L t _...^,-'.:-:;... ,:.;;->.■ Hay and Ed Moul George M. Gray Museum Marir>e Biological Laboratory klttlQpdS Hoi*, Massachusetts 02543 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication Xo. 200 Washington, D.C. Issued February 1935 \ t |\ MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES By A. S. HITCHCOCK Principal Botanist Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction Bureau of Plant Industry UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1935 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. Price 31-75 (Buckram) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES By A. S. Hitchcock, principal botanist, Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Uses of grasses 1 Distribution of grasses 5 Morphology of grasses 6 Classification of grasses _._ 10 Nomenclature 12 Common names 14 Scope of the manual 14 Gramineae (Poaceae), the grass family 15 Descriptions of the subfamilies and keys to the tribes 16 Subfamily 1. Festucoideae 16 Subfamily 2. Panicoideae 17 Descriptions of the tribes and keys to the genera 17 Tribe 1. Bambuseae 17 Tribe 2. Festuceae 17 Tribe 3. Hordeae 20 Tribe 4. Aveneae 21 Tribe 5. Agrostideae 22 Tribe 6. Zovsieae 24 Tribe 7. Chlorideae 24 TribeS. Phalarideae. 25 Tribe 9. Oryzeae 25 Tribe 10. Zizanieae 26 Tribe 11. Melinideae 26 Page Descriptions of the tribes and keys to the genera— Continued. Tribe 12. Paniceae 26 Tribe 13. Andropogoneae 27 Tribe 14. Tripsaceae 29 Descriptions of genera and species 29 Tribe 1. Bambuseae 29 Tribe 2. Festuceae 31 Tribe 3. Hordeae 229 Tribe 4. Aveneae 275 Tribe 5. Agrostideae 306 Tribe 6. Zoysieae 462 Tribe 7. Chlorideae 469 TribeS. Phalarideae 526 Tribe 9. Oryzeae 535 Tribe 10. Zizanieae 540 Tribe 11. Melinideae 546 Tribe 12. Paniceae 549 Tribe 13. Andropogoneae 715 Tribe 14. Tripsaceae 764 Synonymy 772 Unidentified names 979 Persons for whom grasses have been named,. 982 Glossary 987 Additions and corrections 993 Index __ 994 INTRODUCTION Of all the plants of the earth the grasses are of the greatest use to the human race. To the grasses belong the cereals, sugarcane, sor- ghum, and the bamboos; and, since they furnish the bulk of the forage for domestic animals, the grasses are also the basis of animal industry. USES OF GRASSES The grasses furnish the principal breadstuffs of the world and a large part of the food of domestic animals; they are also used in the industrial arts and extensively as greensward and ornamentals in parks and gardens. FOOD GRASSES The most important food plants for the human race are the cereals* including wheat, corn (maize), rice, barley, rye, oats, and many kinds of grain sorghums. For primitive peoples the seed of certain other grasses, such as pearl millet, common millet, broomcorn millet, Japanese millet, and African millet (ragi), have played an important role. The seeds of the cereals are also extensively used as feed for domestic animals. FORAGE GRASSES Forage grasses are used for hay, for pasturage, for soiling, and for silage. 2 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE HAY GRASSES The grasses together with the clovers and alfalfa are the basis of permanent meadows. The most important perennial grasses used for tame hay are: Timothy (Phleum pratense), redtop (Agrostis alba), orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), meadow fescue (Festuca elatior), smooth brome (Bromus inermis), and Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense). A few other species are used occasionally or rarely: Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), Dallis grass (Paspalum dilatatum), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), velvet grass (Holcus lanatus), Natal grass (Tricholaena rosea), tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius), and slender wheatgrass (Agropyron pauciflorum). Some of the grasses used primarily for pasture are also occasionally used for hay. Marketfchays from grasses usually consist of timothy, prairie grasses, Johnson grass, or grain (wheat, oats, and wild oats). The prairie hays are divided into upland prairie and midland prairie. The species of most importance in the upland prairie are Agropyron smithii and Stipa comata (northern Great Plains), Andropogon furcatus and A. scoparius (eastern Great Plains), A. saccharoides (Texas), and Panicum virgatum (Kansas to Texas). Midland prairie is invariably composed of Spartina pectinata. Tussock sedge (Carex stricta) is harvested in large quantities on the marshes of Wisconsin for use as packing hay. For temporary meadows the grasses most used are the cereals, which, with wild oats, furnish the grain hay of the Pacific coast, the sorghums, including Sudan grass, and millet (Setaria italica). PASTURE GRASSES The more common grasses used for permanent pasture are: Ken- tucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), redtop (Agrostis alba), colonial bent (A tenuis), orchard grass (Dac- tylis glomerata), smooth brome (Bromus inermis), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), perennial ryegrass (L. perenne), meadow fescue (Festuca elatior), Dallis grass (Paspalum dilatatum), carpet grass (Axonopus compressus), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa) , and sheep fescue (Festuca ovina). Many of the meadow grasses mentioned above are also used for pasture. Temporary pasture is furnished by the cereals and by rescue grass (Bromus catharticus) , Italian ryegrass, and Sudan grass. Two grasses, important in the Tropics but in the United States grown only in southern Florida and southern Texas, are Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and Para grass (P. purpurascens) . SOILING GRASSES Grasses used for soiling are for the most part the cereals, millet, and other annual grasses used for temporary meadows, and in addi- tion but only locally, pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana), and Napier grass (P. purpureum). SILAGE GRASSES Any grass may be cut and stored in silos, but corn (maize) and sorghum are the ones most used. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 6 RANGE GRASSES A large number of grasses make up much of the wild pasture, known in the West as the range, only the more abundant and valuable of which are recognized by stockmen as important. Probably the best known range grass is buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), a sod-forming "short grass" dominant over much of the Great Plains. Throughout the same region two tufted short grasses, blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and hairy grama (B. hirsuta), are abundant, In Texas the dominant grass over much of the range is curly mesquite (Hilaria belangeri) a sod-former similar to buffalo grass. In the prairie region of the Mississippi Valley and in the eastern part of the Great Plains certain "tall grasses" in earlier days furnished excellent hay and pasture, but in recent times these fertile grasslands have been broken up for cultivated fields. The more im^tant tall grasses are bluejoint turkeyfoot (Andropogon jurcatus) , prairie beard- grass (A. scoparius), switch grass (Panicum virgatum), side-oats grama \Bouteloua curtipendula) , and Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans). The marsh hay of the northern Mississippi Valley consists of blue- joint (Calamagrostis canadensis), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundin- acea), and a few other wet-land species. The forage grasses of the Great Basin include species of Poa, Festuca, Bromus, Aristida, and Stipa. In the Southwest, the gramas, species of Bouteloua, dominate the range. A large bunchgrass, sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii), and alkali sacaton (S. airoides) furnish much forage. A few of the many nutritious species found in the Northwestern States are greenleaf fescue (Festuca viridula), bluebunch fescue (F. idahoensis), pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens), slender wheat- grass (Agropyronpauciflorum), California bromegT&ss (Bromus carina- tus), and in the semiarid regions bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum). GRASSES IN THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS The most important species of the industrial arts group is the sugar- cane (p. 718). This might be included among grasses that furnish food, but sugar is a manufactured product. The chief fiber-producing grasses are esparto (Lygeum^ spartum and Stipa tenacissima) also known as alfa, natives of Spain and north Africa. The leaves and stems are utilized in paper making. The pith of the cornstalk and the oil of the corn grain find many uses in the arts. Certain aromatic grasses furnish essential oils used in perfumery. The best known are the lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), citronella grass (C. nardus), and vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) . The bamboos, the largest of the grasses, are of yast importance in the Indo-Malay region and are receiving increasing attention in the United States. The larger kinds reach a height of 30 meters and are 15 to 25 or 30 centimeters thick below, tapering to the summit. The culms or stems are very strong and are used in building houses and bridges. When the stems are split, flattened out, and the parti- tions at the joints removed they make very durable boards, a foot or more wide, for floors and walls. Rafts and floats are made of the hollow stems closed at the joints by natural airtight partitions. With the partitions removed bamboo stems furnish water pipes or 4 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE conduits. Sections of the stem closed at one end by the partition form convenient vessels for holding water. Much of the furniture and many of the utensils and implements used by the Malays are made wholly or in part of bamboo. Slender bamboo stems are famil- iar to us in the form of fishing rods and walking canes. Shoots of PhyUostachys edulis, Bambusa beecheyana, and other species of bamboo are a choice vegetable in the Orient and an expensive dainty in the United States. Brooms are made from the seed heads of broomcorn, a variety of sorghum. Leghorn hats are made of a kind of wheat straw cut young and bleached. Straw of rice and oats is used for matting and for hats. . Starch and alcohol are made from the gram of maize, wheat, and other cereals. The stalks, grain, and cobs of maize furnish a great variety of products, such as wallboard, glucose, oil, red rubber, and corncob pipes. SOIL-HOLDING GRASSES Grasses used to hold soil in place and prevent erosion by wind or water possess strong creeping rhizomes. Sand-binding grasses in addition are able to grow up through the deepening sand. The most effective sand binders for seacoast drifting sand are the European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria) and its&American relative (A. breviligulata) . The dunes of the Nether- lands, southwestern France, northern and western Denmark, and other parts of Europe and areas on Cape Cod are planted with beachgrass. These fixed dunes act as barriers, protecting the land behind them. The land now occupied by Golden Gate Park, once an area of drifting sand, was first held in place with beachgrass and later planted to shrubs and trees. Calamovilja longrfolia and Redfieldia flexuosa are effective native sand binders on sand dunes of the interior. Grasses with strong rhizomes are used to hold the sides of cuts and banks and to protect them against erosion. Bermuda grass in the South and quackgrass (Agropyron repens) in the North have been used successfully for this purpose. Rhizome-bearing species of Elymus and Agropyron have been used in the Northwest to hold railway embankments along the Columbia River. Shallow-water marshes and lagoons are in many places being converted into dry land by native plants growing therein that accumu- late soil and gradually raise the level of the bottom. Grasses, espe- cially species of Spartina, play an important part in the process. Recently artificial plantings of S. townsendii have been used with great success in the south of England, northern France, and in parts of the Netherlands to convert marshes and mud flats along the coast into dry land. GRASSES FOR LAWNS AND GOLF COURSES The lawn is a most important part of a well-planned landscape, park, or garden. For the humid regions of the Northern States, Kentucky bluegrass, also used for pasture, is the best-known lawn grass. Rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis) is often used as a lawn grass in shady places. In the Southern States Bermuda grass takes the place of bluegrass. Two other species are becoming prominent as grasses for lawns and putting greens, creeping bent (Agrostis palus- tris), and colonial bent (A tenuis). Along southern coasts St. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 5 Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) and centipede grass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) are planted, being propagated by cuttings. Some of the fescue grasses are used in mixtures for lawns. These are red fescue (Festuca rubra), sheep fescue (F. ovina), hard fescue (F. ovina var. duriuscula), and shade fescue (F. rubra var. hetero- phvlla). ^ a ORNAMENTAL GRASSES Among typical ornamentals the plumegrasses, giant reed (Arundo donax), Ravenna grass (Erianthus ravennae), eulalia (Miscanthus sinensis), and pampasgrass (Cortaderia selloana) are the most popular for parks and large areas. Dwarf bamboo (Bambusa nana) is used for hedges in the South, and the smaller species of Phyllostachys for masses of evergreen foliage. Sasa japonica, an aggressively spread- ing hardy bamboo, is rather common in parks. Fountain grass (Pennisetum ruppelii) and blue fescue (Festuca ovina var. glauca) are used for borders. Ribbon grass (Phalaris arundinacea var. picta) is a familiar grass in old gardens. Basket grass (a variegated form of Oplismenus hirtellus) will fall in long festoons from hanging baskets. DISTRIBUTION OF GRASSES One of the most widely distributed of the families of flowering plants, the grasses are found over the land surface of the globe, in marshes and in deserts, on prairies and in woodland, on sand, rocks, and fertile soil, from the Tropics to the polar region and from sea level to perpetual snow on the mountains. The different grasses, like other kinds of plants, thrive best under certain conditions of soil, moisture, temperature, exposure, and alti- tude. The conditions under which a plant normally grows is its habitat. Some species are narrowly restricted in their habitat — being found only in sand or on rocks, in salt marshes or on alpine summits, for example, whereas others are tolerant of wide variations of habitat. Red fescue (Festuca rubra) is an example of wide dis- tribution of a species tolerant of a variety of habitats. It is found from the arctic regions south at low altitudes to Georgia and central California and in the mountains farther south, and from the seacoast marshes to mountain tops. Each species is found growing over a rather definite geographic area but within this area it is confined to its particular habitat. In mountain regions altitude is an important factor in modifying range, each species thriving within certain limits of altitude. Species found at high altitudes in one range of mountains may reappear at about the same altitude on other ranges. Certain grasses growing at low levels in the north are found in the mountains and at increasingly higher elevations southward. The geographic range is of importance and is given in some detail for each species in the manual. The range as given is based upon the study of a vast amount of material, both in the herbarium and in the field. For convenience in keeping the records of distribution a series of outline maps, one for each species or variety, has been prepared in the grass herbarium of the United States National Herbarium. The known range of each species is indicated upon these maps by a dot on each State from which specimens are in the herbarium or have been examined by the author. (A few extensions 6 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE of range have been found since the maps were engraved. These are included in the text.) Local floras, lists, and records of distribution have been checked and efforts have been made to verify the records that seemed to indicate an extension of range. Other herbaria have been visited or have lent specimens, and many correspondents have submitted specimens for verification. No additions have been made without a study of the specimens. The ranges of native species are usually fairly well defined and continuous. A species of the Coastal Plain extends, for example, from New Jersey to North Carolina or from Virginia to Florida and Texas, without a conspicuous break. Mountain plants extend along mountain ranges where similar conditions prevail. Some species have in the main a continuous range but are found also in isolated and distant localities. Bouteloua hirsuta extends over the Great Plains east to Wisconsin and Louisiana, and again occurs abundantly and apparently native on Sanibel Island, Fla. Some Coastal Plain species appear again around the head of Lake Michigan. In these cases it is probable that the species do not occur in the intermediate areas. Certain arctic or northern species also show interrupted range, being found within the limits of the United States only on isolated mountain tops. The arctic grass, Phippsia algida, for example, is known within the United States only from alpine summits in Colo- rado. What appear to be interrupted ranges along the northern or southern borders are mostly due to extensions into this country from the main ranges in Canada or Mexico. The distribution of recently introduced species is often very erratic. A single introduction may maintain itself or even spread consider- ably for several years before coming to the notice of botanists. In- troduced species often travel rapidly along railroads by means of cattle cars, or they spread as impurities in the seed of crop plants. That seeds may travel great distances through the air has been shown by experiments in which airplanes have collected seeds, insects, and other objects at varying heights in the atmosphere. For example, spikelets of Paspalum dilatatum and P. urvillei were taken at altitudes up to 5,000 feet in Louisiana. Grasses introduced into cultivation may spread or "escape" from cultivation and become established over wide areas. Kentucky bluegrass {Poa pratensis) and the ryegrasses (Lolium perenne and L. multiflorum) are familiar examples. Johnson grass is an excellent forage grass, but if it escapes into cultivated fields may become a troublesome weed Other cultivated grasses, such as the grains, frequently spread from fields but are unable to maintain themselves for long. Eulalia (Miscanthus sinensis) has been cultivated for ornament in the east- ern part of the United States for many years. Only recently has it shown a tendency to spread by seed. It is now becoming a nuisance in some localities because of its aggressiveness in old fields. MORPHOLOGY OF GRASSES The organs of grasses undergo many modifications or departures from the usual or typical structure. A knowledge of the structure and modifications of the organs, especially of the parts of the spikelet, is essential for the interpretation of relationships. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 7 VEGETATIVE ORGANS In size grasses vary from minute species only 2 or 3 cm high to the giant bamboos 30 m tall. The vegetative organs, however, consist, in all cases, of root, stem, and leaves. A single unbranched stem with the attached leaves, is a shoot. ROOT The roots of grasses are fibrous with little modification. The pri- mary root persists only a short time after germination, its place being taken by secondary roots produced from the nodes of the young- culm. Besides the original root system at the base of the plant, secondary roots are often formed from nodes above the ground as in maize (prop roots), or from the nodes of creeping culms (rhizomes or stolons). Roots are never produced from the mternodes of the culms. STEM The jointed stem of a grass, called a culm, is made up of a series of nodes and mternodes. The internode is hollow (wheat), or solid (maize); the node or joint is always solid. The culm may branch at the base as in wheat (stools) or above the base as in Muhlenbergia. Creeping culms, modified for propagation, may be below ground (rhizomes) or above ground (stolons). The lower mternodes may thicken into corms (timothy, species of Melica, Arrhenatherum elatius var. bulbosum), sometimes referred to as bulbs. Perennial grasses may form a sod or mass of individuals by means of rhizomes or stolons, or they may form a crown or tuft by the continual formation of upright branches within the lower sheaths. LEAF The leaves are borne on the culm in two ranks, one at each node The leaf consists of sheath and blade. The sheath envelops the culm above the node, the margins overlapping (open) or infrequently united into a cylinder for a part or a whole of the distance to the summit (closed). The blades are typically flat, narrow, and sessile. In dry regions they are usually involute or convolute ; in tropical shade they are often comparatively short and wide (lanceolate, ovate, or elliptic) ; in most of the bamboos they are narrowed into a short petiole articulate with the sheath. Some grasses (especially the Hordeae) bear, one on either side_ at the base of the blade, appendages known as auricles. At the junction of the blade and sheath on the inside is a membranaceous or ciliate appendage called the ligule. The region on the back of the leaf at the junction of the sheath and blade is called the collar. PROPHYLLUM At the point where a branch shoot originates from a main shoot, (in the axil of a sheath) there is produced on the side next to the parent shoot a two-keeled organ (the first leaf of the shoot) called the prophyllum. At first the prophyllum completely covers the bud but later opens as the shoot develops. The organ is usually concave toward the parent shoot but clasps the new shoot by its margins. 8 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE FLORAL ORGANS The floral organs of all flowering plants are modified shoots. The flowers of grasses consist of stamens and pistils with no floral envelops or perianth, except as they are represented by the lodicules. THE INFLORESCENCE The unit of the grass inflorescence is the spikelet. The spikelets are nearly always aggregated in groups or clusters winch constitute the inflorescence. The tassel of maize, the spike or head of wheat or timothy, and the panicle of the oat or bluegrass are examples of inflorescences. The simplest inflorescence is the raceme, in which the spikelets are pediceled along an axis. The typical raceme, as in Pleuropogon, is rare in grasses. Modified spikelike racemes are characteristic of Paspalum, Digitaria, and allied genera, in which the spikelets are paired and short-pedicellate, and of most Andropogoneae, in which the spikelets are paired, one sessile the other pedicellate. The inflorescences of the groups mentioned may best be considered as specialized panicles. The spike differs from the raceme in having sessile spikelets. In the Hordeae the spikes are symmetrical, in the Chlorideae they are one-sided. The panicle is the commonest kind of grass cluster. In this the spikelets are pediceled in a branched inflorescence. The panicle may be open or diffuse as in Panicum capillare or contracted as in millet. Compact panicles, especially if cylindric like timothy, are called spikelike panicles. Numerous small inflorescences may be aggregated into a large or compound inflorescence. Many Andropogoneae have compound inflorescences, for example, the broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus). Panicles often expand at the time of flowering (anthesjs). Such expansion or spreading of the branches and branchlets is brought about by the swelling of motor organs (pulvini) in the axils of the inflorescence. Sometimes the ultimate branches of an inflorescence are sterile instead of bearing spikelets. The sterile branchlets of Setaria, Pennisetum, and Cenchrus are modified into bristles around the spikelets. THE SPIKELET A typical spikelet consists of a short axis (rachilla) on which the flowers are borne in the axils of two-ranked imbricate bracts. The spikelet is, therefore, a reduced modified shoot in which the rachilla is a stem bearing at each node a reduced leaf (bract). The flowers are secondary reduced shoots borne in the axils of the bracts, the first bract (palea) on the secondary shoot being a modified prophyllum and the stamens and pistil being modified leaves or bracts. The bracts of the lowest pair on the rachilla, being always empty, are distinguished as glumes. The succeeding bracts are called lemmas (flowering glumes of some authors). The glumes and lemmas repre- sent the sheath of the leaves, the blades not developing (in proliferous spikelets the parts are partially developed into typical leaves). The lemma, palea, and included flower are called the floret. The branchlet bearing the spikelet is the pedicel. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 9 The spikelet may be reduced to a single floret (Agrostideae), some- times with a prolongation of the rachilla behind, as in Calamagrostis. In Andropogon a fertile spikelet is paired with a sterile one in which the pistils or both pistils and stamens are absent. The upper florets of the spikelet are often reduced in Festuceae and the lower lemmas may be empty in some genera (Uniola, Distichlis). In Melica and Chloris the upper florets may be reduced and form a club-shaped body. In Phalaris there is one fertile floret with a pair of sterile florets below, each reduced to a small appressed scale. In Lamarckia and Cynosurus there are prominent sterile spikelets mixed with the fertile ones. In Paniceae the spikelet has a perfect terminal floret and below this a sterile floret, consisting of a sterile lemma similar to the glumes, either empty or with a hyaline palea or sometimes with a staminate flower. In a few grasses (Amphicarpum, Chloris chloridea) there are, in addition to the usual inflorescence aboveground, cleistogamous spike- lets borne on underground culms. RACHILLA The axis bearing the florets, the rachilla, usually disarticulates between the florets wThen the spikelet is more than one-flowered. In many species of Eragrostis it is continuous, usually bearing the per- sistent paleas, after the remainder of the florets have fallen. When the rachilla disarticulates the break is usually just below the florets so that the rachilla joint remains attached as a little stipe back of the palea. The disarticulation is near the middle of the internode in Trichoneura and Festuca subuliflora. The rachilla disarticulates just above the floret in Phragmites, the rachilla remaining as a plumose stipe below it. The racliilla is short-villous or pilose in many genera of Aveneae (the callus of the floret often pilose also). In some genera with one-flowered spikelets (Calamagrostis, Cinna, Cynodon) the rachilla is prolonged behind the floret as a slender, often villous, joint or bristle, and in several genera with several-flowered spikelets (Koeleria, Poa) it is prolonged beyond the uppermost floret. GLUMES The glumes are usually similar in shape and texture, the first often smaller and with fewer nerves. Rarely the first glume is longer than the second (species of Aristida). The first may be much reduced or wanting (Axonopus, Paspalum, Digitaria). Rarely both glumes are wanting (Leersia, Reimarochloa) . In Eriochloa the first glume is re- duced or wanting, the first rachilla joint being a hard ring below the spikelet. In Andropogoneae the first glume is usually indurate, sometimes strongly so. In some Hordeae the glumes are bristlelike. LEMMAS The lemmas in the more primitive grasses are typically similar to the glumes but may be variously modified. In Panicum the fertile lemma is much harder than the glumes; in Andropogoneae they are much thinner than the glumes, often hyaline. The indurate cylindric lemma of Stipa and Aristida bears a sharp callus at base, formed by the oblique articulation with the racliilla. 10 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUEE PALEA The palea is mostly two-keeled and often concave between the keels. It is homologous with the prophyllum. Sometimes the two nerves of the palea are so close together as to appear like a single nerve (Cinna) ; sometimes the two nerves are marginal and widely separated as in rice. The keels may be ciliate (Eragrostis) , bearded (Triplasis), or winged (Pleuropogon) . The palea is much reduced or wanting in species of Agrostis. Usually the palea falls with its lemma but in many species of Eragrostis it persists upon the rachilla after the fall of the lemma. FLOWER The flower proper consists of the stamens and pistil. The stamens are usually 3 but may be 1 to 6, rarely more. The slender filaments bear two-celled anthers which are basifixed but so deeply sagittate as to appear versatile. The pistil is one-celled, with one ovule; the styles are usually 2 but may be 1 or 3 ; the stigmas may arise from a single style or directly from the ovary. The style of Zea is greatly elongate and stigma tic over much of the exserted surface. The lodicules are small organs found at the base of the floret outside the stamens. There are usually two, rarely three, the fimction of which is to open the floret at anthesis by their turgidity. They probably represent much reduced divisions of a perianth. Typically the grasses are adapted to cross-pollination, but many species are cleistogamous in part. The axillary inflorescences of some species (Panicum clandestinum and allies, Leersia oryzoides) are enclosed in the sheaths and are self-pollinated. The florets of wheat expand for only a short time, when cross-pollination may take place, but for the most part are self-pollinated. The fruit of the grasses is usually a caryopsis, in which the single seed is grown fast to the pericarp, forming a seedlike grain. In a few genera (Sporobolus, Eleusine), the seed is free from the pericarp. The caryopsis may be free from the lemma and palea, as in wheat, or it may be permanently enclosed, as in the oat and in the Paniceae. The grain (caryopsis) may enlarge during ripening and greatly exceed the glumes, lemma, and palea, as in maize and Pennisetum glaucum. The embryo lies on the side of the caryopsis next to the lemma, and can be easily seen as an oval depression (the "germ" of maize and wheat). The hilum is the dot or line opposite the embryo which marks the point of attachment of the seed to the pericarp. The part of the caryopsis not occupied by the embryo is the endosperm or nourishment for the germinating seed. CLASSIFICATION OF GRASSES A natural classification of plants is one in which the different kinds or species are arranged in groups according to their resemblances as shown by their structure, especially (in the grasses and other flowering plants) by the structure of their flowers. The plants of today repre- sent a cross section of the lines of descent from countless generations that have preceded them. It is generally accepted that there has been much variation during the evolutionary process, and that all living plants are genetically connected through their lines of descent. Some of the gaps in present-day knowledge of relationship are filled by fossil remains but relatively few of the ancestors of living plants MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 11 are represented by fossils. Knowledge of the ancestry of the kinds of plants now on the globe is necessarily very incomplete. Hence, ideas of the relations of groups to each other are largely inferences based upon morphological resemblances. Those individuals which are so much alike as to appear to be of one kind, with, presumably, a common ancestor in recent geological times, are regarded as belonging to the same species. The species is the unit of classification. For convenience, species are grouped into genera and genera into families. For example, the white oak, red oak, black oak, and other lands or species of oak belong to the oak genus (Quercus), all the species of which have one character in common — the fruit is an acorn. The oak genus, the beech genus, the chestnut genus, and a few allied genera are grouped together as a family. The grass family (Gramineae or Poaceae) is one of the largest in number of genera and species, and, among flowering plants, is prob- ably the largest in the number of individuals and is one of the most widely distributed. Some genera, such as the bluegrasses (Poa), the bromegrasses (Bromus), and the immense genus Panicum, contain numerous often closely allied species. Some genera contain but a few species or even but one. When an attempt is made to classify a group of related variable species the question always arises whether there are several closely related but distinct species or a few distinct species, each of which shows great variation. It is but natural that botanists should differ in their conclusions. This explains in part the different classifica- tions of the same group given by botanists of different periods or even of the same period. A satisfactory classification depends upon the study of abundant material both in the field and in the herbarium. By observation in the field one learns the range of variability of a species, while in the herbarium one can compare plants from different localities, interpreting the dried specimens in the light of field experi- ence. In the classification of variable species it is found convenient some- times to separate variants as varieties. A variety comprises those individuals of a species that show a definite tendency to vary in a certain direction, but which are connected with the species by rather numerous intergrades. Sometimes a variety is founded on a single variation which is distinct but trivial, for example, pubescent speci- mens of a glabrous species. A variation supported by a distinct geographical range or even by a distinct habitat is given greater weight than is a variation found in a few individuals growing among plants of the typical form. The study of a vast amount of material in field and herbarium during some 30 years has resulted in the recognition of relatively few varieties, the intergrades proving to be more numerous than fairly clear-cut variants. Well-marked varieties are given a separate paragraph in the text, but are not usually given in the keys. Less well-marked varieties are given in the paragraph with the species. Many additional forms are indicated in a descriptive statement without being formally recognized as species or varieties. For example, under Digitaria gracillima appears, "A tall plant with * * * has been called D. bakeri (Nash) Fernald"; and under Eriochloa michauxii, "a form with * * * has been described as E. mollis var. longifolia Vasey." 12 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE The arrangement of the genera in this manual is, in general, from the simple to the complex. It is, of course, impossible to arrange all the genera in linear sequence and at the same time represents gradual increase in complexity because plants have not developed in a single line, but have diverged in all directions, their relationships being a complex network. The highest genus of one tribe may be much more complex than the lowest genus of the next tribe above. On the average the Bambuseae seem to be the most primitive and the Tripsaceae the most complex. A grass with a spikelet consisting of glumes and several florets, the lemmas and glumes being similar and resembling bracts, is a primitive form. Grasses with spikelets in which the parts are reduced, enlarged, or much differentiated, are derived or complex forms. Derived forms may be simple from the reduction of parts and yet not be primitive. In the main the genera of grasses fall readily into a few large groups or tribes, but several genera of uncertain affinities are, for convenience, placed in the recog- nized tribes on artificial characters, with the hope that further study and exploration will bring to light their true relationships. The grasses of the world (about 510 genera) have been grouped into 14 tribes, all of which are represented in the United States. The sequence of tribes and genera in the manual with a few minor changes, is that found in The Genera of Grasses of the United States. NOMENCLATURE The cooperative study of botany depends for progress and success on definiteness in the application of the names of plants. Research workers in all branches of botany must use the names of plants in the same sense or serious misunderstandings will result. One of the functions of systematic botany is to determine the correct names of plants. The study of the application of plant names is nomenclature. By common consent of the botanists of the world Latin has been accepted as the language for technical plant names. _ Modern nomenclature commences with the publication in 1753 of Linnaeus' Species Plantarum in which the binomial system of naming plants was first proposed. During the nearly 200 years following that date many thousands of plants have been described. During this time there has been a lack of uniformity in the use of names, causing much confusion, and resulting in frequent changes. The same species has been described under different names at different times, and the same name has been given to different plants. This con- fusion has been especially embarrassing to the agriculturist, ranger, seedsman, pathologist, entomologist, and to all others interested in plants, but not familiar with nomenclature and the history of the names used. The difference in the Latin names applied in different books to the same kind of grass is due to several causes. (1) A species is described as new by one author without knowing that the same species had been previously described by another author. The second name is known as a synonym. _ (2) An author applies a new name to a variant of a species already described. The author recognizes the variant as a distinct species. Other botanists may consider it to be only a variety of the older species or may consider it as a variant not sufficiently distinct to be worthy of varietal rank. - Hitchcock A S the genera of grasses of the united states, with special reference to the economic species. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772, 307 pp., illus. 1920. i MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 13 (3) Authors have different concepts of the limits of genera. The genus Triticum was described by Linnaeus. A later botanist thought that many of the species of this genus were different enough to constitute a distinct genus, Agro- pyron, and transferred quackgrass, first described as Triticum repens to Agropyron, as A. repens. (4) Authors sometimes misidentify species. Linnaeus described one of the cordgrasses as Spartina cynosuroides. Later, Michaux used the specific name for & different species, (Trachynotia cynosuroides, based on S. cynosuroides L.) This error was corrected and the species described by Michaux was given a new name, S. michauxiana. Only recently the loan of the type of Spartina pectinata Link, poorly described many years earlier, shows that that name is the valid one for the species. It will be seen that the differences in names are due in part to differences of opinion as to the generic, specific, or varietal distinctness of forms; in part to lack of knowledge as to what plants have been described previously; and hi part to errors of identification. All the preceding shows the need of rules of nomenclature. To enable users of this manual to coordinate the names published to date a synonymy 2 has been appended in which all the names pub- lished for grasses in the United States have been arranged under the names here adopted, that is, under the oldest valid name for each species. In determining the valid names of the species the Inter- national Rules of Botanical Nomenclature have been followed. Under these rules certain generic names are conserved though they are not the earliest. The names of genera of grasses on the conserved list are as follows: Tragus, Zoysia, Leersia, Hierochloe, Crypsis, Coleanthus, Corynephorus , Cynodon, Ctenium, Buchloe, Diarrhena, Lamarckia, Glyceria. Certain other names of genera are used for different reasons. Digitaria antedates Syntherisma with which it is synonymous. Setaria was proposed as a conserved name at the Cambridge Inter- national Botanical Congress and was referred to a committee along with other names. It was also proposed at the Cambridge Congress (and referred to a committee) that the standard species of Holcus be H. lanatus and of Aim be A praecox, thus validating Sorghum and Deschampsia. The synonymy attempts to record all the effectively _ published names given to species and varieties described from the United States or known to grow in the United States. In addition many names are given which have been published as synonyms or without sufficient description (nomina nuda). Whether such names have been included depends upon whether they have appeared in such works as the Index Kewensis or have some connection with effectively published names. When a species is transferred from one genus to another, a new name results. The basis of the transfer is given in each case. If the name was published as new the original published locality is given. State- ments enclosed in brackets following the original locality are based upon unpublished evidence. Forms (formae) are included in the synonymy so far as they have been indexed in the grass herbarium. The index includes all forms recently published in this country. Misapplied names have not been included among the synonyms but are mentioned in a paragraph at the end of the synonymy of the valid species, and then only names that have appeared in recent manuals are given. 2 For convenience the names of the genera are arranged alphabetically and under each genus the valid names of the species are given in alphabetic order in boldface type, the synonyms of each species (in italics) being arranged chronologically under the valid name. 14 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE So far as possible the names have been confirmed or identified by examination of the types. The type of a species or variety is the specimen which an author had chiefly in mind when he wrote the original description. The type specimen determines the application of the name. The type specimens of the early American botanists are mostly in European herbaria. The types of species described by Vasey and other botanists connected with the Department of Agricul- ture are mostly in the United States National Herbarium. Types not in Washington have been studied in other herbaria and photographs and drawings made of them by the agrostologists of the Department of Agriculture, or have been lent by the curators of the herbaria in which they are deposited. Through the courtesy of these curators many fragments of types have been deposited in the United States National Herbarium. A few type specimens have not been located, and doubtless in some of these cases there are no types in existence to confirm original descriptions. A relatively small number of published names still remain unidentifiable. These names are listed following the synonymy. Certain exotic species, mentioned by horticultural writers as being occasionally cultivated for ornament, have been included in notes appended to the genera to which they belong. It has not been practicable in all cases to verify the application of the names on a type basis, and the species are admitted under the names they bear in cultivation. COMMON NAMES The common or English names of plants are often uncertain in their application, different plants bearing the same name or the same plant bearing different names in different localities. A recent work, Standardized Plant Names,3 has coordinated and standardized the common names. One of the authors of this work, Frederick V. Coville, has standardized the common names of the grasses for this manual. SCOPE OF THE MANUAL The manual includes descriptions of all grasses known to grow in the continental United States, excluding Alaska. There are 159 numbered genera and 1,100 numbered species. Of these, 44 genera and 151 species are introduced, mostly from the Eastern Hemisphere. In addition to the numbered species, which may be considered per- manent constituents of the flora of the United States, there are a number of species which are known only as ballast plants or as waifs in the interior, or are only rarely cultivated. These appear not to be established and are mentioned, without numbers, in paragraphs appended to their nearest allies. They are not included in the keys. The manual is based mainly on the material in the United States National Herbarium, the grass collection of which is the largest in the world, numbering more than 210,000 sheets. In addition all the larger collections of grasses in the United States have been consulted and the curators have lent specimens for study and have aided in other ways. Many smaller collections have contributed information, especially on the ranges of species. The cooperation of the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, has been invalu- 3 American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature, standardized plant names. Prepared by F. L. Olmsted, F. V. Coville, and H. P. Kelsey. 546 pp. Salem, Mass. 1923. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 15 able. The Forest Service maintains in its Washington office, a range- plant herbarium, consisting of the collections made by forest officers, especially those located in western national forests and forest experi- ment stations. The grasses of this range-plant herbarium have been placed at the disposal of the writer and have furnished important data on distribution. Many botanists throughout the country have rendered valuable assistance in recent years by contributing specimens which have added species previously unknown from the United States, have extended ranges, and have helped to solve the position of puzzling species and varieties.4 Nearly all the species have been illustrated.5 To aid the users of this work in pronouncing the Latin names the accented syllable is indicated. The accent mark is used to show the accented syllable without reference to the length of the vowel. GRAMINEAE (POACEAE), THE GRASS FAMILY Flowers perfect (rarely unisexual), small, with no distinct perianth, arranged in spikelets consisting of a shortened axis (rachilla) and 2 to many 2-ranked bracts, the lowest two being empty (the glumes, rarely one or both obsolete), the one or more succeeding ones (lemmas) bearing in their axils a single flower, and, between the flower and the rachilla, a second 2-nerved bract (the palea), the lemma, palea, and flower together constituting the floret; stamens 1 to 6, usually 3, with very delicate filaments and 2-celled anthers; pistil 1, with a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary, 2 (rarely 1 or 3) styles, and usually plumose stigmas; fruit a caryopsis with starchy endosperm and a small embryo at the base on the side opposite the hilum. Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with hollow or solid stems (culms) closed at the nodes, and 2-ranked usually parallel-veined leaves, these consisting of two parts, the sheath, enveloping the culm, its margins overlapping or sometimes grown together, and the blade, usually flat; between the two on the inside, a membranaceous hyaline or hairy appendage (the ligule). The spikelets are almost always aggregated in spikes or panicles at the ends of the main culms or branches. The perianth is usually repre- sented by 2 (rarely 3) small hyaline scales (the lodicules) at the base of the flower inside the lemma and palea. The grain or caryopsis (the single seed and the adherent pericarp) may be free, as in wheat, or permanently enclosed in the lemma and palea, as in the oat. Rarely the seed is free from the pericarp, as in species of Sporobolus and Eleusine. The culms of bamboos are woody, as are also those of a < The more important are: Brother G. Arsene, Sacred Heart Training College, Las Vegas, N.Mex., collections from Louisiana and New Mexico; H. L. Blomquist, Duke University, Durham, N.C., collec- tions from North Carolina; B. F. Bush, Courtney, Mo., collections from Missouri and Texas; V. H. Chase, Peoria, 111., collections from Illinois; Charles C Deam, research forester, Indiana, collections from Indiana; H I Featherly, Agricultural and Mechanical College, Stillwater, Okla., collections from Oklahoma; the late William C Ferguson, Hempstead, N.Y., collections from Long Island; A. O. Garrett, East High School, Salt Lake City, collections from Utah; James E. Nelson, Salem, Oreg., collections from Oregon including ballast plants near Portland; J. B. S. Norton, University of Maryland, collections from Maryland; W. A. Silveus, San Antonio, Tex., collections from Texas, especially in the vicinity of San Antonio, including several novelties; B. C. Tharp, University of Texas, collections from Texas. s The drawings illustrating the genera (previously published in U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 772, The Genera of Grasses of the United States . . .) and nearly half of the others were made by Mary Wright Gill; the remainder were drawn by Edna May Whitehorn; the spikelet drawings are by Agnes Chase. In each case the specimen from which the drawing was made is cited, for example (Nash 2198, Fla.). 55974°— 35 2 16 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE few genera, such as Olyra and Lasiacis, belonging to other tribes. The culms are solid in our species of the tribes Tripsaceae and Andro- pogoneae and in several other groups. The margins of the sheaths are grown together in species of Bromus, Danthonia, Festuca, Melica, Glycerin, and other genera. The parts of the spikelet may be modified in various ways. The first glume, and more rarely also the second, may be wanting. The lemmas may contain no flower, or even no palea, or may be reduced or rudimentary. Rarely, as in species of Agrostis and Andropogon, the palea is obsolete. The division of the family into two subfamilies is somewhat arti- ficial. The tribes Zoysieae, Oryzeae, Zizanieae, and especially Phala- rideae, do not fall definitely into either of the recognized subfamilies. They are placed as indicated largely for convenience. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SUBFAMILIES AND KEYS TO THE TRIBES SUBFAMILY 1. FESTUCOIDEAE Spikelets 1- to many-flowered, the reduced florets, if any, above the perfect florets (except in Phalarideae; sterile lemmas below as well as above in Ctenium, Uniola, and Blepharidachne) ; articulation usually above the glumes; spikelets usually more or less laterally compressed. Key to the tribes of Festucoideae Plants woody, the culms perennial. Spikelets several-flowered. 1. Bambuseae (p. 1<) Plants herbaceous, the culms annual (somewhat woody and persistent in Arundo). Spikelets with 2 (rarely 1) staminate, neuter, or rudimentary lemmas unlike and below the fertile lemma; no sterile or rudimentary floret above. 8. Phalarideae (p. 25) Spikelets without sterile lemmas below the perfect floret (or these rarely present and like the fertile ones, a dissimilar pair below and a rudimentary floret above in Blepharidachne). Spikelets unisexual, falling entire, 1-flowered, terete or nearly so. 10. Zizanieae (p. 26) Spikelets perfect (rarely unisexual but then not as above) , usually articulate above the glumes. • Spikelets articulate below the glumes, 1-flowered, very flat, the lemma and palea about equal, both keeled. Glumes small or wanting. 9. Oryzeae (p. 25) Spikelets articulate above the glumes (rarely below, but the glumes, at least one, well developed) . Spikelets 1-flowered (or the staminate 2-flowered) in groups (short spikes) of 2 to 5 (single in Zoysia), the groups racemose along a main axis, falling entire; lemma and palea thinner than the glumes. 6. Zoysieae (p. 24) Spikelets not as above. . Spikelets sessile on a usually continuous rachis (short-pedicellate m Leptochloa and Trichoneura; the rachis disarticulating in Lep- turus, Pholiurus, Hordeum, Sitanion, and in a few species of allied genera). . Spikelets on opposite sides of the rachis; spike terminal, solitary. 3. Hordeae (p. 20) Spikelets on one side of the rachis; spikes usually more than 1, digitate or racemose 7. Chlorideae(p. 24) Spikelets pedicellate in open or contracted, sometimes spikelike, panicles, rarely racemes. .,,.«*, j • Spikelets 1-flowered (occasionally some of the spikelets 2-flowered in Muhlenbergia asperifolia and M. arenacea) . 5. Agrostideae (p. 22) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 17 Spikelets 2- to many-flowered. Glumes as long as the lowest floret, usually as long as the spikelet (sometimes shorter in Sphenopholis) ; lemmas awned from the back (spikelets awnless in species of Trisetum, Koeleria, Sphenopholis; and Schismus) 4. Aveneae (p. 21) Glumes shorter than the first floret (except in Dissanthelium with long rachilla joints) ; lemmas awnless or awned from the tip or from a bifid apex 2. Festuceae (p. 17) SUBFAMILY 2. PANICOIDEAE Spikelets with one perfect terminal floret (disregarding those of the few monoecious genera and the staminate and neuter spikelets) and a sterile or staminate floret below, usually represented by a sterile lemma only, one glume sometimes (rarely both glumes) wanting; articulation below the spikelets, either in the pedicel, in the rachis, or at the base of a cluster of spikelets, the spikelets falling entire, singly, in groups, or together with joints of the rachis; spikelets, or at least the fruits, more or less dorsally compressed. Key to the tribes of Panicoideae Glumes membranaceous, the sterile lemma like the glumes in texture. Fertile lemma and palea thinner than the glumes. Sterile lemma awned from the notched summit 11. Melinideae (p. 26) Fertile lemma and palea indurate or at least firmer than the glumes. 12. Paniceae (p. 26) Glumes indurate; fertile lemma and palea hyaline or membranaceous, the sterile lemma like the fertile one in texture. Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate below, the staminate above, in the same inflorescence or in separate inflorescences 14. Tripsaceae (p. 29) Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate and usually staminate or neuter (the pedicellate one sometimes obsolete, rarely both pedicellate). Lemmas hyaline 13. Axdropogoneae (p. 27) DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TRIBES AND KEYS TO THE GENERA TRIBE 1. BAMBUSEAE Culms woody, perennial, usually hollow; spikelets 2- to several- flowered, in panicles or racemes, or in close heads or fascicles; often 1 or more sterile lemmas at base of spikelet; lemmas usually awnless; blades usually articulated with the sheath, flat, rather broad. Only one genus, Arundinaria, is native within our limits. Several species of this and other genera are cultivated in the Southern States. TRIBE 2. FESTUCEAE Spikelets more than 1-flowered, usually several-flowered, in open, narrow, or sometimes spikelike panicles (rarely in racemes) ; lemmas awnless or awned from the tip, rarely from between the teeth of a bifid apex; rachilla usually disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets. A large and important tribe, mainly inhabitants of the cooler regions. The lemma is divided into several awns in Pappophorum and its allies, is deeply 2-lobed in Triplasis and in a few species of Triodia, 3-lobed in Blepharidachne, several-toothed in Orcuttia, and slightly 2-toothed in Bromus and in a few other genera, the awn, when single, arising from between the teeth. The paleas are persistent upon the continuous rachilla in most species of Eragrostis. Scleropogon, 18 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Monanthochloe, Distichlis, and a few species of Poa and Eragrostis are dioecious. Gynerium, Cortaderia, Arundo, and Phragmites are tall reeds. In Blepharidachne there is a pair of sterile florets at the base of the single fertile floret, and a rudiment above. In some species of Melica there is, above the fertile florets, a club-shaped rudiment con- sisting of one or more sterile lemmas. In Uniola there are one to four sterile lemmas below the fertile ones. In Melica imperfecta and M. torreyana there may be only one perfect floret. Key to the genera of Fesluceae la. Plants dioecious, (sometimes monoecious), the sexes very dissimilar, the pistillate lemmas with 3 long twisted divergent awns, the staminate lemma awnless or mucronate 38. Scleropogon. lb. Plants with perfect flowers, or, if dioecious, the sexes not dissimilar in ap- pearance. 2a. Lemmas divided at the summit into 5 to several awns or awnlike lobes. Awnlike lobes 5. Inflorescence an erect raceme or simple panicle. 34. Orcuttia. Awns 9 or more. Awns unmixed with awned teeth; all the florets falling attached, their awns forming a pappuslike crown, the lower 1 to 3 fertile; panicles narrow 37. Pappophorum. Awns mixed with awned teeth; florets not falling attached, the rachilla disarticulating between them; panicles somewhat open. 36. Cottea. 2b. Lemmas awnless, with a single awn, or, if with 3, the lateral awns minute. 3a. Tall stout reeds with large plumelike panicles. Lemmas or rachilla with long silky hairs as long as the lemmas. Leaves crowded at the base of the culms 25. Cortaderia. Leaves distributed along the culms. Lemmas naked. Rachilla hairy 26. Phragmites. Lemmas hairy. Rachilla naked 24. Arundo. Rachilla hairy 27. Neyratjdia. 3b. Low or rather tall grasses, rarely more than 1.5 m tall. 4a. Plants dioecious, perennial. Lemmas glabrous; grasses of salt or alkaline soils. Plants low, creeping; spikelets obscure, scarcely differentiated from the short crowded rigid leaves 18. Monanthochloe. Plants erect from creeping rhizomes; spikelets in a narrow simple ex- serted panicle 19. Distichlis. 4b. Plants not dioecious (except in a few species of Poa with villous lem- mas and in an annual species of Eragrostis) . 5a. Spikelets of two forms, sterile and fertile intermixed. Panicle dense, somewhat one-sided. Fertile spikelets 2- or 3-flowered; sterile spikelets with numerous rigid awn-tipped glumes; panicle dense, spikelike 22. Cynosures. Fertile spikelets with 1 perfect floret, long-awned; sterile spikelets with many obtuse sterile lemmas; panicle branchlets short, nodding 23. Lamarckia. 5b. Spikelets all alike in the same inflorescence. 6a. Lemmas 3-nerved, the nerves prominent, often hairy. 7a. Inflorescence a few-flowered head or capitate panicle overtopped by the leaves or partly concealed in them. Lemmas toothed or cleft; low plants of the arid regions. Inflorescence hidden among the sharp-pointed leaves, not woolly; plants annual (Chlorideae) 106. Munroa. Inflorescence a capitate woolly panicle, not concealed; plants perennial. Lemmas cleft either side of the midnerve to near the base, the lower two sterile, the third floret fertile, the fourth reduced to a 3-awned rudiment 35. Blepharidachne. Lemma 2-lobed but not deeply cleft, all fertile but the upper- most 31. Triodia. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 19 7b. Inflorescence an exserted open or spikelike panicle. 8a. Lemmas pubescent on the nerves or callus (except in Triodia albescens) , the midnerve usually exserted as an awn or mucro. Nerves glabrous. Callus densely hairy; lemmas firm; panicle large, diffuse 17. Redfieldia. Nerves hairy at least below, the lateral ones often conspicu- ously so. Palea long-ciliate on the upper half 32. Triplasis. Palea sometimes villous but not long-ciliate on the upper half. Perennials 31. Triodia. 8b. Lemmas not pubescent on the nerves nor callus (the inter- nerves sometimes pubescent) , awnless. Glumes longer than the lemmas; lateral nerves of lemma margi- nal, the internerves pubescent 16. Dissanthelitjm. Glumes shorter than the lemmas; lateral nerves of lemma not marginal, the internerves glabrous. Lemmas chartaceous; grain large, beaked, at maturity forc- ing the lemma and palea open 15. Diarrhena. Lemmas membranaceous; if firm, the grain neither large nor beaked. Spikelets subterete; palea longer than the lemma, bowed out below 14. Molinia. Spikelets compressed; palea not longer than the lemma, not bowed out below. Lemmas truncate; spikelets 2-flowered 13. Catabrosa. Lemmas acute or acuminate; spikelets 3- to many- flowered. Rachilla continuous, the paleas persistent after the fall of the lemmas (rachilla disarticulat- ing in Sect. Cataclastos) 12. Eragrostis. 6b. Lemmas 5- to many-nerved, the nerves sometimes obscure. Spikelets with 1 to 4 empty lemmas below the fertile florets; nerves obscure; lemmas firm 20. Uniola. Spikelets with no empty lemmas below the fertile florets; nerves usually prominent; lemmas membranaceous (firm in a few species of Bromus and Festuca). Lemmas flabellate; glumes wanting; inflorescence dense, cylin- dric. Low annual 33. Anthochloa. Lemmas not flabellate; glumes present; inflorescence not cylin- dric. Lemmas as broad as long, the margins outspread; florets closely imbricate, horizontally spreading 11. Briza. Lemmas longer than broad, the margins clasping the palea; florets not horizontally spreading. Callus of florets bearded. Lemmas erose at summit, awnless 8. Fluminea. Lemmas bifid at summit, awned 29. Schizachne. Callus not bearded (lemmas cobwebby at base in Poa). Lemmas not erose (slightly in Puccinellia) . 9a. Lemmas keeled on the back (somewhat rounded in Poa scabrella and its allies) . Spikelets strongly compressed, crowded in one-sided clusters at the ends of the stiff, naked panicle branches 21. Dactylis. Spikelets not strongly compressed, not crowded in one- sided clusters. Lemmas awned from a minutely bifid apex (awnless or nearly so in Bromus catharticus and B. brizae- f or mis) ; spikelets large 2. Bromus. Lemmas awnless; spikelets small 10. Poa. 9b. Lemmas rounded on the back (slightly keeled toward the summit in Festuca and Bromus). Glumes papery; lemmas firm, strongly nerved, scarious- margined; upper florets sterile, often reduced to a club-shaped rudiment infolded by the broad upper lemmas. Spikelets tawny or purplish, usually not green 28. Melica. 20 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Glumes not papery; upper florets not unlike the others. Nerves of lemma parallel, not converging at summit or but slightly so. Spikelets in racemes. Racemes short, dense, overtopped by the leaves; spikelets awnless 7. Sclerochloa. Racemes el ongate, loose, exserted ; spikelets awned or mucronate 9. Plettropogon. Spikelets in open or contracted panicles. Nerves prominent; plants usually rather tall, growing in woods or fresh-water marshes. 6. Glyceria. Nerves faint; plants low, growing in saline soil. 5. Puccinellia. Nerves of lemma converging toward summit, the lemmas narrowed at apex. Lemmas awned or awn-tipped from a minutely bifid apex (awnless in B. brizaeformis). 2. Bromus. Lemmas entire, pointed, awnless or awned from the tip (minutely toothed in Fesluca elmeri and F. gigantea). Spikelets awned (awnless in a few perennial species) ; lemmas pointed 3. Festtjca. Spikelets awnless. Second glume 5- to 9-nerved; spikelets mostly 1 cm or more long; lemmas broad, many- nerved, firm 30. Vaseyochloa. Second glume 1- to 3-nerved; spikelets smaller; lemmas 5-nerved, membranaceous, not pointed. Spikelets on slender pedicels in compound panicles; perennials 10. Poa. Spikelets on thick short pedicels in simple panicles; annual 4. Scleropoa TRIBE 3. HORDEAE Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a jointed or continuous axis forming symmetrical spikes (not one-sided, but spikelets sometimes turned to one side in some species). This small but important tribe, found in the temperate regions of both hemispheres, includes our most important cereals, wheat, barley, and rye. The rachis is flattened or concave next to the spikelets, or in some genera is thickened and hollowed out, the spikelets being more or less enclosed in the hollows. In Triticum and its allies there is one spikelet at each node of the rachis ; in Hordeum and its allies there are 2 or 3 at each node. In Lolium and its allies the spikelets are placed edgewise to the rachis, and the first or inner glume is suppressed except in the terminal spikelet. The rachis of the spikes disar- ticulates at maturity in several genera. In some species of Elymus and especially in Sitanion the glumes are very slender, extending into long awns, in the latter genus sometimes divided into several slender bristles. The spikes are rarely branched or compound, especially in Elymus condensatus. In this tribe the blades of the leaves bear on each side at the base a small appendage or auricle. Key to the genera of Hordeae la. Spikelets solitary at each node of the rachis (rarely 2 in species of Agropyron, but never throughout). 2a. Spikelets 1-flowered, sunken in hollows in the rachis. Spikes slender, cylindric; low annuals. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 21 Lemmas awned; florets lateral to the rachis 50. Scribneria. Lemmas awnless; florets dorsiventral to the rachis. First glume wanting 48. Lepturus. First glume present, the pair standing in front of the spikelet. 49. Pholiurus. 2b. Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, not sunken in the rachis. Spikelets placed edgewise to the rachis. First glume wanting except in the terminal spikelet 47. Lolium. Spikelets placed flatwise to the rachis. Plants perennial 39. Agropyron. Plants annual. Spikelets turgid or cylindric 41. Aegilops. Spikelets compressed. Glumes ovate, 3-nerved 40. Triticum. Glumes subulate, 1-nerved 42. Secale. lb. Spikelets more than 1 at each node of the rachis (solitary in part of the spike in some species of Elymus). Spikelets 3 at each node of the rachis, 1-flowered, the lateral pair pediceled, usually reduced to awns 46. Hordeum. Spikelets 2 at each node of the rachis, alike, 2- to 6-flowered. ' Glumes wanting or reduced to 2 short bristles; spikelets horizontally spread- ing at maturity. Spikes very loose 45. Hystrix. Glumes usually equaling the florets (reduced in Elymus interruptus) ; spikelets appressed or ascending. Rachis continuous (rarely tardily disarticulating) ; glumes broad or narrow, entire 43. Elymus. Rachis disarticulating at maturity; glumes subulate, extending into long awns, these and the awns of the lemmas making the spike very bristly 44. Sitanion. TRIBE 4. AVENEAE Spikelets 2- to several-flowered in open or contracted panicles, or rarely in racemes (solitary in Danthonia unispicata) ; glumes usually as long as or longer than the first lemma, commonly longer than all the florets; lemmas usually awned from the back or from between the teeth of a bifid apex, the awn usually bent, often twisted, the callus and rachilla joints usually villous. A rather small tribe widely distributed in both warm and cool regions. In our genera the rachilla is prolonged beyond the upper floret as a slender stipe (except in Aim). The lemma is awnless or nearly so in Schismus, two species of Trisetum, one species of Koeleria, and in most of the species of Sphenopholis. Koeleria and Spheno- pholis are placed in this tribe because they appear to be closely allied to Trisetum with which they agree in having oblanceolate glumes about as long as the first floret. Key to the genera of Aveneae Florets 2, one perfect, the other staminate. Lower floret staminate, the awn twisted, geniculate, exserted. 58. Arrhenatherum. Lower floret perfect, awnless ; upper floret awned 59. H olcus. Florets 2 or more, all alike except the reduced upper ones. Articulation below the glumes, the spikelets falling entire. Lemmas, at least the upper, with a conspicuous bent awn; glumes nearly alike 54. Trisetum. Lemmas awnless or (in S. pallens) the upper with a short awn; second glume much wider than the first 53. Sphenopholis. Articulation above the glumes, the glumes similar in shape. Spikelets several-flowered. Lemmas bifid at apex, awned or mucronate between the lobes. 22 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Spikelets 1 cm or more long; awns conspicuous, flat, bent. 60. Danthonia. Spikelets not more than 5 mm long; awns minute or nearly obsolete. 51. Schismus. Spikelets 2-flowered, sometimes with a rudimentary third floret. Spikelets large, the glumes more than 1 cm long 57. Avena. Spikelets less than 1 cm long. Lemmas keeled, the awn when present from above the middle. Rachilla joints very short, glabrous or minutely pubescent; lemmas awnless or with a straight awn from a toothed apex. 52. Koeleria. Rachilla joints slender, villous; lemmas with a dorsal bent awn (awnless or nearly so in 2 species) 54. Trisetum. Lemmas convex, awned from below the middle. Rachilla prolonged behind the upper floret; lemmas truncate and erose-dentate at summit 55. Deschampsia. Rachilla not prolonged; lemmas tapering into 2 slender teeth. 56. Aira. TRIBE 5. AGROSTIDEAE Spikelets 1-flowered, usually perfect, in open, contracted, or spike- like panicles, but not in true spikes nor in 1-sided racemes. A large and important tribe, inhabiting more especially the tem- perate and cool regions. The articulation of the rachilla is usually above the glumes, the mature floret falling from the persistent glumes, but in a few genera the articulation is below the glumes, the mature spikelet falling entire {Alopecurus , Cinna, Polypogon, Lycurus, and Limnodea). The palea is small or wanting in some species of Agros- tis. In a few genera the rachilla is prolonged behind the palea as a minute bristle, or sometimes as a more pronounced stipe (Brachyely- trum, Limnodea, Cinna, Gastridium,, Calamagrostis , Ammophila, Lagurus, and a few species of Agrostis) . In some genera the rachilla joint between the glumes and the lemma is slightly elongated, forming a hard stipe which remains attached to the mature fruit as a pointed callus. The callus is well marked in Stipa (especially in S. spartea and its allies) and in Aristida, the mature lemma being terete, in- durate, and convolute, the palea wholly enclosed. In many genera the lemma is awned either from the tip or from the back, the awn being trifid in Aristida. Key to the genera of Agrostideae Glumes wanting. Low annual 66. Cole anthtjs. Glumes present (the first obsolete in Muhlenbergia schreberi and sometimes in Brachyelytrum and Phippsia). la. Articulation below the glumes, the spikelets falling entire. Spikelets in pairs in a spikelike panicle, one perfect, the other staminate or neuter, the pair falling together 71. Lycurus. Spikelets all alike. Glumes long-awned 70. Polypogon. Glumes awnless. Rachilla not prolonged behind the palea; panicle dense, spikelike; glumes united toward the base, ciliate on the keel. 69. Alopecurus. Rachilla prolonged behind the palea; panicle narrow or open, not dense; glumes not united, not ciliate on the keel. Panicle narrow; lemma with a slender bent twisted awn from the bifid apex 68. Limnodea. Panicle open, drooping; lemma with a minute straight awn just below the entire apex (rarely awnless) 67. Cinna. lb. Articulation above the glumes. Fruit dorsally compressed, indurate, smooth and shining, awnless. 81. Milium. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 23 Fruit laterally compressed or terete, awned or awnless. 2a. Fruit indurate, terete, awned, the nerves obscure; callus well de- veloped, oblique, bearded. Awn trifid, the lateral divisions sometimes short, rarely obsolete (when obsolete no line of demarcation between awn and lemma as in the next) 85. Aristida. Awn simple, a line of demarcation between the awn and the lemma. Awn persistent, twisted and bent, several to many times longer than the fruit. . Edges of lemma overlapping (rarely only meeting), enclosing the palea; callus sharp-pointed, usually narrow and acuminate. 84. Stipa. Edges of lemma not meeting, exposing the indurate sulcus of the palea this projecting from the summit as a minute point; callus short, acutish 83. Piptochaetium Awn deciduous, not twisted, sometimes bent, rarely more than 3 or 4 times as long as the plump fruit; callus short, usually obtuse. 82. Oryzopsis. 2b. Fruit thin or firm, but scarcely indurate, if firm, the nerves prominent or evident; callus not well developed. 3a. Glumes longer than the lemma (lemma equaling the glumes in cer- tain species of Agrostis.) Panicle feathery, capitate, nearly as broad as long; spikelets woolly. 74. Lagurus. Panicle not feathery; spikelets not woolly. Glumes compressed-carinate; panicle dense, cyhndnc or ellipsoid. 72. Phleum. Glumes not compressed-carinate, not ciliate. Glumes saccate at base; lemma long-awned; panicle contracted, shining 73- Gastridium. Glumes not" saccate at base; lemma awned or awnless; panicle open or contracted. Florets bearing a tuft of hairs at the base from the short callus, the hairs at least half as long as the lemma; palea present. 61. Calam agrostis. Florets without hairs at the base or with short hairs, rarely as much as half the length of the lemma (Agrostis hallii); palea usually small or wanting 64. Agrostis. 3b. Glumes not longer than the lemma, usually shorter (the awn tips longer in Muhlenbergia racemosa). Lemma awned from the tip or mucronate, 3- to 5-nerved (lateral nerves obscure in Muhlenbergia repens) . Rachilla prolonged behind the palea; floret stipitate. 80. Brachyelttrum. Rachilla not prolonged; floret not stipitate.. 75. Muhlenbergia. Lemma awnless or awned from the back. Florets bearing a tuft of hairs at the base from the short callus; lemma and palea chartaceous, awnless. Panicles spikelike; rachilla prolonged 62. Ammophila. Panicles open; rachilla not prolonged 63. Calamovilfa. Florets without hairs at base. Nerves of lemma densely silky 77. Blepharoneuron. Nerves of lemma not silky. Carvopsis at maturity falling from the lemma and palea; 'seed loose in the paricarp, this usually opening when ripe; lemma 1-nerved. Inflorescence capitate in the axils of broad bracts. 78. Crypsis. Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle. 76. Sporobolus. Caryopsis not falling from the lemma and palea, remaining permanently enclosed in them; seed adnate to the peri- carp. Panicles few-flowered, slender, rather loose; glumes minute, unequal, the first often wanting. Low arctic-alpine perennial 65. Phippsia. 24 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Panicles many-flowered, spikelike; glumes well developed, about equal. Panicle short, partly enclosed in the sheath; low annual. 79. Heleochloa. Panicle elongate; perennial 75. Muhlenbergia. TRIBE 6. ZOYSIEAE Spikelets subsessile in short spikes of 2 to 5 (single in Zoysia), each spike falling entire from the continuous axis, usually 1 -flowered, all perfect, or perfect and staminate together in the same spike; glumes usually firmer than the lemma and palea, sometimes awned, the lemma awnless. This small and unimportant tribe is known also as Nazieae. In Zoysia the spikelets are single and have only one glume, this coriaceous, much firmer than the lemma and palea, the palea sometimes obsolete. Key to the genera of Zoysieae Spikelets single; first glume wanting 87. Zoysia. Spikelets in clusters of 2 to 5; first glume present. Spikelets bearing hooked spines on the second glume, the group forming a little bur 86. Tragus. Spikelets not bearing hooked spines, mostly cleft and awned. Groups of spikelets erect, the inflorescence not 1-sided _ 88. Hilaria. Groups of spikelets nodding along one side of the delicate axis. 89. Aegopogon. TRIBE 7. CHLORIDEAE Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, in 2 rows on one side of a continuous rachis, forming 1-sided spikes or spikelike racemes, these solitary, digitate, or racemose along the main axis. A large and rather important tribe, confined mostly to warm regions. The group is heterogeneous, the only common character of the genera (aside from the characters that place them in Festucoideae) being the arrangement of the spikelets in 1-sided spikes. Chloris and the allied genera form a coherent group, in which the spikelet consists of 1 perfect floret and, above this, 1 or more modified or rudimentary florets. Leptochloa, Eleusine, and their allies, with several-flowered spikelets, are more nearly related to certain genera of Festuceae. The spike is reduced to 2 or 3 spikelets or even to 1 spikelet and is sometimes deciduous from the main axis (Cathestecum and Sect. Atheropogon of Bouteloua). In Ctenium there are 2 sterile florets below the perfect one. Key to the genera of Chlorideae Plants monoecious or dioecious. Low stoloniferous perennial-- 107. Buchloe. Plants with perfect flowers. la. Spikelets with more than 1 perfect floret. Inflorescence a few-flowered head or capitate panicle hidden among the sharp- pointed leaves. Low spreading annual 106. Munroa. Inflorescence exserted. Spikes solitary, the spikelets distant, appressed, several-flowered. 92. Tripogon. Spikes more than 1 (sometimes 1 in depauperate Eleusine). Spikes numerous, slender, racemose on an elongate axis. Rachilla and callus of floret glabrous or nearly so; glumes acute, less than 5 mm long 90. Leptochloa. Rachilla and callus of floret strongly pilose; glumes long-acuminate, about 1 cm long 91. Trichoneura. Spikes few, digitate or nearly so. Rachis of spike extending beyond the spikelets. 94. Dactyloctenium. Rachis not prolonged 93. Eleusine. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 25 lb. Spikelets with only 1 perfect floret, often with additional imperfect florets above or below. 2a. Spikelets without additional modified florets, the rachilla sometimes prolonged. Rachilla articulate below the glumes, the spikelets falling entire. Glumes unequal, narrow 99. Spartina. Glumes equal, broad, boat-shaped 98. Beckmannia. Rachilla articulate above the glumes. Spikes digitate; rachilla prolonged 95. Cynodon. Spikes racemose along the main axis; rachilla not prolonged. Spikes slender, divaricate, the main axis elongating and becoming loosely spiral in fruit 97. Schedonnardus. Spikes short and rather stout, appressed, the axis unchanged in fruit. 96. Willkommia. 2b. Spikelets with 1 or more modified florets above the perfect one. Spikelets with 2 sterile florets below the perfect one; second glume bearing a squarrose spine on the back; spike single, arcuate. 100. Ctenium. Spikelets with no sterile florets below the perfect one; second glume without a squarrose spine; spikes usually several. Spikes digitate or nearly so. Fertile lemma 1-awned or awnless 102. Chloris. Fertile lemma 3-awned 103. Trichloris. Spikes racemose along the main axis. Spikelets distant, appressed; spikes slender, elongate. 101. Gymnopogon. Spikelets approximate or crowded, not appressed; spikes usually short and rather stout. Spikelets 3 in each spike, the 2 lateral staminate or rudimentary; spikes falling entire 105. Cathestecum. Spikelets 2 to many (rarely 1) in each spike, all alike; spikes falling entire or persistent, the florets falling. 104. Bouteloua. TRIBE 8. PHALARIDEAE Spikelets with one perfect terminal floret and, below this, a pair of staminate or neuter florets (one sometimes obsolete in Phalaris). A small tribe of about six genera, only three of which are found in the United States. In Phalaris the lower florets are reduced to minute scalelike lemmas closely appressed to the edges of the fertile floret. In Hierochloe the lateral florets are staminate and as large as the fertile floret. Key to the genera of Phalarideae Lower florets staminate; spikelets brown and shining 108. Hierochloe. Lower florets neuter; spikelets green or yellowish. Lower florets reduced to small awnless scalelike lemmas; spikelets much compressed laterally 110. Phalaris. Lower florets consisting of awned hairy sterile lemmas exceeding the fertile floret; spikelet subterete 109. Anthoxanthum. TRIBE 9. ORYZEAE Spikelets 1 -flowered, perfect, strongly laterally compressed, pani- culate; glumes reduced or wanting; palea apparently 1-nerved; stamens 6. A small tribe whose affinities are not evident. It includes rice, the important food plant. Key to the genera of Oryzeae Glumes minute; lemma often awned 111. Oryza. Glumes wanting; lemma awnless 112. Leersia. 26 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TRIBE 10. ZIZANIEAE Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate terete or nearly so; glumes shorter than the lemma, usually one or both obsolete, the pedicel disarticulating below the spikelet. Glumes well developed in Pharus, a tropical genus placed in this tribe provisionally. A small tribe of uncertain affinities, aquatic or subaquatic grasses (except Pharus) of no economic importance except the Indian rice (Zizania). Key to the genera of Zizanieae Blades elliptic, 2 to 4 cm wide 117. Pharus. Blades much longer than wide. Culms slender; plants low; staminate and pistillate spikelets borne in separate inflorescences. Inflorescence a few-flowered raceme; plants not stoloniferous 116. Hydrochloa. Inflorescence a panicle; plants stoloniferous 115. Luziola. Culms robust; plants tall; staminate and pistillate spikelets borne in the same panicle. Pistillate spikelets on the ascending upper branches, the staminate on the spreading lower branches of the panicle; plants annual or perennial. 113. Zizania. Pistillate spikelets at the ends, the staminate below on the same branches of the panicle; plants perennial 114. Zizaniopsis. TRIBE 11. MELINIDEAE Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, these very unequal, the first minute, the second and the sterile lemma equal, membranaceous, strongly nerved, the latter bearing a slender awn from the notched summit; fertile lemma and palea thinner in texture, awnless. A tribe of about a dozen genera represented in the United States by an introduced species, Melinis minutiflora. TRIBE 12. PANICEAE Spikelets with one perfect terminal floret and below this a sterile floret and two glumes; fertile lemma and palea indurate or at least firmer than the glumes and sterile lemma, a lunate line of thinner texture at the back just above the base, the rootlet protruding through this at germination; articulation below the spikelet. A large tribe, confined mostly to warm regions, and containing relatively few economic species. The first glume is wanting in some genera, such as Paspalum, and rarely the second glume also (Reimar- ochloa). The spikelets are usually awnless, but the glumes and sterile lemma are awned in Echinochloa and Oplismenus, and the second glume and sterile lemma in Tricholaena. In Eriochloa and in some species of Brachiaria the fertile lemma is awn-tipped. In Setaria there are, beneath the spikelet, one or more bristles, these representing sterile branchlets. In Pennisetum similar bristles form an involucre, falling with the spikelet. In Cenchrus the bristles are united, forming a bur. The spikelets are of two kinds in Amphicarpum, aerial and subterranean. The culms are woody and perennial in Lasiacis and Olyra. Key to the genera of Paniceae Spikelets of two kinds. Spikelets all perfect, but those of the aerial paricle not perfecting grains, the fruitful spikelets borne on subterranean branches. _ 138. Amphicarpum. Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate above, the staminate below on the branches of the same panicle. Blades broad, elliptic 139. Olyra. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 27 Spikelets all of one kind. Spikelets sunken in the cavities of the flattened corky rachis. 123. Stenotaphrum. Spikelets not sunken in the rachis. la. Spikelets subtended or surrounded by 1 to many distinct or more or less connate bristles, forming an involucre. Bristles persistent, the spikelets deciduous 135. Setaria. Bristles falling with the spikelets at maturity. Bristles not united at base, slender, often plumose. _ 136. Pennisetum. Bristles united into a burlike involucre, the bristles retrcrsely barbed. 137. Cenchrus. lb. Spikelets not subtended by bristles. Glumes or sterile lemma awned (awn short and concealed in the silky hairs of the spikelet in Tricholaena; awn reduced to a point in Echinochloa colonum). Inflorescence paniculate; spikelets silky 134. Tricholaena. Inflorescence of unilateral simple or somewhat compound racemes along a common axis; spikelets smooth or hispid, not silky. Blades lanceolate, broad, thin; culms creeping... 132. Oplismenus. Blades long, narrow; culms not creeping 133. Echinochloa. Glumes and sterile lemma awnless. 2a. Fruit cartilaginous-indurate, flexible, usually dark colored, the lemma with more or less prominent white hyaline margins, these not inrolled. Spikelets covered with long silky hairs, arranged in racemes, these panicled . 120. Trichachne. Spikelets glabrous or variously pubescent but not long-silky (some- what silky in Digitaria villosa) . Spikelets in slender racemes more or less digitate at the summit of the culms 121. Digitaria. Spikelets in panicles. Fruiting lemma boat-shaped; panicles narrow. 119. Anthaenantia. Fruiting lemma convex; panicles diffuse 122. Leptoloma. 2b. Fruit chartaceous-indurate, rigid. Spikelets placed with the back of the fruit turned away from the rachis of the racemes, usually solitary (not in pairs). First glume and the rachilla joint forming a swollen ringlike callus below the spikelet 124. Eriochloa. First glume present or wanting, not forming a ringlike callus below the spikelet. First glume present (next to the axis) ; racemes racemose along the main axis 125. Brachiaria. First glume wanting; racemes digitate or subdigitate. 126. Axonoptjs. Spikelets placed with the back of the fruit turned toward the rachis (first glume, when present, away from the axis) of the spikelike racemes, or pedicellate in panicles. Fruit long-acuminate; both glumes wanting. 127. Reimarochloa. Fruit not long-acuminate; at least one glume present. First glume typically wanting; spikelets plano-convex, subsessile in spikelike racemes 128. Paspalum. First glume present; spikelets usually in panicles. Second glume inflated-saccate, this and the sterile lemma much exceeding the stipitate fruit 131. Sacciolepis. Secona glume not inflated-saccate. Culms woody, bamboolike; fruit with a tuft of down at the apex 130. Lasiacis. Culms herbaceous; no tuft of down at the apex of the fruit. 129. Panicum. TRIBE 13. ANDROPOGONEAE Spikelets in pairs along a rachis, the usual arrangement being one of the pair sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate and staminate or neuter, rarely wanting, only the pedicel present; fertile spikelet con- sisting of one perfect terminal floret and, below this, a staminate or neuter floret, the lemmas thin or hyaline, and two awnless glumes, one or usually both firm or indurate. 28 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large tribe, confined mostly to warm regions. The rachis is usually jointed, disarticulating at maturity, with the spikelets at- tached to the joints. In a few genera it is thickened. Sometimes the racemes are shortened to 1 or 2 joints and borne on branches, the whole forming a panicle (as in Sorghum and Sorghastrum) instead of a series of racemes. In a few genera the spikelets of the pair are alike. In Trachypogon the fertile spikelet is pedicellate and the sterile one nearly sessile. The most important economic plants in this tribe are sugarcane and sorghum. Key to the genera of Andropogoneae la. Spikelets all perfect, surrounded by a copious tuft of soft hairs. Rachis continuous, the spikelets falling; the spikelets of the pair unequally pedicellate. Racemes in a narrow spikelike panicle; spikelets awnless.. _ 140. Imperata. Racemes in a broad fan-shaped panicle; spikelets awned. 141. Miscanthus. Rachis breaking up into joints at maturity with the spikelets attached; one spikelet sessile, the other pedicellate. Spikelets awnless 142. Saccharum. Spikelets awned 143. Erianthus. lb. Spikelets unlike, the sessile perfect, the pedicellate sterile (sessile spikelet staminate, pedicellate spikelet perfect in Trachypogon) . 2a. Pedicel thickened, appressed to the thickened rachis joint fat least parallel to it) or adnate to it; spikelets awnless, appressed to the joint. Rachis joint and pedicel adnate. Annuals. Perfect spikelet globose; sterile spikelet conspicuous. 155. Hackelochloa. Perfect spikelet oblong; sterile spikelet minute 153. Rottboellia. Rachis joint and pedicel distinct, the sessile spikelet appressed to them, its first glume lanceolate. Racemes subcylindric; rachis joints and pedicels glabrous, much thicker at the summit, the spikelets sunken in the hollow below; sterile spikelet rudimentary 154. Manistjris. Racemes flat; rachis joints and pedicels woolly, not much thicker at the summit; sterile spikelet staminate or neuter 152. Elyonurus. 2b. Pedicel not thickened (if slightly so the spikelets awned), neither ap- pressed nor adnate to the rachis joint, this usually slender; spikelets usually awned. 3a. Fertile spikelet with a hairy-pointed callus, formed of the attached sup- porting rachis joint or pedicel; awns strong. Racemes reduced to a single joint, long-peduncled in a simple open panicle * 149. Rhaphis. Racemes of several to many joints, single. Primary spikelet subsessile, sterile, persistent on the continuous axis after the fall of the fertile pedicellate spikelet. 151. Trachypogon. Primary spikelet sessile, fertile; pedicellate spikelet sterile. Lower few to several pairs of spikelets all staminate or neuter. 150. Heteropogon. 3b. Fertile spikelet without a callus (a short callus in Hyparrhenia) , the rachis disarticulating immediately below the spikelet; awns slender. Blades ovate. Annual 144. Arthraxon. Blades narrow, elongate. Racemes of several to many joints, solitary, digitate, or aggregate in panicles. Lower pair of spikelets like the others of the raceme. 145. Andropogon. Lower pair of spikelets sterile, awnless. Racemes in pairs on slender flexuous peduncles 1«46. Hyparrhenia. Racemes reduced to one or few joints, these mostly peduncled in a subsimple or compound panicle. Pedicellate spikelets staminate 147. Sorghum. Pedicellate spikelets wanting, the pedicel only present. 148. Sorghastrum. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 29 TRIBE 14. TRIPSACEAE Spikelets unisexual, the staminate in pairs, or sometimes in threes, 2-flowered, the pistillate usually single, 2-flowered, the lower floret sterile, embedded in hollows of the thickened articulate axis and fall- ing attached to the joints, or enclosed in a thickened involucre or sheath or, in Zea, crowded in rows on a thickened axis (cob); glumes membranaceous or thick and rigid, awnless; lemmas and palea hyaline, awnless. Plants monoecious. This small tribe of seven genera is scarcely more than a subtribe of Andropogoneae, differing chiefly in the total suppression of the sterile spikelet of a pair, the fertile spikelet being pistillate only and solitary; staminate spikelets paired. It is also known as Maydeae. Key to the genera of Tripsaceae Staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate inflorescences, the first in a terminal tassel, the second in the axils of the leaves. Pistillate spikes distinct, the spikelets embedded in the hardened rachis, this disarticulating at maturity 158. Euchlaena. Pistillate spikes grown together forming an ear, the grains at maturity much exceeding the glumes 159. Zea. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate portions of the same spike, the pistillate below. Spikes short, the 1- or 2-flowered pistillate portion enclosed in a beadlike sheathing bract 156. Coix. Spikes many-flowered, the pistillate portion breaking up into several 1-seeded joints; no beadlike sheathing bract 157. Tbipsacum. DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES TRIBE 1. BAMBUSEAE 1. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Cane Spikelets few- to many-flowered, large, compressed, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal, shorter than the lemmas, the first sometimes wanting; lemmas acute, acuminate, or mucronate, faintly many-nerved; palea about as long as the lemma, prominently 2-keeled; stamens 6. Shrubs or tall reeds, with woody perennial branching culms, flat petiolate blades, articulate with the sheaths, and loose racemes or panicles. Type species, Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. (A. gigantea.) Name from Latin Arundo, a reed. Panicles on leafy branches; culms as much as 10 m tall 1. A. gigantea. Panicles on leafless shoots from creeping rhizomes 2. A. tecta. 1. Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Chapm. Southern cane. (Fig. 1.) Culms as much as 10 m tall, erect from stout rhizomes; sheaths bearing several bristles at the summit on each side, these disappear- ing with age, the collar prominent, pubescent; blades oblong-lanceo- late to linear-lanceolate, rounded to a somewhat cuneate petiole, acuminate, finely tessellate with numerous cross veins, sharply serrulate on the margin, 10 to 20 cm long, mostly 1 to 2 cm wide or on vigorous shoots as much as 3 cm wide; flowering branchlets in fascicles on the main culm or short branches, their sheaths bladeless or nearly so, the racemes or simple panicles 1- to several-flowered; spikelets 3 to 7 cm long, mostly 8- to 1 2-flowered; glumes distant; lemmas pubescent, at least toward base, or glabrescent, acuminate, about 2 cm long. % (A. macrosperma Michx.) — Growing in colonies, 30 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1. — Arundinaria gigantca, X 1. (Chase 5880, Va.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 31 sometimes over large areas called canebrakes, common in the low- lands of the larger rivers, Virginia to southern Ohio and Illinois, south to Florida, eastern Texas, and Oklahoma (fig. 2). The species flowers at infrequent intervals and then over a wide area simulta- neously. Livestock eagerly eat the young plants, leaves, and seeds, and canebrakes furnish much forage. The young shoots are some- times used as a pot herb. The culms are used for fishing rods, pipe- stems, baskets, mats, and a variety of other purposes. Early trav- elers speak of the abundance of this species and state that the culms may be as much as 2 or even 3 inches in diameter. It is said that the" plants are easily destroyed by the continuous grazing of cattle and by the rooting of swine. W?2. Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl. Small cane. (Fig. 3.) Culms usually not more than 2 m tall, from stout rhizomes ; racemes produced on leafless or nearly leafless shoots from the base of the plant or from creeping rhizomes ; otherwise like the preceding. % — Coastal Plain, Maryland (Stony Kun) to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 4). Nuttall reports this (under the name Miegia pumila) from what is now southeastern Oklahoma. Also called switch cane. This species may be only a small form or variety of A. gigantea. Several species of bamboos are cultivated for ornament in parks and gardens, especially in Florida and Califor- nia. Descriptions of these may be found in L. H. Bailey's Standard Cyclopedia of Horti- culture and in Hortus (Hortus, L. H. and E. Z. Bailey, 1930). They belong to the genera Arundinaria, Bambusa, Cephalostachyum, Chus- quea, Dendrocalamus, Phyllostachys, Sasa, and Thamnocalamus. One of the commonest of the cultivated species is Sasa japonica (Sieb. and Zucc.) Makino (Arundinaria japonica Sieb- and Zucc). Grow- ing in dense colonies, 2 to 3 m tall with vigorous rhizomes ; branches cylindric; blades evergreen, 10 to 20 cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide. The genus Phyllostachys may be distinguished by the branches flattened on one side. P. aurea A. and C. Riviere is frequent; branches yellowish, often bright yellow, the lower internodes very short; plant 3 to 5 m tall. TRIBE 2. FESTUCEAE 2. BROMUS L. Bromegrass Spikelets several- to many-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal, acute, the first 1-to 3-nerved, the second usually 3- to 5-nerved ; lemmas convex on the back or keeled, 5- to 9-nerved, 2-toothed, awned from between the teeth or awnless ; palea usually shorter than the lemma, ciliate on the keels. Low or rather tall annuals or perennials with closed sheaths, usually flat blades, and open or contracted panicles of large spikelets. Standard species, Bromus sterilis (type species, B. secalinus). Name from bromos, an ancient Greek name for the oat, from broma, food. The native perennial species of bromegrass form a considerable portion of the forage in open woods of the mountain regions of the Western United States. Bromus carinatus, California brome, and 55974°— 35 3 Figure 2. — Distribution of Arundinaria gigantea. 32 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure Z.-Arundinaria tecta. Flowering shoot and leafy shoot, X W, spikelet and floret, X 2. (Chase 5SS1, V&-) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 33 its more eastern form, B. marginatus, are abundant from the Rocky- Mountains to the Pacific coast. Before maturity, they are relished by all classes of stock. Horses and sheep are particularly fond of the seed heads. Bromus anomalus, B. pumpellianus, and B. ciliatus, of the Rocky Mountain region, are abundant up to 10,000-11,000 feet altitude, and are of first rank for all classes of stock. Several other species are nutritious but are usually not abundant enough to be of importance in the grazing regions. The most important species agronomically is smooth brome, B. inermis, a native of Europe, which is cultivated for hay and pasture in the northern part of the Great Plains. (See p. 39.) It is more drought-resistant than timothy and can be grown farther west on the plains, but does not thrive south of central Kansas. It is recommended for holding canal banks. Also called smooth, awnless, and Hungarian brome. Rescue grass, B. catharticus, is cultivated for winter forage in the Southern States from North Carolina to Texas and in the coast district of southern California. The annuals are weedy species introduced mostly from Europe. The best known of these is chess, Bromus secalinus, a weed of waste places sometimes infesting grain fields. Formerly it was believed by the credulous that under certain conditions wheat changed into chess or "cheat." Chess in a wheat field is due to chess seed in the soil or in the wheat sown. This species is uti- lized for hay in places in Washington, Oregon, and Georgia. On the Pacific coast the annual bromegrasses cover vast areas of open ground at lower altitudes where they form a large part of the forage on the winter range. They mature in spring or early summer and become unpalatable. Those of the section Eubromus are, at maturity, a serious pest. The narrow, sharp-pointed minutely barbed florets (or fruits) with their long rough awns work into the eyes, nostrils, and mouths of stock, causing inflammation and often serious injury. Sometimes the intestines are pierced, and death results. On the Pacific coast, B. rigidus, the chief offender, is called ripgut grass by stockmen, and the name is sometimes applied to other species of the section. Spikelets strongly flattened, the lemmas compressed-keeled. Section 1. Ceratochloa. Spikelets terete before anthesis or somewhat flattened, but the lemmas not com- pressed-keeled. Plants perennial Section 2. Bromopsis. Plants annual. Introduced, mostly from Europe. Awn straight or divaricate, sometimes minute or obsolete, not twisted and geniculate; teeth of the lemma sometimes slender but not aristate. Lemmas broad, rounded above, not acuminate, the teeth mostly less than 1 mm long Section 3. Bromium. Lemmas narrow, with a sharp callus, gradually acuminate, bifid, the teeth 2 to 5 mm long. Awns usually more than 1.5 cm long. Section 4. Eubromus. Awn geniculate, twisted below; teeth of the lemma aristate. Approaches Trisetum Section 5. Neobromus. Section 1. Ceratochloa Lemmas awnless or nearly so 1. B. catharticus. Lemmas awned, the awn more than 3 mm long. Panicle branches elongate, slender, drooping, bearing 1 or 2 large spikelets at the end, the lowermost naked for as much as 10 to 15 cm. Sheaths smooth; Washington 2. B. sitchensis. Figure 4.— Distribution of Arundinaria tecta. 34 MISC. PUBLICATION 200*, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE Panicle branches not greatly elongated. Panicle branches ascending, rather stiff, naked below, bearing 1 or 2 large spikelets. Washington 3. B. aleutensis. Panicle branches short and ascending or longer and drooping, with some short branches at the base. Blades canescent, densely pilose, narrow, often involute 4. B. BREVIARISTATUS. Blades not canescent, glabrous or somewhat pilose, usually more than 3 mm wide 5. B. carinatus. Section 2. Bromopsis la. Creeping rhizomes present; lemmas awnless or short-awned; panicle erect, somewhat open, the branches ascending. Lemmas glabrous 6. B. inermis. Lemmas pubescent near the margins 7. B. ptjmpellianus. lb. Creeping rhizomes wanting (base of culm decumbent in B. laevipes). 2a. Panicle narrow, the branches erect. Lemmas glabrous or evenly scabrous 8. B. erectus. Lemmas appressed-pubescent on the margins and lower part. 9. B. STTKSDORFII. 2b. Panicle open, the branches spreading or drooping. 3a. Lemmas glabrous. Blades broad and lax, more than 5 mm, at least some of them 10 mm, wide. (var. laeviglumis) 15. B. ciliattjs. Blades narrow, not more than 6 mm wide 18. B. texensis. 3b. Lemmas pubescent. 4a. Lemmas pubescent along the margin and on lower part of the back, the upper part glabrous. First glume 3-nerved; plant pale or glaucous. Culms decumbent at base. 13. B. LAEVIPES. First glume 1-nerved, or only faintly 3-nerved near the base; plants dark green. Ligule prominent, 3 to 5 mm long; lemmas narrow; awn usually more than 5 mm long 14. B. vulgaris. Ligule inconspicuous, about 1 mm long; lemmas broad; awn 3 to 5 mm long 15. B. ciliatus. 4b. Lemmas pubescent rather evenly over the back, usually more densely so along the lower part of the margin. Panicle branches short, stiffly spreading; blades short, mostly on lower part of culm 10. B. orcuttianus. Panicle branches lax or drooping; blades along the culm, mostly elongate. Panicle small, drooping, usually not more than 10 cm long. Spikelets densely and conspicuously pubescent. Sheaths and blades sparsely pilose to subglabrous; blades mostly 2 to 4 mm wide (rarely 5 to 6 mm) 19. B. anomalus. Sheaths and blades (except uppermost in some) conspicuously pu- bescent; blades 5 to 10 mm wide 20. B. kalmii. Panicle larger, erect, the branches more or less drooping. Blades mostly wide and lax. Ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades pilose above, scabrous or smooth beneath; panicle large, open, the slender branches long, drooping 12. B. pacificus. Ligule short; blades pubescent or pilose on both surfaces, or glabrous or scabrous. Blades densely short-pubescent on both surfaces. 11. B. GRANDIS. Blades more or less pilose or glabrous. Sheaths, at least the lower, retro rsely pilose; blades mostly more than 5 mm wide. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; nodes 4 to 6. 16. B. purgans. Sheaths longer than the internodes; nodes 10 to 20. 17. B. LATIGLUMIS. Sheaths glabrous; blades mostly less than 5 mm wide. 21. B. FRONDOSUS. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 35 Section S. Bromium Panicle contracted, rather dense, the branches erect or ascending. Lemmas glabrous 27. B. racemostjs. Lemmas pubescent. Spikelets compressed; lemmas rather thin and narrow. 26. B. molliformis. Spikelets turgid; lemmas rather thick, broader 25. B. mollis. Panicle open, the branches spreading. Awn short or wanting; lemmas obtuse, inflated (see also short-awned forms of B. secalinus) 22. B. brizaeformis. Awn well developed. Sheaths glabrous 23. B. secalinus. Sheaths pubescent. Branches of the panicle rather stiffly spreading or drooping, not flexuous; awn straight 24. B. commutatus. Branches slender, lax or flexuous. Panicle 8 to 11 cm (rarely to 15 cm) long; branches and pedicels conspic- uously flexuous or curled; lemmas pubescent. 30. B. arenaritjs. Panicle 15 to 25 cm long (smaller in depauperate specimens), the long branches spreading or drooping, somewhat flexuous but usually not curled; lemmas glabrous or scaberulous. Palea distinctly shorter than its lemma; awn flexuous, somewhat divergent in drying; spikelets rather turgid_ 28. B. japonictjs. Palea about as long as its lemma; awn straight or nearly so in drying; spikelets thinner and flatter, scarcely turgid. 29. B. arvensis. Figure b.—Bromus catharticus, X 1. (Peebles, Harrison, and Kearney 1271, Ariz.) Section 4- Eubromus Panicle contracted, erect; awn 12 to 20 mm long. Culms pubescent below the dense panicle 33. B. rtjbens. Culms glabrous below the scarcely dense panicle 34. B. madritensis. Panicle open, the branches spreading. Second glume usually less than 1 cm long; pedicels capillary, flexuous. 35. B. TECTORTTM. Second glume more than 1 cm long; pedicels sometimes flexuous but not capillary. Awn about 2 cm long; first glume 8 mm long 32. B. sterilis. Awn 3 to 5 cm long; first glume about 15 mm long 31. B. rigidus. Section 5. Ncobromus A single species 36. B trinii. Section 1. Cerat6chloa (Beauv.) Griseb. Annuals, biennials, or perennials; spikelets large, distinct!}' com- pressed; glumes and lemmas keeled, rather firm. 36 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 1. Bromus catharticus Vahl. Rescue grass. (Fig. 5.) Annual or biennial; culms erect to spreading, as much as 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or pubescent; blades narrow, glabrous or sparsely pilose; panicle open, as much as 20 cm long, the branches as much as 15 cm long, naked at base, in small plants the panicles reduced to a raceme of a few appressed short-pediceled spikelets ; spikelets 2 to 3 cm long, 6- to 12-flowered; glumes acuminate, about 1 cm long; lemmas glabrous, scabrous, or some- times pubescent, acuminate, 1.5 cm long, closely overlapping, concealing the short rachilla joints, awnless or with an awn 1 to 3 mm long; palea two-thirds as long as the lemma. O (B. un- ioloides H. B. K.) — Cultivated in the Southern States as a winter forage grass. Escaped from cultivation or sparingly introduced in waste places throughout the Southern States and rarely northward (fig. 6). Known also as Schrader's bromegrass. Figure 6.— Distribution of Bromus catharticus. Figure 7.— Bromus sitchensis, X 1. (Piper 3013, Alaska.) 2. Bromus sitchensis Trin. (Fig. 7.) Stout smooth perennial; culms 120 to 180 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades elongate, 7 to 12 mm wide, sparsely pilose on the upper surface; panicles large, lax, droop- ing, 25 to 35 cm long, the lower branches (2 to 4) as much as 20 cm MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 37 ' long, naked below for as much as 10 or 15 cm, few-flowered; spikelets 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, 6- to 12-flowered, the rachilla joints longer than in B. catharticus, exposed at an thesis; lemmas scabrous, sometimes hirtellous toward base; awn 5 to 10 mm long. Ql — Woods and banks near the coast, Washington to Alaska. 3. Bromus aleutensis Trin. (Fig. 8.) Culms rather stout, erect from a usually decumbent base, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths sparsely retrorse-pilose or glabrous; blades sparsely pilose, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle erect, loose, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches rather stiffly ascending, bearing 1 or 2 (rarely 3) spikelets, the lower as much as 10 cm long; spikelets 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, 3- to 6-flowered; glumes subequal, the first 3-nerved, the second 5- or indis- tinctly 7-nerved ; lemmas broadly lanceolate, 7- nerved, scarious- margined, smooth to scabrous-pu- bescent, about 15 mm long ; awn mostly about 1 cm long. Ql — Open ground, Aleutian Islands to the Olympic Mountain region. 4. Bromus bre- viaristatus Buckl. (Fig. 9.) Erect tufted perennial; culms 25 to 50 cm tall; sheaths ca- nescent to dense- ly retrorse-pilose ; blades narrow, be- coming involute, canescent and also pilose with spreading hairs, mostly erect or ascending, often only 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle narrow, erect, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches short, appressed, often bearing on!}7" one spikelet; spikelets 2 to 3 cm long; lemmas appressed-puberulent; awn 3 to 10 mm long. Ql (B. subvelutinus Shear.) — Dry wooded hills and meadows, Wyoming to eastern Washington, California, and Arizona (fig. 10). 5. Bromus carinatus Hook, and Arn. Cali- fornia brome. (Fig. 11.) Erect annual or biennial; culms 50 to 100 cm tall ; sheaths retro rsely pilose to nearly glabrous ; blades flat, sparsely pilose or nearly glabrous, mostly 3 to 8 mm wide ; panicle as much as 20 cm long with spreading, often deflexed, branches, in small plants reduced \ ■ ■ r Figure 8. — Bromus aleutensis, X 1. Alaska.) (Evans 550, Figure 9.