost, leav-
ing a shining, densely pitted surface. The hairs are closer than in
rubiginosa Schm., but they are shorter. The species resembles
Trichia in the hairy coat, but Carthusiana in the thickened lip, etc.

H. SEMIRUGOSA Kobelt. PI. 40, figs. 52, 53, 54.

Nearly covered-perforate, depressed-globose, rather thin, subtrans-
lucid, rudely and irregularly costate-striate, especially above; all
over beset with short, yellowish, regularly arranged hairs ; horny-
rufous, with an obsolete whitish band. Whorls 6. Peristome very
thin, with a very distinct white thickening rather deeply removed
from the edge within ; columellar margin reflexed vaultingly over
the umbilicus.

Alt. 12, greater diam. 17, lesser 15 mill.

Mts. of Beni Hoznear, near Tetuan, Morocco.

H. (Monacha) semirugosa KOB., in Kossm. n. F. iv, p. 15, f. 529.

Reminds one strongly of H. incarnata Mull., but differs in the
persistent hirsuteness.

H. RUSICADENSIS Letourneux. PI. 40, figs. 49, 50, 51.

Shell narrowly and compressedly perforate, depressed conic-
globose, thin, translucent, the spire conoid, apex small, nearly flat ;

HELIX-FRUTICICOLA. 189

rudely arcuately striated, little shifting, unicolored, horny-rufescent,
with obsolete pale peripheral zone ; whorls 6, slowly and regularly
increasing, separated by an impressed suture ; the upper whorls
slightly convex ; last inflated, slightly subangulate in front, becom-
ing rounded ; descending at first slowly and then distinctly to the
aperture. Aperture oblique, ovate-rotund, lunate ; peristome thin,
fragile, straight, very delicately lipped with white within ; margins
distant, columellar margin dilated at the insertion and reflected
over the perforation. (Kob.)

Alt. 12, greater diam. 18, lesser 16 mill.

Eastern Algiers and Tunis.

H. rusicadensis LET., Kalybie, i, p. 222 ; Ann. Malac. i, 1870, p.
298. — LET. & BGT., Prodr. Mai. Tunisie p. 8. — KOBELT, Kossm.
Icon. n. f. iv, p. 80, f. 665.

H. ZONITOM^A Letourneux. PL 40, figs. 55, 56, 57.

Shell profoundly perforated, subglobose, thin, fragile, pellucid,
obliquely rudely striated, hardly granulated ; horny- white ; apex
buffj minute, smooth, somewhat projecting ; spire depressed-conoid.
Whorls 6£, slowly and regularly increasing, slightly convex, ang-
ulate, separated by an impressed suture ; last whorl subangulate,
the angle disappearing toward the aperture ; base rounded, passing
abruptly into the perforation ; scarcely descending in front. Apert-
ure ovate-rounded, lunate, produced above, oblique ; peristome thin,,
straight, fragile, slightly and very delicately labiate, margins dis-
tant, joined by a very thin callus; columellar margin slightly
expanded above the perforation. (Kob.~)

Alt. 15, diam. 22 mill.

Kalybie.

H. zonitomcea LET., Exc. en Kalybie, in Ann. Mai. ii, p. 38, f. 15-
17. — KOBELT, Rossm. [con. n. f. iv, p. 81, f. 666.
Allied to H. faidherbiana Bgt.

Unfigured species of Fruticicola.

HELIX PEDEMONTANA Pini, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. xxvii, p. 248.
Near rufescens and telonensis.

HELIX ERITHROCHEILA Sulliotti, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xiv, p. 40, is
a new name proposed for Helix rufolabris of authors, not rufilabris
Jeffr.

190 HELIX-LEJEANIA.

HELIX (TRICHIA) CHRYSOTRICHA Bttg., Nachr.-Bl. D. M. Ges. 1888,
p. 151. Forests of the mountain-group Oschten-Fischt, Caucasus.

HELIX PONSONBYI Westerl., Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. 1888, p. 57. Tan-
gier. Allied to H. revelata. There is a prior ponsonbyi of
Kobelt, in Jacosta.

H. T^NIATA Westerl., Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. 1888, p. 58. Mogador.

H. INVERSA Westerl., ibid., p. 59.

H. HIERICONTINA Westerl., ibid., p. 60. Jerico.

H. LENTIACA Sayn, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. 1888, p. 152, Dept. Drome,
France. Between H. villosa and H. montana.

Section LEJEANIA Ancey.

This group is anatomically closely allied to the European Fruti-
cicolas, as Tssel has shown. Most of the species have hitherto
been included in Pella (see p. 135, where the species are enumerated).
Another member of the group is the unfigured Helix leucosticta
Martens (Nachrichtsbl. D. M. Ges. 1889, p. 147) from Menaha and
Uossil, Southern Arabia.

H. SCIOANA Pollonera. PI. 45, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell thin, pellucid, yellowish-horn colored with a brown band,
hairy, moderately umbilicated ; flattened above ; sub-costulate, the
apex slightly acute, whorls 4, flattened above, the last obtusely car-
inated above the periphery, with a rather wide tawny band, and in
adults not hairy. Aperture subangulate-lunate ; peristome straight,
simple, acute, very fragile, the columellar margin very shortly
reflexed at the umbilicus. Alt. 3£, diam. 6 mill. (Poll.').

Station of Let- Marefia, near Ankober.

F'l-uticicola scioana POLL., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., xiii, 1888, p. 76, t.
2, f. 28-30 (shell) and t. 3, f. 22-24 (anatomy).

H. STRIGELLOIDES Pollonera. PL 45, figs. 9, 10, 11.

Shell rather depressed, fragile, corneous, zoned with whitish ;
narrowly umbilicated, deeply striated above, lightly below. Spire
convex, the apex minute, smooth ; whorls 5, regularly increasing,
the last rounded, having a carinal whitish line and a zone of whitish
below ; aperture little-oblique, lunate, subcompressed above ; peris-
tome acute, very slightly patulous, not thickened within, the colum-
ellar margin reflexed. Alt. 9, diam. 142 mill.

Let-Marefia.

HELIX-METAFRUTICICOLA. 191

Fruticicola strigelloides POLL., Bull. Mus. Zool. Ecc. Torino, ii,
1887 ; Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., 1888, xiii, p. 77, t. 2, f. 25-27.

Section METAFRUTICICOLA v. Ihering.

Pseudocampylcea HESSE, Jahrb. D. M. Ges. 1884, p. 237 ; TRYON,
Manual of Conch. (2) iv, p. 114 (part), and of other authors. Not
of Pfeiffer, Mai. Bl. xxiv, p. 8, 1887. — Cressa WESTERLUND, Fauna
Palaarct. Keg. Binuen-Conch., Helix, p. 4, 101, 1889. Not Cressa
Bock, 1871 (Amphipoda'). — Metafruticicola IHER., Zeitschr. f. Wis-
sensch. Zool. liv, p. 452 (Oct. 4, 1892).

This section consists of snails between Fruticicola and Campylcea
in shell characters, but having the genital system free from acces-
sory organs, probably by degeneration. The species are confined to
Crete and the adjacent islands.

H. LECTA Ferussac (Vol. IV, p. 116) PL 34, figs. 62, 63, 64. The
figure given in Vol. IV represents sublecta Maltzan.

H. DICTAEA Martens. PL 25, figs. 16, 17, 18, 19.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed globose, radiately costulate-
striate, beset with short, erect rigid hairs ; brown-tawny, unicolored.
Spire little projecting ; whorls hardly 5, slightly convex, the suture
rather deep; last whorl inflated, rounded, descending at the aper-
ture, paler. Aperture very oblique, broad-lunate, the peristome
very lightly expanded, white-lipped within, the margins approxi-
mating, upper lightly, basal distinctly arcuate, columellar margin
strongly dilated, covering a small part of the umbilicus.

Alt. 10, diam 16£ mill. (Mis').

Southern side of the Lasithi Mts., near Viano, Crete.

Helix (Pseudocampylcea') dictaea MTS. Archiv fiir Naturg., 1889,
p. 186, t. 3, f. 7.

Similar in general, especially color and hirsuteness, to H. pellita,
but distinguished from it by the complete want of a band, more
depressed spire, and wider mouth.

H. TESTACEA Martens. PL 46, figs. 55, 56, 57.

Shell perforate, globose, rather solid, subobliquely closely wrinkle-
striate, tawny, paler at suture and periphery ; above with a distinct,
below a vanishing, brown band. Whorls 5J, slightly convex, the
last rounded, suddenly and deeply falling in front. Aperture very
oblique, subcircular ; peristome narrowly expanded, thin, diaphan-

192 HELIX-METAFRUTICICOLA.

ous, strongly white-lipped within, the margins approximating, joined
by a white callus (Jfte.).

Alt. 14, greater diam. 19£, lesser 16£ mill.; apert. width 11,
oblique alt. 10 mill.

Alt. 10-11. greater diam. 15, lesser 12 £ mill. ; aperture width 8£,
oblique alt. 7 mill.

Island of Kasos (near Crete).

H. (Pseudocampylcea*) testacea MTS., t. c., p. 194, t. 10, f. 6.

Most nearly allied to H. pellita, but larger, without hairs when
grown, more globular, coarsely striated and somewhat granulated,
brownish yellow, with a light band at the periphery between two
darker narrow bands, the lower one more variable, sometimes hardly
indicated. Young examples show short hairs, as in pellita; and
when quite young it is carinated. This species may be one of the
forms included by Ferussac in his H. naxientia=naxiana.

Unfigured Species.

Helix (Cressa) medea Westerlund, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xlii, p. 45. Crete.

Helix (Cressa) giurica Bttg., Nachr.-bl. d. d. Mai. Ges., 1892, p.
59. Island of Giura, Grecian Archipelago.

Section PLECTOTROPIS Alb. (Vol. IV, p. 51.)

Plectotropis Alb., Die Hel., edit. Martens, p. 121 — v. MLLDFF.,
Nach.-bl. d. d. Mai. Ges., 1884, p. 315.

The relationships of this group are still unknown. It may prove
to be entirely distinct from the genus Helix, in which I consider it
best to locate it for the present.

H. PILISPARSA Martens. Unfigured.

Similar to H. gabata Gld., but the three upper whorls do not rise
one above another ; the color is pale greenish-gray, the suture
marked with a chestnut-brown band, the keel of the last whorl of
the same color as the rest of the shell ; reflected part of the peris-
tome about 2 mill, broad; umbilicus having more sloping walls.
Surface beset with short hairlets above and below.

Alt. 10, diam. 23 mill.

Minahassa, N.-E. Celebes.

H. pilisparsa MTS., Sitzungsber. d. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde
in Berlin, 1885, p. 192 ; Journ. Linn. Soc., xxi, p. 162.

HELIX-PLECTOTROPIS. 193

Martens adopts the sectional name Philidora for this and H.
gabata Gld.
H. MACKENSII Adams and Reeve. PI. 52, fig. 53.

One of the original figures is here reproduced, for comparison
with the following forms. The figure given in Vol. IV, pi. 11, fig.
34, is a copy of the original figure of the face of the shell.

Var. MYSTAGOGA Mabille. PL 52, figs. 54, 55.

This is a smaller form than the typical mackensii. My figures
are drawn from the type in collection 1'Abbe A. Vathelet.

China.

Helix mystagoga J. MABILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath, de Paris,
1887-1888, p. 73.

Var. VULGIVAGA Schm. and Bttg. PI. 52, figs. 56-60.

Differs from typical mackensii in the greater width of the umbili-
cus, five-sixteenths the diameter of shell ; the smaller more solidr
shell always corneous-yellowish, the spire always higher, more or
less elevated ; last whorl distinctly deflexed in front ; aperture gen-
erally less angulated above.

Alt. 12-13, greater diam. 24-25 J mill. ; alt. of aperture 9, width
8t mill. (S. & £.)

Kobe, Niphon, Japan.

H. (Plectotropis) mackenzii v. vulgivaga S. & B., Nachr.-bl. d. d.
Mai. Ges. 1890, p. 136. — H. mackensii KOBELT, Faun. Jap., p. 19,
t. 2, f. 1-2.

H. SHERMANI Pfr. var. LAUTSI Schmacker & Boettger. PI. 53.

figs. 63, 64, 65.

Shell moderately umbilicated, (umbilicus about one-sixth the
diameter of shell) conic-depressed, acutely carinated ; horny-yellow-
ish, thin. Spire little elevated, slightly convex conic; apex
slightly obtuse. Whorls 6J-7, nearly flat, separated by an
impressed, delicately white hair-lined suture ; lightly striatulate
and very densely spirally lineolate ; the last whorl having a sub-
compressed whitish carina, somewhat flattened below, spirally
impressed at the carina, rather sloping at the umbilicus, very little
deflexed in front. Aperture very oblique, rounded rhombic, the
right margin angled, terminations of lip very widely separated, the
upper slightly reflexed, little arcuate, the lower curved, reflexed,
13

194 HELIX-PLECTOTROPIS.

little thickened, columellar margin subvertical, much prolonged tri-
angularly above.

Alt. 9-10 J, greater diam. 18-22, lesser 16-19 J mill.; apert., alt.
7-8 *, width 9 £-10* mill. (S. & B.}

South Cape of Formosa.

Helix (Plectotropis'} lautsi, S. & B., Nachr.-bl. D. M. Ges., 1890,
p. 4, t. 1, f. 1. — H. ( Plectotropis} shermani var. lautsi S. & B., I. c.,
1891,' p. 154.

Compared with H. mellea Pfr., this species has more whorls and
more oblique aperture. It is more sharply keeled than H. macken-
sii Ad. & Rv., thinner shelled, flatter on the base, not swollen
around the umbilicus as in mackensii, and the umbilicus is narrower.
These characters also separate it from H. trichotropis and H. ger-
lachi, between which it stands somewhat intermediate. Fresh
examples will be found to have a fringe of hairs at the keel.

Var. BRACHYLASIA Schmacker & Boettger.

Shell higher, spire more conic, whorls spirally lineolate and
sparsely beset with extremely short hairs, the scars weak, at the
carina and in the umbilicus distinctly sculptured, as if subgranu-
lose.

Alt. 7£-8*, diam. 13-15 mill. (S. & B., 1. c., p. 156).

Takao.

H. SQUARROSA Gould. PI. 53, figs. 66, 67.

This species was briefly described by Gould from Oosima, Japan.
Schmacker has identified with it, I believe correctly, a form from
Nagasaki, which is here figured. See Nachr.-bl. d. d. Mai. Ges.,
1890, p. 6, t. 1, f. 2.

Unfigured species of Plectotropis.

Trochomorpha fritzei Bttg., Nachr.-bl. d. d. Mai. Ges., 1892, p.
160. Kinmura, of Okinawa, middle Liukiu. Boettger is disposed
to group this and H. cathcartce in Trochomorpha, but they are more
likely to belong here, in the writer's opinion.

H. ningpoensis Bttg. 1. c. p. 161. Ningpo.

H. pandynama J. Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philomath, de Paris, 1883-
84, p. 48. Thibet. Near Stoliczkana.
H. desgodimi Bgt. 1. c., p. 49. Thibet.

HELIX-^GISTA. 195

Section ^EGISTA Albers.

H. MITANENSIS Godwin-Austen. Unfigured.

Shell globosely pyramidal, openly umbilicated, sculpture smooth,
the shell covered with a thick epidermis, having a finely papillate
structure ; color dark olive-green or pale umber ; spire conic, high,
apex blunt ; suture impressed ; whorls 6, rather convex and
rounded below, the last descending abruptly at the aperture ; aper-
ture circular ; peristome strong, white, with a sinuate margin above ;
columellar margin oblique.

Size, maj. diam. 10'9, min. 9*4 ; alt. axis 6*7, body-whorl 5*2 mill.

Animal with dark tentacles, long and fine ; body papillate near
the head, pale, dusky on the upper surface ; foot short behind and
pointed. In some specimens the head and tentacles were jet black,
the rest of the body pale indigo (G.-A.)

Milan, under Moo-le-it Range, Moulmein.

Helix (^Egista) mitanensis G.-A., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iii, p.
108, Feb., 1889.

H. GRUMULUS God win- Austen. PI. 56, fig. 9.

Shell depressedly conoid, keeled, widely umbilicated ; sculpture
a rough epidermis covered with small spots in relief; the periphery
set with regular, short, thick-based hairs ; color ochraceous ; spire
flatly pyramidal ; side slightly convex ; apex rounded, suture shal-
low ; whorls 5, sides flatly convex ; aperture semilunate ; peristome
slightly reflected, columellar margins subvertical.

Size, maj. diam. 8'5, min. 7'8 ; alt. axis 3'5 mill. (G.-A.)

Borneo (in spirit), exact locality unknown (A. Everett).

Helix (jEgista) grumulus G.-A., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 43, t. 5, f. 2.

This is the nearest approach to Helix huttoni group of India that
I have seen from this island ; the odontophore is like that of Helix;
the mantle margin is simple. ( G.-A.)

H. PUDICA Godwin-Austen. PL 56, figs. 17, 18.

Shell depressedly conoid, subangulately keeled, narrowly umbili-
cated, hidden by the columellar reflection ; sculpture a slightly
roughened or shagreen-like surface ; color pale ochraceous, with a
snowy-white peristome; spire flatly conoid, low ; apex rounded ;
suture shallow ; whorls 4, sides flat, a shallow depression near the

196 HELIX-PSEUDIBERUS.

periphery ; aperture semilunate ; peristome reflected on outer mar-
gin, and thickening toward columellar which is oblique.
Size, maj. diam. 20'0, rain. 15'8 ; alt. axis 7'75mill. (G.-A.)

Labuan (Sir H. Low, in Coll. Dr. Hungerford).

Helix (jEgista) pudica G.-A., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 43, t. 2, f. 7.

H. KOBENSIS Schmacker & Boettger. PL 52, figs. 61, 62.

Allied to H. friedeliana v. Mts. of Liu-Siu Islands, differing in
being more solid, umbilicus much wider, the 6 whorls not at all
scaly ; aperture much smaller, ovate instead of circular, margins
thickly white-lipped, the upper less arcuate. Umbilicus about I the
width of the shell (being about 1 in friedeliana). Subconoid
depressed, rather solid, uniform horny-olive. Spire low, depressed
conic convex, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6, slightly convex,
separated by an impressed suture, obliquely striated, hardly squam-
iferous, the last whorl somewhat more convex below, the periphery
not angled at its origin, entirely rounded, slowly descending in
front. Aperture small, very oblique, ovate, wider than high ;
peristome thickened, expanded and reflexed, white, margins con-
verging, the upper sloping, little arcuate.

Alt. 6-7*, diam. 13£-15£ mill.

Kobe, Niphon, Japan.

Helix (Aegista} Jcobensis S. & B., Nachr.-bl. d. d. Mai. Ges. 1890,
p. 135.

Section PSEUDIBERUS Ancey (Vol. IV, p. 58).

The following probably belong here, although they differ from H.
tectumsinense in being thin and corneous.

H. MARIELLA H. Adams. PL 55, fig. 23.

Shell openly umbilicated, depressed lens-shaped, thin, subarcuately
irregularly rugose striate, and under a lens very minutely granula-
ted ; pale tawny. Spine a little convex ; suture margined. Whorls 4-],
the last shortly descending, carinated, the carina acute and com-
pressed, whitish ; base more convex ; umbilicus moderate, deep.
Aperature very oblique, angulate oval ; peristome expanded,
whitish, the margins close, joined by a thin arcuate callus, the
basal margin slightly thickened.

Alt. 7J, greater diam. 18, lesser 16 mill. (H. Ad.).

Itcliang and Fungsiang Gorges, Yangtze River, China.

HELIX-AULACOSPIRA. 197

H. (Plectotropis) marietta H. AD. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 377, t. 27, f.
5. — H. (Cathaica) marietta MLLDFF. — Helix marietta HEUDE,
Moll. Terr. Fl. Bleu, p. 108, t. 28, f. 8, 8 a.

Heude has given figures of a form with flatter spire and more
obtuse apex, which may be called var. submarietta (pi. 55, figs. 27-
30).

A variety aquita is described by H. Adams as being smaller,
tawny, with higher spire, the last whorl less convex. This may be
the same as If. innominata Heude.

H. INNOMINATA Heude. PI. 55, figs. 24, 25, 26.

Shell rather narrowly umbilicated, depressed tens-shaped, being
about equally convex above and below the acute white peripheral
keel ; reddish-brown, fading to horn-colored around the umbilicus
and at the lip.

Spire conical ; whorls 4^, separated by deeply channelled sutures;
the inner U-lf whorls convex, forming an elevated but rather
obtuse nuclear shell, which is bluntly if at all angular at the pro-
jecting periphery ; following whorls finely marked by oblique
growth-lines, shining, convex, becoming concave above the peripheral
Jceet, which projects on all the whorls. Last whorl descending to the
aperture ; base convex, microscopically and superficially granulated.
Aperture very oblique, oval, the peristome thin, expanded above,
reflexed beneath and at the umbilicus, its terminations converging
and joined by an aduate parietal callus. Width of the umbilicus
contained 7-8 times in the diameter of the shell.

Alt. 6, diam. 12 mill.

Alt. 6£, diam. 14* mill.

Kin-cha, Kiang River, China.

Helix innominata HDE., Moll. Terr. Fl. Bleu, p. 108, t. 28, f. 7.
Described from specimens received from Heude. Compare H.
marietta Ad.

Section AULACOSPIRA v. Moll., 1890.

The following key is given by v. Mollendorff :
Key to Species.

a. Carina extending to the aperture ; peristome continuous, free ;
section Micropetasus.

198 HELIX- AULACOSPIRA.

b. Edentulous, spire much depressed, scarcely raised.

mucronata.
bb. Aperture having teeth, spire more elevated.

c. 1- toothed, trochiform. hololoma.

cc. 4-toothed, spire depressed-scalariform. scalatella.

aa. Next to the last whorl distinctly deviating, the last not carinated,
cylindrical ; aperture 5-toothed ; peristome not continuous, mar-
gins converging. Section Pseudostreptaxis. azpeitice.

H. HOLOLOMA v. Mollendorff. PI. 54, figs. 89, 90.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, trochiform, carinated, above sculp-
tured with minute very oblique riblets, the base subglabrous,
corneous-brown. Spire conoid, apex mamillar, slightly obtuse, shin-
ing ; whorls 5£, convex, the last subacutely carinated, deeply sul-
cated above the carina, the base slightly convex ; deflexed in front.
Aperture extremely oblique, angulate-elliptical, the peristome thin,
continuous, free, expanded in every part, hardly reflexed ; columella
thickened, ornamented with a tooth-like nodule.

Alt. 2£, diam. 3 mill. (v. Moll.)

Limestone cliffs of the peak of Mt. Licos, Zebu, Philippines.

Helix hololoma v. MOELL. Jahrb. d. m. Ges., 1887, xiv, p. 275, t.
8, f. 12. — Aulacospira (Micropetasus) hololoma v. MOELL., Landschn.
Cebu, p. 225.
H. MUCRONATA v. Mollendorff. PL 54, figs. 91, 92.

Shell perspectively umbilicated, much depressed, discoidal ;
sculptured above with oblique, subdistant very minute riblets, the
base striatulate, subglabrous, pale horn colored. Spire very shortly
elevated, the apex projecting, mamillar. Whorls 4, slightly convex,
separated by a profound suture and a deeply excavated spiral sulcus.
Last whorl angulated at the periphery, flat below, shortly deflexed
at the aperture. Aperture extremely oblique, angulate-elliptical,
the peristome thin, continuous, solute, expanded in every part,
hardly reflexed. Alt. 1, diam. 3 mill. (Mlldff.)

Mt. Uling and Mt. Licos, and on the west coast near Balamban
and Tubaran, Zebu, Philippine Islands.

Helix mucronata v. MOELL., J. d. m. Ges. xiv, p. 276, t. 8, f. 13-
13b. — Aulacospira (Micropetasus) mucronata v. MOELL. Landschn.
Cebu, p. 225.

This species lives on nearly inaccessible limestone cliffs, in the
chinks and rifts of which its flat shell enables it to crawl.

HELIX-SATSUMA. 199

H. SCALATELLA v. Molleiidorff.

Shell rather openly umbilicated, depressed, thin, obliquely stri-
atulate, horny-brown. Whorls 4, flat above, obtusely angulated at
the periphery, subsolute, forming a depressed scalariform spire, the
last whorl more convex beneath, deflexed in front, shortly solute.
Aperture oblique, rounded-rhombic, with four coarctate teeth, one
longer on the parietal, with short ones on the outer, basal and col-
umellar margins (Mlldff.')

Alt. 1-75, diam. 2*5 mill.

Village ofAntipolo, Province of Manila, Luzon.

Helix scalatella MLLDFF. Nachr.-bl. d. m. Ges., 1888, p. 145.

H. AZPEITI^ Hidalgo. PL 54, fig. 93. *

Openly umbilicate, convex depressed, thin, slightly striatulate,
not shining, a little pellucid, corneous-brown. Spire irregular,
depressed scalariform, the apex rather acute ; suture simple ;
whorls 5, flat above, obtusely angled at the periphery, the angle pro-
jecting above the suture. Last whorl convex beneath, rounded or
slightly angled at the periphery, not deflexed in front, not solute ;
subconstricted behind the aperture. Aperture subrotund, having 5
pliciform teeth, one on the parietal wall long and oblique, another
on the columella, transverse, the others are smaller, nodular, situ-
ated on the basal and outer margins, sometimes wanting; peristome
simple, expanded, the margins approaching, joined by a very thin
callus, the right margin elongated and horizontally adnate above,
very obtusely angulate ; colurnellar margin elongately dilated at
the insertion (Hid.).

Alt. 2, diam. 3 mill.

Penon de Bintuan, Busuanga, Philippines.

Helix azpeitice HIDALGO, Obras mal. i, p. 120, 1. 1, f. 10.
Section SATSUMA Adams (Vol. Ill, p. 217).

H. EUMENES Westerlund. PI. 53, figs. 86, 87, 88.

Shell openly and deeply umbilicated, globose-conic, rather thin,
whitish, obliquely striatulate, under a lens seen to have dense
spiral lines. Spire exserted, convex conic, slightly obtuse, some-
what terraced, the suture rather deep. Whorls 6£, regularly
increasing, slightly convex, the last rounded, descending in front

200 HELIX-SATSUMA.

Aperture oblique, round lunate, the margins converging ; peristome
expanded, the columellar margin dilated at the insertion.

Alt. 11, greater diam. 14, lesser 12 mill. (TF.).

Mizu on Kiusiu, Japan.

Helix eumenes WESTERL., in Vega-Expeditionens Vetenskapliga
lakttagelser, iv, p. 197, t. 3, f. 8 (1887).

Belongs to the group containing H. Jiilgendorfii and macrocycloides
Kob., goodwini Sm., and proba Ad.

H. TROCHACEA Gredler. PL 53, fig. 77, 78.

Shell rather openly umbilicated, trochiform, thin corneous-tawny,
with a pearly lustre ; unequally and very obliquely, broadly and
strongly striated ; above almost invisibly, below very densely spir-
ally striated. Spire conoid, apex obtuse. Whorls 7%, slowly
increasing, slightly convex, slightly terraced at the deep sutures,
the last whorl acutely angulated at the periphery, convex beneath,
shortly descending in front. Aperture oblique, ovate subcircular,
flesh-colored inside ; peristome thin, margins converging, the super-
ior curving forward, expanded, the columellar very narrowly
reflexed at the umbilicus.

Alt. 8-9, diam. 10J-11 mill. (GW.).

Hensan (Hen-san~shien\ China.

Helix (Fruticotrochus) trochacea GREDLER, Zur Conchylien-Fauna
von China, viii Stiick, p. 7, Bozen, 1885 ; Annalen des k. k. natur-
hist. Hofmus. ii, p. 584, t. 11, f. 18, 19 (1887;.

H. SPH^ROCONUS Pfeiffer. PI. 53, figs. 75, 76.

Shell narrowly rimate, elevated globose-conic, rather solid, light
straw-colored with a brown line at the periphery, bordered below
by a pale line. Whorls about 7, slightly convex, the last rounded
at the periphery and beneath, hardly descending in front. Aper-
ture irregularly rhombic, somewhat oblique ; outer lip hardly
expanded, arcuate at the upper insertion, then peculiarly bent
inward ; basal lip arcuate, subexpanded ; columella vertical, broadly
reflexed over and almost concealing the umbilical perforation.

Alt. 23, diam. 18 mill.

Alt. 30, diam. 20 mill.

Formosa.

Bulimus sphceroconus PFR., P. Z. S, 1865, p. 830, t. 46, f. 3 ; Mai.
Bl. xiii, 1866, p. 43; Monographia vi, p. 75. — Cochlostyla (Phoeni-
cobius) sphwroconus PFR. & GLESS., Nomencl. Hel. Viv. p. 210.

HELTX-SATSUMA. j

The largest of the Satsumas. Fig. 75 represents Pfeiffer's type, in
which the lip is less bent inward above. The specimens before me
correspond with fig. 76, and this form with strongly sinuous outer
Hp is probably varietally distinct, and may receive the name var.
campochilus.

H. MICROTROCHUS v. Mollendorff. PI. 53, figs. 79, 80, 81.

Shell openly umbilicated, globose-trochoidal, obliquely plicate-
striatulate, decussated with very fine spiral lines, somewhat shining,
horny-brown. Spire convex-trochoidal, the apex rather acute.
Whorls 7. slightly convex, the last very obtusely angled at the peri-
phery, a little deflexed in front. Aperture oblique, rounded lunar,
the peristome narrowly expanded, a little reflexed, sinuous ; colum-
ellar margin forming an obtuse angle with the basal margin (v.
Moell.)

Alt. 7?, greater diameter 101, lesser 8f mill.

Alt. 6J, greater diam. 10, lesser 8* mill.

Alt. 7, greater diam. 9£, lesser 8 mill.

Province Gui-dshou, China.

H. (Satsuma) microtrochus v. MLLDFF., J. D. M. G., xiii, p. 195, t.
6, f. 6.

Keminds one somewhat of H. lepidostola v. trochospira, but is
higher, the last whorl is nearly rounded, and the whorls are more
convex. The cuticle, moreover, is rather shining, lacking all trace
of cuticular riblets, and the spiral lines are visible only under a
strong lens (Mild/.).

H. TROCHUS v. Mollendorff. PI. 53, figs. 84, 85.

Shell half-covered perforate, elevated trochiform, acutely keeled,
transversely curved-striatulate, minutely granulose, pale horuy-
bp~ ,m. Spire regularly conical, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7, nearly
flat, the last very slightly descending at the aperture, base very
slightly convex. Aperture oblique, angulate-elliptical, the upper
margin hardly expanded, outer and basal margins moderately
expanded, the columella broadly expanded, slightly reflexed, rose-
white. Alt. 13, diam. 11 mill. (v. Moll.).

Mt. Uling, and west coast of Zebu, Philippines.

Helix (Satsuma) trochus v. MOELL., Jahrb. d. m. Ges. xiv, p. 274,
t. 8, f. 10, lOa ; Landschn. Cebu, p. 222.

202 HELIX-SATSUMA.

H. TROCHOMORPHA v. MollendorfF. PI. 53, figs. 82, 83.

Shell rimate, conic-turrited, with a thread-like carina; minutely
granulated by transverse striae and spiral lines ; pale horny-brown ;
spire elongated conic, the apex slightly obtuse. Whorls 6, slightly
convex, the last not descending, moderately convex beneath. Aper-
ture oblique, angulate-rounded, the upper margin hardly, outer and
basal moderately, columellar broadly expanded, white, margins
joined by a very thin callus.

Alt. 4t, diam. 3 mill. (v. MoelL).

Mts. Licos and Uling, Zebu ; Siquijor ; Leyte, Philippines.

Helix (Satsuma) microtrochns v. MOELL., Jahrb. d. m. Ges. xiv, p.
275, t. 8, f. 11-llb (not H. microtrochus Moll. Jahrb. xiii, p. 195).
— H. (Satsuma) trochomorpha v. MOELL. Mai. Bl. n. F. x, p. 157.
— Satsuma trochomorpha v. MOELL., Landschn. Cebu, p. 222.

The form from Leyte is a small variety.

H. FERNANDEZI Hidalgo. PI. 53, figs. 68, 69.

Shell nearly covered perforate, trochiform, thin, shining, nearly
smooth (under a lens seen to be decussated with incremental and
transverse striae,) pellucid white under a very thin buff epidermis.
Spire elevated, conoid, the apex obtuse ; suture simple. Whorls 7,
nearly flat, the last convex beneath, carinated at the periphery, a
little descending and subconstricted in front. Aperture oblique,
subquadrangular, angulated at the termination of the carina ; peris-
tome thin, the margins joined by an indistinct, very thin callus, the
upper margin expanded, basal a little reflexed, columellar dilated,
nearly closing the perforation (Hid).

Alt. 13*, diam. 151 mill.

Busuanga, Island of fiusuanga, Philippines.

Helix fernandezi HID., Journ. de Conch., 1889, p. 299, t. 13, f. 4
Obras Malacol., i, p. 52, 142.

The carina of the last whorl ascends the spire and is visibl
immediately above the sutures of the other whorls. Under a lei
it appears very finely crenulated above, but not on the edge (Hid.]

H. PLANASI Hidalgo. PL 53, figs, 73, 74.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, trochiform, thin, pellucid, finel]
sculptured with oblique plicae ; horn-colored. Spire elevated, coi
cave conic, the apex obtuse, brownish. Whorls 6, the earlier 2
little convex, smooth, the rest flat ; the last whorl very acutely

HELIX-SATSUMA. 203

inated at the periphery, little deflexed in front, convex on the base.
Aperture transversely lunar, angulated ; peristome concolored, the
terminations joined by a very thin rather indistinct callus ; the
superior margin expanded, basal margin reflexed, columellar
dilated, half covering the umbilicus (Hid.).
Alt. 15, diam. 22 mill.

Penon de Bintuan, Island of Busuanga, Philippines (Quadras).

Helix planasi HID., Journ. de Conch., 1889, p. 300, t. 13, f. 3;
Obras Malacol. i, p. 52, 142.

This species has entirely the form of Trochomorpha caeuminifera
Bens. (Rve. Conch. Icon. Helix, f. 744, and Hanley, Conch. Indica, t.
liv, fig. 4), but it is more depressed below, and wider at the base; it
has 6 instead of 8 whorls, and the sculpture is different. The sur-
face-folds are visible beneath as well as above, this part being smooth
in Tr. caeuminifera (Hid.~).

H. HYPERTELEIA Morlet. PI. 53, figs. 70, 71, 72.

Shell narrowly and deeply umbilicated, discoidal, covered with a
thin horn-colored epidermis ; upper surface flattened, conic, not
shining ; lower surface convex. Spire acute and projecting ;
whorls 8, flattened, regularly increasing, separated by a margined
suture, finely granulous on the radiating riblets. The first two
whorls are papillose, yellowish, smooth, the third whorl is pale
ashen ; the rest are ornamented with radiating oblique folds crossed
by very fine spiral threads, and are of a whitish color with a narrow
median. brown zone; last whorl not descending, acutely keeled at
the periphery, the keel finely crenulated ; base whitish, with a
narrow brown zone, having radiating striae which become obsolete
toward the umbilicus, and are crossed by very delicate concentric
threads. Aperture semilunar, the terminations of the peristome
connected by a thin callosity ; lip subreflexed, basal margin
reflexed, white (Morl.~)

Alt. 9, greater diam. 21 ?, lesser 19 mill.

Kham-Keute, Laos (Massie).

Helix (Plectotropis') hyperteleia L. MORLET, Journ. de Conch,
xl, p. 82, 1892 ; 1. c. p. 316, t. 6, f. 2a-b.

This peculiar species is referred by Morlet to Plectotropis, but we
incline to the belief that it is a true Satsuma.

204 HELIX-CATHAICA.

H. EDITHA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Testa depresso-conoidali, late perforata ; spira elatiuscula, obtusa,
aptce obtusa ; anfract. 6, convexiusculis, oblique strigosis et striis
volventibus confertis decussatis ; anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam
rotundato, ad basim planiusculo; apertura obliqua, lunata; peristo-
mate subexpanso, reflexo, intus vix incrassato. Albida, fasciis
duabus rubro-fuscis in anfractu ultimo et fascia unica ad suturas
ornata. — Lat. 8*, alt. 4 lin. (Ad.)

Island of Risiri, Vladimir Bay., Japan.

