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http://www.archive.org/details/manualoffamilies1896will

MANUAL

OF THE

FAMILIES AISTD GEI^EEA

OF

I^ORTH American Diptera

SECOND EDITION

REWRITTEN AND ENLARGED

BY

SAMUEL W. WILLISTON

PROFKSSOR OF PALEONTOLOGY AND ANATOMY
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS

' K y c , " , , »

I •. :, t " i, ij t »

NEW HAVEN
JAMES T. HATHAWAY

297 CROWN ST. NEAR YALE COLLEGF

18 9 6

Kntered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1896,

By JAMES T. HATHAWAY,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

c c c ' (
C c « ' t I

C ' t C 4

1 tc«-'c' '

PREFACE

Eight years ago the author of the present work published
a small volume in which he attempted to tabulate the families
and more important genera of the diptera of the United
States. From the use that has been made of that work by
entomological students, he has been encouraged to believe
that the labor of its preparation was not in vain. The extra-
ordinary activity in the investigation of our dipterological
fauna within the past few years has, however, largely destroy-
ed its usefulness, and it is hoped that this new edition, or
rather this new work, will prove as serviceable as has been
the former one. In the present work there has been an at-
tempt to include all the genera now known from north of
South America. While the Central and West Indian faunas
are preeminently of the South American type, there are doubt-
less many forms occurring in the southern states that are at
present known only from more southern regions.

In the preparation of the work the author has been aided
by the examination, so far as he was able, of extensive col-
lections from the West Indies and Central America submitted
to him for study by Dr. D. Sharp of Cambridge, England,
and Messrs. Godman and Salvin of London, together with the
extensive collections of the University of Kansas and those
from South America in the author's private cabinet, alto-
gether forming probably the largest collection of American

IV PREFACE.

Diptera ever brought together. For the descriptions of the
early stages reliance has necessarily been placed chiefly upon
the writings of Brauer. As will be seen, assistance has
been derived from the works of Schiner, Osten Sacken,
Loew, Wulp, Town send and others, although but very few
of the North American genera, aside from those of the Tach-
inidse and Dexiidse, are unknown to the writer.

The author owes his sincerest thanks to Prof. J. M. Aldrich
for the family characters and table of the Dolichopodidse ; to
Prof. V. L. Kellogg for the paragraphs on the internal anat-
omy of Diptera; to Prof. J. B. Smith for kind favors ; and to
Prof. W. A. Snow for the table of the Ortalid<3e.

Lawrence, Kans., June 10, 1896.

CORRIGENDA.
Page viii, line 9, for 'writer' read student.

X, line 10, for 'hemispherical' read spherical.
xix, line 5 from bottom, for 'Cyclorrhapha' read Orthorrhapha.
18, line 2 from bottom, insert not before 'forked' and delete from
the following line.

31, line 4 from bottom, for 'anal cell closed' read discal cell open.

32, line 2, for 'Thambeta Williston' read Diotrepha Osten Sacken.
35, line 14, for '5' read 3.

40, line 13 from bottom, insert flattened before 'cylindrical', and,
three lines below, read 'tibiae with or without spurs.'

43, last line, for 'Subula Omyia, noni. nov.' read Xylomyia Rondani.

58. line 13, for 'Orthoneuromyia Williston' readPsiLOcuRus Loew.

88, line 17 from bottom, for '64' read 67 ; line 6 from bottom for '67'
read 65.

96, line 15 from bottom, for 'Eumyidae' read Holometopa ; line 11

from bottom, for 'Schizophora' read Eumyidae.
140, line 3, for 'witli' read without.

TABLE OF COE'TEIsTTS.

INTRODUCTION,

VII

Head,

X

Mouth-parts,

XIII

Thorax,

XVII

Legs, . -

XIX

Abdomen, '

XX

Chaetotaxy,

XX

Wings,

xxm

Internal Anatomy, ....

XXVI

Collection and Preservation of Diptera,

XXVIII

Classification, .....

XXXI

BIBLIOGRAPHY, . . .

. XXXIII

TABLE OF FAMILIES,

1

Cecidomyid^,

7

Mycetophilid^, ....

13

LlPONEURID^, BlEPHAROCERID^,

.-

19

CULICID^,

20

Chironomid^, . . . • .

22

Orphnephilid.e, . . .

26

PSYCHODID^,

26

DlXID^,

28

TlPULID^, . .

29

BlBIONID^, . . • . .

37

SlMULIID^,

38

Rhyphid^, .....

40

Leptid^,

41

Stratiomyid^, . . . .

44

Acanthomerid^, ....

49

TABANIDiE,

49

ASILID^,

52

Apiocerid^,

60

Nemistrinid^, ....

60

Mydaid.e,

62

BOMBYLIID^,

63

VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

There viD.i;,

SCENOPINID.^,
ACROCERID^,
LONCHOPTERID.E,
EmPIDIDxE, .

dolichopodid^,
Syrphid^, .

CONOPID^, .
PlPUNCULID^,

Platypezid^,
Phorid^,

MUSCIDEA, .
Borborid^,
Agromyzid^,
Geomyzid^,
oscinid/e,
Drosophilid^,
Ephydrid^,

DlOPSID^, .

Sepsid^,

MlCROPEZID^,
PSILID^,

Ortalid^, .
Trypetid^e,

SAPROMl'ZIDiE,

Rhopalomerid^
Helomyzid^,
Heteroneurid^,
Sciomyzid^,

PhY'CODROMID^,

SCATOMYZID^,

AnTHOMYID/E,

Oestrid^, .
Sarcophagid^,

MuSCIDiE,

Tachinid^,
Dexiid^,

HlPPOBOSCID^,

Nycterybiid^,
APPENDIX,
INDEX,

68
69
70
72
72
76
82
91
98
94
95

96
101
102
104
105
107
108
HI
111
113
114
114
119
123
124
125
126
127
128
128
133
136
138
140
144
144
151
152

153

155

ikteoductio:n^.

The order of two-winged insects, known as flies or Diptera,
includes nearly forty thousand known species from different
regions of the world. Since many of the species are very small
or minute, and inconspicuous, and as the order has received
only a small share of the attention of collectors and students,
there certainly remain very many more to be yet made known.
From North America not far from four thousand species have
been studied, and we probably have as many more awaiting
discovery. Our knowledge of the dipterological fauna has
progressed with increased rapidity during the past ten or
twenty years, but vast fields for profitable study yet remain
open for the serious investigator. In North America the
results to be obtained are almost inexhaustible. Nearly every
family yet awaits the conscientious monographer. The des-
cription of new species is the much less interesting of the
work to be done, and perhaps the less profitable. At the
present time the rapidly increasing number of short papers
descriptive of new forms is rendering the determination of
species more and more difficult.

To the student beginning the study of this interesting group
of insects, some words of advice or caution may be of service.
The present work can make no pretensions to completeness
in the characterization of genera, and he should never depend
upon mere tables in the absence of other information. Doubt
of the right generic location of a specimen may often be surest
dissipated by attempting to refer it to some species. Until the
student has acquired a sort of intuitive acquaintance with the
different families the work may be somewhat tedious, but by

VIII INTRODUCTION.

perseverance he can not fail to overcome whatever obstacles
families and genera may present. He will be very much
aided at the beginning by having a tolerably large collection
at his command by which to make comparisons. Difficulties
will often disappear with positive evidence before him, where
negative characters are puzzling. With each genus in a
family positively determined the difficulties and uncertainties
of others will gradually disappear.

To determine his species the student will need access to a
large number of papers, lists of which to the present time will
be found in the catalogue of Osten Sacken, and on page
XXXIII of the present work. There are a few masters of dip-
terology, and the student will never err in consulting their
writings, no matter upon what subjects they may be. Of
these I would especially mention Meigen, Wiedemann, Win-
nertz, Loew, Schiner, Osten Sacken, Wulp and Brauer. Other
writers whose works are indispensable, but who are not to be
trusted as guides, are Desvoidy, Macquart, Walker, Rondani,
Bigot, etc. Of the contemporary writers whose works will
be found useful, and in most cases valuable, may be mentioned
Austen, Eaton, Meade and Verrall of England ; Bergenstamm,
Kowarz, Mik and Strobl of Austria ; Becker, Girschner, Boeder
and Buebsamen of Germany ; Dziedzicki and Schnabl of Po-
land ; Bezzi and Giglio-Tos of Italy ; Bergroth of Finland ;
Skuse of Australia ; the Lynchs of South America ; Aldrich,
Banks, Coquillett, Johnson, Scudder, Snow, Townsend and
Wheeler of this country. Probably the most useful single
v/ork that the student will find after Osten Sacken's Catalogue
(Smithsonian Ins. lcS78) is Schiner's Fauna Austriaca, and
the most useful foreign periodical the Wiener Entomologische
Zeitung, of which the accomplished Mik is one of the editors.
The Zoological Record will be almost indispensable in ascer-
taining what has been done during the past thirty-six years.
For the beginner I would especially recommend Comstock's
Manual for use in conjunction with this work.

INTRODUCTION. IX

Diptera may always be recognized by the presence of but
One pair of wings ; the second pair of other insects is really
represented by a small organ on eacli side back of the trne
wings, consisting of a short, slender stem with a knob-like ter-
mination, called the halteres or poisers. Their function is
not known ; that they have some function seems certain, as
they are always in vibration during flight. Not all flies are
winged; in some degraded forms, both among the lowest and
highest groups of the order, they may be entirely wanting, as
also the halteres. Sometimes the males will have wings and
the females be wingless. But the number of wingless forms
is very small.

In the adult state the habits of flies are very various. Some,
but not a very large proportion, are predaceous upon other
insects, sucking their juices. Some are very annoying to man
and other warm-blooded animals, sucking their blood ; of these
may be mentioned the mosquitoes, black-flies, horse-flies, sta-
ble and horn flies, the tsetze fly, etc., as well as all the pupipara,
which are parasitic upon birds and mammals. By far the
largest number of diptera, however, feed upon vegetable sub-
stances, either fresh or decaying, the pollen and honey of
flowers, etc. Some feed upon ordure and decaying material
of whatever nature it may be.

In the larval stages, the habits are yet more diverse. Brief
references to the larval habits will be found in the following
pages. Suffice here to say tliat the larger part are vegetable
feeders, but not a few live upon decomposing animal matter,
or in the living bodies of other insects, snails, reptiles, birds,
mammals, etc. While some members of the order may be
very annoying or prejudicial to man's economy, the order,
upon the whole, is a beneficial one, whether in the larval or
mature stages, whether as parasites upon other, and injurious
organism, or as scavengers.

In the following pages I endeavor to give such definitions
and descriptions of the mature insect as will enable the stu-

X INTRODUCTION.

dent to understand and appreciate, not only the present work,
but all other systematic works upon diptera. I have not
thought it desirable to consider at length many interest-
ing subjects connected with them, such as the internal anato-
my, embryology, etc., as being rather apart from the object of
the work, — an introduction or, aid to the study of systematic
dipterology.

HEAD.

The head in diptera is extremely variable in shape, reach-
ing its most remarkable development in the Diopsidse and
Nycteribiidse. It is frequently more or less hemispherical, but
more often the posterior surface or occiput, is flattened or
even concave, giving a more hemispherical form. Often it is
flattened and widened transversely as wide or wider than the
thorax. In the Nycteribiidse it may be folded back into a
groove on the dorsum of the thorax, but with those exceptions,
it is always attached to the thorax by a freely movable neck.
Next to the wings, the head offers the most important char-
acters for classification.

Eyes. The large compound eyes are present in all diptera
save some Pupipara. In the great majority of males they are
contiguous on the upper side of the head for a greater or less
distance; in such cases the insects are called holoptic. In
many males, however, (all the Acalyptratse and several fami-
lies of the Orthorrhapha, as well as in numerous genera of
other families) and in all females with but few exceptions
(some Acroceridse, Blepharoceridse, Bombyliidse and Platype-
zidse, etc.) the eyes are separated more or less broadly by the
front ; such insects are called diclioptic. Earely the eyes may
be contiguous below the antennae or both above and below
them, as in the Acroceridse. In not a few flies, especially
those of the aerial eremochsetous kinds, the upper facets of the
eyes are larger and more conspicuous than the lower ones,
sometimes separated by a distinct line, or even entirely di-
vided. In these flies especially, the eyes in life are often

INTRODUCTION. XI

brilliantly and beautifully colored with green and purple
markings. Sometimes the enlargement of the facets is on the
anterior portion and common to both sexes, as in the Asilidse.
The larger number of flies have the eyes bare, or pubescent
only when seen under high magnification. Very often, how^-
ever, the whole or part of the eyes is covered with erect pile
or hair, which always finds its greatest development in the
male sex. The pilosity may be sparse or dense, short or long.

Ocelli. On the upper part of the head, between the com-
pound eyes there are three simple, small eyes, present in most
diptera, and called the ocelli. They are by no means constant
among all the genera of some families, or even among all the
species of some genera. They are usually situated in the form
of a triangle whose apex is in front ; sometimes they are
located in a nearly straight line transversely, or, the middle
one may be absent, and the other two situated one on each
side close to the compound eyes.

AntennoB. No other organs furnish so many or so important
characters in the classification of the diptera as do the anten-
nae or feelers, as the}^ have been sometimes called. The num-
ber, shape, and arrangement of the joints offer, not only
specific and generic characters, but in some cases family char-
acters as well. Only in exceptional cases is the number less
than three, and there may be as many as thirty-six, it is said.
Through all the Cyclorrhapha the number three is constant,
with the exception of the Phoridse, and the Pupipara. In the
Nematocerous Orthorrhapha the number is usually from eight
to sixteen, the first two of which form the scape, and which
are always more or less differentiated from the remainder,
which constitutes the flagellum. Osten Sacken has proposed
to call those flies which have the antennae long and frequently
bearing whorls of hairs, especially in the males, the true
Nematocera, in distinction from the anomalous Nematocera,
in which the antennae are shorter, destitute of whorls of hairs
and with the joints pressed close together. Upon the antennal

XII INTRODUCTION.

character alone, however, the group can not be satisfactorily
separated from the anomalous Brachycera, in which the anten-
nse are more usually three-jointed, with the third joint divided
into segments. Nor can the latter be clearly separated from
the true Brachycera, in which the third joint is not annulated.
Sometimes the third joint appears to resemble that joint in
the true Brachycera, but will be found upon close inspection
to be composed of a number of closely united segments or
annuli, and it is in these cases that the term complex is applied.
This character will be easily understood by examining the
third antennal joint of a common horse-fly. Either the com-
plex or the simple third joint may terminate in a bristle,
usually called an arista, or in a style, that is a more slender
portion, which is, however, not bristle-like. It is very evident
that both the style and the arista represent only the more or
less attenuated distal joints of the flagellum, because in all
cases a close examination will show them to be composed of
from two to five segments. The arista or style is frequently
entirely wanting in the Orthorrhapha, but only rarely is it
atrophied among the Cyclorrhapha. The style is alwaj^s ter-
minal, because it is less differentiated from the flagellum, but
the arista may be either terminal or dorsal, and it may be
inserted close to the base of the third joint. It is also evi-
dent here that the change of position is more apparent than
real, because it is in reality due to the greater development
of the under side of the third joint. In some cases the third
joint has developed into most singular structures, as for ex-
ample in Neochauna and Blastocera among the Stratiomyidse,
or Talarocera, Schizotachina, Dichocera and Diglossocera,
among the Tachinidse-.

Frequently the arista has short hairs growing from its up-
per and lower sides, in which cases it is called pubescent ; when
the hairs are longer and more feather-like, the arista is said
to be plumose ; or, if the hairs are fewer and stronger, pecti-
nated. The plumosity or pectination is always stronger on
the upper side of the arista.

INTRODUCTION. XIII

Front. The space between the eyes in all dichoptic flies,
limited by the upper margin of the head and the line drawn
through the root of the antennae is called the front. It may
be wide or narrow, excavated or convex, etc.

Vertex. The uppermost part of the front, near the margin
of the occiput, which is here called the vertical margin.

Vertical triangle. The triangle at the upper part of the
head, between the eyes in holoptic flies. It bears the ocelli,
which when placed on a triangle indicated by grooves or de-
pressions is called the ocellar triangle.

Frontal triangle. In holoptic flies, the triangle between
the eyes and the root of the antennae, the apex of which is
above.

Ptilinum. In the Cyclorrhapha an inflatable organ capable
of being thrust out through the frontal suture just above the
root of the antennae, and which is used by the imago in spring-
ing off the cap to the puparium when about to extricate itself.

Frontal lunule. An oval or crescentic space just above the
root of the antennae in Cyclorrhaphous flies, bounded by the
frontal suture.

E'pistoma or Peristoma. The oral margin and an indefinite
space immediately contiguous thereto.

Ant ennal fovea. A groove or grooves in the middle of the
face, as though for the lodgment of the antennae, bounded on
the sides by t\\Q facial ridges.

Cheeks. The space back of the face and below the eyes.

Orbits. The space immediately contiguous to the eyes,
sometimes indicated by structural characters, at other times
indefinite. It is called facial, frontal, etc., from the position.

Clypeus. A part of the mouth structure, often visible be-
low the margin of the mouth in front as a more or less visor-
shaped piece.

MOUTH-PARTS.

The mouth-parts of diptera are wholly suctorial. They
differ not a little in the different flies, as might be supposed

XIV INTRODUCTION.

from the diverse habits. In some they are adapted for pierc-
ing animal or vegetable substances and are, in consequence,
firmer and more slender ; in others, and by far the greater
number, they are adapted only for sucking up juices or
such substances as may be dissolved by the aid of the saliva.
Grains of pollen have been observed in the digestive organs
of the Syrphidse and other flower flies, but, as a rule, fluids
only serve as food. Many have the proboscis wholly retrac-
tile into the oral cavity, and furnished with one or even two
hinges, by which when at rest it may be folded up. In others
the proboscis is not retractile, and projects either in front, or
downward or backward, beneath the body. While it is usually
short, it may be much longer than the body. Einally a few
species have the mouth-parts rudimentary and take no nour-
ishment in the adult state.

As regards the different parts of which the mouth-organs
are composed, there is a strong contention on the part of Prof.
John B. Smith that the homologies previously and generally
accepted by entomologists are not the correct ones. I have
followed his arguments as carefully and as fully as I am able,
but I will not pretend to assert any authoritative opinion in
the matter, as that would presuppose a thorough acquaintance
with the mouth-structure in other insects than the diptera,
which I do not possess.

The more commonly accepted homologies are as follows :
labium, maxillae, maxillary palpi, mandibles, hypopharynx,
and labrum or labrum-epipharynx. The labial palpi are
thought to be wholly wanting, or represented by the labella.
The labium is always present, more or less fleshy and provided
with muscles. It is grooved or channeled on the upper side
to receive the other parts, with the exception of the palpi,
which are free. This sheath is often nearly complete, the
thin margins touching each other above. At its tip are the
pair of joints of variable size called the '^ lips " or labella.
The maxillae and mandibles are sometimes absent, the mandi-

INTRODUCTION. XV

bles most frequently ; when present they are always slender
and firm. The hypopharynx is unpaired and slender, grooved
on the upper side and sometimes converted into a nearly com-
plete tube. The labrum, also unpaired, is usually elongate
and grooved on the under side, forming by apposition with
the pharynx a complete tube. The mandibles are frequently
absent ; in fact I do not know of their occurrence in any flies
with a simple third antennal joint, and they may be absent in
the male when present in the female, as in the Tabanidse.
They are always piercing organs, thin, firm, chitinous and
usually slender. The two maxillae, likewise piercing organs,
find their highest development in such predaceous flies. as the
Asilidse. Like the mandibles they are chitinous and slender.
In some they are more or less flattened, and may have curi-
ously shaped projections at the tip; usually they are bristle-
like. They lie with the maxillae within the sheath of the
labium, at either side of the labrum and hypopharynx. In some
cases the labrum is short, and serves only as a cover for the
proximal part of the hypopharynx, but usually it is as long as
or longer than the hypopharynx and has a simple groove on
the under side. The hypopharynx is always present in flies
in which the mouth-parts are functional. It is, more often a
slender, Arm organ, grooved upon the upper side, which by
apposition with the labrum forms a distinct tube. In some,
however, it may form almost a complete tube in itself.

Leaving out of account the degraded, but highly specialized
Pupipara, the labium is always a sheath for all the other or-
gans except the palpi, but is separable at the will of the insect.
It is not used in piercing ; it is either bent backward in the
middle, as in the mosquito, or the piercing parts are thrust
out at the extremity as in most of the predaceous flies. To
facilitate this protrusion of the piercing parts, the proximal
j)ortion is more or less membranous and retractile; or, the
inner organs may be capable of elongation, being coiled
up in some cases, as in Pangonia, within the pharyngeal

XVI INTRODUCTION.

cavity. The pair of organs at the extremity, the lips or la-
bella. are very variable in shape, position and function. In
the mosquito, for instance, they serve merely as a pair of
fingers to guide the piercing parts. In many of the flower-
flies with long proboscis, they are small, oval, divaricable
organs, that seem to be chiefly sense-organs, as they are
usually provided Avith hairs inserted into small, semi-translu-
cent spots on the outer sides and margins. In the greater
number of flies, however, the labella are of considerable size,
and are provided with radiating ridges on the inner, opposable
sides. These pseudotracheae, as they are called, serve as means
of attrition, by which the insects rub off particles of food
from firm substances. Sometimes the labella are long and
slender and folded back under the labium when at rest. In
the Asilidse and some others, they are rigid and horny.

Perhaps the most important of all the mouth-parts, from
the systematic standpoint, are the maxillary palpi. They are
always inserted at the inferior basal part of the proboscis, on
a thin plate which bears the maxillae, and are always extri-
cated. Their study has been much neglected, and doubtless
thorough comparative researches will reveal not a few charac-
ters of value in classification. They are variously described as
being composed of from one to five joints. Probably there
is never more than four articulated joints, the basal joint
being merely a process of the plate bearing the maxillae.
The tendency in diptera is toward their entire loss, and in the
most highly specialized families there is never more than one
articulated joint. They may be reduced to the merest rudi-
ments, even in flies which are more or less predaceous in hab-
its and which have the mouth-parts with the exception of the
mandibles, otherwise well-developed. They are never greatly
elongated, save among some of the Nematocera.

Without going into Prof. Smith's arguments, he shows with
what seems to be much force, that the real homologies of the
dipterous mouth-parts are as follows :

INTRODUCTION.

XVII

Labrum. .

Hypypharynx.

Mandibles.

Maxillse.

Maxillary palpi.

Labium.

Paraglossa.

Ligula.

Lacinia.

Palpifers.

Maxillary palpi.

Galea.

THORAX.

The tliorax is composed, as in other insects, of three parts,
the ^ro-thorax, the meso-thorax and the 7neta-thovax, but the
first and the last are so aborted as to present but few ana-
tomical characters. The prothorax is perhaps most readily
distinguished in the Nematocerous flies, forming a rounded
collar back of the neck. The metathorax is not seen at all
from above ; the scutelluin, cut off by an impressed line, usu-
ally a semi-oval body, really belongs to the mesothorax, the
dorsum of which is often called the mesonotum.

Transvei'se suture, an impressed line usually running
straight across the mesonotum and terminating a little in front
of the root of the wings. It is more or less incomplete in
the middle.

Humerus or humeral callus, the anterior superior angles of
the mesothorax, usually a more or less rounded callus.

Post-alar callus, a more or less distinct rounded swelling,
situated between the root of the wing and the scutellum.

Pre-alar callus, a similar, but usually less prominent, pro-
jection situated before the root of the wings on the sides of the
mesonotum, just back of the outer ends of the transverse suture.

Scutellar bridge, a small ridge on either side of the scutel-
lum, connecting it with the mesonotum.

Presutural depression, a depression, usually triangular in
shape, at the outer ends of the transverse suture, near the
dorsopleural suture.

Supra-alar groove, a groove on the mesothorax immediately
above the root of the wings, along the inner margin of which
there are, usually, characteristic bristles.

XVIII INTRODUCTION.

Dorsopleural suture, the suture running from tlie humerus to
the root of the wings, separating the mesouotum from the
pleura. Mik proposes for it the rather more appropriate term
of notopleural suture.

Sternopleural suture, the suture below the dorsopleural
suture, nearly parallel with it and separating the mesopleura
from the sternopleura.

Mesoyleural suture, the suture running from the root of the
wings downward and separating the mesopleura from the
pteropleura.

Mesopleura, the space situated in front of the root of the
wings, between the dorsopleural and sternopleural sutures.

PteropAeura, situated below the root of the wings, back of
the mesopleural suture.

Sternopleura, the lower part of the pleura, below the sterno-
pleural suture and above the front coxae.

Hypopleura, the space over the middle and hind coxae, be-
low the metapleura and pteropleura.

Metapleura, the " sides of the metanotum ", a more or less
swollen space at the outside of the metanotum and between it
and the pteropleura and hypopleura.

Metanotumfh, the oval, arched portion behind, beneath the
scutellum. It is frequently the best developed in the flies
with long, slender abdomen, as the Tipulidse.

Halter es, balancers or poisers, rudimentary posterior wings,
a slender organ with a dilated head, situated below each
metapleura.

Tegulce or alula", a pair of membranous scales situated
above the halteres and back of the root of the wings, one
above the other. The lower one or both may be rudimentary
or absent; the upper one moves with the wings and is called
the antitegula by Osten Sacken. Comstock, however, objects
to this use of tegula, saying that the term was first used
for the cup-like scale above the root of the wing in certain
hymenoptera, and should be reserved for that organ.

INTRODUCTION. XIX

LEGS.

The three pairs of legs are attached to the prothorax, meso-
thorax and metathorax, and are called, respectively the front,
middle and hind pairs. When the front and middle pairs are
spoken of together they should be called, for the sake of ex-
actness, the anterior legs ; when the middle and hind pairs
are collectively meant, the posterior legs. The legs are com-
posed of five parts :

Coxa, the part attaching the legs proper to the thorax.

Trochanter, the short, small, ring-like portion between the
femur and coxa.

Femur, almost invariably the longest and stoutest portion
of the legs, often provided with tubercles, spines or projec-
tions or sometimes greatly thickened ; usually slender.

Tibia, the next part succeeding the femur, and like it often
with various ornamentations or projections. When it ter-
minates in one or more distinct, short bristly spines, it is
said to be spurred.

Tarsus, the distal division of the legs, composed (except in
some abnormal forms) of five joints, of which the first, that
next to the tibia, is called the metatarsus. On the terminal,
or fifth joint, are the

Ungues or claws, usually two, curved movable booklets on
the under side of the last tarsal joint, at the base of which
below, are a pair of

Pulvilli, two pad-like, fleshy cushions attached to the last
joint of the tarsus below the claws, usually present, but often
absent among the Orthorrhapha and often much larger and
better developed in the male than the female. Between them,
among a number of the families of the Cyclorrhapha, is the

Empodium, a median appendage on the under side of and
between the claws, either in the form of a pad, like the pul-
villi, when it is called pulvilliform, or like a bristle or spine ;
rarely it is alone present and the pulvilli wanting.

XX INTRODUCTION.

ABDOMEN.

The abdomen is composed of a variable number of segments,
more or less closely fused together. The normal number for
insects, nine, are rarely all visible (the Tipulidse are exam-
ples). They are counted from the base on the upper side. In
not a few cases the lirst two are so closely fused together, and
the first one abbreviated, that the nomenclature leaves some
doubt in the mind of the student. The upper part of the ab-
domen may be especially indicated by the word dorsum, but
in general, the venter or under part is alone thus contradistin-
guished. The male genitalia, which in many cases are of
complicated structure, and of much value in classification, are
known collectively as the hopopygiurn, though Bergroth has
proposed the name propygiitm for them. The ovipjositor of the
female abdomen very frequently projects from the abdomen,
and is sometimes extremely long ; its structure is often char-
acteristic of genera or families. The more detailed descrip-
tion of the parts of both these organs it is unnecessary to go
into here ; they may be studied in the different families, where
they often find useful application in the se^jaration of species.

CH^TOTAXY.

Until within recent years but little attention had been paid
by writers on systematic dipterology to the number and ar-
rangement of the bristles among flies. Osten Sacken, who
proposed the term chwtotaxy, to designate the science of their
arrangement, published an epochmaking paper on the subject
in 1881. Since that time their use has steadily increased
with the most happy results. That they will become more
and more useful as their study in different families progresses,
there can seem to be no doubt. For that reason, it behooves
the student to become familiar with the nomenclature already
in use. The following are the most important terms :

Cephalic Bristles.

Vertical, two pairs, inner and outer, inserted more or less

INTRODUCTION. XXI

behind the upper and inner corner of the eye, erect, or the
inner pair convergent, the outer pair divergent.

Postvertical, in the middle of the upper part of the occiput,
generally small or absent.

Ocellar, situated close to the ocelli, usually directed for-
ward ; often absent.

Fronto-orbital bristles, placed on each side of the front, near
the orbit, immediately below the vertical bristles. There
may be one, two or none on each side.

Lower fro7ito-orhital, situated on the lower part of the front,
above the antennae, along the orbit, and not quite in line with
the fronto-orbital bristles. They are not of frequent occur-
rence.

Vibrissa, a stout bristle situated near the oral margin on
each side. Of important use in the classification of the
Acalyptratse.

Facial, a series of bristles on either side of the middle por-
tion of the face, above the vibrissse, especially conspicuous
among many genera of the Tachinidse, but usually absent in
the Acalyptratse.

Thoracic Dorsal Bristles.

Humeral, one or more bristles inserted on the humeral
callus.

Post-humeral, usually two, inserted immediately above the
dorso-pleural suture, between the humeral callus and the root
of the wing, on the bottom of the pre-sutural depression.

Pre-sutural, one or more bristles situated immediately in
front of the transverse suture, above the pre-sutural depression.

Supra-alar, usually three bristles, one on the post-alar cal-
lus, one on the alar frenum and the third in front of the second
on the edge of the supra-alar depression.

Intra-alar, a row of two or three bristles between the supra-
alar group and the dorso-central bristles.

Dor so-central, two or four longitudinal rows on the inner
part of the dorsum, sometimes represent by the

XXII INTRODUCTION.

Prescutellar, a transverse row of bristles in front of the
scutellum.

Thoracic Pleural Bristles.

Propleural, bristles inserted immediately above the front
coxae.

Mesopleural, bristles inserted on the mesopleurse, in the
angle formed by the dorso-plenral and mesopleural sutures.

Sternopleural, one or several bristles situated on the sterno-
pleura, below the sternopleural suture.

Pteropleural, bristles inserted on the pteropleurse, rarely
present and difficult to distinguish.

Metapleural, bristles inserted on the metapleurse, especially
conspicuous in the Asilidae-, and named by Lynch the

Trichostical bristles, a fan-like row on the metapleurse, con-
spicuous in some families.

Hypopleural bristles, a row or tuft of bristles on the hypo-
pleura, occurring in the Calyptratse.

Abdominal Bristles.

Marginal bristles, bristles inserted on the posterior margin
of the segments, especially conspicuous in many Tachinidse.

D'lscal bristles, bristles, usually one or more pairs, inserted
on the middle of the segments before the hind margin.

Lateral bristles, one or more bristles situated on or near
the lateral margins of the segments.

In addition, a number of terms are used to designate the
inclination of the bristles, often important in describing the
cephalic bristles. The more important of these are erect, when
standing vertically, or nearly so; proclinate, when directed
forward ; reclinate, when directed backward ; divaricate or
divergent when directed outward from the middle line ; con-
vergent when directed inwardly ; decussate or cruciate when
crossing each other.

INTRODUCTIOK XXIII

WINGS.

To understand the neuration or venatio7i of the wings the
student may select a common large horse-fly (Tabanidse).
Observe near the middle of the wing directed transversely, a
large, oblong, five or six sided cell, surrounded on all sides by
other cells. This is the discal cell and is present in nearly
all flies. Somewhere on the vein (fourth longitudinal), that
bounds this cell in front, will be seen a short connecting vein,
directed anteriorly, the anterior or small cross-vein, which
affords, in most cases, a key to the neuration, no matter how
intricate. It always connects the fourth longitudinal vein
behind with the third longitudinal vein in front (in a few rare
cases the second longitudinal vein); the cell behind it is the
discal, in front, between the second and third longitudinal
veins, the submarginal ; on the outer side the first posterior ;
on the inner side the first basal. Just back of the first basal
cell and separated from it by the fourth longitudinal vein, is
the second basal cell ; back of the second basal and separated
by the fifth longitudinal vein, is the third basal or anal cell.
Back of the anal cell and including the free posterior proximal
portion of the wing is the axillary cell. In the horse-fly the
anal cell is seen to run back obliquely to near the posterior
margin of the wing, where it terminates acutely, that is, the
anal cell is closed near the border of the wing; should the
two veins that close it run separately into the margin of the
wing, then the cell is said to be open. Counting from the
third longitudinal vein (posterior branch) backward along the
posterior border of the wing, to the vein that closes the anal
cell outwardly, the student will count five different cells, the
first of which, as already said, borders on the first basal cell,
the second and third on the discal cell, the fourth on the
discal and second basal cell, and the fifth on the second basal
and anal cells ; these cells are called the 2^osterior cells, and
are numbered from before back; the first is bounded by the
third and fourth longitudinal and the anterior cross-vein ; the

XXIV INTRODUCTION.

second by the fourth longitudinal in front, the anterior inter-
calary vein behind, and the posterior cross-vein at the outer
side of the discal cell ; the third is bounded by the anterior*"
intercalary, and the fifth longitudinal vein and the posterior
cross-vein; the fourth is bounded by the fifth longitudinal
vein in front and the posterior intercalary vein behind ; the
fifth by the posterior intercalary; the fifth longitudinal at the
outer end of the second basal cell, and the posterior basal cross-
vein at the outer end of the anal cell. The short vein which
separates the second basal cell from the discal cell is known
as the anterior basal cross-vein. Now, following the third
longitudinal vein outwardly it will be found to give off an an-
terior branch which runs forward to terminate in the anterior
border of the wing, or costa ; the cell included between this
fork and the vein itself behind is the second submarginal cell.
The second longitudinal vein borders the first submarginal
cell in front and terminates in the costa ; between it and the
first longitudinal vein which has a similar course and termi-
nation is the marginal cell ; between the first longitudinal
vein and the costa there is another parallel vein with nar-
row cells on each side of it, the vein is the auxiliary, and the
cell before it the costal, behind it the subcostal. Finally, near
the root of the wing there is a short cross-vein connecting the
auxiliary vein with the costa; it is known as the humeral
cross-vein. .

The student is urged to procure a copy of Comstock's Man-
ual of Insects for use in connection with this work. The
figures there given of the various parts of the external anato-
my of diptera and especially of the neuration, are the truest
to nature that I have ever seen. The nomenclature of the
wing-neuration there adopted, or some modification of it, is
destined to supplant the Meigenian or Schinerian terminolo-
gies now almost exclusively used. I have not adopted it in
this work for two reasons : first, that it has not yet been fully

INTRODUCTION.

XXV

crystallized into a permanent shape ; second, because nearly
all the existing literature has the nomenclature here employed
and to use a new one would largely defeat the object of the
work in the hands of the beginner, I give below the ter-
minology used by Comstock, together with the equivalent
terms here used and the equivalent ones in the terminology
of Schiner, for the horse-fly.

Auxiliary vein . . .

II

Mediastinal

First longitudinal .

nil

Subcostal

Second longitudinal

1112,3 .

Radial

Third longitudinal .

III5 .

Cubital

Fourth longitudinal

V2

Discoidal

Fifth longitudinal .

V3

Postical

Sixth longitudinal .

IX

Anal

Anterior branch of third vein

III4

Anterior intercalary

V2

Posterior intercalary . . .

VIII .

Costal cell ....

2ndl

Costal

Subcostal cell ....

II

Mediastinal

Marginal cell ....

nil

Subcostal

First submarginal cell

III3

Cubital

Second submarginal cell

III4

First basal cell

2ndIII

Second basal cell

V

Anal cell ....

VIII

Axillary cell ....

IX

First posterior cell . . .

III5

Second posterior cell

VI

Third posterior cell

2ndV2

Fourth posterior cell .

V3

Fifth posterior cell .

VIII

Discal cell ....

lstV2

Flies differ very much in the nature of their covering.
Many are nearly or quite bare; others have a thick, woolly
covering of closely set, long fine hair ; while others still have
an abundant covering of long stout, heavy bristles' or^macro-
chcetce. Undoubtedly the kind of covering has much relation

XXVI INTRODUCTION.

with the habits of the mature insects, yet just what the rela-
tions are is not yet well understood. Osten Sacken has ob-
served that the eremochsetous flies (i. e. diptera in which
there is a general absence of bristles, as for example the
Stratiomyidse, Leptidae, and Tabanidiae) are for the most part
holoptic in the male sex and at the same time are principally
aerial flies, flying swiftly and with the habit of hovering,
using their legs only for alighting. On the contrary the
chsetophorous flies (as the Muscidse, sens, lat., Phoridae, Doli-
chopodidge, Asilidse, etc.) use their legs as much as, sometimes
more, than the wings for locomotion, and rarely have the eyes
contiguous in the male sex. Probably the development of the
macrochsetae reaches its highest extent among the Tachinidse,
as for instance in Dejeania, Saundersia, etc., and the Dexiidae
{^Hystrisiphona, etc.), where the abdomen may be almost
wholly covered with long and erect, very rigid spines.

As concerns other forms of covering, the usage of writers
is not very exact ; the terms hair, pile, pubescence and tonieii-
tum are used with a wide degree of latitude. In general, how-
ever, pile should be restricted to indicate close, thickly set,
fine hair, as in the pile of velvet, while hair may mean longer,
and less abundant. Pubescence should mean very short, tine
hairs, while tomentum can only be correctly applied to recum-
bent, flattened scale-like or stubble-like hairs, which gradually
merge into dust or pollen, which is so generally present in
flies, and upon which the determination of many species must
largely depend.

INTERNAL ANATOMY.

For the following brief account of the internal anatomy of
Diptera I am indebted to Prof. V. L. Kellogg.

The special features of the internal structure of the Diptera
are the high degree of concentration of the nervous system
attained in some of the members of the order, the expansion
of the two main tracheal trunks in the base of the abdomen

INTRODUCTION. XXVII

to form air sacs, the presence of a sucking stomach as in the
Lepidoptera, the constant number (four, rarely five) of the
Malphigian tubes, and the absence of a bursa copulatrix in the
females.

The alimentary canal presents behind the oesophagus an
expansion which is a crop or sucking stomach. The ventri-
culus, or true stomach, lying behind it, has usually two coeca ;
and the long, slender, Malpighian vessels are, in almost all
species, four in number, a surprising constancy compared with
the condition in other groups of specialized insects. The ves-
sels open singly into the alimentary canal in some flies and in
others they unite in pairs before reaching the canal and open
into it by two ducts.

The heart is of the usual type, with two chambers in the
more specialized families, owing to the concentration of the
body. In the larva of Corethra the heart is a simple, elongate
tube without chambers.

The two main tracheal trunks expand at the base of the
abdomen into conspicuous air sacs similar to those found
among Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, the lamellicorn beetles and
some other insects. The two pairs of spiracles of the thorax
are provided with " vocal cords ", and a considerable part of
the humming sound is produced by these structures. The
abdominal spiracles of some flies are as primitive as are to be
found among insects, being simply unlipped openings.

The condition of the nervous system varies greatly within
the order. In the elongate, more generalized Nematocerous
forms there are five or six abdominal ganglia, and three dis-
tinct thoracic ganglia. From this condition to that shown by
the Muscidae, where all the thoracic and abdominal ganglia
are united into one large ganglion in the thorax, a most in-
structive series of gradatory forms is presented. In the
Empididse, which stand intermediately as regards the concen-
tration of the ventral cord, the two anterior thoracic ganglia
are fused into one ; this condition is radically different from

XXVIII INTRODUCTION.

that shown by insects of other orders, as the Coleoptera.,
Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera, which have but two thoracic
ganglia. In these insects, however, it is the two posterior
ganglia (meso and metathoracic) which are fused into one.

The careful studies of Child on the so-called Johnston's
organ, an elaborate structure of fine chitin rods connected
with special nerve cells and these connected by fine nerves
with the main antennal nerve, the whole organ (which is lo-
cated in the second antennal joint) seem to ascribe definitely
an auditory function to the antennae. Child's studies were
mostly made on the iSTematocerous forms.

Special nerve structures are present at the base of the hal-
teres, and orienting, auditory and other sense functions have
been ascribed to them by various morphologists. Flies from
which these organs have been removed are utterly unable
properly to direct their flight.

The internal organs of the reproductive system present
some interesting peculiarities. The ovaries of the female
consists of an exceptionally large number of egg-tubes, there
are three receptaculi seminales, paired accessory, glands, and
no true bursa copulatrix. The males have two oval testes with
short vasa differentia. The testes are not infrequently color-
ed, possessing a pigment layer. There is a well developed
penis with accessory copulatory organs.

Classification of Diptera.
The first real attempt at the subdivision of the order of
Diptera was made by Latreille in 1802, when he distinguished
between the Nematocerous and Brachycerous forms. The
term Nemocera was introduced by him in 1817, and the char-
acters upon which he based the group are yet employed. The
name Brachycera was applied to the remaining diptera by
Macquart in 1825. The characters he used, following La-
treille, were :

Antennas at least six-jointed; palpi four or five-jointetl. Nemocera.

Antennae three- jointed ; palpi one or two- jointed. Brachycera.

INTRODUCTION, XXIX

This attempt at subdivision, based upon the antennae and
palpi, was all that had been made until a comparatively recent
date. It is the classification followed by Loew in the first
volume of the Monographs published as late as 1860. In
1863 Brauer proposed a more rational division of the diptera
into the two suborders, Orthorrhapha and Cyclorrhapha, based
chiefly upon larval and pupal characters. Their characters
in a later publication he gives as follows :

Larvae with a " jaw-capsulej" (Kieferkapsel) or a differentiated head.
Pupae free or enclosed in the larval skin ; in either case the larval skin
bursts for the extrication of the pupa or imago in a T-shaped opening on
the back of the anterior end, or rarely in a transverse rent between the
eighth and ninth abdominal rings. The imago lacks the frontal lunula
and ptilinum, Orthorrhapha.

Larvae without differentiated head. Pupae always enclosed in the hard-
ened larval skin (forming the so-called puparium); the imago always
escaping from the anterior end through a circular orifice. Frontal lunule
present; ptilinum usually present, .... Cyclorrhapha.

More recently Brauer has proposed a further subdivision of
the suborders into tribes and groups as follows :

SUBORDER ORTHORRHAPHA.

Section I. Nematocera.

Tribe L Eucephala. Families Mycetophilidae, Bibionidae, Chiro-
nomidae, Culicidae, Blepharoceridae, Simuliidae, Psychodidae, Pty-
chopteridae, Rhophidae.
Tribe 2. Oligoneura. Family Cecidomyidae.
Tribe 3. Polyneura. Tipulidae, Limnobiidae.
Section II. Brachycera.

Tribe 4. Acroptera. Family Lonchopteridae.
Tribe 5. Platygenya.

Group 1. Homodactyla.

Superfaniily 1. Notacantha. Families Stratomyidae, Xylo-

phagidae.
Superfaniily 2. Tanystoma. Families Tabanidae, Acan-

thromeridae, Leptidae.
Superfamily 3. Bombylimorpha. Families Nemistrinidae,
Acroceridae.

XXX INTRODUCTION.

Group 2. Heterodactyla.

Superfamily 1. Procephala. Families Mydaidae, Asilidae,
Bombyliidae.
Tribe 6. Orthogenya. Families Empididae, Dolichopodidae.

SUBORDER CYCLORRHAPHA.

Section I. Aschiza.

Tribe 1. Syrphidae. Families Syrphidae, Pipunculidae.
Tribe 2. Hypocera. Families Phoridae, Platypezidae.
Section II. Schizophora.

Tribe 3. Eumyidse. Muscidea of the present work*.

Superfamily Schizometopa. Calyptratae of the present work,
Superfamily Holometopa, Acalyptratae of tlie present work.
• Tribe 4. Pupipara. Pupipara of authors.

Osten Sacken, however, objects to this classification and
offers valid reason to sustain his objections, at least so far as
the Orthorrhapha are concerned. He insists that the Nemato-
cera and Brachycera are natural divisions and bases their
distinction ultimately upon the palpal characters. He says
that for some unexplained reason later authors have neglected
these characters and have concentrated their attention upon
the antennae. In this statement, however, I think that Osten
Sacken is somewhat unjust. The characters of the palpi
have been used by both Schiner and Brauer, as well as in my
own classification, and stress has been placed upon them.
Schiner states explicitly that Nemistrina has three-jointed pal-
pi, and it is known that Aedes, as well as some genera of Ce-
cidomyidae, have but a single palpal joint. This being the case,
it is seen that the character of the palpi is not the ultimate
distinction between the two groups. As I have already said,
there are never more than four articulated joints among the
diptera in the palpi, and the great majority of the Cyclorrha-
pha have none, the basal process or projection being all that
is present, and this will usually if not always be found, albeit
often in a rudiment condition, among all forms of the order.

I orive Osten Sacken's classification at leng^th, as follows :

INTRODUCTION. XXXI

ORTHOERHAPHA.
Nemocera vera. No holoptic head in the male sex; no bisection or bicol-
oration of the eyes. Antennae provided with sensitive hairs ar-
ranged symmetrically on the flagelluni in verticils or pencils of
hairs (exception Mycetophilidae). No ocelli (exception Mycetophi-
lidae and Lestreminae). No pulvilli; empodia often but not always
present.

A. Larvae peripneustic*, always terrestrial. Families Cecidomyidae,

Mycetophilidae.

B, Larvae metapneustic or amphipneustic, aquatic, subaquatic, sometimes

terrestrial. Families, Culicidae, Chironomidae, Psychodidae, (?)
Dixidae, Tipulidse.

Nemocera anomala. Diptera with homologous joints to the flagellum,
usually four-jointed palpi. Males frequently holoptic, sometimes
the females also. Tulvilli usually present. Antennae without sensi-
tive hairs. Ocelli usually present. Families Bibionidse, Simuliidae,
Blepharoceridae, llhypliid^, Orphnephilidae.

Brachycera. Palpi one or two-jointed, not pendulous, porrect, the second
joint more or less clavate, larger than the first. Joints of the flagel-
lum usually not homologous.

No macrochaetae. Three well developed pulvilli. Males predominently
holoptic, the eyes often bisected. Antennal flagellum polymorphous.
Axillary incision, alula and antitegula in most cases distinctly devel-
oped. Discal cell usually present; usually five posterior cells.
Legs rather smooth. Families Stratiomyidae, Tabanidae, Acantho-
meridae, Leptidae. . . . . . . . Eremoch^ta.

Collection and Preservation of Diptera.

Flies must be collected with much more care than can be
safely used with such insects as coleoptera. Moisture of all
kinds injures or ruins them, and specimens collected in alcohol
are worthless. For this reason the collecting bottle should be
lined throughout with blotting paper, and the cyanide placed
in the cork ; a very little poison suffices to kill them. Nor
should they be allowed to become too dry before pinning.
The pin should be thrust through the middle of the thorax,
and the specimen placed just so as to enable the head of the
pin to be grasped by the thumb and finger safely. Very small

* Amphipneustic larvae are those in which the spiracles are confined to the
first and last segments; metapneustic those in which they are confined to the
posterior segments; peripneustic those in which they are absent on the
median rings.

XXXII INTRODUCTION.

specimens should never be glued to card points, as is com-
monly done with coleoptera; they should always be pinned.
Sometimes specimens may be collected and packed in some
very fine, light sawdust, impregnated with carbolic acid, where
it is inconvenient or impossible to pin them. Such specimens
being gently separated from the sawdust are allowed to re-
main for some hours, over, but not touching, damp sand before
pinning. To pin the small specimens, use narrow strips of good
card-board or bristol-board, thrusting a slender pin through one
end and allowing it to protrude just a little above the edge and
clipping off the longer end with a pair of pliers. Thrust the
point of the pin as held in the card-board, into the under side
of the insect, but not entirely through it, and a stronger pin
in the reverse direction through the other end of the small
strip. The pins are to be thrust through the card-board from
edge to edge, and in consequence a good quality is to be se-
lected that will not split too readily. The wings should never
be spread, but should be turned aside so as not to conceal the
abdomen. In the early part of the season many interesting
species will be caught with the beating-net. The pointed end
of the beating-net may be thrust, with its contents, into a
bottle containing a little chloroform, or into a cyanide bottle,
for a short time, when the specimens may be leisurely re-
moved. Later in the season, flower-flies will be collected from
a great variety of melliferous blossoms, and it is better to
wait for the specimens to come to such blossoms than to go
hastily about looking for them. I have collected from a sin-
gle patch of elderberry blossoms, not a rod in diameter, more
than forty species of Syrphidse within ten days. Not many
species are to be found in shady woods, but those species must
be sought for there. To preserve flies in the cabinet from
their insect enemies, I use naphthaline. The head of ordinary
pins, when heated red-hot, may be thrust into the common
moth-balls sold by the druggists, which when thus mounted
serve all purposes.

BIBLIOGEAPHY, 18T8-1895.

1. ALDRICH, JOHN MERTON.
Psyche, Cambridge, Mass.

1. A New Genus and Species of Tabanidae, vi, 236, 237, 246, figs. 1892.

2. The Dolichopodid Genus Lianculus, vi, 569-571, 1892.

3. The Tipulid Genera Bittacomorplia and Pedicia, vii, 200-202, 1894.
Kansas University Quarterly, Lawrence, Kansas.

4. A Revision of the Genera Dolichopus and Hygroceleuthus, ii, 1-26, '93.

5. New Genera and Species of Psilopinas, ii, 47-50, 1893.

6. New Genera and Species of Dolichopodidae, ii, 151-157, 1894.

Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

7. New Species of Phora, xxiv, 142-146, 1892.

2. AUSTEN, ERNEST E.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, England.

1. Descriptions of New Species of Dipterous Insects of the Eaniily Syr-

phidae in the Collection of the British Museum, with Notes on Species
described by the late Francis Walker, Part I, Bacchini and Brachy-
opini, 1893, 132-164, pis. iv, v.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London, England.

2. On the Specimens of the Genus Cutiterebra and its Allies (Family

Oestridae) in the collection of the British Museum, with the Descrip-
tion of a New Genus and Three New Species, (6) xv, 377-496, pi.
xiii, 1795.

3. Further Notes on Cutiterebra ; On the identity of certain species

described by the late Bracy Clark, (6) xvi, 147-155, 1895.

3. BANKS, NATHAN.
Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

1. Concerning Calotarsa ornatipes Townsend, xxvi, 88, 1894.

2. Some Psychodid* from Long Island, N. Y. xxvi, 329-333, 1894.

3. Notes on Psychoda, xxvii, 324, 1895.

4. BERGROTH, evald.
Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, Vienna, Austria.

1. Ueber einige nordamerikanische Tipuliden, vii, 195-201, 1888.

2. Zwei neue Dipteren, viii, 295-298, 1889; xi, 162, 1892.

5. BEUTENMUELLER, WILLIAM.

D

XXXIV BIBLIOGRAPHY.

6. BIGOT, JACQUES, F. M.

Annales de le Societe Entomologique de France, Paris, France,
Dipteres Nouveaux ou peu Connus.

1. XII. Genus Phumosia, Pyrellia, Cosmina, Ochromyia, et Curtoneura,

pp. 31-40, 1878.

2. XIII. Generes Ocyptera (Latr.) Ocypterula, Exogaster (Rond.) pp.

40-47, 1878.

3. XIV. Notes et Melanges, p. 48, 1878.

4. XV. Tribu des Asilidi. Curies des Laphridse et Dasypogonidas, pp.

231, 1878.

5. XV. (Suite.) Tribu des Asilidi, etc. pp. 401-446, 1878.

6. XVI. Curiae Xylophagidarum et Stratiomydarum (Bigot), pp. 183-

234, 1879.

7. XVII. Notes et Melanges, pp. 235, 236, 1879.

8. XVIII. Genres Plagiocera (Macq.), Formosia (Guerin,) et Rutilia

(Rob,— Desv.) pp. 86-89, 1880.

9. XXI. Syrphidse (mihi.)— Genre Eristalis (Fabr.) pp. 213-230, 1880.

10. XXIII. Tribus Nemistrinidorum, pp. 13-24, 1881.

11. XXVII. Notes et Corrections, pp. 372-374, 1881.

12. XXVIII. AcanthomeridjB (Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot.) pp. 453-460, '82.

13. XXIX. Genres Roeselia, Actia, Melia, Phytomyptera, et Tribu des

Anthomyzidse (Schiner, Rondani, Meade) pp. 5-22, 1882.

14. XXXI. Genres Volucella (Geoffr, Hist, des Insectes, 1764) et Pbala-

cromyia (Rondani, Esame d. var. spec. d'Insett. Ditteri Brasiliani,
Torino, 1848,) pp. 61-88, 1883.