— Bromus breviaristatus. Plant, X H; spikelet. X 5. (Nuttall, Rocky Mis.) Figure 10.— Distribution of Bromus breviaristatus. 38 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE to a raceme; spikelets (excluding awns) 2 to 3 cm long, mostly 5- to 10- flowered, the florets in anthesis little or not at all overlapping, exposing the rather long rachilla joints; glumes acuminate, 10 to 15 mm long; lemmas more or less appressed-pubescent, rarely glabrous, about 2 mm wide as folded, 10 to 20 mm long; awn 7 to 15 mm long; palea gradually acuminate, nearly as long as the lemma, the teeth short- awned. 91 — Open ground, open woods, and waste places, at low and middle altitudes, common on the Pacific coast, extending into Figure 11. — Bromus carinatus, X 1- (Hitchcock 2704, Calif.) British Columbia, Idaho, through Montana to New Mexico and northern Mexico; introduced in Indiana (fig. 12). Closely allied to Bromus carinatus are the following forms which may be considered members of a variable and polymorphous species. These forms are by some given the rank of species, but they are con- nected by numerous intergrades which can be distinguished only arbitrarily. Bromus marginatus Nees. Mostly perennial ; spikelets on the aver- age broader than in B. carinatus, the awn usually less than 7 mm long; panicles large and open with spreading or drooping but not deflexed branches, or reduced to racemes with a few appressed spikelets; glumes often pubescent; lemmas usually pu- bescent. % — Open woods, open ground, and waste places, common on the Pacific coast, extending north to British Columbia, east to South Dakota, Colorado, and western Texas, and south into northern Mexico; introduced in Alaska, Iowa, Illinois, Maine, and sparingly at other points. Bromus maritimus (Piper) Hitchc. Perennial; culms robust, mostly less than 60 cm tall, more or less geniculate at base with numerous leafy basal shoots ; sheaths smooth or minutely scaberulous; blades 12 to 30 cm long, mostly 6 to 8 mm wide, scabrous; panicle mostly 10 to 20 cm long, strict, the branches short, erect; spikelets 3 to 4 cm long. 91 (B. marginatus maritimus Piper.) — Near the coast from Sonoma County to Monterey County, Calif. Bromus polyanthus Scribn. Stout perennial as much as 100 cm tall, with smooth sheaths, scabrous blades, erect or somewhat spread- Figure 12.— Distribution of Bromus carinatus. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 39 ing panicles, and smooth or somewhat scabrous lemmas; awns 4 to 6 mm long. % — Montana to eastern Washington, south to Colorado, Arizona, and (rarely) California. A larger laxer form with more spreading panicles, the upper part somewhat nodding, has been called B. 'polyanthus paniculatus Shear; mountains of Colorado, whence originally described, to Utah, south to New Mexico and Arizona. Bromtts laciniatus Beal. Tall slender per- ennial; blades flat; panicles 20 to 30 cm long, open, drooping; spikelets flattened, about 3 cm long, mostly purplish; lemmas keeled, awned. % (B. peildulitius Sesse.) — Occasionally culti- vated for ornament; Mexico. Section 2. Bromopsis Dum; Perennials; panicles mostly open ; spike- lets rather elongate, subterete or slightly compressed before flowering ; florets closely overlapping. 6. Bromus inermis Leyss. Smooth brome. (Fig. 13.) Culms erect, 50 to 1 00 cm tall, from creeping rhizomes ; ligule 1.5 to 2 mm long; blades smooth or nearly so, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, erect, the branches whorled, spread- ing in flower, contracted at maturity; spikelets 2 to 2.5 cm long, subterete before flowering ; first glume 4 to 5 mm long, the second 6 to 8 mm long ; lemmas 9 to 12 mm long, glabrous or somewhat scabrous, rarely villous, obtuse, emargi- nate, mucronate, or with an awn 1 to 2 mm long. Ql — Cultivated as hay and pas- ture grass, especially from Minnesota and Kansas to eastern Oregon and Washington, occasionally eastward to Michigan and Ohio, now running wild in these regions; introduced along roads and in waste places in the northern half of the United States. Also used for re- seeding western mountain ranges. 7. Bromus pumpellianus Scribn. (Fig. 14.) Resembling B. inermis; culms 50 to 120 cm tall, from creeping rhizomes; sheaths glabrous or pubescent; blades rather short, mostly glabrous beneath, scabrous or somewhat pubescent on upper surface; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, rather narrow, erect, the branches short, erect, or ascending ; spike- lets 7- to 11 -flowered, 2 to 3 cm long; first glume 1-nerved, the second3- nerved; lemmas 10 to 12 mm long, 5- to 7-nerved, pubescent aloDg the margin and across the back at base, slightly emarginate; awn mostly 2 to 3 mm long. Ql — Meadows and grassy slopes, Colorado to the Black Figure 13.— Bromus inermis. Plant, X H; spikelet, X IVi- (Deam 11633, lad.) 40 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Hills of South Dakota, Idaho, and Alaska; introduced in Michiga i (fig 15) Bromus pumpellianus var. tweedyi Scnbn. Differing in having lemmas more densely pubescent. 91 —Alberta to Colorado. 8. Bromus erectusHuds. Culms tuft- ed, erect, 60 to 90 cm tall, slender; sheaths sparsely pilose or glabrous; ligule 1.5 mm long; blades narrow, sparsely pubescent; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, narrow, erect, the branches ascending or erect; spikelets 5- to 10-flowered; glumes acuminate, the first 6 to 8 mm, the second 8 to 10 mm long ; lemmas 10 to 12 mm long, glabrous or evenly scabrous-pubescent over the back; awn 5 to 6 mm long. Qt —Established in a few localities from Maine to New York; also in Washington and Alabama; introduced from Europe. 9. Bromus suksdorfii Vasey. (Fig. 16.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall; panicle 7 to 12 cm long, the branches erect or ascend- ing; spikelets about 2.5 cm long, longer than the pedicels; first glume mostly 1 -nerved, 8 to 10 mm long, the second 3-nerved, 8 to 12 mm long; lemmas w Figure 14.— Bromus pumpellianus, XL (Umbach 453, Mont.) 12 to 14 mm long, appressed-pubescent near the margin and on the lower part of midnerve ; awn 2 to 4 mm long. 01 — Rocky woods and slopes, Washington to the southern Sierra Nevada of California. 10. Bromus orcuttianus Vasey. (Fig. 17.) Culms 80 to 120 cm tall, erect, leafy below, nearly naked above, pubescent at and below the nodes; sheaths pilose or more or less velvety or sometimes glabrous; blades rather short and erect; panicle 10 to 15 cm long, narrow-pyramidal, the few rather rigid short branches finally divaricate; spikelets about 2 cm long, not much flattened, on short pedicels; glumes narrow, smooth, or scabrous, the first 6 to 8 mm long, acute, 1-nerved, or sometimes with faint lateral nerves, the second 8 to 10 mm long, broader, obtuse, 3-nerved; lemmas 10 to 12 mm long, narrow, inrolled at margin, obscurely nerved, scabrous or scabrous- Figure 15. — Distribution of Bromus pumpellianus. MANUAL OF THE GEASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 41 pubescent over the back; awn 5 to 7 mm long. 01 —Open woods, Washington to California; Arizona (Huachuca Mountains). Bromus orcuttianus var. hallii Hitchc. Blades soft-pubescent on both surfaces; glumes and lemmas pubescent. 01 —Dry, mostly wooded ridges and slopes, 1,500 to 3,000 m elevation, California. Figure 16.— Bromus suksdor- fiiXl. (Type.) 11. Figure 17 .—Bromus orcuttianus, X 1. (Type.) Bromus grandis (Shear) Hitchc. (Fig. 18.) Culms 1 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths softly retrorsely pubescent; blades elongate, rather lax, spreading, densely short-pubescent on both surfaces; panicle 15 to 20 cm long, broad, open, the branches slender, drooping, naked below, the lower usually in pairs, as much as 15 cm long; spike- lets 2 to 2.5 cm long, on subflexuous pedicels; first glume usually 42 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE distinctly 3-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemmas 12 to 15 mm long, densely pubescent all over the back; awn 5 to 7 mm long. % — Dry hills at moderate altitudes, Monterey and Madera Counties, Calif., south to San Diego. Figure 18.— Bromus grandis, X 1. (Johnston 1407, Calif.) Figure 19.— Bromus pacificus, X 1. (Elmer 1957, Wash.) Figure 20.— Bromus laevipes, X 1. (Amer. Gr. Natl. Herb. 866, Calif.) 12. Bromus pacificus Shear. (Fig. 19.) Culms 1 to 1.5 m tall, stout, erect, pubescent at the nodes; sheaths sparsely pilose; ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades sparsely pilose on upper surface, scabrous or smooth beneath, 8 to 10 mm wide; panicle very open, 10 to 20 cm MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 43 long, the branches slender, drooping; spikelets 2 to 2.5 cm long, coarsely pubescent throughout; lemmas 11 to 12 mm long, the pubescence somewhat dense on the margin; awn 4 to 6 mm long. Qi — Moist thickets near the coast, southern Alaska to Western Oregon. 13. Bromus laevipes Shear. (Fig. 20.) Light green or glaucous; culms 50 to 100 cm tall, from a decumbent base, often rooting at the lower nodes; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades 4 to 7 mm wide; panicles broad, 15 to 20 cm long, the branches slender, drooping; first glume 3- nerved, 6 to 8 mm long, the second 5-nerved, 10 to 12 mm long; lemmas obtuse, 7-nerved, 12 to 14 mm long, densely pubescent on the margin nearly to the apex and on the back at base; awn 3 to 5 mm long. % — Moist woods and shady banks, south- ern Washington to California, Nevada (Charleston Mountains), and Arizona (Tanner Canyon). 14. Bromus vulgaris (Hook.) Shear. (Fig. 21.) Culms slender, 80 to 120 cm tall, the nodes pubescent; sheaths pilose; ligule 3 to 5 mm long; blades more or less pilose ; panicle 10 to 15 cm long, the branches slender, drooping; spikelets narrow, about 2.5 cm long; glumes narrow; sparsely pubescent, the first acute, 1 -nerved, 5 to 8 mm long, the second broader, longer, obtuse to acutish, 3-nerved; lemmas 8 to 10 mm long, sparsely pube- scent over the back, more densely near the margin, or nearly gfabrous; awn 6 to 8 mm long. % — Rocky woods and shady ravines, western Montana and Wyoming to British Columbia and California (fig. 22). Two scarcely distinct robust varieties have been described: B. vul- garis var. eximius Shear, a form with glabrous sheaths and nearly glabrous lemmas, Washington to Mendocino County, Calif. ; and B. vulgaris var. robustus Shear, with pilose sheaths and large panicle, British Columbia to Oregon. 15. Bromus ciliatusL. Fringed brome. (Fig. 23, A.) Culms slender, 70 to 120 cm tall, glabrous or pubescent at the nodes; sheaths glabrous or the lower short-pilose, mostly shorter than the internodes; blades rather lax, as much as 1 cm wide, sparsely pilose on both surfaces to glabrous; panicle 15 to 25 cm long, open, the branches slender, drooping, as much as 15 cm long; first glume 1 -nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemmas 10 to 12 mm long, pubescent near the margin on the lower half to three-fourths, glabrous or nearly so on the back; awn 3 to 5 mm long. % — Moist woods and rocky slopes, Newfoundland to Washington, south to New Jersey, Tennessee, Iowa, western Texas, and southern California (San Bernardino Figure 21.— Bromus vulgaris, X 1. (Chase 4945, Wash.) Figure 22.— Distribution of Bromw vulgaris. 44 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 23.— A, Bromus cilialus. Plant X %; spikelet and floret X 5. (Hitchcock, Vt.) B, B. purgam. Floret, X 5. (Deam 279S2, Ind.) C, B. Latiglumis. Base of blades, X 1. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 45 Mountains) (fig. 24). B. richardsoni Link is a form that has been distinguished by its larger spikelets and lemmas and more robust habit, but it grades freely into B. ciliatus and can scarcely be ranked even as a variety. This is the common form in the Rocky Mountains. Bromus ciliatus var. laeviglumis Scribn. Culms stout, leafy, mostly more than 1 m tall ; sheaths shorter or longer than the inter- nodes, glabrous to pubescent, not strongly pilose; blades elongate, Figure 24.— Distribution of Bromus ciliatus. Figure 25.— Distribution of Bromus purgans. Figure 26.— Distribution of Bromus latiglumis. as much as 1 cm wide or even wider; panicle large, open; lemmas glabrous or nearly so. — Woods and river banks, rare. Known from Maine, Vermont, New York, Ontario, Michigan, North Dakota, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kansas. 16. Bromus purgans L. Canada brome. (Fig. 23, B.) Resem- bling B. ciliatus; nodes mostly 4 to 6; sheaths, except the lower 1 or 2, shorter than the internodes, more or less retrorsely^ pilose, or some- times all glabrous; blades narrowed at base, and without flanges or auricles; pubescence of lemma nearly uniform, sometimes more dense on the margins, sometimes sparse and short on the back or scabrous only. 21 — Moist woods and rocky slopes, Massachusetts to Alberta, south to northern Florida and Arizona (fig. 25). 17. Bromus latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc. (Fig. 23, C.) Differing from B. purgans in having usually 10 to 20 nodes; sheaths overlap- ping, longer than the internodes, more or less pilose, especially about the throat and collar; base of blades with prominent flanges on each side, these usually prolonged into auricles. Where the ranges of B. purgans and B. latiglumis overlap, the latter flowers several weeks later than the other. Ql —Alluvial banks of streams, Maine to eastern Montana, south to North Carolina and Oklahoma (fig. 26). A form with densely canescent sheaths has been called B. incanus (Shear) Hitchc. — Vermont to North Dakota, south to Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, Maryland, Ohio, and Iowa; western Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico. 18. Bromus texensis (Shear) Hitchc. (Fig. 27.) Culms slender, mostly solitary, 40 to 70 cm tall; sheaths much shorter than the Figure 27. — Bromus texensis, X 1. (Tracy 8881, Tex.) 46 MISC, PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE internodes, softly retrorsely pilose; blades pubescent on both sur- faces, mostly 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle mostly not more than 10 cm long, few-flowered, drooping; lemmas scabrous to nearly smooth; Figure 28.— Bromus anomalus, X 1. (Pammel, Colo.) awn 5 to 7 mm long. % — Among brush, Texas (Bexar County and Corpus Christi) apparently rare; northern Mexico. 19. Bromus anomalus Rupr. Nodding brome. (Fig. 28.) Culms slender, 30 to 60 cm tall, the nodes pubescent; sheaths sparsely pilose to glabrous; ligule about 1 mm long; blades scabrous, mostly 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle about 10 cm long, often less, few-flowered, drooping; first glume 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved, lemmas about 12 mm long, evenly and densely pubescent over the back ; awn 2 to 4 mm long. 01 (B. porteri Nash.) — Open woods, Saskatchewan and Idaho, to western Texas, southern California, and Mexico (fig. 29). Bromus anomalus var. lanatipes (Shear) Hitchc. More robust, with woolly sheaths and usually broader blades. 01 (B. porteri lanatipes Shear.) — Colorado to western Texas and Arizona. 20. Bromus kalmii A. Gray. (Fig. 30.) Culms slender, 50 to 100 cm tall, usually pubescent at and a little below the nodes; sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, pilose or the upper glabrous; Figure 29.— Distribution of Bromus anomalus. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 47 blades usually sparsely pilose on both sides, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle Figure 30.— Bromus kalmii, X 1. (Chase 1866H, Ind.) rather few-flowered, drooping, mostly 5 to 10 cm long, the branches slender, flexuous, bearing usually 1 to 3 spike- lets; first glume 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved; lemmas 7 to 10 mm long, pubescent over the back, more densely so near the margins; awn 2 to 3 mm long. % — Dry or sandy ground and open woods, Maine to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to western Maryland and Iowa (fig. 31). Called wild chess. 21. Bromus frondosus (Shear) Woot. and Standi. (Fig. 32.) Figure 31.— Distribution of Bromus kalmii Figure 32.— Bromus frondosus, X 1. (Hitchcock 13282, N.Mex.) Culms erect to weakly reclining, 80 to 100 cm tall; sheaths gla- brous or the lower pilose; blades pale green, scabrous, mostly less than 5 mm wide, oc- casionally to 10 mm, rarely wider; panicle open, drooping, the slender lower branches naked below; first glume 2- to 3-nerved; lemmas pubescent all over, rarely nearly figure 33.- istribution of glabrous. % (B. ported frondosus Shear.) — Bromus frondosus. Open woods and rocky slopes. Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona (fig. 33). 65974°— 35- 48 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Section 3. Br6mium Dum. Annuals; spikelets subcompressed ; glumes and lemmas compara- tively broad, elliptic or oblong-elliptic. Introduced, mostly from Europe. 22. Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. and Mey. Rattlesnake chess. (Fig. 34.) Culms 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths and blades pilose-pubes- cent; panicle 5 to 15 cm long, lax, secund, drooping; spikelets rather few, oblong-ovate, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, about 1 cm wide; glumes broad, obtuse, the first 3- to 5-nerved, the second 5- to 9-nerved, about twice as long as the first; lemmas 10 mm long, very broad, inflated, obtuse, smooth, with a broad scarious margin, nearly or quite awnless. o —Sandy fields and waste ground, occasional from Wash- ington and Idaho to California, rare eastward to Massachusetts and Delaware (fig. 35) ; intro- duced from Europe. Sometimes cultivated for ornament. 23. Bromus secalinus L. Chess. (Fig. 36.) Culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or the lower sometimes puberulent; panicle pyramidal, nodding, 7 to 12 cm long, the lower branches 3 to 5, unequal, drooping; spikelets ovoid-lanceolate, becoming somewhat turgid at maturity, 1 to 2 cm long, 6 to 8 mm wide; glumes obtuse, the first 3- to 5-nerved, 4 to 6 mm long, the second 7-nerved, 6 to 7 mm long; lemmas 7-nerved, 6 to 8 mm long, elliptic, ob- tuse, smooth or scaberulous, the margin strongly involute at maturity, shortly bidentate at apex, the undulate awns usually 3 to 5 mm long, sometimes very short or obsolete; palea about as long as lemma, o ■ — Introduced from Europe, a weed in grainfields and waste places, more or less throughout the United States. Also called cheat. Occasionally uti- lized for hay in Washington and Oregon. In fruit the turgid florets are somewhat distant so that, viewing the spikelet sidewise, the light passes through the small openings at base of each floret. Bromus secalinus var. "v elutinus (Schrad.) Koch. Spikelets pubescent, o Dalles). Europe. The species of the group containing Bromus secalinus, B. commu- tatus, B. mollis, and B. racemosus are closely allied, differentiated only by arbitrary characters. The forms are recognized as species in most recent European floras and this disposition is here followed. Figure 34. — Bromus brizae- formis, X Yi. (Leckenby40 Wash.) Figure 35.— Distribution Bromus brizaeformis of — Oregon (Corvallis, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 49 Figure 36.— Bromus secalinus. Plant, X W, spikelet and floret, X 5 (Chase, 111.) 50 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 24. Bromus commutatus Schrad. Hairy chess. (Fig. 37.) Re- sembling B. secalinus, but the sheaths retrorsely pilose; lemmas at maturity less plump and more overlapping ; awn commonly somewhat longer. O — Introduced from Europe, a weed in fields and waste places, Wash- ington to California and Montana and eastward through the Northern States, thence less commonly southward. Bromus commutatus var. apricorum Simonkai. Lemmas pubescent. O — Washington to California; rare. Introduced from Europe. 25. Bromus mollis L. Soft chess. (Fig. 38.) Softly pubescent throughout; culms erect, 20 to 80 cm tall; panicle erect, contracted, 5 to 10 cm long, or, in de- pauperate plants, re- duced to a few spikelets; glumes broad, obtuse, coarse- ly pilose or scabrous- pubescent, the first 3- to 5- nerved, 4 to 6 mm long, the second 5- to 7-nerved, 7 to 8 mm long; lemmas broad, soft, obtuse, 7-nerved, coarsely pilose or scabrous- pubescent, rather deeply bidentate, 8 to 9 mm long, the margin and apex hy- aline; awn rather stout, 6 to 9 mm long; palea about three- fourths as long as lemma. O — Weed in waste places and cultivated soil, introduced from Europe, abundant on the Pacific coast, occasional eastward to Nova Scotia and south to North Carolina (fig. 39). This has been referred to B. hordeaceus L., a distinct European species. 26. Bromus molliformis Lloyd. (Fig. 40.) Culms erect, mostly 10 to 20 cm tall, some- times taller; lower sheaths felty-pubescent, the upper glabrous; blades narrow, the upper surface with scattered rather stiff hairs; panicle 2 to 4 cm long, ovoid, dense, few-flowered; spikelets oblong, compressed, 12 to 18 mm long; glumes about 6 mm long, the second broader, loosely pilose, the hairs spreading; lemmas thinner and narrower than in B. mollis, closely imbricate, about 8 mm long, Figure 37. — Bromus commutatug, X 5. (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 890, Va.) Figure 38.— Bromus mollis, X 1. (Hall 258, Calif.) Figure 39.— Distribution of Bromus mollis. MANUAL OP THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 51 \\ .[: pilose with appressed hairs, the margin whitish; awn from below the entire apex, 5 to 7 mm long; palea a little shorter than the lemma; anthers 0.4 mm long, about as broad. O — Open ground, southern California; introduced from Europe. 27. Bromus racemosus L. (Fig. 41.) Differing from B. mollis in the somewhat more open panicle and gla- brous or scabrous lemmas. O (Including what in this country has been called B. hordeaceus glabrescens Shear, B. hordeaceus var. leptostachys Beck, and B. mollis i. leiostachys Fernald.)— Weed in waste places, chiefly on the Pacific coast and east to Idaho, Colorado, and Arizona; a few points from Illinois to Maine and North Carolina (fig. 42) ; introduced from Europe. Bromus scoparius L. Resembling B. molliformis; culms 20 to 30 cm tall; sheaths soft-pubescent; blades glabrous, scabrous or sparingly pilose; panicle contracted, erect, 3 to 7 cm long; spikelets about 1.5 cm long, 3 to 4 mm wide ; lemmas about 7 mm long, narrow, glabrous; awn 5 to 8 mm long, finally divaricate, O — Introduced from Europe in California (Mariposa) and Virginia (Newport News, on ballast). FlG1 Bromus macrostachysL. Annual; Bromus roc- culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; panicle ff 772 ft ^77 ? ^^ 'S • • "I* J* (Hitchcock narrow, compact, consisting ol a tew 2667, caiif.) jarge Spike|ets about 3 cm long. O -Wool waste, Yonkers N.Y. Sometimes figure 42 _Distribution cultivated for ornament. Mediterranean region. Bromus racemosus. Mi Figure 40. — Bro- mus molliformis, X 1. (Chase 5564, Calif.) Figure 43.— Bromus japonicus, X 1. (Deam 6833, Ind.) 28. Bromus japonicus Thunb. Japanese chess. (Fig. 43.) Culms erect or geniculate at base, 40 to 70 cm tall; sheaths and 52 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE blades pilose; panicle 12 to 20 cm long, broadly pyramidal, diffuse, somewhat drooping, the slender lower branches 3 to 5, all the branches flexuous; glumes rather broad, the first acute, 3-nerved, 4 to 6 mm long, the second obtuse, 5-nerved, 6 to 8 mm long; lemmas broad, obtuse, smooth, 7 to 9 mm long, 9-nerved, the marginal pair of nerves faint, the hya- line margin obtusely angled above the mid- dle, the apex emarginate; awn 8 to 10 mm long, somewhat twisted and strongly flexu- ous at maturity, those of the lower florets shorter than the upper; palea 1.5 to 2 mm shorter than the lemma. O (B. patulus Mert. and Koch) — Weed in waste places, Vermont to Washington, south to North Carolina and California (fig. 44); widely distributed in the Old World. 29. Bromus arvensis L. (Fig. 45.) Resembling B. japonicus, foliage downy to subglabrous; spikelets thinner, flatter (less turgid), Figure 44.— Distribution of Bromus japonicus. Figure 45.— Bromus arvensis, X 1. (Gray, Md.) often tinged with purple; awn straight or nearly so in drying; palea as long as the lemma or only slightly shorter. O — Open ground, cultivated soil, rare, eastern Maryland; introduced from Europe. 30. Bromus arenarius Labill. Australian chess. (Fig. 46.) Figure 46.— Bromus arenarius, X 1. (Pendleton 1459, Calif.) Culms slender, 15 to 40 cm tall, sheaths and blades pilose; panicle open, pyramidal, nodding, 8 to 11 (rarely 15) cm long, the spreading branches and pedicels sinuously curved; glumes densely pilose, acute, scarious-margined the first narrower, 3-nerved, 8 mm long, the MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 53 second 7-nerved, 10 mm long; lemmas densely pilose, 7-nerved, 10 mm long; awn straight, 10 to 16 mm long. O — Sandy roadsides, gravelly or sterile hills, Oregon, California, and Nevada; introduced from Australia. Section 4. Eubr6mtjs Godr. Tufted annuals; spikelets compressed; glumes and lemmas narrow, long-awned; first glume 1 -nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemma 5- to 7-nerved, cleft at the apex, the hyaline teeth 2 to 5 mm long; floret at maturity with a sharp hard point or callus. Intro- duced from Europe. Figure H— Bromus rigidus, X 1. (Tracy 4702, Calif.) 31. Bromus rigidus Roth. Ripgut grass. (Fig. 47.) Culms 40 to 70 cm tall; sheaths and blades pilose; panicle open, nodding, rather few-flowered, 7 to 15 cm long, the lower branches 1 to 2 cm long; spikelets usually 5- to 7-flowered, 3 to 4 cm long; glumes smooth, the first 1.5 to 2 cm long, the second 2.5 to 3 cm long; lemmas 2.5 to 3 cm long, scabrous or puberulent, the teeth 3 to 4 mm long; awn stout, 3.5 to 5 cm long. O (B. villoma Forsk. not Scop. ; B. maximus Desf. not Gilib.) — Common weed in open ground and waste places in the southern half of Cali- fornia, forming dense stands over great areas in the lowlands, occasional north to British Colum- bia and east to Idaho, Nevada, and Arizona; rare in the Eastern States, Maryland, Virginia, Texas (fig. 48). Distinguished from the other species of the section by the long awns. Bromus rigidus var. gussonei (Pari.) Coss. and Dur. Differing in having more open panicles, the stiffer, more spreading lower branches as much as 10 to 12 cm long. O —Weed like B. rigidus, growing in similar places, Washington to California, and Arizona; more common than the species in middle and northern California. Figure 48.— Distribution of Bromus rigidus. 54 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 32. Bromus sterilis L. (Fig. 49.) Resembling B. rigidus, less robust; culms 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths pubescent; panicle 10 to 20 Figure 49.— Bromus sterilis, X I. (Boettcher 2423, D.C.) cm long, the branches drooping; spikelets 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, 10-flowered; glumes lanceolate-subulate, the first about 8 mm lemmas 17 to 20 mm long, sca- brous or scabrous-pubescent, the teeth 2 mm long; awn 2 to 3 cm long. O — Fields and waste places, introduced in a few locali- ties from British Columbia to Cali- fornia and Colorado, and the East- ern States from New England and Illinois to Virginia and Alabama (fig. 50). 6- to long; Figure 50. — Distribution of Bromus sterilis. 33. Bromus rubens L. Fox- tail chess. (Fig. 51.) Culms 15 to 40 cm tall, puberulent below the panicle; sheaths and blades pubescent; panicle erect, compact, ovoid, usually 4 to 8 cm long, usually purplish ; spikelets 4- to 11- flowered, about 2.5 cm long; first glume 7 to 9 mm long, the second 10 to 12 mm long; lemmas, sca- brous, 12 to 16 mm long, the teeth 4 to 5 mm long; awn 18 to 22 mm long, somewhat spreading afc maturity. O -Dry hills and in waste or cultivated ground, Washington to southern California, very abundant over extensive areas, and east to Utah and Arizona; Massachusetts (fig. 52), Figure 51. — Bromus rubens, X 1. (Blankenship 36, Calif.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 55 Figure 52.— Distribution of Bromus rubens. 34. Bromus madritensis L. (Fig. 53.) Resembling B. rubens but the culms smooth below the less dense panicles ; sheaths mostly smooth; blades puberulent or glabrous; panicle 5 to 10 cm long, oblong-ovoid (in dried specimens more or less fan-shaped) ; lemmas a little longer than in B. rubens, the teeth 2 to 3 mm long; awn rather stout, 16 to 22 mm long. O — Open ground and waste places, Oregon and California; less common than B. rubens. Occasionally cultivated for ornament. 35. Bromus tectorum L. Downy chess. (Fig. 54.) Culms erect or spreading, slender, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths and blades pubescent; panicle 5 to 15 cm long, rather dense, soft, drooping, often pur- ple; spikelets nodding, 12 to 20 mm long; glumes villous, the first 4 to 6 mm long, the second 8 to 10 mm long; lemmas lance- olate, villous or pilose, 10 to 12 mm long, the teeth 2 to 3 mm long; awn 12 to 14 mm long. O — Along roadsides, banks, and waste places, common on the Pacific coast, especially in Washington and Oregon, and here and there throughout the United States as far south as Virginia and Mississippi (fig. 55). Bromus tectorum var. gla- bratus Spenner. Differing in having glabrous spikelets. O (B. tectorum var. nudus Klett and Richt.) — About the same range as the species, less common. Section 5. — Neobr6mus Shear, as subgenus Annual; lemmas lanceolate, deeply bifid, the teeth aris- tate; awn twisted, genicu- late. Approaches Trisetum,. 36. Bromus trinii Desv. Chilian chess. (Fig. 56.) Culms 30 to 60 cm or even 100 cm tail, erect or branched and spreading below, often pubescent Figure tt.-Bromus madritensis, X 1. (Eastwood, Calif.) ^ th& nodes; deaths and blades pilose-pubescent to nearly smooth; panicle 8 to 20 cm long, narrow, rather dense, erect, the branches erect or the lower more or less 56 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 54.— Bromus tectorum. Plant, X M; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Chase 2051, Ind.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 57 Figure 55.— Distribution of Bromus tectorum. spreading or flexuous; spikelets narrow, 1.5 to 2 cm long, 5- to 7- flowered; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, the first mostly 1-nerved, 8 to 10 mm long, the second mostly 3-nerved, 12 to 16 mm long; lemmas 5-nerved, 12 to 14 mm long, pubescent, acumi- nate, with narrow teeth 2 to 3 mm long, the teeth aristate; awn 1.5 to 2 cm long, twisted below, bent below the middle and strongly divaricate when old. O (Including B. trinii var. pallidiflorus Desv.)— Dry plains and rocky or wooded slopes, Oregon, California, and Baja California, rarely eastward to Colorado; introduced from Chile (fig. 57). Bromus trinii var. excelsus Shear. Differing in having larger spikelets, 7-nerved lemmas, and divaricate but not twisted or bent awns; teeth of the lemma acuminate, but not aristate. O — A little- known form from the Panamint Mountains, Calif. The genus Brachypddium Beauv. is represented in the United States by one species found only on ballast, and another occasionally cultivated. The genus is placed in Festuceae though it resembles Agropyron, differing from it in having short-pediceled spikelets. Lemmas, rounded on the back. Brachypoditjm distachyon (L.) Beauv. {Bromus distachyos L.) is an annual 10 to 20 cm tall, with short flat blades and an erect stiff raceme of 1 to few appressed almost sessile awned spikelets. O — On ballast, New Jer- sey (Camden) and Oregon (Portland). Adventive from Europe. Brachy- poditjm sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv. is a perennial with usually several spikelets in a raceme. % — Occasionally cultivated for ornament. Europe. 3. FESTTJCA L. Fescue Spikelets few- to several-flowered (rarely 1 -flowered in some of the spikelets of a panicle), the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets, the uppermost floret reduced; glumes narrow, acute, unequal, the first sometimes very small; lemmas rounded on the back, membranaceous or somewhat indu- rate, 5-nerved, the nerves often obscure, acute or rarely obtuse, awned from the tip, or rarely from a minutely bifid apex, sometimes awnless. Low or rather tall annuals or peren- nials, the spikelets in narrow or open panicles. The blades are sometimes somewhat auriculate as in the Hordeae. Standard species, Festuca ovina. Name from Festuca, an old Latin name for a weedy grass. Many of the perennial species of fescue are important forage grasses in the grazing regions of the West. Festuca arizonica, Arizona fescue, Figuee 56. — Bromus trinii, X 1- (Eastwood, Calif.) Figure 57.— Distribution of Bromus trinii. 58 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE of northern Arizona and F. idahoensis, bluebunch fescue, of the region from Colorado to central California and northward, are im- portant, though they become rather tough with age. F. viridula, greenleaf fescue, locally called mountain bunchgrass, is an outstanding grass in subalpine regions of the Northwestern States, and F. thurberi, Thurber fescue, is important in similar regions from Colorado to Montana. F. ovina, sheep fescue, is a good grazing grass though not abundant, but its variety brachyphylla, alpine fescue, furnishes much of the forage above timber line from the Rocky Mountains westward. F. occidentalis , western fescue, in open woods up to 10,000 feet in the Northwest, and F. rubra, red fescue, widely distributed at various altitudes in the West, are valuable in proportion to their abundance. The most important cultivated species is F. elatior, meadow fescue, a native of Europe, used for hay and pasture in the humid region, especially in Tennessee, Missouri, and Kansas. F. ovina, and its allies, and F. rubra, are cultivated to a limited extent in the Eastern States as lawn or pasture grasses, usually in mixtures. Plants annual Section 1. Vtjlpia. Plants perennial. Section 2. Eufestuca. Section 1. Vulpia la. Spikelets mostly more than 5-flowered. Lowest lemma 4 to 5 mm long, the margin inrolled, not scarious 1. F. octoflora. lb. Spikelets mostly less than 5-flowered (sometimes 6-flowered in F. dertonensis and F. sciured). Lemmas usually scarious-margined. 2a. Panicle narrow, the branches appressed. Lemmas appressed-pubescent over the back, about 3 mm long. 2. F. SCIUREA. Lemmas glabrous, scabrous or ciliate, not pubescent over the back. Lemmas ciliate toward the apex 3. F. megaltjra. Lemmas not ciliate. First glume two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the second. 4. F. DERTONENSIS. First glume much shorter than the second, 1 to 2 mm long. 5. F. MYUROS. 2b. Panicle rather short, the branches and often the spikelets spreading (scarcely spreading in F. arida) . 3a. Spikelets glabrous. Pedicels appressed; lower branches of the panicle usually finally reflexed; spikelets usually 3- to 5-flowered 6. F. pacifica. Pedicels or nearly all of them finally reflexed, notably those of the upper part of the main axis; branches of the panicle reflexed; spikelets mostly 1- or 2-flowered 10. F. reflexa. 3b. Spikelets pubescent, the pubescence on glumes or lemmas or on both. 4a. Pedicels appressed or slightly spreading; lower branches of panicle usually spreading or reflexed. Lemmas glabrous; glumes pubescent 7. F. confusa. Lemmas pubescent. Lemmas hirsute; glumes glabrous or pubescent; lower branches of panicle spreading or reflexed 8. F. gra yi. Lemmas woolly-pubescent; glumes glabrous; panicle nearly simple, the branches scarcely spreading 9. F. arida. 4b. Pedicels and panicle branches all finally spreading or reflexed. Glumes glabrous; lemmas pubescent 11. F. microstachys. Glumes pubescent; lemmas pubescent 12. F. eastwoodae. Glumes pubescent; lemmas glabrous 13. F. tracyi. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 59 Section 2. Eufestuca la. Blades flat, rather soft and lax (except in F. kingii), mostly more than 3 mm wide. Lemmas awned, the awn usually more than 2 mm long. Floret long-stipitate, the rachilla appearing to be jointed a short distance below the floret 14. F. stjbuliflora. Floret not stipitate. Lemmas indistinctly nerved; awn terminal; blades 3 to 10 mm wide. 15. F. STJBULATA. Lemmas distinctly 5-nerved; awn from between 2 short teeth; blades 2 to 4 mm wide 16- F. elmeri. Lemmas awnless or with an awn rarely as much as 2 mm long. Spikelets oblong to linear, mostly 8- to 10-flowered and more than 10 mm long 17. F. ELATIOR. Spikelets" ovate or oval, mostly not more than 5-flowered, less than 10 mm long. Panicles narrow, the branches short, appressed; blades firm, erect. 18. F. KINGII. Panicles open, the branches spreading, naked below; blades lax, spreading. Lemmas acuminate, sometimes with an awn as much as 2 mm long, membranaceous, distinctly nerved, 6 to 9 mm long. 19. F. sororia Lemmas awnless, obtuse to acutish, rather firm, indistinctly nerved. Lemmas 5 to 7 mm long, acutish 20. F. versuta. Lemmas about 4 mm long, relatively blunt, rather turgid. Spikelets loosely scattered in a very open panicle with long slender branches 21. F. obtusa. Spikelets somewhat aggregate toward the ends of rather short branches of a less open nodding panicle 22. F. shortii. lb. Blades involute or if flat less than 3 mm wide (sometimes flat in F. calif ornica but firm and soon involute). Ligule 2 to 4 mm long or longer. Lemmas awnless or cuspidate. Lemmas 7 mm long 23. F. thtjrberi. Lemmas 4 mm long 24. F. ligtjlata. Ligule short. . Collar and mouth of sheath villous. Culms tall and stout (rather short in var. parishii) 26. F. californica. Collar and mouth of sheath not villous. Panicle branches denselv ciliate on the angles. Blades about 1 mm wide, flat or folded 27. F. dasyclada. Panicle branches not ciliate on the angles. Culms decumbent at the usually red, fibrillose base, in loose tufts. Awn of lemma shorter than the body; blades smooth. __ 29. F. rubra. Culms erect. Lemmas 7 to 10 mm long, scabrous. Culms densely tufted, rather stout, usually scabrous below the panicle; lemmas acute, rarely short-awned 25. F. scabrella. Lemmas mostly not more than 7 mm long. Lemmas awnless (see also F. arizonica). Lemmas 6 to 7 mm long; culms slender, loosely tufted. 28. F. viridtjla. Lemmas about 3 mm long 32. F. capillata. Lemmas awned. Awn as long as or longer than body of the lemma; blades soft, glabrous, sulcate 30. F. occidentalis. Awn shorter than body of the lemma; blades slender, numerous, usually scabrous. Blades mostly not more than half as long as the culms; pan- icle narrow, often almost spikelike, few-flowered, mostly less than 10 cm long; culms mostly less than 30 cm tall. 31. F. OVINA. Blades elongate; panicles 10 to 20 cm long, somewhat open; culms 30 to 100 cm tall. Awn 2 to 4 mm long 33. F. idahoensis. Awn short or obsolete 34. F. arizonica. 60 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 58.— .4, Festuca octo flora. Plant, X %; spikelat, X 5. (Chase 1776, Ind.) B, F. sciurea. Panicle X Yi, spikelet, X 5. (Reverchon, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 61 Figure 59. — Distribution Festuca sciurea. Section 1. Vulpia (Gmel.) Reichenb. Slender annuals; lemmas awned; stamens usually 1, sometimes 3; flowers usually self-pollinated. Some of the species, especially numbers 7 to 13, resemble each other closely. The differences, though small, appear to be constant, hence the recognizable forms are maintained as species, rather than reduced to varieties under leading species. 1. Festuca octoflora Walt. Six- weeks FES- CUE. (Fig. 58, A) Culms erect, usually 15 to 30 cm tall, sometimes as much as 50 cm; blades narrow, involute, 2 to 10 cm long; panicle narrow, the branches short, appressed, rarely spreading; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long, densely 5- to 13-flowered; glumes subulate- lanceolate, the first 1 -nerved, the second 3-nerved, 4 mm long; lemmas firm, convex, lanceolate, glabrous or scabrous, 4 to 5 mm long, the mar- gins not scarious; awn commonly 2 to 5 mm long. O (F. tenella Willd.) — Open sterile ground, throughout the United States and southern Canada at low altitudes, extending into Baja California. Fes- tuca octoflora var. hirtella Piper. Plants low and spreading; foliage sometimes pubescent; lemmas hir- tellous or pu- bescent. O — Texas to southern Cali- fornia, south- ward in Baja California and northward to Nevada, Montana, and Washington. 2. Festuca sciurea Nutt. (Fig. 58, B.) Culms erect, 15 to 50 cm tall; blades less than 1 mm wide, often capillary, soft, mostly involute, 1 to 10 cm long; panicle narrow, 5 to 20 cm long; spikelets 4- to 6-flowered, 4 to 5 mm long; first glume 2 mm long, the second 3.5 mm long; lemmas 3 to 3.5 mm long, sparsely appressed-pubescent ; awn 6 to 11 mm long. O —°Pen ground, Maryland to Florida, west to Oklahoma and Texas (fig. 59). 3. Festuca megalura Nutt. Foxtail fescue. (Fig. 60.) Culms 20 to 60 cm tall; sheaths and narrow blades glabrous; panicle narrow, Figure 61. — Distribution Festuca megalura. Figure 60.— Festuca megalura. Panicle, X spikelet, X 5. (Leiberg 150, Oreg.) 62 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 7 to 20 cm long, the branches appressed; spikelets 4- or 5-flowered; first glume 1.5 to 2 mm long, the second 4 to 5 mm long; lemmas Figure 62 — A, Festuca myuros, spikelet, X 5. (Chase 2393, D. C.) B, F. dertonensis. Plant, X Hi spike- let, X 5 (Palmer 2041, Calif.) linear-lanceolate, scabrous on the back especially toward the apex, ciliate on the upper half; awn 8 to 10 mm long. o — Open sterile MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 63 Figure 63.— Distribution Festuca myuros. of ground, British Columbia to Baja California, common in the Coast Ranges of California, east to Idaho and Arizona andra few localities eastward; Pacific slope of South America (fig. 61). In mature lem- mas the cilia may be obscured by the inrolling of the edges; moistening the floret will bring the cilia to view. 4. Festuca dertonensis (All.) Aschers. and Graebn. (Fig. 62, B.) Resembling F. megalura, the pani- cles.on the average shorter, usually less dense; glumes longer, the first about 4 mm long, the second 6 to 7 mm long; lemma lanceolate, scabrous on the back toward the apex, 7 to 8 mm long; awn 10 to 13 mm long. o — Dry hills and mead- ows, British Co- lumbia to southern California; rare as a waif in the East- ern States ; intro- duced from Europe. This species has been referred to F. bromoides L. by American authors. 5. Festuca myfi- rosL. (Fig. 62, .4.) Differing from F. megalura chiefly in the absence of cilia on the lemma ; pan- icle usually smaller, first glume 1 to 1.5 mm, the second 4 to 4.5 mm, long. O — Open ground, Coastal Plain, Massachusetts t o Texas ; Ohio ; Pacific coast, Washington to southern California (fig. 63) ; introduced from Europe. 6. Festuca pacifica Piper. (Fig. 64.) Culms erect or geniculate at base, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades soft, loosely involute, glabrous, 3 to 5 cm long; panicle 5 to 12 cm long, the lower branches solitary, some- what distant, subsecund, spreading, 1 to 3 cm long; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered; first glume subulate-lanceolate, about 4 mm long, the second lanceolate-acuminate, about 5 mm long; lemmas lanceolate, glabrous or scaberulous, 6 to 7 mm long; awn 10 to 15 mm long. Figure 64.— Festuca pacifica. Panicle, X Vi\ floret, X 5. (Type.) Figure 65.— Distribution Festuca pacifica. of Figure 66 Festuca confusa. Plant, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Type.) 55974°— 35- 64 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE FIGURE 67.— ,4, Festuca grayi. Plant, X Hi spikelet, X 5. (Pringle, Ariz.) B, F. arida. Phut, X lA\ spikelet, X 5. (Type.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 65 Figure 68.— Distribution of Festuca grayi. Figure 69.— Distribution of Festuca arida. q — Open ground, mountain slopes, and open woods, British Columbia to Baja California, east to western Montana and New Mexico (fig. 65). 7. Festuca confusa Piper. (Fig. 66.) Resembling F. pacifica; sheaths retrorsely pilose; foliage pubescent; spikelets usually 2- or 3-flowered; glumes hirsute with long spreading hairs; lemmas glabrous. O — Dry hillsides, Washington to southern California. 8. Festuca grayi (Abrams) Piper. (Fig. 67, A.) Resembling F. pacifica, often somewhat stouter; sheaths and sometimes blades pubescent; glumes glabrous to sparsely villous; lemmas pubescent, puberulent or sometimes villous. o (F. microstachys var. grayi Abrams.) — Open ground and rocky slopes, Washington to southern California and Arizona (ng. 68). 9. Festuca arida Elmer. (Fig. 67, B.) Culms erect or spread- ing, mostly less than 15 cm tall; sheaths and blades glabrous, the blades loosely involute, mostly less than 4 cm long; panicle narrow, 2 to 5 cm long, the branches appressed or the lower- most somewhat spreading; glumes about equal, glabrous, 5 to 6 mm long; lemmas densely woolly, about 5 mm long; awn 5 to 10 mm long. O — Sandy or dry ground, rare, eastern Washington and Oregon, south- western Idaho, northeastern Cal- ifornia, and western Nevada (fig. 69). 10. Festuca reflexa Buckl. (Fig. 70, B.) Culms 20 to 40 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or pubescent ; blades narrow, flat to subinvolute, 2 to 10 cm long; panicle 5 to 12 cm long, the solitary branches and the spike- lets all at length divaricate; spikelets mostly 1- to 3-flowered, 5 to 7 mm long; first glume 2 to 4 mm long, the second 4 to 5 mm long; lemmas glabrous or scaberulous, 5 to 6 mm long; awn usually 5 to 8 mm long. O —Mesas, rocky slopes, and wooded hills, Washington to southern California, east to Arizona and Utah (fig. 71). Figure 70.— ,4, Festuca microstachys. Spikelet, X 5. (Allen, Calif.) B, F. reflexa. Panicle, X Yi\ spikelet, X 5. (Brandegee 71, Calif.) 66 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE 11. Festuca microstachys Nutt. (Fig. 70, A.) Resembling reflexa; glumes glabrous; lemmas pubescent. o — Open ground, Washington to California; rare. Figure 71.— Distribution of Festuca reflexa. Figure 72 — Festuca eastwoodae. Pan- icle, X Yr, glumes, X 5. (Type.) Figure 73.— Festuca tracyi, Panicle, X W, glumes. X 5; floret, X 5. (Type.) 12. Festuca eastwoodae Piper. (Fig. 72.) Resembling F. reflexa; glumes hirsute ; lemmas hirsute, the awn 4 to 5 mm long. —Open ground, Oregon, Arizona, and California; rare. 13. Festuca tracyi Hitche. (Fig. 73.) Resembling F. reflexa; glumes rather sparsely hispid-villous, the first 1.5 to 2 mm long, acute, the second 3 to 4 mm long, obtusish or abruptly acute; lemmas glabrous, about 4 mm long ; awn 4 to 7 nun long, o — Open rocky ground, Washington (Bingen) and California (Kings and Napa Counties). Section 2. Eufestuca Griseb. Perennials; culms simple; stamens 3. 14. Festuca subuliflora Scribn. (Fig. 74.) Culms erect, slender, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades flat (or loosely involute in drying), lax, pubescent on the upper sur- face, those of the culm mostly 2 to 4 mm wide, those of the innovations narrower; panicle loose, lax, 10 to 20 cm long, nodding, the branches drooping, the lower naked at base; spike- lets loosely 3- to 5-flowered, the rachilla pubescent or hispid, the internodes of the rachilla as much as 2 mm long; floret long-stipitate, the rachilla appearing to be jointed a short distance below the floret; glumes very narrow, acuminate, the first 3 to 4 mm, the second 4 to Figure 74. —Festuca subuliflora. Panicle, X Vi, spikelet, X 5. (Howell 19, Oreg.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 67 Figure -Festuca stibvlata. Panicle, X H; floret, 5. (Hitchcock 23511, Ore?.) Figure 76.— Distribution of Festuca subulata. 5 mm, long; lemmas scaberulous toward the apex, 6 to 8 mm long; awn somewhat flexuous, 10 to 15 mm long. 91 — Moist shady places from sea level to 1,000 m, British Columbia to northern California, mostly near the coast. Peculiar in the stipitate base of the lem- ma. Aspect of F. subulata. 15. Festuca subulata Trin. Bearded fescue. (Fig. 75.) Culms erect, mostly 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, thin, lax, 3 to 10 mm wide ; panicle loose, open, drooping, 15 to 40 cm long, the branches mostly in twos or threes, naked below, finally spreading or reflexed, the lower as much as 15 cm long; spikelets loosely 3- to 5-flowered; glumes narrow, acu- minate, the first about 3 mm, the second about 5 mm, long; lemmas somewhat keeled, scaberulous toward the apex, the intermediate nerves obscure, the tip at- tenuate into an awn 5 to 20 mm long. 91 —Shady banks and moist thickets, up to 2,000 m , southeastern Alaska to Wyoming, Utah, and northern California (fig. 76). 16. Festuca elmeri Scribn. and Men. (Fig. 77.) Culms loosely tufted, slender 40 to 100 cm tall, or even taller; blades flat, scabrous or pubescent on upper surface, 2 to 4 mm wide, those of the innovations narrower, more or less involute ; pan- icle loose, open, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches slender, somewhat droop- ing, naked below, the lower as much as 10 cm long; spikelets 3 or 4-flow- ered; glumes lanceolate-acuminate, the first 2 to 2.5 mm, the second 3 to 4 mm, long; lemmas membranaceous, hispidulous, about 6 mm long, the nerves rather prominent, the apex minutely 2-toothed ; awn 2 to 8 mm long. 91 — Wooded hillsides, up to 500 m, mostly in the Coast Ranges, Oregon to central California. Festuca elmeri var. conferta (Hack.) Hitchc. More luxuriant; spikelets often 5- or 6-flowered and somewhat congested on the panicle branches. 91 (F. jonesii var. conferta Hack.) — Coast Ranges of California. Figure 77.— Festuca elmeri. Panicle, X Yi\ spikelet, X 5. (Type.) 68 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 17. Festuca elatior L. Meadow fescue. (Fig. 78.) Culms 50 to 120 cm tall; blades fiat, 4 to 8 mm wide, scabrous above; panicle erect, or nodding at summit, 10 to 20 cm long, contracted Figure 7&.-Festuca elatior. Plant, X W, spikelet and floret, X 5. (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 488.) after flowering, much-branched or nearly simple, the branches spikelet-bearing nearly to base; spikelets usually 6- to 8-flowered, 8 to 12 mm long ; glumes 3 and 4 mm long, lanceolate ; lemmas oblong-Ian- MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 69 ceolate, coriaceous, 5 to 7 mm long, the scarious apex acutish, rarely short- awned. % {Festuca pratensis Huds.) — Meadows, roadsides, and waste places; introduced throughout the cooler parts of North Amer- ica; native of Eurasia. Cultivated for meadow and pasture. Sometimes called English bluegrass. Festuca elatior var. arundinacea (Schreb.) Wimm. Larger form with open panicles and spike- lets usually with 4 or 5 florets. Ql — Introduced sparingly from Europe, New York to Washington. Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. Blades broad, flat, thin; panicles open; lem- mas long-awned, the awn flexuous and two or three times as long as the lem- ma. 01 Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.; adventive from Europe. 18. Festuca kingii (S. Wats.) Cassidy. Spike fescue. (Fig. 79.) Culms in large dense bunches, stout, erect, 40 to 100 cm tall, occasionally produc- ing short rhizomes, these usually wanting in herba- rium specimens ; sheaths smooth, striate; blades firm, flat or becoming loosely involute, coarsely striate, 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle narrow, erect, 7 to 20 cm long, the branches short, appressed, floriferous nearly to base; spike- lets mostly 10 to 12 mm long; glumes broadly lanceolate, subscarious, nearly smooth, the first 3 to 4 mm long, the second a half longer; lem- mas ovate, acuminate, convex, faintly nerved, scabrous, 5 to 8 mm long, awnless. 0\ (F. conjinis Vasey; Hesperochloa kingii Rydb.) — Dry mountains and hills, 2,000 to 3,500 m, Oregon to southern California, east to Montana and Colorado (fig. 80). Festuca kingii var. rabiosa (Piper) Hitchc. Blades involute; lemmas short-awned. % — Known only from Wyoming (Crazy Womans Creek) and Montana (Beaverhead Forest). 19. Festuca sororia Piper. (Fig. 81.) Culms erect, loosely tufted, 60 to 90 cm tall; blades flat, thin, smooth except the scabrous margins, 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle loose, open, nodding, or sometimes somewhat condensed, 10 to 15 cm long, the branches solitary or in twos, naked below; spikelets rather loosely 3- to 5-flowered; glumes lanceolate, the first about 3 mm, the second about 5 mm long; lemmas membrana- Figure 79.— Festuca kingii. Plant, X H. spikelet, X 5. (Osterhout 1897, Colo.) Figure 80.— Distribution of Festuca kingii. 70 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE ceous, somewhat keeled, scaberulous or nearly smooth, the nerves evident but not prominent, the apex tapering into a fine point or an awn as much as 2 mm long. 91 — Open woods, 2,000 to 3,000 m, southern Colorado and Utah to New Mexico and Ari- zona (fig. 82). 20. Festuca versuta Beal. (Fig. 83.) Culms slender, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, mostly 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle open, 10 to 15 cm long, the spreading spikelets above the middle; Figure 81.— Festuca sororia. Panicle, X J-3; floret, X 5. (Baker 36, Colo.) Figure 82.— Distribution of Festuca sororia. lower branches bearing a few spikelets 2- to 5-flowered; glumes narrow, acuminate, nearly equal, 5 to 6 mm long; lemmas firm, obscurely nerved at maturity, 5 to 7 mm long, acute, awnless. % (F. texana Vasey; F. johnsoni Piper.) — Shady banks, Texas and Oklahoma. 21. Festuca obtusa Spreng. Nodding fescue. (Fig. 84.) Culms solitary or few in a tuft, mostly 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, 4 to 7 mm wide; panicle very loose and open, the branches spreading, spikelet-bearing toward the ends, the lower usu- ally reflexed at maturity; *« spikelets 3- to 5,flowered ; glumes about 3 and 4 mm long ; lemmas coriaceous, rather turgid, about 4 mm long, obtuse or acutish, figure 84 the nerves very obscure. 01 (F. nutans Spreng.) rocky woods, Quebec to Manitoba, south to north- ern Florida and eastern Texas (fig. 85). 22. Festuca shortii Kunth. (Fig. 86.) Resembling F. Figure 83.— Festuca versuta. obtusa; Culms tuf ted ; pani- I&ngohn*o£%lSelet' X cle nodding, less open than in F. obtusa, the branches arched-drooping, the spikelets somewhat crowded toward the ends ; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered. % —Prairies, low, open ground, and .— Festuca obtusa. Panicle, X Vi, floret, X 5. (Amer. Or. Nat. Herb. 490, Md.) -Low or Figure 85.— Distribution of Festuca obtusa. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 71 Figure 87.— Distribution of Festuca shortii. Figure S6 — Festuca shortii Panicle, X XA\ floret, X 5. (Palmer 34672, Mo.) thickets, Pennsylvania and South Carolina to Iowa and eastern Texas (fig. 87.) 23. Festuca thurberi Vasey. Thurber fescue. (Fig. 88.) Culms densely tufted, rather stout, erect, 60 to 90 cm tall; ligule 2 to 4 mm long; blades involute, scabrous, firm, erect; panicle 10 to 15 cm long, the branches usually solitary, somewhat remote, ascending or spreading, naked below; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered; glumes rather broad, about 4 and 5 mm long; lemmas rather firm, faintly nerved, glabrous or nearly so, acute or cus- pidate, 7 to 8 mm long. 91 - — Dry slopes and rocky hills, 2,500 to 3,500 m, Wyoming to New Mexico and Utah (fig. 89). 24. Festuca ligulata Swallen. (Fig. 90.) Culms slender, loosely tufted, erect from a decumbent often rhizomatous base, scabrous below the panicle; sheaths glabrous; blades 6 to 20 cm long, those of the innovations as much as 30 cm long, flat and 1 to 2 mm wide or mostly involute, scabrous, rather firm; ligule 3 to 3.5 mm long; panicle 6 to 10 cm long, the 1 or 2 scabrous branches stiffly ascending or spreading, few-flowered, naked below; spikelets 6 mm long, 2- to 3-flowered, the pedicels (mostly shorter than the spikelets) appressed ; glumes acute or acutish, scabrous, the first 3 mm long, 1 -nerved, the second 4 mm long, 3-nerved; lemmas 4 to 5 mm long, acutish, scabrous, obscurely nerved, awnless, thepalea slightly exceeding it. % — M oist shady slopes, Guadalupe and Chisos Moun- tains, Tex. 25. Festuca scab- rella Torr. Rough fescue. (Fig. 91.) Culms densely tufted, erect, 30 to 90 cm tall; ligule very short; blades firm, erect, scabrous, involute, or those of the culm sometimes flat but narrow; panicle narrow, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches solitary or in pairs, the lowermost sometimes in threes, appressed or ascending, naked below; spikelets 4- to 6-flowered; glumes somewhat unequal, lanceolate, 7 to 9 mm long; lemmas firm, rather strongly nerved, scaberulous, acute to cuspidate or short-awned, 7 to 10 mm long. % (F. lurtlii Figure 88.— Festuca thurberi. Panicle, X V2\ spikelet, X 5. (Pammel, Colo.) Figure 89.— Distribution of Festuca thurberi. 72 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Piper.) — Prairies, hillsides, and open woods, up to about 2,000 m (prob ably alpine in Colorado), Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Oregon, North Dakota, and Colo- rado (fig. 92.) Festuca scabrella var. major Vasey. Culms on the average taller; panicle larger and more spreading; lemmas more strongly nerved. Ql (F. cam- pestris Rydb.)— Hills and dry woods, Michigan (Ros- common), Montana to Washington. 26. Festuca californica Vasey. Cali- fornia fescue. (Fig. 93.) Culms tufted, rather stout, 60 to 120 cm tall; sheaths somewhat scabrous, the collar pubescent or pilose; blades firm, usually involute, sometimes flat, scabrous; pan- icle open, 10 to 30 cm long, the rather remote branches usually in pairs, spread- ing or drooping, naked below; spikelets mostly 4- or 5-flowered; glumes some- what unequal, 5 to 8 mm long; lemmas firm, faintly nerved, scaberulous, acu- minate or short-awned. % (F. aristu- lata Shear.) — Open dry ground, thickets and open woods, up. to about 1,500 m, Oregon and California, west of the Sierra Nevada. A smaller form with pubescent lower sheaths, and shorter Figure 90.— Festuca ligulata. Plant, X Yi, floret, X 5. (Type.) Figure 91.— Fes- tuca scabrella' Panicle, X Yi< floret, X 5. (Rydberg 2106, Mont.) Figure 92.— Distribution of Festuca scabrella. mostly glabrous blades, has been called F. californica var. parishii Figure 93.— Festuca californica. Panicle, X Yi, floret, X 5. (Elmer 4431, Calif.) (Piper) Hitchc. — Oregon and California (San Bernardino Mountains). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 73 27. Festuca dasyclada Hack. (Fig. 94.) Culms 20 to 40 cm tall; blades folded, about 2 mm wide when spread, those oi the culm 4 to 6 cm long, those of the innovations 10 to 15 cm long; panicle open, 7 to 12 cm long, the branches rather stiffly and divaricately spreading, softlv pubescent ; angles ciliate ; spikes lets pale, long-pediceled, 2-flowered; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, the first about 4 mm, the second about 6 mm long; lemmas rather thin, some- what keeled, rather strongly nerved, scaberulous, about 6 mm long; awn about 2 mm long, from between 2 minute teeth. Ql —Rocky slopes, rare, Utah. Festuca rigescens (Presl) Kunth- Densely tufted, about 30 cm tall; blades firm, involute, sharp-pointed; panicle nar- row, few-flowered, 5 to 10 cm long; spike- lets about 3-flowered, 6 to 7 mm long; lem- mas ovate, thick, convex, awnless or mucro- Figure 94.— Festuca dasyclada. Panicle, X M;. nate, 4 to 4.5 mm long. % —There is a &™»* and floret> X 5- auciflora, weak mannagrass, of the North- west, are marsh species but are often grazed. Spikelets linear, nearly terete, usually as much as 1 cm long, appressed on short pedicels; panicles nar- row, erect Section 1. Euglyceria. Spikelets ovate or oblong, more or less compressed, usually not more than 5 mm long; panicles usually nodding Section 2. Hydropoa. Figure 123.— Distribution of Puccinellia pumila. Figure 124.— Puccinellia nutkaensis- Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Macoun 66, Br. Col.) Section 1. Euglyceria Lemmas acute, much exceeded by the palea 1. G. acutiflora. Lemmas obtuse; palea about as long as the lemma (or longer in G. septentrionahs and G. fluitans). Lemmas glabrous between the slightly scabrous nerves 2. G. borealis. Lemmas scaberulous or hirtellous between the usually distinctly scabrous nerves. Lemmas about 3 mm long, broadly rounded at the summit. First glume 1.5 mm long; lemmas scaberulous 3. G. leptostachya. First glume 2 to 2.5 mm long; lemmas hirtellous 4. G. arkansana. Lemmas 4 to 7 mm long. Lemmas pale or green, not tinged with purple, about 4 mm long; palea usually exceeding the lemma; Eastern States. 5. G. septentrionalis. Lemmas usually tinged with purple near the tip, 4 to 6 mm long; palea rarely exceeding the lemma; Western States__ 7. G. occidentals. Lemmas slightly tinged with purple near the tip, 5 to 6 mm long; palea about as long as the lemma, sometimes slightly exceeding it; North- eastern States 6. G. fluitans. Section 2. Hydropoa Lemmas with 5 prominent nerves. Panicle ovate or pyramidal, open 8. G. pauciflora. Panicle narrow, the branches ascending 9. G. erecta. Lemmas with 7 usually prominent nerves. Panicle contracted, narrow. Lemmas about 3 to 4 mm long; panicle oblong, dense, usually not more than 10 cm long 10- G. obtusa. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OP THE UNITED STATES 85 Figure 126.— Distribution of Glyceria acutiflora. Lemmas 2 to 2.5 mm long; panicle rather loose, nodding, 15 to 25 cm long 11. G. MELICARIA. Panicle open, lax. Nerves of lemma evident but not prominent 12. G. canadensis. Nerves of lemma prominent. Culms decumbent, weak. Blades 4 to 8 mm wide; anthers 1 mm long 17. G. pallida. Blades 1 to 3 mm wide; anthers 0.2 to 0.5 mm long__ 18. G. neogaea. Culms erect, usually stout. First glume 1 mm long or less. Blades 2 to 4 mm wide, sometimes to 8 mm, rather firm, often folded; first glume 0.5 mm long 13. G. striata. Blades 6 to 12 mm wide, flat, thin, lax; first glume about 1 mm long. Lemma narrowed into a hyaline tip with no colored border. 14. G. ELATA. Lemma broad at summit with a purple zone just below. 15. G. otisii. First glume 1.5 mm long. Panicle large, compound.. 16. G. grandis. Section 1. Etjglyceria Griseb. Spikelets linear, nearly terete, usually more than 1 cm long, appressed on short pedicels; panicles narrow, erect, the branches appressed or ascending after anthesis. The species of Euglyceria, with the exception of Gly- ceria acutiflora, are very closely allied and appear to intergrade. 1. Glyceria acutiflora Torr. (Fig. 125.) Culms compressed, lax, creeping and rooting below, 50 to 100 cm long; blades flat, lax, 10 to 15 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide, sca- brous on the upper surface; panicle 15 to 35 cm long, often partly included, the branches rather stiff, bearing 1 or 2 spikelets, or the lower 3 or more; spikelets 5- to 12-flow- ered, 2 to 4 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, the lateral pedicels 1 to 3 mm long ; glumes about 2 and 5 mm long; lemmas 7-nerved, acute, scabrous, 6 to 8 mm long, exceeded by the acumi- nate, 2-toothed paleas. Ql (Panicularia acutiflora Kuntze.) — Wet soil and shal- low water, New Hampshire to Delaware, west to Michigan and Tennessee (fig. 126); also northeastern Asia. 2. Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder. Northern MANNAGRASS. (Fig. 127.) Culms erect or decumbent at base, slender, 60 to 100 cm folded, usually 2 to 4 mm wide, Figure 125.— Glyceria acutiflora Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10 (Knowlton 866, Mass.) tall; blades flat or Figure 127.— Glyceria borealis. Panicle, X 1: floret, X 10. (Fernald 193,Maine.) sometimes 86 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGEICULTURE Figure 128.— Distribution of Glycerin borealis. wider; panicle mostly 20 to 40 cm long, the branches as much as 10 cm long, bearing several appressed spikelets; spikeiets mostly 6- to 12-flowered, 1 to 1.5 cm long; glumes about 1.5 and 3 mm long; lemmas rather thin, obtuse, 3 to 4 mm long, strongly 7-nerved, scarious at the tip, glabrous between the hispidulous nerves. 01 (Panic- ularia borealis Nash.) — Wet places and shallow water, Newfoundland to southeast Alaska, south to Connecticut, northwestern Indiana, Iowa, South Dakota, and in the mountains to New Mexico and central California (fig. 128). 3. Glyceria leptostachya Buckl. (Fig. 129.) Culms 1 to 1.5 m tall, rather stout or succulent; sheaths slightly rough; blades flat, scaberulous on the upper surface, 4 to 7 mm wide, rarely 1 cm wide; panicle 20 to 40 cm long, the branches ascending, mostly in 2's or 3 's, several- flowered, often bearing sec- ^M|hf | ondary branchlets; spikelets 1 to 2 cm long, 8- to 14- flowered, often purplish; glumes 1.5 and 3 mm long; lemmas firm, broadly round- ed toward apex, about 3 mm long, 7-nerved, scaberu- lous on the nerves and be- tween them. % (Panicu- laria davyi Merr.) — Shallow water, up to 1,200 m, rare, Washington to central Cali- fornia. 4. Glyceria arkansana Fernald. (Fig. 130.) Re- sembling G. septentrionalis; first glume 2 to 2.5 mm long; lemmas 3 mm long, hirtel- lous rather than scaberulous. Fl!taS2^Sl!axP% VI Wet ground, Louisiana, floret, x io. (Heiier 5606, Arkansas, and Texas (fide Callf) Fernald). There is a specimen labeled "western New York"; this locality should be confirmed. 5. Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. Eastern mannagrass. (Fig. 131 ) Culms 1 to 1.5 m tall, somewhat succulent; sheaths smooth; blades flat, mostly 10 to 20 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide, usually smooth beneath, slightly scaberulous on the upper surface and margin; panicle 20 to 40 cm long, somewhat open, the branches as much as 10 cm long, several-flowered, often spreading at anthesis; spikelets 1 to 2 Figure 130. — Glyceria arkan- sana. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Ball 362, La.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 87 Figure 131.— Glyceria septentrionalis X 1; floret, X 10. (Deam 3184, Ind.) II : Jj ] cm long, 6- to 12-flowered, the florets rather loosely imbricate; glumes 2 to 3 and 3 to 4 mm long; lemmas green or pale, about 4 mm long, narrowed only slightly at the summit, scaberulous, the paleas usually exceeding them. % (Panicu- laria septentrionalis Bickn. ) — S hallow water and wet places, Quebec to Minnesota, south to South Carolina and eastern Texas (fig. 132). 6. Glyceria flui- tans (L.) R. Br. Mannagrass. (Fig. 133.) Resembling G. septentrionalis in habit ; first glume usually only one- third as long as the first lemma; lemmas scaberulous, the nerves distinct but not raised promi- nently above the tissue of the inter- nerves; tip of palea usually exceeding its Panicle, }emma_ Q[ (Panic- ularia jluitans Kuntze; P. brachyphylla Nash.) — Shallow water, Newfoundland to Quebec and New York; South Dakota; Eurasia. 7. Glyceria occidental (Piper) J. C. Nels. (Fig. 134.) Culms flaccid, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades 3 to 12 mm wide, smooth beneath, somewhat scabrous on the upper surface; panicle loose, spreading at an thesis, 30 to 50 cm long; spikelets, 1.5 to 2 cm long; first glume mostly about 2 mm long; lemmas usually tinged with purple near the tip, 4 to 6 mm long, rather strongly scabrous, 7- to 9- nerved, the nerves prominent, raised above the tissue of the internerves; palea about as long as its lemma, sometimes slightly exceeding it. % (Panicularia occidentalis Piper.) — Marshes, shallow water, aud wet places, Idaho to British Columbia and northern Cali- fornia (fig. 135). The seeds are used for food b}^ the Indians. Figure 132.— Distribution Glyceria septentrionalis. of Figure 133.— Gl yceri a fluitans. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Mcin- tosh 1076, S.Dak.) 88 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Section 2. Hydr6poa Dum. Spikelets more or less laterally compressed, ovate to oblong, usually not more than 5 mm long; panicles open or condensed but not long and narrow (except in G. melicaria). 8. Glyceria pauciflora Presl. f,\| I M Weak mannagrass. (Fig. 136.) Culms 50 to 120 cm tall; sheaths smooth or scaberulous; blades thin, flat, lax, scaberulous, mostly 10 to 15 cm long, 5 to 15 mm wide; panicle open or rather dense, nodding, 10 to 20 cm long, Figure 135.— Distribution of Glyceria occidentalis. the branches ascending or spread- ing, rather flexuous, the spikelets crowded on the upper half, the lowermost usually 2 to 4; spike- lets mostly 5- or 6-flowered, 4 to 5 mm long, often purplish; glumes broadly ovate or oval, about 1 and 1.5 mm long, the margins erose-scarious ; lemmas oblong, about 2 mm long, with 5 prominent nerves and an outer short faint pair near the margins, scaberulous on the nerves and somewhat so between them, the tip rounded, scarious, somewhat erose. 91 (Panicularia pauciflora Kuntze.) — Shallow water, marshes and wet meadows, Alaska to South Dakota, Figure 134.— Glyceria occidentalis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 136.— Glyceria pauciflora. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Sandberg, Heller, and Mc- Dougal 636, Idaho.) Figure 137.— Distribution of Glyceria pauciflora. south to California and New Mexico, rising in the mountains to timber line (fig. 137). 9. Glyceria erecta Hitchc. (Fig. 138.) Differing from G. pauciflora in the smaller size, mostly 30 to 40 cm tall, and m the narrow erect panicles, 3 to 8 cm long, with ascending or appressed few-flowered branches; lemmas about 3 mm long. % {Panicularia erecta Hitchc.)— Springy or boggy places, mostly near or above timber line, Crater Lake, Oreg., to Mount Whitney, Calif., and Glenbrook, Nev. Passes into the preceding species, of which it may be an alpine variety. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 89 10. Glyceria obtusa (Muhl.) Triii. (Fig. 139.) Culms erect, often decumbent at base, 50 to 100 cm tall, rather firm; blades elongate, erect, mostly smooth, flat or folded, 2 to 6 mm wide; panicle erect, oblong or narrowly elliptic, dense, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches ascending or appressed; spikelets mostly 4- to 7-flowered, 4 to 6 mm long, green or tawny, the rachilla joints very short; glumes broad, scarious, 1.5 and 2 mm long; lemmas firm, faintly nerved, smooth, 3 to 4 mm long, obtuse, the scarious tip narrow, often re volute. 01 (Panicularia obtusa Kuntze.) — Bogs and marshy places, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, near the coast (fig. 140). 11. Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) F. T. Hubb. (Fig. 141.) Culms slender, solitary or few, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades elongate, scaberulous, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle narrow but rather loose, nodding, 15 to 25 cm long, the branches erect, rather dis- tant; spikelets 3- or 4-flowered, about 4 mm long, green ; glumes about 1.5 and 2 mm long, acut- ish; lemmas firm, 2 to 2.5 mm long, acutish, smooth, the nerves rather faint. 01 (G. torreyana Hitchc; Panicularia torreyana Merr.; P. melicaria Hitchc.) — Swamps and wet woods, New Brunswick to Ohio, south to the mountains of North Carolina (fig. 142). 12. Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Rattlesnake mannagrass. (Fig. 143.) Culms erect, solitary or few in a tuft, 60 to 150 cm tall; blades scabrous, 3 to 7 mm wide; panicle open, 15 to 20 cm long, nearly as wide, the branches rather distant, drooping, naked below; spikelets ovate or oblong, 5- to 10-flowered, 5 to 6 mm long, the florets crowded, spreading; glumes about 2 and 3 mm long; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, the 7 nerves obscured in the firm tissue of the lemma; palea bowed out on the keels, the floret somewhat tumid. 01 (Panicularia canadensis Kuntze.) — Bogs and wet places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Maryland and Illinois (fig. 144). Glyceria canadensis var. laxa (Scribn.) Hitchc. On the average taller, with looser panicles of somewhat smaller 3- to 5-flowered spikelets. 01 (Panicularia laxa Scribn.) — Wet places, Nova Scotia to New York, Maryland, and West Virginia; Michigan. 111! Figure 138 — Glyceria erecta. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 3059, Oreg.) Figure 139.— Glyceria obtusa. Pan icle, X 1; 2 views of floret, X 10. (Miller, N.Y.) Figure 140.— Distribution of Glyceria obtusa. 90 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 13. Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Fowl mannagrass. (Fig. 145.) Plants in large tussocks, pale green; culms erect, slender, rather firm, 30 to 100 cm tall, some- times taller; blades erect or ascending, flat or folded, moderately firm, usually 2 to 6 mm wide, sometimes to 9 mm; panicle ovoid, open, 10 to 20 cm long, nod- ding, the branches ascending at base, drooping, naked below; spikelets ovate or oblong, 3- to 7-flowered, 3 to 4 mm long, often purplish, somewhat crowded toward the ends of the branchlets; glumes about 0.5 and 1 mm long, ovate, obtuse; lemmas ob- long, prominently 7-nerved, about 2 mm long, the scarious tip inconspicuous; palea rather firm, about as long as the lemma, the smooth keels prominent, bowed out. Ql (G. nervata Trim; Panicularia nervata Kuntze.) — Moist meadows and wet places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to northern Florida, Texas, Arizona, and northern Cal- ifornia. A low strict northern form has been called G. striata var. stricta Fernald (G. nervata var. striata Scribn.) 14. Glyceria elata (Nash) Hitchc. Tall manna- grass. (Fig. 146.) Resembling G. striata; plants dark green; culms 1 to 2 m tall, rather succulent; blades flat, thin, lax, 6 to 12 mm wide; panicle oblong, 15 to 30 cm long, Figure 142.— Distribution of Glyceria melicana. Figure 141.— Glyce- ria melicana. Panicle, X l; 2 views of floret, X 10. (Harvey 1322, Maine.) •mf^-Kf Figure ]43.— Glyceria canadensis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Kneucker, Gram. 464, Conn.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 91 Figure 145.— Glyceria striata. Plant, X Vi, spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10. (V. H. Chase 60, 111.) 92 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE the branches spreading, the lower often reflexed; spikelets 6- to 8- flowered, 3 to 5 mm long; glumes and lemmas a little longer than in G. striata. Q[ (Panicularia data Nash; P. nervata elata Piper.) — Wet meadows, springs, and shady moist woods, Montana to British Columbia, south in the mountains to New Mexico and southern California. 15. Glyceria otisii Hitchc. (Fig. 147.) Resembling G. elata; spikelets broader, ob- long, with on the average more florets, the glumes broader; lemmas broader, especially at the summit, very scabrous, the prominent hyaline tip contrasting with the purple zone just below, the lower part of the lemma green. Qi — Timber, Jeffer- son County, Wash. Known only from the type collec- tion. 16. Glyceria grandis S. Wats. American manna- Figure US.— Glyceria elata. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. GRASS. (Fig. 148.) Culms (Hitchcock 2731, caiif.) tuf ted, stout, 1 to 1.5 m tall ; blades flat, 6 to 12 mm wide; panicle large, very compound, 20 to 40 Figure 147— Glyceria otisii. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.) cm long, open, nodding at summit; spikelets 4- to 7-flowered, 5 to 6 mm long, glumes whitish, about 1.5 and 2 mm long; lemmas purplish, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 93 about 2.5 mm long; palea rather thin, about as long as the lemma. 91 (Panicularia americana MacM.) — Banks of streams, marshes, and Figure 148.— Glyceria grandis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Pearce, N.Y.) wet places, Prince Edward Island to Alaska, south to Tennessee, Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska, New Mexico, and eastern Oregon (fig. 149). Glyceria nubigena W. A. Anderson. Similar to G. grandis; culms more slender and less suc- culent; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered; glumes purplish, not pale and translucent as in G. grandis; lemmas on the average longer and Figure 149— Distribution of Glyceria grandis. Figure 150— Glyceria pallida. Plant, X l; floret, X 10. (Pearce, N.Y.) wider, the nerves farther apart and less prominent; palea firmer, rather coriaceous. 21 — Boggy openings in forest, Clingmans 94 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 151. — Distribution of Glycena pallida. Dome, Great Smoky Mountains, Tenn. A rare and apparently distinct species based upon fragmentary material. More specimens 0X6 11660.60. 17. Glyceria pallida (Torr.) Trim (Fig. 150.) Culms slender, lax, ascending from a decumbent rooting base, 30 to 100 cm long; blades mostly 4 to 8 mm wide; panicle pale green, open, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches ascending, flexuous, finally more or less spread- ing; spikelets somewhat elliptic, 4- to 7- flowered, 6 to 7 mm long; glumes 1.5 to 2 and 2 to 2.5 mm long; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm long, scaberulous, obtuse, the scarious tip erose; anthers linear, about 1 mm long. % (Pan- icularia pallida Kuntze.) — Shallow cold water, Maine to Wisconsin, south to North Carolina and Missouri (fig. 151). Resembles species of Poa. 18. Glyceria neogaea Steud. (Fig. 152.) Resembling G. pallida and appearing to grade into it; culm more slender, 20 to 40 cm long; blades 1 to 3 mm wide ; panicle on the average smaller, the branches finally spreading or re- flexed; spikelets mostly 3- to 5-flowered, 4 to 5 mm long; glumes and lemmas a little shorter than in G. pallida; anthers globose, 0.2 to 0.5 mm long. % (G. fernaldii St. John.) — Shallow water, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Connecticut (fig. 153). 7. SCLEROCHLOA Beauv. Spikelets 3-flowered, the upper floret ster- ile; rachilla continuous broad, thick the Figure 152__0[yceria neogaea. spikelet falling entire; glumes broad, obtuse, Plant, x i; floret, x 10. rather firm, with hyaline margins, the first gg"* Fernald' and Pease'' 3-nerved, the second 7 -nerved ; lemmas rounded on the back, obtuse with 5 prominent parallel nerves and hyaline margins; palea hyaline, sharply keeled. Low tufted annual, with broad upper sheaths, folded blades with boat- shaped tips, and dense spikelike racemes, the spikelets subsessile, imbricate in two rows on one side of the broad thick rachis. Type species, Sclerochloa dura. Name from Greek skleros, hard, and chloa, grass, alluding to the firm glumes. 1. Sclerochloa dura (L.) Beauv. (Fig. 154.) Culms erect to spreading, 2 to 7 cm long; foliage glabrous, the lower leaves very small, the upper increasingly larger, with broad overlapping sheaths; blades 7 to 18 mm long, 1 to 3 mm wide, the upper exceeding the raceme, the junction with the sheath ob- scure; raceme 1 to 2 cm long, nearly half as wide; spikelets 6 to 7 Figure 153.— Distribution of Glyceria neogaea. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 95 mm long on very short thick pedicels; first glume about one-third, the second half as long as the spikelets; lower lemma 5 mm long. Figure 154.— Sclerochloa dura. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Type.) O — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Washington, Idaho, Colorado, and Utah (fig. 155); introduced from southern Europe. 8. FLUMINEA Fries (Scolochloa Link) Spikelets 3- or 4-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes nearly equal, somewhat scarious and lacerate at summit, the first 3 -nerved, the second 5-nerved, about as long as the first lemma; lemmas firm, rounded on the back, villous on the callus, 7-nerved, the nerves rather faint, unequal, extending into a scarious lacerate apex; palea narrow, flat, about as long as the lemma. Tall perennials, with succulent rhizomes, flat blades, and spreading panicles. Type species, Fluminea festucacea. Name from Latin flumen, a river, the grass commonly growing along river margins. The single species has some value for forage and is often a con- stituent of marsh hay. 1. Fluminea festucacea (Willd.) Hitchc. (Fig. 156.) Culms erect, stout, 1 to 1.5 m tall, from extensively creeping, succulent rhizomes ; blades elongate, scabrous on the upper surface, mostly 5 to Figure 155.— Distribution of Sclerochloa dura. 55974°— 35 7 96 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure m.-Fluminea festucacea. Plant, X Yi, spikelet and floret, X 5. (Griffiths 870, S.Dak.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 97 10 mm wide, extending into a fine point; panicle 15 to 20 cm long, loose, the distant branches fascicled, ascending, naked below, the lowermost nearly as long as the panicle; spikelets about 8 mm long, the florets approximate; lemmas about 6 mm long. % — Shallow water and marshes, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to northern Iowa, Nebraska, and eastern Oregon (fig. 157); northern Eurasia. 9. PLEUROPOGON R. Br. Semaphore-grass Spikelets several- to many-flowered, linear, the rachilla disarticu- lating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal, membranaceous or subhyaline, scarious at the somewhat lacerate tip, the first 1-nerved, the second obscurely 3-nerved; lemmas mem- branaceous, 7-nerved, with a round indurate callus, the apex entire or 2-toothed, the midnerve extending into a short mucro or into an awn; keels of the palea winged on the lower half. Soft annuals or perennials, with simple culms, flat blades, and loose racemes of rather large spikelets on a slender flexuous axis. Type species, Pleuro- pogon sabinii R. Br. Name from Greek pleura, side, and pogon, beard, the palea of the type im^MgJjg-o of species having a bristle on each side at the base. Palatable grasses, but too infrequent to be of economic value. Lemmas about 6 mm long; plants annual; spikelets ascending. 1. P. CALIFORNICUS. Lemmas about 8 mm long; plants perennial; spikelets finally reflexed or drooping. 2. P. REFRACTUS. 1. Pleuropogon californicus (Nees) Benth. (Fig. 158.) Annual; culms tufted, erect or decumbent at base, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades flat or folded, seldom more than 10 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide; raceme 10 to 15 cm long, with 5 to 10 rather distant short-pediceled spikelets; spikelets 6- to 12-flowered, mostly about 2.5 cm long, erect, or some- what spreading; glumes obtuse, erose, 4 to 6 mm long; lemmas scabrous, 5 to 6 mm long, the nerves prominent, the tip obtuse, scarious, erose, the awn usually 6 to 12 mm long; wings of palea prominent, cleft, forming a tooth about the middle. o — Wet meadows and marshy ground, Mendocino County to the San Fran- cisco Bay region, Calif. 2. Pleuropogon refractus (A. Gray) Benth. Nodding semaphore- grass. (Fig. 159.) Perennial; culms 1 to 1.5 m tall; blades elon- gate, the uppermost nearly obsolete, 3 to 7 mm wide ; raceme about as in P. californicus, the spikelets as many as 12, about 3 cm long, finally reflexed or drooping; lemmas about 8 mm long, less scabrous and the nerves less prominent than in P. californicus; awn from 12 mm long to nearly obsolete; palea narrow, keeled to about the middle, scarcely or minutely toothed. % — Bogs, wet meadows, and mountain streams, Washington to Mendocino County, Calif., west of the Cascades. 98 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure IB&.-Pleuropogon califomicus. Plant, X V2; spikelet, X 3; floret, X 5. (Bolander 6075, Calif.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 99 10. POA L. Bluegrass Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets, the uppermost floret reduced or rudimentary; glumes acute, keeled, somewhat unequal, the first usually 1-nerved, the second usually 3-nerved; lemmas somewhat keeled, acute or acutish, rarely obtuse, awnless, membranaceous, often somewhat scarious at the summit, 5-nerved (intermediate nerves, that is, the pair between the keel and the marginal nerves, rarely obsolete), the nerves sometimes pubescent. Low or rather tall slender annuals or usually perennials with spikelets in open or con- tracted panicles, the relatively narrow blades flat, folded, or involute, ending in a boat-shaped tip. Standard species, Poa, pratensis. Name from Greek, poa, grass. There are several groups of Poa that present many taxonomic difficulties. In the groups con- taining, for example, P. nervosa, P. arctica, P. scabrella, and P. nevadensis, many species have been proposed which are not here recognized as valid, because they were based upon trivial or variable characters. The kej^s are based upon average specimens but the student may find oc- casional intermediates between the valid species. The bluegrasses are of great importance because of their forage value, some species being cultivated for pasture and others forming a large part of the forage on the mountain meadows of the West. The most important is Poa pratensis, commonly known as bluegrass or Kentucky bluegrass. In the cooler parts of the United States it is culti- vated for lawns and is the standard pasture grass in the humid regions where the soil contains plenty of lime. It has been extensively used in the improvement of badly depleted western moun- tain ranges. P. compressa, Canada bluegrass, is cultivated for pasture in the Northeastern States and Canada, especially on poor soils. P. trivialis and P. palustris, are occasionally grown in meadow mixtures but are of little agricultural importance. P. arachnifera, Texas bluegrass, has been used in some parts of the South for winter pasture and as a lawn grass. P. annua is a common weed in lawns and gardens. P. bulbosa is cultivated about Medford, Oreg., and elsewhere. With very few exceptions the bluegrasses are palatable and nu- tritious and are often the most important grasses in many parts of the West. At high altitudes, P. alpina, P. arctica, P. epilis and P. rupicola are important. In the mountains mostly below timber line are found P. fendleriana (mutton grass), P. longiligula, P. nervosa, P. secunda (Sandberg bluegrass), P. canbyi, and P. juncifolia, all of wide distri- bution. P. interior is mostly in the Rocky Mountains; P. scabrella Figure 159. — Pleuropoyon refractus. Plant, XI; floret, X 5. (Sandberg and Lei- berg 734, Wash.) 100 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE is probably the most important forage grass of the lower elevations in California; P. gracillima and P. ampla are mostly in the North- western States; P. arida is the most valuable bluegrass of the Plains. P. bigelovii, an annual, is important in the Southwestern States. P. macrantha and P. confinis are native sandbinders of the sand dunes on the coast of Washington and Oregon, but are not cultivated. Spikelets little compressed, narrow, much longer than wide, the lemmas convex on the back, the keels obscure, the marginal and intermediate nerves usually faint. All bunchgrasses. Lemmas crisp-puberulent on the back toward the base (the pubescence some- times obscure or only at the very base) 6. Scabrellae. Lemmas glabrous or minutely scabrous, but not crisp-puberulent. 7. Nevadenses. Spikelets distinctly compressed, the glumes and lemmas keeled. Plants annual 1. Annuae. Plants perennial. Creeping rhizomes present 2. Pratenses. Creeping rhizomes wanting. Lemmas webbed at base 3. Paltjstres. Lemmas not webbed at base (sometimes sparsely webbed in P. laxa and P. patter soni). Lemmas pubescent on the keel or marginal nerves or both, sometimes pubescent also on the internerves 4. Alpinae. Lemmas glabrous (minutely pubescent at base in P. unilateralis) . 5. Epiles. 1. Annuae Lemmas glabrous, except the scabrous keel, webbed at base. Sheaths glabrous. 1. P. BOLANDERI. Lemmas pubescent. Lemmas pubescent on the back especially toward the base, but not distinctly villous on the keel and nerves, slightly webbed at base. Sheaths usually scabrous; panicle open 2. P. howellii. Lemmas pubescent on the nerves, sometimes also on the internerves. Panicle narrow, contracted, usually interrupted; sheaths scabrous. Lemmas webbed, pubescent on the internerves below 3. P. bigelovii. Panicle oblong or pyramidal, the branches spreading; sheaths glabrous. Lemmas with webby hairs at base, distinctly 3-nerved, the intermediate nerves obscure; anthers 0.1 to 0.2 mm long 4. P. chapmaniana. Lemmas not webbed at base, distinctly 5-nerved; anthers 0.5 tol mm long. 5. P. ANNUA. 2. Pratenses la. Culms strongly flattened, 2-edged 6. P. compressa. lb. Culms terete or slightly flattened, not 2-edged. 2a. Plants dioecious. Panicle oblong, the two sexes unlike in appearance, the pistillate spikelets woolly, the staminate glabrous or nearly so. Plains of Texas. 7. P. ARACHNIFERA. Panicle oblong or ovoid, the two sexes similar. Seacoast, California and northward. Glumes and lemmas about 8 mm long 8. P. macrantha. Glumes and lemmas not more than 6 mm long. Panicle densely ovoid; lemmas 6 mm long, slightly villous below. 9. P. DOtJGLASII. Panicle somewhat open; lemmas 3 mm long, scaberulous. 10. P. CONFINIS. 2b. Plants not dioecious, the florets perfect. 3a. Blades involute. Glumes and lemmas 4 to 5 mm long. 11. P. RHIZOMATA. 3b. Blades flat or folded. 4a. Lemmas not pubescent nor webbed. Panicle almost spikelike, erect; glumes 2 mm long. 12. P. ATROPURPUREA. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 101 Panicle open, nodding; glumes 3 to 4 mm long. Blades broad and short; lower panicle branches reflexed. 13. P. CURTA. Blades elongate; panicle branches ascending 14. P. nervosa. 4b. Lemmas pubescent. 5a. Lemmas glabrous except for the web at the base. 15. P. KELLOGGII. 5b. Lemmas pubescent on the nerves or back, sometimes also webbed at base. 6a. Internerves glabrous, the keel and marginal nerves pubescent. Lower sheaths retrorsely pubescent, purplish; lemmas pubescent on keel and marginal nerves, not webbed. 14. P. nervosa. Lower sheaths glabrous (scaberulous in P. laxiflora); lemmas webbed at base. Culms retrorsely scabrous 16. P. laxiflora. Culms glabrous. Lower panicle branches in a whorl of usually five; blades mostly shorter than the culm 17. P. pratensis. Lower panicle branches usually in twos, spreading, spikelet- bearing near the ends; blades about as long as the culm. 18. P. cuspidata. 6b. Internerves pubescent near base, the keel and marginal nerves pubescent. Panicle contracted, the branches appressed; blades folded, firm and stiff. Plains and alkali meadows at medium altitudes. 19. P. ARIDA. Panicle open, the branches spreading. Plants mostly more than 50 cm tall; panicle narrow, 10 to 20 cm long, the lower branches mostly in threes. 20. P. GLAUCIFOLIA. Plants mostly less than 50 cm tall; panicle pyramidal, 5 to 10 cm long, the lower branches mostly in twos. Alpine meadows. 21. P. ARCTICA. 8. Paluslres la. Lemmas glabrous, or the keel sometimes pubescent. Sheaths retrorsely scabrous. Culms decumbent and often rooting at base; keel of lemma glabrous or slightly pubescent 22. P. trivialis. Sheaths glabrous. Panicle narrow, drooping, the branches appressed or ascending. 23. P. MARCIDA. Panicle very open, the few branches slender, naked below, spreading or drooping. Lemmas villous on the keel; panicle branches mostly in fours or fives. 24. P. ALSODES. Lemmas glabrous on the keel; panicle branches mostly in twos or threes. Lemmas obtuse " 25. P. languida. Lemmas acute 26. P. saltuensis. lb. Lemmas pubescent on keel and marginal nerves. 2a. Sheaths distinctly retrorse-scabrous (sometimes faintly so). Culms usually stout, 40 to 120 cm tall; panicle usually large and open, mostly more than 15 cm long 27. P. occidentals. 2b. Sheaths glabrous or faintly scaberulous. 3a. Lower panicle branches distinctly reflexed at maturity. Panicle oblong, erect, mostly more than 15 cm long, the branches several (usually more than 3) in a whorl 29. P. stlvestris. Panicle nodding, mostly less than 15 cm long, the branches 1 to 3 together. 30. P. reflexa. 3b. Lower panicle branches not reflexed. 4a. Panicle narrowly pyramidal, erect, 15 to 20 cm long. Lemmas 4 mm long, pubescent on nerves and internerves; webbed at base; New Mexico 28. P. tracyi. 4b. Panicle broadly pyramidal, usually nodding. 5a. Intermediate nerves of lemma distinct 31. P. wolfii. 5b. Intermediate nerves of lemma obscure. 6a. Lower panicle branches in pairs, elongate, capillary, bearing a few spikelets near the ends. 102 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Spikelets rather broad, the rachilla joints short, hidden by the florets; sheaths smooth; culms in dense tufts; alpine rocky slopes 32. P. PAUCISPICTJLA. Spikelets narrow, the rachilla joints slender, somewhat elongate, usually not hidden by the florets; sheaths minutely roughened; culms solitary or in small tufts; shady bogs. Intermediate nerves of lemma distinct; uppermost ligule acute, 3 to 4 mm long; western mountains below timber line. 33. P. LEPTOCOMA. Intermediate nerves of lemma obscure; uppermost ligule truncate, 0.3 to 1.5 mm long; Great Lake region at low altitudes. 34. P. PALUDIGENA. 6b. Lower panicle branches often more than 2, if only 2 not capillary and elongate. Florets usually converted into bulblets with dark purple base; culms swollen and bulblike at base 35. P. btjlbosa. Florets normal; culms not bulblike at base. Glumes narrow, acuminate, about as long as the first lemma; ligule very short 36. P. nemoralis. Glumes lanceolate, acute, shorter than the first lemma; ligules rather prominent, those of the culm leaves 1 to 3 mm or more long. Spikelets about 6 mm long; lemmas 4 mm long. 37. P. MACROCLADA. Spikelets about 4 mm long; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm long. Culms decumbent at the purplish base; panicle 10 to 30 cm long, large and open 38. P. palustris. Culms erect from a green or tawny base; panicle mostly less than 10 cm long, comparatively small and few-flowered. 39. P. INTERIOR. 4- Alpinae Blades folded or invomte, firm, rather stiff. Ligule very short, not noticeable when viewed from the side of sheath. 40. P. FENDLERIANA. Ligule prominent, easily seen in side view, 5 to 7 mm long. 41. P. LONGILIGULA. Blades flat or, if involute, rather lax or soft. Panicle branches slender, spreading or drooping, the lower naked and simple for 3 to 4 cm or more 42. P. atjtumnalis. Panicle branches not long and spreading. Panicle broadly pyramidal, condensed, about as broad as long, the lower branches spreading or reflexed. Spikelets broad, subcordate. 43. P. ALPINA. Panicle longer than broad. Panicle nodding, the lower branches slender, arcuate-drooping. 44. P. STENANTHA. Panicle erect, the lower branches short. Panicle rather loose, lower branches naked below, ascending (see also P. macroclada) . Plants glaucous, culms stiffly erect 45. P. glauca. Plants not glaucous; culms rather lax 46. P. laxa. Panicle narrow, condensed, the branches short (see also P. unilateralis) . Culms rather lax, not much longer than the numerous basal leaves. 47. P. PATTERSONI. Culms stiff, much longer than the basal leaves.. 48. P. rupicola. 5. Epiles Panicle open, 10 to 15 cm long. Blades involute, slender 49. P. involuta. Panicle contracted, or if open less than 10 cm long. Blades scabrous, filiform 50. P. cusickii. Blades glabrous. Lemmas minutely pubescent at base 51. P. unilateralis. Lemmas glabrous. Blades of the culm 2 to 3 mm wide, flat, those of the innovations slender or filiform 52. P. epilis. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 103 Blades of the culm and innovations similar. Panicle few-flowered. Panicle short, open, the capillary branches bearing 1 or 2 spikelets. Culms 10 to 20 cm tall 53. P. vaseyochloa. Panicle narrow. Lemmas 5 to 6 mm long; panicle usually pale or silvery. 54. P. PRINGLEI. Lemmas less than 4 mm long; panicle usually purple. Glumes about as long as the first and second florets; panicle mostly not exceeding the short soft blades 55. P. lettermani. Glumes shorter than the first floret; panicle usually much longer than the usually stiff blades 56. P. leibergii. 6. Scabrellae Sheaths somewhat scabrous 57. P. scabrella. Sheaths glabrous. Panicle rather open, the lower branches naked at base, ascending or somewhat spreading; culms usually decumbent at base 58. P. gracillima. Panicle contracted, the branches appressed or at anthesis somewhat divergent. Culms slender, on the average less than 30 cm tall; numerous short innova- tions at base. Blades usually folded 59. P. secunda. Culms stouter, on the average more than 50 cm tall; innovations usually not numerous 60. P. canbyi. 7. Nevadenses Sheaths scaberulous. Ligule long, decurrent 61. P. nevadensis. Sheaths glabrous. Ligule prominent; blades broad and short 62. P. curtifolia. Ligule short; blades elongate. Blades involute 63. P. juncifolia. Blades flat , 64. P. ampla' 1. Annuae. — Annuals; culms seldom more than 50 cm tall; panicles open (contracted in P. bigelovii). 1. Poa bolanderi Vasey. (Fig. 160.) Culms erect, 15 to 60 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades relatively short, 3 to 5 mm wide, abruptly narrowed at tip; panicle about half the length of the entire plant, at first contracted, finally open, the branches few, distant, glabrous, stiffly spreading, naked below; spikelets usually 2- or 3- nowered, the internodes of the rachilla long; glumes broad, 2 and 3 mm long; lemma scantily webbed at base, acute, the marginal nerves rather indistinct, the intermediate nerves obsolete. o — Open ground or open woods, 1,500 to 3,000 m, Washington and Idaho to western Nevada and the southern Sierras in California (fig. 161). 2. Poa howellii Vasey and Scribn. Howell bluegrass. (Fig. 162.) Culms 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths retrorsely scabrous to glabrous; blades narrower than in P. bolanderi, gradually acuminate; panicle one third to half the entire height of the plant, open, the branches in rather distant fascicles, spreading, scabrous, naked below, some short branches intermixed ; spikelets 3 to 5 mm long, usually 3- or 4-nowered ; glumes narrow, acuminate, 1.5 and 2 mm long; lemmas webbed at base, 2 to 3 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent on the lower part, the nerves all rather distinct. © — Rocky banks and shaded slopes, mostly less than 1,000 m, Vancouver Island to southern Cali- fornia, especially in the Coast Ranges. 3. Poa bigelovii Vasey and Scribn. Bigelow bluegrass. (Fig. 163.) Culms erect, 15 to 35 cm tall; blades 1 to 5 mm wide; panicle narrow, interrupted, 7 to 15 cm long, the branches short, appressed; spikelets about 6 mm long; glumes acuminate, 4 mm long, 3-nerved; lemmas about 3 mm long, sometimes 4 mm, webbed at base, conspicu- 104 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 160.— Poa bolanderi. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Swallen 799, Calif.) Figure 161.— Distribution of Poa bolanderi. Figure 162.— Poa howellii. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Suksdorf 10464, Wash.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 105 Figure 164.— Distribution of Poa bigelovii. ously pubescent on the lower part of keel and lateral nerves, sometimes sparsely pubescent on lower part of internerves. o — Open ground, at medium altitudes, Oklahoma and western Texas to Colo- rado, Nevada, and southern California; northern Mexico (fig. 164). 4. Poa chapmaniana Scribn. (Fig. 165.) Plant drying pale or tawny; culms densely tufted, slender, 10 to 30 cm tall; blades 1 to 1.5 mm wide; panicle oblong-pyramidal, 3 to 8 cm long, open, the lower branches spreading; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, mostly 3- to 5 -flowered; glumes 2 and 2.5 mm long; lemmas about 2 mm long, webbed at base, strongly pu- bescent on the keel and lat- eral nerves, the intermediate nerves obscure ; anthers 0.1 to 0.2 mm long, o — Open ground and cultivated fields, Delaware to Iowa, south to Georgia and Texas (fig. 166). 5. Poa annua L. Annual bluegrass. (Fig. 167.) Tuft- ed, bright green, erect to spreading, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, usually 5 to 20 cm tall, sometimes taller, forming mats; culms flattened; blades soft, lax, mostly 1 to 3 mm wide ; pan- icle pyramidal, open, 3 to 7 cm long; spikelets crowded, 3- to 6-flowered, about 4 mm long; first glume 1.5 to 2, the second 2 to 2.5 mm long; lemma not webbed at base, distinctly 5-nerved, more or less pubescent on the lower half of all the nerves, the long hairs on the lower part of the keel sometimes simulat- ing a web; anthers 0.5 to 1 mm long, o — Open ground, lawns, pastures, waste places, and openings in woods, New- foundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Florida and California ; tropical America at high altitudes ; introduced from Europe. In warmer parts of the United States the species thrives in the winter ; in intermediate latitudes it is a troublesome weed in lawns, growing luxuriantly in spring, drying in early summer and leaving unsightly patches. Figure 165 tana. X 10. m.) Poa chapman- Panide, X 1; floret, (V. H. Chase 3557, M Figure 163.— Poa bige- lovii. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Fendler 931, N.Mex.) Figure 166.— Distribution of Poa chapmaniana. 106 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 167.— Poa annua. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock, D.C.) 2. Pratenses. — Perennials with slender creeping rhizomes. Several species dioecious. 6. Poa compressa L. Canada bluegrass. (Fig. 168.) Culms solitary or few together, often gregarious, strongly flattened, wiry, decumbent at base, bluish green, 15 to 50 cm tall; blades rather short, mostly 1 to 4 mm wide; panicle narrow, 3 to 7 cm long, the usually short branches in pairs, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets crowded, subsessile, 3- to 6-flow- ered, 4 to 6 mm long; glumes 2 to 3 mm long; lemmas firm, 2 to 3 mm long, the web at base scant or wanting, the keel and marginal nerves slightly pubescent toward base, the intermediate nerves obscure. % —Open ground, open woods, meadows, and waste places, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and California; intro- duced from Europe. Cultivated for pastures in poor soil. 7. Poa arachnifera Torr. Texas bluegrass. (Fig. 169.) Plants dioecious; culms tufted, 30 to 50 cm tall; blades mostly 2 to 4 mm wide, scabrous above; panicle narrow, compact, more or less lobed or interrupted, 5 to 12 cm long; spikelets mostly 5- to 10-flowered, the pistillate conspicuously cobwebby, the lemmas 5 to 6 mm long, acuminate, copiously long webby at base, the strongly compressed keel and lateral nerves ciliate-fringed along the lower half; staminate lemmas glabrous or with a scant web at base. % — Prairies and plains, southern Kansas to Texas and Arkansas; introduced eastward to South Carolina and Florida; Idaho (fig. 170). Sometimes cultivated for winter pasture. 8. Poa macrantha Vasey. (Fig. 171.) Plants dioe- cious; culms erect from a decumbent base, with exten- sively creeping rhizomes, and also long runners creep- ing over the sand, 15 to 40 cm tall; sheaths tawny, papery; blades involute, subflexuous; panicle contrac- ted, sometimes dense and spikelike, 5 to 12 cm long, pale or tawny; spikelets about 12 mm long, about 5- flowered ; glumes 3-nerved, or the second indistinctly 5-nerved, about 8 mm long; lemmas about 8 mm long, short-webbed at base, pubescent on the keel and mar- ginal nerves below, slightly scabrous on the keel above; pistillate florets with abortive stamens. % — Sand dunes along the coast, Washington to northern California. 9. Poa douglasii Nees. (Fig. 172.) Plants dioecious, the two kinds similar; culms ascending from a decumbent base, usually less than 30 cm tall ; rhizomes slender; sheaths glabrous, tawny and pa- pery ; blades involute, some of them usually exceeding the culm ; panicle Figure 168.— Poa compressa. Pan- icle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Oayle 750, Maine.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 107 ovoid, dense, spikelike, 2 to 5 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, pale or pur- plish; spikelets 6 to 10 mm long, about 5-flowered; glumes broad, Figure 169.— Poa arachnifera. Plant and pistillate (9) and staminate (c?) panicles, X 1; pistillate (?) and staminate (cO florets, X 10. (Blackman, Tex.) 3-nerved,4 to 6 mm long; lemmas 6 to 7 mm long, slightly webbed at base, pubescent on the lower part of the keel and marginal nerves, scabrous on the upper part of the keel, usually with 1 to 3 pairs of intermediate nerves. 91 — Sand dunes near the coast, California, Point Arena to Monterey. 10. Poa confinis Vasey. (Fig. 173.) Plants dioecious, the two kinds similar; culms often geniculate at base, usually less than 15 cm tall, sometimes as much as 30 cm; blades involute, those of the innovations numerous; panicle narrow, 1 to 3 cm long, tawny, the short branches ascending or appressed ; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, mostly 3- or 4-flowered ; glumes Figure 170.— Distribution of Poa arachnifera. 108 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE unequal, the seconds mm long; lemmas 3 mm long, scaberulous, sparsely webbed at base, the nerves faint; pistillate florets with minute abortive anthers, the staminate often with rudimentary pistil. % —Sand dunes and sandy meadows near the coast, British Columbia to Mendocino County, Calif. 11. Poa rhizomata Hitchc. (Fig. 174.) Culms tufted with numer- ous innovations, 40 to 60 cm tall; lower sheaths usually scaberulous with a puberulent collar; ligule rather prominent on the culm leaves, inconspicuous on the leaves of the innovations; blades involute or sometimes flat, firm, less than 1 mm thick, flexuous, mostly basal, 2 on the culm, usually puberulent on the upper surface; panicle open, 5 to 8 cm long, the lower branches mostly in pairs, 2 to 3 cm long; spikelets, Figure 171.— Poa macrantha. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 2822, Oreg.) Figure 172.— Poa douglasii. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Bolander 6074, Calif.) 3- to 5-flowered, 6 to 10 mm long; glumes 3 to 5 mm long; lemmas 4 to 5 mm long, with a rather short web at the base, scaberulous at least on the rather distinct nerves, pubescent on the lower part of keel. Ql — Dry slopes, southwestern Oregon and northwestern California ; apparently rare. 12. Poa atropurpurea Scribn. (Fig. 175.) Culms erect, 30 to 40 cm tall; blades mostly basal, the uppermost culm leaf below the middle of the culm, folded or involute, firm; panicle contracted, almost spikelike, purple-tinged, 3 to 5 cm long; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, rather thick; glumes broad, less than 2 mm long; lemmas about MANUAL OF THE GEASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 109 2.5 mm long, broad, glabrous, not webbed at base, the nerves faint. <2i — Known only from Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, Calif. 13. Poa curta Rydb. (Fig. 176.) Culms few in a loose tuft, 40 to 80 cm tall, rather lax; sheaths glabrous or minutely roughened; ligule truncate, about 1 mm long; blades 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle open, 5 to 15 cm long, nodding, the rather distant branches spreading or reflexed, Figure 173.— Poa confinis. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Piper 4910, Wash.) Figure 174. — Poa rhizomata. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.) naked below; spikelets 5 to 10 mm long, 2- to 6-flowered; lemmas lan- ceolate, subacute, slightly scaberulous, sometimes slightly pubescent on the back at base, without a web, 4 to 5.5 mm long, rather strongly nerved or intermediate nerves faint. % — Moist shady places at medium altitudes, western Wyoming, southern Idaho, and Utah. 14. Poa nervosa (Hook.) Vasey. Wheeler bluegrass. (Fig. 177.) Culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or the lower 110 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE retrorsely pubescent, often purple, the collar often puberulent; ligule 1 to 2 mm long; blades sometimes folded; panicle open, usually 5 to 10 cm long, the apex nodding, the branches mostly in twos or threes, naked below; lemmas rather strongly nerved, glabrous or pubescent on the lower part of the nerves. Ql (P. wheeleri Vasey; P. olneyae Piper.) — Open woods at medium altitudes, Alberta and British Columbia, south in the mountains to Colorado, New Mexico, and California (fig. 178). Typical P. nervosa (including P, olneyae), found mostly in Washington and Oregon, has glabrous to scaberulous strongly nerved lemmas and gla- brous sheaths, and a loose open panicle, the capillary lower branches in whorls of 3 or 4, drooping, as much as 8 cm long; typi- cal P. wheeleri, originally Figure 175. — Poa atropurpurea. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.)J Figure 176.— Poa curta. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Jones 5573, Utah.) described from Colorado, has firmer, less strongly nerved lemmas, more or less pubescent on the lower part of the keel and marginal nerves, and purplish retrorsely pubescent lower sheaths. These characters are not coordinated and the forms grade into each other, both as to characters and range. 15. Poa kelloggii Vasey. (Fig. 179.) Culms 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths slightly scabrous; blades flat or folded, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle pyramidal, open, 7 to 15 cm long, the branches mostly solitary or in twos, spreading or reflexed, bearing a few spikelets toward the ends; spikelets rather loosely flowered, 4 to 6 mm long; glumes 3 and 4 mm long; lemmas acute or almost cuspidate, 4 to 5 MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 111 mm long, glabrous, rather obscurely nerved, conspicuously webbed at base. 21 — Moist woods and shady places, Coast Ranges from Figure 177— Poa nervosa. A, Plant, X 1. (Suksdorf 10364, Wash.) B, Floret, X 10. (Type of P. wheeleri.) C, Floret, X 10. (Type of P. nervosa.) Corvallis, Oreg., to Santa Cruz County, Calif. 16. Poa laxiflora Buckl. (Fig. 180.) Culms retrorsely scabrous, 100 to 120 cm tall; sheaths slightly retrorse-scabrous; ligule 3 to 5 mm long; blades lax, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle loose, open, nodding or drooping, 10 to 15 cm long, the lower branches in whorls of 3 or 4; spikelets 3- or 4-flowered, Figure 178.— Distribution of Poa nervosa. Figure 179.— Poa kelloggii. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Kellogg and Bolander 14, Calif.) 5 to 6 mm long; lemmas about 4 mm long, webbed at base, rather sparsely pubescent on lower part of the nerves. % — Moist 55974°— 35 8 112 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE woods, southeastern Alaska (Cape Fox, Hot Springs), Sol Due Hot Springs, Olympic Mountains, Wash. Sauvies Island (near Portland), Oreg. Figure 180.— Poa laiiflora. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 23468, Wash.) 17. Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass. (Fig. 181.) Culms tufted, erect, slightly compressed, 30 to 100 cm tall; sheaths some- what keeled ; ligule about 2 mm long; blades soft, flat or folded, mostly MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 113 Figure 181. — Poa prateims. Plant, X Vi; spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10. (Williams, S.Dak.) 114 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 183. — Distribution of Poa cuspidata. Figure 182.— Poa cuspidata. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Smith 27, Pa.) 2 to 4 mm wide, the basal often elongated; panicle pyramidal or oblong-pyramidal, open, the lowermost branches usually in a whorl of 5, ascending or spreading, naked below, normally 1 central long one, 2 shorter lateral ones and 2 short intermediate ones; spikelets crowded, 3- to 5-flowered,3 to 6 mm long; lemmas copiously webbed at base, silky- pubescent on lower half or two-thirds of the keel and marginal nerves, the inter- mediate nerves distinct, glabrous. % — Open woods, mead- ows, and open ground, widely dis- tributed through- out the United States and north- ward, except in arid regions, found in all the States (but not common in the Gulf States) and at all altitudes below alpine re- gions; introduced from Europe. Blue- grass is commonly cultivated for lawns and pasture in the humid northern parts of the United States. 18. Poa cuspidata Nutt. (Fig. 182.) Culms in large lax tufts, 30 to 50 cm tall, scarcely longer than the basal blades; blades lax, 2 to 3 mm wide, abruptly cus- pidate-pointed; panicle 7 to 12 cm long, open, the branches mostly in pairs, distant, spreading, spikelet- bearing near the ends; spikelets 3- or 4-flowered; lemmas 4 to 6 mm long, tapering to an acute apex, webbed at base, sparingly pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves, the in- termediate nerves distinct, glabrous. % (P. brachyphylla Schult.) — Rocky woods, | New Jersey to Ohio, south to Georgia and eastern Ten- nessee (fig. 183). 19. Poa arida Vasey. Plains bluegrass. (Fig. 184.) Culms I V; f erect, 20 to 50 cm tall; blades mostly basal, firm, | » \ folded, usually 2 to 3 mm wide, a single culm leaf usually below the middle of the culm, its blade short; panicle narrow, somewhat contracted, 2 to 10 cm long, the branches appressed or ascending; spikelets rather thick, 5 to 7 mm long, 4- to 8-flow- ered; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, densely villous on the keel and marginal nerves and more or less villous on the lower part of the intermediate nerves. % Vasey.) — Prairies, plains, and alkali meadows, up to 3,000 m, Manitoba to Alberta, south to western Iowa, Texas, and northern Arizona (fig, 185). Figure 185. — Distribution of Poa arida. Figure 184. — Poa arida. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Jones, Colo.) (P. sheldoni MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 115 Figure 187.— Distribution of Poa gtaucifolia. Figure 186—Poaglaucifolia. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Rydberg 3288, Mont.) 20. Poa glaucifolia Scribn. and Will. (Fig. 186.) Plants glau- cous; culms in loose tufts, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades 2 to 3 mm wide; panicle narrow, open, mostly 10 to 20 cm long, the branches usually in somewhat distant whorls, mostly in threes, ascending, very scabrous, naked below; spikelets 2- to 4- flowered; glumes 4 to 5 mm long; lemmas about 4 mm long, villous on the lower half of the keel and marginal nerves and more or less so on the intermediate nerves below. % — Moist places, ditches, and open woods at medium altitudes, British Columbia and Alberta t h r o u g h Montana to Nebraska, New Mex- ico, Arizona, and Nevada (fig. 187). 21. Poa arctica R. Br. Arctic bluegrass. (Fig. 188.) Culms loosely tufted, erect from a decumbent base, 10 to 30 cm tall;ligule pointed, up to 4 mm long; blades mostly basal, flat or folded, mostly 2 to 3 mm wide, one short blade about the middle of the culm; panicle open, pyramidal, 5 to 1 0 cm long, the lower branches usually 2, spreading, sometimes reflexed, bearing a few spikelets toward the tip ; spikelets 5 to 8 mm long, 3- or 4-flowered; lemmas densely villous on the keel and marginal nerves and pubescent on the lower part of the internerves, the base often webbed. 21 (P. grayana Vasey ; P. aperta Sciibn. and Merr., a form with pale, rather lax panicles longer than wide.) — Meadows, mostly above timber line, arctic regions, south to Nova Scotia, in the Rocky Mountains to northern New Mexico, and in the Cascades to Oregon (fig. 189). Figure 188.— Poa arctica X 10. (Bell 64, Hudson Bay.) Panicle, X 1; floret. Figure 189.— Distribution of Poo arctica. 116 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 3. Figure 190.— Poa trivialis Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Coville, N.Y.) Palustres. — Perennials without creeping rhizomes; lemmas webbed at base, glabrous, or pubes- cent on the nerves. 22. Poa trivialis L. Rough bluegrass. (Fig. 190.) Culms erect from a decumbent base, often rather lax, scabrous below the panicle, 30 to 100 cm tall; sheaths retrorsely scabrous or scaberulous, at least toward the summit; ligule 4 to 6 mm long; blades scabrous, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle oblong, 6 to 15 mm long, l^rS %?M raffi urra Figuee 191.— Distribution of Poa trivialis. the lower branches about 5 in a whorl; spikelets usually 2- or 3- flowered, about 3 mm long; lemma 2.5 to 3 mm long, glabrous except the slightly pubescent keel, the web at base conspicuous, the nerves prominent. % — Moist places, Newfoundland and On- tario to Virginia, West Virginia, Michigan, South Dakota, and on the Pacific coast from southern Alaska to northern California; on figure 192 ballast, Louisiana (fig. 191); intro- duced from Europe. Sometimes used in mixtures for meadows upastures der the name rough-stalked n meadow grass. Poa marcida. Panicle, X 1; floret (Type.) , X10. and MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 117 23. Poa marcida Hitchc. (Fig. 192.) Culms erect, in small tufts, 40 to 100 cm tall; ligule very short; blades thin, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle drooping, narrow, 10 to 18 cm long, the capillary branches ^ I Figure 193— Poa atsodes. Panicle, X lj floret, X 10. (Wilson, N.Y.) somewhat distant, solitary or in pairs, ascending or appressed; spikelets mostly 2-flowered; glumes about 3 mm long; lemmas nar- rowly lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 5 mm long, glabrous, long-webbed at base. 0[ — Bogs and wet shady places, Van- couver Island to the coast mountains of Oregon. 24. Poa alsodes A. Gray. (Fig. 193.) Culms in lax tufts, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades thin, lax, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, very open, the slender branches in distant whorls of threes to fives, finally widely spreading, naked below, few-flowered; spikelets 2- or 3- flowered, about 5 mm long; lemmas gradually acute, webbed at base, pubescent on the lower part of the keel, other- wise glabrous, faintly nerved. 01 — Rich or moist woods, Maine to Minnesota, south to Delaware and the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee (fig. 194). Figuee 194.— Distribution of Poa alsodes. Figure 195— Poa languida. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Chase 7511, N.Y.) 25. Poa languida Hitchc. (Fig. 195.) Culms weak, in loose tufts, 30 to 60 or even 100 cm tall; ligule about 1 mm long; blades lax, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle nodding, 5 to 10 cm long, the few slender branches 118 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE FlGTJBE 196.— Distribution of Poa languida. mostly in twos^or threes, ascending, few-flowered toward the ends; spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, 3 to 4 mm long; lemmas 2 to 3 mm long, glabrous except the webbed base, oblong, rather obtuse, at maturity firm. QI (P. debilis Torr., not Thuill.)— Dry or rocky woods, Newfoundland and Quebec to Wisconsin, south to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Iowa (fig. 196). 26. Poa saltuensis Fern, and Wieg. (Fig. 197.) Resembling P. languida; differing in the thinner, acute, somewhat longer lem- mas. QI — Woodland thickets, Quebec and Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Connecticut and Maryland (fig. 198). 27. Poa occidentalis Vasey. New Mexican bluegrass. (Fig. 199.) Culms erect, few in a tuft, usually rather stout, scabrous, as much as 1 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths somewhat keeled, retrorsely scabrous (sometimes faintly so); ligule 2 to 8 mm long; blades sca- brous, 10 to 20 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle open, 15 to 30 cm long, the branches in distant whorls of threes to fives, spreading to re- flexed, the lower as much as 10 cm long, spikelet-bearing to- ward the ends; spikelets 3- to 6- flowered; lemmas 4.5 to 5 mm long, conspicuously web- bed at base, villous on the lower part of the keel and the marginal nerves and sometimes sparingly pubescent on the inter- nerves below. Qi — Open woods and moist banks at medium alti- tudes, Colorado and New Mexico (fig. 200). 28. Poa tracyi Vasey. (Fig. 201.) Culms erect, 60 to 80 cm tall; sheaths glabrous, keeled; ligule truncate, about 2 mm long; blades 3 to 5 mm wide; panicle narrowly pyramidal, 15 to 20 cm long, the branches in distant whorls of 2 to 5, spreading, naked on the lower half or two-thirds; spikelets 2- or 3 -flowered; lemmas about 3.5 mm long, oblong-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, webbed at base, villous on keel and marginal nerves, and more or less so on the internerves below, the intermediate nerves distinct. 01 — Known only from Raton, N.Mex. Mav be a form of P. occidentalis. 29. Poa sylvestris A. Gray. (Fig. 202.) Culms tufted, erect, 30 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or rarely pubescent, the lower usually antrorsely scabrous; ligule about 1 mm long; blades lax, 2 to 6 mm wide; panicle erect, 10 to 20 cm long, much longer than wide, the slender flexuous branches spreading, usually 3 to 6 at a node, the kower usually reflexed; Figure 197.— Poa saltuensis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Fernald and Pease 24875, Que.) Figure 198.— Distribution of Poa saltuensis. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 119 spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, 3 to 4 mm long; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm long, webbed at base, pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves and more or less pubescent on the internerves. % — Rich, moist, or rocky woods, New York to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 203). Sheaths pubescent in a specimen from St. Louis, Mo. 30. Poa reflexa Vasey and Scribn. Nodding bluegrass. (Fig. 204.) Culms solitary or in small tufts, erect, 20 to 40 cm tall; blades Figure 199.— Poa occidental is. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Standley 4344, N.Mex.) rather short, 1 to 4 mm wide; panicle nodding, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches naked below, solitary, in pairs, or in threes, the lower usually reflexed, sometimes strongly so; spikelets 2- to 4-flowered; lemmas about 3 mm long, oblong-elliptic, webbed at base, villous on keel and marginal nerves, sometimes on intermediate nerves. 91 Open slopes and alpine meadows, 2,000 to 4,000 m, Montana to eastern British Columbia, south in the mountains to New Mexico and Arizona (fig. 205). 31. Poa wolfii Scribn. (Fig. 206.) Culms tufted, erect, 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths slightly scabrous; blades crowded toward the base of the culms, mostly 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle drooping, 8 to 15 cm long, the branches ascending, bearing a few spikelets toward the ends, the lower mostly in pairs; spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, 5 to 6 mm long; lemmas 3.5 to 4.5 mm long, acute, webbed at base, pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves, the intermediate nerves distinct. 21 — Moist woods, Ohio to Minnesota and Missouri (fig. 207). Figure 200.— Distribution of Poa occidentalis. 120 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 32. Poa paucispicula Scribn. and Merr. (Fig. 208.) Culms tufted, leafy, rather lax, 10 to 30 cm tall, the base often decumbent; blades 1 to 2 mm wide ; panicle lax, few-flowered, 2 to 8 cm long, the branches Figure 201.— Poa tracyi. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 202.— Poa sylvestris. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Wheeler 6, Mich.) Figure 203.— Distribution of Poa sylvestris. Figure 204.— Poa reflexa. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Clokey 11330, Colo.) in pairs or solitary, naked below; spikelets ovate, purple, 4 to 6 mm long, 2- to 5-flowered; glumes rather broad, acute, 3 to 4 mm long; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, oblong, obtuse, webbed at base (the web sometimes scant) pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves below. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 121 91 — Rocky slopes, Alaska to Washington (alpine slopes, Mount Rainier, Mount Baker); Glacier National Park, Mont. More leafy than P. leptocoma, more tufted, the panicle branches not so long; spikelets broader. 33. Poa leptocoma Trin. Bog bluegrass. (Fig. 209.) Culms slender, solitary, or few in a tuft, 20 to 50 cm tall, often decumbent at base; sheaths usually slightly scabrous; ligule acute, the uppermost 3 to 4 mm long; blades short, lax, mostly 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle FlGTOE ^a~Sibution of nodding, delicate, few-flowered, the branches capillary, ascending or spreading, subflexuous, the lower mostly in Figure 206.— Poa wolfil. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Deam 33821, Ind.) pairs; spikelets narrow, 2- to 4-nowered; glumes narrow, acuminate; lemmas 3.5 to 4.5 mm long, acuminate, webbed at base, pubescent on 122 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE the keel and marginal nerves or sometimes nearly glabrous, the inter- mediate nerves distinct. 01 — Bogs, Alaska, south in the mountains to northern New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and California (Mount Dana) (fig. 210). 34. Poa paludigena Fern, and Wieg. (Fig. 211.) Culms slender, solitary or in small tufts, 15 to 70 cm tall; sheaths minutely scabrous; ligule short, truncate, the uppermost as much as 1.5 mm long; blades Figure 308. —Poa paucispicula. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 11711, Wash.) Figure 209.— Poa leptocoma. Panicle, X 1; floret X, 10. (Arsene and Benedict 15562, N.Mex.) rather lax, mostly erect, 0.3 to 2 mm wide; panicle loose and open, mostly 5 to 10 cm long, the branches long and slender, distant, the lower mostly in twos, spikelet-bearing above the middle; spikelets mostly 4 to 5 mm long, narrow, 2- to 5-flowered; lemmas 2.5 to 3.5 mm long, webbed at base with a few long hairs, the keel and lateral nerves pubescent on the lower half or two-thirds, the intermediate nerves glabrous, obscure. 91 —Bogs and springy places, New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois and Wisconsin (fig. 212). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 123 35. Poa bulbosa L. Bulbous bluegrass. (Fig. 213.) Culms densely tufted, more or less bulbous at base, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades flat or loosely involute, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle ovoid, mostly 5 to 8 cm long, somewhat contracted, the branches ascending or appressed, some floriferous to base; spikelets mostly proliferous, the florets converted into bulblets; bulblets with a dark purple base (about 2 mm long), the bracts extending into slender green tips 5 to 15 mm Figure 210.— Distribution of Poa leptocoma. Figube 211.— Poa paludigena. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Eames and Wiegand 9250, N.Y.) Figure 213.— Poa bulbosa, X 1. (Henderson 6136, Idaho.) Figure 212.— Distribution of Poa paludigena. long; unaltered spikelets about 5-flowered; lemmas 2.5 mm long, webbed at base, densely silky on the keel and marginal nerves, the intermediate nerves faint. % — Fields and meadows, Virginia and North Carolina; North Dakota; Idaho to British Columbia, and California; Utah; Oklahoma (fig. 214); introduced from Europe. 36. Poa nemoralis L. Wood bluegrass. (Fig. 215.) Culms tufted, 30 to 70 cm tall; ligule very short; blades rather lax, about 2 mm wide; panicle 4 to 10 cm long, the branches spreading; spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, 3 to 5 mm long; glumes narrow, sharply acuminate, 124 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, XT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE about as long as the first floret; lemmas 2 to 3 mm long, sparsely webbed at base, pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves, the inter- mediate nerves obscure. Ql — Occasional in meadows from New- foundland to Delaware and Michigan; Oregon (ballast, near Portland) (fig. 216); introduced from Europe. Differing from P. palustris and P. interior in the very short ligule and the nar- row acuminate glumes. 37. Poa macroclada Rydb. (Fig. 217.) Culms 50 to 80 cm tall, glabrous; ligule prominent, 2 to 3 mm long; blades 2 to 3 mm wide; pan- icle open, 10 to 20 cm long, pyramidal, the branches spreading, distant, in twos or threes, as much as 8 cm long, naked on the lower half or two-thirds ; spikelets about 6 mm long, 2- or 3-flowered, purple; glumes 3.5 to 4 mm long; lemmas 4 to 4.5 mm long, pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves, the web scant or wanting. 01 — Moist places, at medium altitudes, Colorado, Figure 214.— Distribution of Poa bulbosa. ^=53^ Figure 216.— Distribution of Poa nernoralis. Montana, and Idaho; a little known species, allied to P. pa- lustris, but with larger spikelets. 38. Poa palustris L. Fowl bluegrass. (Fig. 218.) Culms loosely tufted, glabrous, decumbent at the flattened purplish base, 30 to 150 cm tall; sheaths keeled, sometimes scaberulous; ligule 3 to 5 mm long, or only 1 mm on the innovations ; blades 1 to 2 nun wide ; panicle Figure 215 — Poa nernoralis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 23662, Newfoundland.) Figure 217.— Poa macroclada. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Dupl. type.) pyramidal or oblong, nodding, yellowish green or purplish, 10 to 30 cm long, the branches in rather distant fascicles, naked below; MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 125 spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, about 4 mm long; glumes lanceolate, acute, shorter than the first floret; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm long, usually bronzed at the tip, webbed at base, villous on the keel and marginal nerves, the intermediate nerves faint. % — Meadows and moist open Figure 218— Poa palustris. Panicle, X l; floret, X 10. (Suksdorf 7022, Wash.) ground, at low and medium altitudes, Newfoundland and Quebec, south to Virginia, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, and California (Sierra Valley) (fig. 219); Eurasia. 39. Poa interior Rydb. Inland bluegrass. (Fig. 220.) Culms erect from a usually densely tufted erect base, commonly rather stiff, often scabrous below the panicle, 20 to 50 cm tall; sheaths slightly keeled or terete; ligule evident but usually less than 1 mm long; blades 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle narrowly pyramidal, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches ascending; spikelets about as in P. palustris. % — Grassy slopes and open woods at me- dium altitudes, usually not extending much above timber line, Quebec to British Columbia and Washington , south to Vermont, Michigan, Minnesota, western Nebraska, New Mexico, and Arizona (fig. 221). 4. Alpinae. — Perennials without creeping rhi- zomes; lemmas not webbed at base, pubes- cent on the keel or on the marginal nerves, or both, sometimes also pubescent on internerves. 40. Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey. Mutton grass. (Fig. 222.) Incompletely dioecious; culms erect, tufted, sca- brous below the panicle, 30 to 50 cm tall; sheaths somewhat scabrous; ligule less than 1 mm long, not noticeable viewed from the side of the sheath; blades mostly basal, folded or involute, firm and stiff; panicle long-exserted, oblong, contracted, pale, 2 to 7 cm long; spikelets 5- Figuee 219.— Distribution of Poa palustris. Figure 220.— Poa interior. Panicle, XI; floret, X 10. (Clements 297, Colo.) 126 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 221.— Distribution of Poa interior. Figure 223.— Distribution of Poa fendleriana. or 6-flowered, about 8 mm long; glumes broad, 3 mm long; lemmas 4 mm long, villous on lower part of keel and marginal nerves, the inter- mediate nerves obscure; pistillate spikelets with minute stamens, the anthers about 0.2 mm long. % —Mesas, open dry woods, and rocky hills at medium altitudes, Manitoba to British Columbia, south through western South Dakota (Black Hills) and Idaho to western Texas (Chisos Mountains) and California; northern Mexico (fig. 223). A very small proportion of specimens have been found with well-devel- oped stamens having large anthers, the pistil also developed. 41. Poa longiligula Scribn. and Will. Longtongue mutton grass. (Fig. 224.) Differing from P . fendleriana in the prominent ligule, as much as 5 to 7 mm long and in the looser, often longer usually greenish panicle. % — North Dakota to Oregon, south to New Mexico and Cal- ifornia (fig. 225). 42. Poa autumnalis Muhl. (Fig. 226.) Culms in rather large lax tufts, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades 2 to 3 mm wide, numerous at base; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, about as broad, very open, the capillary flex- uous branches spreading, bear- ing a few spikelets near the ends; spikelets 4- to 6-flowered, figure 224.- Figure 222-Poa fendleriana. Panicle, about 6 mm long J lemmas ob- LigulT'x'l' n MexT1' X 10' (Eggleston 6463' long, obtusely rounded at the scarious compressed apex, vil- lous on the keel and marginal nerves, pubescent on the internerves below or sometimes nearly to apex. % — Moist woods, New Jer- sey to Michigan and Illinois, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 227). 43. Poa alpina L. Alpine bluegrass. (Fig. 228.) Culms erect from a rather thick ver- tical crown, rather stout, 10 to 30 cm tall; blades short, 2 to 5 mm wide, the uppermost about the middle of the culm; panicle ovoid or short-pyramidal, rather compact, 1 to 8 cm long, the lower branches often reflexed; spike- lets broad, purple or purplish; glumes broad, abruptly acute; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, strongly villous on the keel and marginal nerves, pubescent on the internerves below, the intermediate nerves faint. % —Mountain meadows, arctic regions of the Northern Hemi- sphere, extending south to Quebec, northern Michigan (Keweenaw Point), and the alpine summits of Colorado, Utah, and Oregon (Wallowa Mountains); Mexico (fig. 229). (Jones Utah.) 5149, Figure 225. — Distribution of Poa longiligula. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 127 44. Poa stenantha Trin. (Fig. 230.) Culms tufted, 30 to 50 cm tall; ligule prominent, as much as 5 mm long; blades flat or loosely involute, rather lax, mostly basal, 1 to 2 mm wide, the uppermost culm leaf below the middle of the culm; panicle nodding, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches in twos or threes, arcuate-drooping, naked below, with a few spikelets at the ends; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, 6 to 8 mm long; lemmas about 5 mm long, pubescent on the lower part of keel — VI W irj- — Figubk 227.— Distribution of Poa autumnalis. Figure 228.— Poa alpina. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Eggleston 11824, Colo.) Figure 226.— Poa autumnalis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Curtiss 6787, Qa.) Figure 229.— Distribution of Poa alpina. and marginal nerves, sparsely pubescent on the internerves below. % — Moist open ground, Alaska, Alberta, and British Columbia, extending into Montana, Colorado (White River Forest), Idaho, Washington (Nooksack River), and Oregon (Crater Lake) (fig. 231). 45. Poa glauca Vahl. (Fig. 232.) Plants glaucous, in close or loose tufts; culms erect, stiff, 10 to 30 cm tall, sometimes taller, naked above, the uppermost leaf usually much below the middle; ligule of uppermost leaf about 2 mm long; blades mostly basal, 3 to 5 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle 3 to 7 cm long, narrow, rather compact, the 55974°— 35 9 128 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGPJCULTURE branches erect or ascending, few-flowered; spikelets mostly 2- or 3- flowered, 5 to 6 mm long; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, strongly pubescent on the lower half of the keel and marginal nerves and slightly pubes- cent on the faint intermediate nerves. % — Rocky slopes, arctic regions south to the alpine summits of New Hampshire and Vermont. Common in Greenland. 46. Poa laxa Haenke. (Fig. 233.) Plants in loose lax bunches; culms weak and slender, 10 to 20 or sometimes 30 cm tall; ligule truncate, about 1 mm long; blades mostly basal, lax, mostly about 1 mm wide; panicle narrow but loose, few- flowered, 2 to 6 cm long, the branches ascending, naked below; spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, about 5 mm long ; lemmas 3 to 3.5 mm long, densely villous on the lower half of the keel and marginal nerves, sometimes sparsely webbed at base. % — Rocky slopes, Newfoundland and Quebec to the alpine summits of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York (fig. 234) ; Europe. Common on the upper cone of Mount Washington. 47. Poa pattersoni Vasey. Patterson bluegrass. (Fig. 235.) Culms in dense tufts with numerous basal leaves, 10 to 20 cm tall; blades usually folded, rather lax, mostly less than 10 cm long, about 1 mm wide; Figuee 231.— Distribution of Poa stenantha. Figure 230. — Poa stenantha. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Blankinship, Mont.) Figure 232. — Poa glauca. Panicle, XI; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 16053, N.H.) Figure 233.— Poa laxa. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Fer- nald, Maine.) Figure 234.— Distribution of Poa laxa. panicle narrow, condensed, purplish, 1 to 4 cm long; spikelets 2- or 3-flowered, 5 to 6 mm long; lemmas about 4 mm long, strongly pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves, short-pubescent on the internerves, sometimes sparsely webbed at base. Ql — Alpine MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 129 Figure 236.— Distribution of Poa pattersoni. regions, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado; Oregon (Mount Hood) (fig. 236). 48. Poa rupicola Nash. Timberline bluegrass. (Fig. 237.) Culms densely tufted, erect, rather stiff, often scaberulous below the panicle, 10 to 20 cm tall; blades short, 1 to 1.5 mm wide; panicle narrow, purplish, 2 to 4 cm long, the short branches as- cending or appressed; spikelets usually purple, about 3-flowered; lemmas villous below on keel and marginal nerves and sometimes pubes- cent on the internerves below. Ql — Kocky slopes, British Colum- bia, south in the moun- tains, at high altitudes through Montana to northern New Mexico, Arizona, Oregon (Mount Hood and Wallowa Mountains), and California (Mono Pass, Sheep Mountain) (fig. 238). Small specimens of P. interior, which resemble this, differ in having a small web at the base of the lemma. 5. Epiles. — Perennials without rhizomes; lem- mas not webbed at base, glabrous or sca- brous (minutely pubescent in P. unilateralis) . 49. Poa involuta Hitchc. (Fig. 239.) In dense pale tufts; culms slender, 30 to 40 cm tall; ligule very short; blades involute, slender, 15 to 25 cm long, glabrous or slightly scabrous; panicle open, 10 to 15 cm long, the branches in pairs, few-flowered near the ends; spikelets mostly 3- or 4-flowered, 5 to 6 mm long; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, scabrous. Qi — Known only from the Chisos Mountains, Tex. 50. Poa cusickii Vasey. CUSICK BLUEGRASS. (Fig. 240.) Culms in dense often large tufts, erect, 20 to 60 cm tall; ligule very short; blades fili- form, erect, scabrous, mostly basal; panicle usually pale or tawny, narrow, oblong, con- tracted, or somewhat open at an thesis, 3 to 8 cm long; spikelets 7 to 9 mm long; lemmas 4.5 to 6 mm long, smooth or scabrous. % — Dry or rocky slopes at medium and high alti- tudes, Alberta to British Columbia, south to Col- orado, Nevada, and the central Sierras of California Flc'o?«E ^r T* n°t? x % (fig. 241). floret, X 10. (Swal- 51. Poa unilateralis Scribn. (Fig. 242.) Culms in dense tufts, 10 to 40 cm tall, sometimes decumbent at base; sheaths Figure 235. — Poa pattersoni Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Patterson 154, Colo.) Figure 238.— Distribution of Poa rupicola. 130 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE tawny, papery; blades flat or folded, shorter than the culms; panicle Figure 239.— Poa involuta. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Swallen 1110, Tex.) oblong, dense and spikelike or somewhat interrupted below, 2 to 6 cm long; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long; glumes broad, acute; lemmas 3 to 4 min long, gla- brous except for a few short hairs on the nerves below. % (P. pachypholis Piper.) Figure 241.— Distribution of Poa cmickii. — Cliffs, bluffs, and rocky meadows near the seashore, Washington (Ilwaco); Cali- figure m-Poa cutickii. Panicle, x fornia (Humboldt Bay to Monterey). l; floret, X 10. (Howell 183, Oreg.) g2 p0a epiHs Sdibn. SKYLINE BLUE- GRASS. (Fig. 243.) Culms erect from a rather loose base, solitary or MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 131 -Poa uni- W Figure 242 lateralis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Chase 5653, Calif.) Figuke 243. — Poa epitis Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10 (Type.) few in a tuft, 20 to 40 cm tall; ligule about 3 mm long; blades of the culm about 3, flat, 3 to 6 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide, of the innovations nar- row, longer and usually folded or involute; panicle usually condensed, ovoid, 2 to 6 cm long, long-exserted, usually purple, the lower branches naked below, ascending or appressed ; spikelets 3-flow- ered, about 5 mm long; lem- mas 4 to 5 or even 6 mm long, glabrous or minutely sca- brous. 91 — Mountain mead- ows, mostly above timber line, Alberta to British Co- lumbia, south to Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and Califor- nia (fig. 244). 53. Poa vaseyochloa Scribn. (Fig. 245.) In small dense soft lax tufts; culms erect, 10 to 20 cm tall; ligule acute, about 3 mm long; blades lax, mostly folded or involute, in a basal tuft, mostly less than 5 cm long, with one or two short ones on the culm, narrow or filiform; panicle ovate, 2 to 4 cm long, few-flowered, open, the slender branches spreading, bearing 1 or 2 spikelets; spikelets purple, 3- to 6- flowered; glumes 2 to 3 mm long, rather broad; lemmas smooth or minutely scabrous, 3 mm long. % — Rocky slopes, Cascade Moun- tains of Washington and Oregon in the vi- cinity of Columbia River, and the Wallowa Mountains of Oregon. 54. Poa pringlei Scribn. (Fig. 246.) Densely tufted; culms 10 to 20 cm tall; lower sheaths loose, papery; blades mostly basal, involute, mostly 2 to 5 cm long, sometimes longer, glabrous on the exposed surface, pu- berulent on inner surface; panicle narrow, condensed, usually pale or silvery, few- to several-flowered, 1 to 5 cm long; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, 6 to 8 mm long; glumes equal, broad, 4 to 5 or rarely 7 mm long; lemmas 5 to 6, rarely 8 mm long, smooth or scabrous. Figuee 244.— Distribution of Poa epilis. Figure 245.— Poa vaseyo- chloa. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.) 132 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE / qj. — Rocky alpine summits, Montana to Washington, south to Nevada (Mount Rose) and California (fig. 247). 55. Poa lettermani Vasey. (Fig. 248.) In low lax tufts; culms mostly less than 10 cm tall, usually scarcely exceeding the blades; ligule 1 to 2 mm long; blades lax, usually not more than 1 mm wide; panicle narrow, con- tracted, 1 to 3 cm long; spikelets 3- or 4-flowered, 4 to 5 mm long; glumes equal, somewhat acumi- nate, about as long as the first and second florets ; lemmas erose at summit, 2.5 to 3 mm long. % — Rocky alpine summits, British Columbia, Washington, Colorado (fig. 249). 56. Poa leibergii Scribn. Leiberg BLUEGRASS. (Fig.250) Usually densely tufted; culms 10 to 30 cm tall, erect; ligule 1 to 2 mm long; blades mostly basal, firm, involute, usually less than 10 cm long; panicle narrow, 2 to 5 cm long, often purple, the branches short, ap- pressed or ascending ; spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, 4 to 6 mm long; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, smooth or scaberulous. % —Alpine meadows and sterile FlGU 248_Poa lem_ o-ravellv alpine flats, eastern Oregon and the Sierras mani. Plant, x i; floret, fe« A ,.? • X10. (Letterman, Colo.) of California. 6. Scabrellae. — Perennials, without rhizomes, tufted, with numerous basal leaves; spikelets little compressed, narrow, much longer than wide; lemmas convex, crisp-puberulent on the back towards the base, the keels ob- scure, the marginal and intermediate nerves usually faint. The whole group of Scabrellae is made up of closely related species which appear to intergrade. 57. Poa scabrella (Thurb.) Benth. Pine blue- grass. (Fig. 251.) Culms erect, 50 to 100^ cm tall, usually scabrous at least below the panicle; Figure 246.— Poa pringlei. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Henderson 3080, Idaho.) Figure 247.— Distribution of Poa pringlei. Figure 249.— Distribution of Poa lettermani. Figure 250. — Poa leibergii. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.) sheaths scaberulous; ligule 3 to 5 mm long; blades mostly basal, 1 to 2 mm wide, lax, more or less scabrous; panicle narrow, usually contracted, sometimes rather open at base, 5 to 12 cm long; MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 133 i V . ■ ■ Fioube 251.— Poa scabrella. Plant, X Vi, spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10. (Chase 5697, Calif.) 134 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE spikelets 6 to 10 mm long; glumes 3 mm long, scabrous; lemmas 4 to 5 mm long, crisp-puberulent on the back toward base. 01 —Mead- ows open woods, rocks, and hills, at low and medium altitudes, western Montana and southern Washington to California; Baja California (fig. 252). A form, like P. scabrella in other respects but with smooth lemmas, has been differentiated as P. limosa Scribn. and Will. — California (Mono Lake and Truckee). 58. Poa gracillima Vasey. Slender bltjegrass. (Fig. 253.) Culms rather loosely tufted, 30 to 60 cm tall, usually decumbent at base; ligule 2 to 5 mm long, shorter on the innovations ; blades flat or folded, lax, from filiform to 1.5 mm wide ; panicle pyramidal, loose, Figure 252.— Distribution of Poa scabrella. rather open, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches in whorls, the lower in twos to sixes, spreading or some- times reflexed, naked below ; spike- lets 4 to 6 mm long; second glume 3 to 4 mm long; lemmas minutely scabrous, crisp-pubescent near Figure 254. Distribution of Poa gracillima. base, especially on the nerves. 91 —Cliffs and rocky slopes, Alberta to Alaska, south to Wyo- ming, northern Nevada, and the southern Sierras of California (fig. 254). Poa tenerrima Scribn. is a form with open few-flowered pan- icles; Southern Coast Ranges, California; P. multnomae Piper is a loose lax form in which the ligules on the innovations are short and truncate; wet clitts, Mult- nomah Falls, Oreg. . 59. Poa seciinda Presl. Sandberg bluegrass. (*ig. 255.) LAilms erect from a dense often extensive tuft of short basal foliage, commonly not more than 30 cm, but sometimes up to 60 cm tall; ligule acute, Era ■; lm Figure 253.— Poa gracillima. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Sandberg and Leiberg 747, Wash.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 135 Figure 256.— Distribution of Poa secunda. rather prominent; blades rather short, soft, flat, folded, or involute; panicle narrow, 2 to 10 cm long, the branches short, appressed, or somewhat spreading in an thesis; spikelets about as m P. gracillima. % {P. sandbergii Vasey.)— Plains, dry woods, rocky slopes, at me- dium and upper altitudes, but not strictly alpine, North Dakota to Yukon Territory, south to Nebraska, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and southern California; Chile (fig. 256). 60. Poa canbyi (Scribn.) Piper. Canby bluegrass. (Fig. 257.) Green or glaucous; culms 50 to 120 cm tall; ligule 2 to 5 mm long; blades flat or folded; panicle narrow, compact or rather loose, 10 to 15 cm long, sometimes as much as 20 cm, the branches short, appressed; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered; lemmas more or less crisp-pubescent on lower part of back. % (P. lucida Vasey; P. laevi- gata Scribn.) — Sandy or dry ground, Michigan (Isle Royal) and Minnesota to Yukon Territory, south to western Nebraska, Colo- rado, Arizona, eastern Ore- gon, and eastern Washing- ton; Quebec (fig. 258). Poa lucida has a slender but somewhat loose pale or shin- ing panicle; P. canbyi has a denser, compact, dull green panicle, but the two forms grade into each other. Poa lucida is more common in Colorado and Wyoming ; P. canbyi more common in Montana. The pubescence on the lemma may be obvi- ous or obscure. 7. Nevadenses. — Perennials, without rhizomes, tufted ; spikelets little compressed, narrow, much longer than wide; lemmas convex on the back, glabrous or minutely sca- brous, not crisp-puberulent ; keels obscure, marginal and intermediate nerves usu- ally faint. 61. Poa nevadensis Vasey. Nevada bluegrass. (Fig. 259.) Culms erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths scabrous, sometimes only slightly so ; ligule about 4 mm long, shorter on the innovations, decur- rent; blades usually elongate, narrow, involute, sometimes almost capillary, rather stiff; panicle narrow, 10 to 15 cm long, pale, rather loose, the branches short-appressed ; spikelets 3 -to 5-flowered, 6 to 8 mm long; glumes narrow, the second about as long as the lowest floret; lemmas 4 to 5 mm long, rather obtuse at the scarious tip. % — Low mmm Figure 255. Poa setunda. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 23202, Wyo.) Figure 257.— Poa canbyi. Panicle, X 1; floret X 10, (Williams 2787, Wyo.) Figure 258.— Distribution of Poa canbyi. 136 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 260.— Distribution of Poa nevadensis. meadows and wet places, Montana to eastern Washington and Yukon Territory, south to Colorado and the Sierras and San Bernardino Mountains, California; on wool waste in Maine (North Berwick) (fig. 260). 62. Poa curtifolia Scribn. (Fig. 261.) Culms several in a tuft from firm branched crowns, 10 to 20 cm tall; ligule prominent, the uppermost as much as 5 mm long; blades short, the lower 1.5 to 2 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide, the upper successively smaller, the uppermost near the panicle, much reduced; panicle narrow, 3 to 6 cm long; spikelets about 3-flowered ; glumes equal, 5 mm long, the first acuminate, the second broad, rather obtuse; lemmas 5 to 5.5 mm long. 21 — Known only from central Washington. 63. Poa juncifolia Scribn. Alkali bluegrass. (Fig. 262.) Pale ; culms erect, 50 to 100 cm tall ; ligules short, those of the innovations not visible from the sides; blades involute, smooth, rather stiff; panicle narrow, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches appressed; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered, 7 to 10 mm long; glumes about equal; lemmas about 4 mm long. 21 (P. brachyglossa Piper.) — Alkaline meadows, Montana to British Columbia, south to Colorado and east of the Cascades to north- eastern California (fig. 263). 64. Poa ampla Merr. Big blue- grass. (Fig. 264.) Green or glau- cous; culms 80 to 120 cm tall; sheaths smooth, rarely scaberulous ; ligule short, rounded; blades 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle narrow, 10 to 15 cm long, usually rather dense; spikelets 4- to 7-flowered, 8 to 10 mm long; lemmas 4 to 6 mm long. 21 — Meadows and moist open ground or dry or rocky slopes, Montana to Yukon Territory, south to New Mexico, Arizona, and Cal- ifornia (fig. 265). The typical form figure 259.-Poa is robust and more or less glaucous: nevadensis. Panicle, . . , . ,-P x i; floret, x io. this grades mto a smaller green figure 26i (fahf? Br°S' 1M3' form, more common in the eastern part of the range (P. conjusa Rydb.). Occasional specimens of the typical form have short rhizomes. Poa curti, folia. Panicle.Xl; floret, X 10. (Dupl. type.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 137 11. BRIZA L. Quaking grass Spikelets several-flowered, broad, often cordate, the florets crowded and spreading horizontally, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes about equal, broad, papery- chartaceous, with scarious margins; lemmas papery, broad, with scari- ous spreading margins, cordate at base, several-nerved, the nerves often obscure, the apex in our species obtuse or acutish; palea much shorter than the lemma. Low annuals or perennials, with erect culms, flat blades, and usually open, showy panicles, the pedicels in our species capillary, allowing the spikelets to vibrate in the wind. Standard species, Briza media. Name from Greek, Briza, a kind of grain, from brizein, to nod. The three species found in this country are introduced from Europe. They are of no impor- tance agriculturally except inso- far as B. minor occasionally forms an appreciable part of the spring forage in some parts of Califor- nia. B. maxima is sometimes cultivated for ornament, because of the large showy spikelets. m A T — H * i — r ^M ¥^v — X-rT^T~X Figure 263.— Distribution of Poa juncifolia. B. MAXIMA. Figure 262.— Poa juncifolia. Pan- icle, X 1: floret, X 10. (Type.) Panicle drooping; spikelets 10 mm wide 1. Panicle erect; spikelets 4 to 5 mm wide. Plants perennial; upper ligule 1 mm long; spikelets about 5 mm long 3. B. media. Plants annual; upper ligule 5 mm or more long; spikelets about 3 mm long 2. B. minor. 1. Briza maxima L. Big QUAKING GRASS. (Fig. 266, B.) Annual; culms erect or decum- bent at base, 30 to 60 cm tall; panicle drooping, few-flowered; spikelets ovate, 12 mm long or more, 10 mm broad, the pedi- cels slender, drooping; glumes and lemmas usually purple or brown margined. © — Sometimes cultivated for ornament; sparingly escaped in California (Monterey County). 2. Briza minor L. Little quaking grass. (Fig. 266, A.) Annual; culms erect, 10 to 40 cm tall; ligule of the upper leaf 5 mm long or more, acute; blades 2 to 10 mm wide; panicle 5 to 12 cm long, the branches stiffly ascending, the spikelets pendent, triangular-ovate, 3- to 6-flowered, about 3 mm long, o — Introduced at several Figure 265.— Distribution of Poa ampla. Figure 264. — Poa ampla. Pani- cle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Cran- dall 205, Colo.) 138 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figube 266.— .4. Briza minor. Plant, X Vi\ spikelet and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 2597, Calif.) B, B. maxima., X 3-2. (Baenitz, Dalmatia.) C, B. media. Panicle, X Vi- (Oakes, Mass.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 139 localities in the Eastern States from Canada to Alabama and Arkansas, becoming common on the Pacific coast, especially in California (fig. 267). 3. Briza media L. (Fig. 266, C.) Perennial; culms 15 to 60 cm tall; ligule of the upper leaf about 1 mm long, truncate; blades 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle erect, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches rather stiff, ascending, naked below; spikelets 5- to 12-flowered, orbicular, about 5 mm long. Ql — Fields and waste places, sparingly introduced, Ontario to Connecticut and Michigan (fig. 268). Figure 267. — Distribution of Briza minor. Figure 268.— Distribution of Briza media. Desmazeria sictjla (Jacq.) Dum. Low annual; culms spreading with ascending ends; panicles simple, 3 to 5 cm long, with large flat 2-ranked spike- lets. O — Occasionally cultivated for ornament. Europe. (Name some- times spelled Demazeria.) 12. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Lovegrass Spikelets few- to many-flowered, the florets usually closely imbri- cate, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets, or continuous, the lemmas deciduous, the paleas persistent; glumes somewhat unequal, shorter than the first lemma, acute or acuminate, 1-nerved, or the second rarely 3-nerved; lemmas acute or acuminate, keeled or rounded on the back, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves sometimes obscure; palea usually about as long as the lemma, the keels sometimes ciliate. Annuals or perennials of various habit, the inflorescence an open or contracted panicle. Type species, Eragrostis eragrostis Beauv. (E. poaeoides). Name from the Greek eros, love, and agrostis, a kind of grass. Although the species are numerous, they in general appear to have little forage value. Eragrostis intermedia is said to furnish forage on the grazing lands of Arizona and New Mexico. la. Plants annual. 2a. Plants creeping, rooting at the nodes, forming mats. Plants with perfect flowers; anthers 0.2 mm long 11. E. hypnoides. Plants dioecious; anthers 2 mm long 10. E. reptans. 2b. Plants often decumbent at base but not creeping and forming mats. 3a. Palea prominently ciliate on the keels, the cilia usually as long as the width of the lemma. Panicle interruptedly spikelike, rarely somewhat open; spikelets usually 3 to 4 mm long . 7. E. ciliaris. Panicle narrow but open, the pedicels ascending or spreading; spikelets 2 mm long 8. E. amabilis. 3b. Palea scabrous to short-ciliate. 4a. Panicle long, narrow, rather dense, tawny or stramineous; spikelets 2 to 3 mm long 9. E. glomerata. 4b. Panicle more or less open; spikelets usually more than 3 mm long. 5a. Spikelets sessile or nearly so 12. E. simplex. 5b. Spikelets pediceled. 6a. Spikelets mostly less than 5-flowered; lemmas obscurely nerved, scarcelv keeled. 140 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Panicles two- thirds the entire length of the plant or more, diffuse; pedicels more than 5 mm long; culms erect, closely tufted. 14. E. CAPILLARIS. Panicles less than half the entire length of the plant, oblong, open but scarcely diffuse; pedicels mostly less than 5 mm long; culms spreading or decumbent at base 15. E. frankii. 6b. Spikelets mostly more than 5-flowered. 7a. Spikelets ovate to oblong, flat, the florets spreading, closely imbricate 13. E. unioloides. 7b. Spikelets oblong to linear, the florets appressed. 8a. Plants with minute glandular depressions on the branches and often on the keels of the lemmas. Lemmas not glandular on the keel. Panicle narrow, rather dense, the branches with scattering glandular depressions 22. E. lutescens. Panicle open, the branches and pedicels widely spreading, the latter with a glandular depression below the spikelet. 28. E. SUAVEOLENS. Lemmas glandular on the keel. Spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm wide; panicle usually rather dense; anthers 0.5 mm long 23. E. cilianensis. Spikelets about 1.5 mm wide; panicle open; anthers 0.2 mm long 24. E. poaeoides. 8b. Plants not glandular on the branches nor lemmas, sometimes glandular on the sheaths (E. neomexicana) and below the nodes (E. barrelieri). Spikelets about 1 mm wide, linear, slender. Plant delicate; spikelets 3 to 5 mm long; lemmas 1 to 1.5 mm long 16. E. pilosa. Plant rather stout; spikelets 5 to 7 mm long; lemmas about 2mmlong 21. E. orctjttiana. Spikelets 1.5 mm wide or wider, ovate to linear. Panicle narrow, the branches ascending, spikelet-bearing nearly to base, few-flowered; spikelets linear, mostly 10- to 15-flowered 25. E. barrelieri. Panicle open, often diffuse. Spikelets linear, mostly 8- to 15-flowered, on slender spread- ing pedicels mostly longer than the spikelets. 29. E. arida. Spikelets ovate to linear, if linear not on spreading pedicels. Spikelets linear at maturity, appressed along the pri- mary panicle branches, these naked at the base for usually 5 to 10 mm. Lower lemmas 1.5 mm long. Primary panicle branches simple or the lower with a branchlet bearing 2 or 3 spikelets; spikelets loosely imbricate or sometimes not overlapping; plants slender, mostly less than 30 cm tall, the culms slender at base. Chiefly east of the 100th meridian 17. E. pectinacea. Primary panicle branches usually bearing appressed branchlets with few to several-spikelets, the spikelets thus appearing imbricate or crowded along the primary branches; plants more robust, mostly more than 30 cm tall, the culms stouter at the base. Chiefly from Texas to southern California 18. E. diffusa. Spikelets ovate to ovate-oblong, rarely linear, if linear not appressed along the primary panicle branches. Plants comparatively robust, usually more than 25 cm tall. Texas to southern California. Panicle large, the branches many-flowered, ascend- ing or drooping. Plant as much as 1 m tall, with blades as much as 1 cm wide, but often smaller 26. E. neomexicana. Panicle smaller and more open, the spreading branches few-flowered. Plant usually less than 30 cm tall 27. E. mexicana. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 141 Plants delicate, mostly less than 25 cm tall; blades mostly not more than 2 mm wide (see also E. frankii var. brevipes) . Panicle lax, the branches usually naked at base; spikelets 4 to 7 mm long. 19. E. TEPHROSANTHOS. Panicle rather stiff, the branches often floriferous nearly to the base; spikelets mostly not more than 3 mm long 20. E. peregrina. lb. Plants perennial. 9a. Panicle elongate, slender, dense, spikelike. __ . o. E. spicata. 9b. Panicle open or contracted, not spikelike. 10a. Plants with stout scaly rhizomes 1. E. obtusiflora. 10b. Plants without rhizomes. 11a. Spikelets subsessile or nearly so, the lateral pedicels not more than 1 mm long. Spikelets subsessile, distant along the few stout panicle branches 2. E. SESSILISPICA. Spikelets short-pediceled. Panicle large, becoming a tumble weed, the axis and branches viscid. 3. E. CURTIPEDICELLATA. Panicle narrow (rarely open in E. secundiflora) , not a tumble weed nor viscid; keels of palea forming a thick white band. Lemmas 3 mm long, somewhat abruptly narrowed to the acute apex; panicle usually red-brown; anthers 0.2 to 0.3 mm long. 4. E. SECUNDIFLORA. Lemmas 3.5 mm long, tapering to the acuminate apex; panicle pale or slightly pinkish; anthers 0.4 to 0.5 mm long. 5. E. BETRICHII. lib. Spikelets with pedicels more than 1 mm long (appressed along the branches in E. refracta; sometimes scarcely more than 1 mm long in E. chariis and E. bahiensis). Panicles large and open (sometimes condensed in E. bahiensis). 12a. Nerves of lemma obscure; lemma rounded on back, sometimes slightly keeled toward apex. Axils of main panicle branches usually strongly pilose (rarely glabrous in E. intermedia) . Sheaths pilose or hirsute. Culms mostly more than 50 cm tall; blades elongate, flat, not crowded at base of culm 30. E. hirstjta. Culms mostly less than 50 cm tall; blades rather short and crowded at base of culm 32. E. trichocolea. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so, except the pilose summit. Spikelets about 1 mm wide, 3- to 7-flowered, 3 to 5 mm long; lemmas 1.3 to 1.5 mm long 31. E. ltjgens. Spikelets about 1.5 mm wide; 3- to 8-flowered, 3 to 10 mm long; lemmas 1.8 to 2 mm long 35. E. intermedia. Axils of main panicle branches glabrous or the lower sparsely pilose. Pedicels bearing above the middle a glandular band or spot; axils glabrous 36. E. swalleni. Pedicels without glandular band; lower axils sparsely pilose to glabrous. Lemmas about 3 mm long 33. E. erosa. Lemmas about 2 mm long 34. E. palmeri. 12b. Nerves of lemma evident, usually prominent; lemmas keeled. Spikelets approximate in a somewhat condensed panicle, or along the main branches of a somewhat spreading panicle; florets mostly 15 to 30. Paleas readilv deciduous 45. E. chariis. Paleas persistent 46. E. bahiensis. Spikelets in an open panicle. Panicle longer than broad, the branches not horizontally spreading. Culms not more than 60 cm tall. Spikelets 9- to 15-flowered; panicle less than one-third the entire length of culm, the branches not viscid 37. E. tracyi. Spikelets 4- to 8-flowered; panicle more than half the entire length of culm, the branches viscid 38. E. silveana. 142 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Culms usually 1 m or more tall. Spikelets mostly not more than 6-flowered, purplish. 39. E. TRICHODES. Spikelets mostly 8- to 15-flowered, stramineous to bronze. 40. E. PILIFERA. Panicle at maturity about as broad as long. Panicle purple, the branches slender but rigid. 41. E. SPECTABILIS. Panicle green to leaden, the branches capillary, fragile. Spikelets appressed and distant along the nearly simple panicle branches 44. E. refracta. Spikelets on long pedicels. Lemmas 2 mm long 42. E. elliottii. Lemmas 3 mm long 43. E. acuta. Figure 269.— Eragrostis obtusiflora. Plant, X XA, two views of floret, X 10. (Tourney, Ariz.) Section 1. Cataclastos Doell Rachilla of spikelets disarticulating between the florets at maturity. 1. Eragrostis obtusiflora Scribn. (Fig. 269.) Culms erect or ascending, firm, wiry, 30 to 50 cm tall, from stout creeping rhizomes with closely imbricate hard spiny-pointed scales; sheaths pubescent or pilose at the throat; blades firm, glaucous, flat, becoming involute at least toward the spiny-pointed tip, 5 to 10 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 143 at base; panicle 5 to 15 cm long, the rigid simple branches ascending, loosely flowered, 5 to 8 cm long; spikelets pale or purplish, 6- to 12- flowered, 8 to 12 mm long, the pedicels about 1 mm long; glumes acute, 3 and 5 mm long; lemmas rounded on the back, rather loosely imbricate, obtuse, somewhat lacerate, about 4 mm long. % _ — Alkali soil, Arizona (Sulphur Springs Valley and Wilcox), New Mexico (Las Play as); Mexico. Scribner6 quotes Tourney as follows: "This species is one of the most abundant grasses in the extreme alkaline portions of Sulphur Springs Valley, where the large rootstocks in many places bind the shifting sands. It rarely flowers, and its superficial appearance, Figure 270.— Eragrostis sessilispica. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Swallen 1791, Tex.) without flowers, is much the same as our common salt grass (Distichlis spicata). It is a hard, rigid grass, but furnishes a large part of the forage of Sulphur Springs Valley, when other grasses are eaten off or are cut short by drought." 2. Eragrostis sessilispica Buckl. (Fig. 270.) Perennial; culms tufted, erect, 20 to 40 cm tall, with 1 node above the basal cluster of leaves; sheaths glabrous, strongly pilose at the throat; blades flat to rather loosely involute, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle loose, open, pilose in the axils, at first about half the entire length of the culm, elongating toward maturity, the axis curving or loosely spiral, as much as 40 cm long, the distant branches stiffly spreading, 5 to 15 cm long, florifer- ous to base, sometimes bearing below a few secondary branches, the e Lamson-Scribner, F. new or little known grasses. U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bull. 8, pt. I: 6-11, illus. 1897. (See p. 10.) 55974°-35 10 144 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE whole panicle finally breaking away and tumbling before the wind; spikelets distant, nearly sessile, appressed, linear, 5- to 12-flowered, 8 to 12 mm long; glumes acute, about 3 mm long; lemmas loosely imbricate, acuminate, becoming somewhat in- durate, 3 to 3.5 mm long, the lateral nerves prominent ; palea prominently bowed out below. % (Acamptoclados sessilispica Nash.) — Plains and sandy prairies, Kansas to Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico (fig. 271). 3. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckl. (Fig. 272.) Perennial; culms tufted, erect, 20 to 40 cm tall; sheaths pilose at the throat; blades flat or loosely involute, 1 to 3 mm wide ; panicle open, spreading, at first 15 to 20 cm long, the axis and branches viscid, rather sparingly pilose in the axils, finally elongating, breaking away and tumbling Figure 271.— Distribution of Eragrostis sessilispica. Figure 272.— Eragrostis curtipedicellata. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Ball 898, Tex.) before the wind, the branches stiffly ascending or spreading; spikelets oblong or linear, short-pediceled, somewhat appressed on the primary and secondary branches, 6- to 12-flowered, 3 to 6 mm long; glumes about 1.5 mm long; lemmas rather closely imbricate, oblong, acute, about 1.5 mm long; palea ciliate on the keels, not bowed out; grain 0.7 mm long. % — Plains, open woods, and dry slopes, southern Kansas to Texas and New Mexico (fig. 273). 4. Eragrostis secundiflora Presl. (Fig. 274.) Perennial; culms tufted, suberect, 20 to 40 cm tall; sheaths pilose at the throat; blades flat, more or less involute in drying, 1 to 4 mm wide, tapering to a FrGURE 273.— Distribution of Eragrostis curtipedicellata. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 145 fine point; panicle condensed, more or less interrupted or with stiff ascending rather densely flowered branches, rarely somewhat open, 5 to 15 cm long, some- times as much as 40 cm long, rarely sparsely pilose in the axils; spikelets usually red- brown, strongly compressed, subsessile, linear, mostly 10- to 40-flowered, 8 to 15 mm long; glumes acute, 1.5 and 2 mm long; lemmas closely imbricate, 3 mm long, somewhat abruptly narrowed to an acute apex, the tip slightly spreading; palea bowed out below, the keels prominent ; anthers 0.2 to 0.3 mm Figure 275.— Distribution of Eragrostis secundiflora. long, gray ; grain 1 mm gure 274. — Eragrostis secundi- flora. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Reverchon 3501A, Tex.) acuminate apex; palea long. 01 — Sandy soil, northern Florida to Kansas and New Mexico, south to Oaxaca; also California (San Diego) (fig. 275). 5. Eragrostis beyrichii J. G. Smith. (Fig. 276.) Resembling E. secundiflora and possibly only a variety of that species; differing in the softer foliage and panicle, the plant on the average smaller, the panicle pale or slightly pinkish; lemmas 3.5 to 4 mm long (the lower shorter), less firm, tapering to an broader and longer; anthers 0.4 to 0.5 mm long, yellowish. 01 — Sandy soil, Texas and Okla- homa (Wichita Mountains). 6. Eragrostis spicata Yasey. (Fig. 277.) Perennial; culms tufted, erect, about 1 m tall; blades flat, elongate, more or less involute in drying, tapering to a slender point; panicle pale, slender, dense, spikelike, 10 to 30 cm long, 3 to 4 mm thick; spikelets strongly com- pressed, 2- or 3-flowered, 2 mm long, the somewhat pubescent pedicels less than 1 mm long; glumes rather broad, obtuse, un- equal, the second about 1 mm long; lemmas about 2 mm long, all rising to about the same height, the lateral pair of nerves faint. % — Dry ground, Laredo (Tracy 7924, and Brownsville, Tex. ; BaiaCali- FlGU?E ™ --Eragrostis „ . _-, ' .J spicata. Panicle, X 1; forma; Paraguay, Argentina. spikeiet, x 10. (Swaiien 7. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br. (Fig. 278.) An- 1086'Tex) nual; culms branching, erect to spreading, slender, wiry, 15 to 30 cm tall ; Figure 276.— Eragrostis beyrichii. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. Tex.) 146 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE blades flat to subin volute, mostly less than 10 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle often purplish, condensed, interruptedly spikelike, 3 to 10 cm long, sometimes looser with stiffly ascending short branches; spikelets 6- to 12-flowered, 2 to 4 mm long; glumes about 1 mm long; lemmas oblong, 1 to 1.5 mm long, obtuse, the midnerve slightly excurrent; Figure 27&.—Eragrostis ciliaris. Plant X; Vz\ spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10. (Nash 2104, Fla.) keels of the palea conspicuously stiffly long-ciliate, the hairs 0.5 to 0.7 mm long ; grain 0.5 mm long, o —Sandy shores, rocky soil, and open ground, Georgia to Florida and Mississippi; Texas; New Jersey (ballast); West Indies and Mexico to Brazil and Peru (fig. 279); Africa; Asia. Specimens with laxer panicles of more spreading MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 147 « Figure 279.— Distribution of Eragrostis ciliaris. loosely flowered branches have been differentiated as E. ciliaris var. laxa Kuntze. 8. Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight and Arn. (Fig. 280.) Annual, resembling E. ciliaris; blades as much as 5 mm wide; panicle oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 4 cm wide, rather open; spikelets 4- to 8-flowered, about 2 mm long ; glumes less than 1 mm long ; lemmas ovate, ob- tuse, 1 mm long; keels of palea long- cilia te, the hairs about 0.3 mm long. © {E. plumosa Link.) — G a r d e n s and waste places, Georgia and Flor- ida; Texas; tropical America; appar- ently introduced from the Old World. 9. Eragrostis glomerata (Walt.) L. H. Dewey. (Fig. 2810 Annual; culms %^fl erect, 20 to 100 cm tall, branching be- low, the branches erect; blades flat, 3 to 8 mm wide, taper- ing to a fine point; panicle narrow, erect, densely flow- ered, somewhat in- ^K terrupted, 5 to 50 i||L cm long, greenish or ;j|||| ,1 tawny, the branches Wmp^ ascending or ap- atlMj pressed, floriferous to base, many-flow- ered ; spikelets short- pediceled, mostly 6- to 8-flowered, 2 to 3 mm long; glumes minute; lemmas very thin, about 1 mm long; grain about 0.3 to 0.4 mm long, o (E. con- ferta Trin.) — Banks of ponds and streams, and low ground, South Carolina to Florida, Arkansas, and eastern Texas, south through Mexico and West Indies to Uruguay (fig. 282). Figure 280.— Eragrostis amabilis. Panicle, X V2; spikelet, X 10. (Meislahn 10, Fla.) Figure 282.— Distribution of Eragrostis glomerata. Figure 281.— Eragrostis glomerata. Panicle, X \i, spikelet and floret, X 10. (Eggert, Ark.) 148 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGKICULTUKE Section 2. Pteroessa Doell Rachilla of spikelet continuous, not disarticulating at maturity; palea usually persistent for a short time after the fall of the lemma (sometimes falling with it in E. unioloides and E. chariis). 10. Eragrostis reptans (Michx.) Nees. (Fig. 283.) Annual, dioecious; culms branching, creeping, rooting at the nodes, forming mats; blades flat, usually pubescent, mostly 1 to 3 cm long; panicles numerous, ovoid, usually rather dense or capitate, few- to several- \ V, ,v.r;/ ■ , '.•V7.:.' / \ 'r. •" ' r4 \ >■■•■■' ■<■- ■ ■. f ■ Figure 283.— Eragrostis reptans. Pistillate (9) and staminate (cT) plants, X Vi\ floret, X 10. (Bush 1306 (9) and 1307 (cf), Tex.) flowered, rarely many-flowered, mostly 1 to 2 cm long; spikelets several- to many-flowered, linear, at length elongate and more or less curved; lemmas closely imbricate, often sparsely villous, acuminate, about 3 mm long; palea of pistillate floret about half as long as the lemma, of the staminate floret as long as the lemma; grain ovoid, about 0.5 mm long; anthers before dehiscing, 1.5 to 2 mm long, o (E. capitata Nash.) — River banks, sandy land, and open ground, Kentucky to South Dakota and Texas (fig. 284). 11. Eragrostis faypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. (Fig. 285.) Annual, branching, creeping, and matlike as in the preceding; blades scabrous or pubescent on the upper surface; panicles el- liptic, loosely few-flowered, 1 to 5 cm long, sometimes somewhat capitate; spikelets several- to many-flowered, linear, mostly 5 to 10 mm long, sometimes as much as 2 cm long in a dense cluster; flowers perfect; lemmas glabrous, acute, 1.5 to 2 mm long; palea about half as long as the lemma; grain 0.5 mm long; anthers about 0.2 mm long. © — Sandy river banks and wet ground, Quebec to Washington, south through Mexico and the West Indies to Argen- tina; not found in the Rocky Mountains (fig. 286). 12. Eragrostis simplex Scribn. (Fig. 287.) Annual; culms spread- ing to suberect, 10 to 30 cm tall; blades flat, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle narrow, 5 to 20 cm long, the main axis often curved, the branches Figure 284.— Distribution of Eragrostis reptans. MANUAL OF THE GEASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 149 solitary, distant, ascending or spreading, sometimes reflexed, floriferous to base, short, with a few crowded spikelets or as much as 5 cm long, with short branchlets; spikelets nearly sessile, linear, mostly 20- to 50- flowered, 5 to 20 mm long; lemmas closely imbricate, ovate, acute, 1.5 to 2 mm long, the lateral nerves f near the margin; grain about 0.5 mm long anthers about \L O.lmmlong. o — Sandy woods, dooryards, and waste places, yN/^southern Georgia and Florida. Figure 285.— Eragrostis hypnoides. Plant, X Yi, florets, X 10. (Mearns 741, Minn.) 13. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees. (Fig. 288.) Annual; culms erect or ascending, 20 to 40 cm tall; blades flat, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle elliptic, open, 10 to 15 cm long, about half as wide, the branches ascending; spikelets ovate-oblong, strongly compressed, truncate at base, obtuse, 15- to 30-flowered, 5 to 10 mm long, 3 mm wide, often pink or purplish; lem- mas closely imbricate, nearly horizontally spreading, strongly keeled, acute, 2 mm long, the lateral nerves prominent; palea falling with the lemma or soon thereafter; grain about 0.7 mm long. O — Waste ground, Georgia and Florida; introduced from southern Asia. 14. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Lace- grass. (Fig. 289.) Annual; culms erect, 20 to 50 cm tall, much- branched at base, the branches erect; sheaths pilose, at least on the margin, long-pilose at the throat; blades flat, erect, pilose on upper surface near the base, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle oblong or elliptic, open, Figure 286— Distribution of Eragrostis hypnoides. 150 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE diffuse, usually two-thirds the entire height of the plant, the branches and branchlets capillary; spikelets long-pediceled, 2- to 4-flowered, 2 to 3 mm long; glumes acute, 1 mm long; lemmas acute, about 1.5 mm long, obscurely nerved, rounded on the back, minutely scabrous toward the tip; grain 0.5 mm long, somewhat roughened, ground, open woods, and fields, Maine to Wisconsin, south to Georgia, Kansas, and eastern Texas (fig. 290). 15. Eragrostis frankii C. A. Meyer. (Fig.# 291.) Resembling E. capillaris; culms usually lower, spread- ing to erect; sheaths gla- brous except the pilose throat; blades glabrous; panicle less than half the entire height of the plant, open but not diffuse, mostly less than half as wide as long, the branches ascend- ing, the shorter pedicels not much longer than the spike- lets; spikelets 3- to 5- flowered, 2 to 3 mm long. © — Sandbars, river banks, and moist open ground, New Hampshire to © — Dry open Figure 287.— Eragrostis o.m ^ ,. piex. Panicle, x \fa floret, x Minnesota, south to t londa io. (curtiss, Fia.) and Kansas (fig. 292). Era- brevipes Fassett. Spikelets 5 3 to 4 mm long. © Figure 288.— Eragrostis uni- oloides. S p i k e 1 e t, X 10. (Curtiss 6898, Fla.) GROSTIS FRANKII Var. to 7 -flowered, -Wisconsin (Glenhaven), and Illinois. 16. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. India lovegrass. (Fig. 293.) Weedy annual; culms slender, erect or ascending from Figure 290.— Distribution of Eragrostis capillaris. a decumbent base, 10 to 50 cm tall ; blades flat, 1 to 3 mm wide ; panicle delicate, open, becoming somewhat diffuse, 5 to 20 cm long, Panicle, x i; the branches capillary, flexuous, floret, x io. (Dewey 35, d.c.) ascending or spreading, finally somewhat implicate, the lower fascicled, sparsely long-pilose in the MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 151 axils; spikelets gray to nearly black, linear, scarcely compressed, 3- to 9-flowered, 3 to 5 mm long, about 1 mm wide, the pedicels spreading, mostly longer than the spikelets ; glumes acute, the first a little less than, the second a little more than, 1 mm long; lemmas loosely imbricate, the rachilla more or less exposed, rounded on the back, acute, 1.2 to 1.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wade from keel to margin, the nerves obscure; grain 0.6 mm long. O — Moist open ground and waste places, Massachusetts to Colorado, south to Florida and Texas, south through Mexico and West Indies to Argentina; California (fig. 294); introduced from Europe. Eragrostis virescens Presl. Annual; culms slender, 50 to 60 cm tall; blades > & 3 to 6 mm wide ; panicle open, about one third the entire height of the culm, the lower branches mostly solitary, the axils glabrous or nearly so; bran c hie ts and spikelets some- what appressed Figure 291.— Eragrostis frankii. Panicle, n loner thfi nrimnrv X 1; floret, X 10. (Chase 2005, 111.) flulle , c *JI ., ■> branches; spike- lets linear, mostly 7- to 9-flowered, 4 to 5 mm long, pale or greenish, about 1 mm wdde ; lowTer lemmas scarcely 1.5 mm long, o — Ballast, Apalachicola, Florida ; Chile. Resembling E. diffusa; spikelets smaller. 17. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees. (Fig. 295.) Resem- bling E. pilosa; panicles less delicate, the axils glabrous or obscurely pilose, the somewhat larger spikelets appressed along the branches and branchlets, often longer than the pedicels; spikelets at maturity mostly linear, 5 to 8 mm long; lemmas 1.5 to 1.6 mm long, the rachilla not or scarcely exposed, the nerves evident; grain 0.8 mm Figure 292.— Distribution of Eragrostis frankii. Figure 294.— Distribution of Eragrostis pilosa. Figure 293.— Eragrostis pilosa. Panicle, X 1; floret and palea, X 10. (Ruth 514, Tex.) long, o (E. caroliniana (Spreng.) Scribn.; E. purshii Schrad.) — ■ Fields, waste places, open ground, moist places, Maine to North Dakota, south to Florida and eastern Texas, rare in the Western States (fig. 296). The name E. pectinacea has been misapplied to E. spectabilis. 18. Eragrostis diffusa Buckl. (Fig. 297.) More robust than E. pectinacea, usually 30 to 50 cm tall, sometimes taller; panicle larger, the primary branches bearing appressed secondary branches with few to several spikelets, the main panicle branches thus more 152 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE densely flowered 0 —A common weed in fields and open ground, Oklahoma and Texas to Nevada and southern California; introduced in Missouri, South Carolina, Alabama, and Louisiana; Mexico (fig. 298). In some specimens the spikelets are ascend- ing rather than appressed, thus making the panicle more open. 19. Eragrostis tephrosanthos Schult. (Fig. 299.) Annual, rather soft and lax; culms branching at base, erect to de- cumbent-spreading, 5 to 20 cm tall, sometimes taller; blades flat, usually 5 to 10 cm long, 1 +n 9 mm wirlp- nan- Figure 296— Distribution of LO Z mill WJUe, pail Eragrostis pectinacea. icle open, mostly 4 to 10 cm long, about half as wide, the branches ascending or spreading, naked below, the spikelets appressed or ascend- pani- ing along the upper part, the lower axils m'iuS 1; floret' X 10' (V H' Chase Pilose; spikelets 6- to 12-flowered, 4 to 7 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide; glumes about 1 and 1.3 mm long; lemmas 1.5 to 2 mm long, the lateral nerves distinct. © — Open ground, fields, and waste places, Florida to south- FlGURE 295. — Eragrostis pectinacea. Figure 297.— Eragrostis diffusa. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Reverchon 1614, Tex.) em Texas and south through the lowland tropics to Brazil (fig. 300). 20. Eragrostis peregrina Wiegand. (Fig. 301.) Annual; re- Figure 298.— Distribution of Eragrostis diffusa. Figure 299.— Eragrostis tephrosanthos. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Curtiss 5930, Fla.) sembling E. tephrosanthos but the axils of the panicle glabrous; panicle branches spikelet-bearing nearly to base; spikelets mostly MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 153 4- to 8-fiowered, mostly 3 to 4 mm long, o —Waste places, Maine to Michigan, south to Pennsylvania and Maryland: ballast, Portland, Oreg. (fig. 302); introduced from Europe. Figure 300.— Distribution of Eragrostis tephrosanthos. Figure 301.— Eragrostis peregrina. Figuke 302.— Distribution ol Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hotch- Eragrostis peregrina. kiss 1708, N.Y.) 21. Eragrostis orcuttiana Vasey. (Fig. 303.) Annual; culms ascending from a decumbent base, rather stout, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, 2 to 6 mm wide; panicle open, 15 to 30 cm long, the Figure 303.— Eragrostis orcuttiana. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 3063, Calif.) branches, branchlets, and pedicels slender, spreading, flexuous, finally implicate, the axils glabrous; spikelets linear, 6- to 10-flowered, sometimes a little falcate, 5 to 7 mm long, about 1 mm wide; second glume a little more than 1 mm long; lemmas loosely imbricate, the 154 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE FIGURE 304.— Distribution of Eragrostis orcuttiana. rachilla often exposed, narrow, acutish, the lower 1.8 mm long; gram 0.8 mm long. © — Fields, waste places, and sandy river banks, Oregon (ballast, Portland) and Nevada to Ari- ~7N zona and California (fig. 304). ';'.;- 22. Eragrostis lutescens Scribn. (Fig. 305.) Annual; culms freely branching at base, erect or ascending, 5 to 20 cm tall; sheaths and blades with numerous glandular depressions; blades flat; panicles numerous, narrow, erect, pale or yellowish green, 2 to 10 cm long, the branches ascending or appressed, beset with glandular depressions; spikelets 6- to 10-flowered, 5 to 7 mm long, compressed; glumes acute, 1.5 and 2 mm long; lemmas about 2 mm long, acute, the nerves prominent ; palea 1.5 mm long. o — Sandy shores, Idaho to Washington, south to Arizona and California (fig. 306). 23. Eragrostis cili- anensis (All.) Link. Stinkgrass. (Fig. 307.) Weedy annual with dis- agreeable odor when fresh; culms ascending or spreading, 10 to 50 cm tall, with a ring of glands below the nodes; foliage sparsely beset with glan- dular depressions, the sheaths pilose at the throat; blades flat, 2 to 7 mm wide; panicle erect, dark gray-green to tawny, usually rather condensed, sometimes, especially in the Southwest, open, 5 to 20 cm long, the branches ascending ; spikelets ob- long, compressed, 10- to 40-flowered, 5 to 15 mm long, 2.5 to 3 mm wide; lemmas in side view ovate, acutish, about 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide from keel to margin, the keel scabrous toward apex and beset with a few glands, the lateral nerves prominent; palea about two-thirds as long as the lemma, minutely ciliate on the keels; grain ovoid, plump, 0.7 mm long; anthers 0.5 mm long. © {E. major Host; E. megastachya Link.) — Cultivated ground, fields, and waste places, Maine to Washington, south throughout the United States, sparingly in the Northwest, absent from the higher mountains; Mexico and West Indies, south to Argentina: introduced from the Old World. Figuke 305.— Eragrostis lutescens. Plant, (Type.) floret, X 10. Figure 306.— Distribution of Eragrostis lutescens. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 155 Fiqure 307.— Eragrost is cilianensis. Plant, X lA; spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10. (Schuette 155, Wis.) 156 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGKICULTUKE 24. Eragrostis poaeoides Beauv. (Fig. 308.) Annual; resembling E. cilianensis, mostly more slender; panicles rather more open, the spikelets smaller, 1.5 to 2 mm wide, the lemmas about 2 mm long, the glands sometimes obscure; an- thers about 0.2 mm long. Q (E. minor Host; E. eragrostis Beauv.) — Waste places, spar- ingly introduced from Europe, Vermont to Iowa, south to Georgia and Texas ; Arizona and California (fig. 309). 25. Eragrostis barrelled Da- veau. (Fig. 310.) Annual; culms erect or decumbent at Figure 308.— Eragrostis poaeoides. Panicle, X 1; floret, Dase, 20 to 50 CHI tall, branching X 10. (Dutton 2235, Vt.) > . '■ ,, i D at base, sometimes with a glan- dular band below the nodes; sheaths pilose at the summit; blades flat, rather short, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle erect, open but narrow, 8 to 15 cm long, the branches ascending or stiffly spreading, few-flowered, spikelet-bearing nearly to base, the axils gla- brous; spikelets linear, usually 12- to 15- flowered, mostly about 1 cm long, and 1.5 mm wide ; lemmas 2 mm long or slightly longer, o — Waste places, Kansas, Texas ; Arizona (Tomb- stone); California (Fresno); introduced from southern Europe. 26. Eragrostis neomexicana Vasey. (Fig. 311.) Annual; culms usually rather stout, often widely spreading, as much as 1 m tall; sheaths glabrous, pilose at the throat, often with glandular depressions along the keel or nerves ; blades flat, often elongate, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle 20 to 40 cm long, smaller in depauperate specimens, open, the branches ascending or spreading but not divaricate, the branchlets at first appressed along the main branches, finally usually spread- ing, the axils glabrous; spikelets mostly dark grayish green, ovate to ovate-ob- long, or rarely linear, mostly 8- to 12- flowered, 5 to 8 mm long, about 2 mm wide; lemmas 2 to 2.3 mm long. O — Fields, waste places, and wet ground, Texas to southern California, south through Mexico ; introduced in Maryland, Indiana, Iowa, and Mis- souri (fig. 312). 27. Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.) Panicle, Link. MEXICAN LOVEGRASS. (Fig. 313.) Resembling E. neomexicana, but lower, erect or spreading, often simple; panicle erect, comparatively small and few-flowered, less compound, the branches and pedicels Figure 309.— Distribution of Eragrostis poaeoides. Figure 310.— Eragrostis barrelieri. X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 5280, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 157 spreading; spikelets usually not more than 7-flowered. © — Open ground, Texas to Arizona; introduced in Delaware and Iowa. 28. Eragrostis suaveolens Becker. (Fig. 314.) Annual culms spreading, 20 to 50 cm tall, a ring of glands below the nodes; sheaths with numerous small glandular depressions on the nerves; blades flat, sparsely long-pilose, 2 to 3 mm wide ; panicles open, less than half the entire height of the culm, 10 to 15 cm or more long, the branches and pedicels spreading, the axils glabrous, the branchlets and pedicels bearing near the sum- mit a glandular depression ; spike- lets linear-oblong, 5 to 7 mm long, Figure 312.— Distribution of Eragrostis neomexicana. mostly 7- to 9-flowered, rather soft; lemmas keeled, the lower about 2 mm long, the lateral nerves distinct. © — Intro- duced in the vicinity of Las Cruces, N.Mex. ; southern Russia. 29. Eragrostis arida Hitchc. (Fig. 315.) Annual; culms branching at base, erect or more or less decumbent at base, 20 to 40 cm tall; sheaths not glandu- lar, the hairs at summit in a dense line part way along the collar; blades mostly flat, glabrous, tapering to a fine point, mostly 4 to 8 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle mostly one-third to half the entire length of the plant, open, Figure 311. — Eragrostis neomexicana. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 313.— Eragrostis mexicana. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Smith, N.Mex.) the branches, branchlets, and pedicels flexuous, spreading, the lower axils sparsely pilose, the branches solitary or the lower in pairs; spikelets oblong to linear, stramineous or drab, mostly 8- to 15- flowered, 5 to 10 mm long, 1.5 to 2 mm wide, somewhat compressed, 158 MISC. PUBLICATION 200> U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE the lateral pedicels 2 to 3 mm long; glumes acute, the first narrow, scarcely 1 mm long, the second a little longer and wider; lemmas 1.6 to 1.8 mm long, acut- ish. o — Dry soil, Arkansas and Texas to Arizona and central Mexico. 30. Eragrostis hir- suta (Michx.) Nees. (Fig. 316.) Perennial; culms erect, tufted, 50 to 120 cm tall; sheaths hirsute to glabrous, pilose at the throat and especially along the collar at each side ; blades flat, elongate, 5 to 10 mm wide, becom- ing more or less inVO- lnfa fonorino' fn « fine Figure 315.— Eragrostis arida. Panicle, lute, tapering to a, line x 1; floret> x 10 (Type.) Figure 314.— Eragrostis point, SCabrOUS On the (mtchcock71^, n! upper surface; panicle diffuse, more than half the Mex) entire height of the plant, pilose in the axils, branching 4 or 5 times; spikelets on long flexuous pedicels, ovate to ovate- Figure 317.— Distribution of Eragrostis hirsuta. oblong, 2- to 6-flow- ered (rarely to 8-flow- 3 to 4 mm long; glumes acuminate, 1.5 and 2 mm long; lemmas rather turgid, 2 mm long, acute, the nerves obscure; grain oblong, 1 mm long, minutely striate and pitted. % —Dry soil, fields and open woods, Maryland to Missouri, figure zw.-Eragrostis hir- south to Florida and eastern Texas; introduced xw. Slfssl&X) in Maine and Massachusetts (fig. 317). Figure 318— Eragrostis tugens. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Reverchon 16, Tex.) 31, Eragrostis lugens Nees. (Fig. 318.) Perennial; culms tufted, rather wiry, sometimes geniculate below, sparingly branching; sheaths MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 159 pilose in the throat, sometimes along the margin and on sides at summit; blades subinvolute, 10 to 25 cm long, 1.5 to 3 mm wide, pilose on the upper surface toward base, rarely beneath; panicle rather diffuse, 15 to 30 cm long, about two-thirds as wide, the axis and ascending to spreading branches capillary, flexuous, the lower branches in pairs or verticils, the axils except upper, conspicuously long pilose; spikelets on long pedicels, mostly glossy drab, 3- to 7-flowered, 3 to 5 mm long, 1 to 1.2 mm wide; glumes thin, 0.7 and 1.2 mm long, falling early; lemmas closely imbricate, 1.3 to 1.5 mm long, ^^ ^^^ 7~ 7—-—~^Jr~ abruptly acute; grain about 0.7 mm 0 long. 91 — Dry prairie, Texas; also on ballast, Mobile, Alabama; Vene- zuela to Argentina. 32. Eragrostis trichocolea Hack, and Arech. (Fig. 319.) Perennial; culms ^uresis £g«™g . wcM^Pamcie, erect, 30 to 60 cm tall, the leaves rather short, mostly crowded at the base; sheaths, at least the lower, spreading, pilose ; blades spreading, flat or, especially on the innova- tions, involute, mostly 8 to 12 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, pilose; panicle diffuse, 15 to 20 cm long, nearly or quite as wide, the branches Figure 320— Eragrostis erosa. Panicle, X 1. (Skehan 58, N.Mex.); floret, X 10. (Type.) stiffly and widely spreading, pilose in the axils; pedicels 2 or 3 times as long as the spikelets; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, 3 to 4 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide; glumes 1 to 1.2 and 1.3 to 1.5 mm long; lemmas about 1.5 mm long. % — Sandy woods, Florida (Tampa, Lake- land) ; Mexico to Uruguay. 33. Eragrostis erosa Scribn. (Fig. 320.) Perennial; culms tufted, erect, 50 to 90 cm tall; blades mostly involute; panicle diffuse, less than half the entire height of the plant, usually about one-third, 65974°— 35 -11 160 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE mostly more than half as wide as long, branching 2 or 3 times, sparsely pilose or glabrous in the axils; spikelets mostly 8- to 9-flowered, 5 to 10 mm long, 1.8 to 2 mm wide; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm long, hyaline-mar- gined toward summit, the tip erose. % — Rocky hills, western Texas to New Mexico and northern Mexico. 34. Eragrostis palmeri S. Wats. (Fig. 321.) Perennial; culms tufted, erect, about 70 cm tall ; blades involute, elongate, erect; panicle open, oblong, 15 to 20 cm long, 5 to 7 cm wide, glabrous in the axils ; spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, mostly 7- to 9-flowered, brownish; first glume about 1 mm long; second glume 1.5 to 2 mm long; lemmas rounded on the back, bronze-tipped, about 2 mm long. 01 — Alkaline banks, Texas (Harlingen) ; Mexico (Juarez, Coahuila). Differs from E. erosa in the oblong pan- icle and smaller spikelets and lemmas. 35. Eragrostis intermedia Hitchc. Plains lovegrass. (Fig. 322.) Per- ennial ; culms erect, tufted, mostly 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or the lowermost sparsely pilose, conspicuously pilose at the throat, the hairs extending in a line across the collar; blades flat to subinvolute, pilose on the upper surface near the base, otherwise glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, 10 to 25 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle erect, open, often diffuse, 15 to 35 cm long, Figure 321. — Eragrostis palmeri. Pan- icle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Silveus851, Tex.) Figure 322. — Eragrostis intermedia. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.) at maturity mostly about three-fourths as wide, the axils pilose, some- times sparsely so or rarely glabrous, the branches slender but rather stiff, the lower in pairs or verticils, all spreading, often horizontal; spikelets usually 3- to 8-flowered, 3 to 10 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide, grayish or brownish green, the pedicels somewhat flexuous, 1 to MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 161 3 times as long as the spikelet; glumes acute, 1 to 1.2 and 1.2 to 1.4 mm long; lemmas turgid, obscurely nerved, 1.8 to 2 mm long, usually bronze-tipped, not hyaline margined; grain oblong, about 0.7 mm long. % — Dry or sandy prairies, Georgia; Louisiana and Missouri to southern California and south to Central America (fig. 323). A few specimens from New Mexico have long spikelets (as much as 13-flowered) and glabrous axils. 36. Eragrostis swalleni Hitchc. (Fig. 324.) Perennial; culms in dense tufts, erect, 20 to 50 cm tall, an obscure glandular band below the nodes; sheaths spar- ingly pilose at the throat; blades involute, glabrous, arching-recurved, 10 to 30 cm long; panicle erect, open, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches ascending or spreading, glabrous, stiffly flexuous; spikelets oblong to linear, stramineous or grayish-green, 7 to 10 mm long, about 2 mm wide, mostly 8- to 12-flowered, the slender pedicels bearing above the middle a glandular band or spot; glumes acutish, rather broad, about 1.2 and 1.8 mm long; lemmas rather closely imbricate, acutish, about 2 mm long; palea minutely scabrous on the keels ; grain nearly smooth, slightly narrowed toward the summit, 1 mm long. % — Sandy prairies, southern Texas. Known only from Sarita and nearby Riviera. 37. Eragrostis tracyi Hitchc. (Fig. 325.) Apparently perennial; culms erect, tufted, 30 to 80 cm tall; sheaths rather sparsely pilose Figure 323.— Distribution of Eragrostis intermedia. Figure 324.— Eragrostis swalleni. Plant and panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.) at the throat; blades flat or, especially of the innovations, involute, 5 to 25 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle erect, open, 10 to 15 cm long, 5 to 8 cm wide, the axils glabrous or nearly so, the branches ascending to spreading, flexuous; spikelets linear, mostly 9- to 15-flowered, 5 to 10 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide, pinkish or purplish, the flexuous pedicels spreading, 2 to 5 mm long; glumes acutish, about 1 mm and 1.5 mm long; lemmas 1.5 to 2 mm long, rather soft, loosely imbricate, the lateral nerves distinct; palea somewhat persistent; grain about 0.7 mm long. % — Sandy soil, known only from Sanibel Island, Fla. 162 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 38. Eragrostis silveana Swallen. (Fig. 326.) Perennial; culms densely tufted, erect from a knotty base, 40 to 50 cm tall; sheaths [Figure 325.— Eragrostis tracyi. Panicle, X l; floret, X 10. (Type.) glabrous; blades flat or loosely involute in drying, elongate, 3 mm wide, attenuate to a fine point, glabrous; panicle 25 to 35 cm long, Figure 326.— Eragrostis silveana. Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 10. (Type.) 10 to 15 cni wide, the viscid scabrous branches stiffly ascending or spreading, naked at base, sparsely pilose in the axils; spikelets pur- MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 163 plish, 4- to 8-flowered, 2.5 to 4 mm long, the ultimate pedicels short, usually appressed; glumes about 1 mm long; lemmas acute, about 1.3 mm long, the lateral nerves prominent. 01 — Open ground, southern Texas. 39. Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Nash. (Fig. 327.) Perennial; culms tufted, erect, 60 to 120 cm tall; sheaths pilose at the summit, Figure 327.— Eragrostis trichodes. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Reverchon, Tex.) sometimes on the upper half; blades flat to subin volute, elongate, 2 to 6 mm wide, tapering to a slender point, scabrous on the upper surface ; panicle usually purplish, diffuse, oblong, usually about half the entire height of the culm, branching 3 or 4 times, the branches capillary, loosely ascending, sparsely pilose in the axils; spikelets long- pediceled, lanceolate to ovate-oblong, mostly 4- to 6-flowered, 4 to 7 mm long; glumes acuminate, nearly equal, 2.5 to 3 mm long, about as long as the first floret; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm long, acute, subcompressed, the keel and lateral nerves strong; grain 1 mm long, minutely pitted ; anthers a little more than 1 mm long. % — Sand barrens and open sandy woods, Illinois and Nebraska to Texas (fig. 328). 40. Eragrostis pilifera Scheele. (Fig. 329.) Resembling E. trichodes, often in smaller tufts and taller; panicle stramineous or golden-bronze ; spikelets linear, 8- to 15-flowered, 8 to 1 2 mm long ; glumes and lemmas about 3 mm long. 91 (E. grandiflora Smith and Bush.) — Sandhills and sand barrens, Illinois and Nebraska to Texas (fig. 330). Probably only a variety of E. trichodes. 41. Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Purple lovegrass. (Fig. 331.) Perennial; culms in dense tufts, stiffly erect to spreading, 20 to 60 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or pilose, conspicuously hairy at the throat ; blades flat or folded, rather firm, stiffly ascending, tapering to a fine point, glabrous or rarely pilose, mostly 3 to 8 mm wide; panicle at first included at base, two thirds the entire height of the culm, diffuse, bright purple, rarely pale, branching 3 or 4 times, the axis stiff, the branches stiffly spreading toward maturity, rarely pilose, Figure 328.— Distribution of Eragrostis trichodes. 164 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE strongly pilose in the axils, the lower shorter than the middle ones, finally reflexed, the whole panicle finally breaking away and tumbling before the wind ; spikelets long-pediceled, short-pediceled toward the ends of the branches, oblong to linear, 6- to 12-flowered, 4 to 8 mm long; glumes acute, a little more than 1 mm long; lemmas acute, about 1.5 mm long, slightly scabrous toward the tip, the lateral nerves prominent toward the base; palea somewhat bowed out, exposing the rather prominently short-ciliate keels; grain oval, dark-brown, 0.6 Figure 329.— Eragrostis pilifera. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Rydberg 1831, Nebr.) mm long. 01 — Sandy soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas, Colorado, and Arizona; Mexico (San Luis Potosi) (fig. 332). This species has been generally referred to E. pedinacea. 42. Eragrostis elliottii S. Wats. (Fig. 333.) Perennial; culms tufted, stiffly erect or spreading, 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths glabrous, pilose at the throat; blades flat, elongate, scabrous on the upper surface, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle diffuse, fragile, usually more than half the entire height of the plant, branching 3 or 4 times, the branches capillary, spreading; spikelets on long capillary spreading pedicels, linear, mostly 8- to 15- flowered, 5 to 12 mm long, about 2 mm wide, pale or gray; glumes acute, 1 and 1.5 mm long; lemmas closely imbricate, acute, about 2 mm long, bowed out below, fitting into the angles of the zigzag rachilla; grain oval, 0.7 mm long. qj. — Low ground, wet meadows, and low pine woods, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida and eastern Texas; West Indies and eastern Mexico (fig. 334). 43. Eragrostis acuta Hitchc. (Fig. 335.) Perennial; culms erect, 40 to 60 cm tall; sheaths glabrous, pilose at the throat; blades flat, becoming more or less involute, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle diffuse, more than half the entire height of the plant, branching 3 or 4 times, the branches less fragile than in E. elliottii; spikelets on long spreading pedicels, oblong-elliptic, 10- to 20-flowered, 8 to 14 mm long, 3 mm wide, pale or stramineous; glumes acuminate, 2.5 and 3 mm long; lemmas acuminate, 3 mm long; grain 0.8 mm long. 01 — Low pine woods and moist sandy soil, peninsular Florida yOr — ~r~""H~~ 1.... t 4- • 1 \ w Figure 330.— Distribution of Eragrostis pilifera. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 165 Figure 331.— Eragrostis spectabiiis. Plant, X H; spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 7849, Md.) 166 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 44. Eragrostis refracta (Muhl.) Scribn. (Fig. 336.) Resembling E. elliottii; blades more or less pilose on the upper surface near base; lower panicle branches usually finally reflexed, long-pilose in the axils; spikelets short-pedicelled, appressed and distant along the nearly simple panicle branches, the lemmas on the average shorter than in E. elliottii. % — Low sandy soil, Coastal Plain, Del- aware to Florida and eastern Texas (fig. 337). 45. Eragrostis chariis (Schult.) Hitchc. (Fig. 338, B.) Perennial; culms erect or as- cending at base, 60 to 120 cm tall; panicle open, 7 to 15 cm long, nodding, the branch- es glabrous or with a few hairs in the axils, ascending, solitary, rather distant, naked below, rather closely flowered with ascending or appressed branchlets; spikelets linear, 5 to 10 mm long, 8- to 20-flowered; glumes about 1.3 and 1.7 mm long; Figure 332.— Distribution of Eragrostis spectabitis. Figure 333.— Eragrostis elliottii. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Tracy 7384, Fla.) lemmas 1.5 to 2 mm long, imbricate; palea persistent only a short time after the fall of the lemma, the naked rachilla persisting. 91 — Sandy roadsides, Florida (St. Petersburg) ; introduced from south- eastern Asia. 46. Eragrostis bahiensis Schrad. (Fig. 338, A) Resembling E. chariis; panicle often more or less condensed; spikelets as much as 30-flowered; lemmas about 2 mm long; palea persistent. 21 —Introduced, Florida (Milton, Pensacola), Alabama (Mobile), and Louisiana (Avery Island); Brazil. Eragrostis stenophylla Hochst. Erect smooth annual, 30 to 40 cm tall, with loosely involute blades and rather loose panicle with as- cending branches, the linear spikelets several-flowered, the lemmas 1 .3 F i]g|u R e 334.— Distribution of Eragrostis elliottii. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 167 Figure ZZa.—Eragrostis acuta. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 336.— Eragrostis nfracta. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Kearney 1922, N. C.) 168 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE mm long. © — Mississippi (Biloxi), probably escaped from grass garden. India. Eragrostis cyperoides (Thunb.) Beau v. Stiff stout stoloniferous perennial with sharp-pointed blades and narrow elongate interrupted panicles, the distant branches with naked thorn like tips; spikelets coriaceous, crowded. Ql — :Oregon (Linnton), on ballast. South Africa. Eragrostis abyssinica (Jacq.) Link. Teff. Annual; culms branching and spreading, 30 to 100 cm tall; panicle large and open; spikelets 5- to 9-flowered, 6 to 8 mm long. O — Occasionally cultivated for ornament. Africa, where the seed is used for food. Eragrostis tenella (L.) Beauv. Tall branching annual; blades long, lax; panicles numerous, pale, 20 to 50 cm long, narrow but loose; spikelets minute. O (E. japonica Trin.) — Occasionally cultivated for ornament. Asia. Eragrostis obtusa Munro. Low branching perennial; panicles open, 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets gray-olivaceous, broadly ovate, the lemmas almost horizontally spreading. % — Occasionally cultivated for ornament. South Africa. Eragrostis chloromelas Steud. Branching perennial, 40 to 65 cm tall with Figure 337.— Distribution of Eragrostis refracta. Figure 338.— ,4, Eragrostis bahiensis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 19862, La.) X 10. (Weatherwax 822, Fla.) B, E. chariis, hard tufted base; blades involute; panicle loose, 8 to 12 cm long; spikelets dark olivaceous. Ql ■ — Occasionally cultivated for ornament. South Africa. Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees. Tufted perennial, 60 to 120 cm tall; blades elongate, subinvolute with long flexuous setaceous tips; panicle 20 to 30 cm long, loose; spikelets dark olivaceous. 01 — Occasionally cultivated for ornament. South Africa. 13. CAT ABROSA Beauv. Spikelets mostly 2-flowered, the florets rather distant, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal, shorter than the lower floret, flat, nerveless, irregularly toothed at the broad truncate apex; lemmas broad, prominently 3-nerved, the nerves parallel, the broad apex scarious; palea about as long as the lemma, broad, scarious at the apex. Aquatic perennials, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 169 with creeping bases, flat soft blades, and open panicles. Type species, Catabrosa aquatica. Name from Greek katabrosis, an eating up or devouring, referring to the toothed or eroded glumes. 1. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. Brookgrass. (Fig. 339.) Glabrous throughout; culms 10 to 40 cm long; blades mostly less than 10 cm long, 2 to 8 mm wide; panicle erect, 10 to 20 cm long, oblong or pyrami- dal, yellow to brown, the branches spreading in some- what distant whorls; spikelets short-pediceled, about 3 mm long; glumes about 1.5 and 2 mm long; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm long. Ql — Mountain mead- ows, around springs and along streams, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alberta, south through North Dakota and eastern Oregon to northern Arizona (fig. 340); Eurasia. Cutandia memphitica (Spreng.) Richt. Low annual; blades flat; panicle few- Figure 339.— Catabrosa aquatica. Plant, X H; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Williams and Fernald, Que.) flowered; spikelets on short pedicels, finally divergent on the zigzag branches, o — San Bernardino Mountains, Calif. ; introduced from the Mediterranean region. 170 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 340.— Distribution of Catabrosa aguatica. Figure 341.— Molinia caerulea. Plant, X H; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Kirk 157, Vt.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 14. MOLINIA Schrank 171 Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, the florets distant, the rachilla disarticu- lating above the glumes, slender, prolonged beyond the upper floret and bearing a rudimentary floret; glumes somewhat unequal, acute, shorter than the first lemma, 1-nerved; lemmas membranaceous, narrowed to an obtuse point, 3-nerved; palea bowed out below, equaling or slightly exceeding the lemma. Slender tufted perennials, with flat blades and narrow, rather open panicles. Type species, Molinia caerulea. Named for J. I. Molina. 1. Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench. (Fig. 341. )_ Culms erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades 2 to 7 mm wide, erect, tapering to a fine point; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, purplish, the branches ascending, rather densely flowered, mostly floriferous to the base; spikelets short- pediceled, 4 to 7 mm long; lemmas about 3 mm long. % — Meadows and fields, introduced in a few localities, Maine to Pennsylvania (fig. 342) ; Eurasia. Figure 342.— Distribution of Molinia caerulea 15. DIARRHENA Beauv. (Diarina Raf.) Spikelets few-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal, acute, shorter than the lemmas, the first 1-nerved, the second 3- to 5-nerved; lemmas char- taceous, pointed, 3-nerved, the nerves converging in the point, the upper floret reduced; palea chartaceous, obtuse, at maturity the lemma and palea widely spread by the large turgid beaked caryopsis with hard shining pericarp; stamens 2 or 3. Perennials, with slender rhizomes, broadly linear, flat blades, long-tapering below, and narrow, few-flowered panicles. Type species, Diarrhena americana. Name from Greek dis, twice, and arren, male, alluding to the two stamens. 1. Diarrhena americana Beauv. (Fig. 343.) Culms slender, about 1 m tall; leaves approximate below the middle of the culm; sheaths pubescent toward the summit; blades elongate, 1 to 2 cm wide, scabrous to pubescent beneath; panicle long-exserted, drooping, 10 to 30 cm long, the branches few, appressed, the lower distant; spikelets 10 to 18 mm long, at first narrow, the florets expanded at maturity; lemmas 6 to 10 mm long. 91 (Diarina festucoides Raf.) — Rich or moist woods, West Virginia to Michigan and South Dakota, south to Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas (fig. 344). 172 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 343.— Dianhcna americana. Plant, X Yi, spikelet and floret, X 5. (Wilcox 66, 111.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 173 \p F 16. DISSANTHELIUM Trin. Spikelets mostly 2-flowered, the rachilla slender, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes firm, near- ly equal, acuminate, much longer than the lower floret, mostly exceeding all the florets, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lem- mas strongly compressed, oval or elliptic, acute, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves near the margin; palea somewhat shorter than the lemma. Annuals or perennials with narrow ^ panicles. Type species, Dissanthelium supin- um Trin. Name from Greek, dissos, double, and anthelion, a small flower, alluding to the two small florets. 1. Dissanthelium californicum (Nutt.) Benth. (Fig. 345.) Annual, lax; culms more or less decumbent or spreading, about 30 cm tall; blades flat, 10 to 15 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide ; panicle 10 to 15 cm long, narrow but rather loose, the branches in fascicles, ascending, slender, flexuous, some of them floriferous to base; glumes narrow, acute, nearly equal, about 3 mm long; lemmas pubescent, nearly 2 mm long. © — Open ground, islands off the southern coast of California and of Baja California. 17. REDFIELDIA Vasey Spikelets compressed, mostly 3- or 4- flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes somewhat unequal, 1-nerved, acuminate; lemmas chartaceous, 3-nerved, the nerves parallel, densely villous at base; palea as long as the lemma; grain free. A rather tall perennial, with extensive rhizomes, and a large panicle with diffuse capillary branches. Type species, Redfieldiaflexuosa. Named for J. H. Redfield. 1. Redfieldia flexuosa (Thurb.) Vasey. Blowout grass. (Fig. 346.) Culms tough, 60 to 100 cm tall, the rhizomes long, slender; blades glabrous, involute, elongate, flexu- ous, tapering to a fine point ; panicle oblong, one-third to half the entire length of the culm; spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, broadly V- shaped, the glumes acuminate, about half as long as the spikelet; lemmas acute, sometimes mucronate, 4 to 5 mm long. ^^iS^^^i % —Sand hills, South Dakota to Okla- *?*.*<> ret> x 10- homa, west to Colorado (Fort Garland) and Arizona (Moki Reservation) (fig. 347). A sand-binding grass. 174 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure Zi&.—Redfieldia flexuosa. Plant, X M; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Over 2429, S.Dak.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 175 Figure 347.— Distribution of Redfieldia flexuosa. 18. MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm. Plants dioecious; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, the uppermost florets rudimentary, the rachilla disarticulating tardily in pistillate spike- lets; glumes wanting; lemmas rounded on the back, convolute, nar- rowed above, several-nerved, those of the pistillate spikelets like the blades in texture; palea narrow, 2-nerved, in the pistillate spikelets convolute around the pistil, the rudimentary uppermost floret en- closed between the keels of the floret next below. A creeping wiry perennial, with clustered short subulate blades, the spikelets incon- spicuous at the ends of the short branches, only a little exceeding the leaves. Type species, Monanthochloe littoralis. Name from Greek monos, single, anthos, flower, and chloe, grass, alluding to the unisexual flowers. 1. Monanthochloe littoralis Engelm. (Fig. 348.) Culms tufted, extensively creeping, the short branches erect; blades falcate, mostly less than 1 cm long, conspicuously distichous in distant to approximate clusters; spikelets 1 to few, nearly concealed in the leaves. 91 — Muddy seashores and tidal flats, southern Florida, especially on the keys; Texas (Galveston and southward); southern California (Santa Barbara and south- ward); Mexico, Cuba. 19. DISTICHLIS Raf. Saltgrass Plants dioecious; spikelets several to many-flowered, the rachilla of the pistillate spikelets disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal, broad, acute, keeled, 3- to 7-nerved, the lateral nerves sometimes faint; lemmas closely imbricate, firm, the pistillate coriaceous, acute or subacute, with 9 to 11 mostly faint nerves ; palea as long as the lemma or shorter, the margins bowed out near the base, the pistillate coriaceous, enclosing the grain. Low perennials, with extensively creeping scaly rhizomes, erect, rather rigid culms, and dense, rather few-flowered panicles. Type species, Distichlis spicata. Name from Greek distichos, 2-ranked, alluding to the distichous leaves. The species of Distichlis in general have little value for forage but in the interior basins, such as the vicinity of Salt Lake, D. stricta is grazed when better grasses are not available. Plants mostly more than 30 cm tall; blades not conspicuously distichous, mostly 20 to 40 cm long; panicle more than 10 cm long; stolons present, long and stout 4. D. texana. Plants mostly less than 30 cm tall; blades conspicuously distichous, mostly less than 10 cm long; panicle rarely more than 5 cm long; stolons wanting. Palea as long as the lemma, firm, broad below, the broad wings of the keels finely dentate 3. D. dentata. Palea shorter than the lemma, rather soft, not much broader below, the narrow wings of the keels entire. Panicles condensed, the spikelets imbricate, mostly 5- to 9-flowered. 