Helix editha (Camena) A. ADAMS in Ann. and Mag. n. H. 4th.
ser. i, 1868, p. 462.

Very similar to H. pyrrhozona Phil., but the spire is more ele-
vated, and the form more conoidal.

Section CATHAICA Mlldff.

Cathaica MLLDFF., Jahrbiicher des Deutschen malakozoolog-
ischen Gesellschaft, 1884, p. 339. Type H. pyrrhozona Phil.

An extensive group of Helices, confined mainly to China, related
to Eulota, Satsuma, Euhadra, Pseudiberus and JEgista, — all' being
East Asian manifestations of the great group of true Helices, repre-
sented in Europe by the Fruticicoloid, Xerophiloid and Pentateeni-
ate snails.

There is a genus Cathaicm Bates, 1870, in Coleoptera, but the
two names are sufficiently different.

The following arrangement is substantially that of von Mollen-
dorff.

(Dextral species?)

H. PYRRHOZONA Philippi. PI. 47, figs. 60-63.

Shell solid, umbilicated (the umbilicus about one-eighth the great-
est diameter, and rapidly narrowing to a narrow, deep perforation);
depressed above and below, the spire low-conoid. Color white,
rather opaque, with a broad chestnut-brown band at the periphery,
and a faint brownish baud below the suture. Surface shining,
sculptured above with close rib-strise, becoming more delicate below.
Whorls 5J, the earliest H smooth, shining, forming a subacute
apex ; following whorls slightly convex, slowly increasing, separated
by an impressed suture. Last whorl much wider, rounded at the
periphery, hardly descending in front. Aperture slightly oblique,

HELIX-CATHAICA. 205

lunate-oval ; peristome a trifle expanded, having a strong white lip
within, often subdentate on the straight basal margin.
Alt. 8i, diam. 15 mill.

China.

Helix pyrrhozona PHIL., Abbild. ii, p. 2, Helix t. 6, f. 4. — PFR.
in Cpnchyl. Cab., t. 79, f. 7-9 ; Monogr. i, p. 350 — REEVE Conch.
Icon., t. 85, f. 455. — MARTENS, Ostas. Landconch. p. 48. — ADS.,
Am. Mag. N. H. (4), i, p. 461. — MLLDFF., Jahrb. d. m. Gesell. ii p.
130, 217, 1875. — WIMMER, Ueber die Identitat der Helix fasciola
Drap. und der H. pyrrhozona Phil., in Sitzungsberichte der k. k.
zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxviii, p. 44, 1878. — HILBER, Sitzungsber.
Math.-Naturwissensch. Classe der k. Akad. der Wissenschaften,
Ixxxvi, p. 345, t. 3, f. 8. 1883. — HEUDE, notes sur les moll.
Terr, de la Vallee du Fleuve Bleu, p. 43, t. 16, f. 7, S.—ff.faciola
DRAP., Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. et fluv. de la France, p. 110, t. 6, f.
22-24 ; H. fasciola, on explanation of plate. — MABILLE, Rev. et.
Mag. Zool. xxiii, p. 49, 1872.

A well known and very widely distributed Chinese species.

H. GIUESERI Mousson. PI. 47, figs. 79, 80.

Shell umbilicated (the umbilicus one-fifth the shell's diameter'),
depressed, strongly striated, rather thin, subdiaphanous, pale yellow-
ish with a brown dorsal band. Whorls 6.

Alt. 9, greater diam. 16, lesser 15 mill.

Wladiwo stock, Siberia, near the Chinese frontier.

H. (Camcenaty grceseri Mouss., Journ. Conch. 1877, p. 17, t. 1, f.
4.

Allied to H. pyrrhozona, but the shell is thinner and more trans-
lucent, the striation less rib-like, and the umbilicus wider.

H. PEKINENSJS Deshayes. PL 47, figs. 65-70.

Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal, thin and fra-
gile, whitish horn colored, with a zone of chestnut at the periphery.
Surface obliquely regularly costellate, under a lens seen to be most
minutely transversely striated; spire very short, slightly convex,
the apex obtuse. Whorls 5, narrow, convex, separated by a deep
suture, the last cylindrical. Aperture small, ovate-semilunar,

I Clique, white ; peristome thickened, expanded, nearly continuous.
Alt. 6, diam. 11 mill. (Desh.')

206 HELIX-CATHAICA.

High Mountains of theprov. Dshyli, west of Pekin, China, at alti-
tudes not less than 1000 meters.

Helix pekinensis DESH., Bull, des Nouv. Arch, du Mus., ix, p.
13, t. 3, f. 13, 14, (1873); I.e. x, p. 88, (1874).— JET. (Cathaica)
pekinensis MLLDFF., J. D. M. G. 1884, p. 342. — Helix (Camena)
tchiliensis MLLDFF., Jahrb. d. m. Ges. 1875, p. 217.

This shell is flatter than jBT. pyrrhozona, with wider umbilicus
and more oblique, smaller, aperture. Figures 65-67 represent the
tchiliensis Mlldff. Fig. 64 is an elevated form, called var. conoidea
Desh.

H. MONGOLICA Mollendorff. PI. 47, figs. 71-74.

Shell umbilicated, depressed, obliquely costulate, and having a
crenulated carina ; dull gray-horn ; whorls 5, flat above, separated
by a superficial suture, the last whorl convex below, but little
descending in front. Aperture oblique, broad lunate, with a lip
within which appears yellow on the outside ; peristome white ; outer
margin straight above and horizontal, lower margin reflexed, a
little thickened within, columellar margin short, dilated, reflexed.

Alt. 7-8, diam. 15 mill. (Mis.)

Weitschang, northern part of Prov. Petscheli, near the Great Wall
under stones, alt. 1500 meters.

H. mongolica MLLDFF., J. D. M. G. viii, 1881, p. 39, t. 1, f. 10.—
MARTENS, Centralas. Moll. 1882, p. 13, t. 2, f. 14, 15.— H. (Cath-
aica") mongolica MLLDFF., Jahrb, 1884, p. 342.

This species stands between H. pekinensis and H. plectotropis.
H. CONSTANTINO H. Adams. Vol. VI, pi. 32, figs. 54, 55.

Shell umbilicated, depressed, thin, obliquely plicate, rufous-
brown ; spire nearly flat, the apex a little elevated, suture slightly
impressed, submargined. Whorls 5£, nearly plane, the last not
descending, compressed-carinate, the base convex ; umbilicus mod-
erate, profound ; aperture oblique, rounded-lunar ; peristome
expanded, pallid, margins converging, joined by a thin callus.
(Ad}.

Alt. 13, greater diam. 25, lesser 21 mill.

Ichang gorge, China.

H. Constantino! AD., P Z. S. 1870, p. 378, t. 27, f. 8, 8a.
Evidently allied to the preceding species.

HELIX-CATHAICA. 207

H. MAGNACIANA Heude. Vol. VI, pi. 25, figs. 98, 99.

Shell umbilicated, sublenticular, thin, solid, shining, marked with
conspicuous spiral lines ; horny-pilose. Spire subelevated, conic ;
whorls 5, scarcely convex, regularly increasing, the suture super-
ficial ; last whorl carinated, not descending, convex beneath.
Aperture oblique, lunar, angulated ; peristome somewhat thickened,
slightly expanded and reflexed ; right margin short, straight ;
basal margin lengthened arcuate, a little dilated at the umbilicus,
partly covering it. Umbilicus narrow but perforating.

Alt. 13, greater diam. 20, lesser 17 mill. (J?.)

Tshin-hsien Mts. in Eastern Sytshuan, China.

H. magnaciana HDE., FL Bleu, p. 40, t. 20, f. 13.— If. (Cathaiea)
magnaciana MLLDFF., Jahrb. 1884, p. 342.

This species may be an Euhadra.
H. SEMPRINIANA Heude. PI. 48, figs. 11, 12, 13.

Shell umbilicated, subplano-convex, tawny, plicate-striate ; spire
scarcely convex ; whorls 4, flattened, joined by a rather wide
suture ; the last whorl rapidly widening, strongly carinated, slightly
descending in front, slightly convex above, obliquely inflated below.
Aperture ax-shaped, wide, the peristome subsimple, slightly
expanded and reflexed at the root of the columella, the outer margin
straight, columella arcuate. Umbilicus very narrow, obliquely
perforated.

Alt. of last whorl 6, diam. maj. 13, min. 11 mill. (H.)

Southern Hunan.

H. sempriniana H., Moll. Fl. Bleu, p. 43, t. 20, f. 16.

H. INOPINATA Deshayes. PL 47, figs. 76, 77, 78.

Shell orbiculate-depressed, subdiscoidal, thin, pale reddish, shin-
ig, substriate. Spire very short, obtuse ; whorls 7, rather narrow,
first flat, the rest somewhat convex, separated by a simple,
lepressed suture ; the last whorl large, angled at the periphery
rhich is above the middle, the angle marked by a white zonule ;
mvex beneath, deeply umbilicated. Aperture oblique, not
jflexed, ovate-semilunar, peristome white, scarcely reflexed above,
the base dilated around the umbilicus.

Alt. 14, greater diam. 25, lesser 20 mill. (Desh.)

Muping, Prov. Sytshuan, China.

If. inopinata DH., Nouv. Arch, du Mus. vi, p. 21 ; ix, t. 2, f. 3-5,
— PFR., Mon. vii, p. 192, 548. — MTS. Centralas. Moll. p. 19,

208 HELIX-CATHAICA.

(1882).— Ancey, II Nat. Sicil. 1883, p. 8.—H. (Cathaica) i
MLLDFF., Jahrb. 1884, p. 343.

H. BREVISPIRA H. Adams. PI. 47, fig. 75.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed-orbiculate, very thin, fra-
gile, tawny horn-colored, pellucid, obliquely striated ; spire short,
the apex obtuse, suture impressed, whorls 5, nearly flat, the last not
descending in front, carinated, swollen beneath ; aperture lunar, the
right and basal margins slightly expanded, columellar margin
dilated, reflexed, half covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 11, greater diam. 17, lesser 15 mill. (Ad.)

Ichang gorge of the Yangtse River, Prov. Sytshaun, China.

H. brevispira H. AD., P. Z. S. 1870, p. 377, t. 27, f. 6.— PFR.,
Monogr. vii, p. 458. — H. ( Cathaica) brevispira MLLDFF., Jahrb. 1884,
p. 343.

H. THIBETICA Deshayes. PI. 47, figs. 84, 85, 86.

Shell depressed, discoidal, thin, fragile, dirty gray-brown ; spire
flattened, a little projecting at the apex. Whorls 5, slowly widen-
ing, separated by a deep suture ; the first whorl smooth, the rest
deeply and irregularly plicate, the last whorl having a prominent
crenulated angle at the periphery, which is above the middle of
the whorl ; base plicate, widely and deeply umbilicated ; aperture
thin, hardly oblique, whitish, lunate-subcircular, the margins dis-
connected, slightly reflexed.

Alt. 9, greater diam. 19, lesser 16 mill. (DA.)

Muping, Prov. Sytshuan, China.

H. thibetica DH., Nouv. Arch, du Mus. vi, p. 21, (1870) ; ix, t. 2,
f. 8, 9. — PFR. Monogr. vii, p. 457 — MTS. Centralas. Moll. p. 20,
1882.— H. (Cathaica) tibetica MLLDFF., Jahrb. 1884, p. 343.

H. BUDDIE Hilber. PL 29, figs. 2-5.

Shell rather broadly and deeply umbilicated, depressed, ground-
color brownish, having bluish or white streaks interrupted by two
brown bands. Between the raised growth-strise and over them on
the last whorl there are fine, close spiral impressed lines.
Spire very low, the apex light brown, moderately convex, whorls 6,
separated by deep sutures, the last whorl somewhat deflexed in front
strongly convex beneath, but slightly so above. The acute keel has
nearly vanished at the aperture, which is elliptical, oblique ; the
peristome reflexed, whitish, parietal callus very thin.

Alt. 11, greater diam. 21, lesser 18 mill.

HELIX-CATHAICA. 209

Alt. 13, greater diam. 26, lesser 21 mill, (abnormally large spe-
cimen.)

Lan-tshu-fu, valley of the Hoangho, Prov. Kansu, and at Yerkalo,
on the upper Mekong.

Helix buddce HILB., Sitz.-Ber. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Ixxxvi,
p. 339, t. 2, f. 8, 9.

Allied to the three following species.

H. PRZEWALSKII Martens. PI. 48, figs. 16-18 ; pi. 55, figs. 20, 21,
22.

Shell depressed, openly umbilicated, irregularly striatulate and
indistinctly spirally lineate, brownish-gray, variegated with streaks
and spots of whitish. Spire hardly projecting ; whorls 5J, separated
by a rather deep suture, the last whorl a little more convex beneath,
slightly subangular at the periphery, rounded at the aperture, and
having a yellowish-white thickened streak there (Mts.~)

Peristome strongly reflexed, the terminations joined by a thin
callus (Hilb.}

Alt. 11, greater diam. 19, lesser 18 mill. (Ms.)

Alt. 13, greater, diam. 21, lesser, 17 mill. (Hilb.')

Provinces Gansu, Sytshuan and Yunnan, China.

Helix przewalskii MARTENS, Centralas. Moll., p. 12, t. 2. f. 9,
(May 25, 1882).— IT. mencii HILBER, Sitz.-Ber., p. 341, t. 3, f. 1-3

(Nov. 1882).

.Allied to H. buddce but is less depressed, with less acute keel.
Von Martens described an immature shell (pi. 48, figs. 16-18).
The mature form has been described by Hilber as H. mencii (pi. 55,
figs. 20-22). A variety described and figured by Hilber differs in
having the keel only feebly indicated (pi. 47, figs. 82, 83.)

H. GREDLERI Hilber. PI. 29, figs. 95, 96, 97.

Shell rather widely umbilicated, depressed ; whitish (except the
first whorl which is brown), having two sharply defined brown
bands. Sculpture consists of distinct riblets, cut by spiral furrows.
Spire very low, the apex slightly raised ; whorls 5$, slightly convex,
separated by deep sutures. Aperture oval, oblique, the upper mar-
gin deflexed ; peristome whitish, strongly reflexed, having no inner
lip ; margins of the lip sharp, connected by a thin callus.

Alt. 10, greater diam. 18, lesser 14 mill. (Hilb.'}
14

210 HELIX-CATHAICA.

Provinces Gansu and Sytshuan, or Yunnan, China.

Helix gredleri HILB., Sitzungsber., p. 342, t. 3, f. 5 (1882).— IT.
stoliczkana HILB., L c., 1883, p. 1353, not of Nevill. — H. ( Cat liaica)
gredleri MLLDFF., Jahrb., 1884, p. 345.

Larger than H. stoliczkana, with higher spire.
H. HEUDEI Hilber. PI. 29, figs. 92, 93, 94.

The shell is widely and deeply umbilicated, moderately depressed,
the upper three whorls (in ray example) are brownish, the lower
three white. Two narrow chestnut-brown bands encircle it. The
irregular oblique riblets, as well as their interstices, are finely
striated, and reach into the umbilicus ; there is besides a fine spiral
grooving. Spire moderately raised, the apex flat, whorls 5£. Aper-
ture obliquely oval ; peristome reflexed and white.

Alt. 11, greater diam. 17, lesser 14 mill. (Hilb.)

Helix (Fruticocampylaea') heudei Hilb., Sitzungsber. p. 343, t. 3,
f. 6.

Resembles H. pratensis Pfr. and H. narzanensis Kryn., especially
the former. The peculiarities of this species are the closeness of its
two bands, the strong deflection of the last whorl, and the lack of a
lip within.

H. GIRAUDELIANA Heude. PL 47, figs. 87, 88, 89.

Shell umbilicated, discoidally compressed, whitish, marked with
oblique striae above, straight beneath. Spire flat, whorls 4£, flat,
carinated, separated by a simple suture. Last whorl very convex
beneath, not descending. Aperture lunar, peristome simple,
slightly reflexed, the outer margin straight ; umbilicus moderate,
perspective.

Alt. 4, greater diam. 10, lesser 8* mill. (JET.)

Yerkalo, on the upper Mekong River.

Helix giraudeliana HDE., Moll. Terr. Fl. Bleu, p. 22, 1. 14, f. 12.

More depressed than H. brevispira or H. cavimargo. Has been
found only fossil, in the left bank of the Mekong, on the boundary
between China and Thibet.

H. ORYTHIA Martens. PI. 48, figs. 96-99.

A species found fossil in the Loss (Pleistocene) of the Prov.
Houan, China. See Martens, Sitz.-ber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde
Berlin, May, 1879, p. 73, and Ceutralas. Moll. p. 12, t. 2. f. 12, 13.

HELIX-CATHAICA. 211

H. SCHENSIENSIS Hilber. PL 47, figs. 90-95.

This is also a Loss fossil, probably a variety of the preceding,
the locality being Singan-fu, Wei-ho Valley, Prov. Schen-Si, China.
See Hilb., I c. p. 333, t. 3, f. 10-13. The types of Hilber's species
are in the Royal Hungarian National Museum at Budapest.

H. PULVERATRIX Martens. PI. 48, figs. 10, 14, 15.

Fossil in the Loss, of the Province Kansu. Closely allied to the
following, but differs in greater size, less depressed contour, form of
the whorls and the presence of two faint bands. See Martens, I. c.
p. 1C, t. 2, f. 18.

H. PULVERATRICULA Martens. PL 48, fig. 5.

Same locality as the last. See 1. c. p. 17, t. 2, f. 19. Helix loczyi
Hilber (Sitzungsber. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1882, p. 329, t, 1, f. 4,
is believed by MollendorfF to be a synonym. On v. Martens' plate
this species is lettered " H. pulverella. "

H. KREITNERI Hilber. PL 48, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9.

A fossil of the newer Valley Loss, Ku-lang-Shien, Prov. Kansu,
China. (See Hilb., L e. p. 330, t. 1. f. 5).

H. SININGFUENSIS Hilber. PL 48, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Closely allied to the above, differing in the wider umbilicus and
carina at the periphery. Province Kansu. See Hilb., L c. p. 331,

t. 1, f. 7.

H. SUBRUGOSA Deshayes. PL 57, figs. 11, 12, 13; pi. 48, figs.
19, 20.

Shell umbilicated (the umbilicus one-sixth to one-eighth the
diameter of the shell) depressed-globose, solid, opaque ; surface dull,
rather rugosely striated, yellowish-brown, with a light buff streak
outside the lip.

Spire low, apex obtuse ; whorls 5-5 £, convex, separated by
impressed sutures, the last slightly deflexed in front, rounded below,
Aperture circular-lunate or oval-lunate, the lip slightly expanded,
strongly thickened within, white, the terminations approaching.

Alt. 6, diam. 9 mill. (Dh.)

Alt. 5f, diam. 8 mill. (Specimen.)

Alt. 5£, diam. 9 mill. (Specimen.)

Alt. 7, diam. 9£ mill. (Mlldff.)

Province of Dshy-li, North China.

212 HELIX-CATHAICA.

Helix subrugosa DH., Nouv. Arch, du Mus. ix, p. 14, t. 3, f. 25-28
(1873) ; /. c. x, p. 91.— GREDLER, Mai. Bl. (n. F.) v, p. 173.—
ANCEY, II Nat. Sicil. 1883, p. 5. — H.(Cathaica) subrugosa MLLDFF.,
Jahrb. 1884, p. 348, t. 7, f. 6. — H. kalganensis MLLDFF., Jahrb. ii,
1875, 216. — PFR. Monogr. vii, p. 588. — H. buvigneri var. kalganen-
sis MLLDFF., 1. c. viii, p. 57. — HILBER Sitzungsber., p. 334.

Allied to H. buvigneri, but having a half whorl more, and not
dilated toward the aperture as that is.

Var. kalganensis Mlldff. Differs only in being smaller.

Kalgan, at the Great Wall.

H. LUTUOSA Deshayes. PI. 48, figs. 26, 27, 28 (enlarged).

Shell small, narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, whitish, covered
with a blackish cuticle ; opaque, rather depressed, discoidal ; spire
very short, apex obtuse. Whorls 5, narrow, convex, separated by a
deep suture, slowly increasing, the last whorl a little larger, convex
beneath, perforated by a small umbilicus. Aperture white, semi-
lunar, the peristome thickened within, expanded, wider below
partly closing the umbilicus.

Alt. 4£, greater diam. 7, lesser 6 mill. (Desh.)

Near Peking (after a freshet).

H. lutuosa DH., Nouv. Arch, x, p. 87 ; ix, t. 3, f. 18-21.—
MLLDFF., Jahrb. 1884, p. 350.

H. BUVIGNERI Deshayes. PI. 48, figs. 24, 25, 21, 22, 23.

Shell narrowly perforated, the opening of the umbilicus of an
abnormal ovate form ; subglobose, rather depressed, white, opaque,
solid, delicately and irregularly striated. Spire short, conoid, the
apex obtuse. Whorls 5, narrow, convex, separated by a deep
suture, slowly increasing, the last a little larger, convex, slightly
deflexed at the aperture and suddenly dilated, produced in a tan-
gent in the umbilicus. Aperture scarcely oblique, subcircular, the
ends of the peristome approaching, margins strongly thickened,
outwardly expanded, the columellar margin dilated partly covering
the umbilicus.

Alt. 7, greater diam. ] 0, lesser 7 mill. (D/j.)

Peking (/), and Provinces Shandung, Houan, Shensi and Gansu,
China, living and in Loss.

H. buvigneri DH., Nouv. Arch, ix, p. 14, t. 3, f. 22-24 ; x, p. 90.
— MLLDFF., Jahrb. 1884, p. 350. — HILBER, Sitzungs-Ber. p. 344, t.

HELIX-CATHAICA. 213

2, f. 1, 2.— #. riehthofeni MTS., Mai. Bl. xxi, p. 68 (1873) ; Novit.
Conch, iv, p. 150, t. 134, f. 11-14; Sitzungs-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr.
Berl. Jan. 1875, p. 3.— PFR., Monogr. vii, p. 276, 583.

The transversely-inflated contour is characteristic. Figures 21-
23 represent the synonymous H. riehthofeni Mts.

H. CONFUCII Hilber. PI. 29, figs. 98, 99, 100.

Shell rather narrowly, very deeply umbilicated (the umbilicus
slightly covered), depressed-globose, not keeled even when young.
Upper three whorls and umbilicus dark horn-brown colored, the
following whorls, as far as the base of the last, brownish, with
streaks of the color of the earlier whorls ; the same color forming a
band on the last whorl. Base whitish with brown streaks. Surface
having rather coarse ribs, visible to the naked eye, becoming weaker
toward the umbilicus. The spire is more or less raised; the 5J
whorls convex, sutures deep. Aperture oval, the peristome very
much thickened within, and reflexed at the columellar margin only,
so that the umbilicus is partly covered when viewed directly from
below ; parietal callus quite thin.

Alt. 11-13, diam. 16-18 mill. (Hilb.)

Provinces Gansu and Shensi, China.

H. confucii HILB., /. c. 1882, p. 337, t. 2, f. 3-5.

Distinguished by the coarse rib-striation and larger size from the
last species.

(Sinistral species.)

H. CHRISTINA H. Adams. PL 57, figs. 15, 16, 17.

Shell sinistral, openly, perspectively umbilicated (the umbilicus con-
tained about three and a half times in the diameter of the shell) ;
depressed, discoidal, rather thin. Surface marked with fine growth
lines. Whitish, distinctly radially banded and more or less suifused
with brown above, having a narrow white band above and a wide
brown band below the peripheral keel, the base having several
obscure spiral bands, and radiately streaked with corneous- brown ;
interior of umbilicus brown.

Spire almost flat ; whorls 5f ; apex brown, a trifle projecting, the
inner whorls rather flat; last H whorls decidedly convex and swollen
above, obtusely angular above the middle, the angle disappearing on
the latter part of the body-ivhorl; deflexed a little at the aperture.

214 HELIX-CATHAICA.

Aperture lunate, oblique ; peristome slightly thickened within,
very slightly expanded below and at columella, the upper, outer
and columellar margins strongly arcuate, basal margin less curved,
outer margin not angled.

Alt. 7, diam. 19 mill, sometimes larger.

Provinces Sytshuan and Shensi, China.

H. christince H. AD., P. Z. S. 1870, p. 377, t. 27, f. 4, 4a.—
HEUDE, Moll. Terr. Fl. Bleu, p. Ill, t. 29, f. 6.— H. subchristince
ANCEY, Le Naturaliste 1882, p. 44; Bull. Soc.Mal. Fr. 1885, p.
114.

The spire is less depressed than in filippina, more depressed than
in subsimilis, to both of which it is nearly allied. The JET. subchris-
tince of Ancey seems to me identical with the typical christince.

Var. SUBSIMILIS Desh. PI. 49, figs. 29, 30, 31, 32, 33.

Spire convex ; whorls 6-6 -J, the last less swollen above than in the
type, and somewhat more acutely angled at the periphery, the
angle disappearing on the latter third of the body-whorl. Colora-
tion as in the type, except that the base is milk-white, with some
bluish radiating streaks. Umbilicus deep, one-fifth the diameter of
the shell, more cylindrical than in the type.

Alt. 9, diam. 20 mill.

Alt. 12, diam. 25i mill.

Provinces Sytshuan and Shensi, China.

H. subsimilis DESH., Nouv. Arch, du Mus., Bull, ix, p. 10, t. 2, f.
28, 29.— HEUDE, Moll. Terr. Fl. Bleu, p. 22, t. 20, f. 18.— H. (Ban-
ties /) subsimilis HILBER, Sitzungs-Ber. p. 338, t. 2, f. 6, 7. — ? H.
christince var. carinif era H. AD., P. Z. S. 1870, p. 377. — Cf. MLLDFF.
Jahrb. 1884, p. 351, ANCEY, Nat. Sicil. 1883, and GREDLER
Arch. f. Naturg. vol. 50, p. 263.

The varietal name given by H. Adams is not sufficiently well
defined to permit positive identification.

H. FILIPPINA Heude. PL 49, figs. 34, 35.

Shell resembling H. christince, but having the spire completely flat,
whorls 5£, almost plane above, the suture superficial, submargined
above ; last half of the last whorl descending slightly below the
carina, becoming convex above ; very acutely keeled, the keel con-
tinuing to the outer lip, which is rendered angular by it. Umbi-

HELIX-EULOTA. 2] 5

licus very broad and open, one-fourth the diameter of the shell. Sur-
face finely striated, streaked with white and horny-brown above and
below, with a brown zone below the carina.
Alt. 6, diam. 18-19 mill.

Batuny (Patong~) Mts., Prov. Hubei, China.

H.filippina HDE., Moll. Terr. Fl. Bleu, p. 23, t. 20, f. 19.

Decidedly flatter above, and more acutely keeled than H. christi-
nce.

H. DEJEANA Hende. PL 49, figs. 36, 37, 38.

Shell umbilicated, sinistral, buff-greenish, covered with confused
spiral striae ; spire convex, but much depressed. Whorls 4,
regularly increasing, separated by a narrow, little impressed
suture, the last whorl conspicuously carinated, the carina channelled
above ; aperture oblique, sinuous, a little descending ; umbilicus
ample, perspective.

Alt. 5£, greater diam. 10, lesser 9 mill. (JT.)

Ta-tsien-lu, on the Ya-lung River, Province of Sytshuan, China.

H. dejeana HDE., 1. c. p. 21, t. 20, f. 17.

The peristome may not be fully formed in the specimens described
and figured.

HELIX ANCEYI (v. Moll.) Ancey, Le Naturaliste 1889, p. 205,
China. A setose, sinistral, umbilicated species, comparable accord-
ing to Ancey to submissa Dh. and dejeaniana Heude. Unfigured.

Section EULOTA Hartm.

=Eulota HARTM. plus Doreasia (oriental species) auct, and
Acusta ALB. c/. v. MLLDFF. Nachr.-Bl. d. m. Ges. 1892, p. 87-90.

This group attains a great development in East Asia, being
numerously represented from Siberia to the East Indies, the limits
of its southward extension being still unknown. It is excessively
difficult to draw the line between the shells of Eulota and those of
the sections of Chloritis which the writer has called Trichochloritis
and Austrochloritis ; but no such difficulty exists when the soft
parts give their testimony; for Chloritis differs profoundly from
Eulota in the genital organs. In a previous volume, the presence
of hairs or hair-scars arranged in regular series upon the apical
whorls, has been taken as diagnostic of Chloritis, whilst the irregular-

216 HELIX-EULOTA.

ity of hairs or their total absence upon the apex has been consid-
ered a character of Eulota. Until some other criterion for the
discrimination of the genera is shown to be available, I prefer to
adhere to this arrangement, being of the opinion that its abandon-
ment would cause more confusion than its retention.

H. KIANGSINENSIS Martens. PL 55, figs. 18, 19.

In Vol. Ill, p. 209, Tryon has included this form as a synonym
of H. maackii var. unizonalis H. Ad.; but while the identity with
Adams form is probable, kiangsinensis is very distinct from H.
maackii and its variety depressior Pfr. (conrauxiana Heude) in lack-
ing the prominent costulation of those forms. One of Martens'
original figures of kiangsinensis is given in Vol. Ill, pi. 48, fig. 67.
This figure represents a small form. The figures on pi. 55, repre-
sent well-grown specimens. The aperture in these large forms is
subcircular, lip expanded, reflexed below and at the columella.
The basal lip is remarkably arcuate. Specimens before me measure
38 mill, greatest diameter, and they are known even larger.

Central China.

H. maackii var. unizonalis H. Ad., P. Z. S. 1870, p. 793.— H.
kiangsinensis MTS. Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr.-Berlin, Jan. 1875, p. 2 ;
Mai. Bl. xxii, p. 186 ; Novit. Conch, iv, p. 151, t. 134, f. 15-17.—
PFR. Monogr. vii, p. 407, 587.— GREDLER, Nachr. BL 1878, p. 102 ;
Mai. Bl. (n. f.) i, p. 173.— HEUDE, Moll. Terr. Fl. Bl. 1882, p. 5,
t. 14, f. 1.— HILBER, Sitz.-Ber. 1882, p. 344, t. 3, f. 7.— ANCEY.
Nat. Sicil. 1883, p. 4.— GREDLER, Jahrb. 1884, p. 136, (varieties)
p. 359.

Var. major Mlldff. Larger than the original Martensian exam-
ples ; base more convex, and aperture rounded.

Var. cerasina Gredler. Nearly uuicolored cherry-red.

The specific name unizonalis Ad. should not be used because of
the insufficiency of Adams' description.

H. DUPLOCINCTA Martens. PL 49, figs. 39-42.

Shell conic-globose, perforated, striatulate, and distinctly spirally
lineate, sometimes malleated, pale grayish-yellowish, with a median
whitish zone, bordered on each side with brown ; rarely unicoloi
Whorls 6, slightly convex, spire short-conoid; apex obtuse, pale
the last whorl inflated, very distinctly deflexed in front. Apertui
little oblique, suborbicular ; peristome a trifle expanded, whil

HELIX-EULOTA. 217

lipped within, the basal margin deeply arcuate, columellar margin
short, dilated, reflexed, white, half covering the perforation.
Alt. 19-23, diam. 22-25 mill. (Ms.)

Kuldsha, Pilutschi and Kosch; Valley of the Hi River and its
affluent the Kungess, in Tianshan, Central Asia.

Helix duplocincta MTS., Sitzungsberichte d. Gesellsch. Naturf.
Freunde in Berlin, Oct. 1879, p. 125 ; Mem. FAcad. Imp. Sci. de St.
Petersb., (7), xxx, no. 11, p. 4, t. 1, f. 1-7 (shells); t. 5, f. 1-7
(genitalia, jaw and teeth).

H. PARICINCTA Martens. PL 49, figs. 43-50.

Shell subdepressed-globose, perforate, and striatulate, having
very fine close spiral lines, visible only under the lens, and occa-
sionally also malleated in places. Pale yellowish, with 2-4 brown
bands, rarely wanting. Whorls 6, slightly convex ; spire conoid,
apex obtuse, yellowish ; the last whorl rounded, deflexed in front.
Aperture rather oblique, lunate-orbicular, peristome obtuse, slightly
expanded, half covering the perforation.

Alt. 16!-m, diam. 2(H-22J mill. (Mts.)

Valley of the River Hi and its affluents ; River Kungess, at about
1300 meters alt.

Helix paricincta Mts. Sitzungsberichte, etc., p. 125 ; Mem de
1'Acad. St.-Pet. p. 5, t. 1, f. 8-13 (shells) ; t. 5, f. 8, 9 (jaw and
teeth).

Var. bisbieincta Mts. Whitish, bands 4 (or 3), two above, two
below, the intermediate sometimes confluent ; formula (1,2) 3,4,
5, (figs. 43, 47-49).

Var. ambieincta Mts. Yellowish, bands 2, one sutural, another
basal; formula (1,2,) — 5. Last whorl much malleated (fig. 44).

Var. ineineta Mts. Whitish, without bands; last whorl strongly
malleated (fig. 45).

Var. bilaticincta Mts. Smaller, elevated, whitish, with 2 (or 1)
wide bands, one above, one below ; formula (1, 2, 3) (4, 5) ; some-
times joined, formula (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) ; aperture shorter (figs. 46, 50).

Alt. 15, diam. 17 mill.

H. FRANCISCANORUM Gredler. PI. 54, figs. 97, 98, 99.

Shell depressed, spire convex, apex obtuse ; umbilicus moderately
open. Distantly and unequally striated, very densely gi*anulose,
shining, thin, pellucid, chestnut-brown. Whorls 5f-6, a little con-

218 HELTX-EULOTA.

vex, sensibly increasing, the last dilated, shortly descending in
front; suture deep. Aperture large (10 mill.), sublunar, oblique,
liver-violet colored ; peristome thin, very narrowly expanded (more
widely below), the margins separated, basal margin subsinuous.
Alt. 12, diam. 22 mill. (Grecl)

Pe-shang, southern Hunan, China.

Helix franciscanorum GREDLER, Mai. Blatter, ix, p. 2, (1886);
Annalen des K. K. Naturalist. Hofmus. ii, p. 284, t. ll,f. 7-9 (1887).

Var. minor, 9x18 mill. ; umbilicus slightly narrower; whorls 5£,
the upper subangular around the suture.

H. EXTRUSA Tapparone-Canefri. PI. 54, fig. 100.

Under this name Canefri separates the form figured in the Con-
chologia Indica, pi. 53, fig. 2, as Helix similaris var. It is interme-
diate between H. similaris and H. bolus, agreeing with the former
in the structure of the shell, and with the latter in the form of the
aperture.

Katha, upper Irawaddy.

Helix (Dorcasia) extrusa T. C., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2), vii, p.
326,1889-1890.

C. BALANSAI Morlet. PL 54, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, subglobose-depressed, thin, entirely
white, convex beneath ; radially striated, covered with a thin hispid
epidermis (the hairs short, close, arranged in quincunx). Spire
subdepressed ; whorls 5*, slightly convex, separated by a simple
suture, the last whorl slightly descending. Aperture oblique, semi-
lunar, white inside, the margins joined by a thin transparent callus ;
basal margin arcuate, the columella short, expanded, partly cover-
ing the umbilicus; peristome bluish-white, thick, outwardly
reflexed. (Mori.)

Alt. 15, diam. 27 mill.

Bay of Malong and Mount of the Elephant, Tonquin (Jourdy).

Helix balansai MORLET, Diagn. de Moll. terr. et. fluv. du Tonkin,
p. 1, July 23, 1886 ; Journ. de Conch. 1886, p. 270, t. 12, f. 4, 4a.

A variety (fig. 5) has a brown band at the periphery and a
chestnut-brown lip. Morlet compares the species with H. propi>t<it»t
Pfr., a smaller species with higher spire, wider umbilicus and
rounder aperture.

HELIX-EULOTA. 219

JOURDYI Morlet. PI. 54, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell moderately globulose, thin, translucid, pale yellow ; having

ry irregular, transversely oblique rib-like striae. Spire subconoid,
the apex obtuse ; whorls 6, convex, the first smooth, the last sub-
angular at the periphery, the angle disappearing on the last third'of
the whorl. Aperture half round, the margins not continuous, con-
nected by a very thin, shining but inconspicuous deposit of callus ;
peristome thick, white andreflexed, the columellar margin widening
at its insertion, partly covering the umbilicus. Interior of the
aperture white, its transparence permitting the stria3 of the exterior
to be seen. (Mori).

Alt. 15, diam. 21 mill.

Around Lang-son, Dang-son and Chee, Tonquin; very common,
^Jourdy).