15. XXXII. Syrphidi (lere partie) pp. 221-258, 1883, (2e partie) Especes

nouvelles No. ler. pp. 315-356, 1883 : (2e partie) Especes nouvelles
No. II (2), pp. 536-560, 1884: 2e partie) Especes nouvelles, No. Ill
(2), pp. 73-116, 1885.

16. XXXIII. Anthomyzides nouvelles, pp. 263-304, 1885.

17. XXXV. Famille des Anomalocerati (mihi), Coriacae, Pupipara, Nyc-

teribidae Auctor ) pp. 225-246, 1885.

18. XXXVI. Syrphidi, Addenda au memoire public dans les Annales de,

la Societe entomologique de France (Annees 1883-4) pp. 247-252, '85.

19. XXXVII. Essai d'une Classification Synoptique du Groupe des Tan-

ypezidi (mihi.) et Descriptions de Genres et d'Especes inedits, pp.
287-302, 1885 ; 369-392, 1866.

20. XXXVIII. Liste Synoptique des especes appartenant au Genre Lox-

ocera (Meigen, etc.) Fam. des Agromyzidaj, Stirps 24e Chylizinae
(Rondani, Prodr. vol. i, 1856), Psilinae (Schiner).

21. XXXIX. Descriptions de Nouvelles Especes de Stratomydi et de

Conopsidi, pp. 20-46, 1887.

22. XL. Descriptions de nouvelles especes de Myopidi, pp. 203-208, 1887.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. XXXV

23. XLI. TachinidEe, DexiadjB, pp. 77-101, 1888.

24. XLII. Diagnoses de nouvelles especes, pp. 253-270, 1888.

25. XLIII. Cyrtidi (J. Bigot), pp. 313-320, 1889.

26. XLIV. Therevidi (J. Bigot) pp. 321-328, 1889.

27. XLVI. Bombylidi (raihi), pp. 321-376, 1892.

Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, Paris, France.
28 Description de Dipteres nouveaux, iv, 408, 1891 ; v, 602-691, 1892.

Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, PARis, France.
Dipteres Nouveaux ou peu Connus.

29. Leptidi (J. B.) xii, pp. 1-23, 1887.

30. Muscidi (J. B.) xii, pp„ 561-617, 1887.

31. Genre Hsematopota, xvi, 74-79, 1891.

Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, Paris, France.

32. (Merapioidus villosus, gen. et sp. nov.) 1879, p. 64.

33. (Parasymmictus, gen. nov.) 1879, p. 86.

34. (Glutops, Arthropeas,) 1879, p. 164.

35. (Megalorayia argyropasta, gen. et sp. nov.; Acanthomera, sp. nov.)

1889, p. 5.

36. (Phyllomydas, Enoplenipis, Magacytarius,) 1880, p. 62.

37. (New Genera of Syrpliida,) 1882, p. 78.

38. (Myelaphus, Enoplenipis,) 1882, p. 112.

39. (Lycastrirhyncha, Stylomyia,) 1882, p. 20.

40. (Syrphidse,) 1882, p. 4.

41. (Eurhimyia,) 1883, p. 35.

42. (Cholomyia, gen. et sp. nov.) 1884, p. 42.

43. (Ancylogaster ornatus, gen. et sp. nov.) 1884, p. 95.

44. (New Genera of Dexiidae,) 1885, separatum, p. 1-7.

45. (New Genera and Species of Ortalidae and Tachinidae) 1885, separatum,

p. 1-4.

46. Diagnoses de nouveaux Genres et nouvelles Especes de Dipteres et

Observations di verses, separatum, pp. 1-4, 1886, p. ciii.

47. (On the Acanthomeridse of the Biologia Centrali-Americana,) 1886,

pp. clxvii, clxviii.

48. (On Eclimus, Epibates and Thevenemyia,) 1887, p. Ix.

49. Observations sur les Rhaphidi et les Doliehopodi, 1888, p. xxiv.

50. Especes nouvelles de Doliehopodi, 1888, pp. xxix, xxx.

51. (New Muscidge,) 1887, pp. clxii-clxxiv.

52. (Errata,) 1888, cvi, cvii.

53. (Pseudarchilestes,) 1889, p. clxxxiii.

Pevue d'Entomologie, Paris, France.

54. Dexidae, Sarcophagidae. Essai d'une classification generale et synop

tique des genres assignes presentemente aces deuxgroupes d'insectes
dipteres, 1885, pp. 255-269.

XXXVI BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, Paris, France,
55, Descriptions de Dipteres nouveaux, v, pp. 602-691, 1892.

7. BRAUER, FRIEDRICH.
Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, Vienna, Austria.

1. Ueber die Verwandtschaft und systeniatische Stellung der Blepharo-

ceriden, i, pp. 14, 1882.

Verhandlungen der kaiserlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesells-
CHAFff zv WiEN, Austria.

2. Ueber die sogenannten Stillstadien in der Entwickelung der Oestriden-

Larven, pp. 79-84, 1892.

Denkschriften der mathematisch-naturavissenschafteichen Classe

DER kaiserlichen ACADEMIB DER WiSSENSCHAFTEN, VlENNA, A US.

Die Zwiefiuegler des kaiserlichen Museums zu AVien.

3. I. 1. Die kaiserliche, Winthem'sche, Wiedeniann'sclie und Egger'sche

Sammlung. 2. Systeniatische Uebersicht, xlii, pp. 105-118, 1880.

4. II. Versucheiner Characteristik der Gattungen der Notacantlien (Etr.)

mit Ruecksicht auf die im kaiserliclien Museum befindlichen von
Dr. J. R, Schiner aufgestellten neuen Gattungen. 3. Characteristik
der mit Scenopus verwandten Dipteren-Familien, xliv, pp. 59-90,
98-111, 1882.

5. III. Systeniatische Studien auf Grundlage der Dipteren-Larven nebst

einer Zusamnienstellung von Beispielen aus der Literatur ueber
dieselben und Beschreibungen neuer Formen. xlvii, pp. 1-100, pis.
i-v, 1883.

SiTZUNGSBERICHTE DER KAISERL. AkaDEMIE DER WiSSENSCHAFTEN IN

WiEN, Vienna, Austria.

6. Ansichten ueber die Gattung Pachystylum Macq. ci, 593-607, 1892.

7. Systematisch-zoologische Studien xci, 237-413, 1885.

8. BRAUER, FRIEDRICH, and BERGENSTAMM, J. EDLEN VON.

Denkschriften der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe

DER Kaiserlichen Academie der VN^issenschaften, Vienna, Aust,

Die Zweifluegler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien.

1, Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographic der Muscaria schizometopa (exclu-

siv Anthomyidffi,) Pars I, Ivi, pp. 69-180, pi. i-xi, 1889. Pars II,

Iviii, pp. 305-446, 1891. Pars III, Ix, pp. 89-240, 1893. Pars IV,

Ixi, 537-644, 1894.

9. BURGESS, EDWARD.
United States Agricultural Report, Washington, D. C.

1. (New Species of Oscinis in) Report of the Entomologist, 201, 202, '92.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. XXXVII

10. COCKEEELL, THEODORE D. A.
Psyche, Cambridge, Mass.

1. Phthiria sulphurea Loew, 1895, 188.
American^ Naturalist, Philadelphia, Penx.

2. Cecidomyia atriplicis, 1895, 766.
The Entomologist, London, England.

3. A Cecid bred from Coccidse, August, 1892, 280.

4. Notes on some species of Gall Gnats, 1890, 278.
Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, London, England.

5. The Biglovia Cecid, 1890, 109.

6. Trypeta bigeloviae, n. sp. 1890, 224.
Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

7. Trypeta, Clisiocampa and Ammalo, xxv, 112, 1893.

8. The Tachinid Parasite of Cimbex americana, 1890, 76.
Proceedings Academy of Natural Science op Philadelphia, Penn.

9. Supplementary Note to Mr. Johnson's List of Jamaican Diptera, 1894,

419.
West American Scientist, Los Angeles, California.

10. Contribution toward a knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Wet

Mountain Valley, Colorado, September, 1889, 106.

Colorado Biological Association, Colorado Springs, Col.

11. The Buffalo Gnat, Second Report, December, 1888.

12. Thistle Insects, Sixth Report, 1889, January.
Institute of Jamaica, Jamaica, W. I.

13. The Chrysanthemum Fly, Notes from the Museum No. 17, July, 1892.

14. Additions to the Fauna and Flora of Jamaica, Journal, 1893, 259.

Transactions American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Pa.

15. The Entomology of the Mid-alpine Zone of Custer county, Colorado,

1893, 305-370.

11. COMSTOCK, JOHN HENRY.
Manual for the Study of Insects, Ithaca, N. Y.

1. Chapter xix, Diptera, 413-489, 1895.

United States Agricultural Report, Washington, D. C.

2. (Notes on various Diptera in) Report of Entomologist, for 1880, 190-

202, 204, 266.

3. (Diptera in) Report upon Cotton Insects, 1879, 209-211.

12. COQUILLETT, DANIEL WILLIAM.
Entomologica Americana, Brooklyn, N. Y.

1. The North American Species of Toxophora, i, 221, 222. 1886.

2. Synopsis of the North American Species of Lordotus, iii, 115, 116, '88.

XXXVIII BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Psyche, Cambridge, Mass.

3. On the Validity of the Tachinid Genus Celatoria, vii, 251, 1895.

4. On the Tachinid Genus Acroglossa Williston, vii, 261, 1895.

5. On the Systematic Position of Apiocera, iv, 243-244, 1885.

6. The Bombylid genus Acreotrychus in America, vii, 273, 1895.

Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

7. Monograph of the Lomatina of Nortli America, xviii, 81-87, 1886

8. The North American Genera of Anthracina, xviii, 157-159, 1886.

9. Notes on the Genus Exoprosopa, xix, 12-14, 1887.

10. Revision of the Bombylid Genus Epacmus (Leptochilus) xxiv, 9-11,

1892.

11. Notes and Descriptions of Bombylidae, xxiv, 123-126, 1892.

12. A New Genus of Diptera allied to Rhaphiomidas, xxiv, 314-315, 1892.

13. Synopsis of the Asilid Genus Anisopogon, xxv, 20-22, 1893.

14. Synopsis of the Asilid Genus Blacodes, xxv, 33-35, 1893.

15. Synopsis of the Asilid Genus Dioctria, xxv, 80, 1893.

16. Synopsis of the Asilid Genera Mallophora and Nicocles,xxv, 118-120,

1893.

17. A New Asilid Genus related to Erax, xxv, 175-177, 1893.

18. Synopsis of the Dipterous Genus Thereva, xxv, 197-201, 1893.

19. Synopsis of the Dipterous Genus Psilocephala, xxv, 222-229, 260, '93.

20. New North American Trypetidae, xxvi, 71-75, 1894.

21. Synopsis of the Dipterous Genus Phora, xxvii, 103-107, 1895.

22. New Tachinidae with a Slender Proboscis, xxvii, 125-128, 1895.

23. New North American Mycetiphilidae, xxvii, 199-200, 1895.

Western American So-ientist, Los Angeles, Cal.

24. A New Rhaphiomidas from California, vii, 84-86, 1891.

25. Revision of the Bombylid Genus Aphoebantus, vii, 254-264, 1891.

26. New Bombylidae of the Group Paracosmus, vii, 219-222, 1891.

27. New Bombylidae from California, vii, 197-200, 1891.

Journal of the New^ York Entomological Society, New York City.

28. Synopsis of the Dipterous Genus Symphoromyia, ii, 53-56, 1894.

29. Revision of the Dipterous Family Therevidas, ii, 97-101, 1894.

30. A New Anthrax from California, ii, 101-102, 1894.

31. Notes and Descriptions of Tachinidae, iii, 49-58, 1895.

32. New Genera and Species of Tachinidas, iii, 97-101, 1895.

Proceedings of Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, Pa.

33. See Johnson, C. W.

Transactions American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Penn.

34. Monograph of the Species belonging to the Genus Anthrax, from

America north of Mexico, xiv, 159-172, 1887.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. XXXIX

35. Revision of the Species of Anthrax from America, north of Mexico,

xix, 168-187, 1892.

36. Notes and Descriptions of N. American Bombylidae, xxi, 89-112, 1894.
Entomological News, Philadelphia, Penn.

37. A New Dahnannia from California, iii, 150-151, 1892.

38. An Anomalous Empid, iv, 208-210, 1893.

39. Two Interesting New Diptera from Washington, v, 125-126, 1894;

40. Brachycoma Davidsoni, n. sp. v, 172, 1894.

41. A New Volucella from Washington, vi, 131-132, 1895.

42. On the Occurrence of the Tachinid Genus Heteropterina Macq. in

North America, vi, 207-208, 1895.

Ifsect Life, Washington, D. C.

43. The Corn Worm or Boll Worm in California, i, 331-332, 1889.

44. The Dipterous Parasite of Diabrotica soror, ii, 233-236, 1890.

45. Is Cyrtoneura cjesia an Injurious Insect, vii, 338-339, 1895.

46. A Cecidomyid that lives on Poison Oak, vii, 348, 1895.

47. The Dipterous Parasite of Melanopus devastator in California, v, 22-

24, 1893,

48. Two Dipterous Leaf-miners on Garden Vegetables, vii, 381-384, 1895.

49. Two Dipterous Insects Injurious to Cultivated Flowers, vii, 399-402,

1895.

13. DAY, LOREN TRUE.
Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

1. Notes on Sciomyzidae, with Descriptions of New Species, xiii, 85-89, '81
Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Penn.

2. The Species of Odontomyia found in the United States, 1882, 74-88.

14. DUCES, ALFREDO.
La Naturaleza, Mexico City, Mexico.

15. EMERTON, JAMES H.
Psyche, Cambridge, Mass.

1. An Internal Dipterous Parasite of Spiders, v, 404, 1890.

16. FYLES, T. W.
Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

1. Description of a Dipterous Parasite of Phylloxera vastatrix, xiv, 237-
239, 1882; xv, 84, 1883.

17. GIGLIO-TOS, ERMANNO.

BOLLETTINO DEI MUSEI DI ZOOLOGIA ED AnATOMIA COMPARATA DELLA

Reale Universita DI Torino, Turin, Italy.

1. Nuove Specie di' Ditteri del Mus. Zool. di Torino, vi,No. 192, 1892.

2. Nuove Specie di Ditteri del Mus. Zool. di Torino, vi. No. 84, 1890.

XL BIBLIOGRAPHY.

3. Diagnosi di quattro nuovi Generi di Ditteri, vi, No. 108, 1891.

4. Un nuovo Genere di Sirfidi. vii, No. 117, 1892.

5. Sui due Generi di Sirfidi Rhopalosyrphus ed Omegasyrphus, vii. No.

118, March, 1892.

6. Diagnosi di nuove specie di Ditteri, vii. No. 123, June, 1892.

7. Diagnosi di nuove specie di Ditteri, vii. No. 132, Oct. 1892.

8. Diagnosi di nuove generi ed di nuove specie di Ditteri, viii. No. 147,

158, 1893.

9. Diagnosi di nuove genere ed di nuove specie di Ditteri, viii, 158, 1893-

10. Nuove specie di Ditteri del Museo Zoologico di Torino, vi. No. 102.

MeMORIE BELLA ACADEMIA BELLA SciENZIE DI ToRIJfO, TuRIN, ItALT.

11. Ditteri del Messico, Parte I, Stratiomyida?, Syprhidas, (2), xliii, 99-

168 (1-70), xl. i, 1892; Parte II, Syrphidse, Pipunculidae, Conopidia?,
(2), xliii, 35-398, pi. 1893 ; Parte III, Muscidae Calyptratae, (2), xliv,
1-76, pi. 1894, Parte IV, Muscidae Caliptrate, Muscinae, Anthomyinffi,
Muscidae Acalyptratae, Scatophaginse, Helomyzinse, Tetanocerinse,
Ortalininae, Ulidinae, Sapromyzinae, Trypetinae, Sepsinae, Tanypezinas,
Psilinae, Chloropinae, Ephydrinae, Drosophilinae, (2), xlv, 1-74, pi.
1895.

18. GILLETTE, C. P.

Psyche, Cambridge, Mass.

1. A New Cecidomyid infesting Box Elder, v, 392, 393, fig. 1890.

19. HAGEN, HERMANN A.
Boston Society or Natural History, Boston, Mass.

1. New species of Simulium, with a remarkable Nympha Case, xxx,

355-307, 1879.
Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

2. The typical Collections of the Diptera of North America in the Mu-

seum of Cambridge, Mass. xi, 132-133, 1879.

3. List of North American Anthomyidae examined by R. H. Meade, Esq.,

Bradford, England, xiii, 146-150, 1881.

4. List of North American Sarcophagidae examined by R. H. Meade,

Esq., Bradford, England, xiii, 43-51, 1881.

5. On Simulium, xiii, 150-151, 1881.

6. Entomological Notes, xiii, 37, 1881.

7. Coelopa frigida, xvi, 140, 1886.

8. On Cecidomyia liriodendri, xviii, 159, 100, 1886.

20. HART, CHARLES A.
Bulletin of Illinos State Lab. of Natural History, Urbana, III.
1. On the Entomology of the Illinois River and adjacent waters. First
Paper, Diptera, 184-270; pis. v-xiv, 1895.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. XLI

21. HOOD, LEWIS E.

Psyche, Cambridge, Mass.

1. The Leptidae and Bombylidse from the White Mountains, vi, 283-284,
1892.

22. HOPKINS, A. D.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society, Washington, D. C.

1. Notes on the Habits of certain Mycetophilids, with Descriptions of
Epidapus scabei, n. sp. iii, 149-159, 1895.

23. HOWARD, L. 0.
Insect Life, Washington, D. C.

1. Notes on a Simulium common at Ithaca, N. Y. i, 99-101, figs. 1888.

2. The Beet-leaf (Pegomyia vicina Lintn.) viii, 379-381, figs. 1895.

24. JOHNSON, CHARLES W.
Transactions American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Penn.

1. A Review of the Stratiomyise and Odontomyise of North America,

xxii, 227-278, pis. iii, iv, 1895.

Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Penn.

2. Diptera of Florida, with Additional Descriptions of New Genera and

Species by D. W. Coquillett, 1895, 303-340.

3. List of Diptera of Jamaica with Descriptions of New Species, 1894,

271-281.

25. KARSCH, FERDINAND.

Zeitschrift der Berliner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, Berlin,
Germany.
1. Die Spaltung der Dipteren-Gattung Systropus Wiedemann, 654-658,
1881.

26. KEENE, EUGENE.
Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

1. Sphyracephala brevicornis, xv, 200, 1883.

2. List of SyrphidsB taken in Fairmomit Park, Philadelphia, Pa., during

the summer of 1884, xvi, 145-147, 1884.

3. List of Diptera taken in the Vicinity of Philadelphia, from 1882 to

1884, inclusive, xvii, 51-55, 1885.

27. LINTNER, JOSEPH.
Reports of the State Entomologist to the Regents op the Univer-
sity OF the State of New York, Albany, N. Y.

1. First Report, 168-227, 1882.

2. Second Report, 111-125, 1885.

E

XLII BIBLIOGRAPHY.

3. Fourth Report, 60-80, 1888.

4. Fifth Report, 220-227, 1889.

5. Sixth Report, 111-116, 1890.

6. Seventh Report, 228, 245, 307-309, 332, 1891.

7. Eighth Report, 140-151, 172, 192-196, 1893.

8. Nintli Report, 309-314, 1893.

Annual Report, New York State Agricultural Society, Albany.

9. Insects of the Clover Plant, 1880.

Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.
10. On Cec'idomyia leguminicula, n. sp. xi, 44, 121, 122, 1879.

28. LOEW, HERMAN.
Verhandlungen der Zoologische-botanischen Gessellschaft zu
WiEN, Vienna, Aust.
1. Table for Determining the North American Species of the Genus
Pachyrhina, 1879, 513-516.

29. LYNCH, ARRIBALZAGA ENRIQUE.
Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, Buenos
Aires, Argentina.
1. Catalago de los Dipteros hasta ahora descritos que se encuentan en
las Republicas del Rio de la Plata, 1883, 119-152.

30. LYNCH, ARRIBALZAGA FELIX.
Revista del Museo de la Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

1. Dipterologia Argentina, Culicidae, i, 345-417, pis. i-iv, 1891.

AnALES de la SoCIEDAD ClENTIFICA ARGENTINA, BuENOS AlRES, ArG.

2. Dipterologia Argentina, Syrphidse, xxxii, 80-99, 118-131, 194-202,

248-314, xxxiii, 51-58, 111-121, 188-199, 237-253, 33-46, 173-192,
242-270, 91, 1891.

3. El Genero Sapromyza en America, xxxiv, 253, 301, 1893.

Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Buenos Aires, Arg.

4. Dipterologia Argentina, Mycetophilidae, xii, 377, 436, 471-483, 1892.

31. MARLATT, C. M.
Insect Life, Washington, D. C.

1. The Xanthium Trypeta (Trypeta aequalis Loew), iii, 312-313, 1891.

32. MARTEN, JOHN.
Psyche, Cambridge, Mass.

1. Description of Asphondylia helianthi-globulus, v, 102-103, 1888.

Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

2. New Tabanidffi, xv, 110-112, 1883.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. XLIII

Bulletin op the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical
Series, Norwalk, Ohio.
3. Description of a new species of Gall-making Diptera, i, 155, 156,1893.

33. MIK, JOSEF.
Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschapt zu Wien,
Vienna, Austria.

1. Hypocharassus gladiator, eine neue Dolichopen-Art aus Nordamerika,

617-632, pi. X, 1878.

2. Dipterologische Bemerkungen, 182, 192, 1893.

3. Ueber die Artrechte von Trochobola caesarae 0. S. and Crytopogen

Meyer-Duerii Mik.
Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, Vienna, Austria.

4. Dipterologische Miscellen, v, 276-279, 1886; 5, x, 1-5,- 1891; 6, xi, 55,

56, 1892; 7, xiii, 22, 23, 1894; 8, xiii, 161, 1894.
9. Ueber Tachiniden deren drittes Euehlerglied gespalten ist, xiv, 101-

103, 1895.
10. Bemerkungen zu den Dipteren Gattungen Pelecocera Macq. und
Rhopalomyia Wied. xiv, 133-135, 1895.

34. OSTRN SACKEN, CHARLES R.
Berliner Entomologische Zeitschkift, Berlin, Germany.

1. On Professor Bauer's paper: Versuch einer Characteristik der Gat-

tungen der Notacanthen, xxvi, 363-380, 1892.

2. On the Genus Apiocera, xxvii, 287-294, 1893.

3. Synonymica concerning exotic Dipterology, xxvii, 295-298, 1883.

4. A Singular North American Ely, xxvii, 299, 300, 1883.

5. Correction to my article on Apiocera, xxx, 139, 1886.

6. Studies on Tipulidae, Part I, Tipulidae longipalpi, xxx, 153-188, 1886.

7. Studies on Tipulidae, Part II, Tipulidae brevipalpi, xxxi, 183-242, 1887.

8. Hilarimorpha Schiner is a Leptid, xxxv, 303, 304, 1890.

9. Synopsis of the Described genera and a species of the Blepharoceridse,

xxxvi, 407-412, 1891.

10. Second notice on the Apiocerina, xxxvi, 311-316, 1891.

11. Additions and Corrections to the Catalogue of the Described Spe-

cies of South American Asilidae, by S. W. Williston, in the Trans.
Ent. Soc, vol. xviii, 1891, xxxvi, 417-428, 1891.

12. Rejoinder to Professor Brauer's Thatsachliche Berichtigung, etc., in

the Berl. Entom. Zeitschrift, p. 487-489, 1892; xxxviii, 378, 379, '93.

13. Two critical remarks about the recently published third part of the

Muscaria Schizometopa of M. Brauer and Bergenstamm ; also a no-
tice of Robineau-Desvoidy, xxxviii, 380-386, 1893.

14. On the character of the three divisions of Diptera, Nemocera vera,

Nemocera anomala and Eremochaeta, xxxvii, 417-466.

XLIV BIBLIOGRAPHY.

15. Synonymica about Tipulidae, xxxiv, 249-263, 1894.

16. On the atavic index characters with some remarks about the classifi-

cation of the Diptera, xxxix, 69-76, 1894.

17. Eristalis tentax in Chinese and Japanese literature, xl, 142-147, 1894.

18. Contributions to the study of the Liponeuridae (Blepharoceridae Loew,

olim), xl, 148-169, 1894.

19. Midas or Mydas, a contribution to entomological nomenclature, xl,

346-350, 1895.

20. Supplement to my recent paper on Liponeuridae, xl, 351-355, 1895.

J. Herning, Heidelberg, Germany (R. H. Porter, 18 Prince's Street,
London, England).

21. On the Oxen-born Bees of the Ancients (Bugonia) and their relation

to Eristalis tentax, a two-winged insect. Enlarged edition of the
Essay, on the so-called Bugonia of the Ancients, etc., published in
the Bullet. Soc. Ent. Ital. 1893. 99. i-xiv, 1-80, 1894.

22. Additional Notes of the Bugonia-lore of the Ancients, pp. 1-23, 1895.

BULLETINO DELLA SoCIETA EnTOMOLOGICA ItALIANA, ElORENCE, ItALT.

23. On the so-called Bugonia of the Ancients, and its relation to Eristalis

tentax, a two-winged insect, xxv, 186-277; Separatum, pp. 1-34, with
Corrigenda, 1893.

Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, London, England.

24. Explanatory Notice of my views of the Sub-orders of Diptera (2),

iv, 149-151, 1893.
Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

25. Some North American Tachinidse, xix, 161-166, 1887.

Psyche, Cambridge, Mass.

26. Western Pediciae, Bittacomorphffi and Trichocerae, vii, 229-231, 1895.

BlOLOGIA CeNTRALI AMERICANA, LONDON, ENGLAND.

27. Diptera, vol. i, 1-216, pis. i-iii, 1886, 1887.

Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Eng.

28. Facts concerning the importation or non-importation of Diptera in

foreign countries, 489-496, 1884.
Insect Life, Washington, D. C.

29. On Hasmatobia serrata, ii, 191, 1889.

35. RILEY, CHARLES VALENTINE.
Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

1. Parasites of the Cotton Worm, xi, 161, 162, 1879.

2. Dipterous Enemies of Phylloxera vastatrix, xv, 39, 1893.
United States Agricultural Report, Washington, D. C.

3. Report for 1884, 322.

4. Report for 1886, 512, 513.

5. Report for 1895.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. XLV

Insect Life, Washington, D. C.

6. The Morelos Orange Fruit Worm, i, 45-47, figs. 1888.

7. Tlie Ox Bot in tlie United States, iv, 302-317, figs. 1891.

36. RILEY, CHARLES V. and HOWARD, LELAND O.
Insect Life, Washington, D. C.

1. On the emasculating Bot-fly, i, 215, 216, 1889.

2. The Texas Heel-fly, i, 318, 319, 1889.

3. Hermetia mucens (sic. ) infesting Bee-hives, i, 353, 354, 1889.

4. Lestophonus or Cryptochoetum, ii, 91, 1889.

5. The Horn-fly, ii, 43, 104, figs. 1889.

6. Tlie Tulip tree Leaf Gall-fly, ii, 362, 363, 1890.

7. The true male of Pocota grandis, iv, 86, 1891.

37. ROEDER, VICTOR VON.
Entomologische Nachrichten, Berlin, Germany.

1. Ueber die Zuzammengehoerigkeit der beiden Arten der Gattung

Sphecomyia Latreille, 1889, 96-98.

2. Ueber drei neue Gattungen der Notacanthen, xii, 137-140, 1886.

Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, Germany.

3. Dipteren von der Insel Portorico, 1885, 337-349.

Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, Vienna, Austria.

4. Ueber die Nordamerikanischen Lomatina von Mr. Coquillett in dem

"Canadian Entomologist," v, 263-265, 1886.

5. Asyndulum montanum, n. spec, vi, 116, 1887.

6. Ueber eine neue Art der Gattung Gnoriste Mg. vi, 155-156, 1887.

7. Ueber die Dipteren-Gattung, Stylogaster Mcq. xi, 286-288, 1892.

8. Ueber Trypeta amabilis Loew, xiii, 97-100, 1894.

9. Ueber Mydas fulvipes Walsh, xiii, 169, 170, 1894.

10. Ueber Myopa clausa Lw. viii, 5, 1889.

11. Ueber Tachina florum Walk, viii, 4, 1889.

12. Zwei neue nordamerikanische Dipteren, ix, 230-232, 1890.

Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, Berlin, Germany.

13. Dipterologische Notizen, xxv, 210-216.

Published by Author.

14. Aus der Isis Von Oken, 1, 1888.

38. RUEBSAMEN, E. H.

Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, Berlin, Germany.

1. Die Aussereuropgeische Trauermuecken des koeniglichen Museums
fuer Naturkunde zu Berlin, xxxix, 17-42; pis. i, ii, 1894.

XLVI BIBLIOGRAPHY.

39. SCUDDER, SAMUEL HUBBARD. (Fossil Diptera.)
Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

1. The Insects of the Tertiary Beds at Quesnel, Report for 1875-76, 266-

280, 1877.

2. Additions to the Insect Fauna of the Tertiary Beds at Quesnel, Re-

port for 1876-77, 457-464, 1878.

3. The Fossil Insects collected in 1877 by Mr. G. M. Dawso, in the inte-

rior of British Columbia, Report for 1877-78, 176-187, 1879.

Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Sur-
vey OF THE Territories, Washington, D. C.

4. The first discovered traces of fossil insects in the American Tertiaries,

iii, 741-762, 1877.

5. An account of some insects of unusual interest from the Tertiary

rocks of Colorado and Wyoming, iv, 519-545, 1878.

6. The fossil insects of the Green River shales, iv, 747-776, 1878.

7. The Tertiary lake basin at Florissant, Colorado, between South and

Hayden Parks, vi, 279-300, map, 1878.

Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.

8. Systematic Review of our present knowledge of fossil insects. Bul-

letin 31, Diptera, 85-94, 1886.

9. Index to the known fossil insects of the world, including Myriopods

and Arachnids, Bulletin 71, Diptera, 221-227, 595-671, 1891.

10. Some insects of special interest from Florissant, Colorado, and other

points in the Tertiaries of Colorado and Utah, Bulletin 93, 35 pp. 3
pis. 1892.

Bulletin of the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C,

11. Nomenclator Zoologicus, Bulletin 19, Supplemental List, 1-376, Uni-

versal Index, 1-340, 1882.

Zittel's Handbuch der Paleontologie, Munich, Germany.

12. Systematische Uebersicht der fossilen Myriopoden, Arachnoidea und

Insekten, 1 Abtheil, ii, 721-831, figs. 1885.

Reports of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories
Washington, D. C.

13. The Tertiary Insects of North America, vol. xiii, 734, pp. 28 pis. 40,

1890.

Proceedings of American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pa.

14. Tertiar}' Tipulida^, with special reference to those of Florissant, Col-

orado, xxii, 163-245, pis. i-ix, 1894.

Annual Report United States Geological and Geographical Survey
OF THE Territories, Washington, D. C.

15. (Reprint but little changed of No. 7) 12th Rep. 271-293, 1883.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. XLVII

40. SMITH, JOHN B.
Transactions American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Pa.
1. A contribution toward a knowledge of the mouth-parts of the Diptera

xxii, 319-339, 1890.

41. SNOW, WILLIAM APPLETON.
Kansas University Quarterly, Lawrence, Kansas.

1. Notes and Descriptions of Syrphidas, i, 33-38, pi. 1892.

2. Descriptions of North American Trypetidse, with Notes, ii, 159-174,

pis. vi, vii, 1894.

3. American Platypezidge, iii, 143-152, pi 1894.

4. American Platypezidae, Second Paper, iii, 205-207, 1895.

5. Diptera of Colorado and New Mexico, iii, 225-247, 1895.

6. Supplementary List of North American Syrphidge, iii, 249-262, 1895.

7. Cnephalia and its Allies, iii, 178-186, 1895.

8. A New Species of Pelecocera, iii, 187, 1895.

9. On Toxotrypana of Gerstaecker, iv, p. 117, 1895.

Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.
10. The Moose Ely, A new Haematobia, xxiii, 87-89, 1891.

42. SLOSSON, ANNIE TRUMBULL.
Entomological News, Philadelphia, Penn.

1. List of Insects taken in the Alpine Region of Mt. Washington, v, 6,

1894.

2. Additional List of Insects taken in the Alpine Region of Mt. Wash-

ington, vi, 6, 319-320, 1895.

3. Mesogramma politum, i, 5, ii, 115.

43. SCHWARTZ, E. A.
Insect Life, Washington, D. C.

1. The Hippelates Plague in Florida, vii, 379, figs. 1895.

44. TOWNSEND, C. H. TYLER.
Psyche, Cambridge, Mass.

1. Two New Tachinidae, vi, 83-85, 1891.

2. A New Simulium from Southern New Mexico, vi, 106, 107, 1892.

3. A Parasite of the Fall Web-worm, vi, 176, 177, 1892.

4. A Tachinid Parasite of the Oak Unicorn Prominent, vi, 187, 188, 1891.

5. A New Genus of Tachinidae, vi, 247, 248, 1892.

6. Description of a Sarcophagid bred from Helix, vi, 220, 221, 1892.

7. Tachinid Parasite of Eucetervia variaria Grote, and other Notes, vi,

258, 259, 1892.

8. An Aporia bred from Limacodes sp. vi, 275, 276, 1892.

9. An Interesting Blood-sucking Gnat of the Family Chironomidae, \i,

369-372, pi. viil, 1893.

XLVIII BIBLIOGRArHY.

10. Description of a new and interesting Phasiid-like Genus of Tachinidae,

s. str. vi, 429, 430, 1893.

11. Note on Atropharista juriniodes Towns, vi, 461, 1893.

12. A Cabbage-like Cecidomyidous Gall on Biglovia, vi, 491, 1893.

13. Hosts of North American Tachinidae, vi, 466-468, 1893.

Canadian Ento3iologist, London, Ontario.

14. Description of a Muscid bred from Swine-dung, with Notes on two

Muscid Genera, xxiii, 152-155, 1891.

15. A Tachinid bred from a Chrysalis, xxiii, 206, 207, 1891.

16. Notes on North American Tachinidae, with Descriptions of New Gen-

era and Species, Paper V, xxiv, 64-70, 77-82, 1892.

17. A Sarcophagid Parasite of Cimbex americana, xxiv, 126, 127, 1892.

18. Notes on North American Tachinidae, with Descriptions of New Gen-

era and Species, Paper VI, xxiv, 165-172, 1892.

19. A Preliminary Grouping of the Described Species of Sapromyza of

North America, with one New Species, xxiv, 301-304, 1892.

20. A Trypetid bred from Galls of Biglovia, xxv, 48-52, 1893.

21. Comments on Mr. van der Wulp's Diagnoses of New Species of Mex-

ican Phasiidae, Gymnosomatidae, Ocypteridae, and Phaniidae, xxv,
165-168, 1893.

22. A very Remarkable and Anomalous Syrphid with Peculiarly Devel-

oped Hind Tarsi, xxvi, 50-52, 1894.

23. Note on the Proposed New Genus Calotarsa, xxvi, 102, 1894.

Entomological News, Philadelphia, Penn.

24. New North American Tachinidae, iii, 80-81, 129-131, 1892.

25. Notes on North American Tachinidae, sens. str. with Descriptions of

New Genera and Species, Paper IV,

26. An Exorista Parasite of Lagoa opercularis, iii, 159, 160, 1891.

27. A Tachinid Parasite on Chrysophanes dione, Exorista chrysophanas,

n. sp. ii, 197, 198, 1891.

28. A Remarkable New Hippoboscid from Mexico, ii, 105, 106, 1891.

29. New Jamaica Tachinidoe, I, iii, 146, 147, 1892.

30. Note on Trichobius dugesii Towns, iii, 177, 178, 1892.

31. On the So-called Throat Bot, iii, 227, 228, 1892.

32. Some Deformities in the Abdominal Segments of Tachinidae, iii. 166,

167, 1892.

33. On the Geographical Range and Distribution of the Genus Trichopo-

da, iv, 69-71, 1893.

Transactions American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Penn.

34. Notes on North American Tachinidae, sens. str. with Descriptions of

New Genera and Species, Paper II, 349-382, 1892; Paper III ; xxix,
88-132, 1892.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. XLIX

35. The North American Genera of Calyptrate Muscidae, Paper II, xix,

133-160; Paper III, 273-278; Paper IV, 279-284; Paper V, 290-294,
1892.

36. Notes on North American Tachinidae, with Descriptions of New Spe-

cies, Paper VII, xix, 284-289, 1892.

37. The North American Genera of Nemocerous Diptera, xix, 144-160,

1892.

38. Contributions to the Dipterology of North America, I, Syrphidae, xxii,

33-55; II, Tabanidae, Conopidae, Tachinidae, etc.,, 55-80, 1895.

39. On a Species of Simulium from the Grand Canon of the Colorado,

xix, 45-48, 1893.

Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Topeka, Kansas.

40. On the Horseflies of New Mexico and Arizona, 133-135, 1894.

41. Note on a Peculiar Acalyptrate Muscid found near Turkey Tanks,

Ariz. 135, 136, 1894.

Annals of the New York Academy of Science, New York City.

42. Catalogue of the Described South American Species of Calyptrate

Muscidse, vii, 1-44, 1892.

Insect Life, Washington, D. C.

43. Further notes on the Cotton-tail Bot, with the breeding and identifi-

cation of the Fly.

44. Some Michigan Notes Recorded, ii, 42-44, 1889.

45. Laphria canis Will, ii, 162, 1889.

Technical Bulletin, Ohio Experiment Station, Norwalk, Ohio.

46. A Tachinid reared from the cells of a mud-dauber Wasp, i, 1893.

ZoE, San Francisco, Cal.

47. A New Trypetid from Chacaltianguis, Mexico, with Note on Hexa-

chaeta amabilis Loew, iv, 13-16, 1893.

Proceedings of California Academy of Science, San Francisco, Cal.

48. On the Diptera of Baja, California, including a few from the adjacent

regions of California and Mexico (2), iv, 593-62, 1893.

Journal of the New York Entomological Society, New York City.

49. A Nycteribid from a New Mexico Bat, i, 79-80, 1893.

50. Some New Santo Domingo Tachinidae, ii, 78-79, 1894.

Journal Jamaica Institute, Jamaica, West Indies.

51. A Tachinid bred from a larva of Protoparce jamaiccncis Butler, in

Jamaica.

52. A scorpion Parasite, Dec. 1892.

53. Notes on some Jamaica Muscidae, with brief anonymous descriptions

of doubtful forms.

p

L BIBLIOGRAPHY.

54. Oecacta furens in Jamaica.

55. A bot-like parasite of a bird.

Proceedings op the Entomological Society of Washington, D. C.

56. Notes on Certain Cecidomyidous Galls on Cornus, ii, 390, 391, 1893.

57. The North American Genera of Calyptrate Muscidae, Paper I, ii, 89-

100, 1891.

58. Notes on North American Tachinidae, sens, lat., with Descriptions of

New Species, Paper I, ii, 134-146, 1891.

59. Notes on the Genera Tripiotricha Lw. and Agnotomyia Will, ii, 117-

119, 1891.

45. WEBSTER, F. M.
Bulletin op the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical
Series, Norwalk, Ohio.

1. Methods of Oviposition in the Tepulidae, i, 151-154, 1893.

2. A Dipterous Gall-maker and its Associates, i, 154, 1893.

Insect Lipe, Washington, D. C.

3. Notes on a Species of Necrophagous Diptera, ii, 356-358, 1890.

46. WHEELER, WILLIAM MORTON.

Psyche, Cambridge, Mass.

1. Description of some new North American Dolichopodidse, v, 337-343,

355-362, 373-379, 1890,

2. The supposed Bot-fly Parasite of the Box-turtle, v, 403, 1890.

Proceedings Wisconsin Natural History Society, Milwaukie, Wis.

3. On two new species of Cecidomyid producing galls on Antenuaria

plantagini folia, April, 1889, 209-216.

47. WHITNEY, C. P.
Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

1. Descriptions of some New Species of Tabanidse, xi, 35-38, 1879.

48. WILLISTON, SAMUEL WENDELL.
Bulletin Brooklyn Entomological Society, Brooklyn, N. Y.

1. On the Classification of the North American Diptera, First Paper, vii,

129-139, 1885.

Entomologica Americana, Brooklyn, N. Y.

2. On the Classification of North American Diptera, Second Paper, i, 10-

13, 1885.

3. On the Classification of North American Diptera, Third Paper, i, 114-

118, 152-155, 1886.

4. On two interesting^new Genera of Leptidse, ii, 105-108, 1886.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. LI

5. Additions and Corrections to the Catalogue of South American Syr-

phidee.

6. The Horn-fly, v, 180, 181, 1889.

Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, Berlin, Germany,

7. Ueber Mallota cimbicif ormis Fallen, xxvi, 171, 172, 1886.

Entomologische Nachrichten, Berlin, Germany.

8. Ueber einige Leptiden-Characteren, Ixvi, 400, 1885.

Scudder's Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada,
Cambridge, Mass.

9. The Dipterous Parasites of North American Butterflies, 1912-1924,

pi. xxxix, 1889.

Psyche, Cambridge, Mass.

10. On the Collection and Preservation of Diptera, 130-132, 1884.

11. Notes on Asilidse, 255-259, 1889.

12. Hilarimorpha and Apiocera, 99-102, 1888.

13. The Screw-worm Fly, Compsomyia macellaria, 132-118, 1883.

14. On the Rhopalomerid*, vii, 183-187, 1895.

15. Rhopalomera xanthoeps, n. sp. vii, March, 1895.

16. Notes on Tachinida?, vi, 409, 410, 1893.

Standard Natural History, Cambridge, Mass.

17. Vol. v., Diptera, 403-433, 1884.

Kansas University Quarterly, Lawrence, Kansas.

18. Diptera Brasiliana, Part II, i, 43-46, 1892.

19. On the Apioceridfe and their Allies, i, 101-118, pis. ix, x, 1893.

20. Diptera Brasiliana, Part III, i, 119-122, 1893.

21. New or Little Known Diptera, ii, 59-70, 1893.

22. On the Genus Dolichomyia, with the Description of a New Species

from Colorado, iii, 41-43, 1894.

23. New Genera of Bombylids, iii, 1894.

24. Two Remarkable New Genera of Diptera, iv, 1895.

25. Triptotricha and Dialysis, iii, 1895.

BiOLOGiA Centrali-Americana, London, England.

26. Diptera, vol. iii, 1-80, pis. i, ii, 1892.

Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

27. An anomalous Bombylid, xii, 215-216, 1879.

28. Eristalis tentax, xiii, 176, 1881.

29. New or Little Known Genera of North"American Syrpliidae, xiv, 77-

82, 1882.

30. Drosophila ampelophila, xiv, 138, 1882.

Sl.jjThe Nortli American Species of Neinistrinidaj, xv, 70-72, 1883.

LII BIBLIOGRAPHY.

32. Notes and Descriptions of North American Xylophagidae and Strati-

omyidge, xvii, 121-128, 1885.

33. North American Tacliinida3, Gonia, xix, 6-12, 1887.

34. A New South American Genus of Conopin^e, xix, 161-166, 1887.

35. A List of Species of Diptera from San Domingo, xxv, 170, 171, 1893.

Notes on Injurious Insects, Entomological Laboratory, Lansing,
Mich.

36. Scopolia sequax, n. sp. figs. p. 5, 6, 1884.

Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences,
New Haven, Conn.

37. Some Interesting New Diptera, iv, 243-246, 1880.

38. The Nortli American Species of Conops, iv, 325-342, 1883.

39. North American Conopidae: Stylogaster, Dalmannia, Oncomyia, vi,
87-94, 1884.

40. Dipterous Larvse from the Western Alkaline Lakes and their use as

Human Food, vi, 83-86, 1883.

41. Nortli American Conopidae; Conclusion, vi, 377-394, xli, 91, 1885.

J. T. Hathaway, New Haven, Conn.

42. Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera, pp.

i-84, 1888.

Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station, Technical Series, Nor-
WALK, Ohio.

43. Description of a Species of Chlorops reared from galls on Muhlen-

bergia mexicana hy F. M. Webster, i, 156-157, 1893.

Proceedings American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Penn.

44. Contributions to a Monograph of the North American Syrphidse, xx,

299-332, 1882.

American Naturalist, Philadelphia, Penn.

45. A New Cattle Pest, 1889, pi. xxx.

Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Philadel-
phia, Penn.

46. On the North American Asilidse; Dasypogoninae, Laphrinae, with a

new Genus of Syrphidaj, xi, 1-36, pis. i-iii, 1883.

47. On the North American Asilidae, Part II, xii, 53-76, 1885.

48. Dipterological Notes and Descriptions, xiii, 287-307, 1883.

49. Catalogue of the Described Species of South American Syrphidae, xii,

308-324, 1886.

50. Diptera Brasiliana, ab H. H. Smith collecta. Part I, Stratomyidse,

Syrphidffi, xv, 243-292, 1888.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. LIII

51. Catalogue of the Described Species of South American Asilidae, xviii,

67-91, 1891.

Entomological News, Philadelphia, Penn.

52. Copestylum marginatum and Volucella fasciata, ii, 162, 1892.

53. A New Species of Criorrhina and Notes on Synonymy, iii, 1893.

54. On the Genus Erax, v, 136-137, 1894.

55. The North American Psychodidae, iv, 113-114, 1893.

56. The American Genera of Sapromyzinse, v, 196-197, 1894.

57. A New Tachinid with Remarkable Antennae, vi, 29-32, 1895.

Transactions of the Kansas Academy or Science, Topeka, Kansas.

58. Table of the Families of Diptera, x, 122-128, 1888.

59. Notes and Descriptions of North American Tabanidae, x, 129-142, 1888.

60. Bibio tristis, n. sp. in Kellogg's Insect Notes, xiii, 113, 1893.

Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, Vienna, Austria.

61. Eine Merkwuerdige neue Syrphiden-Gattung, iii, 185-186, fig. 1884.

Insect Life, Washington, D. C.

62. An Australian Parasite of Icerya purchasi, i, 21-22, 1889.

63. Note on the Genus Lestophonus, i, 328-330, 1889.

64. Leucopis bellula, n. sp. i, 257. 1889.

65. Belvosia— A study, iv, 237-240, pis. 1893.

Bulletin United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.

66. No. 31, Synopsis of the North American Syrphidae, pp. i-xxx, 1-335,

pis. i-xii, 1886.

North American Fauna, Washington, D. C.

67. Diptera of the Death Valley Expedition, vii, 253-259, 1893.

J. T. Hathaway, New Haven, Conn.

68. Manual of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera.

Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.

69. Fourteenth Report, p. 65, 1885.

49. WOODWORTH, CHARLES W.
Psyche, Cambridge, Mass.

1. Gonia senilis, Williston, v, 43, 1889.

50. WULP, F. M. van DER.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, Hague, Holland.

1. Amerikaanische Diptera xiv, 141-168, pi. xv, 1881 ; xxv, pp. 77-136,

pis. ix, X, 1882 ; xxvi, pp. i, ii, 1-69, pis. i, ii, 1883.

2. Nalezing over Amerikaansche Diptera, xxvii, pp. 1-4, 1884.

3. Diagnosis of New Mexican Muscidas, xxxv, 183-195, 1893.

LIV BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Notes fkom the Letden Museum, Hjlgue, Holland.

4. Remarks on certain American Diptera from the Leyden Museum and

Descriptions of Nine New Species, iv, pp. 73-93, 1892.

Comptes Rendus de la Societe Entomologique de la Belgique,
Belgium.

5. Quelquus Dipteres Exotiques, 1884.

Weiner Entomologische Zettung, Vienna, Austria.

6. Chrysops geminata Wied. und Macq. iii, pp. 139-141, 1884.

Biologia Centrali Americana, London, England.

7. Diptera, vol. ii, 1-264, pis. i-vi, 1888-1890.

I^^OETH AMEEICAE" DIPTEEA.

TABLE OF THE FAMILIES OF DIPTEEA.

1. Flies of a leathery or horny structure, living parasitically in the adult

state upon warm-blooded vertebrates; head small, either closely
united to the emarginate anterior part of the thorax or folding back
into a groove upon the dorsum ; mouth-part incomplete, the palpi
wanting; legs separated by the broad sternum ; abdomen indistinctly
segmentated; claws well developed. Pupipara. ... 43
Flies of softer structure, never living parasitically in the adult state
upon vertebrates; head separated from the thorax by a free" neck. 2

2. Antennae many-jointed, often longer than the thorax, the two basal

joints, only, differentiated, the remaining joints usually distinct ;
palpi composed of three or four joints, usually elongate; anal cell
rarely closed or narrowed in the margin. Nematocera. . 3

Antennae rarely as long as the thorax, composed primarily of three
joints, the third of which may be simple or complex (that is com-
posed of more or less distinct annuli or segments,)* with or without
a terminal or dorsal arista or terminal style; anal cell closed before
the border, or, distinctly narrowed in the border, or, if of other
structure, the antennae composed of three simple joints with or with-
out an arista or style; palpi rarely much elongate, composed of
from one to three joints, or rudimentary. .... 14

* To the beginner there will be several families here which will cause
doubt; they are especially the Siniulicke, Bibionidce, OrphnephUidce, and
some of the Xylophagime. The SimulidcE are small, thick-set flies, with
the antennae not longer than the head, composed of ten joints, the veins of
the wings weak and the neuration incomplete. In the Bibionidce the anten-
nae have from nine to thirteen joints closely imited, altogether no longer
than the thorax; there is no discal cell. Orphnephila is composed of species
not more than three or four millimeters in length ; the antenna3 are appar-
ently three-jointed with a terminal arista; under close examination, how-
ever, the third joint will be found to be composed of three segments and
the arista of seven. The Xi/lophagitice will be best distinguished by the
complete neuration and the closed or narrowed anal cell. In all cases
where the palpi are found to be composed of four joints the species may be
unhesitatingly placed among tlie Nejuatocera.

1

2 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. "

3. Dorsum of thorax with a complete V-shaped suture;* wings (wanting

rarely) many-veined, often with a complete discal cell; ocelli want-
ing (present in a few forms); often large flies. . . Tipulid^.
Dorsum of thorax without a V-shaped suture, or rarely with any
transverse suture. .....:... 4

4. A complete discal cell present; empodia developed pulvilliform, tlie

pulvilli rudimentary. ...... RHYPHiDit:.

No discal cell. .......... 5

5. Antennse composed apparently of three joints with a terminal arista;

small species, three or four millimeters in length. OEPHNEPHiLiDiE.

Antennte not apparently composed of three joints and a terminal

arista. ........... 6

6. Wings with only a few longitudinal veins, and no cross-veins ; coxge not

elongate, tibiae without terminal spurs, legs not thickened ; ocelli
present or absent; small or minute, delicate, mostly gall-producing
flies. ......... Cecidomtid^.

Not such flics ; wings usually many-veined. .... 7

7. Ocelli present. 8

Ocelli wanting (compare Mycetophilido?). ..... 10

8. Wings broad, bare, characteristically marked by numerous folds be-

tween the veins, giving a netted, spiderweb-like appearance.

LlPONEURID^.

Wings not so marked ; no entire transverse suture. ... 9

9. Coxae much elongated (moderately so in Sciarince)', antennae often elon-

gate, the joints constricted ; three or two ocelli present (in the latter
case one situated near each eyeand often perceptible with difficulty);

all the tibise with spurs MYCEXopiiiLiDyi:.

Coxae short, the thorax rounded, not humped above; antennae shorter
than the thorax, thickened, the joints closely united without marked
constrictions ; legs strong, the front femora often thickened ; empodia
pulvilliform, the pulvilli sometimes absent ; eyes of ^ large.

BiBIONIDiE.

10. The costal or marginal vein does not extend beyond the tip of the

wing. ........... 11

The marginal vein encompasses the entire wing. . . . 12

11. Antennae slender, the joints more or less constricted, and often bushy

plumose; legs slender, hind tibiae and metatarsi never dilated; abdo-
men slender; wings narrow. .... CniRONOMiDiE.

* Bittacomorpha, Ptychoptera and Idioplasta may cause doubt here. They
have the suture incompletely V-shaped and sinuous. Compare Rhi/phidce.

TABLE OF THE FAMILIES. 3

Antennae shorter than the thorax, the joints broadly and closely united,
without marked constriction, and never hairy or pilose ; legs strong,
hind pair more or less dilated ; body thick-set, abdomen ovate; wings
broad, bare, the anterior veins stouter, the posterior weak. Black-
flies, Buffalo-gnats. . . . . . . . Simuliid^.

12. Wings ovate, distally with ten longitudinal veins and without cross-

veins; veins strongly hairy; tibias without terminal spurs; small,
lepidopter-like flies, the wings when at rest folded roof-shaped.

PsYCHODIDtE.

Wings with cross-veins near the middle. ..... 13

13. Wings hairy, fringed on the hind margin ; mosquitoes. Culicid^.
Wings bare; the second vein arises near the middle of the wing.

DlXIID^.