1. D. SPICATA. Panicles looser, the spikelets less imbricate, the individual spikelets plainly visible, mostly 9- to 15-flowered 2.. D. stricta. 55974°— 35 12 176 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 177 1. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. Seashore saltgrass. (Fig. 349.) Culms 10 to 40 cm tall, sometimes taller; leaves numerous, the sheaths closely overlapping, the spreading blades conspicuously distichous, flat to involute, sharp-pointed, mostly less than 10 cm long; panicle usually pale or greenish, 1 to 6 cm long, rarely longer; spikelets mostly 5- to 9- flowered, mostly 6 to 10 mm long, compressed; lemmas 3 to 6 mm long, the pistillate more coriaceous and more closely im- bricate than the staminate ; palea rather soft, narrow, the keels narrowly winged, entire ; anthers about 2 mm long. % — Seashores, forming dense col- onies, Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas ; British Columbia to Cal- ifornia, Mexico and Cuba ; Pacific slope of South America (fig. 350). 2. Distichlis stricta (Torr.) Rydb. Desert saltgrass. (Fig. 351.) Resembling D. spicata; panicles less congested, the individual spikelets easily distinguished ; spikelets, espe- cially the staminate, with more florets. % — Alkaline soil of the interior, Saskatchewan to eastern Washington, south to Texas and California; Mexico (fig. 352). Staminate spikelets usually stramineous. 3. Distichlis dentata Rydb. (Fig. 353.) Culms usually low, 10 to 20 cm, much-branched, rather stout ; blades on the aver- age wider than in D. spicata; panicles usually overtopped by the leaves; spikelets usually many-flowered, the florets firm, closely imbricate ; palea about as long as the lemma, firm, much broader below, the keels with wide finely dentate wings. % — Alkaline soil in the interior, western Colorado (Delta) to Washington, northern Arizona, and California (fig. 354). This and the two preced- ing species appear to be distinct for the most part but some specimens are intermediate. 4. Distichlis texana (Vasey) Scribn. (Fig. 355.) Culms erect from a decumbent base, 30 to 60 cm tall, producing extensively creeping rhizomes and long stout stolons; blades flat, firm, glabrous beneath, scabrous on the upper surface, mostly 20 to 40 cm long, 2 to Figure 349.— Distichlis spicata. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 2826, Oreg.) Figure 350.— Distribution of Distichlis spicata. 178 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure ZBl.-Distichlis strida. Staminate plant and pistillate panicle, X H; pistillate spikelet and floret, X 5, (Mearns 3132, Calif.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 179 6 mm wide; panicle narrow, pale, 10 to 25 cm long, somewhat inter- rupted, the branches appressed; spikelets somewhat compressed, 4- to 8-flowered, 1 to 1.5 cm long; glumes 5 and 7 mm long, acute; lemmas of pistillate spike- lets closely imbricate and appressed, about 8 mm long with 3 strong nerves, the inter- mediate nerves 'obscure, acute, the margins broad, hyaline; palea of pistillate spikelets shorter than the lemma, strongly bowed out below, closely convolute around the pistil, the keels with narrow erose or toothed wings; lemmas of staminate spikelets more spreading, about 6 mm long; palea about as long as the lemma, not \{:f'\jf a bowed out, not Figure 352.— Distribution of Distichlis stricta. I I Figure 354. — Distribution of Distichlis dentata. Figure 353.— Distichlis dentata. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Dupl. type.) convolute, the keels minutely scabrous, not winged ; anthers 3 mm long. % — Sand flats, Presidio, Tex., and northern Mexico. 20. UNIOLA L. Spikelets 3- to many-flowered, the lower 1 to 4 lemmas empty, the rachilia disarticulating above the glumes and be- tween the florets; glumes compressed- keeled, rigid, usually narrow, 3- to 7-nerved, acute or acuminate, rarely mucronate ; lemmas compressed, sometimes conspicuously flattened, chartaceous, many-nerved, the nerves sometimes obscure, acute or acuminate, the empty ones at the base and the uppermost usually reduced; palea rigid, strongly keeled, bowed out at base, weakly so in Uniola pan- iculata. Rather tall, erect perennials, with flat or sometimes convolute blades and narrow or open panicles of compressed, sometimes very broad and flat spikelets. Type species, Uniola paniculata. Ancient Latin name of a plant. The inland species are not abundant enough to be of value for forage. Uniola latijolia is worthy of cul- tivation as an ornamental; U. paniculata is a sand binder along the southern seacoast; the seeds of U. palmeri Vasey of Mexico are used for food by the Cocopa Indians. Rhizomes extensively creeping; blades firm, flat at base, taper- ing into a long flexuous involute point; empty lemmas about 4; coastal dunes. 1. U. PANICULATA. Figure 355.— Distichlis texana. Panicle, X 1; lemma and palea, X 5. (Nealley, Tex.) 180 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Rhizomes wanting or short and knotty; blades thin, flat; empty lemma 1 (2 or 3 in U. ornithorhyncha) ; rich or moist woods. Spikelets 8- to 12-flowered on slender pedicels; panicle nodding or drooping. 2. U. LATIFOLIA. 'Spikelets 3- to 7-flowered, nearly sessile; panicle erect, nearly simple, the branches stiff. Spikelets more than 10 mm (usually more than 12 mm) wide, with 5 to 7 fertile florets. Sterile lemma 1; panicle 10 to 15 cm long, the lower branches with 2 to 5 rather distant spikelets 3. U. nitida. Sterile lemmas 2 or 3; panicle 3 to 8 cm long, the branches very short with approximate spikelets 4. U. ornithorhyncha. Spikelets rarely as much as 8 mm wide at maturity, V-shaped, with 1 to 4 fertile florets (rarely more) , and 1 sterile lemma. Collar of sheath pubescent, the sheaths commonly loosely long-pubescent, rarely glabrous 5. U. sessiliflora. Collar and sheaths glabrous or nearly so. 6. U. laxa. 1. Uniola about 1 m paniculata L. Sea oats. (Fig. 356.) Culms stout, tall, from extensively creeping rhizomes; blades flat, firm, elongate, becoming invo- lute toward the long, fine flexu- ous point; panicle pale, narrow, condensed, heavy and nodding, 20 to 40 cm long, the branches arching and drooping, as much as 12 cm long; spikelets very flat, 10- to 20-flowered, mostly 2 to 2.5 cm long, 1 cm wide, the first 4 or 5 lemmas empty, Figure 357.— Distribution of Uniola paniculata. the slender pedicels shorter than the spikelets; lemmas about 9-nerved, strongly com- pressed-keeled, about 1 cm long, acute; palea acute, as long as the lemma, the strong wings of the keels ciliate. % — Sand dunes of the seacoast, Cape Henry to Florida and Texas; northern West Indies; eastern Mexico (fig. 357). 2. Uniola latifolia Michx. Broadleaf uniola. (Fig. 358.) Culms 1 to 1.4 m tall, with short strong rhizomes, forming colonies; blades flat, narrowly lanceolate, 10 to 20 cm long, mostly 1 to 2 cm wide; panicle open, drooping, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches bearing a few large, very flat spikelets, the pedicels capillary; spike- lets 8- to 12-flowered, 2 to 3.5 cm long, 1 to 1.5 cm wide, green or finally tawny, the first lemma empty; lemmas lanceolate, strongly compressed-keeled, acute, about 1 cm long, striate-nerved, the keel Figure 356.— Uniola paniculata. Plant, X 1/10; spikelets, X 1. (Kearney 2134, Va.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 181 Figure 358.— Uniola latifolia. Plant, X M\ spikelet and floret, X 3. (Chase 5874, Md.) 182 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE ciliate with soft ascending hairs, the callus pilose; palea shorter than the lemma, wing-keeled; caryopsis flat, oval, black, 5 mm long. % — Rich woods, Pennsylvania and New Jersey to Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 359). 3. Uniola nitida Baldw. (Fig. 360.) Culms slender, 50 to 75 cm tall, erect, loosely tufted, with short rhizomes; blades flat, spreading, mostly less than 15 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide; panicle open, few-flowered, 10 to 15 cm long, with a few spreading branches 3 to 8 cm long, bearing 2 to 5 nearly sessile spikelets; spikelets 4- to 7-flowered, 1 to 1.5 cm long, about 1 cm wide, the first lemma empty; lemmas spread- ing, 7 to 10 mm long, compressed-keeled, grad- ually acuminate, striate-nerved ; palea equaling the lemma, acuminate, 2-toothed, the keels Ql —Moist woods, South Carolina to Florida. Steud. (Fig. 361.) Culms slender, Figure 359. — Distribution of Uniola latifolia. prominently winged. 4. Uniola ornithorhyncha 30 to 50 cm tall, loosely tufted with short rhizomes; sheaths pubes- cent on the collar; blades flat, thin, mostly less than 15 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle narrow, 3 to 9 cm long, the short approximate branches with 1 to 3 nearly sessile spikelets or the lower somewhat Figure 360.— Uniola nitida. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Curtiss 3521, Fla.) distant with 4 to 6 spikelets, pubescent in the axils; spikelets very flat, with 3 or 4 widely spreading fertile florets, the 2 or 3 lower lemmas empty, appressed; fertile lemmas about 8 mm long, narrow, gradually acuminate, striate-nerved ; palea as long as or longer than the lemma, acuminate, 2-toothed, strongly bowed out below, the keels rather narrowly winged. % — Low woods or hummocks in swamps, Ala- bama to Louisiana. MANUAL OF THE GKASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 183 5. Uniola sessiliflora Poir. (Fig. 362.) Culms erect, 0.5 to 1.5 m tall, in loose tufts with short rhizomes; sheaths pilose, at least toward the summit; blades elongate, firm, mostly sparsely pilose on the upper surface toward the base, 5 to 10 mm wide, tapering to base; panicle long-exserted, 20 to 50 cm long, narrow, the branches distant, stiffly ascending or appressed, the lower as much as 7 cm long, the upper short, somewhat capi- tate; spikelets nearly sessile, aggregate in clusters, flat, usu- ally 3- to 5-flowered, broadly V-shaped at maturity, the first Figure 361. — Uniola ornithorhyncha. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Tracy and Lloyd 448, Miss.) Figure 362.— Uniola sessiliflora. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Tracy, Miss.) lemma empty; glumes about 2 mm long; lemmas spreading, about I mm long, acuminate, beaked, especially before maturity, striate nerved; palea shorter than the lemma, acute, broad, the keels narrowly winged ; grain black, 3 mm long, at maturity spreading the lemma and palea. % (U. longifolia Scribn.) — Rich woods, southeastern Virginia to Tennessee and Oklahoma, south to Florida and eastern Texas (fig. 363). 184 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 363.— Distribution of Uniola sessiliflora. 6. Uniola laxa (L.) B.S.P. (Fig. 364.) Culms slender, 60 to 100 cm tall, erect to nodding from a loosely tufted sometimes knotty base; blades elongate, flat to sometimes loosely involute, 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle narrow, slender, 15 to 30 cm long, the branches short, appressed, approximate, the lower sometimes 3 cm long and distant; spikelets nearly sessile, approxi- mate, flat, usually 3- to 4-flowered, the first lemma empty; lemmas spreading, 4 to 5 mm long, gradually acuminate, striate-nerved ; palea broad, the keels narrowly winged; grain black, 2.5 mm long, at maturity spreading the. lemma and palea. 01 — Moist woods, Coastal Plain, Long Island to Florida and Texas, extending to western North Carolina, Kentucky, and Arkan- sas (fig. 365). 21. DACTYLIS L. Orchard grass Spikelets few-flowered, compressed, finally disarticulating between the florets, nearly sessile in dense 1 -sided fascicles, these borne at the ends of the few branches of a panicle; glumes unequal, carinate, acute, hispid-ciliate on the keel; lemmas compressed-keeled, mucro- nate, 5-nerved, ciliate on the keel. Perennials, with flat blades and fascicled spikelets. Type species, Dactylis glomerata. Name from Greek dactv.los, a finger, alluding to the stiff branches of the panicle. 1. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard grass. (Fig. 366.) Culms in large tussocks, 60 to 120 cm tall; blades elongate, 2 to 8 mm wide; panicles 5 to 20 cm long, the few distant stiff soli- tary branches ascending, or spreading at anthesis, appressed at maturity, the lowermost some- times as much as 10 cm long; lemmas about 8 mm long, mucro- nate or short-awned. Oi — Fields, meadows, and waste places, Newfoundland to southeastern Alaska, south to Florida and central California; Eurasia. Commonly cultivated as a meadow and pasture grass. In Eng- land called cocksfoot. A variegated form (called by gardeners var. variegata) is occasionally cultivated for borders. 22. CYNOSTJRUS L. Dogtail Figure 365.— Distribution of Uniola laxa. Figure 364.— Un- iola laxa. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Van Eseltino and Moseley 178, D.C.) Spikelets of two kinds, sterile and fertile together, the fertile sessile, nearly covered by the short-pediceled sterile one, these pairs imbricate in a dense 1-sided spikelike panicle; sterile spikelets consisting of 2 glumes and several narrow, acuminate, 1-nerved lemmas on a continuous rachilla; fertile spikelets 2- or 3-flowered, the glumes narrow, the lemmas broader, rounded on the back, awn-tipped, the rachilla disarticulating above MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 185 Figure 366.— Dactylis glomerata. Plant, X lA; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Wilson 1334, Conn.) 186 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE the glumes. Annuals or perennials with narrow flat blades and dense spikelike or subcapitate panicles. Type species, Cynosurus cristatus. Name from Greek kuon (kun-) dog, and oura, tail. Plants perennial; panicles narrow, spike- like; awns inconspicuous 1. C. CRISTATUS. Plants annual; panicles subcapitate; awns conspicuous _ 2. C. echinatus. 1. Cynosurus cristatus L. Crested dogtail. (Fig. 367, A) Perennial; culms tufted or genicu- late at base, erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; panicle spikelike, linear, more or less curved, 3 to 8 cm long; pairs of spikelets about 5 mm long; lem- mas with awns mostly not more >; ieruie spiKeiei an iiorei,, a o. i. vt agnoiuo til ctll 1 llllll lull).,. ^\ 23, Newf.) B. C. echinatus. Panicle X 1 ; fertile waste places, Newfoundland to floret, X 5. (Macoun 80976, Vancouver Isl.) -, r. , . ^ -,' TT. . • -cxt i • Michigan and Virginia; Washing- ton and Oregon (fig. 368); introduced from Europe. Occasionally cultivated in mixtures for meadows but of little value. Figure 36?.— /I. Cynosurus cristatus. Plant, X Vi, fertile spikelet and floret, X 5. (Waghorne MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 187 2. Cynosurus echinatus L. (Fig. 367, B.) Annual; culms 20 to 40 cm tall; blades short; panicle subcapitate, 1 to 4 cm long, bristly; pairs of spikelets 7 to 10 mm long; lemmas with awns 5 to 10 mm long, o —Open ground, British Columbia; Oregon to central California; introduced from Europe. 23. LAMARCKIA Moench (Achyrodes Boehmer) Spikelets of two lands, in fascicles, the terminal one of each fascicle fertile, the others sterile; fertile spikelet with 1 perfect floret on a slender stipe and a rudimentary floret on a long rachilla-joint, both awned, the glumes narrow, acuminate or short-awned, 1 -nerved; lemma broader, scarcely nerved, bearing just below the apex a deli- cate awn; sterile spikelets linear, 1 to 3 in each fascicle, consisting of 2 glumes similar to those of the fertile spikelet, and numerous im- bricate, obtuse, awnless, empty lemmas, a reduced spikelet similar to the fertile one borne on the pedicel with one of the sterile ones. — Low annual with flat blades and oblong, 1-sided, dense panicles, the crowded fascicles drooping, the fertile being hidden, except the awns, by the numerous sterile ones; fascicles falling entire. Type species, Lamarckia aurea. Named for J. B. Lamarck. 1. Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench. Golden- top. (Fig. 369.) Culms erect or decumbent at base, 10 to 40 cm tall; blades soft, 3 to 7 mm wide; panicle dense, 2 to 7 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, shining, golden-yellow to purplish, the branches short, erect, the branchlets capillary, flexuous; pedicels fascicled, pubescent, with a tuft of long whitish hairs at the base; fertile spikelet about 2 mm long, the awn of lemma about twice as long as the spikelet; sterile spikelet 6 to 8 mm long, o — Open ground and waste places, Texas, Arizona, southern California, and northern Mexico; introduced from the Mediterranean region. Sometimes cultivated for ornament. 24. ARTJNDO L. Spikelets several-flowered, the florets successively smaller, the summits of all about equal, the rachilla glabrous, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes somewhat unequal, membranaceous, 3-nerved, narrow, tapering into a slender point, about as long as the spikelet; lemmas thin, 3-nerved, densely and softly long-pilose, gradually narrowed at the summit, the nerves ending in slender teeth, the middle one extending into a straight awn. Tall perennial reeds, with broad linear blades and large plumelike terminal panicles. Type species, Arundo donax. Arundo, the ancient Latin name. 1. Arundo donax L. Giant reed. (Fig. 370.) Culms stout, in large clumps, 2 to 6 m tall, sparingly branching, from thick knotty rhizomes; blades numerous, elongate, 5 to 7 cm wide on the main culm, conspicuously distichous, spaced rather evenly along the culm, the margin scabrous; panicle dense, erect, 30 to 60 cm long; spikelets 12 mm long. % — Along irrigation ditches, Texas to southern Figure 368.— Distribution of Cynosurus cristatus. 188 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure m.-Lamarekia aurea. Plant, X Vi, fertile spikelet and floret, X 5. (Baker 5275, Calif.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 189 Figure 370.— Arundo donax. Plant, X H; spikelet and floret, X 3. (Biltmore Herb. 7514, N.O.) 190 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE California, occasionally established eastward; tropical America; intro- duced from the warm regions of the Old World. Frequently culti- vated for ornament, including var. versicolor (Miller) Stokes, with white-striped blades. In the Southwest the culms are used for lattices, mats, and screens, and in the construction of adobe huts. In Europe the culms are used for making the reeds of clarinets and organ pipes. GYNERIUM Humb. and Bonpl. Plants dioecious; spikelets several-flowered, the pistillate with long-attenuate glumes and smaller long-silky lemmas, the staminate with shorter glumes and glabrous lemmas. Tall perennial reeds with plumelike panicles. Type species, Gynerium saccharoides (G. sagiita- tum). Name from Greek gune, female, and erion, wool, referring to the woolly pistillate spikelets. Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) Beauv. Uva grass. Culms as much as 10 or 12 m tall, clothed below with the overlapping old sheaths, Figure 371.— Cortaderia sclloana. Pistillate (9) and staminate (rf1) panicles, X 1. (Silveus 308, Tex.) the blades having fallen ; blades sharply serrulate, commonly 2 m long, 4 to 6 cm wide, forming a great fan-shaped summit to the sterile culms, panicle pale, plumelike, densely flowered, 1 m or more long, the main axis erect, the branches drooping. % — Occasionally cultivated for ornament in greenhouses. River banks and wet ground, tropical America. 25. CORTADERIA Stapf. Pampasgrass Spikelets several-flowered; rachilla internodes jointed, the lower part glabrous, the upper bearded, forming a stipe to the floret; glumes longer than the lower florets; lemmas of pistillate spikelets clothed with long hairs. Large tussock grasses, with leaves crowded at the base, the blades elongate, narrow, attenuate, the margins usually serrulate; panicle large, plumelike. Type species, Cortaderia MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 191 argentea (C. selloana). Name from the Argentine native name cortadera, cutting, because of the cutting edges of the blades. 1. Cortaderia selloana (Schult.) Aschers. and Graebn. Pampas- grass. (Fig. 371.) Dioecious perennial reed, in large bunches; culms stout, erect, 2 to 3 or more m tall; panicle feathery, silvery white to pink, 30 to 100 cm long; spikelets 2- to 3-flowered, the pistillate silky with long hairs, the staminate naked; glumes white, papery, long, slender; lemmas bearing a long slender awn. 91 (Gynerium argenteum Nees.) — Plains and open slopes, Brazil to Argentina and Chile. Cultivated as a lawn ornamental in the warmer parts of the United States ; in southern California grown commercially for the plumes which are used for decorative purposes, the culms here being sometimes as much as 7 m tall. Cortaderia rtjdiuscula Stapf. Differing from C. selloana in the looser yellowish or purplish panicle; spikelets somewhat smaller. 91 — Occasionally cultivated for ornament; Argentina. Has been called C. quila Stapf, but that name is ultimately based on Arundo quila Molino, which is a bamboo, Chusquea quila (Molino) Kunth. Ampelodesmos mattritanicus (Poir.) Dur. and Schinz. Tall slender reed; blades with a half twist at base, elongate, thick, narrow, ending in a long scabrous setaceous tip; panicle 30 to 50 cm long, the slender branches drooping, naked at base, with large crowded spikelets toward the ends. 21 — Grown for ornament in California. Mediterranean region. Generic name often incorrectly spelled Ampelodes?na. 26. PHRAGMITES Trim Spikelets several-flowered, the rachilla clothed with long silky hairs, disarticulating above the glumes and at the base of each joint between the florets, the lowest floret staminate or neuter; glumes 3-nerved, or the upper 5-nerved, lanceolate, acute, unequal, the first about half as long as the upper, the second shorter than the florets; lemmas narrow, long-acuminate, glabrous, 3-nerved, the florets suc- cessively smaller, the summits of all about equal ; palea much shorter than the lemma. Perennial reeds, with broad, flat, linear blades and large terminal panicles. Type species, Arundo phragmites L. (Phrag- mites communis). Name from Greek in reference to its growth like a fence (phragma) along streams. 1. Phragmites communis Trin. Common reed. (Fig. 372.) Culms erect, 2 to 4 m tall, with stout creeping rhizomes and often also with stolons; blades flat, 1 to 5 cm wide; panicle tawny, 15 to 40 cm long, the branches ascending, rather densely flowered; spikelets 12 to 15 mm long, the florets exceeded by the hairs of the rachilla. Ql (P. p>hragmites Karst.) — Marshes, banks of lakes and streams, and around springs, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Delaware, Illinois, Louisiana, and California; Florida; Mexico and West Indies to Chile and Argentina (fig. 373); Eurasia, Africa, Australia. In the Southwest this, in common with Arundo donax, is called by the Mexican name carrizo and is used for lattices in the construction of adobe huts. The stems were used by the Indians for shafts of arrows, and in Mexico and Arizona for mats and screens, for thatching, cordage, and carrying nets. 55974°— 35 13 192 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure Z12.-Phragmites communis. Plant, X H; spikelet and floret, X 3. (Hitchcock 5078, N.Dak.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 193 Figure 373.— Distribution of Phragmites communis. 27. NEYRAtJDIA Hook. f. Spikelets 4- to 8-flowered; rachilla jointed about half way between the florets, the part below the joint glabrous, the part above bearded, forming a stipe below the mature floret ; glumes unequal, 1-nerved; lemmas narrow, 3-nerved, acuminate, conspicuously long-pilose on the margins, awned from between 2 fine teeth, the awn recurved. A tall perennial with large open many-flowered panicles. Type species, Neyraudia madagascariensis (Kunth) Hook. f. (N. arundinacea (L.) Henr.) Name an ana- gram of Reynaudia, a genus of Cuban grasses. 1. Neyraudia reynaudiana (Kunth) Keng. (Fig. 374.) Reed-like perennial, 1 to 3 m tall, resembling Phragmites communis; sheaths woolly at the throat and on the collar; blades flat, 1 to 2 cm wide or sometimes narrow and subin volute; panicle nod- ding, 30 to 60 cm long, rather densely flowered; spikelets 4- to 8-flowered, the lowest 1 or 2 lemmas empty, 6 to 8 mm long, rather short-pedicled along the numerous panicle branches; lemmas somewhat curved, slender, the awn flat, recurved. Ql — Planted in testing gar- den at Coconut Grove, Fla., and occa- sionally escaped ; native of southern Asia. 28. MELICA L. Melicgrass Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the fertile florets (in some species spikelets falling entire) , prolonged beyond the perfect florets and bearing 2 rflffa Mk^Wr«Ci%x 'fa- ■"#v?^l//j#S^: Figure 374.— Neyraudia reynaudiana. Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10. (Moldenke 432, Fla.) or 3 approximate gradually smaller empty lemmas, each enclosing the one above; glumes somewhat unequal, thin, often papery, scarious-margined, obtuse or acute, sometimes nearly as long as the 194 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE lower floret, 3- to 5-nerved, the nerves usually prominent; lemmas convex, several-nerved, membranaceous or rather firm, scarious- margined, sometimes conspicuously so, awnless or sometimes awned from between the teeth of the bifid apex, the callus not bearded. Rather tall perennials, the base of the culm often swollen into a corm, with closed sheaths, usually flat blades, narrow or sometimes open, usually simple panicles of relatively large spikelets. Type species, Melica nutans L. Melica, an Italian name for a kind of sor- ghum probably from the sweet juice (mel, honey). The species are in general palatable grasses but, not being gregarious, do not furnish much forage. Important species are M. porteri, M. imperfecta, and M. subulata. Spikelets narrow; lemmas acute (obtuse in M. harfordii) or awned. Section 1. Bromelica. Spikelets broad; lemmas obtuse, awnless Section 2. Etjmelica. Section 1. Bromelica Lemmas long-awned from a bifid apex. Branches of panicle few, distant, spreading, naked on the lower half. 1. M. SMITHII. Branches of panicle short, appressed, spikelet-bearing from near the base. 2. M. ARISTATA. Lemmas awnless or minutely awned. Culms not bulbous at base; lemmas obtuse 3. M. harfordii. Culms bulbous at base; lemmas acute or acuminate. Lemmas acuminate, usually pilose; panicle narrow, the branches short, usually appressed 4. M. subulata. Lemmas acute; panicle broad, the branches long and spreading. 5. M. GEYERI. Section 2. Eumelica la. Culms bulbous at base (see also M. calif ornica) . Pedicels capillary, fiexuous or recurved; panicle narrow 6. M. spectabilis. Pedicels stouter, appressed. Rachilla soft, enlarged, wrinkled in drying, usually brownish. _ 8. M. fugax. Rachilla firm, whitish, not wrinkled. Panicle rather dense, the branches short, appressed, usually imbricate; glumes thin, indistinctly nerved 7. M. bulbosa. Panicle loosely flowered, the branches, or some of them, stiffly ascending- spreading in anthesis, usually somewhat distant, scarcely imbricate; glumes firm, distinctly nerved 9. M. inflata. lb. Culms not distinctly bulbous at base (somewhat swollen in M. calif ornica) . 2a. Spikelets falling entire, nodding to pendulous on capillary pedicels. Panicle narrow; spikelets 4- or 5-flowered. Spikelets reflexed; glumes 1 to 1.5 cm long 10. M. stricta. Spikelets not reflexed ; glumes less than 1 cm long 11. M. porteri. Panicle open, the lower branches spreading; spikelets mostly 2- or 3-flowered. Glumes nearly as long as the usually 2-flowered spikelet; apexes of the 2 florets about the same height; panicle simple or nearly so. 12. M. mutica. Glumes shorter than the usually 3-flowered spikelet; apex of second floret a little higher than that of the first; panicle compound. 13. M. nitens. 2b. Spikelets not falling entire, not pendulous. Spikelets 4 to 6 mm long; fertile florets 1 or 2. Fertile lemmas pubescent; fertile florets often 2 14. M. torreyana. Fertile lemmas glabrous; fertile floret usually 1 15. M. imperfecta. Spikelets 8 to 15 mm long; fertile florets 2 to several. Spikelets silvery white; glumes about as long as the spikelet; plant tall, somewhat woody 16. M. frutescens. Spikelets tawny to purplish; glumes shorter than the spikelet; plant lower, herbaceous 17. M. californica. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE "UNITED STATES 155 Section 1. Bromelica Thurb. Spikelets narrow; glumes usually narrow, scarious margined (papery in M. geyeri); sterile lemmas similar to the acute (obtuse in M. harfordii) or awned fertile lemmas. 1. Melica smithii (Porter) Vasey. Smith melic. (Fig. 375.) Culms slender, 60 to 120 cm tall; sheaths retrorsely scabrous; blades lax, scabrous, 10 to 20 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide; panicle 12 to 25 cm long, the branches soli- tary, distant, spreading, naked below, sometimes reflexed, as much as 10 cm long; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered, 18 to 20 mm long, sometimes purplish; glumes acute; lemmas about 10 mm long, with an awn 3 to 5 mm long. Ql (Avena smithii Porter.) — Moist woodlands, western Ontario and northern Michigan to British Columbia, south to Wyoming (Teton Moun- tains) and Oregon (Wallowa Mountains) (fig. 376). 2. Melica aristata Thurb. (Fig. 377.) Culms erect or de- cumbent below, 60 to 100 cm tall; sheaths scabrous to pubes- cent; blades 3 to 5 mm wide, more or less pubescent; panicle narrow, 10 to 15 cm long, the Figure 375. — Melica smithii. Paniele, X 1; floret, X 5. (Robbins, Mich.) branches short, mostly appressed or ascending; spikelets, exclud- ing awns, about 15 mm long; glumes 10 to 12 mm long; lem- mas 7-nerved, scabrous, awned, the awn 6 to 10 mm long. % — Dry woods, meadows, and open slopes, Washington to the central Sierras of California. 3. Melica harfordii Boland. Harford melic. (Fig. 378.) Culms tufted, 60 to 120 cm tall, often decumbent below; sheaths scabrous to villous; blades scabrous, firm, flat to subin volute, 1 to 4 mm wide; panicle narrow, 10 to 15 cm long, the branches appressed; spikelets 1 to 1.5 cm long, short-pediceled ; glumes 7 to 9 mm long, obtuse; lemmas rather faintly 7-nerved, hispidulous below, pilose on the lower part of the margin, the apex emarginate, mucronate, or with an awn less than 2 mm long. % — Open dry woods and slopes, British Columbia to the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, south to Monterey Figure 376.— Distribution of Melica smithii. 196 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTUBE Figure in.-Melica aristdta. Plant, X H; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Cusick 2888, Oreg.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 197 County and the Yosemite National Park, Calif. A smaller form with narrow involute blades has been called M. harfordii var. minor Vasey. 4. Melica subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Alaska oniongrass. (Fig. 379.) Culms 60 to 125 cm tall, mostly bulbous at base; sheaths re- trorsely scabrous, often pilose; blades thin, usually 2 to 5 mm wide, sometimes wider; panicle usually narrow, mostly 10 to 15 cm long, the branches ap- pressed or sometimes spread- ing; spikelets narrow, 1 .5 to 2 cm long, loosely flowered; glumes narrow, obscurely nerved, the second about 8 mm long; lem- mas prominently 7-nerved, ta- pering to an acuminate point, awnless, the nerves more or less pilose-ciliate. 91 — Meadows, banks, and shady slopes, west- ern Wyoming and Montana to Alaska, south in the mountains to Mount Tamalpais and Lake Tahoe, Calif, (fig. 380) ; Chile. 5. Melicageyeri Munro. Geyer oniongrass. (Fig. 381.) Culms 1 to 1.5 m tall, bulbous at base ; sheaths usual- ly glabrous, sometimes slightly scabrous or pubescent; blades scabrous (rarely puberulent), mostly less than 5 mm wide; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, open, the branches slender, rather dis- tant, spreading, bearing a few spikelets above the middle; spikelets 12 to 20 mm long; glumes broad, smooth, papery, the second about 6 mm long; lemmas 7-nerved, scaberulous or nearly glabrous, narrowed to an obtuse point, awnless. % —Open dry woods and rocky slopes, at medium altitudes, western Oregon to central California in the Coast Range; infre- quent in the Sierras to Placer County ; Yellow- stone Park, Wyo. Section 2. Eumelica Aschers. Spikelets broad; glumes broad; papery; lem- mas awnless; sterile lemmas small, aggre- gate in a rudiment more or less hidden in the upper fertile lemmas. 6. Melica spectabilis Scribn. Purple oniongrass. (Fig. 382.) Culms 30 to 100 cm tall, bulbous at base; sheaths pubescent; blades flat to subinvolute, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle mostly 10 to 15 cm long, Figure 378.— Mel- icahaTfordii. Pan- icle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Yates 457, Calif.) Figure 379.— Melica subulata. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Hitch- cock 11631, Wash.) Figure 380.— Distribution of Melica subulata. 198 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE narrow, the branches appressed ; spikelets purple-tinged, rather turgid, 10 to 15 mm long, the pedicels capillary, flexuous; glumes broad, papery; lemmas strongly 7-nerved, obtuse, scarious-margined, im- bricate. 91 — Rocky or open woods and thickets, Montana to Figure 381. — Melica geyeri. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Heller 11932, Calif.) Figure 382. — Melica spectabilis. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Tweedy 85, Wyo.) British Columbia, south to Colorado and northern California (fig. 383). 7. Melica bulbosa Geyer. Oniongrass. (Fig. 384.) Culms 30 to 60 cm tall, bulbous at base, resembling M. spectabilis; sheaths and blades flat to involute, 2 to 4 mm wide, glabrous, scabrous, or pubescent ; panicle narrow, rather densely flowered, the branches short, appressed, rather stiff, mostly imbricate; spikelets papery with age, mostly 7 to 15 mm long, the short pedicels stiff, erect; lemmas obscurely nerved, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 199 obtuse or slightly emarginate. 91 and hills, Montana to British Columbia, south to Colorado and Cali- fornia ; western Texas (Jeff Davis County) (fig. 385). Specimens with pubescent foliage have been differenti- ated as M. bella intonsa Piper. 8. Melica fugax Bo- land. Little onion- grass. (Fig. 386.) Culms mostly 20 to 40 cm tali, in loose tufts, the bulbs prominent; sheaths retrorsely sca- brous; blades 1.5 to 4mm wide, scabrous, usually pubescent on the up- per surface; panicle 8 to 15 cm long, the branches stiffly spread- ing or reflexed at an- thesis, the lower 2 to 4 cm long; spikelets 8 to 14 mm long, the florets somewhat dis- tant, usually purple- tinged, the rachilla soft, wrinkled in dry- ing, often brownish; second glume nearly as long as the lower lemma; lemmas ob- scurely nerved, obtuse or emarginate. % — Dry hills and open woods, Washington to Nevada and central California (fig. 387). 9. Melica inflata (Boland.) Vasey. (Fig. 388.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall, bulbous at base; sheaths glabrous or pu- bescent; blades flat, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle 15 (M. bella Piper.) — Rocky woods m Figure 384— Melica bulbosa. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Tide- strom 1252, Utah.) Figure 385.— Distribution of Melica bulbosa. Figure 383.— Distribution of Melica spectabilis. Figure 38C— Melica fugax. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Vasey 9, Wash.) to 20 cm long, narrow, the rather distant branches, or some of them, 200 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 387.— Distribution of Melica fugaz. stiffly ascending-spreading, in anthesis the lower as much as 5 cm long; spikelets somewhat inflated, 12 to 20 mm long, pale green; glumes scabrous on the strong nerves; lemmas strongly nerved, scabrous, acutish. 91 — California (Yosem- ite National Park and Mount Shasta), Washington (Che- lan County, the sheaths and blades pubescent). 10. MelicastrictaBoland. Rock melic. (Fig. 389.) Culms 15 to 50 cm tall, densely tufted, the base somewhat thick- ened but not bulbous ; sheaths scaberulous, sometimes pubescent; blades mostly 1 to 3 mm wide, scabrous, pubescent on the upper surface; panicle narrow, simple or with 1 or 2 short branches at base; spike- lets 12 to 16 mm long, 4- or 5-flowered, broadly V-shaped, reflexed on capillary pedicels, falling entire; glumes thin, shin- ing, nearly as long as the spikelet; lemmas faintly nerved, scabrous, obtuse. 21 — Rocky slopes and banks, at medi- um altitudes, Utah (Cottonwood Can- yon) to Oregon (Steins Mountains), the Sierras, and the mountains of southern California. 11. Melica porteri Scribn. Porter melic. (Fig. 390.) Culms 50 to 100 cm tall, tufted; sheaths smooth or scabrous; blades 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle green or tawny, narrow, 1-sided, 15 to 20 cm long, the branches short, appressed, few- flowered; spikelets 10 to 15 mm long, 4- or 5-flowered, narrow, reflexed on capillary pubescent pedicels, falling entire; glumes less than 1 cm long, shorter than the spikelet; lemmas with 5 strong nerves and several faint ones, scaberulous. % — Canyons, open woods, and moist places, mostly at 2,000 to 3,000 m, western Missouri (Jackson County); Nebraska to Texas and Arizona (fig. 391). 12. Melica mutica Walt. Two-flower melic. (Fig. 392.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall, erect, loosely tufted; sheaths scabrous or somewhat pubescent; blades flat, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, nearly simple, with 1 to few short, spreading, few-flowered Figure 388— Melica inflata. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Hall and Habcock 3334, Calif.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 201 Figure 390.— Me.lica port.eri. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Shear 726, Colo.) Figure 391.— Distribution of Melica ported. Figure 339.— Melica stricta. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Swallen 720, Calif.) 202 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 392— Melica mutica. Plant, X Vi, spikelet and floret, X 5. (Chase 3695, Va.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 203 branches below; spikelets broad, pale, 7 to 10 mm long, usually 2- flowered, the florets spreading, pendulous on slender pedicels, pubes- cent at the summit, the spikelets falling entire; glumes nearly as long as the spikelet; lemmas scaberulous, strongly nerved, the two florets about the same height; rudiment ob- conic. 21 —Rocky woods, Maryland to Iowa, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 393). 13. Melica nitens (Scribn.) Nutt. Three- flower melic. (Fig. 394.) Resembling M. mutica; on the average culms taller; sheaths glabrous or scabrous; blades 7 to 15 mm wide; panicle more compound with several spreading branches; glumes shorter than the usually 3- flowered narrower spikelet; apex of the second floret a little higher than that of the first; lemmas acute. 01 — Rocky woods, Penn- sylvania to Iowa and Kansas, south to Kentucky, Arkansas, Texas, and Arizona (fig. 395). Figure 393.— Distribution of Mtlica mutica. Figure 394.—Mettca nitens. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (McDonald 15, 111.) 14. Melica torrey ana Scribn. Torrey melic. (Fig. 396.) Culms 30 to 100 cm tall, ascending from a loose decumbent not bulbous base ; blades lax, 1 to 3 mm wide ; panicle narrow, rather loose, 8 to 20 cm long, the branches more or less fascicled, appressed or ascending, the lower fascicles distant ; spikelets 4 to 6 mm long, with 1 or 2 perfect florets and a minute obovoid, long-stiped rudiment; glumes strongly nerved, as long as the spikelet or nearly so; lemmas pubescent, subacute. 01 — Thickets and banks at low altitudes, central California, especially in the Bay region. 15. Melica imperfecta Trin. California melic. (Fig. 397.) Resembling M. torreyana; culms erect or ascending; the base sometimes decumbent or stoloniferous ; panicle 5 to 30 cm long, the lower branches commonly ascending to spreading; spikelets usually with 1 perfect floret and an oblong, short-stiped rudiment appressed to the palea; glumes Figure 39.5.— Distribution of Melica nitens. 204 MI6C. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE i indistinctly nerved; lemma a little longer than the glumes, glabrous, indistinctly nerved, obtuse. Ql — Dry open woods and rocky hill- sides, at low and medium altitudes, central and southern California, especially in the Coast Ranges ; Baja California. A few forms have been distinguished as varieties: Melica imperfecta var. refracta Thurb. Lower branches of panicle spreading or reflexed; blades pubescent. Ql — Southern California. Melica imperfecta var. flexuosa Boland. Like the preceding but blades glabrous. Ql — Central and southern California. Melica imperfecta var. minor Scribn. Culms less than 30 cm tall; blades glabrous, 1 to 2 mm wide. — Southern California. 16. Melica frutescens Scribn. (Fig. 398.) Culms 0.75 to 2 m tall, sparingly branching, rather woody below, not bulbous at base; sheaths retrorsely scabrous; blades rather firm, 2 to 4 mm wide, those of the inno- vations, 1 to 2 mm wide, subinvolute ; panicle silvery- shining, narrow, rather dense, 10 to 30 cm long, the branches short, appressed; spikelets short-pediceled, 12 to 15 mm long; glumes nearly as long as the spike- let, prominently 5-nerved; lemmas subacute, faintly 7-nerved. Ql — Hills and canyons, at low and medium altitudes, southern California (Inyo County and southward) ; Baja California. 17. Melica californica Scribn. (Fig. 399.) Culms 60 to 120 cm tall, the base usually decumbent, often ta more "or less bulbous; torreyana. Panicle, sheatllS glabrOUS Or pu- (Ch^Gse.'caiiu bescent, the lower persist- ent, brown and shredded ; blades 1 to 4 mm wide; panicle narrow, rather dense, 10 to 20 cm long, tawny to purplish, not silvery; spikelets short- pediceled, 10 to 12 mm long (rarely shorter) with 2 to 4 florets besides the rudiment; glumes scaberulous, a little shorter than the spikelets; lemmas rather prominently 7-nerved, scaberu- lous, subacute to obtuse, often emar- ginate. Ql (M. bulbosa Gey er; Thurb., not M. bulbosa of this work.) — Moun- tain meadows and rocky woods, at low and medium altitudes, Oregon Figure 397— Melica imperfecta. Panicle, (Malheur County) and California, x i;sPikeiet,x5. (E W 47io, Calif.) Melica altissima L. Tall perennial; blades 15 to 20 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle narrow, dense, tawny to purple; spikelets about 12 mm long; glumes and lemmas broad, papery. 91 — Sometimes cultivated for ornament. Eurasia. Melica ciliata L. Panicle pale, narrow, condensed, silky. 21 — Occasion- ally cultivated for ornament, Europe. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 205 29. SCHIZACHNE Hack. Spikelets several-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets, the rachilla glabrous; glumes unequal, 3- and 5- nerved ; lemmas lanceolate, strongly 7-nerved, long-pilose on the callus, awned from j ust below the teeth of the prominently bifid apex ; palea with softly pubescent, thickened submarginal keels, the hairs longer toward the summit. Rather tall peren- nial with simple culms and open rather few-flowered panicles. Type species, Schizachne jauriei Hack. (S. purpurascens). Name from Greek schizein, to split, and achne, chaff, alluding to the bifid lemma. 1. Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen. False melic. (Fig. 4 0 0.) Culms erect from a loosely tufted decumbent base, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths closed; blades flat, narrowed at the base, 1 to 5 mm wide; panicle about 10 cm long, the branches single or in pairs, more or less drooping, bearing 1 or 2 spike- lets; spikelets 2 to 2.5 cm long; glumes purplish, less than half as long as the spikelet; lem- mas about 1 cm long, the awn as long as the lemma or longer. % (Melica striata Hitchc; M. purpurascens Hitchc; Avena torreyi Nash.) — Rocky woods, Newfoundland to southern Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, South Dakota, and Montana, and in the mountains from British Columbia to New Mexico (fig. 401); Siberia^and Japan. 30. VASEYOCHLOA Hitchc. I Figure 398.— Melica frv- Spikelets subterete or ZZ x^m^] slightly compressed, several- JohMton, and Harwood flowered, the rachilla disar- ticulating above the glumes and between the FiavRvm.-MdieacaUfamica. 5orets' the joints very short; glumes rather Plant, xi; floret, x 5. (Uoff- firm, unequal, much shorter than the lemmas, man 37, Calif.) ^ fipst 3_ ^ 5_nervedj the second 7. to g_ nerved; lemmas rounded on the back, firm, closely imbricate, 7- to 9-nerved, broad, narrowed to an obtuse entire apex, and with a stipelike hairy callus, pubescent on the lower part of the back and margins; palea shorter than the lemma, splitting at maturity, the 206 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 400.— Schizachnepurpurascens. Plant, X \i; lemma, palea, and caryopsis, X 5. (Chase 7444, N.Y.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 207 arcuate keels strongly wing-margined ; caryopsis concavo-convex, oval, black, the base of the styles persistent as a 2-toothed crown. Slender perennial with elongate blades and somewhat open panicles. Type species, Vaseyochloa multinervosa. Named from Vasey and Greek, chloa, grass. 1. Vaseyochloa multinervosa (Vasey) Hitchc. (Fig. 402.) Culms erect, loosely tufted, 40 to 100 cm tall, with slender rhizomes; sheaths scaberulous, pilose at the throat ; blades flat to loosely involute, 1 to 4 mm wide; panicle narrow, loose, 5 to 20 cm long, the branches few, at first appressed, later spreading, the lower as much as 8 cm long, bearing a few spikelets from about the middle; spikelets 12 to 18 mm long, 6- to 12-flowered, purple tinged; glumes acute, the first narrow, 4 mm long, the second broad, 5 mm long; lemmas narrowed to an obtuse point, about 6 mm long, the nerves becoming rather obscure toward maturity; grain 2.5 to 3 mm long, 1.5 to 2 mm wide, deeply concave on the ventral side. % (Melica multinervosa Vasey; Distichlis multi- FXllwmS.of nervosa Piper.) — Sandy open woods or open ground, southeastern Texas; rare. The rhizomes appear to break off readily, most herbarium specimens being without them. 31. TRIODIA R. Br. (Tridens Roem. and Schult.) Spikelets several-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes membranaceous, often thin, nearly equal in length, the first sometimes narrower, 1 -nerved, the second rarely 3- to 5-nerved, acute to acuminate; lemmas broad, rounded on the back the apex from minutely emarginate or toothed to deeply and obtusely 2-lobed, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves near the margin, the midnerve usually excurrent between the lobes as a minute point or as a short awn, the lateral nerves often excurrent as minute points, all the nerves pubescent below (subglabrous in one species), the lateral ones sometimes conspicuously so throughout; palea broad, the two nerves near the margin, sometimes villous; grain concavo-convex. Erect, tufted perennials, rarely rhizomatous or stoloniferous, the blades usually flat, the inflorescence an open to contracted or capitate panicle. Type species, Triodia pungens R. Br. Name from Greek tri, thrice, and odous, tooth, referring to the 3-toothed lemma. In general the species of Triodia are of little importance economi- cally, T.grandiflora, T.elongata, and T. pilosa being the most useful on the range. Triodia pulchella is often abundant, but is not relished by stock, the little dry plants seldom being eaten. la. Panicle capitate, exceeded by fascicles of leaves; low stoloniferous plants. 1. T. PULCHELLA. lb. Panicle exserted, open or spikelike; plants not stoloniferous. 2a. Panicle open, or loose, not dense or spikelike. Pedicels of the lateral spikelets less than 1 mm long 7. T. langloisii. Pedicels all slender, more than 1 mm long (some short in T. buckleyana) . 55974°— 35 14 208 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE Fipore 402.— Vaseyochloa muUinervosa. Plant, X }4; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Swallen 1854, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 209 Lateral nerves not excurrent. Spikelets not more than 5 mm long; lemmas 2 mm long. 8. T. ERAGROSTOIDES. Spikelets 6 to 8 mm long; lemmas 4 to 5 mm long__5. T. btjckleyana. Lateral nerves excurrent as short points. Rhizomes present, scaly and creeping 6. T. drtjmmondii. Rhizomes wanting. Panicle 5 to 15 cm long; blades 1 to 3 mm wide 10. T. texana. Panicle 15 to 30 cm long, the branches viscid; blades 3 to 10 mm wide 9. T. flava. 2b. Panicle narrow, contracted or spikelike, the branches appressed (see also T. drummondii) . Panicle dense, oval or oblong, mostly less than 10 cm long. Lemmas deeply 2-lobed 2. T. grandiflora. Lemmas minutely notched, not lobed. Panicle 1 to 2 cm long; lemma margins densely long-ciliate; palea half as long as the lemma 3. T. pilosa. Panicle 4 to 10 cm long; lemma margins short-pilose near base; palea about as long as the lemma 4. T. congesta. Panicle slender, spikelike (long and dense in T. stricta). Lemmas glabrous. Panicle whitish 12. T. albescens. Lemmas pilose on the margins. Lemmas mucronate; panicle dense 11. T. stricta. Lemmas not mucronate (rarely lowest lemma obscurely so) ; panicle not dense. Glumes acuminate, longer than the lowest floret; blades mostly flat, some of them 2 to 4 mm wide 14. T. elongata. Glumes obtuse, short; blades mostly folded or involute, mostly about 1 mm wide 13. T. mtjtica. 1. Triodia pulchella H.B.K. Fluffgrass. (Fig. 403.) Low, tufted, usually not more than 15 cm high; culms slender, scabrous or puberulent, consisting of 1 long internode, bearing at the top a fascicle of narrow leaves, the fascicle finally bending over to the ground, taking root and producing other culms, the fascicles also producing the inflorescence; sheaths striate, papery-margined, pilose at base; blades involute, short, scabrous, sharp-pointed; panicle capitate, usually not exceeding the blades of the fascicle, consisting of 1 to 5 nearly sessile relatively large white woolly spikelets ; glumes glabrous, subequal, broad, acuminate, awn-pointed, 6 to 8 mm long, nearly as long as the spikelet ; lemmas 4 mm long, conspicuously long- pilose below, cleft about halfway, the awn scarcely exceeding the obtuse lobes, divergent at maturity. % (Dasyochloa pulchella Willd.; Tridens pulchellus Hitchc.) — Mesas and rocky hills, especially in arid or semiarid regions, Texas to Nevada and southern California to southern Mexico (fig. 404). 2. Triodia grandiflora Vasey. Shortleaf triodia. (Fig. 405.) Culms densely tufted, erect or geniculate below, 10 to 50 cm tall, often pubescent at the nodes; blades flat or folded, rather firm, white- margined, appressed-pubescent, 1 to 2 mm wide, those of the culm less than 10 cm long; panicle dense, oblong, pale or sometimes pur- plish, 2 to 6 cm long, cleistogamous spikelets borne in the lower sheaths; spikelets 4- to 8-flowered, 5 to 12 mm long; glumes acuminate, about as long as the first floret; lemmas 4 to 6 mm long, conspicuously long-pilose on the margins, densely pilose on the back below, deeply lobed, the awn as long as the lobes, or exceeding them. % — Rocky slopes, western Texas to southern Arizona and northern Mexico. This has been referred to T. avenacea H.B.K. , a Mexican species with stolons and shorter purple panicles. 210 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 211 Figure 404.— Distribution of Triodia pulchclta. 3. Triodia pilosa (Buckl.) Merr. Hairy triodia. (Fig. 406.) Culms erect, densely tufted, 10 to 30 cm tall, usually only 1 node showing, the tufts easily pulled up; sheaths pilose at the throat; blades 1 to 1.5 mm wide, flat or folded, mostly in a shorty basal cluster, somewhat pilose, the margins thick, white, the culm blades 1 to 2 cm long; panicle long- exserted, ovoid, 1 to 2 cm long, pale or pur- plish, of 3 to 10 large short-pediceled spikelets; spikelets 6- to 12-flowered, 1 to 1.5 cm long, compressed, glumes about two-thirds as long as the lower florets; lemmas about 6 mm long, densely pilose toward the base, pilose on the margin toward the tip, acute, minutely 2-toothed, the awn 1 to 2 mm long; palea half as long as the lemma, pilose on the back and margins below. % {Triodia acuminata Vasey; Tricus- pis pilosa Nash; Erio- neuron pilosum Nash.) — Plains and rocky hills, western Kansas to Ne- vada, south to Texas, Ar- izona, and central Mexico (fig. 407). 4. Triodia congesta (L. H. Dewey) Bush. (Fig. 408.) Culms erect, tufted, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades flat, 2 to 3 mm wide, ta- pering to a fine point; panicle mostly dense, pale or pinkish, 4 to 10 cm long, sometimes interrupted be- low; spikelets rather tur- gid, 6- to 12-flowered, 5 to 10 mm long; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, broad, ob- tuse, short-pilose on the midnerve and margin be- low, the apex slightly notched, the awn less than 1 mm long; palea about as long as the lemma, broad, abruptly bowed out below. % (Tridens congestus Nash.) — Sandy or dry plains, southern Texas. 5. Triodia buckleyana (L. H. Dewey) Vasey. (Fig. 409.) Culms erect, tufted, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths, scaberulous, sometimes sparsely pilose; blades flat, 1 to 3 mm wide, tapering to a fine point; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, the few branches distant, ascending to spreading, as much as 7 cm long; spikelets pale to dark purple, short-pediceled, appressed, rather few and somewhat distant along the simple branches, 3- to 5-flowered, 6 to 8 mm long; glumes slightly shorter than the lower florets; lemmas Figure 405.— Triodia grandi- flora. Plant, X Vi, floret, X 5. (Eggleston 10973, Ariz.) Figure 406.— Triodia pilosa. Plant, X lA; floret, X 5. (Griffiths 6427, Tex.) Figure 407.— Distribution of Triodia pilosa. 212 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUEE 4 to 5 mm long, pubescent on the callus and on the lower two-thirds of the midnerve and margin, the apex obtuse, entire, the midnerve not or scarcely excurrent; palea a little shorter than the lemma, pubescent along the margins; grain elliptic, 3 mm long. 91 (Tridens buckleyanus Nash.) — -Rocky wooded slopes, southern Texas. 6. Triodia drummondii Scribn. and Kearn. (Fig. 410.) Culms slender, erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall, with creeping scaly rhizomes ; sheaths glabrous or the lower pubescent; blades flat, elongate, 2 to 7 mm wide; panicle purplish, narrow, rather loose, nodding, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches appressed or narrowly ascending; spikelets short-pediceled, 3- to 5-flowered, 7 to 10 mm long; glumes broad, mucronate from a notched apex; lemmas about 5 mm long, pilose on the callus and on the lower half of the midnerve and margins, the sum- mit lobed, the 3 nerves excurrent less than 1 mm; palea glabrous, a little shorter than the lemma, bowed out below. % (Tridens drummondii Nash.) — Sandy woods, Coastal Plain, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 411). 7. Triodia langloisii (Nash) Bush. (Fig. 412.) Culms slen- der, erect, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades flat or loose- ly involute, 1 to 5 mm wide ; panicle or purplish, the branches Figure 408.— Triodia con' gent a. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Tracy 8879, Tex.) open, ovoid, pale 8 to 20 cm long, ascending, 3 to 8 cm long ; spike- lets short-pediceled (pedicels less than 1 mm) along' the sim- ple branches, 4- to 7-flowered, 4 to 6 mm long, nearly as broad, the florets crowded; glumes broad, subacute; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, mucronate from a minutely lobed apex, the lateral nerves scarcely or barely ex- serted, pilose on the midnerve and margins on the lower half; palea nearly as long as the lem- ma, the keels bowed out below. 91 (T. ambigua Benth., not R. Br.; Tridens ambiguus Schult.) — Wet pine barrens, on the coast, South Carolina to Florida and Texas (fig. 413). Plants of the Atlantic Coast (Triodia elliottii Bush) mostly have smaller spikelets with shorter lemmas than those of the Gulf region ( T. langloisii), but there are numerous intergrades through- out the range. Figure 409.— Triodia bucklcyana. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Tharp 2996, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 213 8. Triodia eragrostoides Vasey and Scribn. (Fig. 414.) Culms slender, erect, densely tufted, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, 1 to 4 mm wide, setaceous-tipped; panicle open, 10 to 30 cm long, the branches rather dis- tant, slender, nexuous, spreading or drooping, 5 to 15 cm long, nearly simple, rather few-flowered; spikelets on slender pedicels 1 to 10 mm long, oblong, mostly 6- to 10-flowered, scarcely 5 mm long; glumes acuminate; lemmas about 2 mm long, obtuse, ob- scurely pubescent along the midnerve on the lower half, the margins pubes- cent, the midnerve minutely excur- rent. Ql (Tridens eragrostoides Nash.) — Dry ground among shrubs, Flor- ida Keys, Texas, and northern Mexico; Cuba. 9. Triodia flava (L.) Smyth. Purpletop. (Fig. 415.) Culms erect, solitary, tufted, 1 to 1.5 m tall; basal sheaths compressed-keeled; blades elon- gate, 3 to 10 mm wide, very smooth; pan- icle open, 15 to 35 cm long, usually purple or finally nearly black, rare- ly yellowish, the branches distant, spreading to drooping (sometimes Figure 411.— Distribution of Triodia dTummondii. Figure 410.- X 1; floret -Triodia drummondii. Plant, X 5. (Bartlett 3224, Ala.) Figure 413.— Distribution of Triodia langloisii. Figure 412.— Triodia langloisii. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Curtiss 5020, Fla.) Figure 414. — Triodia eragrostoides. Panicle, X 1; two views of floret, X 5. (Swallen 1471, Tex.) shorter and stiffer), naked below, as much as 15 cm long with diver- gent slender branchlets, the axils pubescent, the axis, branches, branch- 214 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 415—Triodiaflava. Plant, X H; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Dewey 350, Va.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 215 lets, and pedicels viscid; spikelets oblong, mostly 6- to 8-flowered, 5 to 8 mm long; glumes subacute, mucronate; lemmas 4 mm long, obtuse, pubescent on the callus and lower half of keel and margins, the 3 nerves excurrent; palea a little shorter than the lemma, some- what bowed out below. 01 (Tri- cuspid seslerioides Torr. ; Tridens seslerioides Nash; Tridens flavus Hitchc.) — Old fields and open woods, New Hampshire to Ne- Figure 416.— Distribution of Triodia flava. braska, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 416). The type speci- men is the rare form with yellow- ish panicle. In some Florida specimens the excurrent nerves of the lemma are as much as 1 mm long. 10. Triodia texana S.Wats. (Fig i§ Figure 418. — Triodia stricta. Panicle, X 1; two views of floret, X 5. (Newlon, Kans.) 417.) Culms Figure 417.— Triodia texana. Panicle, X 1; floret, X erect, densely 5' (Wooton' Tex) tufted, 20 to 40 cm tall; sheaths pubescent at throat and collar; blades flat or subin volute, 1 to 4 mm wide, tapering to a slender point; panicle open, 5 to 15 cm long, nodding, the branches rather distant, flexuous, drooping, few-flowered; spikelets oblong, 6- to 10- flowered, 6 to 10 mm long, rather turgid, pink or purplish, more or less nodding on short pedicels; glumes broad, acute to obtuse; lemmas 4 to 5 mm long, obtuse, minutely lobed, the margins densely pilose near the base, the keel gla- brous or sparsely pilose be- low, the 3 nerves short-ex- current; palea about as long as the lemma, strongly bowed out at base. 01 (Tri- dens texana Nash.) — Plains and dry slopes, central and southern Texas, and northern Mexico. 11. Triodia stricta (Nutt.) Benth. Culms rather stout, erect, 1 to 1.5 m Figure 419. — Distribution of Triodia stricta. (Fig. 418.) tall; blades elongate, flat or loosely involute, 3 to 8 mm wide; panicle dense, spikelike, more or less interrupted below, narrowed above, 10 to 216 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 421.— Distribution of Triodia albescens. 30 cm long; spikelets short-pediceled, 4- to 6-flowered, about 5 mm long, the florets closely imbricate; glumes as long as the spikelet, or nearly so, the apex spreading, the keel glandular- viscid toward maturity; lemmas about 3 mm long, obtuse, the keel and margins pilose on the lower half to two-thirds, the midnerve excurrent as a minute awn; palea about as long as the lemma, short- ciliate on the sharp keels, not strongly bowed out. % (Tricuspis strida A. Gray; Tridens strictus Nash.) — Low moist ground and low woods, Tennessee, Missouri, and Kansas to Alabama and Texas (fig. 419). 12. Triodia albescens Vasey. White triodia. (Fig. 420.) Culms erect, tufted, 30 to 80 cm tall; blades flat to loosely invo- lute, elongate, 2 to 4 mm wide, tapering to a fine point; panicle narrow, rather dense, greenish to nearly white, 10 to 20 cm long; spikelets figure 420.- Trt- short-pediceled, 8- to 12-flowered, 5 to 7 mm long, the PanicieJ6e'5xni'; florets closely imbricate ; glumes a little longer than the two viWs of first lemma, subacute; lemmas 3 (Baii'i652| mm long, obscurely pubescent on Tex-) the callus, otherwise glabrous, obtuse, the midnerve minutely or not at all ex- current; palea a little shorter than the lemma, bowed out below. % (Rhombolytrum albescens Nash.) — Plains and open woods, Kansas and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico; northern Mexico (fig. 421). 13. Triodia mutica (Torr.) Scribn. Slim triodia. (Fig. 422.) Culms slender, densely tufted, 30 to 50 cm tall; sheaths and blades scaberulous, the sheaths usually loosely pilose, more densely so at the summit; blades flat or subin volute, 1 to 3 mm wide, sometimes sparsely pilose; panicle narrow, rather dense, interrupted, the branches short, appressed ; spikelets 6- to 8- flowered, about 1 cm long, pale to purplish, nearly terete; glumes scaberu- lous, about as long as the lower florets ; lemmas about 5 mm long, densely pilose on the lower half of the nerves and on the cal- lus, obtuse, entire or mi- Figure 423.— Distribution of nutelv notched, the mid- Triodia mutica. J ' ■, ■, nerve not exserted; palea half or two-thirds as long as the lemma, densely pilose on the keels and puberulent on the back. % {Tridens muticus Nash.)— Plains and rocky slopes, Arkansas and Texas to southeastern California, north to Nevada, Utah, and Colorado (fig. 423). Figure 422.— Triodia mutica. Panicle, X 1; two views of floret, X 5. (Chase 5902, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 217 14. Triodia elongata (Buckl.) Scribn. Rough triodia. (Fig. 424.) Culms erect, tufted, 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths and blades scaberulous, sometimes sparsely pilose, the blades mostly flat, 2 to 4 mm wide, tapering to a fine point; panicle elongate, erect, pale or purple tinged, loosely flowered, 10 to 25 cm long, the branches rather distant, appressed, scarcely or not at all over- lapping; spikelets similar to those of T. mutica, the glumes longer, the hairs on the florets not so long. 91 (Tridens elongatus Nash; Tricuspis elongata Nash.) — Plains, sandy prairies, and rocky slopes, Missouri and Kansas to Texas and Arizona (fig. 425). 32. TRIPLASIS Beauv. Spikelets few-flowered, V-shaped, the florets re- mote, the rachilla slender, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes nearly equal, smooth, 1-nerved, acute; lemmas narrow, 3-nerved, 2-lobed, the nerves parallel, silky-villous, the lateral pair near the margin, the midnerve excurrent as an awn, as long as the lobes or longer; palea shorter than the lemma, the keels densely long-villous on the upper half. Slender tufted annuals or perennials, with short blades, short, open, few-flowered purple terminal panicles and cleistogamous narrow panicles in the axils of the leaves. Both species, have, in addition to the small panicles of cleistogamous spike- lets in the upper sheaths, additional cleistogamous spikelets, reduced to a single large floret, at the bases of the lower sheaths. The culms break at the nodes, these mature cleistogenes remaining within the sheaths. Type species, Triplasis americana. Name from Greek triplasios, triple, alluding to the awn and the two subulate lobes of the lemma. The species are of no importance except as they tend to hold sandy soil. Lobes of lemma not subulate-pointed; awn shorter than the lemma; annual. 1. T. PURPUREA. Lobes of lemma subulate-pointed; awn longer than the lemma; perennial. 2. T. AMERICANA. 1. Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. (Fig. 426, A) Annual, often purple; culms ascend- ing to widely spreading, pubescent at the several to many nodes, 30 to 75 cm tall; blades flat or loosely involute, 1 to 3 mm wide, mostly 4 to 8 cm long; panicle 3 to 5 cm long, with few spreading few-flowered branches, the axillary more or less enclosed in the sheaths; spikelets short-pediceled, 2- to 4-flowered, 6 to 8 mm long; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, the lobes broad, rounded or truncate, the nerves and callus densely short-villous, the awn about as long as the lobes Figure 424.— Triodia elongata. Panicle, X 1; two views of floret, X 5. (Ball 1535, Tex.) Figure 425.— Distribution of Triodia elongata. 218 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 426 -A, Triptasis purpurea. Plant, X Vi, spikelet, floret, and cleistogamous spikelet X 5. (Com- iIGURE mooS 255, Del.) B, T. americana. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Curtiss 5570, Fla.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 219 or somewhat exceeding them; palea conspicuously silky-villous on the upper half of the keels; grain about 2 mm long. © — Dry sand, New Hampshire to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 427). In autumnal culms the numerous short joints with sheaths swollen at the base, containing cleistogenes, are conspicuous. Plants with awns exceeding the lobes of the lemma have been differentiated as T. intermedia Nash. 2. Triplasis americana Beau v. (Fig. 426, B.) Perennial; culms slender, tufted, mostly erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades flat or subinvolute, Figure 427.— Distribution of Triplasis purpurea. Figure 428.— Distribution of Triplasis americana. mostly 15 to 18 cm long; panicle 2 to 5 cm long, the few slender ascending branches witlTl or 2 spikelets; spikelets mostly 2- or 3- flowered, about 1 cm long; lemmas 5 to 6 mm long, the lobes about half as long as the entire lemma, subulate-pointed, the nerves with a narrow stripe of silky hairs, the awn 5 to 8 mm long, pubescent below; keels of the palea long-villous, the hairs erect. 01 — Dry sand, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi (fig. 428). 33. ANTHOCHLOA Nees Spikelets few-flowered, subsessile, imbricate on a simple axis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes (in our species) wanting; lemmas thin-membranaceous, flabelliform, whitish, petallike, many-nerved; palea narrower than the lemma, hyaline. Low annuals or perennials, with soft dense cylindric panicles. Type species, Anthochloa lepidula Nees. Name from Greek anthos, flower, and chloa, grass, alluding to the flowerlike appearance of the inflorescence. 1. Anthochloa colusana (Davy) Scribn. (Fig. 429.) Annual; culms ascending from a decumbent base, 7 to 30 cm long; leaves overlapping, pale green, scarious between the nerves, loosely folded around the culm, not differentiated into sheath and blade, about 12 mm wide at the middle, tapering to each end, 5 to 10 cm long, keeled on the back above, plicate, minutely ciliate, with raised glands on the margins and nerves; panicle pale green, at first partly included, never much exserted, 3 to 7 cm long, 8 to 12 mm wide, the upper part of the axis bearing, instead of spikelets, lanceolate-linear empty bracts 8 mm long; spikelets subsessile, usually 5-flowered, 6 to 7 mm long, imbricate; glumes wanting; lemmas flabellate, very broad, many- nerved, 5 mm long, ciliolate-f ringed. © — Known only from "near Princeton, Colusa County, Calif., bordering rain-pools on the hard uncultivated alkali 'goose-lands,' beside the stage road to Norman." Region now in rice culture. 220 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE 34. ORCTJTTIA Vasey Spikelets several-flowered, the upper florets reduced; rachilla persistent, continuous, the florets falling away, or tardily disarticu- Figuee 429.— Anthochloa colusana. Plant, X lA; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Type.) lating; glumes nearly equal, shorter than the lemmas, broad, irregu- larly 2- to 5-toothed, many-nerved, the nerves extend- ing into the teeth; lemmas firm, prominently 13- to 15- nerved, the broad summit toothed; palea broad, as long as the lemma. Low tufted annuals, with short blades and solitary spikes or spikelike racemes, the subsessile spikelets relatively large, the upper aggregate, the lower more or less remote. Type species, Orcuttia caltfornica. Named for C. R. Orcutt. Lemmas with 7 to 11 short teeth 1. O. greenei. Lemmas with 5 awn-tipped teeth. Blades filiform, glabrous 2. O. tenuis. Blades flat, 1.5 to 3 mm wide, pilose 3. O. californica. 1. Orcuttia greenei Vasey. (Fig. 430.) Culms 15 to 20 cm tall, suberect; blades 2 to 3 cm long, sub- involute; raceme 3 to 7 cm long, pale; spikelets 10 to 15 mm long, loosely papillose-pilose; glumes 4 to 5 mm long; lemmas 6 mm long, the obtuse or truncate tip spreading, 7- to 11-toothed, the teeth mucronate but not awned. © — Known only from moist plains of the upper Sacramento near Chico, Calif. 2. Orcuttia tenuis Hitchc. (Fig. 431.) Culms in small tufts, slender, erect, 5 to 12 cm tall; leaves mostly basal, the blades firm, Figure 430- Orcuttia greenei Spikelet, X 5 (Type.) MANUAL OF THE GKASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 221 strongly nerved, filiform, 1 to 2 cm long; raceme more than half the entire height of the plant, the lower spikelets distant, the upper approximate but not crowded; spikelets purple- tinged, 12 to 15 mm long, the rachilla joints pubescent; glumes and lemmas scabrous, sometimes with a few hairs toward the base of the lemmas; glumes 3 to 4 mm long, sharply toothed; lemmas 5 mm long, 5-toothed, the teeth acuminate, awn-tipped, the rigid tips spreading or slightly recurved. © — Known only from sandy open ground, Goose Valley, Shasta County, Calif. 3. Orcuttia californica Vasey. (Fig. 432.) Culms 5 to 15 cm long, spreading with ascending ends, forming little mats; foliage thin, pilose, the sheaths loose, the blades 2 to 4 cm long; raceme loose below, Figure 431.— Orcuttia tenuis. Plant, X Hi spikelet and floret, X 5. (Type.) Figure 432.— Or- cuttia californica. Panicle, X lj floret, X 5. (Munz 10804, Calif.) dense or subcapitate at the summit; spikelets 8 to 12 mm long, densely to sparsely pilose; glumes sharply- toothed; lemmas about 6 mm long, deeply cleft into 5 awn-tipped teeth. O — Drying mudflats, near Murietta, Hot Springs, Riverside County, Calif.; Baja California. 35. BLEPHARIDACHNE Hack. Spikelets compressed, 4-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes but not between the florets; glumes nearly equal, corn- Dressed, 1-nerved, thin, smooth; lemmas 3-nerved, the nerves ex- tending into awns, deeply 3-lobed, conspicuously cilia te, the first and second sterile, containing a palea but no flower, the third fertile, the fourth reduced to a 3-awned rudiment. Low annuals or perennials, with short, dense, few-flowered panicles scarcely exserted from the 222 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUKE subtending leaves. Type species, Blepharidachne kingii. Name from Greek blepharis (blepharid-), eyelash, and achne, chaff, alluding to the ciliate lemma. Glumes a little longer than the florets, acuminate; foliage seaberulous. 1. B. KINGII. Glumes a little shorter than the florets, subacute; foliage densely grayish harsh- puberulent 2. B. bigelovii. 1. Blepharidachne kingii (S. Wats.) Hack. (Fig. 433.) Low tufted perennial with the aspect of Triodia pulchella, but not rooting at upper nodes; culms mostly less than 10 cm tall; sheaths with broad hyaline margins; blades less than 1 mm wide, involute, curved, sharp-pointed, 1 to 3 cm long; panicles subcapitate, pale or purplish, 1 to 2 cm long, exceeded by the upper blades; spikelets flabellate; glumes about 8 mm long, acuminate, exceeding the florets; sterile lemmas about 6 mm long, all the lemmas about the same height, long-ciliate on the margins, pilose at the base and on the callus, cleft nearly to the middle, the lateral lobes narrow, obtuse, the nerve at one margin, awn-tipped, the central lobe consisting of the Figure 433.— Blepharidachne kingii. Plant, X 1; spikelet and perfect floret, X 5. (Jones 4094, Nev.) awn, ciliate below, somewhat exceeding the lateral ones; palea much narrower and somewhat shorter than the lemma; fertile lemma similar to the sterile ones, the palea broad and as long as the lemma; upper sterile lemma on a rachilla joint about 3 mm long, reduced to 3 plumose awns; grain compressed, 2 mm long. Ql — Deserts, Nevada and California (Death Valley), apparently rather rare. 2. Blepharidachne bigelovii (S. Wats.) Hack. (Fig. 434.) Peren- nial; culms stiff, 10 to 20 cm long, the culms and foliage harsh- puberulent; sheaths broad, firm; blades coarser than in B. kingii; panicles dense, oblong, 1 to 3 cm long, the blades not exceeding the panicle; glumes about 6 mm long, subacute, shorter than the florets; sterile lemmas ciliate and awned as in B. kingii, cleft about 1 mm. % — Known only from rocky hills, Frontera, above El Paso, Tex. MANUAL OF THE GEASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 223 36. COTTEA Kunth Spikelets several-flowered, the uppermost reduced, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes about equal, nearly equaling the lower lemma, with several parallel nerves; lemmas rounded on the back, villous below, prominently 9- to 11-nerved, some of the nerves extending into awns of irregular size and some into awned teeth; palea a little longer than the body of the lemma, the keels near the margin. An erect tufted branching perennial with flat blades and oblong loose panicle. Type species, Cottea pappophoroides. Named for Heinrich Cotta. 1. Cottea pappophoroides Kunth. (Fig. 435.) Softly pubescent throughout; culms 30 to 50 cm tall; blades 3 to 7 mm wide; panicle 8 to 15 cm long, the branches loosely ascending; spikelets 4- to 7-flowered, 5 to 7 mm long, about 5 mm wide, green or purplish; glumes 4 to 5 mm long; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, the basal hairs con- spicuous, at least the middle awn spreading. Qi — Plains and dry hills, western Texas to southern Arizona, south to central Mexico; Ecuador to Argentina. Cleistogamous spikelets, usually reduced to a single floret, are found in the lower sheaths, and often large, very turgid ones at the very base. Not abundant enough to have economic importance. 37. PAPPOPHORUM Schreb. Pappusgrass Spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, the upper reduced, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes but not or only tardily between the florets, the inter- nodes very short; glumes nearly equal, keeled, thin-membranaceous, as long as the body of the florets or longer, 1- to several-nerved, acute; lem- mas rounded on the back, firm, obscurely many- nerved, dissected above into numerous spreading awns, the florets falling together, the awns of all forming a pappus-like crown ; palea as long as the body of the lemma, the nerves near the margin. Erect tufted perennials, with narrow or spikelike whitish to tawny or purplish panicles. Type spe- cies, Pappophorum alopecuroideum Vahl. Name from Greek pappos, pappus, and phoros, bearing, alluding to the pappus-like crown of the lemma. Our species are of minor economic importance, though the first two may constitute a fair proportion of the forage on sterile hills. Awns plumose; panicle plumbeous, usually less than 5 cm long. 1. P. wrightii. Awns scabrous; panicle tawny to pink, usually more than 5 cm long. Panicle spikelike, tawny or whitish 2. P. mtjcronulattjm. Panicle narrow but rather loose, pinkish 3. P. bicolor. Figuhe 434—Blcpharidachne hiaclovii. Plant, X 1; fertile floret, X 5. (Type.) 55974°— 35 15 224 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figuhe 435 —Cottea pappophoroides. Plant, X Vi\ spikelet, floret, and cleistogene, X 5. (Griffiths 5946, Ariz.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 225 ■ i'. vy >*€&j -i liP 7 Figure 436.— Pappophorum wrightii Plant, X VS; spikelet, perfect floret, and cleistogene, X 5. (Purpus 8272, Ariz.) 226 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure m.—Pappophorum mucronulatum. Plant, X Yi, spikelet and perfect floret, X 5. (Pringle, Ariz.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 227 Section 1. Enneapogon Trin. Spikelets 3-flowered, the first floret fertile, the second smaller, sterile, the third rudimentary; awns 9, plumose. 1. Pappophoruin wrightii S. Wats. Spike pappusgrass. (Fig. 436.) Culms numerous, slender, decumbent-spreading, 20 to 40 cm tall, the nodes pubescent; blades flat to subin volute, about 1 mm wide; panicle spikelike, gray-green or drab, mostly 2 to 5 cm long, sometimes interrupted below; glumes 7-nerved; lemma of first floret (including awns) 4 to 5 mm long, the body about 1.5 mm long, villous, 9-nerved, the awns plumose. % — Dry plains and stony hills, Texas to Arizona, south to Oaxaca; Peru and Bolivia. Cleistogamous spikelets are produced in the lower sheaths. The cleistogenes are larger than the normal florets but the awns are almost wanting. The culms disarticulate at the lower nodes carrying the cleistogenes with them. Section 2. Polyraphis Trin. Spikelets 4- to 6-flowered, the lower 1 to 3 fertile, the upper reduced or rudimentary; awns more than 9, scabrous. 2. Pappophorum mucronulatum Nees. (Fig. 437.) Culms erect, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades flat to subin- volute, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle spikelike, tawny or whitish, tapering at summit, 10 to 20 cm long; spikelets short-pediceled with 1 or 2 fertile florets and 2 or 3 sterile reduced ones, the rachilla disarticulating below the fertile floret and tardily above it; glumes 1 -nerved; fertile lemma subin- durate, the nerves obscure, villous toward base, dissected into numerous unequal awns 2 to 5 mm long, the body about 3 mm long. % (P. apertwn Munro.) — Low places on plains and in valleys, Texas, Arizona, and northern Mexico; South America; wool waste, Maine. 3. Pappophorum bicolor Fourn. (Fig. 438.) Culms erect, 30 to 80 cm tall; blades flat to subinvolute, 1 to 5 mm wide; panicle mostly 10 to 15 cm long, usually pink-tinged, rather loose, the branches 1 to 4 cm long; spikelets on pedicels 1 to 5 mm long, with 2 or 3 fertile florets and 1 or 2 sterile reduced ones, all about the same height in the spikelet, the rachilla not separating between the florets; glumes 1-nerved; lemmas somewhat indurate, obscurely nerved, pilose on the callus and on the lower half to two thirds of the midnerve and margins, dissected into about 12 somewhat unequal scabrous awns 2 to 4 mm long, the body about 3 mm long, the awns about as long. % — Open valley land, Texas, Arizona (La Noria, near Monument 111), and Mexico. 38. SCLEROPOGON Phil. Plants monoecious or dioecious. Staminate spikelets several- flowered, pale, the rachilla not disarticulating; glumes about equal, a perceptible internode between, membranaceous, long-acuminate, 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved, nearly as long as the first lemma; lemmas similar to the glumes, somewrhat distant, 3-nerved or obscurely Figure 438. — Pappopho- rum bicolor, X 1. (Grif- fiths 6291, Tex.) 228 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figuee m.—ScUropogon brevifolius. Pistillate and staminate plants, X Vi, pistillate spikelet X 2; pistillate and staminate florets, X 5. (Zuck, Ariz.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 229 5-nerved, mucronate; palea obtuse, shorter than the lemma. Pistillate spikelets several-flowered, the upper florets reduced to awns, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes but not separating between the florets or only tardily so; glumes acuminate, 3-nerved, with a few fine additional nerves, the first about half as long as the second ; lemmas narrow, 3-nerved, the nerves extending into slender, scabrous, spread- ing awns, the florets falling together, forming a cylindric many-awned fruit, the lowest floret with a sharp-bearded callus as in Aristida; palea narrow, the two nerves near the margin, produced into short awns. A stoloniferous perennial, with short flexuous blades and narrow few- flowered racemes or simple panicles, the staminate and pistillate panicles strikingly different in appearance. Staminate and pistillate panicles may occur on the same plant or rarely the two kinds of spikelets may be found in the same panicle. It may be that the seed- lings produce two lands of branches, each kind then reproducing its Own sex. This should be investigated. Type species, Scleropogon brevifolius. Name from Greek skleros, hard, and pogon, beard, alluding to the hard awns. 1. Scleropogon brevifolius Phil. Burro grass (Fig. 439.) Culms erect, 1 0 to 20 cm tall, tufted, producing wiry stolons with internodes 5 to 15 cm long; leaves crowded at the base, the blades flat, 1 to 2 mm wide, sharp-pointed; racemes, excluding awns, 1 to 5 cm long; staminate spikelets 2 to 3 cm long; body of pistillate spikelets 2.5 to 3 cm long, the awns 5 to 10 cm long, loosely twisted. Qj. (S. karwinskyanus Benth.)- — Semiarid plains and open valley lands, Texas to Colorado and Arizona, south to central Mexico; Argentina (fig. 440). The ma- ture pistillate spikelets break away and with their numerous long spreading awns form "tumbleweeds" that are blown before the wind, the pointed barbed callus readily penetrating clothing or wool, the combined florets acting like the single floret of long-awned aristidas. Spikelets rarely staminate below and pistillate above. On overstocked ranges, where it tends to become established, it is useful in preventing erosion. Often important as a range grass, especially when young. TRIBE 3. HORDEAE 39. AGROPYRON Gaertn. Wheatgrass Spikelets several-flowered, solitary (rarely in pairs), sessile, placed flatwise at each joint of a continuous (rarely disarticulating) rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes equal, firm, several-nerved, rarely 2-nerved, 1 -nerved, or nerveless, usually shorter than the first lemma, acute or awned, rarely obtuse or notched; lemmas convex on the back, rather firm, 5 to 7-nerved, acute or awned from the apex; palea about as long as the lemma. Perennials (our species except Agropyron triticeum), often with creeping rhizomes, with usually erect culms and green or purplish, usually erect spikes. Type species, Agropyron triticeum Gaertn. Name from Greek agrios, wild, and puros, wheat, the two original species being weeds in wheat fields. Most of the species of Agropyron furnish forage and a few are among the most valuable range grasses of the Western States. In the valleys some species may grow in sufficient abundance to produce hay. 230 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Agropyron paucifiorum {A. tenerum) has been cultivated in the Northwestern States on a commercial scale under the name slender wheatgrass and the seed has been carried by seedsmen in that region. A. smithii, bluestem, often called also western wheatgrass and some- times Colorado bluestem, is a source of hay in alkaline meadows through the Western States. A. spicatum., or bluebunch wheatgrass, and A. dasystachyum are important range grasses in the Northwestern States. A. paucifiorum and A. subsecundum (A. caninum, so-called) because of their abundance in the mountain grazing regions are also important. A. repens, quackgrass, is a good forage grass, but, because of its creeping rhizomes, is a troublesome weed, especially in the Eastern States where it is widely introduced. The species with strong creeping rhizomes are valuable for holding embankments or for holding sandy soils. The divisions of the species into those with rhizomes and those without is convenient and usually definite when the entire base is present but some species normally without rhizomes (as A. spicatum) may rarely produce them and species in which rhizomes occur may not show them in herbarium specimens. la. Plants with creeping rhizomes. Lemmas awned, the awn divergent at maturity. Lemmas pubescent 9. A. albicans. Lemmas glabrous 10. A. griffithsii. Lemmas awnless or with a short straight awn. Glumes rigid, gradually tapering into a short awn. Culms 10 to 20 cm "tall, usually shorter than the leaves; sandy seacoast, California "- 4. A. arenicola. Culms 30 to 60 cm tall, exceeding the leaves; interior 5. A. smithii. Glumes not rigid, acute or abruptly awn-pointed. Lemmas glabrous (sometimes pubescent in A. riparium). Blades lax, flat, usuallv sparsely pilose on the upper surface. 2. A. REPENS. Blades firm, stiff, often involute, not pilose. Spikelets much compressed, closely imbricate, the spike dense. 3. A. PUNGENS. Spikelets not much compressed, somewhat distant, the spike slender. 8. A. RIPARIUM. Lemmas pubescent. Spike 6 to 12 cm long; spikelets 1 to 1.5 cm long; glumes 6 to 9 mm long. 6. A. DASYSTACHYUM. Spike longer, as much as 25 cm long; spikelets as much as 2.5 cm long; glumes as much as 13 mm long 7. A. elmeri. lb. Plants without creeping rhizomes. Spikelets much compressed, closely imbricate, divergent. 1. A. cristatum. Spikelets not much compressed nor closely imbricate. Spikelets awnless or awn-tipped only. Lemmas pubescent 14. A. latiglume. Lemmas glabrous. Internodes of rachilla scaberulous; glumes rather narrow, about half as long as the spikelet. Blades involute (rarely flat) 19. A. inerme. Blades flat 21. A. parishii. Internodes of rachilla villous; glumes broad, nearly as long as the spike- let 13. A. PAUCIFLORUM. Spikelets awned. Culms prostrate-spreading 17. A. scribneri. Culms erect (decumbent at base in A. -pringlei). Rachis finally disarticulating. Glumes narrow, 2-nerved; awns of lemma spreading, out-curved or recurved 22. A. saxicola. Glumes broader, with usually 3 to 5 distinct scabrous nerves; awn of lemma straight, erect.. 1 -^--,- 23. A. saundersii. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 231 Rachis continuous. Awn straight or nearly so. Spikelets about as long as the internodes of the rachis. 21. A. PARISHII. Spikelets imbricate, longer than the internodes of the rachis. Lemmas coarsely pubescent 11. A. vulpintjm. Lemmas glabrous or scabrous toward summit only. 12. A. SUBSECTJNDUM. Awn divergent, when dry. Spikelets imbricate 15. A. bakeri. Spikelets distant. Spikelets 3 to 7 in a spike, about twice as long as the internode; spike 4 to 7 cm long 16. A. prixglei. Spikelets mostly more than 7 in a spike, usually shorter than the internode; spikes mostly more than 8 cm long. Spike 8 to 15 cm long; blades 1 to 2 mm wide. 18. A. SPICATTJM. Spike 15 to 30 cm long; blades 4 to 6 mm wide. 20. A. ARIZONICTJM. 1. Agropyron cristatum (L.) Beauv. Crested wheatgrass. (Fig. 441.) Culms erect, in dense tufts, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades flat; spike dense, mostly 4 to 6 cm long, the internodes of the rachis pubescent, 1 mm long; spikelets compressed, gla- brous to villous, closely imbricate, somewhat spreading, 5 to 15 mm long ; glumes firm, keeled, tapering into a short awn; lemmas somewhat abruptly narrowed into an awn 2 to 4 mm long % — Introduced here and there in grainfields (North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado) ; Eurasia. This grass is well adapted for hay and pasture in the northern Great Plains from North Dakota to eastern Washington and south to western Kansas and probably will be valuable in the northern parts of New Mexico and Arizona. It spreads readily by reseeding. Agropyron triticeum Gaertn. Annual, branching at base ; culms slender, erect or usually decumbent, mostly 10 to 30 cm tall; blades flat, mostly less than 10 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide; spike oval or ovate, 1 to 1.5 cm long, thick; spikelets crowded, about 7 mm long; glumes and lemmas acuminate, o — Absaroka Forest, Mont.; Mountain Home, Idaho. Sparingly introduced from southern Russia. 2. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Quackgrass. (Fig. 442, A) Green or glaucous; culms erect or curved at base, 50 to 100 cm tall, sometimes taller, with creeping yellowish rhizomes; sheaths of the innovations often pubescent; blades relatively thin, flat, usually sparsely pilose on the upper surface, mostly 6 to 10 mm wide ; spike 5 to 15 cm long, the rachis scabrous on the angles; spikelets mostly 4- to 6-flowered, 1 to 1.5 cm long, the rachilla glabrous or scaberulous; glumes 3- to 7-nerved, awn- pointed ; lemmas mostly 8 to 10 mm long, the awn from less than 1 mm to as long as the lemma; palea obtuse, nearly as long as the lemma, scabrous on the keels. % — Waste places, meadows and pastures, Newfoundland to Alaska (Skagway), south to North Carolina, Arkan- sas, New Mexico, and California (fig. 443); introduced from Eurasia. Common in the Northern States; a troublesome weed in cultivated ground. Called also quitch grass and couch grass. Awned specimens have been described as Agropyron leersianum (Wulf.) Rydb. Figure 441.— Agro- pyron cristatum, X 1- (Ball 1768, Colo.) 232 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 442.— A, Agropyron repens. Plant, X Vz\ spikelet and floret, X 3. B, A. pungens, X 3. (Scribner, Maine.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 233 Figure 443.— Distribution of Agropyron repens. I I 3. Agropyron pungens (Pers.) Roem. and Schult. (Fig. 442, B.) Glaucous, culms 50 to 80 cm tall, with pale or brownish rhizomes; blades firm, mostly involute, scabrous on the upper surface; spikelets awnless, compressed, often as much as 10-flowered, the florets closely imbricate ; glumes firm, acute, obscurely nerved, scabrous on the keel. % — Seacoast, Maine (Cape Elizabeth), Mas- sachusetts (Harwich), Oregon (Linnton) ; in- troduced from Europe. 4. Agropyron arenic- ola Davy. (Fig. 444.) Culms low, more or less spreading, 10 to 20 cm tall, with slender exten- sively creeping rhizomes; blades involute, mostly longer than the culms, pungent-pointed ; spike 2 to 5 cm long, the axis glabrous; spike- lets few-flowered, about 15 mm long; glumes narrowly lanceolate, nerveless, firm, narrowed to a pungent point, ciliolate; lemmas about 1 cm long, obscurely nerved, scabrous toward margin and summit. % — Sandy seacoast, middle California. The structure of the spike- let suggests that this species may belong to Elymus though the spikelets are solitary at the nodes of the rachis. 5. Agropyron smithii Rydb. Bluestem. (Fig. 445.) Usually glaucous; culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall, sometimes taller, with creeping rhizomes; sheaths glabrous; blades firm, stiff, mostly flat when fresh, involute in drying, strongly nerved, scabrous or sometimes sparsely villous on the upper surface, mostly 2 to 4 mm wide, tapering to a sharp point; spike erect, mostly 7 to 1 5 cm long, the rachis scabrous on the angles; spikelets rather closely imbricate, occasionally two at a node, 6- to 10-flowered, 1 to 2 cm long, the rachilla scabrous or scabrous- pubescent; glumes rigid, tapering to a short awn, rather faintly nerved, 10 to 12 mm long; lemmas about 1 cm long, firm, glabrous, often pubescent near the base, obscurely nerved, acu- minate, mucronate, sometimes short-awned; palea scabrous-pubescent on the keels. % — Moist, usually alkaline soil, New York; Mich- igan and Ohio to Alberta and Washington, south to Texas, Arizona, and northeastern California; mostly introduced east of Iowa and Kansas (fig. 446). Two varieties have been recognized. Agropyron smithii var. m6lle (Scribn. and Smith) Jones. Lemmas and sometimes glumes more or less pubescent. % — About the same range as the species. Agro- pyron smithii var. palmeri (Scribn. and Smith) Heller. Lower sheaths pubescent. % — Colorado to Utah, south to New Mexico and Arizona. r FIGURE 444. — Agropyron arenic ola, X 1. (Davy 6781, Calif.) 234 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 6. Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. Thickspike wheat- grass. (Fig. 447, A.) Often glaucous; culms mostly 40 to 80 cm tall, with creeping rhizomes; blades flat to involute, 1 to 3 mm wide; spike mostly 6 to 12 cm long; spikelets loosely to closely imbricate, 4- to 8-flowered, 1 to 1.5 cm long, the rachilla pubescent on the con- vex side; glumes acute or awn-pointed, scabrous or pubescent (usually Figure 445.— Agropyron smithii, X 1. (Nelson 3918, Wyo.) less pubescent than the lemma), 6 to 9 mm long; lemmas densely to sparsely pubescent, sometimes nearly glabrous, awnless or mucronate, about 1 cm long; palea about as long as the lemma, obtuse. 01 — Plains and sandy shores, Michigan to British Columbia, south to Illi- nois, Nebraska, Colorado, northern Arizona, Nevada, and Oregon (fig. 448). In the form growing on the sandy shores of Lake Michigan the lemmas are densely villous, but villous forms occur in other parts of the range of the species. This and the four following species appear to intergrade, forming a polymorphous group. 7. Agropyron elmeri Scribn. (Fig. 447, B.) Resembling A. dasystachyum; culms on the average taller, more robust, the spike longer (as much as 25 cm long), the spikelets larger (as much as 10-flowered and 2.5 cm long); glumes and lemmas usually longer (as much as 13 mm and 15 mm, respectively); lemmas pubes- cent, sometimes sparsely so or scabrous only or pubescent only on the margins at base. % —Dry or sandy soil, British Columbia to Orgeon. 8. Agropyron riparium Scribn. and Smith. Streambank wheat- grass. (Fig. 449.) Resembling A. dasystachyum, with vigorous rhizomes; blades usually narrower; spikelets usually more imbricate; lemmas glabrous or somewhat pubescent along the edges of the lower part of the lemma. % — Dry or moist meadows and hills, North Dakota to Alberta and Washington, south to Oregon, Arizona, and Colorado (fig. 450). Figure 446.— Distribution of Agropyron smithii. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 235 9. Agropyron albicans Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 451.) Similar to A. dasystachyum; glumes awn-pointed, about 1 em long; awn Figure 447.-^1, Agropyron dasystachyum, X 1. (Griffiths 488, Wash.) B, A. elmeri, X 1. (Type.) of lemma 1 to 1.5 cm long, divergent and dry hills, South Dakota to Alberta, 'and Colorado (fig. 452). 10. Agropyron griffithsii Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 453.) Resembling A. albicans, differ- ing chiefly in hav- ing glabrous lem- mas. 21 — Open dry, sandy or al- kaline soil, western North and South Dakota, Wyoming, and Colorado. In when dry. <2l -Plains Figure 448.— Distribution of A. dasystachyum. Figure 449.— Agropyron riparium, X 1. (Nelson 3965, Wyo.) the type specimen the lemmas are smooth but in several other specimens the lemmas are scabrous. Possibly only a glabrous form of A. albicans. 236 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv. Blades short, involute, acutish; glumes about 5-nerved; lemmas awnless. % — Ballast at Camden, N.J.; adventive from Europe. Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richt. Blades flat; spikelets pubescent, awnless; glumes several-nerved, acutish. % — Lynn, Mass. ; adventive from Europe. Agropyron junceum (L.) Beauv. Blades loosely involute; spikelets glabrous; glumes 9-nerved, acutish. % —Ballast near Portland, Oreg. ; adventive from Europe. 11. Agropyron vulpimim (Rydb.) Hitchc. (Fig. 454.) Culms 50 to 75 cm tall, somewhat genicu- late at base; blades drying loosely involute, 10 to 12 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide; spike nodding, 10 to 15 cm long, the rachis stiffly sca- Figure 450.— Distribution of Agropyron riparium. brous-ciliate on the angles ; spike- lets imbricate but not appressed, some toward the base two at a node, 3- to 5-flowered, the rachilla appressed-pubescent; glumes f>}'""- i, /C~"" 1 — _j ^-\ IP? 7^A-» Af./ tw^S \L_L-J vfer v\ v/ '"^js~^^\\ Figure 451. — Agropyron albicans, X 1. (Griffiths 3013, Wyo.) Figure 452.— Distribution of Agropyron albicans. scabrous, strongly 5-nerved, awn- tipped; lemmas 5-nerved toward the minutely toothed apex, coarsely pubescent, the scabrous awn 8 to 10 mm long. 01 (Ely- mus vulpinus Rydb.) — Known only from wet meadows, Grant County, Nebr. 12. Agropyron subsectindum (Link) Hitchc. Bearded wheat- grass. (Fig. 455.) Green or glaucous, without creeping rhizomes; culms erect, tufted, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or rarely pubes- cent; blades flat, 3 to 8 mm wide; spike erect or slightly nodding, 6 to 15 cm long, sometimes unilateral from twisting of the spikelets to one side, the rachis scabrous or scabrous-ciliate on the angles, some- times, disarticulating; spikelets rather closely imbricate, few-flowered the rachilla villous, the callus of the florets short-pilose ; glumes broad rather prominently 4- to 7-nerved, nearly as long as the spikelet, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 237 \ It. Figure 454.— Ag- ropyron vulpi- n u m , X 1 . (Type.) tapering into an awn; lemmas obscurely 5-nerved, the nerves becoming prominent toward the tip, the awn straight or nearly so, usually 1 to 3 cm long. % — Moist meadows and open woods, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to the mountains of Maryland, to Indiana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Arizona, and California (fig. 456). Said by Malte to be self -pollinated. This is the species which has generally been called by Am- erican botanists A. caninum (L.) Beauv., which is a European species, differing in having 3-nerved glumes. AGROPYRON SUBSECUNDUM Var. ANDf- num (Scribn. and Smith) Hitchc. Culms mostly not more than 50 cm tall, loosely tufted, usually geniculate at base; lower sheaths pale, usually papery; spike short; awns mostly 5 to 10 mm long, often curved. An alpine form of mountain meadows. Ql — Montana to Washington, south to Colorado and Nevada. Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. Glumes 3-nerved. % — Ballast near Portland, Oreg. ; adventive from Europe. 13. Agropyron pauciflorum (Schwein.) Hitchc. Slender wheatgrass. (Fig. 457.) Resembling A. subsecundum; sheaths glabrous or rarely pubescent ; blades mostly 2 to 4 mm wide; spike usually more slender, 10 to 25 cm long, sometimes unilateral; spikelets from rather remote to closely imbricate; glumes and lemmas awnless or nearly so. % {A. tenerum Vasey.) — Labrador to Alaska, south to the mountains of West Virginia, Missouri, New Mexico, and California; northwestern Mexico (fig. 458). Alpine plants lower, with shorter denser commonly purplish spikes, resemble A. subsecundum var. andinum but are awnless. They have been FlGURE 455, referred to A. violaceum (Hornem.) Lange, an arctic species, and to A. biflorum (Brignoli) Roem. and Schult. Agropyron pseudorepens Scribn. and Smith. Appears to be distinct, differing in the slender creeping rhizomes and villous rachilla joints. A. pseu- dorepens var. magnum Scribn. and Smith may be a large form. 01 — Open ground, thick- ets, and open woods, South Dakota to Washington, south to New Mexico, and northern Arizona; Michigan (Grand Island). 14. Agropyron latiglume (Scribn. and Smith) Rydb. (Fig. 459.) Culms loosely tufted, curved or geniculate below, 20 to 50 cm tall; Agropyron sub- secundum, X 1. (Shear 452, Mont.) Figure 453.— Agropyron griffithsii, X 1. (Williams and Griffiths 16 4, Wyo.) Figure 456.— Distribution of Agropyron subsecundum. 238 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE blades flat, short, 3 to 5 mm wide, pubescent on both surfaces; spike mostly 3 to 6 cm long, sometimes longer; spikelets usually closely imbricate; glumes rather broad and flat; lemmas pubescent, awnless or nearly so. 01 — Alpine regions, Montana to Labrador and Alaska. 15. Agropyron bakeri E. Nels. Baker wheatgrass. (Fig. 460.) Resembling A. subsecundum; culms erect, mostly 50 to 100 cm tall, Figure 457. — Agropyron pauciflorum, X 1. (Shear 404.) Figure 458. — Distribution of Agropyron pauciflorum. Figure 459.— Agropyron latiglume, X 3. (Type.) Figure 460.— Agropyron bakeri, X 1. (Hitchcock 1686, Colo.) rather loosely tufted; spike mostly 5 to 12 cm long, the spikelets rather loosely imbricate; awns divergently curved when dry, 1 to 4 cm long. 21 — Open slopes, upper altitudes, northern Michigan; Alberta to Washington and New Mexico (fig. 461). 16. Agropyron pringlei (Scribn. and Smith) Hitchc. (Fig. 462.) Culms tufted, decumbent at base, 30 to 50 cm tall, the basal sheaths MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 239 soft and papery; blades flat or loosely involute, mostly less than 10 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; spike more or less flexuous, 4 to 7 cm long, the rachis scabrous on the angles, slender, the middle internodes usually 8 to 10 mm long; spikelets mostly 3 to 7 in each spike, rather distant, the lower and middle ones (excluding awns) about as long as two internodes, mostly 3- to 5-flowered, the rachilla joints minutely scabrous, about 2 mm long ; glumes rather nar- row, about 3-nerved on the exposed side, 7 to 8 mm long, tapering into a straight awn about 5 mm long; lemmas tapering into a scabrous, strongly divergent awn 1.5 to 2.5 cm long; palea 10 to 12 mm long. % — Stony slopes, 2,500 to 3,500 m, Sierra Nevada, Tulare County, to Sierra County, Calif. 17. Agropyron scribneri Vasey. Spreading wheatgrass. (Fig. 463.) Culms tufted, prostrate or decumbent-spreading, often flexuous, Figure 461.— Distribution of Agropyron bakeri. Figure 462. — Agropyron pringlei, X 1 (Pringle 504, Calif.) Figure 463.— Agropyron scribneri, 1179, Colo.) X 1. (Shear 20 to 40 cm long; blades flat or, especially on the innovations, loosely involute, more or less pubescent, mostly basal, the 2 or 3 culm blades usually less than 5 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide ; spike long-exserted, often nodding or flexuous, dense, 3 to 7 cm long, the rachis disarticulating at maturity, the internodes glabrous, 3 to 5 mm long, or the lowermost 55974°— 35 -16 240 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE longer; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, the rachilla internodes minutely- scabrous, about 2 mm long; glumes narrow, one obscurely nerved, the other with 2 or 3 distinct nerves, tapering into a divergent awn similar to the awns of the lemmas; lemmas nerved toward the tip, tapering to a strongly divergent awn 1.5 to 2.5 cm long; palea a little longer than the body of the lemma, the apex with 2 short slender teeth. 21 — Alpine slopes, 3,000 to 4,000 m, Montana to northern New Mexico, Nevada, and northern Arizona (fig. 464). Characterized by the hard leafy basal tussock with slender spreading flexuous culms. 18. Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. and Smith. Bluebunch WHEATGRASS. (Fig. 465.) Green or glaucous; culms tufted, often in large bunches, erect, 60 to 100 cm tall ; sheaths Figure 464.— Distribution of Agropyron scribneri. glabrous ; blades flat to loosely involute, 1 to 2 mm, some- times to 4 mm wide, glabrous beneath, pubescent on the upper surface; spike slender, Figure 466.— Distribution of Agropyron spicatum. mostly 8 to 15 cm long, the rachis scaberulous on the angles, 1 to 2 era long, or the FlG lowermost 2.5 cm; spikelets distant, not as long (excluding the awns) as the internodes or slightly longer, mostly 6- to 8-flowered, the rachilla joints scaberulous, 1.5 to 2 mm long; glumes rather narrow, obtuse to acute, rarely short-awned, about 4-nerved, usually about half as long as the spikelet, glabrous or scabrous on the nerves; lemmas about 1 cm long, the awn strongly divergent, 1 to 2 cm long; palea about as long as the lemma, obtuse. % — Plains, dry slopes, canyons and dry open woods, northern Michigan to Alaska, south to western South Dakota, New Mexico, and California (fig. 466). A smaller form with smaller spikelets, found in desert regions of the Great Basin has been differentiated as A. vaseyi Scribn. and Smith. A. spicatum var. pubescens Elmer. Culms and foliage pubescent. % — Washington and Idaho. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 241 19. Agropyron inerme (Scribn. and Smith) Rydb. Beardless wheatgrass. (Fig. 467.) Differing from A. spicatum in the awnless spikelets. % (A. spicatum var. inerme Heller.)— Dry plains and hills, Montana to British Columbia, south to Utah, Wyoming, Figure 467.— Agropyron inerme, X 1. (Horner 571, Wash.) Figure 468.— Distribution of Agropyron inerme. Figure 469.— Agropyron arizonicum, X 1. (Type.) Figure 470.— Distribution of Agropyron arizonicum. western Nebraska, and eastern Oregon (fig. 468). Closely related to A. spicatum but very different in appearance because awnless. 20. Agropyron arizonicum Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 469.) Resembling A. spicatum, usually taller and coarser; blades commonly 4 to 6 mm wide; spike 15 to 30 cm long, flexuous, the rachis more slender; spikelets distant, mostly 3- to 5-flowered; glumes short-awned; awns of the lemmas stouter, mostly 2 to 3 cm long. % — Rocky slopes, western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California (Eel Ridge), and Chihuahua (fig. 470). Agropyron semicostatum (Steud.) Nees. Blades flat; spike nodding, 10 to 20 cm long; spikelets several-flowered, imbricate; glumes several-nerved, much shorter than the spikelet, acute but scarcely awned; awn of lemma flexuous or finally divergent, 1.5 to 3 cm long. 21 — Ballast near Portland, Oreg. Native of Asia. 21. Agropyron parishii Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 471.) Culms 70 to 100 cm tall, the nodes retrorsely pubescent; blades flat or loosely involute, 2 to 4 mm wide; spike slender, nodding, 10 to 25 cm long, the internodes of the rachis 1.5 to 2.5 cm long; spikelets 4- to 7-flowered, mostly about 2 cm long, narrow, appressed, the rachilla joints scaberulous, about 2 mm long; glumes 3- to 5-nerved, 1 to 1.5 cm long, acute ; lemmas acute or with a slender awn 1 to 8 mm long ; palea as long as the lemma, obtuse. 91 — Canyons and rocky slopes, California (Monterey and San Bernardino Mountains) ; rare. Agro- FlGURE 471.— Agropyron parishii. X 1. (Type.) 242 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE pyron parishii var. laeve Scribn. and Smith. Nodes glabrous; awns usually 1 to 2 cm long. 01 — California (Trinity County to San Diego County). 22. Agropyron saxicola (Scribn. and Smith) Piper. (Fig. 472.) Culms tufted, erect, 30 to 80 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or sometimes pubescent; blades flat to loosely involute, glabrous or sometimes pubescent, 1 to 4 mm wide; spike 5 to 12 cm long, the rachis tardily disarticulating, the internodes more or less scabrous on the angles, 5 to 10 mm long; spikelets imbricate, sometimes in pairs, about twice as long as the internodes of the rachis, 4- to 6-flowered, the rachilla minutely scabrous; glumes narrow, 2- nerved, the nerves sometimes obscure, sometimes with a third faint nerve, awned, the awn divergent, 5 to 20 mm long, some- times with a tooth or short awn at the base of the main awn; lemmas about 8 mm long, the awn divergent, mostly 2 to 5 cm long, sometimes with 1 or 2 short addi- tional awns; palea about as long as the lemma, obtuse or truncate. % — Dry or rocky slopes and plains, western South Dakota to Washington, south to Utah, Ari- zona, and California (fig. 473). This species is a transition to Sitanion. 23. Agropyron saundersii (Vasey) Hitchc. (Fig. 474.) Culms erect, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades flat or loosely invo- lute; spike erect, 8 to 15 cm long, mostly purplish, the rachis tardily disarticulating ; spikelets some- times in pairs near the middle of the spike, 1 to 1.5 cm long (excluding awns), 2- to 5-flowered ; glumes variable, narrow with 2 nerves or wider with 3 to 5 nerves, the nerves strong and at least the mid- nerve scabrous, the awn 2 to 4 cm long, sometimes with a short lateral awn near the base; lemmas scabrous, the awn straight, 2 to 5 cm long. 01 {Elymus saun- dersii Vasey.) — Dry slopes, Colorado (Veta Pass) and Utah (Salt Lake City). 