Helix jour dyi MORL., Journ. de Conch, xxxiv, p. 75, 269, 1. 12, f.
3, 3a (1886).

A var. minor (fig. 1) is smaller, alt. 13, diam. 17 mill., and more
strongly angular at the periphery.

This species resembles H. bocageana Crosse, but it is smaller, less
globose and unicolored, with pure white, thick lip. The spire is less .
elevated and the umbilicus larger than in H. mabillei Crosse.

H. SUFFODIENS Boettger. PL 54, figs. 94, 95, 96.

Allied to H. fodiens and H. carinifera, but differing in having
the umbilicus wider, whorls more slowly increasing, aperture
smaller, the columella more perpendicular.

Shell moderately umbilicated, the umbilicus deep, i— 7 the
width of the shell; conoid-globose, thin, diaphanous, pale buff-horn
colored, having an oily sheen. Spire rather elevated, conic, the
sides slightly, convex ; apex somewhat acute. Whorls 5, slowly
increasing, a little convex, separated by an impressed suture, sub-
fasciculately striatulate and all over minutely but very distinctly
irregularly granulated ; the last whorl distinctly augulated at the
periphery the angle disappearing toward the aperture ; subangulated
around the umbilicus, slowly descending at the aperture. Aperture a
little oblique, truncate-circular, subangled below ; peristome simple,
acute, slightly expanded, hardly paler than the shell, the columella
concave but perpendicular, columellar margin triangularly dilated,
protracted, subreflexed. (£%.)
. Alt. 1(H, diam. 13£ mill.; apert. alt. 7, width 7i mill.

Gorontalo, in Menado, northern Celebes.

220 HELIX-EULOTA.

Helix (Dorcasia) suffodiens BTTG., Bericht. Senck. Naturf. Gesell.
1891, p. 267, t. 3, f. 10.

This was taken for H.fodiens by Wallace (P. Z. S. 1865, p. 408),
and was not found by Martens. It differs from all related species
in the fine granulation and in the umbilicus which is nearly twice
as wide. (Bttg.)

H. DISSIMILIS Semper. PI. 51, figs. 42, 43.

Shell most narrowly umbilicated, globose-depressed, rather thin,
subdiaphanous, flesh colored ; ornamented with very minute tuber-
cles, and obliquely rugose-striated. Whorls 5£, slowly increasing,
subconvex, the last subcarinated and at the peristome constricted.
Umbilicus very narrow, half covered. Aperture lunar, buff-flesh
colored inside ; peristome acute, reflexed, whitish within, the colum-
ellar margin reflexed, half covering the umbilicus. (Semp.)

Alt. 10, greater diam. 15, lesser 13 mill.

Aparri, Province of Cagayan, Luzon, Philippines.

Chlorcea dissimilis SEMP., Reisen, p. 233, t. 10, f. 8.

This species is well characterized by the coarse granulation and
the strong constriction behind the lip, as well as by the narrow
umbilicus. Animal not examined.

H. CARINIFERA Semper. PL 51, figs. 29, 30.

Shell umbilicated, globose-depressed, rather thin, diaphanous,
buff-flesh colored ; obliquely and closely striated, very minutely
and densely punctate. Whorls 4£, slightly convex, the last sub-
carinated, compressed around the umbilicus. Umbilicus narrow,
pervious. Aperture lunate rounded, flesh colored inside ; the peris-
tome is subreflexed, whitish, the columellar margin reflexed. (Seinp.)

Alt. 12, greater diam. 17, lesser 15 mill.

S. Nicolas, N. Ecija, Luzon; Benguet, Luzon, Philippines, at 4000
feet alt.

Chlorcea carinifera SEMPER, Reisen, p. 233, t. 10, f. 1 (1880).

The peripheral keel is much stronger and the spiral striae far
fewer than in H. fodiens. It differs from all other species in the
extremely dense minute punctation, visible only under a lens, which
is entirely lacking in H. fodiens.

H. TENIMBERICA v. Mollendorff. PI. 58, figs. 12, 13.

Shell rather openly and perspectively umbilicated, convex-
depressed, thin, transversely finely plicate-striated, and decussated

HELIX-EULOTA. 221

by spiral lines ; shining, buff-horn colored. Spire very sharply
conoid, the apex flat, shining. Whorls 4, slightly convex, regularly
increasing, separated by a rather impressed suture, the last whorl
obtusely angulated above the periphery, convex beneath, roundly
angled and somewhat swollen around the umbilicus. Aperture
little oblique, somewhat rounded-ax-shaped ; peristome thin, very
narrowly expanded, the columellar margin is dilated above, and
forms a distinct angle with the basal lip.

Alt. 11*5, diam. 20 mill.; aperture width 11'5, long. 9*5, alt. 9
mill. (Mild/.)

Tenimber Is.

Eulota tenimberica MLLDFF., N. D. M. G. 1892, p. 91, t. 1, f. 3.

Remarkable for the semi-translucent, thin shell, with an oily lus-
ter, reminding one of Macrochlamys. The spiral sculpture, periphe-
ral angle, the form of the umbilicus and the angle at the foot of the
columella, show it to belong to the group of H. similaris.

H. BIT.ENIATA Mollendorff. PI. 58, figs. 18, 19.

Shell broadly umbilicated for Eulota, subglobose, transversely
striatulate, decussated by extremely close, very delicate spiral
lines ; opaque, whitish, ornamented with two rather wide brown
bands. Spire convex-conoid, the apex obtuse, glabrous, rufous-
brown above, as far as the fourth whorl. Whorls 4?, slightly con-
vex, the last subacutely carinated at the periphery, convex beneath,
and very shortly descending in front. Aperture very oblique,
truncate-oval ; peristome little expanded, somewhat white lipped,
the columellar margin dilated, reflexed.

Alt. 10, diam. 13'5 mill., aperture width 7'75, long. 7, alt 6'25
mill. (Mlldf.)

Tenimber Is.

Eulota bitceniata MLLDFF., N. D. M. G. 1892, p. 91, 1. 1, f. 7.

The surface of fresh specimens is dull, and the color is not pure
white, but passing into yellowish.

H. GONIOSTOMA Mollendorff. Vol. IX, pi. 15. figs. 4, 5.

Shell narrowly but perspectively umbilicated, conoid-globose,
rather solid, transversely striatulate, very minutely granulated ;
grayish-white or corneous-brown, rarely reddish. Spire more or
less conically elevated, the apex rounded. Whorls 5, convex, slowly
increasing, separated by a rather deep suture, the last laterally

222 HELIX-EULOTA.

compressed, angulated at the suture, having at the periphery an
obtuse, more or less exserted carina, extending to the peristonie ;
shortly descending in front. Aperture quite diagonal, rounded-
tetragonal, little incised by the penultimate whorl ; peristome
expanded, hardly reflexed, thickened, white-lipped, the margins
joined by a rather thick callus.

Alt. 10-5-13-5, diam. 14-15-5 mill. (Mlldff.)

Tenimber Is.

Eulota (Plecteulota) goniostoma MLLDFF., N. D. M. G. 1892, p.
92, 1. 1, f. 4.

Var. major. Shell larger, rufous, whorls less convex, the umbili-
cus narrower, aperture liver colored within. Alt. 12, diam. 16'5-
17 mill. (Mlldff.)

This seems nearest to the Australian forms duralensis Cox,
pticulosa Pfr., and also E. occulta of the Aru Is. It is rather varia-
ble in color, altitude of spire and prominence of the carina. The
keel is never entirely lacking, but is often only a rounded, weak
cord, which in extreme forms (forma carinata) becomes strongly
projecting, and is continued to the aperture.

H. TELITECTA Molleudorff. PL 58, figs. 14, 15.

Shell narrowly but perspectively umbilicated, depressed, solid,
having delicate, curved plicate-striatulate sculpture, the cuticle very
thin, deciduous, seen under a strong lens to be densely punctate
and covered with microscopic hairs ; having a frosty appearance,
opaque, buff-horn colored.- Spire depressed-conoid. Whorls 4J,
slightly convex, slowly increasing, separated by an appressed, mar-
gined suture, the last whorl begirt at the periphery with an obtuse
but distinctly projecting carina ; subinflated below, roundly angled
around the umbilicus, shortly deflexed at the aperture, coarctate.
Aperture diagonal, truncate-elliptical, the peristome broadly
expanded, everywhere reflexed, rather thick, rose-lipped, the mar-
gins a little converging, joined by a distinct callus, columellar mar-
gin strongly dilated above, partly covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 9-8-1 1-25, diam. 16-5-19 mill. ; aperture width 10'5, long. 8-
9-5, alt. 5-6-5 mill. (Mild/.')

Tenimber Is.

Eulota (Plecteulota) telitecta MLLDFF., N. D. M. G. 1892, p. 93, t.
l,f. 6.

HELIX-EUHADRA. 223

Despite the Chloritis-like aspect of this novelty, its nearest rela-
tive is not a Chloritis, but the H. eryptopila Mouss., from the island
Rakata, in Sunda Sts., and of Java (Pfr. Novit. Conch, iv, p. 40, t.
117, f. 10-12) ; but this is much lighter (grayish horn-colored), more
acutely keeled, the keel continued to the aperture, causing the
latter to be angular; the peristome is much less widely expanded,
hardly reflexed. and not so strongly thickened as in our species, in
which it is moreover of a rose-red color. The granulation (punc-
tation) is much finer in telitecta, the pilosity visible only under
strong magnification. The sudden contraction of the whorl behind
the aperture is also a peculiar feature of this new form. (Mlldjf.)

Unfigured species.

Dorcasia schadenbergi v. MlldfF., Nachr.-Bl. 1888, p. 144. " Tetas
de Santa " Mts., Prov. Ilocos.

Eulota hemisphcerica Mlldff., Nachr.-Bl. D. M. G. 1892, p. 90.

Tenimber Is.

\

H. OENOSTOMA Deshayes. Vol. V, PL 14, figs. 81-83.

Subglobose, rather depressed, yellow, ornamented with whitish
lines, periphery encircled by a brown band ; spire short, conoidal,
apex obtuse ; whorls 5, rather narrow, subplanulate, longitudinally
striate, the last convex, depressed, base perforated ; aperture oblique,
ovate lunar ; peristome reflexed, thin, acute, rubesceut within ;
basal margin dilated, partly covering the perforation.

Alt. 16, diam. 24 mill. (DesH.)

Habitat unknown.

H. oenostoma DESK., in Fer. Hist., i, p. 204, t. 95, f. 5. — PFR.
[onogr. iii, p. 221, v. p. 337.

A species known only by the original figure and description. I
know nothing of its systematic position.

Section EUHADRA Pilsbry, (Vol. VI, p. 95).
H. MASSIEI Morlet. PI. 29, figs. 90, 91.

Shell widely and deeply umbilicated, globose-conoid, quite solid,
sculptured with radiating, unequal rib-like striae and narrow spiral
grooves, sometimes somewhat malleated. Color variable ; buff with
encircling chestnut lines, or buff-reddish. Spire obtuse; whorls
6J, separated by a linear, little impressed suture, slightly convex,

224 HEMX-EUHADRA.

the last whorl convex, not descending in front, convex beneath,
encircled at the periphery with a chestnut or whitish zone. Aper-
ture ovate-lunar, the margin joined by a very thin callus ; columella
short, outwardly dilated at the umbilicus ; basal margin arcuate,
lip reflexed, rounded, white or violaceous.

Alt. 28, greater diam. 39, lesser 31 mill. (Morlef)

Song-ma, Tonquin.

Helix massiei MORL., Journ. de Conch., xxxi, 1891, p. 26, 244,
247, t. 5, f. 2.

H. PANCALA Schmacker & Boettger. PI. 29, figs. 85, 86, 87.

Shell siniscral, perforated, conoid-globulose, rather solid, straw-
colored or tawny-yellowish, with two brown bands ; perforation
sometimes brown ; shining. Spire moderately raised, convex-conic,
the apex rather acute. Whorls 6, very slowly increasing, rather
convex, separated by an impressed suture, subregularly obliquely
striated, and decussated by irregular,' indistinct, impressed spiral
lines; the last whorl subcylindrical, slightly enlarged at the aper-
ture, not descending, a little more than one-half the altitude of the
shell. Aperture diagonal, transversely elliptical, slightly lunate ;
peristome expanded, a little reflexed ; throat whitish with two black
bauds ; margins of peristome white-lipped, widely separated, joined
by a very thin sigmoid callus, the upper and left margins regularly
curved, basal elongated, straightened somewhat, columella shortly
ascending, vaulting, reflexed over and half covering the umbilicus.
(S. & B.)

Alt. 20£, greater diam. 25J, lesser 22 * mill.

Alt. 14-23, greater diam. 20-27, lesser 17-24 mill.

South Cape of Formosa, on the Mts.

H. bacca var. sinistrorsa MLLDFF., Jahrb. D. M. Ges. xi, 1881, p.
387 (not H. bacca Pfr. nor H. sinistrorsa Charp. or Desh.) — H.
(Hadra) pancala SCHM. & BTTG., Nachr.-Bl. 1891, p. 161, t. l,f. 6,
6a, 66.

The typical form lives in the mountains on trees. Most individ-
uals have two dark bands, but in some the space between the bands
is darker than the rest of the shell, chestnut-brown ; and the rest of
the shell then is of a darker tone than usual. In a few specimens
the upper band is lacking, and finally there are also examples with
two distinct bands and one obsolete upper band, and the perforation

HELIX-LYSINOE. 225

is sometimes colored brown. This species differs from H. formosen-
sis in being more solid, more globose, much more narrowly umbili-
cated, the spire higher and more conic, etc.

Var. trifasdata Schmacker & Boettger. Shell smaller, more
depressed, thinner ; color frequently darker, yellowish-tawny, always
trifasciate ; the aperture less distinctly lipped.

Alt. 15, greater diam. 22, lesser 19 mill. (S. & B.)

Plain, at the foot of the Mts.

This species belongs to a group of Helices containing H. bacca,
batanica and formosensis. They seem more closely allied to the
group of H. succincta than to any other.

Section LYSINOE Ads. (Vol. IV, p. 69.)

H. COLORADOENSIS Stearns. PI. 56, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell orbicular, moderately depressed, spire slightly elevated,
apex obtuse, number of whorls four to four-and-a-half, rounded.
Umbilicus narrow, showing the penultimate whorl, though partially
covered by the reflection of the lip at the point of junction with
the base of the shell. Aperture obliquely ovate, nearly circular,
and almost as broad as high. Lip slightly thickened and reflected,,
or simple, varying in this respect ; more reflected and aperture more
effuse at the columella. Parietal wall in the heavier examples cal-
loused, the callus connecting with the inner edges of the outer lip
above and below. Shell rather fragile, thin, translucent ; surface
smooth and shiny, and sculptured with fine incremental lines. Color
pale horn to white, and otherwise marked by a single narrow
revolving reddish-brown band just above the periphery, which in
some specimens is obscure or absent. In some individuals certain
faint scars upon the upper whorls imply an occasionally hirsute
character. (Stearns.')

Alt. 101, greatest diam. 151, least 131 mill, (largest spec.)
Alt. 8f, greatest diam. 13f, least 12 mill, (smallest adult.)
Grand Canon of the Colorado, opposite the Kaibab plateau, at an
elevation of 3,500 feet.

Helix (Arionta) coloradoensis STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1890, p. 206, t. 15, f. 6, 8, 12.

The above, while exhibiting a facies or aspect of its own, is never-
theless suggestive of H. remondi Gabb, Mazatlan, in the Mexican
State of Sinaloa, and also from the high mesas or table-lands in the
15

226 HELIX-LYSINOE.

neighborhood of Mulege, Lower California. H. carpenteri New-
comb, which is a synonym of H. remondi, is credited by the author
to " Tulare Valley, " and has been found in other localities in Cal-
ifornia. A glance at the map will show how widely separated
geographically H. coloradoensis is from its nearest allies, and this
discovery of Dr. Merriam's extends the distribution of the west
coast type of Helices farther to the eastward than heretofore, and
adds an area of great extent to that previously known. (Stearns.*)
Figures 7 and 12 of Stearns' plate were transposed.

H. MAGDALENENSIS Stearns. PL 56, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell orbicular, much depressed, apex whorls but very slightly
elevated, suture well defined. Whorls three and a half to four,
flattened above, slightly obtusely angulated on the periphery, and
rounded below. Umbilicus open, showing the whorls ; upper line
of the mouth more or less slanted downward where it joins the body
whorl, varying in this character in different specimens. Aperture
broader than high, ovate, somewhat oblique, slightly effuse, and
thickened and reflected a little at the edge, more so in the umbilical
region, where it partially overhangs the umbilicus. In some exam-
ples a thin deposit of callus on the parietal wall suggests a continu-
ous peristome. Surface sculptured by the ordinary lines of growth,
which vary in prominence in different individuals. Color, dingy
whitish, the specimens, nine in number, being dead, with an obscure,
narrow, reddish-brown band just above the periphery. (Steams.^)
Alt. 6£, greater diam. 13, lesser 10 mill, (largest spec.)
Alt. 5£, greater diam. 10 5, lesser 9 mill, (smallest adult.)
Magdalena, State of Sonora, Mexico, on the line of the Sonora,
New Mexico and Arizona Railroad, which terminates on the Gulf
of California at Guaymas ; among rocks on the top of a mountain
at an elevation of 1,000 feet above the town.

Helix (Arionta) magdalenensis STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
xiii, 1890, p. 207, t.15, f. 11, 13, 7.

This species in its principal features, indicates a relationship with
its geographical congener, H. rowelli, Newcomb, which has been
found in the Salt River Mountains, 7 miles north of Phoenix, Ari-
zona (Pilsbry). H. lohri Gabb, which is regarded as a synonym of
rowelli, collected by its author on the table-lands of Lower Califor-
nia near Mulege, and it has also been credited to Chihuahua, Mex-
ico, and farther eastward to " Texas, " upon what authority I am

HELIX-CAMPYL^A. 227

not aware. The relationship of H. magdalenensis to rowelli is like
that of the Californian snails H. exarata to H. arrosa, of the small
forms of H. fidelis to H. mormonwn, or of H. stearnsiana to H. kel-
lettii, etc. Its dimensions are in every way less than those of rowelli
-\-lohri. (Steams.)

Section CAMPYL^EA Beck, (Vol. IV, p. 83.)

H. TIESENHAUSENI Gredler. PI. 25, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Allied to H. planospira, but differs in having a rather smaller
shell, thin, shining, greenish-hyaline, ivithout band; whorls of the
spire less convex ; last whorl not inflated, lower, less descending in
front. Aperture much less oblique and rounded ; peristome less
expanded, the lower margin less reflexed.

Alt. 11-12, diam. 26 mill.

Mis. between the Eisack and the Avisio.

H. tiesenhauseni GREDL., Nachr.-Bl. D. M. Ges. xxi, 1889, p.
195. — KOBELT, Kossm. Icon. n. f. v, p. 77, f. 885.

This is a local race of H. planospira, produced by the lack of
lime in the soil ; but its characters are so strongly marked that a
name is necessary for it.

H. NICOLISIANA Adami. PI. 25, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Shell perspectively umbilicate, depressed, rather solid, but not
thick ; delicately irregularly striated, peculiarly corrugated at the
suture ; under a strong lens seen to be spirally, very finely lineolate
with short impressed lines ; whitish or greenish-white, ornamented
with narrow brown bands above the middle ; spire nearly flat, the
apex small, horny, but slightly projecting ; whorls 6, a little convex,
separated by a impressed suture, the upper slowly and regularly
increasing, the last whorl large, dilated, compressed, rotund or very
obsoletely subangulate ; base somewhat flattened, subangulate
around the umbilicus, vertically passing into it ; shortly deflexed in
front ; aperture very oblique, ovate, rotund, little lunate, brownish
within, showing the bands ; peristome shortly reflected, white lipped,
the margins converging, joined by a very thin callus ; columellar
margin slightly dilated at the insertion. (JTo&.)

Alt. 10, greater diam. 23, lesser 20 mill.

Province of Verona, on Monte Zevola and Monte ire Croei, 2,000
meters alt.

228 HELIX-CAMPYLjEA.

H. nicolisiana AD., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. 1885, p. 114. — Kobelt,
Rossm. Icon. n. f. v, p. 78, f. 886.

Stands in the same relation to H. hermesiana that H. preslii does
to cingulata Stud. It much resembles H. preslii.
H. FOETENS (Vol. IV, p. 93), var. MILLIERI Bourguignat. PI.
25, figs. 20, 21, 22.

Shell much depressed, umbilicated, the umbilicus deep and
rather open, its width contained 6£-7 times in the shell's diameter.
Thin. Surface shining, the growth-lines uneven, rather strong.
Color greenish-corneous, tinged with whitish around the umbilicus
and having a narrow distinct chestnut-brown band above the peri-
phery, margined below by a very indistinct light zone.

Spire very low, nearly flat ; apex rather large, obtuse ; whorls
4f, those of the spire slowly increasing, the last whorl much wider,
double the width of the preceding, descending in front. Aperture
very oblique, transversely oval, but little lunate ; peristome white-
edged inside and out, the upper margin hardly expanded, having a
thin brown lip within, and a brown streak behind it outside ; outer
lip expanded, basal lip narrowly reflexed, white, the white colum-
ellar lip dilated; terminations of lip approaching, joined by an
imperceptible callus.

Alt. 9, diam. 19 mill.

Saint-Martin-de-Lantosque, Maritime Alps, .FVcwce, 4,000-6,000 ft.
alt, under mossy stones in the pine forests (Hedley).

Helix millieri BOURGUIGNAT, Description de quelques especes
nouvelles de mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des environs de
Saint-Martin-de-Lantosque, Alpes-Maritimes, p. 5. (Cannes, 1880).

This species, says Bourguignat, has its analogues in the high AJps
of Lombardy, at Monte Gleno 2,700 meters, Pizzo Tornello, 2,600,
meters, Monte Codena 2,500 meters ; but these are all undescribed.
It resembles H. debettce Adami, but differs in its more open umbilicus,
more angular periphery, more rapidly increasing whorls, more
exactly oblong aperture, the more approaching margins, etc.

Typical specimens from the original locality are before me, col-
lected by Charles Hedley. It is merely a mountain form of H.
foetens, with no differential characters worth mentioning.

H. SUBZONATA Mouss. var. DEPRESSA Bttg. PI. 31, figs. 46, 47.

Differs from the type in the more depressed form, wider umbili-
cus showing all the whorls, the paler color, wide rufous band and

HELIX-CAMPYL^A. 229

persistent hairs over the entire surface ; the suture is narrowly but
distinctly marked with white.

Alt. 14i, greater diam. 27, lesser 22 mill. (Kob. in Rossm., n. f.
v, p. 110, f. 952).

Perithea, northeast Euboea, Greece.

H. CONEMENOSI Boettger. PI. 25, figs. 1, 2, 3 ; pi. 31, figs. 52, 53.

Shell depressed-globose, umbilicated, solid, green-straw-yellow
with a rather narrow chestnut-brown band above the periphery.
Surface obliquely striatulate, and showing under a strong lens,
obsolete, dense, spiral striation. Spire convex. Whorls 5£, the
earlier slowly, the last very rapidly widening, rather inflated,
deeply descending in front. Aperture very oblique, oval ; peristome
white, somewhat thickened within, outer margin expanded, basal
margin reflexed, columellar margin much dilated, partly concealing
the umbilicus, which is about one-eleventh the diameter of the shell.

Alt. 18, diam. 31 mill.

Santameri, Achaia, Greece.

H. conemenosi BTTG., Nachr. D. M. Ges. xvii, p. 120, 1885. —
KOBELT, Rossm. Icon. n. f. v, p. 108, f. 945, 946. — H. conemenosi
var. acarnanica KOB., 1. c. p. 109, f. 947.

Figures 1-3 are drawn from a specimen received from Conemenos.
The species is distinguished by its greenish color, well rounded peri-
phery, and the minutely granulose first (apical) whorl.

Var. ACARNANICA Kobelt. PI. 31, figs. 50, 51.

Shell much smaller than the type, hardly shining, spire higher;
aperture piriform-ovate, the margins much approaching.

Alt. 16, greater diam. 29, lesser 24 mill. ..

jEtoliko, Acarnania.

H. BROEMMEI Kobelt. PL 31, figs. 54, 55, 56, 57.

Shell openly and deeply umbilicate, but the umbilicus partially
covered by the columellar margin ; depressed-globose, nearly circular
in circumference, roughly and irregularly ribbed-striate, and seen
under a strong lens to be finely granulated by short transverse lines ;
little shining, rather solid, horn-brown with a broad light middle
zone bordered on each side with darker, in which runs a sharply
defined chestnut-brown band ; spire convex with small, submamillar
apex ; whorls 6, slightly convex, rather slowly increasing, separated
by a suture at first linear, but becoming more deeply impressed, and

230 HELIX-CAMPYL^EA.

very narrowly margined with white ; last whorl large, nearly equally
rounded above and below, abruptly and strongly deflected in front.
Aperture oblique, broadly round-ovate, moderately lunate ; brown-
ish-white within, showing the band ; peristome roof-like above ;
outer and lower margin reflected ; columellar margin callously thick-
ened, dilated above and vaulted over a part of the umbilicus.
(Kob.). Alt. 21 J, greater diam. 33, lesser 28 mill.

Klissura Pass, AJcarnania, Greece.

H. broemmei KOB. in Rossm. Icon. n. f. p. 108, f. 943, 944.

Allied to H. conemenosi.

H. PERITRICHA Boettger. PL 25, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Differs from H. argentellei in being a little higher, the upper
whorls less convex, sutures less impressed, aperture a little wider ;
sculpture wholly different from that of argentellei, consisting of a
broad peripheral band of short, stiff brown hairs, easily rubbed off,
when they leave distinct hair-scars.

Alt. 1SJ-16, diam. 25i-29 mill.

Near Omblo and Kalandritsa, Achaia.

H. argentellei var. peritricha BTTG., Nachr. Bl. D. M. Ges. xvii,
1885, p. 118.— KOBELT, Rossm. Icon. n. f. v, p. 79, f. 889.— H.per-
itricha KOBELT, 1. c., p. 110, f. 948-951.

In Kobelt's last cited publication he says that the study of ample
material has enabled him to separate the small horn-colored
Canpylseas of Middle Greece from the H. argentellei of Southern
Greece and from H. subzonata ; and to establish their claim to
specific rank under the name peritricha, the chief character of which
is the broad equatorial zone of hairs or hair-scars.

H. KRUEPERI Boettger. PL 31, figs. 48, 49.

Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, the umbilicus about one-eighth
the shell's diameter ; subdepressed-globose, rather thin, hardly
translucent, pale olive-yellow with an indistinct chestnut-brown
band which has no accompanying pale band. The entire surface is
rather thickly beset with short, somewhat recurved hairs, of which
there are about nine upon a square millimeter. Spire depressed,
convex, but the apex rather acute ; there are 5 rapidly increasing
whorls, which are convex and separated by an impressed suture ;
the sculpture is a distinct, rather rough striation ; last whorl very
wide, double as wide as the preceding, well rounded below, strongly

HELIX-IBERUS. 231

deflected in front. Aperture oblique, broad, of a somewhat irregu-
larly broad-ovate form; peristome whitish, slightly thickened,
expanded throughout, somewhat reflected above ; upper and outer
margins well rounded ; basal margin rather straightened, reflected,
the margins approaching, connected by a thin callus ; columellar
margin oblique, much dilated, covering one-third of the umbilicus.
(Bttg.). Alt. 17, greater diam. 32, lesser 24 J mill.

Taygetos, Greece.

H. (Campy Icea) kruperi BTTG., Nachr.-Bl. D. M. Ges. 1891, p. 84.
— KOBELT, Rossm. Icon. n. f. v, p. 110, f. 953'.

It is well distinguished from H. comephora Bgt. by the more
rapid increase of the whorls and especially the dilation of the last
whorl ; but as it is founded upon a single individual (the one figured),
and as Mr. Kriiper has since found the true comephora (which
name being etymologically incorrect has been changed to " comytho-
phora " by Boettger) in the same place, it is not unlikely that the
kruperi is merely an abnormal or pathologic phase of Bourguignat's
species. r

H. POUZOLZI Desh. (Vol. IV, p. 87). The group of which this
species is the type has been monographed by M. Bourguignat,
(Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. 1888, p. 203), who recognizes 18 species, most
of which are merely individual variations, but some are local races
or varieties. The following names are adopted : H. dinarica Bgt.
(=pouzolzi Dh. not Payr.), Kuzmici Bgt., pacici Mlldff., pellanica
Bgt., montenegrina Ziegl., serbica Mlldff., adriatica Bgt. bosnica Bgt.
(=bosniensis Kob.), varronis Bgt., tchernagorica Bgt., diocletiana
Bgt., soccaliana Bgt., sabljari Bgt., horatii Bgt., biagioi Bgt., breno-
ica Bgt., daniloi Bgt., cantrainei Bgt. The three names, If. dalm-
atina Parr., gravosaensis Miihlf., ragusana Fer. are mentioned by
Bgt. as applied to species of this group, but not accompanied by
descriptions.

Section IBERUS Montfort (Vol. IV, p. 201.)

H. TALAMONICA Kobelt. PI. 34, figs. 65, 66.

Shell narrowly and nearly covered umbilicate, depressed-globose ;
solid, but not very thick; closely, subregularly ribbed-striate,
smoother beneath ; shining ; buff-white, having four bands, the
three upper interrupted ; spire convex, apex small, white ; whorls
5, convex, regularly increasing, separated by a linear hardly impressed

232 HELIX-IBERUS.

suture ; the last whorl slightly dilated, rotund, slightly flattened
below, deflected in front ; aperture very oblique, almost circular,
little lunate, white within ; pefistome thin, acute, distinctly lipped
with white inside ; margins converging, joined by a scarcely colored
callus ; upper margin straight ; outer and basal margins little
reflected ; the columellar margin dilated and covering the greater
part of the umbilicus, and slightly tinted with rose at the insertion.
(Kob.)

Alt. 10, greater diam. 16*, lesser 14 mill.

Alt. 9£, greater diam. 15, lesser 13 mill.

Rocciedel Telegrafo, summit of Mt. Argentaro.

H. talamonica KOB., Rossm. n. f. v, p. 75, f. 880.

H. CALTABELLOTENSIS Kobdt. PI. 26, figs. 41, 42, 43.

Shell depresed-globular with rather circular circumference, entirely
covered-umbilicate ; the spire slightly conical, the apex small,
smooth, but little projecting. Shell strong, but little shining,
roughly rib-striate, and malleated ; yellowish-white, four-banded, the
upper three bands deep chestnut-brown, interrupted and coalescing
into streaks ; the fourth band upon the under side consisting of square
and arrow-shaped spots; the entire pattern very beautifully distinct.
There are five well-rounded, slowly increasing whorls, which are
separated by a slightly irregularly impressed suture. The last whorl
is somewhat inflated, at the periphery and below convex, suddenly
strongly deflected in front. The aperture is very oblique, lunate-
ovate, and with the exception of the light middle zone deep chestnut-
brown within. The peristome is acute, thin, straight, having a dis-
tinct yellowish-white lip within. The nearly parallel, hardly con-
verging margins are united by a very thin callus. The columellar
margin is arcuate, but the concavity is occupied by a straight com-
pressed fold. The umbilical region is of intense chestnut-brown
color. (Kob.)

Alt. 13, greater diam. 20, lesser 18 mill.

Alt. 12£, greater diam. 17, lesser 15 mill.

Caltabellota, Sicily.

H. ( Iberus ?) caltabellotensis KOB., Rossm. n. f. iv, p. 72, f. 644,
645.

This peculiar form is separated from globularis (which is closely
allied in sculpture) by the circular contour and strong inflation, as
well as the umbilical spot.

HELIX-IBERUS. 233

H. SCABRIUSCULA var. VERRUCOSA Monterosato. PI. 26, figs. 39,

40.

A local form, of which Kobelt's figures are copied.

Near Sciacca, Southern coast of Sicily.

H. (Iberus) verrucosa MONTS. MSS., KOBELT, Rossm. Icon. n. f.
iv, p. 73, f. 647.

H. NADORRICA Westerlund. PI. 26, figs. 28, 29.

Shell depressed-trochoidal or inflated-lenticular ; acutely keeled,
umbilicus wholly concealed ; spire low conical, the apex rather
minute, smooth, somewhat mamillar and projecting; solid; nearly
lusterless, closely ribbed-striate, the ribs occasionally bifurcating, the
interstices malleated ; on the base the sculpture is somewhat vermic-
ulate. Greyish-white with indistinct bands and spots of darker
color appearing in the interstices. Whorls 5, increasing slowly and
regularly, and separated by a linear suture which is somewhat deeply
impressed toward the aperture, and is rendered more prominent by
the projecting keel. The upper whorls are smooth and rounded, the
middle have an acute keel and are impressed above it, the last whorl
is inflated, well rounded above and below, with acute compressed
central keel; more inflated behind the aperture, and at the aperture
somewhat constricted, suddenly and deeply deflected. The aperture
is very oblique, ovate, with a sharp angle outwardly, the peristome
being channelled there ; the throat is chestnut-brown ; peristome
acute, having a yellowish-brown thickening within ; the margins con-
verge slowly and are connected by a thin light brown callus ; the
upper margin is simply arcuate, produced forward ; the basal mar-
gin reflected, arcuately ascending, the concavity occupied by an
acute, compressed, truncated fold ; columellar margin dilated at inser-
tion, appressed, having a chestnut-brown umbilical spot. (JBToft.)

Alt. 12i, diam. 19 mill.

Sciacca and Nadorra, South coast of Sicily.

H. bulowi var. nadorrica WESTERL., Fauna, p. 371. — KOBELT,
Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 73. — H. tumido$a Monts. MSS., KOB., ibid.,
p. 72, f. 646.

Distinguished from H. paciniana by the more convex whorls and
greater smoothness. Westerlund considers it a form of H. buelowi.

Group of H. sultana.

This group of keeled Iberus is closely allied on one side to H. gualte-
riana of Spain, on the other to the extensive group of H. scabriuscula,

234 HELIX-IBERUS.

in Sicily and Sardinia. All are characterized by keeled whorls and
microscopic spiral striae.

The following forms belong to this group : H. sultana Morel.,
H. leaehii Fer., H. quedenfeldti Marts., H. viola Pons. and H. cul-
minicola Kob.

The specimens of H. sultana before me have two narrow, light-
brown bands below, one or none above.

H. CULMINICOLA Kobelt, MSS. PL 28, figs. 95, 96, 97.

Shell partly-covered perforate, depressed, thick lens shaped, very
strongly carinated, rather thin, soiled whitish with very faint traces
of three bands above, one below the keel. Surface coarsely obliquely
wrinkled above and below, the wrinkles occasionally branching ;
and under a strong lens the whole surface is densely spirally striated.

Spire low-conic, apex obtuse. Earliest H whorls smoother,
corneous-brown, forming an embryonal shell 'of 2£ mill, diameter.
Whorls 4-4i, convex below the suture, then concave toward the
peripheral keel, the last whorl wide, convex below, strongly com-
pressed on each side of the prominent carina, rather strongly
deflexed in front.

Aperture very oblique, oval-rhombic, deeply channelled at the
peripheral keel ; peristome thin, white, expanded, becoming reflexed
at the base and columellar margins.

Alt. 10, diam. 20£ mill.

Highest peak of the Angera Mts., between Tangier and Tetuan
(John Ponsouby.)

I am indebted to Mr. John Ponsonby for this hitherto unpublished
species. It agrees with H. sultana Morel, in the partly covered
umbilicus ; thin, adnate parietal callus, and small embryonic shell ;
but it differs in being smaller and far more coarsely wrinkled. It
agrees with H. viola in the wrinkled surface, but differs in the
smaller umbilicus and especially in the much smaller embryonic
shell.

H. VIOLA Ponsonby. PL 26, figs. 50, 51, 52.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed, thick lens-shaped, rather
thin, lusterless, whitish with a faint brown band just above the
carina, a narrower band above it and another below the suture ;
below the cariua there is a faint band. Surface very coarselg rudely
wrinkled above and below, the wrinkles oblique, irregular, sometimes

HELIX-IB ERUS. 235

branching ; and under a strong lens the whole surface is seen to be
densely spirally striated.