14. Third joint of the antennee complex; basal cells of wing long. . 15
Antenna3 composed of three simple joints, the third not annulated or

segmentated, with or without a dorsal arista or terminal stj'le or
arista. ........... 18

15. Empodia undeveloped or bristle-like ; antennae elongate, composed of

four or five joints, without differentiated style or arista ; vertex and
front hollowed out transversely between the eyes; eyes of male
never contiguous. ......... 25

Empodia developed pulvilliform ; third antcnnal joint more or less dis-
tinctly segmentated or annulated ; body not bristly. . . 16

16. Tegulae rather large; third longitudinal vein furcate; five posterior

cells always present; the costal vein encompasses the whole margin
of the wing ; proboscis of the female adapted for piercing; third joint
of the antennse with from three to eight annuli, never with style or

bristle. Horseflies. . Tabanid^.

Tegulae small or rudimentary ; mostly flower-flies. ... 17

17. Tibiae wholly without spurs ; longitudinal veins of the wings usually

crowded anteriorly,* the posterior ones often weak; the costal vein
does not reach beyond the tip of the wing; antennae long or short,
with or without a terminal or dorsal arista or terminal stj'le.

StEATIOMYIDwE.

The middle tibiae, at least, with distinct spurs ; the costal vein encom-
passes the entire wing; third longitudinal vein always furcate and
five posterior cells always present. . . . Lki'Tid.ic.

18. Antennae apparently single-jointed, with a long bristle ; wings with sev-

eral stout veins anteriorly, and other weaker ones apparently con-
nected with them; femora flattened, the hind legs long; antenna}
situated near the mouth; small, quick-running, hunchbacked flies.

FnORIDiE.

Not such flies 19

* If very large flies from Central America, compare AcANTnOiMi<:iiii).E.

4 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

19. Empodia developed pulvillif orm, that is three nearly equal membranous

appendages on the mider side of the claws 20

Empodia wanting, rudimentary or linear, never developed like the
pulvilli. . 22

20. Tegulse very large; thorax and abdomen inflated; head small, eyes

large ; neuration varied. . . ' . . . . Ackocerid^.
Tegulas of moderate size or rudimentary 21

21. Middle tibise at least with spurs ; no bristles on femora or tibiae ; third

longitudinal vein furcate; five posterior cells present (four in
Dialysis); anterior cross-vein always distinct; third joint of the an-
tennae with a bristle or slender style, usually terminal. Leptid^.
Not such flies 22

22. Third longitudinal vein of the wings not furcate. . . .31
Third longitudinal vein furcate, two or more submarginal cells

present. 2b

23. Arista or style of antennae when present always terminal. . . 24:
Arista dorsal, always present 30

24. Vertex and front distinctly hollowed out between the eyes; eyes of

male never contiguous ; basal cells large ; mostly large flies. . 25
Eront and yertex plane or convex. ...... 26

25. Proboscis with fleshy labella at the tip ; neuration complicated, the

fourth vein at least curves forward to terminate before the tip of the

wing; palpi rudimentary or wanting. .... Mydaid^.

Proboscis without fleshy labella at tip, the under part forming a horny

sheath; five posterior cells always present; palpi usually prominent.

ASILID.^.

26. Pive posterior cells in the wing; basal cells large. ... 29
Never more than four posterior cells in the wing. . . .27

27. Tliird antennal joint without bristle or style; tliree posterior cells ; first

posterior cell narrowed or closed, the fourth longitudinal vein termi-
nating at or before the tip of the wing. . . Scbnopinid^.
Third antennal joint usually with terminal style; four or three poste-
rior cells; the fourth vein terminates beyond the tip of the wing. 28

28. Anal cell narrowly open, or closed near the margin; discal cell pres-

ent. ......... BOMBYLIIDyE.

Anal cell closed remote from the border, sometimes wanting; if closed
near the border (Flilarimorpha), the discal cell wanting. EmpiD/E.

29. Neuration intricate, the anterior cross-vein wanting or rudimentary,

owing to the coalescence of the third and fourth veins for a longer
or shorter distance ; tibiae without terminal spurs ; empodia and pul-
villi membranous, but frequently minute. . . Nemistkinid.e.

TABLE OF THE FAMILIES. 5

Neuration not intricate; anterior cross-vein always distinct; labclla of
proboscis fleshy. . . . . . . . • .30

30. The fourth vein terminates before the tip of the wing; male sexual
organs prominent. ....... ApiocERiuiE.

The fourth vein terminates beyond tlie tip of the wing; male sexual
organs small. .... ... TuEREViWyE.

3L Antennse with a dorsal arista .37

Antennas with a terminal arista or style. ..... 32

32. Wings pointed, no cross- veins in the middle, the fourth longitudinal

vein furcate and arising from tlie fifth ; small species.

LONCHOPTERID^.

Wings rounded at the tip, not lancet-like. . . . . . 33

33. Second basal cell confluent with the discal cell, not separated by a vein,

the auxiliary vein does not terminate in the costa; small, mostly

brilliant-colored, predaceous flies. . . . Dolichopid^.

Second basal cell separated from the discal cell by a vein. . 34

34. Antennae with a terminal style. ....... 35

Antennae with a terminal bristle. . . . . . . 36

35. First posterior cell closed (Conopicke pt., Si/rphicke, pt.) . . 40
First posterior cell open. ....... EMPiDiE.

36. Head comparatively small, the proboscis more or less elongated ; alula

of wings usually rudimentary. ..... EMPiDiE.

Head as broad as the thorax ; proboscis fleshy ; alula distinct.

PLATYPEZIDiE.

37. Proboscis rudimentary, palpi wanting; first posterior cell usually nar-

rowed; tegulge usually large. Botflies. . . . Qj^steid^e.

Proboscis not rudimentary ; palpi present. ..... 38

38. Second basal cell confluent witli the discal cell, not separated by a

small vein ; small, mostly brilliant-colored, predaceous flies ; face
never broad and convex. ..... Dolichopid^.

Second basal cell separated from the discal cell by a small cross- vein
(if not, not brilliant-colored predaceous flies). ... 39

39. Basal cells of wing elongate, the anal cell closed toward the margin ;

first posterior cell closed or much narrowed (except sometimes in
Pipuncu/idce). .......... 40

Posterior basal cell small, the anal cell always closed remote from the
margin 42

40. Face with subantennal vertical grooves or depression. . . 42
Face convex transversely or with a median ridge ; never with a suban-
tennal depression. ......... 41

6 NORTH AMERICAN DIFTERA.

41. Between the third and fourth longitudinal veins and sub-parallel with

them, crossing the anterior cross-vein, a spurious longitudinal vein,
or, when rarely not present, the first posterior cell closed a consid-
erable distance from the border SvRPHiDiE.

Spurious vein never present; first posterior cell not closed before the
margin; eyes very large ; small species. . . Pipunculid^'e.

42. Proboscis horny and elongate, often folding back near tlie middle; ab-

domen never with bristles ; tibiae without terminal spurs or if with
spurs, the face with a median ridge, and the proboscis folding; first

posterior cell closed or narrowed Conopid^.

Proboscis fleshy and not elongate ; if elongate and slender, with or with-
out a median hinge, the body with distinct bristles, or the bristle
of the antennas plumose. .... Muscid^ sens. lat.

43. Wingless flies, parasitic upon bats; head not flattened, folding back

upon the dorsum of the thorax; first joint of tarsi not abbreviated.

Nycteribid^.
Winged or wingless flies, parasitic upon birds or mammals ; head flat-
tened, sunk into a shallow emargination of the thorax; first joint of
the four anterior or of all the tarsi abbreviated. . HippoBOSCiDiE.

CECIDOMYIDiE.

ORTHOEKHAPHA,

1. CECIDOMYID^.

Small, slender flies with broad wings, and long antennse and
feet. Head small ; eyes round or reniform, sometimes liolop-
tic ; ocelli usually wanting ; antennae long, cylindrical or bead-
like, composed of a large number of joints — ten to tliirty-six;
in many species the joints beaded or petiolate and verticillate,
especially in the ^; proboscis short, elongated in one genus
only; palpi usually with four joints. Thorax ovate; more or
less convex, without transverse suture ; abdomen composed of
eight segments; hypopygium composed of a pair of projecting
booklets ; ovipositor sometimes much elongated. Legs long
and slender; cox83 not very long; tibise without terminal
spurs ; the first joint of tarsi sometimes very short. Wings
large, usually hairy, narrowed at the root, without alula ; at
the most with five, usually with but three, longitudinal veins,
viz : the first, the third, and the fifth ; the fourth and the sixth
sometimes present ; the humeral cross-vein indistinct, or want-
ing; costal vein enclosing the entire wing; veins all weak;
the fifth usually furcate ; anterior cross-vein very near the
root of the wing, often appearing as the beginning of the third
vein, the real origin of the third vein having the appearance
of a short cross-vein ; only one basal cell present.

The family Cecidomyidse includes a very large number of
frail, delicate, often very minute flies, but is of the greatest
interest to the biologist as well as the economic entomologist.
At present about 600 or 700 species are known.

The egg of the Cecidomyidse is somewhat elongated, rounded
at both ends, orange yellow or white in color. The time re-
quired for hatching is very variable and depends upon the
weather, sometimes requiring a very few hours, but more gen-
erally a few days or even weeks. The larval food is almost

8 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

wholly vegetable. The larvse of some species have been bred
from decaying wood and bulbs, others from under the bark of
trees, or from fungi. But the great majority prefer living plants,
attacking the soft and green parts. Most of the larvae are
monophagous, living almost exclusively on a single kind of
plant, or at least closely allied plants ; but there are certain
exceptions, such as C. sisijmhrii, which is said to form the gall
in spring on the barberry, and later in the season on a nastur-
tium. There are certain others which are inquilmous, that is
guests or parasites in galls formed by other Cecidomyids.
Finally, some live ]3arasitically in the society of plant lice.
Not a few, such as the Hessian fly, live upon the surface of
plants, or in the axils of their leaves ; but the greater number
penetrate inside the plant, producing the so-called galls.
Every part of the plant from the root to the flower and the
fruit is liable to such attacks. With a few rare exceptions,
each species attacks the same part of the plant and deforms it
in the same manner. The galls cause deformations and excre-
scences attached to the stalks, stems, or flowers, destroying
the plant-tissue. When first hatched the larvae are colorless
and translucent, with the alimentary canal showing through
the skin greenish. Later in life they assume different shades
of red or yellow. They have the extraordinary number of
fourteen segments, thus forming an apparent exception to the
larvse of all other insects, which, as a general rule, have thir-
teen. The supernumerary segment is placed between the head
and first thoracic segment. The larvse have nine pairs of
stigmata along the sides of the body apparent as more or less
nipple-shaped projections. The head is not differentiated ; the
jaws are rudimentary and there are large two-jointed palpi or
antennae. The last abdominal segment is smooth and rounded,
sometimes with tubercles or a pair of horny processes which
are said to be used by the larvae in leaping. On the under
side of the body at the junction of the first thoracic Avith the
supernumerary segment there is a horny, more or less elon-

CECIDOMYIDiE. 9

gated appendage whose use or homology is unknown. It
varies in shape in different species, the free end sometimes
terminating in two joints, sometimes in one, sometimes toothed
and serrated. This organ, discovered by von Baer, has been
called by Osten Sacken the " breast bone "; in England it is
known as the " anchor process ". By some it is thought to be
a pseudopod ; by others the mentum ; and Miss Ormerod be-
lieves its function is that of a scraper or digger in obtaining
food from the stems. More probably its use is for locomotion,
or for changing the position of the larva in its cocoon or case.
The motions of the larvae are usually slow, excepting those
which live on the surface of leaves. Those which change their
abode before assuming the pupa state become very active
about the period of metamorphosis. A very great activity
was observed by Winnertz in some such larvae after a thunder
storm. They left their hiding places under ground and
crawled about restlessly for some time ; repeating these actions
after every thunder storm, some even two months after leav-
ing their galls.

Owing to their rudimentary mouth-parts it seems e vide at
that the larvae must feed upon juices only, and that they need
very little nourishment is shown by the fact that they attain
their full growth and development in a gall just large enough
to enclose them, apparently hermetically sealed and for the
most part with hard walls. It is probable that they absorb
nourishment in a quiescent state. As many as sixty individ-
uals have been known to live in a single gall. What causes
the galls is not easy to say ; probably some peculiar irrita-
tion produced by the insect. It is probable that the larvae
of Cecidomyia do not undergo moultings like most dipterous
larvae. Before assuming the pupa state some larvae leave
their galls and conceal themselves under ground, in dry leaves
and moss or under the bark of trees ; while others, on the con-
trary, complete their transformation within the gall itself.
The pupae are generally, but not always, enclosed in the cocoon,

2

10 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

whicli Winnertz says is produced by an exudation or excretion
from the larvae and is not spun. Larvae which had fastened
themselves to the leaf were surrounded in twenty -four hours
by a white halo of thread-like particles like spicules of crystals,
the larvse remaining almost wholly motionless. The cocoon
is completed within a few days but even then shows no traces
of the genuine web. There seems to be no doubt, however,
but that they do in some cases actually spin a cocoon, as is
so frequently the case among the fungus-gnats. The change
to the pupa state is marked by an alteration of color, the ante-
rior segments of the larvae become distended, and the legs,
wings, and antennae developing and rapidly attaining their
full pupal dimensions.

The period of pupation is very variable, depending upon
warmth and moisture. The development is retarded by
cold, though they are capable of withstanding a very low de-
gree of temperature.

One of the most remarkable things in the biology of these
or any other insects was discovered by Wagner in 1860. Ac-
cording to this scientist, the larvae of certain species belonging
to the genus Miastor, and which live under the bark of trees,
produce from ovary-like organs a number of eggs which hatch
within the abdominal cavity of the parent and there remain,
feeding upon tlie abdominal tissues which surround them,
until they are consumed. They then escape to increase in
size and produce another generation in tlie same remarkable
manner. These series of asexual reproductions are repeated
until finally, from the last brood, pupae are developed which
undergo their transformation into imagines, and from which
a new series of eggs, agamic broods of larvae and pupae in
their turn result. There are other instances of p^dogenetic
reproduction among diptera, but none so interesting as
this.

This family contains some of the most destructive of all in-
sects in man's economy, and perhaps the most important of

CECIDOMYIDiE. H

these is Cecidoinyia (^OUgotvo'pliiis) destructor, commonly call-
ed the Hessian Fly, from the belief, probably erroneous, that
it was first introduced into this country in straw brought
by Hessian troops during the Revolution.

The fly is very small, but little more than an eighth of an
inch in length, of a prevailing black color, with the abdomen
pinkish or brownish. There are two broods, in spring and
autumn. The female deposits her eggs, one or two at a time,
on the upper side of the leaves of wheat, to the number of
from eighty to a hundred, or even more. Hatching in from
four to eight days, if the weather is favorable, the yellowish
red larvae crawl downward on the leaves until they insert
themselves between the leaf and the stalk. Here they remain
quiescent, growing by means of imbibition or absorption of
the juices of the plant, until they reach the size of a small
grain of rice. The larvae that are hatched in April in a few
weeks assume the pupa state, called the flax-seed stage. In
August the second brood appears, the female of which deposits
her eggs in young winter wheat or other grain, where the lar-
vae soon hatch and acquire the flax-seed condition in a few
weeks, or by November, in which condition they pass the
winter. In England there is but one brood, that of early
summer, and the fly is not nearly so injurious to growing grain.

TABLE OF GENERA.

Fourth longitudinal vein wanting. .... CECiDOMYiNiB.

Fourth longitudinal vein present. .... LESXREMiiNiE.

CECIDOMYIN^.

1. Fifth longitudinal vein furcate, the tirst joint of the tarsi usually shorter

than the following. ......... 2

Fifth longitudinal vein not furcate, the metatarsi longer than the follow-
ing joint, the last two joints very small. .... 14

2. First and third longitudinal veins distinctly separated from each other

and from the costa ; costa not tomentose. .... 3

First and third veins closely approximated to the costa and difficult to

distinguish, the costa apparently thickened. .... 12

12 NOETH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

3. Antennee bead-like, the joints verticillate. ..... 4

Antennge cylindrical, the joints approximated, not petiolate, and pro-
vided with short, close hair. . . . . . . .11

4. The third longitudinal vein terminates in the costa before the tip of the

wing. . . . (Dasijneura) Cecidomyia Loew (non Meigen).
The third vein terminates at or beyond the tip of the wing. . 5

5. Thorax highly arched, hood-like, over the head. Hormomyia Loew.
Thorax only moderately arched ; wings irridescent. ... 6

6. Wings with but three longitudinal veins, the first, third and fifth. 7
Wings apparently with four longitudinal veins, the first, third and two

in place of the fifth, the furcation taking place so near the root of
the wing as to give the appearance of two longitudinal veins. 10

7. The anterior cross-vein, that is the vein arising at the root of the wing

and connecting with the third nearly where it arises from the first, is
curved y-shaped. ......... 8

The anterior cross- vein is nearly straight, appearing as the beginning
of the third vein. ......... 9

8. Wings very long and narrow. . . . Colpodia Winnertz.
Wings not more than three times as long as wide. Epidosis Loew.

9. Joints of the antennae petiolate, in the male usually with two bead-like

swellings on each joint.

{Cecidomijia Meigen non Loew) Diplosis Loew.

Joints not petiolated, or at the most the males with a single bead-like

swelling on each joint Dirhiza Loew.

10. Palpi large, with the last joint elongate; anterior cross-vein /-shaped,

AsYNAPTA Loew.
Palpi small, the last joint but little or not at all longer than tlie penul-
timate; anterior cross-vein but little curved. Winnertzia Rondani.

11. The third longitudinal vein terminates before the tip of the wing; fifth

vein not furcate. Spaniockra Winnertz.

The third vein terminates at or beyond the tip of the wing; fifth vein
furcate Asphondylia Loew.

12. Proboscis much elongated, directed downward. Clinorhyncha Loew.
Proboscis short. .......••• 1'^

13. Metatarsi shorter than the following joint. . Lasioptera Meigen.
Metatarsi longer than the following joint. . Diomyza Stepliens.

14. Wings with but two longitudinal veins, tlie first and fifth, the latter not

furcate, and neither reaching beyond tlie middle of the wing.

liETEROrEZA Winucrtz.
Wings with three longitudinal veins, the first, third and fifth, the third
reaching to the tip of the wing, the fifth not furcate.

MiASTOR Meincrt.

MYCETOPHILIDiE. 13

LESTREMIX^.

1. Fourth longitudinal vein furcate 3

Fourth longitudinal vein not furcate 2

2. Antennae composed of from 11 to 25 joints, petiolate in the $.

Cajvifylomyza Meigen.
Antennae composed of 11 (^) or 8 (9) joints, petiolate in neither sex.

MiCROMYiA Rondani.

3. Ocelli absent or indistinct 4

Ocelli distinct. . . . • 5

4. Antenna3 11-jointed in both sexes. . . . Cecidogona Loew.
Antenna3 IG-jointed in the 3", H or 12-jointed in the 9-

Lestremia Macquart.

6. The anterior branch of the fourth longitudinal vein /-shaped, the pos-
terior branch in a straight line with the prefurca. Tritozyga Loew.
The anterior branch only lightly curved ; antennae of 9 10-jointed.

Catocha Haliday.

2. MYCETOPHILID^.

Mostly small, delicate, slender flies, with more or less elon-
gated coxse. Head small, rounded or somewhat elongate.
Eyes round, somewhat prominent ; ocelli two or three in num-
ber, when only two, placed one on each orbital margin ; when
three in number, placed transversely in the form of a shallow
triangle. Front broad in both sexes. Antennse elongated,
curved, twelve to sixteen jointed, the two basal joints differ-
entiated, the remainder cylindrical, flattened or petiolated.
Proboscis rarely elongated; palpi three or four jointed, usu-
ally inflected, the first joint small. Thorax more or less,
sometimes liighly arched, without transverse suture ; metano-
tum large; scutellum small. Abdomen elongated, composed
of six or seven segments, cylindrical or compressed, sometimes
narrowed at the base; male genitalia projecting forceps-like;
ovipositor pointed, usually with two terminal lamellae. Legs
more or less elongated, the coxae more or less, sometimes much
elongated; femora more or less dilated, tibise with spurs.
Wings large (wanting in the $ of Ujnda2?us)', auxiliary vein
present, though sometimes rudimentary ; second longitudinal

14 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

vein wanting ; the third vein arises from the first nsnally at
such an angle that its first section (to the anterior cross-vein)
has the appearance of a cross-vein ; fourth vein always, the
third and fifth either furcate or not ; sixth vein never furcate,
sometimes rudimentary; seventh vein usually short, often
rudimentary or entirely wanting ; discal and posterior basal
cells always wanting.

The family Mycetophilidse, commonly known as fungus-
gnats, comprises seven or eight hundred known species of
small or minute flies, the best known of which are, perhaps,
the various dark-winged species of Sciara so common about
gardens. In the following description of the immature stages
1 draw largely from Osten Sacken.

The larvae have a distinct horny head ; horny, flat, lamelli-
form mandibles ; maxillae with a large coriaceous inner lobe
and a horny outside piece, with a circular excision at the tip,
the labium small, horny, almost rudimentary; the antennae
are usually small or rudimentary, the ocelli are either wanting
or seen in a small pellucid spot below each antenna?. The
body is subcylindrical, more or less elongated, fleshy, whitish
or yellowish, and composed of twelve segments. It is smooth,
without hairs or bristles, except those on the ventral side. It
is generally transparent, showing distinctly the intestinal
canal and the trachea. There are eight pairs of stigmata, one
on the first segment, and seven on the first seven abdominal
segments, the last two having none. The locomotory organs
consist of more or less apparent transverse swellings on the
under side of the ventral segments, sometimes furnished with
minute bristles or spines.

The larva? present some of the most singular habits among
all diptera. They are gregarious, and live in or upon decaying
matter. Most of the species seem to prefer fungus or fungoid
substances, whence comes the common name of fungus-gnats
applied to the mature insect. The larvae of Sciara are found
among decaying leaves, in vegetable mold, in cow-dung, under

MYCETOPIIILIDiE. 15

the bark of dead trees, etc. The larvae are said to moult sev-
eral times before pupating. The larvae of many species spin
delicate webs over the surface of fungi, and on this web they
live until ready to pupate, when they spin a dense cocoon in
sheltered spots ; others live within the decaying fungi. Per-
haps the most singular habits of all are those of species of
Sciara, which are even more gregarious than other members
of this family. They have the singular propensity of sticking
together in dense patches, and will form processions some-
times twelve or fourteen feet in length, and two or three inches
broad. The phenomenon has been observed frequently both in
Europe and America, but the reason therefor is not yet well
understood, though the object of the migration seems to be
the search for better feeding grounds. Because of this habit,
the name of " army worm " has been given to them. Yet
more singular is the phosphorescent character of the larvae of
some species. The larvae, probably of Sciophila, were observed
by Hudson to be so luminous that " the light of a single indi-
vidual kept in a caterpillar cage may be seen streaming out
of the ventilators at a distance of several feet."

The pupae of Mycetophilidae are free, — that is they are not
contained within the larval skin, as is so commonly the case
with diptera. They are usually smooth, with the legs applied
to the breast and venter, the antennae bent around the eyes,
and their remaining portion applied to the breast between the
wings and the legs. The pupae of not a few are enclosed in a
cocoon of more or less density, spun by the larvae; others
enclose themselves in earthy cases.

The study of the mature insect requires some care. Usually
a compound microscope is necessary for the detection of many
characters, especially of the more minute species, and gener-
ally, when there is doubt of the identity, it is best to mount
the whole insect or the more important parts under a cover
glass.

In America, as elsewhere, but little study has been given to

16 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

this family, and, hence there are doubtless not a few genera
that have hitherto escaped detection. The following table has
been mostly compiled from V. d. Wulp, Winnertz and Schiner,
and compared with representatives of most of the genera.

Epidapus scabies has recently been shown by Hopkins to be
a cause of the potato scab. Various species of Sciara have
also been bred from potatoes and other vegetables. The lar-
vae of Sciara mail '' destroy the interior of apples by burrow-
ing through them, while the fair exterior shows no indication
of concealed attack." The larvse of a species of Exechia have
been found by Lintner very destructive to mushrooms.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Coxae moderately long ; anterior cross-vein in the same right line witli

the second section of the third vein; furcation of the fifth and sixth

veins near the base of the wing. .... Sciarin^.

Coxae much elongated; anterior cross-vein not in the same right line

with the second section of the third vein. .... 2

2. Origin of the fourth vein near the base of the wing ; seventh vein more

or less incomplete. ......... 3

Origin of the fourth vein at or near the middle of the wing; seventh
vein usually complete. ........ 4

3. Third longitudinal vein furcate, the anterior branch usually so near the

origin and so transverse in position that it resembles a supernume-
rary cross- vein; three ocelli present . . . Sciophilin.e.
Third longitudinal vein not furcate ; two or three ocelli present.

MyCETOPHI LIN^.

4. Anterior branch of the third vein very long, ternnnating in the costa

and arising very close to or at the beginning of the second section of

the third vein Mycetobiin^.

Anterior branch of the third vein short, more transverse, usually ending
in the first vein. ......... 5

5. The prefurca of the fourtii vein arises from the third vein beyond the

apparent cross-vein, i. e. the cross-vein is really wanting and the

third and fourth veins are coalescent for a short distance. . 6

The fourth vein continues in the same line before the cross-vein to its

origin from the fifth. . {BolitopJulime) Bolitopiiila Meigcn.

6. Antennae short and thick-set, often flattened. . . Cergplatin.!!;.
Antennae long and slender, longer than the body.

{Macroceriiue) Macrockra Mcigon.

MYCETOPHILIDiE. 17

SCTARTN^.

1. Wings and halteres wholly wanting. . . Epidapus 9 Haliday.
Wings and halteres as usual, . . . . . . . . 2

2. Tlie fourth vein springs from the third at the angle, i. e. the anterior

cross-vein is obsolete. ...... Epidapus $

Anterior cross-vein not obsolete. . . . , . . ' . 3

3. Antennal joints of the male pedicillated and with whorls of hairs.

Ztgoneura Meigen.
Antennal joints not pedicillated ; bare or with short hairs. . . 4

4. Wings very distinctly hairy Trichosia Winnertz.

Wings bare or but slightly hairy Sciara Meigen.

MYCETOBIX^.

1. Auxiliary vein complete; the anterior branch of the third vein arises

at the point where tlie third vein and the anterior cross-vein unite.

Mycetobia Meigen.

Auxiliary vein rudimentary, not terminating in thecosta; the fork of

the third vein petiolate. ........ 2

2. Fork of the third vein shorter than the fork of the fourth vein.

Plesiastina Winnertz.
Fork of the third vein longer than that of the fourth.

Ditomyia Winnertz.

CEROPLATINiE.

1. Face and proboscis prolonged, snout-like. . Asindulum Latreille.
F^ace and proboscis not produced. ....... 2

2. Antennae shorter than the head and thorax, flattened ; palpi short.

Ceroplatus Bosc.
Antennae usually more elongate, C3'lindrical ; palpi moderately long.

Platydka Meigen.

SCIOPHILIN^.

1. Anterior cross-vein more than twice the length of the first section of the

third vein, forming apparently the beginning of the third vein.

Tetragoneura Winnertz.

Anterior cross-vein but little longer or shorter than the first section of

the third vein, and forming a distinct angle with the second section. 2

2. The costal vein terminates at the tip of the third vein. Sciophila Meigen
The costal vein continues a sliort distance beyond the end of the third

vein. ............ 3

3. Fork of the fourth vein very short petiolate, the prefurca shorter than

the anterior cross-vein. ........ 4

Prefurca of the fourtli vein much lontjer than the anterior cross-vein. 5

18 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

4. Fifth vein furcate. . . ' . ... Lasiosoma Winnertz.
Fifth vein not furcate. .... St/EGERia V. d. Wulp.

5. Proximal end of the posterior fork (fifth vein) before or opposite the

anterior cross-vein. . . . Neoempheria Osten Sacken.
Proximal end of the posterior fork beyond the anterior cross-vein.

PoLYLEPTA Winnertz.

MYCETOPHILIN^.

1. Three ocelli present. 3

Only two ocelli, one situated near the margin of each eye. . . 2

2. The costal vein is continued beyond the tip of the third vein.

EuDicRANA Loew.
The costal vein reaches only to the tip of the third vein.

Mycetophila Meigen.

3. The costal vein is continued beyond the tip of the third vein. . 4
The costal vein reaches only to the tip of the third vein. . . 11

4. Fifth longitudinal vein not furcate, the fourth furcate.

AcNEMiA Winnertz.
Fiftli vein furcate. 5

5. Furcation of the fifth vein before or opposite the furcation of tlie

fourth. ' 6

Furcation of the fifth vein distinctly more distal than that of the fourth.

Phthinia AVinnertz.

6. Proboscis elongate. . . . . . . Gnoriste Meigen.

Proboscis not elongate. ........ 7

7. Auxiliary vein connected with the first longitudinal vein by a cross-

vein. ............ 8

Auxiliary vein not connected with the first vein by a cross-vein. 9

8. Ocelli of nearly equal size ; the auxiliary vein terminates in the cross-

vein connecting it with the first longitudinal. Syntemna Winnertz.

Ocelli of unequal size; the auxiliary continuous beyond the cross-vein,

terminating in the costa. .... Boletina Staeger.

9. First basal cell very long, reaching beyond the middle of the wing; the

beginning of the upper branch of the forks obsolete. Leia Meigen.

First basal cell of moderate length, not reaching the middle of the

wing; forks complete 10

10. Anterior forked ceil acute proximally, the branches but little divergent.

Epicypta Winnertz.
Anterior forked cell less acute, the branches strongly divergent.

DocosiA Winnertz.

11. Fifth longitudinal vein forked. . . . Zygomyia Winnertz.
Fifth vein not forked. . . . . . . . . .12

LIPONEURIDiE. 19

12. Auxiliary vein very long, terminating in the costa.

Neoglaphykoptera Osten Sacken.
Auxiliary vein short, or, if long, ending in the first vein. . . 13

13. Furcation of the fifth vein opj^osite or before the anterior cross-vein,

and more proximal than that of the fourth vein. ... 14

Furcation of the fifth vein more distal than the anterior cross-vein or

. the furcation of tlie fourth vein. ...... 15

14. Auxiliary vein reaching beyond the middle of the first basal cell.

Trichonta Winnertz.

Auxiliary vein sometimes rudimentary, or not reaching to the middle

of the first basal cell. ........ 16

15. Furcation of the fourth vein opposite or before the first section of the

third vein; posterior forked cell long and narrow.

Rhymosia Winnertz.
Furcation beyond the first section of the third vein. Allodia Winnertz.

16. Posterior forked cell narrow. . . . Mycothera Wiimertz.
Posterior forked cell broad, the branches divergent. Exechia Winnertz.

3. LIPONEUEID^.

Moderate sized, elongate, bare species with broad wings and
long legs. Both sexes holoptic or dichoptic ; three ocelli pres-
ent; proboscis elongated ; antennse slender, composed of from
six to sixteen joints, clothed with short pubescence. Thorax
with a distinct, broadly interrupted, transverse suture. Hypo-
pygium projecting; ovipositor wdth two short, rather obtuse,
lamella. Legs moderately slender, the hind pair much longer
than the anterior ones. Empodium very small, almost rudi-
mentary; pulvilli wanting; wings broad, bare, with a mark-
edly projecting anal angle; peculiarly characterized from all
other flies by a secondary, extremely line, spider-like netw^ork.

The family Blepharocerida? or Liponeuridse was established
by Loew in 1860 to include a half dozen species, which could
not well be located in any of the existing families. Since that
time the number in the family has been increased to about sev-
enteen known forms, distributed in nine genera. Six of these
species are found in Europe, one in Asia, six in North America,
one in the West Indies, and three in South America. The

20 NORTH AMERICAN DIRTERA.

habits of only a few are known ; one species, described by
Fritz Miiller, from South America is said to be dimorphic in
the 9, one form being sanguisugous, the other mellisugous.
The larvae live in running water. The head has a pair of slen-
der antennae ; the cephalothorax and the following segments,
each with a conical process bearing a bunch of bristles ; pupa
flattened, inactive and free, enclosed in a semioval, shell-like
skin, the anterior end wdth horny erect breathing tubes. On
the under side the skin is soft and transparent, and provided
with three pairs of suckers by which the creature clings
most firmly. The flies are found dancing in the spray of
waterfalls, or resting upon the foliage near the margin of clear
running brooks.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. An incomplete longitudinal vein running into the posterior margin. 2
No incomplete vein running into the posterior margin ; proboscis much

elongated; hind tibiae with spurs; claws simple; eyes entire, not
bisected {$). (Central and South America and West Indies.)

Paltostoma Schiner.

2. Second longitudinal vein furcate. ....... 3

Second longitudinal vein not furcate. ...... 4

3. Origin of the anterior branch of the second vein coincident with the

origin of the third vein ; front tibiae curved in $ .

BiBiocEPHALA Ostcn Sackcu.

Origin of anterior branch of second vein more distal than the origin of

the third vein; front tibiai straight in the $. Agathon Roeder.

4. Eyes holoptic, bisected by an unfaceted cross band or by a simple groove.

Blepharocera Macquart.
Eyes broadly dichoptic and not bisected. . . Lipoxkura Loew.

4. CULICID^.

Slender flies, characterized by the projecting proboscis and
by the plumose antennae of the male. Head small, round;
eyes reniform ; ocelli wanting. Antennae thread-like, com-
posed of fifteen joints; the first joint thick, the following
joints small, round, and beset with whorls of liair, forming in

CULIClDiE. ■ 21

the male a long dense plumosity; last two joints slender and
bare, or nearly so. Thorax ovate, arched, but not projecting
over the head, without transverse suture 5 scutellum narrow ;
metanotum arched. Abdomen long and narrow, somewhat
flattened, composed of eight segments ; male genitalia promi-
nent; ovipositor short. Legs long and slender ; the coxae not
elongated ; the tarsi long. Wings while at rest lying fiat over
the abdomen ; long and narrow, with numerous veins ; the
hind margin fringed, and the costal vein encircles the entire
wing; auxiliary vein distinct, terminating near the middle of
the anterior border; second and fourth longitudinal veins fur-
cate ; third vein simple, arising beyond the middle of the wing ;
fifth vein simple ; sixth and seventh reaching to the margin
of the wing; anterior cross-vein situated beyond the middle of
the wing, rectangular ; two basal cells preseiit, elongate.

The family Culicidee, or mosquitoes, comprises nearly two
hundred known species, distributed in all parts of the world.
They will be best distinguished from the nearly related Chiro-
nomidee by the elongate proboscis, and by the wings having a
vein along the posterior border. The name mosquito is a
Spanish and Portuguese diminutive of Mosca, and is sometimes
applied to members of the Simuliidee, but it is better restricted
to this family.

The female mosquito deposits her eggs to the number of
between two and three hundred in little boat-shaped masses
on the surface of still water. The larvae are hatched in a few
days and escape from the lower end; here they grov»^ rapidly,
at times moving quickly, at other times resting quietly near
the surface, breathing through the stigmatic tube at the tail,
which tube has at its end a fringe of hairs that serves to close
the opening when under water, and to suspend the larvae from
the surface Avhile breathing. They are usually known as
'•wrigglers". The head in the larva is fully differentiated
and usually has eyes ; the jaws are tliickly ciliated and fringed
with hairs, by means of which a cui-rent of water is produced

22 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

that brings little particles of food within reach of the mouth.
After changing their skin two or three times they assume a
more club-shaped appearance, in which the parts of the adult
insect are indistinctly seen. The abdomen terminates in two
leaf-like appendages that act as propellers ; but in general
these pupae remain near the surface, except when disturbed,
and take no food. The breathing organs are no longer a tube
at the tip, but there are now two that spring from the si'des of
the thoracic segments. Finally when the perfect mosquito is
ready to emerge from the pupa, the back of the skin, which
has now come to the surface and is exposed, splits, and the liy
carefully and gradually extricates itself from the membrane
which thus serves the place of a raft till the legs and wings
are sufficiently firm. But right now is the period of the mos-
quito's life most fraught with danger ; a wavelet, a breath of
air, or a raindrop, hopelessly shipwrecks the frail bark. This
is why running waters are free from these insects.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Proboscis short, not longer than the head ; metatarsi longer than the fol-

lowing joint. ...... CoRETHRA Meigeii.

Proboscis much elongated, longer than the head and thorax together. 2

2. Proboscis strongly curved, palpi of the male very long, of the female

short. .....

Proboscis straight. ... *

3. Palpi in both sexes of equal length.
Palpi in the male long, short in female.

4. Palpi longer than the antennge.
Palpi shorter than the antennae.

Megarrhinus Rob. Desv.

3

. . . . 4
. CuLEX Liime.

Anopheles Meigen.
iEoKS Meigen.

5. CHIRONOMID^.

Gnatlike flies of slender form, the males conspicuous for
their plumose antennae, seldom reaching ten millimeters in
length. Head small, spheroidal, more or less concealed by a
projecting, hoodlike thorax. Antennae threadlike or beadlike.

CHIRONOMIDiE. 23

with not less than six nor more than fifteen joints ; in the
male usually with a long dense plumosity ; in the female wdth
inconspicuous hairs and sometimes with a smaller number of
joints ; the first joint short and thick. Eyes reniform or oval ;
ocelli wanting or rudimentary ; proboscis short ; palpi four-
jointed ; the last usually elongated. Thorax ovate, very con-
vex, usually projecting above in front more or less over the
head ; without transverse suture ; scutellum small, hemispher-
ical. Abdomen usually narrow and long, composed of eight
segments ; hypopygium projecting forcep-like ; ovipositor very
short, but little developed ; legs usually slender and long ;
especially the front pair; coxae of moderate length. Tarsi often
much elongated. Wings narrow and long ; bare or uniformly
hairy ; anterior veins stronger and darker colored than the
others ; auxiliary vein complete, but usually weak and slender ;
second longitudinal vein usually wanting; third vein some-
times forked close to its origin, the upper branch often rectan-
gular and having the appearance of a supernumerary cross-
vein; fourth vein sometimes, the fifth usually, furcate ; poste-
rior cross-vein often wanting ; the costal vein terminates near
the tip of the wing at the termination of the third vein.

This family comprises a large number of very delicate, often
minute flies, which have not been much studied by entomolo-
gists ; about one thousand species are known throughout the
world. They will be distinguished from the mosquitoes, which
they resemble very much, by the costal vein not being contin-
uous on the posterior side of the wing. The antennae are
conspicuous, especially in the males, although agreeing in this
respect with male mosquitoes. The larvae are soft-skinned,
worm-like, often blood-red in color and usually aquatic, as are
also the active pupae, though some live in decomposing veg-
etable matter, or in the earth. These midges are often seen,
especially in the early spring or in the autumn, in immense
swarms, dancing in the air, and have doubtless in many cases
given rise to exaggerated stories of mosquitoes. Over mead-

24 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

ows in the Eocky Mountains the writer has seen them rise at
nightfall in the most incredible numbers, producing a hum-
ming noise like that of a distant waterfall, and audible for a
considerable distance. While at rest they usually raise their
forelegs in the air and keep them constantly vibrating.
Aquatic larvse may be frequently met with in standing water,
often extremely delicate little creatures, so transparent as to
be hardly distinguishable ; they have been dredged from
nearly one thousand feet below the surface of Lake Superior.

Most of the species are inoffensive, or actually beneficial as
scavengers. There are some, however, belonging to the genus
Ceratopogon, and its allies, and known generally as midges,
or punkies, which have the power of sucking blood and are
extremely annoying. In the White Mountains, at the sea-
shore, along mountain streams generally, and in the West
Indies they are especially troublesome. The larvae live in the
flowing sap of trees, in decaying vegetation or under fallen
leaves.

The following table, largely adopted from V. d. Wulp,
contains many genera heretofore known only as exotic, not a
few of which will doubtless be found in the United States
when the family has received more attention with us.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Antennas of the J long-plumose or penicillate 2

Antennae of the ^ with short hairs. ..... lo

2. Second posterior cell wanting and hence no second basal cell. . 3
Second posterior cell present, the second basal cell complete. . 12

3. Fourth longitudinal vein furcate. ...... 4

Fourth longitudinal vein not furcate; antennae with an unequal num-
ber of joints in the two sexes; antennal joints of the ^ plumose to
the tip; thorax projecting in front over tlie head. ... 5

4. "Palpi composed of three joints". . . Tersesthes Townsend.
Palpi composed of four joints ; antennae of the male penicillate,

the last joint bare ; dorsum of the thorax not produced over the
head. ....... Ceratopooon Meigen.

CHIRONOMIDiE. 25

5. Anal angle of the wings obsolete. . . Corynoneura Winnertz.
Anal angle prominent. ......... 6

0. Wings bare. ........... 7

Wings hairy. . . . . . . . . . . 10

7. Front metatarsi as long or longer than the tibiae. Chironomus Meigen.
Front metatarsi distinctly shorter than their tibiae. ... 8

8. Legs black and white annulate. . . Cricotopus V. d. Wulp.
Legs unicolorous or with portions darker. . . . . . 9

9. Posterior branch of the posterior furcation sinuous.

Camptocladius V. d. Wulp,
Posterior branch of the posterior furcation straight.

Orthocladius V. d. Wulp.

10. Front metatarsi longer than their tibiae. Tanytarsus V. d. Wulp.
Front metatarsi shorter than their tibise. ..... 11

11. Thorax produced conically in front over the head ; hind tibise dilated

and hairy Euryxnemus V. d. Wulp.

Thorax moderately produced; hind tibiae not dilated.

Metriocnemus V. d. Wulp.

12. Antennae with an unequal number of joints in the two sexes ( J 14, 9 ^);

penultimate joint of the front tarsi usually short and broad.

DiAMESA Meigen.
Antennae with an equal number of joints in the two sexes (15); the
penultimate joint of the front tarsi longer than the ultimate joint.

Tanypus Meigen.

13. Proboscis and palpi rudimentary ; abdomen shorter than the thorax.

Clunio Haliday.
Proboscis and palpi as usual; abdomen at least as long as the thorax. 14

14. Palpi three-jointed Tersesthes Townsend.

Palpi four-jointed. ......... 15

15. Antennae with the same number of joints in both sexes. . . 16
Antennae with an unequal number of joints in $ and 9 J ^^S^ mod-
erately long, the front tarsi the longest ; thorax produced over the
head ; wings shorter than the abdomen. . Hydrob^nus Fries.

10. Antennae with seven joints in $ and 9- Chasmatonotds Loew.

Antennae witli fifteen joints in $ and 9- • • • • • ^"

17. Wings hyaline Macropeza Meigen.

Wings spotted (West Indies) (Ecacta Poey.

26 NOETH AMERICAN DIPTERA^,

6. OEPHNEPHILID.E.

Small, obscurely reddish yellow, bare flies of peculiar appear-
ance. Head small, round; eyes round, contiguous in front ;
ocelli wanting ; proboscis short; palpi longer than the antennae,
five-jointed, the first joint short, the second the thickest ;
antennae situated near the oral margin, apparently consisting
of a small first joint, an oval second joint and a terminal
arista; the second joint and the arista are, however, complex,
the first composed of three and the latter of seven segments,
the last of which terminates in a bristle. Thorax strongly
convex, robust, without transverse suture, somewhat impressed
before the scutellum. Scutellum rather large, obtusely three
cornered; metanotum arched. Abdomen narrower than the
thorax, cylindrical, composed of seven segments ; male geni-
talia thick, the basal piece swollen, bladder-like ; ovipositor
with broad, rounded lamellae. Legs simple, comparatively
short ; coxae not elongated ; tibiae without spurs ; tarsi mod-
erately long; the front pair longer than the tibiae, the penul-
timate joint short; claws small; pulvilli distinct. Wings
longer than the abdomen ; auxiliary vein short, terminating
in the costa; second longitudinal vein sinuous; third and
fourth veins not furcate ; anal angle rounded ; basal cells short.

But two or three species of this singular family are known,
and of them even, so far as I can learn, the larval habits are
yet unknown. The species all belong to one genus, Oriihne-
jjhila Haliday. The small fly is found on the banks of streams.

7. PSYCHODIDyE.
Very thickly haired, minute flies, in appearance lepidoptera-
like. Head small ; ocelli wanting. Antennae as long as the
head and thorax together, bead-like ; thickly haired, composed
of from twelve to sixteen joints ; the two basal joints thicker
and short-cylindric. Proboscis usually short ; in some exotic
genera {Fhlebotomus) elongated and horny ; palpi incurved

PSYCHODIDiE. 27

and liairy; composed of four joints of nearly equal length.
Thorax not very convex, without transverse suture ; scu-
tellum rounded. Abdomen cylindrical, composed of from
six to eight joints; male genitalia prominent. Legs very
short, densely hairy ; claws small ; pulvilli rudimentary.
Wings large, ovate in shape ; when at rest lying roof-shaped
over the abdomen ; densely covered with long hairs or tomen-
tum, which also forms a fringe around their margin ; the
costal vein continuous around the wing; veins strong, for
the most part concealed beneath the hair; neuration
formed almost wholly by longitudinal veins; the anterior
cross-vein is very short, and lies very near the root of the
wing ; auxiliary vein weak or indistinct ; first longitudinal
vein very near the costa ; second longitudinal vein arises very
near the origin of the first, and is usually twice forked, that
is, the upper branch of the furcation is again furcate ; third
vein simple, terminating at or beyond the tip of the wing ;
fourth vein furcate ; fifth and sixth terminating in the border
of the wing; seventh vein usually distinct, reaching to the
margin of the wing, sometimes wanting.

The members of this family are often very minute, rarely
exceeding the length of four millimeters ; they occur in shady
places, on windows, about outhouses, and will be readily recog-
nized from their peculiar moth-like appearance ; they run
about nimbly, but their flight is weak. The larvae live in
rotting vegetable material, or in water, especially stagnant
water; they are cylindrical, with the posterior end termi-
nating in a short, usually firmly chitinized, stigmatic tube ;
the maxillae are imperfectly developed, there are eye-spots on
the head, and the segment behind the head are without feet.
The pupae are inactive, with two long tube-like, anterior
stigmata.

But two genera are known to occur in North America;
Psychoda and Ferieoma, which may be distinguished from
each other by the termination of the third vein of the wing,

28 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

which is at or before the tip in Fsychoda, and distinctly be-
hind it in Pericoma. In their study, one should use prefer-
ably a compound microscope, and it may be necessary either
to mount a wing, or at least to remove the scales. Attention
should be paid to the shape of the antennae and palpi, as well
as the genitalia, legs and wings. Fsychoda alternata Say is
our most common species, apparently extending over all the
United States.

8. DIXID^.

Eather small, slender, nearly bare species. Proboscis some-
what projecting; palpi four-jointed; antennae long, the basal
joints thick, those of the flagellum hair-like, and the joints
indistinctly distinguishable. Eyes round, dichoptic ; no ocelli.
Thorax strongly convex, without transverse suture ; scutellum
transverse ; metanotum arched. Abdomen long and slender,
composed of seven or eight segments, thickened posteriorly in
the male, pointed in the female. Legs long and slender ;
coxae somewhat elongated; tibiae without terminal spurs.
Wings comparatively large ; auxiliary vein present, termina-
ting in the costa before the middle of the wing ; the second
vein arises from the first near the middle of the wing and
appears to be the beginning of the third vein, which continues
its direction while the second arches suddenly forward at the
anterior cross-vein and is furcate ; fourth vein furcate ; four
posterior cells present ; the two basal cells very large ; the
anterior cross-vein is placed at the beginning of the third
vein, where the second vein curves forward.

The family Dixidae comprises about a score of known species
belonging to the single genus Dixa. It has been placed among
the Tipulidae and Culicidae, but seems best isolated into a sep-
arate family. The larvae are aquatic, resembling those of the
mosquitoes. The flies are found in bushy, moist places about
forests, and have been observed by Winnertz dancing in the
air in swarms.

TIPULIDiE. 29

9. TIPULID^.

Large to moderately small, slender flies, with long, slender
legs. Head spherical, occiput strongly developed ; face often
produced snout-like. Eyes round, separated by the broad
front ; sometimes approximated below the antennse ; ocelli
usually wanting. Antennae rarely shorter, usually longer
than the head and thorax together; bead or thread-like,
composed of from six to nineteen joints ; the joints of
flagellum never plumose, but usually with more or less
conspicuous, bristly hairs; the joints sometimes serrated.
Proboscis more or less projecting, in a few genera very much
elongated; palpi four or live jointed; the terminal joint often
elongated, whiplash-like. Thorax convex, usually with a very
distinct suture in the form of a shallow V ; pro-thorax usually
distinct, collar-like ; scutellum half round ; metanotum strong-
ly developed. Abdomen cylindrical, composed of seven or
eight segments; genitalia prominent, in the male very varia-
ble in structure ; in the female the ovipositor with two pairs
of long, horny, pointed valves. Legs very long and slender ;
the tibiae sometimes with terminal spurs. Wings long, but
comparatively narrow ; in rest spread apart or lying par-
allel over the abdomen ; always six longitudinal veins ; usually
a complete discal cell ; both basal cells long ; the anal cell
usually open ; seventh vein distinct (save in the Ftycliop-
terince) and of variable form ; alulets rounded, rarely angular.

The family Tipulidse comprises the largest of the Nemato-
cerous flies, some of which exceed two inches in length. The
legs are very elongate and delicate, so delicate, indeed, that one
seldom succeeds in capturing the flies without the loss of one
or more. Flies of this description with a distinctly impressed
V-shaped suture on the dorsum of the thorax will be immedi-
ately recognized as belonging to this family. The female
differs from most other flies in having the ovipositor often
adapted for depositing eggs within the ground or other firm
substances. When the weather is favorable the eggs hatch

30 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

out in a little more than a week. The larvse are ash-gray or
brownish in color, more or less transparent, composed of twelve
segments. The head is incompletely differentiated and re-
tractile, and has the maxillae and mandibles more or less horny
and stout; there are short fleshy antennae. The organs of
locomotion generally consist of transverse swellings on the
under side of the body, provided with very minute, stiff bris-
tles. The anal end of the body is truncate, with a single pair of
spiracles; and the margins of the truncature are for the most
part provided with fleshy retractile processes of variable size
and shape. In the aquatic larvae there is a long tube at the
end of the body which serves for breathing when raised to the
surface of the water.

Most of the larvae live in the earth or in soil-like, decom-
posing wood, in fungi, or in water. Others live on the leaves
of plants and are like caterpillars in appearance, the resem-
blance to which is yet more heightened by the green color,
with a crest of tubercles on the back.

The pupae, like those of many of the members of this sub-
order are free. The thorax has two horn-like processes which
represent the thoracic spiracles, one of which may acquire a
very great length, for the purpose of breathing from the sur-
face while under water. The abdominal segments have trans-
verse rows of hairs, bristles or spines, which enable the pupa
to escape from its place of concealment when about to com-
plete its metamorphosis.

The adult flies are commonly seen in the late summer
and autumn. They will be most usually met with in meadow-
lands and forests, flying awkwardly for a few steps, close to
the ground till they become entangled in the grass or twigs,
and then, extricating themselves, rising again to repeat the
same aimless, clumsy flight.

The name of "daddy-long-legs" is the one most usually
applied to members of this family in England, but in America
this term is commonly used to designate the Phalangidae or

TIPULID^.. 31

harvest spiders. The English name of "crane-flies" is prefer-
able. Commonly they are harmless, but some of the species
in the larval state are very destructive, feeding upon the ten-
der rootlets of grass and grain, and causing the plants over
large surfaces to wither and die. There are about twelve
hundred species known.

In this family are placed several wingless forms, or those
with the wings more or less rudimentary. One of the former
is Chionea, the species of which are found on snow, often in
the coldest weather.

The family Tipulidse is easily divided into three subfamilies,
which I prefer to call the Ptychopterinee, Limnobiinse and
Tipulinse, and which correspond precisely with the Ptychop-
terina, Tipulidse longipalpi and Tipulidse brevipalpi of Osten
Sacken.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Seventh longitudinal vein present, that is there are two longitudinal

veins between the fifth vein and the posterior margin of the wing. 2

Seventh longitudinal vein absent; no distinct V-shaped suture on

mesonotum. ....... Ptychopterin^.

2. Last joint of the palpi shorter or not much longer than the two preced-

ing together; the auxiliary vein usually ends in the costa and is
connected with the first longitudinal vein by a distinct cross-vein ;
antennae six to sixteen jointed. .... Limnobiin^,
Last joint of the palpi whiplasli-like, much longer than the three pre-
ceding together; antennse composed of not more than thirteen joints ;
the auxiliary vein ends in the first longitudinal vein by an abrupt
curvature at the tip, not connected with the first vein by a cross-
vein TlPULIN^.

LIMXOBIIN^.

1. Wingless, spider-like in appearance. . . . Chionea Dalman.
Winged. ............ 2

2. Antennae composed of apparently 28 joints, long; anal cell closed ; no

empodia or spurs (West Indies, South America).