40. TRITICUM L. Figure 472. — Agropyron saxicola, X 1. (Type.) Figure 473.— Distribution of Agropyron saxicola. Figure 474.— Agro- pyron saundersii, X 1. (Type.) Spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, solitary, placed flat- wise at each joint of a continuous or articulate rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets or continuous; glumes rigid, keeled, 3- to several-nerved, the apex abruptly mucronate or toothed or with one to several awns; lemmas broad, keeled, very asymmetric, many-nerved, abruptly pointed or awned. Low or rather tall an- nuals, with flat blades and thick spikes. Standard species, Triticum aestivum, Triticum, the old Latin name for wheat. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 243 1. Triticum aestivum L. Wheat. (Fig. 475.) Culms erect, freely branching at base, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades 1 to 2 cm wide; spike mostly 5 to 12 cm long; internodes of rachis 3 to 6 mm long; spikelets broad, glabrous or pubescent, long-awned to awnless ; glumes usually strongly keeled toward one side, the keel extending into amucro, the other side usually obtusely angled at apex. O (T. vulgare Vill. ; T. sativum Lam.)— Commonly cultivated; fields and waste places in the vicinity of cultivated fields or grain elevators, but scarcely estab- lished. Spelt (T. spelta L.) and emmer {T. dicoccum Schrank) are sometimes cultivated for the grain, used for stockfeed, and for forage. In these two species the rachis breaks up, each joint bearing a spikelet which remains entire, each floret permanently enclosing the grain. In spelt the spikelets are somewhat distant, exposing the rachis, in emmer the spikelets are closely imbricate, scarcely exposing the rachis. A large number of varieties of wheat are in cultivation ; the lemmas may be glabrous or pubescent, the awns long or nearly or quite wanting. On the basis of the number of chromosomes the wheats and their allies may be divided into three groups. The group with 7 chromo- somes (probably the most primitive) includes einkorn (T. monococcum L.). The group with 14 chromosomes includes durum wheat (T. durum Desf.), poulard wheat {T. turgidum L.), Polish wheat (T. polonicum L.), and emmer (T. dicoccum Schrank). The group with 21 chromosomes includes spelt and the varieties of wheat commonly cultivated in the United States, one series of which, with short com- pact heads, is club wheat (T. compactum Host). Alaska wheat is a variety of poulard wheat with branched heads. It is also known by several other names, such as Egyptian, miracle, and mummy. This variety is considered inferior commercially to standard varieties of wheat. Stories of varieties originating from seed found with mum- mies 3,000 years old have no basis in fact. The origin of wheat is not known as there is no native species like any of the cultivated forms. Some botanists have suggested species of Aegilops, and others T. dicoccoides Koern., a wild species of Pales- tine, as the possible ancestor. 41. AEGILOPS L. Goatgrass Spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, solitary, turgid or cylindric, placed flat- wise at each joint of the rachis and fitting into it, the joints thickened at the summit, the spikelets usually not reaching the one above on the same side, exposing the rachis; spike usually disarticulating near the base at maturity, falling entire, or finally disarticulating between the spikelets. Annuals with flat blades and usually awned spikes. Type species, Aegilops ovata. Name from Aegilops, an old Greek name for a kind of grass. The species of Aegilops have been recently introduced into the United States and give indications of becoming troublesome weeds. At maturity the spikes fall entire, the lowest rachis joint serving as a pointed callus to the 2- to several-jointed, strongly barbed fruits, which work their way into the mouths and noses of grazing animals and into the wool of sheep. Spikelets subovate; rachis not disarticulating 3. A. ovata. Spikelets cylindric; rachis finally disarticulating. Glumes with one awn 1. A. cylindrica. Glumes with three awns . 2. A. tritjncialis. 244 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, XT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure m.-Triticum aestivum. Plant with awned spikes (bearded wheat) and a nearly awnless spike (A) beardless wheat, X H; spikelet and floret, X 3. (Cult.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 245 1. Aegilops cylindrica Host. Jointed goatgrass. (Fig. 476, B.) Culms erect, branching at base, 40 to 60 cm tall ; blades 2 to 3 mm wide ; spike cylindric, 5 to 8 cm long ; internodes of racbis 6 to 8 mm long; spikelets 8 to 10 mm long, glabrous to hispid; glumes several- Figure 476. A, Aegilops triuncialis, X H. (Cole, Calif.) B, A. cylindrica, X H- (Bush 72148, Mo.) nerved, keeled at one side, the keel extending into an awn, the main nerve of the other side extending into a short tooth; lemmas mucro- nate, those of the uppermost spikelets awned like the glumes ; awns very scabrous, those of the upper spikelets about 5 cm long, those of the 246 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE lower spikelets progressively shorter, o — Weed in wheatfields, and waste places, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New Mexico; recently introduced from Europe. 2. Aegilops triuncialis L. Barb goatgrass. (Fig. 476, A.) Culms branching and spreading at base, 20 to 40 cm tall; blades rather rigid, sharp-pointed, spreading; spike 3 to 4 cm long, 2 or 3 of the lower spikelets often reduced, the fertile spikelets 3 to 5; glumes with 3 strong scabrous, somewhat spreading awns, 4 to 8 cm long; lemmas with three rigid unequal awns. © -Troublesome weed on range land, California; introduced from Europe. 3. Aegilops ovata L. Culms tufted, geniculate at base, 15 to 25cm tall; blades short, sharp-pointed; spike thick, of 2 to 4 subovate spike- lets, the upper sterile; glumes with 4 stiff scabrous spreading awns 2 to 3 cm long; lemmas usually with 1 long and 2 short awns. © — Weed in fields, California and Virginia; introduced from Europe. 42. SECALE L. Rye Spikelets usually 2-flowered, solitary, placed flatwise against the rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and produced beyond the upper floret as a minute stipe; glumes narrow, rigid, acuminate or subulate-pointed; lemmas broader, sharply keeled, 5-nerved, ciliate on the keel and exposed margins, tapering into a long awn. Erect, mostly annual grasses, with flat blades and dense spikes. Type species, Secale cereale. Secale, the old Latin name for rye. 1. Secale cereale L. Rye. (Fig. 477.) In habit resembling wheat but usually taller, the spike more slender, somewhat nodding, on the average longer. © —Commonly cultivated; escaped from cultiva- tion, in fields and waste places. This species is thought to be derived from S. montanum Guss., a perennial native in the mountains of southwestern Asia. 43. ELYMUS L. Wild-rye Spikelets 2- to 6-flowered, in pairs (rarely 3 or more or solitary) at each node of a usually continuous rachis, placed as in Agropyron but the rachilla distorted at base, bringing the florets more or less dorsiventral to the rachis; rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes equal, somewhat asymmetric, usually rigid, sometimes indurate below, narrow to subulate, 1- to several- nerved, acute to aristate; lemmas rounded on the back or nearly terete, obscurely 5-nerved, acute or usually awned from the tip. Erect, usually rather tall perennials (one annual), with flat or rarely convolute blades and slender or bristly spikes, the spikelets usually crowded, sometimes somewhat distant. Type species, Elymus sibiricus L. Name from Elumos, an old Greek name for a kind of grain. The species in which the spikelets are mostly solitary can be distinguished from Agropyron by the narrow or subulate glumes. The seed of certain species (e.g., E. mollis and E. canadensis) have been used for food by the Indians. The species of Elymus are for the most part good forage grasses, and in some localities form a part of the native hay. In the wooded areas of the Northwest, E. glaucus is one of the valuable secondary grasses of the ranges. The species with creeping rhizomes are likely MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 247 Figure 477.— Secale cerea.lt. Plant, X lA; spikelet, X 3; floret, X 5. (Hill, 111.) 248 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE to be of value as soil or sand binders. E. mollis is a natural sea dune grass and E. arenicola and E. flavescens are common on inland shifting dunes; E. triticoides is to be recommended for holding embankments. On the western ranges E. condensatus and E. triticoides are important. la. Plants annual; spike long-awned, nearly as broad as long. I. E. CAPUT-MEDUSAE. lb. Plants perennial; spike much longer than broad. 2a. Rhizomes present, slender, creeping. Glumes lanceolate, awnless or awn-pointed. Plants of coastal dunes. Glumes and lemmas papery, distinctly nerved 2. E. mollis. Glumes and lemmas firm, faintly nerved (lemmas nerved at apex). 3. E. VANCOUVERENSIS. Glumes subulate or very narrow. Spikelets glabrous; lemmas short-awned 8. E. triticoides. Spikelets densely villous to coarsely, sometimes sparsely, pubescent. Lemmas awned or awn-tipped; spike 5 to 15 cm long. Lemmas copiously villous; awn 1 to 4 mm long__ 6. E. innovatus. Lemmas hirsute or hirtellous; awn 5 to 10 mm long. 7. E. HIRTIFLORUS. Lemmas awnless; spike 10 to 25 cm long. Glumes pubescent; lemmas soft, densely villous 4. E. flavescens. Glumes glabrous or nearly so; lemmas relatively firm, coarsely pubescent, sometimes sparsely so 5. E. arenicola. 2b. Rhizomes wanting (or short and stout in E. condensatus). Plants tufted. 3a. Rachis tardily disjointing. Glumes and lemmas awned. Spike mostly 5 to 7 mm wide; spikelets mostly in twos; blades subin volute. 15. E. MACOUNII. Spike 8 to 10 mm wide; spikelets often in threes; blades flat, 5 to 10 mm wide. 16. E. ARISTATTJS. 3b. Rachis continuous. 4a. Glumes subulate to subsetaceous, not broadened above the base, the nerves obscure except in E. villosus. Lemmas awnless or awn-tipped, the awn shorter than the body. Spike thick, sometimes compound ; spikelets commonly in twos to fours. II. E. CONDENSATUS. Spike slender; some or most of the spikelets solitary at the nodes, the paired spikelets near the middle. Culms numerous in a close tuft, the leaves mostly basal; lemmas mostly awnless 10. E. salina. Culms few, loosely tufted, the leaves scattered along the usually taller culms; lemmas awn-tipped, the awn 2 to 5 mm long. 9. E. AMBIGUUS. Lemmas awned, the awn as long as the body or longer. Awns straight; lemmas about 1.2 mm wide across the back. 17. E. VILLOSUS. Awns flexuous-divergent; lemmas about 2 mm wide across the back. 18. E. interrupttjs. 4b. Glumes lanceolate or narrower, broadened above the base, strongly 3- to several-nerved. Glumes relatively thin, flat, several-nerved, not indurate at base. Lemmas sparsely long-hirsute on the margins toward the summit. 14. E. hirsutus. Lemmas glabrous or scabrous. Lemmas awned 12. E. glaucus. Lemmas awnless or minutely awn-tipped 13. E. virescens. Glumes firm, indurate at base. Awns divergently curved when dry; base of glumes not terete. 19. E. CANADENSIS. Awns straight; base of glumes terete. Glumes about 1 mm wide about the middle, the bases not bowed out. 20. E. RIPARIUS. Glumes 1.5 to 2 mm wide about the middle, the bases bowed out. 21. E. VIRGINICUS 1. Elymus c&put-medusae L. (Fig. 478.) Annual; culms ascend- ing from a decumbent, branching base, slender, 20 to 60 cm tall; blades MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 249 narrow, short; spike very bristly, 2 to 5 cm long (excluding the long spreading awns); glumes subulate, smooth, indurate below, tapering into a slender awn 1 to 2.5 cm long; lemmas lanceolate, 3-nerved, 6 mm long, very scabrous, tapering into a flat awn 5 to 10 cm long. 0 — Open ground, Washington to California, infrequent ; introduced from Europe. 2. Elymus mollis Trin. American dunegrass. (Fig. 479.) Culms stout, pubescent below the spike, glaucous, 60 to 120 cm tall, with numerous overlapping basal leaves, the rhizomes widely creeping; blades firm, 7 to 12 mm wide, often involute in drying; spike erect, Figure 478. — Elymus caput-medusae, X 1. (Vasey 3076, Wash.) dense, thick, soft, pale, 7 to 25 cm long; glumes lanceolate, flat, many-nerved, scabrous or pubescent, 12 to 25 mm long, acuminate, about as long as the spikelet; lemmas scabrous to felty-pubescent, acuminate or mucronate. % — Sand dunes along the coast, Alaska to Greenland, south to Massachusetts and central California; along Lakes Superior and Michigan (fig. 480) ; also eastern Siberia to Japan. Closely related to the European E. arenarius L. with culm smooth below the spike and glabrous glumes. A form found along the coast of Washington with somewhat compound spikes has been differentiated as E, arenarius var. compositus (Abrom.) St. John. 250 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 3. Elymus vancouverensis Vasey. (Fi mollis, less leafy; spike somewhat inter- rupted, purplish; glumes narrowly lance- olate, firm, gradually acuminate, 1 to 1.5 cm long, sparsely long-villous, especially toward the apex; lemmas firm, 1 to 1.5 cm long, tapering into a short awn. 21 -Dunes and sandy shores, British Colum- bia to northern California. 4. Elymus flavescens Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 482.) Culms erect, slender, glabrous, 50 to 100 cm tall, the rhizomes slender, nearly vertical from deep slender horizontal rhi- zomes with brown scales; sheaths glabrous; blades firm, glabrous be- neath, scabrous on the upper surface, 2 to 5 mm wide, flat, or involute in drying; spike 10 to 25 cm long, sometimes with short branches, somewhat nodding; spikelets 2 to 3 cm long, several-flowered, approximate or somewhat distant; glumes very narrow or subulate, pubescent, nerve less, '.. to 481.) Resembling E. man mm I mm m :0'i W III ll!/ Figure 480.— Distribution of Elymus mollis. Figure i7$.— Elymus mollis, X 1. (Henderson 2109, Wash.) Ifl 1.5 cm long; lemmas awn- less^ densely silky- villous, the hairs long, yellowish or brownish. % — Sand dunes, eastern Washington and Oregon, Idaho; South Dakota (Black Hills) (fig. 483). 5. Elymus arenicola Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 484.) Resembling E. flavescens to which it is closely re- lated; glumes glabrous or nearly so; lemmas firmer, coarsely pubescent, sometimes sparsely so, or the pubes- cence confined to the base or mar- gins, the pubescence grayish rather than yellow. % — Sandy valleys, often in drifting sand, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. 10. '■■■<-. *V Figure 481.— Elymus vancouverensis, X 1. (Piper 812, Wash.) MANUAL CP TEE GRASSES OP THE UNITED STATES 251 Figure 483.— Distribution of Elymus flarescens. Figure cens, X cox 160, 6. Elymus innovatus Beal. (Fig. 485.) Resembling E.jiavescens, ; spike rather dense, 5 to 12 cm long, the axis %i$ villous; spikelets 1 to 1.5 cm long, the narrow glumes and the lemmas densely purplish or gray- ish-villous, the lemmas with an awn mostly 1 to 4 mm long. % — Open woods and gravelly flats, Alaska to British Columbia; Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota (Black Hills). 7. Elymus hirtiflorus Hitchc. (Fig. 486.) Culms erect, tufted, 40 to 90 cm tall, with slender creeping rhizomes; blades firm, flat or usually invo- lute, glabrous beneath, 5 to 20 cm long, 1 to 4 mm wide when flat; spike erect, 5 to 15 cm long; spikelets 4- to 6- flowered; glumes firm, hirsute, narrow, tapering into an awn about as long as the body, the entire length 1 to 1.5 cm; lemmas hirsute, some- 482.— Elymus flaves- times sparingly so, the lower 8 to 9 mm long, adahoyrmandWiI"with an awn 5 to 10 mm long. % —River banks, Wyoming. 8. Elymus triticoides Buckl. Beardless wild-rye. (Fig. 487.) Culms usually glaucous, rarely pubescent below spike, 60 to 120 cm tall, commonly in large colonies from extensively creeping scaly rhizomes; ligule a truncate rim about 1 mm long; blades mostly 2 to 6 mm wide, flat or soon involute; spike erect, slender to rather dense, rarely compound ; spikelets mostly 12 to 20 mm long; glumes very narrow to subulate, firm, nerveless or 1- to 3-nerved, awn-tipped, 5 to 15 mm long, those of the upper spikelets usually reduced or obsolete; lemmas 6 to 10 mm long, gla- brous, firm, brownish, purplish or tawny, awn-tipped. Ql — Moist or alkaline soil, at low and medium elevations, Montana to Washington, south to western Texas and Baja California (fig. 488). Elymus triticoides var. pubescens and involute blades pubescent. QJ. —Oregon, Figure 485. — Elymus innovatus, X 1. (Hay ward 2719, S. Dak.) Figure 484.— Elymus nicola, X 1. Idaho.) are- (Palmer 356, Hitchc. Sheaths 252 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE California, Idaho, Nevada; rare. Elymus triticoides var. simplex (Scribn. and Will.) Hitchc. Usually less than 60 cm tall; blades rather short, involute; spike usually less than 10 cm long; spikelets mostly solitary; glumes often rather broad at base. 01 (E. simplex Scribn. and Will.)— Wyoming and Colorado to California (Tahoe) and eastern Oregon (Harney County). ■ 9. Elymus ambiguus Vasey and bcnbn. (Fig. 489.) Culms few, loosely tufted, erect, 30 to 70 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades flat to subinvolute, 2 to 5 mm wide, scabrous; spike erect, rather dense, 5 to 15 cm long; spikelets solitary toward the base and apex of the spike, mostly 2- to 4-flowered; glumes subulate, sca- brous toward the awned tip ; lemmas glabrous or scabrous on the back, about 1 cm long, short- awned, the awn 2 to 5 mm long. <2l —Open slopes at medium altitudes in the mountains, Colorado, rare in Montana and Utah. Elymus ambiguus var. strigosus (Rydb.) Hitchc. Lem- mas strigose or pubescent. % (E. strigosus Rydb., lemmas strigose; E. villiflorus Rydb., lemmas pubescent.)— Wyoming, Colorado. 10. Elymus salina Jones. Salina wild-rye. (Fig. 490.) Culms erect, 30 to 80 cm tall, some- times scabrous below nodes and below spike; sheaths scabrous ; blades firm, invo- lute, scabrous, or rarely softly pubes- cent ; spike slender, erect, 5 to 12 cm long; spikelets mostly solitary, often rather dis- tant, 1 to 1.5 cm long; glumes sub- ulate, 4 to 8 mm long, sometimes reduced, glabrous or scabrous ; lemmas about 1 cm long, awnless or rarely awn-tipped, gla- brous or scabrous, rarely sparsely strigose, the nerves obscure. 91 — Rocky slopes and sagebrush hills, Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, and Arizona. Figure 486.— E I y m u s hirti- florus, Spike X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Type.) Figure 487.— Elymus triticoides, X L (Cusick 763, Oreg.) 11. Elymus condensatus Presl. Giant wild-rye. (Fig. 491.) Culms in large tufts, stout, usually 1 to 3 m tall, sometimes puberu- lent, especially below the nodes, the rhizomes when present short and MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 253 thick; ligule 2 to 5 mm long; blades firm, strongly nerved, flat, as much as 2 cm wide; spike erect, usually dense, 15 to 30 cm long, some- times compound; spikelets often in threes to fives; glumes subulate, awn-pointed, usually 1-nerved or nerveless, about as long as the first lemma; lemmas glabrous to sparsely strigose, awnless or mucronate. 91 — -Dry plains, slopes, sand hills, and along gullies and ditches up to medium altitudes, Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Colorado, New Mexico, and California (fig. 492). On the coast of Cali- fornia there is a form with robust culms as much as 3 m tall, compound spikes as much as 30 cm long and 4 cm thick, the ascending compound branches sometimes 6 cm long. This form usually has pronounced rhizomes; possibly distinct. Elymus condensatus var. pubens Piper (E. cinereus Scribn. and Merr.) Sheaths and blades harsh-puberulent. 91 — Washington, Nevada, and California. The seeds are sometimes used for food by the Indians. Figure 488.— Distribution of Elymus triticoid.es. Figure 489.— Elymus ambiguus, X 1. (Hitch- cock 10990, Colo.) Figure 490.— Elymus salina, X 1. (Rydberg 2041, Wyo.) Figure 491.— Elymus conden- satus, XI. (Butler 839, Calif.) 12. Elymus glaucus Buckl. Blue wild-rye. (Fig. 493.) Culms in loose to dense tufts, often bent at base, erect, 60 to 120 cm tall, without rhizomes, leafy; sheaths smooth or scabrous; blades flat, usually lax, mostly 8 to 15 mm wide, usually scabrous on both surfaces, sometimes narrow and subinvolute; spike long-exserted, from erect to somewhat nodding, usually dense, commonly 5 to 20 cm long, occasionally longer; glumes lanceolate at base, 8 to 15 mm long, with 2 to 5 strong scabrous nerves, acuminate or awn-pointed; lemmas awned, the awn 1 to 2 times as long as the body, erect to spreading. 91 — Open woods, copses, and dry hills at low and medi- um altitudes, Ontario and Michigan to southern Alaska, south through South Dakota and Colorado to New Mexico and California ; Missouri Figure 492.— Distribution of Elymus condensatus. 254 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 493.— Elymus glaums, X 1. (Chase 5150, Idaho.) and Arkansas (fig. 494). Exceedingly variable, the commonest form is loosely tufted, with lax blades 10 to 15 mm wide and somewhat nod- dins; spike, but plants with narrower blades and stiff spikes are frequent, the extreme form having been differentiated as E. angusti- folius Davy. The original specimen described by Buckley is a rather small plant intermedi- ate in blades and spike. Elymus glaucus var. jepsoni Davy . Sheaths and blades pubescent. % — Brit- ish Columbia to Cali- fornia; Montana. 13. Elymus virescens Piper. (Fig. 495.) Re- sembling E. glaucus and nearly as variable in habit, often decum- bent at base; sheaths from glabrous to re- tro rsely pubescent, blades 2 to 12 mm wide, glabrous to harsh- puberulent ; spike 5 to 15 cm long, dense, spike- lets imbricate ; glumes flat, 1 to 2 mm wide, strongly nerved, pointed or awn-tipped ; lem- mas glabrous to scabrous, barely awn-tipped or with an awn 1 to 4 mm long. 91 — Moist woods, south- ern Alaska to California. 14. Elymus hirsutus Presl. (Fig. 496.) Culms solitary or in small tufts, 50 to 140 cm tall, rather weak; blades flat, lax, 4 to 10 mm wide, scabrous; spike drooping, mostly loose, the rachis exposed; spikelets mostly about 15 mm long; glumes] about 1 mm wide, strongly nerved, awned; lemmas sparsely long-hirsute along the margin toward the summit, sometimes coarsely pubescent on the back, the slender awn flexuous or divergent, 1.5 to 2 cm long. % — Moist woods or open ground, Alaska to Oregon. 15. Elymus macounii Vasey. Macotjn wild-rye. (Fig. 497.) Culms densely tufted, erect, slender, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths gla- brous or rarely pubescent; blades erect, rather firm, submvolute, usually scabrous on both surfaces, 10 to 20 cm long, mostly 2 to 5 mm Figure 494.— Distribution of Elymus glaucus. Figure 49fi.— Elymus hirsutus, X 5. (Thompson 7332, Wash.) Figure 495. — Elymus virescens, X 1. (Flett, Wash.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 255 wide; spike slender, erect or somewhat nodding, 4 to 12 cm long, usually about 5 mm thick (excluding awns), the slender rachis tardily disarticulating; spikelets imbricate, appressed, mostly 2-flowered, about 1 cm long, excluding the awns; glumes very narrow, scabrous, slightly divergent but not bowed out at base, the midnerve usually distinct; lem- mas scabrous toward the apex, extend- ing into slender straight awns 1 to 2 cm long. % • — Meadows and open ground, x Figure 498.— Distribution of Elymus macounii. wm v > A- Figure 499. —Elymus aristatus, X 1. (Chase 4762, Idaho.) Figure 497.— Elymus macounii. Disartic- ulating spike, X 1. (Anderson, Mont.) Figure 500. — Distribution of Elymus aristatus. Figure 501.- -Elymus villosus, X 1. mons 163, Del.) (Com- Minnesota to Alaska and eastern Wash- ington, south to Iowa, Nebraska, New Mexico, and California (fig. 498). 16. Elymus aristatus Merr. (Fig. 499-) Culms tufted, rather leafy, erect, 70 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous, blades flat, 5 to 10 mm wide; spike erect, dense, 6 to 14 cm long, 5 to 10 mm thick, the rachis tardily disarticulating; spikelets closely imbricate, of ten in threes, 1- to 2-flow- ered, about 1 cm long, excluding the awns; glumes subsetaceous, sca- brous, 10 to 20 mm long; lemmas slightly wider than in E. macounii, sparsely scabrous at least on the upper half, the slender straight awn 10 to 20 mm long. % —Meadows and open slopes, at middle alti- tudes, Idaho and Washington, south to Nevada and California (fig. 500). 65974°-35 -17 256 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 502.— Distribution of Elymus villosus. 17. Elymus villosus Muhl. (Fig. 501.) Culms tufted, ascending, slender, 60 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous to sparsely pilose; blades flat, lax, pubescent on upper surface, glabrous or scabrous beneath; spike drooping, dense, 5 to 12 cm long; glumes subsetaceous, spread- ing, distinctly nerved above the firm cylindric nerveless divergent or somewhat bowed-out base, hirsute, 12 to 20 mm long; lemmas nerved toward the tip, hispidulous to hirsute, 7 to 8 mm long, about 1.2 mm across the back, the straight slender awn 1 to 3 cm long. 91 (E. striatus, American authors, not Willd. Moist or dry woods and shaded slopes, Vermont to North Dakota and Wyoming, south to North Carolina, Alabama, and Texas (fig. 502). E. arkansanus Scribn. and Ball is a form with glabrous or scabrous spikelets. 18. Elymus interruptus Buckl. (Fig. 503.) Culms erect, 70 to 130 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades flat scabrous, 5 to 12 mm wide; spike flexuous or nodding, 8 to 20 cm long; glumes setaceous or nearly so, 1 to 3 cm long, one or both reduced in occasional spike- lets, mostly flexuous or spread- ing, the nerves obscure at least toward the base; lemmas hirsute to scabrous, or glabrous, about 1 cm long, about 2 mm across the back, the awn flexu- ous or divergent, 1 to 3 cm long. Figure 504.— Distribution of Elymus interruptus. % (E. diver siglumis Scribn. and Ball.) — Rich, open moist soil, Wisconsin to North Dakota and Wyoming; Tennessee, Okla- homa, Texas, and northern Mexico (fig. 504). 19. Elymus canadensis L. Canada wild-rye. (Fig. 505.) Green or of ten glaucous; culms erect, tufted, mostly 1 to 1.5 m tall ; sheaths glabrous or rarely pubescent; blades flat, scabrous or sparsely hispid on the upper surface, mostly 1 to 2 cm wide; spike thick and bristly, nodding or drooping, often interrupted below, 10 to 25 cm long, sometimes glaucous; spikelets commonly in threes or fours, slightly spreading; glumes narrow, mostly 2- to 4-nerved, scabrous, sometimes hispid but less so than the lemmas, the bases somewhat indurate and diver- gent but scarcely bowed out, the awn about as long as the body; lem- Figure 503.— Elymus interruptus, X 1. Minn.) (Grant 3071, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 257 Figure 505.— Elymus canadensis. Plant, X H; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Lansing 3240, Mich.) 258 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 606.— Distribution of Elymus canadensis. mas scabrous-hirsute to hirsute-pubescent, rarely glabrous, strongly nerved above, the awn divergently curved when dry, 2 to 3 cm long. % — River banks, open ground, and sandy soil, Quebec to southern Alaska, south to North Carolina, Missouri, Texas, Arizona, and northern California (fig. 506). Elymus canadensis var. robustus (Scribn. and Smith) Mackenz. and Bush. Differing in the stouter and denser only slightly nodding very bristly spikes. Ql — Prairies, Massachusetts to Montana, south to Kentucky, Missouri, Texas, and Arizona. Elymus canadensis var brachystachys (Scribn. and Ball) Farwell. Lemmas glabrous or' nearly so. 01 — Moist open or partly shaded ground, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico. Grades into E. canadensis; many specimens of E. canadensis from Kansas to North Dakota have sparingly hirsute lemmas, showing a transition to this variety. 20. Elymus riparius Wiegand. (Fig. 507.) Culms rather slender, erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths glabrous; blades rather thin, flat, 5 to 15 mm wide, scabrous; spike somewhat nodding, 7 to 20 cm long; glumes narrow, about 1 mm wide at the middle, 2- to 4- nerved, somewhat indurate but scarcely bowed out at base ; lemmas minutely hispidulous to glabrous, the awn straight, mostly 2 to 3 cm long. % — River banks and low ground, Quebec and Maine to Michigan, south to North Carolina, Ohio, and Indiana; Arkansas (fig. 508) E. virginicus var. glabriflorus in the nodding spike and less indurate glumes; from E. cana- densis in the straight awns and narrower and somewhat more indurate glumes. When the ranges of E. riparius and E. canadensis coincide the latter may be distinguished by the hirsute- pubescent lemmas. 21. Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild- rye. (Fig. 509.) Culms tufted, erect, 60 to 120 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades flat, scabrous, mostly 5 to 15 mm wide; spike usu- ally erect, often partly included, 5 to 15 cm long; glumes strongly nerved, firm, indurate, yellowish, nerveless and bowed out at base leaving a rounded sinus, broadened above (1.5 to 2 mm wide), scabrous, the apex somewhat curved, tapering into a straight awn, about as long as the body or shorter; lemmas glabrous and nerveless below, scabrous and nerved above, tapering into a straight awn usually about 1 cm long. % — Moist ground, low woods, and along streams, Newfoundland to Alberta, south to Florida and Arizona (fig. 510). Sometimes called jTL (' I I" 7S LA%P Tt\\^* #> I v n \*\*1^& £-£•-•1 H-J4/ Lj*_j* / Figure 507.— Elymus ri- parius, X 1. (Wood- ward, Conn.) Differing from Figure 508.— Distribution of Elymus riparius. Figure 509.— Elymus virginicus, X 1. (Hitchcock 79, Va.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 259 Terrell grass. A variable species of which the following intergrading varieties may be distinguished. Elymus virginicus var. glabriflorus (Vasey) Bush. Glumes mostly less bowed out ; lemmas glabrous ; awns mostly 2 to 3 cm long, the spike more bristly. % — Maine to Kansas, south to Florida and New Mexico. Elymus virginicus var. halophilus (Bickn.) Wiegand. More slender, usually glaucous; blades narrower, often becoming involute; spikes and spikelets somewhat smaller. % — Brackish marshes and moist sand along the coast, Maine to New Jersey. Elymus virginicus var. submuttcus Hook. Glumes and lemmas awnless or nearly so. 01 — Woods and open ground, Quebec to Washington, south to Rhode Island; Ohio and Kentucky to Okla- homa and Montana. Elymus virginicus var. intermedius (Vasey) Bush. Glumes, lemmas, and rachis more or less hirsute, the awns about as in E. virginicus. % (E. hirsutiglumis Scribn.) — Thickets and low ground, Maine to Iowa, south to Florida and Texas. Elymus virginicus var. australis (Scribn. and Ball) Hitchc. Differing from E. virginicus var. intermedius in the stouter, bristly spike and longer awns; differing from E. virgin- icus var. glabriflorus in the hirsute or strongly scabrous glumes and lemmas. % — Prairies, rocky hills, and open woods, Vermont to Iowa, south to Florida and Texas. Elymus gigantetjs Vahl. Robust perennial from stout rhizomes; blades numerous at base, elongate; spike , . r , An i u j. o xi • i i Figure 510. — Distribution of dense, 15 to 20 cm long, about 2 cm thick; glumes Eiyvim virginicus. and lemmas sharp-pointed, the glumes glabrous, the lemmas pubescent below. "21 — Occasionally cultivated for ornament. Siberia 44. SITANION Raf. Squirreltail Spikelets 2- to few-flowered, the uppermost floret reduced, usually 2 at each node of a disarticulating rachis, the rachis breaking at the base of each joint, remaining attached as a pointed stipe to the spikelets above; glumes narrow or setaceous, 1- to 3-nerved, the nerves prominent, extending into one to several awns, these (when more than one) irregular in size, sometimes mere lateral appendages of the long central awn, sometimes equal, the glume being bifid; lemmas firm, convex on the back, nearly terete, 5-nerved, the nerves obscure, the apex slightly 2-toothed, the central nerve extending into a long, slender, finally spreading awn, sometimes one or more of the lateral nerves also extending into short awns; palea firm, nearly as long as the body of the lemma, the two keels serrulate. Low or rather tall tufted perennials, with bristly spikes. Type species, Sitanion elymoides Raf. (S. hystrix). Name from Greek sitos, grain. The species are exceedingly variable, being glabrous to densely pubescent and green to glaucous; the glumes and lemmas vary in division and length of awns. Some 15 to 25 variations have been recognized as species, but study of extensive collections shows that most of the characters used in differentiating the forms are incon- stant and combine in various ways. 260 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGKICULTURE The species are widespread in the Western States but do not form complete stands. They have forage value when young but at ma- turity the disarticulating joints of the spike, with their pointed rachis joints and long-awned spikelets, are blown about by the wind and often cause injury to stock, penetrating the mouth, nose, and ears, working in by means of the forwardly roughened awns, and causing inflammation. Grazed also after the heads are blown off. The commonest species is S. hystrix. Spike much longer than broad; glumes narrowly lanceolate, 2- to 4-nerved. 1. S. HANSENI. Spike as broad as long or broader; glumes bristle-like, 1- or obscurely 2-nerved. Glumes cleft into at least 3 fine divisions 2. S. jubatum. Glumes entire or 2-cleft 3. S. hystrix^ 1. Sitanion hanseni (Scribn.) J. G. Smith. Hansen squirreltail. (Fig. 511.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall; sheaths and blades glabrous or scabrous to softly pubescent, the blades flat to subin volute*-. 2 to 8 mm wide; spike somewhat nodding or flexuous, 8 to 20 cm long; glumes narrowly lanceolate, sometimes bifid, 2- to 3- nerved, long-awned, lower lemmas about 8 mm long, the awn 4 to 5 cm long, divergent when dry and mature. 01 — Open woods and rocky slopes, Idaho to eastern Washington, Utah, and California (fig. 512). Pubescent plants have been differentiated as S. anomalum J. G.' Smith. 2. Sitanion jubatum J. G. Smith. Big squir- reltail. (Fig. 513.) Culms erect to ascending, -sitamon 20 to 60 cm tall, rarely taller; foliage glabrous (Suksdorf or scabrous to white- villous, the blades flat, often becoming involute, mostly not more than 4 mm wide; spike erect, dense, 3 to 10 cm long, thick and bushy from the numerous long slender spreading awns; glumes split into 3 or more long awns; lemmas mostly 8 to 10 mm long, smooth, or scabrous toward apex, the awns and those of the glumes spreading, 3 to 10 cm long, rarely shorter. 01 — Rocky or brushy hillsides and open dry woods and plains, Idaho to eastern Washington, south to Utah, Nevada, and Baja California (fig. 514). Occasionally a few of the glumes in a spike are divided into only 2 awns. Short- awned plants have been differentiated as S. breviaristatum J. G. Smith and the more densely pubescent plants as S. villosum J. G. Smith. 3. Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith. Squirreltail. (Fig. 515.) Culms erect to spreading, rather stiff, 10 to 50 cm tall; foliage from glabrous or puberulent to softly and densely white-pubescent, the blades flat to involute, rather stiffly ascending to spreading, 5 to 20 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide, rarely as much as 5 mm wide; spike mostly short-exserted or partly included, erect, 2 to 7 cm, rarely 10 cm long or longer, the glumes very narrow, 1- to 2-nerved, the nerves extend- ing into scabrous awns, sometimes bifid to the middle, or bearing a bristle or awn along one margin; lemmas convex, smooth or scabrous to appressed pubescent, sometimes glaucous, the awns of glumes and lemmas widely spreading, 2 to 10 cm long. 01 — Dry hills, plains, Figure 511. hanseni X H 5237, Wash.) Figure 512.— Distribution of Sitanion hanseni. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 261 open woods, and rocky slopes, South Dakota to British Columbia, Fioure 513.— Sitanion jubatum. Pair of spiklets, X 2. (Type.) south to Missouri, Fioure 514.— Distribution of Sitanion jubatum. and S. montanum J Texas, California, and Mexico (fig. 516). At high altitudes plants often dwarf. Softly pubes- cent plants have been differentiated as S. cinereum J. G. Smith (the pubescence whitish) and S. velutinum Piper; short-awned plants as S. insulare J. G. Smith and S. marginatum Scribn. and Merr.; rather small plants with unusually slender awns as S. minus J. G. Smith, and tall plants with coarse spikes as S. brevi- folium J. G. Smith, S. longifolium J. G. Smith, G. Smith. 45. HYSTRIX Moench Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, 1 to 4 at each node of a continuous flat- tened rachis, horizontally spreading or ascending at maturity ; glumes reduced to short or minute awns, the first usually obsolete, both often wanting in the upper spikelets; lemmas convex, rigid, tapering into long awns, 5-nerved, the nerves obscure except toward the tip; palea 262 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE about as long as the body of the lemma. Erect perennials, with flat blades and bristly, loosely flowered spikes. Type species, Mymus hystrix L. (Hystrix patula). Hustrix, Greek name for the porcupine, Figure olb.-Sitanion hystrix. Plant, X Y2; spikelet and floret, X 3. (Hitchcock 2289, Colo.) alluding to the bristly spikes. The species have little forage value as they are nowhere abundant. The first species is worthy of cultivation for ornament. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 263 Fiqueb 516.— Distribution of Sitanion hystrix. Fiqube 517.— Hystrix patula. Plant, X Yt, spikelet and floret, X 3. (Moyer, Minn.) 264 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, tJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 518.— Distribution of Hystrix patula. Spikelets soon divergent; lemmas glabrous or pubescent, not hispid. 1. H. PATULA. Spikelets ascending or appressed; lemmas appressed-hispid. 2. H. CALIFORNICA. 1. Hystrix patula Moench. Bottlebrush. (Fig. 517.) Culms slender, 60 to 120 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or scabrous, rarely re- trorsely pubescent; blades mostly 7 to 15 mm wide; spike nodding, 8 to 15 cm long, the inter- V*l* •*-» >-*.-Jv-v,-i .-.4- 4- li S\ nl Ar\/i AH VflA^in P* T J~* lit TY1TY1 I j^\-n *-* • nodes of the slender rachis 5 to 10 mm long; spikelets mostly in pairs, 1 to 1.5 cm long, horizontally spreading toward maturity; lem- mas glabrous or sometimes coarsely pubescent, the awns 1 to 4 cm long, slender, straight. % (H. hystrix Millsp.)— Moist or rocky woods, Nova Scotia to North Dakota, south to Georgia and Arkansas (fig. 518). Plants with pubescent lemmas have been differentiated as H. patula var. bigeloviana (Fernald) Deam. Such plants occur throughout the range, except from Delaware, Maryland, and southward. 2. Hystrix californica (Boland.) Kuntze. (Fig. 519.) Culms stout, 1 to 2 m tall ; sheaths hispid or the upper smooth ; blades as much as 2 cm wide; spike 12 to 25 cm long; spikelets usually 3 or 4 at a node, 1.2 to 1.5 cm long, thicker than in H. patula, ascending at maturity; lemmas hispidulous, the awn about 2 cm long. Q[ — Woods and shaded banks, near the coast, Marin County to Santa Cruz County, Calif. In addition to the sessile spikelets there may be a short branch bearing one or two spikelets. 46. HORDEUM L. Barley Spikelets 1 -flowered (rarely 2-flowered), 3 (sometimes 2) together at each node of the articulate rachis (continuous in Hordeum vulgare), the back of the lemma turned from the rachis, the middle spikelet sessile, the lateral ones pediceled; rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and, in the central spikelet, prolonged behind the palea as a bristle and sometimes bearing a rudimentary floret; lateral spikelets usually imperfect, sometimes reduced to bris- tles; glumes narrow, often subulate and awned, rigid, standing in front of the spikelet; lemmas rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually obscurely so, tapering into a usually long awn. Annual or perennial low or rather tall grasses, with flat blades and dense bristly spikes. Type species, Hordeum vulgare. Hordeum, the old Latin name FlXE S^Sf&flSft for barley. x 3- (Vasey- Calif) Aside from the well-known cultivated barley, H. vulgare, the species are of relatively minor value. All furnish forage when young but many species are aggressive weeds and some (especially H. jubatum) are at maturity injurious to stock because of the sharp-pointed joints of the mature spikes, which pierce the nose and mouth parts. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 265 H. JUBATUM. H. NODOSUM. H. MURINUM. H. PUSILLUM. Plants perennial; awns slender. Central spikelet usually 2-flowered; lateral spikelets short-pedicellate. 1. H. MONTANENSE. Central spikelet 1-flowered; lateral spikelets long-pedicellate. Awns 2 to 5 cm long 2. Awns mostly less than 1 cm long 3. Plants annual; awns stouter. Glumes, or some of them, ciliate 7. Glumes not ciliate. Glumes of the fertile spikelet dilated above the base 4. Glumes not dilated. Rachis continuous; floret of central spikelet about 1 cm long. 8. H. VULGARE. Rachis disarticulating; floret of central spikelet less than 1 cm long. Plant freely branching at base; awns stout, rigid, somewhat divergent at maturity 5. H. gussoneanum. Plant simple or sparingly branching; awns setaceous, softer and less divergent at maturity 6. H. adscendens. 1. Hordeum montanense Beal. (Fig. 520.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall ; sheaths glabrous ; blades flat, lax, scabrous, 5 to 8 mm wide ; spike nodding, 8 to 17 cm long; central spikelets usually 2-flowered, with a rudiment of a third floret; lateral spikelets short-pedicellate or nearly sessile, usually well developed; glumes slightly broadened above the base, 1 to 3.5 cm long including awns ; lower floret of central spikelet about 8 mm long, the awn 1.5 to 3.5 cm long. % (H. pammeli Scribn. and Ball.) — Prairies, Illi- nois, Iowa, South Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming; introduced at St. Jovite, Quebec (fig. 521). Variable and somewhat anomalous; lateral spikelets sometimes with 2 florets. Approaches Elymus but lateral spikelets short-pedicellate. 2. Hordeum jubatum L. Foxtail barley. (Fig. 522.) Peren- nial, tufted; culms erect, or decumbent at base, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades 2 to 5 mm wide, scabrous; spike nodding, 5 to 10 cm long, about as wide, soft, pale; lateral spikelets reduced to 1 to 3 spread- ing awns; glumes of perfect spikelet awnlike, 2.5 to 6 cm long, spreading ; lemma 6 to 8 mm long with an awn as long as the glumes. % — Open ground, meadows and waste places, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Maryland, Illi- nois, Missouri, Texas, California, and Mexico; introduced in the Eastern States (fig. 523). A troublesome weed in the Western States, es- pecially in irrigated meadows. Hordeum jubatum var. caespitosum (Scribn.) Hitchc. Bobtail barley. Awns 1.5 to 3 cm long. (H. caespitosum Scribn.) North Dakota to Alaska, south to Kansas and Arizona. 3. Hordeum nodosum L. Meadow barley. (Fig. 524.) Peren- nial, tufted; culms erect or sometimes spreading, 10 to 50 cm tall; foliage rather scant, blades flat; spike slender, 2 to 8 cm long; glumes all setaceous, 8 to 15 mm long; lemma of perfect spikelet 7 to 8 mm long, the awn exceeding the glumes; floret of lateral spikelets much reduced. % — Meadows, moist places, and open ground, Montana, Figure 520.— Hordeum montanense, X 1. (V. H. Chase 1467, 111.) Figure 521.— Distribution of Hordeum montanense. 266 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE to Alaska, south to New Mexico and California ; introduced in several localities in the Eastern States (fig. 525); also in southern South America, and widely dispersed in the Old World. Hordeum nodo- sum var. boreale (Scribn. and Smith) Hitchc. As much as 1 m tall; blades as much as 8 mm wide; florets of lateral spikelets larger, sometimes as large as the floret of the central spikelet. Intergrading with H. nodo- sum. 01 (H. boreale Scribn. and Smith.) — Near the coast, Alaska to Idaho and north- ern California. 4. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Little barley. (Fig. 526.) Annual; culms 10 to 35 cm tall; blades erect, flat; spike erect, 2 to 7 cm long, 10 to 14 mm wide; first glume of the lateral spikelets and both glumes of the fertile spikelet dilated above the base, attenuate into a slender awn 8 to 15 mm long, the glumes very scabrous; lemma of central spikelet awned, of lateral spikelets awn-pointed, o — Plains and open, espe- cially alkaline, ground, Del- aware to Washington, south to Florida, southern Califor- nia, and northern Mexico; also Maine; common west- ward, rare in the Atlantic States ; also southern South America (fig. 527). Hor- deum pusillum var. pubens Hitchc. Spikes broader; spikelets pu- bescent; dilated glumes wider. Q[ — Texas to Utah and Arizona. 5. Hordeum gussoneanum Pari. Mediterranean barley. (Fig. 528.) Annual; culms freely branching and spreading or genicu- late at base, 15 to 40 cm tall; sheaths and flat blades, especially the lower, more or less pubescent; spike erect, 1.5 to 3 cm long, 10 to 15 mm wide; glumes seta- ceous, nearly glabrous to scabrous, about 12 mm long; lemma of central spikelet 5 mm long, the awn somewhat longer than the glumes; floret of lateral spikelets reduced, short-awned. O — Fields and waste places, Utah to Brit- ish Columbia, Arizona, and California; Mas- sachusetts, New Jersey (fig. 529); introduced from Europe. Hordeum marinum Huds. Differing from H. gussoneanum in the glabrous dissimilar glumes of the lateral spikelets, the outer subulate, the inner somewhat broader, o (H. maritimum With.) — On ballast, Camden, N. J. ; Europe. Figure 522.— Hordeum jubatum, X 1. Mont.) (Blankinship 189, Figure 523.— Distribution of Hordeum jubatum. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 267 Figuke 52i.—Hordeum nodosum. Plant, X ¥t\ group of splkelets and floret, X 3. (Whited 433, Wash.) 268 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 525.— Distribution of Hordeum nodosum. Figure 527.— Distribution of Hordeum pusiaum. 6. Hordeum adscendens H.B.K. (Fig. 530.) Annual; culms geniculate at base, 20 to 50 cm tall; spike erect, 3 to 6 cm long ex- cluding awns; glumes all reduced to awns, scabrous, mostly 1.5 to 2 cm long, somewhat spreading, the awn of the fertile floret as long as the glumes. O — Dry open ground, Arizona and and Mexico. 7. Hordeum murinum L. Mouse barley. (Fig. 531.) Annual; culms bushy-branched, spreading; sheaths and blades smooth; spike 5 to 7 cm long, often partially enclosed by the uppermost inflated sheath; glumes of the central spikelet narrowly fusiform, 3-nerved, long-ciliate on both margins, the nerves scabrous, the awn about 2.5 cm long; glumes of the lateral spikelets unlike, the inner similar to the central ones, the outer setaceous, not ciliate; lemmas all broad, 8 to 10 mm long, the awns somewhat exceeding those of the glumes. © — Fields, waste places, and open ground, introduced from Europe ; here and there in the Eastern States from Maine to Alabama; com- mon on the Pacific coast, Idaho and British Columbia, south to Utah, New Mexico, and California (fig. 532). 8. Hordeum vulgare L. Barley. (Fig. 533.) Annual; culms erect, 60 to 120 cm tall; blades flat, mostly 5 to 15 mm wide; spike erect or nearly so, 2 to 10 cm long, excluding awns; glumes divergent at base, narrow, nerveless, gradually passing into a stout awn; awn of lemma straight, erect, mostly 10 to 15 cm long. O — Cultivated for the grain, sometimes spontaneous in fields and waste places but not persistent. There are two groups of the cultivated barleys. In the 2- rowed forms (H. distichon L.) the lateral spike- lets are fairly well developed but sterile. The probable ancestor for at least a part of these is H. spontaneum Koch, of Asia. In the second group all the spikelets produce large seed. These are called 6-rowed (H. hexastichon L.) or, if the lateral florets overlap, 4-rowed barleys (in European literature). In some varieties the carj^opsis is naked. The ancestor of the 6-rowed barleys is not known but probably was similar to some of our cultivated varieties of this group. Hordeum vulgare var. trifurcatum (Schlecht.) Alefeld, beardless barley. Awns suppressed or converted into irregular short lobes or teeth, Figure 526.— Hordeum pusil- lum,Xi. (Hitch- cock 11102, S. Dak.) Figure 528. — Hordeum gussoneanum, X 1. (Hitchcock 2688, Calif.) Figure 529.— Distribution of Hordeum gussoneanum. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 269 47. LOLIUM L. Ryegrass Spikelets several-flowered, solitary, placed edgewise to the con- tinuous rachis, one edge fitting to the alternate concavities, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; first glume wanting (except on the terminal spikelet and rarely in 1 or 2 spikelets in a spike), the second outward, strongly 3- to 5-nerved, equaling or exceeding the second floret; lemmas rounded on the back, 5- to 7-nerved, obtuse, acute, or awned. Annuals or peren- nials, with flat blades and slender usually flat spikes. Type species, Lolium yerenne. Lolium, an old Latin name for darnel. Lolium perenne, perennial or English ryegrass, was the first meadow grass to be cul- tivated in Europe as a dis- tinct segregated species, the meadows and pastures for- merly being native species. This and L. multijlorum, Italian ryegrass, are probably the most important of the European forage grasses, in the United States to a limited extent for meadow, pasture, and lawn. They are of importance in the south for winter forage. In the Eastern States the ryegrasses are often sown in mixtures for parks or public grounds, where a vigorous early growth is required. The young plants can be distinguished from bluegrass by the glossy dark-green foliage. L. temulentum, darnel, is occasionally found as a weedN in grainfields and waste places. It is in bad repute, because of the presence in the grain of a narcotic poison, said to be due to a fungus. Darnel is supposed to be the plant referred to as the tares sown by the enemy in the parable of Scripture. Glume shorter than the spikelet; perennials. Lemmas nearly or quite avvnless Lemmas, at least the upper, awned 2. Glume as long as or longer than the spikelet; annuals. Spike flat; spikelets much wider than the rachis 3. Spike subcylindric; spikelets scarcely wider than the rachis. Figure 530.— Hordeum adscen- dens, X 1. (Thornber 536, Ariz.) Both species are used Figure 531.— Hordeum murinum, X 1. (Mills paugh 4629, Calif.) Figure 532.— Distribution of Hordeum murinum. 1. L. PERENNE. L. MULTIFLORUM. L. TEMULENTUM. L. SUBULATUM 1. Lolium perenne L. Perennial ryegrass. (Fig. 534, B.) Short-lived perennial; culms erect or decumbent at base, 30 to 60 cm tall ; foliage glossy, the blades 2 to 4 mm wide ; spike often subfalcate, mostly 15 to 25 cm long; spikelets mostly 6- to 10-flowered; lemmas 270 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 5Z3.-Hordeum vulgar* Plant, X Vi, group of spikelets and floret, X 3. Spike of beardless barley (A),xy3. (Cult.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 271 Figure 534.— ,4, Lolium multiflorum. Plant, X &; spikelet, X 3; floret, X 5. (Suksdorf 5142, Wash ) B, L. perenne, X H- (Kimball, D. C.) 55974°~35 18 272 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE 5 to 7 mm long, awnless or nearly so. % — Meadows and waste places, Newfoundland to Alaska and south to Virginia and California, occasionally farther south; cultivated in meadows, pastures, and lawns, introduced from Europe. Also called English ryegrass. Lolium perenne var. cristatum Pers. Spikes ovate, the spikelets crowded, horizontally spreading. 01 — Open ground, Wilmington, Del., and Washington, D. C; ballast, Salem and Eola, Oreg. ; adventive from Europe. Lolium strictum Presl. Annual; branched and spreading at base, 10 to 30 cm tall; spike thickish, 5 to 10 cm long, the rachis thick but flattish and angled. O — Introduced at Berkeley, Calif.; Europe. Re- sembles L. subulatum but the spikelets not sunken in a cylindric rachis. 2. Lolium multiflorum Lam. Italian ryegrass. (Fig. 534, A.) Differing from L. perenne in the more robust habit, larger spikelets, and awned lemmas; spikelets 10- to 20-flowered, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long ; lemmas 7 to 8 mm long, at least the upper awned. 01 (L. italicum A. Br.) — About the same range as L. perenne, especially common on the Pacific coast where it is often called Australian ryegrass. Introduced from Europe. Scarcely more than a variety of L. perenne but general- ly recognized as distinct agriculturally. A much reduced form has been called forma microstachyum Uechtritz . — C alif ornia . Lolium rigidum Gaudin. Annual; foliage blue-green; spikes rather stiff; otherwise like L. multiflorum. o — Wheat fields, North Dakota (Milton, Calio) ; Europe. temulentuni L. Darnel. (Fig. 535, A.) Annual; culms 60 to 90 cm tall; blades mostly 3 to 6 mm wide; spike strict, 15 to 20 cm long; glume about 2.5 cm long, as long as or longer than the 5- to 7-flowered spikelet, firm, pointed; florets plump, the lemmas as much as 8 mm long, obtuse, awned, the awn as much as 8 mm long. G — Grainfields and waste places, occasional throughout the eastern United States and rather common on the Pa- cific coast (fig. 536) ; introduced from Europe. Lolium temulentum var. leptochaeton A. Br. Lemmas awnless. o — Washington' to California, occasional on the Atlantic coast, Maine to Texas; introduced from Europe. 4. Lolium subulatum Vis. (Fig. 535, B.) Annual ; culms freely branching at base, stiffly spreading or prostrate; foliage scant, blades short; spike subcylindric, rigid, often curved; spikelets sunken in the excavations of the rachis, the florets partly hidden by the ap- pressed obtuse strongly nerved glume; lemmas 5 mm long, o — On ballast, near Portland, Oreg. ; introduced from Europe. Figure Lolium temukn- tum, X Yi. (Lei- berg 771, Oreg.) JB, L. subulatum, X Vi. (Sheldon, Oreg.) 3. Lolium Figure 536.— Distribution of Lolium temulentum. Nardus stricta L. Slender tufted perennial; sheaths crowded at the base of the plant; blades slender, involute, rather stiff; spike slender, 1-sided, 3 to 8 cm long; spikelets 1-flowered; first glume MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 273 wanting; second glume minute; lemma narrow, acuminate or short-awned, sca- brous, o — In- troduced in New- foundland, New Hampshire (Wa- terville) and New York (Fulton County); Europe. LEPTURUS R. Br. Spikelets 1 -flowered, embedded in the hard, cylindric articulate rachis and falling at- tached to the joints; first glume wanting except on the terminal spikelet, the second glume closing the cavity of the rachis and flush with the surface, indurate, nerved, acu- minate, longer than the joint of the rachis; lem- ma with its back to the rachis, hyaline, shorter than the glume,3-nerved ; palea a little shorter than the lemma, hyaline. Low annuals or peren- nials, with slender cylin- dric spikes. Type spe- cies, Lepturus repens (Forst.) R. Br. Name from Greek leptos, slender, and oura, tail, alluding to the slender inflorescence. Figure 537.— Lepturus cylindricus. Plant, X H; rachis joint and spikelst, X 5. (Parish 4446, Calif.) 274 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 1. Lepturus cylindricus (Willd.) Trin. Thintail. (Fig. 537.) Annual; culms bushy-branched, spreading or prostrate, 10 to 30 cm tall; spike curved, narrowed upward; glume 6 mm long, acuminate; lemma 5 mm long, pointed; axis disarticulating at maturity, the spikelets remaining attached to the joints, o — Salt marshes, San Francisco Bay, Calif., south to San Diego and Santa Catalina Island; introduced from the Old World. 49. PHOLIURUS Trin. Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, embedded in the cylindric articulate rachis and falling attached to the joints; glumes two, placed in front of the spikelet and enclosing it, cori- aceous, 5-nerved, acute, asymmetric, appearing like halves of a single split glume; lemma with its back to the rachis, smaller than the glumes, hya- line, 1-nerved; palea a little shorter Figure 538.— Pholiurus incurvus. Plant, X Vi\ rachis joint and spikelet, X 5. (Trask, Calif.) than the lemma, hyaline. Low annuals, with slender cylindric spikes. Type species, Pholiurus pannonica (Host) Trin. Name from Greek pholis, horny scale, and oura, tail, alluding to the coriaceous spikes. 1. Pholiurus incurvus (L.) Schinz and Thell. Sickle grass. (Fig. 538.) Culms tufted, decumbent at base, 10 to 20 cm tall; blades short, narrow; spike 7 to 10 cm long, cylindric, curved ; spikelets 7 mm long, pointed. G (P. incurvatus Hitchc.) — Mud flats and salt marshes along the coast, New Jersey to Virginia; California; Portland, Oreg. (fig. 539) ; introduced from Europe. Figure 539. — Distribution of Pholiurus incurvus. MANUAL OF THE GKASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 275 50. SCRIBNERIA Hack. Spikelets 1 -flowered, solitary, appressed flatwise against the somewhat thickened continuous rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, prolonged as a very minute hairy stipe; glumes equal, narrow, firm, acute, keeled on the outer nerves, the first 2-nerved, the second 4-nerved; lemma shorter than the glumes, membranaceous, obscurely nerved, the apex short-bifid, the faint midnerve extending as a slender awn; palea about as long as the lemma; stamen 1. Low annual, with slender cylindric spikes. Type species, Scribneria bolanderi. Named for F. Lamson-Scribner. 1. Scribneria bolanderi (Thurb.) Hack. (Fig. 540.) Culms branching at base, erect or ascending, 7 to 30 cm tall; foliage scant, the blades subfili- form; ligule about 3 mm long; spike about 1 mm thick, usually one third to half the entire height of the plant, the inter- nodes 4 to 6 mm long; spikelets about 7 mm long ; lemmas pubescent at base, the awn erect, 2 to 4 mm long, o — Sandy or sterile ground, in the mountains, Washington to California; rare or over- looked, very inconspicuous TRIBE 4. AVENEAE 51. SCHISMUS Beauv. Spikelets several - flow- ered, the rachilla disartic- ulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes subequal, longer than the first floret, usually as long as the spikelet, with white mem- branaceous margins; lemmas broad, rounded on the back, several- nerved, pilose along the lower part of the margin, bidentate; palea broad, hyaline, the nerves at the margin. Low tufted annuals with filiform blades and small panicles. Type species, Schismus marginatus Beauv. (S. barbatus). Name from Greek, schismos, a splitting, re- ferring to the bidentate lemmas. This genus has usually been placed in the tribe Festuceae, but its characters place it more naturally in the tribe Aveneae. 1. Schismus barbatus (L.) Chase. (Fig. 541.) Culms tufted, erect to prostrate-spreading, 5 to 35 cm tall; blades usually less than Figure 540.— Scribneria bolanderi. Plant, X M; rachis joint and spikelet, X 5. (Suksdorf 217, Wash.) 276 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 10 cm long; panicle oval to linear, 1 to 4 cm long, usually rather dense, pale or purplish; pedicels slender, finally disarticulating at base and falling with the spikelet or with the glumes; spikelets about 5-flowered, 5 to 6 mm long; glumes about equaling the spikelet, 5- to 7-nerved, acute; lemmas about 2 mm long, 9-nerved, the summit hyaline, nerveless, the margin appressed pilose on the lower half, the teeth minute, sometimes with a minute mucro between, the rachilla joints slender, flexuous; palea concave, as broad as the lemma and about as long. © — Open ground in yards, along roadsides, and in dry river beds; introduced in southern Arizona; southern Europe to India and South Africa. Locally dominant, an excellent forage grass in winter. 52. KOELERIA Pers. Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, compressed, the rachilla disar- ticulating above the glumes and between the florets, pro- longed beyond the perfect florets as a slender bristle or bearing a reduced floret at the tip ; glumes usually about equal in length, unlike in shape, the lower narrow, sometimes shorter, 1 -nerved, the upper wider than the lower, broad- ened above the middle, 3- to 5-nerved; lemmas somewhat scarious, shining, the lower- most a little longer than the glume, obscurely 5-nerved, acute or short-awned, the awn, if present, borne just below the apex. Slender, low or rather tall annuals or peren- nials, with narrow blades and shining spikelike panicles. Type species, Koeleria cristata. Named for G. L. Koeler. Koeleria cristata is a good forage grass and is a constituent of much of the native pasture throughout the Western States. The plants, however, are rather scattering. Plants perennial 1. K. cristata. Plants annual 2. K. phleoides. 1. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Junegrass. (Fig. 542, A.) Tufted perennial; culms erect, puberulent below the panicle, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths, at least the lower, pubescent; blades flat or involute, glabrous or, especially the lower, pubescent, 1 to 3 mm wide ; panicle erect, spikelike, dense (loose in an thesis), often lobed, interrupted, or sometimes branched below, 4 to 15 cm long, tapering at the summit; spikelets mostly 4 to 5 mm long; glumes and lemmas scaberulous, 3 Figure 541.— Schismus barbatus. Plant, X Vi\ spikelet and florets, X 5. (Peebles and Harrison, 846, Ariz.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 277 to 4 mm long, sometimes short-awned, the rachilla joints very short. <% — Prairie, open woods, and sandy soil, Ontario to British Colum- bia, south to Delaware, Missouri, Louisiana, California, and Mexico \^{>k'.B Figure 542.—.4 Koeleriacristata. Plant, X Vi. glumes and floret, X 10. (Bebb 2862, HI.) B, K.phleoides. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Heller 11417, Calif.) (fig. 543); widely distributed in the temperate regions of the" Old World. Variable; several American varieties have been proposed, but the forms are inconstant and intergrading and it is not practicable 278 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE to distinguish definite varieties. On the Pacific coast there is a rather large loosely tufted form (K. cristata var. longifolia Vasey) with long narrow or involute blades and somewhat open panicle. 2. Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers. (Fig. 542, B.) Annual; culms 15 to 30 cm tall, smooth throughout; sheaths and blades sparsely pilose; panicle dense, spikelike, 2 to 7 cm long, obtuse; spikelets 2 to 4 mm long; glumes acute; lemmas short-awned from a bifid apex; glumes and lemmas in the typical form papillose-hirsute on the back, but commonly papillose only, o — Introduced from Europe at Pensacola, Fla., Mobile, Ala., Portland, Oreg., and at several points in California. 53. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. Wedgegrass Spikelets 2- or 3-flowered, the pedicel disarticulating below the glumes, the rachilla produced beyond the upper floret as a slender bristle; glumes unlike in shape, the first narrow, usually acute, 1 -nerved, the second broadly obovate, 3- to 5-nerved, the nerves sometimes obscure, mostly somewhat coriaceous, the margin scarious ; lem- mas firm, scarcely nerved, awnless or rarely with an awn from just below the apex, the first a little shorter or a little longer than the second glume; palea hyaline, exposed. Slender per- FlGURSr7°r/Stion °f ennials (rarely annual) with usually flat blades and narrow shining panicles. Type species, Sphenopholis obtusata. Name from Greek sphen, wedge, and pholis, horny scale, alluding to the hard obovate second glume. All the species are forage grasses but are usually not abundant. The most important are S. intermedia and S. obtusata. Panicle dense, usually spikelike, erect or nearly so; second glume subcucullate. 1. S. OBTUSATA. Panicle not dense, lax, nodding, from very slender to many-flowered, but not spikelike. Spikelets awned 6. S. fallens. Spikelets awnless (rarely awned in S. filiformis) . Second glume acute or subacute; panicle many-flowered. Second glume about 2.5 mm long 2. S. intermedia. Second glume about 3.5 mm long 3. S. longiflora. Second glume broadly rounded at summit; panicle relatively few-flowered. Blades rarely more than 10 cm long, flat, 2 to 5 mm wide. 4. S. NITIDA. Blades elongate, flat to subinvolute, mostly less than 2 mm wide. 5. S. FILIFORMIS. 1. Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Prairie wedgegrass. (Fig. 544, A.) Culms erect, tufted, 30 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous to finely retrorsely pubescent; blades flat, glabrous, scabrous, or pubescent, mostly 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle erect or nearly so, dense, spikelike to interrupted or lobed, rarely slightly looser, 5 to 20 cm long; spikelets 2.5 to 3.5 mm long, the two florets closer together than in the other species; second glume very broad, subcucullate, some- what inflated at maturity, 5-nerved, scabrous; lemmas minutely papillose in texture, rarely mucronate or with a short straight awn, the first about 2.5 mm long. 01 — Open woods, old fields, moist ground, and prairies, Maine to British Columbia, south to Florida, Arizona, and California; Mexico; Dominican Republic. Variable in MANUAL OF THE GKASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 279 uW Figure 544.-^4, Sphenopholis obtusata. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 1453, N. C.) B, S. iitiermedia. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Clark 1785, Ind.) 280 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 545.— Distribution of Sphenopholis intermedia. size and in denseness of panicle. Sometimes annual or flowering the first season. Specimens with less dense and lobed panicles may be distinguished from denser panicled specimens of S. intermedia by the broader, firmer, subcucullate second glume and more approximate florets. 2. Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. Slender wedge- grass. (Fig. 544, B.) Culms erect in small tufts, 30 to 120 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or pubsecent; blades flat, often elongate, lax, mostly 2 to 6 mm wide, sometimes wider, mostly scaberulous, occa- sionally sparsely pilose; panicle nodding, from rather dense to open, mostly 10 to 20 cm long, the branches spikelet-bearing from base ; spike- lets 3 to 4 mm long; second glume relatively thin, acute or subacute, about 2.5 mm long; lemmas subacute, rarely mucronate, smooth or rarely very minutely roughened, mostly 2.5 to 3 mm long. Qi — Damp or rocky woods, slopes, and moist places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida and Arizona; Tanana Hot Springs, Alaska. (Fig. 545.) Delicate plants with small panicles resem- bling S. nitida may be distinguished by the very narrow first glume, the acute to subacute second glume and lemmas, and usually by the glabrous foliage. Plants with rather dense panicles resembling $. obtusata may be distinguished by the thinner, less rounded, more compressed second glume. This is the species called Sphenopholis pollens (Spreng.) Scribn. in recent manuals. Spreng- el's description of Aim pollens shows that Scribner misapplied the name (see no. 6). 3. Sphenopholis longiflora (Vasey) Beal. (Fig. 546.) Culms relatively stout, erect from a decumbent base, 40 to 70 cm tall ; lower sheaths pu- berulent, the others glabrous ; blades thin, flat, scaberulous, 5 to 18 cm long, 3 to 8 mm wide; panicle many-flowered, rather loose, slightly nodding, 10 to 18 cm long; spikelets mostly 2-flowered, the rachilla hispidulous; glumes very scabrous on the green part, the second thin, acute, about 3.5 mm long; lemmas smooth, scaberulous toward the tip, the first about 4 mm long. % — Known only from Houston, Tex. Differing from S. intermedia in the larger spikelets and broader blades, and in the more tapering lemmas. 4. Sphenopholis nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. (Fig. 547.) Culms tufted, leafy at base, slender, shining, 30 to 70 cm tall; sheaths and blades mostly softly pubescent, occasionally glabrous, the blades 2 to 5 mm wide, 3 to 10 cm long, the basal sometimes longer; panicle rather few-flowered, mostly 8 to 12 cm long, the filiform branches Figure 546.— Sphenopholis longiflora. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Nealley, Tex.) Figure 548.— Distribution of Sphenopholis nitida. lg- MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 281 distant, ascending, spreading in anthesis; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long; glumes about equal in length, usually nearly as long as the first floret, the first glume broader than in the other species, the second broadly rounded at sum- mit, at least the second lemma scabrous -papil- lose. 01 — Dry or rocky woods, Massachusetts to North Dakota, south to Florida and Texas (fi£ 548). 5. Sphenopho- lis filiformis (Chapm.) Vasey. (Fig. 549.) Culms erect, very slen- der, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades slen- der, lax, flat to subin volute, mostly less than 2 mm wide; pan- icle slender, often nodding, 5 to 15 cm long, the short branches rather distant, erect or ascending; spike- lets 3 to 4 mm long, the two flo- rets rather dis- tan t; second glume broadly rounded at sum- mit, about 2 mm long; lemmas ob- tuse to subacute, rarely with a short spreading awn ; the first smooth, the second minutely roughened. 01 —Dry soil, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida, Tennessee, and eastern Texas (fig. 550). Occasional awned lemmas, either the first or second, are found in some panicles. 6. Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. (Fig. 551.) Culms erect, about 60 cm tall; lower sheaths minutely pubescent, the upper glabrous; blades flat, glabrous, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle narrow, nodding, loose, or somewhat compact, 15 to 25 cm long, the branches ascend- ing, the lower distant; spikelets about as in S. intermedia, 2- or 3-flowered, 3 to 3.5 mm long; second floret scaberulous, usually awned just below the apex, the awn scabrous, geniculate, 1 to 2 mm long. 01 (Eatonia aristata Scribn. and Merr.) The type of Aim pallens Spreng. Figure 547 .—Sphenopholis nitida. X 1; glumes and florets, X 1920, S. C.) Panicle, Figure 549. — Spheno- pholis filiformis. Pan- icle, X 1; glumes and florets, X 10. (Hitch- cock 1044, Ala.) Figure 550.— Distribution Sphenopholis filiformis. of 282 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE has not been examined, but it was received from Muhlenberg and may be assumed to be the same as the specimen in the Muhlenberg Herbarium described under Aira pallens by Muhlenberg. The only other specimen known is the type of Eatonia aristata collected in South Carolina by Curtiss. 54. TRISETUM Pers. Trisetum ;>^\^ Spikelets usually 2-flowered, sometimes 3- to 5-flow- n/7\ ered, the rachilla prolonged behind the upper floret, ,Mi usually villous; glumes somewhat unequal, acute, the 'H second usually longer than the first floret; lemmas ill/// usually short-bearded at the base, 2-toothed at apex, the teeth often awned, bearing from the back below the cleft apex a straight and included or usually bent and exserted awn (awnless or nearly so in Trisetum melicoides and T. wolfii). Tufted perennials (except F sphenophoul \>ai- Trisetum interruptum) , with flat blades and open or uns, x io. (Cur- usually contracted or spikelike shining panicles. tiss, s.;o Type species, T. flavescens. Name from Latin tri, three, and setum, bristle, alluding to the three awns of the lemma. Several of the species are valuable for grazing. Trisetum spicatum constitutes an important part of the forage on alpine and subalpine slopes, and T. wolfii at medium altitudes. Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes. Plants perennial; panicle lax, somewhat open 9. T. pennsylvanicum. Plants annual; panicle narrow, dense, interrupted 10. T. interruptum. Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes. Awn included within the glumes, or wanting. Panicle rather lax, nodding 1. T. melicoides. Panicle rather dense, erect 2. T. wolfii. Awn exserted. Awn straight (see also T. montanum var. shearii) . 3. T. orthochaetum. Awn geniculate. Panicle dense, spikelike, sometimes slightly interrupted below; plants densely tufted 5. T. spicatum. Panicle loose and open to contracted, but not spikelike; plants in small tufts or solitary. Panicle relatively few-flowered, loose, lax or drooping, the filiform branches naked below; florets distant 4. T. cernuum. Panicle many-flowered, from rather loose to dense and interrupted; florets not distant. Panicle yellowish; spikelets mostly 3- or 4-flowered; introduced. 8. T. flavescens. Panicle pale green, sometimes purplish-tinged; spikelets usually 2-flowered. Spikelets about 8 mm long 6. T. canescens. Spikelets 5 to 6 mm long 7. T. montanum. 1. Trisetum melicoides (Michx.) Scribn. (Fig. 552.) Culms 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths pubescent or scabrous; blades 2 to 8 mm wide, scabrous, sometimes pubescent on the upper surface; panicle some- what open, nodding, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches slender, ascend- ing, lax or drooping, as much as 7 cm long, rather closely flowered above the middle; spikelets scaberulous, 6 to 7 mm long; glumes 4 to 6 mm long, the second longer and broader; lemmas acute, 5 to 6 mm long, rarely with a minute awn just below the tip, the rachilla and callus hairs 1 to 2 mm long. % — River banks, lake shores, mostly in gravelly ground, Newfoundland to Vermont, Michigan, and Wisconsin (fig. 553). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 283 Figure 552. — Trisetum melicoides. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Pringle, Vt.) 2. Trisetum wolfii Vasey. Wolfs trisetum. (Fig. 554.) Culms erect, 50 to 100 cm tall, loosely tufted, sometimes with short rhizomes; sheaths scabrous, rarely the lower pilose; blades flat, scabrous, rarely pilose on the upper surface, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle erect, rather dense but scarcely spikelike, green or pale, some- times a little purplish, 8 to 15 cm long; spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, 2-flowered, sometimes 3-flowered; glumes nearly equal, acuminate, about 5 mm long; lemmas obtusish, scaberulous, 4 to 5 mm long, awnless or with a minute awn below the tip, the callus hairs scant, about 0.5 mm long, the rachilla internode about 2 mm long, rather sparingly long-villous. Ql — Meadows and moist ground, at medium altitudes in the mountains, Montana to Wash- ington, south to New Mexico and California. 3. Trisetum orthochaetum Hitchc. (Fig. 556.) Culms solitary, erect, slender, 110 cm tall;, sheaths glabrous; blades flat, scabrous, 8 to 20 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide; panicle slightly nodding, lax, pale, about 18 cm long, the filiform branches loose- ly ascending, naked below, the lower fascicled, as much as 8 cm long; spike- lets short-pediceled, some- what appressed, mostly 3- fiowered, 8 to 9 mm long excluding awns, the rachilla appressed-silky ; glumes acuminate, about 6 mm long, the second wider; lemmas rounded on the back, minutely scaberulous on the upper part, obscurely 5-nerved, the callus short-pilose, the apex acute, erose-toothed, awned about 2 mm below the tip, the awn straight or nearly so, exceed- ing the lemma about 3 mm. 01 — Known only from boggy meadows, Lolo Hot Springs, Bitterroot Mountains, Mont. 4. Trisetum cernuum trisetum. (Fig. 557.) Culms rather lax, 60 to 120 cm tall; sheaths glabrous to sparsely pilose; blades thin, flat, lax, scabrous, 6 to 12 mm wide; panicle open, lax, drooping, 15 to 30 cm long, the branches verticillate, filiform, flexuous, spikelet-bearing toward the ends; figure 555.-Distribution of spikelets 6 to 12 mm long, with usually 3 distant florets, the first longer than the second glume; first glume narrow, acuminate, 1-nerved, 0.5 to 2 mm long, the second broad, 3-nerved, 3 to 4 nun long, occasionally reduced; lemma 5 to 6 Figure 553.— Distribution of Trisetum melicoides. Figure 554.— Trisetum wolfii. Panicle, X l; glumes and floret, X 5. (Swallen 809, Calif.) Trin. Nodding 284 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE mm long, the teeth setaceous, the hairs of the callus 0.5 to 1 mm long, of the rachilla as much as 2 mm long, the awns slender, curved, flexuous or loosely spiral, mostly 5 to 10 mm long, attached 1 to 2 mm below tip. % —Moist woods, Alberta to southeastern Alaska, south to western Montana and northern California (fig. 558). 5. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt. Spike trisetum. (Fig. 559, A.) Culms densely tufted, erect, 15 to 50 cm tall, glabrous to puberulent; sheaths and usually the blades puberulent; panicle dense, usually spikelike, often inter- rupted at base, pale or often dark-purple, Figure 556. — Trisetum orthochaetum. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Type.) Figure 557. — Trisetum cernuum. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Elmer 1946, Wash.) 5 to 15 cm long; spikelets 4 to 6 mm long; glumes somewhat unequal in length, glabrous or scabrous except the keels, or sometimes pilose, the first narrow, acuminate, 1-nerved, the second broader, acute, 3- nerved; lemmas scaberulous, 5 mm long, the first longer than the glumes, the teeth setaceous; awn attached about one third below the tip, 5 to 6 mm long, geniculate, exserted. Qi — Alpine meadows and slopes, Arctic Amer- ica, southward to Connecticut, Pennsylvania, northern Michigan and Minnesota, in the mountains to New Mexico and California; also on Roan Mountain, N. C. (fig. 560) ; high moun- tains through Mexico to the antarctic regions of South America; arctic and alpine regions of the Old World. In northern regions the species descends to low altitudes. Exceedingly variable; several varieties have been proposed, but the characters used to differentiate them are variable and are not correlated. Two rather more out- standing varieties, both intergrading with the species are: T. spicatum var. molle (Michx.) Beal, with densely pubescent foliage, and T. spicatum var. congdoni (Scribn. and Merr.) Hitchc, a nearly glabrous alpine form with slightly larger spikelets. Figure 558.— Distribution of Trisetum cernuum. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 285 Figure 559.— A, Trisetum spicatum. Plant, X Vi\ spikelet and floret, X 5. (Rydberg and Bessey 3593, Mont.); B, T. canescens. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 3409, Calif.) 286 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 6. Trisetum canescens Buckl. Tall trisetum. (Fig. 559, B.) Culms erect, or decumbent at base, 60 to 120 cm tall; sheaths, at least the lower, sparsely to densely and softly retrorse-pilose, rarely scabrous only; blades flat, scabrous or canescent, sometimes sparsely pilose, mostly 2 to 7 nun wide; panicle narrow, usually loose, sometimes interrupted and spike- like, 10 to 25 cm long; spikelets about 8 mm long, 2- or 3-flowered, the florets not so distant as in T. cernuum; glumes smooth, except the keel, the first narrow, acuminate, the second broad, acute, 3-nerved, 5 to 7 mm long; lemmas rather firm, scaberu- lous, the upper exceeding the glumes, 5 to 6 mm long, the teeth aristate, the callus hairs rather scant, the rachilla hairs copious ; awn genicu- late, spreading, loosely twisted below, attached one-third below the tip, usually about 12 mm long. % — Mountain meadows, moist ravines and along streams, Montana to British Columbia, south to central California (fig, 561). Figure 560.— Distribution of Trisetum spicatum. Figure 562. — Trisetum montanum. Pani- cle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Type.) Figure 561.— Distribution of Trisetum canescens. Plants with less pubescent sheaths and looser panicles resemble T. cernuum in that the spikelets are commonly 3-flowered, the florets distant. Plants with more velvety foliage and narrow panicles with short densely flowered branches, the lower in distant fascicles, have been differentiated as T. projectum Louis-Marie. Intergrading speci- mens are more numerous than the extreme described. 7. Trisetum montanum Vasey. (Fig. 562.) Resembling T. canes- cens, on the average smaller, the blades narrower; sheaths from nearly glabrous to softly retrorsely pubescent; panicles smaller than usual in T. canescens, more uni- formly rather dense, often purple- tinged ; spikelets 5 to 6 mm long, the glumes and lemmas thinner than in T. canescens, the awn more deli- cate^ to 8 mm long. 91 — Moun- tain meadows, gulches and moist places on mountain slopes, between 2,000 and 3,300 m, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. A form Figure 563.— Trisetum flavescens. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Grant 26, Wash.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 287 Figure 564. — Trisetum pennsylvanicum. Pan- icle, X 1; glumes and florets, X 5. (Heller 4800, Pa.) with purplish panicles and erect awns only 2 to 3 mm long, known from a single collection near Silverton, Colo., has been differentiated as T. montanum var. shearii Louis-Marie. 8. Trisetum flavescens (L.) Beauv. (Fig. 563.) Kesembling T. canescens; sheaths glabrous or the lower sparsely pilose; panicle usually yellowish, many-flowered, somewhat condensed; spikelets mostly 3- or 4-flowered; lemmas 4 to 6 mm long. 91 — Waste places, Vermont, New York, Missouri, Colo- rado, Washington, California, and probably other States; introduced from Europe. Trisetum aureum (Ten.) Ten. Annual; culms 10 to 20 cm tall; panicle ovate, contracted, 2 to 3 cm long ; spikelets 3 mm long ; awns 2 to 3 mm long. o — Ballast, Camden, N. J.; Europe. 9. Trisetum pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. (Fig. 564.) Culms slen- der, weak, usually subgeniculate at base, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or rarely scabrous; blades flat, scabrous, 2 to 5 mm wide; pan- icle narrow, loose, nodding, 10 to 20 cm long; pedicels disarticulating about the middle or toward the base; spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, 2-flowered, the long rachilla joints slightly hairy; glumes mostly 4 to 5 mm long, acute, the second wider; lem- mas acuminate, the first usually awnless, the second awned below the 2 setaceous teeth, the awn horizontally spread- ing, 4 to 5 mm long. Q[ — Swamps and wet places, Mas- sachusetts to Ohio, south on the Coastal Plain to Florida and west to Tennessee and Louisiana (fig. 565). 10. Trisetum interruptum Buckl. (Fig. 566.) Annual; culms tufted, sometimes branching, erect or spreading, 10 to 40 cm tall; sheaths often sca- brous or pubescent; blades flat, sometimes pubes- cent, 1 to 4 mm wide, mostly 3 to 10 cm long; panicle narrow, interrupted, from slender to rather dense but scarcely spikelike, 5 to 12 cm long, some- times with smaller axillary panicles; pedicels dis- articulating a short distance below the summit; spikelets about 5 mm long, 2-flowered, the second floret sometimes rudimentary; glumes about equal in length, acute,4 to 5 mm long, the first 3-nerved, the second a little broader, 5-nerved; lemmas acuminate with 2 setaceous teeth, the awns attached above the middle, flexuous, 4 to 8 mm long, that of the first lemma often shorter and straight. © —Open dry ground, Texas to Colorado and Arizona (fig. 567). Figure 565.— Distribution of Trisetum pennsylvanicum. Figure 566.— Trisetum interruptum. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Jermy, Tex.) 55974°— 35- -19 288 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUEE 55. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Hairgrass Spikelets 2-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets, the hairy rachilla prolonged beyond the upper floret as a stipe, this sometimes bearing a reduced floret; glumes about equal, acute or acutish, membranaceous; lemmas thin, truncate and 2- to 4- toothed at summit, bearded at base, bearing a slender awn from or below the middle, the awn straight, bent or twisted. Low or moderately tall annuals or usually perennials, with shining pale or purplish spikelets in narrow or open panicles. Standard species, Deschampsia caespitosa. Included in Aira by some authors. Named for Deschamps. Deschampsia caespitosa is often the domi- figure 567— Distribution of nant grass in mountain meadows, where it Trisetum intenuptum. furnisnes excellent forage. Plants annual; foliage very scant 1. D. danthonioides. Plants perennial; foliage not scant, one-third to half the entire length of the culm. Panicle narrow, the distant branches appressed. Blades filiform, lax. 2. D. ELONGATA. Panicle open or contracted, if narrow, not more than one-fourth the length of the culm. Blades thin, flat; glumes exceeding the florets 3. D. atropurptjrea. Blades firm or filiform; glumes not exceeding the upper floret. Blades filiform, flexuous; awn exserted, geniculate, twisted. 4. D. FLEX^OSA. Blades flat or folded, stiff; awn included or slightly exserted, straight. Panicle open, usually nodding or drooping 5. D. caespitosa. Panicle narrow, condensed, erect 6. D. holciformis. 1. Deschampsia danthonioides (Trin.) Munro. Annual hair- grass. (Fig. 568.) Annual; culms slender, erect, 15 to 60 cm tall; blades few, short, narrow; panicle open, 7 to 25 cm long, the capillary branches commonly in twos, stiffly ascending, naked below, bearing a few short-pediceled spikelets toward the ends; glumes 4 to 8 mm long, 3-nerved, acuminate, smooth except the keel, exceeding the florets; lemmas smooth and shining, somewhat indurate, 2 to 3 mm long, the base of the florets and the rachilla pilose, the awns geniculate, 4 to 6 mm long. 0 —Open ground, Alaska to Montana and Baja California; Texas (Buckley, but the locality possibly erroneous); also Chile (fig. 569). Variable in the size of the spikelets. _ A form described from southern California as D. gracilis Vasey, with some- what laxer panicles, the rather more numerous spikelets only 4 to 5 mm long, grades into the usual form. 2. Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro. Slender hairgrass. (Fig. 570.) Culms densely tufted, slender, erect, 30 to 120 cm tall; blades soft, 1 to 1.5 mm wide, flat or folded, those of the basal tuft filiform; panicle narrow, as much as 30 cm long, the capillary branches appressed; spikelets on short appressed pedicels; glumes 4 to 6 mm long, 3-nerved, equaling or slightly exceeding the florets; lemmas 2 to 3 mm long, similar to those of D. danthonioides, the awns shorter, straight. % — Open ground, Alaska to Wyoming, south to Arizona and California; Mexico (fig. 571) ; Chile. 3. Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele. Mountain hair- grass. (Fig. 572.) Culms loosely tufted, erect, purplish at base, 40 to 80 cm tall; blades flat, rather soft, ascending or appressed, 5 to 10 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide, acute or abruptly acuminate; MANUAL OF THE GKASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 289 Figure 569.— Distribution of Deschampsia danthonioides. panicle loose, open, 5 to 10 cm long, the few capillary drooping branches naked below; spikelets mostly purplish, broad; glumes about 5 mm long, broad, the second 3-nerved, exceeding the florets; lemmas scabrous, about 25 mm long, the callus hairs one-third to half aalong, the awn of the first straight, included, of the second, geniculate, exsert- ed. 21 — Woods and wet meadows, Newfound- land and Labrador to Alaska, south to the White Mountains of New Hampshire; Colorado, and Oregon (fig. 573) ; northern Eurasia. 4. Deschampsia fiexuo- sa (L.) Trin. Crinkled hairgrass. (Fig. 574.) Culms densely tufted, erect, slender, 30 to 80 cm tall; leaves mostly in a basal tuft, numerous, the sheaths scabrous, the blades involute, slender or setaceous, flexuous; pan- icle loose, open, nodding, 5 to 12 cm long, the capil- lary branches naked below, the branchlets spikelet- bearing toward the ends; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, purplish or bronze, the flo- rets approximate; glumes 1-nerved, acute, shorter than the florets; lemmas scabrous, the callus hairs about 1 mm long, the awn attached near the base, geniculate, twisted, 5 to 7 mm long. % — Dry or rocky woods, slopes, and open ground, Greenland to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Michigan, and Wisconsin; Okla- homa (Le Flore County) (fig. 575); Eurasia. A form with yellow- striped foliage (called by gardeners Aira joliis variegatis) is occasionally grown for ornament. 5. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted hairgrass. (Fig. 576.) Culms in dense tufts, leafy at base, erect, 60 to 1 20 cm tall ; sheaths smooth ; blades 1 .5 to 4 mm wide, often elongate, rather firm, flat or folded, scabrous above; pan- icle loose, open, nodding, 10 to 25 cm long, the capillary scabrous branches and branchlets spike- let-bearing toward the ends; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, pale or purple- tinged, the florets distant, the rachilla joint half the length of the lower floret; glumes 1-nerved or the second obscurely 3-nerved, acute, Figure 568.— Deschampsia danthonioides. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Parish 3300, Calif.) Figure gata. 570. — Deschampsia elon- Paniele, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (S.wallen 780, Calif.) Figure 571.— Distribution of Deschampsia elongata. 290 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE about as long as the florets ; lemmas smooth, the callus hairs short ; awn from near the base, from straight and included in the glumes to weakly geniculate and twice as long as the spikelet. % - — Bogs and wet places, Greenland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, West Virginia, Illi- nois, North Dakota, New Mexico, and California (fig. 577); arctic and temperate regions of the Old World. Figure 572.— Deschampsia atropurpurea. Pan- icle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Leiberg 2952, Idaho.) 6. Deschampsia holciformis tufts with numerous basal leaves, erect, relatively robust, 50 to 125 cm tall; blades mostly folded, as much as 50 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, rather firm; panicle 10 to 25 cm long, condensed, many-flowered, the Figure 573.— Distribution of Deschampsia atropurpurea. Variable in size, in width and tex- ture of blades, in shape of the pan- icle, and in length of awn. The forms which have been segregated as species are inconstant and the characters used to distinguish them are not correlated. Rarely with proliferous spikelets. Presl. (Fig. 578.) Culms in dense Figure 575.— Distribution of Deschampsia flexuosa. branches appressed to sub- flexuous-ascending, purplish to brownish; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long; glumes and lemmas sca- berulous, the glumes about equaling the spikelets or shorter, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves of the first often obscure ; lemmas awned from below the middle, the awns erect, exceeding the spike- let, the callus hairs short. % -Marshes and sandy soil near the coast, Vancouver Island to central California. Figure 574. — Deschampsia flexuosa. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 16059, N. H.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 291 Figure 576.— Deschampsia caespitosa. Plant, X >£ glumes and floret, X 5. (Nelson 3623, Wyo.) 292 MISC. PUBLICArlON 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 56. AIR A L. (Aspris Adans.) Spikelets 2-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes, the rachilla not prolonged; glumes boatshaped, about equal, 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved, acute, membranaceous or subscarious; lemmas firm, rounded on the back, tapering into 2 slender teeth, bearing on the back below the middle a slender geniculate twisted usually exserted awn, this sometimes wanting in the lower floret or reduced ; callus minutely bearded. Delicate annuals with lax, subfiliform blades and open or contracted panicles of small spike- lets. Type species, Aira praecox. Aira, an old Greek name for a weed, probably darnel. Weedy grasses of no economic importance, introduced from Europe. Figure 577. — Distribution of Deschampsia caespitosa. Figure 579. — Aira praecox. Panicle, X l; glumes and floret, X 5. (Amer. Or. Nat. Herb. 375, Del.) Figure 578. — Deschampsia holciformis. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Bolander, Calif.) Figure 580.— Distribution of Aira praecox. A. PRAECOX. Panicle dense, spikelike Panicle open. Lower floret with awn as long as that of the upper floret 2. A. CARYOPHYLLEA. Lower floret awnless or nearly so 3. A. capillaris. 1. Aira praecox L. (Fig. 579.) Culms tufted, 10 to 20 cm tall, usually erect; panicle narrow, dense, 1 to 3 cm long; spikelets yellow- ish, shining, 3.5 to 4 mm long; lemmas with awns 2 to 4 mm long, that of the lower floret the shorter. © —Sandy open ground, along the coast, New Jersey to Virginia; Vancouver to California (fig. 580). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 293 2. Aira caryophyllea L. Silver hairgrass. (Fig. 581.) Culms solitary or in small tufts, erect, 10 to 30 cm taU; panicle open, the silvery shining spikelets 3 mm long, clustered toward the ends of the Figure 5SX.-Aira caryophyllea. Plant, X H; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Heller 3889, Wash.) spreading capillary branches; both lemmas with awns about 4 mm wg:A ° j t pe-n- diy Found' Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to *londa and Louisiana; Ohio; common on the Pacific coast from .British Columbia to California (fig. 582); southern South America. 294 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 3. Aira capillaris Host. (Fig. 583.) Resembling A. caryophyllea; panicle more diffuse; spikelets 2.5 mm long, scattered at the ends of the branches; lemma of lower floret awnless or with a minute awn just below the apex, that of the upper floret with an awn 3 mm long. © — Open ground, Coastal Plain, Maryland to Florida and Texas; Oregon and California, rare (fig. 584). Corynephorus canescens (L.) Beauv. Low, figtoe ^582.— Distribution of tufted annu al resembling Aira caryophyllea, with pale contracted panicle; lemmas membrana- ceous, the awns jointed about the middle, the joint with a minute ring of hairs, the lower part straight, brown, the upper slender, club-shaped. © (Weingaertneria canescens Benin. ) — Ballast at Philadelphia and Camden, N. J., on Marthas Vineyard, and on Long Island; \a \f adventive from Europe. 57. AVENA L. Oats Spikelets 2- to several- flowered, the rachilla bearded, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets ; glumes about equal, membra- naceous or papery, mostly several-nerved, longer than the lower floret, usually exceeding the upper floret; lemmas in- durate, except toward the sum- mit, 5- to 9-nerved, bidentate at apex, bearing a dorsal bent and twisted awn (this straight and reduced in Avena sativa). Low or moderately tall annuals m* noTonniolc witVi narrnw rtv Figure 583. — Aira capillaris. Panicle, X 1; spikelet and VI peieimidlh, Willi lidiiuw Ui florets, X 5. (Davis 2016, S. C.) open, usually rather few- flowered panicles of usually large spikelets. Type species, Avena sativa. Avena, the old Latin name for oats. The most important species of the genus is A. sativa, the familiar cultivated oat. Two other introduced species, A. jatua and A. barbata, are known as wild oats because of their close resemblance to the culti- vated oat. These two species are common on the Pacific coast where they are weeds but are often utilized for hay. Much of the grain hay of that region is made from either cultivated or wild oats. The varieties of cultivated oat are derived from three species of Avena. The com- mon varieties of this country and of temperate and mountain regions in general are derived from A. Jatua. The Algerian oat grown in North Africa and Italy and the |red oat of our Southern States Figure 584.— Distribution of Aira capillaris. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 295 (A. byzantina C. Koch) are derived from A. sterilis. A few varieties adapted to dry countries are derived from A. barbata. The two native species, found in the Rocky Mountain region, are of high palatability, but occur only scatteringly. Plants annual. Teeth of lemma setaceous; pedicels curved, capillary 3. A. barbata. Teeth of lemma acute, not setaceous; pedicels stouter. Spikelets mostly 2-flowered, the florets not readily separating; awn usually straight or wanting; lemmas glabrous 2. A. sativa. Spikelets mostly 3-flowered, the florets readily separating; awn stout, geniculate, twisted; lemmas clothed with stiff brown hairs (hairs sometimes white or scant) 1. A. fattja. Plants perennial. Blades involute; panicle 2 to 5 cm long 6. A. mortoniana. Blades flat or folded; panicle 5 to 15 cm long. Sheaths, at least the lower, and blades pubescent 4. A. pubescens. Sheaths and blades glabrous 5. A. hookeri. Section 1. Etjavena Griseb. Annuals; spikelets pendulous, mostly more than 2 cm long. Intro- duced from Europe. 1. Avena fatuaL. Wild oat. (Fig. 585, .4.) Culms 30 to 75 cm tall, erect, stout; leaves numerous, the blades flat, usually 4 to 8 mm wide, scabrous; panicle loose and open, the slender branches usually horizontally spreading; spikelets usually 3-flowered; glumes about 2.5 cm long; rachilla and lower part of the lemma clothed with long stiff brownish, or sometimes whitish, hairs, these sometimes scant; florets readily falling from the glumes; lemmas nerved above, about 2 cm long, the teeth acuminate, not setaceous; awn stout, geniculate, twisted below, 3 to 4 cm long. © —Cultivated soil and waste places; introduced from Europe; rare in the Eastern States; Maine to Pennsylvania, Missouri and westward, a common weed on the Pacific coast (fig. 586). Seed used for food by the Indians. Avena sterilis L. Animated oats. Resembling A. jatua, the spikelets 3.5 to 4.5 cm long, the awns 5 to 7 cm long. © — Some- times cultivated as a curiosity, occasionally spontaneous. When laid on a moist surface the fruits twist and untwist as the awns lose or absorb moisture. 2. Avena sativa L. Oat. (Fig. 585, B.) Differing from A. jatua in having mostly 2-flowered spikelets, the florets not readily separating from the glumes; lemmas glabrous; awn usually straight, often wanting. © - — Commonly cultivated and occasionally escaped. In A. nuda L., naked oat, the caryopsis readily separates from the lemma and palea. A. brevis Roth is a form with smaller spikelets, the lem- mas plu np, awned. A. strigosa Schreb. has a 1-sided panicle, the lemmas scabrous toward the apex, both florets awned. 3. Avena barbata Brot. Slender oat. (Fig. 587.) Differing from A. jatua in the somewhat smaller, mostly 2-flowered spikelets on curved capillary pedicels; lemmas clothed with stiff red hairs, the teeth ending in fine points 4 mm long. © — A common weed in fields and waste places, Washington, Oregon, to Arizona and Cali- fornia. Cultivated oats fall into three groups according to the number of chromosomes. Group 1, 7 chromosomes, A. brevis, A. strigosa. Group 2, 14 chromosomes, A. barbata. Group 3, 21 chromosomes, A. 296 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE Figuee 585.— -A, Avena fatua. Plant, X H) spikelet and floret, X 2. (Umbach. IU.) B, A. saliva, X 2. (Deam, Ind.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 297 Figure 586.— Distribution of Avena fatua. sativa, A. fatua (including A. orientalis Schreb.), A. nuda, A. sterilis, A. byzantina (including A. sterilis var. algeriensis Trabut), Section 2. Avenastrum Koch Perennials ; spikelets upright, mostly less than 2 cm long. 4. Avena pubescens Huds. (Fig. 588.) Culms erect, 50 to 80 cm tall; sheaths pubescent; blades flat, pubescent; panicle narrow, open, 10 to 15 cm long, the flexuous branches ascend- ing; spikelets mostly 3-fiowered, 12 to 15 mm long, glumes and lemmas thin, shining, the rachilla with long white hairs; first glume 1- or 3-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemmas about 1 cm long; awn attached about the middle, 1.5 to 2 cm long. 01 — Waste places, Connecticut and Vermont ; introduced from Europe. 5. Avena hookeri Scribn. Spike oat. (Fig. 589.) Culms densely tufted, 20 to 40 cm tall; blades firm, flat or folded, 1 to 3 mm wide, the margins somewhat thickened; panicle long-exserted, narrow, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches erect or as- cending, 1-flowered, or the lower 2-flowered; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered, about 1.5 cm long; glumes very thin, slightly shorter than the spikelet; lemmas firm, brown, sca- berulous, 1 to 1.2 cm long, the callus short-bearded, the rachilla joint white- villous ; awn 1 to 1.5 cm long. <2[ —Dry slopes and prairies, Manitoba to Alberta, Montana, and New Mexico (fig. 590). 6. Avena mortoniana Scribn. Alpine oat. (Fig. 591.) Culms densely tufted, 10 to 20 cm tall; blades erect, firm, usually involute; Figure 587.— Avena barbata. Spikelets, X 1; tip of Figure 588.— Avena pubescens. Glumes and floret, lemma, X 5. (Davy 5023, Calif.) X 5. (Weatherby and Harger 4249, Conn.) panicle short-exserted, purplish, narrow, 2 to 5 cm long, the short branches erect, bearing usually a single spikelet, 10 to 12 mm long, mostly 2-flowered; glumes exceeding the florets; lemmas firm, glabrous, the apex with 4 soft teeth, the callus with a tuft of stiff hairs about 2 mm long, the rachilla long- villous ; awn 1 to 1.5 cm long. 21 — Alpine meadows, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. 298 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 590. — Distribution of Avena hookeri. 58. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower floret staminate, the upper perfect, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and produced beyond the florets; glumes rather broad and papery, the first 1- nerved, the second a little longer than the first and about as long as the spike- let, 3-nerved; lem- mas 5-nerved, hairy on the callus, the lower bearing near the base a twisted, geniculate, exserted awn, the upper bearing a short straight slender awn just below the tip. Rather tall per- ennials, .with flat blades and narrow panicles. 'Type species, Arrhenatherum avenaceum Beauv. (A. elatius). Name from Greek arren, masculine, and ather, awn, refer- ring to the awned staminate floret. 1. Arrhenathe- rum elatius (L.) Mert. and Koch. Tall oatgrass. (Fig. 592, A.) Culms erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall; blades flat, scabrous, 5 to 10mm wide; pani- cle pale or purplish, shining, 15 to 30 cm long, the short branches verticil- late, spreading in anthesis, usually spikelet-bearing from the base; spikelets 7 to 8 mm long; glumes mi- nutely scabrous; lemmas scabrous, the awn of the staminate floret about twice as long as its lemma. % —Meadows, open ground, and waste places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Tennessee, Iowa, Idaho, and California; frequent m the Northern and Eastern States; introduced from Europe and escaped from cultivation. Cultivated in the northern humid regions as a meadow grass. Arrhenatherum elatius var. bulbosum (Willd.) Spenner. _ lu- ber oatgrass. (Fig. 592, B.) Base of culm consisting of a series of closely approximate corms (shrot subglobose internodes) 5 to 10 mm in diameter. 91 —Occasionally introduced, Michigan, Virginia to Alabama. Europe. Figure 589.— Avena X.l; floret, X 5 _ hookeri. Panicle, (Seribner 372, Mont.) Figure 591. — Avena morto- niana. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Type.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 299 Figure 592.— vi, Arrhenatherum elalius. Plant, X H; spikelst and upper floret, X 5. (McDonald 46, 111.) J5, Var. bulbosum. Basal corms, X 1. (Harper, Ala.) 300 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 593.-^4, Holrus lanatus. Plant, X -A; spikelet, florets, and mature fertile floret, X 5. (Griffiths 4440, Calif.) B,H. mollis. Plant, X 1; glumes and florets, X 5. (Tracy 2646, Cahf.y MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 301 Figure 594.— Distribution of Holcus lanatus. 59. HOLCUS L. (Nolholcus Na&h) Spikelets 2-flowered, the pedicel disarticulating below the glumes, the rachilla curved and somewhat elongate below the first floret, not prolonged above the second floret; glumes about equal, longer than the 2 florets; first floret perfect, the lemma awnless; second floret staminate, the lemma bearing on the back a short awn. Perennials with flat blades and contracted panicles. Standard species, Holcus lanatus. Holcus, an old Latin name for a kind of grain. Rhizomes wanting 1. H. laxatus. Rhizomes present 2. H. mollis. 1. Holcus lanatus L. Velvet grass. (Fig. 593, A.) Plant grayish, velvety-pubescent; culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades 4 to 8 mm wide; panicles 8 to 15 cm long, con- tracted, pale, purple-tinged; spikelets 4 mm long; glumes villous, hirsute on the nerves, the second broader than the first, 3-nerved; lem- mas smooth and shining, the awn of the second hooklike. % — Open ground, meadows, and moist places, Maine to Iowa, south to Georgia and Louisiana; com- mon on the Pacific coast, British Columbia, and Idaho to Arizona and California (fig. 594); introduced from Europe; occasionally cultivated as a meadow grass on light or sandy land. 2. Holcus mollis L. (Fig. 593, B.) Culms glabrous, 50 to 100 cm tall, with vigorous slender rhizomes; sheaths, except the lower, glabrous; blades villous or velvety, 4 to 10 mm wide; panicle ovate or oblong, rather loose, 6 to 10 cm long; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long; glumes glabrous; awn of the second floret geniculate, exserted, about 3 mm long. 91 — Damp places, recently introduced from Europe and apparently spreading, Washington to Calif ornia ; Lewis County, N. Y.; ballast, Camden, N. J. (fig. 595). 60. DANTHONIA Lam. and DC. Oatgrass Spikelets several-flowered, the rachilla readily disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes about equal, broad, papery, acute, mostly exceeding the upper- most floret; lemmas rounded on the back, obscurely several-nerved, the apex bifid, the lobes acute, usually extending into slender awns, a stout flat, twisted, geniculate awn aris- ing from between the lobes. Tufted low or moderately tall perennials, with few-flowered open or spikelike panicles of rather large spikelets. All our species produce cleistogenes or 2-flowered, cleistogamous spikelets) in the Figure 595.— Distribution of Holcus mollis. (enlarged fertile, 1 lower sheaths, the culms finally disarticulating at the lower nodes. Type species, Danthonia spicata. Named for Etienne Danthoine. The species are found in grassland and contribute somewhat toward the forage value of the range but usually are not abundant. In Cali- fornia D. calif ornica is considered a nutritious grass; D. compressa is important in the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. » Chase, A. axillary cleistogenes in some American grasses. Amer. Journ. Bot. 5: 254. 1918. 302 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 596.— A, Danthonia spicata. Plant, X Vi\ spikelet, floret, and cleistogene, X 5. (Gayle 787, Maine.) B, I>. compressa. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 103, Tenn.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 303 INTERMEDIA. Figure 597.— Distribution of Danthonia spicata. Lemmas glabrous on the back, pilose or the margin only. Panicle narrow, the pedicels appressed 4. D Panicle open, the slender pedicels spreading or reflexed. Panicle usually of a single spikelet 7. D. ttnispicata. Panicle of 2 to several spikelets 6. D. californica. Lemmas pilose on the back, sometimes sparsely so. Glumes mostly 20 to 22 mm long 5. D. parryi. Glumes 10 to 17 mm long. Sheaths pilose, (rarely glabrous); glumes 12 to 17 mm long. Culms 50 to 100 cm tall 3. D. sericea. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so; glumes rarely more than 15 mm long. Panicle simple or nearly so, usually contracted after anthesis; blades rarely more than 15 cm long, commonly less 1. D. spicata. Panicle usually compound and somewhat open; blades or some of them more than 15 cm, often as much as 25 cm long 2. D. compressa. 1. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Poverty oatgrass. (Fig. 596, A.) Culms 20 to 70 cm tall, mostly not more than 50 cm, slender, terete; leaves numerous in a basal cluster, the blades usually curled or flexuous; sheaths gla- brous or sparsely pilose, with a tuft of long hairs in the throat; blades usually not more than 12 cm long, filiform to 2 mm wide, occasionally a few blades 15 to 20 cm long, subin volute or in damp weather flat, glabrous or sparsely pilose; panicle 2 to 5 cm long, rarely longer, the stiff* short branches bearing a single spikelet, or the lower longer with 2 (rarely 3 or 4), usually erect after anthesis; glumes 10 to 12 mm long (rarely longer); lemmas 4 to 5 mm long, sparsely villous except the 2-toothed summit, the teeth acuminate to subsetaceous ; terminal segment of awn about 5 mm long; palea broad, flat, obtuse, ciliolate, reaching to the base of the awn. % — Dry and sterile or rocky soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida, eastern Texas, and eastern Kansas, in the mountains to New Mexico and Oregon (fig. 597). Variable; tall specimens with longer blades and setaceous teeth resemble D. compressa. A rather stiff western form with subsetaceous teeth has been described as D. thermale Scribn. 2. Danthonia compressa Austin. (Fig. 596, B.) Culms on the average stouter and taller than in D. spicata, compressed, rather loosely tufted, sometimes decumbent or with short rhi- zomes, 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths reddish above the nodes, glabrous, or sparsely pubescent on the collar, a conspicuous tuft of white hairs in the throat; blades elongate, some of them commonly 20 to 25 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide, usually flat, sometimes involute and subfiliform, sca- brous; panicle 5 to 8 cm long (rarely to 10 cm), the slender branches bearing 2 or 3 spikelets, contracted after anthesis but looser than in D. spicata; glumes 10 to 14 mm (usually about 12 mm) long; lemma and palea as in D. spicata but the teeth of the lemma aristate, 2 to 3 mm long. % — -Meadows, and open woods, Nova Scotia to Quebec, south to the mountains of North Carolina (fig 598). Appears to intergrade with D. spicata. 3. Danthonia sericea Nutt. Downy oatgrass. (Fig. 599.) Culms erect, densely tufted, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths, especially the lower, villous (rarely glabrous); blades 10 to 25 cm long, 2 to 4 mm Figure 598.— Distribution of Danthonia compressa. 55974°— 35 -20 304 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figurk 599.— Danthonia sericea. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Kearney 1219, Va.) wide, those of the innovations mostly involute, those of the culm mostly flat; panicle 5 to 10 cm long, relatively many-flowered, the branches bearing 2 to 6 spikelets, rather open or contracted after anthesis; glumes 12 to 17 mm long ; lemmas densely long-pilose especially along the margin, about 10 mm long, including the slender aristate teeth, the teeth about half the entire length; palea con- cave, narrowed toward the 2- toothed apex. % — -Sand bar- rens, chiefly Coastal Plain, Massachusetts (Sherborn); New Jersey to northern Florida, Tenn- essee, and Louisiana (fig. 600). A rare form with glabrous foliage has been called D. epilis Scribn. (D. glabra Nash, not Phil.) Virginia to Georgia. 4. Danthonia intermedia Vasey. Timber oatgrass. (Fig. 601.) Culms 10 to 50 cm tall; sheaths glabrous (the lower rarely pilose) with long hairs in the throat; blades subin volute, or those of the culm flat, glabrous or sparsely pilose; panicle purplish, narrow, few-flowered, 2 to 5 cm long, the branches appressed, bearing a single spikelet; glumes about 15 mm long; lemmas 7 to 8 mm long, appressed-pilose along the margin below and on the callus, the summit scaberulous, the teeth acuminate, aristate- tipped; terminal segment of awn 5 to 8 mm long; palea narrowed above, notched at the apex. % — Meadows and bogs, northern and alpine regions. Newfound- land and Quebec to Alaska, south to northern Michigan, New Mexico, and California (fig. 602). 5. Danthonia parryi Scribn. Parry oatgrass. (Fig. 603.) Culms rather stout, in tough clumps, 30 to 60 cm tall, somewhat enlarged at base from the numerous over- lapping firm persistent sheaths; sheaths glabrous, somewhat pilose at the throat, a glabrous or pubes- \fj> cent line or ridge on the collar, the lower blades fall- ing from the sheaths; blades erect-flexuous, most- ly 15 to 25 cm long, narrow or filiform, flat or involute, glabrous; panicle 3 to 7 cm long, usually ¥?eZfuT-l>™Snix% with 3 to 8 spikelets, the branches more or less ma*' Mont (HitchC0Ck pubescent, ascending or appressed, the _ lower- most 1 to 2 cm long, with 1 or 2 spikelets; glumes 20 to 22 mm long, rarely less; lemmas about 1 cm long, rather densely to sparsely pilose over the back, strongly pilose on the callus at the sides, the rachilla glabrous, the teeth more or less aristate; Figure 600.— Distribution of Danthonia sericea. Figure 602.— Distribution of Danthonia intermedia. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 305 terminal segment of awn 8 to 12 mm long; palea narrowed above, nearly as long as the lemma, 2-toothed. % — Open grassland, open woods, and rocky slopes, in the mountains, mostly below timber line, Alberta to New Mexico (fig. 604). 6. Danthonia californica Boland. California oatgrass. (Fig. 605.) Culms 30 to 80 cm tall, glabrous, tending to disarticulate at the nodes; sheaths glabrous, pilose at the throat; blades mostly 10 to 20 cm long, flat or, especially those of the Figure 604.— Distribution of Danthonia parryi. innovations, involute, glabrous; pan- icle bearing mostly 2 to 5 spikelets, the pedicels slender, spreading or somewhat reflexed, more or less flexuous, 1 to 2 cm long, a rather prominent pulvinus at the base of each; glumes 15 to 20 mm long (rarely less or more); lemmas, ex- cluding awns, 8 to 10 mm long, pil margin and on the callus, otherwise gl terminal segment of awn 5 to 10 mm Figure 603.— Da nthonia parryi. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 10987, Colo.) ose on the lower part of the abrous, the teeth long-aristate ; long; palea subacute, usually extending beyond base of awn. % — Meadows and open woods, Montana to British Columbia, south to Colorado and California (fig. 606). Figure 606.— Distribution of Danthonia californica. Danthonia californica var. Americana (Scribn.) Hitchc. Culms on the average shorter, FiGtrEE605.-^ftonf^omtoLc^gcieIx ^floret, the tufts usually more spread- ing; foliage sparsely to conspic- uously spreading-pilose; spikelets on the average smaller, but large plants with large spikelets occur, with conspicuously pilose foliage. pi —Montana and Wyoming to British Columbia, south to Cal- ifornia; Chile. D. macounii Hitchc. appears to belong here, differing in 306 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE having lemmas sparsely pilose on the back. Known only from Nanaimo, Vancouver Island (Macoun 78825). 7. Danthonia unispicata Munro. One-spike oatgrass. (Fig. 607.) Culms 15 to 25 cm tall, in dense spreading tufts; sheaths and blades pilose, the hairs on the sheaths spreading or reflexed; panicle reduced to a single spikelet or sometimes 2, rarely 3, spikelets, the lower spikelets usually reduced, their pedicels appressed or ascending, the long pedicel of the terminal spikelet jo.inted with the culm; spikelets on the average smaller than in D. calijomica. % — Open or rocky ground, Montana to British Columbia, south to Wyoming and Cali- fornia (fig. 608). TRIBE 5. AGROSTIDEAE 61. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Reedgrass Spikelets 1 -flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, prolonged behind the palea (in our species, except Calamagrostis epigeios) as a short, commonly hairy bristle; glumes about equal, acute or acuminate ; lemma shorter and usually more delicate than the glumes, usually 5-nerved, the midnerve exserted as an awn, the callus bearing a tuft of hairs, these often copious and as long as the lemma. Perennial, usually moderately tall grasses, mostly with creeping rhi- zomes, with small spikelets in open or usually narrow, some- times spikelike panicles. Type species, Arundo calamagrostis L. Name from Greek kalamos, a reed, and agrostis, a kind of grass, the type species being a reedy grass. Our species (except C. epigeios) belong to the Section Deyeuxia, in which the rachilla is pro- longed. In Section Epigeios, of the Old World, the rachilla is not prolonged. ¥lthonfa&unispkata. Several species are important native forage grasses. x 5 (Davy, Pinegrass, C. rubescens, is a leading range grass in the mountains of Oregon and Washington. Bluejoint, C. canadensis, is a source of much of the wild hay of Wisconsin and Minnesota. On the plains and bench lands of Wyoming and north- ward, C. montanensis furnishes forage, especially when young. In low wet lands of the Northern States C. inexpansa is grazed especially by horses and cattle. la. Awn longer than the glumes, geniculate. 2a. Panicle open, the branches spreading, naked below. Blades scattered, 5 to 9 mm broad, flat. Plant mostly more than 1 m tall 1. C. BOLANDERI. Blades mostly basal, mostly not more than 2 mm wide, often involute. Awn about 1 cm long, much longer than the glumes; blades nearly or quite as long as the flowering culms 2. C. howellii. Awn only a little exceeding the glumes; blades much shorter than the culms, capillary, sulcate, folded 3. C. breweri. 2b. Panicle compact, the branches appressed, floriferous from base. Blades scattered, broad and flat, 6 to 10 mm wide 4. C. tweedti. Blades mostly basal, firm, narrow, becoming involute. Glumes about 1 cm long, gradually long-acuminate; awn nearly 1 cm long above the bend 5. C. foliosa. Glumes 6 to 8 mm long, abruptly acute or acuminate; awn usually less than 5 mm above the bend 6. C. ptjrpurascens. Figure 608.— Distribution of Danthonia unispicata. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 307 lb. Awn included or scarcely longer than the glumes, straight or geniculate. 3a. Awn geniculate, protruding sidewise from the glumes; callus hairs rather sparse, shorter than the lemma. (See C. cainii, p. 993) Blades narrow, soon involute; plants low, usually less than 30 cm tall, not tufted, rhizomatous. Panicle compact, spikelike_ 7. C. montanensis. Blades flat, drying involute at tip; plants usually tall. Sheaths pubescent on the collar. Callus hairs about one-third as long as lemma; western species. 8. C. RUBESCENS. Callus hairs half to three-fourths as long as lemma; eastern species. Palea about as long as the lemma 9. C. porteri. Palea three-fourths as long as the lemma 10. C. perplexa. Sheaths glabrous on the collar. Panicle loose, the branches spreading or ascending. Plants 1 to 1.5 m tall; blades as much as 1 cm wide 11. C. nutkaensis. Panicle compact. Culms stout, mostly more than 1 m tall 12. C. densa. Culms more slender, mostly less than 1 m tall. Spikelets 5 mm long; lemma as long as the glumes; panicle spike- like 13. C. KOELERIOIDES. Spikelets about 4 mm long; lemma shorter than the glumes; panicle scarcely spikelike, some of the branches naked below. 14. C. PICKERINGII. 3b. Awn straight (somewhat bent in C epigeios and C. lactea), included; callus hairs usually not much shorter than the lemma. Sheaths pubescent on the collar (see also C. inexpansa var. barbulata). 15. C. SCRIBNERI. Sheaths glabrous on the collar. Panicle rather loose and open. Callus hairs copious, about as long as the lemma; awn delicate, straight 16. C. canadensis. Callus hairs rather scant, about half as long as the lemma; awn stronger, weakly geniculate 17. C. lactea. Panicle more or less contracted. Blades fiat, rather lax. Awn attached near the base; rachilla not prolonged. 23. C. epigeios. Awn attached at or about middle; rachilla prolonged. Glumes scabrous; plant green 18. C. cinnoides. Glumes nearly smooth; plant pale 19. C. scopulorum. Blades involute or, if flat, rigid and becoming involute. Blades broad and short, as much as 5 mm wide, nearly smooth. 22. C. CRASSIGLUMIS. Blades elongate, smooth or scabrous. Blades firm, scabrous, rather rigid; ligule 4 to 6 mm long; panicle firm 20. C. inexpansa. Blades rather lax, narrow; ligule 1 to 3 mm long; panicle rather soft 21. C. neglecta. 1. Calamagrostis bolanderi Thurb. (Fig. 609.) Culms erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall, with slender rhizomes; sheaths scabrous; ligule 4 to 5 mm long; blades flat, 5 to 9 mm wide, scattered, nearly smooth; panicle open, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches verticillate, spreading, naked below, the longer 5 to 10 cm long; glumes 3 to 4 mm long, purple, scabrous, acute; lemma very scabrous, about as long as the glumes, the awn from near the base, geniculate, exserted, about 2 mm long above the bend, the callus hairs short; rachilla pilose, 1 to 2 mm long. % — Bogs and moist ground, prairie or open woods, near the coast, Mendocino and Humboldt Counties, Calif. 2. Calamagrostis howellii Vasey. (Fig. 610.) Culms densely tufted, rather slender, ascending, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous ; ligule 2 to 8 mm long ; blades slender, scabrous on the upper surface, flat or soon involute, especially toward the tip, about as long as the culms, the two cauline shorter, about 1 mm wide; 308 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE panicle pyramidal, 5 to 15 cm long, rather open, the lower branches in whorls, ascending, naked below, 3 to 5 cm long; spikelets pale or tinged with purple; glumes acuminate, 6 to 7 mm long; lemma acu- minate, a little shorter than the glumes, the awn attached about 2 mm above the base, geniculate, exserted about 1 cm; callus hairs and those of the rachilla about half as long as the lemma. Ql — On perpendic- ular cliffs, vicinity of the Gap of the Columbia River. 3. Calamagrostis breweri Thurb. Shorthair. (Fig. 611.) Culms densely tufted, slender, erect 15 to 30 cm tall; leaves mostly basal, Figure 60S.— Calamagrostis bolanderi. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Bolander, Calif.) usually involute-filiform; panicle ovate, purple, 3 to 8 cm long, the lower branches slender, spreading, few-flowered, 1 to 2 cm long; glumes 3 to 4 mm long, smooth, acute; lemma nearly as long as glumes, cuspidate-toothed, the awn from near the base, geniculate, exserted, twisted below, about 2 mm long above the bend, the callus hairs short, scant; rachilla long-pilose, about half as long as the lemma. % — Mountain meadows of the high Sierra Nevada, Calif., where it is an important range grass. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 309 4. Calamagrostis tweedyi (Scribn.) Scribn. (Fig. 612.) Culms erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall, smooth, with short rhizomes; sheaths smooth, the lower becoming fibrous ; blades flat, somewhat scabrous, the cauline 5 to 15 cm long, as much as 1 cm wide, those of the innovations narrower and longer; panicle oblong, rather compact, or interrupted below, about 10 cm long; glumes abruptly acuminate, purple-tinged, 6 to 7 mm long; lemma about as long as the glumes, the awn exserted about 5 mm, the callus hairs scant, scarcely 1 mm long; rachilla Figure 610.— Calamagrostis howellii. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Chase 4846, Oreg.) pilose, 2 mm long. 01 — Known only from the type locality, the "Cascade Mountains, Washington." 5. Calamagrostis foliosa Kearney. (Fig. 613.) Culms tufted, erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; leaves numerous crowded toward the base, the sheaths overlapping, the blades involute, firm, smooth, nearly as long as the culm; panicle pale, dense, spikelike, 5 to 12 cm long; glumes about 1 cm long, acuminate ; lemma 5 to 7 mm long, acuminate, the apex with 4 setaceous teeth, the awn from near base, geniculate, about 8 mm long above the bend, the callus hairs numerous, 3 mm long; rachilla pilose, nearly as long as lemma. QJ. — Humboldt and Mendocino Counties, Calif. 310 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 611.— Calamagrostis breweri. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Bolander 6098, Calif.) Figure 612.— Calamagrostis tweedyi. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Vasey, Wash.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 311 6. Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. Purple reedgrass. (Fig. 614.) Culms tufted, sometimes with short rhizomes, erect, 40 to 60 cm or even 100 cm tall; sheaths usually scabrous, the old sheaths Figure 613. — Calamagrostis foliosa. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Davy 6602, Calif.) Figure 614.— Calamagrostis purpu- rascens. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Goodding 375, Wyo.) persistent and fibrous; blades 2 to 4 mm wide, flat or more or less involute, rather thick, scabrous ; panicle dense, usually pinkish or pur- plish, spikelike, 5 to 12 cm long, rarely longer ; glumes 6 to 8 mm long, scabrous; lemma nearly as long as glumes, the apex with 4 setaceous teeth, the awn from near base, finally geniculate, exserted about 2 mm ; hairs of callus and rachilla about one-third as long as the lemma. % (C. vaseyi Beal.) — Rocks and cliffs, Greenland to Alaska, south to Quebec, South Dakota (Black Hills), Colorado, and California (fig. 615). 7. Calamagrostis montanensis Scribn. Plains reedgrass. (Fig. 616.) Culms stiffly erect, scabrous below the panicle, usually 20 to Figure 615.— Distribution of Calamagrostis purpurascens. Ml Figure 617.— Distribution of Calamagrostis montanensis. 312 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE 40 cm tall, sometimes taller, with slender creeping rhizomes; lower sheaths rather papery, smooth; blades erect, mostly less than 2 mm wide, more or less involute, scabrous, sharp-pointed; panicle dense, erect, more or less interrupted, usually pale, 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, the pedicels very scabrous; glumes acuminate, scabrous; lemma nearly as long as the glumes, finely 4-tootned, the awn attached about 1 mm above base, about equaling the lemma, slightly geniculate and protruding from side of glumes ; palea nearly as long as the lemma; hairs of callus and rachilla rather abundant, about half as long as the lemma. 91 — Plains and dry open ground, Man- itoba to Alberta, south to South Da- kota, Wyoming, and Idaho (fig. 617). 8. Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. Pinegrass. (Fig. 618.) Culms slender, tufted, 60 to 100 cm tall, with creeping rhizomes ; sheaths smooth, but pubescent on the collar, sometimes ob- scurely so ; blades erect, 2 to 4 mm wide, flat or some- what involute, scabrous; panicle narrow, spikelike or somewhat loose or in- terrupted, pale or purple, 7 to 15 cm long; glumes 4 to 5 mm long, narrow, acumi- nate; lemma pale, thin, about as long as glumes, smooth, the nerves obscure, the awn from near base, geniculate, exserted from side of glumes, 1 to 2 mm long above the bend, the callus hairs scant, about one- third as long as the lemma; rachilla 1 mm long, the sparse hairs extending to 2 mm. 01 — Open pine woods, prairies, and banks, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to northern Colorado and central California (fig. 619). A val- uable range grass. A large form with dense lobed panicle has been called C. cusickii Vasey. 9. Calamagrostis porteri A. Gray. (Fig. 620.) Culms slender, 60 to 120 cm tall, with slender rhizomes ; sheaths pubescent on the col- lar; blades flat, spreading, lax, 4 to 8 mm wide; panicle narrow but rather loose, erect or some- what nodding, 10 to 15 cm long; glumes 4 to 6 mm long, scaberulous; lemma slightly shorter than the glumes, toothed at apex, the awn from near base, about as long as the lemma, bent and protruding from side of glumes; palea about as long as the lemma; callus hairs Figure 616 — Calamagros- tis montanensis. Panicle, X 1 ; glumes and floret, X 10. (Scribner 363, Mont.) Figure 618.— Calamagrostis rubescens. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Sandberg and Leiberg, Wash.) Figure 619. — Distribution of Calamagrostis rubescens. Figure 621.— Distribution of Calamagrostis porteri. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 313 rather scant, nearly half as long as the lemma; rachilla hairs scant, extending to about 3 mm. % —Dry rocky soil, New York, Penn- sylvania, Virginia (Luray), and West Virginia (fig. 621). 10. Calamagrostis perplexa Scribn. (Fig. 622.) Resembling C. porteri, differing in the somewhat larger, denser panicle and in the more copious callus hairs about three-fourths as long as the lemma, and in the more delicate awn. % — Wet rocks and sandy shores, Maine (Elliotsville), New Hampshire (White Mountains), New York (Thatcher's Pinnacle, near Ithaca, type locality), Ontario (Lake Nipagon), and Minnesota (Fond du Lac). 11. Calamagrostis nut- kaensis (Presl) Steud. (Fig. 623.) Culms stout, 1 to 1.5 m tall with short rhizomes (not usually present in herbarium specimens) ; ligule 6 to 8 mm long; blades elongate, 8 to 12 mm wide, flat becom- ing involute, gradually narrowed into a long point, scabrous; panicle usually purplish, narrow, rather loose, 15 to 30 cm long, the branches rather stiffly ascending; glumes 5 to 7 mm long, acuminate; ia_ lemma about 4 mm long, indistinctly nerved, the ™wftfs porteri" x io" awn rather stout, from near the base, slightly (Porter, Pa.) geniculate, about equaling the lemma or shorter; hairs of callus and rachilla scarcely half as long. 21 — Along the coast in moist soil or wet wooded hills, from Alaska to central California. 12. Calamagrostis densa Vasey. Cuyamaca reed- grass. (Fig. 624.) Culms rather stout, densely tufted, smooth or scabrous just below the pan- icle, mostly more than 1 m tall, with rather stout rhi- zomes; sheaths slightly scabrous; ligule 3 to 5 mm long; blades flat, or subin volute, sca- brous, 15 to 25 cm long, 3 to 8 mm wide, the uppermost shorter; panicle spikelike, dense, Figure 622 2.—caiama- pale, 10 to 15 cm Glumes ^anr/'flore'V longjglumes 4.5 to Figure 623.— Calamagrostis nutkaensis. Panicle, Figure 620.— Ca la ma X 10. 5668, N. Y.) X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. Oreg.) (Hitchcock 23576, ^Metcaif 5 mm }ong; acumi- nate, scaberulous; lemma 3.5 to 4 mm long, the awn bent, about as long as the lemma, more or less exserted at the side, the hairs of callus and rachilla scant, 314 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE about 1 mm long. % — Dry hills, among shrubs, mountains east of San Diego, Calif. 13. Calamagrostis koelerioides Vasey. (Fig. 625.) Differs from C. densa in the more slender culms and (often purplish) panicles. % — Dry hills, banks, and meadows, Wyoming to Washington, south to southern California. (Fig. 626.) Probably a form of C. densa. Figure 624. — Calamagrostis densa. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 13163, Calif.) Figure 625. — Calamagrostis koelerioides, X 10. (Hitchcock 23558, Oreg.) 14. Calamagrostis pickeringii A. Gray. (Fig. 627.) Culms soli- tary or few in tufts, rather rigid, scabrous below the panicle, 30 to 60 cm tall, with creeping rhizomes; blades erect, flat, 4 to 5 mm wide; panicle purplish, erect, contracted and rather dense, 7 to 12 cm long; glumes acute, about 4 to 4.5 mm long; lemma a little shorter than the glumes, scaberulous, narrowed to an obtuse point, the awn attached about 1 mm above the base, about as long as the lemma, slightly bent and protruding somewhat from the side of the glumes; callus hairs scant, about 0.5 mm long; rachilla about 1 mm long, the hairs short, rather scant. 01 — Bogs, wet meadows, and sandy beaches, Newfoundland and Labrador to the mountains of Massachu- setts and New York; Isle Royal, Mich. (fig. 628). Slender plants with slightly smaller spikelets have been differentiated as C. pickeringii var. debilis (Kearney) Fern, and Wieg. 15. Calamagrostis scribneri Beal. Scribner reedgrass. (Fig. 629.) Culms tufted, with numerous creeping rhizomes, slender, 60 to 100 cm tall; lower sheaths loose, thin, upper scabrous, retrorsely pubescent on the collar; ligule about 5 mm long; blades thin, elongate, 4 to 7 mm wide, scabrous; panicle pale or purplish, narrow but rather Figure 626.— Distribution of Calamagrostis koelerioides. Figure 627.— Calamagrostis pickeringii. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Hubbard 634, Mass.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 315 Figure 628.— Distribution of Calamagrostis pickeringii. lax, 10 to 15 cm long (rarely longer) ; glumes about 4 mm long, acumi- nate; lemma a little shorter than the glumes, sharply toothed, the awn about as long as the glumes or a little longer, feebly bent, the callus hairs about half as long as the lemma; rachilla minute, its hairs nearly as long as the lemma. % — Moist meadows, Montana and Wash- ington to Colorado and Oregon; infrequent (fig. 630). 16. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Bltjejoint. (Fig. 631, A.) Culms suberect, tufted, 60 to 150 cm tall, with numerous creeping rhizomes ; sheaths glabrous or rarely obscurely pubescent; blades numerous, elongate, flat, rather lax, scabrous, 4 to 8 mm wide; panicle nodding, from narrow and rather dense to loose and relatively open, especially at base, 10 to 25 cm long; glumes usually 3 to 4 mm long, smooth or more com- monly scabrous, acute to acuminate; lemma nearly as long as glumes, smooth, thin in texture, the awn delicate, straight, attached just below the middle and extending to or slightly beyond its tip, the callus hairs abundant, about as long as lemma; rachilla delicate, sparsely long-pilose. % — Marshes, wet places, open woods, and meadows, Green- land to Alaska, south to Maryland, North Carolina (Roan Mountain), Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, Ari- zona, and California (fig. 632). A widely distributed and exceed- ingly variable species. Characters used to differentiate the many proposed varieties are not corre- lated in the larger proportion of specimens. The panicle varies in density and the glumes in size and scabridity. The following varieties are recognizable but are connected with the species by many intergrading specimens. Calamagrostis canadensis var. scabra (Presl) Hitchc. (Fig. 631, B.) Differing in having spikelets 4.5 to 6 mm long, the glumes rather firm, hispidly short-eiliate on the keel, strongly scabrous other Figure 629.- glumes and -Calamagrostis scribneri. Panicle, floret, X 10. (Rydberg 3083, Mont.) 21 Mountains of wise, but the greater scabridity not constant. New England, New York, and northward, and along the Pacific coast from Washington to Alaska. This form has been referred to C. langs- dorjii (Link) Trim, which proves to be an Old World species not found in America. Calamagrostis canadensis var. macouni- ana (Vasey) Stebbins. (Fig. 631, C.) Differing from C. canadensis in the smaller spikelets, about2mmlong. Scarcely a distinct variety. 91 — Saskatchewan (Macoun44, 45), Minnesota (Bemidge), South Dakota (Chamberlin, Redfield), Iowa, Nebraska (Central City), Missouri (Lake City, Little Blue), Montana (Manhattan), Yellowstone Park, Washington (Spokane County), Oregon (Crook County). Figure 630.— Distribution of Cala magroslis scribneri. 316 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 631.— A, Calamagrostis canadensis. Plant, X Hi glumes and floret, X 10. (Chase 5077, Mont.), B, Var. scabra, X 10. (Pringle, N. H.) C, Var. macouniana, X 10. (Pammel 891, Minn.) MANUAL OF THE GEASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 317 17. Calamagrostis lactea Beal. (Fig. 633.) Culms ascending, 80 to 150 cm tall, weak, the nodes subgeniculate, with a short knotty rhizome; sheaths scaber- ulous; lignle rather firm, 3 to 5 mm long; blades elongate, flat, lax, scabrous, 6 to 12 mm wide; panicle pale, narrowly pyramidal, 12 to 20 cm long, loosely flowered; glumes 5 to 6 mm long, scabrous, acuminate; lemma shorter than the glumes, scabrous the apex ^^^JSnaSS. °' setaceous-toothed, the awn attached near the base, about equaling the lemma, weakly geniculate; palea slightly Figure 633.— Calamagrostis lactea. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Dupl. type.) exceeding the lemma, the callus hairs about half as long; rachilla minute, sparsely pi- lose. % — Mountain slopes, Washington and Oregon, appar- ently rare. 18. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Barton. (Fig. 634.) Glaucous; culms rather stout, erect, 80 to 150 cm tall, with slender rhizomes read- ily broken off; sheaths and blades very sca- brous, sometimes sparsely hirsute, the blades flat, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle erect, dense, more or less lobed (somewhat open at an thesis), 8 to 20 cm long, purple- tinged ; glumes 6 to 7 mm long, scabrous, long-acuminate Figure 634.- ■ Calamagrostis cinnoides floret, X 10 Panicle, X 1; glumes and (Chase 7518, Md.) 318 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE or awn-pointed; lemma firm, acuminate, scabrous, shorter than the glumes, the awn attached about one fourth below the tip, not much exceeding the lemma, the callus hairs copious, about two-thirds as long; rachilla about 1 mm long, glabrous below, with a brush of long white hairs at the tip about equaling the lemma. Ql — Bogs and moist ground, Maine to New York, south to Alabama (fig. 635). 19. Calamagrostis scopulorum Jones. (Fig. 636.) Pale, glaucous; culms erect, 50 to 80 cm tall, with short rhizomes; blades elongate, flat, scabrous, 3 to 7 mm wide; panicle pale to purplish, contracted, sometimes spikelike, 8 to 15 cm long ; glumes 4 to 6 mm long, somewhat scabrous, acute or acuminate, not awn-pointed; lemma about as long as the glumes, minutely pilose, the awn attached above the middle, straight, about as long as the lemma, the callus hairs about two-thirds as long; rachilla rather sparsely long-pilose, especially on the upper part. % — Moist soil in gulches, Wyoming (Wild Cat Peak), Colorado (Pagosa Peak), and Utah. 20. Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray. Northern reedgrass. (Fig. 637.) Culms tufted, 40 to 120 cm tall, with rather slender rhizomes, often scabrous below the panicle; sheaths smooth, or some- what scabrous, the basal ones numerous, withering but persistent; ligule 4 to 6 mm long; blades firm, rather rigid, flat or loosely involute, very scabrous, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle narrow, dense, the branches mostly erect and spikelet-bearing from the base; 5 to 15 cm long ; glumes 3 to 4 mm long, abruptly acumi- Figure 635.— Distribution of Calamagrostis cinnoides. Figure 636.— Calamagrostis scopulorum. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Jones 1145, Utah.) Figure 637. — Calamagrostis in- expansa. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Ehlers 566, Mich.) nate, scaberulous; lemma as long as glumes, scabrous, the awn attached about the middle, straight or nearly so, about as long as glumes, the callus hairs half to three-fourths as long; rachilla 0.5 mm long, some of the hairs reaching to tip of lemma. % — Meadows, marshes, and wet places, Greenland to Alaska, south to Maine, New York, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, and California (fig. 638). Cala- magrostis inexpansa var. novae-angliae Stebbins. Panicle more loosely flowered, the longer branches naked below. % — Wet granite ledges, Maine to Vermont. Calamagrostis inexpansa var. bar- bulata Kearney. Culms robust, puberal ent below the nodes; collar of sheaths puberulent; awn minute or obsolete, callus hairs nearly as long as the lemma. % — Known only from Mason County, Wash. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 319 Sierra Nevada. Figure 638.— Distribution of Calamagrostis inexpansa. Calamagrostis californica Kearney. (Fig. 639.) Resembling C. inexpansa but panicles longer and somewhat looser and callus hairs shorter. 01 — Known only from the type specimen, " The status of this form is doubtful. 21. Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. Mey. and Schreb. (Fig. 640.) Resembling C. inexpansa, on the average smaller; ligule 1 to 3 mm long; blades smooth or nearly so, lax and soft, narrow, often filiform; panicles on the average smaller; glumes rather thinner in texture, often smooth. 01 — Marshes, sandy shores, and wet places, Greenland to Alaska, south to Maine, Vermont, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Colorado, Utah, and Oregon (fig. 641); northern Eurasia. 22. Calamagrostis crassiglumis Thurb. (Fig. 642.) Culms rather rigid, 15 to 40 cm tall, with short rhizomes; lower sheaths overlapping, somewhat papery; blades flat, or somewhat involute, smooth, firm, about 4 to 5 mm wide; panicle narrow, dense, spikelike, 2 to 5 cm long, dull pur- ple ; glumes 3 to 4 mm long, ovate, rather abruptly acuminate, purple, scaberulous, firm or almost indurate; lemma about as long as glumes, broad, obtuse or abruptly pointed, the awn attached about the middle, straight, about as long as lemma, the callus hairs abundant, about 3 mm long; rachilla 1 mm long, the hairs reach- ing to apex of lemma. 01 — Swampy soil, Vancouver Island, Washington (What- -caia- com Lake), California (Mendocino magrostis ca'ifor- County). A rare species allied to C inex- 7llCdt X 10. ( 1 yp6.) 1 /-y -I . pansa and C. neglecta. 23. Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth. (Fig. 643.) Culms slender, 1 to 1.5 m tall, with creeping rhizomes; ligule about 4 mm long, rather firm; blades elongate, mostly 4 to 5 mm wide, flat, scabrous; panicle pale, erect, narrow, rather dense, 25 to 30 cm long, narrowed at the summit; glumes sub- equal, 4 to 5 mm long, narrowly lanceolate- attenuate; lemma 2 to 2.3 mm long, strongly 2- toothed at the opaque apex, the awn from a little below the middle, about as long as the glumes, somewhat bent at the middle; callus hairs rather copious, about as long as the glumes; rachilla obsolete. 01 — {C. arenicola Fernald.) — Sandy woods in dense colonies, Harwich, Mass. ; said to be establish- ed also at Gloucester, Mass., and Montgomery County, Pa.; Eurasia. 62. AMM0PHILA Host. Beachgrass Spikelets 1 -flowered, compressed, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, produced beyond the palea as a short bristle, hairy above; glumes about equal, chartaceous; lemma similar to and a 55974°-35 21 Figure 640.— Cala- magrostis neglecta, X10. (Fernald 182, Maine.) Figure 641.— Distribution of Calamagrostis neglecta. 320 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE little shorter than the glumes, the callus bearded; palea nearly as long as the lemma. Tough, rather coarse, erect perennials, with hard, scaly, creeping rhizomes, long, tough, involute blades, and pale, dense spikelike panicles. Type species, Ammophila arenaria. Named from the Greek ammos, sand, and philos, loving, alluding to the habitat. The species of Ammophila are _ important sand-binding grasses, A. arenaria being used in northern Europe to hold the barrier dunes along the coast. In this country it has been tried with success on Cape Cod and at Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. Called also marram, psamma, and sea sandreed. Ligule thin, 10 to 30 mm long 1. A. arenaria. Ligule firm, 1 to 3 mm long- . 2. A. breviligulata. FlS/^Capaani^:° ? il 1. Ammophila arenaria (L) Link. European glumes and floret, X 10. BEACHGRASS. (Fig. 644, B.) CulniS 50 to 150 csuksdorf 1024, wash.) cm ^ whh ^ extensively creeping rhi- zomes; ligule thin, 1 to 3 cm long, blades elongate, firm, soon involute, tapering to a fine point, the upper surface puberulent; panicle 10 to 20 cm long; spikelets 1.2 to 1.5 cm long; glumes glabrous, scabrous on the keels, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemma scabrous, the callus hairs about 3 mm long, the rachilla about 2 mm long. % —Sand dunes along the coast from San Francisco to Oregon; intro- Figure 643.— Calamagrostis epigeios. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Fernald 757, Mass.) duced as a sand binder in the vicinity of San Francisco and now es- tablished at several places to the north; coast of Europe. 2. Ammophila breviligulata Fernald. American beachgrass. (Fig. 644, A.) Similar to A. arenaria; ligule firm, 1 to 3 mm long; blades scaberulous on the upper surface; callus hairs shorter 01 — Sand dunes along the coast from Newfoundland to North Carolina, and on the shores of the Great Lakes from Lake Ontario to Lake Superior and Lake Michigan (fig. 645). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 321 Figure 644.— A, Ammophila breviligulata. Plant, X H; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Sherfl, Ind ) B, Ammophila arenaria. Glumes, floret, and ligule, X 5. (Heller 5670, Calif.) 322 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 63. CALAMOVILFA Hack. Spikelets 1 -flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, not prolonged behind the palea; glumes unequal, chartaceous, 1- nerved, acute; lemma a little longer than the second glume, char- taceous, 1-nerved, awnless, glabrous or pubescent, the callus bearded; palea about as long as the lemma. Rigid, usually tall perennials, with narrow or open panicles, some species with creeping rhizomes. Type species, Calamovilja brevipilis. Name from Greek kalamos, reed, and Vilja a genus of grasses. Calamovilja longifolia is of some value for forage but is rather coarse and woody; a variety of this and also C. giganiea are inland sand binders. Rhizomes short and thick. Panicle narrow, contracted 1. C. curtissii. Panicle subpyramidal, rather open 2. C. brevipilis. Rhizomes extensively creeping. Lemma glabrous (except for the callus hairs) 3. C. longifolia. Lemma villous on the back above the callus hairs 4. C. gigantea. 1. Calamovilfa curtissii (Vasey) Scribn. (Fig. 646.) Culms tufted from a short, thick horizontal rhizome, about 1 m tall; lower sheaths firm, overlapping, persistent; blades elongate, 2 to 3 mm wide, flat to involute, those of the innovations subfiliform; panicle contracted but not dense, 15 to 20 cm long; spike- lets pale, about 5 mm long; glumes acute, the first 4 mm, the second 5 mm long; lemma as long as the second glume, acute, villous on the ^T4ite«S °f back below, the callus hairs 1 to 1.5 mm long; palea sparsely villous along the keels. % — Low pine barrens, East Florida; also Santa Rosa County, Fla. 2. Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torr.) Scribn. (Fig. 647.) Culms solitary or few, compressed, 60 to 120 cm tall, the base as in C. curtissii; blades elongate, 2 to 3 mm wide, flat to subin volute; panicle subpyramidal, rather open, 10 to 25 cm long, the branches ascending, flexuous, glabrous, naked below; spikelets brownish, 5 to 6 mm long; glumes acuminate, the first 2 to 2.5 mm long, the second about 4 mm long; lemma villous on the back below, the callus hairs 1.5 mm long; palea exceeding the lemma, villous on the back. % — Marshes and river banks, New Jersey, North Carolina, rare. 3. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. (Fig. 648.) _ Culms mostly solitary, 50 to 180 cm tall, with strong scaly creeping rhi- zomes; sheaths usually more or less appressed-villous, especially near the summit; blades firm, elongate, flat or soon involute, 4 to 8 mm wide near base, tapering to a long fine point; panicle 15 to 35 cm long, rather narrow or contracted, the branches ascending or appressed, sometimes slightly spreading; spikelets pale, 6 to 7 mm long; glumes acuminate, the first about 2 mm shorter than the second; lemma somewhat shorter than the second glume, glabrous, the callus hairs copious, more than half as long as the lemma. 01 — Sand hills and sandy prairies or open woods, Michigan to Alberta, south to Indiana, Colorado, and Idaho (fig. 649). Calamovilfa longifolia var. magna Scribn. and Merr. Panicle more open and spreading. 91 —Sandy ridges and dunes along Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 323 4. Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. and Merr. (Fig. 650.) Culms robust, mostly solitary, usually 1.5 to 2 m tall, as much as 6 mm thick at base, with strong creeping rhizomes ; sheaths glabrous ; blades elongate, 5 to 10 mm wide at base, tapering to a long involute tip; panicle open, as much as 60 cm long, the branches rather stiffly spreading, as much as 25 cm long; spikelets similar to those of C. longi- folia, but somewhat larger; lemma and palea villous along the back; callus hairs copious, half as long as the lemma. 91 — Sand dunes, North Dakota to Texas and west to Arizona (fig. 651). 64. AGROSTIS L. Bentgrass Spikelets 1 -flowered, disarticulat- ing above the glumes, the rachilla usually not prolonged; glumes equal or nearly so, acute, acuminate, or sometimes awn-pointed, usually sca- brous on the keel and sometimes on the back; lemma obtuse, usually shorter and thinner than the glumes, awnless or dorsally awned, often hairy on the callus ; palea usually shorter than the lemma, 2-nerved in only a few species, usually small and nerveless or obsolete. Delicate to moderately tall annuals or usually perennials, with flat or sometimes involute, scabrous blades, and open to contracted panicles of small spikelets. Type Figure 646. — Calamovilfa curtissii. Plant, X Vi, glumes and floret, X 5. (Garber, Fla.) Figure 647 .—Calamovilfa brevipilis. Plant, X Vi\ glumes and floret, X 5. (Brinton. N. J.) species, Agrostis stolonijera. Name from Greek agrostis, a kind of grass, from agros, a field ; the word agrostology is from the same root. 324 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure MS.-Calamovilfa longifolia. Plant, X Vi, spikelet and floret, X 5. (Babcock, HI.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 325 The rachilla is regularly prolonged in a occasional spikelets of other species. Most of the species are important forage plants, either under cultivation or in the mountain meadows of the Western States. The three important cultivated species are redtop, Agrostis alba, used for meadows, pastures, lawns, and sports turf, Colonial bent, A. tenuis, used for pastures, lawns, and sports turf, and creeping bent, A. palustris, used for lawns and golf greens. Velvet bent, A. few species and in Figure 649.— Distribution of Catamovilfa longifolia. canina, is sometimes Figure 651.— Distribution of Calamoi'ilfa gigantea. Figure 650.— Catamovilfa gigantea. Panicle, X Vi\ glumes and floret, X 5. (White, Okla.) used for putting greens. Recently forms of A. palustris called Washington bent and Metropolitan bent, have come into use for lawns and especially for golf greens. They are propagated by the stolons. Fiorin is a name applied in England to A. palustris. The native species abundant enough to be of importance as forage plants are A. erarata, throughout the western half of the United States, A. orcgonensis in Oregon, and A. rossae in alpine regions of the Northwest, la. Palea evident, 2-nerved, at least half as long as the lemma. 2a. Rachilla prolonged behind the palea as a minute bristle. Lemma pubescent 1. A. retrofracta. Lemma glabrous. Lemma awned; plants annual. Panicle open, the branches naked below 2. A. spica-venti. Panicle narrow, contracted, interrupted, the branches, or some of them floriferous from the base 3. A. interrtjpta. Lemma awnless; plants perennial. Spikelets 2 mm long 4. Spikelets 3 mm long 5. 2b. Rachilla not prolonged. Glumes scabrous on the keel and on the back; panicle the short branches densely verticillate 6. Glumes scabrous on the keel only; panicle open or, if contracted, not lobed nor with densely verticillate branches. Plants tufted; dwarf alpine species 12. A. htjmilis. Plants with rhizomes or stolons; taller species of low and medium altitudes. Branches of panicle naked at base, the panicle open and delicate; ligule as much as 2 mm long on culm leaves, less than 1 mm on the innovations 11. A. tenuis. Branches of panicle or some of them floriferous from base; ligule as much as 6 mm long. Panicle contracted, the branches appressed; long stolons developed in isolated plants. Culms decumbent at base. 8. A. palustris. A. thurberiana. A. AEQUIVALVIS. contracted, lobed, A. VERTICILLATA. 326 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Panicle open, the branches ascending, no long stolons developed. Culms producing rather stout creeping leafy stolons. 9. A. nigra. Culms decumbent at base; rhizomes wanting. 7. A. stolonifera. Culms erect; rhizomes present 10. A. alba. lb. Palea obsolete, or a minute nerveless scale (in A. exarata and A. californica as much as 0.5 mm long or more). 3a. Plants annual; lemma with a slender awn 5 to 10 mm long. Awn flexuous; Southeastern States 15. A. elliottiana. Awn straight; Pacific coast. Spikelets 5 to 6 mm long; lemma awned from the middle — 13. A. HENDERSONII. Spikelets about 1.5 mm long; lemma awned below the tip 14. A. EXIGUA. 3b. Plants perennial; lemma awned or awnless, the awn when present not much exserted. 4a. Plants spreading by creeping rhizomes (those of A. lepida short). Hairs at base of lemma 1 to 2 mm long 16. A. hallii. Hairs at base of lemma minute or wanting. Rhizomes short; alpine tufted plants 17. A. lepida. Rhizomes long and slender. Panicle spikelike 18. A. pallens. Panicle open 19. A. diegoensis. 4b. Plants without rhizomes, stolons sometimes developed. 5a. Panicle narrow, contracted, at least some of the lower branches spikelet-bearing from near the base. Culms slender, in dense tufts with numerous basal leaves; blades not more than 5 cm long, less than 2 mm wide; panicles seldom more than 5 mm wide. Blades involute; culms spreading; panicles strict — 20. A. blasdalei. Blades flat; culms erect; panicles not strict 21. A. rossae. Culms stouter, not in tufts with dense basal foliage; blades or some of them at least 8 to 10 cm long and 4 to 5 mm wide, commonly much larger. Panicle from loose to dense, if dense, in glomerules or interrupted; glumes, except the keel, smooth to scaberulous; palea less than one fourth as long as the lemma 22. A. exarata. Panicle dense and spikelike; glumes very scabrous; palea one fourth to one third as long as the lemma 23. A. californica. 5b. Panicle open, sometimes diffusely spreading; lower branches not spikelet-bearing at the base. Awn attached near the base of the lemma; panicle diffuse. 24. A. howellii. Awn when present attached about the middle of the lemma or above. Panicles very diffu.se, the scabrous capillary branches branching toward the end or (in A. hiemalis var. geminata) above the middle. 25. A. hiemalis. Panicles open but not diffuse, the branches branching at or below the middle. Lemmas awnless (occasional plants with awned lemmas; see also A. baker i). Spikelets about 1.5 mm long; plants of high altitudes, delicate, 10 to 30 cm tall 26. A. idahoensis. Spikelets 2 to 3 mm long; more robust plants of low and medium altitudes. Panicles rather lax, sometimes delicate and divaricately spreading; blades flat, as much as 6 mm wide; eastern United States 28. A. perennans. Panicles rather stiff, the branches whorled and rather stiffly ascending; Pacific coast 29. A. oregonensis. Lemmas awned. Spikelets about 2 mm long; introduced 30. A. canina. Spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long; native. Branches of panicle nearly smooth. Foliage mostly basal. 31. A. borealis. Branches of panicle scabrous. Awn short and straight 27. A. bakeri. Awn geniculate, exserted 32. A. longiligula. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 327 1. Agrostis retrofracta Willd. (Fig. 652.) Perennial ; culms tufted, erect or decumbent at base, 20 to 60 cm tall; sheaths smooth; ligule of culm leaves 3 to 5 mm long; blades fiat, scabrous, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle diffuse, 15 to 30 cm long, the branches in distant whorls, capillary, reflexed at maturity, divided above the middle; glumes acuminate, 3 to 4 mm long; lemma about half as long as the glumes, thin, pubescent, short-bearded on the callus, and bearing about the middle a slender geniculate and twisted awn exserted about the length of the glumes; palea nearly as long as the lemma; rachilla slender, pilose, from half to as long as the lemma. Qi — Introduced in central California (15 miles south of Stockton), Texas (Kent), and Ohio (Painesville) ; common in Hawaiian Islands and Polynesia. 2. Agrostis spica-venti L. (Fig. 653, A.) Annual; culms branched at base, mostly 40 to 60 cm tall; ligule as much as 6 mm long; blades Figure 652.— Agrostis retrofracta. Panicle, X lA; glumes and floret, X 10. (Tracy and Earle 403, Tex.) flat, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, usually less than half as broad, the branches capillary, spreading, whorled, naked at base; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long; glumes somewhat unequal, the first shorter and narrower; lemma about as long as the second glume, scaberulous, with a slender awn from below the apex, the awn about twice as long as the glumes; palea about as long as the lemma; rachilla less than 0.5 mm long, o — Introduced at a few points from Maine to Mary- land; Ohio; Portland, Oreg. (fig. 654); Europe. 3. Agrostis interrupta L. (Fig. 653, B.) Similar to A. spica-venti; panicle narrower, more condensed, interrupted, the branches or some of them floriferous from the base; awn of lemma about 1 cm long O — Introduced in Missouri (St. Louis), Washington (Spokane), Oregon (Portland), Idaho (Nezperce Forest), and British Columbia (Okanogan); Europe. 4. Agrostis thurberiana Hitchc. Thureer redtop. (Fig. 655.) Culms slender, in small tufts, erect, 20 to 40 cm tall; leaves somewhat crowded at base, the blades about 2 mm wide; panicle rather narrow, lax, more or less drooping, 5 to 7 cm long; spikelets green, pale, or purple, 2 mm long; lemma nearly as long as the glumes, the palea about two thirds as long; rachilla hairy, 0.3 mm long. 01 — Bogs and moist places, at medium and upper altitudes, Colorado to British Columbia and south in the Sierras to central California (fig. 656). 328 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUKE Figure 65Z.—A, Agrostis spica-venti. Plant, X Vr, glumes and floret, X 5. (Martindale, N. J.) B, A. inienupta. Panicle, X W, glumes and floret, X 5. (Bonser 3, Wash.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 329 Figure 654.— Distribution of Agrostis spica-venti. Figure 656.— Distribution of Agrostis thurberiana . 5. Agrostis aequivalvis (Trin.) Trin. (Fig. 657.) Similar to A. thurberiana; culms on the average taller, blades longer; panicle usually purple, 5 to 15 cm long; spikelets about 3 to 4.5 mm long; palea nearly as long as the lemma; prolongation of the rachilla minutely pubescent, one fifth to half as long as the lemma. % — Wet mead- ows and bogs, Alaska, southward (rare) in the Cascade Mountains to Oregon. 6. Agrostis verticillata Yill. Water bent. (Fig. 658.) Culms usually decumbent at base, sometimes with long creeping and rooting stolons; blades firm, mostly relatively short and broad, but in luxuriant specimens elongate; panicle contracted, 3 to 10 cm long, densely flowered, lobed with short verticillate branches, especially at base, the branches spike- let-bearing from the base; spikelets usually falling entire; glumes equal, narrowed to an obtuse tip, scabrous on back and keel, 2 mm long; lemma 1 mm long, awn- less, truncate and toothed at apex; palea nearly as long as the lemma. 21 — Moist ground at low altitudes, especially along irrigation ditches (in irri- figure ^.-Agroms tkurbe- gated regions), Texas to California, north to nana. Panicle, x i; glumes southern Utah and Washington; on ballast at and floret, x 5. (Type.) gome Atlantic ports introduced in America, south through the drier parts to Argentina (fig. 659) ; warmer parts of the Eastern Hemisphere. 7. Agrostis stolonifera L. (Fig. 660.) Culms ascending from a spreading base, the decumbent portion rooting in wet soil, 20 to 50 cm tall; ligule as much as 6 mm long; blades flat, mostly 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle oblong, 5 to 15 cm long, pale or purple, somewhat open, the branches or some of them spikelet-bearing from near the base; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long; glumes acute, glabrous except the scabrous keel; lemma short- er than the glumes, awnleSS Figure 658.— Agrostis ■, ip j.v rerlicillaln. Panicle, or rarely awned irom tne x i; eiumes and back; palea usually half to JgjXfGggo» Figure 657.— Agrostis aequivalvis. tWO thirds as long as the ^HSWdi^iftrSSi.)0"1' X lemma. % -Moist grassy places, New- foundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey in the East and to Oregon in the West (fig. 661); northern Europe. This species appears to be native in northern North America. 330 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 659.— Distribution of Agrostis verticillata. 8. Agrostis palustris Huds. Creeping bent. (Fig. 662.) Dif- fering from A. stolonifera chiefly in the long stolons, the narrow stiff appressed blades, and the condensed (some- times somewhat open) panicle. % (A. mari- tima Lam.) — Marshes along the coast, from Newfound- '"sfcWRsEs^ I / /Js*&. J? land t0 Mary- land ; British Columbia to northern Cali- 4^t fornia ; some- times occupy- ing extensive areas, as at Coos Bay, Oreg. ; intro- duced at vari- ous places in the interior of southern Can- ada and northern United States and occasionally as far south as Texas and New Mexico, especially along ditches (fig. 663) ; Eurasia. Forms of this species, known as seaside, Coos Bay, and Cocoos bents (prop- agated by seed), and Metropolitan and Washington bents (propagated by stolons, and formerly called car- Figure 660.— Agrostis stolonifera. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 23899, Newf.) Figure 661.— Distribution of Agrostis stolonifera. Figure 662.— Agrostis palustris. Plant, X lj glumes and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 11713, Wash.) Figure 664.— Agrostis nigra. Plant, X 1; floret, 6. (Moore 47, cult. Mo. Bot. Gard.) pet bent), are used for lawns and extensively for putting greens. 9. Agrostis nigra With. Black bent. (Fig. 664.) Culms long-decumbent at base, also with rather stout leafy stolons, the fertile branches ascending or erect, 20 to 30 cm tall; ligule as in A. alba; panicle brown, open as in A. alba, but on the average more condensed along the branches, the base usually partly included. % — Sometimes found mixed with "South German" bent (creeping bent), hence may be a constituent of lawns grown from imported seed; Europe. Figure 663.— Distribution of Agrostis palustris. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 331 10. Agrostis alba L. Redtop. (Fig. 665.) Differing from A. stolonif era in its usually- erect more robust culms, sometimes as much as 1 to 1.5 m tall, the base erect or decumbent, with strong creeping rhi- zomes; blades flat, 5 to 10 mm wide; pan- icle pyramidal-oblong, reddish, as much as 20 cm long, the branches spreading in anthesis, sometimes contracting later; lemmas rarely awned. % — This is the common redtop cultivated for mead- ows, pastures, and lawns, extensively escaped in all the cooler parts of the United States; Eur- asia. This form ap- pears not to be native in America. Plants growing without cul- tivation may tend to take on the aspect of A. stolonif era. This and the two preceding are closely allied and appear to intergrade. The name A. palustris has been erroneously applied to this species in recent works. Figure 665.— Agrostis alba. Plant, X Yi, 2 spikelets and floret, X 5. (Chase 5191, Mont.) 332 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 11. Agrostis tenuis Sibth. Colonial bent. (Fig. 666, A.) Culms slender, erect, tufted, usually 20 to 40 cm tall, with short * ....•Mm,. , stolons but no creeping rhi -rk %, $ Figure 666.-^4, Agrostis tenuis. Panicle, X 1; glumes, floret, and ligule, X 5. (Waghorne, Newf.) B, Var. aristata. Floret, X 5. (Gayle 786, Maine.) Figure 667. Distribution of Agrostis tenuis. zomes; ligule short, less than 1 mm or on the culm as much as 2 mm long; blades mostly 5 to 10 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle mostly 5 to 10 cm long, open, delicate, the slender branches naked below, the spikelets not crowded. Ql (A. vulgaris With.) — Cultiva- ted for pastures and lawns in the northeastern United States; escaped and well established throughout those regions; New- foundland south to Maryland, West Virginia, and Michigan; British Columbia to California (fig. 667); Europe. This species appears not to be native in America; it has been referred to A. capillaris L., a distinct species of Europe. In older works this has been called Rhode Island bent. Forms of this species are some- times called Prince Edward Island, New Zea- land, and Rhode Island Colonial bent (non- creeping forms) and Astoria and Oregon Colonial bent (creeping forms). Agrostis tenuis var. aristata (Parn.) Druce. (Fig. 666, B.) Differing from A. tenuis in having lemma awned from near the base, the awn usually geniculate and exceeding the glumes. % — Fields and open woods, Nova Scotia and Quebec to North Carolina; Alaska to Van- couver Island; northern California; Europe. This form appears to be native, at least in the more north- erlv part of its range. 12. Agrostis humilis Vasey. (Fig. 668.) Culms low, tufted, mostly not more than 15 cm tall; leaves mostly basal, the blades flat or folded, usually not more than 1 mm wide; panicle narrow, purple, 1 to 3 cm long, the branches appressed to somewhat spreading; spikelets about 2 mm long; lemma nearly as long as the glumes, awnless; palea about two %GSf8p^de?x thirds as lonS as lemma. % —Bogs and alpine i; glumes and floret, meadows at high altitudes, Wyoming and Colorado X5. (Type.) tQ Washington and Oregon (fig. 669). 13. Agrostis hendersonii Hitchc. (Fig. 670.) Annual; culms about 10 cm tall; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades flat or loosely involute, 1 to 3 cm long, about 1 mm wide; panicle condensed, about 2.5 cm long, pur- plish; spikelets short-pediceled, 5 to 6 mm long; glumes subequal, setaceous-tipped; lem- ma about 3 mm long, finely 2-toothed, awned from the middle, the awn about 1 cm long, geniculate, the callus pubescent; palea obsolete. Known only from Sams Valley, near Gold Hill, Jackson County, Oreg. Figure 669.— Distribution of Agrostis humilis. -Wet ground. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 333 Figure 671.— Agrostis exigua. Panicle, X 1 ; glumes and floret, X 5. (Type.) breaking away 14. Agrostis exigua Thurb. (Fig. 671.) Annual; culms delicate, 3 to 10 cm tall, branching from the base; blades 5 to 20 mm long, subin volute, scabrous; panicle half the length of the plant, finally open; glumes 1.5 mm long, scaberulous; lemma equaling the glumes, scaberulous toward the 2-toothed apex, bearing below the tip a delicate bent awn 4 times as long; palea wanting. O — Known only from "foothills of the Sierras" (the type) and Howell Moun- tain, Napa County, Calif. 15. Agrostis elliottiana Schult. (Fig. 672.) Annual; culms slender, erect or decum- bent at base, 10 to 40 cm tall; blades flat, about 1 mm wide; panicle finally diffuse, about half the entire height of the plant, the branches capillary, fascicled, the spikelets toward the ends of the branchlets, the whole panicle at maturity; spike- lets 1 .5 to 2 mm long; glumes acute ; lem- ma 1 to 1.5 mm long, minutely toothed, the awn attached below the tip, very slender, flexuous, delicately short- pilose, 5 to 10 mm long, sometimes wanting ; palea want- ing. O — Fields, waste places, and open ground, Mary- land to Illinois, Mis- souri, and Kansas, south to Georgia, Alabama, and eastern Texas; introduced in Maine and Massachusetts (fig. 673); Yucatan. 16. Agrostis hallii Vasey. (Fig. 674.) Culms erect, 60 to 90 cm tall, with creeping rhizomes; ligule usually conspicuous, 2 to 7 mm long; blades flat, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle 10 to 15 cm long, narrow but loose, the branches verti- cillate; glumes about 4 mm long; lemma awn- less, 3 mm long, with a tuft of hairs at base about half as long; palea wanting. % — Most- ly in woods near the coast from Oregon to Santa Barbara, Calif. Agrostis hallii var. pringlei (Scribn.) Hitchc. Branching, foliage stramineous; blades narrow, ^ usually involute; panicle narrow, compact. Ql — Near the coast in sand, Mendocino County, Calif. Figure 670. — Agrostis henderso- nii. Plant, X 1; glumes and 2 views of floret, X 5. (Type.) Figure 672.— Agrostis elliottiana. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Johnson, Miss.) Figure 673.— Distribution Agrostis elliottiana. of 334 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 'V& Figure 674.— Agrostis hallii. Pan- icle, X l; glumes and floret, X 5. (Bioletti 110, Calif.) 17. Agrostis lepida Hitchc. (Fig. 675.) Culms tufted, 30 to 40 cm tall, erect, with numerous short rhizomes; ligule, at least on the innovations, as much as 4 mm long; leaves mostly basal, the blades firm, erect, flat or folded, the upper culm leaf below the middle of the culm, the blade 3 cm long or less; panicle purple, 10 to 15 cm long, the branches verticillate, becoming divaricately spread- ing, the lowermost 2 to 5 cm long; glumes 3 mm long, smooth or nearly so; lemma 2 mm long; palea wanting or very minute. Q[ — Meadows and open woods, Sequoia National Park, and San Bernardino Moun- tains, Calif., at upper altitudes. 18. Agrostis pallens Trin. Dune" bent. (Fig. 676.) Culms erect, 20 to 40 cm tall, with creeping rhizomes; ligule rather firm, 2 to 3 mm long; blades flat or somewhat involute, 1 to 4 mm wide; pan- icle con- tracted, almost spikelike, 5 to 10 cm long; glumes 2.5 to 3 mm long; lem- ma a little shorter than the glumes, awnless; palea wanting. <2l — Sand dunes along the jcoast,- Wash- ington to central California. Prob- ably only a seacoast form of A. diegoensis. 19. Agrostis diegoensis Vasey. Thingrass. (Fig. 677.).' Culms erect, as much as 1 m tall with creep- ing rhizomes; blades flat, lax, 2 to 6 mm wide; panicle narrow, open, 10 to 15 cm long, the branches ascend- ing, rather stiff, some of them naked below; spikelets about as in A. pal- lens, awned or awnless. % — Meadows and open woods at low and medium altitudes, Montana and British Columbia to southern Cali- fornia and Nevada (fig. 678). 20. Agrostis blasdalei Hitchc. (Fig. 679.) Culms 10 to 15 cm tall, densely tufted; blades narrow or filiform, rigid, involute, 2 to 4 cm long; panicle strict, narrow, almost spikelike, 2 to 3 cm long, the short branches closely appressed; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long; lemma about 1.8 mm long, awnless or with a very short awn just above the middle; palea about 0.3 mm long, nerveless. Ql —Cliffs near Fort Bragg, Mendocino County, Calif. Previously referred to A. breviculmis Kitchc. of Peru. Figure 675. — Agrostis Upida glumes and floret, X 5. Plant, X W, (Type.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 335 21. Agrostis rossae Vasey. Ross redtop. (Fig. 680.) Culms 10 to 20 cm tall, densely tufted; blades mostly not more than 1 mm wide; panicle contracted, 2 to 6 cm long, the branches appressed; Figure 678.— Distribution of Agrostis diegoensis. Figure 676.— Agrostis pattens. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Howell, Oreg.) spikelets green or purple, about 2 mm long; lemma 1.5 mm long, awnless; palea minute. 91 —Rocky creeks and mountain slopes at high altitudes, Colorado and Utah to Alberta, Washington, and California. (Fig. 681.) Differs from A. exarata in the hard tufted base, the smaller size and the narrower few- er-flowered panicle with appressed branches. What appears to be an awned form oc- curs in Colorado (Breck- enridge and Mount Mas- sive) and British Columbia (Revelstoke). 22. Agrostis exarata Trin. Spike redtop. (Fig. 682, A) Culms 20 to 120 cm tall, mostly tufted, figure 679. sheaths smooth or some- what scabrous; ligule Figure 677. — Agrostis diegoensis glumes and floret, X 5. Plant, X 1; (Orcutt, Calif.) Agrostis bias- dalei. Pani- cle, X 1; - glumes and prominent; blades flat, 1 to floret, x 5. o -l -l (Type.) 8 mm wide ; panicle narrow, from somewhat open to close and spikelike, sometimes interrupted, 1 to 25 cm long; glumes acuminate or awn-pointed, nearly equal, 2.5 to 4 mm long, scabrous on the keel and often scaberulous on the back; lemma about 2 mm long, awnless or bearing from about the nuddle 55974° -22 336 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUKE of the back a straight or bent exserted awn; palea less than 0.5 mm long. 01 — Moist or rather dry open ground, at low and medium altitudes, western Nebraska to Alberta and Alaska, south to New Mexico, California, and Mexico (fig. 683). A variable species. Agrostis exarata var. monolepis (Torr.) Hitchc. (Fig. 682, B.) Panicle narrow, often interrupted, lemma awned. 01 (A inflata Scribn., A. exarata var. microphylla Hitchc.) — Washington Figure 680 — Agrostis ros- sae. Panicle, X 1; plumes and floret, X5. Hitch- cock 23178, Wyo.) to California. Agrostis exarata var Hitchc. Robust, panicle large, rather loose, lemma awned. 01 A. grandis Trin. is a form with dense panicle as much as 30 cm long. A. scouleri Trin. is a northern form with somewhat open panicle. A. filicul- mis Jones is a slender form with narrow blades and slender few- flowered panicle. 23. Agrostis californica Trin. (Fig. 684.) Culms tufted, usually rather stout, erect or somewhat spreading at base, 15 to 60 cm tali; sheaths sometimes slightly scabrous ; ligule truncate, usually shorter than in A. exarata, puberulent; blades flat, firm, strongly nerved on the surface, usually not more than 10 cm ampla (Hitchc.) Figure 6S1 — Distribution of Agrostis rossae. Figure 683.— Distribution of Agrostis exarata. upper suriace, usuany nor, more wiau iu cm long, those of the culm comparatively broad and short, often 3 to 5 cm long and 3 to 5 mm wide, rarely as much as 10 mm wide; panicle dense, spikelike, sometimes slightly interrupted, mostly 2 to 10 cm long and 5 to 15 mm wide; spikelets about 3 mm long; glumes acute or acuminate, prominently scab- rous on the keel and strongly scabrous on the sides; lemma a little shorter than the glumes, awnless or with a straight awn from minute to some- what exceeding the glumes; palea one- fourth to one- third as long as the lemma. 01 (A.densifloraVa- sey.) — Sandy soil and cliffs near the sea, Mendocino County to Santa Cruz, Calif. Tins species has been confused with A. exarata and with A. glomerata (Presl) Kunth of Peru, which is referable to A. tolucensis H.B.K. 24. Agrostis howellii Scribn. (Fig. 685.) Culms erect or decum- bent at base, 40 to 60 cm tall; blades lax, as much as 30 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide; panicle loose and opeD, 10 to 30 cm long, the brar>che5 Figure 682.— A, A grostis exarata. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Sheldon 10876, Oreg.1 B, Var monolepis. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Congdon, Calif.). Figure 684.— Agrostis calijormca. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Ander- son, Calif.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 337 flexuous, scabrous; spikelets pale, clustered toward the ends of the branches; glumes acuminate, rather narrow and firm, somewhat scabrous on the keel, the first about 3.5 mm long, the second a little shorter; lemma acute, 2.5 mm long, 4-toothed, bearing from near the base an exserted bent awn about 6 mm long; palea wanting. % — Known only from Oregon (Multnomah and Hood River Counties). 25. Agrostis hiemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. Ticklegrass. (Fig. 686.) Culms slender, usually tufted, 20 to 80 cm tall, leaves usually mostly basal, the blades narrow or almost setaceous; panicle very diffuse, as much as 30 cm long, the branches few, scabrous, long, stiff, and capillary, bearing spikelets near the ends; glumes 1.5 to 2 mm long, acute or acuminate; lemma two-thirds to three-fourths as long as glumes, awnless or rarely awned; palea wanting. % (A. scabra Figure 685.— Agrostis howellii. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Type.) Willd.)— Meadows and moist open ground at low and medium alti- tudes, in reduced forms extending into alpine regions, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Florida, California, and Mexico. At maturity the panicle branches spread widely and the whole panicle breaks away and rolls before the wind. Agrostis hiemalis var. geminata (Trim) Hitchc. Branches of panicle short and divaricate; lemma awned or awnless. The type specimen, from Alaska, is awned; a large number of specimens over a wide range agree in other respects but are awn- less. 91 — At high latitudes and altitudes, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Hampshire, North Dakota, Colorado, and California. 26. Agrostis idahoensis Nash. Idaho redtop. (Fig. 687.) Culms slender, tufted, 10 to 30 cm tall; leaves mostly basal, the blades nar- row; panicle loosely spreading, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches capillary, flexuous, minutely scabrous; spikelets 1.5 to 2 mm long; lemma about 1.3 mm long, awnless; palea minute. 01 —Mountain meadows, at medium and high altitudes, western Montana to Washington, south to New Mexico and the high mountains of California; Fairbanks, Alaska (fig. 688). Differs from A. hiemalis in the narrower panicle with shorter branches and smaller spikelets, 338 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 27. Agrostis bakeri Rydb. (Fig. 689.) Differing from A. ida- hoensis in the larger usually dark purple spikelets (about 2.5 mm long) and in the less flexuous and divaricate panicle branches; lemma with a delicate straight awn or awnless. % — Alpine meadows, rare, Figure 686.— Agrostis hiemalis. Plant, X }4; glumes and floret, X 5. (Deam 6514, Ind.) Colorado, Wyoming, Alberta, and Washington. The type has awned spikelets. Awnless specimens referred to this species resemble A. idahoensis but have larger spikelets. Probably a form of A. borealis. 28. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Autumn bent. (Fig. 690.) Culms erect or somewhat decumbent at base, varying from MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 339 weak and lax to relatively stout and tall, 30 to 100 cm tall; leaves rather numerous, the blades lax or stiffly upright, corresponding to the Figure 687.— Agrostis idahoensis. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Chase 5162, Idaho.) culms, 1 to 6 mm wide, 10 to 20 cm long; panicle pale, open, oblong, the branches ascending, branching again about the middle; spikelets 2 to 3 mm long; glumes nearly equal, acute or acuminate ; lemma 1.5 to 2 mm long, awnless (rarely awned) ; palea obso- lete or nearly so. % — Open ground, old fields, open woods, in rather dry soil from sea level to the tops of the mountains, figure m.-Agrostis baked. Pan flowering in late summer or autumn, Quebec *<*>> x /= g'umes and floret- x 5- -» i • i -m -i l (Dupi. type. j to Minnesota, south to r londa and eastern Texas (fig. 691). In dry open ground the culms are erect and rather >-*F Figure 688.— Distribution of Agrostis idahoensis. Figure 690.— Agrostis perennans. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Millspaugh 53, W.Va.) stout; in shady places the plants are lax and the panicle lax with divaricate branchlets. 340 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 691.— Distribution of Agrostis perennans. about 0.5 mm long. Agrostis perennans var. elata (Pursh) Hitchc. Differing in the more slender and elongate culms, often decumbent at base, but particularly in the crowding of the spikelets toward the ends of the branchlets, causing them to droop somewhat. 91 —Marshes and bogs mostly near the coast, New Jersey to Mississippi. 29. Agrostis oregonensis Vasey. Oregon redtop. (Fig. 692.) Culms 60 to 90 cm tall; blades 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle oblong, 10 to 30 cm long, open, the branches verticillate, rather stiff and ascending, numerous in the lower whorls, the longer 5 to 10 cm long, branching above the middle; glumes 2.5 to 3 mm long; lemma 1.5 mm long, awnless; palea 01 — Marshes, bogs, and wet meadows, Mon- tana to British Columbia, south to Wyoming and California (fig. 693). 30. Agrostis canina L. Velvet bent. (Fig. 694.) Culms tufted, 30 to 50 cm tall; blades mostly short and narrow, those of the culm 3 to 6 cm long, usually not more than 2 mm wide ; panicle loose and spreading, mostly 5 to 10 cm long; glumes equal, acute, 2 mm long, the lower minutely scabrous on the keel; lemma a little shorter than the glumes, awned about the middle, the awn exserted, bent; callus minutely hairy; palea minute. 01 — Figure 693.— Distribution of Agrostis oregonensis. Figure 692.— Agrostis oregonensis. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 23524, Oreg.) FX? Meadows and open ground, Newfound land to Quebec, south to Delaware and Michigan; possibly native north- ward but introduced in the United States (fig. 695); Europe. Sometimes cultivated for putting greens. 31. Agrostis borealis Hartm. (Fig. ^ 696.) Culms tufted, 20 to 40 cm tall, W or, in alpine or high northern plants, Wfa dwarf; leaves mostly basal, the blades 5 to 10 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; pan- icle pyramidal, 5 to 15 cm long, the lower branches whorled and spreading; glumes 2.5 to 3 mm long, acute ; lemma a little shorter than the glumes, awned, ^jg^ the awn usually bent and exserted; x palea obsolete or nearly so. % — *™ Rocky slopes and moist banks at high latitudes and altitudes, Newfoundland and Greenland to Alaska, south to the high mountains of New England and New York; West \ lrginia; summit of Roan Mountain, N.C. (fig. 697) ; northern Europe. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Commons 99, Del.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 341 32. Agrostis longiligula Hitchc. (Fig. 698.) Culms erect, about 60 cm tall ; ligule 5 to 6 mm long; blades 10 to 15 cm long, 3 to 4 mm wide, scabrous; panicle narrow, but loosely flowered, bronze-purple, 10 to 15 cm long, the branches very sca- brous ; glumes 4 mm long ; lemma 2.5 mm long, bearing at the middle a bent exserted aw^n; palea min- Figtjre 695.— Distribution of Agrostis canina. ute. Qi — Bogs and marshes at low altitudes, Tillamook County, Oreg.,to Mendocino County, Calif. Agrostis nebtjl6sa Bois. and Reut. Ha, W Figure 696.— Agrostis borealis. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Faxon 99, N.H.) Cloudgrass. Culms slender, branching about 30 cm tall; foliage scant; panicle delicate, oblong, half as long as the plant, the branches in verticils; spikelets 1 mm long. O (Sometimes called A. capil- laris, not A. capillaris L.) — Cultivated for dry bouquets. Spain. 65. PHIPPSIA (Trim) R. Br. Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, not prolonged; glumes unequal, minute, the first sometimes wanting; lemma thin, somewhat keeled, 3-nerved, abruptly acute; palea a lit- tle shorter than the lemma, dentate. \HkNti Dw^arf, tufted perennial, with narrow, WifMl/ few-flowered panicles of small spike- .V^Mfflf Mw/ lets. Type species, Phippsia algida. Named for C. J. Phipps. ^M^f I flffl Figure 697.— Distribution of Agrostis borealis. 1. Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br. (Fig. 699.) Culms densely tufted, 2 ^ to 10 cm tall; blades soft, narrow, with boat-shaped tip ; lemma about 1.5 mm long. % — Summit of Gray's Peak, Colo.; Arctic regions of both hemispheres. 66. COLEANTHUS Seidel Spikelets 1-flowered; glumes wanting; lemma ovate, hyaline, ter- minating in a short awn; palea broad, 2-toothed, the keels awn-tip- ped. Dwarf annual, with short flat blades and small panicles. Type species, Coleanthus subtilis. Name from Greek koleos, sheath, and anthos, flower, alluding to the sheaths enclosing the base of the panicles. Figure 698.— Agrostis longiligula 1; glumes and floret, X 5. Panicle, X (Type.) 342 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 1. Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidel. (Fig. 700.) Culms spread- ing, forming little mats, mostly less than 5 cm long; panicle 5 to 10 mm long, the short branches verticillate ; lemma about 1 mm long, the awn about equaling the dark caryopsis. o — Mud flats along the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, well established but probably introduced; northern Eurasia. 7^. Figure 699.— Phippsia algida. Plant, X Vi, glumes and floret, X 10. (Oldmixon, Alaska.) ,Mibora minima (L.) Desv. Delicate annual 3 to 10 cm tall with short narrow blades and slender racemes of 6 to 8 appressed purple spikelets, 2 mm long, the glumes obtuse, the lemma and palea shorter, pubescent, o — Plymouth, Mass. ; introduced from Europe. Figure 700 —Coleanthus subtilis. Plant, X 1; lemma and palea and two views of spikelet with ripe caryopsis, X 20. (Howell, Oreg.) 67. CINNA L. Woodreed Spikelets 1 -flowered disarticulating below the glumes, the rachilla forming a stipe below the floret and produced behind the palea as a minute bristle; glumes equal or subequal, 1- to 3-nerved; lemma similar to the glumes, nearly as long, 3-nerved, bearing a minute, short, straight awn just below the apex (rarely awnless); palea 1-keeled. Tall perennials with flat blades and close or open panicles. Type species, Cinna arundinacea. Cinna (kinna) an old Greek name for a grass. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 343 Figure 701.— ,4, Cinna arundinacea. Plant, X \i, glumes and floret, X 10. (Dewey 336, Va.) B, C. lati- folia. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Sandberg 713, Minn.) 344 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Our two species furnish highly palatable forage but usually are not abundant enough to be of much importance. Spikelets 5 mm long; panicle rather dense, the branches ascending. 1. C. ARUNDINACEA. Spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm long; panicle loose, the branches spreading or drooping. 2. C. LATIFOLIA. 1. Cinna arundinacea L. Stout woodreed. (Fig. 701, A) Culms erect, usually 1 to 1.5 m tall, often somewhat bulbous at base, soli- tary or few in a tuft; sheaths glabrous; ligule rather prominent, thin; blades flat, scabrous, mostly less than 1 cm wide; panicle many-flow- ered, nodding, grayish, 15 to 30 cm long, the branches ascending; spikelets about 5 mm long; glumes somewhat unequal, acute, the second 3-nerved; lemma usually a little longer than the first glume, bearing below the tip a minute straight awn; palea apparently 1 -nerved. % — Moist woods, Maine to South Dakota, south to Georgia and eastern Texas (fig. 702). 2. Cinna latifolia (Trevir.) Griseb. Drooping woodreed. (Fig. 701, B.) Resembling C. arundinacea; blades shorter and on the average wider, as much as 1.5 cm wide; panicle green, looser, the branches fewer, spreading or drooping, naked at base for as much as p- — J \« 1 • i ^~z£^~ / J*J \ \ ' ' * l~r/ \ V t^nlPvff^ \Lj I -HiQ v\ X/\/"^ Figure 702. — Distribution of Cinna arundinacea. Figure 703.— Distribution of Cinna latifolia. 5 cm; spikelets about 4 mm long; awn of lemma sometimes as much as 1 mm long (rarely wanting) ; palea 2-nerved, the nerves very close together. % — Moist woods, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Connecticut, in the mountains to North Carolina, to Michigan, Illinois, South Dakota, in the Rocky Mountains to northern New Mexico, to Utah and central California (fig. 703); northern Eurasia. 68. LIMNODEA L. H. Dewey Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulating below the glumes, the rachilla prolonged behind the palea as a short slender bristle; glumes equal, firm; lemma membranaceous, smooth, nerveless, 2-toothed at the apex, bearing from between the teeth a slender bent awn, twisted at base; palea a little shorter than the lemma. Slender annual with flat blades and narrow panicles. Type species, Limnodea arkansana. Name altered from Limnas, a genus of grasses. 1. Limnodea arkansana (Nutt.) L. H. Dewey. (Fig. 704.) Culms branching at base, 20 to 40 cm tall ; blades more or less pubescent on both surfaces; panicle 5 to 15 cm long, narrow but loose; spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm long; glumes hispidulous or pilose; awn 8 to 10 mm long. QJ. — Dry soil, prairies and river banks, Coastal Plain, Florida MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 345 to Texas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma (fig. 7 05). The form with pilose glumes has been called L. arkansana var. pilosa (Trin.) Scribn. 69. ALOPECtJRUS L Foxtail Spikelets 1 -flowered, dis- articulating below the glumes, strongly compressed later- ally; glumes equal, usually united at base, ciliate on the keel; lemma about as long as the glumes, 5-nerved, ob- tuse, the margins united at base, bearing from below the middle a slender dorsal awn, tins included or exserted two or three times the length of the spikelet; palea wanting. Low or moderately tall per- ennials or rarely annuals, with flat blades and soft, dense, spikelike panicles. Type Figure 705.— Distribution of Limnodea arkansana. species, Alopecurus pratensis. Name from Greek alopex, fox, and oura tail, alluding to the cylindric panicle. The species of Alopecurus are all palatable and nutri- tious forage grasses, but us- ually are not found in suffi- cient abundance to be of great importance. A. pra- tensis, meadow foxtail, is sometimes used as a meadow grass in the eastern United States ; A. aequalis is the most common on the western ranges. FlGUBE 704.— Limnodea arkansana. Plant, X Vi\ glumes and floret, X 10. (Orcutt 5910, Tex.) 346 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE %'U 1 f mm Figure 706.— A, Alopecurus praiensis. Plant, X Vi\ glumes and floret, X 10. (Henderson, Oreg.) B, A. myosuroides. Glumes and floret, X 10. (Commons 14, Del.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 347 Spikelets 5 to 6 mm long. Introduced perennials. Panicle slender, tapering at each end; glumes scabrous on the keel. 1. A. MYOSUROIDES. Panicle cylindric, dense; glumes conspicuously ciliate on the keel. 2. A. PRATENSIS. Spikelets 2 to 4 mm long (rarely 5 mm in A. saccatus, annual). Native species. Plants perennial. Spikelets densely woolly all over; panicle oblong, 1 to 5 cm long, about 1 cm thick 3. A. alpinus. Spikelets not woolly; panicle linear or oblong-linear, less than 1 cm thick. Awn scarcely exceeding the glumes 5. A. aequalis: Awn exserted 2 mm or more. Awn exserted 2 to 3 mm; panicle 3 to 4 mm thick; spikelets 2.5 mm long. 6. A. GENICTJLATTJS. Awn exserted 3 to 5 mm; panicle 4 to 6 mm thick; spikelets about 3 mm long 4. A. PALLESCENS. Plants annual. Spikelets 4 to 5 mm long; panicle relatively loose 9. A. saccatus. Spikelets 2 to 3.5 mm long; panicle dense. Spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long; anthers 0.5 mm long.__ 7. A. carolinianus. Spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long; anthers about 1 mmlong__ 8. A. howellii. 1. Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (Fig. 706, B.) Perennial; culms tufted, slightly scabrous, 10 to 50 cm tall, erect or decumbent at base; blades usually 2 to 3 mm wide; panicle slender, somewhat tapering at each end, 4 to 10 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide; glumes 6 mm Figure 707. — Distribution of Alopecurus myosuroides. Figure 70S.— Distribution of Alopecurus pratensis. long, pointed, whitish with 3 green nerves, glabrous, scabrous on the keel, short-ciliate at base ; lemma about as long as the glumes, the awn bent, exserted 5 to 8 mm. 21 (A. agrestis L.) — Fields, waste places, and ballast ground, Maine to North Carolina, Washington, and Oregon (fig. 707); introduced, rare; Eurasia. 2. Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow foxtail. (Fig. 706, A.) Perennial; culms erect, 30 to 80 cm tall; blades 2 to 6 mm wide; panicle 3 to 7 cm long, 7 to 10 mm thick; glumes 5 mm long, villous on the keel and pubescent on the sides; awn exserted 2 to 5 % — Fields and waste places, Newfoundland and Labrador mm. to Alaska, south to Delaware, Iowa, Idaho, and Oregon (fig. 708); introduced; Eurasia. Occasionally cultivated as a meadow grass. 3. Alopecurus alpinus J. E. Smith. Alpine foxtail. (Fig. 709.) Perennial; culms erect or often decumbent at base, rather stiff and rushlike, 10 to 80 cm tall, with slender rhizomes; sheaths glabrous, often inflated; blades 3 to 5 mm wide; panicle ovoid or oblong, 1 to 3 cm long, about 1 cm wide, woolly; glumes 3 to 4 mm long, woolly; lemma awned near the base, the awn exserted slightly or as much as 5 mm. % —Mountain meadows and along brooks, Greenland to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo- rado (fig. 710); Arctic regions and northern Eurasia. 4. Alopecurus pallescens Piper. Washington foxtail. (Fig. 711.) Perennial, tufted, pale-green; culms 30 to 50 cm tall, erect, or lower nodes geniculate; sheaths somewhat inflated; panicle pale, 348 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE V' '/•• ••• -i /~\ i i_- ii Figure 711.— Alopecurus pal- places, New Jersey to .British Columbia, soutn uscens. Panicle, xugiumes to Florida, Texas, Arizona, and California ^j*'- x 10- (piPer4208> (fig- 718). 8. Alopecurus howellii Vasey. (Fig. 719.) Annual; culms 15 to 30 cm tall, commonly geniculate at lower nodes; sheaths, especially the uppermost, more or less inflated; panicle oblong to linear, 2 to 6 Figure 712.— Distribution of Alopecurus pallescens. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 349 i Figure 714.— Distribution of AlopecuTus aequalis. Figure 713.— Alopecurus aequalis. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Fernald, Maine.) cm long, 4 to 7 mm wide; glumes 3 to 3.5 mm long, ciliate on the keel, appressed-pilose on the lateral nerves; awn at- tached less than 1 mm from the base of lemma, bent, exserted 3 to 5 mm; anthers orange, about 1 tmm long. o — Wet places, Oregon and Cal- ifornia. This species and the following are closely related and may not be distinct. Both have dwarf specimens with small panicles short-exserted or partly included in the inflated upper sheath. 9. Alopecurus saccatus Vasey. (Fig. 720.) On the average somewhat lower than A. howeUii, the upper sheaths inflated, the panicle 2 to 4 cm long, rather less dense, short exserted or partly included; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, the awn exserted 5 to 8 mm; anthers 1 mm long, o — Wet places, along the Columbia River, Washington and Oregon, California (Colusa County). Alopecurus creticus, Trin. Annual, 10 to 40 cm tall; panicle dense; spikelets wedge-shaped, 4 mm long; glumes firm, the keels broadly winged toward the summit, ciliate; lemma truncate, the awn from near the base, o — Ballast, Philadelphia, Pa.; Europe. 70. POLYPOGON Desf. Spikelets 1-flowered, the pedicel disarticulating a short distance below the glumes, leaving a short-pointed callus attached; glumes equal, entire or 2-lobed, awned from the tip or from between the lobes, the awn slender, straight; lemma much shorter than the glumes, hyaline, usually bearing a slender straight awn shorter than the awns of the glumes. Usually de- cumbent annuals or peren- nials with flat scabrous blades and dense, bristly, spikelike panicles. Type species, Polypogon monspeliensis . Name from Greek polus, much, and pogon, beard, alluding to the bristly inflorescence. One species, P. monspeliensis, is palatable stock and is sometimes sufficiently abundant low meadows to be of importance in the West. Plants annual. Glumes slightly lobed, the lobes not ciliate 1. P. MONSPELIENSIS. Glumes prominently lobed, the lobes ciliate-f ringed __ 2. P. MARITIMUS. Plants perennial. Awns rather stiff Figure 716.— Distribution of Alopecurus geniculatus. to on Figure 715. — Alopecurus geniculatus. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Weatherby 3391, Mass.) and straight; glumes 2.5 to 3 mm long 3. P. lutostjs. Awns delicate, flexuous; glumes 1.5 to 2 mm long... 4. P. australis. 350 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 718.— Distribution of Atopecurus carolinianus. 1. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Rabbitfoot grass. (Fig. 721, A.) Annual; culms erect or decumbent at base, 15 to 50 cm tall (sometimes depauperate or as much as 1 m tall); ligule 5 to 6 mm long ; blades in average plants 4 to 6 mm wide; panicle dense, spike- like, 2 to 15 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, tawny-yellow when mature; glumes his- pidulous, about 2 mm long, the awns 6 to 8 mm long, rarely longer; lemma smooth and shining, about half as long as the glumes, the delicate awn slightly exceeding them. O — Ballast and waste places, New Brunswick to Georgia, west to Alaska and California, infre- quent in the East, mostly confined to the coastal States, a common weed in the Western States; at low altitudes, south to Argentina (fig. 722); introduced from Europe. 2. Polypogon maritimus Willd. (Fig. 721, B.) An- nual; culms 20 to 30 cm tall, upright or spreading; ligule as much as 6 mm long; blades usually less than 5 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle mostly smaller and less dense than in P. monspel- iensis; glumes about 2.5 mm long, hispidulous be- low, the deep lobes ciliate-f ringed, the awns 7 to 10 mm long; lemma awnless. o —Introduced, Georgia (Tybee Island), Cali- fornia (Napa and New York Falls, Amador County) ; Mediterra- nean region. 3. Polypogon lutosus (Poir.) Hitchc. Ditch polypogon. (Fig. 723.) Perennial; culms tuft- ed, geniculate at base, 30 to 80 cm tall; ligule 2 to 5 mm long or the uppermost longer; blades commonly 4 to Figure 719 '.-Alopecurm hotvellii. 6 mm wide J panicle ob- Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, long, 5 to 15 Cm loilS, X 10. (Gilbert 78, Oreg.) _ l • A * more or less interrupt- ed or lobed; glumes equal, 2.5 to 3 mm long, scabrous, the awns 3 to 5 Figure 717. — Alope- curus carolinianus. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Kearney 1147, Va.) Figure 720.— Alopecwus sac- catus. Panicle, X 1; glumes X and floret, 10. (Suksdorf 188, Wash.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 351 Figure 721.— A, Polypogon mnmpeliensis. Plant, X M\ glumes and floret, X 10. (Chase 5584, Calif.) B, A. maritimus, X 10. (Hansen 607, Calif.) 55974°— 35 23 352 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 'S/JkF.W mm long; lemma smooth and shining, 1 mm long, minutely toothed at the truncate apex, the awn exceeding the glumes. % -Ditches and wet places at low altitudes, British Colum- bia to New Mexico and, California, east to Louisiana, south to Argentina; a few localities from Alabama to Texas (fig. 724); introduced from Europe. 4. Polypogon australis Brongn. (Fig. 725.) Perennial; culms as much as 1 m tall; ligule 2 to 3 mm long, fragile; blades commonly 5 to 7 » mm mm wide; panicle soft, W ^g SK ^ ■' I /'. •'A P= Figure 722.— Distribution of Polypogon monsvelicnsis. \Wa. K*?T Figure 723. — Polypogon lu- tosus. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 2686, Calif.) lobed or interrupted, mostly 8 to 15 cm long, the numerous awns pur- plish; glumes 1.5 to 2 mm long, hispidulous, the awn flexuous, delicate, 4 to 6 mm long; lemma about two thirds as long as the glumes, the awn about 3 mm long. 91 (P. crinitus Trim, not Nutt.)— Introduced at Bingen, Wash. ; Chile and Argentina. 71. LYCURUS H.B.K. Spikelets 1-flowered; glumes awned, the first usually 2-awned; lemma narrow, firm, longer than the glumes, tapering into a slender awn. Slender perennial, with grayish, bristly spikelike panicles, the spikelets borne in pairs, the lower of the pair sterile, the two falling together. Type species, Lycurus phleoides. Name for Greek lukos, wolf, and oura, tail, alluding to the spikelike panicles. 1. Lycurus phleoides H.B.K. Wolftail. (Fig. 726.) Culms densely tufted, 20 to 60 cm tall, compressed, erect or de- cumbent at base; blades flat or folded, 1 to 2 mm wide, those of the culm mostly less than 10 cm long; panicle 3 to 6 cm long, about 5 mm thick; spikelets including awns about 5 mm long, the glumes shorter than the lemma, the first 2- or 3-awned, the second usually 1-awned, the awns slightly spreading; lemma 3-nerved, pubescent at the margins, the awn 2 to 3 mm long; palea about as long as the lemma, pubescent. X - — Plains and rocky hills, Colorado to Texas and Arizona, south to south- ern Mexico (fig. 727). An important southwestern forage grass. 72. PHLEUM L. Timothy Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes; glumes equal, membranaceous, keeled, abruptly mucronate or awned or gradually acute; lemma shorter than the glumes, hyaline, broadly truncate. 3- to 5-nerved; palea narrow, nearly as long as the Figure 724.— Distribution of Polypogon lutosus. Figure 725. Iralis X 10. Wash.) -Polypogon aus- (Suksdorf 10091, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 353 lemma. Annuals or perennials, with dense, cylindric panicles. Type spe- cies, Phleum pratense. Name from Greek phleos, an old name for a marsh reed. The common species, P. pratense, or timothy, is our most important hay grass. It is cultivated in the humid regions, the Northeastern States, south to the Cotton Belt, and west to the 100th meridian, and also in the humid region of Puget Sound and in mountain districts. The na- tive species, P. alpinum, alpine timothy, furnishes forage in moun- tain meadows of the Western States. Panicle cylindric, several times longer than wide 1. P. PRATENSE. Panicle ovoid or oblong, usually not more than twice as long as wide. 2. P. ALPINUM. 1. Phleum pratense L. Timothy. (Fig. 728, A.) Culms 50 to 100 cm erect culms, flat blades, and Figure 727.— Distribution of Lycurus phieoides. tall, from a swollen or bulblike base, forming large clumps; blades elon- gate, mostly 5 to 8 mm wide; panicle cylindric, commonly 5 to 10 cm long, often longer, the spikelets crowded, spreading; glumes about 3.5 mm long, truncate with a stout awn 1 mm long, pectinate-ciliate on the keel. 91 ■ — Commonly escaped from cultivation along roadsides and in fields and waste places throughout the United States; Eurasia. In some localities known as herd's grass. 2. Phleum alpinum L. Alpine timothy. (Fig. 728, B.) Culms 20 to 50 cm tall, from a decumbent, somewhat creeping, densely tufted base; blades mostly less than 10 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide; panicle ellipsoid or short-cylindric, bristly; glumes about 5 mm long, his'pid- ciliate on the keel, the awns 2 mm ^ Figure 726.— Li/curus phieoides. Plant, X Vi', glumes and floret, X 10. (Rydberg 2363, Colo.) long. % -Common in 354 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 728.- A, Phleum pratense. Plant, X Vi, glumes and floret, X 10. (Mearns 2209, Wyo.) B, P. alpinum. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Clements 337, Colo.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 355 Figure 729.— Distribution of Phleum alpinum. mountain meadows, in bogs and wet places, Greenland to Alaska, south in the mountains of Maine and New Hampshire; northern Michigan; in the mountains of the Western States to New Mexico and California, also on the seacoast at Fort Bragg, Calif., and northward (fig. 729); Eurasia and Arctic and alpine regions of the Southern Hemisphere. Phleum arenarium L. Annual; culms tufted, 5 to 30 cm tall; foli- age scant, mostly basal, the blades 2 to 4 cm long; panicle 1 to 3 cm long, somewhat tapering at each end; glumes acuminate, strongly ciliate on the keel, o — Ballast near Portland, Oreg.; coast of Europe and North Africa. Phleum subulatum (Savi) Aschers. and Graebn. Annual; culms 10 to 20 cm tall; blades 2 to 5 cm long; panicle linear-oblong, mostly 3 to 8 cm long, 4 to 5 mm thick ; glumes 2 mm long, scaberulous, subacute, the tips approach- ing. © — Ballast, Philadelphia, Pa., and near Portland, Oreg.; Mediterranean region. Phleum paniculatum Huds. Annual; culms 10 to 30 cm tall; foliage scabrous; panicle cylin- diic, 2 to 5 cm long, 3 to 6 mm thick; glumes 2 mm long, glabrous, hard, widened upward to a truncate swollen summit, with a hard awn-point at the tip. © — Ballast near Portland, Oreg. ; Mediterranean region. 73. GASTRiDIUM Beauv. Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, prolonged behind the palea as a minute bristle; glumes narrow, un- equal, somewhat swollen at the base; lemma much shorter than the glumes, hyaline, broad, truncate, awned or awnless; palea about as long as the lemma. Annual with flat blades and pale, shining, spike- like panicles. Type species, Milium lendigerum L. (G. ventricosum) . Name from Greek gastridion, a small pouch, alluding to the slightly saccate glumes. 1. Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz and Thell. Nit- grass. (Fig. 730.) Culms 20 to 40 cm tall; foliage scant, blades scabrous; panicle 5 to 8 cm long, dense, spikelike; spikelets slender, about 5 mm long; glumes tapering into a long point, the second about one fourth shorter than the first; floret minute, plump, pubescent, the delicate awn 5 mm long, somewhat geniculate, o - — Open ground and waste places, Oregon to California; Texas; also Boston, Mass.; introduced from Europe. A common weed on the Pacific coast, but of no economic value. 74. LAGtJRUS L. Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, pilose under the floret, produced beyond the palea as a bristle; glumes subequal, thin, 1-nerved, villous, gradually tapering into a plumose awn-point; lemma shorter than the glumes, thin, glabrous, bearing on the back above the middle a slender, exserted, somewhat geniculate, awn, the summit bifid, the divisions delicately awn- tipped; palea narrow, thin, the two keels ending in minute awns. Annual, with pale, dense, ovoid or oblong woolly heads. Type species, Lagurus 356 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 730.- glumes and Calif.) ■Gastridium floret, X 10. ventricosum. Plant, X J^i (Davy and Blasdale 5340, ovatus. Name from Greek logos, hare, and oura, tail, al- luding to the woolly heads. 1. Lagurus ovatus L. (Fig. 731.) Culms branching at the base, 10 to 30 cm tall, slender, pubescent; sheaths and blades pubescent, the sheaths somewhat inflated, the blades flat, lax; panicle 2 to 3 cm long, nearly as thick, pale and downy, bristling with dark awns; glumes very nar- row, 10 mm long, the awns of the lemmas much exceeding them, o — Cultivated for ornament and sparingly es- caped; has been found at Pacific Grove, San Francisco, and Berkeley, Calif.; ballast, Beaufort, N.C.; Mediterra- nean region. 75. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Muhly Spikelets 1 -flowered (occa- sionally 2-flowered in M. asjjer- ifolia), the rachilla disarticu- lating above the glumes; glumes usually shorter than the lemma, sometimes as long, obtuse to acuminate or awned, keeled or convex on the back, the first sometimes small, rarely obsolete; lemma firm- membranaceous, 3-nerved (the nerves sometimes obscure or rarely an obscure additional pair), with a very short callus, rarely long-pilose, usually minutely pilose, the apex acute, awned from the tip or just below it, or from between very short lobes, sometimes only mucronate, the awn straight or flexuous. Peren- nial or rarely annual low or moderately tall or rarely robust grasses, tufted or rhizomatous, the culms simple or much-branched, the inflores- cence a narrow ( sometimes spikelike) or open panicle. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 357 T}rpe species, Muhlenbergia schreberi. Named for G. H. E. Muhlenberg. Many of the western species are important range grasses and often Figure IZl.—Lagurus ovatus. Plant, X H; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Heller 5340, Calif.) form a considerable proportion of the grass flora of the arid and semiarid regions. The most important of these are M. montana on 358 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE mesas and rocky hills of the Western States, M. pauciflora, M. emersleyi, and M. wrightii in the Southwest. la. Plants annual (see also M. uniflora). Glumes pilose; spikelets on slender pedicels 1. M. texana. Glumes glabrous; spikelets on short thick pedicels. Panicles narrow but loose; awn 1 to 3 cm long 2. M. microsperma. Panicles more or less spikelike; awn reduced to a mucronate point, sometimes as much as 1 mm long. Lemma about 4 mm long 3. M. depauperata. Lemma about 2 mm long 4. M. filiformis. lb. Plant perennial. 2a. Creeping rhizomes present or the slender decumbent base rooting at the nodes (rhizomes short in M. dumosa and M. californica) . 3a. Rhizomes wanting; base of slender branching culms decumbent and rooting at nodes. Spikelets awnless 15. M. uniflora. Spikelets awned. Glumes minute, the first often obsolete 30. M. schreberi. Glumes evident (see also M. schreberi var. palustris). 31. M. CURTISETOSA. 3b. Rhizomes usually prominent, scaly, creeping. 4a. Panicles open, the spikelets on slender pedicels. Spikelets awned, 4 to 5 mm long; blades involute.. 16. M. ptjngens. Spikelets awnless, acutish or mucronate, 1 to 2 mm long; blades flat. Panicle oblong; eastern species 14. M. torreyana. Panicle as broad as long; western species. Ligule 1 to 2 mm long, auricled 12. M. arenacea. Ligule minute, not auricled 13. M. asperifolia. 4b. Panicles narrow, more or less condensed, the spikelets on short pedicels. 5a. Hairs at base of floret copious, as long as the body of the lemma. 32. M. ANDINA. 5b. Hairs at base of floret inconspicuous, not more than half as long as the lemma. 6a. Blades 2 mm wide or less, mostly short and involute, Culms tall, stout, somewhat woody at base, as much as 6 mm thick, 1 to 3 m tall 19. M. dumosa. Culms lower, slender. Blades mostly 5 to 10 cm, rarely 15 cm long. 20. M. glatjca. Blades mostly less than 5 cm long. Culms widely creeping, the blades fine, conspicuously recurved- spreading. Culms smooth. Ligule less than 1 mm long. Spikelets about 3 mm long 5. M. repens. Spikelets about 2 mm long 6. M. tjtilis. Culms erect or decumbent at base, not widely creeping (some- times spreading in M. squarrosa) . Glumes ovate, about half as long as the floret; ligule 2 to 3 mm long. Culm nodulose-roughened. 7. M. SQUARROSA. Glumes a little shorter than the floret; ligule minute. Plants forming dense cushions; sheaths glabrous; leaves crowded toward the base, the blades involute; lemma mucronate to short awned 8. M. thurberi. Plants forming loose bunches; sheaths pubescent; leaves not crowded, the blades flat; lemma with an awn 1 to 3 mm long 9. M. curtifolia. 6b. Blades flat, at least some of them more than 3 mm wide. 7a. Panicles loosely flowered, slender, much exceeding the leaves (see also M. sylvatica); glumes broad below, abruptly pointed, shorter than the body of the lemma. Culms slender, rather weak, becoming much branched, glabrous or slightly scabrous below the nodes. Lemma acuminate, 2.5 to 3.5 mm long, awned 24. M. brachyphylla. Culms erect, simple or sparingly branched. Spikelets 1.5 to 2.5 mm long; lemma awnless or awn-tipped; blades commonly not more than 5 to 7 mm wide. 22. M. SOBOLIFERA, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 359 Spikelets 3 to 4 mm long; lemma with an awn 2 to 5 times as long as the body; blades commonly 8 mm or more wide. 23. M. TENTJIFLORA. 7b. Panicles usually densely flowered (sometimes loosely in M. sylvatica) ; culms commonly freely branching (sparingly so or even simple in M. racemosa) ; blades mostly not more than 5 mm wide, usually ascending; glumes tapering from base to apex. Glumes with stiff awn-tips, much exceeding the awnless lemma; panicles terminal on the culm or leafy branches, compact, interrupted, bristly 25. M. racemosa. Glumes acuminate, sometimes awn-tipped but not stiff and exceeding the lemma; panicles terminal and axillary, numer- ous, not bristly. Culms glabrous below the nodes; panicles not compact, the branches ascending; plants sprawling-topheavy, the branchlets geniculate-spreading 26. M. mexicana. Culms strigose below the nodes; panicles compact or if not the branches erect or nearly so; plants often bushy-branching but not sprawling with geniculate branchlets. Callus hairs wanting; lemma nearly smooth, awnless. 27. M. GLABRIFLORA. Callus hairs present; lemma pubescent below. Panicles not compactly flowered; lemma with awn as much as 10 mm or more long (sometimes awnless) ; some of the blades 10 to 15 cm or more long. 28. M. SYLVATICA. Panicles compactly flowered or, if not, lemma awnless; blades commonly less than 10 cm long, but some- times longer. Sheaths glabrous 29. M. foliosa. Sheaths scabrous 21. M. californica. 2b. Creeping rhizomes wanting, the culms tufted, usually erect (see also M. uni flora) . 8a. Second glume 3-toothed (rarely not toothed in M. filicuJmis). Lemma 2.5 to 3 mm long; culms filiform, 10 to 20 cm tall. 17. M. FILICULMIS. Lemma 4 mm long; culms stouter, 30 to 60 cm tall 34. M. Montana. 8b. Second glume usually acute or awned, sometimes erose-toothed, not distinctly 3-toothed. 9a. Panicle narrow or spikelike, the branches floriferous from the base or nearly so ( see also M. metcalfei). Lemma acuminate, mucronate or short-awned. Blades involute. Panicle elongate and spikelike 55. M. rigens. Panicle narrow but scarcely spikelike, the branches loosely flowered. Blades mostly in a short basal cluster; panicle 5 to 8 cm. long. 33. M. jonesii. Blades not in a short basal cluster; panicle 10 to 30 cm long. 45. M. DUBIA. Blades flat, folded, or loosely involute. Panicle more or less spikelike. Culms delicate; ligule about 2 mm long 4. M. filiformis. Culms wiry; ligule minute. Panicle slender, rather loosely flowered.. 10. M. cuspidata. Panicle dense, interrupted, the branches closely flowered. 11. M. WRIGHTII. Panicle narrow but not spikelike. Lemma villous below 54. M. emersleti. Lemma glabrous or obscurely pubescent. Lower sheaths compressed-keeled. Glumes about as long as the floret-. 52. M. lindheimeri. Glumes distinctly shorter than the floret. 53. M. INVOLUTA. Lower sheaths not compressed 51. M. longiligtjla. Lemma with an awn as much as 5 mm long. Old sheaths becoming flat and more or less coiled at base of plant. 35. M. virescens. 360 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGKICULTURE Old sheaths not flat and coiled. Lemma pilose on lower part. Culms loosely tufted, hard and wiry at base; floret loosely villous below. Glumes and floret about equal 36. M. polycaulis. Glumes about half as long as floret 37. M. arsenei. Culms closely or somewhat loosely tufted, slender but not hard and wiry at base; floret densely pilose at base. 38. M. MONTICOLA. Lemma scaberulous, not pilose. Glumes less than 1 mm long 39. M. parviglumis. Glumes about 2 mm long 40. M. patjciflora. 9b. Panicle open, or at least loose, the branches naked at base (some- times shortly so in M. metcalfei). Plants widely" spreading, much branched, wiry, the base knotty. 41. M. PORTERI. Plants erect, not widely spreading and much branched. Blades flat, short 18. M. arizonica. Blades elongate or, if short, involute. Blades short in a basal cluster, involute. Panicle mostly less than 15 cm long; blades 1 to 3 cm long, curled or falcate 42. M. torreyi. Panicle mostly more than 20 cm long; blades commonly 5 to 8 cm long 43. M. arenicola. Blades elongate, flat or involute. 10a. Panicle usually not more than twice as long as wide at maturity, the branches and pedicels stiff; awn of lemma less than 5 mm long. Plants with fibrous tuft at base; lemma awnless or with an awn as much as 2 mm long 49. M. expansa. Plants without fibrous tuft at base; lemma with an awn 2 to 5 mm long 50. M. reverchoni. 10b. Panicle elongate, at least 4 times as long as wide at maturity; awns of lemmas, or some of them, usually 10 mm long or more. Panicle relatively dense, the branches short; pedicels mostly shorter than the spikelets 47. M. metcalfei. Panicle loose, the capillary branches ascending to spreading. Blades involute, subfiliform, scabrous; panicle pale or tawny. 44. M. SETIFOLIA. Blades coarser, flat to involute; panicle purple (often tawny in M. emersleyi) . Panicle branches, or most of them, more than 10 cm long, the panicle diffuse at maturity.. 48. M. capillaris. Panicle branches not more than 10 cm long, the panicle not diffuse. Lower sheaths compressed-keeled; glumes as long as lemma or a little longer 54. M. emersleyi. Lower sheaths not compressed-keeled; glumes much shorter than lemma 46. M. rigida. 1. Muhlenbergia texana Buckl. (Fig. 732.) Annual; culms deli- cate, erect or decumbent at base, 10 to 20 cm tall; blades mostly less than 5 cm long, about 1 mm wide, scabrous; panicle oblong, more than half the entire height of the plant, open, the delicate branches ascend- ing or spreading, 2 to 3 cm long; spikelets 1.5 to 2 mm long, the capil- lary pedicels longer than the spikelets; glumes acute, about two third as long as the lemma, sparsely hirsute; lemma minutely silky on mid- nerve and margins below, 2-lobed, the delicate awn 1 to 2 mm long. q — Open gravelly places, western Texas and New Mexico to north- ern Mexico. 2. Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Kunth. Littleseed muhly. (Fig. 733.) Annual ; culms densely tufted, branching and spreadmg at base, often purple, 10 to 30 cm tall; blades mostly less than 3 cm long, 1 a MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 361 to 2 mm wide, scabrous; panicles narrow, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches rather distant, ascending; spikelets on short thick pedicels ; glumes broad, obtuse, subequal, less than 1 mm long; lemma narrow, 3 to 4 mm long, scabrous, the slender awn 1 to 3 cm long, o — Open dry ground, Arizona and southern California to Peru. Cleistogamous spikelets are developed at the base of lower sheaths, solitary or few in a fascicle in each axil, each spikelet included in an in- durate thickened, tightly rolled nar- rowly conical reduced sheath, which readily disarticulates from the plant at maturity. The glumes are wanting and awn of lemma reduced, but the grain is larger than that of the spike- lets in the terminal inflorescence, being about the same length (2 mm) but much thicker. 3. Muhlenbergia depauperata Scribn. (Fig. 734.) Annual; culms in dense tufts, 5 to 10 or rarely 15 cm tall, erect; blades scabrous, pubes- cent on the upper surface, mostly less than 3 cm long, about 1 mm wide; panicle narrow, loosely spikelike, usually more than half the entire length of the plant, the branches ap- pressed; glumes narrow, scabrous, the first irregularly bidentate or entire, mostly 1 to 2 mm long, occasionally reduced, the second, a little longer; lemma narrow, terete, prominently 3-nerved, slightly pubescent along the inter- nerves, about 4 mm long, the delicate awn straight, about 1 cm long. O —Open gravelly places, Colorado, New Mexico, and Ari- zona; Mexico. 4. Muhlenbergia filiformis (Thurb.) Rydb. Pull-up muhly. (Fig. 735.) Annual, tufted, rather soft and lax, erect or somewhat spreading; culms filiform, usually 5 to 15 cm tall, sometimes as much as 30 cm;ligule about 2 mm long, blades flat, usually less than 3 cm long; panicle narrow, interrupted, few-flowered, usually less than 5 cm .Figure 733.— Muhlenbergia mic-osperma. Plant, X l°ng; glumes OVate, 1 mm long; .i; glumes and floret, x io. (Mearns 2780, Ariz.) lemma lanceolate, acute, mucron- ate, 2 mm long, minutely pubescent, scaberulous at tip. O — Open Figure 732.— Muhlenbergia texana. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Pringle 399, Mex.) 362 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE woods and mountain meadows, South Dakota and Kansas to British Columbia, south to New Mexico and California (fig. 736). A some- what stouter form with thicker panicles has been called M. simplex Rydb. 5. Muhlenbergia repens (Presl) Hitchc. Creeping muhly. (Fig. 737.) Perennial with widely creeping scaly rhizomes; culms decum- Fioxjre 734. — Muhlenbergia dcpavperata. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Metcalfe 671, N.Mex.) Figure 735.— Muh- lenbergia filiformis. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Nelson 4011, Wy.) bent, brandling, spreading, the flowering branches 5 to 20 cm long; blades mostly 1 to 2 cm long, flat or soon involute; panicle narrow, 1 to 4 cm long, sometimes longer, interrupted ; spikelets about 3 mm long; glumes more than half as long as the lemma or a little more, acutish; lemma narrowed to a more or less apic- ulate summit, minutely roughened, usually darker than the glumes, the lateral nerves obscure. % —Dry rocky or sandy open ground, Texas to Arizona; known in Mexico only from the type collection. 6. Muhlenbergia utilis (Torr.) Hitchc. Aparejo grass. (Fig. 738.) Similar to M. repens; usually more delicate with finer leaves; spikelets about 2 mm long, less pointed, the glumes sometimes less than half as long as the paler lemma. % (Sporobolus utilis Scribn.) — Wet places, marshy soil, and along ditches and streams, Texas, Arizona, southern California, Nevada, and Mexico. Used for stuffing pack saddles. Figure 736.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia filiformis. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 363 7. Muhlenbergia squarrosa (Trin.) Rydb. Mat muhly. (Fig. 739.) Perennial from numerous hard creeping rhizomes; culms wiry, nodulose-roughened, erect or decumbent at base, from 5 cm to as much as 60 cm long; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades usually involute, 1 to 5 cm long, rarely longer; panicle narrow, interrupted, or some- times rather close and spikelike, 2 to 10 cm long; spikelets 2 to 3 mm long, the glumes about half as long, ovate; lemma lanceolate, acute, mucronate. 91 — Dry or moist open often ahvaline soil, New Bruns- wick and Maine to Alberta, south to South Dakota and in the moun- tains to New Mexico, through eastern Washington to California, Arizona, and southern Mexico (fig. 740). The typical form (Vilfa squarrosa Trin. ; Vilfa depau- perata Torr.; Sporobolus depauperatus Scribn., not Muhlenbergia depauperata Scribn.) is rather stout, decumbent or somewhat spreading, Wyoming to Wash- ington and California; a common form Figure 737.— Muhlenbergia repens. T'laDt, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Silveus 831, Tex.) Figure 738.— Muhlenbergia utilis. Plant, X lj glumes and floret, X 10. (Lindheimer 559, Tex.) (Vilfa richardsonis Trin.; Sporobolus richardsonis Merr.) has slender erect culms. These forms intergrade. 8. Muhlenbergia thurberi Rydb. (Fig. 741.) Perennial, with creeping rhizomes; culms slender, 10 to 20 cm tall, branched at base, the branches erect, tufted, the tufts on branches of the rhizome; sheaths glabrous; blades involute, slender, mostly 1 to 3 cm long; panicle pale, narrow, slender, 3 to 7 cm long, the branches short, appressed, few-flowered; spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm long; glumes a little 364 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE shorter than the lemma, acute; lemma and palea villous on lower half, the lemma mucronate to short-awned. Ql — Dry hills, Texas, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona; rare (fig. 742). 9. Muhlenbergia curtifolia Scribn. (Fig. 743.) Perennial, with creeping rhizomes; culms 10 to 20 cm tall, loosely tufted, few from Figure 739.— Muhlenbergia squarrosa. Plant, X Vi, glumes and lemma, X 10. (Jones 5743, Utah.) the branches of the rhizome; sheaths glabrous or pubescent; blades 1 to 2.5 cm lone:, 2 mm wide or less, rigidly spreading, pungently pointed, more of less pubescent; panicle 4 to 8 cm long, slender, the branches appressed; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long; glumes acute, a little shorter than the floret; lemma and palea villous "jS| on the lower half, scabrous above, tapering into an awn 1 to 3 mm long. % — Rocky soil, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and northern Arizona. 10. Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb. Plains muhly. (Fig. 744.) Culms slender, why, 20 to 40 cm tall, erect, in dense tufts with hard bulblike scaly bases; ligule minute; blades flat or loosely involute, erect or ascending, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle narrow, somewhat spikelike, 5 to 10 cm long, the short branches ap- pressed; spikelets about 3 mm long; glumes subequal, acuminate-cuspi- date, about two- thirds as long as the spikelet; lemma acummate-cuspi- Figure 740.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia squarrosa. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 365 date, minutely pubescent. 01 —Prairies and gravelly or stony slopes, Michigan, Wisconsin to Alberta, south to Ohio and New- Mexico (fig. 745). 11. Muhlenbergia wrightii Vasey. Spike muhly. (Fig. 746.) Culms closely tufted from a hard crown, erect, wiry, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths compressed-keeled; ligule 1 to 2 mm long, sometimes longer; blades flat, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle spikelike, interrupted below, 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets about 2.5 mm long, the glumes rather thin, mostly about half as long as the spikelet, broad at base, tapering to an awn point; lemma glabrous, acuminate, awn-tipped. % — ■ Plains and open slopes at medium altitudes, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico (fig. 747). 12. Muhlenbergia arenacea (Buckl.) Hitchc. (Fig. 748.) Peren- nial, with creeping rhizomes; culms tufted from the branches of the Figure 741.— Muhlenbergia thurberi. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Standley 7345, Ariz.) Figure 743. — Muhlenbergia curtifolia. Plant, X 1 glumes and floret, X 10. (Type.) rhizomes, sometimes decumbent at base, 10 to 20 cm tall; hgule prominent, decurrent, 1 to 2 mm long, the margins usually split awray, forming an erect auricle at each side; blades flat, wTavy, mostly 1 to 3 cm long, about 1 mm wide, sharp-pointed, the margins and midnerve wmite and cartilaginous; panicle diffuse, 7 to 12 cm long, about as broad, the branches and pedicels capillary; spikelets about 2 mm long, rarely 2-flowered; the glumes about half as long, abruptly apiculate or suba- cute; lemma glabrous, abruptly mucronate. % (Sporobolus auriculatus Vasey.) — Low places in mesas, Texas to Arizona and Sonora. This species and the next three are placed in Muhlenbergia because of the 3-nerved mucronate lemma. The Figure 742.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia thurberi. 366 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 745.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia cuspidata. Figure lenbergia Plant, X fioret, X Iowa.) caryopsis does not fall from the lemma and palea as in most species of Sporobolus, nor can the pericarp be separated from the grain by moistening it. 13. Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees and Mey.) Pa- rodi. Scratchgrass. (Fig. 749.) Perennial, pale or glaucous, with slender scaly rhizomes; culms branching at base, spreading, slender, compressed, 10 to 40 cm tall, the branches ascending or erect; sheaths somewhat compressed- keeled, usually overlapping; ligule minute, erose-toothed ; blades flat, crowded, scabrous, mostly 2 to 5 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide ; panicle diffuse, 5 to 15 cm long, about as wide, the capillary scabrous branches finally widely spreading, the panicle at maturity breaking away; spikelets 1.5 to 2 mm long, occasion- ally 2-flowered, the pedicels capillary; glumes acute, from half to nearly as long as thespikelet; lemma thin, broad, minutely mucronate from an obtuse apex. Ql (Spo- robolus asperifolius Nees and Mey.) — Damp or marshy, often alkaline soil, along irrigation ditches and banks of streams, Illinois and Alberta to British Columbia, south to Texas, California, and Mexico (fig. 750); southern South America. The caryopsis is frequently affected by a fungus (Tilletia asperifolia Ell. and Everh.) which produces -i a large globular body. J I 14. Muhlenbergia torreyana ( S c h u 1 1. ) Hitchc. (Fig. 751.) Per- ennial, strongly com- % pressed at base, with short very scaly rhi- t ufpTdata zomes > culms simple, or i; glumes and sparingly branching at base, erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; io. (cratty, blades eiongate, rather firm, flat or folded, 1 to 3 Figure 746.— Muhlenbergia wrightii. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Standley 8249, N.Mex.) Figure 747.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia wrightii. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 367 mm wide; panicle oblong, open, 10 to 20 cm long, the capillary branches and pedicels ascending; spikelets about 2 mm long, the glumes subequal, slightly shorter; lemma and palea minutely sca- berulous-puberulent. % (Sporobolus compressus Kunth; S. torrey- anus Nash.) — Moist pine barrens and meadows, New Jersey and Delaware; Georgia (Sumter County). 15. Muhlenbergia uniflora (Muhl.) Fernald. (Fig. 752.) Peren- nial, but often appearing like an annual, tufted, often with decumbent Figure 748.— Muhlenbergia arenacea. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Tracy 7909, Tex.) bases; culms slender, erect, 20 to 40 cm tall, the base and lower sheaths compressed; blades flat, crowded along the lower part of the culm, about 1 mm wide; panicle loose, open, oblong, 7 to 20 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide, the branches and pedicels capillary; spikelets dark purplish, about 1.5 mm long, rarely 2-flowered; glumes scarcely half as long as the spikelet, subacute; lemma faintly 3-nerved, acutish. % {Sporo- 55974°— 35 24 368 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE bolus serotinus A. Gray; S. uniforus Scribn. and Merr.) — Bogs and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Michigan and New Jersey (fig. 753). 16. Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb. (Fig. 754.) Perennial, with Figure 749.— Muhlenbergia asperifolia. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Griffiths 212, S.Dak.) strong creeping rhizomes; culms tufted, erect from a decumbent leafy base, 20 to 40 cm tall, sometimes taller; blades short, involute, sharp- pointed; panicle long-exserted, open, oblong, 5 to 15 cm long; the main branches 3 to 5, these divid- ing into fascicles of capillary finally spreading or divaricate very sca- brous branchlets; spikelets purple to brownish, 4 to 5 mm long, the glumes about one third as long, sca- Figure 750.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia asperifolia. brous, often erose or toothed, the midnerve extending into a short awn ; lemma terete, tapering into an awn about 1 mm long; palea about as long as the lemma, the keels awn- tipped. % — Dry hills and sandy plains, South Dakota, Col- orado, and Utah to New Mexico FlGURE 751-— Muhlenbergia torreyana. Plant, X 1; and Arizona (fig. 755). glumes and floret' x ia (Vasey' NJ) 17. Muhlenbergia filiculmis Vasey. Slimstem muhly. (Fig. 756.) Culms densely tufted, erect, filiform, 10 to 20 cm tall, the leaves in a short basal cluster; ligule prominent; blades involute, filiform, mostly less than 5 cm long; panicle slender, the branches erect, mostly 2 to 5 cm long, sometimes as much as 10 cm; spikelets about MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 369 2.5 to 3 mm long, the glumes about half as long, awn-tipped, the first rather narrow, acuminate, the second broader, 3-nerved, sharply 3- toothed, rarely entire or erose only ; lemma pubescent on the lower half, tapering to ana wned tip. % — Open sandy or rocky soil, 2,000 to 3,000 m 'altitude, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. 18. Muhlenbergia arizonica Scribn. (Fig. 757.) Perennial, in close tufts; culms slender, erect or decumbent at base, 15 to 40 cm tall; sheaths keeled; ligule thin, 1 to 2 mm long, decurrent; blades flat or folded, mostly less than 5 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, the margins and mid- nerve white, cartilaginous; pan- icle open, 5 to 12 cm long, 4 to 8 cm wide, the branches capillary, compound ; spikelets long-pedicel- late, about 3 mm long, the glumes about one third as long, ovate, subacute ; lemma narrowly lanceo- late, minutely pubescent along the midnerve and margins below, the awn about 1 mm long, from a minutely notched apex. % — Stony hills, southern Arizona and northwestern Mexico. 19. Muhlenbergia dumosa Scribn. (Fig. 758.) Perennial, with short, stout creeping scaly rhizomes; culms robust, solid, thick, and scaly at base (here as much as 6 mm thick), the main culm erect or leaning, 1 to 3 m tall, the lower part clothed with bladeless sheaths, freely branching at the middle and upper nodes, the branches numerous, fascicled, spreading, decompound, the ultimate branchlets filiform; blades flat or soon involute, smooth, those of the branches mostly less than 5 cm long and 1 mm wide; panicles numerous on the branches, commonly exceeded by the leaves, 1 to 3 cm long, narrow, somewhat flexuous; spike- lets, excluding the awn, about 3 mm long, the glumes scarcely half as long, thin, pale with a green midnerve, usually minutely awn-tipped; lemma narrow, pubescent about the base and margin, pale with green nerves, the awn from the slightly notched apex, flexuous, 3 to 5 mm long. % — Canyons and valley flats, southern Arizona to Jalisco Mexico. Has the aspect of a small bamboo. Figure 752. — Muhlenbergia uniflora. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Chamber- lain 147, Maine.) 'tSB Ni^C «Bf Figure 753.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia uniflora. 370 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 20. Muhlenbergia glauca (Nees) Mez. (Fig. 759.) Perennial, from a slender creeping branching woody rhizome ; culms slender, wiry, erect or ascending, 30 to 60 cm tall, branching from the lower nodes ; blades flat to subin volute, mostly 5 to 10 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle 5 to 12 cm long, narrow, contracted, inter- rupted, the branches short, appressed; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, the glumes nearly as long, acuminate ; lemma sparsely pilose on the lower part, acuminate into an awn usually 1 to 3 mm (rarely as much as 6 mm) long. % (M. lem- moni Scribn.) — Deserts, western Texas to southern California (Jamacha) and northern Mexico (fig. 760). 21. Muhlenbergia cali- fornica Vasey. (Fig. 761.) Perennial, pale, leafy, the base more or less creeping and rhizomatous ; culms as- cending, somewhat woody below, 30 to 60 cm tall, branching below; sheaths scaberulous; blades flat, 4 to 6 mm wide, scabrous, usually short; panicle narrow, dense but in- terrupted, 7 to 15 cm long; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, the glumes slightly shorter, scabrous, acuminate, awn-tipped ; lemma scabrous, acuminate, awn-tipped, with sparse callus hairs about half as long as the lemma. 91 — Stream borders and gullies, foothills and mountain slopes up to 2,000 m, confined to southern California. 22. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trim (Fig. 762, A.) Peren- nial, with numerous creeping scaly rhizomes 2 to 3 mm thick; culms erect, slender, solitary or few in a tuft, glabrous, 60 to 100 cm tall, sparingly branching, the branches erect; blades flat, spreading, scab- rous, those of the main culm 5 to 15 cm long, 3 to 8 mm wide, occasionally larger, at time of flowering aggregate along the middle part of the culm; panicles slender, some- what nodding, mostly 5 to 15 cm long, the distant bran- ches appressed, floriferous from base, over-lapping or the lower more distant; spikelets mostly 2 to 2.5 mm long, the glumes about two thirds as long, abruptly acuminate or awn-tipped ; lemma elliptic, bluntish, pubescent on the lower part, usually apiculate. 01 — Dry rocky woods and cliffs, New Hamp- Figube 754.— Muhlenbergia pungens. Plant, X floret, X 10. (Jones 6046, Utah.) glumes and Figube 755.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia pungens. Figure 756.— Muhlenbergia filicul mis . Panicle X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Type.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 371 shire to Iowa, south to Virginia, Tennessee, and Texas (fig. 763). Figure 757. — Muhlenbergia arizonica. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Grifliths 3368, Ariz.) Figure 759. — Muhlenbergia glaucn. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Nealley 726, Tex.) Muhlenbergia sobolifera var. setigera Scribn. (Fig. 762, B.) Branching more freely in the later stages; lemma with an awn 1 to 3 mm long. Ql — Dry woods, Arkansas and Texas. 23. Muhlenbergia tenui- flora (Willd.) B.S.P. (Fig. Figure 760.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia gtauca. 764.) Similar to M. sobolifera in habit; culms often more robust; blades mostly 10 to 18 cm long and 6 to 10 mm wide; panicles on the average longer; culms retro rsely pu- berulent at least around the nodes; sheaths puberulent or scaberulous toward the summit; Figure 758.— Muhlenbergia dumosa. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Pringle, Ariz.) 372 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE spikelets (excluding the awns) 3 to 4 mm long, the glumes about half as long, broad at base, abruptly acuminate, scaberulous ; lemma nar- row, pubescent toward the base, tapering into a slender straight awn 3 to 10 mm long. % — Rocky woods, Ontario and Vermont to Iowa, south to Virginia, Tennessee, and Oklahoma (fig. 765). 24. Muhlenbergia brachyphylla Bush. (Fig. 766.) Perennial, with numerous slender scaly rhizomes; culms slender, suberect, freely branching at the middle nodes, the branches lax, glabrous or ob- scurely scabrous below the nodes; blades flat, spreading, scaberulous, mostly 7 to 15 cm long and 3 to 5 mm wide; panicles on filiform peduncles, very slender, lax, rela- tively few-flowered, mostly 8 to 15 cm long; spikelets, excluding the awn, about 3 mm long, the glumes about two-thirds as long, awn- tipped; lemma minutely pubescent toward the base, tapering into a slender awn 3 to 6 mm long, rarely shorter. % ■ — Low woods, Indiana to Nebraska, south to Texas (fig. 767). Resembling M. tenuifiora but with numerous filiform branches and more slender panicles. Figure 761. — Muhlenberqia californka. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Parish 2113, Calif.) Figure 762.-^1, Muhlenbergia sobolifera. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Metcalf 1E89, N.Y.) B, Var. setigera, X 10. (Reverchon 1049, Tex.) 25. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P. Marsh muhly. (Fig. 768.) Perennial, from stout creeping scaly rhizomes; culms erect or reclining, 50 to 100 cm tall, or even more, slightly roughened MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 373 below the nodes, simple or sparingly branching, the branches erect; sheaths smooth, keeled; blades flat, mostly appressed, scabrous, 5 to 10 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle narrow, compact or lobed, bristly, 3 to 10 cm long; spikelets 4 to 6 mm long, the narrow subequal glumes stiffly awn-tipped ; lemma acuminate, about 3 mm long, pilose on lower part. % — Moist meadows and low ground, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Maryland, Kentucky, Oklahoma, and Arizona (fig. 769). 26. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trim Wire- stem muhly. (Fig. 770.) Perennial, with creeping scaly rhizomes; culms decumbent and Figure 763. — Distribution of Muhlcnbergia sobolifera. rooting at base, freely branching from all the nodes, the branches ascend- ing, the plants becoming top- heavy and bushy, the culms glabrous below the nodes; blades flat, scabrous, usually less than 10 cm long, but sometimes as much as 15 cm, 3 to 7 mm wide; panicles numerous, short-exserted or partly included, terminal and axillary, the larger as much as 10 cm long, the axillary shorter, narrow, the branches ascending, mostly densely flowered from the base; glumes 2 to 3 mm long or slightly longer, narrow, taper- ing into an awn-tip; lemma about equaling the glumes, acuminate, short-pilose at base. 9[ — Thickets, low ground, and waste places, New Brunswick to North Dakota, south to the moun- tains of Georgia and Texas (fig. 771). This species does not grow in Mexico. It was originally described from a garden speci- men cultivated by Linnaeus in his Upsala Garden and erroneously credited to Mexico. MUHLENBERGIA MEXICANA Var. COMMUTATA Scribn. Lemmas awned, the awns 4 to 10 mm long. 21 — Quebec and Maine to South Dakota, south to Virginia and Missouri; less common than the species. May be distin- guished from M. foliosa var. setiglumis, winch it sometimes resembles, by the culms smooth below the nodes and the included or scarcely exserted panicles. 27. Muhlenbergia glabriflora Scribn. (Fig. 772.) In habit re- sembling M. mexicana, freely branching; culms scaberulous below the Figuke 764.— Muhlenbergia tenui flora. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Mosley, Ohio.) Figure 765.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia tenuiflora. 374 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE nodes as in M. sylvatica; blades numerous, short, narrow, appressed; panicles on the average shorter and narrower than in M. mexicana; spikelets about as in M. mexicana but the lemma glabrous. % — Low woods, Maryland, Indi- ana, Illinois, Missouri, and Texas (fig. 773). 28. Muhlenbergia syl- vatica Torr. (Fig. 774.) Resembling M. mexicana in habit, the branches Figure 766.— Muhlenbergia braehyphylla. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (V. H. Chase 3759, 111.) Figure 767.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia braehyphylla. usually more slender and lax ; culms retrorsely scaberulous below the nodes; panicles slender, nodding, the branches distant, appressed, over- lapping, or the lower scarcely so; glumes lanceolate, rather ab- ruptly acuminate or awn- pointed, about 2 mm glumes, somewhat pilose mm long. % (M. umbrosa long; lemma a little longer than the below, tapering into an awn 5 to 10 Scribn.) — Moist woods and thickets, Maine to South Dakota, south to Alabama and Texas; Arizona (fig. 775). Awns some- times reduced or wanting. 29. Muhlenbergia foliosa (Roem. and Schult.) Trin. (Fig. 7 76.) Resembling M. mexicana and M. sylvatica in habit; culms scaberulous below the nodes; panicles mostly ex- serted, often rather long-exserted, nar- row, of numerous short appressed densely flowered somewhat aggregate branches; spikelets 2 to 3 mm long; glumes narrow, attenuate into a short awn, about as long as the acuminate the lemma long-pilose below. % — Moist thickets, low woods, Figure 769.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia racemosa. Figure 768.— Muhlenbergia racemosa. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Macoun 26241, Ont.) to awn-tipped lemma, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 375 and low open ground, Quebec and Maine to Montana, south to North Carolina, Indiana, Kansas, New Mexico, and Arizona (fig. 777). Muhlenbergia foliosa var. sETiGLUMis (S. Wats.) Scribn. Lemmas awned, the awn 4 to 10 mm long. % -About the same range as the species ; also Wash- ington to northern California and Nevada. 30. Muhlenbergia schreberi Gmel. Nimblewill. (Fig. 778, A) Culms slender, branching, spreading and de- cumbent at base, usually root- ing at the lower nodes, but not Figure 770.— Muhlenbergia mexicana. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (V. H. Chase 1166, 111.) Figure 771.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia mexicana. forming definite creeping rhi- zomes, the flowering branches ascending, 10 to 30 cm long; blades flat, mostly less than 5 cm long, and 2 to 4 mm wide; panicles terminal and axillary, slender, loosely flowered, lax, nodding, 5 to 15 cm long; glumes minute, the first often obsolete, the second rounded, 0.1 to 0.2 mm long; lemma narrow, somewhat pubescent around the base, the body about 2 mm long, the slender awn 2 to 5 mm long. 94. — Damp shady places, New Hampshire to Wisconsin and eastern Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas; eastern Mexico (fig. 779). In spring and early summer the culms are short and erect with spreading blades, the plants being very dif- ferent in appearance from the flower- ing phase of fall. Muhlenbergia schreberi var. PALtJSTRis (Scribn.) Scribn. Glumes developed, as much as 1 mm long. 9J. — Washington, D.C. 31. Muhlenbergia curtisetosa (Scribn.) Bush. (Fig. 778, B.) A little-known form, differing from M. lMuhienbcrgia schreberi in having stouter culms, coarser panicles, the ?0a6r(Type* glumes evident, rarely as much as 2 mm long, the lemma 2.5 to 3 mm long, the awn 1 to 2 mm long. 94 — - Illinois (Clinton), Missouri (Eagle Rock). It may be a hybrid. 32. Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) Hitc he. Foxtail muhly. (Fig. 780.) Perennial, with numerous scaly rhizomes; culms erect or some- Figure 773.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia glabriflora. 376 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE times spreading, scabrous-puberulent below the nodes and the panicle, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous, keeled; ligule 1 mm long, membranaceous, short- ciliate; blades flat, 2 to 6 mm wide, scabrous; panicle narrow, spikelike, usually more or less lobed or inter- rupted, grayish, silky, often purple- tinged, 7 to 15 cm long; glumes narrow, acuminate, ciliate-scabrous on the keels, 3 to 4 mm long; lemma 3 mm long, tapering into a capillary awn 4 to 8 mm long, the Figure 775.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia sylvatica. hairs at base of floret copious, nearly as long as the body of the lemma. Qi (M. comata Ben th.) — Meadows, moist thickets, gravelly river beds, and open ground, at medium alti- tudes, Montana to eastern Wash- ington, south to New Mexico and central California (fig. 781). 33. Muhlenbergia jonesii (Vasey) Hitchc. (Fig. 782.) Perennial, closely tufted; culms erect, 20 to 40 cm tall; leaves mostly basal, the Figure 774.— Muhlenbergia sylvatica. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Conant, Mass.) Figure 776.— Muhlenbergia foliosa. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Deam 19225, Ind.) numerous lower sheaths finally flattened and loose; ligule 2 to 4 mm long; blades subfiliform, involute, scabrous; panicle narrow, 5 to 8 cm long, the branches ascending, rather loosely flowered; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long; glumes broad, scabrous-puberu- lent, about one-third as long as the spikelet, obtuse, often erose; lemma obscurely pubescent below, tapering to an acuminate or awned tip. % -Open ground, northeastern California. FlGU^^SS^n °f 34. Muhlenbergia montana (Nutt.) Hitchc. Mountain muhly. (Fig. 783.) Perennial; culms densely tufted, erect, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 377 30 to 60 cm tall ; sheaths glabrous, mostly basal, becoming flat and loose; blades flat to involute, 1 to 2 mm wide ; panicle narrow, rather loose, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches ascending or appressed, floriferous from base ; first glume acute, 1.5 mm long, the second longer, b r o a d e r, 3- nerved, 3-toothed; lemma about 4 mm long, pilose below, scaberu- lous above, the awn slender, flexuous, 1 to 1.5 cm long, sometimes shorter. % (M. trifi- da Hack., M. gracilis of authors, not Kunth.) — Canyons, mesas, and rocky hills, 2,000 to 3,000 meters, Montana to Utah and central Cali- fornia, south to western Figure 779.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia schreberi. Texas and southern Mexico (fig. 784). 35. Muhlenbergia vi- rescens (H.B.K.) Kunth. SCREWLEAF MUHLY. (Fig. 785.) Perennial; culms densely tufted, erect, 40 to 60 cm tall, the old basal sheaths flattened and more or less coiled ; ligule, except the margin, delicate, 3 to 1 0 mm long ; blades flat or those of the innovations involute, mostly elongate and flex- uous ; panicle narrow but rather loose, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches erect; spikelets, excluding awns, about 5 mm long, the glumes slightly shorter, acute, the sec- ond 3-nerved ; lemma and palea pubescent on the lower half, the lemma tapering into a slender flexuous awn 1 to 1.5 cm long. 01 — Cap Figure 778.-^4, Muhlenbergia schreberi. Plant, X W, glumes and rioiet, X 10. (Curtiss 3400, Tenn.) B, M. curtisetosa. Glumes and floret, X 10. (Wolf 30, 111.) 378 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE yons, rocky hills, and mesas, New Mexico and Arizona to central Mexico. 36. Muhlenbergia polycaulis Scribn. (Fig. 786.) Perennial, from a firm crown ; culms numerous, wiry, decum- bent and scaly at base, 30 to 50 cm tall ; blades Figure 780.— Muhlenbergia andina. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Elmer 558, Wash.) Figure 781.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia andina. mostly flat and less than 5 cm long, about 1 mm wide; panicle narrow, contracted, interrupted, 3 to 8 cm long; spike- lets, excluding awns, 2.5 to 3 mm long, the glumes a little shorter, tapering to slender awn- tips; lemma and palea loosely villous below, the lemma tapering into a delicate awn 1 to 2 cm long. % — Shaded ledges and grassy slopes, western Texas; southern Arizona to central Mexico. 37. Muhlenbergia arsenei Hitchc. (Fig. 787.) Perennial, without rhizomes but the spreading base sometimes rhi- zomatous in appearance, loosely tufted; culms wiry, 10 to 30 cm tall, branched below, the branches erect ; leaves crowded toward the base, the blades slender, invo- lute, sharp-pointed, 1 to 3 cm long; pan- icle narrow, rather loose, purplish, 2 to 10 cm long, the branches ascending, floriferous from base; spikelets, excluding the awns, 4 to 5 mm long, the glumes shorter, acute or subacute, awnless; lem- ma sparsely pubescent below, tapering into a flexuous awn 6 to 10 mm long. % — Arid slopes, northern New Mexico and southeastern Utah. 38. Muhlenbergia monticola Buckl. Mesa muhly. (Fig. 788.) Perennial; culms tufted, slender, erect or decum- bent at base, 30 to 50 cm tall, branching at the lower and middle nodes, leafy through- out; blades 3 to 7 cm long, narrow, flat, or soon involute; panicle soft, Figure 782.— Muhlenbergia jonesii. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Austin 1230, Calif.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 379 narrow, contracted, 5 to 10, sometimes to 15 cm long, the branches appressed or slightly spreading; spikelets, excluding awns, about 3 mm long, the glumes about two-thirds as long, subacute to obtuse and erose at tip ; lemma pubescent at base and on lower half of margin, tapering into a delicate flexuous awn 1 to 2 cm long. % — Rocky hills and canyons, western Texas to Arizona and central Mexico. Figure 78Z.—Muhlenbtrgia montana. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Patterson 156, Colo.) 39. Muhlenbergia parviglumis Vasey. (Fig. 789.) Perennial, with the habit of M. monticola; blades on the average somewhat longer, 1 to 3 mm wide; spikelets as in M. monticola, but the glumes minute, erose, subacute to truncate; lemma scaberulous only, tapering into a delicate awn 2 to 4 cm long. QJ. — Canyons, Texas and northern Mexico; Cuba. 380 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 40. Muhlenbergia pauciflora Buckl. New Mexican muhly. (Fig. 790.) Perennial; culms loosely tufted, wiry, erect, branch- ing at the lower nodes, 30 to 50 cm tall; blades 1 mm wide or less; panicle narrow, contracted, interrupted, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches erect or ascending; spikelets, excluding awn, about 4 nun long, the glumes about half as long, acuminate to awn- tipped; lemma scaberulous only, tapering figure 784.-Distribution of mt0 a slender flexuous awn, 5 to 12 mm Muhlenbergia montane -. -r, , -, .,-, -. ' , long. % — Rocky lulls and canyons, western Texas to Colorado and Arizona, south to northern Mexico (fig. 791). Figure 785.— Muhlenbergia virescens. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. ( Palmer 565, Ariz.) 41. Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn. Bush muhly. (Fig. 792.) Perennial; culms woody or persistent at base, numerous, wiry, widely spreading or ascending through bushes, scaberulous, mostly branching from all the nodes, 30 to' 100 cm tall or more; sheaths MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 381 smooth, spreading away from the branches, the prophyllum con- spicuous; blades mostly about 1 mm wide, flat, 2 to 5 cm long, early deciduous from the sheaths; panicle 5 to 10 cm long, open, the slender branches and branchlets brittle, widely spreading, bearing rather few long-pedicled spikelets; glumes narrow, acuminate, slightly unequal, the second about 2 mm long; lemma purple, acuminate, sparsely pubescent, 3 to 4 mm long, with a delicate awn about 5 to 8 mm long. 01 — Dry mesas and hills, canyons, and rocky deserts, western Texas to Colorado, Nevada, and southern California, south Figure 786. — Muhlenbergia polycaulis. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Type.) to northern Mexico (fig. 793). Known also as mesquite grass and black grama. 42. Muhlenbergia torreyi (Kunth) Hitchc. Ringgrass. (Fig. 794.) Perennial in loose tufts, with numerous innovations, the base decumbent or forming short rhizomes, the plants usually gregarious, sometimes forming large patches or "fairy rings"; culms slender, 10 to 30 cm tall; leaves in a short basal cluster; blades closely involute, usually 2 to 3 cm long, falcate or flexuous, forming a crisp curly cushion; panicle open, usually about half the entire length of the 382 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE culm, commonly purple, the capillary branches finally spreading, the Dedicels mostly as long as the spikelets or longer ; spikelets about 3 mm ong, the glumes, including the awn-tip, about two-thirds as long; emma nearly glabrous, tapering into a delicate awn about 3 mm long. % (M. gracillima Torr.) — Plains, mesas, and dry hills, western Kansas and Colorado to Texas and Arizona (fig. 795). 43. Muhlenbergia arenicola Buckl. (Fig. 796.) Resembling M. torreyi; culms taller, mostly 30 to 50 cm tall; blades usually straight and on the average longer; panicle larger, mostly pale, the branches and pedicels appressed; spikelets slightly longer, the lemma scabrous. Figure 787. — Muhlenbergia arsenei. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 788. — Muhlenbergia monticola. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Nealley 399, Tex.) 01 — Sandy plains and mesas, western Kansas to Arizona, south to northern Mexico (fig. 797). 44. Muhlenbergia setifolia Vasey. (Fig. 798.) Perennial, tufted; culms erect, hard, wiry, 50 to 80 cm tall; sheaths with erect auricles, 2 to 10 mm long; blades involute, fine, scarcely 0.5 mm thick, very scabrous, flexuous, as much as 20 cm long; panicle narrow, open, 10 to 15 cm long, the capillary branches ascending, flexuous; spikelets, excluding awns, about 5 mm long, the glumes one-third to half as long, obtuse to subacute, often with a short delicate awn; lemma hairy on the callus, otherwise smooth, tapering into a flexuous awn 1.5 to 2 cm long. 01 — Rocky hills, western Texas to Arizona and north- ern Mexico. 45. Muhlenbergia dubia Fourn. Pine muhly. (Fig. 799.) Per- ennial, closely tufted; culms erect, hard and wiry at base, 30 to 100 MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 383 cm tall; sheaths with erect firm auricles, 4 to 10 mm long, rarely longer; blades involute, scabrous; panicle narrow, sometimes almost spikelike, grayish, 10 to 30 cm long, rarely longer; spikelets about 4 mm long; glumes about half as long as the spikelet, minutely sca- berulous, obtuse; lemma minutely scaberulous, with an awn as much as 4 mm long, rarely acuminate only. 01 (M. acuminata Vasey; Figure 791.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia pauciflora. FIGURE 790. — Muhlenbergia pauciflora. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Wright 732, Tex.) Sporobolus ligulatus Vasey and Dewey.) — Canyons and rocky hills, western Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. 46. Muhlenbergia rigida (H.B.K.) Kunth. Purple muhly. (Fig. 800.) Perennial, densely tufted; culms erect, 60 to 100 cm tall; leaves crowded at base, old sheaths persistent, the sheaths with auricles 2 to 5 mm, rarely longer; blades flat or soon involute, flexuous, those of the innovations involute ; panicle dark purple, narrow, finally loose and open, 15 to 30 cm long, the capillary branches ascending, 55974°— 35 25 384 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUKE the lower as much as 10 cm long; spikelets, excluding awns, about 4 mm long, the glumes from minute to about one-fourth as long, acute to erose-obtuse; lemma strongly nerved, hairy on the callus Figure 792.— Muhlenbergia porteri. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Chase 5887, Tex.) and with a flexuous awn 1 to 1.5 cm long. Ql (M. berlandieri Trin.) — Rocky or gravelly soil, Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. 47. Muhlenbergia metcalfei Jones. (Fig. 801.) Perennial, in close tufts; culms erect, 50 to 80 cm tall; ligule 3 to 10 mm long, sometimes longer; blades involute, slender, flexuous, scabrous, sometimes only slightly so, not crowded at base; panicle narrow but some- what loose, pale or slightly purplish, 15 to 25 cm long, the branches usually naked at base; spikelets tapering to summit, about 4 mm long; glumes nearly equal, obtuse, a little less than half as long as spikelet; lemma scaberulous toward summit, the awn 5 to 10 mm long. % —Rocky hills, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Figure 793.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia porteri. MANUAL OP THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 385 48. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. (Fig. 802.) Perennial, in tufts; culms rather slender, erect, 60 to 100 cm tall; sheaths scaberulous, at least toward the summit, and with auricles mostly 3 to 5 mm long; blades elon- Figure 795.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia torreyi. gate, flat or involute, 1 to 4 mm wide, those of the inno- vations narrower, involute; panicle purple, oblong dif- fuse, one-third to half the entire height of the culm, Figure 794.— Muhlenbergia torreyi. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Chase 5298, Colo.) the branches capillary, flex- uous, the branchlets and pedicels finally spreading; spikelets, excluding awns, 3 to 4 mm long, the glumes Figure 797.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia arenicola. one-fourth to two-thirds as long, acute, the second often short-awned ; lemma scaber- ulous, minutely hairy on the callus and with a delicate awn 5 to 15 mm long. % - Figure 796.— Muhlenbergia arenicola. Plant. X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 13602, Tex.) -Rocky or sandy woods, Massachusetts to 386 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Indiana and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas; West Indies, eastern Mexico (fig. 803). Muhlenbergia capillaris var. filipes (M. A. Curtis) Chapm. Culms stouter; blades mostly involute; glumes with delicate awns, mostly longer than the lemma; lemma with a delicate setaceous tooth each side of the awn. 01 (M. filipes M. A. Curtis.) — Moist pine barrens near the coast, North Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, and Texas. 49. Muhlenbergia expansa (DC.) Trin. (Fig. 804.) Resembling M. capillaris, in denser tufts, the old basal sheaths forming a curly fib- rous mass; blades narrow, flat, be- coming involute; / P/d^ panicle relatively smaller, narrower, the capillary branches and branchlets mostly straight; spikelets Figure 798.— Muhlenbergia setifolia. Plant. X 1; glumes and floret, X 10- (Hitchcock 13507, N.Mex.) Figure 799.— Muhlenbergia dubia. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Hitch- cock 3775, N.Mex.) 3.5 to 5 mm long, the glumes one-third to two-thirds as long, acute to acuminate; lemma scaberulous, nearly glabrous at base, awnless or with an awn as much as 2 mm long, rarely longer. % (M. tri- chopodes Chapm.) — Moist pine barrens near the coast, North Caro- lina to Florida and Texas (fig. 805). 50. Muhlenbergia reverchoni Vasey and Scribn. (Fig. 806.) Resembling M. expansa, culms more slender, foliage finer; glumes less than half as long as the lemma, subacute or erose; lemma with an awn 2 to 5 mm long. 21 — Rocky prairies, Texas. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 387 51. Muhlenbergia longiligula Hitchc. (Fig. 807.) Culms erect, about 1 m tall, the base hard, wiry, cylindric, the lower sheaths expanded; ligule (or auricle of sheath) firm, usually about 1 cm long; blades as much as 50 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, flat to subinvolute, very scabrous, usually drying involute; panicle narrow, somewhat Figure 800.— Muhlenbergia rigida. Panicle and ligule, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Metcalfe 1447, N.Mex.) loose, erect, 20 to 40 cm long, the branches ascending or appressed; spikelets 2 to 3 mm long; glumes subequal, acutish, usually glabrous; lemma usually about as long as the glumes, glabrous, awnless, rarely with a minute awn. 21 (Epicampes ligulata Scribn., not Muhlen- bergia ligulata Scribn. and Merr.) — Canyons and rocky slopes, west- ern New Mexico, Arizona, southern Nevada, and northern Mexico. 52. Muhlenbergia lindheimeri Hitchc. (Fig. 808.) Culms erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall, the numerous overlapping lower sheaths keeled; ligule rather thin, elongate, mostly hidden in the folded base of the blade; blades elon- gate, firm, flat or usually folded, about 3 mm || wide, scaberulous or glabrous; panicle nar- II row, pale, somewhat loose, erect, 20 to 40 cm //J long, the branches ascending or appressed; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long; glumes acute to rather obtuse, scabrous-puberulent; lemma a little shorter to a little longer than the glumes, 3-nerved, glabrous or obscurely pu- bescent, awnless or rarely with an awn as much as 3 mm long. 01 — Rocky slopes, Texas. 53. Muhlenbergia involtita Swallen. (Fig. 809.) Culms erect, densely tufted, 60 to 135 cm tall; sheaths compressed-keeled; figure m.-Muhienbergia met- scabrous; ligule about 10 mm long; blades ffiS. xia VetcaiftSliex.) elongate, involute, wiry, scabrous; panicle erect, narrow, 30 to 40 cm long, the sub- capillary branches ascending or appressed, naked toward the base, the lower as much as 20 cm long; spikelets 3 to 4.5 mm long; glumes acute or somewhat erose, scabrous, 2 to 2.5 mm long; lemma densely pubescent on the margin toward the very base, the minutely toothed apex awned from just below the teeth, the awn slender, 1.5 to 2 mm long. Ql — Canyons and ravines, southern Texas. 388 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure S02.—Muhlenbergia capillaris. Plant, X H\ glumes and floret, X 10. (Scribner, Tenn.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 389 54. Muhlenbergia emersleyi Vasey. Bullgrass. (Fig. 810.) Culms in large clumps, erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous, slightly scabrous, compressed-keeled, especially those of the innova- tions; ligule softly membranaceous, 1 to 2 cm long; blades flat or Figure 803.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia capillaris. Figure 805.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia expansa. Figure 804.— Muhlenbergia expansa. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Tracy 3701, Miss.) folded, scabrous, 1 to 4 mm wide, the lower as much as 50 cm long; panicle narrow out rather loose, erect or nodding, mostly 20 to 40 cm long, the branches ascending, more or less fascicled or whorled, naked below; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, often purplish; glumes thin, Figure 806.— Muhlenbergia reverchoni. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Reverchon, Tex.) equal, acutish, scabrous; lemma about as long as the glumes, narrowed and scabrous above, villous below, with a delicate flexuous awn, about 1 cm long, or sometimes awnless. % — Rocky woods and ravines, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. The awnless form with usu- ally more open panicle has been differentiated as Epicampes subpatens Hitchc. 390 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 55. Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) Hitchc. Deergrass. (Fig. 811.) Culms rather slender stiffly erect, in small bunches, with a hard tough base, sometimes with short rhizomes, 1 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous, mostly overlapping, the lower crowded, expanded, somewhat papery; ligule firm, truncate, 1 to 2 mm long; blades scabrous, elon- gate, involute, tapering into a long slender point ; panicle grayish or pale, J$$ Figure 80S.— JIM- Figure 807. — Muhlenbergia longili- lenbergia lindheim- gula. Panicle and ligule, X 1; eri. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Jones, glumes and floret, Ariz.) X 10. (Type.) Figure 809.— Muhlenbergia involuta. Pani- cle and ligule, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 810. — Muhlenbergia emersleyi. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Wooton and Standley, N.Mex.) slender, spikelike, 15 to 30 cm long or more; glumes 2 to 3 mm long, from acute to obtuse or somewhat erose, scabrous-puberulent, rarely faintly 3-nerved; lemma slightly exceeding the glumes, scaberulous, sparsely pilose at base, 3-nerved toward the narrowed summit, awn- less. % (Epicampes rigens Benth.) — Dry or open ground, hillsides, gullies, and open forest, Texas to southern California and northern Mexico (fig. 812). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 391 Figure 811.— Muhlenbergia rigens. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Metcalfe 10, N.Mex.) Figure 812.— Distribution of Muhlenbergia rigens 392 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 76. SPOR6BOLUS R. Br. Dropseed Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes; glumes 1-nerved, usually unequal, the second often as long as the spikelet; lemma membranaceous, 1-nerved, awnless; palea usually prominent and as long as the lemma or longer; caryopsis free from the lemma and palea, falling readily from the spikelet at maturity, the pericarp free from the seed, usually thin and closely enveloping it, but readily slipping away when moist. Annuals or perennials, with small spikelets in open or contracted panicles. Type species, Sporobolus indicus. Name from Greek spora, seed, and ballein, to throw, alluding to the free seeds. In some species of this genus the palea splits at maturity, giving the impression of extra lemmas. The first glume is early deciduous in some species. The size of the spikelets is often variable in the same panicle. Most of the perennial species are palatable forage grasses, but few of the them are abundant enough to be of importance. Two species of the Southwest, S. airoides and S. urrightii, are valuable grasses in the arid and semiarid regions ; S. interrwptus is common on the Arizona Plateau; and the widely distributed S. cryptandrus is also important. The seed of S. jiexuosus and S. cryptandrus have been used for food by the Indians. la. Plants annual. Panicle narrow, few-flowered, spikelike. Lemma pubescent 6. S. vaginiflorus. Lemma glabrous 7. S. neglectus. Panicle open, many-flowered. Pedicels very short, appressed; glumes glabrous 1. S. ramulosus. Pedicels elongate, spreading; glumes usually sparsely pubescent. 2. S. MICROSPERMUS. lb. Plants perennial. 2a. Plants producing creeping rhizomes. Panicle narrow or spikelike. Rhizomes extensively creeping; leaves numerous, crowded, the blades invo- lute, conspicuously distichous; panicle spikelike 3. S. virginicus. Rhizomes short; leaves not numerous nor crowded nor involute; panicle narrow but loose 9. S. macrus. 2b. Plants without creeping rhizomes. 3a. Glumes nearly equal,- much shorter than the lemma. Panicle narrow or spikelike. Panicle branches short and appressed, the panicle spikelike. 4. S. POIRETII. Panicle branches slender, ascending, the panicle scarcely spikelike. 5. S. INDICUS. 3b. Glumes unequal or if equal as long as the spikelet. 4a. Spikelets mostly 3 to 7 mm long. Plants usually less than 1 m tall. Second glume shorter than the lemma; panicle contracted, more or less included in the sheath. Lemma glabrous, the palea not exceeding it — ___ 8. S. asper. Lemma pubescent, the palea acuminate, exceeding it. 10. S. CLANDESTINTJS. Second glume about as long as the lemma; panicle open (contracted in S. purpurascens) , not included. Branches of the narrow panicle in distinct whorls, usually less than 4 cm long. Branches 2 to 3 cm long, somewhat distant, more or less spreading, the panicle open 16. S. gracilis. Branches 1 to 2 cm long, ascending or appressed, overlapping, the panicle contracted 17. S. purpurascens. Branches of the open panicle not in distinct whorls, usually more than 4 cm long. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 393 Spikelets short-pediceled and appressed along the main panicle- branches. Spikelets about 4 mm long, purplish 13. S. curtissii. Spikelets about 3 mm long, pale 29. S. tharpii. Spikelets not appressed, the branchlets and pedicels somewhat spreading. Blades terete 14. S. teretifoliust. Blades flat or folded. Glumes about equal, as long as the lemma. _, 15. S. FLORIDANUS. Glumes unequal. Blades elongate 12. S. heterolepis. Blades mostly less than half as long as culm. 11. S. INTERRUPTUS. 4b. Spikelets 1 to 2.5 mm long (sometimes 3 mm in S. giganteus). 5a. Lower panicle branches in distinct whorls, the mature panicle pyram- idal; spikelets about 1 mm long 18. S. argutus. 5b. Lower panicle branches not in distinct whorls (occasionally whorled in 8. domingensis) ; spikelets 1.5 to 2.5 mm long. 6a. Basal sheaths compressed-keeled. Panicle branches few, widely spreading, naked for about one-third their length; spikelets *u 1-5 mm long 25. S. buckleyi. ob. Basal sheaths not compressed-keeled. 7a. Sheaths witn a conspicuous tuft of white hairs at summit. Culms robust, 1 to 2 m tall; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long. „ . , 24. S. GIGANTEUS. Culms more slender, mostly less than 1 m tall; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long. Panicle open, often large, the branches and branchlets flexuous, the spikelets loosely arranged 21. S. flexuosus. Panicle open or compact, if open the spikelets crowded on the branchlets. Panicle, or the exserted portion, somewhat open, the branches naked below (sometimes entirely enclosed) . Base of plant a close tuft 20. S. crypt andrus. Base of plant a cluster of knotty rhizomes. Culms erect, slender, mostly less than 30 cm tall; blades short, involute, spreading 22. S. nealleyi. Panicle compact, spikelike, usually exserted. -, o, ,, , , , 23. S. contractus. 7b. bheaths naked or nearly so at the summit. Pedicels elongate, capillary 28. S. texanus. Pedicels short. Panicle 1 to 2 times as long as wide, loose, the branches not crowded; blades mostly involute 26. S. airoides. Panicle more than 3 times as long as wide, relatively dense; blades mostly flat. Panicle not more than 20 cm long, usually smaller. 19. S. domingensis. .Panicle commonly 50 cm long, rarely as small as 25 or 30 cm 27. S.WRIGHTII. 1. Sporobolus ramulosus (H. B. K.) Kunth. Red dropseed. (lug. 813.) Annual; culms spreading, branching at the lower nodes, 10 to 20 cm tall; blades flat, lax, mostly 1 to 3 cm long, 1 mm wide or less; panicle oblong, 2 to 5 cm long, the branches ascending, the pedicels short, stiff, appressed along the main branches; spikelets about 1 mm long; glumes broad, obtuse, about equal, half as long as the spikelet; lemma rather turgid, acutish. o Open dry ground Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, south to Guatemala, 2. Sporobolus microspermus (Lag.) Hitchc. Sixweeks deopseed. ong' 81t' ui~?nual; culms erect or sPreadmg, branching below, 10 to 30 cm tall ; blades flat, lax, mostly less than 10 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide ■ panicle oblong, open, half or two- thirds as long as the entire culm' the slender pedicels spreading, club-shaped below the spikelets; spike- 394 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUKE lets 1 to 1.8 mm long; glumes obtuse, about equal, about half as long as the spikelet or a little more, sparsely sometimes obscurely pilose; lemmas obtuse, minutely pubescent on midnerve and margins, o (S. confusus Vasey; S. minutissimus Hitchc.) — Sandy or rocky open ground, Montana to eastern Washington, south to Nebraska, Texas, Figure 813.— Spnrobolus ramulosus. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 7661, Mex.) Figure 814.— Sporobolus microspermw. Plant, X 1; spikelet and 2 views of floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 3788, N.Mex.) and New Mexico, west to southern California, and south to Costa Rica (fig. 815). 3. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. (Fig. 816.) Perennial, with numerous branching widely creeping slender rhizomes (yellowish in drying); culms erect, 10 to 40 cm tall; sheaths overlapping, more or less pilose at the throat; blades flat or becoming involute especially toward the fine point, conspicuously distichous, mostly less than 5 cm long or on the innovations longer; panicle pale, contracted or spike- like, 2 to 8 cm long, 5 to 10 mm thick; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long; glumes and lemma about equal. Ql — Sandy or muddy seashores and saline marshes, forming extensive colonies, with relatively few flower- MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 395 \\\ ~"~" 1\* \\\ V Figure 815.— Distribution of Sporobolus microspcrmus. ing culms, southeastern Virginia (Gron. Fl. Virg.) to Florida and Texas, south through the West Indies to Brazil (fig. 817). A robust form (S. littoralis Kunth), with culms as much as 1 m tall and panicles as much as 15 cm long, is found in the West Indies and extends into Florida. 4. Sporobolus poiretii (Roem. and Schult.) Hitchc. Smutgrass. (Fig. 818, A.) Peren- nial; culms erect, solitary or in small tufts, 30 to 100 cm tall; blades flat to subinvolute, rather firm, 2 to 5 mm wide at base, elongate, tapering to a fine point; panicle usually spikelike but more or less interrupted, 10 to 40 cm long, the branches appressed or ascending; spikelets about 2 mm long; glumes obtuse, somewhat unequal, about half as long as the spikelet or less ; lemma acutish. % (Sporo- bolus berteroanus Hitchc. and Chase.) — Open ground and waste places, Virginia to Tennessee and Arkansas, south to Florida, Texas, and the warmer parts of America to Argentina; on ballast in Oregon and New Jersey (fig. 819); tropical Asia, appar- ently introduced in America. At maturity the extruded reddish caryopses remain for some time sticking to the panicle by the mucilaginous Figure 816.— Sporobolus virginicus. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Nash 2467, Fla.) Figure 817. — Distribution of Sporobolus virginicus. pericarp . Often affected with a black fungus. This species has been referred to the Aus- tralian S. elongatus R. Br., which seems to be distinct, differing in its looser panicle. 5. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. (Fig. 818, B.) Resembling acute, about equal, 3 to 5 mm long; lemma as long as the glumes or exceeding them, acute or acuminate, rather sparsely pubescent, sometimes mottled with dark spots ; palea acu- minate, sometimes longer than the lemma. 0 — Sandy soil or open waste ground, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Georgia, Texas, and Arizona (fig. 821). 7. Sporobolus neglectus Nash. (Fig. 822.) Differing from S. vaginijlorus chiefly in the smaller, paler, plumper spikelets, 2 to 3 mm long, and in the glabrous lemma; lower blades often sparsely pilose; panicles usually entirely hidden in the more swollen sheaths, o — Dry open ground and sandy fields, Quebec and Maine to North Dako- ta, south to Maryland, Tennessee, and Texas; also Washington and Arizona (fig. 823). A form from Missouri (Ozark Mountains), with rather strongly pilose leaves, has been called S. ozarkensis Fernald. 8. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. (Fig. 824.) Perennial; culms erect, often rather stout, solitary or in small tufts, 60 to 120 cm tall; blades elongate, flat, becoming involute, 1 to 4 mm wide at base, tapering to a fine point; panicle ter- minal and axillary, pale or whitish, sometimes purplish, contracted, more or less spikelike, usually enclosed at base or sometimes entirely in figure^ the inflated upper sheath, 5 to 1 5 cm long ; spikelets 4 to 6 mm long glumes rather broad, keeled, sub- acute, the first about half as long as the spikelet, the second two-thirds to three-fourths as long ; lemma and palea sub- equal, glabrOUS, the tip Figure 823.-Distribution Ul i ^ , °i j ™ Sporobolus neglectus. boat-shaped. 91 — Prairies and sandy meadows, Vermont to Michigan, North Dakota, and Utah, south to Louisiana and New Mexico; eastern Washington (fig. 825). Figure 820.— Sporobolus vagi- niflorus. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Deam 39615, Ind.) Sporobolus neglec- tus. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Deam 33426, Ind.) Figure 821.— Distribution Sporobolus vaginiflorus. of 398 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 824.- 1; glumes 42707, Lnd. -Sporobolus asper and floret, X 10. (Deam Sporobolus asper var. pilosus (Vasey) Hitchc. Sheaths and blades more or less pilose. % (S. pilosus Vasey.) — Prairies and rocky hills, Kansas (Saline County and westward), Texas (Del Rio). Sporobolus asper var. hookeri (Trin.) Vasey. Less robust, the more slender fewer-flowered panicle looser; spikelets usually smaller, 3 to 5 mm long. % (S. attenuatus Nash; S. drummondii Vasey.) — Plains, Missouri, Mississippi, Texas, and Oklahoma. Foliage rarely somewhat villous. 9. Sporobolus macrus (Trin.) Hitchc. (Fig. 826.) Perennial, with short scaly rhizomes; culms erect, 50 to 70 cm tall; blades flat, 10 to 20 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, sometimes wider, pilose on the upper surface near base and at the throat of the sheath; panicle narrow, often enclosed at base, 5 to 15 cm long, the bran- ches erect; spike- lets 4 to 5 mm long, the glumes keeled, the first about two-thirds as long, the second a little longer than the first; lemma and palea subequal, the tips boat-shaped. 21 — Wet pineland, Oklahoma, Mis- sissippi, and Louisiana. Except for the rhizomes this species resembles S. asper var. hookeri. 10. Sporobolus clandestmus (Spreng.) Hitchc. (Fig. 827.) Perennial; culms relatively stout to slender, erect to spreading, 50 to 100 cm tall; lower sheaths sometimes pilose; blades flat, becoming involute, with a long fine point; panicle narrow, contracted, 5 to 10 cm long, usually partly enclosed; spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, the glumes keeled, acute or subacute, the first more than half as long as the spikelet, the second longer than the first; lemma sparsely appressed-pubescent, acuminate, the palea longer, sometimes as much as lOmmlong. % (S.canovirens Nash.) — Sandy fields, pine barrens, hills, and prai- ries, Connecticut to Illinois and Kansas, Figure 825.— Distribution of Sporobolus asper. south to Florida and Texas (fig. 828) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 399 11. Sporobolus interruptus Vasey. Black dropseed. (Fig. 829.) Perennial, densely tufted; culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall, the leaves crowded at base, about 2 on the culm; sheaths more or less pilose; Figure 826. —Sporobolus macrus. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Chase 4341, Miss.) Figure 827. — Sporobolus clart- destinus. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 1 0. ( C hase 4265, Fla.) blades flat or folded, sparsely pilose to glabrous, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, brownish-leaden, the branches distant, finally spreading, naked at base; spikelets about 6 mm long, short- 55974°— 35 26 400 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE pediceled; glumes acute, the first 2 to 3 mm, the second 4 to 6 mm long; lemma and palea acute, about equal. % — Grassy plains and hills, Arizona. The second glume and lemma may have wrinkles toward the summit that look like nerves. 12. Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray. Prairie dropseed. (Fig. 830.) Per- ennial, in dense tufts; culms erect, slender, 30 to 70 cm tall; sheaths somewhat pilose at the throat, the lower sometimes sparsely pilose on the back; blades elongate, flat, becoming involute at the slender attenuate tip, 2 mm or less wide; panicle, 5 to 20 cm long, the branches ascending or spreading, 3 to 6 cm long, naked be- low, few-flowered above; spikelets grayish; glumes acuminate, the first 2 to 4 mm long, the second 4 to 6 mm long; lemma snorter than the second glume, palea slightly longer than the ^ r lemma; caryopsis globose, nutlike, aJ| nearly 2 mm thick, finally splitting Figure 828.— Distribution of Sporobolus clandestinus. the palea. % — Prairies, Quebec to Saskatchewan and Wyoming, south to Connecticut, Illinois, Arkansas, and eastern Texas (fig. 831). 13. Sporobolus curtissii (Vasey) Small. (Fig. 832.) Perennial, in dense tufts; culms slender, 30 to 70 cm tall; basal sheaths pilose at the throat; blades flat or folded, flexuous, about 1 mm wide, pilose on the upper sur- face near the base ; panicle pyramidal, open, 7 to 20 cm long, the branches solitary or in twos, ascending ; spike- lets appressed along the main branch- es, bronze or purplish, about 4.5 mm long; glumes about equal, acuminate, as long as or longer than the lemma and palea. % — Dry pine barrens, North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. 14. Sporobolus teretifolius Harper. (Fig. 833.) Perennial, in tufts; culms erect, wiry, 60 to 80 cm tall, sheaths pilose at the throat; blades elongate, slender, terete, wiry, flexuous, pilose on the upper surface at base; panicle pyramidal, open, 15 to 20 cm long, the capil- Figuee 829.— Sporobolus interruptus. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Rusby, Ariz.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 401 lary branches, branchlets, and pedicels ascending to spreading; spikelets pur- plish-brown, about 4 mm long; glumes acute, the first half as long, the second as long as the equal lemma and palea. 21 — Moist pine bar- rens, Georgia. 15. Sporobolus flori- danus Chapm. (Fig. 834.) Plants more robust than S. curtissii, as much as 1 m tall; sheaths keeled, the basal ones somewhat pilose at throat, the base indurate and shining, blades folded at base, usually- flat above, 2 to 5 mm wide, abruptly narrowed at apex; panicle narrow, open, 15 to 35 cm long, the branches and branch- lets ascending; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long; glumes acute, subequal, about as long as the lemma and palea. % — Low pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. 16. Sporobolus graci- lis (Trin.) Merr. (Fig. 835.) Perennial, in dense bunches; culms erect, slender, about 3-noded, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades folded or involute, slen- der, glabrous; panicle mostly bronze-brown, oblong or narrowly py- ramidal, open, 7 to 15 cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide, the flexuous branches (2 to 3 cm long) in rather regular whorls 1 to 3 cm apart, widely spreading to ascending, naked at base, the short-pediceled spikelets appressed along the upper part ; spikelets Figure 830.— Sporobolus heterolepis. Plant, floret with caryopsis and split palea, X 10. X 1; spikelet and (McDonald, 111.) 402 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 831.— Distribution of Sporobotus heterolepis. about 3 mm long; first glume about half as long, the second glume as long as the acute lemma or a little longer. % (S. junceus Kunth.) — Pine barrens of the Coastal Plain, southeastern Virginia to Florida and Texas (fig. 836). Common in the high pineland of Florida. 17. Sporobolus purpurascens (Swartz) Hamilt. (Fig. 837.) Resembling S. gracilis; blades flat or folded, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle 10 to 15 cm long, more contracted than in S. gracilis, the shorter branches numerous in the whorls, ascending or appressed, floriferous nearly to the base; spikelets about as in S. gracilis, greenish-purple. % — Sandy prairies, south- ern Texas and eastern Mexico; West Indies to Brazil. 18. Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth. (Fig. 838 . ) Perennial, in spreading or prostrate tufts ; culms 10 to 40 cm tall; leaves crowded at the base, the sheaths pilose at the throat; blades flat, mostly less than 10 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, sparsely long-ciliate toward the base; panicle pale, pyramidal, 3 to 7 cm long, rarely longer, the branches spreading, somewhat viscid, 1 to 3 cm long, naked below, closely flowered above, the lowermost in a distinct whorl ; spikelets a little more than 1 mm long; first glume minute, the sec- ond as long as the lemma and palea. % — Sandy or gravelly soil, especially along streets and along the seashore and in the interior in alkaline soil, Kansas and Colorado to Louisiana and Texas ; Arizona ; southern Florida ; tropical America (fig. 839). 19. Sporobolus domingensis (Trill.) Kunth. (Fig. 840.) Dif- fering from S. argutus in the usually larger size (culms some- times as much as 1 m tall), broader blades, 3 to 6 mm wide, and stiffer longer panicles, the branches as- cending or appressed, overlapping, less regularly in whorls ; spikelets about 2 mm long, the first glume half as long. % - — Coral sand and rocks along the coast of southern Florida, mostly on the Keys, north to Sanibel Island; West Indies. 20. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. Sand dropseed. (Fig. 841, A.) Perennial, usually in rather small tufts; culms erect or spreading, sometimes prostrate, 30 to 100 cm tall; sheaths with a conspicuous tuft of long white hairs at summit ; blades flat, 2 to 5 mm wide, more or less involute in drying, tapering to a fine point ; panicles Figure 832.— Sporobolus curtissii. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Bitting 1050, Fla.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 403 terminal and axillary, usually included at base, sometimes entirely Figure 834.— Sporo- bolus floridanus, X 10. (Curtiss 4054, Fla.) Figure 835. — Sporobolus gracilis. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Curtiss 4056, Fla.) Figure 836.— Distribution of Sporobolus gracilis. Figure 833.— Sporobolus teretifolius. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Harper 677, Qa.) included, the well-developed terminal panicles open, as much as 25 404 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE cm long, the branches spreading or sometimes reflexed, rather distant, naked at base, as much as 8 cm long or even more, the spikelets crowded along the upper part of the main branches; spikelets from pale to leaden, 2 to 2.5 mm long; first glume one-third to half as long, the second about as long, as the acute lemma and palea. % — Sandy open */ ^ Figure 837 .—Sporobolus pur- purascens. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock, Tex.) Figure 838. — Sporobolus argutus. Pan- icle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 5343, Tex.) Figure 839.— Distribution of Sporobolus argutus. Figure 840. — Sporobolus domin- gensis. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 530, Fla.) ground, Maine and Ontario to Alberta and Washington, south to North Carolina, Indiana, Louisiana, Arizona, and northern Mexico (fig. 842). 21. Sporobolus flexuosus (Thurb.) Rydb. Mesa dropseed. (Fig. 841, B.) Resembling S. cryptandrus, differing in the more open often elongate panicles, the slender branches and branchlets spreading MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 405 in Figure 841— A, Sporobolus cryptnndrus. Plant, X Vi\ glumes and floret, X 10. (Shear 253, Nebr.) B, S. ilexuosus. Plant, X Yi, glumes and floret, X 10. (Vasey, N.Mex.) C, S. nealleyi. Panicle, X Vi\ glumes and floret, X 10. (Nealley, Tex.) D, S. contractus. Panicle, X Yz\ glumes and floret, X 10. (Pringle, Ariz.) 406 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGKICULTURE Figure 842.— Distribution of Sporobolus cryplandrus. Figure 843.— Distribution of Sporobolus fleiuosus. W\ or drooping, flexuous, loosely flowered. 01 — Mesas, western Texas to southern Utah, southeastern California, and northern Mexico (fig. 843). 22. Sporobolus nealleyi Vasey. Nealley dropseed. (Fig. 841, C.) Resembling dwarf forms of S. cryptan- drus, but differing in the loose rhizomatous base; culms slender, erect, 15 to 40 cm tall; blades slender, involute, squarrose-spreading, mostly less than 5 cm long; panicle delicate, open, 3 to 8 cm long some- times enclosed in the sheaths, the branches and branchlets spreading, the spikelets less crowded than in S. cryptandrus. % — Gypsum » sands, western Texas and New Mexico. 23. Sporobolus contractus Hitchc. Spike dropseed. (Fig. 841, D.) Differing from S. cryptandrus in the spikelike panicle as much as 50 cm long, usually included at the base, rarely entirely included in the sheath. % (S. strictus Merr.) — Mesas, dry bluffs, and sandy fields, Colorado to Nevada, south to western Texas, south- eastern California, and Sonora; ad- ventive in Maine (fig. 844). 24. Sporobolus giganteus Nash. Giant dropseed. (Fig. 845.) Resembling S. cryptandrus and S. contractus; culms 1 to 2 m tall, erect, robust; blades as much as 1 cm wide; panicle usually thicker than in S. contractus, less spikelike; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long. 01 — Mesas and sandhills, western Texas to Arizona. 25. Sporobolus buckleyi Vasey. (Fig. 846.) Peren- nial, the base strongly compressed; culms erect, slender, 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths keeled, pubescent on the margin and collar; blades flat, 4 to 7 mm wide; panicle open, 10 to 30 cm long, the slender branches widely spreading, as much as 10 cm long, solitary, rather distant, naked below, with closely-flowered short- appressed branchlets above; spikelets about 1.5 mm long; glumes narrow, the first a little shorter, the second a little *a Figure 844.— Distribution of Sporobolus contractus. Figure 845.— Sporobolus gi- ganteus. Pan- icle, X y2; glumes and floret, X 10. (Nealley, Tex.) "b^^5^*^^^^-' r Figure 846.— Sporobolus buckleyi. Panicle, X lA; glumes and floret, X 10. (Nealley, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 407 Figure 847. —Sporobolus airoides. Plant, X lA', glumes and floret, X 10. (Metcalfe, N.Mex.) 408 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 848.— Distribution of Sporobolus airoides. longer, than the acute lemma; palea about as long as the lemma, splitting as the grain (1 mm long) ripens. % — Texas and eastern Mexico. 26. Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr. Alkali sacaton. (Fig. 847.) Perennial, in large tough bunches ; culms erect to spreading, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths pilose at the throat; ligule pilose; blades elongate, flat, soon becoming involute, usually less than 4 mm wide, often flexuous; panicle nearly half the entire height of the plant, at maturity half to two-thirds as wide as long, the stiff slender branches and branchlets finally widely spreading, naked at base, the spikelets aggregate along the upper half to two- thirds; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long, the first glume about half as long, commonly falling toward matu- rity; second glume, lemma, and palea about equal, the palea splitting as the grain ripens. % — Meadows and valleys, especially in mod- erately alkaline soil, South Dakota to eastern Washington, south to Texas and southern California (fig. 848). Mature spikelets with the first glume fallen and the palea split to the base are puzzling to the beginner. Less mature complete spikelets will usually be found at the base of the panicle. A good forage grass in alkaline regions ; of ten called bunchgrass. 27. Sporobolus wrightii Munro. Sacaton. (Fig. 849.) Peren- nial, in large dense tufts; culms robust, erect, firm and hard, 1 to 2 m tall; sheaths sparsely pilose at the throat; ligule pilose; blades elon- gate, flat, involute in drying, 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle pale, narrow, open, mostly 30 to 60 cm long, the branches crowded, straight, stiffly ascending, the branchlets appressed, closely flow- ered from the base or nearly so ; spike- lets 2 to 2.5 mm long, the first glume about one-third as long, the second two-thirds to three-fourths as long, acute; lemma and palea about equal. 21 — Mesas and valleys, southern and western Texas to south- ern California and central Mexico (fig. 850). Useful for grazing when young ; also furnishes hay and makes good winter range. 28. Sporobolus texanus Vasey. (Fig. 851.) Perennial, in close hemi- spherical tufts ; culms erect to spread- ^ EM^r^JKffi& ing, slender, wiry, 30 to 50 cm tall; sheaths pilose at the throat, the lower often papillose-pilose on the surface; blades flat, involute in drying, mostly less than 10 cm long, 1 to 4 mm wide; panicle open, rather diffuse, breaking away at maturity, 15 to 30 cm long, about as wide, the capillary scabrous branches, branchlets, and long pedicels stiffly spreading; spikelets about 2.5 mm long, the first glume acute, one-third to half as long, the second acuminate, slightly exceeding the acute lemma and palea, the palea early splitting. % — Mesas, valleys, and salt marshes, Kansas to Colorado, Texas, and New Mexico (fig. 852). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 409 29. Sporobolus tharpii Hitchc (Fig. 853.) Perennial, densely tufted; culms 60 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous, the lower firm, loose, shining; blades elongate, involute, flexuous, about 1 mm Figure 850. — Distribution of Sporobolus wrightii. Figure 851.— Sporobolus texanus. Panicle, X Yi, glumes and floret with caryopsis, X 10. (Nealley, Tex.) Figure 852.— Distribution of Sporobolus texanus. Figure 853.— Sporobolus tharpii. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Type.) thick, tapering to a long fine point, long-ciliate at base; panicle open, as much as 30 cm long, the branches stiffly ascending, the lower as much as 15 cm long; spikelets appressed along the nearly simple branches and branchlets, about 3 mm long; first glume narrow, acuminate, about half as long as the spikelet, the second glume, lemma, and palea acute, about equal. % — Known only from Padre Island, Tex. 77. BLEPHARONETJPvON Nash Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes; glumes subequal, rather broad; lemma 3-nerved, the nerves densely silky villous; palea densely villous between the two nerves. Tufted perennial, with open, narrow panicles. Type species, Blepharoneuron tricholepis. Name from Greek blepharis, eyelash, and neuron, nerve, alluding to the villous nerves of the lemma. 410 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 1. Blepharoneuron tricholepis (Torr.) Nash. Hairy dropseed. (Fig. 854.) Culms erect, densely- tufted, slender, 20 to 60 cm tall; leaves crowded on the innovations, mostly less than half as long as the culm, the slender blades flat, soon becoming involute, often flexuous; panicle grayish, elliptic, 5 to 20 cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide, many-flowered, the branches as- cending, the pedicels capillary, flexuous; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long; glumes obtuse or subacute, a little shorter than the abruptly pointed lemma; palea slightly ex- ceeding the lemma. Ql — Rocky slopes and dry open woods, 2,000 to 3,500 m, Colorado to Utah, south to Texas, Arizona, and Mexico (fig. 855). Palatable and sufficiently abundant in places to be of im- portance. 78. CRYPSIS Ait. Spikelets 1 -flowered, disarticu- lating below the glumes; glumes about equal, narrow, acute; lem- ma broad, thin, 1-nerved; palea similar to the lemma, about as long, splitting between the nerves; Figure 854.— Blepharoneuron tricholepis. Plant, X H; glumes and floret, X 10. (Shear 1182, Colo.) fruit readily falling from the lemma and palea, the seed free from the MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 411 thin pericarp (easily removed when wet). Spreading annual, with capitate inflorescences in the axils of a pair of broad spathes, these being _ enlarged sheaths with short rigid blades. Type species, Crypsis aculeata. Name from Greek krupsis, concealment, alluding to the partially hidden inflorescence. 1. Crypsis aculeata (L.) Ait. (Fig. 856.) Freely branching, prostrate, the mats 30 cm in diameter, or often depauperate, 1 to 2 cm wide ; blades small, sharp-pointed; heads numerous, 4 to 5 mm high, the spathes broader than long, then blades spreading; glumes about 3 mm long, minutely hispid; lemma about as long as the glumes, sca- brous on the keel, o — Overflowed land of the interior valley, California; introduced from Europe. 79. HELEOCHLOA Host Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes; glumes about equal, narrow, acute; lemma broader, thin, 1-nerved, a little longer than the glumes; palea nearly as long as the lemma, readily splitting between the nerves. Low spreading annuals with Figure 855.— Distribution of BlepharoneuTon tricholepis. Figure 856.— Crypsis aculeata. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 10. (Brandegee, Calif.) oblong, dense, spikelike panicles, the subtending leaves with inflated sheaths and reduced blades. Type species, Heleochloa alopecuroides. Name from Greek helos, marsh, and chloa, grass, alluding to the habitat of the type species. 1. Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host. (Fig. 857, A.) Culms tufted, branching, erect to spreading and geniculate, 10 to 30 cm long; sheaths often somewhat inflated; blades flat, with involute slender tips, mostly less than 10 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle pale, 1 to 4 cm 412 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE long, 8 to 10 mm thick; spikelets about 3 mm long, o —Waste Figure 857— ^4, Heleochloa schoenoides. Plant, X Vi\ spikelet and floret, X 5. (Smith, Pa.) B, H. alope- curoides, X 5. (Burk, Pa.) places, Massachusetts to Delaware, Michigan, and Illinois (fig. 858); introduced from Europe. Heleochloa alopecuroides (Pill, and Mitterp.) Host. m (Fig. 857, B.) Differing from H. schoe- noides in the more slender panicles, 4 to 5 mm thick, exserted at maturity; spikelets about 2 mm long. 0 — Ballast, Philadolphia and near Portland, Oreg. Europe. Figure 858.— Distribution of Heleochloa schoenoides. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 413 FioyBE 859.— Brachyelytrum ercctum. Plant, X Yi, branchlet with glumes of two spikelets, and floret, X, 5 (Bissell, Conn.) 414 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 80. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, prolonged behind the palea as a slender naked bristle ; glumes minute, the first often obsolete, the second some- times awned; lemma firm, narrow, 5- nerved, the base extending into a pro- nounced oblique callus, the apex terminating in a long straight scabrous awn. Erect, slender perennials with short knotty rhizomes, flat blades, and narrow, rather few-flowered panicles. Type species, -^ ^t Brachyelytrum erectum. Name from Greek ^jp£^r brachus, short, and elutron, cover or husk, alluding to the short glumes. 1. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. (Fig. 859.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall; sheaths sparsely retrorse-hispid, rarely glabrous; blades mostly 7 to 15 cm long, 1 to 1.5 cm wide, scabrous, spar- ingly pilose be- neath, at least on the nerves and margin; panicle 5 to 15 cm long, the short branches appressed; second glume 0.5 to 2 mm long; lemma sub- terete, about 1 cm long, scabrous, the nerves sometimes hispid, the awn 1 to 3 cm long. % — Moist or rocky woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Oklahoma. (fig. 860). 81. MILIUM L. Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulat- ing above the glumes; glumes Figure 860.— Distribution of Brachyelytrum erectum. Figure 861— Milium effusum. Plant, X M; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Phillips, Maine.) equal, obtuse, membranaceous, rounded. on the back; lemma a little shorter than the glumes, obtuse, obscurely nerved, rounded on the back, dorsally compressed, in fruit becoming indurate, smooth and MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 415 shining, the margins enclosing the lemma as in Panicum. Moderately tall grasses with flat blades and open panicles. Type species, Milium effusum. Milium, old Latin name for millet. 1. Milium effusum L. (Fig. 861.) Smooth perennial, somewhat succulent; culms slender, erect from a bent base, 1 to 1.5 m tall; blades mostly 10 to 20 cm long, flat, lax, 8 to 15 mm wide; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, the slender branches in remote spreading or drooping pairs or fascicles, naked below; spikelets pale, 3 to 3.5 mm long; glumes scaberulous. 21 — Damp or rocky woods, Quebec and Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Maryland and Illinois (fig. 862); Eurasia. 82. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Ricegrass Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes; glumes about equal, obtuse to acuminate; lemma indurate, usually about as long as the glumes, broad, oval or oblong, nearly terete, usually pubescent, with a short, blunt, oblique callus, and a short deciduous, some- times bent and twisted awn; palea enclosed by the edges of the lemma. Mostly slender peren- nials, with flat or often involute blades and terminal narrow or open panicles. Type species, Oryzopsis asperijolia. Name from oruza, rice, and opsis, appearance, alluding to a fancied resemblance to rice. Nearly all the species are highly palatable to stock, but are usually not in sufficient abundance to be of importance, except 0. hymenoides (Indian ricegrass), which is common in the arid and semiarid regions of the West and furnishes much feed. The seed has been used for food by the Indians. Locally important may be 0. micrantha in the Figure 862.— Distribution of Milium effusum. Black Hills region and 0. kingii in the high Sierras, sometimes cultivated for forage in California. Lemma smooth (rarely pubescent in 0. micrantha) . Blades flat, 5 mm wide or more. Spikelets numerous, 0. miliacea is about 3 mm long. 1. O. MILIACEA. Blades more or less involute, less than 2 mm wide. Panicle branches spreading or reflexed; fruit about 2 mm long, pale. 2. O. MICRANTHA. Panicle branches ascending or appressed; fruit about 4 mm long, dark brown. 3. O. HENDERSONI. Lemma pubescent. Pubescence on lemma long and silky. Panicle-branches and the capillary pedicels divaricately spreading. 12. O. HYMENOIDES. Panicle-branches and pedicels erect or ascending. Awn 6 mm long; culms usually not more than 30 cm tall. 11. Awn 12 mm long; culms 30 to 60 cm tall 10. Pubescence on lemma short, appressed. Spikelets, excluding awn, 6 to 9 mm long; blades flat. Basal blades elongate, uppermost not more than 1 cm long. 8. O Basal blades reduced, upper elongate 9. Spikelets, excluding awn, 5 mm long or less; blades involute or subinvolute. Panicle branches erect or appressed. Blades and panicle stiff, erect; awns about 5 mm long_ 4. O. exigua. Blades flexuous, the panicle somewhat so; awns at least 10 mm long. 7. O. kingii. Panicle branches loosely ascending or spreading. Awn not more than 2 mm long, straight or nearly so. 5. O. pungens. Awn 10 to 20 mm long, weakly twice-geniculate._ 6. O. canadensis. 55974°— 35 27 O. WEBBERI. O. BLOOMERI. ASPERIFOLIA. O. RACEMOSA. 416 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 1. Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Benth. and Hook. (Fig. 863.) Culms relatively stout, sometimes branching, erect from a decumbent base, 60 to 150 cm tall; ligule about 2 mm long; blades flat, 8 to 10 mm wide; panicle 15 to 30 cm long, loose, the branches spreading with numerous short-pediceled spikelets beyond the middle ; glumes acuminate, 3 mm long; lemma smooth, 2 mm long, the straight awn about 4 mm long. % — Introduced in a few localities in California; ballast, Camden, N.J., and Philadelphia, Pa.; Mediterranean region. 2. Oryzopsis micralitha (Trin. and Rupr.) Thurb. Littleseed ricegrass. (Fig. 864.) Culms densely tufted, erect, slender, 30 to 70 cm tall; ligule about 1 mm long; blades slender, sca- brous, flat or involute, 0.5 to 2 mm wide; pan- icle open, 10 to 15 cm long, the branches dis- tant, single or in pans, spreading or finally reflexed, 2 to 5 cm long, with short-pediceled appressed spikelets toward the ends; glumes thin, acumi- nate, 3 to 4 mm long; lemma elliptic, gla- brous, or rarely ap- pressed-pilose, 2 to 2.5 mm long, yellow or brown, the straight awn 5 to 10 mm long. % — Open dry woods and rocky slopes, me- dium altitudes, Saskatchewan to Montana, south to New Mexico and Arizona (fig. 865). The form with pilose lemmas is found from Colorado to Arizona. 3. Oryzopsis hendersoni Vasey. (Fig. 866.) Culms densely tufted, scabrous, 10 to 40 cm tall; leaves mostly basal, the sheaths broad, papery, glabrescent; ligule very short; blades subfiliform, involute, scabrous, firm, mostly less than 10 cm long, the one or two culm blades 4 to 5 cm long; panicle few- flowered, 5 to 12 cm long, the few scabrous branches appressed or ascending, spikelet- bearing toward the ends, the lower as much as 8 cm long; spikelets short-pediceled; glumes abruptly acute, 5 to 6 mm long; lemma nearly as long as the glumes, glabrous, dark brown at maturity, the awn early deciduous, nearly straight, 6 to 10 mm long. % — Dry or gravelly soil.^ Known only from Mount Clements, Wash. , and from the Ochoco National Forest, Oreg. 4. Oryzopsis exigua Thurb. Little ricegrass. (Fig. 867.) Culms densely tufted, stiffly erect, scabrous, 15 to 30 cm tall; sheaths smooth or somewhat scabrous; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades involute- filiform, stiffly erect, scabrous, 5 to 10 cm long, the culm blades about Figure 863.— Ory- zopsis miliacea, X 5. (Kralik, Europe.) Figure 864 Oryzopsis mkrantha. Panicle, X 1; floret X 5. (Hitchcock 22993, N. Mex.) Figure 865.— Distribution of Oryzopsis mkrantha. MANUAL OF THE GEASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 417 2, shorter; panicle narrow, 3 to 6 cm long, the branches appressed, the lower 1 to 2 cm long; spikelets short-pediceled, glumes abruptly acute, 4 mm long; lemma appressed-pilose, about as long as the glumes, the awn about 5 mm long, not twisted, geniculate. % — Dry open l?T Y rs Figure 866.— Oryzopsis hendersoni. Plant, X lA; spikelet and floret, X5. (Type.) Figure 867. — Oryzopsis eiigua. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Nelson 6511, Wyo.) ground or open woods, at moderately high altitudes, Montana to Washington, south to Colorado, Oregon, and Nevada (fig. 868). 5. Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. (Fig. 869.) Culms tufted, erect, slender, 20 to 50 cm tall; blades elongate, slender, flat or involute, less than 2 mm wide; panicle narrow, 3 to 6 cm long, the branches erect or ascending or spreading in an thesis; spikelets long-pediceled; glumes 3 to 4 mm long, obscurely 5-nerved, obtuse; lemma about as long as the glumes, rather densely pubescent, the awn usually 1 to 2 mm long. % —Sandy or rocky soil, Labrador to British Columbia, south to Connecticut, Indiana, South Dakota, and Colorado (fig 870). 6. Oryzopsis canadensis (Poir.) Torr. (Fig. 871.) Culms slender, tufted, erect, 30 to 70 cm tall; ligule about 2 mm long; blades flat to involute, scabrous; panicle open, 5 to 10 cm long, the slender flexuous branches ascending or spreading, naked below, few-flowered above; Figure 868.— Distribution of Oryzopsis eiigua. 418 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE spikelets long-pediceled ; glumes 4 lemma about 3 mm long, abruptly acute; long, Figure 870.— Distribution of Oryzopsis pungens. lg- Figure 872. — Distribution of Oryzopsis canadensis. Figure 869.— Or yzopsis pungens. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Grout, Vt.) to 5 mm rather sparsely appressed pilose, the awn 1 to 2 cm long, weakly twice genicu- late. % — Woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Alberta, south to New Hampshire, New York, northern Michigan, and northern Minnesota (fi 872). 7. Oryzopsis kingii (Bol- and.) Beal. (Fig. 873.) Culms tufted, slender, 20 to 40 cm tall; leaves num- erous at the base, the blades involute, filiform, flexuous; ligule about 1 mm long; panicle narrow, loose, the short slender branches appressed or ascending, few-flowered; spikelets rather short-pediceled; glumes broad, papery, nerveless, obtuse, purple at base, the first about 3.5 mm long, the second a little longer; lemma elliptic, 3 to 3.5 mm long, rather sparingly appressed-pu Descent; awn bent in a wide curve or indistinctly geniculate below the middle, not twisted, minutely pubescent, about 12 mm long, not readily deciduous. % — Meadows at upper altitudes, central Sierra Nevada, Calif. 8. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. (Fig. 874.) Culms tufted, the innovations erect, the fertile culms widely spreading or prostrate, 20 to 70 cm long, nearly naked, the two or three sheaths bearing reduced or obsolete blades; basal blades erect, firm, scabrous, flat to somewhat revolute, elongate, 3 to 8 mm wide, tapering toward each end, glaucous beneath ; panicle nearly simple, rather few-flowered, 5 to 8 cm long, the branches appressed; spikelets on appressed pedicels 3 to 6 mm long; glumes 6 to 8 mm long, somewhat ob- ovate, about 7-nerved, abruptly pointed or apic- ulate; lemma about as long as the glumes, spar- ingly pubescent, more densely so on the callus, pale or yellowish at maturity, the awn 5 to 10 mm long. % — Wooded slopes and V Figure 871. — Oryzopsis canadensis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Rand, Maine.) If* v. Figure 873.— Oryzopsis kingii. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Bolander 6097, Calif.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 419 420 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 875. — Distribution of Oryzopsis asperifolia. dry banks, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Montana, south to Connecticut, Indiana, South Dakota, and New Mexico (fig. 875). 9. Oryzopsis racemosa (J. E. Smith) Ricker. (Fig. 876.) Culms tufted, from a knotty rhizome, erect, 30 to 100 cm tall ; culm leaves several, the lowermost blades reduced, the others elongate, flat, 5 to 15 mm wide, tapering at both ends, rather thin, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; pan- icle 10 to 20 cm long, the branches distant, the lower spreading or reflexed at maturity, bearing a few spikelets toward the end ; glumes 7 to 9 mm long, about 7-nerved, abruptly acu- minate ; lemma slightly shorter than the glumes sparsely pubescent, nearly black at maturity, the awn 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, slightly flexuous. % — Rocky woods, Quebec to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to Delaware, Kentucky, and Iowa (fig. 877). 10. Oryzopsis bloomeri (Boland.) Ricker. (Fig. 878.) Culms tufted, 30 to 60 cm tall; leaves crowded at the base; ligule about 1 mm long; blades narrow, involute, firm; panicle 7 figure 876— oryzopsis racemosa. to 15 cm long, the branches slender, rather gliyj floret' x 5' stiffly ascending, the longer 5 to 7 cm long, spikelet-bearing from about the middle; spikelets rather long-pedi- celed; glumes broad, indistinctly 3- to 5-nerved, rather abruptly acuminate, 8 to 10 mm long; lemma elliptic, 5 mm long, densely long- villous; awn about 12 mm long, tardily deciduous, slightly twisted and appressed-villous below, weakly geniculate. Ql — Dry ground, medium alti- tudes, Mon- tana to east- ern Washing- ton, south to New Mexico an d C ali- fornia, rather rare (fig. 879). 11. Oryzopsis webberi (Thurb.) Benth. (Fig. 880.) Culms densely tufted, erect, 15 to 30 cm tall; blades involute, filiform, scabrous; panicle narrow, 2.5 to 5 cm long, the branches appressed; glumes about 8 mm long, narrow, obscurely 5- nerved, minutely scaberulous, acuminate; lemma narrow, 6 mm long, densely long-pilose, the awn about 6 mm long, straight or bent, not twisted. % — Deserts and plains, Colorado, Nevada, and California. Figure 877.— Distribution of Oryzopsis racemosa. Figure 878.— Oryzopsis bloomeri. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Sandberg and Leiberg 231, Wash.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 421 12. Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. and Schult.) Ricker. Indian ricegrass. (Fig. 881.) Culms densely tufted, 30 to 60 cm tall; ligule about 6 mm long, acute; blades slender, involute, nearly as long as the culms; panicle diffuse, 7 to 15 cm long, the slender branches in pairs, the branchlets dicho- tomous, all divaricately spreading, the ultimate pedicels capillary, flexuous; glumes about 6 to 7 mm long, puberulent to glabrous, rarely hirsute, papery, ovate, 3- to 5-nerved, abruptly pointed; lemma fusiform, turgid, about 3 mm long, nearly black at maturity, densely long-pilose with white hairs 3 mm long; awn about 4 mm long, straight, readily deciduous. Qi — Deserts and plains, med- ium altitudes, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to Texas, California, and northern Mexico (fig. 882). Figure 879. — Distribution of Oryzopsis bloomeri. Nassella major (Trin. & Rupr.) Desv. Slender figure sso-oryzopsii iweb- tufted perennial; blades narrow, flat or loosely ben. Panicle, X 1; floret, . nr .,' «i j er __ 1 + V.~ fn„r x 5. (Hiiiman, Nev.) involute; panicle narrow, 3 to 5 cm long, the lew branches appressed, 1 to 1 .5 cm long; glumes 4 mm long, awn-pointed; mature lemma flattish, obovate-oblong, gibbous at apex, smooth and shining, 2 mm long; awn geniculate, 1 cm long, soon deciduous. — Ballast, Portland, Oreg. Introduced from Chile. 83. PIPTOCHAETIUM Presl Spikelets 1 -flowered, disarticu- lating above the glumes, the callus of the floret short, acutish, usually bearded; glumes about equal, broad, ovate, convex on the back, thin, abruptly acuminate; fruit brown or Figure 882.— Distribution of Oryzopsis hymenoides. dark gray, coriaceous, obovate, shorter than the glumes, glabrous or hispid above the callus, often minutely striate, sometimes tuber- figure 881— oryzopsis hymenoides. Panicle, x culate near the summit, the lemma l; floret, X 5. (Mearns 2583, Wyo.) turgid, USUally SOHiewhat COm- pressed and keeled on the back, gibbous near the summit back of the awn, the edges not meeting but clasping the sulcus of the palea, 422 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure SS3.—Piptochaetiumfimbriatum. Plant, X M\ glumes, floret and palea, X 5. (Hitchcock 13611, N.Mex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 423 the summit sometimes expanded into a crown; awn deciduous or persistent, curved, flexuous or geniculate, often twisted below; palea narrow, indurate, except toward the margins, central keel consisting of two nerves and a narrow channel or sulcus between, the apex of the keel projecting above the summit of the lemma as a minute point. Tufted perennials with narrow usually involute blades and rather few-flowered panicles. Type species, Piptochaetium setifolium Presl. Name from Greek piptein, to fall, and chaite, bristle, alluding to the deciduous awns of the type species. 1. Piptochaetium fimbriatum(H.B.K.) Hitchc. Pinyon ricegrass. (Fig. 883.) Culms densely tufted, erect, slender, 40 to 80 cm tall; blades involute-filiform, flexuous, elongate; panicle open, 5 to 15 cm long, the slender branches spreading, few-flowered toward the ends; spikelets long-pediceled ; glumes about 5 mm long, abruptly acuminate, 7-nerved ; lemma a little shorter than the glumes, appressed- pubescent, especially on the callus, dark brown at maturity with a circular ridge at the base of ^SKS.0' the awn; awn weakly twice geniculate, 1 to 2 cm long. Ql (Oryzopsisjimbriata Hemsl.) — Open rocky woods, Colorado to western Texas, Arizona, and Mexico (fig. 884). A fine forage grass. 84. STIPA L. Needlegrass Spikelets 1 -flowered, disarticulating above the glumes, the articu- lation oblique, leaving a bearded, sharp-pointed callus attached to the base of the floret; glumes membranaceous, often papery, acute, acuminate, or even aristate, usually long and narrow; lemma narrow, terete, firm or indurate, strongly convolute, rarely the margins only meeting, terminating in a prominent awn, the junction of body and awn evident, the awn twisted below, geniculate, usually persistent; palea enclosed in the convolute lemma. Tufted perennials, with usually convolute blades and mostly narrow panicles. Type species, Stipa pennata L. Name from Greek stupe, tow, alluding to the feathery awns of the type species. The species are for the most part valuable forage plants. Several, all western, such as Stipa comata, S. occidemalis , S. lemmoni, and S. neomexicana, are grazed chiefly when young. Stipa letiermani is important at high altitudes, in the mountains of the West; S. Colum- biana at medium altitudes; S. viridula in the Rocky Mountains; S. pulchra, S. thurberiana, and S. speciosa in California. Some of the species, when mature, particularly S. spartea and S. comata, are injurious, especially to sheep, because of the hard sharp points to the fruits which penetrate the skin. Sleepy grass, S. robusta, acts as a narcotic (see p. 436). One of the Old World species, S. tenacissima L., furnishes a part of the esparto or alfa grass of Spain and Algeria that in used in the manufacture of paper and cordage (see p. 439). la. Terminal segment of awn plumose. Awn 12 to 18 cm long 1. S. neomexicana. Awn 1.2 to 1.5 cm long 15. S. porteri. lb. Terminal segment of awn not plumose. 2a. First segment of the once-geniculate awn strongly plumose, the ascending hairs 5 to 8 mm long 2. S. speciosa. 2b. First segment of awn sometimes plumose but the hairs not more than 2 mm long. 424 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 3a. Mature lemma 2 to 3 mm long. Awn capillary, nexuous, about 5 cm long 32. S. TENUISSIMA. 3b. Mature lemma at least 5 mm long. 4a. Lemma densely appressed-villous with white hairs 3 to 4 mm long, rising above the summit in a pappuslike crown 5. S. cokonata. 4b. Lemma often villous but the hairs not more than 1 mm long, or some- times those at the summit as much as 2 mm long. 5a. Summit of mature lemma smooth, cylindric, whitish, forming a ciliate crown 0.5 to 1 mm long (see also S. pulchra). 3. S. LEUCOTRICHA. 5b Summit of mature lemma not forming a crown. 6a. Lemma 2-lobed at summit, the lobes extending into awns 2 to 3 mm long on each side of the central awn 4. S. stillmanii. 6b. Lemma not lobed at summit or only slightly so. 7a. Awn plumose below, the hairs ascending or spreading (com- pare S. pulchra, with appressed-hispid awn). Sheaths pubescent. Awns once or obscurely twice-geniculate. _ 22. b. curvifolia. Awns distinctly twice geniculate. Lemmas 6 to 7 mm long; glumes thin 17. S. elmeri. Lemmas 8 to 9 mm long; glumes firm.. 18. S. latiglume. Sheaths glabrous. Ligule 3 to 6 mm long 16. S. thurberiana. Ligule very short. Hairs on upper part of the lemma much longer than those below 21. S. CALIFORNICA. Hairs short all over the lemma 19. S. occidentals. 7b. Awn scabrous or nearly glabrous, rarely appressed-hispid, not plumose. 8a Lemma more than 7 mm (often 1 to 2 cm) long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent above the callus, mostly cylindric (some- what fusiform in S. pulchra). Mature lemma pale or finally brownish, sparsely pubescent to summit, mostly more than 1 cm long__ 10. S. comata. Mature lemma dark. Lemma 8 to 10 mm long. Glumes 3-nerved. Summit of lemma hispidulous-ciliate, the hairs erect, nearly 1 mm long; lemma somewhat fusiform, pubescent in lines above the callus. 11. S. PULCHRA. Glumes 5- to 9-nerved. Lemmas glabrous above the base, minutely roughened at apex; callus with fine sharp point. 8. S. avenacea. Lemmas sparsely pubescent to apex; callus rather blunt 12. S. PRINGLEI. Lemma 12 to 25 mm long, cylindric. Mature lemma glabrous above the callus. 7. S. AVENACIOIDES. Mature lemma more or less pubescent above the callus. 9. S. SPARTEA. 8b. Lemma less than 7 mm long, or if as long as 7 to 8 mm, distinctly pubescent on the upper part. Panicle open, the branches spreading or ascending, naked at base. . Panicle diffuse, the branches divergent, drooping; lemma about 5 mm long; awn about 2 cm long. 6. S. RICHARDSONI. Panicle open but not diffuse. Ligule 3 to 6 mm long; awn about 5 cm long, the terminal segment flexuous 13. S. eminens. Ligule 1 mm long or less; awn 2.5 to 4 cm long. 14. S. LEPIDA Panicle narrow, the branches appressed. Hairs on lemma copious, at least at summit, 2 mm long. Lemmas evenlv villous all over; summit with lobes 0.8 to 1.5 mm long 20. S. lobata. Lemmas conspicuously villous above, less so below; sum- mit not lobed or obscurely so. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 425 Lemma about 8 mm long, villous at summit, pubescent below 23. S. scribneri. Lemma about 5 mm long, villous all over but more so above 30. S. pinetorum. Hairs not copious, usually not more than 1 mm long at summit. Glumes broad, abruptly acuminate, rather firm, the first 5-nerved 24. S. lemmoni. Glumes narrow, gradually acuminate, usually hyaline, the first usually 3-nerved. Awn 4 to 6 cm long, obscurely geniculate, the terminal segment flexuous 31. S. arida. Awn mostly less than 5 cm long, if as much as 4 cm long, twice-geniculate and the terminal segment straight or nearly so. Sheaths, at least the lowermost, pubescent. 29. S. williamsii. Sheaths glabrous. Sheaths villous at the throat; fruit rather turgid, the callus broad and short; lower nodes of panicle villous. Glumes thin, papery; plants rather slender, mostly less than 1 m tall; panicle rather slender, open 25. S. viridula. Glumes firm, the nerves inconspicuous; plants robust, mostly more than 1 m tall; panicle larger, more compact 26. S. robtjsta. Sheaths not villous at the throat or only slightly so; fruit slender, the callus narrow, sharp-pointed; nodes of panicle glabrous or nearly so. Awn mostly more than 2 cm long; hairs at sum- mit of lemma about as long as the others. 27. S. COLUMBIANA. Awn mostly less than 2 cm long; hairs at summit of lemma longer than those on the body 1 to 1.5 mm long 28. S. lettermani' 1. Stipa neomexicana (Thurb.) Scribn. New Mexican feather- grass. (Fig. 885.) Culms mostly 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or the lower minutely pubescent; ligule very short, ciliate; blades slender, firm, convolute, glabrous beneath, the basal 10 to 30 cm long, scarcely 1 mm wide when unrolled; panicle narrow, 3 to 8 cm long; spikelets pale, more or less shining; glumes 3 to 5 cm long, tapering to a fine point; lemma about 15 mm long including the pilose callus 4 to 5 mm long; awn readily deciduous, 12 to 18 cm long, the lower one-fourth to one-third straight, strongly twisted, appressed-villous, the middle segment 1 to 2 cm long, the terminal segment flexuous, plumose, the hairs about 3 mm long. % — Mesas, canyons, and rocky slopes, western Texas and Colorado to Utah and Arizona (fig. 886). 2. Stipa speciosa Trin. and Rupr. Desert needlegrass. (Fig. 887.) Culms numerous, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths brownish, smooth or the lower pubescent or even felty at the very base, the throat densely short-villous; ligule short; blades elongate, involute-filiform, mostly basal, more or less deciduous from the outer and older per- sistent sheaths; panicle narrow, dense, 10 to 15 cm long, not much exceeding the leaves, white or tawny, feathery from the plumose awns; glumes smooth, 14 to 16 mm long, 3-nerved, long-acuminate, papery ; lemma 7 to 9 mm long, narrow, densely short-pubescent, the callus sharp and smooth below; awn with one sharp bend, the first section 1.5 to 2 cm long, densely long-pilose on the lower half or two- thirds, the hairs 5 to 8 mm long, the remaining portion of the awn 426 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE scabrous, the second segment about 2.5 cm long. 01 — Deserts, canyons, and rocky hills, Colorado to southern California; southern South America (fig. 888). 3. Stipa leucotricha Trim and Rupr. Texas needlegrass. (Fig. 889.) Culms 30 to 60 cm tall, the nodes pubescent; blades 10 to 30 cm long, flat, often becoming involute, hispidulous beneath, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle narrow, mostly not more than 10 cm long; glumes 12 to 18 mm long; lemma about 1 cm long, the slender callus about 4 mm long, the body oblong, brownish, appressed-pubescent on the lower part, papillose-roughened at least toward the summit, abruptly narrowed into a cylindric smooth neck about 1 mm long, the crown ciliate with short stiff hairs; awn 6 to 10 cm long, rather stout, twice-geni culate, the first segment hispidulous, twisted, 2 to Figure 886.— Distribution of Stipa neomexicana. Figure 885.— Stipa neomexicana. Piant, X Yi, lemma, X 5. (Jones 5377, Utah.) Figure 887.— Stipa speciosa. Pan- icle, X Vi, floret, X 5. (Reed 4853, Calif.) 3.5 cm long. % — Dry, open grassland, Oklahoma to central Mexico. Cleistogamous spikelets with glumes obsolete and lemma nearly awnless are borne in basal sheaths just after maturity of panicle. 4. Stipa stillmanii Boland. (Fig. 890.) Culms stout, 60 to 100 cm tall; sheaths smooth, puberulent at the throat and collar; hgule very short; blades elongate, scattered, folded or involute, firm, the uppermost filiform; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, narrow, dense or in- terrupted at base, the branches short, fascicled; glumes equal, 14 to 16 mm long, papery, minutely scabrous, acuminate into a scabrous MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 427 awn-point, the first 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved; lemma 9 mm long, short-pilose, bearing 2 slender teeth at the apex, the callus short; awn about 2.5 cm long, once- or indistinctly twice-geniculate, scabrous. % -Rocky slopes, Sierra Nevada, from Lassen National Forest to Tahoe National Forest, Calif. ; apparently rare. 5. Stipa coronata Thurb. (Fig. 891.) Culms stout, 1 to 2 m tall, as much as 6 mm thick at base, smooth or pubescent below the nodes; sheaths smooth, the margin and throat villous ; ligule about 2 mm long, ciliate ; blades elongate, 4 to 6 mm wide, flat to subinvolute with a slender involute point; panicle 30 to 40 cm long, contracted, erect, purplish; glumes gradually acuminate, 3-nerved, the first about 2 cm long, the second 2 to 4 mm shorter; lemma about 8 mm long, densely villous with long ap- pressed hairs 3 to 4 mm long; awn usually 4 to 5 cm long, scabrous, twice-geniculate, the first and second segments about 1 cm long. <2l — Open ground in the Coast Range, California, from Monterey to Baja California. Stipa coronata var. depauperata (Jones) Hitchc. Culms usually 30 to 50 cm tall; blades 10 to 20 cm long; panicle 10 to 15 cm long, rather few-flowered, the spikelets commonly smaller than in the species, the lemma 6 to 7 mm long, the awn about 2.5 cm long, once-geniculate, the first segment twisted and scabrous-pubescent, Figure 888.