Spire low-conic, apex obtuse. Earlier li whorls horny, subcon-
vex; lacking wrinkles, and forming a comparatively large nuclear
shell, about 4 mill. diam. Following whorls wrinkled, rather
rapidly widening, flat ; the last having a strongly compressed periph-
eral carina, swollen below, deeply descending in front. Aperture
very oblique, ovate-rhombic, its contour hardly interrupted by the
parietal wall; lip thin, expanded, continued in a free lamella across
the parietal wall. Alt. 10, diam. 22 mill.

Angera (Andjera) Mis. northern Morocco.

H. viola PONS., in KOB., Nachrichtsbl. D. M. Ges. xxi, p. 12,
1889; Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 74, f. 648.

This species belongs to a small African group which comprises H.
sultana, H. culminicola and H. viola. It is distinguished from the
former two by the wider umbilicus, slightly elevated parietal wall
of the aperture, and especially by the much larger size of the
embryonal shell, the junction of which with the after-growth is
marked in all these forms by a rather sudden but irregular widening
of the whorl. My description is from specimens received from
Ponsonby.

H. QUEDENFELDTI v. Martens. PI. 34, figs. 67-71.

Shell covered imperforate, carinated, globose-lens-shaped, solid
but not thick, sculptured with oblique close riblets parallel with the
aperture, which disappear toward the umbilicus; grayish-brown
having five interrupted subobsolete brown bands ; spire roof-shaped,
apex rather large, smooth. Whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the first
smooth, convex, the following flattened, encircled by a thick, more
or less prominent keel ; last whorl large, angulate, inflated below,
abruptly deeply deflected in front ; the carina disappearing on the
latter part of the body-whorl. Aperture very oblique, subcircular,
little lunate ; peristome shortly expanded, whitish ; margins much
converging, joined by a distinct callus; the upper and outer equally
arched ; basal dilated, appressed. (Kob.~)

Alt. 10, greater diam. 17, lesser 14 mill.

Misselata, Tripoli.

H. quedenfeldti MTS., Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin
1890, p. 79.— KOBELT, Nachr.-Bl. D. M. Ges. 1890, p. 213 ; Rossm.
Icon, v, p. 76, f. 881, 882 ; Nachr.-Bl. 1891, p. 140.

236 HELIX-IBERUS.

This interesting species may belong to the group of H. sultana
Morel., but it differs from the species of that group in the more
inflated form and the presence of five bands, instead of four, the
normal number in Ibcrus. Kobelt, who has studied and figured the
type specimens, believes that it may prove to be a second species of
the group Allognathus.

** *

H. RIDENS Martens. (Vol. IV, p. 210). PI. 26, figs. 25, 26, 27.

H. SARDONIA Martens. (Vol. IV, p. 204). PI. 26, figs. 33, 34, 35,
36, 37.

H. SARDONIA var. DORGALIENSIS Maltzan. PI. 26, fig. 36.

H. BUELOWI Maltzan. (Vol. IV, p. 225). PL 26, figs. 30, 31, 32.

H. SUBURBANA Paulucci. (Vol. IV, p. 217). PL 26, figs. 43, 45,
46. Kobelt (Kossm. Icon, iv, p. 6, 7) holds that this is specific-
ally distinct from cenestinensis.

H. ISAR.E Paulucci. (Vol. IV, p. 215). PL 26, figs. 47, 48, 49.

H. MAGNETTII Cantraine. (Vol. IV, p. 215, 216, pi. 54, figs. 22, 23.)
Kobelt restores this name to the " hospitans Bonelli " of Mme.
Paulucci, which was never described by Bonelli.

H. ROLLEI Maltzan. (Vol. IV, p. 225). PL 34, figs. 72, 73.

H. WEBERI Kobelt. This name is proposed to supercede that of
platycheloides Kob., the latter being preoccupied for a fossil
species.

H. JEGOPINOIDES Maltzan. PL 28, figs. 91-94.

See Vol. IV, p. 232, where this species is described under Levant-
ina. I am indebted to Mr. Ponsonby for specimens of this remark-
able species, which turns out to belong to the genus Zonites. Kobelt
has proposed a sectional name Cretozonites for it; see also
Westerlund, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1892, p. 26.

Section Levantina Kobelt. (Vol. IV, p. 226.)

H. WERNERI Rolle. PL 38, figs. 88, 89, 90.

Shell entirely covered umbilicate, obliquely depressed, globose,
solid, but not thick ; irregularly rudely striated, striae oblique, more
distinct at the suture ; sculptured with short, transverse impressions

HELIX-IBERUS. 237

and irregularly malleated. Buff-whitish, ornamented with five nar-
row, obscure, interrupted bands ; spire depressed -globose, apex
rather large, obtuse, smooth ; whorls 5&, rapidly increasing, the first
two smooth, round, the following convex with distinctly subserrate
carina in the impressed suture, the penultimate whorl convex ; last
whorl inflated, very indistinctly angulate at the periphery, excavated
at the place of the umbilicus, the base rounded ; in front it descends
slightly at first and then is deeply and abruptly deflected. Aperture
very oblique, broadly rotund-ovate, distinctly lunate ; peristome
acute, narrowly reflected outwardly, basal margin distinctly lipped
with white ; margins converging and joined by a callus which is
usually very thin but sometimes thickened and brown tinted, the
basal margin calloused, dilated, at first obliquely ascending and
sometimes obtusely toothed, then directed vertically or toward the
right, and bounded outside by distinct grooves. (_5To&.)

Alt 27?, greater diam. 36, lesser 30 mill.

Adana, Cilicia.

H. (Levantina) werneri Rolle MSS., KOBELT, Nachr. D. M. Ges.
xxi, 1889, p. 138 ; Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 76, f. 653-655.

Belongs to the spiriplana group, but is very distinct in the inflated
form.

H. URMIENSIS Naegele. PI. 28, figs. 85, 86, 87.

Shell covered umbilicate, depressed, solid, rudely and closely
striated, showing under the lens spiral lines on the upper part of the
last whorl toward the aperture, here and there malleated ; having a
satin like lustre ; bluish-white, having very obsolete brown bands
and scattered brownish-black dots; spire little elevated, apex large,
obtuse, bright reddish- corneous ; whorls 4?, separated by a linear
subimpressed suture, slightly convex, hardly carinated ; the last
compressedly rotund, descending in front, and then suddenly much
deflected ; base slightly convex or somewhat flattened ; aperture very
oblique, rounded-ovate, lunate; peristome slightly reflected through-
out, thickened with whitish, somewhat obtuse; the margins converg-
ing, joined by a very thin callus ; basal margin thick, reflected, hav-
ing a tooth-like fold within, broadly dilated at the insertion and
almost closing the umbilicus. (JTofr.)

Alt. 16, greater diam. 30, lesser 25 mill.

Province Urmiah, northern Persia.

H. urmiensis Naegele MSS., KOBELT, Nach. D. M. Ges. xxi, 1889,
p. 139 ; Rossm. Icon. n. f. iv, p. 75, f. 651, 652.

238 HELIX-POM ATIA.

Allied to H. ceratomma Pfr., but having a wider umbilical chink,
the lip-terminations more approaching, joined by a thin (in old
examples a thick) callus ; the spiral sculpture is developed only on
the last whorl above, and is much weaker ; and the aperture is less
oblique.

H. NINIVITA Galland. PI. 34, figs. 55, 56, 57.

Shell broadly umbilicated (the umbilicus much dilated toward the
aperture and elliptical), depressed, slightly convex ; strongly
striated above, finely below ; unicolored whitish or gray-white, with
faint white flecks and two interrupted chestnut-brown bands.
Whorls 5, irregularly increasing, the first two flattened, acutely
keeled at the suture, the following narrowly coiled, somewhat con-
vex, the last whorl very large, rounded, elevated above the penult-
imate in front and then deeply descending. Aperture very oblique,
transversely oval-rotund ; peristome continuous, thick, broadly
expanded and reflexed.

Alt. 10, diam. 39 mill. ( Wester Q

Mossul, Kurdistan.

H. ninivita GALL., Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. 1885, p. 234, t. 7, f. 9-11.—
WESTERL. Fauna, p. 396.

Section POMATIA Beck (Vol. IV, p. 232.)

H. MAZZULOPSIS Ancey, u. sp. PL 46, figs. 41, 42.

Shell globose conoid, higher than broad, imperforate, rather thin ;
whitish-corneous under a very thin (deciduous ?) yellowish cuticle,
with 5 dark brown bands, the 3d and 4th wider; and sculptured with
very unequal, irregularly spaced, opaque white, oblique wrinkles.
Spire conoidal, apex obtuse, the earlier 1£ whorls smooth, corneous,
brown at the sutures; following whorls banded and wrinkled, very
rapidly increasing, the last sloping above, ventricose below, descend-
ing in front. Aperture oblique, ovate, showing the bands within ;
lip simple, thin; columella broadly arcuate.

Alt. 32, diam. 27 mill.; oblique alt. of aperture 25 mill.

Alt. 38, diam. 32 mill. ; oblique alt. of aperture 28 mill.

Jurjura Mts., Algeria.

This species differs markedly from H. mazzulii in the coarse,
unequal, unevenly spaced white wrinkles. It resembles the Sicilian
species in contour. I have been unable to find any description or

HELIX-POMATIA. 239

mention of this form in the literature, but it is an unusually well-
marked species.

H. AMBIGUA Parr. var. ^ETOLICA Kobelt. PL 46, figs. 38, 39.

Differs from the type in being larger, more dilated, the spiral
lines almost completely absent ; bands 5, either all confluent on the
latter part of the whorl, or the upper and lower ones uniting to form
two wide bands. (Kob., in Rossm. Icon. n. f. v, p. 106, f. 936, 937.)

Alt. 41, greater diam. 41, lesser 35 mill.

Alt. 42, greater diam. 45, lesser 37 mill.

Environs of Vrachori, Aetolia, Greece.

The lettering on Kobelt's plate is " H. ambigua var. acarnanica"

H. VALENTINI Kobelt. PL 46, figs. 58, 59.

Shell imperforate, conic-globose, solid, thick, smooth, but showing
close fine spiral lines under the lens, and rather blunt regular lines
of growth ; here and there malleated ; whitish, stained here and
there with reddish-brown, having five reddish subequal bands, the
second and third becoming confluent toward the aperture ; spire
elevated, conical, apex large, white, flattened; whorls 5, convex,
separated by irregularly and slightly impressed suture, regularly and
rather rapidly increasing, the last large, deeply descending in front ;
aperture oblique, lunate, rounded, bluish-white within, showing the
bands ; peristome straight, obtuse, thick ; margined with reddish-
brown within, and then having a thick whitish lip ; margins sub-
parallel, joined by a thin brown callus ; columellar margin thick,
reddish-brown, straightly ascending. (Kob.)

Alt. 46, diam. 44 mill.

Kalymnos, Greece.

H. (PomaiicC) valentini KOB., in Rossm. Icon. n. f. v, p. 27, f. 772.
Allied to H. secernenda Rossm., of Dalraatia.

H. ASEMNIS Bourg. (Vol. IV, p. 245). Var. HOMERICA Martens.

PL 46, fig. 40.

In general characters agreeing with the descriptions and figures
of the type, but thin shelled, somewhat shining, pale reddish-gray,
with two broad, dark red-gray bands (formula 1 23 and 45, as usual
in cincta) ; as high as wide, or higher ; peristome scarcely thick-
ened, the columellar margin pure white, beautifully arched, propor-
tionately narrow, especially the reflection upon the umbilical tract
and parietal wall very thin, hardly noticeable, and without definite

240 HEMETROCHUS.

boundary outwardly. Mouth dark inside. Large examples are
40-41 mill, high and of the same breadth ; other smaller ones com-
paratively higher, alt. 38-39, diam. 33£-37 mill., somewhat duller
and darker, the dilation of the columella rather stronger. (Mts.,
Archiv. fur Naturg. 1889, p. 195, t. 11, f. 4.)

Islands Chios and Syme, Ionian Archipelago.
H. (POMATIA) BEILANICA (Desch. in sc.) Westerl. Unfigured.
Verh. k.-k. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xlii, p. 34. Syria, near Beilan.

Section MACULARIA Alb. (Vol. IV, p. 128).

H. INTUSPLICATA Pfr. (Vol. IV, p. 144). PI. 31, figs. 58, 59, 60.
Additional figures of this species are here given, showing its wide
range of variation in size and color-pattern.

Unfigured Macularice.

H. leucochila Westerlund, Nachr.-Bl. D. M. Ges. 1892, p. 191,
Seville, Spain. Nearest to H. asteia Bgt.

Genus HEMITROCHUS Swains. (Vol. V, p. 24.)

H. STREATORI Pilsbry.* Vol. IX, PL 36, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Shell imperforate, depressed, thin but rather strong, resembling
in contour Hemitrochus amplecta Gundlach of Cuba. It is white,
with dark purplish- brown apex and a narrow, continuous, well-defined
supraperipheral band of the same color. Above this band there are
two lighter, interrupted subobsolete bands (sometimes confluent into
one) ; on the base there is a zone composed of several interrupted
lines or narrow bands, close together or confluent, broken into
blotches, fading into the ground-color on the edges, with a tendency
to form short streaks in the direction of the growth lines. Surface
hining, finely obliquely striate, except the smooth 1£ apical whorls.
The spire is low-conoidal ; apex blunt ; sutures evenly, moderately
impressed; whorls 4j, slightly convex, the last depressed, deflexed
toward the aperture. Aperture very oblique, transversely oval,
obliquely truncated by the parietal wall, distinctly showing a band
within ; peristome thickened inside, upper margin simple, outer a
little expanded, basal narrowly reflexed, brown, appressed over and
closing the narrow axial perforation.

Alt. 7, greater diam. 12, lesser diam. 10 mill.

Cayman Island.

Helix (Hemitrochus') streatori PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1889,
p. 413, t. 12, f. 1.

HEMITROCHUS. 241

H. streatori belongs evidently to the section Hemitrochus; and
like the other species of that division the axis is perforated in young
shells. There is a general resemblance in form and color-pattern to
H. amplecta but that shell and its allies are umbilicate. Its affinity
is greatest with H. caymanensis, and with Tryon's H. guassoini,
described from the tiny islet of Navassa, but the slreatori is more
depressed than guassoini, with more oblique aperture, fewer more
rapidly enlarging whorls, etc. H. streatori differs from caymanensis
in the dark apex and lip, and the continuous supraperipheral band,
etc. These shells, guassoini, streatori and caymanensis should be
inserted in my monograph of Hemitrochus in the Manual of Con-
chology immediately following the group of amplecta, rufoapicata and
graminicola (p. 37). It may be noted that with the exception of the
last-named form, these three are the only species of Hemitrochus
ranging south of Cuba.

H. CAYMANENSIS Maynard, n. sp. PL 56, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Shell imperforate, depressed, with low-conoidal spire. Surface
shining, sculptured with fine growth-lines, which generally show a
tendency to form spaced costulse; pale buff-white, h a vingfour spiral
bands composed of oblique rhombic spots, two bands above, one at the
periphery and one broader band on the base.

The spire is low but conoidal, apex obtuse, whitish or light brown ;
whorls 4J-4I , convex, the last rounded at the periphery, rather flat-
tened beneath, rather deeply and suddenly deflexed in front.

Aperture quite oblique, truncate-oval, white and showing the
bands within ; peristome very little expanded, acute, spotted by the
terminations of the bands ; strengthened by a narrow rib or lip
within ; columellar margin sloping, nearly straight, closely reflexed
and adnate at the axis ; termination of the peristome remote.

Alt. 8|, greater diam. 12£, lesser 11 mill.

Alt. 8?, greater diam. 11, lesser 9J mill.

Little Cayman Island.

This species is closely allied to H. streatori Pils., and may prove to
be a variety of that species ; but it differs in the less reflexed basal
lip, the light-colored apex and peristome, and the spotted bands.

H. MAYNARDI Pilsbry. PL 56, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Shell nearly-covered umbilicate, depressed, rather thin. Spire
slightly convex, apex obtuse. Surface sculptured with prominent
thread-like striae in the direction of growth lines ; pale fleshy brown,
16

242 HEMITROCHUS.

having a supraperipheral chestnut zone and numerous bands of a
lighter brown both above and below, all bands sometimes lacking.
Whorls 4£, convex, the first smooth ; sutures impressed; last whorl
rounded at the periphery, deeply descending in front. Aperture
transversely oval, oblique; outer lip slightly expanded, slightly
thickened within ; baso-columellar lip reflexed, nearly straight, the
columella thickened by a strong callus within, which is more or less
truncated below.

Alt. 7£, greater diam. 12f, lesser 11 mill.

Bahamas.

H. (Plagioptycha} maynardi PILS., Nautilus, Nov., 1891, p. 83;
Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1891, p. 456.

This is one of those species lying somewhat between Plagioptycha
and Hemitrochus. It resembles the form described by me as H.
brownii in the surface-sculpture, which is decidedly coarse, as
in H. albersi. The brown bands of the surface are visible on the
face of the thickened and slightly expanded lip, but they are some-
times absent.

H. XANTHOPHAES Pilsbry. PL 57, figs. 20, 21, 22.

Shell small, subglobose, solid, narrowly rimate. Spire low-conoid,
the apex obtuse. Surface shining, having irregular growth-lines
more conspicuous just below the suture. Streaked with reddish-
chestnut on a pale isabelline ground, having an inconspicuous paler
line at the periphery and a dark band just above it, the latter some-
times obsolete. Whorls 4, separated by slightly impressed sutures,
the last whorl very obtusely subangular at the periphery, slightly
descending in front.

Aperture half-round, oblique ; peristome not in the least reflected,
thickened and pinkish within, showing the band when present.
Columella steeply sloping, straight, forming an obtuse angle with the
basal margin ; its upper two-thirds flatly reflexed to form a triangular
plate nearly concealing the umbilicus.

Alt. 61, greater diam. 8, lesser 7i mill.

Alt. 10, greater diam. 11 £ mill.

Inagua, Bahamas.

Helix (Hemitrochus) xanthophaes PILSBRY, Nautilus, Nov. 1891,
p. 83 ; Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1891, p. 456.

This is the smallest species yet known of the Hemitrochus group
of Helices. It has the same general coloring as the var. of -HT. vari-

COCHLOSTYLA. 243

cms figured by Dr. A. Binney in Terr. Moll. Ill, p. xlvi, lowest fig.,
but the streaks are of a rich reddish-chestnut. It is also, in coloring,
very similar to the form of H. milleri which I have figured on pi.
32, fig. 40 of the Manual of Conchology (2), vol. V. From this
species, which is its nearest ally, the H. xanthophaes is distinguished
by its smaller size, smoother surface, more flatly and angularly
reflexed columella, etc.

The typical coloration is described above, but additional examples
show much variation. Some are a delicate pink-white with a white or
dark peripheral band, or both, as described above, the apical whorls
purple or red-brown. The peculiar form of the columella is con-
stant, as is also the extremely narrow umbilical fissure, which is
practically the same at all stages of growth.

Genus COCHLOSTYLA (Fer.) Semper. (Vol. VII, p. 92.)

The number of sections recognized in Vol. VII, although already
large, should probably be increased by two : Crystallopsis Ancey,
including the Papuan and Solomon Island forms hitherto referred
to Corasia, and Papiistyla for the species translucida Q. & G.,
papuensis Hedley, hindei Cox and heimburgi Branc.

Section CRYSTALLOPSIS Ancey.

The axis is perforated, at least in the typical forms, although
often covered in the adult; and the jaw (of C. conformis) is smooth,
although the rest of the anatomy is like Cochlostyla. This difference
in the jaw is quite insufficient to cause us to remove the section from
Cochlostyla; for cases of odontognathous Helices becoming oxygna-
thous by degeneration of the ribs of the jaw are common. This
modification is usually not accompanied by any important changes
in other organs, and in many groups is of barely specific value.
For the present, this section may include groups 1 and 2 of my
arrangement of Corasia in Vol. VII, p. 105.

Vol. VII, page 106. For allisteri, read allasteri.

C. WOODFORDI Sowerby. PL 57, fig. 14.

Shell imperforate, subconvex, thin, pellucid, buff-white, irreg-
ularly malleated, obliquely striated, spire short conical, rather
obtuse. Whorls 4, rapidly increasing, slightly convex, the last
inflated, acutely carinated at the periphery, with an opaque white
line at the carina. Aperture large, oblique ; peristome reflexed, red.
(Sowb.~) Guadalcanar, Solomon Is.

Helix (Corasia) woodfordi SOWB., P. Z. S. 1889, p. 578, t. 56, f. 6.(

244 COCHLOSTYLA.

A small, delicate species, having a prominent white keel and a
thin pink lip. Specimens were collected by Mr. Woodford, and are
now in the British Museum.

C. AGGIEI Heimburg. PI. 57, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Shell almost covered rimate-perforate, depressed-globose, thin,
pellucid, obliquely closely plicatulate, decussated by fine spiral lines.
Almost colorless, begirt with numerous milk white bands, sometimes
splitting. Apex obtuse ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, convex, the
last large, not descending in front, inflated below, carinated at the
periphery. Aperture large, lunate-ovate, three-fourths the height
of the shell, oblique ; peristome broadly reflexed, columellar margin
much dilated, covering and almost closing the narrow umbilicus.

Greater diam. 27, lesser 19 mill. ; aperture oblique alt., including
peristome 17, width 18 mill. (Heimb.)

Solomon Is.

Helix aggiei v. HEIMB., Nachr. Bl. 1890, p. 191 ; Malak. Bl. (n.
F.) xi, p. 158.

This form should possibly be considered a variety of C. allasteri
Cox, from which it differs in the narrower umbilicus and apparently
in the somewhat stronger sculpture.

C. TENIMBERICA Mollendorff. For figs, see Vol. IX.

Shell imperforate, subdepressed-globose, thin, diaphanous, shining,
minutely, closely and distinctly plicate-striate, decussated with spiral
impressed lines, more distinct below the carina; malleated, buff-
whitish ; spire subhemispherical, the apex nearly flat. Whorls 3*-
4, rapidly increasing, separated by a subappressed, margined suture,
slightly convex, the last whorl obtusely carinated at the periphery,
somewhat excavated below the carina, much inflated beneath, sub-
compressed and a little gibbous around the columellar. Aperture
very oblique, broad ax-shaped, the peristome very narrowly expanded
above, thin, acute, a little expanded below and somewhat labiate;
columella compressed, subexcavated, straightened, forming an
indistinct angle where it joins the basal lip.

Alt. 16*, diam. 23* mill; aperture width 15, length 14, alt. 12*
mill. (Mlldff.)

Tenimber Is.

Cochlostyla (Corasia) tenimberica MLLDFF., Nachr.-Bl. D. M. Ges.
1892, p. 97, t. 1, f. 2.

122. After C. (eruginosa, read PI. 26, fig. 4.

COCHLOSTYLA. 245

Unfigured species.

Cochlostyla (Corasia) saranganica MLLDFF., Nachr.-Bl. 1890,
p. 204. (=C. indusiata HID., J. de C. 1887, p. 137, not Pfr.)
Island Sarangani, off Southern Luzon.

Cochlostyla ( Orthostylus) amalice MLLDFF., Nachr.-Bl. 1890, p. 206,
Albay, Luzon.

Section CALOCOCHLEA Hartm. (Vol. VII, p. 129.)

Vol. VII, page 139. C. PERAFFINIS. Dr. O. v. Mollendorff
writes me that this is merely a form of polillensis.

C. SEMIRUFA Albers. Unfigured.

Shell imperforate, conoid-globose, rather thick, obliquely striated ;
yellowish-white, encircled at suture and periphery with a narrow
reddish band, ornamented beneath with a wide rufous band and col-
umellar area. Whorls 4?, nearly flat, the last obtusely angularly ;
spire conoid, apex obtuse, dull roseate. Columella very oblique,
widely expanded, white. Aperture lunate-rounded ; peristome
expanded, slightly reflexed, brown.

Alt. 25, greater diam. 40, lesser 34 mill. (Alb. from specimen in
Berlin Mus.)

Feejee Is. f

Helix (Callicochlias) semirufa ALB., Die Hel., p. 106.

C. LUENGOI Hidalgo. Vol. VII, pi. 61, fig. 21.

Imperforate, subglobose, thin, subpellucid, little shining, sculptured
with very delicate growth-lines. Uniform pale tawny covered with
a dull buff cuticle. Spire moderate, apex rather obtuse, suture simple.
Whorls 4J, convex, the last scarcely descending in front, slightly
exceeding one-half the total length. Aperture rounded-subquadrate,
columella whitish, suboblique, deeply twisted below ; peristome
expanded, regularly arcuate, whitish within, forming somewhat of an
angle where it joins the columella.

Alt. 40, greater diam. 43, lesser 40 mill. (Hid.)

Philippines.

C. luengoi HID., Journ. de Conch. 1888, p. 311 ; I. c. 1889, t. 14,
f.3.

The sculpture consists of growth-striae very closely placed, with
oblique stride between them, crossed by very fine transverse striae.
This sculpture is visible only when strongly magnified, especially on
the upper surface of the last whorl. (Hid.)

246 COCHLOSTYLA.

This species is probably a Calocochlea allied to C. samarensis
Semper.
C. HIDALGOI Mollendorff. (Vol. VII, pi. 54, figs. 41, 42.)

According to v. Mlldff. this is not the samarensis of Semper, but
a new species. It is C. samarensis Hidalgo.

Sibuyan, Philippines.

C. SUPRABADIA Semper. PL 17, figs. 26, 27.

Imperforate, depressed-turbinate, rather solid, striated and brown
above, shining and white beneath. Spire obtuse, buff, apex roseate.
Whorls 5, slowly increasing, the last having a brown girdle at the
periphery. Columella subexcavated, sloping, white, entering ; aper-
ture rotund-lunar, white, black at the edge ; peristome simple,
scarcely reflexed, black. (Semper.}

Alt. 30, greater diam. 36, lesser 30 mill.

Near Satpat (Iraya, Luzon.)

C. (Orthostylus') supra-badia SEMPER, Reisen, p. 201, t. 9, f. 7.

Apparently a very distinct species, but its sectional position is not
clear to me.

Section HELICOSTYLA Fer. (Vol. VII, p. 171.)

Page 178. Lea's name viridostriatus takes precedence over poly-
chroa, having several months priority.

Section ORUSTIA Morch.
C. VERSICOLOR Mollendorff, n. sp.

Shell globose, slightly conoidal, the apex obtuse. Color under
the hydrophanous cuticle whitish or reddish brown, the earlier H-2
whorls purple or purple-brown. Cuticle russet brown with darker
bands at suture and on each side of two conspicuous cream-white
bands which girdle the body-whorl, the upper one ascending the
spire.

Whorls 4J, slightly convex, the last well-rounded, deflexed in
front. Aperture oblique ; lip blunt, a trifle expanded, flesh-colored ;
columella rather wide, pure white.

Alt. 20, diam. 20* mill.

Alt. 17, diam. 18 mill.

Nueva Ecija, Luzon, Philippines.

C. (Orustia') versicolor MLLDFF., ms.

This beautiful species will be illustrated in Vol. IX.

VALLONIA. 247

Section ORTHOSTYLUS Per.

Vol. VIII, p. 34. C. cossmanniana is merely a form of C.
quadrasi, the intergradation being proven by a series of specimens
sent me by v. MollendorfF, who holds the same opinion.

Genus VALLONIA Risso. (Vol. Ill, p. 169.)

NOTE. — The following account of this gen as has been contributed
by DR. V. STERKI of New Philadelphia, Ohio. A more detailed
monograph will be found in the Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila. 1893.

Shell minute (1-8-3*5 greater diam.), openly umbilicated, with
flat or moderately elevated spire, colorless or yellowish to reddish
horn colored, transparent or diaphanous, without bands or markings
of any kind, surface finely striated or with membranous ribs;
whorls 3-4, rounded ; aperture nearly circular or transversely some-
what elongate ; peristome everted or straight, with or without a
whitish lip.

The last whorl, in the majority of the species, descends in front to
the aperture, either as a whole or at the suture only, while the back
of the whorl keeps straight to the very margin. Also in a number
of species the last whorl ascends distinctly before it descends (see
pi. 33, figs. 33, 37). These features, not pointed out in previous
descriptions, are quite marked and characteristic in certain forms.
In size it must be said that the altitude of the whole shell is given.

The soft parts are like those of Helix externally, whitish translu-
cent ; a few pale yellowish spots in the mantle, near its edge, is all the
pigment seen. The pedal disc is comparatively small, about as long
as the diameter of the shell ; eye peduncles slender, tentacles short
but distinct. Jaw rather stout, rather short, arcuate, ends attenu-
ated, rounded or truncate, with irregular sharp rib-like strise, dentic-
ulating the cutting edge, which, in some forms, shows a slight, wide,
median projection. On the back of the jaw, about the middle,
there is a strong transverse lamella which passes into the tenaculum
membrane. Radula with 65-85 transverse rows of 23-35 teeth ; the
median narrow, its reflection having three very small cusps ; laterals
5-6, or fewer, with a rather strong mesodont and a short ectodont
becoming two-pointed in the outer ones. Marginals wide, short,
pectinate rather than serrate, as their 5-7 cusps are long and slender
like the teeth of a comb ; the one or two outer teeth have hardly any
perceptible cusps.

248 VALLONIA.

Vallonia is widely distributed over the northern part of the old
and new continents, extending to northern Africa, the Atlantic
islands, Indo-China, and the southern United States. It has been
found in Australia and Mauritius, undoubtedly introduced, as it prob-
ably is or will be in other suitable localities. Geologically it is an
old form of Helicidse. It is a common fossil iu the Loess of Europe
and North America, and in Europe has been found in lower Eocene
strata and many subsequent deposits. In this antiquity of the genus,
we find the key to its wide geographic distribution.

These small snails live in moss and among dead leaves, under
decaying wood and stones and are very sensitive to light. By heavy
rains the dead shells are washed down and are sometimes found in
immense numbers in fine drift material along streams and rivers.

In characters of the shell and the soft parts, Vallonia is a well
defined genus. The features are very uniform, and the comparatively
large number of species now known require close attention to distin-
guish them. A few certainly will need revision, but most of them
appear to be valid. A single species, the F pulchella of Miiller,
has been recognized generally for almost a century ; and F costata
having been regarded as a ribbed variety, it is evident that all the
older reports as to geographical distribution must be received with
reserve, as necessarily quite a number of different forms were com-
prised under one or two names by the older authors, and by some
even up to the present day.

(1) Group of F. pulchella.

Aperture crescentic, forming about five-sixths of a circle ; surface
very finely striated.

V. PULCHELLA Miiller. PI. 32, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Moderately umbilicated, more widely for the last half whorl ; con-
vex or depressed conic above ; straw colored, transparent, with fine
and dense strive which are more regular at the suture and umbilicus ;
smooth at the nucleus; whorls 3i-4, rather rapidly increasing, with
a moderately deep suture, the last comparatively large, well rounded,
little expanded toward the aperture, not descending in front, or
slightly so at the suture. Aperture moderately oblique and inclined,
forming five-sixths of a circle ; peristome abruptly everted, with a
strong white lip, thinner at either end.

Alt. 1-2, greater diam. 2'4, lesser 2*0 mill.

VALLONIA. 249

Circumboreal . Europe, eastern and northern Asia, northern Africa,
the Azores and Madeira, greater part of North America ; also Australia
and Mauritius (introduced) (? Pacific slope, and eastern Asia.)

Hel. pulchella MULL., Verm. Hist. II, 1774, p. 30, and of authors!
— Hel. paludosa DA COSTA, 1780. — Hel. crystallina DILLW., 1817. —
Hel. pulchella var. Icevigata MOQ.-TAND., 1855. — Hel. minuta SAY,
Journ.Acad.Phila.,1817, p. 123, and Nicholson's Enc. Ed. 3, 1819.
— Vallonia minuta MORSE, Pulmonif. Me., 1864, p. 21 (? part). —
TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch. Ill, 1867, p. 36 (?) — Vallonia pulchella
W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll. V, p. 344; Man Am. Land Shells,
1885, p. 77.

The last whorl is slightly ascending or descending in front, in a
good part of the specimens. Sometimes the shell is whitish, milky-
opaque, in living examples ; this seems to be a local variation, as all
the specimens in certain places show this peculiarity. The size of
the shell varies from 2*1 to 2*7 greater diam., 2'4 being the average.

Jaw rather strongly curved, with obtuse ends ; no median projec-
tion on the cutting edge, which is denticulated corresponding to the
10-20 rather sharp, longitudinal ribs, quite irregular in size, course,
and distribution, but wanting at the side ends of the jaw. The
radula has 65-68 transverse rows of 27 teeth ; of the five laterals
the fifth has a small plate and the ectodont double pointed.

For the question concerning the identity of V. minuta Say, see
under V. excentrica.

Var. ENNIENSIS Gredler.

A form with strong, rib-like striae, but without membranous ribs,
the other characters as in the type. ( Gredler, Tirol's Conchylien,
1856.)

Neumarkt Hall and Botzen in Tirol ; Grasse, France.

Var. PERSICA Rosen.

Differs from the type in having the last whorl descending to the
aperture ; the latter with widely expanded, flat [piano] peristome.
(Rosen, Nachr. Bl. D. Mal.Ges. 1892, p. 123.)

Schamhala, Prov. Chorassan, Persia.

This may be a form distinct from pulchella.

V. EXCENTRICA Sterki, n. sp. PI. 32, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9.

Moderately umbilicated, the umbilicus elongate, rapidly widening
for the last i whorl; slightly convex above ; pale horn colored, trans-

250 VALLONIA.

parent or slightly opaque, with a somewhat fatty gloss, smooth or
very finely and irregularly striate, smooth at the nucleus. Whorls
3-3 £, rather rapidly increasing, with a moderately deep suture, the
last comparatively large, well rounded, expanding toward the apert-
ure, not descending in front. Aperture moderately oblique and
inclined, forming five-sixths of a circle, subangular at the base, the
umbilical margin somewhat protracted ; peristome everted only in the
inferior part, with a rather strong white lip, shining through the shell.

Alt. I'l, greater diam. 2'3, lesser 1*8 mill.

Europe and eastern North America; Pyrenees; France; Lyons;
Germany; Metz, Dresden and other places in Saxony; Austro- Hun-
gary ; Brosteni in the Carpathien Mts. ; Jura Mts. near Brugg in Sivit-
zerland ; Washington, D. C. ; Staten Island, N. Y. ; Princeton, N.
J.; New Bedford, Mass.; Saco and other places in Maine; Halifax,
N. S., Quebec, Canada; New Philadelphia, Ohio. Everywhere
together with F pulchella.

Jaw moderately curved with a slight, wide median projection
on the cutting edge ; with rather fine dense, sharp, irregular ribs all
over. Radula with 81-84 transverse rows of 29 teeth ; 5 laterals ;
on the marginals the cusps are standing on a common sole, the inner
directed inward, the whole thus presenting a fan-like appearance.

This shell is characteristic in its oblong outline, the last whorl
expanding at the aperture, the peristome not everted above and
only slightly below ; the comparatively small, little elevated spire,
and the suture which is not as deep as in V. pulchella. It also aver-
ages a little smaller than this.

F. excentrica is variable only within narrow limits ; its size goes
very little above and below the average ; in many examples, or
forms, the outline of shell and umbilicus is less markedly elongate.
Some are also more glossy, transparent and shining than others.
Frequently the last whorl gradually ascends in front, as shown in
fig. 6, a feature often found also in other species, such as in pulchella,
costata and parvula ; and then the suture becomes deeper toward the
aperture. A striking feature in fresh examples, is the white lip
shining through the shell.

It is surprising that this species has been overlooked, or rather
thrown together with V. pulchella, especially in Europe, where it
must be mixed with that species in numberless lots in collections,
and from which it is distinguished at first glance when once known.
In North America evidently Morse (7. c.) paid attention to it,

VALLONIA. 251

describing it under Say's name V. (Hel.^) minuta, as the American
form as distinct from the European one, H. pulchella; but just as
evidently he had the two mixed up before him, and so failed to char-
acterize either of them sufficiently. And moreover, Say's name
minutais out of the question, since he himself declared it a synonym
pulchella.

V. ADELA Westerlund. Unfigured.

Openly umbilicated, depressed trochiform or convex, very indis-
tinctly finely striate or smooth, whitish ; whorls 4-4?, rather convex,
not angular at all at the rather deep suture, rather rapidly increas-
ing, the last comparatively large, rounded, not expanded, not
descending in front ; aperture crescentic-circular, with margins
separate, peristome very narrowly everted or almost straight, and
without a lip.

Alt. 1-5-1-75, greater diam. 2-5-3 mill. ( JF.)