PoLYMERA Wiedemann.
Antennae not apparently composed of more than 10 joints. . . 3

32 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

3. Posterior cross-vein situated before the middle of the wing; three pos-

terior cells present (West Indies). . . Thambeta Williston.
Posterior cross-vein not situated before the middle of the wing. . 4

4. A single submarginal cell present. . . . . . . 5

Two submarginal cells present. 7

5. Antennae 14-jointed. . . . . . . . Limnobiiki.

Antennffi 16-jointed. ......... 6

6. Tibiffi with spurs at the tip ; the first longitudinal vein usually ends in

the second Cylindrotomini.

Tibise without spurs ; the first vein ends in the costa. . Antochini.

7. Tibise without spurs at the tip. . . . . . Eriopterini.

Tibise with spurs at the tip 8

8. The subcostal cross- vein is beyond the origin of the second longitudi-

nal vein. ........... 9

The subcostal cross-vein is before the origin of the second longitudinal
vein. Amalopini.

9. Antennae composed of sixteen joints. . . . Limnophilini.
Antennae composed of from six to ten joints, often much elongated.

AXISOMERINI.

LIMNOBIIXI.

1. Proboscis longer than the head and thorax together.

Geranomyia Haliday.
Proboscis shorter than the head and thorax together, ... 2

2. Antennae pectinate or subpectinate, at least, in the male.

Rhipidia Meigen.

Antennae not pectinate.

3. A supernumerary cross- vein between the sixth and seventh veins.

Throchobola Osten Sacken.
No cross-vein connecting the sixth and seventh veins. ... 4

4. Tip of the auxiliary vein usually opposite, or before, or only a short

distance beyond the origin of the second vein; marginal cross-
vein always at the tip of the first longitudinal vein ; legs slender.

DiCRANOMYiA Stephens.
Tip of the auxiliary vein usually far beyond the origin of the second
vein; marginal cross-vein sometimes at the tip but often some dis-
tance before the tip of the first vein ; legs comparatively stout.

LiMXOBiA Meigen.

TIPULID^. 33

ANTOCHINI.

1. Rostrum at least as long as the head, sometimes very long; no margmal

cross-vein. ........... 2

Rostrum shorter than the head 4

2. Wings without suhmarginal cell Toxorkhina Loew.

Wings with a suhmarginal cell 3

3. Rostrum not much longer than the head. . Rhamphidia Meigen.
Rostrum the length of the whole body. Elephantomyia Osten Sacken.

4. Discal cell open. . 5

Discal cell closed 6

5. Second basal cell considerably shorter than the first, the great cross-

vein more proximal tlian the origin of the second vein ; three

posterior cells Diotrepha Osten Sacken.

Second basal cell of about the same length as the first.

Elliptera Schiner.

6. No marginal cross-vein whatever. . . . Atarba Osten Sacken.
Marginal cross- vein present 7

7. First longitudinal vein ends in the costa nearly opposite the inner end

of the suhmarginal cell. ........ 8

The first vein ends in the costa far beyond the inner end of the suhmar-
ginal cell. .... Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken.

8. Suhmarginal cell as long or but little longer than the first posterior cell.

Teuciiolabis Osten Sacken.
Suhmarginal cell much longer than the first posterior cell.

Antocha Osten Sacken.

ERIOPTERINI.

1. Five posterior cells. .... Cladura Osten Sacken.
Four posterior cells. ......... 2

2. The inner marginal cell has almost the sliape of an equilateral triangle.

Cryptolabis Osten Sacken.
Inner marginal cell of the usual shape. . . . * . . 3

3. Wings conspicuously hairy on the whole surface or along the veins. 4
Wings not conspicuously hairy, veins bare or near]}' so.* . . 6

4. Wings hairy on the whole surface. . Rhypholophus Kolenati.
Wings hairy along the veins only. ...... 5

* Antennal joints subreniform and nodose; the eyes nearly contiguous
above and below (Central America). . Sigmatomera Osten Sacken.

5

34 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

5. Second submarginal cell longer than the first. Erioptera Meigen.
Eirst submarginal cell longer than the second. Molophilus Curtis.

6. Eirst submarginal cell short, not more than half the length of the

second. .......•••• '

Eirst submarginal cell more than half the length of the second. 10

7. Marginal cross-vein present 8

Marginal cross-vein absent. . . . Gokomyia Osten Sacken.

8. Second submarginal cell in contact with the discal cell, the anterior

cross-vein obsolete. ......... 9

Anterior cross-vein present, the first posterior cell intervening between
the submarginal and the discal cells. . Empeda Osten Sacken.

9. Anal cell closed; no empodia (Asia, Africa and West Indies).

MoNGOMA Westwood.
Anal cell open; empodia present (Central and South America).

Paratropesa Schiner.

10. Seventh longitudinal vein conspicuously bisinuate. Symplecta Meigen.
Seventh longitudinal vein straight. 11

11. Length of the auxiliary vein beyond the cross-vein at least twice that

of the posterior cross-vein. . . Trimicra Osten Sacken.

The cross-vein situated near the end of the auxiliary vein.

Gnophomyia Osten Sacken.

LIMNOPHILINI.

1. Discal cell open; antennae apparently 28-jointed in the $.

PoLYMERA Wiedemann.
Discal cell closed -2

2. Marginal cross- vein wanting. . . Phyllolabis Osten Sacken.
Marginal cross- vein present . • • 3

3. Wings pubescent Ulomorpha Osten Sacken.

Wings bare. .......•••• 4

4. Seventh vein very short, abruptly incurved toward the anal angle.

Trichocera Meigen.
Seventh vein not unusual. .' . . . • • • • ^

5. A supernumerary cross- vein between the auxiliary vein and the costa.

Epiphragma Osten Sacken.
No such supernumerary cross-vein. . . Limnophila Macquart.

TIPULID^. 35

ANISOMERINI.

1, Three posterior cells; two submarginal cells. Anisomera Meigen.
Four or five posterior cells ; aiitennse of the $ sometimes much elon-
gated . . . . . .2

2. The stigma occupies nearly the whole space between the tip of the aux-

iliary vein and the marginal cross-vein. . . Eriocera Macquart.

The stigma occupies but a small portion of the space between the tip of

the auxiliary vein and marginal cross-vein. Penthoptera Schiner.

AMALOPINI.

1. Antennae composed of thirteen joints 2

Antennae composed of sixteen or seventeen joints. ... 4

2. Two cross-veins between the first longitudinal vein and the anterior

branch of the second vein. , . . Dicranota Zetterstedt.

Only one cross-vein between these veins. ..... 5

3. Five posterior cells, both branches of the fourth vein furcate.

Rhaphidolabis Osten Sacken.
Four posterior cells, the posterior branch furcate.

Plectromyia Osten Sacken.

4. Four posterior cells; wings pubescent. . . . Ula Haliday.
Five posterior cells ; wings bare. . . . . . . . 5

5. Anterior cross-vein nearly at right angles with the longitudinal axis of

the wing. ...... Amalopis Haliday.

Anterior cross- vein at a very oblique angle with the longitudinal axis of
the wing and parallel with the posterior cross-vein.

Pedicia Latreille.

CYLINDROTOMINI.

1. Five posterior cells; colors yellow and Jalack.

Cylindrotoma Macquart.
Four posterior cells. 2

2. Antennal joints subcylindrical, elongated 3

Antennal joints subglobular ; head and thorax conspicuously punctulate.

Triogma Schiner.

3. Colors yellow and black Liogma Osten Sacken.

Colors brownish and grayish. . . . Phalacrocera Schiner.

PTYCHOPTERIN^.
1. First submarginal cell much shorter than the second.

Idioplasta Osten Sacken.
First submarginal cell much longer than the second. ... 2

36 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

2. Three posterior cells Bittacomorpha Westwood,

Four posterior cells Ptychoptera Meigen.

TTPULIN^.

1. Legs long and slender, especially the tarsi ; anterior branch of the

second vein absent, obsolete or perpendicular, the rhomboid cell
more or less square. ......... 2

Legs not unusually slender, anterior branch of second vein present and
oblique. . - . . . • • • . . • 5

2. Antennge thirteen-jointed; male forceps complex.

DoLicHOPEZA Curtis.
Antennae with less than thirteen joints ; male forceps small, simple. 3

3. Fifth posterior cell not in contact with discal cell.

MEGiSTOCEPtA Wedemann.
Fifth posterior cell in contact with discal cell 4

4. Head on a neck-like prolongation of the thorax; seventh vein short,

running into the anal angle. . Brachypremna Osten Sacken.
Head more closely applied to the thorax ; seventh vein terminates in the
margin at some distance from the anal angle.

Tanypremna Osten Sacken,

5. Antennae of $ pectinate or sub-pectinate 6

Antennae not pectinate. ........ 7

6. Ovipositor of 9 long, sword-like. . . . Xiphura BruUe.
Ovipositor of 9 lo"g but not sword-like. . Ctenopiiora Meigen.

7. Three posterior veins arising from the discal cell, the two anterior

sometimes arising together but the petiole always short,

Pachyrrhina Macquart.

Two posterior veins arise from the discal cell the anterior one furcate,

petiole always of considerable length. ..... 8

8. Antennae serrate ; northern species. . . Stygeropis Loew.
Antennae not serrate below, ........ 9

9. Marginal vein wanting, but one marginal cell, antennal joints short with

minute bristles. Holorusia Loew.

Two marginal cells. 10

10. Abdomen slender, very long; antennas composed of twelve joints.

LoNGURiA Loew.
Abdomen less elongate; antennae with thirteen joints. Tipula Linne.

BIBIONID^. 37

10. BIBIOXID^.

Moderately slender flies, of from three to ten millimeters in
length. Head usually somewhat flattened; front in the male
very narrow, or the eyes contiguous ; face short ; eyes round
or reniform, often densely hairy in the male ; ocelli large,
distinct. Antennae with from nine to twelve joints, cylindri-
cal, not longer than the head and thorax together, the joints
closely united. Proboscis not long, with thickened, hairy
labella ; palpi variable, sometimes long, with four or five dis-
tinct joints, at other times short. Thorax without suture ;
scutellum half round. Abdomen composed of seven or eight
segments, not short. Legs moderately long and strong, the
hind pair more or less elongated, the front femora thickened ;
front tibiae usually with a stout hook or coronet of spines at
the tip ; pulvilli and empodium distinct, the latter often pul-
villiform. Wings large, the anterior veins stouter than the
posterior ones; costa not extending on the posterior margin ;
second longitudinal vein wanting, the third arising from the
first ; third vein sometimes furcate ; fourth usually furcate ;
first basal and sometimes the second basal cell present ; no
discal cell.

This family comprises about three hundred described species
and is of wide distribution. The larvse are cylindrical, foot-
less, with transverse rows of bristles, usually with eyes ; they
feed on excremental or vegetable substances, especially on the
roots of grass. The pupse are inactive, mostly free, living
in excavated, smooth, oval cavities near the surface of the
ground, which the larvse have prepared before undergoing
their metamorphosis, and where the pupse remain before
emerging in the perfect form. In some species the males
differ very markedly in coloration from the females, so much
so that they are commonly mistaken for different species ;
they are easily distinguished for their very large eyes which
comprise nearly the whole head and are covered with hairs.
One of the most common species is Bihio albijjennis which

38 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

occurs early in the spring, in great numbers, especially about
willows, and i-ii gardens. It is conspicuous for its white wings
and black color, and like most other members of the family is
slow in its movements, flying heavily. B. femorata, a com-
mon species, is of a deep red color with black wings. B. tristis
has been observed in large numbers in many Kansas wheat-
lields, during the last week of April, apparently without
causing damage.

1. Second basal cell present 2

Second basal cell wanting 5

2. Third longitudinal vein furcate 3

Third vein not furcate. ......... 4

3. Palpi four-jointed ; first antennal joint elongate. Hesperinus Walker.
Palpi five-jointed. . . . . . . Plecia Wiedemann.

4. Front tibias with a stout, spine-like process at the tip. Bibio Geoffrey.
Front tibiae with a terminal coronet of spines. Dilophus Meigen.

5. Front tibiae ending in a spine-like process. . . Aspistes Meigen.
Front tibiae of the usual structure; third vein not furcate; hind meta-
tarsi shorter tlian the remaining joints together. Scatopse Geoffrey.

11. SIMULTIDiE.

Small flies, from three to six mm. in length, with thick,
compressed, short legs. Head hemispherical ; face short ;
eyes round or reniform, holoptic in the male ; no ocelli.
Antennas scarcely longer than the head, cylindrical, ten-
jointed; the two basal joints differentiated, the others closely
united. Proboscis not elongated, with small, horny labella;
palpi incur vate, four-jointed; the first joint short and the two
following of equal length ; the last one longer and more slen-
der than the preceding. Thorax ovate, without suture ; the
scutellum small. Abdomen cylindrical, composed of seven or
eight segments; genitalia concealed; legs strong and not elon-
gated ; femora broad and flat ; tibiae without terminal spurs ;
first joint of the tarsi longer than the following and usually

BIBIONID^.. 39

dilated in the male; the last joint very small. Wings large
and broad, with distinct alulae, anterior veins thickened, the
others slender ; auxiliary vein terminating in the costa about
the middle of the wing ; humeral cross-vein present ; second
longitudinal vein wanting, the first and third lying close by
each other; the third arising from the first rectangularly be-
fore the end of the auxiliary vein ; anterior cross-vein very
short ; fourth vein curved, forked nearly opposite the anterior
cross-vein ; the forks terminating near the tip of the wing.

The family Simuliidse, comprising about seventy -five known
species, is one of the best known popularly among diptera, on
account of the troublesome character of the flies, which are
scarcely less annoying than the true mosquito; they rarely
exceed five or six mm. in length, usually not more than three
or four, and will be immediately distinguished from the mos-
quito by their thick-set appearance, their shorter legs, their
shorter proboscis, and less slender antennae. In the southern
States they are known as "buffalo gnats" and '-turkey gnats",
and sometimes occur in almost incredible numbers ; cattle
when attacked by large numbers are driven almost frantic,
and will seek to evade them by rolling in the dust, rushing
about, or going into the water. When the flies are numerous
they will almost literally cover the cattle, especially seeking
the openings of the body, entering the nostrils and the ears,
the margins of the eyes, where they will actually lie piled
upon each other. When very numerous they will produce an
inflammatory fever, frequently terminating in death. The
well known European species is S. cohimbaczense, which during
some seasons in the regions of the Danube costs the death of
many cattle.

The larvae are very interesting creatures ; they are aquatic,
living most frequently in mountain streams, on stems of
plants, or stones, where they form for themselves elongated
cocoons, opened above. In the open end of these cocoons the
pupae ensconce themselves with the anterior part of the body

40 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

naked and free, from which extend eight or sixteen very long,
slender, threadlike breathing tubes. The perfect insect es-
capes under water and comes to the surface. The larvae are
soft-skinned, thickened at the extremities, with a cylindrical
head, two pairs of eyespots; on the first thoracic segment
there is a foot protuberance with bristly booklets; and the
end of the abdomen has several appendages for attachment.
But one genus is known in the family, Simulium, which
will be recognized from the characters already given.

12. RHYPHIDiE.

. Head nearly hemispherical ; eyes rounded, holoptic, or
nearly so in the male ; broadly separated by the front in the
female ; ocelli present. Antennae about as long as the thorax,
composed of sixteen joints, cylindrical, the two basal joints
distinctly differentiated; those of the flagellum closely united,
short-haired, gradually decreasing in size toward the end.
Proboscis moderately prominent, with small labella ; palpi
very long, four-jointed; the second joint longer and broader
than the others. Thorax convex, without transverse suture ;
scutellum semicircular, short and broad; metanotum strongly
developed. Abdomen cylindrical, composed of seven seg-
ments ; genitalia concealed or nearly so. Legs slender, with-
out spines ;• the coxse, especially the front pair, more or less
elongated ; metatarsi elongated ; tibiae without spurs or the
hind pair with minute ones ; empodia pad-like, the pulvilli
absent. Wings large, in rest lying flat upon the abdomen ;
auxiliary vein present; the costal vein reaching to the tip
of the third vein. Discal cell present, from which three
veins originate, and a fourth arises from the posterior basal
cell ; five posterior cells and two elongated basal cells present ;
a distinct stigma.

But very few species of this family are known, belonging
to but two or three genera. The typical genus Ehj/phvs con-

LEPTID^. 41

tains a number of species of wide distribution, specimens of
which are frequently found about the windows of dwelling
houses. The genus Olhiogaster has recently been described
from Mexico, " It differs from Ehyxjhus in the structure of the
head (eyes separated by a broad front in both sexes, and
occiput but very little developed), of the antennae (scapus
short, fiagellum of male filiform, etc.), of the thorax and abdo-
men, as also i^ the venation." (Osten Sacken.)

The larvae of Rhyphiis are worm-like, legless, naked, more
or less transparent, with snake-like movements ; there are two
short fleshy points at the posterior end. The pupae are free,
inactive, with two projections anteriorly ; they live in water,
brooks, pools, or puddles, or in rotting wood, hollow trees, or
manure.

13. LEPTID^.

Species of moderate or large size, more or less elongated,
usually thinly pilose or nearly bare, without distinct bristles.
Males holoptic or dichoptic. Empodia developed pulvilliform,
the pulvilli present. Tegulse small or rudimentary. Third
joint of the antennae complex or simple, with or without a
terminal or dorsal arista or terminal style. Veins of the wings
distinct, not crowded anteriorily ; third longitudinal vein fur-
cate ; basal cells large ; five posterior cells usually present.

As defined above, this family includes the Xylophagidae,
Leptidse and Coenomyidae of authors. It may be a question
whether this union is justifiable, but, on the whole, it seems
that the sole character which can be used to distinguish the
families — the structure of the third antennal joint — divides
the group unnaturally, throwing with the Xylophagidae forms
whose affinities are greatest with the Leptidae, notwithstand-
ing the antennal character.

The Xylophaginae include less than one hundred known
forms, and many of them are remarkable for their general

42 NORTH AMEKICAN DIPTERA.

resemblance to certain hymenopterous insects. Species of
Rhachicerus form a connecting link with the Nematocera, and
are apt to be confounded with the Rhyphidse, but the presence
of the pulvilli will distinguish them. The larvae are found
in decaying wood or under the bark of trees and are carnivor-
ous and predaceous, feeding upon the larvae of beetles and
other wood insects. The skin is parchment-like, the body
cylindrical. The mouth-parts and antennae are very small,
the maxillae short and hook-like. The first or the first three
segments back of the head are chitinized above ; the last seg-
ment above with a chitinized plate terminating posteriorly in
two hooks. The fourth to the ninth segments have bristly
pseudopods below. The pupae are free.

The Leptinae comprise something over two hundred known
species. They are usually of moderate size and not very active
in their habits. The larger species are commonly found in
meadows and woodlands, resting upon stems or trunks of trees
with their head downward. They are sometimes predaceous
upon other insects and the species of Symphoromyia have a
habit of sucking blood as do the horseflies. The larvae are
predaceous, living in the earth, in decaying wood or in pas-
sages made by woodboring beetles. Others live in moss, in
sand or in water. The eggs of Atherix are deposited in dense
masses attached to dry branches overhanging water. Not only
do numerous females contribute to the formation of these
masses, but they remain there themselves and die. The larvae
hatching, escape into the water. The flies of species of Ver-
mileo deposit their eggs in sand, and the larvae form conical
pitfalls in which to ensnare small insects. The tenth seg-
ment of these larvae bears above at its tip a transverse row of
long booklets directed backward, but with the hooks bent
forward ; the eleventh segment has a similar row directed
forward, the hooks of which are turned backward. On the
fifth segment below there is a simple unpaired grasping foot
which is capable of being protruded forward and downward ;

LEPTIDJ^.. 43

at its tip there are two triangular, sharp, flat, chitinous hooks,
and below them some stiff bristles. The booklets serve as
aids in boring in the sand and to fix themselves ; the organ on
the fifth segment enables the larva to seize and hold its prey,
and also in constructing the pitfalls. The larvae of the Lep-
tinse in general are cylindrical, with or without fleshy abdom-
inal legs. The last segment has a transverse cleft, the portion
above which is provided with two, often backward-bent points
or processes ; the under part is obtuse, with the two stigmata
between them.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Third joint of the antennge complex, the antennse more or less elongated ;

five posterior cells present. ....... 2

Antennae short or but little elongated, the third joint simple, with a ter-
minal or dorsal arista or a terminal style; face small, excavated;
proboscis short; some or all of the tibiae spurred. . Leptin^.

2. All the tibiae with spurs. Xylophagin^.

Front tibiae without spurs. . . . . . Arthroceratin^.

XYLOPHAGIN^.

1. All four posterior veins (i. e. the veins separating the posterior cells)

arise from the discal cell ; head small ; scutellum with spines.

CoENOMYiA Latreille.
The last posterior vein arises from the second basal cell, the fifth pos-
terior cell hence not contiguous at its base with the discal cell ;
scutellum without spines. ,. . . . . . . . 2

2. Third joint of the antennae acute at tip, . . Arthropeas Loew.
Third joint of antenna not acute at tip. ...... 3

3. Fourth posterior cell closed ; the third joint of the antennae much elon-

gate, composed of numerous, distinct divisions, often pectinate ; eyes

emarginate near the antennae. . . . Rhachicerus Haliday

Fourth posterior cell open ; third joint of antennae composed of eight

annuli, indistinctly separated. . . . Xylophagus Meigen.

ARTHROCERATTNiE.

1. Foiu'th posterior cell open. . . . . . . . . 2

Fourth posterior cell closed. {Subula preoc.) Subula Omyia nom. nov.

44 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

2. Face projecting on each side in a rounded, conical protuberance, thickly

covered with hair Glutops Burgess.

Face with two deep diverging furrows, running from the base of the
antennas to the oral margin. . . . Akthrockras Williston.

LEPTIN^.

1. Front tibiae with terminal spurs 2

Front tibige without terminal spurs 3

2. Front tibiae with a single spur; sometimes only four posterior cells pres-

ent in the wing Dialysis Walker.

Front tibiae with two spurs ; five posterior cells as usual.

Triptotrioha Loew.

3. Third joint of the antennse round, oval or pear-shaped, its bristle dis-

tinctly terminal. 4

Third joint of the antennae kidney-shaped, the arista more dorsal. 6

4. Anal cell open ; hind tibiae with two spurs. . Leptis Fabricius.
Anal cell closed 5

5. Third joint of the antennas with a slender arcuate bristle; hind tibiae

with one spur. . . . , . Chrtsopila Macquart.

Third antennal joint with a shorter, slender style.

( Spanta Meigen.

( Ptiolina Zetterstedt.

6. Hind tibiae with two spurs ; anal cell closed. . Atherix Meigen.
Hind tibias with a single spur; anal cell open.

Symphoromyia Frauenfeld.

14. STRATIOMYID^.

Small to moderately large, nearly bare or thinly pilose, bris-
tleless species. Head short, hemispherical or flattened, as
broad as the thorax. Ocelli present. Eyes contiguous or
separated by the front in the male. Antennae porrect, approx-
imated at the base, three-jointed, the third joint always com-
plex, usually with a terminal style or an arista. Proboscis
never elongated; palpi two or three-jointed, sometimes rudi-
mentary. Thorax never strongly convex ; scutellum often
with tubercles, spines or projection on its margin. Abdomen
composed of from five to seven segments, usually flattened,

STRATIOMYID^. 45

often elongated. Legs never thickly pilose ; without bristles,
the tibiae without spurs (except in some Beridinse); pul villi and
empodia pad-like. The costal vein of the wings does not
reach to the tip of the wing ; veins often crowded anteriorly,
and those posteriorly weak ; discal cell present ; four or five
posterior cells, and one or two submarginal cells present, the
anterior branch of the third vein short and often indistinct.

The family Stratiomyidse is one of considerable size, in-
cluding nearly one thousand known species. The flies are
invariably flower insects, seldom with any marked powers of
flight and never having the habit of hovering in the air. Not
a few species are caught in beating nets or on the windows of
dwelling houses. Many of the species have in life bright yel-
low or green markings. Their eggs are laid on the ground, on
plants about water, or perhaps on the surface of the water
itself. The larvae are carnivorous, or feed upon decaying veg-
etable material. The larvae of Chrysomyia have been found
in cow-dung, and under stones ; those of Sargus in the flowing
sap of elm trees ; those of Herm.etia in privies ; those of Pachy-
gaster in decaying wood ; those of Beris in moss ; those of
Stratioinyia, Odontomyia, Nemotelus, etc., in water. The lar-
vae of Stratiomyia have been found in salt and alkaline water.
The body is smooth and flattened, the last segment often pro-
longed into an elongated breathing tube and with a terminal
transverse cleft. The pupae are inactive, remaining within
the larval skin, the pupal skin remaining within, or partially
within, the larval skin when the fly escapes through a longi-
tudinal rent.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Abdomen with seven Ansible segments. .... Beridin^.
Abdomen with five or six visible segments. ..... 2

2. Three posterior veins,* all arising from the discal cell. Pachygastrin^.
Four posterior veins, the anterior ones sometimes rudimentary. . 3

* By posterior veins is meant those separating the posterior cells.

46 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

3. All the posterior veins arise from the discal cell, the fifth posterior cell

hence contiguous with the discal cell 4

The last posterior vein arises from the second basal cell. . , 5

4. Third joint of the antennae with a long, delicately fringed, lamelliform

style ; usually large, more or less elongated species ; males dichoptic

(Hermetiinse) Hermetia Latreille.

Third antennal joint not with such a style ; abdomen short.

Clitellarin^.

5. Antennae with a slender dorsal or terminal, bare or pubescent arista.

Sargin^.
Antennge never with a slender or long arista. . . Stratiomyin^.

BERIDIN^.

1. Three posterior veins, all arising from the discal cell.* . . 2
Four posterior veins, all arising from the discal cell; scutellum with

spines. ........... 6

2. Scutellum without spines. . 3

Scutellum with spines 4

3. Short, small species Allognosta Osten Sacken.

Elongate, larger species; head sometimes small. (Central and South

America) Chiromyza Weidemann.

4. Scutellum with ten spines (Central and South America).

Hetekacantha Schiner.
Scutellum with not more than six spines 5

5. Head hemispherical Beris Latreille.

Head not hemispherical, the front much flattened and elongate (Central

America). Berismyia Giglio-Tos.

0. Occiput flattened ; hind femora simple ; the last two abdominal seg-

ments small Scoliopelta Williston.

Occiput excavated ; hind femora thickened at the extremity.

Neoexaireta Osten Sacken.

SARGIN^.

1. Antennae elongate, with a terminal, pubescent style (Central and South

America) Acroch^ta Wiedemann.

Antennae short with an apical or preapical arista. .... 2

2. Scutellum with two spines (Central and South America).!

Rhaphiocera Wiedemann-
Scutellum without spines. . • 3

* Variable in Beris.

t If but a single submarginal cell present, compare Nothomijia (Stra-
tiomyinae?).

STRATIOMYIDiE. 47

3. Anterior ocellus more widely separated than the other two ; males ho-

loptic or dichoptic. ......... 4

Ocelli equidistant, more approximated. ...... 5

4. Abdomen contracted near the base, clavate or pedicillate.

Macrosargus Bigot.
Abdomen not pedicillate or clavate. . . . Sargus Fabricius.

5. Second antennal joint prolonged on the inner side, extending on and

closely lying upon the third joint. . . . Ptecticus Loew.
Second antennal joint not with such a projection 6

6. Hind femora moderately thickened on the proximal portion ; origin of

the second vein near the anterior cross-vein (Central and South

America) Merosargus Loew.

Hind femora slender, or the second vein remote from the anterior cross-
vein. 7

7. Third joint of the antennae pointed, the arista somewhat thickened ; first

antennal joint moderately long (Central and South America).

HiSTiODROMA Schiner.
Third antennal joint oval, the arista slender. . .... 8

8. Elongate species ( Chrysonotus preoc.) . Chrysochroma, nom. nov.
Deep metallic species ; abdomen short ; eyes of male with an area of

enlarged facets above ; front of female broad. Microchrysa Loew.

STRATIOMYIX^.
L Third longitudinal vein with an anterior branch ; third joint of antennae

elongate 2

Third longitudinal vein without anterior branch. .... 6

2. Scutellum without spines ; first two joints of the antennae short (Central

and South America). . . . Chordonota Gerstaecker.

Scutellum with spines, rarely wanting in Odontomi/{a. ... 3

3. Third joint of the antennae composed of from three to five annuli. 4
Third joint composed of seven or eight annuli 5

4. First antennal joint three or four times the length of the second.

Stratiomyia Geoffroy.
First antennal joint less than three times the length of the second.

Odontomyia Meigen.

6. Third antennal joint elongate, terminating in a point ; first joint two or
three times the length of tlie second (Central and South America and
West Indies). ..... Cypiiomyia Wiedemann.

Third antennal joint terminating in a bristle; first joint but little longer
than the second (Central and South America).

Neorondania Ostcn Sacken.

48 NORTH AMEEICAN DIPTEEA.

6. Pace produced conically downwards; antenna elongate.

Myxosakgus Brauer.

Eace not produced conically; third antennal joint oval with a terminal

arista Nothomyia Loew.

CLITELLARINiE.

1. Scutellum without spines. 7

Scutellum with spines 2

2. Antennae short, with a subterminal arista. . . Oxycera Meigen.
Antennae more or less elongate. ....... 3

3. Antennae situated near the oral margin ; third joint composed of six

annuli (Central and South America). . Euryneura Schiner.
Antennae situated near or a little below the middle of the head in pro-
file 4

4. Antennae much elongated ; style not differentiated ; eyes bare ; smaller

species Euparhyphus Gerstaecker.

Antennae moderately elongated. ....... 5

5. Style of antennae not differentiated. . . Scoliopelta Williston.
Style of antennae distinctly differentiated 6

6. Eyes pilose; antennas with a slender style. Clitellaria Meigen.
Eyes bare; style not slender (Central America).

AocHLETus Osten Sacken.

7. Face conically produced downward. . . Nemotelus Geoffroy.
Face not conically produced. ....... 8

8. Third antennal joint with a long slender arista, longer than the antennae ;

eyes bare (Central and South America and the West Indies).

Chrysochlora Macquart.
Eyes pilose; antennas with a short, thickened, divaricate, hairy style, ter-
minating in a short slender bristle; second joint of antennae not
with a finger-like projection over the third joint (West Indies).

Pelagomyia Williston.

PACHYGASTRIX^.

1. Antennae situated near the oral margin. ...... 2

Antennae situated near the middle of the head in profile. . . 3

2. Third joint of the antenna? forked, complicated in structure (Chauna

preoc. West Indies). .... Neochauna, nom. nov.

Third joint of the antennae elongate, with a distinct style, not forked

(Central and South America). . . Acanthina Wiedemann.

3. Scutellum ending in a stout spine (Central and South America).

Cynipimorpiia Brauer.
Scutellum without spine, simple. . . . rACiiYGASXER Meigen.

TABANID^.. 49

15. ACANTHOMEKID^.

Very large, the largest among diptera; stout, bristleless,
nearly bare flies. Eyes large, contiguous in the male. Ocelli
present. Third joint of the antennse complex, composed of
seven segments, with a terminal, often in the male setiform
style. Proboscis short, not adapted for piercing, with fleshy
labella. Tegulse rudimentary. Tibiae without spurs ; pulvilli
and empodia pad-like. Wings with two submarginal and five
posterior cells, the fourth posterior cell and the anal cell closed.

But two genera are known in this family, including alto-
gether only about fifteen or sixteen species, all of which are
inhabitants of Central and South America. The species are
remarkable for their extraordinary size, some reaching nearly
two inches in length. The species of Acanthomera are found
in forests, alighting on trunks of trees, according to Mr.
Champion ; otherwise their habits, whether of the adult or
immature stages, are but little known. Brauer has figured
and described the larvae of A, Fraiienfeldii. They are cylin-
drical, thick and short. The last segment is firmly chitinized
above with two series of booklets, the two projecting back-
wards in the middle being stout and curved; below these
there is a deep, transverse cleft, on the under side of which is
a rounded lip.

In both Acanthomera and Rhaphiorhynchus the face may be
produced conically or not at all. The two genera are distin-
guished by the structure of the palpi, in Acanthomera slender,
in Rhaphiorhynchus stout and pointed. Acanthomera may
have spines on the hind femora.

16. TABANIDJi:.
Head large, transverse, somewhat flattened and with the
occiput flat or concave. Antennae porrect, the third joint com-
posed of from five to eight annuli or segments. Eyes large,
pubescent or bare, contiguous above in the male and with the

G

50 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

upper facets larger than the lower ones ; in life usually with
green and purple markings. Ocelli absent or present. Pro-
boscis projecting, sometimes much elongated ; palpi two-
jointed, the second joint elongate or thickened. Thorax not
very convex above ; scutellum never with tubercles or spines
on its border. Abdomen broad, moderately elongate or short,
never slender or constricted ; composed of seven segments ;
genitalia never prominent. Legs moderately stout, the
tibiae sometimes much dilated; middle tibise always with
spurs at the tip ; tarsi with three membranous pads at the
tip (the empodia developed pulvilliform). Tegulse always
of considerable size. The marginal vein encompasses the
entire wing ; two submarginal and five posterior cells present ;
basal cells all elongate, the anal cell closed at or near the
margin of the wing. Species never very small, often among
the largest of the order, never thickly pilose, and wholly
without bristles on body or legs.

This family includes the flies commonly known as horse-
flies, and is widely distributed over the world. About four-
teen hundred species are known, of which more than one
hundred and fifty are from North America. Many of the
species are conspicuous for their large size, though the greater
number are of moderate size, but none are small. Most of
them love the bright sunshine, though the smaller forms are
more usually found about shady places near the border of
woods, appearing on sunshiny days. The female alone is
blood-sucking in habit ; the males are much more rarely met
with, and will be caught usually in sweepings of meadow-
lands, on flowers, etc. Their power of flight is remarkable,
moving as rapidly as can a horse. Their bites, though pain-
ful enough, do not seem to cause the same irritation as those
of the mosquitoes and midges. When no better food offers,
the females will, like the males, seek the juices of plants and
flowers.

The spindle-shaped brown or black eggs of the Tabanidse

TABANID^.. 51

are found attached to the stem of plants or on leaves, those of
the aquatic forms are found attached to rushes. The larvse
are carnivorous, feeding upon snails, other larvae, etc. They
have a distinct head. The body is eleven-jointed, often
encircled with retractile fleshy protuberances, sometimes de-
veloped only on the ventral side, the last segment with a ver-
tical breathing opening, or the last two segments forming a
stigmatic tube. Pupa free, living in the earth or in water.

TABLE OE GENERA.

1. Hind tibiae with spurs at the tip, sometimes small {Pangoninee). . 2
Hind tibiae without spurs (Tabanhice). ...... 7

2. Third joint of the antennae composed of eight annuli, the first of which

is only a little longer than the following ones. .... 3

Third joint composed of five annuli, the first of which is much longer

than the following ones ; ocelli present 6

3. Front of female broad, with a large denuded callus; ocelli present. 5
Front of female narrow, ocelli present or absent. . . • . 4

4. First and fourth posterior cells closed (Central and South America).

DiCLiSA Schiner.
Fourth posterior cell, at least, open. . . *Pangonia Latreille.

5. Eyes acutely angulated above ; Hippoboscid-like species.

GoNiops Aldrich.
Eyes not acutely angulated above; not Hippoboscid-like.

Apatolestes Williston.

6. Second joint of the antennae about half as long as the first; eyes in life

with numerous small dots. .... Silvius Meigen.

Second joint of the antennae as long or but little shorter than the first

joint ; wings with a dark picture : eyes in life with fewer, larger

spots Chrysops Meigen.

7. Third joint of the antennae without, or with a rudimentary basal pro-

cess 8

Third joint of antennae with a well-developed basal process. . 10

8. Thorax and abdomen with irridescent tomentum ; all the tibiae dilated

(Central and South America and West Indies). Hadrus Perty.
Thorax and abdomen without tomentum 9

* Inclusive of Corizoneura and Diatomineura Rondani.

52 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

9. Eront of female as broad as long, the callus transverse.

H^MATOPOTA Meigen.
Eront of female narrow. . . . Diachlorus Osten Sacken.

10. Eront tibial much dilated ; process of the third joint much elongated

(Central and South America). ... Stibasoma Schiner.

Eront tibiae not dilated. ........ H

11. Eirst antennal joint elongate; body elongate (Central and South

America) Dichelacera Macquart.

Eirst antennal joint short ; body not elongate. . . . .12

12. A small ocelligerous tubercle present in the male; eyes pubescent.

Therioplectks Zeller.
No ocelligerous tubercle. ........ 1'^

13. Eyes pubescent. . . . . . Atylotus Osten Sacken.

Eyes bare. Tabanus Linne.

17. ASILID^.

Species of moderate to large size, usually more or less elon-
gate in form, sometimes thickly hairy; always bristly, the
bristles usually conspicuously strong; highly predaceous in
habit. Head flattened, broad and short, separated from the
thorax by a freely movable neck. Front excavated between
the eyes, the eyes in both sexes separated. Three ocelli pres-
ent, usually situated upon a rounded tubercle; front with
bristles. Antennae porrect, simple, composed of three joints,
the third usually more or less elongated, and with or without
a terminal style or bristle, the style sometimes thickened and
forming one or two apparent antennal joints. Proboscis
never elongated, firm and horny, adapted for piercing, directed
forward, or forward and downward; palpi composed of one or
two joints ; labella not fleshy. Abdomen composed of eight
segments, the hypopygium or oviduct usually prominent.
Legs strong, bristly, of moderate length, rarely somewhat
elongated; tarsi strong; empodia bristle-like, tlie pulvilli
rarely rudimentary. Tegulse small. Wings when at rest
lying parallel over the abdomen; basal cells long; two or

ASILID^.. 53

three submarginal and five posterior cells always present ;
first and fourth posterior cells and the anal cell open or closed.

The family Asilidse or Robber-flies is one of the largest and
best known among diptera, including nearly three thousand
species, distributed among about one hundred and fifty genera.
Many of the species are conspicuous for their large size, the
largest measuring nearly two inches in length, wdiile the small-
est known species are seldom less than a third of an inch.
They are the most predaceous of all flies in their habits. The
greater part of them rest upon the ground, and fly up when
disturbed, with a quick buzzing sound to alight again a short
distance beyond. Some of the Laphrinae have a striking
resemblance to large humble bees, and are usually observed
resting upon foliage about the borders of forests. All their
food, which consists wholly of other insects, is caught upon
the wing ; their luckless victims when once seized in their
strong feet are powerless to escape. Other flies and
Hymenoptera are usually their food, but flying beetles, es-
pecially the Cicindelidse are often caught and they are known
to seize and destroy large dragon flies. In an instance that
the writer observed, a female seized a pair of her own species,
and, thrusting her proboscis into the thorax of the male, car-
ried them both oft" together.

The larvae live chiefly in rotten wood, under bark, or in soil
containing decomposing vegetable matter, under leaves, etc.,
and feed upon grubs and other larvae. The larvae are cylin-
drical in shape, with parchment-like skin, the abdominal seg-
ments sometimes girdled with rounded tubercles, or with
abdominal protuberances for locomotion. The pupae are free,
with strong booklets at the anterior end, and the abdomen is
I^rovided with spiny girdles, mixed with hairs above and be-
low ; the last segment has two short divaricate booklets and
several smaller projections.

The young larvae sometimes bore their way completely
within the bodies of other larvae, remaining there till their

54 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

food is wholly consumed. Frequently the larvse are found
free in the earth, however, where their transformation takes
place. The eggs are laid about grass stems, or in the crevices
of decaying trees infested by larvse of other insects.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Marginal cell of wings open. 2

Marginal cell closed 3

2. Third joint of antennas with an arista or aristiform style; abdomen

slender ; pulvilli wanting. . . . Leptogaster Meigen.

Antennae not with an arista; usually with a thickened style.

DASYPOGONINiE.

3. Antennae with a terminal bristle. . . . . . AsilinvE.

Antennae not with a terminal bristle. .... Laphrin^,

DASYPOGONIN^.

1. Front tibiae with a terminal, claw-like spur. .... 28
Front tibias not with a terminal, claw-like spur 2

2. Pulvilli rudimentary or wanting. . . . Ablautus Loew.
Pulvilli normal. . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Head narrow, about as high as broad ; face narrow above, broader and

swollen below, in large part covered with hair; large, elongate

species. 4

Head very obviously broader than high 6

4. Antennae with a terminal style 5

Third joint of antennae long, without style; fourth posterior cell closed

before the border of the wing; black species, with or without red on
the abdomen. Ospriocerus Loew,

5. Style about half the length of the third antennal joint.

SCLEROPOGON LoCW

Style about a sixth or an eighth of the length of the elongated third
joint . Stenopogon Loew.

6. Fourth posterior cell closed before the border of the wing. . 7
Fourth posterior cell wide open, rarely nearly closed. ... 13

7. Antennae much elongate, apparently composed of five joints. . 14
Antennae not elongate, composed of three joints, without terminal

style. 8

8. Face bare, except on oral margin. 9

Face pilose or hairy, more convex 10

ASILID^. 55

9. Anterior intercalary vein continuous or nearly so with the fourth vein,
the last section of the latter oblique, closing or much narrowing the
broad first posterior cell. . . . Microstylum Macquart.

Last section of the fourth vein continuous with the preceding section,
the first posterior cell not closed or narrowed (Central and South
America). . . ' . . . Aechilestris (Schiner) Loew,

10. Abdomen cylindrical, not narrow at the tip, elongate ; near the proxi-

mal margin of the second and third segments with a white-pollinose,

emarginate cross-band ; wings dark. . . Dizonias Loew.

Abdomen less elongate, with five or six white-pollinose (interrupted or

entire) cross-bands . 11

11. Scutellura with bristles; veins at the outer ends of the discal and

fourth posterior cells parallel. . Okthoneuromyia Williston.

Scutellum without bristles ; veins at the outer ends of the discal and

fourth posterior cells not parallel. ...... 12

12. First posterior cell open, scarcely narrowed; face broad.

Laphystia Loew.
First posterior cell closed or much narrowed. . Triclis Schiner.

1-3. Antennas elongate, composed of five joints; nearly bare species. 14
Antennae less elongate or short, composed of three joints with or with-
out a short or slender style. ....... 15

14. First and second joints of the antennas of nearly equal length, the third

elongate, the fourth short, fifth elongate and densely pubescent ;
third and fourth not lobed at tip. . Ceraturgus Wiedemann.
First joint about three times the length of the second, third elongate,
the fourth and fifth of nearly equal length; third and fourth joints
at the tip with two lobes or processes, reaching to about the middle
of the following joint. ..... Myelaphus Bigot.

15. Style of antennas short, thick, obtuse, not easily distinguishable from

the third joint, or if so forming apparent joints; antennae more or
less elongate. .......... 16

Terminal style small, more slender than the joint, apparent; antennfe
shorter. ........... 18

16 Nearly bare species ; face flattened, bare, except below. Small or
rather small species, shining or metallic black, with narrow or cylin-
drical abdomen and large wings. ...... 17

Thickly pilose species, the bristles few and hair-like ; antennae spring-
ing from a convexity, the facial profile thence receding to the facial
tubercle, which is situated upon the lower part of the face ; abdo-
men short ; head narrow. .... Dicolonus Loew.

56 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

17. All the tibiai and the hind femora with short, strong seta^.

EcTHODOPA Loew.
Hind femora without such setae. . . • Dioctria Meigen.

18. Face distinctly swollen in profile, gibbose 1^

Face flattened or gently convex .20

19. Thickly pilose species; the gibbosity of the face reaches to the base of

the antenna?; anal cell usually open. . Cyrtopogox Loew.

Thinly pilose, more pollinose species, the convexity of the face con-
fined to the lower part; anal cell usually closed. Lasiopogon Loew.

20. Abdomen elongate; front broad anteriorly, narrow behind.

Plesiomma Macquart.
Front not narrowed behind. ......•• 21

21. Hind tibije toward the tip and the hind metatarsi much thickened. 22
Hind tibia? not, or but slightly, tliickened toward tlie tip ; metatarsi not

thickened. ........... 2b

22. Head much broader than high, transverse, "goggle-like"; abdomen

short, wings large Holcocephala Jaennicke.

Head only moderately broader than high, not at all spectacle-like in
appearance Holopogon Loew.

23. Abdomen with thick, recumbent pile above; thickly pilose species;

antennae slender Pycnopogon Loew.

Abdomen without such pile above. ...... 24

24. Slender, nearly bare species ; face perpendicular, straight or gently

concave, narrowed above and bare, except on oral margin. , 25

Face gently rounded, not prominent below, in large part hairy and not

or but slightly narrowed above. . . . • • .26

25. Thickly whitish pollinose; abdomen flattened, usually reflected up-

ward ; third joint of antennae and the style both slender.

Stichopogon Loew.
Less thickly pollinose; abdomen cylindrical, a little broader at tlie
base; third joint of antennae short and broad, tlie style minute.

See Habeopogon bilineatus Will.

26. Large, elongate species, the style of antennae sliort. Callinicus Loew.
Moderately large, and not much elongate species. ... 27

27. Abdomen broader at the base, depressed; thorax much convex above;

antennae slender, the style long and slender (compare also species of

Cyrtopogon) Heteropogon Loew.

Abdomen short, cylindrical; black, with bright golden opaque pollin-
ose markings on thorax and abdomen.

See Laparus pictitarsus Bigot.

ASILID^. 57

28. Face bare with bristles on the oral margin, in profile straight or con-

cave, the oral margin most prominent. ..... 29

Face convex below, the oral margin not prominent, more or less cov-
ered with hair. .......... 31

29. Fourth posterior cell closed a considerable distance before the margin

of the wing. .......... 30

Fourth posterior cell open or closed in the margin. Sarapogon Loew.

30. Hind pulvilli much shorter than the elongated claws; abdomen con-

tracted toward the base (Central and South America).

Blepharepium Rondani.

Hind pulvilli not much shorter than the claws ; abdomen not contracted

toward the base Deromyia Philippi.

31. Third joint of the antennae more or less dilated, the style very short.

Lestomyia Williston.
Third joint of antennae slender, elongate. ..... 32

32. Head broad and flat, the face not gibbose 33

Face convex, densely covered with hair; thickly pilose species (Cen-
tral and South America). .... Lastaurus Loew.

33. Abdomen finely punctulate. .... Taracticus Loew.
Abdomen smooth, not punctulate. 34

34. Hind tibiae at the tip and their tarsi thickened. . . .. S6
Hind tibiae at the tip and their tarsi not thickened ; fourth posterior

cell wide open (Mexico). . . . Cophura Osten Sacken.

35. Fourth posterior cell wide open ; abdomen flattened, in the 9 ^ little

broader beyond the middle ; in the $ near the tip, the last two seg-
ments of which are conspicuously silvery above.

NicocLES Jaennicke.

Fourth posterior cell narrowed ; abdomen of male not silvery above

(Blacodes preoc.) . . , . . . Loewiella, nom. nov.

LAPHRIN^.

1. Front tibiae with a terminal claw-like spur. ..... 2

Front tibiffi without claw-like spur 4

2. Hind tibiae thickened, club-like at the extremity ; hind metatarsi thick-

ened and elongate. ......... 3

Hind tibige not clubbed ; hind metatarsi of the usual structure (Central
and South America). .... Megapoda Macquart.

3. Thorax projecting prominently in front over the head (Central and

South America). Pseudorus Walker.

Thorax not projecting prominently in front (Central and S. America).

DoRYCLus Jaennicke.

7

58 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

4. Veins at the distal end of the discal and fourth posterior cells parallel

or continuous in the same straight line 5

Veins at the distal end of the discal and fourth posterior cells not par-
allel or continuous. ......... 8

5. Third joint of the antennas with a terminal style, in length greater

than the first two together; eyes not or but very slightly emarginate
on the sides of the front, the front much wider above ; scutellum
without bristles, or with hair-like ones (West Indies and S. America.)

Atonia Williston.
Third joint of antennse without terminal style 6

6. Third joint of the antennae at least three times as long as the first two

together; large species (Central and South America).

Aphestia Schiner.
Third antennal joint less than twice the length of the first two to-
gether 7

7. First joint of the antennae about as long as the third; front much

widened above, the eyes disciform and with enlarged facets in front ;
scutellum with weak bristles ; body punctulate. Cerotainia Schiner.
Third joint of the antennse longer than the first two together; eyes on
the sides of the front emarginate, the front not widened above; scu-
tellum with bristles; first posterior cell usually narrowed; body
punctulate Atomosia Schiner.

8. First posterior cell narrowed or closed. ; .... 9
First postertor cell wide open. ....... 11

9. Three submarginal cells present, i. e. the upper branch of the third

vein is connected with the second vein by a cross- vein.

PoGoNOSOMA Rondani.
Two submarginal cells. 10

10. Hind femora of nearly equal thickness throughout; antennae with a

distinct terminal style; very large, robust, tliickly pilose species.

Hyperechia Schiner.

Hind femora thickened toward the end; antennae without terminal

style; more elongate, less pilose species. . . Nusa Walker.

11. Thorax and abdomen nearly or quite bare; hind femora with spinous

tubercles below Lampria Macquart.

Thorax and abdomen pilose; larger species usually. . . .12

12. Densely pilose species; the abdomen short, broad, usually broader

beyond the middle; proboscis thick. . . Dasyllis Loew.

Less pilose, more elongate species ; proboscis more elongate and slender.

Laphria Meigen.

ASILID^. 59

ASILINiE.

1. Bristle of antennae plumose. . . . Ommatius Wiedemann.
Bristle not plumose . 2

2. The veins closing the discal and fourth posterior cells in the same

straight line or parallel (Central, S. America). Atractia Macquart.
The veins closing the discal and fourth posterior cells not parallel. 3

3. The posterior branch of the third vein curves forward to meet the costa

before the tip of the wing. ....... 4

The posterior branch of the third vein terminates beyond the tip of the
wing. ............ 5

4. Oviduct cylindrical, with a terminal circlet of spines.

Proctacanthus Macquart.
Oviduct laterally flattened, without circlet of spines. Erax Macquart.

5. Two submarginal cells (Asilus sens. lat). . . . . . 7

Three submarginal cells. . . . ' . . . . . 6

6. Abdomen shorter than the wings ; body thickly pilose, claws obtuse.

Mallophora Macquart.
Abdomen longer than the wings ; body thinly pilose. Promachus Loew.

7. Oviduct laterally compressed. ■ . 8

Oviduct conical. . . • IH

8. Face without gibbosity, narrow throughout, not at all carinate, the

mystax composed of a few long hairs. Stenoprosopus Loew.

Face with gibbosity, or not carinate or unusually narrow. . . 9

9. End lamellge of the oviduct wedged in. . . Eutolmus Loew.
End lamellse free, style-like 10

10. Posterior border of the last ventral segment in the ^ more or less

widened Machimus Loew.

Posterior border (^) not widened. 11

11. Legs prevailing shining yellow in color. . Heligmoneura Bigot.
Legs prevailing black, or light and opaque colored. ... 12

12. Abdomen shining black above and below. - Stilpnogaster Loew.
Abdomen not shining above and below. ... - . 13

13. Male genitalia club-like Neoitamus Loew.

Male genitalia not club-like; the sixth and seventh segments take no

part in the formation of the oviduct. . . . Tolmerus.

14. Abdominal segments with bristles before the incisures.

Philodicus Loew.
Abdominal segments without bristles before the incisures. . . 15

15. Bright colored large species Asilus Linne.

Small, ash-gray species - . Rhadiurgus Loew.

60 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

18. APIOCERID^.

Eatlier large, elongate, chsetophorous, thinly pilose flies.
Antennae with a simple, short style. Front not excavated,
broader in the female. Ocelli present. Face short. Probos-
cis with pseado-tracheate labella. Third longitudinal vein of
the wing usually furcate ; basal cells large ; five posterior cells
present. Empodia wanting. Male forceps enlarged.

Less than a dozen species of this family are known through-
out the world, six of which have been described from North
America. The flies have much the appearance of large The-
revids or Asilids, from which they will be at once distinguish-
ed by the anterior curvature of the outer veins of the wings.
The larvae are wholly unknown. For a discussion of the rela-
tionships of the family, as also a bibliographical list, see
Kansas University Quarterly i, 101.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Palpi two-jointed, large; the second vein from the disoal vein termi-

nates beyond the tip of the wing. . . Apiocera Westwood.

Pa^lpi one-jointed, small; the second vein from the discal cell terminates

before the tip of the wing. . . . . . . .2

2. Anal cell closed Rhaphomidas Osten Sacken.

Anal cell open. Apomidas Coquillett.

19. :n^emistrinidj5.

Species of moderate size, not elongate, thinly or densely
pilose. Neuration complicated, the fourth and fifth veins are
curved forward to terminate before the tip of the wing, the
anterior cross-vein is obsolete, that is the third and fourth
veins coalesce for a short distance ; basal cells long. Antennae
small, short; third joint simple, with a terminal, slender,
jointed style. Proboscis sometimes elongate. Ovipositor of
the female elongate, often slender. Tibiae without spurs ;

NEMISTRINID^.. 61

empodia developed pulvilliform, but, with the pul villi often
minute.