Suabian Alps; fossil in a submarine peat-bog near Ystadin south-
ern Sweden.

Helix adela WEST., Ofversigt af K. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1881, 4, p. 37 ;
Fauna der in der Palsearktischen Fauna Lebenden Binnenconchy-
lien, Berlin, 1889.

" Resembles an immature pulchella, without everted margin."
I have seen no examples of this. The above description is trans-
lated from Westerlund's Fauna. Of two specimens labeled Ystad,
from the author through Mr. Ponsonby, kindly forwarded by Mr.
Pilsbry, one was & pulchella, the other costata, evidently by a mis-
take.

V. DECLIVIS Sterki, n. sp. PI. 32, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13.

Widely and regularly umbilicated, depressed conic, whitish, trans-
lucent; surface with very fine, dense, rather regular striae; nucleus
smooth. Whorls 4, gradually increasing, with a rather deep suture ;
the last well rounded, scarcely predominating, very gradually descend-
ing in its last third to the periphery of the penultimate or rather
below it. Aperture nearly £ crescentic circular, the inferior end of
the margin slightly protracted ; peristome not everted, or very nar-
rowly so at the periphery and base, with a thin but distinct white
lip. Alt. 1-4, greater diam. 2'6, lesser 2-2 mill.

Central Europe; in drift on the Danube river, Bavaria, and Aare
river, Switzerland.

252 VALLONIA.

Var. ALTILIS Sterki. PL 32, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17.

Differs from the type by its somewhat larger size, more elevated
spire, narrower umbilicus, the last whorl descending below the
periphery of the penultimate. The aperture is even less oblique and
inclined, rather higher than wide, and the peristome quite straight
and simple.

Alt. 1'7, greater diam. 2'9, lesser 2'5 mill.

Drift on Main river, Germany, and Aare river, Switzerland.

The few examples of this species extant are, though found in
drift and dead shells, quite fresh ; and it is to be expected that living
ones will be found in the localities given.

(2) Group of V. pollmensis.

Aperture crescentic circular; surface very finely striated, with
more distant, acute, lamelliform, fine ribs.

V. POLLINENSIS Paulucci. Unfigured.

Shell with a rather narrow, funnel shaped umbilicus (the same at
the aperture little and gradually widened), convex, with obtuse
prominent apex, light horn colored, exceedingly finely striate,
adorned with more distant, acute, lamelliform, regular, fine ribs;
whorls 4J, regularly increasing, convex, with impressed suture, the
last gradually [slowly] increasing and not expanded at all at the
aperture, rather constricted, scarcely wider than the penultimate,
slightly and gradually descending above; aperture little oblique,
crescentic -circular, descending [?] ; margin straight, simple ; only
the columellar margin high up somewhat everted.

Alt. 1-5, diam. 2'5 mill. ( Westerl.)

Italy ; Monte Pollina, Prov. Potenza.

Hel. pollinensis PAUL., in WESTERLUND, Fauna, I Suppl., p. 120.

Description translated from Westerlund, I. c. Not seen by me.

(3) Group of V. costata.

Aperture with margins much approximating, nearly circular or
transversely wider, with a more or less strong lip ; surface with dis-
tinct membranous ribs ; nucleus writh fine revolving lines.

V. COSTATA Miiller. PI. 32, figs. 18-22, 27 ; pi. 33, fig. 54.

Moderately umbilicated, more widely so for the last half whorl,
depressed convex above, or nearly flat ; grayish to light or reddish

VALLONIA. 253

horn colored, with rather regularly set membranous ribs and finer
striae between them ; nucleus with fine revolving lines. Whorls 3 £,
slightly flattened above and below the periphery, at the circumfer-
ence somewhat angular, with a deep suture, rather rapidly increas-
ing ; the last whorl expanding to the aperture, shortly and moder-
ately descending in front, more so at the suture than on the back.
Aperture rather oblique and inclined, almost circular, a little flattened
above, ends of margin much approximating, slightly protracted and
auricled, connected by a thin callus ; peristome strongly and abruptly
everted, with a strong white lip.

Alt. 1*1, greater diam. 2'5, lesser 2'1 mill.

Circumboreal ; Europe, eastern and northern Asia to the Amur;
northern Africa ; in North America it has about the same range as
pulchella, but seems to be not so common.

Hel. costata MULLER, Verm. Hist. If, 1774, p. 31, — KOSSM., Icon.
f.439; DUPUY, Hist. 1848, p. 162, t. 7, f. 4.— WESTERLUND, Fauna
I, p. 14, — and of other authors. — Hel. or Vail, pulchella var. costata
of authors. — V. rosalia Risso, 1826.

Jaw rather curved. Radula with 69-72 transverse rows of 27 or
29 teeth ; 5 perfect laterals, on which the cusps are comparatively
small, especially the ectodonts. On the marginals the 6-7 cusps
stand immediately on the plate, not on a common base.

V. costata has, by most authors been regarded as a variety of pul-
chella ; but it is sufficiently different to be distinguished at first sight ;
the less elevated spire, with the deeper suture, the whorls not so well
rounded, the last descending in front, the more oblique and more
circular aperture with approximate margins, characterize quite a
different shell, even if we omit mention of the most conspicuous
feature of fresh specimens, the membranous ribs, which this species
has in common with a number of other forms of this group and the
next. Between each pair of these ribs there are 3 to 6 finer stria? ;
and under the microscope very fine lines are seen, nearly parallel to
the lines of growth at the suture, while on the periphery they are
variously intercrossing as shown in fig. 27. The nucleus, or
embryonal whorls, bear a number of microscopic revolving lines, in
this as well as in the other species of this group.

V. costata is rather variable. The largest measure 2*7, the small-
est 2*1 mill, greater diameter. Always the sutural part of the last
whorl descends more to the aperture than the back or peripheral
part of the whorl, and sometimes the latter keeps exactly in the

254 VALLONIA.

horizontal direction to the very margin of the lip. The number of
ribs was found to be from 23-35 in the type. Some forms differ so
much that they are to be considered varieties :

Var. HELVETICA Sterki, n. v.

Small; glossy, transparent, colorless; shining, without membra-
nous ribs, in their place fine striae being visible, more from their
white color than from being prominent. Umbilicus rather regularly
spiral. Greater diam. 2'2 mill. A very peculiar and beautiful
form.

Jura Mts. near Brugg, Switzerland, and in drift on Aare river, in
company of typical V. costaia.

Var. AMURENSIS Sterki, n. v. PI. 33, figs. 50, 51, 52.

Small ; spire nearly flat ; deep horn colored ; ribs strong and dis-
tant, about 22 on the last whorl, the back of which is very little or
not at all deflected in front. Umbilicus rather regular, wide, per-
spective from the first volutions. Greater diam. 2*2 mill.

Kassakewitsch, on the Amur.
Var. PYRENAICA Sterki, n. v.

Large; umbilicus wide, perspective; whorls 4, more gradually
increasing than in the type, the last less expanding to the aperture ;
ribs small. There is an obtuse angle in the circumference-outline
about one-fifth of a volution behind the aperture.

Greater diam. 2'6-2'8 mill.

Pyrenees (in a lot with typical costata.)

Var. MONTANA Sterki, n. v.

Rather small; rather thick, colorless, translucent, spire more
elevated very low conic ; surface with rather crowded rib-striae, not
membranous. Last whorl gradually ascending to the aperture, then
the suture descending ; lip very thick.

Rocky Mts.

Possibly these varieties will have to be ranged elsewhere when more
and fresh specimens come to hand.

V. PARVULA Sterki, n. sp. PL 32, figs. 23, 24, 25, 26.

Widely umbilicated, quite flat above, or with little prominent apex,
thin, horn colored, with rather fine, dense membranous ribs, and
finer striae between them ; nucleus with microscopic revolving lines.
Whorls a little over 3, slightly flattened above and below the
periphery, with a deep suture, the last comparatively wide, rather

VALLONIA. 255

rapidly expanding to the aperture, descending only at the suture in
front. Aperture very oblique, tangental, and rather inclined,
almost circular, with ends of margins somewhat protracted ; peristome
straight above, abruptly everted below, with a strong, whitish lip.

Alt. 0-8, greater diam. 2'0, lesser 1-6 mill.

Central part of North America; Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas,
Indian Territory.

This species closely resembles in shape F costata, with which it is
found, but it is constantly much smaller, having only half the bulk
of the latter, and differs also in the wider umbilicus, the flat spire,
the last whorl not being decurved at all on its back, but quite
straight to the margin, or quite commonly ascending (like some
specimens of V. excentrica, fig. 6, pi. 32) ; the ribs stand1 more
densely, as a rule, than in F costata. It resembles also F. perspec-
tiva, q. v.

V. TENERA Reinhard. PL 43, figs. 64, 65, 66.

Rather widely and regularly umbilicated, with little elevated spire,
the apex prominent. Light grayish horn colored, translucent ; with
with fine and dense membranous ribs. Whorls rather more than
3?, regularly increasing, a little angular at the periphery, with a
deep suture, the last moderately wide, distinctly flattened above and
sloping outward, somewhat expanding toward the aperture, ascend-
ing and then moderately descending in front, a little more so at the
suture. Aperture very oblique and inclined, transversely elongated,
markedly flattened above, moderately curved below, margins much
approximating, the superior more advancing in front; peristome,
except above, moderately and abruptly everted, with a rather thin,
almost glassy transparent lip.

Alt. *1, greater diam. 2*3, lesser 1*9 mill.

China (Shanghai) and Japan (Kobi, Nippon.)

Hel. tenera REINHARD, Jahrb. D. Mai. Ges. 1877, p. 322, t. xi,
fig. 4.

General aspect of costata, but the last whorl and aperture dis-
tinctly flattened above. The dense fine ribs (38-43 on the last
whorl), the grayish tint, distinguish it sufficiently from that species
and from F parvula.

F pulchellula Heude (Helix pulchellula Hde., Notes sur les
Moll. Terr. Vallee Fl. Bleu, p. 20, t. 13, f. 17) is not superficially
distinct from tenera. Among two different and evidently authentic

256 VALLONIA.

lots from China and Shanghai, China, of 3, and 2 specimens respect-
ively, one of each was the same as the tenera from Japan, while the
others were a trifle smaller, with a narrower umbilicus widened at
the opening, somewhat more elevated spire and of a more yellowish
horn color. The form is represented in pi. 33, fig. 53. It is possible,
consequently, that they represent a var. pulchellula Hde., but for
want of sufficient material, decision is better deferred.

V. GRACILICOSTA Reinhard. PI. 33, figs. 48, 49.

Shell flat, with little prominent apex, widely umbilicated, whitish-
gray in color. Whorls 3£, convex, separated by a deep suture, with
fine but distinct, rather crowded ribs ; the last whorl slightly
angular around the umbilicus, strongly expanding toward the aper-
ture, slightly descending to the same. Aperture moderately oblique,
transversely oval, with strongly everted and broadly white-lipped
peristome ; upper margin but little, lower margin more curved,
almost obtusely angular. Margins at the insertions approximating
and connected by a callus. Alt. ca. *1, greater diam. 2*5, lesser 2'0
mill. (Original description, translated.)

On the Little Missouri river collected by MM. Krause.

F gracilicosta REINH., Sitzungsber. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1883,
p. 42.

I have seen no authentic examples of this species, but think four
specimens from Logan Canyon, Utah, may range under it, and also a
few other examples from Quebec, Canada, which I observed living and
examined jaw and radula. In all of them, and also in the fossils to
be mentioned below, the last whorl ascends slightly and gradually
but distinctly, before it descends to the aperture. They are some-
what larger than given in the description. Greater diam. 2'6-2'8
mill. The ribs of the shell itself are rather strong, sharp and
crowded, (about 55 on the last whorl), but regular, with small, fine
membranous appendages.

The jaw is large, of a pale horn color, thin, with rather crowded;
strong, irregular rib-striae. The radula is also comparatively large,
each transverse row with 33-35 teeth, and 6 laterals, on which the
cusps, and especially the ectodonts are larger than in F costata.
As to the shell, this species stands doubtless near costata; yet it
shows relations to those of the following group, in the formation of
the aperture, the ascending and descending of the last whorl and the
fine, crowded ribs.

VALLONIA. 257

To this species I also refer some quaternary fossils collected by
the Texas Geological Survey, in a Dry Salt Lake near Eddy, South-
ern New Mexico, and two specimens found in Osborn's Julia Canyon,
N. W. Texas, at either place in company with a number of small
land and fresh-water mollusca embedded in a fine quartz sand.

Whether these mollusca, which evidently range under the same
head, are really identical with the V- gracilicosta of Reinhard, I am
unable to decide at present, but from the description, believe so.

V. PATENS Reinhard. Unfigured.

Shell small, flat, with scarcely projecting apex, with very wide
perspective umbilicus ; grayish-white. Whorls 3 J, somewhat
depressed, moderately increasing in width, separated by a deeply
impressed suture, and with distant membranous ribs; the last
scarcely descending toward the aperture. Aperture very oblique,
transversely oval, with everted but scarcely thickened .peristome;
upper margin almost straight, lower margin symmetrically curved,
insertions of the margins approximate. Diam. 2, alt. scarcely 1 mill.

V. patens REINH., Sitzungsber. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1883, p. 43.

This species reminds one of H. costata .as to the ribs, but differs
from it by its smaller size, wider umbilicus and more oblique aper-
ture, with slightly thickened peristome. It has been found, by Dr.
O. v. Moellendorff, on the Powantschan, Prov. Chili, China, in com-
pany of H. tenuilabris A. Br., a species which seems to be widely dis-
tributed in northeastern Asia, while in Central Europe it is only
found fossil in the pleistocene loess. This fact corresponds in an
interesting way with the results of Nehring's investigations upon the
vertebrate fauna of the loess. The original description is translated
above.

(4) Group of V. cyclopliorella Anc.

Aperture with margins approximate, transversely ovoid or pear
shaped, without (or with a thin) lip ; surface densely striate or rib-
bed ; last whorl ascending before descending in front.

V. PERSPECTIVA Sterki, n. sp. PI. 33, figs. 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45

Shell very widely, perspectively umbilicated, fiat or little elevated

above; pale horn color or colorless, thin, translucent, with rather

dense, rather regular, moderately strong membranous ribs, and finer

strise between them ; nucleus without revolving lines (?). Whorls

3i, gradually increasing, a little flattened below the periphery, with

17

258 VALLONIA.

a deep suture ; the last comparatively narrow, little expanding
toward the aperture, descending in front. Aperture very oblique
and inclined, transversely, short ovoid or oblong ; peristome solute,
continuous, shortly everted, except near the suture, without a lip.

Alt. 0'7, greater diara. 2'0, lesser VI mill.

Knoxville, Tennessee; Jackson Co., Alabama; Iowa (drift on
Missouri river.)

Jaw slightly arcuate with fine, irregular ribs slightly denticulat-
ing the cutting edge. Radula with 77 transverse rows of 25 teeth ;
of the 5 laterals the fifth has a small, though distinct, plate and the
ectodont double pointed ; on the sixth, or first marginal, the outer
cusps are only 2-3, comparatively large.

The free, continuous peristome (see fig. 45) is a character distin-
guishing our species from all others known to me. In general the
aperture is not as conspicuously elongated transversely as in other
related forms, and the inner part in some examples is at least as
well rounded as the outer, or even more (fig. 44). There are about
35 ribs on the last whorl, as there are also in F. parvula, which the
present species resembles in size and general appearance ; but the
wider umbilicus, the transversely elongated aperture, continuous
peristome, the absence of a strong lip, and the last whorl descending
in front, are sufficient to distinguish the form under consideration.
From its small size, coloration and the ribs, V. perspectiva forms a
remarkable contrast to the other large species of the group, with
which it is yet connected by the configuration of the apertural parts.
It might just as well be placed in a separate group.

V. TENUILABRIS A. Br. Type unfigured.

Shell with umbilicus open and rapidly widening at the aperture,
depressed convex, with prominent almost papilliform apex, with fine
and acute crowded ribs ; grayish horn colored. Whorls 4-4£, some-
what convex, the last somewhat expanding in front, gradually deeply
descending ; suture rather impressed. Aperture very oblique, little
crescentic, transversely oval-rounded with margins much approx-
imate, peristome everted [widened], thinly lipped, yellowish horn
colored, inferior margin reflected.

Alt. 1-7-2, diam. 3 mill. (Braun.')

Siberia; Jarzowa, Selo, at 60° 10', and Werschininsky, 58° 55';
fossil in southern Germany.

VALLONIA. 259

Hel. tenuilabris WESTERLTJND, Vers. D. Naturf. Main, 1843,
p. 143 ; id. Fauna I, p. 15. — SANDBERGER, Conch, der Vorvelt,
p. 841, t. 36, f. 16.

Var. SAXONIANA Sterki. PI. 33, figs. 30, 31, 32, 33.

I have seen no recent Asiatic specimens of the above. A fossil
form from Krsellwitz near Halle, A. S., Saxony, has been sent out as
tenuilabris, and is represented in figs. 30-33. The specimens are
remarkably well preserved, more or less transparent, with the epi-
conch preserved, and differs in some particulars from the above
description ; umbilicus at first rather narrow, (narrower than
drawn in fig. 31) surface rather finely and densely striate, hardly to
be described as ribbed ; peristome entirely without a lip ; the last
whorl is distinctly ascending before descending in front (figs. 33,
32) ; there is also no trace of a difference in color of the apertural
part and the balance of the shell.

Alt. 1-f, greater diam. 3'l-3'3, lesser 2'4-2'6 mill.

From this, it becomes evident that the two forms are different ;
and the Krsellwitz shell requires a name ; yet for obvious reasons it
is preferable to range it as a variety under V. tenuilabris.

V. CYCLOPHORELLA Ancey, n. sp. PL 33, figs. 34-38 ; pi. 32, fig. 29.

Shell rather widely umbilicated, more widely so for the last half
whorl, depressed convex above, grayish horn colored, translucent,
with small, crowded ribs bearing small membranes; nucleus with
indistinct revolving lines. Whorls 4, gradually increasing, with a
moderately deep suture, the last somewhat widening, distinctly
ascending before descending in front. Aperture very oblique, trans-
versely oval, with margins much approximating ; peristome somewhat
everted at the periphery and below, thin, without a lip.

The ribs are comparatively very fine, about 60 on the last whorl,
and somewhat irregular (fig. 29.)

Rocky Mts.; Colorado, Utah, Washington.

V. cyclophorella ANCEY, MS.

Jaw rather narrow (short), truncated at the ends, with rather
stout, irregular ribs, except near the ends. Kadula with 63 trans-
verse rows of 25 teeth ; 5 laterals ; on the first 2'3 marginals the
mesodont is little longer than the other cusps, on the following teeth
of the same size.

260 VALLONIA.

V. MINONECTON Boettger. PI. 43, figs. 67, 68, 69.

Smaller [than tenuilabris], more depressed, almost regularly, very
finely rib-striate ; whorls only 3, the last, as also the superior margin
of the peristome somewhat angular above; size 2i-2£:H mill.
(Boettger.*)

(Transcaucasia, on the summit of the Agh-dagh in the Kspet-dagh
at 9-10,000'

Hel. adela West. vai. mionecton BOETTGER, Zool. Jahrb. IV,
1889, t. 27, fig. 11.

Westerlund (Fauna, I Suppl., p. 120) refers this form to V. tenui-
labris, as a variety. Boettger evidently later regards it as a distinct
species.

Var. SHAMHALENSIS Rosen.

Differs from the type by the shell being polished, not rib-striate.
(Rosen, Nachr.-Bl. D. Mai. Ges., 1892, p. 123.) 4

Shamhala, Prov. Chorassan, Persia.

I have seen no specimens.

V. LADACENSIS Nevill. PI. 56, figs. 19, 20, 21.

Shell depressed, broadly and perspectively umbilicated so that all
the whorls are visible from below ; densely costulate, the riblets some-
times almost obsolete; thin, gray-white; spire little projecting;
whorls 3£, slightly convex, the last rounded, distinctly descending in
front. Aperture very oblique, transversely piriform, the peristome
expanded, rather thin, margins approximating, the upper moder-
ately, lower more arcuate.

Alt. 1£, greater diam. 3?, lesser 2* mill.; aperture diam. li
oblique alt. 1 mill. (Martens.)

Central Asia, near Iskardo in Thibet ; northern foot of the Tian-
shan Mts.; Mataian and Leh, Ladalc region.

Helix ( F.) ladacensis NEV., Scient. Res. of the second Yarkand
Miss., Moll., p. 4.— MTS., Centralasiat. Moll. 1882, p. 3, t. 3, f. 3.—
WESTERLUND, Fauna I, p. 15.

I have not seen this form.
V. ASIATICA Nevill. Unfigured.

This is probably the variety recorded by von Martens from
Turkestan, measuring 3 mill, in diam., 1 J in height ; it differs from
the typical European form by its larger size and slightly stronger
subangulation at base, near the umbilicus. More than a hundred

SOLAROPSIS-DORCASIA. 261

and fifty specimens were collected by Dr. Stoliczka. all of approx-
imately the same size, at Pasrobat, Sasak Taka and Wakhan ; one
of the specimens from the last locality I have taken as my type of
var. asiatica. (Nevill.*)

Central Asia (Nev.) ; Pyramid Id., Alaska (Krause.)

Hel. ( Vallonia} costata var. asiatica NEV., Sci. Results of the
Second Yarkand Miss., p. 4. — Vallonia ladacensis var. asiatica NEV.
REINHARD, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1883, p. 42.

Not seen by me. It needs revision, as to the identity of the
Central-Asiatic and Alaskan forms, and also as to its specific rela-
tionship with ladacensis, tenera, etc.

Genus SOLAROPSIS Beck.

Helix catenulata ANCEY. Unfigured Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. vii,
p. 151. Cayenne. Belongs to the group of andicola, catenifera, etc.

Genus DORCASIA Gray.

Dorcasia GRAY in PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai., June, 1845, p. 87 ;
Monogr. i, p. 332, type H. alexandri (Gray) Pfr. — Galaxias (pt.)
BECK, Index, p. 42, 1837, (-BT. globulus, rosacea, etc.), preoc.

These South African snails have hitherto been mingled with the
East Asian Eulota or Acusta species, but their affinities are hardly
with that group. The jaw is of the aulacognath type. The genitalia
are unknown, but the digestive tract has been figured in Ber. d.
Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. 1886, pi. 1, f. 2. Boettger has expressed the
opinion that H. alexandri and its allies may prove to be carnivorous
forms allied to Streptaxis (1. c., p. 22.)

D. ALEXANDRI (Gray) Pfr., var. MINOR Bttg. PI. 28, figs. 98,

99, 100.

Shell much smaller than the type ; whorls 4£, instead of 4f ; the
last a little subangulated at the periphery. Alt. 10-11?, diam. 21-
24 mill.; aperture, alt. 10-10£, width 11-12 mill. Ratio of alt. to
diam. 1 : 2,06 (five specimens measured) ; the ratio in the typical
alexandri being 1 : 2,29. (Ber. d. Senck. Naturf. Ges. 1886, p. 22.)

Southern part of the Kalahari Desert.
Var. ROTUNDATA Mousson.

Shell smaller than the type, less depressed ; spire more produced.
Whorls 5, the last rounded, less deviating at the umbilical rimation
than in the type ; rib-strise visible beneath.

262 DORCASIA.

Alt. 15-16, diam. 22-25 mill. (Mouss., in Journ. Conch. 1887,
p. 292.)

Rehoboth, northern Great-Namaland.

D. NAMAQUENSIS Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 28, fig. 1.

Shell slightly umbilicated, globose, the surface very minutely lon-
gitudinally wrinkle-striate, scarcely shining, brownish flesh colored,
thin. Whorls 5, the last inflated, rotund, submalleated at the lip ;
celumella smooth, whitish. Aperture ovate; peristome reflexed,
whitish, the columellar margin callous, subdilated ; umbilicus
covered. Alt. 30, diam. 27 mill. (M. & P.)

Namaqualand, S. Africa.

Helix (Dorcasia) namaquensis M. & P., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6),
viii, p. 237 (Sept., 1891) ; I. c., 1892, t. 4, f. 12.

D. PORPHYROSTOMA Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 28, fig. 3.

Shell covered umbilicate, 'conic- pyramidal, ample, longitudinally
rugose-striate, pale ashy-white, rather solid. Whorls 5, subconvex,
the last rounded. Aperture ovate, purple within ; peristome reflexed,
purple, the columella smooth.

Alt. 43, diam. 38 mill. (M. & P.)

Namaqualand, S. Africa.

Helix (Dorcasia) porphyrostoma M. & P., Ann. Mag. S". H. (6),
viii, p. 238 (Sept., 1891); ix, t. 4, f. 11.

This very fine species is near the well-^nown H. globulus
Mull., from which, however, and all near allies, it differs in the conic-
ally pyramidal shape, the whorls being gradually attenuate toward
the apex. There is no sign of malleation, so conspicuous a feature
in H. globulus and rosacea in all their forms ; and, lastly, the outer
lip is more simple, being not so conspicuously reflected, nor is the
deposit of purple enamel both on the outer and columellar lips so
rich in either substance or color. Two specimens, both precisely
similar. There are also unnamed examples in the National Collec-
tion. (M. <fcP.)

D. GYPSINA Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 28, fig. 2.

Shell covered umbilicate, globulose-conic, thick, longitudinally
rugose-striate, chalky-whitish, little shining. Whorls 5, the last
whorl compactly rounded. Aperture depressed-oval, whitish within ;
peristome reflexed, white, the columellar margin smooth, white.

Alt. 24, breadth 20 mill. (M. & P.)

Springbok, S. Africa.

CARACOLUS. 263

Helix (Dorcasia) gypsina M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), viii,
p. 238 (Sept., 1891) ; ix, t. 4, f. 10.

We consider this sufficiently to differ from H. namaquensis, the
shell being of decidedly less delicate substance, more compact, and
of a chalky whiteness; the mouth less effuse and distinctly ovate-
depressed at the base. It is also considerably smaller ; nor is the
slight malleation, so noticeable in the last whorl of that species, to be
found in H. gypsina. (M. & P.)

Unfigured species.

HELIX COAGULUM Martens, Sitzungs-Bericht Ges. Naturf. Freunde
zu Berlin, 1889, p. 160. Great Namaland. Near H. globulus.

HELIX CERNUA Martens, /. c., p. 161. Great Namaland. Allied
to lucana, kraussi and alexandri.

Genus CARACOLUS Montfort. (Vol. V, p. 75.)
Section LUCERNA Swains. (Vol. V, p. 97.)

C. SLOANEANA var. VENDRYESI Cockerell. Vol. IX, pi. 25, figs. 6, 7.
Shell more depressed than usual, and distinctly, rather acutely car-
inated. Color dark purple-brown, blackish on the spire, the lip
lighter. Alt. 13, diam. 27 mill.

Montego Say, Jamaica.

Helix (Lucerna) vendryesi CKLL., Journal of the Institute of
Jamaica i, p. 55 (Feb., 1892.)

This form differs from depressed specimens of sloaneana only in
the somewhat more acute carina and the much darker color. My
figures are from one of the original lot, several of which were kindly
sent me by Mr. Cockerell.

Section LABYRINTHUS Beck (Vol. V, p. 159.)
C. SIEVERSI Martens. Vol. IX, pi. 25, figs. 7, 8.

Shell covered perforate, globose-conoid, solid, minutely granulated,
unicolored. Spire wide-conoidal, rather obtuse. Whorls 5, slightly
convex, slowly increasing, the last rounded, deflexed in front, strang-
ulated and scrobiculate. Aperture very oblique, ear-shaped; per-
istome somewhat thickened, reflexed, the margins joined by a distinct
appressed callus ; right margin deeply curved, 2-toothed, basal mar-
gin with two denticles.

264 CARACOLUS.

Alt. 12£, greater diam. 19*, leaser 16£ mill.

Sierra Nevada de S. Marta, New Granada.

Helix sieversi MARTENS, Conchol. Mittheil. iii, p. 7, t. 41, f. 5, 6,
(1889.)

The single specimen before me is much bleached, and shows only
that no strong color-markings were present. The color of fresh
examples is evidently dark violet-brown. It differs from H. isodon,
which also lives in New Granada, in having the umbilicus closed all
but a minute crack, by the thick deposit from the peristome, in the
two pretty equal teeth of the basal margin, and the convex, not car-
inated body-whorl. (Mts.)

C. UNCIGERA Petit, var. CREVEAUXIANA Ancey.

Shell always larger than uncigera (alt. 13, greater diam. 38, lesser
35 mill.), unicolored chestnut, the aperture much more solute;
parietal fold hardly straight, but contorted ; basal hook narrow,
strong ; peristome white, etc. (Anc., Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. viii, p. 152.)

Frontino, Western Columbia.

This is considered a distinct species by Ancey. The specimen
before me measures 34 mill. diam. This is the variety described in
Vol. V, p. 165, and figured by Dohrn in the Conchyl. Cab., pi. 181,
figs. 10, 11, 12.

The following are scarcely more than individual mutations :
conoidea Anc., Like typical uncigera, but spire more elevated, con-
oidal. Anopla Anc., Basal fold obtuse, not hooked, otherwise like
the type.

Section THELIDOMUS Swains.
Page 65, line 15, for "periphery" substitute peristome.

Section PARTHENA Alb.

Page 73. The name " H. cornumilitare " should be dropped, and
H. gigantea substituted. Crosse holds that H. audebardi is a dis-
tinct species from gigantea.

Section CEPOLIS Montf.

Page 95. H. pimesoma is a synonym of H. trizonaloides Brn.
The dimensions of the latter are erroneously stated in my text.

CAM^NA. 265

Genus CAM JEN A (Alb.) Pils. & Mlldff. (Vol. VI, p. 197.)
Camcena PILS., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1892, p. 398.

(Typical group.)

C. PACHYCHILA Smith. PI. 52, figs. 50, 51, 52.

Shell large, umbilicated, thick lens-shaped, solid, carinated at the
periphery. Ground color light yellow, becoming darker and red-
dish-brown on the spire; the last two whorls adorned with many
narrow dark red-brown spiral lines, a more intense line bordering the
keel below.

The surface is densely granulated above and below, and on the
last whorl it is malleated in places. Embryonal whorls 2i, shining,
convex, arcuately plicate-striate ; measuring about one-seventh the
diameter of the mature shell. The junction of embryonal shell with,
the after-growth is distinctly marked ; the latter being sculptured
with microscopic spiral lines and granules, and being flatter, wider,
and on account of the acute carination the suture appears slightly
margined above. Post-embryonic whorls 3, but little convex, sepa-
rated by superficial sutures. The last whorl is acutely carinated,
the carina becoming obsolete on the latter third of the volution, and
not modifying the rounded contour of the outer lip ; base convex,
curving rapidly into the large, cylindrical umbilicus, which is
banded inside.

Aperture oblique, lunate-oval, purplish-white within, and showing
the external color-bands as purple lines which continue to the edge
of the lip. Peristome well expanded above and outwardly, broadly
reflexed below, its face convex ; columellar insertion broadly dilated,
concealing a small part of the umbilicus.

Alt. 30, greatest diam. 55, lesser 44 mill.

Annam.

Helix pachychilus E. A. SMITH, MS.

This species is allied to C. ochthoplax and saturnia, and more to C.
leonhardti. From the former it differs in the distinctly granulated
sculpture and somewhat in the coloration, which resembles C. hai-
nanensis, longsonensis, etc.

C. LONGSONENSIS Morlet. PL 29, figs. 88, 89.

Shell subperforated, discoidal, depressed, thin, covered with a buff
epidermis ; ornamented with growth-striae and rough, oblique, irreg-

266 CAM JENA.

ular, delicate spiral stride. Spire obtuse, whorls 5s, slightly convex,
separated by a linear suture ; the first whorl unicolored huffish, the
last begirt with narrow, unequally spaced brown lines. Last whorl
acutely carinated at the periphery, brown, having about 12 unequally
spaced brown lines. Aperture not descending, rhomboidal, trans-
verse. Coluraella white, the columellar callus almost entirely clos-
ing the umbilicus ; lip reflexed, whitish, angulate.
Alt. 20, greater diam. 40, lesser 33 mill. (Morlet.)

Long-son, Tonquin.

Helix longsonensis MORLET, Journ. Conch. 1891, p. 26; H.
(Hadra) longsonensis MORLET, ibid., p. 244, 248, t. 5, f. 3.

Smaller and thinner than the preceding, and having the umbilicus
almost closed.

(Section Phcenicobius Morch, 1852.)

Phcenicobius MORCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 32 (genus of Pupidse). —
MARTENS, in ALB., Die Hel., p. 177, 1860 (section of Cochlostyla).
— PFR.-CLESS., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 210, 1878 (section of Cochlo-
styla).— MOLLENDORFF, Nachrichtsbl D. M. Ges. 1891, p. 202 (sub-
genus of Camrena.)

Shell like Camsena in the large embryonal portion, consisting of
about 2i whorls ; differing from Camsena in being generally more
elevated, sometimes pupiform, and in having (typically) four dark
spiral bands. Type H. arata Sowb.

To Dr. O. von Mollendorff belongs the credit of first announcing
the fact that this group belongs to.Camafla, instead of to Cochloetyla,
where previous authors had placed it. The fact is, that the species
of this section are very closely allied to the Philippine species traillii,
monochroa, etc., and if the section Phcenicobius be retained, it must
be enlarged to include these forms.

Those who have had occasion to study large series of Oriental
Helices are aware that the system of banding is quite different from
that of the true Helix of Europe. The band-formula originated by
Martens pfoe for the latter is quite inapplicable to the genera Hadra,
Camrcna, etc. The patterns are evidently of independent origin,
having been evolved since the divergence of the principal Helicoid
stocks.

Now in Camcena the bands are as follows: i, sutural ; ii, supra-
peripheral ; iii, infra-peripheral ; iv, umbilical. The bands ii and

CAM^ENA. 267

iii are usually separated by a distinct light peripheral zone, and band
iv is generally bounded by a basal light zone. Band ii is generally
narrow and dark, immediately above the periphery, but it is some-
times widened, and in C. trailli it is split into two. Most species' of
the Philippine Island group of Camcena (including Phcenico bins and
Pseudobba) possess all four bands ; but in some, such as C. mamilla,
the umbilical patch is wanting. In the Indo-Chinese group of
species, bands i and iv are wanting ; band ii only being retained in
hzinaiiensis, illustris, xanthoderma, etc., and band iii in cicatricosa,
pachychila, etc. Besides these, numerous narrow lines are developed
in some species.

The general system of banding in Hadra is similar to that of
Camcena. See Manual, vol. VI, p. 129, 149.

C. ARATA Sowerby. PL 18, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5.

Shell pupiform, elevated, narrowly umbilicated, solid, rich chest-
nut-brown, becoming lighter or yellowish on the spire, but retaining
a brown band above the suture ; the body-whorl generally showing
a light peripheral girdle, with sometimes another around the
umbilicus. Surface sculptured with strong unequal and irregularly
spaced oblique riblets.

Spire convex-conic; whorls 62, the last descending in front.
Aperture oblique, truncate-rounded, pinkish-white within ; peristome
widely expanded, dark chestnut colored. Columella with a white
tract at its insertion.

Alt. 44, diam. 28 mill.

Alt. 30, diam. 24 mill.

TablaSj Philippine Is.

Helix (Helieostyla ^ arata Sows., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 89.— KEEVE,
Conch. Icon., t. 15, f. 59. — Bulimus aratus PFR., Conchyl. Cab. Bui.
p. 204, t. 57, f. 10 ; Monogr. ii, p. 77. — Pupa (Phcenico bins) arata
MORCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 33.

Differs from the closely allied C. brachyodon in the strongly
developed folds of the surface.

Color-var..^m (pi. 18, fig. 5). Shell unicolored light buff; entire
lip pure white.

C. BRACHYODON Sowerby. PI. 18, fig. 1.

Shell globose-turbinate, narrowly umbilicated, solid, dark reddish-
chestnut, fading to brown on the spire, and having a narrow light
peripheral girdle and a wider yellow circum-umbilical band. Sur-

268 OAM^NA.

face irregularly marked with wrinkles of growth. Spire convex-
conoidal, composed of 5?, convex whorls ; the last well rounded,
somewhat descending in front. Aperture obi ique, fleshy-white within ,
the columella white, more or less truncated below ; peristome
dark brown, well expanded in every part, the basal lip bearing an
elongated white denticle in the middle, sometimes obsolete.

Alt. 40, diam. 34 mill.

Alt. 33, diam. 32 mill.

Mindoro, Philippine Is.

Helix (Helicostyla) brachyodon Sows., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 89.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 79. — Bulimus brachyodon PFR., Symb. ii,
p. 43 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 203, t. 57, f. 8, 9 ; Monogr. ii, p. 77.—
DESK, in Fer., Hist., t. 108B, f. 3, 4.

The typical brachyodon is far smoother than C. arata, and is more
globose in contour. The columellar truncation and basal tooth are
also valuable differential characters, when developed.

Var. NAUJANICA Hidalgo. PI. 18, figs. 6, 7.

More elongated than typical brachyodon, darker in color, and
much malleated on the last whorl; lip blackish, toothless; umbilical
patch blackish.

Alt. 44-46, diam. 30-32 mill.

Naujan, Island of Mindoro, Philippines.

Bulimus brachyodon var.? MORCH, Cat. Kierulf, t. 1, f. 4.—
Cochylostyla naujanica HID., Journ. de Conch. 1887, p. 171 ; 1888,
t. 4. f. 1 ; Obras Mai. i, p. 33, 34.— C/. MLLDFF., Nadir. D. M. G.
1888, p. 74.

' C. ADUSTA Sowerby. PI. 18, figs. 8, 9.

Shell cyclindrical, elongated, narrowly umbilicated, solid, smooth.
Tawny-brown, becoming lighter on the spire, but retaining a dark
band above the sutures. Whorls 6£, the last descending in front,
Aperture small, oblique, the peristome widely expanded, reflexed,
dark brown. Columella light, truncated below.
Alt. 40, diam. 22 mill.

Mindoro, Philippines.

Helix (Helicostyla f) adusta SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 89.— REEVE,
Conch. Icon. Helix, t. 19, f. 77. — Bulimus adustus PFR., Conchyl.
Cab., p. 204, t. 57, f. 11.— DESK, in Fer., Hist., t. 108B, f. 13, 14.—
Cochlostyla adusta Auct.

CAM^NA. 269

More elongated and slender than C. brachyodon, and lacking the
basal tooth. Some specimens of C. arata approach adusta in shape,
but they are more coarsely sculptured.

C. OBLONGA Sowerby. PI. 18, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Shell perforated, oblong, subcylindrical, thin, brownish, subrugose.
Spire more or less elongated, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5 £-6,
convex, the last much shorter than the spire. Aperture subvertical,
oblong-oval, livid inside; peristome expanded, subreflexed, the col-
umellar margin broadly dilated, nearly closing the umbilicus.

Alt. 37, diam. 18 mill.; aperture, alt. 13, breadth 8 mill., meas-
ured inside. (Pfr.t from Cumingian specimen.)

Island of Luban, Philippines.

Helix oblonga SOWERBY, P. Z. S. 1841^ p. 40. — REEVE, Conch.
Icon., t. 23, f. 99. — Bulimus oblongus PFR., Symb. ii, p. 119 (not B.
oblongus M tiller). — Bulimus lubanicus PFR., Symb. iii, p. 55 ; Mon-
ogr. ii, p. 78 ; Conchy 1. Cab., Bui., p. Ill, t. 34, f. 9, 10.

Seems to resemble C. adusta closely ; not seen by me. The
locality requires confirmation.

C. OOMORPHA Sowerby. PI. 6, figs. 29, 30.

Shell pupiform, umbilicated, solid. Buff, with two broad reddish-
chestnut bands on the body-whorl, with an umbilical patch of the
same color, and a narrow band bordering the suture below, and
ascending the light colored spire. Whorls 5-5 i, convex, the last
rounded, finely malleated throughout. Aperture slightly oblique,
oval-truncated ; lip reflexed, white.

Alt. 24-26, diam. 18 mill.

Tab las, Philippines.

Helix oomorpha SOWB., P. Z. S. 1840, p. 103. — REEVE, Conch.
Icon., t. 23, f. 98. — Bulimus oomorphus PFR., Symb. ii, p. 119 ; Con-
chyl. Cab., p. 205, t. 57, f. 6, 7 ; Monogr. ii, p. 78.

Smaller than the other species, and egg-shaped.

(Section Pseudobba Mlldff.)

C. TIRMANIANA Ancey. Unfigured.

This is a large form (alt. 29, diam. 44 mill.) closely allied to C.
mamilla. (Obba tirmaniana ANC., Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. vii, p. 146.)

Sangir Is.

270 OBBA-CHLORITIS.

Genus OBBA Beck (Vol. VI, p. 211.)
Obba BECK, Index, as restricted by GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 172.

In vol. VI of this work, the writer adopted the Helix mamilla as
the type of Obba, following von Martens. This was done in igno-
rance of the fact that in 1847 Gray had selected the first species
enumerated by Beck, H. planulata, as the type of the genus. It is
obvious, therefore, that this species must remain the type, notwith-
standing Martens' subsequent selection. The name Obbina Semper
falls as a synonym, together with the undefined and twice pre-
occupied term Gallina Hartm., proposed for H. rota.

The Papuan species oxystoma Smith, bevani Braz., elisus Hedley,
pelechystoma Canefri, carinata Hombr., are intermediate between
Papuina and Obba in shell characters. Until the anatomy is known,
we will not be able to finally classify them generically.

OBBA GALLINULA Pfr. (Vol. VI, p. 219.)

Var. morongensis Mlldif. Shell smaller, more narrowly umbilic-
ated, the whorls more convex ; last whorl swollen below, begirt above
and below the carina with a wider band, the bands regularly lacer-
ated, variegated with yellowish ; rest of the shell unicolored yellow.

Alt. 8*-9, diam. 21-27 mill. (Mild/., Nachr.-Bl. 1889, p. 103.)

Mis. of Morong, Luzon.

Genus CHLORITIS Beck.

Chloritis PILSBRY, Manual vi, p. 242.— MLLDFF., P. Z. S. 1891,
p. 335, 336.

The most useful shell character of this genus is the regular
arrangement of granules or hair-points on the apical whorl, which
is moreover flattened or sunken, the whole spire often being sunken.
This regular arrangement of granules sometimes persists upon the
body-whorl, but its regularity is frequently lost upon the later whorls.
The criterion established by T. Mollendorff (I. c.) cannot therefore be
sustained when large numbers of species are examined. Many
Chloritis have no quincuncial arrangement of granules or hairs on
the body-whorl. Mollendorft's section Pareulota is probably a
synonym of A ustrochloritis ; at all events no diagnostic characters
separating it have been given. The lack of accessory glands upon
the vagina sunder this genus widely from Eulota, which has, more-
over, a smooth apex, even when the adult is hirsute.

CHLORITIS. 271

C. CRASSULA Philippi. PL 51, figs. 31, 32, 33.

Described in vol. Ill, p. 211 as &Dorcasia. Cf. Bttg., Ber. Senck.
Nat. G'es. 1890, p. 145, pi. 5, f. 7, and 1891, p. 244.

HELIX (CHLORITIS) DELPHAX Dohrn, MSS., Kobelt, Nachr.-Bl.
1891, p. 204.

Astrolabe Bay, New Guinea.
Allied to dinodeomorpha and erinaceus.

Section Austrochloritis Pilsbry.

C. PSEUDOPRUNUM Pilsbry. PI. 55, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Umbilicate, globose-depressed, the spire low-conic ; rather thin
but solid; of a uniform light brown tint; surface nearly lusterless
above, somewhat shining below the periphery ; seen under a lens it
shows very minute close granules, which cover every part ; on the
apex and earlier whorls these points are arranged in oblique lines,
but on the last whorl such arrangement is scarcely traceable.

AVhorls 5? ; apex somewhat obtuse, its tip a trifle sunken ; suture
well-impressed. All of the whorls are convex, even the first one ;
the last descends somewhat in front.

Aperture oblique, lunate-oval, livid-flesh tinted within ; entire per-
istome expanded, white, the columellar margin very broadly
expanding, curving around and overhanging half of the umbilicus.

Alt. 21, greater diam. 26, lesser 21 mill.

Northwestern A ustra lia .

This is the H. prunum of Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 68, fig. 353, and
of Australian authors, Cox, (Austr. L. Sh., pi. 4, f. 6), of Brazier and
Tate, but it does not agree with the original H. prunum of Ferussac
in several respects. Of the latter Deshayes says : sa spire, tres
courte, se compose de six tours dont les premiers sont aplatis et con-
joints; les suivants sont mediocrement convexes. And again : Toute
cette coquille est d'un brun marron uniforme.

Ferussac's variety (Hist., pi. 26, f. 9) which is more elevated, and
has an obscure subperipberal band, is certainly a Badistes near H.
dunkiensis, etc., and not a variety of prunum.

The italics in the above quotation are my own. The flattened
inner whorls and chestnut-brown color would indicate that H.
prunum Fer. is a Badistes rather than identical with this Chloritis,
which has convex inner whorls and a light brown color.

Fig. 14 represents a small portion of the last whorl, just below the

272 CHLORITIS.

suture, magnified to the same extent as fig. 12 which represents the
sculpture of H. coxeni Cox. It will readily be seen that the two
are quite distinct.

This form might be referred to H. pelodes Pfr. were it not that
the color and measurements given by Pfeiffer do not correspond with
it, and PfeifFer himself considered pelodes a synonym of prunum
Fer.

The synonymy of the true H. prunum Fer. is correctly given in
Manual vol. VI, p. 135. Pfeiffer's figures of prunum (Conchyl.
Cab.), are copied from Ferussac, as are also Tryon's (Manual vol.
Ill, pi. 50, figs. 25, 26). Fig. 26 represents the " variety " with a
peripheral dark band.

C. COXENI Cox. PL 55, figs. 10, 11, 12.

This species is readily distinguished from the H. prunum of
Australian authors, by the much more separated granules or hair-
points, which are, moreover, obviously arranged in oblique lines, a
disposition not found in H. prunum. The umbilicus is larger and
more expanded in coxeni than in prunum, although the shell is
smaller.

A more minute granulation becomes visible under a strong lens,
covering the surface between the hairs or hair-scars. The figure
represents a small portion of the surface of the last whorl, just below
the suture. I am indebted to Dr. Cox for specimens of this and the
last species.

C. MICHOLITZI Mollendorff.

Shell half-covered umbilicate, depressed-globose, horny-buff
colored; transversely striatulate, having short hairs standing in
regular series, 24 in 1 square millim. Spire little elevated, above
flattened, the apex immersed. Whorls 4, convex, separated by a
rather deep suture, the last whorl inflated, suddenly and shortly
deflexed in front, contracted behind the aperture, almost crested, the
base rather swollen, obtusely angled around the umbilicus. Apert-
ure oblique, broad truncate-oval ; peristome broadly expanded,
slightly reflexed, sublabiate, buff, thecolumellar margin very broad,
white-calloused, forming an indistinct angle with the basal lip.

Alt. 11-5, diam. 18 mill.; aperture, width 12'5, length 10, alt. 6'5
mill. (Mild/.)

Tenimber Is.

Chlorite micholitzi MLLDFF., N. D. M. Ges. 1892, p. 95, t. 1, f. 5.

CHLORITIS. 273

No species closely allied to this remarkable form is known to
me. (Mild/.-)

C. TENUITESTA Mollendorff. PI. 50, figs. 16, 17.

Shell moderately, nearly covered umbilicate, subglobose, buff-
horn colored ; transversely lightly plicate-striatulate, having very
short, crowded hairs standing in regular series, 12-15 in one square
inillim. Spire conoid, apex flat. Whorls 4J, convex, at the suture
rather deeply flattened, the last whorl inflated, a little descending in
front, obtusely angulated around the umbilicus. Aperture rather
oblique, excised-subcircular ; the peristome thin, little expanded,
the upper margin subangular at the upper insertion, then somewhat
straightened; lower margin well arched, the columella strongly
dilated.

Alt. 10, diam. 15 mill.; aperture breadth. 9, length 8, alt. 7 mill.

Tenimber Is.
Chloritis tenuitesta MLLDFF., N. D. M. G. 1892, p. 96, t. 1, f. 8.

Has much the aspect of an Eulota, but the regularly arranged
hairs show it to be a Chloritis, not far removed from the preceding
species. It differs from that in having a half whorl more, in being
thinner, the hairs stand less closely and are much shorter ; the per-
istome is thin, hardly expanded, and near the upper insertion the lip
is visibly angled.

C. rhodochila MLLDFF., Nach.-Bl. D. M. Ges. 1892, p. 95.
Unfigured.

Tenimber Is.
Allied to Chloritis mendax Mts., and C. brevipila Pfr.

Helix inquieta DOHRN, Nachr.-Bl. 1889, p. 60.

Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines.

Near tomentosa, everettii and quieta.

Section Sulcobasis Canefri.

Helix (Sphcerospira} rohdei [!>OHRN, MSS., Kobelt, Nachr.-Bl.

1891, p. 203.

Astrolabe Bay, New Guinea.
Helix (Sphcerospira) lepidophora DOHRN, MSS., Kobelt, I. c.,

p. 204.

Astrolabe Bay. New Guinea.
18

274 CHLORITIS.

Section Trichochloritis Pils.

C. MALAYANA v. Moellendorff. PL 51, figs. 34, 35.

Shell rather widely umbilicated, depressed, thin, having very short
hairs arranged in regular, close lines; rufous-brown. Whorls 5£,
very convex, separated by deeply impressed sutures ; spire nearly
flat, apex but slightly projecting; last whorl large, much inflated,
shortly descending in front, subacutely angular around the umbil-
icus. Aperture not very oblique, rounded-lunar ; the peristome thin,
narrowly expanded, a trifle reflexed, sinuous, roseate.

Alt. 14, greater diam. 23, lesser 18 mill. (Moll.')

Perak.

Helix (Trachid) malayana v. MOLLDFF., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
Iv, p. 303 ; P. Z. S. 1891, p. 335, t. 30, f. 6, 6a.—Planispira brevi-
seta CROSSE, Journ. de Conch. 1876, p. 336, not of Pfr.

Evidently closely allied to H. breviseta Pfr.
C. REMORATRIX Morlet. PI. 52, figs. 47, 48, 49.

Shell broadly and profoundly umbilicated, subdepressed above,
very convex below, rather thin, whitish, covered with a thin and
minutely punctate (hairy?) epidermis; ornamented with very del-
icate growth-striae and several narrow brown spiral lines at irregular
intervals. Spire short; whorls 5$, nearly flat, separated by a
channelled suture ; the last whorl carinated at the periphery, a little
depressed above, begirt by unequal concentric lines beneath. Aper-
ture ovate-subrhomboidal, the margins joined by a thin callus ; col-
uraellar margin short, dilated, the lip white, reflexed. (Mori.)

Alt. 13, greater diam. 24, lesser 20 mill.

Road from Bassac to Siempang, on the left bank of the Mekong,
Laos. (L. Dugast.)

Helix (Chloritis) remoratrix MORL., in Crosse and Fischer's
Journ. de Conch. 1892, p. 317, t. 6, f. 3, 3a-b. (Issued in April,
1893.)

Resembles in form and coloration the H. molliseta Pfr., a specie
belonging to the Papuan fauna.

H. COLLETTI Beddome. PL 51, figs. 36, 37, 38.

Shell openly umbilicate, orbiculate-depressed, rather thin ; spii
nearly flat ; whorls 5, the last obsoletely angulate at the periphery,
not descending, very prominently and coarsely striated obliquely
color light fawn, with a dark band at the periphery ; apertui

CHLORITIS. 275

somewhat oblique, lunately suborbicular ; peristome simple, very
slightly reflexed, margins not joined.

Diameter f inch, height I inch, width of umbilicus 5 mill.
(Bedd).

The Shan States, Upper Burma.

Helix colletti BEDD., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 314, t. 29, f. 7-9.

Examples of these species were collected for Dr. Hungerford by
Mr. Boxall, who accompanied Col. Collett's expedition. It belongs
to the section Planipira Beck, being allied to H. fallaciosa, the
sculpture is very similar to that of H. gobanzi. Type in the
Natural History Museum.

H. SHANICA Beddome. PI. 51, figs. 39, 40, 41.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressedly turbinate, rather solid ;
whorls 5, gradually increasing, rather convex, the last subangulate
at the periphery, slightly descending toward the mouth, all furn-
ished with a fine oblique striation, more prominent on the last
whorl ; color a light fawn, darker at the apex of the shell and near
the mouth, a narrow dark band just above the periphery ; aperture
oblique, rotundately lunar ; peristome slightly reflexed, dark fawn
colored, the margins distinct.

Diameter T\ inch, height f inch. (Bedd.)

The Shan States, Upper Burma.

H. shanicaBEDD., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 314, t. 29, f. 10-12.

Also collected for Dr. Hungerford by Mr. Boxall. Referable to
the section Planispira. Type in the Natural History Museum.
(Bedd.)

C. MEANDER Godwin-Austen. PL 56, figs. 7-8.

Shell dextral, discoid, inflated, deeply and openly umbilicated,
side of umbilication subangular ; sculpture of a rough papery text-
ure ; color dull umber-brown, with a broad white band following
the suture, peristome pinkish ; spire low ; apex flat, slightly ascend-
ing above the body-whorl ; suture rather shallow ; whorls 4,
rounded on the periphery ; aperture widely ovate, perpendicular ;
peristome reflected, slightly sinuate below ; columellar margin sub-
vertical.

Maj. diam. 16'2, min. 13'0; alt. axis 6'0 mill. (G. A.}

Mulu Mountains, Borneo, (Boxall, in coll. Dr. Hungerford.)

Helix (Chlorals') meander G.-A., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 43, t. 2, f. 2, 2a.

276 HADRA.

This is allied to H. quadrivolvis, v. Martens, which has a narrow
colored band and differs in form. I have named it after H. M.
frigate " Meander " which did much good service in Bornean waters
in the early days of Kajah Brookes occupation.

C. PLENA Godwin-Austen. PI. 56, fig. 16.

Shell depressedly globose, openly umbilicated ; umbilical margin
hollow, subangular; sculpture finely granulate, covered with a
strong epidermis ; color pale umber-brown, with a faint indication
of a peripheral band ; spire low ; apex flat, slightly raised above
the body -whorl ; suture shallow ; whorls nearly 5, gradually
increasing; aperture oval, nearly vertical ; peristome milky white,
reflected ; columellar margin suboblique. Size of specimen drawn,
maj. diam. 18'8, min. 15*5, alt. axis 8*5 mill. Largest specimen,
maj. diam. 19'0, min. 16'0 ; alt. axis 8'9 mill. (G.-A.)

Labuan (Sir H. Low, in coll. Dr. Hungerford).

Helix (Chloritis) plena G.-A., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 44, t. 2, f. 8.
There were five examples of this shell in the collection.

Subgenus HADRA Alb. (Vol. VI, p. 125)

The main feature distinguishing Hadra from Chloritis is that the
apex in the former is neither concave, notably flattened nor sculp-
tured by regularly arranged hair-points.

This group seems to be more justly regarded as a subgenus of
Chloritis than as a separate genus. Hedley suggests to me that the
microscopic sculpturing of Hadra is a reminiscence of the hair-
granules of Chloritis.

Section Hadra s. str.

H. BIPARTITA Fer.

Dr. Cox proposes to call the unicolored yellow form of this spe-
cies var. unicolor.

Section Badistes Gould.
(Group of H. bitceniata, Vol. VI, p. 144.)

H. BITCENIATA Cox. For figS. SC6 Vol. IX.

A much more globose form of this species than that already
described is here figured. It has quite the contour of a Xanthome-
Ion.

HADRA. 277

H. FODINALIS Tate. PI. 58, figs. 2, 3, 4.

Shell moderately umbilicated, globosely conic, rather thin and
somewhat glossy ; surface coarsely and closely wrinkled trans-
versely, somewhat closely and finely incised-striate in a spiral
direction.

Whorls four and a half, regularly convex, separated by a linear
suture ; first two and a half whorls almost smooth, but minutely
granulated and obsoletely wrinkled ; the granulations' disappear,
and the wrinkles increase in strength and closeness with the revo-
lutions of the spire.

Last whorl somewhat inflated, slightly descending in front, base
convex to the umbilical margin. Umbilicus moderately wide with
precipitous sides, and toward the inner lip subangulated.

Aperture oblique, subcircular ; peristome subacute, slightly
reflected, margins not joined by a callus. Columella margin dilated
above and slightly extending over the umbilicus.

Color, a pale-brown above, paler beneath, sometimes with a nar-
row reddish-brown infuscation in front of the suture.

Animal : — Foot of a chestnut color with gray rugosities, broad
and short behind ; eye-pedicels of a blackish and tentacles of a
chestnut color ; collar milk-white.

Major and minor diameters, 18 and 15 mill. ; altitude, 14'25
mill. ; height of aperture, 10, length of aperture 9 mill. ; diameters
of umbilicus 3 and 3'5 (vix) mill. (Bednall.)

Affinities and differences : — The nearest ally of this species is H.
nullarborica Tate, from which it differs in the absence of an
impressed suture, finer and closer spiral striae, larger umbilicus, as
well as by coloration and thinness of test ; it is related to If. angas-
iana, Pfeiffer, but has more regularly convex whorls, coarser
growth-lines, less rotund and not so descending aperture, less thick-
ened and reflected peristome. H. bitceniata Cox, is a more distant
alliance, from which it differs mainly by its less elevated spire and
large umbilicus. (Bednall.')

Waukaringa, S. Australia, beneath blocks of stone ; betw. Victoria
Spring and Fraser Range.

Helix (Hadra) fodinalis TATE, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., xvi, p.
63, t. 1, f. lew. (Dec. 1892).

H. EVERARDENSIS Bednall. PL 58, figs. 22, 23, 24.

Shell umbilicated, globosely conical, somewhat thin, translucent,

278

HADRA.

lower whorls closely ribbed by stout irregular and oblique flat-
topped costse, which are coarsest behind the aperture, and gradually
fade away on the upper whorls into fine striae; under the lens
irregularly pitted throughout; epidermis pale yellow, much
abraded, exposing in places the chalky-white of the shell substance ;
encircled immediately above the periphery by a chocolate zone
about a millimeter broad, and beneath the suture, which is
impressed, a slightly narrower band of the same hue, the interven-
ing space being wider than either band, the spire is so coiled that
the suture throughout its extent divides the lower band of the
upper whorl from the upper band of the succeeding one, lip of aper-
ture white; whorls four and a half, gradually increasing, evenly
rounded from the suture to the base, last descending in .an align-
ment with the peripheral band ; aperture very oblique, oval-lunate,
slightly expanded and reflected above, and much so beneath ; col-
umella remarkable for its wide and straight expansion callus, thin,
transparent; umbilicus narrow, deep, and spiral, abrupt at the
margin and steep within, partially overhung by the columella, and
slightly choked by an internal swelling of the termination of the
last whorl. (Bednall.)

Major diameter 13, minor 11 '5, alt. 9'25 mill., height and length
of aperture 6*75 mm. ; diam. of umbilicus 2'5 mm.

Near lllbillee Soakage, Everard Range, at an elevation of 2000
feet. (Bednall.)

Helix (ffadra) everardensis BEDNALL, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr.
xvi, p. 64, t. 1, f. 3a-c (Dec. 1892.)

This species, of which only a single specimen was obtained, is the
smallest member of the subgenus Hadra yet known, and comes very
close to one taken during expedition to Lake Eyre in the years
1874-5, of which there are two examples in the South Australian
Museum Collection.

Mr. Brazier on seeing the shell noted its very close resemblain
to H. australis Menke, but the figure of that species as reprodiK
in Dr. Cox's monograph could not be taken as a guide to its identi-
fication.

H. ELDERI Bednall. PL 58, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell umbilicated, depressedly globose, thin, translucent, coarselj
obliquely striated, more so at the suture ; yellowish-white, and hav-
ing two rufous bands, one, the broader, just above the periphery,

HADRA. 279

and the other at the suture, the suture being wound around the
center of the lower band of the preceding whorl, and the right mar-
gin of the peristome inserted at the lower edge of this band ; spire
elevated, obtuse at the apex. Whorls five, convex, regularly
increasing, the last rounded and inflated at the base in the region
of the lip, descending slightly in front ; aperture oblique, roundly
lunate, margins approximating, peristome thin, broadly reflected,
and very effusely dilated ; columellar margin narrowly expanded
above, and reflected over and partially concealing the umbilicus.
(Bednall.)

Measurements. — Major diam. 17, minor 14, alt. 12 mill. ; height
and length of aperture 10 mill.; diameter of umbilicus 2 mill.

Birksgate Range.

Helix (Hadra) elderi BEDNALL, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. xvi,
p. 66, t. 1, f. 2a-e (shell) ; 4, 5 (jaw and teeth.)

This species is allied in its general characters to many South
Australian congeners, and is also ornamented with the rufous bands
so peculiar to the most of them, but is specially remarkable for the
very effuse dilatation of the outer lip, more particularly so where it
reaches the base of the shell. (Bednall.)

H. OSCARENSIS Cox. PL 58, figs. 25., 26, (x 2).

Shell lenticular; of a dull lustrous opaque cretaceous pale cream
color, except the three apical whorls, which are of a dark yellowish-
brown hue, and this deepening of color in a less degree is manifested
in a few irregular-sized spaces across the whorls (not sufficiently
shown in fig. 25). Whorls six, very gradually increasing in size ;
irregularly, but closely, rather coarsely, transversely arcuately
striate, with lines of growth becoming less distinct on the three api-
cal whorls as they approach the apex ; the whorls are flatly slant-
ing, not so rounded as fig. 25 would lead to suppose, smoother below
the periphery of the last whorl than above ; last whorl sub-acutely
keeled at the periphery, the keel is white and opaque, margining
the periphery of the last whorl before reaching the peristome, caus-
ing it to be rather acutely angled ; immediately below the periphe-
ral carinal edge of the last whorl, the color of the shell is darker
than the rest of the lower half of the whorl. With the mouth away
from one, as shown in fig. 26, the shell is seen to have a deep open
umbilicus, more so than is represented in fig. 26, about one-third of
it being overlapped by an expanded columella ; the peristome is

280 HADRA.

simple, everted and slightly expanded ; aperture roundly lunate,
darker within than at the internal edge ; upper edge of the peris-
tome inserted into the carinal margin of the periphery of the last
whorl ; columella triangularly expanded, white and smooth, no
trace of a callous expansion between the ends of the peristome on
the body whorl. The suture of the whorls is well impressed, mar-
gined above with a faint opaque white line, a continuation of the
carinal margin of the periphery. The apex shows no signs of a
granular sculpture.

Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 14 mill. (Cox.')

The Oscar Ranges, 20 miles from the Barrier Ranges, West Aus-
tralia (Froggatt). Type in the Macleay Museum.

Helix (Hadra) osearensis Cox, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, (2)
vi. p. 565, t. 20, f. 6, 7.

H. DERBYI Cox. PI. 58, figs. 20, 21.

Shell depressedly globose; whorls 5£ to 6, very gradually
increasing, with a moderately large open deep umbilicus, more so
than is represented in fig. 21 ; the periphery of the last whorl is
smoothly rounded to the aperture; color light brown, marbled with
lighter patches, but not regularly across the whorls; surface
strongly but irregularly transversely striated with curved lines of
growth, the convexity of the curves being upward. Apex very
slightly raised ; last whorl deflected at its termination ; the peri-
phery is margined by a narrow pale band, but in no way carinated ;
aperture elongately lunate, the right margin inserted below the
center of the periphery of the preceding whorl, the columellar mar-
gin with a slight expansion at its insertion, the edge of the peris-
tome very slightly everted and thickened. Apical whorl quite
smooth. The base of the shell is convex, more faintly striated than
the upper surface, of a lighter color and not marbled. Whorls
rounded, suture deep and well defined, but not margined.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 6 mill. (Cox.')

The Derby District, Barrier Ranges, Western Australia (Frog-
gatt). Type in Macleay Museum.

Helix (Hadra~) derbyi Cox, 1. c., p. 566, t. 20, f. 4, 5.

( Group of H. grayi Pfr.~)
H. GULOSA Gould. (Vol. VI, p. 131.)

Mr. John Brazier has given the synonymy of this species in full,

HADRA. 281

in the Proc. Linnean Soc. N. S. Wales, (2), vi, p. 321 (May 23,
1892). He includes as synonyms of GULOSA Gld. 1846, the fol-
lowing : H. coriaria Pfr. 1847, H. morosa, Morel. 1853, H. mona-
cha Pfr. 1859, H. mastersi Cox 1864, H. scotti Cox 1864.

To this list I am disposed to add H. lessoni PFR., Symbolse iii, p.
71 (1846) ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 363, pi. .138, f. 9. 10.—? REEVE,
Conch. Icon. f. 754. Not H. lessoni of Cox (Mon. Austr. L. Sh.),
of Pilsbry, (Manual vol. VI) or of authors generally,=if. semini-
gra Morelet. The H. duralensis Cox, is probably a stunted form of
gulosa.

H. JERVISENSIS Q. & G.

H. gulosa intergrades by imperceptible degrees with H. grayi
Pfr. (Manual vi, p. 130), as Dr. Cox has written me, and demon-
strated by a set of shells showing the intermediate stages (no. 62,413
of the Academy collection.)

The synonymy of the grayi type of shells is believed by my friend
Dr. Cox to be as follows ; H.jervisensis Q. & G. 1832, H. gilberti Pfr.
1845, H. grayi Pfr. 1848, H. exocarpi Cox 1868, H. bednalli Braz.
1871. I am in full agreement with this synonymy. Dr. Cox also
suggests that the lighter, thinner forms, corneovirens Pfr. 1851, and
mulgoce Cox 1868, may prove to fall into this series.

It may not be out of place to correct here the references given
under H. grayi Pfr. in the text (p. 130). They should stand as
follows: Helix (GRAY, New Zealand, t. 1, f. 8, 9.)

PFEIFFER, Symbolse ad Historiam Heliceorum, iii, p. 68, (1846). —
Helix grayi PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. i, p. 134 (1848.)

The reference given by Pfeiffer to Gray relates to some unpub-
lished plates sent to him by Gray. These plates have never, I
believe, appeared in print. The name " grayi" dates from 1848.

Section Sphcerospira Morch.

H. BLOMFIELDI Cox. (Vol. VI, p. 154).

Var. warroensis Hedley & Mousson. This is the chestnut colored
form, figured by Tapparone Canefri, Viag. Magenta, t. 2, f. 5.

Warro, Queensland.

H. ROCKHAMPTONENSIS Cox. (Vol. VI. p. 159).

Var. pallida Hedley & Mousson. Bandless, of a tawny-yellow
color. (H. &. M., P. L. S. N. S. W. (2) vi, p. 556).

Itockhampton, Queensland.

282 HADRA.

H. INFORMIS Mousson. (Vol. VI, p. 160). PI. 51, figs. 27, 28.

Two figures are here given, drawn from specimens received from
Dr. J. C. Cox. It is the largest species of Sphcerospira. The sur-
face shows, under a strong lens, a beautiful sculpture of close, fine
wavy wrinkles, having a general direction parallel to the shell's
axis.

One of the specimens figured is from Port Mackay, the other from
Mi. Dvyander, Queensland.

H. RAWNESLEYI Cox. (Vol. VI, p. 165.)

The figures given in Vol. IX are drawn from a specimen
received from Dr. Cox. It is a notably solid shell, with numerous
whorls, somewhat flattened base, dark-edged lip and nearly covered
umbilicus. Under a strong lens the upper surface shows a sculp-
ture of most minute, close wrinkles, generally parallel to the axis,
but criss-cross in places. The specimen is from Mt. Dryander,
Queensland.

H. INCEI Pfr. (p. 167).

As varieties Hedley includes bayensis Braz., lessoni Auct. aitree-
densis, Brazier. (See P. L. S. N. S. W. (2), vi, p. 556). The lat-
ter was collected by Mr. Mousson at Rockhampton.

H. AUREEDENSIS Brazier (p. 169). PL 54, figs. 7, 8, 9.

This hitherto unfigured species is depressed, solid, dark colored
with a few darker bands, a white sutural line and a light yellow,
ill-defined umbilical patch. Aperture livid inside; the slightly
expanded, thin lip is white Qn both face and reverse. Under a lens
the surface shows fine 'spiral strise.

Section Xanthomelon Mts.

H. PERINFLATA Pfr. (Vol. VI, p. 183). PI. 58, fig. 1.

This shell was first obtained by Mr. F. G. Waterhouse in the
MacDonnell Ranges, Central Australia, when accompanying John
Macdougall Stuart in his exploration across the continent, and was
described by Pfeiffer in 1863 from the specimens there procured.
It was the prevailing species collected by Mr. Helms, and speci-
mens were taken from Mount Illbillee on the Everard Range, west-
ward to the Victoria Desert.

Those taken at the commencement of the journey answer most
closely to the description transferred by Dr. Cox to his Monograph

HADRA. 283

of the Land Shells of Australia. A feature of these particular spe-
cimens is that some of them are encircled with a somewhat broad
rufous band just above the periphery, which in very many of the
examples has a tendency to spread toward the suture. In others
again, there is not the slightest semblance of the band of color, and
it is evidently specimens of this type that were submitted to Dr.
Pfeiifer, as he makes no mention of this character. Of a number of
living and mature shells received by me some two years since, some
do and some do not exhibit the band. This species varies a great
deal, not so much in shape as in thickness, and again in coloration.
The typical form is solid, but by far the greater number of the
shells obtained during the expedition are comparatively thin, and
appear to be identical with a race of this species which has extended
southward from the MacDonnell Kanges, and of which we have
examples collected at Wilson and Carrieton. At one locality a
dwarf form was taken very much in size and shape like Helix flin-
dersi Adams and Angas, but without the color-bands of that species.
In coloration the shell varies considerably ; some are a creamy-
white, others have a faint interrupted cloudy-reddish band just
above the periphery ; in others this band becomes a most distinctive
marking, while in very many the band extends from the periphery
to the suture, being darkest in the center. In the dwarf examples
the shells are of a uniform greenish hue, with a shining vitreous
appearance. (Bednall}.

Helix ( Galaxias) perinflata Pfr. BEDNALL, Trans. Roy. Soc. S.
Australia, xvi, pt. 1, p. 63, t. 1, f. 6 (Dec. 1892).

Subgenus RHAGADA Alb.
H. SUPRACOSTULATA Schepman. For figs, see Vol. IX.

Shell globosely depressed, with a covered umbilicus, only percep-
tible as a narrow slit; solid, upper part distinctly plicately ribbed,
base rather smooth ; whitish with a rather broad dark brown band
at the periphery and a narrow one near the sutures, besides a num-
ber of paler bands above and below varying much in the individual ;
apex obtusely convex ; whorls 4J, slightly convex, last whorl
descending abruptly in front. Aperture oblique, rounded ; lip
slightly expanded, thickened, white; columellar margin covering
nearly completely the umbilicus, with a tooth-like projection, outer
margin near the peripheral band with a second very faint tooth,
margins approximating, united by a thin callosity. (Schepm.^)

284 PLANISPIRA.

Diam maj. 14£, min. 12£, alt. 11 mill.
Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, alt. 10 mill.
Diam. maj. 13, min. KH, alt. 9 mill.
Diam. maj. 12, min. 11, alt. 9£ mill.

Ka-Tokawai, East Soemba, and Soemba, without more definite
locality.

Helix supracostulata SCHEPM., Notes from the Leyden Museum,
xiv, p. 150, t. 6, f. 1 (July, 1892).

This species approaches Helix solorensis, but the latter is larger,
more umbilicated, nearly smooth and without teeth in the aperture ;
it resembles very much H. reinga Gray (Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig.
772), but the aperture is rounded and not triangularly lunar. The
sculpture in H. reinga is called obliquely striated, and no mention
is made of a second tooth on the outer lip.

The specimens vary in shape and size and in the number of
the bands, which in some specimens are nearly limited to the
sutural and peripheral ones ; in other specimens the whole shell
is banded. (Schepm.)

Genus PLANISPIRA Beck. (Vol. VI, p. 274.)

It is doubtful whether this group should be separated generic-
ally from Chloritis.

Three sections are distinctly differentiated within the group :
Planispira s. sir., and Cristigibba, defined and limited in the Man-
ual VI, and Trachiopsis (n. sect.), proposed to include the Austra-
lasian species hitherto grouped under Trachia.

Trachiopsis is anatomically unknown. The shell is small and
shaped like Planispira, but has more cylidrincal whorls, covered
with a brownish cuticle, and constricted behind the lip. The aper-
ture is round or angular, oblique, and the lip is, well expanded and
reflexed. As in the typical Planispira, the basal lip has a tendency
to become toothed. Type H. tuckeri Pfr.