Throughout the world about one hundred species of this
family are known, the larger part of which are from South
America and Australia. Only six species are known from
North America and two or three from all Europe. Some of
the species have the wings with numerous cross-veins, almost
recticulate in appearance. Megistorliynclmis longirostris from
Africa, though only about two-thirds of an inch in length has
a proboscis nearly three inches long. The flies are flower
flies, resembling in their habiis the Bombyliidse.

But little is known of the larvse. The females of Hir^mon-
eura ohscura have been observed laying their eggs deeply
within the burrows of Anthaxia, a wood-boring insect, in the
pine rails of fences. The eggs were found in clusters and the
young larvae hatched from them differed very singularly from
those of a more mature growth. They are more slender, but
differ chiefly in having each of the abdominal segments from
the sixth to the twelfth provided with a pair of false legs
bearing a single elongate seta at the tip, the hooks j^ointing
backward ; on the thirteenth segment there are two pairs of
similar setae, the hooks of which, however, point forwards,
thus enabling the larva to attach itself firmly and raise itself
erect. These young larvae issued in great numbers from the
burrows in which they were hatched and, placing themselves
erect, w^ere blown away by the wind. Here for a time they
have not been followed, but it is probable that they attach
themselves by the aid of the ventral hooks to the bodies of
large-sized beetles, by which they are carried into the ground
when the female enters to deposit her eggs. This is probable
from the fact that hundreds of pupae and pupa skins were
observed near the fence. On searching below these the larval
skins were found at a depth of about two inches and still
deeper were found the remains of the beetles, Rhizoti'ogias
solstitialis, in some instances with the larvae yet within them.

62 NORTH AMEEICAN DIPTERA.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1, Proboscis short, protruding but little from the oral opening; eyes bare
or pilose; two or three submarginal cells. Hirmoneuba Meigen.

Proboscis long, directed backwards; antennae broadly separated; eyes
bare; ovipositor of the 9 composed of two slender lamellae; three
submarginal cells present. . . Rhynchocephalus Fischer.

20. MYDAID^.

Rather large to very large, thinly clothed or bare, elongate
flies. iSTeuration complicated, the basal cells long; the fourth
vein always terminating at or before the tip of the wing.
Antennae elongate, the third joint flattened, with a terminal
lamella. Front excavated between the eyes. Ocelli wanting.
Proboscis short, with fleshy labella and without palpi (in our
species). Empodia very little developed, not pulvilliform.

The family Mydaidae comprises only about one hundred
known species, but among them are the largest of the order,
a few measuring two inches in length and rivaled only by the
Acanthomeridse among the other families of diptera. The
larvae of species of Mydas live in decaying wood, and it is
probable that all the members of the family have similar
habits. They are known to be predaceous in some cases upon
the larvse of beetles. The larvae of M. fulvipes are nearly
two inches in length, with swellings below the abdominal seg-
ments for locomotion ; the body is depressed and somewhat
widened, with the posterior extremity broader and obtuse.
The pupa of M. clavatus has as its anterior end two strong,
sharp, outwardly curved hooks ; the first abdominal segment
has, on its anterior border above, a row of very long, erect
spines curved backward at the tip. Another series of spines
is situated on the anterior border of the last segment, and, on
the same segment there is a pair of hooks at the tip curved
downward.

MYDAIDiE. 63

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Terminal segment of the 9 abdomen with a circlet of spines. . 2
Terminal segment without circle of spines.* . Mydas Fabricius.

2. A small cross- vein runs into the hind margin of the wing between the

anal cell and the tip; hind tibiaa of 9 with spurs.

EcTYPHus Gerstaecker.
No such small cross-vein ; hind tibiae of 9 without spurs at the tip.

Leptomydas Gerstaecker.

21. BOMBYLIID^.

Medium sized to small flies ; often with abundant, long, del-
icate pile. Head as broad or narrower than the thorax, often
spherical in shape, closely applied to the thorax. Eyes large,
often contiguous above in the $ and rarely also in the 9.
Antennae porrect, usually of but moderate length ; third joint
simple ; style usually small and indistinct and sometimes
wholly wanting. Ocelli present. Proboscis usually project-
ing from the oral cavity, and slender ; sometimes elongate ;
at other times short, with broad labella. Abdomen composed
of from six to eight segments, slender in a few genera only.
Legs moderately long, weak, with short, weak bristles or
spines. Pulvilli sometimes rudimentary, the empodia almost
always so, the tarsi and claws small. Tegulse small. Wings
often with dark markings; two or more submarginal, three or
four posterior cells present; discal cell present in all our
genera ; anal cell closed in or near the border of the wing, or
narrowly open.

The family Bombyliidse comprises about fifteen hundred
known species. Most of them are swift flying insects, often

* "Generis Ectyphi proximum, differt: antennis elongatis, segmento pe-
nultimo cylindrico, ultimo, 9) ^irciter diiplo longiore, compresso, basi
parum dilatato, apice obtuse acuminate 9> duplo breviore, obtusiore, abdo-
minis segmento ultimo inermi, cyathiformi, utrinque, parum dilatato.
Long. c2o mm. undique niger, abdomine nitente, alis violaceo micanti-
bus, extremo apice albidis — P. phyllocerus, Rocky Mts."

Phyllomidas Bigot.

64 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

hovering motionless in the air for a time and darting away
like a flash. They seek sunny places in woodland roads,
about blossoms or on rank vegetation. The Anthracinae are
a group especially characteristic of arid regions. In general
the members of the family are prettily and delicately marked,
and their life histories are often very interesting. In the
adult state they are flower flies, feeding upon the pollen and
honey deep within the blossoms, extracted by aid of their long
proboscis. The larvae of species of Aiohmhantiis and SystcecMis,
occurring in western America, are found in the egg-pods of
the locust, Caloptenus spretus. "The larvae begin to trans-
form themselves into the pupa state early in the summer, and
the pupa pushes itself half way out of the ground in order to
disclose the fly. They continue to issue during the summer
months. As a rule but one year is required for full develop-
ment. Aphoebantus is first observed as a yellowish white
grub, about half an inch long when extended, it being usually
curved so that the head and tail nearly meet. It is usually
found in a case of locust eggs which it has devoured, pushing
the empty shells aside, and at last occupying the space where
were twenty-one to thirty-six eggs. Often it is found in a
little space below a number of egg-cases, as though it had
feasted off the contents of several nests" (Riley). The larvae
of Anthrax have been found parasitic upon Megachile, Osinia,
Odynerus, Mamestra, Noctua and Agrotis ; those of Argyra-
TYiwha upon Pelo-pceus, Megaehile, Cemonus, Osmia and Calico-
dovia ; those of Bombylius upon A7idrena and Colletes ; those
of Toxophora upon Eimienes ; those of Callostoma in the egg-
cases of Caloptenus itaiicce; those of Systropus ui^oii Lima-
codes, etc.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. The bifurcation of the second and third veins takes place opposite or
nearly opposite the anterior cross- vein, the distance not exceeding
the length of the cross- vein; the second vein forms a knee at its
origin, the third vein in a straight line with the pref urea. . 2

BOMBYLIID^. 65

The bifurcation of the second and third veins takes place at a greater
distance from the cross-vein, usually at an acute angle. . . 13

2. Antennal style distinct, that is it is separated from tlie third joint or

from the styliform prolongation of the joint by a distinct suture. 3

The third joint not with a distinct style separated by a suture, the style

when present very minute. . . . . . . . 8

3. Antennal style with a pencil of hairs at the tip; pulvilli distinct; front

tibiae with bristles. ......... 4

Antennal style not terminating in a pencil of hairs ; three or four sub-
marginal cells present. . 5

4. Outer submarginal cell bisected by a cross-vein {Spogostylum Coquil-

lett non Macquart) Coquillettia, nov.

Outer submarginal cell not bisected by a cross-vein, the anterior branch
of the third vein sometimes connected with the second by a cross-
vein (Argyramoeba Schiner). . . Spogostylum Macquart.

5. Pulvilli distinct Aldrichia Coquillett.

Pulvilli rudimentary or wanting . . . . . . .6

6. The outer submarginal cell divided by a cross- vein, making four sub-

marginal cells. ..... Hyperalonia Eondani.

The outer submarginal cell not divided by a cross-vein. . . 7

7. First posterior cell bisected near its middle by a cross-vein.

ExoPTATA Coquillett.
First posterior cell not bisected ; posterior claws with a basal tooth.

ExopROSOPA Macquart.

8. Eyes of male contiguous at the vertex ; anal cell closed.

AsTROPHANES Ostcu Sackcu.
Eyes of male not contiguous at the vertex; anal cell open. . . 9

9. Anal cell widest at its middle. . . . . . . .10

Anal cell widest at the margin. . . . . Makcia Coquillett.

10. The second vein strongly contorted at the end in the shape of a recum-

bent letter S ; three submarginal cells present.

DiPALTA Osten Sacken.
The second vein not strongly contorted at the end. ... 11

11. Three submarginal cells normally present; proboscis elongate.

Stonyx Osten Sacken.
Two submarginal cells normally present 12

12. The contact of the discal cell with the third posterior not much longer

than its contact with the fourth posterior; proboscis long; sides of
the abdomen with fringe of scales and not with hairs only.

Lepidanthrax Osten Sacken.

66

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

The contact of the discal cell with the third posterior at least twice as
long as its contact with the fourth posterior, the latter contact often
merely punctiform. . . . . . Anthrax Scopoli.

13. Wings with three posterior cells. 39

Wings with four posterior cells 14

14. First posterior cell closed 15

Eirst posterior cell open. . . , . . . . . 22

15. Three submarginal cells present. 10

Two submarginal cells. ........ 17

16. Head broader than the thorax ; posterior orbits not excised.

Pantarbes Osten Sacken.
Head narrower than the thorax ; posterior orbits excised.

Triplasius Loew.

17. First basal cell longer than the second. . . . . . 18

First basal cell not longer than the second. .... 21

18. Proboscis very short, not protruding beyond the oral margin ; anal cell

usually closed; large species (Cen. America). Anisotamia Macquart.
Proboscis more or less elongate ; anal cell open. ... 19

19. First posterior cell closed at some distance from the border of the

wing. ........... 20

First posterior cell narrowed, or closed in or near tlie margin of tlie
the wing; small species (5-6 mm.) . Thlipsogaster Rondani.

20. Head comparatively small; the emargination of the oceipal orbits al-

most imperceptible BoMBYLiLS Linne.

Head broad ; emargination of the occipital orbits distinct.

Heterostylum Macquart.

21. Face thickly clothed with pile.
Face sparsely clothed with pile.

22. Two submarginal cells present. .
Three submarginal cells present.

23. Bare species; tibias without bristles.
More or less pilose species ; tibiae with bristles. .... 24

24. Antennae as long as the head, the third joint not longer than the first

two together. .......... 25

Antennae shorter than "the head, the third joint twice as long as the first
two together. ...... Exepacmus Coquillett.

25. First antennal joint not thickened. ...... 20

First antennal joint extraordinarily thickened. . Ploas Latreille.

26. "Scutellum deeply sulcate longitudinally". Geminaria Coquillett.
Scutellum convex, not sulcate. .... Lordotus Loew.

Anastcechus Osten Sacken.
Systcechus Loew.

... 27
.... 23

Amphicosmus Coquillett.

BOMBYLIID^. 67

27. Anal cell open 30

Anal cell closed 28

28. Proboscis short . Oncodoceea Macquart.

Proboscis elongate. ......... 29

29. Third joint of the antennas with long bristly hairs ; face with long hair.

AcREOTRiCHUs Macquart.

Third joint of the antennae without or with short bristly hairs above ;

face bare or shortly pilose Phthiria Meigen.

30. Body clothed with more scales than hairs, gibbose; antennas long, the

first joint unusually long. . . . Lepidophora Westwood.
Body clothed chiefly with hair, or else nearly bare. ... 31

31. Body more or less pilose; tibiae usually bristly. ... 32
Body bare; tibiae bare or feebly bristly. . . . . . 37

32. Both basal cells of equal length. . . . Sparnopolius Loew.
First basal cell longer than the second 33

33. Third antennal joint but little longer than the first; mesonotum of

male sometimes muriacate and the costa denticulate. Eclimus Loew.
Third joint of the antennae more than twice the length of the first, bul-
bous at the base. ......... 34

34. The origin of the second vein takes place before the proximal end of

the discal cell at an acute angle. . . . . . . 35

The origin of the second vein is beyond the proximal end of the discal
cell and is rectangular. . . . Desmatoneura Williston.

35. Third antennal joint scarcely longer than wide. Eucessia Coquillett.
Third antennal joint much longer tlian wide. . . . .36

36. Face projecting in profile. . . . . Epacmtjs Osten Sacken.
Face retreating. Aphcebantus Loew.

37. Ocellar tubercle situated near the hind edge of the front. . . 38
Ocellar tubercle situated near the middle of the front.

Metacosmus Coquillett.

38. Antennae elongate, third joint flattened, the style flattened and com-

posed of two distinct segments. . . Desmatomyia Williston.
Antennae not elongated and with a distinct bisegmentated style.

Paracosmds Osten Sacken.

39. Slender, elongate species. . . • , • • .• • • 40
Shorter, more thick-set species, the abdomen never cylindrical. 41

40. Females holoptic like the males ; abdomen enlarged at its extremity.

Systropus Wiedemann.
Females dichoptic; abdomen cylindrical, not enlarged at the extremity.

DoLicHOMYiA Wiedemann.

6S NOHTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

41. Three submarginal cells. . . ^ * . . . . 42
Two submarginal cells. . . . - . Geron Meigen.

42. Body clothed with more scales than hairs; abdomen decunibent; an-

tennse long. . , . . . . Toxophora Meigen.

Body clothed chiefly with hair ; abdomen not decumbent.

Rhabdopselaphus Bigot.

22. THEREVID^.

Rather small or moderate sized, elongate, bristly, sometimes
pilose, predaceous flies. Eyes of the male contiguous ; front
in the female not excavated. Antennae composed of three
joints, the third simple, with a terminal style, sometimes
Avanting. Proboscis projecting, the labella broad. Ocelli
present. Abdomen elongate ; genitalia moderately or but lit-
tle prominent. Legs with bristles ; empodia wanting. Third
longitudinal vein of the wings furcate, the posterior branch
terminating beyond the tip of the wing ; five posterior cells,
anal cell closed toward the margin of the wing.

This family comprises only about two hundred known spe-
cies, with but few genera broadly distributed over the world.
The flies resemble the Asilidse somewhat, and have habits
not dissimilar, though much less active. The proboscis has
fleshy labella, instead of the horny tip of the Asilidae, and the
legs are less stout- — in many species they are easily broken off
when captured. Their food is chiefly other diptera, for which
they lie in wait upon leaves and bushes, or upon the bare
ground. The larvae have a short, eyeless, nonretractile head,
the antennae small and short. The body is slender and snake-
like, showing apparently nineteen segments. Anterior spira-
cles situated at the end of the first segment behind the head ;
posterior spiracles on the apparently seventeenth segment.
The larvae live in the earth and decomposing wood, or in sand,
feeding upon other insects or upon vegetable matter, ordure,
etc. The pupae are free; they have in front laterally project-
ing spinous points.

SCENOPINIDiE. 69

TABLE OF GENEKA.

1. First posterior cell entire, not intersected by a cross-vein. . . 2
" First posterior cell divided by a cross-vein into two cells ; first antennal

joint unusually large." . , . Metaphragma Coquillett.

2. Head much broader than long. . 3

"Plead not as broad as long, vertical diameter of eyes equaling their

horizontal diameter; first joint of antennas unusually large and pol-
ished". . Nebeitus Coquillett.

3. Third joint of antennas short, the first thickened. . Tabuda Walker.
Third joint of antennas as long or but little shorter than the usually

slender first joint. ......... 4

4. Face bare or pubescent Psilocephala Zetterstedt.

Face pilose. ........... 4

5. Fourth posterior cell closed Thereva Latreille.

Fourtli posterior cell open. .... Dialineura Eondani.

23. SCENOPINID^.

Flies of moderate or small size, black in color and bare.
Front not excavated ; face bare, short and broad. Antennae
approximated at the base, the first two joints short, the third
elongated, simple, without style or arista. Proboscis conceal-
ed; palpi cylindrical, bristly at the tip. Ocelli present. Males
usually holoptic. Thorax rather long, moderately convex,
though apparently much so from the low position of the head.
Scutellum broad and short, without spines or tubercles. Ab-
domen flattened, more or less elongated, composed of seven
segments. Tegulse small. Empodia wanting. Third longi-
tudinal vein of the wing furcate ; basal cells long, the first
much longer than the second ; three posterior cells, the first
narrowed in, or closed before the margin ; anal cell closed.

The larvae resemble closely those of the Therevidse. They
are very long and slender, having apparently nineteen seg-
ments, due to each of the abdominal segments except the last
being divided by a strong constriction. The larva? have been

70 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

found in decaying fungi and wood and under carpets or in
furniture, and are supposed to be carnivorous. The flies are
not very active in their habits, and because of the frequency
with which they are observed on window-panes are usually
called window-flies.

TABLE OF GENERA.

First posterior cell narrowed ; legs rather stout. Scenopinus Latreille.

First posterior cell closed before the margin of the wing; legs slender

(Mexico). . . . . . PsEUDATRiCHiA Ostcn Sacken.

24. ACROCEEID^.

Small to large, never elongate, pilose or nearly bare flies.
Head small or very small, chiefly occupied by the large eyes,
which are usually contiguous in both sexes above or below, or
above and below the antennae; two, three or no ocelli present;
antennse composed of two or three joints, with or without a
terminal arista or style. Proboscis rudimentary or long,
sometimes very long. Thorax large, spherical ; tegulse very
large and inflated ; scutellum large. Abdomen closely united
to the thorax, large and inflated. Legs rather stout ; the tarsi
with three membranous pads under the claws. Neuration
variable, the veins sometimes weak and indistinct.

This family, the Acroceridee or Cyrtidse, comprises a small
number of curious flies with curious habits. They are easily
recognizable by their small head and large, inflated tegulse.
No family characters can be drawn from the neuration, owing
to the great diiferences often existing between forms other-
wise related. In the few forms in which the larvae are known
they are all parasitic upon spiders or their cocoons. "In
the spring of 1887, while hunting for spiders, I found hanging
in cobwebs several soft white maggots and pupse. The webs
were generally old and out of repair, and a closer examination
showed that there no living spider was in them, but almost
every one had an empty skin of a common spider Amaw'ohms

ACROCERII)^. 71

sylvestris, nearly full grown. The skin of the legs and thorax
were not clean like a moulted skin, but dirty and opaque, as
though eaten out, and the skin of the abdomen when present
was torn and shriveled. From this I concluded that the mag-
gots came out of the spiders, and from their size must have
nearly filled them. The maggots varied considerably in size,
the largest being a quarter of an inch long, while others were
not more than half as large. The hinder half of the body was
thicker than the front half and nearly spherical. They hung
head downward, holding to the web by their jaws and were
also partly supported by threads under and around them."
The author of the foregoing, J. H. Emerton, reared from other
specimens of these larvse a fly belonging to the genus Acrocera.
The larvae of Astomella Lindelii, according to Brauer, are so
lodged in the abdomen of the spider that the posterior termi-
nal stigmata are in relation with the lung-tubes of the spider.
The eggs are said to be deposited on dried twigs.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Antennse with a terminal bristle. ......

Antennffi without terminal bristle or style. . . . .

2. Antennae short, third joint rounded, with terminal bristly hairs.
Antennae elongate. .......... 7

3. Antennae inserted near the mouth. ...... 4

Antennae inserted toward the vertex. ...... 6

4. Wings with a stout costal spur near the tip of the auxiliary vein.

Pterodontia Gray.
Wings without such spur; anal cell absent. ..... 5

5. Proboscis rudimentary. ...... Oncodes Latreille.

Proboscis elongate, directed backwards (Central and South America).

PiiiLOPOTA Wiedemann.

C. Venation complete; eyes pilose Opsebius Costa.

Venation more or less obsolete; eyes bare. . . Acrocera Meigen.

7. Proboscis rudimentar}'. ........ .8

Proboscis elongate .......... 9

8. Eyes bare (Mexico). Appeleia Bellardi.

Eyes pubescent. ....... Ocnvea Erichson.

9. Ocelli wanting; large flics Lasia Wiedemann.

Ocelli present ; moderately large flies. . . Euloncha Gerstajcker.

72 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

25. LOKCHOPTERID^.

Small (2-4 mm.) slender, brownish or yellowish flies. An-
tennae short, porrect ; third joint simple, cirenlar in shape,
with a terminal bristle. Ocelli present. Scutellum with two
bristles. Legs long, bristly ; pulvilli very small ; empodia
wanting. Wings lancet-like, pointed ; the three basal cells of
moderate size and of nearly equal length ; fourth longitudinal
vein furcate and united with the fifth near the base ; first
longitudinal vein short, second and third not furcate ; the
anterior cross-vein lies near the base of the wing, in front of
the middle of the second basal cell and is oblique in position.

There is but one genus in this family, Lonchoptera, the
members of which are found, often in abundance, in the grass
or upon stones along the margins of shady brooks. The lar-
vae are flat with long bristles on the first, second and last seg-
ments ; posterior spiracles broadly separated on the last
segment, short and tubular. Head not differentiated, the
body composed of ten segments, the last one apparently com-
posed of two. Pupae enclosed in a puparium, orthorrhaphous.

26. EMPIDID^.

Small to moderately large, elongated, predaceous flies.
Head small, more or less spherical, not closely applied to the
thorax. Males holoptic or dichoptic, the front never exca-
vated. Antennse porrect, approximated at the base, composed
of three simple joints, the first two of which are often small ;
third joint variable in shape, with or without a terminal arista
or style. Face without mystax. Proboscis short or long,
projecting forward, downward or backward. Ocelli present.
Abdomen composed of from five to seven segments, male gen-
italia prominent and of complicated and variable structure ;
ovipositor projecting, pointed. Tegulse small. Legs often
with peculiar structural characters — the coxae or femora elon-
gated, the femora thickened and with spines below, the meta-

EMPIDID^.. 73

tarsi flattened, etc.; pulvilli present, the empodia usually
membranaceous and linear. Neuration variable ; the discal
cell sometimes absent, the third longitudinal vein furcate or
simple ; three or four posterior cells present ; anal cell often
shorter than the second basal cell, closed before the margin of
the wing*; sometimes wholly wanting.

The family Empididse is a large one, including many genera
and species. Most flies belonging here will be at once recog-
nized, but there are some, especially those of the subfamily
Tachydrominse, which have such peculiar neuratioii that they
are apt to lead the student astray ; some may even be sought
for among the smaller Muscids. The flies are all predaceous,
though obtaining part of their food at times from flowers.
Many species, especially those of Empis and Rhaniphomyia
often fly in swarms, dancing up and down over running brooks,
in the shade of trees or about shrubbery. Very rarely do any
species reach the length of ten millimeters, and some are not
more than three in length.

The larvae are cylindrical, with small swellings on the under
side, from the mesothoracic segments, for locomotion. They
are probably carnivorous and live in the earth, under leaves
or other decaying vegetable matter. The pupse are free, Avith
two porrect points at the anterior end.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Anal cell closed in the border or narrowly open; body without macro-

chaetge. Hilarimorphin^.

Anal cell closed before the border when present. ... 2

2. Anal cell wanting; when present the front femora shorter or but little

longer than their coxae Tachydrominje.

Anal cell present ; front femora much longer than their coxaa. . 3

* Mythicomijia, a genus of doubtful relationship, has the anal cell open.
In Hilarimorpha it is closed in the margin. Both genera also differ from
other Empididae in being destitute of macrochaetae. Osten Sacken and
Schiner locate the latter genus among the Leptidae. If tliat view is ac-
cepted, Mi/f/n'romi/ia sliould probably accompany it.

9

74 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

3. Posterior basal transverse vein, i. e. the vein which limits the anal cell,
parallel or nearly parallel with the hind border of the wing.

EmpidintE.
Posterior basal transverse vein not parallel with the hind border of the

wing. . ... . . . . • liYBOTINiE.

HILARIMORPHIN.^.
1. Second vein very short, terminating in the first ; discal cell present.

Mythicomyia Coquillett.
The second vein terminates in the costa ; discal cell wanting.

HiLARiMORPHA Schiner.

HYBOTIN^.

1. Third longitudinal vein furcate ; first submarginal cell closed.

Blepharoproctus Loew.
Third longitudinal vein simple 2

2. Anal cell shorter than the second basal cell. .... 3
Anal cell as long or longer than the second basal cell. ... 4

3. Third antennal joint conical; bristle terminal. Leptopeza Macquart.
Third antennal joint ovate; bristle subdorsal. Ocydromia Meigen.

4. Origin of the second longitudinal vein nearer the humeral than the an-

terior cross-vein; wings usually spotted. . Syneches Walker.
Origin not nearer the humeral cross-vein ; wings not spotted. . 5

5. Vein between the first and second basal cells indistinct. Syndyas Loew.
Vein between the first and second basal cells distinct. Hybos Meigen,

EMPIDIN^

1. Third longitudinal vein furcate.
Third vein simple. . . . .

2. No discal cell. ....
A discal cell present.

3. Proboscis distinctly longer than the head.
Proboscis not longer than the head.

2
Rhamphomyia Meigen.

Cyrtoma Meigen.
3

4. All the legs of nearly equal length; hind femora much thickened.

Pachymeria Stephens.

Hind legs longer than the others, their femora but little or not at all

thickened 5

5. Proboscis slender, directed backward or downward. . Empis Linne.
Proboscis moderately thickened, directed forward.

Iteaphila Zetterstedt.

EMPIDIDiE.

i o

C. Antennae very short, apparently two-jointed, the third joint compressed,

with a short, thick, unjointed style. . Hormopeza Zetterstedt.

Antennae not very short, distinctly three-jointed ; third joint awl or

pear shaped or spherical, with a two-jointed terminal style or

bristle. 7

7. Proboscis as long as the head, vertical ; anterior metatarsi usually thick-

ened in the $ Hilara Meigen.

8. Proboscis shorter than the head, horizontal ; anterior metatarsi of the

$ not thickened Gloma Meigen.

TACHYDROMIX^.

1. Third longitudinal vein furcate; discal cell present; anterior coxae much

elongate. ..... ..... 2

Third longitudinal vein simple; discal cell wanting. ... 5

2. Front femora nmch thickened ; two posterior veins arise from tlie discal

cell. ....... Hemeeodromia Meigen.

Front femora not much thickened ; three posterior veins arise from the
discal cell 3

3. Antennae with a long terminal bristle. . . Ardoptera Macquart.
Antennae with a short terminal bristle or style. .... 4

4. Sixth vein obsolete before reaching the margin. Clinocera Meigen.
Sixth vein not obsolete before reaching the margin ; antennae with a

very short terminal style. . . . Synamphotera Loew.

5. Anal cell, or at least the posterior basal cross-vein, present; antennse

with a long terminal bristle. . . . Tachydromia Meigen.

6

Anal cell wholly wanting.

6. Front femora thickened.
Front femora not thickened.

7. Arista terminal. ....
Arista subdorsal

8. Arista terminal. ....
Arista dorsal. ....

9. Proboscis short, vertical ; palpi broad.
Proboscis slender; palpi narrow, slender

7
, . . . 8

Tachypeza Meigen.
Pkoneutisca Loew.

Drapetis Meigen.
9

. Stilpon Loew.
Phoneutisca Loew.

76 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

27. DOLICHOPODID^.

BY PROF. J. M. ALDRICH.

Small ilies, never exceeding 7 mm. in length, almost always
green in gronnd color, usually shining, more rarely dusted
with gray or brown, sometimes pure yellow or almost black.
As a family they are distinguished from their nearest allies
by the absence of the cross-vein between the discal and second
basal cells, these uniting to form a single cell.

Head about as wide as the thorax (much wider only in
Psilopinse), usually a little wider than high ; the face bare,
very wide to very narrow, or the eyes contiguous below the
ante n nee ; front generally widening rapidly above (in Dia-
phorus the eyes sometimes contiguous above), with bristles
on the vertex only. Posterior orbit with a well defined row
of short, erect bristles (toward the mouth indistinct in Hydro-
phorinse and some other genera); proboscis fleshy, short,
retracted, rarely a little protruding ; antennie three-jointed,
inserted more or less above the middle of the eyes, the first
two joints never much elongated, the third commonly oval,
but in several genera lengthened ; arista dorsal, subapical, or
completely apical. Thorax higher and longer than wide, with
regularly arranged bristles on the dorsum ; in some genera a
well-marked flattened or concave area before the scutellum.
Abdomen tapering, conical or a little compressed (in Hydro-
phorus and Scellus sometimes peculiarly small and retracted),
without noticeable bristles in most genera ; the male hypopy-
gium usually prominent, varying greatly in form, and in the
degree in which it is concealed in the abdomen. Coxae gen-
erally short, legs in most genera of medium length, sometimes
elongated, those of the male frequently developed into some
ornamental structure ; the front femora are thickened in a few
genera. Wings usually hyaline, yet often with dark mark-
ings, which may take the form of a definite pattern, or may
follow the veins indistinctly, or may be evenly diffused; in

DOLICHOrODIIM^:. 77

some cases the males have small snow-white spots in the tip
of the wing. Anal cell always very short.

This family perhaps surpasses any other natural group of
animals in the variety of sexual ornaments possessed by the
males. These are paraded before the females, as are similar
ornaments in the peacock and turkey-cock. See " Courtship
Among the Flies ", American Naturalist, Jan. '94, p. 35.
They may occur in almost any external portion of the body.
In a careful examination of a large number of species, I have
never found any two in which they are identical. I am ac-
quainted with at least fifty different forms of tarsal modifica-
tion alone, every one of which is distinctive of its species.
Nevertheless some species seem to offer no noticeable sexual
differences beyond the presence of the hypopygium in the
male ; even this is in some cases but little visible.

In adult life all are predaceous, capturing chiefly the
minuter soft bodied flies, which they enclose within their soft
labella, while extracting the juices ; the larvae are, as far as
known, feeders on decaying vegetation.

The following table is designed solely to enable beginners
to determine the genera of their specimens : it does not, there-
fore indicate anything about the natural relations of the gen-
era to each other. It is based on male specimens only, since
otherwise it must have included many obscure and difficult
characters.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Fourth longitudinal vein with a widely divergent fork on the front side;

or if not, the head wider than the thorax, face wide, and the front
deeply excavated (Psilopinae). ....... 2

Fourth vein simple or merely broken, front not excavated. . .5

2. Fourth longitudinal vein not forked. . . Aptorthus Aldrich.
Fourth longitudinal vein forked. ....... 3

3. Tegular cilia black, third longitudinal vein curved gently back at tip,

scutellum with four large bristles. . . . Psilopus Meigen,
Tegular cilia pale, third vein distinctly curved forward at the tip, scu-
tellum with two large and usuallv two small bristles. . . 4

78 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

4. Face wide, front deeply excavated. . Gnamptopsiloi'ds Aldricli.
Face narrow, front scarcely excavated. . Leptorhethum Aldrich.

5. Fourth longitudinal vein bent forward, forming an apical cross-vein;

posterior cross-vein very oblique, parallel to the margin of the wing.

Plagioneurus Loew.
Posterior cross-vein nearly transverse, usually no apical cross-vein. 6

6. Hind metatarsi with large bristles above 7

Hind metatarsi without large bristles above 8

7. Face in male reaching the lower corner of the eye.

Hygroceleuthus Loew.
Face in the male not reaching the lower corner of the eye.

DoLiCHOPUs Latreille.

8. Hypopygium long, extending forward under the venter. . . 9
Hypogygium short, not extending forward under the venter. . 21

9. Arista short-plumose. .10

Arista pubescent or bare. ........ 12

10. Fourth vein beyond the posterior cross-vein gradually convergent

toward the third. ..... Poecilobothkus Mik.

Fourth vein shortly before the tip quite suddenly bent toward the
third.* 11

11. Hypopygium pedunculate, slender, without long, branching appendages

Pelastoneurus Loew.
Hypopygium sessile, with long, branching appendages.

Metafelastoneurus Aldrich.

12. Before the scutellum the posterior third of the thoracic dorsum is hol-

lowed out, or at least flattened down to a plane. ... 13
Before the scutellum convex as usual. 16

13. Hypopygium long, pedunculated. 14

Hypopygium short, sessile or nearly so. ..... 15

14. Bristles of the thorax yellow. . . Aphantotimus Wheeler.
Bristles black. Medeterus Fischer.

15. Color of body yellow, sometimes with a little black.

Neurigona Rondani.
Color of body chiefly metallic, sometimes dusted ; legs very long.

Dactylomyia Aldrich.

* If with a marked concavity toward the apex, see Paraclius, in which
the pubescence of the arista is rather strong.

DOLICHOPODIDiE. 79

16. The face of the male extends below the ej'es, hanging down before the

mouth, apron-like. .... Polymedon Osten Sacken.
The face of the male reaches as far down as the lower edge of the

eye 17

The face of the male does not reach so far as the lower edge of the

eye 18

17. Third antennal joint of the male rudimentary, the long arista with a

disk at the end Macellocerus Mik.

Antennae of simple structure. . . Tachytrechus Stannius.

18. Third and fourth veins towards the tip parallel or nearly so. . 19
Third and fourth veins toward the tip distinctly convergent. . 20

19. First antennal joint bare above, third joint elongate in the male.

Peloropeodes Wheeler.
Pirst joint hairy above. .... Gymnopternus Loew.

20. The last segment of the fourth vein gradually approaching the third.

Hercostomus Loew.
Last segment near the middle abruptly curving forward, then grad-
ually resuming its former course, making a segment of a circle, the
concavity outwards, and ending near the third vein.

Paraclius Bigot.

21. Costal vein extending to tip of third vein, the latter part of the fourth

vein evanescent or partially so. . . . Asyndetus Loew.

Costal vein extending to the tip of the fourth vein, which is of the

usual strength. ......... 22

22. Sixth vein wanting (minute species, not shining, the first vein reaching

only a fifth of the length of the wing). . . . Achalcus Loew.
Sixth vein present, at least for a short distance. ... 23

23. First antennal joint hairy above. ...... 24

First antennal joint bare above. ....... 29

24. Second antennal joint with a thumb-like projection fitting into the

inner side of the third Syntormon Loew.

Second antennal joint without such projection 25

25. Fourth vein before the tip sharply curved toward the third, nearly

reaching it at the margin. . . Metapelastoneurus Aldrich.

Fourth vein near the end parallel with the third or only moderately

convergent. *......-.. 26

26. Arista dorsal, third antennal joint of usual size, palpi of male large,

face wide Diostracus Loew.

Arista dorsal, palpi small, face very narrow. . Anepsius Loew.
Arista nearly or quite at tlie end of the large, pointed third joint. 27

80 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

27. Hind coxae witwout erect hairs on the outer side, third and fourth veins

near the tip convergent. .... Hypocharassus Nick
Hind coxae with one or more erect liairs, third and fourth veins paral-
lel, wings wide. ......... 28

28. Scutellum with smaller hairs on the disk besides the marginal bristles.

Lasiargyra Mik.
Scutellum bare, except for the bristles. . . Argyra Macquart.

29. Posterior tliird of thoracic dorsum, before the scutellum, concave or

at least distinctly flattened. . - 30

Dorsum rounded as usual. ........ 32

30. Bristles of thorax yellow Chrysotimus Loew.

Bristles black, rarely brownish. ....... 31

31. Fourth vein parallel with the third beyond the cross-vein, or nearly so.

Xanthochlorus Loew.

Eourth vein converging toward the third beyond the cross-vein, either

gradually or by a double curve. .... Go back to 15.

32. Wings elongate, tlie posterior cross-vein considerably beyond the mid-

dle, less than its length from the apex of the fifth vein (Hydropho-
rinae). .... ........ 33

Wings not elongate, cross- vein scarcely beyond the middle, more than
its length from the end of the fifth vein (if less, the hind metatarsus
shorter than the following joint). . . . . . . 35

33. Fore femora slender Liancalus Loew.

Fore femora more or less incrassated, with spines below. . . 34

34. Spines of fore femora very short, thoracic dorsum without well marked

poUinose lines . Hydrophorus Fallen.

Spines of fore femora long, dorsum with poUinose lines. Scellus Loew.

35. Outer appendages of the hypopygium long, filiform.

Nematoproctus Loew.
Outer appendages not long and filiform. ..... 36

36. Second antennal joint with a thumb-like projection along the inner

side of the third (Synarthrus Loew). . . . Syntormon.
Not with such prolongation. . .37

37. Eyes contiguous or nearly so below the antennae. ... 38
Eyes contiguous above the antennae. . . Diaphorus Meigen.
Eyes closest together at the level of the antennae, diverging above and

below ; middle legs of male distorted. . Campsicnemus Walker.
Eyes not approximated. . 39

DOLICHOFODID^.. 81

38. Pulvilli of male fore tarsi conspicuously enlarged. Eutarsus Loew.
Pulvilli of male not enlarged. . . . Chrysotus pt. Miegen.

39. Thorax bright green, abdomen yellow, with a good deal of silvery pol-

len Leucostola Loew.

Not so marked 40

40. Face broad, the palpi large, reposing on the proboscis; small, pollinose

species, with yellow antennae. . . Thinophilus Wahlberg.

Palpi of ordinary size or else projecting lamelliform, free from the

proboscis 41

41. The third longitudinal vein (in the male) keeps close to the second till

near the tip of the latter, then makes a wide curve backward; the

third and fourth veins farther apart tlian usual. Lyroneurus Loew.

Wings of ordinary structure. ....... 42

42. Third joint of antennae in the male conspicuously long, awl-shaped, not

wider at the base than the first joint, . . Khaphium Meigen.
Third joint long, lancet-shaped, wider at the base than the first joint.

PoRPHYROPS Meigen.
Third joint short, the tip sometimes drawn out into a point. . 48

43. Arista nearly or quite apical; fore pulvilli of male not enlarged.

Chrysotus, pt.
Arista dorsal or subapical; fore pulvilli of male elongated.

DiAPHORUS, pt.

Arista dorsal, inserted quite near the base of the joint; pulvilli plain;

abdomen of male slender, compressed. . . Sympycnus Loew.

10

82 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

CYCLOEEHAPHA.

28. SYPvPHID^.

Small to rather large flies. Head hemispherical, often elon-
gated or produced in the lower part; as broad or a little broader
than the thorax. Face moderately broad, bare or clothed with
dust or short pile ; excavated in profile under the a^ntennse
and projecting below, or with a distinct convexit}^ near the
middle part, never with longitudinal furrows or lateral ridges,
usually convex transversely, sometimes with a median ridge.
Oral opening large ; proboscis rarely much elongated. Front
never excavated. Antennae usually porrect and approximated
at their base, three-jointed, usually with a dorsal arista.
Eyes large, bare or pilose ; in the male usually contiguous
above. Ocelli always present. Thorax comparatively large
and robust, moderately arched above. Tegulse of moderate
size. Abdomen composed of five or six visible segments, rarely
with only four. Hypopygium usually not prominent. Legs
usually of moderate strength. Macrochsetse rarely present in
any part of the body ; the body generally thinly pilose or bare,
but sometimes clothed with thick pile. Wings comparatively
large ; third longitudinal vein never forked ; marginal cell
open or closed ; the fourth vein terminates in the third at or
before the tip ; three posterior cells ; basal cells large ; anal
cell always closed before the border of the wing ; between the
third and fourth longitudinal vein and nearly parallel with
them, a false or spurious vein, nearly always present and
characteristic of the fmriily.

The family Syrphidse is one of the most extensive in the
order. Nearly twenty-five hundred species are known through-
out the world and many new forms are constantly being added.
They contain amonsj them many of the brightest-colored flies,

SYRPHID^. 83

and numerous specimens are sure to appear in an}^ general
collection of insects. ISTone are injurious in their habits to
man's economy and many are very beneficial. In their adult
habits they all show a great uniformity. They are flower-
flies and feed upon honey and pollen, loving the bright
sunshine.

The larvae are usually not very elongate, with firm, some-
times tough skin, the head-segments small and extensile, the
head not distinctly differentiated. The external mouth-parts
are either wholly wanting, with only a soft fleshy opening, or
there are two or four outwardly directed booklets. Antennae
short, small, one or two jointed and fleshy. Body smooth or
provided with soft conical projections and bristles; below
usually with seven pairs of abdominal feet. At the posterior
end the body terminates in a more or less elongate tube, sin-
gle or double, the stigmata. This tube sometimes forms a
short, almost chitinized, tubercular projection on the dorsal
part of the last segment; at other times it is very long, longer
than the body, slender and composed of two joints, the one
sliding within the other, like the joints of a telescope. In
changing to the pupal condition, the larval skin contracts to
form the pupal envelope, and the body becomes shorter, more
oval and of a darker color, the elongated respiratory tube, in
the "rat-tailed" species, being curved over the back. Unlike
all the other Cyclorrhapha, except the Pipuuculidae, the fron-
tal lunule is not used in springing off the cap to the puparium.

The habits of the larvae are more variable than those of the
adult flies. A large number live in decaying wood, or other
vegetation, or in ordure, or decomposing animal remains.
Some live in the stems of various plants, some in fungi. The
larvae of many species of the Syrphini are aphidophagous,
crawling about on the stems of plants frequented by plant-
lice and destroying them. Some live in ant's nests and may
be parasitic ; others in the nests of humble bees.

On account of the large number of genera and the conse-

84 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

quent length of the table of the North . American genera, I
have introduced at the close an auxiliary table or grouping of
a considerable number of the genera which can be defined by
decisive characters.

TABLE OF GENERA,

1. Antennae with a terminal style 2

Antennae with a dorsal arista. . 4

2. Antennae cylindrical, the first two joints elongated (Ceria).

Sphtximoepha Rondani.
First two joints of the antennae short. . ■ . . . . . 3

3. Eyes bare, small species. .... Pelecoceka Meigen.
Eyes pilose, larger species. .... Callicera Panzer.

4. Marginal cell of the wings closed and petiolate 48

Marginal cell open. . . • 5

5. Anterior cross-vein of the wings distinctly before the middle of the

discal cell, rectangular. ........ 6

Anterior cross-vein near or beyond the middle of the discal cell, often
oblique. 55

6. Antennae elongate. . . . . . . . . . • 7

Antennae short. . . . . . . . ■ • .1(5

7. Dorsum of thorax with yellow lateral stripes; large species, the abdo-

men always with distinct yellow bands. Chrysotoxum Meigen.

])orsum of thorax without yellow lateral stripes or margins. . 8

8. Face rounded, pilose, not tuberculate; oral margin not projecting. 9
Face not evenly arched, tuberculate or the oral margin projecting. 14

9. Moderately large to large species; scutellum flattened, usually with

spines or tubercles on its margin; a stump of a vein in the first pos-
terior cell from the third longitudinal vein. . ... 10
Small species; scutellum without spines or tubercles; no such stump
of a vein present. Pipiza Fallen.

10. Abdomen much narrowed near the base (Central and S. America). 11
Abdomen not or but little narrowed near the base. ... 12

11. Face swollen and prominent below. Rhopalosyuphus Giglio-Tos.
Face not swollen and prominent below. . Mixogaster Macquart.

12. Second segment of the abdomen with the lateral margins inflated.

Omegasyrphus Giglio-Tos.
Second segment of tlie abdomen normal. ..... 13

SYRPHID^. 85

13. Hind metatarsi much dilated. .... Ubristes Walker.
Hind metatarsi not conspicuously dilated. . Microdon Meigen.

14. Body clothed with sparse tomentum ; all the femora thickened and

with spinous bristles below (Central and South America and West

Indies) Lepidostola Mik.

Body not with flattened tomentum 15

15. Face tuberculate below, partly or wholly yellow; epistoma receding;

face and front not wrinkled Paragcs Latreille.

Epistoma projecting ; front and face black. . . , . 21

16. Face black in ground-color. 17

Face more or less yellow in ground-color. ..... 26

17. Abdomen with onlj' four visible segments; first two joints of the an-

tennae very short, third large, subquadrate, with a short, subterminal
arista. ....... Nausigaster Williston.

Abdomen with more than four visible segments. ... 18

18. Hind femora distinctly thickened. ...... 19

Hind femora but little or not at all thickened. . . . . 20

19. Scutelhim unusually large, nearly square; males dichoptic.

Chalcomyia Williston.

Scutellum not unusually large, considerably broader at the base ; males

holoptic and with a facial tubercle. . . Myiolepta Newman.

20. Face rounded, not tuberculate, the oral margin not projecting.

Pipiza Fallen.
Face tuberculate or the oral margin projecting. .... 21

21. Epistoma projecting; small, black species. .... 22
Face tuberculate, the oral margin not projecting. . . . 23

22. Front in the female and usually the face in both sexes with transverse

wrinkles ; vena spuria obsolete. . . Chrysogaster Meigen.
Front and face not wrinkled ; face pilose and not tuberculate.

PsiLOTA Meigen.

23. Metallic green, metallic green and black, or black species; facial orbits

separated by a slender parallel groove. . . Chilosia Meigen.

Black with more or less metallic green or blue, with yellow or yellowish

cross-bands on the abdomen; face without parallel grooves. . 24

24. Wings not longer than the abdomen; ocellar tubercle large; abdomen

depressed, long-elliptical, somewhat narrowed toward the base, the

markings ferruginous or orange yellow. . PYROPH.ffiNA Schiner.

Wings longer than the abdomen; abdomen with yellow or greenish

yellow or shining metallic cr<)ss-))ands; usually elongate species. 25

86 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

25. Eront tibiae distally and tarsi of the ^ dilated, tiiose of the female

slightly widened. . . Platychirus St. Eargeau and Serv.

Eront tibiae and tarsi slender in both sexes. Melanostoma Schiner.

26. Abdomen narrowed toward the base, in outline spatulate or club-

shaped. . . 27

Abdomen oval or slender, not club-shaped or spatulate. . . 31

27. Third longitudinal vein deeply curved into the first posterior cell (Cen-

tral and South America). . . . Salpingogaster Schiner.
Third longitudinal vein straight or gently curved. . . . 28

28. Hind femora slender; front of female long, narrowed above. . 29
Hind femora thickened; abdomen less elongate; front not long and

narrow above. .......... ^0

29. Alulae rudimentary or wanting. . . Bacchina Willistcm, nov.
Alulae well developed Baccha Eabricius.

30. Epistoma produced anteriorly, the face in profile deeply concave from

antennae to tip; third joint of the antenna? rounded.

Sphegina Meigen.

Epistoma produced more downward, in profile gently concave; third

joint of the antenna? not rounded. . . Neoascia Williston.

31. Eront long, much narrowed above in the female; cheeks very narrow,

the eyes approaching each other at the lower part of the head ; wings
usually with a dark picture; abdomen more or less elongate.

OcYPTAMUS Macquart.
Species without the above characters. ...... 32

32. Dorsum of the thorax with yellow lateral margins. . . . 39
Dorsum of thorax not with yellow lateral margins. . . . 33

33. Abdomen with definite yellow cross-bands. . . . . . 34

Abdomen not with definite yellow cross-bands. . ... 42

34. Hind femora extraordinarily thickened. Syritta St. Earg. and Serv.
Hind femora slender 35

35. Sixth abdominal segment in the $ as long as the two preceding to-

gether, cylindrical ; fifth segment in the 9 one-half as long as the

preceding. Eupeodes Osten Sacken.

Sixth segment not peculiar, the fifth segment of the 9 one-third or one-
fourth as long as the preceding. ...... 3(5

•36. Eront very convex; eyes of $ with an area of enlarged facets above.

C ATA BOMB A Osten Sacken.
Eront not remarkably convex. .....•• ^^^

37. Third longitudinal vein with a distinct curvature into the first posterior
cell; third joint of the antenna? elongate oval. Didea Macquart.
Third longitudinal vein straight or gently curved; epistoma not pro-
duced (if produced snout-like, liliinf/ia). .... 38

SYRPHIDiE. 87

38. Males holoptic. Syrphus Fabricius.

Males broadly diohoptic. .... Ch^mosyrphus Mik.

39. Dorsum of thorax witli a median cinereous line; ocelli usually remote

from the vertex. ...... Mesogramma Loew.

Dorsum of thorax without such line 40

40. Eyes of ^ with an area of enlarged facets above ; fourth segment of

the abdomen with two median yellow stripes and oblique side-spots.

Allograpta Osten Sacken.
Eyes of $ not with an area of enlarged facets above ; fourth abdom-
inal segment not so marked. ....... 41

41. Face projecting below ; slender species. Sph^rophoria Macquart.
Face receding ; abdomen oval. . . Xanthogbamma Schiner.

42. Thickly pilose species; abdomen black, the basal portion light-col-

ored Lkucozona Schiner.

Thinly pilose species, not so marked. ...... 43

43. Hind femora thickened. . ....... 44

Hind femora slender. . . ... .... 47

44. Species wholly or chiefly reddish or lutescent 4(3

Black species, sometimes with luteous spots on face, humeri, and basal

angles of the abdomen. ........ 45

45. Scutellum unusually large, nearly square in outline ; males dichoptic.

Chalcomyia Williston.
Scutellum oval; males holoptic. . . . Myiolepta Newman.

46. Face carinate ; abdomen oval. . . . Brachyopa Meigen.
Face tuberculate Hammerschmiutia Schummel.

47. Epistoma produced into a long porrected snout. Rhingia Scopoli.
Epistoma not produced. ..... Chilosia Meigen.

48. Third longitudinal vein bent deeply into the first posterior cell. 51
Third longitudinal vein not bent deeply into the first posterior cell ;

antennae elongate. ......... 48

49. Arista very densely plumose, appearing as a solid mass.

CoPESTYLUM Macquart.
Arista feathery plumose. ........ 50

50. Males dichoptic Megametapon Giglio-Tos.

Males holoptic. . . , • . , . Volucella Geoffrey.

51. Hind femora with a sharp tooth-like projection below near the distal

end. Milesia Latreille.

Hind femora without such tooth. ...... 52

88 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

52. Frontal triangle of $ strongly protuberant [Doliosyrphus Bigot, Central

and South America). .... Priomerus Macquart.
Frontal triangle not prominent. 53

53. Epistoma produced into a long porrected snout (Central and South

America). . . . . . Lycastrirhyncha Bigot.

Epistoma not produced ^. 54

54. Thorax with distinct yellow markings; femora thickened ; hypogygium

enlarged {Pteroptila). .... Meromacrus Rondani.

Thorax without distinct yellow markings; hind femora sometimes

thickened; hypopygium not prominent. . Eristalis Latreille.

55. Arista plumose . . . 56

Arista bare or pubescent. . . . . . . .. . 58

56. Antennas elongated. ..... Phalacromyia Rondani.

Antennae short 57

57. Thinly pilose ; abdomen with yellow bands. Sericomyia Meigen.
Thickly pilose; abdomen without yellow. Arctophila Schiner.

58. Third longitudinal vein bent deeply into the first posterior cell ; hind

femora thickened. . 59

Third vein only gently curved. ....... 64

59. Face carinate ; hind femora with an angular protuberance below near

the outer end. . . . . . . Tropidia Meigen.

Face tuberculate or arched, not carinate. .... .60

60. Abdomen much narrowed at the base (Central and South America).

Ceriogaster Williston.
Abdomen not narrowed at the base . 61

61. Antennae elongate (Mexico and Europe). Platynoch^tus Wiedemann.
Antennae short. . ' . . . . . . . . . 62

62. Thorax and scutellum densely pollinose above. Pterallastes Loew.
Thorax and scutellum not densely pollinose above. ... 63

63. Third joint of the antennae broad ; thorax not vittate. . . 67
Third joint of the antennae oval; thorax usually vittate. . . 64

64. Ocelli remote from each other. . . . Asemosyrphus Bigot.
Ocelli not remote from each other. . . Helophilus Meigen.

65. Thickly pilose species. Mallota Meigen.

Thinly pilose. 66

SYRPHID^.. 89

66. Hind tibise of the male with an internal median spur. (See also^laUota

sp.) Teuchocnemis Osten Sacken.

Hind tibise of $ not with such a spur. Polydontomyia Williston.

67. Hind femora thickened and with a bifid spur below (?North America).

Senogaster Macquart.
Hind femora without such spur. 68

68. Slender species; abdomen narrowed basally. (See 28.)

Abdomen in no wise club-shaped. ...... 69

69. Thorax with distinct yellow markings other than on the humeri. 78
Thorax not with distinct yellow markings of the ground color other

than rarely on the humeri. ....... 70

70. Face transversely arched or carinate, not produced, not tuberculate;

abdomen more or less elongate and nearly bare. ... 71
More or less thickly pilose species, often large. .... 73

71. Hind femora extraordinarily thickened; anterior cross-vein rectangu-

lar Syritta St. Farg. and Serville.

Hind femora more or less thickened; cross-vein oblique. . . 72

72. Face sharply carinate, . . . . . Tropidia Meigen.
Face transversely arched. ..... Xylota Meigen.

7o. Scutellum, margin of the thorax and pleurae with bristly hairs,

Chrysochlamys Rondani.
Thorax wholly without bristles. ....... 74

74. Face short, not produced, concave from antenna; to tip, not tuberculate ;

hind femora thickened. ........ 75

Face produced, long. . ... , . . . . 76

75. Abdomon elongate. . , , , Brachypalpus Macquart.
Abdomen very broad; thorax densely pilose; middle femora of the $

with an inferior basal spur. . . . Hadromyia Williston.