Section Planispira s. str.
P. ZONARIA Linn. (Vol. VI, p. 277.)

Boettger recognizes var. lineolata Mts., nitidiuscula Bttg., subvar.
albina Mts., var. jasdolata Less. (+ collis Mouss.). See Ber.
Senck. Ges. 1891, p. 265, 266.

P. HALMAHERICA Strubell, Nachr.-Bl. D. M. Ges. 1892, p. 44.

PLANISPIEA. 285

Halmahera. Unfigured. Near P. zonaria.

P. THETIS Pfr. is reported from Halmahera by Strubell, who
believes it a distinct species from P. exeeptiuncula.

Section Oristigibba Canefri.

To this section belongs H.purpurostoma Le Guillou, described in
the Manual Vol. VI, p. 177. It is evidently closely allied to H.
dominula, deaniana, corniculum and the following.

P. MACGREGORI Hedley. Vol. IX, pi. 12, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Shell umbilicated, discoidal, thin, translucent ; color reddish-
brown above, lighter beneath, peristome bright lilac, interior of
shell subnacreous, iridescent, gleaming bluish-white ; whorls 4£,
rounded, the earlier gradually, the last rapidly increasing, last
descending considerably and gradually at the aperture and furn-
ished with the gibbosity characteristic of the genus; sculpture
oblique, flat-topped, costae whose shallow interstices contain two or
three fine radiating striae, both costae and striae are crossed by
minute spiral grooves ; apical whorl sunken, smooth ; suture deeply
impressed ; aperture diagonal, lunate, peristome widely expanded
above, reflected below, margins approaching, connected by a thin,
transparent callus, columellar margin expanded over a quarter of
the umbilicus ; the latter narrow, deep, showing every revolution of
the spire, margins abruptly rounded.

Diam. maj. 28, min. 21, alt. 12 mill. (Hedley.}

Village of Arpiana, St. Joseph River, New Guinea (Hedley.)

Cristigibba macgregori HEDLEY, P. L. S. N. S. W. (2), vi, p. 82,
t. 10, f. 17-19 (shell) ; ibid. p. 687, t. 38, f. 6 (jaw) and t. 39, f. 12
(dentition).

Dead shells were seen in abundance, animals were purchased
from the natives. Dedicated to Sir William Macgregor, M. D., K.
C. M. G., whose zeal for science has greatly increased the world's
knowledge of the Papuan fauna and flora. Type in Queensland
Museum. (Hedley.')

Section Trachiopsis Pilsbry.
P. DENTONI Ford. PI. 51, figs. 44, 45, 46.

Shell small, depressed, umbilicate, rather thin, shining ; color
corneous-brown, encircled above the periphery by a faint brown zone.
Surface under a lens presenting a roughish appearance, caused by

286 PLANISPIRA.

granules elongated in the direction of lines of growth. Spire
depressed, slightly convex; apex obtuse. Whorls 4, gradually
widening, the last depressed ; deeply and abruptly descending to
the aperture, rounded at the periphery, very strongly constricted
behind the peristome. Aperture very oblique, nearly circular ; lip
narrowly expanded, flattened, white, upper and lower margins con-
tinuous across the parietal wall, the basal margin slightly thickened
within. Umbilicus deep, rather narrow.

Alt. 3, diam. 7 mill.

New Guinea.

This species is allied to H. tuckeri Pfr. but may readily be dis-
tinguished from that species by the continuous peristome, more
oblique aperture and deeper constriction of the whorl behind the

HP.

Helix (Trachia) dentoni FORD, The Nautilus iii, p. 17.
ANCEY, The Conchologist, 1891, p. 31. — Cf. Brazier in Hedley,
P. L. S. N. S. W. (2) vi, p. 82.

Ancey has declared this species to be a synonym of H. cyclostom-
ata, but of course this is a blunder. It is much more likely that
Brazier is correct in saying that the range of variation in H. tuck-
eri will include the denioni; but the considerable number of speci-
mens of tuckeri examined by Mr. Ford and myself show no transi-
tion forms. Brazier and Hedley believe that the specimen is from
Queensland, and got in among Denton's New Guinea shells
accidentally. It was washed out of a large New Guinea Helix by
a son of the lamented Wm. Denton.

P. BAUDINENSIS Smith. PI. 58, figs. 8, 9.

Shell discoidal, broadly, perspectively umbilicated, pale brownish.
Whorls 4, slightly convex, separated by a deep suture, sculptured
with numerous rather thick, oblique, slightly undulating ribs; the
first two whorls smooth ; the last whorl having a long, rather shal-
low depression toward the aperture, above, constricted behind the
lip, and deeply descending. Aperture contracted, auriform ; peris-
tome whitish, slightly expanded and reflexed, having a conspicuous
tubercle inside and a smaller basal one.

Greater diam. 6, lesser 5 mill, (fitoi.)

Baudin Island, N. W. Australia (J. J. Walker.)

Helix ( Gonostoma) baudinensis SM., The Conchologist, ii, p. 97,
figs.

PLANISPIRA. 287

The principal features of this little species are its depressed and
openly umbilicated form, the strong costulations, and the contracted
dentate aperture. The shallow depression upon the upper surface
of the last whorl commences behind the peristome, and running
parallel to but a little distance from the suture, extends about half
way round. The upper margin of the peristome is indented above
the conspicuous tubercle, and, between it and the suture is arched,
but very little expanded. On the contrary, both in front and at
the base, it is more dilated and reflexed. ($ra.)

P. COLLINGII Smith. PI. 58, figs. 10, 11.

Shell orbicular, depressed, broadly umbilicated, brown above,
pallid below, covered with a short-haired epidermis. Whorls 4-5,
rather slowly increasing, slightly convex, separated by a profound
suture, minutely sculptured throughout with delicate and punctate
growth-lines; the last whorl rounded at the periphery, slightly
descending in front, lightly impressed above behind the lip. Aper-
ture nearly horizontal, rounded-triangular ; peristome narrowly
expanded above, the columellar margin broadly reflexed, basal lip
subdentate within.

Alt. 4, greater diam. 10, lesser 8? mill. ($w.)

Baudin Island, N. W. Australia (J. J. Walker.)

Helix ( Gonostoma) eollingii E. A. SMITH, The Conchologist, ii,
p. 98, figs.

Shell flatly discoidal, with the spire only very little raised ab'ove
the body-whorl, rather openly umbilicated, light brown above and
pale beneath. When in fresh condition the surface is covered with
a thin, shortly pilose epidermis. Worn shells exhibit innumerable
minute punctures showing where the short delicate setae have been.
Whorls 4?, regularly and rather slowly increasing, moderately con-
vex, and separated by a deep sutural line ; besides the punctures,
exhibiting fine lines of growth ; last whorl rounded at the peri-
phery, only very feebly deflexed close to the aperture, and exhibit-
ing a slight depression above, about the middle of the upper margin
of the peristome. Aperture somewhat triangular in outline but
with rounded angles, almost horizontal in position ; peristome nar-
rowly reflected above, more broadly expanded along the basal'
margin, especially over the umbilicus. A conspicuous tubercle or
prominence occurs on the inner edge of the basal margin and a less
pronounced one within the upper margin corresponding to the

288 PAPU1NA.

slight depression upon the outer surface of the whorl.

I have much pleasure in naming this very interesting species
after Mr. W. E. Collinge, the energetic editor of this journal. (Sm.)

Genus PAPUINA Martens (Vol. VII, p. 3).

For many of the following notes and corrections the writer is
indebted to Mr. Chas. Hedley of the Australian Museum, Sydney,
N. S. AVales, who, both in letters and in his excellent paper on the
" Land Molluscan fauna of British New Guinea " has made most
valuable additions to our knowledge of this group.

Page 5. P. CHANCEI Cox. The locality given is incorrect. It
has been collected by Rev. G. Brown at Lauru Village, New Ire-
land, and JBiara, New Britain. The original description and figure
were from a deformed specimen. The normal shell is H. amphi-
zona Pils., which now becomes a synonym.

Page 11. P. DAMPIERI A.ng., is not from the Louisiade Archi-
pelago.

Page 15. H. BEATRIX Ang., is a synonym of P. miser Cox, p.
20.

Page 16. According to Dr. Cox (in litt.), H. splendescens
Cox, brenchleyi Braz., and mendana Ang. are synonymous. This
seems to me to be the case, specimens of the former having been
sent me by Cox. The first name, P. SPLENDESCENS Cox, has
priority.

Page 25. H. lacteolota (not " lacteolata ") is in all probability a
variety of P. BRAZIER^E.

Page 29. H. horderi Sowb. is a synonym of P. LEONARDI T. C.,
p. 32.

Page 40. P. TAUMANTIAS Tap. Can. var. cingulatus Hedley.
Yellowish-white, encircled by a single brown peripheral band,
margined beneath by an opaque white line. Village of Aipiana,
St. Joseph River, British New Guinea. (Hedley!) Type in
Queensland Museum.

Page 45. P. SICULA Brazier. According to Hedley, H. medi-
tata Tap. Can. (p. 40) is a synonym.

Page 44. P. TOMASINELLIANA Tap. Can.

Var. anozonata Hedley, 1891. Bandless, entirely yellow. Douglas

PAPUINA. 289

Kiver, British New Guinea (Bevan !) Type in Queensland
Museum.

Var. agnoeheilus Smith.

This form is from the same locality as the last, being in fact,
merely a color variety. Smith writes :

This species is remarkable for the broad snow-white lip, the trun-
cate columella, and the very strong thread-like lines of growth. It
is variable in color, sometimes being conspicuously banded or
entirely without bands excepting that at the suture. The bands do
not extend quite to the outer lip, but stop short about 4 mill, from
the margin. Three of the four specimens examined have a shallow
concentric depression or furrow around the middle of the base of
the body-whorl ; but this not an essential characteristic, as there is
not the slightest trace of it in the fourth shell.

H. lomasinelliana of Tapparone Canefri is very like this species
in many respects, but is different in form, being higher in propor-
tion to the width and with a flatter base.

Alt. 34, greater diam. 42, lesser 33 mill.

Douglas River, British New Guinea.

Helix (Papuina) agnocheilus E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 488,
t. 40, f. 5.

Page 47. P. BOYERI F. & B. is from Woodlark /., teste Hedley,
P. L. S. N. S. W. 1891, p. 95.

Page 52. P. BRUMERIENSIS Forbes.

Var. albolabris Hedley. Lip entirely white.

Page 53. P. RANGII Lesson. The diameter should read 36
mill., and Guinea should be substituted for Zealand in the locality.

Page 54. H. DIOMEDES Brazier. In place of " Constance Island "
read Coutances I., 148° IV E. long., 10° 15' S. lat.

Page 55. P. MACGILLIVRAYI Forbes.

To the localities given, add Bloomfield River (Hedley) ; Bellen-
den Ker Mountain (Broadbent). In the reference to Hedley read
Queensl. in place of N. S. Wales.

Page 59. P. ALBOCARINATA Sm., belongs according to Hedley
to the group of P. louisiadensis. It is from Woodlark L, not from
South Cape, N. Guinea.

Page 63. P. ROLLSIANA Smith, is not from South Cape, New
19

290 PAPUINA.

Guinea, but from Seymour Bay, Ferguson Island. (See Hedley, P.
L. Soc., N. 8. Wales 1891, p. 90).

Page 78. The habitat of H. cyrene Crosse, is Ugi, Solomon Is.
Hedley believes it to be merely a form or var. of H. helicinoides,
together with zelina, cineracea, and' quirosi.

P. TROBRIANDENSIS Hedley. For figs, see Vol. IX.

Shell imperforate, trochiform, thin, translucent, keeled at the
periphery, keel becoming obsolete latterly; color white , encircled
by seven chestnut bands, four above and three below the periphery,
these bands are very variable, each or all may disappear or coal-
esce ; when absent a translucent band marks the site ; the bands fade
away on the penultimate whorl ; occasionally as in allied species
opaque alternate with translucent dashes radiating from the suture,
peristome from the insertion of the right margin to the center of
the base an intense black ; whorls 4?, convex, last contracted ;
sculpture obliquely finely striated and finely granulated, apex
obtuse, embryonic whorls distinct, 1 £ ; suture impressed ; base
slightly convex ; aperture oblique, scarcely descending, peristome
expanded and reflected, right margin sinuate, columellar margin
straight, bearing above a small tubercle, margins connected by a
thin, transparent, microscopically granulated callus.

Diam. maj. 24, min. 18, alt. 16 mill. (Hedley.')

Trobriand Islands (Kowald and Belford) ; on trees ; abundant.

Geotrochus trobriandensis HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc., N. S.
Wales (2) vi, p. 92, t. 11, f. 28 (shell); ibid. p. 690, t. 38, f. 5
(jaw), 39, f. 14 (radula) 42, f. 33 (genitalia).

P. HEDLEYI Smith. Unfigured.

" This handsome species is imperforate, elevately conical, the
almost straight outlines forming at the apex an angle of about 60
degrees. It is sharply keeled at the periphery and almost quite flat
beneath. The upper and lower surfaces present a strong contrast
of color. The base is uniformly dark chestnut brown, whereas the
rest of the shell is of a yellowish buff tint, excepting a fine opaque
luteous line upon the keel, which revolves up the spire forming a
distinct margination above the suture, and a narrow dark brown
zone beneath the suture. The first four whorls are rather convex,
the next two are almost flat, and the last or body-whorl is distinctly
concave above the carina. The surface is glossy, and exhibits dis-

PAPUINA. 291

tinct, very fine, oblique and flexuous lines of growth, in addition to
which, under a powerful lens, minute but feeble spiral striae are
observable. The base is similarly sculptured, but the radiating
lines of growth have a rather coarser appearance. A few indented
irregular concentric lines upon the base, and a few short oblique
ones upon the body-whorl above the keel and behind the lip, may
be individual rather than specific characters. The aperture is
oblique, whitish within, and much pointed and channelled in front
at the termination of the keel. The upper lip is thin, expanded,
and tinted with dark brown at the edge ; the lower is also similarly
colored, is strongly reflexed, and in the umbilical region somewhat
expanded. The terminations of the peristome are remote, but con-
nected by a thin layer of callus upon the flat surface between.

"The single specimen, all that is known of this species, has
recently been purchased by the British Museum. Until lately it
formed part of a collection which was got together many years ago,
and which remained packed up for fifty or sixty years. Although
no locality accompanied the shell, we can safely assume, from its
resemblance to allied forms, that it was an inhabitant of New Gui-
nea or some adjacent island. H.ferussaci of Lesson, and H. exsul-
tans of Canefri, are the nearest allies. Neither of these species is
nearly so large as that now described. The former is higher in
proportion to the width, and is described and figured as being of an
uniform rich chestnut color, excepting the golden yellow carina and
edging to the suture. On the contrary If. hedleyi is much wider in
proportion to the height, and the difference of colour between the
upper and lower surfaces is most marked. Besides this the aper-
ture in Lesson's shell appears to be dark brown, whereas in this it
is white. From If. exsultans the present species is distinguished,
not only by its considerably larger size, but also by a difference of
coloring and the greater flatness of the whorls and the base.

" I have named this interesting form after Mr. C. Hedley, author
of several valuable papers on terrestrial mollusca of Australia, New
Guinea, etc. " (Smith.)

Alt. 30, greater diam. 36, lesser 30 mill.

Probably New Guinea.

Helix (Geotrochus) hedleyi E. A. SMITH, Journ. of Conch, vii, p.
72, (Oct. 4, 1892).

292 PAPUINA.

P. CHONDRODES Strubel. Unfifjured.

Allied to P. albula. Halmahera. Nachr.-Bl. D. M. Ges. 1892, p.
45.

P. BEVANI Brazier. PL 57, figs. 18, 19.

Shell umbilicate, depressed, sharply carinated at the periphery,
thin, obliquely striated, reddish-brown with a dark nearly black
narrow line at the center, epidermis yellowish-brown ; spire slightly
elevated ; apex dark pink ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls
4J, very slightly convex, last largest in front ; umbilicus narrow,
shallow ; base flattened, stride finer than on upper surface ; aperture
hatchet-shaped ; peristome black, slightly expanded and reflected,
right margin at the upper part thin ; columellar margin broadly
expanded and reflected over the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 45, min. 35, alt. 18 mill. ; height of aperture 12,
breadth 21 mill. (Brazier.)

Douglas River, British New Guinea (Bevan).

Helix bevani BRAZIER in HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales
(2)vi, p. 85, t. 11, f. 22, 23.

This fine species is allied to Helix yoldei Braz. A single dead
specimen in a good state of preservation was found by Mr. Theo-
dore F. Bevan, F. R. G. S., during his exploration of British New
Guinea in 1887. Type in Australian Museum. (Brazier.)

P. ELISUS Hedley. PI. 57, figs. 23, 24.

Shell umbilicate, thin, discoidal, carinate ; color pale straw, with
two narrow reddish spiral bands, the superior midway between the
suture and the periphery, the inferior encircling the base at a third
of the distance from the keel to the umbilicus, the carina is some-
times edged above and below by similar bands, peristome white ;
whorls 4 -j, increasing regularly until the final whorl, which in its
latter half contracts a little, the earlier whorls slightly convex, the
latter flat ; sculpture close, irregular oblique striation above and
below crossed by a few faint impressed lines in the neighborhood of
the keel ; apex obtuse, the embryonic shell apparently constituting
the first revolution ; suture impressed above becoming linear as it
proceeds, margined above by the keel of the preceding whorl ; base
flattened at the periphery, slightly swollen within ; umbilicus nar-
row, deep, exhibiting the volutions; aperture almost horizontal,
abruptly and deeply descending, peristome thin, widely reflected
throughout its circumference, pinched at the junction of the carina,
margins closely approaching, connected by a transparent callus.

V

•

ALBERSIA-PANDA. 293

Diam. maj. 29, min. 24, alt. 10 mill. (Hedley.}

Geotrochus elisus HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, (2), p.
86, t. 11, f. 24, 25.

The Macleay Museum contains four dead shells of this species,
which appear to resemble G. pelechystoma Tapp. Can., purchased
from Mr. Goldie, who collected them in British New Guinea.

Genus? ALBERSIA Mts.

A. PSEUDOCORASIA Strubell, Nachr.-Bl. D. M. Ges. 1892, p. 47.
Unfigured. Halmahera.

Genus PANDA Albers. (Vol. VI, p. 74).

Mr. Hedley adopts the following arrangement of species and
varieties :

P. FALCONERI Reeve.

Var. maconelli Reeve. (See Manual VI, p. 76).
Var. azonata Hedley.

Bandless, entire shell straw-yellow colored.

ar. tigris Hedley.

The original dark spiral bands have here become disintegrated into
separate blotches, and these latter have further become confluent
with those above and beneath, so that the band pattern is changed
from regularly spiral to irregularly longitudinal and zig-zag, in
which state it approaches the pattern of atomata and larreyi.

P. ATOMATA Gray. (See Nautilus VI, p. 9, May, 1892.)
Var. kershaivi Brazier.

In this genus, neither contour nor coloration can be relied upon to
furnish specific characters, and I cannot admit kershawi Brazier
(P. Z. S., 1871, p. 641) as a valid species. No habitat has been
recorded for this form between the valleys of the Hunter and of the
Snowy River. Yet, despite their geographical isolation, southern
specimens can be precisely matched, as Dr. Cox has kindly demon-
strated to me, by northern shells. Fossil specimens of this species
have been identified by Dr. Cox, from Victoria, but none have
come under the writer's observation, nor is he aware of any men-
tion of the fact, in the literature of the subject. (Hedley.*)

294 APPENDIX.

Var. elongata Hedley.

More elevated than the type, and represented by Mon. Austr. L.
Shells, PI. xviii, fig. 15.

Var. azonata Hedley.

Bandless, entire shell straw-yellow colored.
P. LARRYI Brazier.

Genus ACAVUS Montf.
Subgenus PYROCHILUS Pils.
A. LAM PAS Miiller.

The locality of this magnificent species has been found to be
Halmahera. Vide Strubell, Nachr.-Bl. D. M. Ges. 1882, p. 46.

APPENDIX.

The following species were omitted in the text of this volume.

Genus ENDODONTA Alb.

E. (CHAROPA) TEXTA Hedley. PL 45, fig. 8.

Shell depressed, turbinate, thin, perforate, glistening ; color red-
dish-corneous; whorls 4£, rounded, flattened beneath the suture;
sculpture strong, sinuate, oblique radiating ribs, of which the last
whorl possesses about 60, in each interstice and parallel to the ribs
are 4 or 5 fine raised hair lines ; decussating these secondary costs
and of the same calibre are raised spiral lines, which are most prom-
inent on the spire and base ; epidermis possessing a silky sheen ;
suture deeply impressed ; apex not prominent, embryonic whorls
H, shining, nearly smooth, but faintly repeating the adult sculpt-
ure ; umbilicus narrow, deep, spiral ; base rounded ; aperture
oblique, roundly lunate, peristome straight, sharp, columellar mar-
gin reflected.

Diam. maj. 6, min. 5, alt. 4 mill. (Hedley.)

Mission Hill, upper St. Joseph River, Brit. New Guinea (2 living
specimens in jungle under logs).

Ckaropa texta HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vi, p. 79,
1. 10, f. 12 (Sept. 9, 1891).

The type is in the Queensland Museum.
FLAMMULINA MASTERSI Brazier. PL 44, fig. 95.

Shell somewhat globose, thin, very faintly and irregularly trans-

I APPENDIX. 295

ersely striated, marked with irregular reddish and yellowish-brown
ames running rather obliquely ; spire very small, conical ; suture
impressed ; whorls 3J, convex, the last very largely and openly
dilated ; aperture rather large, wide, ovately lunate ; columella
arched, and not thickened ; peristome simple, atfute.

Length 84, breadth 2i ; length of aperture 2i lines, breadth If
lines. (Brazier).

Lord Howe Island, in a gully on the North Ridge, among dead
leaves ; one specimen.

Simpulopsis (7) maslersi BRAZ., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 619 ; Austr.
Mus. Mem. 2, p. 27. — PFR. Monogr. vii, p. 29. — HEDLEY, Rec.
Austr. Mus. i, p. 141, t. 21, f. 9. — Flammulina mastersi HEDLEY,
in litt. Dec. 17, 1892.

Type is in the collection of the Australian Museum.

Section Paratrochus Pilsbry (n. sect.)

Shell high, conic, having numerous whorls, narrowly umbilicated
and well sculptured. Aperture nearly round, the peristome con-
tinued in a thin callus across the parietal wall.

E. DALBERTISI Brazier. Vol. IX, pi. 3, figs. 20, 21.

Shell umbilicated, pyramidally conical, thin, light reddish-brown,
hyaline, spire raised, apex white, acute, whorls 82, slightly convex,
the upper half closely, obliquely, rugosely lined, the lower spirally
granulated, suture channelled, crenulated, below small minute
holes, having raised like callus at their edge, periphery with small
keel, divided and crenulated, base convex, more rugose than upper
surface, umbilicus rounded, small and deep, minute holes round the
edge, aperture oblique, nearly circular, peristome thin, margins
continuous, with thin deposit of callus on the body whorl ; colum-
ellar margin slightly reflected over the umbilicus. (jBraz.)

Alt. 8, greater diam. 7£, lesser 7 mill.

Yule Island, New Guinea.

Helix ( Ochthephila) d'albertisi BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.
Wales, i, p. 104.— HEDLEY, P. L. S. N. S. W. (2), vi.

Genus PATULA Held.

P. SOMERSETENSIS Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 43, fig. 63.
Shell openly umbilicated, subconically depressed, smooth, white-

296 APPENDIX.

ashy. Whorls 4 (the last rapidly increasing), impressed at the
sutures, gradatulate. Aperture oval ; peristome thin, simple.
Alt. 2, diam. H mill. (M. &. P.)

Somerset East, South Africa.

Helix (Patula') somersetensis M. & P., Ann. Mag., N. H. (6) xi,
p. 19, t. 3, f.2 (Jan., 1893).

A shell of simple character, with a superficial resemblance to H.
(Vallonia) pulchella Mull. In the collection of E. L. Layard,
Esq. Two specimens. (M. & P.)

Vol. Ill, p. 35, for H. aulocospira, read H. aulacospira.

Vol. Ill, p. 46, H. arcuata Pfr. is a Vitrinoconus, according to
Mlldff.

Vol. Ill, p. 52, H. hypocrita Dohrn. is said by Wollaston to be a
synonym of H. (Discus') pusilla Lowe, p. 31.

Genus TROCHOMOKPHA Alb.

TROCHOMORPHA NIGRANS var. CORNEA Hedley.

Smaller than the type, horn-colored.

Alt. 6, greater diam. 16, lesser 14 mill.

Sudest L, Louisiades. Type in Queensland Mus. (Hedley, P. L.
S. N. S. W. (2) vi, p. 79).

Genus PLECTOPYLIS.

P. FULTONI Godwin-Austen. See Vol. IX for figures.

Shell sinistral, keeled, widely umbilicated, subglobosely discoidal ;
color pale ochraceous ; sculpture a fine close flaxy epidermal stria-
tion, with four lines of long hairs arranged upon the periphery of
the body whorl-two closely adjacent and running with keel above,
one around the umbilical depression, and one intermediate. Spire
depressedly convex, suture well marked, apex rounded. Whorls
seven, closely wound, side of the last very oblique below and flat-
tened, becoming rounder near the aperture, where it descends very
slightly. Aperture wide, semiovate, very oblique, and slightly
reflected on the margin. Peristome not thickened, continuous over
the parietal side. The internal barriers are not visible on looking
into the aperture. The parietal vertical lamina is simple, with only
a slight horizontal support above on the posterior side ; a very
short double knobbed horizontal parietal lamella is situated imme-

PANDA. 297

diately below it. Palatal plicae double, in two rows, the two apical
or highest in position being united together by a low ridge ; the
posterior row are somewhat obliquely arranged. ((r.-J..)
Major diam. 20, minor diam. 17'3 ; alt. axis 8*5 mill.

Khasi Hills (7) Assam, exact locality unknown.

Helix (Plectopylis) fultoni GODWIN-AUSTEN, Ann. Mag. N. H.
(6), x, p. 300, Oct., 1892. Figured in Hugh Fulton's advertisements
in "Nature, " "The Nautilus," etc., 1892, 1893.

This fine large species is quite distinct ; the arrangement of the
palatal plicse is similar to that of P. macromphalus and P. plectos-
toma, while the junction of the two highest palatal plicae being like
that in P. andersoni, its position is intermediate between them
(vide the characters of this genus given by me in the P. Z. S. 17th
November, 1874, p. 612). G.-A.

Genus PHASIS (p. 135.)
HELIX NAMAQUANA Martens. ( Unfigured).

Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, 1889, p. 161. Between Port
Nolloth and Ananas, Little Namaland. The upper surface reminds
one of H. (Xerophila) instabilis, the form of H. proteus.

EUHADRA.

H. PURPURASCENS Pfeiffer. PI. 57, fig. 10.

Shell imperforate, subtrochiform, solid, minutely granulated all
over, somewhat shining. Spire convex-conoid, tawny, the apex
rather obtuse, Whorls 6, slowly increasing, a trifle convex, the
last whorl more convex, subcarinated and begirt with white below
the middle, becoming purple in front, swollen, shortly descending,
the base rather flattened. Aperture very oblique, triangular-lunar,
with a pearly luster inside; peristome brown, reflexed, the margins
joined by a thick shining callus, columellar margin somewhat
straightened.

Alt. 15J, greater diam. 29, lesser 25 mill. (Pfr.)

Corea (Cuming).

Helix purpurascens PFR., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 126 ; Monogr. iv, p.
202.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 185, f. 1281.

The systematic position of this species is quite unknown to me.
It is probably an Euhadra.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE 1.

FIGURE. PAGE

1. Cochlostyla mus Brod. Original, . . 6

2. Cochlostyla mus Brod. Conch. Icon., . 6

3. Cochlostyla glaucophthalma Pfr. Conch. Cab , 7

4. Cochlostyla cinerosa Pfr. P. Z. S., . 15
5,6. Cochlostyla satyrus Brod. Original, . 13

7. Cochlostyla leucophsea Sowb. Conch. Icon., 6

8. Cochlostyla leucophsea Sowb. Original, . 6

9. Cochlostyla leopard us Pfr. Conch. Icon., 9
10, 11. Cochlostyla segle var. barandse Hid. Conch. Cab., 40

12. Cochlostyla segle Brod. typical. Conch. Icon., . 40

PLATE 2.

13. Cochlostyla satyrus Brod. Conch. Icon.,

14. 15. Cochlostyla satyrus Brod. Original, . . .13
16, 17, 18. Cochlostyla satyrus var. palawanensis Pfr.

Original, . . .14

19. Cochlostyla smaragdinus Rve. Conch. Icon., . . .37

20, 21. Cochlostyla smaragdinus Rve. Obras Mai., . . 37

22. Cochlostyla smaragdinus Rve. Original, . . .37

PLATE 3.

23. Cochlostyla ventricosa v. frater Fer. (Bui. ventricosus var.

Phil., Abbild., t. 7, f. 1) . . . . . "10

24. Cochlostyla ventricosa Chem. Original, . . .11

25. Cochlostyla ventricosa Chem. typical. Abbild.,

26. Cochlostyla ventricosa Chem. Original, . . .10

27. Cochlostyla ventricosa v. decorata Fer. (B. frater Rv.) 11

28. Cochlostyla ventricosa, typical (B. nobilis Rve., f. 20b.), . 10

29. Cochlostyla ventricosa v. decorata (B. nobilis Rve, f. 20a), 11

30. Cochlostyla solivagus Rve. Conch. Icon.,

31. Cochlostyla ventricosa v. guimarasensis Rve. Conch. Icon. 10

PLATE 4.

32. 33. Cochlostyla fulgetrum Brod. Conch. Icon., . . 12
34. Cochlostyla fulgetrum Brod. Original, . . . .12

(298)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 299

FIGURE. PAGE.

35. Cochlostyla fulgetrum Brod. Conchyl. Cab., . . .12

36. Cochlostyla nimbosa Brod. Original, . . . .21

37. Cochlostyla nimbosa v. pfeifferiana Rv. Original, . . 21

38. 41. Cochlostyla pictor Brod. Original, . 8

39. 40. Cochlostyla pictor Brod. Conch. Icon., . . 8

PLATE 5.

1. Cochlostyla csesar Pfr. J. de C., 15

2, 3. Cochlostyla grsellsi Hid. J. de C., . . . 14
4. Cochlostyla phseostyla Pfr. J. de C., . . . 41
5-7. Cochlostyla quadrasi Hid. J. de C., . . 34
8, 9. Cochlostyla cossmanniana Crse (=quadrasi). J. de C., 34

10-12. Cochlostyla ovoidea var. euryzona Pfr. Original, . 44

13, 14. Cochlostyla ovoidea Brug. Conch. Icon., . . 43

15. Cochlostyla ovoidea var. euryzona Pfr. Abbild., . . 44

16. Cochlostyla ovoidea Brug. Abbild., . . . .43

PLATE 6.

17. 18. Cochlostyla balanoides Jonas. Original, . . .44
19, 20. Cochlostyla balanoides Jonas. Abbild., . . .44

21. Cochlostyla cincinniformis Sow. Conch. Cab., . . 18

22. 24. Cochlostyla cincinniformis Sow. Original,

23. Cochlostyla cincinna var. romblonensis Pfr. Original, . 17
25, 26, 27. Cochlostyla stabilis Sow. Original, . . .45

28. Cochlostyla stabilis Sow. Abbild.,. ^. . . .45

29. Camsena (Phoenicobius) oomorpha. Original, . . 269

30. Camsena (Phoenicobius) oomorpha. Conch. Icon., . 269

PLATE 7.

31. 32, 36, 37. Cochlostyla virginea Lea. Original, . . 36
33, 34. Cochlostyla bullula (^virginea Lea). Conch. Cab., . 36
35. Cochlostyla bullula (=virginea Lea). Conch. Icon., . 36

38. Cochlostyla evanescens Brod. Conch. Icon., . . .20

39, 40. Cochlostyla chloroleuca Mts. (=virginea). Novit

Conch., 36

41. Cochlostyla carneola Grat. Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., . 19

42, 43. Cochlostyla effusa Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . .31

44. Cochlostyla uber Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . .41

PLATE 8.

45, 46. Cochlostyla belcheri Pfr. Conch. Cab., ... 35

47. Cochlostyla incompta Sowb. ? Original, . . .28

48, 49. Cochlostyla simplex Jonas. Conch. Cab., . . 33

300 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

50. Cochlostyla opalina Sow. Conch. Cab., . . .42

51. Cochlostyla opalina Sow. Conch. Icon., . . .42

52. Cochlostyla simplex Jonas. Conch. Icon., . . .33

53. 54. Cochlostyla Kv. (=jonasi Pfr.). Conch. Icon., . . 32

55. Cochlostyla oviformis Semp. Reisen. . ... 40

56, 57. Cochlostyla jonasi Pfr. varr. Original, . . .32

PLATE 9.

58. Cochlostyla rouiblonensis Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . 17

59. Cocblostyla subcarinata Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . .19

60. Cochlostyla solid us Pfr. Conch. Icon., .... 8

61. Cochlostyla nebulosus (=pyrainidalis). Conch. Icon., 28, 29

62. Cochlostyla pyramidalis Sow. Conch. Icon., . . 28

63. Cochlostyla curaingi Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . .39
64-66. Cochlostyla phseostyla Pfr. Obras Mai., . . .41

67. Cochlostyla dumonti Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . . .42

68. Cochlostyla bustoi Hid. (=virginea). Obras Mai., . 36

69. 70. Cochlostyla segle var. barandse Hid. Original, . 40

PLATE 10.

1, 2, 4. Cochlostyla cincinna Sow. Conch. Icon., . . 16

3. Cochlostyla cincinna Sow. Conch. Icon., . . .16

5. Cochlostyla gracilis Lea. Tr. Phil. Soc., . . .17

6. Cochlostyla incompta Sowb. Conch. Icon., . . .28

7. Cochlostyla acuminata Sowb. Conch. Icon., . . .28

8. Cochlostyla spreta Rv. Conch. Icon., . . . .17

9. Cochlostyla polita Rve. (—eburnea). Conch. Icon., . 20

10. Cochlostyla virens Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . . .17

11. Cochlostyla eburnea Rv. Original, . . . .20

12. 13. Cochlostyla murcurius Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . .50

14. Cochlostyla succincta Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . " . .17

15. Cochlostyla fischeri Hid. J. de C., . . 29

PLATE 11.

16. 17, 18. Cochlostyla subcarinata Pfr. varr. Original, . 19
19. Cochlostyla mollendorffi Hid. (^subcarinata). J. de C., 19

21. Cochlostyla subcarinata Pfr. Original, . . . .19

22. Cochlostyla diana Brod. Original, . . . .24

23. Cochlostyla diana Brod. Conch. Icon., . . . . 24

24. Cochlostyla diana v. calista Brod. Original, . . .24

25. Cochlostyla diana v. calista Brod. Conch. Icon., . . 24

26. Cochlostyla concinna Sow. Original, . . . .27

27. 28. Cochlostyla concinna Sow. Conch. Cab., . . 27

29. Cochlostyla concinna v. flammula Semp. Reisen, . . 27

30, 31. Cochlostyla diana Brod. vars. Original, . . .24

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 301

PLATE 12.
FIGURE. PAGE.

1, 2. Cochlostyla cunctator Rv. Original, . . Vol. VII 202

25
25
25

3. Cochlostyla calypso Brod. Conch. Icon.,

4. Cochlostyla camelopardalis Brod. Original, .

5. Cochlostyla camelopardalis Brod. Conch. Icon.,

6. 7, 9, 10. Cochlostyla camelopardalis v. boholensis Brod

Original,

8. Cochlostyla camelopardalis v. boholensis Brod. Conch
Icon.,

11. Cochlostyla aplomorpha Jonas. Abbild.,

12. Cochlostyla velata Brod. Conch. Icon., .

PLATE 13.

26

26
11
12

53. Cochlostyla carinata Lea. Original, . . . .22

54. Cochlostyla dactylus Brod. (-—carinata). Conch. Icon., . 23

55. Cochlostyla siquijorensis Pfr. (=elegans Semp.). Conch.

Icon., 22

56. Cochlostyla turns Semper. Reisen, . . . .23

57. Cochlostyla lacerata Semp. Reisen, . . . .36

58. 59. Cochlostyla heimburgi Branc. Jahresh., etc., . . 30
60, 61. Cochlostyla nympha Brod. Original, . . .23

62. Cochlostyla pan (=nigrocincta Semp.). Novit. Conch., . 50

63. Cochlostyla translucida Q. Voy. Astrol., . . .29

-•

PLATE 14.