76. Face produced forward, pointed, concave from antennae to tip, not

tuberculate; hind femora thickened. Crioprora Osten Sacken.

Face not evenly concave, but tuberculate or convex. ... 77

77. Third joint of the antennae produced above into a conical process, ter-

minating in the thickened arista. . . Merapioidus Bigot.
Third joint of the antennae obliquely oval ; hind femora rarely thick-
ened. Criorhina Macquart.

78. Hind femora with a conical, tooth-like protuberance below near the

distal end. ....... Spilomvia Meigen.

Hind femora without such protuberance. . . . . . 79

11

90 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

79. Antennae inserted low down, near the middle of the head in profile ;

face not longer than the front. Temnostoma St. Earg. and Serv,

Antennae situated high up, on a conical process ; front short, face much

produced downward ; antennae long or short. Sphecomyia Latreille.

AUXILIARY TABLE.

1. Marginal cell closed :

Copestylum, 4, 5, 8. Megametapon, 4, 5, 8, 10.

Milesia, 2, 7. Friomerus, 2, 8.

Meromacrus, 2. Eristalis, 2, 5, 8.

Lj^castrirhyncha, 2, 6. Volucella, 4, 5, 8.

2. Third vein bent deepW into the first posterior cell :

Didea, 8. Salpingogaster, 9.

Milesia, 1, 7. Priomerus, 1, 5, 8.

Meromacrus, 1. Eristalis, 1, 5, 8.

Lycastrirhyncha, 1, 6. Tropidia, 7.

Ceriogaster, 1, 9. Pterallastes.

Helophilus, 10. Asemosyrphus, 10.

Mallota, 8, 10. Teuchocnemis.

Polydontomyia, 7. Senogaster, 7, 9.
Platynochsetus, 4.

3. First posterior cell with a stump of a vein from the third longitudinal :

Mixogaster, 4, 9. Omegasyrphus, 4, 8.

Rhopalosyrphus, 4, 9. Microdon, 4, 8.

Ubristes, 10.

4. Antennae elongate:

Sphyximorpha, 9. Chrysotoxum, 8.

Pipiza, 8. ' Mixogaster, 3, 9.

Omegasyrphus, 3, 8. Rhopalosyrphus, 3, 9.

Microdon, 3, 8. Lepidostola.

Ubristes, 3, 10. Chrysogaster, pt.

Paragus, pt. 8. Volucella, 1, 5, 8.

Megametapon, 5, 10, Spilomyia, pt. 7.

Platynochaetus, 2. Copestylum, 1, 5, 8.

Sphecomyia, pt. Phalacromyia, 5.

5. Arista plumose :

Chilosia, pt. 8. Brachyopa pt.

Eristalis, pt. 1, 2, 8. Sericomyia.

Arctophila. Volucella, 1, 4, 8.

Megametapon, 4, 10. Phalacromyia, 4.
Copestylum, 1, 4, 8.

6. Epistoma produced into a long porrected snout:

Rhingia. Lycastrirhyncha, 1, 2.

CONOPIDiE.

91

7. Hind femora with a projection below :
Senogaster, 2, 9.
Spilomyia, 4.
Polydontomyia, 2, 10.

Tropidia, 2.
Milesia, 1, 2,

8. Eyes pubescent :

Syrphus, pt.
Microdon, pt. 4.
Megametapon, 14.
Mallota, pt. 2, 10.
Pipiza, 4.
Leucozona.
Eristalis, pt. 1, 4,
Copestylum, 1, 4, 5.
Chrysochlamys.

9. Abdomen spatulate or narrowed conspicuously at the base :

Sphyximorpha, 4. Mixogaster, 4, 3.

Rhopalosyrphus, 3, 4. Ceriogaster, 1, 2.

Senogaster, 2, 7. Salpingogaster, 2.

Baccha. Bacchina.

Spegina. Neoascia.
Ceria.

Didea, pt. 2.
Chilosia, pt. 5,
Chrysotoxum, 4.
Psilota.
Paragus, 4.
Catabomba.
Volucella, pt. 1, 4, 5.
Priomerus, 2. 1.

10. Males dichoptic :
Peiecocera.

Rhopalosyrphus, 3, 4, 9.
Mixogaster, 3, 4, 9.
Omegasyrplms, 3, 4.
Ubristes, 3, 4.
Microdon, 3, 4, 8.
Chalcomj'ia.

Megametapon, 1, 4, 5, 8.
Asemosyophus, 2.
Helophilus, 2.
Mallota, pt. 2, 8.
Polydontomyia, 2, 7.
Chamosj'rphus.

29. CONOPID^.

Thinly pilose or nearly bare, more or less elongated species.
Head broad; front broad in both sexes; ocelli present or
absent. Antennae porrect, composed of three simple joints,
the third with a dorsal arista or terminal style. Oral opening
large ; proboscis slender. Abdomen more or less elongated,
often constricted toward the base. Basal cells of wing usually
large, the third (anal) closed ; three posterior cells, the first
closed or much narrowed; no spurious vein.

92 NOPvTII AMERICAN DIPTERA.

About forty species of this family are known from Kortli
America. Tliey are all flower-flies, not very quick in flight.
Flies of some of the genera {^Conops, JPliysocepliala and Tropido-
myia) have a curious resemblance to certain wasps, and yet
more to the species of Ceria among the Syrphidse. The genus
Stylogaster is remarkable for the very long ovipositor of the
female and the elongate proboscis in both sexes. The four
known species are from Africa, ISTorth and South America.

So far as known, the larvae of this family are parasitic upon
adult hymenoptera (wasps and humble-bees) and orthoptera,.
The eggs of the female are laid directly upon the bodies of
the bees or wasps during flight. The young larvse burrow
within the abdominal cavity of their host, and there remain,
the posterior end directed toward the base of the abdomen,
feeding upon the non-vital portions, until ready to transform
into the mature fly, when they escape from between the
abdominal rings of the insect. Tlie larvae of Conopidae
are oval or pear-shaped, with distinctly differentiated seg-
ments, which are capable of extension or contraction. The
antennae are wart-like, with two chitinous, ocellus-like rings at
the extremity. The mouth-hooklets are strongly bent. On
the last segment there are two, large, round or kidney-shaped
stigmatic plates, arched like a watch crystal. The puparium
is oval, with button-like, slightly projecting anterior stigmata
and the posterior pair as in the larvae. They remain within
the bodv of their host durino^ the winter.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Antetina; with a terminal style; proboscis directed forward, without me-

dian hinge; abdomen constricted toward the base. . . 2

Antennae witli a dorsal or subdorsal arista. ..... 4

2. Face with a median ridoe, without ^:t-shaped grooves (Central and South

America.) ....... Thopidomvia Williston.

Face with a well-marked ^^-sliaped groove. .....•>

3. Femora and tibiaj not thickened or dilated, or, if so, the tliickening reg-

ular; small crf)ss-vein of the wings nearly opposite the tip of the
auxiliary vein, and near the middle of the discal cell. Conops Linne.

PIPUXCULID^E. 9.3

Femora irregularly thickened toward the base, the tibiae with irregular
outlines ; small cross-vein of wings near the outer third of discal cell.

Physocephala Schiner.

4. Proboscis directed forward, not bent near the middle. Zodion Latreille.
Proboscis bent near the middle, the distal part folding back. . 5

5. Vertex with bristles ; tibise spurred ; face carinate, not grooved ; ovipos-

itor of female very long. . . . Stylogaster Macquart.
Vertex and tibiaj without bristles; face with j;^-shaped groove. . 6

6. Anal cell short; ovipositor elongate and folded beneath the abdomen.

Dalmanxia Robineau-Desvoid}'.
Anal cell elongate, acute. 7

7. Cheeks not as broad as the vertical diameter of the eye.

Oncomyia Robineau-Desvoidy.
Cheeks as broad or broader tlian the vertical diameter of the eye.

Myopa Fabricius.

30. PIPUNCULID/E.

Small, thinly pilose or nearly bare flies. Head nearly spher-
ical, broader than the thorax, chiefly composed of the large
eyes. Eyes in the male contiguous above, separated by the
narrow front in the female. Face narrow. Antennae small,
short, three-jointed, the third joint oval or reniform, with a
dorsal arista, often with a more or less elongated pointed pro-
cess on the under side. Ocelli present. Proboscis small,
concealed. Abdomen composed of six or seven segments,
small, cylindrical ; hypopygium thickened, more or less club-
shaped ; ovipositor usuall}^ elongate and folded under the
abdomen. Legs simple; metatarsi elongated, tarsi broad,
tibise without spurs ; pulvilli present. Tegulee rudimentary.
Wings much longer than the abdomen ; third longitudinal
vein not furcate ; basal cells well developed, the anal cell
elongate, reaching to, or nearly to, the margin ; first posterior
cell narrowed in the margin ; three posterior cells present ;
discal cell present in the known American species.

The flies of this small family are most commonly met witli
on flowers or in sweepings, and are readily distinguished by

94 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

their large, spherical heads. They are not active in flight,
and are easily captured. The larvae of this family are para-
sitic so far as is known, those of Pipuncidus fuscipes having
been observed by Bobeman in the abdomen of Thmnnotettix
(Cicadata) virescens. They are elliptical, thick, depressed,
narrowed at either end, naked, about three millimeters in
length, and somewhat broader in the middle. The puparia
are somewhat smaller, oval, obtuse at either end, shining,
pitchy black.

But a single genus, Tipunculus Latreille, is known to in-
habit ]S"orth America.

31. PLATYPEZID.^.

Small, thinly pilose or bare flies, especially characterized
by the ornamentation or enlargement of the hind tarsi. Head
hemispherical, as broad or broader than the thorax and closely
applied to it. Face usually short and broad. Eyes bare, con-
tiguous in the male, and in some genera in the female also.
Ocelli present. Antennae' porrect, the flrst two joints short,
the third somewhat elongate, circular, pear-shaped or conical,
with a terminal arista. Scutellum without bristles. Abdo-
men comparatively short, the male genitalia projecting in
Callomyia only. Legs short and strong; hind legs more or
less thickened and the hind metatarsi thickened or variously
ornamented, the following joints often partaking in the pecu-
liar structure. Wings rather large; third longitudinal vein
simple, the fourth sometimes furcate; basal cells small, the
anal usually reaching to the margin ; discal cell sometimes
wanting.

The flies of this small family are often found dancing in
the air in small swarms or running about on the leaves of
underbrush. The most remarkable thing connected with
them is the extraordinary ornamentation sometimes seen in
the hind tarsi of the males, which are always different in
structure from those of the females. The flies are not often

PHORIDiR. 95

met with and may be entirely wanting even in considerable
collections of diptera. The larvae live in mushrooms {Agari-
eus, Lepiota). They are flat, oval, with jointed, thread-like
processes on the sides of the segments. The puparia are not
very different from the larvae.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Disoal cell present. .2

Discal cell wanting; fourth longitudinal vein furcate.

Platycnema Zetterstedt.

2. Fourth longitudinal vein simple. . . . CALLOMYiA^Meigen.
Fourth longitudinal vein furcate. . . . Platypeza Meigen.

32. PHORID^.

Small, hunchback-like, nearly bare species. Head small,
flattened; face very short, oral opening large. Front broad
in both sexes; ocelli present. Antennae apparently one or
two-jointed, the terminal joint round, with a dorsal or apical
bristle. Abdomen rather short, narrowed posteriorly ; geni-
talia of the male often prominent, in the female projecting.
Coxae elongate, the femora more or less, the hind pair often
extraordinarily widened and flattened. Wings large ; on the
anterior part with two strong veins, reaching only a little be-
yond the middle, from which three to five weak veins appar-
ently arise and run obliquely across the wing.

The small flies of this small family have a peculiar, hunch-
back appearance and are observed running about on fallen
leaves, windows, etc. The larvae are cylindrical, thinner in
front than behind, and live in dead snails, insects, decaying
fungi, vegetables, etc., and possibly in living insects.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Front entirely witliout bristles. . . Gymnopiiora Macquart.
Front with long bristles. ........ 2

2. Middle tibiai beset with bristles along the outer side. Trineura Meigen.
Middle tibia9 with few or no bristles on tiie outer side. Piiora Latreille.

96 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

M U S CI D ^

(In the widest sense).

This very large group, commonly known as the Muscidae
sens. lat. has been divided into numerous minor groups, which
by many dipterologists have been accredited with family rank.
The number and limits of these groups are the subjects of
more or less difference of opinion among systematists. The
constant tendency, not only in dipteroiogy, but in all ento-
mology, is to raise the rank of minor divisions with the in-
crease of new forms, and most writers on diptera nowadays
give the family termination of idee, to most of the groups
of this family or superfamily. This tendency has, however,
been carried to an extreme by some recent writers. Whether
or not they be considered as families or subfamilies, matters
little so long as it is remembered that the distinctive charac-
ters have, in general, less morphological significance than
among the groups of the Orthorrhapha.

Brauer divides the group, which he calls Schizophora, after
Becher, into the Eumyidae and Schizometopa, which correspond
pretty well to the old and Vv^ell established Calyptratse and
Acalyptratse, terms which should not, in my opinion be dis-
placed at the option of any systematist who chooses to offer
new terms. Nor can I accept the name Schizophora, the well
established name of Muscidse, or Muscidea, if one wishes a
distinctive ending, is quite as good and more appropriate.
That the change of limitations in a higher group gives the
changer the right to change the names also, has no more force-
ful application here than among the lower groups. No one is
sustained in rejecting generic names because he modifies the
definition of the genus, as must necessarily be the case with
nearly every added new species.

The following characters will apply to the family or super-
familv in its entiretv :

MUSCIDEA. 97

Muscidea. — Proboscis functional or rndimentary, in the for-
mer case usually short and with pseudotracheate labella, but
sometimes elongate and adapted for piercing ; palpi sometimes
rudimentary, never jointed. Antennae always three-jointed,
the third joint simple, round, oval or elongate, compressed,
and always (except Cryptochcetum, where it is entirely absent)
with a bare, pubescent or plumose, dorsal or subapical arista.
Auxiliary vein sometimes rudimentary, often more or less
coalescent with the first longitudinal vein, distinct in its entire
course ; never more than one submarginal and three posterior
cells present, the marginal and submarginal cells aways open ;
Basal cells never large, the second basal cell sometimes co-
alescent with the discal cell, the anal cell present or absent ;
posterior cross-vein rarely absent. Pulvilli always present;
empodia wanting; claws of the male often larger than those
of the female.

The largest flies are found among the Calyptratse, especially
the Tachinidse and Sarcophagidse, but the largest do not equal
the largest of the Orthorrhapha. Commonly the flies belong-
ing to the Acalyptratse are of moderate size or small, often
indeed minute. The habits are of course very diverse, but by
far the largest number live among rank vegeta-tion, and are
generally caught in sweepings.

The larvae in a few forms are hatched from the eggs in the

body of the parent fly ; the pupae are always inclosed in the

contracted, hardened, larval skin, known as the puparium, the

top of which is sprung off like a lid by the aid of the 7;z^^Zm'^(^??^,

an inflatable organ pushed out through the frontal suture,

which is characteristic of the group. In their habits, the

larger part of those of the CalyjDtratse are parasitic upon

other insects, the CEstridse upon warm-blooded animals.

Many of the larvae of the Sarcophagidae, Muscidse and An-

thomyidaB live in decomposing animal matter or in living

or decomposing vegetable matter as do also nearly all of the

Acalyptratse.

12

98 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

In the arraDgement of the families, it will be observed that
I have changed the order, placing the Calyptratse last, an
arrangement which I believe coincides better with the degree
of specialization of the insects.

Very much remains to be done in the study of this wide
group, not only in America, but throughout the world. As
throughout the order, especial care should be taken in the
identification of East Indian, Australian and African genera
among the forms occurring in Central and South America and
the West Indies. In the study of the Calyptratse, especially
the Tachinidee, there has been an extraordinary activity during
the past few years. I confess myself unable to straighten
out the maze in which they seem to be. Professor Tow^nsend
has given to them the most and best study and is the best
authority we have on their classification.

TABLE OF FAMILIES.

1. Tegulge large; first posterior cell narrowed or closed; front of male

always narrower than that of the female. .... 2
Flies without all the above characters . 6

2. Mouth-parts rudimentary or wanting OEstrid^.

Mouth-parts functional

3. Arista of antennae bare or very slightly pubescent.
Arista plumose or distinctl}' pubescent.

4. Arista bare on the distal part; dorsum of abdomen rarely bristly on the

anterior part. ... . . . . Sarcophagid^.

Arista plumose or pubescent to the tip. ...... 5

5. Dorsum of abdomen bristly; third joint of antennse usually not elon-

gated; legs usually long Dexiid^,

Abdominal segments without bristles, except more or less near the tip ;
legs not elongated. Muscid^ sens. str.

6. Tegulae large ; thorax with a complete transverse suture ; first posterior

cell* never narrowed ; front of male narrower than that of the female.

Anthomyid^e.

*In GastrophiJus {(Estrlda), the first posterior cell is not narrowed and the
tegulae are rather small ; the genus will be distinguished by the rudimen-
tary mouth-parts.

Tachinid^.
4

MUSCIDEA. 99

Tegulse small; eyes of male not more approximated than those of the
female, or, if so the narrowing is due to the less width of the median
stripe, the borders remaining the same (Muscidce acalijptratoe, Holome-
iopa Brauer) -7

7. Auxiliary vein present, distinctly separated from the first longitudinal

vein, terminating separately in the costa; the first longituninal vein

usually terminates at or beyond the middle of the wing. . 8

Auxiliary vein absent, rudimentary or incomplete ; the first longitudinal

vein usually terminates before the middle of the wing. . . 22

8. A distinct bristle on either side of the face near the oral margin, i. e.

oral vibrissas present. ........ 9

No oral vibrissse. . . . . . ■ ■ ... 13

9. Front on the sides and the vertex with long bristles. . . .10
Bristles confined to the vertex or the front bare. ... 12

10. The distance between the anterior and posterior cross-veins (on the

fourth longitudinal vein) very much less than from the latter to the
margin of the wing* i. e. the cross- veins approximated.

Heteroneurid^.
Cross-veins not approximated 11

11. Thorax flattened; head small; cheeks broad and bristly, the oral

vibrissae in consequence not markedly differentiated ; bristly flies.

Phycodromid^.

Thorax convex; head as broad or nearly as broad as the thorax ; cheeks

not markedly bristly. ...... ScatomyzidtE.

12. Abdomen elongate, narrov/ed at the base, usually cylindrical and de-

curved posteriorly; male genitalia usually prominent. Sepsid^.

Abdomen comparatively short and broad ; male genitalia but little or
not at all prominent; costa of the wings usually bristly.

PIelomyzid/E.

13. Antennae elongate and porrect; second joint as long or longer than the

third, the latter usually with an angulated upper corner. . 14

Antennae not elongated, or, if so, not porrect, the second joint always

shorter than the third, the latter usually rounded at the end. 15

14. Head in profile triangular, the face remarkably retreating ; hind tibi^

with or without a preapical bristle ORXALiDiE.

Head not triangular in profile, the face perpendicular or but little re-
treating; front with two lateral orbital bristles; hind tibiae with a
preapical bristle {Tetanocerin(p). .... SciOMYZiDiE.

* The Agromyzince liave the cross- vein approximated, but the auxiliar}^
vein is wanting.

100 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

15. Femora thickened ; hind tibiae usually much dilated and with tubercles

on outer side ; basal cells large ; first posterior cell narrowed ; all

the tibige with preapical bristle. . . . Rhopalomerid^.

Flies without the above characters. ...... 16

16. Front bristly on the sides and at the vertex 17

Front bristly at the vertex only ; the auxiliary vein is not steeply in-
clined where it joins the costa. . . . . . . 20

17. Hind tibiae, at least, with a preapical bristle 18

Hind tibige without preapical bristle 19

18. Basal cells of wings small. Sapromtzid^.

Basal cells of wings of moderate size and distinct. , Sciomyzid/E.

19. Posterior basal cells of wings small, the anal cell never produced

acutely; a single bristle on each side of the front (Lonchceime).

Sapromyzid/^.

Posterior basal cells of wings of moderate size, the third (anal) often

produced into an acute point. ..... TRYPETiDiE.

20. Legs elongate, often very long; abdomen narrow and long, often much

narrowed at the base. ........ 21

Legs not elongated; abdomen comparatively short, or, if long, not nar-
rowed at the base Ortalid^.

21. First posterior cell narrowed in the margin or closed. Micropezid^.
First posterior cell not narrowed in the margin, or but slightly so;*

palpi rudimentary or wanting Sepsid.e.

22. Eyes inserted at the tip of lateral processes. . . . DiopsiDiE.
Head not prolonged into lateral processes. ..... 23

23. Hind metatarsi shorter than the following joint, incrassate. Borborid^.
Hind metatarsi longer than the following joint, not incrassate. . 24

24. Discal and second basal cells united, the separating cross-vein rudimen-

tary or wanting ; posterior cross-vein present.! ... 25
Discal cell separated from the second basal cell by a distinct cross-
vein, or, if not, the posterior cross-vein also wanting. . . 29

25. Legs long and slender; abdomen elongate and narrow. Micropezid^.
Legs of moderate length, often strong; abdomen ovate or elongate

elliptical 2(5

26. Front bare, or, at the most, bristly at the vertex; third antennal joint

rounded, or, if elongate, the head triangular in profile. Oscinid^.

Front bristly at least as far as the middle; head never triangular in

profile. ........... 27

* Compare here the Psilidce when there is doubt regarding the auxiliary
vein. t The posterior cross-vein is wanting in Asteia (Drosophi/idce),

EUiponeura {Oscinid(p), Phi/tomt/za (Ac/ro?ni/zidce).

MUSCIDEA— BORBORID^. 101

27. Anal cell wholly wanting; face usually large and arched, with the

mouth opening large. ...... Ephydrid^.

Face not arched, and the mouth opening never remarkably large. 28

28. Arista loosely and long plumose. .... DROSoPHiLiDiE.
Arista not plumose, or wanting. .... Agromyzid^.

29. Scutellura elongate, triangular, with protuberances or spines on its mar-

gin ; femora thickened RiioPALOMERiDyE.

Flies without both the above characters. . .• . . . 30

30. Oral vibrissse present. , 31

Oral vibrissas wanting. ........ 35

31. Front bare or bristly at the vertex only {Piophi/ime). . SEPSiDiE.
Front bristly at least as far as the middle. ..... 32

32. Posterior cross-vein situated before the middle of the wing, the two

cross-veins approximated. ..... Agromyzid^.

Posterior cross- veins situated beyond the middle of the wing, the two
cross- veins not much approximated. ..... 33

33. Arista bare; body short and broad (il.////c/<m«^). . AoROMYZiDiE.
Arista pubescent or plumose, or, if bare, the abdomen elongate. 34

34. Arista with a few long hairs, mostl}^ on the upper side. Drosophilid^.
Arista thickly short plumose, pubescent or bare. . Geomyzid.^.

35. Posterior basal and the anal cell of considerable size, distinct. . 3(i
Posterior basal and the anal cell small and indistinct. . . 37

36. Front bristly on the sides. Trypetid^e.

Front bristly at the vertex only, or bare Psilidje.

37. Silvery white or whitish gray species, with unspotted wings ; third

antennal joint usually angulated on the upper angle. Agromyzid^.

Reddish yellow or brownish red species, often with spotted wings ;

third antennal joint rounded at the tip. . . . GEOMYZiDiE.

33. BORBORID^.

Moderately large to small, black, brown or obscurely yel-
lowish flies, having a quick, short flight. Head hemispherical ;
face obtusely carinate in the middle ; vibrissse present ; front
broad, usually bristly. Antennae short ; third joint rounded,
the arista bare or pubescent. Second segment of the abdomen
with a transverse depression ; genitalia sometimes moderately

102 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

prominent. Wings absent in Apterina; auxiliary vein absent ;
all three basal cells complete. Legs moderately long and
strong ; hind metatarsi dilated and abbreviated.

The flies of this family are almost invariably found about
decomposing organic matter. Those belonging to the gen-
era Borhorus and Sphcerocera are observed often in clouds
about dung and sewage, where their larvae live. The small
flies of the genus Limosina are observed about marshy places
in company with Ephydrids.

The larvse of Borhorus are cylindrical and conical, with
the skin roughened by erect, minute bristles ; the antennae are
two-jointed, the mouth-hooklets developed. The posterior
end has conical processes near the anus, and smaller tubercles
about the spiracles ; in Limosina the hind stigmata are elon-
gated into a tube. The larvae of Limosina live in algae, fungi,
diseased potatoes, etc.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Wingless species Apterina Macquart.

Wings fully developed 2

2. Fourth and fifth longitudinal veins incomplete beyond the discal cell,

not reaching the border Limosina Macquart.

Fourth vein at least, fully developed. ...... 3

3. Scutellum with well-developed bristles ; the fifth vein incomplete beyond

the discal cell Borborus Meigen.

Scutellum without bristles ; fifth vein complete. Sph^rocera Latreille.

34. AGPvOMYZID^.
Front broad, with or without bristles. Antennae short, the
third joint usually rounded, sometimes moderately elongate,
or subquadrate ; oral vibrissae present, or absent. Arista
wholly wanting (^Cryptochmtum) or, when present, bare or pu-
bescent; never distinctly plumose. Genitalia rarely promi-
nent. Wings broad ; auxiliary vein rudimentary or indistinct,
never distinctly separated in its whole length from the first

AGROMYZIDiE. 103

longitudinal vein; cliscal cell sometimes confluent with the
discal cell {Cryi^tochcetu-ni, Aulacig aster), posterior cross-vein
sometimes wanting (^Phytomyza); anal cell present; cross-veins
often much approximated (Agromyzinse).

Thjs family of small or minute flies, as here defined, includes
the Agromyzinae, Milichinse and Octhiphilinse of Schiner, the
Agromyzidse and Phytomyzidse of Loew. The group is
somewhat difficult to define in such a way that the novice will
always feel sure of his determinations. From the Drosophi-
lidse (or at least the known American species) it will be dis-
tinguished by the non-plumose arista. From the Ephydridae,
Aulaeigaster and Cryptochcetiiin will be distinguished by the
presence of a distinct anal cell. From the Geomyzidse it is
difficult to distinguish some of the genera, especially of the
Milichinse and Ochthiphilinse. The student would best con-
sult the table of that family in cases of doubt. BMcnoessa
Loew is not included in the table : I can not define it.

The larvae of Phytomyza are usually leaf miners. The lar-
vses of Leucopis feed upon plant-lice ; those of Ochthiphila
have been found in the galls of Triticum repens. The larvae
of Agromyza are elliptical in shape, the hind stigmata situated
ujjon small, rounded plates on the under side of the last seg-
ment ; the abdomen is provided with false legs, without
bristles. The larvae of Leucopis are cylindrical, thicker pos-
teriorly, the skin roughened with short hairs ; hind stigmata
elongate, tube-like and widely separated; they creep leech-
like, or like the geometrid larvae.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Posterior cross-vein absent; oral vibrissas present {Phyiomyzina).

Phytomyza Fallen.
Posterior cross-vein present. ........ 2

2. Posterior cross-vein situated before the middle of the wing, the two

cross-veins approximated, 3

Posterior cross-vein at or beyond the middle of the wing, the two cross-
veins not approximated ; arista bare.^ . . . . . 7

104 NOKTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

3. Second basal cell as long or but little shorter than the first.

Phytomyza Fallen.
Second basal cell distinctly shorter than the first (Agromi/zinoe). 4

4. First posterior cell narrowed at the margin. . Leiomyza Meigen.
First posterior cell not narrowed at the margin, the third and fourth

longitudinal veins nearly parallel 5

5. Third antennal joint terminating in a spiny point.

Ceratomyza Schiner.
Third antennal joint does not terminate in a spiny point. . . 6

6. Third antennal joint rounded, of moderate size.* Agromyza Fallen.
Third antennal joint very large, subquadrate in shape.

Phyllomyza Fallen.

7. Second basal cell united with the discal cell. .... 8
Second basal cell separated from the discal cell by a small cross-vein. 9

8. Arista wholly wanting CRYPXocHiETUM Rondani.

Arista present, bare; cross-veins remote, the anterior one situated near

the base of the wing. . . . Aulacigaster Macquart.

9. Oral vibrissas present; abdomen short and broad (Milichince). 10
Oral vibrissas wanting; the abdomen elongate oval (Ochthiphilince). 12

10. Costa with a deep incision before the tip of the first vein.

LoBioPTERA Wahlberg.
Costa not with such an incision 11

11. Eyes round; mesonotum with bristles in the middle. Milichia Meigen.
Eyes oval ; mesonotum with bristles on the sides only.

Cacoxenus Loew.

12. Front with long bristles on the sides. . . Ochthiphila Meigen.
Front without bristles on the sides. . . . Leucopis Meigen.

35. GEOMYZIDiE.

Head rounded; face usually with vibrissse; front broad,
bristly below the vertex. Antennse short, the third joint
round or a little elongated, with a bare, pubescent or plumose
arista. Wings comparatively long ; auxiliary vein rudimen-
tary ; posterior basal cell and the anal cell present.

* The genus Desmometopa Loew has never been described, but will be
included in Agromi/za ; I do not know it.

GEOMYZIDiE— OSCINIDJE. 105

This group, as here defined, includes the Geomyzidse and
Opomyzidse and a part of the Heteroneuridse of Loew. The
insects included in it are always small, and sometimes minute.
The larvae of those few species of which the habits are known,
live in the stems of various plants. The flies are almost al-
ways caught witli the beating net.

TABLE OF GENEEA.

1. Oral vibrissse present. ......... 2

Oral vibrissas wanting or indistinctly differentiated from hairs. . 7

2. Wings with bristles along the costa; bristles of antennae plumose; sec-

ond basal cell continent with the discal cell.

CuRTONOTUM* Macquart.
Elies not having the above characters . 3

S. Costal vein continuous about the wings; wings with markings; posterior

cross-vein \ery oblique; arista pubescent. Heterochroa Schiner.

Elies not having tlie above characters. ...... 4

4. Mesonotum bristly in the middle on the posterior part only. . 5
Mesonotum bristly in the middle on the front ; arista pectinate on the

upper side. Balioptera Loew.

5. Under side of the front femora with bristle-like spines or strong bristles ;

arista pubescent. .......... 6

Front femora without such bristles; front with one proclinate and one
divaricate bristle on each side. . . . Diastata Meigen.

G. Second longitudinal vein flexuous. . . . Ischnomyia Loew.

Second longitudinal vein not flexuous. . . Anthomyza Fallen.

7. Occiput flattened; wings spotted Opomyza Fallen.

Occiput convex; wings not spotted. . Scyphella K. Desvoidy.

36. OSCINID^.

Small, bare species. Head hemispherical, face usually ver-
tical in profile ; oral border usually without vibrissse ; front
broad, flat, sometimes with bristles at the vertex. Antennse
usually short; third joint usually rounded. Abdomen ovate
or elliptical; genitalia hidden. Wings moderately or very

* This genus belongs more properly with the Drosophilidaj.

13

106 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

short; no auxiliary vein; third and fourth longitudinal veins
parallel or divergent ; posterior basal united with the discal
cell ; anal cell wholly wanting or rudimentary. Legs short ;
femora sometimes thickened ; tibiae without preapical bristle.
This group of flies is always sure to be represented by nu-
merous specimens and species in any collection of diptera.
The flies are very common and are collected in large numbers
by the sweep-net, from rank growing grass and meadowlands.
The larvae of several species of Oscinis have been bred from
wheat, barley, oats, rye and grass stems and Fhragmites ;
those of Oscinis have similar habits ; larvae of Siphonella from
Cirsium, etc. The larvae are thick, cylindrical, with stout
mouth-hooklets ; abdomen with fleshy protuberances for loco-
motion ; the antennae two-jointed.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Head produced conically in front, the antennae elongate.

EcTECEPiiALA Macquart.
Head not produced conically ; antennae not elongate. ... 2

2. The costal vein reaches to the tip of the third longitudinal vein. . 3
The costal vein reaches to the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein. 5

8. No posterior cross- vein; first three longitudinal veins recurved.

Elliponeura Loew.
Posterior cross- vein present. . . ...... 4

4. Hind femora much thickened Meromyza Meigen.

Hind femora not thickened ; mesonotum usually with stripes.

Chlorops Meigen.

5. Ovipositor horny, subulate Opetiophora Loew.

Ovipositor not horny and subulate. ... .... 6

6. Antennae with a thickened, porrect, style-like arista.

Elachiptera Macquart.
Antennae with the usual bare, pubescent or rarely plumose arista. 7

7. Oral margin of the face produced ; proboscis often elongate and folded

back. SiPHONELLA Macquart.

Oral margin not produced. ........ 8

8. Third joint of the antennae reniform, with a subterminal, short-plumose

arista. , . Gaurax Loew.

Third antcnnal joint rounded or oval. . . . • ^

DROSOPHILID^. 107

9. Hind tibiae with an elongated, curved spur ; proboscis sometimes elon-
gated and folded back. .... Hippelates Loew.
Hind tibiag witliout spur. ...... Oscinis Latreille.

37. DROSOPHILID^.

Eyes not prominent; face vertical in profile, with vibrissse
at the oral margin, sometimes weak. Front with bristles at
the vertex, not reaching beyond the middle ; usually long.
Third joint of the antennae oval or rounded, the arista plu-
mose or pectinated. "^ Abdomen usually short and broad, the
genitalia not prominent. Auxiliary vein rudimentary ; first
longitudinal vein short, not reaching more than a third of the
length of the wing ; posterior basal cell united or not with the
discal cell; anal cell usually present; posterior cross-vein
sometimes wanting.

The species in this family are invariably small, of rather a
plump appearance, giving a feeling of coldness to the fingers
when grasped ; the bristles of the head and legs are generally
conspicuous, but the flies are without pile. The flies are often
caught in beating and some species are especially abundant
about decomposing, fermenting fruit, often observed in clouds.
Following Schiner, I include in this family Asteia and Siga-
loessa, which are considered as representatives of a distinct
family by Loew. The student will sometimes have difliculty
in deciding whether his specimens should be located here or
among the Ephydridae, so closely do the two families run
together.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Discal and second basal cells united .2

Discal and second basal cells separated. . . . . . , 4

2. Posterior transverse vein wanting. .... Asteia Meigen.
Posterior transverse vein present. . 3

* The plumose or pectinated arista is characteristic of the known Ameri-
can genera but is not a familv cliaracter.

108 NORTH AMERICAX DIPTERA.

3. Anal cell present 5

Anal cell wanting. ....... Sigaloessa Loew.

4. Eyes prominent; wings straight. .... Piiortica Schiner.
Eyes not prominent; wings usually appearing as though broken and

bent downward ; larger sized species. . . Stegana Meigen.

5. Costa distinctly bristly ; auxiliary vein distinct in its proximal part.

CuRTONOTUM Macquart.
Costa not bristly Dhosophila Fallen.

38. EPHYDEIDiE.

Face more or less, often remarkably convex. Antennae
short; first joint small; antennal arista bare or pubescent or
pectinated on the upper side. Oral cavity rounded, usually
large ; clypeus distinct, in some cases retracted into the oral
cavity, in others prominent. Abdomen of variable form, com-
posed of six segments in the males, seven in the females,
sexual organs usually retracted. Auxiliary vein coalescent
for the most part with the first longitudinar vein, distinct
only at its proximal end ; second basal cell confluent with the
discal cell, the small vein separating them entirely absent, or
scarcely visible (present in Canace Hal. only); anal cell im-
perfect and small (distinct in Canace)\ alulae small.

The flies of this family are never large, often small or even
minute. The greater number of the species are inhabitants
of wet places, about marshy ground, meadows, etc. They are
always thinly pilose or bare species, and never with bright
colors. The exceedingly large head and mouth of some spe-
cies are very characteristic, but in others this character is not
so apparent and there is sometimes difficulty in separating the
genera from those of the Drosophilidse. The larvse of manj^
forms are very peculiar, resembling the rat-tailed larvae of the
Syrphidse in many cases. The mouth, however, always has
booklets and the '' tail " is forked at the end. The larvse of
species of Notiphila have been found in the stems of water
plants ; those of Hydrellia in the sap of trees, in the paren-

EPHYDRIDvE. 109

cbyma of the leaves of Ler)ina, on Alisma 2^l(^nta(jo, etc.; those
of Pellnci, Pari/dra and Ephydra in water. Of especial in-
terest are the habits of the larvae of various Ephydrce, as the
following account related to the writer by Prof. W. H. Brewer
will show : " The waters of Lake Mono are clear, very heavy,
have a nauseous taste, and when still the lake has a look as
of oil and is not easily disturbed. The water feel slippery to
the touch, and will wash grease from the hands or from clothes
cold, more readily than common soap-suds will when hot. It
is said that no fish or reptile lives in it, but it swarms with
countless millions of larvse that develop into flies which rest
upon the surface of the water, as well as cover everything on
the immediate shore. The numbers and quantities of these
flies and larvse are absolutely incredible. They drift up in
heaps along the shore and hundreds of bushels could be col-
lected. They only grow at certain seasons of the year, and
then Indians come from far and near to gather them for food.
The larvse or pupae are dried in the sun, the shell rubbed off by
hand, when a yellowish kernel (pupa) like a small yellowish
grain of rice appears. This is oily, very nutritious, and not
unpleasant to the taste, and under the name of koo-chah-hee
(so pronounced) forms a very important article of food. The
Indians gave me some of it; it does not taste badly, and, if
one were ignorant of its origin, it would make nice soup."

Another species, Ephydra hians, is found in equally great
quantities in Lake Texcoco, near the city of Mexico, and Pro-
fessor Penafiel has given the writer the following notes con-
cerning them :

" It is of the eggs of this insect that the greater part of
what is known as Ahuatle is composed and which is now used
by the natives, who have preserved the customs of the ancient
Aztecs. The eggs are cleaned and ground into flour, and are
prepared by mixing with hen's eggs and fried with fat into
small cakes. The larvse are also used for food under the
name of PuxV^

110 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Second joint of the antennae with a short spinous bristle at the anterior

upper end. . 2

Second joint of antennae without a spinous bristle at the anterior end. 8

2. The costal vein reaches to the tip of the third longitudinal vein. 8
The costal vein reaches to the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein. 4

3. Tip of the abdomen in the male with elongated bristles.

DiCHiETA Meigen,
Tip of the abdomen in the male without elongated bristles.

NoTiPHiLA Fallen.

4. Abdomen broad Discomyza Meigen.

Abdomen not broad. ......... 5

5. Face on the upper part flat or gentlj convex

of the antennae oval. .
Face distinctly carinated above.

6. Cheeks narrow; eyes long. .
Cheeks broad, eyes round.

7. Clypeus prominent.

, not carinate ; third joint

PsiLOPA Fallen.

6

Clasiopa Stenhammer.

7

Arthyroglossa Loew.

Clypeus projecting but little beyond the oral margin.

Hecamede Halliday.

8. Middle tibiae with several long bristles exteriorly. Paralimna Loew.
Middle tibiae without long bristles exteriorly 9

9. Oral opening small; eyes usually pubescent (//_?/(/rf //mo?). . . 10
Oral opening large (Epht/ drills). ....... 16

10. Front femora thickened. . . . . . . . .11

Front femora not thickened. . . . . . . .12

11. Front femora much thickened; first posterior cell narrowed at the bor-

der of the wing. Octhera Latreille.

Front femora moderately thickened ; third and fourth veins parallel
(West Indies) Ochtheroidea Williston.

12. Eyes thickly but short pubescent. . . Hydrellia Desvoidy.
Eyes sparsely pubescent or bare. ....... 13

13. Sides of the face wholly without bristles. . Hyadina Halliday.
Sides of the face with bristles. ....... 14

14. Eyes wholly bare. .......... 15

Eyes sparsely pubescent; clypeus hidden. Piiilhygria Stenhammer.

15. Clypeus projecting; anterior part of mesonotum without bristles.

Pelina Halliday.
Clypeus hidden ; anterior part of the mesonotum with bristles.

Pelomyia Williston.

DIOPSID^^SEPSID^. Ill

10. Clypeus prominent. . . .17

Clypeus hidden 18

17. The costal vein readies to the third longitudinal vein.

Brack YDEUTRA Loew.
. The costal vein reaches to the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein.

Parydra Stenhammer.

18. Claws almost straight ; pulvilli indistinct. . . Ephydra Fallen.
Claws curved ; pulvilli distinct. . . . . . . . 19

19. Oral border quite bare. Ilythea Halliday.

Oral border with bristles. 20

20. Arista pubescent. ..... Scatella Desvoidy.

Arista pectinated. C^nia Desvoidy.

39. DIOPSIDiE.

Small species. Head prolonged into two lateral processes
bearing the eyes ; front bristly on the upper part only ; no
vibrissse on the border of the mouth. Front femora thickened.
Auxiliary vein much approximated to the first longitudinal
vein.

But a single species of this family, Sj^hyracephala brevicor-
nis Say, is known from North America, and it will be easily
enough recognized by the singular eye-stalks. The habits,
whether of the adult or larval stage are not known, nor are
they known of any other member of the family, so far as I
am aware.

40. SEPSIDtE.

Head rounded ; front bristly above ; face perpendicular or a
little retreating; border of the mouth more or less hairy, with
or without vibrissas; proboscis short; antennae not porrect,
usually short. Abdomen narrowed at the base ; hypopygium
prominent. Auxiliary vein present or absent ; all the basal
cells distinct. Middle tibise with spurs ; tibige usually with-
out preapical bristle.

The flies belonging to this family are usually small, black

112 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

and elongated, with the abdomen narrowed at the base, thick-
ened and curved downward toward the extremit}^ ; with trans-
parent, irridescent wing, usually hyaline, but often with a spot
or spots toward the end, and are usually observed about decay-
ing vegetables, excrement, cheese, ham, etc., often in swarms.
The flies for the greater part, run about actively and are quick
in flight. The best known are the species of Piophila, the
larvae of which are so Avell known as "cheese-mites." These
larvae live in cheese, in ham or bacon, or in general in any
fatty material, and often do much damage, being especially
troublesome in pork-packing establishments. From the pecu-
liar power of leaping possessed by the maggots they are often
called " skippers "; the act is performed by the larvae seizing
with its extended mouth-hooklets the edge of the posterior
truncature of the body and then suddenly releasing it while
pulling hard. The larvae are somewhat conical, pointed
anteriorly, truncated behind, and about Ave millimeters in
length. They are shining and smooth ; the antennae composed
of two equally long joints; the mouth booklets separated,
short and divergent; the anterior spiracles whitish, the ab-
dominal legs roughened, the anal segment with four fleshy
protuberances. Puparium elliptic, rugose.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Head depressed ; anteniiaB elongate. ...... 2

Head not depressed; antennse not reaching beyond the oral margin. 3

2. Second joint of antennae elongate, third oval. Prochyliza Walker.
Second joint short, third elongate. . . Tylomyia Giglio-Tos.

3. Auxiliary vein distinct; palpi rudimentary {Sepsina^). ... 4
Auxiliary vein indistinct or wanting {[^'tophiUmi'). .... 5

4. Front femora of the males with tubercles on the lower side.

Sepsis Fallen.
Front femora of male without tubercles below. Nemopoda Desvoidy.

5 Face elongate and truncate; ant-like in appearance. Cephalia Meigen.
Face not elongate and truncate, but rounded. .... 6

MICROPEZlDiE. 113

6. Wings with a blackish spot at the tip; antennae reaching nearly to the

oral margin. Mycetaulus Loew.

Wings wholly hyaline. ......... 7

7. Proboscis long and slender, the labella folded back. Madiza Fallen.
Proboscis short, the labella not folded backward ; cross-veins of the

wings approximated Piophila Fallen.

41. MICEOPEZID^.

FroDt broad, bristly on the upper part. Face retreating in
profile, sometimes very much so. Antennse short or elongate,
porrect. Abdomen elongate ; genitalia in the male sometimes
very large and complicated. Wings large ; auxiliary vein
present or not ; anal cell always present ; second basal cell
closed, except in Micro2^eza. Legs long ; tibiae without preapi-
cal bristle.

The larvse and their habits of this group are unknown.
The flies are usually of considerable size and slender or very
slender, with very long legs.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Third and fourth veins parallel Tetanuka Fallen.

Third and fourth veins not parallel, the first posterior cell narrowed or

closed. ............ 2

2. Third antennal joint more or less elongated. . . . . . 3

Tliird antennal joint rounded. ....... 4

8. Antennal arista apical and bare (West Indies, Central and S. America).

Nerius Schiner.
Antennal arista dorsal and plumose (Central and South America).

Cardiacephala Macquart.

4. Auxiliary vein wanting; second basal cell and the discal cell united.

MiCROPEZA Meigen.
Auxiliary vein present ; second basal cell complete. . . .5

5. Ultimate and penultimate sections of the fourth vein of nearly equal

length; anal cell large Calobata Meigen.

Ultimate section of the fourth vein twice the length of the penultimate
section; anal cell small Tanypeza Fallon.

14

114 XOTrni AMERICAN DIPTERA.

42. PSILID^.

Front bristly on the upper part ; broad. Face perpendicu-
lar or somewhat retreating in profile, without vibrissse. An-
tennae moderately or very long, decumbent. Abdomen rather
slender; male genitalia but little prominent, the oviduct
usually elongate. Wings large ; auxiliary vein absent ; third
and fourth longitudinal veins parallel ; all three basal cells
distinct. Legs elongate ; no preapical bristle on the tibiae.

The flies of this family are of moderate size and elongate.
The larvae in those few species in which they are known live
in the roots or galls of different plants. The larvae of Psila
are slender, cylindrical, pale yellow, bare ; the posterior stig-
mata are small, rounded or button-like processes of a black
color.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Antennae much elongated, the third joint slender. Loxocera Meigen.
Antennae shorter than the face, the third joint oval or rounded. . 2

2. Face nearly perpendicular in profile; anal cell noticeably shorter than

the second basal cell Chyliza Fallen.

Face retreating in profile: anal cell as long or longer than the second
basal cell Psila Meigen.

43. ORTALlByE.

Rather small to moderately large flies. Front broad in both
sexes, never with lower fron to-orbital bristles. Vibrissae want-
ing. Clypeus distinct, usually well developed; proboscis
more or less stout; palpi broad, seldom narrow. Abdomen
with five segments in the male, six in the female, the first two
in both sexes more or less coalescent ; male with a rolled-up,
long penis; female with a three-jointed, horny ovipositor.
Legs usually stout and short, never very slender. Venation
of wings complete ; auxiliary vein completely separated from
the first longitudinal vein, though often much approximated
to it ; it runs into the costa at a more or less acute angle, with-
out becoming indistinct at its end ; posterior basal and anal

0RTALID7E. 115

cell of considerable size, the latter exceptionally indistinct.
Middle tibiae alone provided with spurs; none of the tibiae
with an erect bristle before the tip exteriorly.

The present family includes a large number of species of
flies that are sure to be represented in every collection of dip-
tera. Many of the species have the wings prettily marked.
The family by many entomologists is divided into several
independent groups, as the Doryceridse or Pyrgotinae, the
Platystomidae, Ulidiidae, etc. The flies are usually found
about meadows or among luxuriantly growing grass. The
larvae are but poorly known.

TABLE OF GENERA.

BY PROF. W. A. SNOW.

1. First longitudinal vein beset with small bristles. .... 2
First longitudinal vein bare. ........ 5

2. Ovipositor flattened ; ocelli present. . . . . . . 3

Ovipositor not flattened; no ocelli. .... PYRGOTiNiK.

3. Third antennal joint round or short ovate; ends of auxiliary and first

longitudinal veins widely separated. . . Pterocallin^.

Third antennal joint not round or short ovate.* .... 4

4. Neither pro-pleural or sterno-pleural bristles present; third antennal

joint elongate. . . . . . . . Platystomin^.

A sternopleural but no propleural bristle present. . Cp:phaliin^.

5. Posterior angle of anal cell drawn out into a lobe, or at least, more or

less acute; femora never armed. ..... Ulidiin^.

Posterior angle of anal cell obtuse, rounded or retracted ; femora armed
in most of the genera. Richardiin^.

PYRGOTIX^.

Front strongly projecting; face retreating; oral opening small; probos-
cis not incrassated ; clypeus but little developed ; ocelli absent ; no pro-
pleural bristle; first longitudinal vein hairy; ovipositor not flattened.

Pyrgota Wiedemann.
PLATYSTOMTN^.
Oral opening very large ; clypeus generally very much developed, and
the proboscis proportionately stout ; third antennal joint elongate; meso-

* Tetropismemis Loew has the third antennal joint circular, but its short
stigma or subcostal cell locates it among the Ortalinaj.

116 NORTH AMERICAN DIRTERA.

notum bristly on the hind part only ; propleural and sternopleural bristles
absent; female abdomen with five segments; ovipositor flattened; first
longitudinal vein bristly.

1. The picture of the wings consist chiefly of a dark border along the costa,

from the base of the stigma to the tip of the wing, with the first
basal cell and the posterior cross- vein clouded ; anterior cross-vein
oblique. .......... (^>

Flies not having the above characters. ...... 2

2. Posterior angle of the anal cell drawn out into a sharp point (Mexico).

OsTRACOC(ELiA Giglio-Tos,
Posterior angle of the anal cell rounded. ..... '"i

3. Picture of the wings dark, varied with transparent spots and bars. 4
Wings not so marked. ......... 5

4. Scutellum large, flat; occiput but little swollen; veins of wings straight

and markedly divergent Amphicnephes Loew.

Scutellum smaller, not flattened; occiput much smaller; epistoma
strongly projecting; third and fourth longitudinal veins nearly
parallel, sinuous (Mexico and South America). Platystoma Meigen.

5. The picture of the wings consists of four blackish cross-bands, of which

the third is nearly perpendicular, and the fourth lies along the costa
at the apex of the wing; scutellum witli four bristles.

RiVELLiA Desvoidy.
AVings without bands; scutellum with two bristles; ant-like flies.

MvRMECOMYiA Dcsvoidv.

6. Posterior cross-vein prolonged beyond the fourth vein (Cuba).

HiMEROESSA Loew.
Posterior cross- vein not prolonged. ...... 7

7. Fifth longitudinal vein bristly (Mexico). Briciniella Giglio-Tos.
Fifth longitudinal vein not bristly.* . Stenopterina Macquart.

CEPHALITX.^i:.
Oral opening very large; clypeus and proboscis greatly developed; pro-
pleural bristle absent; sternopleural bristle present; sixth segment of the
abdomen in the female distinctly develoj^ed ; ovipositor flattened ; first
longitudinal vein bristly.

1. Slender, Sepsis-like flies, resembling Myrmecomyia, with wings almost
hyaline, except for a small infuscation at the stigma and at tlie ti]).

Cephai.ia Meigen.
Wings with a conspicuous picture. ......

* I can not see wherein Bricinnia Walker, to which Giglio-Tos refers a
Mexican species, differs from Sffvojitfririd .

oirrALID.E. 117

2. Wings dark, with three oblique, more or less arcuated, li valine cross-

bands; first basal cell expanded before its end. Tkitoxa Loew.

Wings not with such markings. ....... o

3. Wings broad, with a marked excision on the costa near the end of the

auxiliary vein; secoud vein sinuous. Camptoneura Macquart.

Flies not having such wings. ........ 4

4. Posterior angle of the anal cell retracted. . . . Idana Loew.
Posterior angle of the anal cell drawn out into a long lobe.

DiACHiTA Gerstaecker.

OKTALIXJE.

The Ortalinae differ from the Flatystominae and Cephailinje in the small
oral opening, the less developed clypeus, more slender proboscis and smaller
palpi. The mesonotum is sometimes bristly in the middle anteriorly, the
propleural and mesopleural bristles both present. Female abdomen with
six segments.

1. Face sharply carinate. ......... 2

Face not sharply carinate. . . . . . . . . o

2. Third antennal joint circular; hairy species. Tetropismexus Loew.
Third antennal joint ending in a sharp point; pollinose flies.

Tephroxota Loew.

0. Mesonotum bristly in the middle in front; third antennal joint excised

above and with a pointed tip. . . , Ceroxys Macquart.
Mesonotum not bristly in the middle in front. .... 4

4, Tliird antennal joint distinctly excised above, pointed at the tip ; fourth
longitudinal vein with a marked anterior curvature on its distal
part. ........ AxACAMPTA Loew.

Third antennal joint not excised above; fourth vein not so curved;
body nearly destitute of bristles or hairs. . Thtaxops Fallen.

PTEKOCALLIX.E.

Trypeta-like; coloring nonmetallic ; head ratlier broad, but low, with
rather protuberant eyes; face short, perpendicular, excavated in the mid-
dle; clypeus but little developed; third antennal joint round or short oval ;
mesonotum bristly upon the posterior part only; third longitudinal vein
hairy; tip of the first longitudinal vein and auxiliary vein remote from
each other; posterior angle of the anal cell usually drawn out into a long
lobe.

1. Posterior angle of anal cell drawn out into a long lobe ; posterior cross-

vein very oblique. ......... 2

l^osterior angle of anal cell not greatly produced. .... 3

118 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

2. Wings very narrow in proportion to their length, of equal width, broad-

ly rounded at base and tip. . . . Pterocalla Rondani.
Wings with an unusually convex posterior margin. Callopistria Loew,

3. Anterior and posterior cross-veins very oblique, not approximated

(Mexico). ....... Mtennis Desvoidy.

Posterior cross-vein rectangular or nearly so. . . . . . 4

4. Second longitudinal vein straight or nearly so ; anterior cross-vein not

oblique. ........... 5

Second longitudinal vein markedly sinuous ; cross-veins approximated
and the anterior one very oblique.* Paragorgopis Giglio-Tos.

5. Cheeks rather broad; posterior angle of anal cell acute.

Stictocephala Loew.

Cheeks and face extremely short; eyes transversely oval; posterior

angle of anal cell rectangular (New Mexico). Psairoptera Loew.

ULIDIINJE.
Head large, hemispherical ; proboscis stout, with broad labella ; front
broad; antennae short; mesonotum bristly in the middle behind only; first
and third longitudinal veins of the wings bare, the third and fourth con-
vergent distally; posterior angle of the anal cell acute, sometimes drawn
out into a long lobe.

1. Head conspicuously large ; front unusually broad and the antennne very

widely separated. ......... 2

Head not conspicuously large, the antennae more approximated at their
root. 3

2. Third antennal joint round; front punctulate. . . CEdopa Loew.
Third antennal joint elongate; upper part of front rugose.

EuRYCEPHAEA Roedcr.

3. Posterior angle of anal cell acute, but scarcely prolonged lobe-like. 8
Posterior angle of anal cell distinctly drawn out into a lobe. . 4

4. Front punctate or scrobiculate. ....... 5

Front smooth, ........... 7

5. Scutellum flat, with sharp edges ; fourth longitudinal vein strongly

curved forward at its end ; front coarsely rugose.

NOTOGRAMMA LoCW.

Scutellum convex, rounded on its edges. ..... 6

6. Stigma not unusually elongate. .... Ulidia Mcigen.
Stigma elongate, about as long as the costal cell. Acrosticta Loew.

* This genus is located here as definitely as the characters given will
permit.

ORTALIDiE. 119

7. Face distinctly projecting below; third antennal joint rounded at the

end. EuxESTA Loew.

Face retreating ; third antennal joint with a sharp anterior angle.

Ch.etopsis Loew.

8. Body extremeh' slender. ........ 9

Body not slender; face carinate Seoptera Kirby.

9. Front only slightly projecting in profile; face oblique.

Stenomyia Loew.

Front very much projecting, so that the head is conical and the face

nearly horizontal. ..... Eumetopia Macquart.

KTCHARDTIN.^.

Mesonotuni with bristles in the middle posteriorly only; femora often
armed and incrassate; first longitudinal vein bare ; posterior angle of the
anal cell obtuse; costal vein usually broken just before the termination of
the auxiliary vein ; auxiliary and first longitudinal veins closely approx-
imated, tlieir tips near together.

1. Femora all armed with spines. 4

Femora unarmed. .......... 2

2. Head shaped like a long, somewhat flattened cone. Coniceps Loew.
Head not so shaped. . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Wings but little developed; anal cell wanting. Steneretma Loew.
Anal cell present. ...... Epiplatea Loew.

4. Scutellum with two bristles; third and fourth longitudinal veins nearly

parallel. ........... 5

Scutellum with four bristles; ocelli remote from the vertex; last section
of the fourth vein convergent toward the third (West Indies and
South America). ..... Coelometopia Macquart.

o. Ocelli more approximated to the vertex; front not narrowed anteriorly
(West Indies). .... Keoidiotypa Osten Sacken.

Ocelli about half way between the vertex and the antennae; front some-
what narrowed anteriorly (West Indies). . . Stenomacra.

44. TEYPETID.E.

Head hemispherical ; face nearly perpendicular in profile
or somewhat retreating, without distinct vibrissse. Front
broad, bristly on the sides, the lower fronto-orbital bristles
situated close to the border of the eyes. Antenna? decumbent,

120 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

short, rarely elongated. Abdomen composed of four or five
segments ; genitalia of the males but little exposed ; the ovi-
positor jointed, more or less projecting. Wings rather large ;
auxiliary vein present, ending steeply and obscurely in or
near the border ; posterior basal cell and the anal cell distinct,
the latter often drawn out into an acute, often prolonged,
point. Wings usually with dark markings. Legs moderately
long ; tibise without preapical bristle. Proboscis moderately
long, usually with broad labella, sometimes long, and the nar-
row labella folding backwards.

This family comprises a large number of rather small flies
usually with prettily marked wings. The larvse are not elon-
gate, conical and round ; the posterior stigmata lie free in two
separated small, chitinous platelets, forming three radiating
depressions; antennae short, two-jointed; mouth booklets
separated, thick and strong; anal end somewhat impressed,
often in the middle with six, small, fleshy points. Puparia
elliptical, the anterior stigmata projecting somewhat button-
like. The larvse of Ceratitis live in the flesh of oranges and
lemons, those of Aeiura have been found at the base of the
flower stems of Phlomls, those of Acida mining in the leaves
of llumex, those of Spilograplia mining in the leaves of
Sefiecio, or Arctium or bred from the berries of Solanum
carolinensis, in the fruit of Pramis and Lonicera, etc.; those
of Ensliia, in the blossoms of Senchus; those of Tephritis
in the blossoms and galls of the stems or roots of various com-
posites; those of Carphotricha in the galls and roots of
Achillea, the flowers of Ilieraclum, etc. those of Trypeta in
the heads of Cirsium, Centaurea, etc., and in stems of plants.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Ovipositor of female remarkably elongated and curved; second longi-

tudinal vein usually with an anterior branch. Toxotrypana Gerst.
Ovipositor not remarkably elongated and curved. .... 2

2. Front on each side with a bristle having a terminal, leaf-like appendage.

Cekatites Macleay.
Front without such bri^^tles. ......•■ '^

TRYPETID^.. 121

3. Wings with colored markings not reticulate. .... 4
Wings liyaline or with the markings reticulate or spotted. . . 18

4. Scutellum with six bristles. .... Hexach^ta Loew.
Scutellum not with six bristles. ....... 5

5. Fourth longitudinal vein conspicuouslv curved forward at its tip.

AcROTOXA Loew.
Fourth longitudinal vein not conspicuously curved forward at its tip. 6

6. Distal portion of the wing with two hyaline indentations, separated by

a curved or arched brown projection from the brown oblique cross-
band or spot before it, the anterior indentation more slender, the
posterior one (in the second posterior cell, crossing or not the fourth
vein) more triangular in shape.* ...... 7

Wings not so marked. - 10

7. Body elongate; abdomen narrower than the thorax.

Straussia Desvoidy.
Body short ; abdomen as broad as the thorax. .... 8

8. Horizontal diameter of the eyes remarkably short. Stenopa Loew.
Horizontal diameter of the eyes not shorter than usual. . . 9

9. Antepenultimate section of the fourth vein straight. Acidia Loew.
Antepenultimate section of the fourth vein curved. Epochroa Loew.

10. Coloring of the body generally light, never black. ... 11
Coloring of the body black. ........ 15

11. Wings near the middle with two cross-bands, converging toward the

posterior margin. ......... 12

Wings not with such cross-bands. . . . - . .13

12. The third longitudinal vein is gently curved backward toward the tip ;

head not swollen. . . , . . Spilographa Loew.

Third longitudinal vein straight to the tip; head distinctly swollen.

CEdicarena Loew.

13. Wings with four very oblique cross-bands ; cross-veins very oblique. 14
Cross-bands nearly transverse, or dissolved into spots; cross-veins but

little oblique Trypeta Meigen.

14. Scutellum tumid, bituberculate. . ' . . . Peronyma Loew.
Scutellum of the usual structure, not swollen, though convex.

Plagiotoma Loew.

* In some varieties of Straussia longipennis, the distal hyaline indenta-
tions are obsolete.

15

122 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

15. Cross-veins conspicuously approximated 16

Cross-veins not approximated. . . . . . . . 17

16. Wings with hyaline indentations and a subapical, arcuate, hyaline

cross-band ; scutellum black. . . Polymorphomyia Snow.

Wings with three brown bands or projections, connected anteriorly,

the distal one following the costa, the middle one beyond the middle

of the wing, the proximal one toward the base. CEdaspis Loew.

17. Scutellum with four bristles, yellow; wings with black cross-bands.

Rhagoletis Loew.

Scutellum with two bristles, black; wings with hyaline indentations

along the margin Aciura Desvoid3^

18. Fifth vein strongly bristly ; scutellum with six bristles.

Blepharoneura Loew.
Fifth vein not bristly ; scutellum with four or two bristles. . 19

19. Wings banded on the apex. . . . . Acrot^nia Loew.
Wings not banded on the apex. 20

20. Face spotted • . 21

Face not spotted. 22

21. Wings very much dilated ; pattern of picture not radiating.

Eutreta Loew.
Wings not dilated; with radiating markings along the margin.

Carphotricha Loew.

22." Front very broad. 23

Front not very broad. ......... 25

23. Third antennal joint elongate, with a sharp anterior angle; ovipositor

flattened Acidogona Loew.

Third antennal joint sliort. 24

24. Wings with numerous small spots and larger ones along the distal mar-

gin; ovipositor conical Eurosta Loew.

Wings with large, irregular, brown spots and hyaline spaces.

XENOCHiETA SnOW.

25. Wings without markings, or, on the apical half only with a reticulation

dissolved into cross-bands. . . Neoaspilota Osten Sacken.
Flies not having the above characters. ..... 26

26. Wings of an evenly broad shape, and with an unusually blunt apex.

Ioterica Loew.
Wings of the usual shape, or dilated. ...... 27

27. Labella very much prolonged Ensina Desvoidy.

Labella not or but little elongated. ...... 28

SAPROMYZID^.. 123

28. Wing-markings radiating 29

Wing-markings not radiating. .... Tephritis Latreille.

29. The whole or nearly the whole surface of the wing with unicolorous

reticulation Euaresta Loew.

A star-shaped black picture at the apex of the wing, the remaining sur-
face immaculate, or with a very few spots, or at the most with an
obsolete reticulation Urellia Desvoidy.

45. SAPROMYZID^.

Small species, seldom more than 7 millim. in length. Head
as broad or a little broader than the thorax ; front with one
or two bristles on each side anteriorly to those of the vertex.
Antennae usually short and porrect, sometimes the third joint
elongated. Face without vibrissse on the oral margin. Abdo-
men short-ovate. Legs never elongate. Auxiliary vein of
the wings present; cross-veins never approximated; basal
cells small, but complete.

I include in this family the Sapromyzidse and Lonchseidse
of Loew, though the characters are perhaps sufficient to jus-
tify their separation. The larvae of Sapromyza live in decay-
ing vegetable matter; they are slender, with two distinct
mouth booklets, the entire body, except the anterior segments,
roughened by very small bristles. The segments are distinctly
constricted, the penultimate segment with four conical pro-
cesses in a transverse row, the terminal segment with two
three jointed processes, between which is the cylindrical, stig-
matic tube. In Lonchcea there are no conical processes on the
penultimate segment, and the stigmatic tubes or processes are
small and wart-like.

TABLE or GENERA.
1. Tibiae without preapical bristle; front with a single fronto-orbital bris-
tle; ovipositor flattened and horny (LoHr/^remfp). ... 2
Tibias with a distinct preapical bristle; two fronto-orbital bristles; ovi-
positor not horny, ending tube-like (Sapromi/zime).* . . 8

* Chceioccelia Giglio-Tos (Mexico) has three fronto-orbital bristles, the
anal cell rudimentary ; arista pubescent, the face short, flat and vertical.

124 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

2. Metallic black species ; front narrow. . . . Lonch^a Fallen,
Yellow or yellowish species ; front broad. . . Palloptera Fallen.

3. Arista with a short, dense plumosity; face with a strong gibbosity in

the middle Pachycerina Macquart.

Arista slender, bare, pubescent or plumose, not having an appearance
of solidity. . 4

4. Face very broad, in profile strongly convex below.

Physogenia Macquart.
Face receding, flattened or gently arched 5

5. First posterior cell much narrowed in the margin (Central and South

America). ...... Griphoneuka Schiner.

First posterior cell not or but slightly narrowed in the margin, . 6

6. Shining black species; third joint of antennae more or less elongate.

Lauxania Fallen.

More or less yellow species; third joint of antennae not more than three

times as long as wide • Sapromyza Fallen.

46. RHOPALOMERTDJi:.

Front broad, excavated, with or without short bristles.
Antennae short, third joint rounded or oval, the arista bare or
plumose. Face broad, carinate, tuberculate or the oral margin
prominent; cheeks broad; clypeus projecting; vibrissse want-
ing ; proboscis short ; palpi slender or dilated. Thorax elon-
gate, arched, mesonotum nearly bare ; scutellum often promi-
nent and grooved. Abdomen shorter than the wings, flattened;
ovipositor projecting, telescopic; hypopygium largely con-
cealed. Femora thickened, the hind tibiae often dilated.
Auxiliary vein present or absent ; basal cells well developed.

This group comprises a small number of flies from six
to twelve millimeters in length, of peculiar aspect, having a
general resemblance to some of the Ephydrida^. or Ortalidse,
I know nothing of their habits, whether in the adult or imma-
ture stages, though I suspect that they are denizens of wet or

No mention is made of tiljial bristles, and the author is in some doubt
whether or not it should be located with the JVijpetiche.

RHOPALOMEKID^.— HELOMYZIDiE. 125

damp places. The known species are confined to Central and
South America.

The group is evidently sharply divided into two minor
groups, by the presence or absence of the auxiliary vein and
the length of the first longitudinal vein.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Auxiliary vein wanting, the first longitudinal vein short; first posterior

cell of the wings not narrowed ; palpi slender (Rhinotormce, Central

and South America) Rhinotoea Schiner.

Auxiliary vein well-developed, the first longitudinal vein longer; first
posterior cell much narrowed in the margin ; palpi dilated {Rhopal-
omerince). ........... 2

2. Scutellum oval ; arista plumose 3

Scutellum pyramidal, directed obliquely upward; arista plumose or

bare (Central and South America). . Rhopalomera Wiedemann.

3. Front with bristles ; face carinate ; hind tibiae dilated and with tubercles

(Central and South America). . . . Willistoniella Mik.
Front without bristles; face tuberculate; hind tibiae slender (S. Amer.)

Apophorhynchus Williston.

47. HELOMYZID^.

Face usually nearly perpendicular, with vibrissse ; front
bristly on the posterior half only; antenna3 short. Abdomen
rather broad and long, more or less flattened, composed of six
segments; male genitalia somewhat prominent ; costa of the
wings bristly; first longitudinal vein bare. Wings compara-
tively large ; all the basal cells distinct. Tibise with spurs
and a preapical bristle.

The larvee of Leria have been bred from bat and rabbit
dung; those of Helomyza from truffles, decaying wood, etc.
They are cylindrical, obtuse behind, more pointed in front;
the antennae situated upon long, conical processes ; mouth
booklets large and pointed ; the seven abdominal segments
on each side in front widened, below with bristly pseudopods.
Many of the species of this family live in caves or burrows.

126 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. A humeral bristle present Helomyza Fallen.

No humeral bristle present 2

2. No bristle above the base of the front coxae. . . Allophyla Loew.
A bristle above the front coxae present. .... . . 3

3. Spurs of the middle tibiae curved ; hair of the body comparatively long

and soft Scoliocentra Loew.

Spurs of the middle tibiae straight ; hair neither long nor soft. . 4

4. Anterior oral border obliterated. . . . Anorostoma Loew.
Anterior oral border distinctly developed. ..... 5

5. Eyes remarkably small. QEcothea Loew.

Eyes not remarkably small . 6

6. Four bristles in the median dorsal thoracic rows. .... 7
But three bristles in the median dorsal rows. . Tephrochlamys Loew.

7. Costal border of the wing very noticeably bristly ; front broad.

Leria R. Desvoidy.
Costal border with extremely small bristles; front narrow.

Heteromvza Fallen.

48. HETERONEUPvID^.

Head large, hemisplierical. Face short, nearly perpendic-
ular. Vibrissal bristles present. Front broad, bristly to the
root of the antennae. Antennae porrect, short. Abdomen
elongate, narrow, somewhat compressed ; genitalia but little
prominent. Wino^s broad and rather long; all three basal
cells distinct; cross-veins much approximated. Legs long;
tibiae with or without a preapical bristle.

Larvae of this family have been found in decaying wood,
under bark of trees, etc. They are slender, cylindrical, slight-
ly thickened posteriorly, white in color. The mouth booklets
are very small, the body segments not distinctly separated ;
abdominal segments with a transverse swelling for locomotion.
The larvae have the power of leaping, as do those of
Piophila. The act is performed by fixing the mouth booklets
in the two chitinous, straight or curved booklets on the upper

SCIOMYZIDiE. 127

side of the last segment and then suddenly releasing them.
The puparia are yellowish, ellipsoidal and with two horns on
the last segment as in the larvae.

TABLE OF GENERA.
1. A long preapical bristle on the hind tibiae. Heteroneura Fallen.

No such preapical bristle on the hind tibiae. . Clusia Halliday.

49. SCIOMYZID^.

Head rounded,* short, as broad or broader than the thorax ;
face more or less retreating; mouth without vibrissse at its
border, sharp. Abdomen composed of six segments, rather
long and narrow. Wings longer than the abdomen ; auxiliary
vein present, distinctly separated from the first longitudinal
vein ; posterior basal cell and the anal cell complete. Legs
rather long ; preapical tibial bristle present.

The members of this family are usually found in meadows,
along the banks of small streams, etc., wherever it is moist.
They are, for the most part, brown or brownish yellow in
color, oftentimes with pictured wings. They are slow in
their habits. The larvae are slender, cylindrical, thin anterior-
ly, the last segment with six or eight conical, fleshy tubercles.
They are aquatic.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Antennae short. .......... 2

Antennae elongate. .. ^ ....... 4

2. Face excavated, the oral margin protuberant. .... 3
Face retreating in profile, but little or not at all excavated ; oral margin

not at all prominent. Sciomyza Fallen.

* The genus Trigonometopus Macquart, has been assigned to the Pyrgoti-
nce by Schiner, to the Heteroneurince by Loew. It will be sought for in this
family by the student, and I believe that it rightfully belongs here. It will
be recognized by its conically projecting head, and strongly receding face.
The cheeks have a row of well developed bristles situated on a ridge de-
scending from the front near the eye and extending back to the occiput;
the third antennal joint is rounded or a little elongated.

128 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA,

8. Cheeks broader than the long diameter of the eyes ; oral border mod-
erately protuberant; costa somewhat spinose. . AcTORA Meigen.
Cheeks not broader than the long diameter of the eyes ; oral margin
very prominent; costa bare Dryomyza Fallen.

4, Hind femora long : second antennal joint much elongated, longer than

the third. . 5

Hind femora only moderately elongated and but little thickened ; second
antennal joint as long or a little shorter than the third.

Tetanocera Latreille.

5. Hind femora thickened ; face not produced downward.

Sepedon Latreille,

Hind femora not thickened ; face much produced dovvnw ard (Central '?

and South Ameriea). Thecomyia Perty.

50. PHYCODROMID^.

Pleurae, scutellum and abdomen flat. Front bristly ; cheeks
and face bristly, the vibrissse indistinctly differentiated. Legs
stout, all the tibiae spurred and with a preapical bristle on the
outer side; metatarsi not abbreviated; terminal joint of all
the tarsi incrassate and without claws. Neuration of wings
complete ; auxiliary vein distinct in its entire course ; costa
without bristles ; basal cells not small.

But a single genus of this family is known to occur in
North America, Ccjalopa Meigen. Members of it are found in
great abundance among sea-weed and 'other algae thrown up
by the waves along the sea-shore.

51. SCATOMYZID^.

Tegulae small, the upper one concealing the lower one.
Head rounded, eyes round, bare, broadly separated by the
front in both sexes. Wings large ; auxiliary vein always pres-
ent, the costa never with bristles at its termination, three
basal cells always present ; first posterior cell never narrowed
or closed. Abdomen with more than four segments.

The flies of this group are easily confounded with the

SCATOMYZID^.. 129

Anthomyidse, but tlie characters above given will in most
cases render the differentiation a matter of little difficulty.
Still, it is evident that the two families run closely together,
and the student will sometimes be in doubt. The family as
here accepted is that of Becker, who has recently given an
exhaustive study to the European forms. He has established
a considerable number of new genera, many of which will un-
doubtedly be found to occur in North America. For that
reason, I have thought it best to give a translation of his
tables of the genera, with but slight modifications or abbrevia-
tions.

The genera so far recognized in North America are Scato-
jjhaga, Hydromyza, NoreMia, Cordylura and Cleigastra in
their wider sense. Fucellia, Becker refers to the Anthomyidse.
The species of Scatophaga are for the most part yellowish
brown in color, the males often with wooly hair. The flies
are frequently found about excrement, but they also feed upon
other insects, which they capture. Species of Cordylura and
Cleigastra are mostly slender and cylindrical, and of mod-
erately large size. They are usually found in meadows or
other moist places. The larvae are cylindrical, thin-skinned,
the mouth booklets short and thick, the anterior stigmata
large, projecting, reniform in shape, the posterior stigmata
situated on rounded eminences. The larvae of Norellia s'pini-
mana have been found in the stems of Rumex ; those of
Cordylura convallarioe in the stems of Convall ria ; those of
species of Cleigastra in stems of Rimiex, from swine-dung
and from the larvae of Noctua ; those of Hydromyza from
Nu'pliar.

TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Prothoracic and stigmatic bristles wanting ; a sternopleural bristle pres-
ent, sometimes wanting. Thorax with five dorsoeentral bristles, or
if fewer, the palpi broad. Scutellum with at least four bristles.
Wings usually long. ......... 2

130 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Prothoracic and stigmatic bristles usually present ; when wanting the
thorax nearly bristleless. One to three sternopleural bristles present.
Thorax with one to five dorsocentral bristles; the scutellum with
two to four. Wings usually short. ...... 3

2. Head broad; palpi spoon-shaped or leaf-like. . HYDROMvziNiE.
Head round not especially broad; palpi linear or rarely ribbon-like

[Scalophagmce). ....... Scatophaga,

3. Front femora on the inner side with a double row of bristles.

NORELLINiE.

Front femora and tibiae at the most with a single row of bristles. 4

4. Face short; palpi small, linear, never with long hairs or bristles. An-

tennse short; the arista bare or pubescent. . Cleigastrin^.

Face long ; palpi linear, sometimes flattened, with or without long, ter-
minal bristles. Antennae variable ; arista bare or plumose. Species
usually bristly. ....... Cordylurin^.

CORDYLURIN^.

1. Palpi small, linear. 2

Palpi long, widened leaf-like. . . . . . . .14

2. Palpi with a long terminal bristle; a single sterno-pleural bristle pres-

ent 3

Palpi without long terminal bristle; one to three sterno-pleural bristles
present. ........... 6

3. Third antennal joint short; second more or less projecting over the

third. 4

Third antennal joint long, as long as the face, the second joint not pro-
jecting; arista long, plumose; shining black species.

Phrosia R. Desvoidy.

4. Arista plumose in the middle or pubescent; costa hairy or ciliate; third

longitudinal vein straight or gently curved. .... 5

Arista bare; costa but slightly hairy; tliird longitudinal vein curved

S-shaped. . . . . . , Scoliaphleps Becker.

5. Arista thickened at the base, plumose to its middle; femora and tibias

with strong bristles ; thorax with five dorsocentral bristles ; face
narrowed at the antennae; usually shining black species.

Cordylura Fallen.
Arista scarcely thickened at the base, plumose; femora and tibiae slen-
der and long but little bristly; one to three dorsocentral bristles
present; face and front of equal width ; yellow and black species.

Parallelomma Becker.

SCATOMYZID^.. 131

6. One sternopleural bristle. 7

Two sternopleural bristles 9

Three sternopleural bristles. 10

7. Eyes nearly twice as high as long; front convex ; antennse short, situ-

ated low down ; pale yellow species. . Leptopa Zetterstedt.

Eyes but little higher than long; antennae as long as the face; oral

border with a single, anteriorly directed bristle. ... 8

8. Third antennal joint broad; front convex; arista distinctly plumose;

five dorsocentral bristles present; moderate sized, shining yellow

species. Megophthalma Becker.

Third antennal joint long and slender, arista naked; four dorsocentral
bristles ; shining black species. . . Micropselapha Becker.

9. Antennae as long as the face, third joint rounded, strongly pubescent;

four dorsocentral, two scutellar bristles ; hind tibiae with two pairs
of exterior bristles; shining black. . Hexamitocera Becker.
Antennae long as the face, third joint with a sharp upper corner ; arista
geniculate in both sexes ; five dorsocentral, four scutellar bristles ;
hind tibiae with three pairs of bristles ; small, grayish dusted species.

GoNATHERUS Roudaui.

10. Male arista distinctly geniculate. 11

Arista geniculate in neither sex 12

11. Third antennal joint long and broad, with an acute upper angle; arista

short, bare; four scutellar bristles ; dark gray-dusted, bristly species.

GoNARCTicus Becker.

Third antennal joint long and narrow with rounded upper angle; arista

finely plumose ; two scutellar bristles ; shining black, bristly species.

Cnemopogon Eondani.

12. Arista distinctly hairy; four scutellar bristles; hind tibiae with three

pairs of exterior bristles Orthach^ta Becker.

Arista bare ; antennae long, third joint usually angulated above ; two
scutellar, two pairs of tibial bristles. . Amaurosoma Becker.

13. Eyes circular; antennae long, rounded at tip; palpi of usual length

somewhat broadened distally ; abdomen very short.

Spathiphyllus Becker.
Eyes somewhat elongate ; antennae long, angulated at tip ; palpi much
dilated its whole length ; abdomen not remarkably short.

Pselaphophila Becker.

HYDKOMYZIN^.

1. Eyes and head round; thorax with five dorsocentral bristles. . 2
Eyes and head oval, higher tlian long; one dorsocentral bristle; an-
tennae short ; abdomen flat ; third and fourth longitudinal veins con-
vergent; large, bare grayish dusted species. Hydromyza Fallen.

132 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

2. One sternopleural bristle ; wings without spots 3

No sternopleural bristle; wings with round, brown spots,

Ernoneura Becker.

3. Front tibiae with a terminal, short rectangularly spine (in addition to

the ordinary bristles). .... Acanthecnema Becker.
Front tibiae without such spine. 4

4. Hypopygium with long tufts of hairs 5

Hypopygium without long tufts of hairs .8

5. Third antennal joint somewhat elongate, angulated at the tip ; oral

border with numerous, closely placed bristles. ... 6

Third antennal joint short, rounded at tip; oral border with two remote

bristles. Bostriciiopyga Becker.

6. Wings with two supernumerary cross-veins. Pogonota Zetterstedt.
Wings not with supernumerary cross-veins. . Okenia Zetterstedt.

7. First posterior cell closed Lasiescelus Becker.

First posterior cell open or but little narrowed. .... 8

8. Much elongated species. . 9

Short or but little elongated species 10

9. Middle and hind femora of the male strongly thickened.

St^geria Rondani.
All the femora slender Cosmetopus Becker.

10. Third antennal joint rounded distally. . Micropresepa Becker.
Third antennal joint angulated distally ,11

11. Mesonotum and legs thickly hairy. . . Spathiophora Rondani.
Mesonotum and legs thinly and not long hairy 12

12. Antennae small, abgulated at tip; arista thickened at base ; small, short,

gray species Tricopalpus Rondani.

Antennae large, broad, rounded at tip ; arista thickened to near the tip.

AcEROCNEMA Beckcr.

CLEIGASTRIN^.
1. Five dorsocentral, two scutellar, one posthumeral bristles ; black

species Cleigastra Macquart.

Two or three dorsocentral, front scutellar and two post-humeral bris-
tles; honey-yellow species. . . . Gimnomera Rondani.

NORELLTN^.
1. Front femora with two rows of strong bristles, the outer ones long and
strong, the inner ones short. . . . Norellia R. Desvoidy.
Front femora with four spines, bristles on the outer side only.

Achantholena Rondani.

ANTI-IOMYID^. 133

52. ANTHOMYID^.

Small to moderately large flies, often resembling the com-
mon house-fly, usually non-metallic in color. Antennal arista
plumose, pubescent or bare ; eyes hairy or bare ; males often
holoptic, sometimes broadly dichoptic, the females always
dichoptic; abdomen composed of four or five segments ; the
male genitalia often with subanal appendages ; first posterior
cell of wings broadly open ; body often without bristles ; teg-
ulse usually of considerable size.

The above definition will, in most cases, distinguish the
members of this large family of inconspicuously colored flies.
Its limits, however, are not sharp ; with the true muscids it
is connected by Morellia and allied forms, with the Scato-
phagidae by Fucellia, etc. When one has become tolerably
well acquainted with the allied families, he will seldom be
much in doubt as to the proper location of his specimens here.
The contiguity of the male eyes, together with the open first
posterior cell, is always decisive. Not a few of the species
are common about houses, out-buildings, etc., and some of
them are among the worst enemies to garden vegetables that
the agriculturist has to contend against.

In the larval stage, the great majority of the species are
vegetable feeders, either in living or decaying material. The
larvae of species of Spilogaster, Hydrotcea, Hyleinyia and
Ccenosia have been found in dung or manure ; those of Hydro-
tcea, Oyliyra, Anthomyia, Honialomyia, etc., in decaying veg-
etable material ; those of Hylemyia, Anthomyia, Homalomyia,
etc., in the nests of various hymenoptera 5 those of Mydcea
from S'jjermophila and Mimus. Larvae of various species
or Phorbia are very destructive to growing radishes, onions,
cabbage, etc., feeding upon the roots. The larvae are either
slender and cylindrical, or flat and oval, with four rows
of thread-like processes on the segments. Both types are
amphipneustic, and are always provided with two chitinous

16

134 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

mouth-hooklets. The puparium is oval in the smooth cylin-
drical forms, or flattened in the others.

The flies have received but little attention in this country
and not a great deal elsewhere. The following table has been
mostly compiled from Meade, Schnabl, Rondani and Schiner,
with the aid of the table given by Townsend.

Tegula and antitegula are the terms proposed by Osten
Sacken to indicate respectively the lower and upper scales.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Front in both sexes wide, including at least one-third of the width of

the head of the male. ......... 16

Front narrow in the male, never more than one-fifth of the width of
the head, often holoptic or sub-holoptio. ..... 2

2. Tegula larger than the antitegula. 3

Tegula and antitegula of nearly equal size, neither large. . . 14

8, Front femora of the males with tubercles or emarginations below, or
otherwise peculiarly constructed; front tibias often with emargina-
tions; hind femora often arcuate; middle and hind tibiae sometimes
with tufts of hairs; arista always somewhat pubescent, sometimes
distinctly plumose; eyes bare (if hairy Odontontha Rond.); abdo-
men without macrochsetae ; species black or blue-black in color,
sometimes poUinose. ..... Hydrot^a Desvoidy.

Front femora simple in the male. . . . . . . . 4

4. Proboscis projecting, horny, the labella slender and pointed, turned

backward, hook-like; antennse short, arista pubescent, eyes bare;

moderate-sized, blackish gray species. . . Drtmeia Meigen.

Proboscis not horny and hook-like. ...... 5

5. Eyes hairy, more so in the male; arista plumose; abdomen not spotted.

Hyetodesia Rondani.
Eyes bare. ........... 6

6. Abdomen distinctly spotted . 7

Abdomen not spotted. ......... 9

7. Arista plumose; hypopygium small; blackish gray, yellowish gray or

reddish yellow species. . Spilogaster Macquart.

Arista bare. ........... 8

8. First posterior cell not coarctate. . . Limnophora Desvoidy.
First posterior cell coarctate in the margin. Leucomelina Macquart.

ANTHOMYID^. 135

9, Arista plumose , . . . .10

Arista bare 11

10. Sixth vein of the wings prolonged to the posterior margin of the

wing, ....... Hydrophoria Desvoidy.

Sixth vein not prolonged. , . . . . Myd^a Desvoidy.

11. Sixth vein of the wings very short, with the axillary vein curved

towards it at the tip 12

Sixth vein elongated. , ,13

12. Abdomen depressed, nearly bare; head hemispherical, composed al-

most wholly of the eyes ; antennee shorter than the face, the third
joint often elongated ; legs moderately long, the middle pair in the
male often with peculiar structures ; black or gray species, some of
them common in dwelling houses. . . Homalomyia Bouche,
Abdomen narrow, subcylindrical ; males velvety black with spotted
abdomen. Azelia Desvoidy.

13. Dark metallic black or blue-black species; hind tibiffi often arcuate;

abdomen oval Ophyra Desvoidy.

Species otherwise colored than shining black or metallic blue ; hind
tibiae not arcuate {Brachyophyra Giglio-Tos). Anthomyia Meigen.

14. Arista plumose; moderate sized to small, elongate species, of gray or

blackish color; eyes bare; abdomen usually with sub-anal appen-
dages in the male. Hylemyia Desvoidy,

Arista bare or slightly pubescent. 15

15. Eyes hairy; black species with the abdomen sometimes reddish yellow.

Lasiops Meigen.
Eyes bare (inclusive of Pegomyia and Phorbia). Chortophila Kondani.

16. Palpi dilated spoon-shaped Lispa Latreille.

Palpi slender, not dilated. , 17

17. Arista plumose Caricea Desvoidy,

Arista pubescent or bare. , 18

18. Tegula larger than the antitegula, both of moderate size.

C^ENOSiA Meigen.
Tegula and antitegula of equal size, both small.*

ScHOENOMYZA Haliday.

* The genus Fucellia Desvoidy is relegated to the Anthomyidae by Becker.
The known American species (L./ucorum) lives along the seashore. It is
rather thickly bristly and the hind femora in the male have a conspicuous
tuft of short black bristles near their base.

136 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

53. (ESTRIDiE.

Flies of moderate to rather large size, thick-set, usually
more or less pilose. Head large, the lower part more or less
swollen. Antennae short, three-jointed, decumbent, and more
or less sunken in the facial groove or grooves ; arista bare or
plumose. Mouth opening small, the mouth-parts sometimes
rudimentary, never large. Front broad in both sexes, in the
male broader in front. Eyes comparatively small, bare.
Ocelli present. Thorax robust, with a distinct transverse
suture. Abdomen short, conical or but little elongated ; gen-
italia of the male hidden, the ovipositor sometimes elongated.
Legs moderately long, the hind pair sometimes elongated.
Tegulse usually large ; sometimes small. Neuration of the
wings Muscid-like, in most cases the lirst posterior cell nar-
rowed or closed; anal cell small, usually indistinct 5 discal
cell sometimes absent.

This family, though of small size comparatively, is of the
greatest interest by reason of the habits of the larvae, all of
which that are known are parasitic upon mammals. The adult
flies often have rudimentary mouth-parts, and devote the
whole of their brief existence to the labors of procreation.
Only about seventy species are known, and they are generally
called bot-flies, though the name is frequently applied es-
pecially to the bot-fly of the horse. Parasitism occurs in three
principal ways, in the stomach and digestive tubes, in tumors
formed by the larvae under the skin, and in the pharyngeal and
nasal cavities. With but few exceptions each species is con
fined to a single species of mammal, and each genus or each
group of allied species is parasitic in the same way upon sim-
ilar animals. Seven species of GastroxjhUus are found in the
stomach and intestines of the horse and ass. Thirteen species
of Hypoderma are known to live under the skin of the horse,
the ox, the buffalo, the sheep, the goat, four species of an-
telope, and the musk deer. Two species of CEstromyia like-
wise infest the skin of Larjomy^ and Hypodama. (Edawagena

CESTRID^.. 137

tarandi is parasitic in great numbers in the skin of the rein-
deer in both Siberia and boreal America. Four or five species
of (Estrus live in the nasal sinuses of sheep, antelope, and
horse {Bhiiicestrus). One species of Ceplialomyia lives in the
nasal cavities and throat of the camel and buffalo. Six or
seven species of Cejihenomyia have been found parasitic in
the pharyngeal cavities of various Cervids, while various spe-
cies of Cutrehra and Rog&nliofeva have been bred from the
skin or scrotum of different rodents, and opossums. Two
species of Dermatohia, from the skin of dogs, cattle, cats,
deer, and probably apes and man.

TABLE OF GENERA.
IMAGINES.

1. Mouth-parts very small or rudimentary ; arista bare. ... 2
Proboscis geniculate, inserted in a deep slit ; female without extricate

ovipositor ; first posterior cell narrowed or closed ; arista bare or
plumose. ........... 5

2. Face with a median groove. ........ 3

Face with a broad, gently arched shield-shaped surface ; first posterior

cell narrowed or closed; tegulae large; female with elongated ovi-
positor; larvae hypodermatic. . . . . . . . 6

3. The fourth longitudinal vein runs straight to the margin of the wing;

tegulge small; female ovipositor elongate; larvae in stomach and

intestinal canal. Gastrophilus Leach.

First posterior cell narrowed or closed; tegulae large; ovipositor not
elongate; larvge in nasal and pharyngeal cavities. ... 4

4. First posterior cell closed and petiolate ; body nearly bare.

OESTRUS Linne.
F'irst posterior cell narrowly open ; body pilose. Cephenomyia Latreille.

6. Palpi wanting Hypoderma Latreille.

Palpi present. CEdamagena Latreille.

6, Arista plumose on the upper side 7

Arista bare, short and stout; tegulae large; wings without stump at

angle of fourth vein (Mexico) Bogeria Austen.

7, Tarsi broad, flattened Cuterebra Clark.

Tarsi slender. ....... Dkrmatoria Brauer.

138 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

1. Last abdominal segment free, broadly attached 2

Last abdominal segment (twelfth) retractile within the preceding, small

and distinctly constricted. 7

2. Larvae with two pairs of chitinized jaws, that is with two outer mouth-

hooklets, and two inner, straight, triangular points (florses).

Gastrophilus.
Larvae with two or no mouth-hooklets 3

3. Larvae on the median segments with dorsal, spindle-shaped tubercles ;

one pair of mouth-hooklets present 4

Larvae without such tubercles ; one pair or no mouth-hooklets present. 5

4. Antennae broadly separated ; body oval, strongly convex above, flat be-

low (Sheep) GESTRUS.

Antennae approximated or contiguous ; body elongated, somewhat
broader in front than behind (Deer). . . . Cephenomyia.

5. No mouth-hooklets. .6

Two small mouth-hooklets present (Rodents). . . CEstromyia.

6. Bristly covering alike above and below (Reindeer). . CEdamagena,
Bristles stronger below than above (Ox, etc.) . . Hypoderma.

7. Larvae oval (Rodents, Marsupials) Cuterebra.

LarvEe club-shaped, more slender posteriorly (Artiodactyls, Carnivora,

Primates) Dermatobia.

54. SARCOPHAGID^.

Usually thick-set, moderately large to rather small flies.
Eront in both sexes broad, thouo^h usually somewhat narrower
in the male. Arista of the antennse plumose to the middle or
a little beyond, the distal portion bare; this last character
alone is the ultimate distinctive one of the group. Abdomen
composed of four visible segments, with the macrochsetse
usually confined to the distal portion, though sometimes occur-
ring on the margin of the second and following segments and
very rarely on the disk ; male hypopygium often prominent.
First posterior cell of the wings always much narrowed or
closed.

This family of flesh-flies, as they are often called, though

SARC0PHAGID7E. 139

comprising but comparatively few genera, has a greater number
of species and individuals. For the most part the species are
tolerably uniform in coloration, and at first sight seem scarce-
ly distinguishable, having a gray striped thorax and marmorate
abdomen. The more metallic colored species of Cynomyia and
Onesia are exceptions. The flies are found everywhere, about
decaying vegetation, especially fruit, excrement, decomposing
carcasses, etc.

The larvae are polyphagous in habit, feeding upon decaying
animal or vegetable matter, or living parasitically in the flesh
of different animals, in the nasal cavities of man and other
animals, in ulcers, etc. The larvae of Cynoviyia live in great
numbers in the decomposing carcasses of vertebrate animals.
The larvae of Sareophaga, which are often extruded by the
parent fly alive, have been found under the skin of turtles, in
the stomach of frogs ; and most of the cases of myiasis that
have been reported, other than those due to the larvae of

Compsomyia and Calliphora, have been caused by the maggots
of the species of this genus and those of Sarcophila. The
larvae of several species have been found in snails, in beetles,
the pupae of moths, etc.

The Sarcophagid larvae are rounded, thinner anteriorly and
amphipneustic. The antennae are short, thick, cylindrical,
divergent, w^art-like tubercles, each with two ocellus-like chit-
inous rings at the tip. The mouth-hooklets are distinct,
strongly curved, and separated from each other. The abdo-
minal segments are distinctly differentiated by transverse
swellings, and are each provided with a girdle of spines. The
hind stigma-plate is situated in a deep cavity, which is formed
by the last segment alone. The anal swelling is two-pointed.
The puparium is oval.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. First posterior cell closed or very much narrowed in the margin. 2

First posterior cell open. ........ 4

140 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

2. Abdomen with both diseal and marginal macrocha^tae on the second and

following segments Paramintho Wulp.

Abdominal segments with diseal macroeheetae. . . . . 3

3. First longitudinal vein bristly. . . . Johnsonia Coquillett.
Eirst longitudinal vein not bristly. Sarcophi lodes Brauer and Berg.

4. Abdomen blaek or metallic, unicolorous and but slightly pruinose. 5
Abdomen gray, einerous or partly ochraceous, with blaek reflecting

spots, ........... 7

5. Hypopygium very prominent ; legs more or less hairy. . . 6
Hypopygium concealed ; legs not hairy; abdomen metallic; curvature

of fourth vein with an obtuse angle and without stump.

Onesia Desvoidy.

6. Abdomen usually black; tibige densely hairy. Phrissopoda Macquart.
Abdomen metallic; tibiae with short hair. Cynomyia Desvoidy.

7. All the tibise on the outer side with a comb-like row of long, stout

bristles , . Theria Desvoidy.

Tibiae without bristles or with irregularly placed ones. ... 8

8. Apical cross-vein more oblique than the posterior one. ... 9
Apical and posterior cross-veins in nearly the same line ; two orbital

bristles in the 9, none in the $. . . Sarcophaga Meigen.

9. Two orbital bristles in each sex. . . . Sarcophagula Wulp.
Two orbital bristles in the 9 ((J^) • • Helicobia Coquillett.

55. MUSCID^.

E-ather small to moderately large, never elongate, thinly
hairy or bare flies. Antennal arista plumose to the tip; some-
times above only, and rarely bare, in which cases the absence
of bristles on the abdomen, except at the tip, together with
the distinctly narrowed first posterior cell, characters distinc-
tive of the group, will distinguish the flies belonging here
from its allies. Eyes of the male approximated or contigu-
ous; front of female broad. Eyes bare or hairy. Abdomen
composed of four visible segments. Genitalia not prominent.

Like the Sarcophagidae, the species and individuals of this
family are common everywhere. The common house-fly, the
type of the group, has a cosmopolitan distribution wherever
man exists. Other species, which are scarcely less common
and widely distributed, are the common blue-bottle and blow-

MUSClDiE. 141

flies, members of the genera Lucilia and Calliphora. As
widely known are the stable-fly or cattle-fly, Stomoxys, and
the horn-fly, Hmmiatohia.

The larvae of the house-fly live, for the most part, in dung
or manure, but will thrive in almost any kind of filth ; I have
reared them from the decaying material in the bottoms of
spittoons filled with tobacco. The female lays about one hun-
dred and fifty eggs, which hatch in one or two days, according
to the weather. The larvai attain their full development in
from five to seven days, and then, crawling into some secluded
place, transform into pupae, from which the}^ emerge in about
six days as mature insects, those of the autumn broods
remaining over winter as puparia. In partially secluded spots
the mature fly will sometimes survive the winter. The clus-
ter-fly, Pollenia riidis, is yet more remarkable in this last
respect. Often in early spring, or even during mild days of
the winter they may be observed crawling about over the snow
in numbers. They are stupid and slow and have received the
name of cluster-flies from their habit of congregating in clus-
ters about dwellings. They resemble a blow-fly somewhat,
but will be distinguished by the presence of short, depressed,
sparse light colored hairs on the thorax. The larvae of species
of Calliphora, especially of C. vomitoria, are better known,
perhaps than those of any other insect. They are the common
blow-fly maggots of fresh and decaying meats and vegetables.
The cooking of corned beef or turnips or cabbages during
warm weather is sure to attract numbers of these insects,
which are quite noticeable for their loud Immming, and head-
long flight. In the arid regions of northern Wyoming, the
writer has seen them in extraordinary numbers, many
miles from the nearest human habitation. Either their eggs
or the newly hatched larvae are deposited upon meats, and
only a day or two is sufficient to transform the mass into a
creeping mass of disgusting maggots. The larvae of species of

17

142 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

this genus sometimes have habits similar to those of Compso-
myia. The blue-bottle and green-bottle flies have habits
identical with those of Calliphora, but they are not so common.
The screw-worm fly, an insect common over nearly all of
North and South America, is a bright shining green or golden
green in color, but will be distinguished from the blue-bottles
by the presence of blackish stripes on the thorax. It depos-
its eggs, which hatch almost immediately, in decomposing
matter, as do other members of the family, but it will also lay
them in the ulcers of cattle, or wounds, or at the orifice of the
human nose, especially when attracted thereto by a fetid breath.
The larvse in these cases quickly penetrate within the nasal
and frontal sinuses, sometimes to the number of a hundred or
more, quickly producing fever, extended ulceration and in fre-
quent cases, death. These cases of Myiasis, as the affection
is called, are not very frequent in North America, but have
been not seldom recorded from South America. Sarc.oiohila
Wohlfahrti, a European species, has similar habits.

The group of Stomoxyinse includes the common stable or
cattle-fly, the horn-fly and the famous tsetze fly of Africa and
Australia, all of which lay their eggs in fresh dung. The
horn-fly is a recent introduction from Europe, and has now
extended over nearly all of the United States. An allied spe-
cies, Hcematobia aids Snow, lives among the moose of the
northern woods. The tsetze fly is perhaps the most famous
of the group. Its bite is so poisonous that the regions which
it inhabits are rendered impassable for horses and dogs,
though it is less troublesome to other animals.

The larvae of Muscina have been found in decaying veg-
etables, dung, fungi and the larvae of various lepidoptera.
The larvae of Graphomyia and Mesemhrina have been found
in cow and horse dung.

The following table is that of v. d. Wulp (Biol. Centr.
Amer. Dipt, ii, 291) with the addition of tliose genera not yet
known from Central America.

MUSCID^. 143

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Proboscis long and slender, directed forward ; arista plumose on the

upper side only. 2

Proboscis not elongate, the labella prominent and not adapted for
piercing. 3

2. Palpi nearly as long as the proboscis. . . HiEMATOBiA Desvoidy.
Palpi shorter than the proboscis. . . . Stomoxys Geoffroy.

8. Arista plumose on both sides 5

Arista bare or plumose above only. . . . . . . 4

4. Arista bare. . . • . Synthesiomyia Brauer and Berg.
Arista plumose above {Tdia viridis Wied.?) Hemichlora v. d. Wulp.

5. Curvature of fourth vein angular. ...... 6

Curvature of fourth vein rounded or arcuate. .... 12

6. Eyes pilose Tyreomma v. d. Wulp.

Eyes bare. . . . . . . . . . . . 7

7. Middle tibige without bristles on the inner side (blackish species with

the abdomen more or less yellow, but always without metallic col-
oration). ......... Muse A Linne.

Middle tibiae with one or more bristles on the inner side (often with
metallic coloration on the abdomen or other parts of the body.) 8

8. Thoracic dorsum usually blackish. . . . . . .9

Thorax, scutellum and abdomen brightly metallic. ... 11

9. Dorso-central bristles present 10

Dorso-central bristles absent; no bristles above the vibrissEe.

Chloroprocta v. d. Wulp.

10. Thorax and abdomen with depressed hairs among the bristles, especial-

ly noticeable near the root of the wings. Pollenia Desvoidy.

No such hairs present. . . . . Calliphora Desvoidy.

11. Thoracic dorsum with rather distinct black and whitish stripes.

CoMPSOMYiA Rondani.

Thorax unicolorous, metallic, at most with some whitish tomentum on

the anterior portion Lucilia Desvoidy.

12. Wholly metallic species. .... Pyrellia Desvoidy.
Black, grey or rufous species, sometimes the abdomen, its base ex-
cepted, metallic. ......... 13

13. Apical cross vein distinct, longer than the terminal portion of the

fourth vein before its curvature ; apical cell opened a little before
tip of wing. .......... 14

Apical cross- vein less conspicuous ; fourth vein curved upwards at its
extremity only ; apical cell wide open at tip of wing. . . 1(>

144 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

14. Antennse at base slightly separated by a carina (body grey or partly

rufous, with a well-defined black pattern). Graphomyia Desvoidy.
Antennae not separated by a carina. ...... 15

15. Middle tibias with a bristle on inner side; apical cell widely opened.

Mesembrina Macquart.
Mesembrinella Giglio-Tos.
Middle tibiae without bristles on inner-side ; apical cell somewhat nar-
rowly opened {C ijrtoneura pt. preoc.) Morellia Desvoidy.

16. Eyes pilose. . . . . . . . Myiospila Desvoidy.

Eyes bare. . . . . . ... . . .17

17. The first vein terminates at tip of costa; fourth vein with a distinct

curvature near tip of wing (Cyrtoneura pt. preoc.)

MusciNA Desvoidy.

The first vein terminates before the middle of the costa; fourth vein

scarcely curved forward at its distal end. Clinopera v. d. Wulp

56. TACHINID^. 57. DEXIID^.

Rather small to rather large, bristly flies, thinly or not at all
pilose, usually thick-set. Eyes of the male contiguous or more
approximated than in the female, pubescent or bare. Front
with a row of bristles on each side, descending to the antennae,
with or without orbital bristles. First joint of antennae
short; second joint usually shorter than the third; third joint
usually more or less elongate, sometimes dilated or fissured;
decumbent; arista bare (Tachinidse), pubescent or plumose
(Dexiidse), sometimes conspicuously jointed. Face always
with a well-marked median de]3ression, which sometimes has
a carina in its middle. Proboscis sometimes elongate, but
usually short and with broad labella; palpi never with more
than one articulated joint, which is sometimes rudimentary.
Ocelli present. Abdomen composed of four or five visible seg-
ments ; with marginal and lateral and usually with dis-
eal bristles; sometimes nearly covered with strong, erect spines.
Legs usually rather stout; sometimes elongate and slender
(Dexiidee); always bristly. All the veins of the wings simple;
basal cells large; three posterior cells present, tlie first of which

TACHINID^,— DEXIIDiE. 145

is always narrowed or closed(save in those rare cases in which
the distal section of the fourth is obliterated); auxiliary vein
distinct in its whole length. Tegulae large.

No other group of flies has presented so many difficulties
to the student of systematic dipterology as has the present
one. In its entirety, with but few exceptions, it is easily
enough differentiated. Flies in which the arista is bare, the
tegulae are well developed, and the first posterior cell is nar-
rowed or closed, maybe unhesitatingly referred to the Tachin-
idae. The Dexiidse gradually merge into that family, and
it is not always easy to positively distinguish them. The
presence, however, of aristal plumosity with the other charac-
ters of the more typical Tachinids, that is, those in which the
dorsum of the abdomen is distinctly bristly, will remove
doubt of the correct location of any species possessing such
characters. Unfortunately the differentiation of the genera
and species is vastly more difficult, and will require much pa-
tient and exhaustive study before a satisfactory solution is
reached. About two hundred and seventy-five genera, or
one-fifth of all the dipterological fauna, have already been ac-
credited to North America. Seme of the names proposed
will unquestionably be reduced to synonyms, but not many,
as the characters used for generic distinctions are often exceed-
ingly slight. So inconspicuous are the characters in many
species that only the practiced eye will detect them.

I have not attempted to define or tabulate the genera. To
do so, even imperfectly, would require far more time than is
at my command. The best that I can do now is to give a fair-
ly complete list of the genera said to occur in North America,
with their bibliograpical references. For further study, the
student is referred to the works of Brauer and Bergenstamm,
the various papers of Townsend and Coquillett, and the vol-
ume of the Biologia Centrali-Americana by van der Wulp.

The habits of the mature fly are similar for nearly all the
members of the group. They will be found on vegetation, on

146 XORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

leaves or flowers, in such places as are frequented by the hosts
which they parasitize. Not a few will be caught with the
beating net.

The larvse of the more typical Tachinidse are thickened,
cylindrical and flattened below, the segments indistinctly
differentiated, with transverse and lateral swellings, bare or
provided with fine, short spines. They are amphipneustic,
the anterior spiracles small and point-like or multipartite, the
posterior stigmatic plates large, strongly chitinized, and each
with three, internally convergent grooves. The antennae are
wart-like, with two, ocellus-like, chitinous rings, one lying
below the other. There but two mouth-hooklets, porrect and
but little curved. The puparia are oval, with the segments
slightly differentiated ; the skin is finely wrinkled, and both
ends are rounded.