64, 66. Cochlostyla chrysalidiformis Brod. Conch. Icon., . 51

65, 67. Cochlostyla chrysaliformis Brod. Original, .' . 51
68,70. Cochlostyla mindoroensis Brod. Original,. . .52
69. Cochlostyla aspersus (=miudorcensis Brod.). Actes Soc.

L. Bord., ... 52

71. Cochlostyla mindoroensis Brod. Conch. Icon., , . 52

PLATE 15.

1, 2. Cochlostyla mindoroensis Brod. Original, . . 52

3. Cochlostyla electrina Rve. Original, ... 53

4. Cochlostyla electrina Rve. Conch. Icon., . . 53

5. Cochlostyla lichenifer Mch. (=electrina Rve.). Cat

Yoldi, . 53

6. Cochlostyla cailliaudi Pet, J. de C., . . 53

7. 8. Cochlostyla calobapta Jonas. Original, . . 46
9. Cochlostyla cuyoensis Rv. (— calobapta). Conch. Icon., 46

10. Cochlostyla larvata Brod. Conch. Illustr., . . 48

302 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE 16.

FIGURE. PAGE.

11. Cochlostyla virgata var. sylvanoides Semp. Original, . 47

12. Cochlostyla virgata var. pulchrior Pils. Conch. Icon., 47, 48

13. Cochlostyla virgata var. pulchrior Pils. Original, 48

14. 15. Cochlostyla virgata pulchrior Pils. Original, 47

16. Cochlostyla fictilis Brod. Original, . . 47

17. Cochlostyla fictilis Brod. Couch. Icon., . . 47

18. Cochlostyla dryas Brod. Conch. Icon., . . 49

19. Cochlostyla dryas Brod. Original, ... 49

20. 21, 22. Cochlostyla partuloides Brod. Original, 50
23, 24. Cochlostyla partuloides Brod. Conch. Icon., 50

25. Cochlostyla dryas Brod. Conch. Illustr., . 49

PLATE 17.

26, 27. Cochlostyla suprabadia Semp. Reisen, . . 246

28. Cochlostyla verecunda (—modesta). Conch. Icon., 35

29, 30. Cochlostyla modesta Sowb. Original, . 35

31. Cochlostyla straminea Semp. Reisen, . . 39

32. Cochlostyla jonasi Pfr. Original, ... 32

33. Cochlostyla leai Pfr. Original. ... 32

34. Cochlostyla leai Pfr. Conch. Icon., . . 32

35. Cochlostyla virgata v. porracea Jay. Original, 48

36. Cochlostyla virgata Brod. typical. Original, . t 48

37. Cochlostyla virgata v. sylvanoides Semp. Reisen, 48

PLATE 18.

1. Camsena brachyodon Sowb. Original, . . . 267

2, 3, 4. Camsena arata Sowb. Original, . . . 267

5. Camsena arata v. lutea. Conch. Icon., . . . 267

6. Camsena brachyodon v. naujanica Hid. J. de C., . 268

7. Camsena brachyodon v. naujanica Hid. Original, . 268

8. Camsena adusta Sowb. Original, ... . 268

9. Camsena adusta Sowb. Conch. Icon., .... 268
10, 11. Camsena lubanica Pfr. (—oblonga). Conch. Cab., . 269
12. Camsena oblonga Sowb. Conch. Icon., .... 269

PLATE 19.

13-15. Charopa irregularis Suter. H. Suter del., . 98

16-18. Charopa colensoi Sut. H. Suter, del., . . 99

19-21. Charopa variecostata Sut. H. Suter, del., . . 100

22-24. Charopa raricostata Sut. H. Suter, del., . . 100

25-27. Charopa mutabilis Sut. H. Suter, del., . . 101

28-30. Charopa sterkiana Sut. H. Suter, del., . . .101

31-33. Charopa brouni Sut. H. Suter, del., . . . .102

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 303

FIGURE. PAGE.

34-36. Charopa serpentinula Sut. H. Suter, del., . . 103

37-39. Charopa eremita Sut. H. Suter, del., . . . 103

40-42. Charopa subantialba Sut. H. Suter, del., . . . 104

43-45. Charopa huttoni Sut. H. Suter, del., . . .104

46-48. Charopa moussoni Sut. H. Suter, del., . . .106

49, 50. Charopa wilkinsoni Braz. L. Howe I., . . .105
51, 52. Charopa unwini Braz. L. Howe L, ... 106

53-55. Charopa whiteleggei Braz. Original, . . . 106

56-58. Charopa whiteleggei Braz. L. Howe L, . . . 106

59-61. Charopa whiteleggei v. balli Braz. L. Howe I., . 107
62, 63. Charopa whiteleggei v. ledgebirdi Braz. L. Howe I., 107

PLATE 20.

1-3. Trochomorpha splendidula Mlldff. Landschn Cebu, . 123

4. Trochomorpha infauda Scrap. J. de C 120

5-7. Trochomorpha splendens Semp. Landschn. Cebu, . 123
8-10. Trochomorpha costellifera Semp. Landschn. Cebu, . 125

11-13. Trochomorpha loocensis Hid. J. de C., . . 120

14-16. Trochomorpha neglecta Pils. Original, . . . 124

17-19. Trochomorpha subuyanica Hid. J. de C., . . . 121

20, 21. Trochomorpha luteobrunnea Mlldff. J. de C., . . 120

22-24. Trochomorpha granulosa Mlldff. Orginal, . . 125

25-27. Trochomorpha kantavuensis Grt. Original, . . 127

28-30. Trochomorpha henschei Pfr. Original, . . .130

PLATE 21.

1, 2, 3. Leucochroa hispanica West. Rossm., . . .56

4, 5, 6. Leucochroa debeauxi Kob. Rossm., . . .55

7-9. Leucochroa octinella Bgt. Rossm., . . . .55

10, 11. Leucochroa spiranomala Bgt. Rossm., . . .55

12-14. Leucochroa isserica Kob. Rossm., ... . .57

15-17. Leucochroa saharica Kob. Rossm., . . . .56
18-20. Patula rigophila Roch. Cap. Horn, ... 81

21-23. Patula leptotera Roch. Cap. Horn, . . . .81

24, 25. Patula venezuelensis Jouss. M. S. Z. Fr., . . .112

26, 27. Patula rojasi Jouss. M. S. Z. Fr., . . . .112

28-30. Patula hypolepta Shutt. P. A. N. S. P., . . . Ill

31-33. Patula intonsa Pils. P. A. N. S. P., . . . Ill

PLATE 22.

34-36. Gerontia Cordelia Hutt. H. Suter, del., ... 66

37-39. Allodiscus cassandra Hutt. H. Suter, del., . . 66

40-42. Allodiscus miranda Hutt. H. Suter, del., . . 68

43-45. Allodiscus godeti Suter. H. Suter, del., . . .68

46-48. Therasia Valeria Hutt. H. Suter, del., . . .69

304 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

49-51. Therasia tamora Hutt. H. Suter, del., ... 70
52-54. Therasia decidua Pfr. Original, .... 71
55-57. Thalassohelix propinqua Hutt. H. Suter, del., . . 72
58-60. Calymna feredayi Sut. H. Suter, del., . .74

61-63. Calymna olivacea Sut. H. Suter, del., ... 75
64-66. Calymna cornea Hutt. H. Suter, del., . .75

67-69. Calymna corneofulva Pfr. Novit. Conch., . . 76
70-72. Calymna jacquenetta Hutt. H. Suter, del., . . 76
73-75. Calymna perdita Hutt. H. Suter, del., . . .76
76-78. Calymna chiron var. H. Suter, del., . . .77

79-81. Carthsea flosculus Cox. Original, . . . .77

PLATE 23.

82-84. Laoma titania Hutt. H. Suter, del., ... 62

85-87. Laoma transitans Sut. H. Suter, del., . . .59
88-90. Laoma phrynia Hutt. H. Suter, del., ... 61
91-93. Laoma haasti Hutt. H. Suter, del., . . . .62
94-96. Laoma marginata Hutt. H. Suter, del., . .60

97-99. Laoma pumila Hutt. H. Suter, del.,
10, 1, 2. Laoma acanthinulopsis Sut. H. Suter, del., . . 61
3-6. Laoma allochroida Sut. H. Suter, del., . . .63
7-9. Laoma sericata Sut. H. Suter, del., . . . .64
10-12. Laoma lateumbilicata Sut. H. Suter, del., . . 64
13-15. Laoma microreticulata Sut. H. Suter, del., . . 63

16. Laoma conella Pfr. Original, 58

17-20. Laoma marina Hutt. H. Suter, del., . . 57

PLATE 24.

21. Endodonta timandra Hutt. H. Suter, del., . . .84

22, 23. Endodonta timandra Hutt. Pilsbry, . . .84
24-27. Endodonta Jessica Hutt. H. Suter, del., ... 85
28-31. Endodonta cryptobidens Sut. H. Suter, del., . . 85
31-35. Endodonta leioda Hutt. H. Suter, del., ... 87
36-39. Endodonta wairarapa Sut. H. Suter, del., . . 88
40-43. Endodonta pseudoleioda Sut. H. Suter, del., . . 88
44-47. Endodonta hectori Sut. H. Suter, del., . .89
4&-51. Endodonta aorangi Sut. H. Suter, del., .

52-o6. Endodonta microundulata Sut. H. Suter, del., . . 89

PLATE 25.

1-3. Campylrca conemenosi Bttg. Original, . . .229
4-6. Campylsea ofce Mts. Arch. Naturg. 1889, t. 10, f. 14, .
7-9. Campylsea tiesenhauseni Gred. Rossm., . . . 227
10-12. Carnpykea peritricha Bttg. Rossm., .... 230

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 305

FIGURE. PAGE.

13-15. Campylsea nicolsiniaua Ad. Eossm., . . . 227

16-19. Metafruticicola dictsea Mts. Arch. Naturg., . . 191

20-22. Campylsea millieri Bgt. Original, . . 228
23, 24. Campylsea frigida v. adamii DeB. Rossm.,

PLATE 26.

25-27. Iberus ridens Mts. Conch. Mittheil, .... 236
28, 29. Iberus tumidosa Mts. (— nadorrica). Rossm., . . 233
30-32. Iberus biilowi Malz. Rossm., ..-•-. . . .236
33-37. Iberus sardonia Malz. Conch. Mittheil, ». . .236

38. Iberus dorgaliensis Malz. Rossm., .... 236

39, 40. Iberus verrucosa Monts. Rossm., . . . . 233
41-43. Iberus caltaballotensis Kob. Rossm., . . . 232
43, 45, 46. Iberus suburbana Paul. Rossm., . . . 236
47-49. Iberus isarse Paul. Rossm., . . . . . 236
50, 51, 42. Iberus viola Pons. Rossm., .... 234

PLATE 27.

53-57. Xerophila lybica Kob. Drawn from types . . 185

58-60. Xerophila berenice Kob. Drawn from type, . . 185

61-66. Xerophila philammia Bgt. Conch. Mittheil, . . 185

67-70. Xerophila tuberculosa Conr. Original, . . . 184

71-74. Xerophila ptychodia Bgt. Conch. Mittheil, . .184

75, 76. Xerophila eminens West. Original, . . . . 180'

77-79. Xerophila lampedusse Kob. Rossm., . . . 175
80, 81. Xerophila gattoi Kob. Rossm., .... 175

82-84. Xerophila caruanse Kob. Rossm., . . . .174

PLATE 28.

85-87. Levantina urmiensis Nreg. Rossm., .... 237
88-90. Levantina werneri Rolle. Rossm., .... 236
91-94. Zonites segopinoides Malz. Rossm., .... 236
95-97. Iberus culminicola Kob. Original, .... 234
98-100. Dorcasia alexandri v. minor Bttg. Senck. Ber., . 261

1. Dorcasia namaquensis M. & P. Ann. Mag., . . . 262

2. Dorcasia gypsina M. & P. Ann. Mag., .... 262

3. Dorcasia porphyrostoma M. & P. Ann. Mag., . . 262

PLATE 29.

85-87. Euhadra batanica v. pancala S. & B. Nachr-Bl., . 224

88, 89. Camsena longsonensis Mori. J. C., . . . . 265

90, 91. Euhadra massiei Mori. J. C., . . . . 223

92-94. Cathaica heudei Hilber. Sitz.-ber., . . . .210
20

306 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

95-97. Cathaica gredleri Hil her. Sitz.-ber., . . .209

98-100, 1. Cathaica confucii Hilber. Sitz.-ber., . . .213

2-5. Cathaica buddse Hilber. Sitz.-ber., . . . . 208

PLATE 30.

6-8. Trochomorpha hsenseli Bttg. Nachr.-bl., . . 119

8-11. Trochomorpha strubelli Bttg. Senck. Ber., . 126

12-14. Trochomorpha concolor Bttg. Senck. Ber., . 126
15, 16. Trochomorpha morio Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 128

17-19. Trochomorpha tonkinorum Mab. Bull. Soc. Mai., 120

20-25. Trochomorpha convexa Hartm. Original, . 131

26-28. Trochomorpha godeti Sowb. Original, . . 129

29-31. Trochomorpha nigrans Smith. P. Z. S., . . 128

32. Patula virescens M. & P. Ann. Mag., ... 78

33-35. Charopa reteporoides Tate. Tr. Koy. Soc. S. Austr., 110

36-38. Patula lepta West. Vega Exped., ... 81

39-42. Endodonta fuscozonata Bedd. P. Z. S., . . 83

43-45. Endodonta kororensis Bedd. P. Z. S., 84

PLATE 31.

t

46, 47. Campylsea subzonata var. depressa. Rossm., . . 228
48, 49. Campylsea krueperi Bttg. Rossm., . . . 230

50-53. Campylsea conemonosi Bttg. Rossm., . . . 229
54-57. Campylsea brommei Kob. Rossm., .... 229
58-60. Campylsea intusplicata Pfr. Rossm., . . . 240

PLATE 32.

ALL FIGURES DRAWN BY DR. V. STERKI.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Vallonia pulchella Miiller, . . . .248
6, 7, 8, 9. Vallonia excentrica Sterki, . . . .249

10, 11, 12, 13. Vallonia declivis Sterki, 251

14, 15, 16, 17. Vallonia declivis var. altilis Sterki, . . 252
18, 19, 20, 21, 22. Vallonia costata Miiller, . . . .252
23, 24, 25, 26. Vallonia parvula Sterki, . . . .254

27. Vallonia costata Mull., .... .252

28. Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh., 256

29. Vallonia cyclophorella Anc., .... . 259

PLATE 33.

ALL FIGURES DRAWN BY DR. V. STERKI.

30. 31, 32, 33. Vallonia tenuilabris A. Br. (?) var. saxoniana

Sterki, 259

34, 35, 36, 37. Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey, . . .259

EXPLANATIEN OF PLATES. 307

FIGURE. PAGE.

39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45. Vallonia perspectiva Sterki, . . 257

48, 49. Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh., 256

50, 51, 52. Vallonia costata var. araurensis Sterki, . . 254

53. Vallonia (var.) pulchella Hde., 255

54. Vallonia costata Mull, 252

PLATE 34.

55-57. Levantina nimivita. Bull. Soc. Mai., . . . 238
58, 59. Xerophila contempta Parr. Rossm., . . . 164

60, 61. Xerophila hellenica Parr. Rossm., . . .163

62-64. Metafruticicola lecta Fer. Rossm., . . . .191
65, 66. Iberus talamonica Kob. Rossm., .... 231
67-71. Iberus quedenfeldti Mts. Rossm., . . . .235

72, 73. Iberus rollei Malz. Rossm., 236

74, 75. Xerophila hamudse Kob. Rossm., . . . .182
76-78. Gonostoma supracostata Kob. Rossm., . . . 149
79-81. Gonostoma walkeri Pons. Rossm., .... 149
82-84. Gonostoma column* Pons. Rossm., .... 148

PLATE 35.

1. Phasis tugoriolum M. & P. Ann. Mag., . . . 145

2. Phasis rhysodes M. & P. Ann. Mag 141

3. Phasis trichosteirostoma M. & P. Ann. Mag., . .143

4. Phasis conisolea M. & P. Ann. Mag., .... 145

5. Phasis burnupi M. & P. Ann. Mag., .... 140

6. Phasis epetrina M. & P. Ann. Mag., .... 146

7. Phasis lygsea M. & P. Ann. Mag., . . . .138

8. Phasis hotentotta M. & P. Ann. Mag., . . . .141

9. Phasis liricostata M. & P. Ann. Mag., . . . .140

10. Phasis crawfordi M. & P. Ann. Mag., . . . .146

11. Phasis erateina M. & P. Ann. Mag., . . . .137

12. Phasis farquhari M. & P. Ann. Mag., . . . .147

13. Phasis bathyccele M. & P. Ann. Mag., . . . .139

14. Phasis actinotricha M. & P. Ann. Mag., . . .143

15. Phasis minythodes M. & P. Ann. Mag., . . . 144
16-18. Charopa gadensis Bedd. P. L. S. N. S. W., . . 109
19-22. Charopa bischoffensis Bedd. P. L. S. N. S. W., . 109

PLATE 36.

1, 2. Patula spurca Sowb. P. Z. S., 78

3-5. Patula dianse Pfr. P. Z. S., 79

6-8. Patula Itetissima Sm. P. Z. S., 80

9-11. Patula persolutaSm. P. Z. S., 79

12. Helenoconcha bilamellata Sowb. P. Z. S., 91

308 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

13-15. Helenoconcha vernoni Sm. P. Z. S., ... 91

16-18. Helenoconcha pseustes Sin. P. Z. S., ... 92

19-22. Helenoconcha polyodon Sowb. P. Z. S., . . . 93

23-26. Helenoconcha minutissima Sm. P. Z. S., . . . 94

27-30. Helenoconcha leptalea Sm. P. Z. S., ... 95

PLATE 37.

31-34. Charopa antialba Bedd. P. L. S. N. S. \V., . . 107
35-37. Patula aperta Mlldff. Pilsbry, del., . . . .80
38-40. Endodonta philippinensis Semp. Pilsbry, del., . . 82
41, 42. Charopa bianca Hutt. Pilsbry, del, ... 97

PLATE 38.

1-4. Xerophila calopsis Bgt. Rossm., . . . .165

5-7, 11-13. Xerophila zaccarensis. Rossm 168

8-10. Xerophila calida Kob. Rossm., . . . .167

14-16. Xerophila gouini Deb. Rossm 170

17, 18. Xerophila trepidula Serv. Rossm., .... 171
19, 20. Xerophila fabriesi. Rossm., .... 168

21, 22. Xerophila brevati. Rossm., 169

23, 24. Xerophila bolleuensis. Rossm., . . . .170

PLATE 39.

*

25-29. Xerophila moneriana Bgt. Rossm., . . .165

30, 31. Xerophila sebkarum Deb. Rossm., .... 167
32, 33. Xerophila setifensis. Rossm., . . . .165

34, 35. Xerophila affinior Deb. Rossm., . . . .166
36-42. Xerophila cespitum Drap. varr. Rossm., . . 165

PLATE 40.

43, 44. Xerophila andalusica Kob. Rossm., . . .160

45, 46. Xerophila zeugitaua Let. Rossm., . . . 182

47,48. Xerophila florentinse Pons. Rossm., . . .161

49-51. Fruticicola ruscadiensis Let. Rossm., . . .188

52-54. Fruticicola semirugosa Kob. Rossm., . . .188

55-57. Fruticicola zonitonuea Let. Rossm., . . . 189
58-60. Xerophila enica Let. Rossm., ..... 182

61, 62. Xerophila ponsonbyi Kob. Rossm., . . . 183

63 64. Xerophila heynemanni Malz. Rossm., . . . 169

65'-67. Xerophila amphiconus Malz. Rossm., . . . 180

68, 69. Xerophila psiloritana Malz. Rossm., . . . 162

70, 71. Xerophila subvariegata Malz. Rossm., . . . 163

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 309

FIGURE. PAGE.

72-74. Xerophila siderensis Malz. Rossm., .... 181
75, 76. Xerophila diensis Malz. Rossm., .... 162
77, 78. Xerophila ordunensis Kob. Rossm., . . . 161

PLATE 41.

79, 80. Patula strigosa v. binneyi Hemph. Original, . . 116

81. Patula strigosa v. multicostata Hemph. T. M. V. suppl., 116

82, 83. Patula strigosa v. gouldi Hemph. T. M. V. suppl., .116

84. Patula strigosa v. castanea Hemph. T. M. V. suppl., . 116

85. Pastula strigosa v. castauea Hemph. Original, . .116

86. 87. Pastula strigosa v. albofasciata Hemph. T. M. v.,

suppl., .......... 116

88. Patula strigosa v. newcombi Hemph. T. M. v., . .115

89. Patula strigosa v. wasatchensis Hemph. T. M. v., . .115

90. Patula strigosa v. wasatchensis Hemph. Original, . . 115

91. 92. Patula strigosa v. intersum Hemph. Original, . . 117
93, 94. Patula strigosa v. jugalis Hemph. Original, . . 117

95. Patula strigosa v. jugalis Hemph. T. M. v., suppl., . 117

96. Patula strigosa v. subcariuata Hemph. T. M. v., suppl., 118

97. 98. Patula strigosa v. buttoni Hemph. T. M. v., suppl., . 117
99. Patula strigosa v. lactea Hemph. T. M. v., suppl., . 118

1, 2. Patula strigosa v. picta Hemph. Original, . . . 118
3,4. Patula strigosa v. bicolor Hemph. Original, . . 118
5, 6. Patula strigosa v. tragilis Hemph. Original, . .117

PLATE 42.

7-9. Patula strigosa v. parma Hemph. Original, . . .117

10, 11. Patula strigosa v. utahensis Hemph. Original, . 118

12. Patula strigosa v. gabbiana Hemph. T. M. suppl., . 119

13. Patula strigosa v. gabbiana Hemph. Original, . . . 119
14-16. Trochomorpha zenobia Pfr. Original, . . . 131
17-20. Polygyra richardsoni Mts. Biol. Centr. Am., . . 151
21-24. Polygyra dissecta Mts. Biol. Centr. Amer., . .151
25-28. Ophiogyra quinquelirata Sm. Lin. Soc. J., . . 150
29, 30. Xerophila cespkoides Fischer. J. de C., . . .176
31, 32. Macrocyloides saparuana Bttg. Ber. Senck., .. . 113

33. Macrocyloides microcyclis Bttg. Ber. Senck., . . 113

34, 35. Macrocyloides sericina Bttg. Ber. Senck., . . 114

PLATE 43.

36-39. Plectopylis villedaryi Anc. Original. . . . 157

40-42. Plectopylis phlyaria Mab. Bull. Soc. Fr., . . 158

43. Gonostoma blanci Poll. Atti, etc., 150

44-46. Trochomorpha subnigritella Bedd. P. Z. S., .

47-49. Gonostoma annai Palad. Original, . . . • . 148

310 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

50, 51. Phasis inops Mor. J. C., 144

52, 52. Phasis tabulie Chap. Soc. Zool., . . . .139

53, 54. Phasis turmalis Mor. J. C 144

56, 56. Phasis africa; Brn. Conch. Cab., . . . .142
57-59. Phasis plant! Pfr. Conch. Cab., . . . .142
60, 61. Phasis aulacophora Anc. Original, .... 138

62. Phasis strobilodes M. & P. Ann. Mag., . . . .147

63. Patula somersetensis M. &. P. Ann. Mag., . . . 295
64-66. Vallonia tenera Reinh. Jahrb. D. M. Ges., . .255
67-69. Vallonia mionecton Bttg. Zool. Jahrb., . . . 260

PLATE 44.

70-72. Xerophila millepunctata Bttg. Zool. Jahrb., . .178
73. Xerophila canina Anc. Le Nat., . . . . 177

74-76. Xerophila calymna Mts. Arch. Naturg.,
77-79. Xerophila mesostena Mts. Arch. Naturg
80-82. Xerophila gradilis Mts. Arch Naturg.,
83, 81. Xerophila solaciaca Mab. Original,
85-87. Xerophila biangulosa Mts. Arch. Naturg
88-89. Xerophila loroglossicola Mab. Original,
90-91. Xerophila barneyana Anc. Original,
92-94. Xerophila heripensis Mab. Original,
95. Flammulina mastersi Braz. L. Howe I.,
96-98. Xerophila jacknoi Cless. Moll. Oester.,

f\ f\ -t /\ /\ ^ "XT" i • i i • Ti A ~\ /r

179
175
179
158
178
158
183
158
294
172

99, 100, 1. Xerophila laurime Issel. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., 166
2-4. Xerophila syrensis v. exserta Mts. (=eminens). Arch.

Naturg., ... . • .180

PLATE 45.

5-7. Lejeania scioana Poll. Bull. Soc. Mai. ItaL, . .190

8. Charopa texta Hedley. P. L. S. N. S. W., . . .294

9-11. Lejeania strigelloides Poll. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., . 190

12-14. Xerophila spratti v. perplanata. Specimen, . . 181

15-17. Xerophila dohrni Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., . . 173

18-21. Xerophila sardiniensis Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., . 164

22-24. Xerophila tuta Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., . . 173

25-27. Xerophila quisquilse Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., . 164

28-30. Xerophila hillyeriana Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., . 173

31-33. Xerophila transcaspia Bttg. Zool. Jahrb., . .187

34-37. Xerophila andria Mts. Arch. Naturg., . . .186

PLATE 46.

38, 39. Pornatia ambigua var. setolica Kob. Rossm., . . 239

40. Pomatia asemnis v. homerica Mts. Arch. Naturg., . 239

41, 42. Pomatia mazzulopsis Anc. Original, . . . 238

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, 311

FIGURE. PAGE.

43-46. Xerophila jaylei Pal. Original, .... 164
47-49. Xerophila beadlei Pils. Original, . . . .176
50, 51. Xerophila erkellii v. discrepans Pils. Original, . 177
52-54. Fruticicola proclivis Mts. Archiv Naturg., . .187
55-57. Metafruticicola testacea Mts. Archiv Naturg., . 191

58, 59. Pomatia valentini Kob. Rossm., .... 239

PLATE 47.

60-63. Cathaica pyrrhozona Phil. Abbild. & Hilber, . . 204
64. Cathaica pyrrhozona v. conoidea. Nouv. Arch., . . 204
65-67. Cathaica pekingensis Dh. Jahrb., .... 205
68-70. Cathaica pekingensis Dh. Nouv. Arch., . . . 205
71-74. Cathaica mongolica Dh. Acad. St. Pet., . . . 206

75. Cathaica brevispira Ad. P. Z. S., 208

76-78. Cathaica inopinata Dh. Nouv. Arch., . . . 207
79, 80. Cathaica graeseri Mouss. J. C., .... 205

81. Cathaica dieckmanni Mouss. J. C.,

82, 83. Cathaica mencii Hilb. var. Sitzungsber., . . . 209
84-86. Cathaica thibetica Dh. Nouv. Arch., . . . 208
87-89. Cathaica giraudeliana Hde. Mem. Chin., . . .210
90-95. Cathaica schensiensis Hilb. Sitz.-ber., . . .211

PLATE 48.

96-99. Cathaica orythia Mts. Mem. Acad., .... 210

1-4. Cathaica singfuensis Hilb. Sitz., . . . .211

5. Cathaica pulveratricula Mts. Mem. Acad., . . .211

6-9. Cathaica kreitneri Hilb. I c., . . . . .211

10, 14, 15. Cathaica pulveratrix Mts. Mem. Acad., . . 211

11-13. Cathaica sempriniana Hde. Mem. Chin., . .• . 207

16-18. Cathaica przewalskii Mts. I. c., .... 209

19, 20. Cathaica subrugosa Dh. Jahrb., . . . .211

21-23. Cathaica richthofeni Mts. Novit. Conch., . . 213

24, 25. Cathaica buvigneri Dh. Nouv. Arch., . . .212

26-28. Cathaica lutosa Dh. Nouv. Arch., . . . .212

PLATE 49.

29-31. Cathaica christinse v. subsimilis Dh. Sitz.-ber., . 214

32, 33. Cathaica subsimilis Dh. Nouv. Arch., . . . 214

34, 35. Cathaica filippina Hde. Mem. Chin., . . .214

36-38. Cathaica lejeana Hde. Mem. Chin., . . .215

39-42. Eulota duplocincta Mts. Centralas Moll., . . 216

43-50. Eulota paricincta Mts. Centralas Moll., . . . 217

312 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE 50.

FIGURE. PAGE.

1-3. Polygyra sargentiana J. & P. Original, . . 153

153
153
153
156
155
154
154
155

4, 5. Polygyra sargentiana (young). Original, .
6, 7. Polygyra appressa, large var. (young). Original,
8, 9, 10. Polygyra obstricta v. carolinensis Lea. Original
11, 12, 15. Polygyra kiawaensis v. arkansaensis Pils. Original
13,14. Polygyra kiawaensis Simpson. Original, .
16-18, 18a. Polygyra edentata Sampson. Original,
19, 20. Polygyra roperi Pils. Original, . .
21-23. Polygyra armigera Anc. Terr. Moll. Suppl., .
24-25. Polygyra jejuna Say. Specimen,.
26, 27. Polygyra stenotrema v. subglobosa. Specimen,
28-30. Polygyra monodon v. cincta Lewis. Specimen,

PLATE 51.

152
152

27, 28. Hadra informis Mouss. Specimen, .... 282
29, 30. Eulota carinifera Semp. Reisen, .... 220
31-33. Chloritis crassula Phil. Senck. Ber., . . .271
34, 35. Chloritis malayana Mlldff. P. Z. S., ... 274

36-38. Chloritis collettii G.-A. P. Z. S., . . . . 274
39-41. Chloritis shanica G.-A. P. Z. S., . . . 275

42, 43. Eulota dissimilis Semp. Reis., 220

44-46. Trachiopsis dentoni Ford. Original, . . 285

PLATE 52.

47-49. Chloritis remoratrix Mori. J. C., . . . . 274

50-52. Camsena pachychila Smith. Original, . . . 265
53. Plectotropis mackensii A. & R. type. Voy. Samarang, . 193
54, 55. Plectotropis mystagoga Mab. Drawn from type speci-
men, .......... 193

56-58, 59, 60. Plectotropis mackensii A. & R. v. vulvigaga

S. &. B. Faun. Jap., 193

61, 62. Aegista kobensis S. & B. Nachr.-bl., . . 196

PLATE 53.

63-65. Plectotropis lautsi S. & B. Nachr.-bl., . . .193

66, 67. Plectotropis squarrosa Gould. Nachr.-bl., . . 194

68, 69. Satsuma fernandezi Hid. J. C., . . . . 202

70-72. Satsuma hyperteleia Mor. J. C., . . . .203
73, 74. Satsuma planasi Hid. J. C., .

75. Satsuma sphseroconus Pfr. (typical). P. Z. S., . 200

76. Satsuma sphseroconus v. campochilus. Original, . . 201

77. 78. Satsuma trochacea Gred. k. k. Mus., . . . 200

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 313

FIGURE. PAGE.

79-81. Satsuma microtrochus Mlldff. Jahrb., . . .201

82, 83. Satsuma trochornorpha Mlldff. Jahrb., . . .202

84, 85. Satsuma trochus Mlldff. Jahrb., . . . .201

86-88. Satsuma eumenes West. Vega Exp., . 199

PLATE 54.

89, 90. Aulacospira hololoma Mlldff. Jahrb., . . . 198
91, 92. Aulacospira mucronata Mlldff. Jahrb., . . .198
93. Aulacospira azpeitzse Hid. Obras Mai., . . . 199

94-96. Eulota suffodiens Bttg. Senck. Ber., . . .219

97-99. Eulota frauciscanorum Gred. Annalen k. k. Mus., . 217
100. Eulota extrusa T.-C. Conch Ind., . . . .218

1-3. Eulota jourdyi Mori. J. C., 219

4-6. Eulota balansa? Mori. J. C., 218

7-9. Hadra aureedensis Braz. Original, .... 282
'

PLATE 55.

10-12. Chloritis coxeni Cox. Original, . . . .272
13-15. Chloritis pseudoprunum Pils. (type). Original, . 271
16, 17. Cathaica thibetica Dh. Nouv. Arch., . . .208
18,19. Eulota kiangsinensis Mart. Mem. Chin., . . . 216

20-22. Cathaica mencii Hilb. Sitz., 209

23. Pseudiberus mariella Ad. P. Z. S., . . . . 196
24-26. Pseudiberus innominata Hde. Mem. Chin., . 197

27-30. Pseudiberus mariella var. submariella. Mem. Chin., . 197

PLATE 56.

1-3. Lysinoe coloradoensis Stearns. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 225

4-6. Lysinoe magdelenensis Stearns. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 226

7, 8. Chloritis meander G.-A. P. Z. S., . . . 275

9. Plectotropis grumulus G.-A. P. Z. S., . . .195

10-12. Hemitrochus caymanensis Mayn. Original, . . 241

13-15. Hemitrochus maynardi Pils. Original, . . . 241

16. Chloritis plena G.-A. P. Z. S., 276

17, 18. Plectotropis pudica G.-A. P. Z. S., ... 195
19-21. Vallonia ladacensis Nev. Mem. Acad., . . .260

PLATE 57.

1-3. Trochomorpha rubens Hartm. Original, . . .129

4-6. Trochomorpha planoconus Mouss. Original, . . 132

7-9. Cochlostyla aggiei Hemib. Mai. BL, . . . .244

10. Euhadra purpurescens Pfr. C. Icon.,

11-13. Cathaica subrugosa Dh. Nouv. Arch., . . . 211

314 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

14. Corasia woodfordi Sowb. P. Z. S., 243

15-17, Cathaica christinse Ad. (typical). Mem. Chin., . 213

18, 19. Papuina bevani Braz. P. L. S. N. 8. W., . . 292

20-22. Hemitrochus xanthophaes Pils. Original, . . 242

23, 24. Papuina elisus Hedley. P. L. S. N. S. W., . . 292

PLATE 58.

1. Hadra perinflata Pfr. Tr. Koy. Soc. S. Austr., . . 282

2-4. Hadra fodinalis Tate. Tr. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., . . 277

5-7. Hadra elderi Bedn. Tr. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., . . 278

8, 9. Trachiopsis baudinensis Sm. Conchologist, . . 286

10, 11. Trachiopsis collingei Sm. Conchologist, . . . 287

12, 13. Eulota tenimberica Mlldff. Nachr.-Bl., . . .220

14, 15. Eulota telitecta Mlldff. Nach.-Bl., . .

16, 17. Chloritis tenuitesta Mlldff. Nachr.-Bl., . . .273

18, 19. Eulota biteeniata Mlldff. Nachr.-Bl., . . .221

20, 21. Hadra derbyi Cox. P. L. S. N. S. W., . . .280

22-24. Hadra everardensis Bedn. Tr. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., . 277

25, 26. Hadra oscariensis Cox. P. L. S. N. S. W., . . 279

THE END.

HELICID^E.

PLATE 42

33

PLATE 43

36

37

38

43

45 ^a^ 47

44 46

48

50

51 52

54

55

56

57

^9

58

59

61

63

65

"-

68 ;™ 69

HELICID>e.

PLATE 44

71

70

•

72

73

74 - 75

76

77

78 79

83

81

86

87

89

90

9!

93

9^

97

98 '->

96

100

HELICID^E.

PLATE 45

23

24

20

21

3T" 29 " 30

31 ' — —'33

35

37,

-

HELICID>e.

PLATE 46

58

HELJCID^E.

PLATE 47

60

6!

62

63

64

66 68

67

70

7, "wr 73

11 74

78

79 " 80

81

83

90 r*^' 91

PLATE 48

96

Q7

99

8 9

10

3

13 14

15

17

19

16

22 23

28

HELICID^E.

PLATE 49

31

47

HELICID^E.

PLATE 5O

8

13

21

14-

23

22

26 27

28 29

30

PLATE 51

PLATE 52

PLATE 53

HELICID^E

PLATE 54

89

31

30

92

93

94

96

97

38

39

8

HELICID^E.

PLATE 55

23

HELICID^E.

PLATE 56

18

HELJCID^G

PLATE 57

PLATE 58

8

12

•',6

17

@

76

14

18

15

19

26

*'

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Tryon, G,W. T?6

Manual of conchology. ser«2

v.8

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