In Ocyiytera and Gymnoso')iia, and probably in allied forms,
the larvae have a chitinous, anal stigmatic tube ; and the pu-
paria have six or two, similar processes. The larvj^e of Hyal-
oTYiyia are translucent, smooth and metapneustic, the mouth-
hooklets very large; there are two, short, divergent, anal tubes.

The larvae of this group are all parasitic in habit, so far as
is known, and the parasitism is probably confined to the early
stages of other insects. Their usefulness in keeping injurious
insects in check is immeasurable.

By far the largest number of species are parasitic upon
Lepidoptera, of which not less than four hundred have been
recorded. About seventy species are known to be parasitic
upon Hymenoptera, less than forty upon Coleoptera, eighteen
upon^Orthoptera, five upon Hemiptera, and as many upon
other Diptera.

More 5 particularly the observed parasitism of some of the
North American genera is as follows :

AcHAETONEURA, Caloptenus, Danais, Citheronia, Datana,
Prodenia, S]9hinx, Vanessa, Anisota, Atacus, Clisiocampa,
Heliotis, Prode7iia,etG.; Argykophylax : Euchcetes, Schiz-

TACHINID^E— DEXIID^. 147

ura, Ceratomia, Danais,. Hemileuca; Besseria: Diabrotica;
Blephakidia: Pieris, Botis; Blepharipeza: Halisiota, Spi-
losoma; Chaetolyga: Adoneta, Agrotis, Alyj^ia, Datana, Leu-
cania, Sphinx; Ctenophorocera: Centra; Dexodes: ArzaTiia;
Elachipalpus: Sesia; Eumyothyria: Lophyrus; Eutachina:
Sativrnia; Fabricia: Agrotis; GoxiA; Laphygma, Bomhus;
Gym>^oprosopa: Leucania; Gymnostylta: Tenthrinidm; Jur-
inea: Ecpantheria; Latreillia: Anisota, Cither oia, Dry ocam-
pa; MiCROPALPUS: Sesia; Myexorista: Aeronycta, Lagoa;
Nemoraea: Hypantria; Nemorilla: Hyponomeuta; Ocypt-
ERA: Acridioidea, Leucania; Parafronthsta: Sphinx; Parex-
orista: Hadena, Mam,estra; Phorichaeta: Noctuids; Phor-
ocera: Botys, Megathymus, Anma, Chloi^ippe, Vanessa, Arg-
ynnis, Cinclidia, Loxosiega; Plagia: Plusia; Prosopaea: Ale-
tia, Smerinthus ; Pseudomyothyria: Diabrotica; Siphona:
Plusia; Sisyropa: Aeronycta, Agrotis, Arachnis, Lagoa, Noto-
donta; Sphixapta: Pilopceus; Thelaira: Phakellura; Thryp-
tocera: Betinia; Trichopoda: Anasa, Dissosteira.

LIST OF GENERA.

1 Acaulona Wulp, 7, 4. 18 Atrophopalpus Town., 18.

2 Acemyia Rond., Prod. 19 Atrophopoda Town., 34, III, 373.

3 Achsetoneura B. B., II, 334. 20 Baumhaueria Mgn, Sjst. Bes .vii.

4 Acrocantha Wulp, 7. 251,

241 Acroglossa Will., 9. 21 Bathydexia Wulp, 7, 222.

5 Admontia B. B:, I, 104. 22 Belvosia R-l)., Myod., 102.

6 Alophora R-D., Myod. 23 Beskia B. B., i, 139.

7 Amedoria B. B., I, 106. 24 Besseria R-D., Myod.

8 Amniobia R-D., Myod. 25 Blepharidea Rnd., Prod.

9 Angiorhina B. B., I, 163. 26 Blepharipeza Macq., D.E., ii, 3, 341.

10 Anisia Wulp, 7, 186. 27 Bolomyia B. B., II, 347.

11 Anthracomyia Rnd., Prod. 28 Bonibylioniyia B. B., I, 131.

12 Aphria R-D., Myod 29 Brachycoma Rnd. Prod, iii, 203.

13 Araba R-D., Myod. 30 Calodexia Wulp, 7. 257.

14 Araenopus B. B., I, 361. 31 Camarona Wuip, 7, 247.

15 Archytas Ja^nn. N. Ex. Dipt., 392. 24 Celatoria Coq., Ins. Life, ii, 253.

16 Argyraphylax B. B., I, 163, 32 Ceromasia Rond. Prodr.

17 Atacta Schiner, Nov. Exped: 33 Ceratomyiella Town., 34, III, 379.
147 Atropharista Town., 34, III, 192.

148 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

34 Cestonia Rond., Dipt. Pr. 74 Euantha Wulp, Tijd. Ent. xxvii.

35 Chaetogaedia B. B., 1, II, 336. 75 Eucnephalia Towns., 34,160.

36 Chaetoglossa Town., 34, III, 125. 76 Eudexia B. B. 1, I, 120.

37 Chaetolyga Rond., Dipt. Pr. 77 Eumacronychia Town., 34,111,100

38 Chaetona Wulp, 7, 253. 78 Eulasiona Towns., 34, III, 100.

39 Chaetoplagia Coq., 32, 98. 79 Eutachina B. B., 1, I, 98.

40 Chaetophleps Coq., 31, 51. 80 Euphanopteryx Towns., 34,111,121.

41 Cholomyia Big., 42, xxxvii. 81 Euphorocera Towns., 34, III, 112.

42 Chrysotachina B. B., 1, I, 161. 82 Euryeeromyia Towns., 34, III, 115.

43 Cistogaster Latr., An. Reg., v,'29 83 Euscopolia Towns., 34, III, 123.

44 Clausicella Rond., Dipt. Pr. 84 Euthera Loew, Cent, vii, 85, 1866.

45 Clinogaster Wulp, 3, 189. 85 Euthyprosopa Towns., 34, III, 106.

46 Clinoneura B. B., 1, I, 119 86 Exorista Meig.,Illiger's Mag.1803.

47 Clista Meig., Syst. Bes., vii, 208. 87 Fabricia R.-D., Myod. 1830.

48 Clistomorpha Town., 18, 170. 88 Frontina Meig.,

49 Clytiomyia Rond., Dipt. Pr. iv,9. 89 Gaediophana B. B., iii, 113.

49 Clytia R.-D., Myod. 1830. 90 Gaediopsis B. B., 1, I, 336.

50 Coenosoma Wulp, 7, 166. 91 Ginglimyia Town. 34, III, 118.
131 Comuops B. B , 1, I, 358. 92 Gonia Meig., 111. Mag. ii.

51 Cordylogaster Macq.,D.E.,ii,3,60. 93 Goniachaeta Town., 34, II, 251,

52 Cnephalia R.-D., Myod. 1830. 94 Gymnochaeta R.-D., Myod.

53 Cryptomeigenia B. B., 1, II, 311. 95 Gymnoclytia B. B. 1. Ill, 157.

54 Cryptopalpus Rond., Dipt. Pr. 96 Gymnodexia B. B. II, 364.
55Cyphocera Macq.,Ann. Soc. Ent. 97 Gyninomma Wulp, 7, 38.

ii, 2, 267, 1845. 98 Gymnopareia B. B., 1, I, 103.

56 Ctenophorocera B. B., 1, II, 339. 99 Gymnoprosopa T'd., 34, III, 108.

57 Cyrtophlebia Rond., Dipt. Pr. 100 Gymnophania B. B., 1, I, 143

58 Daeochaeta Town., 34, III, 97. 101 Gymnosoma Meig., 111. Mag., ii.

59 DegeeriaMeig.,Syst.Bes.vii,249. 102 Gymnostylia B. B., 1, I, 128.
•60 DexiaMeig., Syst. Beschr., v,33. 103 Hemithrixion B. B., 1, I, 114.

61 Dexodes B. B., 1, I, 87. 104 Hemimasicera B. B., 1, I, 87.

62 Dexiosoma Rond., Dipt. Pr. i, 85 105 Hemyda R.-D., Myod. 22(5.

63 Dicbocera Will., 57. 106 Hesperorayia B. B., 1, 1, 114.

64 Didyina Wulp, 7, 156. 107 Himantostoma Lw, Cent, iv, 87.

65 Distichona Wulp, 7, 40. 108 Homodexia Big., 44.

m Drepanoglossa Town., 34, II, 377. 109 Hyalomyia R.-D., Myod. 298.

67 Echinomyia Duraeril, 1798. 110 Hypantrophaga'Town., 7, 258.

68 Elachipalpus Rond. Ill Hypertropbocera Towns., 34, II,

69 Enyomma Towns., 34, 371. 360.

70 Epalpus Rond. 112 Hypostena Meig., Syst. Bescbr.,

71 Epigromyia Towns., 34, II, 375. vii, 289.

72 Erigone R.-D., Myod. 1830. 113 Hyria R.-D., Myod.

73 Ervia R.-D., Myod., 1830. 114 Hystricla Mac-q., D. E., ii, 3, 43.

TACHINID.E— DEXIID^.

149

115 Hystricodexia Roed., Stett. Ent.

Zeit. 1886, 266.

116 Hystrisiphona Big., Eev, et M.

Zool. 1859.
llTIlligeria R.-D., Myod., 273.

118 IsoglossaCoq., Can. Ent.'95, 125

119 Jurinia R.-D., Myod., 34.

120 Jurinella B. B., 1, 1, 132.

121 Labidogaster Macq., Ins. Dipt.

de la Nord de France, 109.

122 Laecoprosopa Town., 34, II, 365.

123 Lacnomma Town., 34, III, 103.

124 Lasiona Wulp, 7, 127.

125 Lasioneura Coq., J. N. Y. Ent.

Soc. iii, 50.

126 Latreillia R.-D., Myod.

127 Leptoda Wulp, Tijdschr. voor

Ent. xxviii, 196.

128 Leskiomima B. B., 1, II, 872.

129 Leucostola Mgn, 111. Mag. ii.

130 Lispidia Coq. 31, 51.

131 Loewia Egger, V. Z.-B. G.

132 Macquartia R.-D., Myod. 204.

133 Macrochaetina Wulp, 7, 240.

134 Macronieigenia B. B., I, 311.

135 Macrometopa B. B., I, 117.

136 Macronychia Rond. Dipt. Pr.

137 Macroprosopa Macq.D.E. ii, 3, 83.

138 Mascopteryx Town., 18, 170.

139 Masicera Macq. H. N. D. ii, 118.

140 Masipoda B. B. I, 162.

141 Masiphya B. B., II, 113.

142 Megaprosopus Macq.

143 Megerlea R.-D., Myod. 266.

144 Megaparia Wulp, 7, 240.

145 Meigenia R.-D., Myod.

146 Melanophora Mgn, 111. Mag. ii

147 Melanophrys Will., 48, 305.

148 Melaleuca Wulp, 7, 247.

149 Melanodexia Will., 67.

150 Mesochffita B. B., II, 341.

151 Metachaita Coq., 32, 98

152 Metaplagia Coq., 32, 102.

18

153 Metopia Mgn. III. Mag. ii.

154 Microchira B. B., iii, 100.

155 Micropalpus^^Macq., H. N.D. ii, 80.

156 Microphthalma Macq., D. Exot.

ii, 3, 84.

157 Miltogramma Mgn. 111. Mag. ii.

158 Mochlosoma B. B., I, 128.

159 Morinia R-D., Myod., 99.

160 Morphoniyia Rnd., Prod.

161 Myiophasia B. B., II, 362.

162 Myiobia R-D., Myod., 99.

163 Myiocera R-D., Myod. 328.

164 Myioniima B. B. I, 009.

165 Myiopharus B. B. I, 161.

166 Myiostoma R-D., Myod.

167 Myiothyria Wulp, 7, 208.

168 Mystacella Wulp, 7, 51.

169 Myexorista B. B., II, 351.

170 Nemorsea R-D., Myod. 70.

171 Nemorilla Rond., Prod.

172 NeotractoceraTown., 34,111, 104.

173 Ocyptera Latr. H. N. Cr. xiv.

174 Ocypterula Rdi, Prod.
23 Oci/pterosipko Town.

50 Oestrophasia B. B., 1, I, 357.

176 Olenocliaeta Town., 84, III, 115.

177 Opsidia Coq., 32, 102.

178 Pachyophthalmus B. B., I, 117.

179 Paradejeania B. B. Ill, 147.

180 Paradidyma B. B., II, 404.

181 Parafrontina B. B., Ill, 115.

182 Parahypochfeta B. B., II, 337.
183Paramesocli«ta B. B., II, 341.
184 Paraphorocera B. B., I, 90.
185ParaplagiaB. B., 11,354.

186 Parexorista B. B., I, 87.

187 Parthenia R-D., Myod., 322.

188 Peleteria R-D., Myod.

189 Penthosa Wulp, Tijd. voor Ent.

xxxiv, 98, 1892.

190 Phania R-D., Myod. 233.

191 Phasioclista Town., 11,369.
102 Pliasiopteryx B, B. I, 146.

150

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

193 Phorantha Rdi, Prodr.

194 Phorichaeta Rdi, Prodr.

195 Phorostoraa R-D!, Myod., 826.

196 Phyto R-D., 218.

197 Phorocera R-D., 131.

198 Plagia Mgn, S. B. vii, 291.

199 Plagioprospherysa Td, 34, ii, 113.

200 Podotachina B. B., ii, 350.

201 Polidea Macq. Ann. Soe. Ent.

F.,ii, 6,92, 1848.

202 Polygaster Wulp, 7, 139.

203 Prorhynchops B. B., ii, 364.

204 Prosena St. F. & S., Enc. Meth.

205 Prosenoides B. B., ii, 370.

206 Prosopaea Rdi.

207 Prosopodes B. B., i, 90.

208 Pseudochffita Coq., 33, 309.

209 Pseudogonia Town., 19.

210 Prospherysa Wulp, 1, 117.

211 Pseudogermaria, B. B. ii, 352.

212 Pseudohystricia B. B., i, 132.

213 Pseudomorinia Wulp, 7. 209.

214 Pseudomyiothyria Town .,iii, 131.

215 Pseudotractocera Town., iii, 107.

216 Ptilocera R-D., 226.

217 Ptilodexia B. B. i, 119.
221 Rhamphinina Big. 45.

218 Pyrhosia Rdi.

219 Rhinophora R-D., 258.

220 Rhombothyria Wulp, 7, 259.

221 Rhyncliodexia Big., 45.

222 Rileya B. B. (preoc.)

223 Sarcoclista Town:, 34, iii, 122.

224 Sarcodexia Town., 52.

225 Sarcomacronychia Td, iii, 100.

226 Sarcotachinella Town., 34, iii, 1 10,

227 Sardiocera B. B., i, 119.

228 Saundersia Sch., Nov. Ex. 333.

229 Schizotachina Walk., D. Saund.
230ScopoliaR-D.,268.

231 Scotiptera Macq., D.E., ii, 3, 637.

232 SonotainiaMacq., 1. c. Sup. i, 16

233 Sericocera Macq., H. N. D. ii,165.

234 Siphoclyta Town., 34, iii, 115.

235 Siphoclytes Town., 34 iii, 127.

236 Siphona Mgn. 111. Mag. ii.

237 Siphoplagia Town., 34, i, 350.

238 Siphophyto Town.

239 SisyropaB. B., i, 163.

240 Somoleia Rdi. ■ ^

241 Spallanzania, Rdi.

242 SphfBrina Wulp, 7, 205.

243 Sphixapata Rdi.

244 Stenodexia Wulp, 7, 246.

245 Stevenia R-D., 220.

246 Stomatodexia B. B., i, 125.

247 Synthesiomyia (See Muscidae.)

248 Tachina Mgn, 111. Mag.

249 Tachinodes B. B., i, 133.

250 Tachinomyia Town., 34, iii, 96.

251 Tachinopliy to Town., 34, iii, 130.

252 Telothyria Wulp, 7, 167.

253 Tetragrapha B. B., ii, 351.

254 Thelaira R-D., Myod. 214.

255 Thelairodes Wulp, 7, 254.

256 Theresia R.-D., Myod., 325.

257 Thomodesia Rnd., D. Pr., i, 87.

258 Thryptocera Macq.,H.N.D.ii,87,

259 Thysanomyia B. B., II, 340.

260 Tricophora Macq. D.E. S. 2, 62.

261 Tricolyga Rnd. D. Pr.

262 Trichopoda Cuv. Reg. An. v,

263 Trixa Mgn, Syst. Bes., iv, 222.

264 Trixoclista Town., 34, III, 102.

265 TrypheraMgn. Syst. Bes.

266 Uramyia R.-])., Myod., 215.

267 Viviana Rnd., D. Pr.

19 Vanderwulpia Town., 34, II, 381.

268 Wahlbergia Zett. D. Scand..
2G9 Willistonia B. B., I, 97.

19 Wulpia B. B., 44.

270 Xanthodexia Wulp, 7, 256.

271 Xanthomelana Wulp, 3, 187.
272Zelia R.-D., Myod., 134.

HIPPOBOSCID^. 151

58. HIPPOBOSCID^..

Head flattened, usually attached to an emargination of the
thorax ; face short ; palpi wanting ; antennae inserted in pits
or depressions near the border of the mouth ; apparently one-
jointed, with or without a terminal bristle or long hairs.
Eyes round or oval, sometimes very small ; ocelli present or
absent. Thorax flattened, leathery in appearance; scutellum
broad and short. Halteres small or rudimentary. Abdomen
sac-like, leathery in appearance, the sutures indistinct. Legs
short and strong, broadly separated by the sternum; tarsi
short; claws usually strong and dentated; empodia usually
present. Wings present or absent.

Not very many species of this singular family of flies are
known. They are all parasitic in the adult stage upon birds
or mammals. The larvse are pupigerous, but pass nearly the
whole of this stage within the abdomen of the parent, being
extruded when nearly ready to transform into the mature fly.
But a single puparium is extruded at a time and is of large
size. The flies have a peculiar, louse-like appearance, and
one often encounters them in handling recently killed birds,
especially the raptorial birds. They have a quick, short flight,
seeking the beard or hair of the collector, within which they
run nimbly, trying to hide. 1\\ LipojDtena the wings are appa-
rently lost soon after the insect finds a permanent living place.

I have united Strebla and its allies with this family, an
opinion shared by Professor Townsend, but have separated
them as a subfamily. I believe that their relationships are
closer here than with the Nycteribiidse.

TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Antennas small or indistinct; liead not sunken into the emarginate tho-
rax; wings large, with distinct, parallel veins and distinct outer

cross-veins; claws short, simple Steeblin^.

Antennae usually more elongate and the joints more or less distinctly
separated. Head sunk into an emargination of the thorax. Wings
when present without parallel veins, the weak veins nmning from
the strong costal veins outwards and backwards, the cross-veins
short, and approximated to the base of the wing; claws large, biden-

tate or tridentate HirpoBosciNiE.

18

152 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

STREBLIN^.

1. Eyes small, situated on the posterior angles of the head.

Strebla Wiedemann,
Eyes situated near the middle of the head (Mexico).

Trichobius Townsend.

HIPPOEOSCIlSr^.

1. Claws tridentate 2

Claws bidentate 3

2. Wings rudimentary ; ocelli wanting. Brachypteromyia Williston.
Wings large, functional ; ocelli present. Ornithomyia Latreille.

3. Wings wanting or rudimentary, in the males at least. ... 4
Wings present, functional, ........ 5

4. Eyes very narrow and situated on the sides of the head ; no ocelli.

Melophagus Latreille.
Eyes larger, oval; ocelli present, but sometimes indistinct; wings ca-
ducous in one or both sexes. . - . Lipoptena Nitsch.

5. Antennae short, tuberculiform. . . . Hippobosca Linne.
Antennae elongate, clothed with hair distally. . Olfersia Leach.

59. NYCTERIBIID^.

Head small, capable of being turned backward into a groove
on the dorsum of the thorax. Antennae short, indistinctly
jointed, the terminal joint oval, with short hairs. Eyes and
ocelli indistinct or wanting. Legs long, the femora and tibiae
flattened. Tarsi arcuate. No wings.

These peculiar flies, like those of the foregoing family, are
pupiparous. They live exclusively on bats. But little is
known of their early stages. (See Osten Sacken.) The flies
have a peculiar, spider-like appearance, which is heightened
by the habit they have of throwing their legs up over their
back when at rest. But two or three species are known from
North America, and they are rare. I have never seen them.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Metatarsi elongate. Nyctkhibia Westwood.

Metatarsi short Megistopoda Macquart.

APPENDIX.

During the printing of this work there have been a number
of genera added to the fauna of the region included within its
limits. I give them as they should be intercalated in the
tables, together with some that have been omitted or over-
looked, though previously known. The student is requested
to make marginal references wherever they should be inter-
calated.

LEPTIN^, p 44,

2. Front tibiae with a single spur. . 2a

Front tibiae with two spurs, etc. . . . Triptotricha Loew.

2a. Antennal style jointed; fourth posterior cell closed (Central America
and West Indies). ...... Pheneus Walker.

Antennal style not jointed; fourth posterior cell open, or wanting.

Dialysis Walker.
STRATI CM YIX.E, p. 48.

6. Antennae much elongated, . 7

Third antennal joint oval, with a terminal arista. NoTHOMYiA^Loew.

7» Face produced conically downward. . . Myxosargus Brauer.

Face not produced conically downward. . . . . . 8

8. Third joint of the antennae composed of six closely united annuli, with-
out style or arista; wings expanded distally (Central and South
America). . . . . . . . Analcocerus Loew.

Third antennal joint composed of seven closely united annuli, without
style or arista; wings not expanded distally (Central America and
East Indies) Campeprosopa Macquart.

These last two genera belong among the Sarginae, but have no terminal
arista.

PACHYGASTKIX^, p. 48.
1. Antennae situated near the oral margin. ...... 2

Antennae situated near the middle of the head in profile. . . la

la. Arista with a short, dense plumosity (Central America and Polynesian

Islands) Lophoteles Loew.

Arista bare. ........... 3

154 NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

DASYPOGONIJST^, p. 54.

2. Pulvilli rudimentary or wanting 2a

Pulvilli normal. . 2b

2a. Claws very long, with an elongated tooth at the base of each ; large

species (Central and South America). . . Dicrancs Loew.

Claws normal. . . . . . . . Ablautus Loew.

2b. Antennae with a long, terminal arista (Cen. America and East Indies).

Damalis Wiedemann.
Antennae not with a terminal arista. ...... 2c

2c. Only four posterior cells present; front very broad above; very small

species (Mexico) Townsendia Williston.

Five posterior cells present as usual 3

ASILIN^, p. 59.
4, Oviduct cylindrical, with a terminal circlet of spines. ... 4a
Oviduct laterally flattened, etc. .... Erax Macquart.

EccRiTOSiA Schiner.
Proctacanthus Macquart.

7. Oviduct laterally compressed. . .7a

Oviduct conical. 14

4a. Abdomen shorter than the wings.
Abdomen longer than the wings.

7a. Third antennal joint unusually hairy. . . Anarmostus Loew.

Third antennal joint not unusually hairy. ..... 8

Neoplasta Coquillett, Proc. Nat. Mus. 1895, 898 (June, 1896. Same as

Hemerodromia, but the discal and second basal cells united and the

second posterior cell sessile.
Empimorpha Coquillett, 1, c. 398, "Same as Empis, except that the face

is covered with long bristly hairs."
Neocota Coquillett, 1. c. 434. " Same as Rhamphomyia, except that the

face is thickly covered with long pile."
MiCROPHORus Macquart, Dipt, du Nord, etc. 1827. Separated from Lepto-

peza and Ocydromia of the table by the third antennal joint being

elongate, with a terminal style.
Meghyperus Loew, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1850, 303. Separated from Hi^hos

and Sijndijas of the table by the fourth longitudinal vein being

furcate.
Parahydrophorus Wheeler, Entom. News, 1896, 185. "Closely allied to

Scellus and Htjdrophorus, the $ distinguishable from the $ Hi/dro-

phonis by the deep notcli in the fore femora, the }>rominent spur on

the hind troclianter, and the structure of the liypopygium.

INDEX.

Those genera added to the North American fauna since the
publication of Osten Sacken's Catalogue in 1878 are followed
by Roman and Arabic numbers referring to the authors and
papers of the bibliography given in the Introduction and
below. The genera of the Tachinidse and Dexiidae are not
included ; they will be found on page 147.

LI. Bigot, 1, Rev. et Mag. Zool, 1859; 2, Thorns. Arc. Entom. ii, 1858.
LII. Macquart, 1, Dipteres Exot. i, 1838; 2, id. ii, 1, 1840; 3, id. ii, 2, 1841;

4, id. ii, 3, 1842; 5, Suppl. i, 1844; 6, Suppl. 2, 1846: 7, Suppl. 3,

1847; 8, Suppl. 4, 1849; 9, Suppl. 5, 1855; 10, Dipt, du Nord. de la

France, 1826.
LIII. Loew, Beitr. iv, 1850; 2, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ver. 1855; 3, Diptf. Sudaf-

rikas, 1860; Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1844; 5, Bed. Ent. Zeit. 1858; 6, Be-

merk. ueber die Earn. Asil. 1849; 7, Neue Beitr. ii, 1855.
LIV. Rondani, 1, Studi Entom. 1848; 2, Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital, 1875; 3, Arcb.

per la Zool, 1863; 4, Esami di var. sp. Ins. Bras. 1848; 5, Dipt. Ital,

Prodr. 1856, 1861 ; 6, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ii, 1850.
LV. Walker, 1, Trans. Lond. Ent. Soc. v, 1857; 2, Dipt. Saund. 1854; 3,

Ins. Brit. Dipt, iii, 1856.
LVI. Panzer, Fauna Germanica, civ, 1806.
LVII. Scbiner, 1, Wien. Ent. Monatscbr. iv, 1860 ; 2, id. vi, 1892 ; 3, Verb.

Zool. Bot. Ges. 1867 ; 4, Reise der Novara, Dipt. 1868; 5, Wien. Ent.

Monatscbr. v, 1861.
LVIII. Haliday, 1, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ii, 1835; 2 id, iii, 1836; 3, Linn.

Ent. viii, 1853; 4, Ins. Brit. Dipt.i, 1851.
LIX. Winnertz, 1, Linn. Ent. viii, 1853 ; 2, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. xiii, 1863 ;

3, Stett. Ent. Zeit. vii, 1846; 4, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 18.39,
LX. Pbilippi, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. 1865.

LXL Jaennicke, Neue Exot. Dipt. Abbandl. Senckenberg Ges. 1867.
LXII. Robineau Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 1830.
LXIII. Gerstfficker, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1868.
LXIV. Scbummel, Oken's. Isis, 1834.
LXV. Westwood, Trans. Lond. Ent. Soc. 1881.

156

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

LXVI. Meigen, Illiger's Mag. 1803.
LXVII. Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins. xiv, 1804.
LXVIII. Frauenfeld, Ver. Zool. Bot. Ges. 1867.
LXIX. Wahlberg, Oefv. k. Akad. Foerd. 1844.
LXX. Wiedemann, 1, Auss. Zweifl. Ins. i, 1828; 2, id, ii, 1830.
LXXI. Mik, Dipt. Untersuchungen, Jahresb. k. k. Akad. Gymn. zu Wien,
pp. 1-24, 1878.

Ahlautatiis, see Ablautus, 54
Ablautus, 54
Acantliina, 48-lxx, 2
Acanthomera, 49

ACANTHOMERID^, 49

Achalcus, 79
Acidia, 121
Acidogona, 122
Aciura, 122
Acnemia, 18
Acreotrichus, 67-lii, 6
Acrocera, 71

ACROCERID.E, 70

Acrochagta, 46
Acrostica, 118
Acrotaenia, 122
Acrotoxa, 121
Actora, 128
Aedes, 22

Agathon, 20-xxxvii, 12
Agnotomyia, see Dialysis, 44
Agroniyza, 104
Agromyzid^, 102
Aldrichia, 65-xii, 30
Allodia, 19

Allognosta, 46-xxxiv, 1
AUograpta, 87
Allophyla, 126
Amalopis, 35
Amphicosmus, 66-xii, 26
Amphicnephes, 115
Anacampta, 117
Analcocerus, 153-liii, 2
Anarniostus, 155-liii, 3

Anarostonia, 126

Anastoechus, Q(S

Andrenosoma, see Nusa, 58

Anepsius, 79

Anisomera, 35

Anisopogon, see Heteropogon, 56

Anisotamia, 66

Anopheles, 22-Iii, 2

Anthomyia, 135

Anthomyid^, 133

Anthomyza, 105

Anthophilina, see Anthomyza, 105

Anthrax, QQ

Antocha, 33

Aochletus, 48-xxiv, 27

Apatolestes, 51-xlviii, 3

Aphantotimus, 78-xlvi, 1

Aphestia, 58.

Aphoebantus, 67.

Apiocera, 60.

Apiocerid^, 60

Apomidas, 60-xii, 12

Apophorhynchus, 125-xlviii, 14

Appeleia, 71

Apterina, 102-lii, 8

Aptorthus, 77-i, 5

Archilestris, 55

Arctophila, 88

Argyra, 80-lii, 8

Ardoptera, 75

Argyramceha, see Spogostylum, 65

Arthoceras, 44-xliii, 4

Arthropeas, 43

Arthrosti/lum, see Pheneus, 153

Artliyroglossa, 110

INDEX.

157

Ascia, see Neoascia, 86
Asemosyrphus, 88-vi, 40
AsiLiD^, 52
Asilus, 59
Asindulum, 17
Asphondylia, 12
Aspistes, 38
Asynapta, 12-liii, 1
Asyndetus, 79
Asteia, 107

Astrophanes, 65-xxxiv, 27
Atarba, 33
Atomosia, 58
Atonia, 58-xl\'iii, 11
Atherix, 44
Atractia, 59-lii, 3
Atylotus, 55
Aulacigaster, 104
Azelia, 135

B

Baccha, 86
Bacchina, 86
Balioptera, 105
Beris, 46

Berisniyia, 46-xviii, 3
Bibio, 38
Bibiocephala, 20

BlBIONID^, 37

Bittacomorpha, 36
Blacodes, see Loewiella, 57
Blax, see Loewiella, 57
Blepharocera, 20

BLEPHAROCERIDiE, 19

Blepharoprocta, 74
Blepharepium, 57-liv, 1
Blepharoneura, 122
Bogeria, 136-ii, 2
Boletina, 18
Boletophila, 16

BOMBYLIID^, 63

Bombylius, 66

BORBORID^, 101

Borborus, 102
Brachydeutra, 111
Brachyopa, 87
Brachyophyra, 135-xvii, 8
Brachypalpus, 89
Brachypremna, 36-xxxiv, 6
Brachypteroinyia, 152
Bricinia, 116-lv
Brieiniella, n6-xvii, 9

Cacoxenus, 104
Casnia, 111
Caenosia, 135
Callicera, 84-xlvi
Callinicus, 56
Calliphora, 143
Callomyia, 95
Callopistria, 118
Callotarsa, see Platypeza, 95
Calobata, 113

Camerania, see Volucella, 87
Campeprosopa, 155-lii, 6
Carapsienemus, 80
Camptocladius, 25
Camptoneura, 117
Campylomyza, 13
Cardiacephala, 113-lii, 4
Caricea, 135
Carphotricha, 122
Catabomba, 86
Catocha, 13
Cecidogona, 13
Cecidomyia, 12
Cecidomyid^, 7
Cephalia, 112, 116
Cephenoniyia, 136
Ceratitis, 120
Ceratomyza, 104-lvii, 2
Ceratopogon, 24
Ceraturgus, 55
Ceria, see Sphyximorpha, 84

19

158

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Ceriogaster, 88-xlviii, 60

Cerotainia, 58

Ceroplatus, 17

Ceroxys, 117

Chaetocoelia, 123-xvii, 9

Chaetopsis, 119

Chalcomyia, 85-xlviii, 1

Chamosyrphus, 87-xxiii, 10

Chasniatonotus, 25

Chauna, see Necohauna, 48

Chilosia, 85

Chionea, 31

Chiromyza, 46

Chironomid^e, ^2^

Chironomus, ^ 5 >~

Chloroprocta, 143

Chlorops, 106

Chordonota, 47

Chortophila, 135

Chrysochlamys, 89

Chrysochlora, 48

Chrysochroma, 47

Chrysogaster, 85

Chrysomyia, 143

Chrysonotus, see Chrysochroma, 47

Chrysopila, 44

Chrysops, 51

Chrysotimus, 80

Chrysotoxum, 84

Chrysotus, 81

Chyliza, 114

Cladura, 33

Clasiopa, 110

Clavator, see Lestomyia, 57

Cleigastra, 129

Clinocera, 75

Clinopera, 143

Clinorhyneha, 12

Clitellaria, 48

Clunio, 25

Clusia, 127

Coelonietopia, 119

Ccelopa, 128

Coenomyia, 43

Coenosia, 135

Colpodia, 12

Comastes, see Heterostylum, 66

Compsomyia, 143

Coniceps, 119

Conops, 92

CONOPID^, 91

Copestylum, 87

Cophura, 57-xxxiv, 28

Coquillettia, 65

Corethra, 22

Cordylura, 29

Corizoneura, see Pangonia; 51

Corynoneura, 25

Crassiseta, see Elachiptera, 106

Cricotopus, 25

Crioprora, 89

Criorhina, 89

Cryptochaetum, 104-liv, 2

Cryptolabis, 33

Ctenophora, 36

Culex, 22

CULICID.E, 20

Curtonotum, 105, 108-lii, 3

Cuterebra, 136

Cylindrotoma, 35

Cynipimorpha, 48-vii, 4

Cynomyia, 140

Cyphomyia, 47

Cyrtid^, see Acroceridae, 70

Cyrtoma, 74

Cyrtoneura, see Morellia, 143

Cyrtopogon, 56

D

Dactylomyia, 78-i, 6
Dalmannia, 93
Danialis, 154-lxxx, 1
Dasyllis, 58
Dasyneura, 12

Daulopogon, see Lasiopogon, 56
Deromyia, 57-lx
Dermatobia, 136

INDEX.

159

Desmatomyia, 67-xlviii, 23

Desmatoneura, 67-xlviii, 23

Desmometopa, 104

Diachlorus, 52

Diacrita, 117

Dialineura, 89

Dialysis, 44

Diamesa, 25

Diapliorus, 80

Diastata, 105

Diatomlneura, see Pangonia, 51

Dichaeta, 110

Dichelacera, 52-lii, 1

Diclisa, 51-lvii, 3

Diclonus, 55

Dicranomyia, 32

Dicranota, 35

Dicranoptycha, 33

Dicranus, 154

Didea, 86

Dilophus, 38

Dioctria, 56

Diogmites, see Deromyia, 57

Diomyza, 12

DlOPSID^, 111

Diostrecus, 79

Diotrepha, 33

Dipalta, 65

Dlplocentra, see Curtonotum, 108

Diplosis, 12

Dirhiza, 12

Discocerina, see Clasiopa, 110

Discomyza, 110

Ditomyia, 17

Dixa, 28

DixiD^, 28

Dizonias, 55

Docosia, 18

Dolichomyia, 67

Dolichopeza, 36

DOLICHOPODID^, 76

Dolichopus, 78

Doliost/rphus, see Priomerus, 88

Doryclus, 57-lxi
Drapetis, 75
Drosophila, 108
Drosophilidas, 107
Drymeia, 134
Dryomyza, 128

Eccritosia, 154

Eclimus, 67-liii, 4

Ectecephala, 106

Ecthodopa, 56

Ectyphus, 64-lxiii

Efferia, see Erax, 59

Elachiptera, 106-lii, 9

Elephantomyia, 33

Elliponeura, 106

Elliptera, 33

Enipeda, 34

Empididte, 72

Empimorpha, 154

Enipis, 74

Ensina, 122

Epacmus, 67-xxiv, 27

Epihates, see Eclimus, 67

Ephydra, 111

Ephydeid^, 108

Epicypta, 18

Epidapus, 17-lviii, 4

Epidosia, 12-liii, 1

Epiphragma, 34

Epiplatea, 119

Epochroa, 121

Erax, 59

Eriocera, 35

Erioptera, 34

Eristalis, 88

Eristalomijla, see Eristalis, 88

Euaresta, 123

Eucessia, 67-xii, 8

Eudicrana, 18

Eugeniamjjia, see Hammerschmidtia, 87

Euhybus, 154

160

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Eulonchus, 71
Eumatopia, 119
Euparhyphus, 48
Eupeodes, 46
Eurosta, 122

Eurycephala, 118-xxvii, 13
Eurycnemus, 25
Euryneura, 48
Eutarsus, 81
Eutolmus, 59
Eutreta, 122
Euxesta, 119
Exechia, 19-lix, 2
Exepacmus, 66-xii, 36
Exoprosopa, 85
Exoptata, 65-xii, 9

Eucellia, 129, 135

Q

Gastrophilus, 136
Gaurax, 106
Geminaria, 66-xii, 36
Geomyzid^, 104
Geranomyia, 32
Geron, 68
Gloma, 75
Glutops, 44

Gnamptopsilopus, 78-i, 5
Gnophomyia, 34
Gnorista, 18
Goniops, 51-i, 1
Gonomyia, 34
Graphomyia, 144
Griphoneara, 124-lvii, 4
Gyranophora, 95
Gymnopternus, 79

H

Habropogon, 56
Hadroniyia, 89-xlviii, 29
Hadrus, 51
Hajmatobia, 143

Hgematopota, 52-lxii
Hammerschmidtia, 87-lxiv
Hecamede, 110-lviii, 2
Helicobia, 140-xii. 33 '
Heligmoneura, 59-li, 2
Helomyza, 126
Helomyzid^, 125
Helophilus, 88
Hemerodromia, 75
Hemichlora, 143
Ilemipenthes, see Anthrax, 66
Hercostomus, 79
Hermetia, 46
Hesperinus, 38
Heteracantha, 46-lii, 7
Heterocbroa, 105-lvii, 4
Heteromijia, see Ceratopogon, 24
Heteromyza, 126
Heteroneura, 127
Hbteroneurid^, 126
Heteropeza, 12-lix, 3
Heteropogon, 56
Heterostylum, 66-lii, 6
Hexachseta, 121
Hyeloniyia, 135-lxii
Hilara, 75

Hilarimorpha, 73, 84-lvii, 1
Hinieroessa, 116
Hippelates, 107
Hippobosca, 152

HlPPOBOSCID^, 151
Hirmoneura, 62
Histiodroma, 47-lvii, 4
Holcocephala, 56
Holopogon, 56
Ilolorusia, 36
Homalomyia, 135
Hormomyia, 12-liii, 1
Hormopeza, 75
Hyadina, 110
Hybos, 74
Hydrellia, 110
Hydrobasnus, 25
Hydroplioria, 135

INDEX.

161

Hydrophorus, 80
Hydrotaea, 134
Hyetodesia, 125
Hygroceleuthus, 78
Hyperalonia, 65-liv, 3
Hyperechia, 58-lvii, 3
Hypocharassus, 80-xxxlii, 1
Hypoderma, 136

1

Icterica, 122
Idana, 117
Idioplasta, 35
Ilythea, 111-lviii, 2
Ischnomyia, 105
Isopenthes, see Anthrax, 66
Iteapliila, 74

Johnsonia, 140-xii, 33

Lampria, 58

Laparus, 56

Laphria, 58

Laphystia, 55

Lasia, 71

Lasiargyra, 80

Lasiopogon, 56

Lasiops, 135

Lasioptera, 12

Lasiosoma, 18

Lastaurus, 57-liii, 6

Lauxania, 124

Leia, 18

Leiomyia, 104

Lepidanthrax, 65-xxxiv, 26

Lepidomyia, see Lepidostola, 85

Lepidophora, 67

Lepidostola, 85-xxxiii, 4

Lepidoselaga, see Hadrus, 51

Lepromi/ia, see Lepidostola, 85

Lkptidte, 41

Leptis, 44

Leptochilus, see Epacraus, 67
Leptogaster, 54
Leptomydas, 63
Leptopeza, 74
Leptorhethuni, 78-i, 5
Leria, 126-lxii
Lestomyia, 57-xlviii, 46
Lestophonus, see Cryptochstum, 104
Lestreniia, 13-lii, 10
Leucomelina, 134-lii
Leucopis, 104
Leucostola, 81
Loucozona, 87
Liancalus, 80
Limnobia, 32
Limnophila, 34
Lininophora, 13
Limosina, 102-lii, 9
Liogma, 35
Liponeura, 20-liii, 4

LlPONEURID^, 19

Lipoptena, 152
Lispa, 135
Lobioptera, 104
Loewiella, 57
Lonchaea, 124 *
Lonchoptera, 172

LoNCHOPTERIDiE, 172

Longurio, 36
Lophoteles, 153-liii, 5
Lordotus, 66-1, 1
Loxocera, 114
Lucilia, 144
Lycastrirliyncha, 88
Lyroneurus, 81

M
Macellocerus, 79-lxxi
Machinius, 59
Macrocera, 16

Macroceromys, see Xyloniyia, 43
Macropeza, 25

162

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Macrosargus, 47-vi, 0

Madiza, 113

Mallophora, 59

Mallota, 88

Mancia, 65-xii, 8

Mantipeza, 154

Medeterus, 78

Megapoda, 57

Meganietapon, 87-xvii, 3

Megarrhinus, 22

Meghypems, 154

Megistocera, 36-lxx, 1

Megistopoda, 152

Melanostoma, 86

Melophagus, 152

Merapioidus, 89-vi, 32

Meromacrus, 87-liv, 4

Meromyza, 106

Merosargus, 47-liii, 2

Mesembrina, 144

Mesembrinella, 144

Mesograpta, see Mesogramma, 87

Mesogramma, 87

Metacosmus, 67-xii, 26

Metapelastoneurus, 78, 79-i, 6

Metaphragma, 69-xii, 29

Metriocnemus, 25

Miastor, 12

Microchrysa, 47

Microdon, 85

Microniyia, 13

Micropeza, 113

Microphorus, 154

Microstylum, 55

Milesia, 87

Milicliia, 104

Mixogaster, 84

Mochtherus,s,ee Heligmoneura, 59

Molophilus, 34

Mongoma, 34-lxv

Morellia, 144

Mycetaulus, 112

Myoetohia, 17

Mycetophila, 18

Mecp:tophilid^, 13
Mycothera, 19
Mydaga, 135-lxii
Mydaid/D, 62
Mydas, 63

Myelaphus, 55-vi, 38
Myennis, 118
Myiolepta, 85
Myopa, 93
Myrmecomyia, 116
Myospila, 144
Mythicomyia, 73, 74-xii, 38
Myxosargus, 48-vii, 4
Musca, 143
MusciD^, 96, 140
Muscina, 143

N
Nausigaster, 85-xlviii, 46
Nebritus, 69-xii, 29
Nematoproctus, 80
Nemistrinid^, 60
Nemopoda, 112
Neoclasta, 154
Nemotelus, 48
Neoscia, 86-xlviii, 66
Neoaspilota, 122
Neochauna, 48
Neoempheria, 18
Neoexaireta, 46
Neoglaphyroptera, 19
Neoidiotypa, 119
Neoitamus, 59

Neomoctherus,see Heligmoneura, 59
Neorondania, 47
Nerius, 113
Neurigona, 78-liv, 5
Nicocles, 57
Norellia, 129-lxx
Nothomyia, 148
Notiphila, 110
Notogramma, 118
Nusa, 58-lv, 2
Nycteribiu, 152

INDEX.

163

O

Octhera, 110

Octheroidea, 110

Octhiphila, 104

Ociiaea, 71

Ocydromia, 71

Ocyptamus, 86

Odontocera, see Ceratomyza, 104

Odontomyia, 47

Oecacta, 25

Oecothea, 126

Oedamagena, 136

Oedaspis, 122

Oedicarena, 121

Oedopa, 118

Oestrid^, 136

Oestrus, 136

Olbiogaster, 41-xxxiv, 26

Olfersia, 152

Omegasyrphus, 84-xvii, 5

Ommatius, 59

Oncodes, 71

Oncodocera, 67

Oncomyia, 93

Onesia, 140-lxx

Opetiophora, 106

Ophyra, 135

Opomyza, 105

Opsebius, 71

Ormia, 152

Ornithomyia, 152

Orphnephila, 26

Orphnkphilid^, 26

Ortalid^, 114

Orthocladius, 25

Orthoneura, see Chrysogaster, 85

Orthoneuromyia (Psilocurus) 55

OSCINID^, 105

Oscinis, 107

Osprioeerus, 54

Ostracocoelia, 116-xvii, 48

Oxycera, 48

Pachycerina, 124
Pachygaster, 48
Pachyineria, 74
Pachyrhina, 36
Palloptera, 124
Paltostoma, 20-lvii, 3
Pangonia, 51
Pantarbes, 66
Paraclius, 79
Paracosmus, 67
Paragorgopis, 118-xvii, ^
Paragus, 85
Parahydrophorus, 154
Paralinma, 110
Paramintho, 140-1, 27
Paratropesa, 35-lvii, 4
Parydra, 111
Pedicia, 35
Pegomyia, 135-lxiii
Pelastoneurus, 78
Pelecocera, 84
Pelagomyia, 48
Pelina, 110

Pelomyia, 110-xlviii, 67
Peleropeodes, 79-xlvi, 1
Penthoptera, 35
Pericoma, 27-lv, 3
Peronyma, 121
Phalacromyia, 88
Phalocrocera, 35
Pheneus, 153
Philonicus, 59
Philopota, 71
Philhygria, 110
Phoneutisca, 75
Phora, 95
Phorbia, 135-lxii
Phorid^, 95
Phortica, 103
Phrissopoda, 140
Phthinia, 18

PHYCODROMlDiE, 128

164

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Phyllolabis, 34
Phyllomidas, 63-vi, 36
Phthiria, 67
Phyloniyza, 104
Physoeephala, 93-lvii, 6
Physogenua, 124-lii, 6
Phytomyza, 103
Piophila, 113

PioPHiLiDyE, see Sepsidae 111
Pipiza, 85

PlPUNCULID^, 93

Pipunculus, 94

Plagiocera, see Meromacrus, 97

Plagioneurus, 78

Plagiotoma, 121

Platychirus, 86

Platy enema, 95

Platynochastus, 88-lxx, 2

Platypeza, 95

Platypezid^, 94

Platy stoma, 115

Platy ura, 17

Plecia, 38

Plectroliiyia, 35

Plesiastina, 17

Plesiomma, 56

Ploas, 66

Pocota, see Hadromyia, 89

Poecilobothrus, 78-lxxi

Pogonosoma, 58

Pollenia, 144

Polydonta, see Poly dontomyia, 89

Polydontomyia, 89

Polylepta, 18

Polymedon, 79

Polymera, 31, 34

Polymorphomyia, 122-xli, 2

Porphyrops, 81

Priomerus, 87-lii, 9

Prochyliza, 112

Proctacanthus, 59

Promaclms, 59

Prothecus, see Pipunculus, 94

Psairoptera, 118
Pseudatrichia, 70
Pseudorus, 57
Psila, 114

PsiLIDiE, 114

Psilocephala, 69

Psilocurus {Orthoneuromyia) 55

Psilopa, 110

Psilopus, 77

Psychoda, 27

Psychodidte, 26

Psilota, 85

Ptecticus, 47

Pterallastes, 88

Pterocalla, 118

Pterodontia, 71

Pteroptila, see Meromacrus, 88

Ptiolina, 44

Ptychoptera, 36

Pycnopogon, 56

Pyrgota, 115

Pyrellia, 144

Pyrophaena, 35

Rivellia, 116

Rhabdopselaphus, 68-vi, 46
Rhachicerus, 43
Rhadiurgus, 59
Rhamphomyia, 74
Rhamphidia, 33
Rhaphiocera, 46-lii, 9
Rhaphiorhynchus, 49-lxx
Rhaphiomidas, 60
Rhaphium, 81
Rhicnoessa, 103
Rhingia, 87
Rhinotora, 125-lvii, 4
Rhiphidia, 32

RnOPALOMERlD^, 124

Tlhopalomijia, see Willistoniella,125
Rhopalosyrplms, 84

INDEX.

165

Rhymosia, 19
Rhynchocephalus, 62
Rhyphid^e, 40
Rhypholophus, 33
Rhyphus, 41

Salpingogaster,- 86
Sapromyza, 124
Sapromyzid^, 123
Sarapogon, 57
Sarcophaga, 140
Sarcophagid^, 137
Sarcophagula, 140-1, 7
Sarcophiloiles, 140
Sargus, 47
Scatella, 111

SCATOMYZID^ 128

Scatophaga, 129
Scatopse, 38
Scellus, 80

SCENOPINID^, 69

Scenopinus, 70
Sciara, 17
Sciomyza, 127
SciOMYZIDyE, 127
Sciophila, 17
Schoenomyza, 135
Scleropogon, 54
Scoliocentra, 126
Scoliopelta, 46, 48-xlviii, 2
Scyphella, 105
Senogaster, 89-lii, 9
Seoptera, 119
Sepedon, 128
Sepsid^, 111
Sepsis, 112
Sericomyia, 88
Sigaloessa, 108
Sigmatomera, 33
Silvius, 51

SlMULlID^, 38

Simulium, 40

Siphonella, 106

Sonioniyia, 144

Spania, 44

Spaniocera, 12-lix, 1

Sparnopolius, 67

Sphageus

Sphaerocera, 102-lxvii

Sphaerophoria, 87

Sphecomyia, 90

Sphegina, 86

Sphyracephala, 114

Sphyxiniorplia-liv, 6

Spilogaster, 134

Spilographa, 121

Spilomyia, 89

Spogostylum, 65-lii, 2

Stsegeria, 18

Stegana, 108

Steneretma, 119

Stenogaster, see Senogaster, 89

Stenomacra, 119

Stenomyia, 119

Stenopa, 121

Stenopogon, 54

Stenoprosopus, 59-lii, 1

Stenopterina, 116

Stibasoma, 52-lvii, 3

Stichopogon, 56

Stictocephala, 118

Stilpnogaster, 59-liii, 6

Stilpon, 75

Stomoxys, 143

Stonyx, 65

Stratiomyia, 47

Stratiomyid^, 44

Straussia, 121

Strebla, 152

Stylogaster, 93

Stygeropus, 36

Subula, see Xylomyia (Errata)

Symplecta, 34

Symphoromyia, 44-lxviii

Sympycnus, 81

166

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Synamphotera, 75
Syndyas, 74
Syneches, 74
Syntemna, 18
Synthesiomyia, 143
Syntormon, 80
Syritta, 89
Syephid^, 82
Syrphus, 87
Systoechus, 66
Systropus, 67

Tabanus, 52
Tabanid^, 49
Tabuda, 69
Tachj'dromyia, 75
Tachypeza, 75
Tachytrechus, 79
Tanypeza, 113
Tanypremna, 36
Tanypus, 25
Tanytarsus, 25
Taracticus, 57

Temnocera, see Volucella, 87
Temnostoma, 90
Tephritis, 123
Tephrochlaniys, 126
Tephronota, 117
Tetanocera, 126
Tetanops, 117
Tetanura, 113
Tetragoneura, 17
Tetropismenus, 117
Tersethes, 24-lxiv, 9
Teucholabis, 33
Teuchocnemis, 89
Thambeta, see Diotrepha, 33
Thecomyia, 128
Thereva, 69
Therevid^, 68
Theria, 140-lxii
Therioplectes, 52

Thevenemijia, see Eclimus, 67

Thinophilus, 81-lxix

Thlipsogaster 66

Tipula, 36

TiPULiD^. 29

Tolmerus, 59

Townsendia, 104

Toxophora, 68

Toxorrhina, 33

Toxotrypana, 120

Tricobius, 152

Trichocera, 34

Trichonta, 19'

Trichosia, 17

Triclis, 55-liii, 6

Trigonometopus, 127, 128

Trimicra, 34

Trine ura, 95

Triodites, see Aphcebantus, 67

Triodonta, see Polydontomyia, 89

Triogma, 35

Triplasius, 66-liii, 7

Triptotricha, 44

Tritoxa, 117

Tritozyga, 13

Trochobola, 32

Tropidia, 88

Tropidomyia, 92-xlviii, 34

Trypeta, 121

Trypetid^], 119.

Tylomyia, 112-xvii, 9

Tyreomma, 143

U

Ubristes, 85
Ula, 35

Ulamorpha, 34
LTlidia, 118
Urellia, 123

Volucella, 87

Velocia, see Hyperalonia, 654

INDEX.

167

W

WillistoTiiella, 125-xxxiii, 10
Winnertzia, 12

X

Xanthochlorus
Xanthogramma, 87
Xenochgeta, 122-xli, 2
Xestomyza, see Thereva, 69
Xiphura, 36
Xylopiiagid^, 41

Xylophagus, 43
Xylomyia, 43-liv, 5 ('61)
Xylota, 89

Yetodesia, see Hyetodesia, 134

Zodion, 93
Zygomyia, 18
Zygoneura, 17

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