— Distribution of Stipa speciosa. Figure 889.— Stipa leuco- tricha. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Hitchcock 5138, Tex.) Figure 890.— Stipa still- manii. Flo- ret, XI; lem- ma , X 5. (Bolander, Calif.) Figure 891.— Stipa coronata. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Oroutt 1068, Calif.) about 1 cm long, the second segment bent about horizontally. % — Dry or rocky slopes, Utah and Nevada to Arizona and southern California. Many intermediates occur between the variety and the species. 6. Stipa richardsoni Link. Richardson needlegrass. (Fig. 892.) Culms 50 to 100 cm tall; blades mostly basal, usually 15 to 25 428 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE cm long, involute, subfiliform, scabrous; panicle 10 to 20 cm long} or drooping, naked ]>» -ri — . a^tT yi^/W Trutx — r r^i"W \ \ M * r" J ¥M \ jj\ ; \ i i \ Y %T\r Figure 893.— Distribution of Stipa richardsoni. Figure 892.— Stipa richardsoni. Panicle, X H; floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Hitchcock 11468, Alberta.) open, the branches slender, distant, spreading below; glumes 8 to 9 mm long; lemma about 5 mm long, subfusiform, brown at maturity; awn 2.5 to 3 cm long. 21 — Bottom lands and wooded slopes, Saskatchewan to Colo- rado and British Columbia (fig. 893). 7. Stipa avenacioides Nash. (Fig. 894.) Culms about 1 m tall; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades elongate, involute, subfiliform; panicle 10 to 25 cm long, open, the branches slender, spreading, naked below; glumes about 2 cm long; lemma brown, linear, 1.5 to 2 cm long in- cluding the callus 7 mm long, the body glabrous, mi- nutely papillose at the slightly contracted summit, slightly hispidulous on the crown ; awn 8 to 1 1 cm long, scabrous, twice geniculate. Qj. — Dry pine woods, pen- insular Florida. 8. Stipa avenacea L. Blackseed needlegrass. (Fig. 895.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall; ligule about 3 mm long; blades 20 to 30 cm long, 1 mm wide, flat or in- volute; panicle 10 to 15 figure 894— stipa avena- cm long, open, the slender limma, xF5°ret(CuXrtis^ branches 2 to 4 cm long, 5S31> Fla> bearing 1 or 2 spikelets ; glumes 1.5 cm long; lemma dark brown, 9 Figure 895.— Stipa avenacea. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Kneucker, Oram. 564, Mil.) Figure 896. — Distribution of Slipa avenacea. to 10 mm long, the MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 429 Figure 897— Stipa spartea. Plant, X W, glumes and floret, X 2. (McDonald 16, 111.) 430 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 898.— Distribution Stipa spartea. of callus 2 mm long, the body glabrous, papillose-roughened toward the summit, awn scabrous, 4.5 to 6 cm long, twice-geniculate. % — Dry or rocky open woods, Massachusetts to Michigan south to Florida and Texas, mostly on the Coastal Plain (fig. 896). 9. Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine grass. (Fig. 897.) Culms about 1 m tall; ligule rather firm, 4 to 5 mm long ; blades 20 to 30 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, flat, involute in drying ; panicle 1 5 to 20 cm long, narrow, nodding, the few slender branches bearing 1 or 2 spikelets ; glumes 3 to 4 cm long; lemma subcylindric, brown, 1.6 to 2.5 cm long, the callus about 7 mm long, the body pubescent below, glabrous above except for a line of pubescence on one side, the crown erect-ciliate ; awn stout, 12 to 20 cm long, twice geniculate. % — Prairies, Ontario to British Columbia, south to Pennsylvania, Indiana, Kansas, and New Mexico (fig. 898). Stipa spartea var. curtiseta Hitchc. Glumes 2 to 3 cm long; lemma 12 to 15 mm long; awn mostly not more than 7 or 8 enflong. % — Manitoba to Alberta, Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming. 10. Stipa comata Trin. and Rupr. Needle-and-thread. (Fig. 899.) Culms 30 to 60 cm tall, sometimes taller; ligule thin, 3 to 4 mm long; blades 10 to 30 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, flat or involute, panicle commonly included at base, narrow, 10 to 20 cm long; glumes 1.5 to 2 cm long, the attenuate tips subhy aline; lemma 8 to 12 mm long, mostly about 1 cm, pale or finally brownish, the callus about 3 mm long, the body sparsely pubescent or gla- brate toward the summit; awn 10 to 15 cm long, indis- tinctly twice-geni- culate, very slender, loosely twisted below, flexuous above, often deciduous. % — Prairies, plains, and dry hills, Indiana to Yukon Territory, south to Texas and California (fig. 900.) A form from Washington with pubescent foliage has been called S. comota var. intonsa Piper. Stipa comata var. intermedia Scribn. and Tweedy. Differing from S. comata in the shorter straight third segment of the awn; glumes and lemma on the aver- . age a little longer; panicle usually exserted; ligule long, as m b. comata.— Montana to Washington, south to New Mexico and California. Figure 900.— Distribution Stipa comata. of Figure 899.— Stipa comata. Panicle, X Vi\ lemma, X 5. (Hitchcock 1700, Colo.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 431 11. Stipa pulchra Hitchc. Purple needlegrass. (Fig. 901.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall; blades long, narrow, flat or involute; ligule about 1 mm long; panicle nodding, about 15 cm long, loose, the branches spreading, slender, some of the lower 2.5 to 5 cm long; glumes narrow, long-acuminate, purplish, 3-nerved, the first about 2 cm long, the second 2 to 4 mm shorter; lemma 8 to 10 mm long, fusiform, sparingly pilose, some times only in lines above, minutely papillose-roughened, the callus about 2 mm long, the summit some- times with a smooth neck and a ciliate crown (as in S. leucotricha) ; awn 4 to 6 cm long, short-pubescent to the second bend, the first seg- ment 1.5 to 2 cm long, the second shorter, the third slender, flexuous. Ql — Open ground, central Cali- fornia to Baja California, mostly in the Coast Ranges. 12. Stipa pringlei Scribn. Prin- GLE NEEDLEGRASS. (Fig. 9 0 2.) Culms, about 1 m tall ; ligule about 2 mm long; blades 10 to 30 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide, flat or those of the innovations involute, firm, erect, scabrous, panicle nodding, 10 to 15 cm long, the branches ascending, few-flowered, naked below; glumes about 1 cm long, broad, rather abruptly narrowed into a short point, 7- to 9-nerved; lemma 7 to 8 mm long, oblong-elliptic, brown, minutely papillose and brownish pubescent, the callus 1 mm long; awn about 3 cm long, ob- scurely twice-geniculate. 01 — R o c k y woods and slopes, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to Chihuahua, Mex. 13. Stipa eminens Cav. (Fig. 903.) Culms slender, rather wiry, 80 to 120 cm tall; ligule 3 to 6 mm long; blades mostly elongate, flat or involute, 1 to 4 mm wide; panicle nodding, open, 10 to 20 cm long, usually densely pilose on the lower node, the branches slender, spreading, often figure 902-stipa flexuous, usually 3 to 4 or even more at xi-iemmaF1xe5: the node ; glumes about 1.5 cm long; lem- MexC)'1C0Ck 7691' ma Pa^e' 5 t0 7 mm *0ng' PUDeSCen^ aWQ 3 to 6 cm long, obscurely twice-geniculate, the third segment flexuous. % —Rocky lulls, Texas to Arizona and central Mexico. Figure 901. — Stipa pulchra lemma, X 5. Panicle, XM; (Chase 5598, Calif.) r Figure 903 — Stipa eminens. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (''aimer 523, Mex.) 55974°— 35 28 432 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 14. Stipa lepida Hitchc. Foothill needlegrass. (Fig. 904.) Culms slender, puberulent below the nodes, 60 to 100 cm tall; sheaths smooth, rarely puberulent, sparingly villous at throat; ligule very short; blades 10 to 30 cm long, flat, 2 to 4 mm wide, pubescent on upper surface near base; panicle rather loose and open, usually 15 to 20 cm long, sometimes more than 30 cm long, the branches distant, slender; glumes 3-nerved, / . smooth, acuminate, the first 6 to 10 mm long, w/T- the second about 2 mm shorter; lemma about 6 Asr* mm long, brown, sparingly villous, nearly gla- brous toward the hairy-tufted apex; awn in- distinctly twice-geniculate, about 2.5 to 4 cm Figure 904.— Stipa lepida. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Chase 5609, Calif.) Figure 905.— Stipa porteri. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Wolf 1109. Colo.) Figure 906.— Stipa thurberiana Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Chase 4089, Idaho.) long, scabrous. 91 — Dry hills, open woods, and rocky slopes, central California to Baja California, in the Coast Range. Stipa lepida var. anders6ni (Vasey) Hitchc. Differing only in the more slender culms, the slender involute blades, and in the narrow or reduced panicle. — Same range as the species. 15. Stipa porteri Rydb. (Fig. 905.) Culms 20 to 35 cm tall; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades 2 to 12 cm long, involute, subfiliform, sulcate, scaberulous; panicle mostly 5 to 10 cm long, open, the branches distant, capillary, flexuous, few-flowered; glumes 5 to 6 mm long; lemma about 5 mm long, oblong-elliptic, softly pilose on the lower half, scaberulous above, lobed at summit; awn 12 to 15 mm long, plumose with hairs 1 to 2 mm long, with a single bend one- third from the base, the first segment weakly twisted. 01 — High mountains of Colorado. 16. Stipa thurberiana Piper. Thurber needlegrass. (Fig. 906.) Culms mostly 30 to 60 cm tall ; sheaths scaberulous or the upper glabrous; ligule hyaline, 3 to 6 mm long; blades 10 to 25 cm long, filiform, involute, scabrous, flexuous; panicle mostly 8 to 15 cm long, narrow, the ascending branches few flowered; glumes 1 1 to 13 mm long, the acuminate summit hyaline ; lemma 8 to 9 mm long, appressed-pubescent, callus about 1 mm long; awn 4 to 5 cm long, twice-geniculate, the first and second segments plumose with hairs 1 to 2 mm long. % — Mesas and rocky slopes. Idaho to Washing- ton and central California (fig. 907). Figure 907.— Distribution of Stipa thurberiana. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 433 17. Stipa elmeri Piper and Brodie. (Fig. 908.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall, more or less puberulent, especially at the nodes; sheaths pubescent; ligule very short; blades 15 to 30 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, flat or becoming involute, pubescent on the upper sur- face, or those of the innovations also on the lower sur- face; panicle narrow, 15 to 35 cm long, rather loose; glumes 12 to 14 mm long, long-acuminate, hyaline except toward base; lemma about 7 mm long, appressed- pubescent, the callus 1 mm long; awn 4 to 5 cm long, dis- tinctly twice-geniculate, the seg- ments nearly equal, the first and second finely plumose. % — Dry hills, sandy plains, and open woods, Washington and Idaho to California and Nevada (fig. 909). 18. Stipa latiglumis Swallen. (Fig. 910.) Culms slender, erect, strigose below, 50 to 110 cm tall; sheaths, at least the lower, pubescent; blades flat or loose- ly involute, pilose on the upper surface, glabrous beneath ; ligule 1 to 4 mm long; panicle narrow, loosely flowered, 15 to 30 cm long, the branches distant, slender, the lower as much as 10 cm long; glumes about equal, firm, rather abruptly acute or acuminate, 3-nerved, tinged with purple, 13 to 15 mm long, 1.5 mm wide from keel to margin; lemma densely pubescent, 8 to 9 mm long, the sharp callus 1 mm long; awn twice- geniculate, 3.5 to 4.5 cm long, the first and second segments plumose. 91 — Sierras of central California at medium altitudes. 19. Stipa occidentalis Thurb. Western needlegrass. (Fig. 911.) Culms mostly 25 to 40 cm tall; Figure 909.— Distribution of Stipa elmeri. Figure 908 — Stipa elmeri. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Hitchcock 3336, Calif.) Figure 912— Distribution of Stipa occidentalis. sheaths glabrous; ligule about 0.5 mm long; blades 10 to 20 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, flat or usually involute, gla- brous beneath; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, lax, the few slender branches narrowly ascending; glumes about 12 mm long, the attenuate tips hyaline; lemma pale brown, about 7 mm long, rather sparsely appressed- pubescent; awn 3 to 4 cm long, twice-geniculate, the first and second segments plumose, the hairs about 1 mm long. % —Plains, rocky hills, and open woods, Wyommg to Washington and California (fig. 912). Figure 910— Sti- pa latiglumis. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Type.) Figure 911.— Stipa occidentalis. Panicle, X Vi\ lemma, X 5. (Hitchcock 11740, Oreg.) 434 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 913.— stipa lobata. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5; summit of lemma, X 15. (Type.) Figure 914— Stipa californica. Flo- ret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Hall 2556, Calif.) 20. Stipa lobata Swall en. (Fig. 913.) Culms densely tufted, erect, scaberulous below the panicle, 35 to 85 cm tall; blades flat or loosely folded toward the base, tapering into a fine point, as much as 50 cm long, 1 to 4 mm wide at the base, scabrous on the upper surface, glabrous beneath; ligule less than 0.5 mm long; panicle narrow, 10 to 18 cm long, the branches appressed; glumes about equal, acumi- nate, 3-nerved, scabrous, 9 to 10 mm long; lemma brownish, 6 mm long, densely pubescent with hairs 1 to 2 mm long, the callus very short, blunt, the summit 2-lobed, the lobes 0.8 to 1.5 mm long, awned from between the lobes; awn twice-geniculate, 12 to 16 mm long, the first and second segments appressed-hispid. % ■ — Rocky hills at medium altitudes, western Texas and New Mexico. 21. Stipa californica Merr. and Davy. (Fig. 914.) Culms 75 to 125 cm tall; ligule rather firm, 1 to 2 mm long; blades 10 to 12 cm long, 1 to 4 mm wide, flat, becoming involute, those of the innovations slender and involute; panicle 15 to 30 cm, sometimes to 50 cm, long, slender, pale; glumes about 12 mm long; lemma 6 to 8 mm long, rather sparsely villous with ascending white hairs, those at the summit about 1.5 mm long; awn 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, twice-geniculate, the first and second seg- ments plumose. 91 — Dry open ground, Washington to California and western Nevada (fig. 915). 22. Stipa curvifolia Swal- len. (Fig. 916, A.) Culms densely tufted, erect, about 35 cm tall; leaves clustered toward the base, the lower- most sheaths pubescent, the blades involute, becoming curved with age; panicle 7 to 8 cm long, dense, the branches short, appressed; glumes about 10 mm long; lemma 5.5 mm long, light brown, evenly white pilose; awn once or obscurely twice- geniculate, 22 to 25 mm long, twisted and densely plumose below the bend. % — Known only from limestone cliffs, Guadelupe Mountains, N.Mex. 23. Stipa scribneii Vasey. Scribner nee- dlegrass. (Fig. 916, B.) Culms 30 to 70 cm tall; sheaths villous at the throat; ligule less than 1 mm long; blades 15 to 25 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, flat or sometimes involute; panicle 10 to 25 cm long, contracted, the rather short stiff branches erect; glumes 10 to 15 mm long, relatively firm, attenuate; lemma about 8 mm long, pale, Figure 915. — Distribution of Stipa californica. Figure 916.-^4, Stipa curvifolia. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Type.) B, S. scrihneri. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Vasey, N.Mex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 435 Figure 917.— Distribution of Stipa scribneri. Figure 918.— Stipa lemmoni. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Butler 830, Calif.) narrow-fusiform, villous with white hairs, those at the summit about 2 mm long, forming a brushlike tip; awn 14 to 20 mm long, twice- geniculate. 91 — Mesas and rocky slopes, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona (fig. 917). 24. Stipa lemmoni (Vasey) Scribn. Lemmon nee- dlegrass. (Fig. 918.) Culms 30 to 80 cm tall, sca- berulous, usually puberulent be- low the nodes; ligule 1 to 3 mm long; blades 10 to 20 cm long, flat or involute, 1 to 2 mm wide, or those of the innovations very narrow; panicle 5 to 12 cm long, narrow, pale or purplish ; glumes 8 to 10 mm long, rather broad and firm, somewhat ab- ruptly acuminate, the first 5-nerved, the second 3-nerved ; lemma 6 to 7 mm long, pale or light brown, the callus rather blunt, the body fusiform, 1.2 mm wide, villous with appressed hairs; awn 20 to 35 mm long, twice-geniculate, appressed-pubescent to the second bend. % —Dry open ground and open woods British Columbia to Idaho and California (fig. 919). 25. Stipa viridula Trin. Green needlegrass. (Fig. 920.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall; sheaths villous at the throat, often rather sparingly so, more or less hispidulous in a line across the collar; ligule about 1 mm long; blades 10 to 30 cm long, 1 to 3 or even 5 mm wide, flat or, especially on the innovations, involute; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, narrow, rather closely flowered, greenish or tawny at maturity; glumes 7 to 10 mm long, hyaline-attenuate; lemma 5 to 6 mm long, fusiform, at maturity plump, more than 1 mm wide, the body at maturity brownish, appressed-pubes- cent, the callus rather blunt; awn 2 to 3 cm long, twice-geniculate. % — Plains and dry slopes, New York (Cobbs Hill, Rochester), Wis- consin to Alberta, south to Kansas and New Mexico (fig. 921). 26. Stipa robusta Scribn. Sleepy grass. (Fig. 922.) Culms robust, mostly 1 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths villous at the throat and on the margin, a strong hispidulous line across the collar; ligul'e 2 to 4 mm long; blades elongate, flat or on the innova- tions involute, those of the culm as much as 8 mm wide; panicle narrow, compact, often more or less interrupted below, as much as 30 cm long and 2 cm thick; glumes about 1 cm long, attenuate into a fine soft point; Figure 919.— Distribution of Stipa lemmoni. Figure 920.— Stipa viridula. Floret, X 1; lemma and summit, of sheath, X 5. (Griffiths 201, S.Dak.) Figure 921.— Distribution of Stipa viridvla. Figure 922.— Stipa robusta. Panicle, X M; lemma, X 5. (Hitchcock 13280, N.Mex.) 436 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE lemma 6 to 8 mm long, about as in S. viridula; awn 2 to 3 cm long, rather obscurely twice-geniculate. % (S. vaseyi Scribn.)— Dry plains and hills and dry open woods, Colorado to northern Mexico (fig. 923). Said to act as a narcotic on animals that graze upon it, especially affecting horses.8 27. Stipa columbiana Macoun. Columbia needlegrass. (tig. 924.) Culms mostly 30 to 60 cm tall, sometimes as much as 1 m; sheaths naked at the throat; ligule 1 to 2 mm long; blades 10 to 25 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide, mostly involute, especially on the innovations, those of the culm sometimes flat; panicle 5 to 15 cm long, narrow, mostly rather dense, often purplish; glumes about 1 cm long; lemma 6 to 7 mm long, pubescent as in S. viri- dula, the body narrower, the callus sharper; awn 2 to 2.5 cm long, twice-geniculate. 01 (S. minor Scribn.) — Dry plains, meadows, and open woods, at medium and high altitudes, Wy- oming to Yukon Territory, south to Texas and California (fig. 925). Differing from S. viridula in the glabrous throat of the sheath and in the shape of the fruit. Stipa columbiana var. nelsoni (Scribn.) Hitchc. Differing in its usually larger size, often as much as 1 m tall, the broader culm blades, and the larger and denser panicle; lemma 6 to 7 mm long; awn as much as 3.5 cm long, sometimes longer. % — Alberta to Washington, south to Colorado and Baja California. 28. Stipa lettermani Vasey. Letterman needlegrass. (Fig. 926.) Resembling small forms of S. columbiana; culms often in large tufts, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades slender, involute; panicle slender, narrow, Figure 923.— Distribution of Stipa robusta. Figure 924.— Stipa columbiana. Pani- cle, X Yi, lemma, X 5. (Nelson 7478, Wyo.) Figure 925.— Distribution of Stipa columbiana. Figure 926.— Stipa lettermani. Flo- ret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Letterman 102, Idaho.) Figure 927.— Distribution of Stipa lettermani. loose, 10 to 15 cm long; glumes about 6 mm long; lemma 4 to 5 mm long, slender and more copiously hairy than in S. columbiana; awn 1 .5 to 2 cm long. % — Open ground or open woods at upper altitudes, Wyoming to Montana and Oregon, south to New Mexico and Cali- fornia (fig. 927). 8 Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 24: 252. 1925. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 437 29. Stipa williamsii Scribn. Williams needlegrass. (Fig. 928.) Differing from S. columbiana chiefly in having more or less pubescent culms, sheaths, and blades; culms 60 to 100 cm tall; panicle 10 to 20 cm long; lemma about 7 mm long; awn usually 3 to 5 cm long. 91 — Dry hills and plains, Montana to Washington, south to Colorado and California (fig. 929). 30. Stipa pinetorum Jones. (Fig. 930.) Culms in large tufts, 30 to 50 cm tall; ligule very short; leaves mostly basal, the blades 5 to 12 cm long, involute-filiform, more or less flexuous, slightly scabrous; panicle narrow, 8 to 10 cm long; glumes about 9 mm long; lemma 5 Figure 929.— Distribution of spirally twisted; glumes uns equal, abruptly long-awned- Figure 961.— Distribution of Aristida divaricata. the first 4 mm long, the second 8 to 10 mm long, the awns usu- ally 10 to 12 mm long; lemma 5 to 6 mm long, extending into a slender twisted column 1 to 3 cm long; awns about equal, 2 to 3 cm long, divergent or Figure 960.— Aristida jlwaricata, X 1. (Talbot, N.Mex.) horizontally spreading, more or less curved or warped at base % — Pine barrens along the coast, South Carolina to Florida and Missis- sippi; Cuba, Puerto Rico (fig. 967). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 451 22. Aristida glafica (Nees) Walp. Reverchon three-awn. (Fig. 968.) Perennial; culms erect, 20 to 40 cm tall; blades involute, mostly curved or flexuous, 5 to 10 cm long, about 1 mm thick; panicle Figure 962.— Aristida hamutosa. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 3. (Type.) narrow, erect, rather few flowered, mostly 8 to 15 cm long, the branches stiffly appressed; first glume 5 to 8 mm long, the second fici I ( \S^ ! Figure 963. — Distribution of Aristida hamutosa. Figure 964.— Aristida patula, X 1. (Hitchcock, Fla.) Figure 965. — Aristida pansa, X 1. (Wooton, N. Mex.) about twice as long; lemma 10 to 12 mm long, tapering into a minutely scabrous, slender, somewhat twisted beak about half the total length of the lemma; awns equal, divergent or horizontally spreading, 1.5 to 452 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE 2.5 cm long. % (A. reverchoni Vasey.) — Dry or rocky hills and piains, Texas to Utah, Nevada, and southern California, south to Puebla, Mexico (fig. 969). 23. Aristida purpurea Nutt. Purple three- awn. (Fig. 970.) Per- ennial, often in large tufts; culms 30 to 50 cm tall; blades usually involute and less than 10 cm long, 1 to 1.5 mm wide when unrolled; Figure 966— Aristida spiciformis, X 1. (Combs and Baker 1115, Fla.) the body tapering to a scarcely beaked summit, tuberculate-scabrous in lines from below the middle to the summit; awns nearly equal, spreading, 3 to 5 cm long. QL — Dry hills and plains, Arkan- sas and Kansas to Utah and southern Figure 967.— Distribution of Aristida spiciformis. panicle narrow, nod- ding, rather lax and loose, usually purplish, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches and longer pedicels capillary, more or less curved or flexu- ous; first glume 6 to 8 mm long, the second about twice as long; lemma about 1 cm long, Figure 969.— Distribution of Aristida glauca. California, south to northern Mexico (fig. 971). Aristida purpurea var. laxiflora Merr. Panicle few-flowered, the capillary branches bearing 1 or 2 spikelets. % — Texas to Arizona. 24. Aristida roemeriana Scheele. (Fig. 972.) Differing from A. purpurea chiefly in the smaller spikelets; first glume 4 to 5 mm FIGURE 968.— Aristida glauca, X 1. (Reverchon 1237, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 453 (A. long; lemma 7 to 8 mm long, the awns about 2 cm long. % micrantha Nash.) — Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. 25. Aristida wrightii Nash. (Fig. 973.) Perennial; culms tufted, erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths villous at the throat and with a more or less hispid or villous line across the collar; blades involute, curved or flexuous; panicle erect, narrow, 15 to 20 cm long; first glume 6 to 7 mm Figure 971.— Distribution of Aristida purpurea. Figure 970.— Aristida purpurea, X 1. (Bush 665, Tex.) long the second about twice as long; lemma 10 to 12 mm long; awns nearly equal, about 2 cm long, divergent. % —Dry plains and hills, lexas, Colorado, and Utah to southern California and central Mexico (fig. 974) 26. Aristida longiseta Steud. Red three-awn. (Fig. 975 ) Peren- nial, often in large bunches; culms 20 to 30 cm tall; blades involute, curved or flexuous, usually less than 15 cm long; panicle narrow, erect 454 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE but not stiff, few-flowered, the axis only a few cm long, the branches ascending or appressed, or the lower more or less curved or flexuous; first glume 8 to 10 mm long, the second about twice as long; lemma terete, 12 to 15 mm long, only slightly narrowed above, glabrous or Figure 972.— Aristida roemeriana, X 1. (Swallen 1585, Tex.) the upper part scaberulous but scarcely tuberculate-scabrous in lines as in A. purpurea; awns about equal, divergent, 6 to 8 cm long. % — Plains and foothills, North Dakota to Montana, south to Texas, Arizona, and northern Mexico (fig. 976). Aristida longiseta var. rariflora Hitchc. Differing in the few-flowered panicles with capillary flexuous branches bear- ing 1 or 2 spikelets. % — Texas to Colorado and Arizona. Aristida longiseta var. ro- busta Merr. Taller and more ro- bust, 30 to 50 cm tall, the blades Figure 974.— Distribution of Aristida wrvjhtii. longer and not in conspicuous bas- al tufts, the panicle longer, stiff er, and the branches more stiffly as- cending, the awns mostly 4 to 5 cm long. % — Same range but more common northward, extend- ing east to Minnesota and west to Oregon and Washington. 27. Aristida fendleriana Steud. Fendler three-awn. (Fig. 977.) Resembling A. longiseta; differing in the numerous short curly blades at the base of the plant, the shorter glumes (the first about 7 mm long), the gradually narrowed lemma, scaberulous on the upper half, Figure 973.— Aristida wrightii, X 1. (Ball 1511, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 455 and the shorter awns (2 to 5 cm long). Qi — Dry plains and hills, South Dakota to Montana, south to Texas, Utah, and southern California (fig. 978). 28. Aristida lanosa Muhl. (Fig. 979.) Perennial; culms solitary or few in a tuft, rather robust, 1 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths lanate-pubescent or rarely glabrous; blades flat, elongate, as much as 4 mm wide; panicle narrow, rather loose, as much as 40 cm long; first glume 12 to Figure 975.— Aristida longiseta, X 1. (Thompson 63, Kan.) 14 mm long, the second about 10 mm, lemma 8 to 9 mm long; central awn horizontally spreading or reflexed from a curved base, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, the lateral half to two-thirds as long, erect or spreading. % — T>ry sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, New Jersey to Florida and Texas, north to Oklahoma and Missouri (fig. 980). 29. Aristida arizonica Vasey. Arizona three- awn. (Fig. 981.) Perennial; culms erect, 30 to 120 cm tall; blades flat, narrowed to a fine involute point or some of them involute throughout, 1 to 4 mm wide, the old ones usually curled or flexuous; panicle narrow, erect, closely flowered or more or less interrupted at base, 10 to 25 cm long; glumes equal or nearly so, awn-pointed, 10 to 15 mm long; lemma 1 to 1.5 cm long, including the more or less twisted beak of about 3 to 5 mm; awns about equal, ascending, 1 to 2 cm long. % — Dry plains, stony hillsides, and open forest, mostly at 1,500 to 2,500 m altitude, southern Colorado, western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, south through Mexico (fig. 982). 30. Aristida stricta Michx. Pineland three-awn. (Fig. 983.) Perennial; culms erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades closely involute, villous on the upper surface above the base (the hairs visible without unrolling the blade), elongate, 1 mm thick; panicle slender, as much as 30 cm long; glumes about equal, 7 to 9 mm long; lemma about 6 Figure 976.— Distribution of Aristida longiseta. 456 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE mm long, scarcely beaked; awns divergent, the central 1 to 1.5 cm long, the lateral a little shorter. 01 — Common in pine barrens, North Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi (fig. 984). 31. Aristida rhizomophora Swallen. (Fig. 985.) Perennial; culms tufted, erect, 65 to 80 cm tall, producing well developed scaly rhizomes ; blades firm, flat or folded, 7 to 10 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, those of the innovations flexuous, as much as 30 cm long; panicle flexuous, 20 to Figure 978.— Distribution of Aristida fendleriana. Figure 979.— Aristida lanosa, X 1. (Canby, Md.) Figure 977 .—Aristida fendleriana, X 1. (Coville 1089, ArizJ Figure 980.— Distribution of Aristida lanosa. 30 cm long, the distant branches somewhat spreading, few-flowered, spikelet-bearing from near the base; glumes acuminate, usually awned, the first 8 to 14 mm long, the second 12 to 17 mm long (including the awn) ; lemma 9 to 12 mm long, the callus 1 mm long, the awns flexuous, curved or loosely twisted at base, spreading, the central often reflexed by a semicircular bend, 18 to 28 mm long, the lateral 15 to 20 mm long. Q[ — Prairies, peninsular Florida. 32. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Arrowfeather. (Fig. 986.) Perennial ; culms tufted from a rather thin weak sometimes decumbent MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 457 Figure 982.— Distribution of Aristida arizonica. Figure 981. — Aristida arizonica, (Rusby, Ariz.) base, slender, 40 to 70 cm or even 1 m tall; blades flat, rather lax and flexuous (especially the old ones), usually less than 2 mm wide; panicle narrow, rather lax and nodding, one- third to half the entire length of the culm; glumes about equal, 9 to 12 mm long; lemma about 7 mm long; awns about equal, divergent or somewhat reflexed, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long. % Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 987). 33. Aristida parishii Hitchc. (Fig. 988.) Per- ennial; culms erect, 30 to 50 cm tall; blades more or less involute, some- times flat, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle narrow, about 15 cm long; glumes short-awned, the first 12 mm long, the second 1 or x i; 2 mm longer; lemma about 12 mm long, tapering into a short straight or obscurely twisted beak; awns about equal, divergent, about 2.5 cm long. Ql — Dry or rocky soil, Arizona and southern California. 34. Aristida affinis (Schult.) Kunth. (Fig. 989.) Perennial; culms tufted from a hard thickened base, stiffly erect, rather stout, 1 to 1.5 m tall; blades flat, becoming loosely invo- lute, elongate, as much as 3 mm wide; panicle narrow, virgate, as much as 50 cm long; glumes equal, about 12 mm long, the first with a distinct nerve on one side (thus 2-nerved); lemma 8 mm long, the straight beak about 1 mm long; central awn horizontally spreading, 1.5 to 3 cm long, the lateral awns erect, two-thirds to three-fourths as long. % (A. palustris Vasey.) — Low pine barrens and flatwoods, North Carolina and Kentucky to Florida and Texas, on the Coastal Plain (fig. 990). 35. Aristida virgata Trim (Fig. 991.) figure ), X 5. (Hitchcock, Tex.) lets forming a false involucre, in some species connate at the base, more or less asymmetric, usually bearing an awn on one side from about the middle (extension of the midnerve of the asymmetric glume) ; lemma and palea hyaline, about equal in length. Perennials, with stiff, solid culms and narrow blades, the groups of spikelets 466 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE appressed to the axis, in terminal spikes. Type species, Hilaria cenchroides H.B.K. Named for Auguste St. Hilaire. All the species are important range grasses. Curly mesquite is the dominant "short grass" of the Texas plains. The larger species are well known on the range in the arid and semiarid regions of the Southwest. They resist close grazing. Culms white felty pubescent 4. H. rigida. Culms not felty pubescent. Cluster of spikelets not flabellate; glumes of lateral spikelet narrowed toward summit-. 3. H. jamesii. Cluster of spikelets flabellate; glumes (at least the outer one) of lateral spikelets broadest toward summit. Glumes subhyaline and fimbriate at summit; plants tufted, not stoloni- ferous 2. H. mutica. Glumes firm, not fimbriate; plants stoloniferous (except in var. longi- folia) 1. H. BELANGERI. 1. Hilaria belangeri (Steud.) Nash. Curly mesquite. (Fig. 1002.) Plants in tufts, sending out slender stolons, these producing new tufts, the internodes of the stolons wiry, 5 to 15 cm long; culms erect, slender, 10 to 30 cm tall, villous at the nodes; blades flat, curly, 1 to 2 mm wide, usually short, crowded at base, form- ing a curly tuft, but sometimes longer and erect; spike usually 2 to 3 cm long, with mostly 4 to 8 clusters of spikelets, the axis flat, the internodes alternately curved, 3 to 5 mm long; group of spikelets 5 to 7 mm long; lateral spikelets attenuate at base, the glumes united below, firm, sca- brous, the outer lobe broadened up- ward, 2- to 3-nerved, the inner much reduced, the midnerve of both glumes extending into short awns, the first glume smaller, the lateral nerves some- times excurrent into awns or teeth (the glumes variable in a single spike); fertile spikelet usually shorter than the sterile, rounded at base; glumes firm with deeply lobed thinner upper part, the midnerves extending into awns mostly exceeding the staminate spikelets; lemma compressed, narrowed above, awnless. % (H. texana Nash.) — Mesas and plains, Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. H. cenchroides H.B.K. , to which this species has commonly been referred, is confined to Mexico. Hilaria belangeri var. longifolia (Vasey) Hitchc. Stolons want- Figure 1003.— Hilaria mutica, X 1. (Tou- rney, Ariz.) ing; blades elongate. 91 (H. longifolia Vasey.) — Arizona and Sonora. 2. Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth. Tobosa grass. (Fig. 1003.) Culms from a tough rhizomatous base, 30 to 60 cm tall, glabrous, the nodes pubescent; blades flat or somewhat involute, rather rigid, 2 to 3 mm wide; spikes 4 to 6 cm long; group of spikelets about 7 mm long; bearded at base; glumes of lateral spikelets very unsymmetrical, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 467 4k \\\ Ml Figure 1004.— Hilaria jamesii. Plant, X ]4\ single spike, X 1; group of spikelets, two views (A), X 5; fertile spikelet (B), staminate spikelet (C), and fertile floret (D), X 5. (Tidestrom 1449, Utah.) 468 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1005.— Distribution of Hilaria jamesii. widened toward the ciliate summit, the nerves flabellate, not excur- rent or barely so; fertile spikelet about equaling the lateral ones, its glumes strongly keeled, cleft into few to several narrow ciliate lobes and slender awns ; lemma exceeding the glumes, mucronate between 2 rounded lobes. % {Pleu- raphis mutica Buckl.) — Dry plains and hills, Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico . 3. Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth. Galleta. (Fig. 1004.) Plants erect, the base often decum- bent or rhizomatous, bearing also tough scaly rhizomes; culms glabrous, the nodes villous; sheaths glabrous or slightly scabrous, sparingly villous around the short membranaceous ligule; blades mostly 2 to 5 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, rigid, soon involute, the upper reduced ; group of spikelets 6 to 8 mm long, long-villous at base, similar to those of H. rigida, but the glumes of lateral spikelets acute, usually with a single awn; lemma of the fer- tile spikelet exceeding its glumes. % (Pleu- raphis jamesii Torr.) — Deserts, canyons, and dry plains, Wyoming and Utah to Texas and Inyo County, Calif, (fig. 1005). 4» Hilaria rigida (Thurb.) Benth. Big GALLETA. (Fig. 1006.) Plants rather robust at base, branching, the branches mostly erect or ascending, the base rather woody, decum- bent or rhizomatous ; culms numerous, rigid, f elty-pubescent, g 1 a b - rate and scabrous above, 50 to 100 cm tall; leaves felty or glabrous, usu- ally woolly at the top of the sheath; blades Spreading, 2 tO 5 Cm Figure 1005.— Hilaria rigida, X 1. (Palmer 494, Utah.) long, or longer on sterile snoots, 2 to 4 mm wide, more or less involute, acuminate into a rigid coriaceous point; group of spikelets about 8 mm long, densely bearded at base; glumes of lateral spikelets thin, long-ciliate, about 7-nerved, usually 2- to 4-lobed at the broad summit and with 1 to 3 nerves excurrent into slender awns, nerves sometimes obscure and scarcely MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 469 excurrent (variable in a single spike); fertile spikelet about equaling the lateral ones, its narrow glumes deeply cleft into few to several acuminate ciliate lobes and slender awns; lemma scarcely exceeding the glumes, thin, ciliate, 2-lobed, tjie midnerve excurrent into a short awn. Ql (Pleuraphis rigida Thurb.) — Deserts, southern Utah and Nevada to southern California and Sonora (fig. 1007). 89. AEGOP0GON Humb. and Bonpl. Spikelets short-pedicellate, in groups of 3, the group short-pedun- culate, spreading, the peduncle disarticulating from the axis and forming a pointed stipe below the group, this falling entire; central spikelet shorter pedicellate, fertile, the 2 lateral ones longer pedi- cellate and staminate or neuter; glumes membranaceous, notched at the apex, the midnerve extending into a delicate awn; lemma and palea thinner than the glumes, extending beyond them, the lemma 3-nerved, the central nerve and sometimes also the lateral ones extending into awns, the palea 2-awned. Low, lax annuals, with short, narrow, flat blades and loose racemes of delicate groups of spike- lets. Type species, Aegopogon cenchroides FlGUKE ]fe%s2?ution of Humb. and Bonpl. Name from Greek aix, goat, and pogon, beard, alluding to the fascicle of awns of the spikelets. 1. Aegopogon tenellus (Cav.) Trin. (Fig. 1008.) Culms 10 to 20 cm long, usually spreading or decumbent; blades 1 to 2 mm wide; racemes 3 to 5 cm long; spikelets, excluding awns, about 2 mm long; lemma and palea of lateral spikelets broad and rounded at summit with a single delicate awn, those of the fertile spikelet nar- rower, with one long and 2 short awns. © — Open ground, moun- tains of southern Arizona and south to northern South America. TRIBE 7. CHLORIDEAE 90. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Sprangletop Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, sessile or short-pediceled, approxi- mate or somewhat distant along one side of a slender rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal or nearly equal, awnless or mucronate, 1-nerved, usually shorter than the first lemma; lemmas obtuse or acute, some- times 2-toothed and mucronate or short-awned from between the teeth, 3-nerved, the nerves sometimes pubescent. Annuals or perennials, with flat blades and numerous usually slender spikes or racemes borne on a common axis forming a long or sometimes short panicle. Type species, Leptochloa virgata. Name from Greek leptos, slender, and chloa, grass, alluding to the slender spikes. The only species of Leptochloa important as a forage grass is L. dubia, or sprangletop, of the Southwest, useful for grazing and for hay. Plants perennial. Lemmas broad, notched at apex, the lateral nerves glabrous 1. L. dubia. Lemmas acute or awned, the lateral nerves pubescent. Lemmas about 3 mm long; panicle flabellate, the axis short. 2. L. CHLORIDIFORMIS. 470 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1008.— Aegopogon tenellus. Plant, X H; group of spikelets, X 5; lateral spikelets and central spikelet, X 10. (Pringle 1407, Mexico.) Lemmas about 1.5 mm long; panicle oblong, the axis relatively long. Sheaths and blades glabrous; lemmas awnless or nearly so. 3. L. VIRGATA. Sheaths and blades sparsely pilose; lemmas awned__ 4. L. domingensis. Plants annual. Sheaths papillose-pilose; first floret not longer than the second glume; spike- lets mostly 1 to 2 mm long 5. L. FILIFORMIS. Sheaths smooth or scabrous, not pilose; spikelets more than 2 mm long. Lemmas awned, awns sometimes minute. Culms freely branching. Lemmas viscid on the back; panicle oval, usually less than 10 cm long, the longer branches usually less than 5 cm long; second glume 1.5 mm long 6. L. viscida. Lemmas not viscid; panicle more than 10 cm long, the longer branches usually as much as 10 cm long; second glume 3 mm long. 7. L. FASCICULARIS. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 471 Lemmas awnless or mucronate only. Florets obtuse, sometimes mucronate. Spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, 6- to 9-fiowered, lead color. 8. L.UN1NERVIA. Spikelets 2 to 3 mm long, 3- to 4-flowered, pale 9. L. nealleyi. Florets acuminate. Sheaths scabrous, keeled and compressed 10. L. scabra. Sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous near apex, scarcely keeled or compressed 11. L. panicoides. Figure 1009.— Leptochloa dubia. Panicle, X 1; two views of floret, X 10. 3572, Fla.) (Small, Carter, and Small g- Figure 1010. — Distribution of Leptochloa dubia. 1. Leptochloa dubia (H. B. K.) Nees. Green sprangletop. (Fi 1009.) Perennial; culms wiry, erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades flat or sometimes folded or loosely involute, scabrous, as much as 1 cm wide, but usually narrower; panicle of few to many spreading or ascending racemes 3 to 12 cm long, approximate or somewhat distant on an axis as much as 15 cm long; spikelets 5- to 8-flowered or in reduced specimens only 2-flow- ered, 5 to 10 mm long; lemmas broad, glabrous on the internerves, obtuse or emarginate, the midnerve sometimes extending into a short point, the florets at maturity widely spreading, very different in appearance from their early phase. 21 — Rocky hills and canyons and sandy soil, southern Florida; Oklahoma (Fort Sill) and Texas to Arizona, south through Mexico; (fig. 1010) Argentina. Racemes of cleistogamous spikelets are often found in the sheaths. 2. Leptochloa chloridiformis (Hack.) Parodi. (Fig. 1011.) Robust tufted perennial, somewhat glaucous; culms erect, 80 to 150 cm tall; sheaths scaberulous; ligule a dense line of white hairs, 1 to 2 mm long; blades erect, elongate, flat, rather firm, 3 to 4 mm wide, villous on the upper surface near the base, the margins scabrous, long-attenuate; panicle long-exserted ; spikes numerous (usually 10 to 15), pale or stramineous, erect at base, flabellate or outcurved above, 10 to 15 cm long, aggregate in 2 or 3 whorls on an axis 3 to 4 cm long; spikelets closely imbricate on a rachis 0.5 mm wide, about 4-flowered, about 4 mm long; glumes acute, the first 1.5 mm long, the second 2.5 to 3 mm long; lemmas keeled, pilose on the margins nearly to apex, the midnerve extending beyond the obtuse tip as a minute mucro, the first and second florets about 3 mm long, the other shorter, not 472 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE extending much beyond the first two. % — Dry open ground, Cameron County, Tex. ; Paraguay and Argentina. 3. Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv. (Fig. 1012.) Perennial; culms wiry, erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat; racemes several to many, saw wdKr/ in Figure 1011.— Ltptochloa chioridiformis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Silveus 622, Tex.) slender, laxly ascending, 5 to 10 cm long, the lower distant, the others often aggregate; spike- lets nearly sessile, mostly 3- to 5-flowered; lemmas 1.5 to 2 mm long, awnless or the lower with a short awn. % — Open ground and grassy slopes, southern Florida and southern Texas; tropical America. 4. Leptochloa domingensis(Jacq.)Trin. (Fig. 1013.) Resembling L. virgata; sheaths and blades sparsely pilose ; panicle more elongate, the race- mes shorter and more numerous; lemmas ap- pressed-pubescent on the internerves, awned, the awn of the lower florets 1 to 3 mm long. 01 — Open ground and grassy slopes, southern Florida; tropical America. 5. Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Red sprangletop. (Fig. 1014.) Annual ; the foliage and panicles often red- dish or purple ; culms erect, or often branching and geniculate below, 40 to 70 cm tall, or often dwarf ; sheaths papillose-pilose, sometimes sparsely so; blades flat, thin, as much as 1 cm wide; panicle somewhat viscid, of numerous approximate slender racemes 5 to 15 cm long, on MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 473 an axis mostly about half the entire length of the culm ; spikelets 3- to 4-flowered, 1 to 2 mm long, rather distant on the rachis; glumes acuminate, longer than the first floret, often as long as the spikelet; lemmas awnless, pubescent on the nerves, 1.5 mm long. © (L. mucronata Kunth.) — Open or shady ground, a common weed in gardens and fields, Virginia to southern Indiana and eastern Kansas, south to Florida and Texas, west to southern California; Massa- Figure 1012.— Leptochloa virgata. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Wilson 9402, Cuba.) chusetts; throughout tropical America (fig. 1015). Much of the material from the Southwest has shorter racemes. Smaller forms occur throughout. These have been called L. attenuata (Nutt.) Steud. 6. Leptochloa viscida (Scribn.) Beal. (Fig. 1016.) Annual, freely branching at base and from all the nodes, spreading or prostrate, the foliage and panicles somewhat viscid; culms 10 to 30 cm tall; blades Figure 1013.— Leptochloa doming ensis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 10055, Trinidad.) flat; panicles ovoid, rather dense, 1 to 8 cm long, tinged with purple, included at base; spikelets 3 to 5 mm long, 5- to 7-flowered; lemmas pubescent on the nerves, about 2 mm long, short-awned. © — Open ground and waste places, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico. 7. Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray. (Fig. 1017.) Annual, somewhat succulent; culms erect to spreading or prostrate, freely branching, 30 to 100 cm tall; blades flat to loosely involute; panicles more or less included, mostly 10 to 20 cm long, often smaller, occa- sionally longer, the racemes several to numerous, as much as 10 cm 474 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1014.- Leptochloa filiformis. Plant, X V*, spikelet and floret, X 10. (Ruth 51, Tenn.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 475 long, usually ascending or appressed, or at maturity spreading; spike- lets usually overlapping, 7 to 12 mm long, 6- to 12-flowered; lemmas 4 to 5 mm long, the lateral nerves pubescent below, acuminate, the awn from short to as long as the body. O (Diplachne jascicularis Beauv.)— Brackish marshes along the coast, New Hampshire to Florida and Texas and in alkali flats, ditches, and marshes, Illinois and South Dakota to Texas, west through Colorado and New Mexico to California; also Washington (Bingen) and Oregon ; south through tropical America to Argentina (fig. 1018.) A pros- trate form has been called Dip- lachne procumbens (Muhl.) Nash and D. maritima Bickn. 8. Leptochloa uninervia (Presl) Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1019.) Resembling L. jascicularis, rather sparingly branching, usually strictly erect, the panicle more oblong in outline, with shorter, denser-flowered racemes; spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, 6- to 9-flowered, lead-color; glumes broader, more obtuse ; lemmas scarcely nar- rowed toward tip, apiculate but not awned, the lat- eral nerves more or less excurrent. © (L. imbricata Thurb.) — Ditches and moist places, Mississippi to Colorado and southern California, south to Mexico ; Peru to Argentina; introduced from Maine to New Jersey (fig. 1020). 9. Leptochloa nealleyi Vasey. (Fig. 1021.) Annual, usually erect and rather robust; culms mostly 1 to 1.5 m tall, simple or sparingly branching at base; sheaths gla- brous or slightly scabrous, mostly keeled; blades elongate, flat to loosely involute; panicle commonly Figure 1015.— Distribution of Leptochloa filiformis. Figure Lepto- chloa viscida. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Mearns 833, Ariz.) Figure 1018.— Distribution of Leptochloa fascicularis. 25 to 50 cm long, not more than 4 cm wide, the racemes subverticillate, overlapping, 2 to 4 cm long, appressed or ascending; spikelets crowded, 3- or 4-flowered, 2 to 3 mm long; lemmas about 1.5 mm long, the apex obtuse, the nerves sparingly pubescent, the lateral close to the margin. © — Marshes, mostly near the coast, Louisiana (Cameron) and Texas; also eastern Mexico. Figure 1017.— Leptochloa fascicularis. Panicle, X 1; two views of floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 7876, Md.) 476 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 10. Leptochloa scabra Nees. (Fig. 1022.) Annual; culms erect, about 1 m tall, somewhat robust and succulent, sparingly branching; sheaths and blades scabrous, the blades elongate, 8 to 12 mm wide; panicle 20 to 40 cm long, not more than 7 cm wide, usually less, the slender racemes crowded, 4 to 8 cm long, ascending or somewhat droop- ing, usually curved or flexuous; spikelets crowded, mostly 3-flowered, about 3 mm long; lemmas acute, awnless, the nerves pubescent. O — Marshes and ditches, Louisiana (near New Orleans) and trop- ical America. 11. Leptochloa pasii- coides (Presl) Hitchc. (Fig. 1023.) Annual; culms erect or spreading, 50 to 100 cm tall, branching; sheaths glabrous; blades thin, 5 to 10 mm wide, scaberulous; panicle oblong, 10 to 20 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, the racemes approximate, 3 to 5 cm long, ascending, rather lax; spikelets 5- to 7-flowered, 4 to 5 mm long; lemmas 2.5 mm long, apiculate, the lateral nerves minutely pubescent at base. O {L. Horibunda Doell.) — Indiana (Posey County), Mississippi (Holmes County), Louisiana, Texas; Brazil (fig. 1024). Figure 1020.— Distribution of Leptochloa uninervia. Figure 1019.— Leptochloa uni- nervia. Panicle, X 1; two views of floret, X 10. (Tharp 3123, Tex.) Figure 1021. — Leptochloa neal- leyi. Panicle, X 1; two views of floret, X 10. (Fisher 25, Tex.) Figure 1022.— Leptochloa scabra. Panicle, X 1; two views of floret, X 10. (Tracy 8388, La.) 91. TRICHONETJRA Anderss. Spikelets few-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, the internodes pilose at base, disarticulating near their summit, the upper part forming a short callus below the floret; glumes about MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 477 equal, 1-nerved, long-acuminate, mostly as long as the spikelet or longer; lemmas bidentate, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves near the mar- gin, the midnerve usually excurrent as a short awn, the margins long-ciliate; palea broad, the nerves near the margin. Annuals or perennials with simple panicles, the spikelets short-pediceled along one side of the main branches. Type species, Trichoneura hookeri Anderss. Name from Greek thrix, hair, and neuron, nerve, alluding to the ciliate nerves of the f^ lemma. 1. Trichoneura elegans Swallen. (Fig. 1025.) Annual, branching at base; culms erect, rather ro- bust, or ascending, 40 to 110 cm tall, several-noded ; sheaths sca- berulous; blades flat, or subinvo- lute toward the tip, scabrous, elongate, 3 to 7 mm wide; panicle erect, 10 to 18 cm long, the axis angled, scabrous; branches nu- merous, stiffly ascending, the low- er 5 to 8 cm long, rather densely flowered; spikelets mostly 5- to 8-flowered, 9 to 10 mm long; glumes about equaling the spike- let, the setaceous tips slightly spreading; lemmas scaberulous toward the obtuse minutely lobed summit, the awn minute, the mar- gins conspicuously ciliate on the lower half to two-thirds, the hairs as much as 1 mm long, o — Sandy soil, southern Texas. 92. TRIPOGON Roth Spikelets several-flowered, subsessile, appressed in two rows along one side of a slender rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes some- what unequal, acute or acuminate, narrow, 1-nerved; lemmas narrow, 3-nerved, bearing at base a tuft of long hairs, the apex bifid, the midnerve extending as a short awn. Our spe- cies a low, tufted perennial, with capillary blades and slender solitary spikes, the spikelets some- what distant. Type species, Tripogon bromoides Roth. Name from Greek treis, three, and pogon, beard, alluding to the hairs at the base of the three nerves of the lemma. 1. Tripogon spicatus (Nees) Ekman. (Fig. 1026.) Culms 10 to 20 cm tall; spike from one-fourth to half the entire height of the plant; spikelets 5 to 8 mm long. % — Rocky hills, central Texas, Mexico; Cuba; South America. Figure 1023. — Leptochloa panicoides. Panicle, X 1. two views of floret, X 10. (Tracy 7451, Miss.) Figure 1024.— Distribution of Leptochloa panicoides. 478 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1025— Trichoneura elegans. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Type.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 479 93. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Spikelets few to several-flowered, compressed, sessile and closely imbricate, in two rows along one side of a rather broad rachis, not prolonged beyond the spikelets; rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal, rather broad, acute, 1-nerved, shorter than the first lemma; lemmas acute, with 3 strong Figure 1026.— Tnpogon spicatas. Plant, X lA; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Nealley 78, Tex.) green nerves close together forming a keel, the uppermost somewhat reduced; seed dark brown, roughened by fine ridges, loosely enclosed in the thin pericarp. Annuals, with two to several rather stout spikes, digitate at the summit of the culms, sometimes with one or two a short distance below, or rarely with a single spike. Type spe- cies, Eleusine coracana. Name from Eleusis, the town where De- meter was worshipped. 55974°— 35 31 480 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1027— EUusine indica. Plant, X H; spikelet, floret, and seed (without pericarp), X 5. (Fredholra 5331, Fla.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 481 1. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Goosegrass. (Fig. 1027.) Branching at base, ascending to prostrate, very smooth; culms com- pressed, usually less than 50 cm long, but sometimes as much as 1 m; blades flat or folded, 3 to 8 mm wide; spikes mostly 2 to 6, rarely more, or but 1 in depauperate plants, flat, 4 to 15 cm long. © — Waste places, fields, and open ground, Massachusetts to South Dakota and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas; occasional in Oregon and California (fig. 1028); introduced; a common weed in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Eleusine tristachya Lam. Spikes 1 to 3, rarely more, 1 to 2.5 cm long, 8 to 10 mm thick; resembling E. indica, but the spikes short and thick, o — On ballast, Camden, N.J. and Mobile, Ala.; Portland, Oreg. and elsewhere; tropical Africa; introduced in tropical South America. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. African millet. More robust than E. indica; spikes thicker, heavier, sometimes incurved at the tip, 7 •' i ', •, a |,. , j . r,£ Figure 1028.— Distribution of brownish at maturity. A cultivated form ot Eleusine Mica. E. indica; the seed used for food among primi- tive peoples in Africa and southern Asia. © — Occasionally grown at experiment stations. Called also ragi, coracan millet, and finger millet. 94. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, compressed, sessile and closely imbricate, in two rows along one side of the rather narrow flat rachis, the end projecting in a pomt beyond the spikelets; racliilla disarticulating above the first glume and between the florets; glumes somewhat unequal, broad, 1-nerved, the first persistent upon the rachis, the second mucronate or short-awned below the tip, deciduous; lemmas firm, broad, keeled, acuminate or short-awned, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves indistinct, the upper floret reduced ; palea about as long as the lemma; seed subglobose, ridged or wrinkled, enclosed in a thin, early- disappearing pericarp. Annuals or perennials with flat blades and two to several short thick spikes, digitate and widely spreading at the summit of the culms. Type species, Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Name from Greek daktulos, finger, and ktenion, a little comb, alluding to the pectinate arrangement of the spikelets. 1. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Richt. (Fig. 1029.) Culms compressed, spreading with ascending ends, rooting at the nodes, branching, commonly forming radiate mats, usually 20 to 40 cm long, sometimes as much as 1 m; blades flat, ciliate; spikes 1 to 5 cm long. © —Open ground, waste places, and fields, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida and Arizona, ,also occasional at more northern points (Maine to New Jersey; Illinois); tropical America (fig. 1030); introduced from tropical regions of the Old World. 95. CYNODON Rich. {Capriola Adans.) Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, sessile in two rows along one side of a slender continuous rachis and appressed to it, the rachilla dis- articulating above the glumes and prolonged behind the palea as a 482 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure WZ>.-Dactytoctenium aegyptium. Plant, X Vi\ spikelet floret, and seed (without pericarp), X 5. (Small and Heller 378, rs.OJ MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 483 slender naked bristle, sometimes bearing a rudimentary lemma; glumes narrow, acuminate, 1-nerved, about equal, shorter than the floret; lemma firm, strongly compressed, pu- bescent on the keel, 3-nerved, the lateral nervea close to the margins. Perennial, usually low grasses, with creeping stolons or rhizomes, short blades, and several slender spikes digitate at the summit of the upright culms. Type species, Cynodon dactylon. Name from kuon (kun-), dog, and odous, tooth, alluding to the sharp hard scales of the rhizome. 1. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda grass. (Fig. 1031.) Extensively creeping by scaly rhizomes or by strong flat stolons, the Figure 1030.— Distribution of Ductyloctenium aegyptium. Figure 1031.— Cynodon dactylon. Plant, X Vz\ spikelet and two views of floret, X 5. (Kearney, Tenn.) old bladeless sheaths of the stolon and the lowest one of the branches often forming conspicuous pairs of "dog's teeth"; flowering culms flattened, usually erect or ascending, 10 to 40 cm tall; ligule a con- 484 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE spicuous ring of white hairs; blades flat, those of the innovations often conspicuously distichous; spikes usually 4 or 5, 2.5 to 5 cm long; spikelets imbricate, 2 mm long, the lemma boat-shaped, acute. % (Capriola dactylon JLnntze.) — Open ground, grassland, fields, and waste places, common, Maryland to Oklahoma, south to Florida and Texas, west to California; also occasional north of this region (New Hampshire to Michigan, Oregon) (fig. 1032); warm regions of both hemispheres, introduced in America. Bermuda grass is the most important pasture grass of the Southern States, and is also widely utilized there as a lawngrass. On alluvial ground it may grow sufficiently rank to be cut for hay. It prop- FiGDRE^io32.-D^stribution of agates readily by its rhizomes and stolons, and on this account may become a troublesome weed in cultivated fields. This grass is known also as wire-grass (especially the weedy form in fields). A more robust form, found along the seacoast of Florida, has been called C. marilimus, though the type of that (from Peru) is characteristic C. dactylon. There are large areas of Bermuda grass around the Roosevelt Dam, xlriz., where it survives submergence and furnishes grazing at low water. 96. WILLKOMMIA Hack. Spikelets 1-flowered, dorsally compressed, sessile in two rows on one side of a slender rachis and appressed to it, the rachilla somewhat lengthened below and above the second glume, disarticulating just above it, not prolonged above the floret; glumes thin, unequal, the first narrow, nerveless, the second 1-nerved; lemma awnless, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves near the margin, the back of the lemma sparingly pubescent between the nerves, the margins densely covered with silky hairs; nerves of the palea densely silky hairy. Annuals or perennials, with several short spikes racemose on a slender axis; our species a low tufted perennial. Type species, Willkommia sarmentosa Hack. Named for H. M. Willkomm. 1. Willkommia texana Hitchc. (Fig. 1033.) Culms erect to spreading, 20 to 40 cm tall; blades flat or more or less involute, short; spikes few to several, 2 to 5 cm long, somewhat overlapping or the lower distant, appressed, the axis 4 to 15 cm long; spikelets about 4 mm long, narrow, acute; first glume about two- thirds as long as the second, obtuse; second glume subacute; lemma about as long as the second glume. % — Spots of "hard pan", central and southern Texas. A stoloniferous form has been found in Argentina. 97. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile and somewhat distant in two rows on one side of a slender, continuous 3-angled rachis, appressed to its slightly concave sides, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, not prolonged; glumes narrow, stiff, somewhat unequal, acuminate, 1-nerved; lemmas narrow, acuminate, a little longer than the glumes, 3-nerved. Low, tufted perennial, with stiff, slender, divergent spikes arranged rather remotely along a common axis. Type species, Schedonnardus texanus Steud. (S. paniculatus) . Name from Greek schedon, near, and Nardus, a genus of grasses (Steudel places Schedon- nardus next to Nardus in his classification). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 485 Figure 1033.— Wiilkommia texana. Plant, X Vr, two views of spikelet and floret, X 5. (Tracy 8903, Tex. 486 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure mi.-Schedonnardus panicuiatus. Plant, X ii; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Hall 797, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 487 1. Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. Tumblegrass. (Fig. 1034.) Culms 20 to 40 cm tall; leaves crowded at the base; blades flat, mostly 2 to 5 cm long, about 1 mm wide, wavy; spikes 2 to 10 cm long; spikelets narrow, acuminate, about 4 mm long. The axis of the inflorescence elongates after flowering, becoming 30 to 60 cm long, curved in a loose spiral ; the whole breaks away at maturity and rolls before the wind as a tumbleweed. % — Prairies and plains, Illinois to Saskatchewan and Montana, south to Texas and Arizona; Argentina (fig. 1035). This species forms an inconsiderable part of the forage on the Great Plains. 98. BECKMANNIA Host. Sloughgrass Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, laterally com- pressed, subcircular, nearly sessile and closely ^SSSS^S^^1 imbricate, in two rows along one side of a slender continuous rachis, disarticulating below the glumes, falling entire; glumes equal, inflated, obovate, 3-nerved, rounded above but the apex apiculate; lemma narrow, 5-nerved, acuminate, about as long as the glumes; palea nearly as long as the lemma. Erect, rather stout annuals with flat blades and numerous short appressed or as- cending spikes in a narrow more or less interrupted panicle. Type species, Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host, to which our species was formerly referred. Named for Johann Beckmann. 1. Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald. American slough- grass. (Fig. 1036.) Light green; culms 30 to 100 cm tall; panicle 10 to 25 cm long, the erect branches 1 to 5 cm long; spikes crowded, 1 to 2 cm long; spikelets 1 -flowered, 3 mm long; glumes transversely wrinkled and with a deep keel, the acuminate apex of the lemma protruding, o — Marshes and ditches, Manitoba to Alaska, south to Illinois, Kansas, New Mexico, and California; New York, Ohio (fig. 1037); Asia. The European B. erucaeformis (L.) Host has 2- flowered spikelets. Our species is palatable to stock, sometimes suffi- ciently abundant locally to be an important forage grass, and is not infrequently cut for hay. 99. SPARTINA Schreb. Cordgrass Spikelets 1-flowered, much flattened laterally, sessile and usually closely imbricate on one side of a continuous rachis, disarticulating below the glumes, the rachilla not produced beyond the floret; glumes keeled, 1-nerved, acute or short-awned, the first shorter, the second often exceeding the lemma; lemma firm, keeled, the lateral nerves obscure, narrowed to a rather obtuse point; palea 2-nerved, keeled and flattened, the keel between or at one side of the nerves. Erect, often stout tall perennials, with usually extensively creeping, firm, scaly rhizomes (wanting in Spartina spartinae, S. bakeri, and some- times in S. patens var. caespitosa), long tough blades, and two to many appressed or sometimes spreading spikes racemose on the main axis, the slender tips of the rachises naked, often prolonged. Type species, Spartina schreberi Gmel. Name from Greek spartine, a cord made from spartes {Spartium junceum) , probably applied to Spartina because of the tough leaves. 488 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Fiquee 1036— Beckmannia syzigachne. Plant, X Vi, spikelet and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 4668, Alaska.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 489 Figure 1037.— Distribution of Bcckmanma syzigachne. The species with rhizomes often form extensive colonies to the ex- clusion of other plants. They are important soil binders and soil builders in coastal and interior marshes. A European species, S. toivnsendi H. and J. Groves, has in recent years assumed much importance, especially in southern England, the Netherlands, and northern France, as a soil builder along the coast where it is reclaiming extensive areas of marsh land. The marsh hay of the Atlantic coast, much used for packing and formerly for bedding, often consists largely of S. patens. Blades usually more than 5 mm wide, flat when fresh, at least at base, the tip involute; plants mostly robust and more than 1 m tall. First glume as long as the floret, slender-acuminate, the second with an awn as much as 7 mm long; spikes somewhat distant, mostly more or less spreading 1. S. pectinata. First glume shorter than the floret, acute, the second acute or mucronate but not slender-awned; spikes approximate, usually appressed. Blades very scabrous on the margins; glumes strongly hispid-scabrous on the keels.' 2. S. cynosuroides. Blades glabrous throughout or minutely scabrous on the margins; glumes glabrous or usually softly hispidulous or ciliate on the keels. Inflorescence dense and spikelike, the spikes closely imbricate; the spike- lets mostly somewhat curved, giving a slightly twisted effect; blades mostly comparatively short 3. S. leiantha. Inflorescence less dense, the spikes more slender, less crowded, the spike- lets not curved, the inflorescence with no suggestion of a twist. 4. S. ALTERNIFLORA. Blaoes less than 5 mm wide (rarely more in S. gracilis); involute (sometimes flat in S. gracilis) ; plants mostly slender and less than 1 m tall (taller in S. bakeri). Inflorescence dense, cylindric; spikes numerous 5. S. spartinae. Inflorescence not cylindric; spikes not more than 10, usually fewer. Creeping rhizomes absent (see also S. patens var. caespitosa) ; plants in large hard tufts with tall culms (1.5 to 2 m) and long slender blades. 6. S. BAKERI. Creeping rhizomes present (except in S. patens var. caespitosa) ; plants usually less than 1 m tall. Spikelets crowded, the spikes mostly thick, erect; Western States. 7. S. GRACILIS. Spikelets less crowded, the spikes relatively slender, ascending; Atlantic seacoast 8. S. patens. 1. Spartina pectinata Link. Prairie cordgrass. (Fig. 1038.) Culms 1 to 2 m tall, firm or wiry; blades elongate, flat when fresh, soon involute in drying, as much as 1.5 cm wide, very scabrous on the margins; spikes mostly 10 to 20, sometimes fewer or as many as 30, mostly 4 to 8 cm long, ascending, sometimes appressed, rarely spreading, on rather slender peduncles; glumes hispid-scabrous on the keel, the first acuminate or short-awned, about as long as the floret, the second exceeding the floret, tapering into an awn as much as 7 mm long; lemma glabrous except the scabrous keel, 7 to 9 mm long, the apex with two rounded teeth; palea usually a little longer than the lemma, % (S. michauxiana Hitchc.) — Fresh-water marshes, Newfoundland and Quebec to eastern Washington and Oregon, south to North Carolina, Kentucky, Illinois, Arkansas, Texas, and New Mexico ; in the Eastern States extending into brackish marshes along the coast (fig. 1039). 2. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth. Big cordgrass. (Fig. 1040.) Culms 1 to 3 m tall, stout, the base sometimes as much as 2 cm thick; blades flat, 1 to 2.5 cm wide, very scabrous on the margins; spikes 490 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure WZS.-Spartina pectmata. Plant, X Hi spikelet and floret, X 5. (Worthern, Mass.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 491 numerous, ascending, approximate, often dark colored, usually more or less peduncled, mostly 3 to 8 cm long; spike- lets about 12 mm long; glumes acute, hispid- scabrous on the keel, the first much shorter than the floret, the second longer than the floret, sometimes rather long-acuminate ; lemma not toothed at apex; palea a little longer than the lemma. 01 (S. polystachya Beauv.) — Salt or brackish marshes along the coast, Mas- sachusetts to Florida and Texas (fig. 1041). 3. Spartina leiantha Benth. (Fig. 1042.) Figure 1039.— Distribution of Spartina pectinata. Figure 1040. — Spartina cvnosuroidcs. Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Boettcher 444, Va.) blades 0.5 to 2.5 m tall; the culms soft and spongy or succulent at base, often 1 cm or more thick; blades flat, tapering to a long involute tip, 0.5 to 1.5 cm wide; spikes appressed, 5 to 15 cm long; spikelets somewhat remote, barely overlapping or sometimes more imbricate, mostly 10 to 11 mm long; glumes gla- brous or hispid on the keel, the first acute, narrow, shorter than the lemma, the second Culms 30 to 120 cm tall, stout, as much as 1 cm thick at base, somewhat spongy, usually rooting from the lower nodes; blades 8 to 12 mm wide at the flat base, gradually narrowed to a long involute tip, smooth through- out; inflorescence dense, spikelike, about 15 cm long; spikes numerous, approxi- mate, closely appressed, 3 to 5 cm long; spikelets very flat, 9 to 12 mm long, occasionally longer; glumes firm, glabrous or hispid-ciliate on keel, acute, the first narrow, half to two- thirds as long as second, smooth, the second sparingly hispidulous and striate- nerved ; lemma hispidulous on sides, mostly smooth on keel, shorter than the second glume ; palea thin, longer than the lemma. 01 (S. foliosa Trin.) — Salt marshes along the coast from San Francisco Bay, Calif., to Baja Cali- fornia. 4. Spartina alterniflora Lois. Smooth cordgrass. (Fig. 1043.) Smooth through- out or the margins of the minutely scabrous, Figure 1041 — Distribution of Spartina cynosuroides. obtusish, a little 492 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE longer than the lemma; floret sparingly pilose or glabrous. 01 — Salt marshes along the coast, often growing in the water, Quebec and Newfoundland to Florida and Texas (fig. 1044); Atlantic coast of Europe. Through the southern part of the range of the species the spike- lets are often more imbricate. The imbri- cate form with glabrous spikelets has been differentiated a s #. alterniflora var. glabra (Muhl.) Fernald; that with sparsely pilose spikelets as S. alterni- flora var. pilosa (Merr.) Fernald. 5. Spartina spartinae (Trim) Merr. (Fig. 1045.) In large dense tufts with- out rhizomes; culms stout, 1 to 2 m tall ; blades narrow, firm, strongly involute; spikes short and appressed, closely imbricate, forming a dense cylindric inflor- escence 10 to 30 cm long; spikelets closely imbricate, 6 to 8 mm long; glumes hispid-ciliate on the keel, the first shorter than the lemma, the second usual- ly a little longer. 01 (S. junciformis Engelm. and Gray.)— Marshes, swamps, and moist prairies near the coast, Florida to Texas and eastern Mexico (fig. 1046). 6. Spartina bakeri Merr. (Fig. 1047.) In large dense tufts without rhizomes; culms stout, 1 to 2 m tall; blades 4 to 8 mm wide, involute or occasion- ally flat; inflorescence 12 to 18 cm long, the spikes 5 to 12, 3 to 6 cm long, appressed; spikelets closely appressed, 6 to 8 mm long; glumes scabrous, hispid-ciliate on the keel, the first about half as long as the lemma, the second longer, acuminate. 01 ■ — South Carolina, Georgia, and Figure 1042. — Spartina leian- tha. Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Heller 13871, Calif.) Figure 1043.— Spartina alter- niflora. Panicle, X 1; spike- let, X 5. (Scribner 155, Maine.) Figure 1044. — Distribution of Spartina alterniflora. Sandy soil, Florida. 7. Spartina gracilis Trin. Alkali cordgrass. (Fig. 1048.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, becoming involute, 15 to 20 cm long, very scabrous above, mostly less than 5 mm wide; spikes few, 4 Figure 1045.— Spartina spartinae. Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Hitchcock, Tex.) to 8, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 493 Figure 1046.— Distribution of Spartina spartinae. a •JJ m closely appressed, 1 to 1.5 cm long; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long; glumes, ciliate on the keel, acute, the first about half as long as the second; lemma nearly as long as second glume, ciliate on keel; palea as long as lemma, obtuse. 91 — Alkaline meadows and plains, Saskatchewan to British Colum- bia, south to Colorado and through eastern Washington to Arizona (fig. 1049). 8. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Saltmeadow cordgrass. (Fig. 1050.) Culms slender, mostly less than 1 m tall, with long slender rhizomes; blades some- times flat but mostly involute, less than 3 mm wide; spikes 2 to several, appressed to somewhat spreading, 2 to 5 cm long, rather remote on the axis; spikelets 7 to 12 mm long; first glume about half as long as the floret, the second longer than the lemma; lemma 5 to 7 mm long, emarginate at apex; palea a little longer than the lemma. Ql — Salt marshes and sandy meadows along the coast, Quebec to Florida and Texas, and in saline marshes inland, New York and Michigan (fig. 1051). The smaller, more southern form, with slightly smaller and more closely imbricate spikelets has been distinguished as S. juncea (Michx.) Willd. (S. patens var. juncea Hitchc.) — New Jersey to Florida. Spartina patens var. caespit6sa (A. A. Eaton) Hitchc. An ambiguous form resembling S. patens, but growing in large tufts without rhizomes. Ql — Salt marshes, New Hampshire to New York. Larger tufted forms with rhizomes are found at Chesapeake Figure ] 047.— Spar Una baker i. Pan- icle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Type.) Figure 1049.— Distribution of Spartina gracilis. Figure 1048.— Spartina gracilis. Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Rydberg 2080, Mont.) Beach, Md., and Virginia Beach, Va. 100. CTENIUM Panz. (Campulosus Desv.) Spikelets several-flowered but with only one perfect floret, sessile and pectinately arranged on one side of a continuous rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes; first glume small, hyaline, 494 MISC. PUBLICATION" 2 0 0, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 1-nerved, the second about as long as the lemmas, firm, 3- to 4-nerved, bearing on the back a strong divergent awn ; lemmas rather papery, 3- nervecl, with long hairs on the lat- eral nerves and a short straight or curved awn on the back just below the apex, the first and second lemmas empty, the third enclosing a perfect flower, the upper 1 to 3 empty and succes- sively smaller. Erect, slender, rather tall perennials, with us- ually solitary, often curved spikes. Type species, Gtenium carolinianum Panz. (G. aro- maticum). Name from Greek ktenion, a little comb, alluding to the pectinate arrangement of the spikelets. Plants forming dense tussocks ; second glume with a row of prominent glands on each side of the mid- nerve; awn stout, at maturity horizontal or nearly so; ligule about 1 mm long 1. C. AROMATICUM. Plants with slender scaly rhizomes; second glume glandless or with obscure glands ; awn rather slen- der, not horizontally spreading; ligule 2 to 3 mm long 2. C. FLORIDANTJM. 1. Ctenium aromaticum (Walt.) Wood. Toothache grass. (Fig. 1052.) Culms 1 to 1.5 m tall, the old sheaths per- sistent and fibrillose at base; ligule about 1mm long; blades flat or involute, stiff; spike 5 to 15 cm long; spikelets 5 to 7 mm long. 91 (Gtenium carolinianum Panz.) — Wet pine barrens, Coastal Plain, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1053). The roots spicy when freshly dug. Furnishes fair cattle forage in moist pine bar- rens of Florida. 2. Ctenium floridanum (Hitchc.) Hitchc. (Fig. 1054.) Differs from G. aromaticum in having creeping scaly rhizomes, ligule 2 to 3 mm long, second glumes with longer, more slender awns and without glands or with only obscure ones. % (Erroneously referred by American authors to Gampulosus chapadensis Trin.) — Moist pine barrens, Florida. FiGCBE 1050. — Spartina patens. Panicle, X 1 ; spikelet, X 5. (Killip 6359, Md.) Figure 1051. — Distribution of Spartina patens. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 495 Figure 1052.— Ctenium aromaticum. Plant, X Yi\ spikelet and fertile floret, X 5. (McCarthy, N.C.) 55974°— 35 32 496 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1053.— Distribution of Ctenium aromaticum. ■ fc&£ 101. GYMNOPOGON Beauv. Spikelets 1- or rarely 2- or 3-flowered, nearly sessile, appressed and usually remote in two rows along one side of a slender continuous rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and prolonged behind the one or more fertile florets as a slender stipe, bearing a rudiment of a floret, this sometimes with 1 or 2 slender awns ; glumes narrow, acuminate, 1 -nerved, usually longer than the floret; lemmas narrow, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves near the margin, the apex minutely bifid, bearing between the teeth a slender awn, rarely awnless. Perennials or rarely annuals (ours perennial), with short, stiff, flat blades, often folded in drying, numerous long slender divergent or reflexed spikes, approximate on a slender stiff axis. Type species, Gymnopo- gon racemosus Beauv. (G. am- biguus). Name from Greek gumnos, naked, and pogon, beard, alluding to the naked prolongation of the rachilla. Awn longer than the lemma 1. G. AMBIGTJTTS. Awn shorter than the lemma or none. Spikes subcapillary, naked for 1 to several cm at base; spikelets 1-flowered. 2. G. BREVIFOLIUS. Spikes stouter, floriferous from base; spikelets 2- or 3-flowered, the rachilla zigzag 3. G. CHAPMANIANUS. 1. Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B. S. P. (Fig. 1055.) Culms 30 to 60 cm tall in small clumps with short scaly rhizomes, suberect to spread- ing, rigid, sparingly branching; leaves numerous, approximate with overlapping sheaths, or the lower rather distant; blades spreading, 5 to 15 mm, mostly about 10 mm wide, the base rounded-truncate; spikes 10 to 20 cm long, floriferous from base, the lower spikelets often remote; glumes 4 to 6 mm long; lemma with an awn 4 to 6 mm long, the rudiment bearing a delicate shorter awn. % — Dry pinelands, Coastal Plain, New Jersey to Florida and Texas; dry woods, Tennessee to Kansas and south (fig. 1056). 2. Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. (Fig. 1057.) Differing from G. ambiguus in the longer, more slender, somewhat straggling culms, Figure 1054. — Ctenium floridanum. Plant, X 1; glumes and florets, X 5. (Combs 702a, Fla.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 497 Figure 1055.— Gymnopogon ambiguus. Plant, X H; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Tracy 8292, Tex.) 498 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE narrower, less crowded blades, and in the subcapillary spikes, florif- erous only on the upper half or third; lemma awnless or with a minute awn. 91 — Dry ground, Coastal Plain, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1058). 3. Gymnopogon chapmanianus Hitchc. (Fig. 1059.) Culms 30 to 40 cm tall, in small tufts, ascending, sparingly branching from lower nodes, rigid; leaves approximate toward the base, the blades 5 to 6 cm long, about 5 mm wide, sharp-pointed, often subinvolute in dry- ing; spikes ascending to spreading (not reflexed), floriferous from base, spikelets not remote, 2- or 3-flowered, the florets somewhat spreading; lemmas pubescent, with a minute awn or awnless; palea very narrow, arched. % — Sandy pinelands, Florida. 102. CHLCllIS Swartz. Fingergrass Spikelets with 1 perfect floret, sessile, in two rows along one side of a continuous rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, Figure 1056.— Distribution of Gymnopogon ambigttus. Figure 1057. —Gymnopogon brevifolius. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Chase 3069, Va.) produced beyond the perfect floret and bearing 1 to several reduced florets consisting of empty lemmas, these often truncate, and, if more than one, the smaller ones usually enclosed in the lower, form- ing a somewhat club-shaped rudiment; glumes somewhat unequal, the first shorter, narrow, acute; lemma keeled, usually broad, 1- to 5- nerved, often villous on the callus and villous or long-ciliate on the keel or marginal nerves, awned from between the short teeth of a bifid apex, the awn slender or sometimes reduced to a mucro, the sterile lemmas awned or awn- less. Tufted perennials or sometimes annuals with flat or folded scabrous blades and' two to several sometimes showy and feathery spikes aggregate at the summit of the culms. Type species, Chloris cruciata (L.) Swartz. Named for Greek Chloris, the goddess of flowers. Figure 1058.— Distribution of Gymnopogon brevifolius. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 499 Several species are found on the plains of Texas, where they form part of the forage for grazing animals. C. virgata is a rather common annual weed in the Southwest especially in alfalfa fields. It may be locally abundant and then furnishes considerable forage. C. gayana, Khodes grass, is cultivated in the irrigated regions of the Southwest, where it is valuable as a meadow grass. It is also used in the Hawaiian Islands on some ranches in the drier regions. Figure 1059.— Gymnopogon chapmanianus. Plant, X 1; florets, X 5. (Tracy 7102, Fla.) Lemmas firm, dark brown, awnless or mucronate. Perennials with strongly compressed culms and sheaths, and firm flat or folded blades abruptly rounded at the tip Section 1. Eustachys. Lemmas distinctly awned, (awn very short in C. cucullata), pale or fuscous. Section 2. Euchloris. Section 1. Eustachys Spikes numerous, usually more than 10 1. C. glauca. Spikes usually not more than 6. Spikelets 2 mm long; lemmas dark 2. C. petraea. Spikelets 3 mm long; lemmas pale to golden brown until maturity. Spikes 2, sometimes 1 or 3 3. C. floridana. Spikes 4 to 6 4. C. neglecta. Section 2. Euchloris Rudiment narrow, oblong, acute, often inconspicuous. (Second rudiment truncate in C. gayana?) Plant producing long, stout stolons 5. C. gayana. Plant not stoloniferous (occasionally with short stolons in C. andropogonoid.es) . Fertile lemma about 2.5 mm long; plants mostly less than 50 cm tall; spikes mostly less than 10 cm long 7. C. andropogonoides. Fertile lemma 4 to 7 mm long; plants 40 to 100 cm or more tall; spikes mostly more than 10 cm long. Blades folded, abruptly acute' or rounded; spikes whorled, naked at base. 8. C. texensis. Blades flat, long-acuminate; spikes racemose on a short axis, solitary or in small fascicles 6. C. chloridea. Rudiment truncate-broadened at apex, usually conspicuous (rather narrow in C. virgata). Lemma conspicuously ciliate-villous, the spikes feathery. Plants annual. Lemma long-ciliate on the lateral nerves near apex. 9. C. VIRGATA. Plants perennial. Spikes flexuous, nodding, mostly 10 to 15 cm long; hairs much exceeding the spikelets 10. C. polydactyla. Spikes straight or subflexuous, 5 to 7 cm long; hairs about equaling the spikelets 11. C. ciliata. 500 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Lemma minutely ciliate on the nerves or glabrous, the spikes not feathery. Awn of fertile lemma usually 3 to 6 mm long; spikes mostly 7 to 12 cm long, the spikelets not closely crowded 12. C. verticillata. Awn of fertile lemma usually less than 3 mm long; spikes usually less than 6 cm long, the spikelets crowded. Awns about 1 mm long; rudiment prominent, inflated, broadly triangular- truncate, about 1.5 mm wide as folded at summit. 15. C. CTJCTJLLATA. Awns 2 to 3 mm long; rudiment not inflated, not more than 1 mm wide as folded at summit. Rudiment oblong-cuneate, about 0.6 mm wide as folded at summit. 13. C. SUBDOLICHOSTACHYA. Rudiment triangular-truncate, about 1 mm wide as folded at summit. 14. C. LATISQTJAMEA. Figure 10G0.— Chloris glauca. Plant, X 1; florets, X 5. (Combs and Baker 1143, Fla.) Section 1. Eustachys (Desv.) Reichenb. Lemmas firm, brown to blackish, awnless or mucronate only; glumes scabrous, the second mucronate from a notched or truncate summit. Perennials. 1. Chloris glauca (Chapm.) Wood. (Fig. 1060.) Glaucous; culms erect, compressed, stout, 70 to 150 cm tall; basal sheaths several, broad, compressed, keeled, overlapping and equitant, those of the succeeding 1 or 2 distant nodes similar, 2 to 4 leaves aggregate; MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 501 Figure 1062.— Distribution of Chloris petraea. blades flat or folded, as much as 1 cm wide, the tip abruptly rounded ; spikes several to many (as many as 20), ascending, 7 to 12 cm long; spikelets about 2 mm long; lemma glabrous or scaberulous on the nerves. % {Eu- stachys glauca Chapm.) — Brackish marshes, wet prairies, and swamps, North Carolina (Wilmington), Georgia (Baker County), and Florida. 2. Chloris petraea Swartz. (Fig. 1061.) Often glaucous, sometimes pur- plish ; culms slen- der, as much as 100 cm tall, more or less decumbent and rooting or produc- ing distinct sto- lons; sheaths com- pressed, strongly keeled, usually 2 to 4 aggregate at the lower 1 or 2 nodes; blades 3 to 8 mm wide, often short and numerous on the stolons; spikes mostly 4 to 6, 4 to 10 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long; lemma mucronate, short-ciliate on the nerves. 01 (Eustachys petraea Desv.) — Strands, sandy fields, and open pine woods, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida and Texas; tropical America (fig. 1062). 3. Chloris floridana (Chapm.) Wood. (Fig. 1063.) Culms slender, 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths compressed, crowded at base but not paired or aggregate at succeed- ing nodes; blades 3 to 7 mm wide, somewhat narrowed toward the acutish tip; spikes mostly 2, sometimes 1 or 3, 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets 3 mm long; second glume with an awn about 1 mm long; lemma with a slender mucro 0.5 to 1 mm long, stiffly ciliate on keel and lateral nerves. 01 (Eustachys floridana Chapm.)— Dry sandy woods and open ground, Georgia and Florida. 4. Chloris neglecta Nash. (Fig. 1064.) Differing from C. floridana in having usually taller, stouter culms, the leaves sometimes paired at the lower nodes; spikes 3 to 8, mostly 4 to 6. % (Eustachys _ neglecta Nash.) — Open sandy woods and swamps, Florida. Chloris distichophylla Lag. Culms about 1 m tall; spikes several (as many as 20), drooping, feathery; lemma ciliate with silky hairs 1 mm long. 01 — Es- caped from cultivation in southern California. A specimen from Bastrop, Tex., is probably also an escape from cultivation; South America. Figure 1061. — Chloris X 1; florets, X 5. petraea.. Plant, (Curtiss, Fla.) ill Section 2. Euchl6ris Endl. Lemmas tawny to grayish or fuscous, awned; glumes acute to acuminate. Mostly perennial. Figure 1063.— Chloris flori- dana. Panicle, X l; florets, X 5. (Nash 2198, Fla.) 502 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 5. Chloris gayana Kunth. Rhodes grass. (Fig. 1065.) Culms 1 to 1.5 m tall with long, stout, leafy stolons, the internodes com- pressed, tough and wiry; blades 3 to 5 mm wide, tapering to a fine point; spikes several to numerous, erect or ascending, 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets crowded, pale-tawny; lemma 3 mm long, hispid on the margin near the summit, more or less hispidulous below, the awn 1 to 5 mm long; rudiment commonly of 2 florets, the lower rather narrow, the awn usually somewhat shorter than that of the fertile lemma, the upper minute, broad, truncate. % — Cultivated for forage in warmer regions, escaped into fields and waste places, North Carolina and from Florida to southern Cali- fornia and in tropical America (fig. 1066); introduced from Africa._ A promising meadow grass in irri- gated regions. 6. Chloris chloridea (Presl) Hitchc. (Fig. 1067.) Culms slen- der, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, 3 to 7 mm wide, long-acuminate; spikes slender, few to several, mostly 8 to 15 cm long, approxi- mate on an axis 2 to 10 cm long; spikelets appressed, not crowded; lemma narrow, glabrous, somewhat scaberulous toward the tip, about 6 mm long, the awn 10 to 12 mm long; rudiment very narrow, awned. Q[ (C. clandestina Scribn. and Merr.) — Open ground, Texas (Brownsville) and Mexico. Large cleistogamous spikelets are borne on slender underground branches, rather rare in herbarium specimens, either infrequent or readily broken off. 7. Chloris andropogonoides Fourn. (Fig. 1068.) Culms densely tufted, 20 to 40 cm tall, the leaves mostly basal; blades about 1 mm wide as folded; spikes slender, few to several, 5 to 10 cm long, whorled, divergent, floriferous from base; spikelets scarcely overlapping; lemma minutely pubescent on midnerve and margin or glabrous, 2 to 3 mm usually about 2.5 mm long, awned below the tip, the awn about 5 mm long; rudiment narrow, the awn usually shorter than that of the lemma. % (C. tenuispica Nash.) — Plains, Texas and northern Mexico. 8. Chloris texensis Nash. (Fig. 1069.) Culms taller and stouter than in C. andropogonoides; blades 2 to 3 mm wide as folded; spikes Figure 1064. — Chloris neglecta. Panicle, X 1; florets, X 5. (Curtiss 3445, Fla.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 503 Figure 1065.— Chloris gayana. Plant, X M; florets, X 5. (Hitchcock 13667, Ariz.) 504 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE slender, mostly about 15 to 18 cm long, naked for 1 to 4 cm at the base; spikelets appressed, not crowded; lemma about 4 mm long, naked on the midnerve, minutely pilose on margin toward summit; awn about 1 cm long. Ql (C. nealleyi Nash.) — Plains, Texas, rare. Chloris prieurii Kunth. Annual; culms 30 to 60 cm tall, often rooting at the lower nodes; blades 2 to 6 mm wide, the upper sheath inflated; spikes 2 to 8, erect, 5 to 8 cm long; fertile lemma 2.5 mm long, narrow, ciliate near the summit, with a delicate awn 7 to 10 mm long; rudiment narrow, of 3 or 4 reduced sterile lemmas each with a long delicate erect awn. O — Ballast, Wilmington, N. C, and Mobile, Ala.; West Africa. 9. Chloris virgata Swartz. Feather finger- grass. (Fig. 1070.) Annual; culms ascending to spreading, 40 to 60 or even 100 cm tall; upper sheaths often inflated; blades flat, 2 to 6 mm wide; spikes several, 2 to 8 cm long, erect, whitish or tawny, feathery or silky; spikelets crowded; lemma 3 mm long, somewhat humpbacked on the keel, long-ciliate on the margins near the apex, the slender awn 5 to 10 mm long; rudiment narrowly cuneate, truncate, the awn as long as that of the Figure 1066.— Distribution of Chloris gayana. Figure 1067.— Chloris chloridea. Inflorescences, X 1; florets, X 5. (Silveus 379, Tex.) lemma. O (C. elegans H.B.K.) — Open ground, a common weed in fields and waste places; Nebraska to Texas and southern Cali- fornia; Maine and Massachusetts, on wool waste; introduced in a few localities in the Eastern States (North Carolina, South Carolina, Missouri); tropical America (fig. 1071). 10. Chloris polydaetyla (L.) Swartz. (Fig. 1072.) Culms erect, wiry, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades as much as 1 cm wide; spikes several MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 505 to many, mostly 10 to 15 cm long, flexuous, nodding, tawny, feathery; spikelets crowded; lemma ciliate with long silky hairs; rudiment Figure 1068.— Chloris andropogonoides. Panicle X 1; florets, X 5. (Chase 6067, Tex.) oblong, obliquely truncate, awns of lemma and rudiment about 3 mm long. % — Open sandy soil, southern Florida; West Indies to Paraguay. Figure 1069.— Chloris texensis. Panicle, X 1; florets, X 5. (Thurow 8, Tex.) 11. Chloris cilia la Swartz. (Fig. 1073.) Perennial; culms erect or ascending, 50 to 100 cm tall; leaves not aggregate toward the base, sheaths not much compressed; blades 3 to 5 mm wide, sharply 506 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figube 1070— Chloris virgata. Plant, X H; glumes and florets, X 5. (Tracy 8173, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 507 acuminate; spikes mostly 3 to 6, usually 5 to 7 cm long, digitate or nearly so, erect to spreading, somewhat flexuous; spikelets crowded, about 3 mm long; lemma densely long- villous on the keel and the middle of the margin, the awn shorter than the body; rudiment triangular-cuneate, about 2 mm wide. % {C. nashii Heller.) — Open grassland, southern Texas and Mexico. 12. Chloris verticillata Nutt. Windmill grass. (Fig. 1074.) Culms tufted, 10 to 40 cm tall, erect or decumbent at base, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes; leaves crowded at base, 2 to 4 sometimes aggregate at lower nodes; sheaths compressed, blades 1 to 3 mm wide, obtuse; spikes slender, 7 to 10 or even 15 cm long, in 1 to 3 whorls, finally widely spreading; spikelets about 3 mm long; fertile lemma pubescent on the nerves, the awn mostly 5 to 8 mm long; rudiment cuneate-oblong, rather turgid, about 0.7 mm wide as folded, truncate, Figure 1071.— Distribution of Chloris virgata. Figure 1072.— Chloris polydactyla. Panicle, X 1; florets, X 5. (Simpson, Fla.) Figure 1073.— Chloris ciliata. Panicle, X l; florets, X 5. (Tracy.8886, Tex.) the awn about 5 mm long. % — Plains, Missouri to Colorado, south to Louisiana and New Mexico ; introduced in Maryland, Illinois, Indiana, and California (Berkeley) (fig. 1075). The inflorescence at maturity breaks away and rolls before the wind as a tumbleweed. 508 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 13. Chloris subdoiichostachya C. Muell. (Fig. 1076.) Similar to C. verticillata, but not more than 20 cm tall, spikes mostly less than 6 cm long, these more condensed and usually in one whorl or irregularly approximate; lemma 2 to 2.5 mm long, the awns mostly less than 3 mm long; rudiment oblong-cuneate, about 0.6 mm wide as folded. % (C. brevispica Nash.) — Plains, Texas. Figure 1074— Chloris verticillata. Panicle, X 1; florets, X 5. (Ball 1112, Tex.) 14, Chloris iatisquamea Nash. (Fig. 1077.) Culms densely tufted, 20 to 60 cm tall, very leafy at base, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes ; sheaths compressed, 2 to 4 often aggregate at the lower node; blades 2 to 4 mm wide; spikes mostly 8 to 12, relatively broad, 4 to 10 cm long, in 1 or 2 Figure 1076.— Chloris subdolichostachya. Panicle, X I; florets, X 5. (Heller 1579, Tex.) Figure 1075.— Distribution of Chloris verticillata. whorls, spreading; spike- lets rather crowded, pale, turning fuscous at matur- ity; lemma about 2.5 mm long, pubescent on the nerves, the awn 2 to 2.5 mm long; rudiment triangular cuneate, about 1 mm wide at summit as folded. % —Plains, Texas, Arizona. Resembling C. cucullata, but commonly taller with longer spikes the rudiment longer than broad, less inflated, the awns 2 to 2.5 mm long. 15. Chloris cucullata Bisch. (Fig. 1078.) Culms tufted, erect or somewhat spreading at base, 20 to 50 cm tall; sheaths compressed; MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 509 Figure 1077.— Chloris latisquamea. Panicle, X 1; florets, X 5. (Mearns 1233, Ariz.) blades 1 to 2 mm wide as folded, the uppermost often much reduced ; spikes numerous, 2 to 5 cm long, digitate, radiating, flexuous or curled ; spikelets crowded, stramineous, turning fuscous at maturity, tri- angular, about 2 mm long and about as broad ; rudiment prominent, compressed-cupshaped, about 1.5 mm wide, the awns of lemma and rudiment about 1 mm long. % — Plains and sandy barrens, Texas and New Mexico. Chloris radiata (L.) Swartz . Weedy branching annual; culms 30 to 40 cm long, decumbent; blades thin, 2 to 3 mm wide ; spikes slender, several to many, 3 to 8 cm long ; lemma narrow, 2.5 mm long, the nar- row rudiment mostly included in its margins ; awns of lemma and rudiment very slender, 5 to 10 mm long. O — Ballast, near Portland, Oreg.; tropical America. Chloris truncata R. Br. Stoloniferous perennial; culms erect, 10 to 30 cm tall; spikes 6 to 10, 7 to 15 cm long, horizontal or reflexea; spikelets 3 mm long, the awns 6 to 12 mm long. % — Occasionally cultivated for ornament under the name stargrass. Australia. 103. TRICHLORIS Fourn. Spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, nearly sessile, in two rows along one side of a continuous slender rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and prolonged behind the uppermost perfect floret, bearing a reduced, usually awned floret; glumes unequal, acuminate, or short-awned, the body shorter than the lower lemma; lemmas nar- row, 3-nerved, the midnerve and usually the lateral nerves extending into slender awns. Erect, slender, tufted perennials, with flat scabrous blades and numerous erect or ascending spikes, aggregate but scarcely digitate at the summit of the culms. Type species, Trichloris pluriflora. Name from Latin tri, three, and Chloris, a genus of grasses, the lemmas being 3-awned. Spikelets 2-fiowered, both lemmas with 3 long awns 1. T. mendocina. Spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, the lateral awns of the lemmas more or less reduced, sometimes obsolete 2. T. pluriflora. Figure 1078.— Chloris cucullata. Panicle, X 1; florets, X 5. (Hitchcock 5497, Tex.) 510 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1079— ^4, Trichloris mendoeina. Plant, X Vi; glumes and florets, X 5. (Nealley, Tex.) B, T. pluri- ftora. Glumes and florets, X 5. (Griffiths 6484, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 511 1. Trichloris mendocina (Phil.) Kurtz. (Fig. 1079, A.) Culms 40 to 100 cm tall; blades 2 to 4 mm wide; inflorescence dense, feathery, the spikes 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets crowded; fertile lemma about 3 mm long, the second lemma much reduced, both with delicate awns about 1 cm long. Ql — Plains, canyons, and rocky hills, western Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico; southern South America. Barely cultivated for ornament (as T. blanchardiana Fourn.). 2. Trichloris pluriflora Fourn. (Fig. 1079, B.) Culms 50 to 100 cm tall; blades 5 to 10 mm wide ; inflorescence looser and less feathery than in T. mendocina; spikes 7 to 15 cm long; fertile lemma about 4 mm long, the others successively shorter, the middle awns of all 5 to 15 mm long, somewhat spreading, the lateral awns short or obsolete. % — Plains and dry woods, southern Texas and Mexico ; southern South America. 104. BOUTELOUA Lag. Grama Spikelets 1-flowered, with the rudiments of one or more florets above, sessile, in two rows along one side of the rachis; glumes 1- nerved, acuminate or awn-tipped, the first shorter and narrower; lemma as long as the second glume or a little longer, 3-nerved, the nerves extending into short awns or mucros, the internerves usually extending into lobes or teeth; palea sometimes 2-awned; rudiment various, usually 3-awned, the awns usually longer than those of the fertile lemma, a second rudimentary floret sometimes present. Peren- nial or sometimes annual, low or rather tall grasses, with two to several or many spikes racemose on a common axis, or sometimes solitary, the spikelets few to many in each spike, rarely solitary ,_ pectinate or more loosely arranged and appressed, the rachis of the spike usually naked at the tip. The sterile florets forming the rudiment are variable in all the species and commonly in individual specimens. The general pattern of rudiment is fairly constant for each species, the variability being in the reduction or increase in number and size of the sterile florets, the reduction from 3 awns to 1, and in the amount of pubes- cence. Type species, Bouteloua racemosa Lag. (B. curtipendula) . Named for the brothers Boutelou, Claudio, and Esteban. The genus was originally published as Botelua. The many species are among our most valuable forage grasses, forming an important part of the grazing on the western ranges. B. gracilis, blue grama, and B. hirsuta, hairy grama, are prominent in "short grass" regions of the Great Plains; B. eriopoda, black grama, and B. rothrockii, Rothrock grama, are prominent in Arizona. Two annuals, B. barbata and B. parryi, form a part of the sixweeks grasses of the Southwest ; B. curtipendula is widely distributed and is much used for grazing and for hay ; B. trifida is important from Texas to Arizona. Spikelets not pectinately arranged (except in B. chondrosioides) , the spikes falling entire at maturity Section 1 . Atheropogon. Spikelets pectinately arranged, the spikes persistent, the florets falling from the persistent glumes Section 2. Chrondrosium. Section 1. Atheropogon Plants annual 1. B. aristidoides. Plants perennial. Spikes usually 20 to 50; awns short, inconspicuous. Spikes of 1 or 2 spikelets; culms very slender 2. B. tjniflora. Spikes of few to several spikelets; culms mostly stouter. 3. B. CURTIPENDULA. 55974°— 35 33 512 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Spikes fewer, awns conspicuous. Glumes pubescent. Spikes rhomboid-oblong, as much as 2 cm long, the spikelets somewhat pectinately arranged 6. B. chondrosioides. Spikes cuneate-triangular, about 1 cm long (including the awns), the spikelets appressed, not pectinately arranged. Culms 20 to 30 cm tall; leaves crowded at base; spikes mostly 6 to 8. 4. B. RIGIDISETA. Culms mostly 30 to 50 cm tall, leafy throughout; spikes mostly more than 10 5. B. eltjdens. Glumes glabrous or scabrous, not pubescent. Base of plants hard, rhizomatous; culms simple; spikes 2 to 3 cm long. 7. B. RADICOSA. Base of plants not rhizomatous; culms branching; spikes usually about 1.5 cm, sometimes 2 cm, long 8. B. filiformis. Section 2. Chondrosium Plants annual (see also B. rothrockii) ; densely tufted, spreading. Spike 1 9. B. simplex. Spikes 2 or more. Rachis papillose-pilose 11. B. parryi. Rachis not pilose 10. B. barbata. Plants perennial. Plants decumbent or stoloniferous; culms white-lanate 16. B. eriopoda. Plants erect or nearly so; culms not lanate, tufted. Spikes normally 2, sometimes 1 or 3. Rachis prolonged bevond the spikelets as a naked point; glumes tuber- culate 13. B. hirstjta. Rachis not prolonged; glumes not tuberculate (slightly so in B. gracilis). Culms herbaceous, the base not woody 14. B. gracilis. Culms woody and perennial at base 15. B. breviseta. Spikes normally 4 or more (see also B. gracilis var. stricta). Culms 25 to 50 cm tall; awn 1 to 2 mm long; glumes scabrous; spikes spreading 12. B. rothrockii. Culms 10 to 20 cm tall; awn about 5 mm long; glumes glabrous; spikes usually appressed 17. B. trifida. Section 1. Atherop6gon (Muhl.) Endl. Spikes deciduous from the main rachis; spikelets not pectinately arranged (somewhat so in B. chondrosioides). (Atheropogon Muhl. based on A. apludoides Muhl. (Bouteloua curtipendula) .) 1. Bouteloua aristidoides (H.B.K.) Griseb. Needle grama. (Fig. 1080.) Annual, erect or spreading, branching; culms slender, 10 to 30 cm tall; blades small and few, in vigorous plants as much as 15 cm long; spikes mostly 8 to 14 on a slender axis, reflexed, readily falling, the base of the rachis forming a sharp, bearded point; spikelets 2 to 4, narrow, appressed; rudiment of 3 scabrous awns about 5 mm long, exceeding the fertile floret. O (Triathera aristidoides Nash.)— Mesas, deserts, and foothills in open ground, Texas to southern Cali- fornia and northern Mexico; Argentina (fig. 1081). 2. Bouteloua uniflora Vasey. (Fig. 1082.) Resembles slender forms of B. curtipendula, culms slender, wiry, sometimes with slender stolons, the slender blades subinvolute, the spikes 8 to 9 mm long, with 1 or 2 spikelets, the scabrous rachis mostly longer than the first glume; lemma awnless; rudiment reduced to a single awn appressed to the back of the palea. % — Rocky hills and valleys, central and western Texas. 3. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Side-oats grama. (Fig. 1083.) Perennial, with scaly rhizomes; culms erect, tufted, 50 to 80 cm tall; blades flat or subinvolute, 3 to 4 mm wide, scabrous; MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 513 spikes 35 to 50, 1 to 2 cm long, purplish, spreading or pendulous and mostly twisted to one side of the slender axis, this 15 to 25 cm long; spikelets 5 to 8, appressed or ascending, 6 to 10 mm long; fertile lemma acute, mucronate; rudiment with 3 awns and subacute inter- FlGURE 1080. — Bouteloua aristidoides. Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 5 (Grif- fiths 7308, Ariz.) Figure 1082. — Bouteloua uniflora, X 10. (Type.) mediate lobes, often reduced and inconspicuous. %_ (Atheropogon curtipendulus Fourn.) — Plains, prairies, and rocky hills, Maine and Ontario to Montana, south to Maryland, Alabama, Texas, Arizona, and southern California; South Carolina (introduced) (fig. 1084). 4. Bouteloua rigidiseta (Steud.) Hitchc. (Fig. 1085.) Perennial, tufted, leafy at base; culms erect, 20 to 30 cm tall; blades narrow, flat or somewhat involute, 1 to 1.5 mm wide, sparingly papillose-pilose; spikes 6 to 8, trian- gular-cuneate, spreading, about 1 to 1.2 cm long including the awns; spikelets mostly 2 to 4, crowded, ascending; glumes pubescent; fer- tile lemma with 3 spreading awns, the inter- mediate lobes acute; rudiment with stout spreading awns, much ex- ceeding those of the fertile lemma, the intermediate lobes firm, pointed, a second similar but smaller rudiment commonly developed. 01 (B. texana S. Wats.; Polyodon texanus Nash.) — Plains and rocky hills, Oklahoma, Texas, and northern Mexico. 5. Bouteloua eludens Griffiths. (Fig. 1086.) Perennial, densely tufted, leafy at base; culms erect, 25 to 60 cm tall; blades mostly Figure 1081.— Distribution of Bouteloua aristidoides. 514 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 1 to 1.5 mm wide; axis slender, flexuous, 6 to 8 cm long; spikes 10 to 20, triangular, spreading, about 1 cm long including the awns; spikelets Figure 1083.— Bouteloua curtipendula. Plant, X %, spikelet and florets, X 5. (Chase 5408, Colo.) about 5; rachis and glumes densely pubescent; fertile lemma pubes- cent toward the summit, the apex 3-cleft, the divisions awn-tipped; MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 515 Figure 1084.— Distribution of Bouteloua curtipendula. rudiment with stout pubescent awns about 5 mm long, the long narrow intermediate lobes glabrous; a second similar but smaller rudiment usually developed. % — Rocky hills, southern Arizona and Sonora, Mexico. 6. Bouteloua chondrosioides (H.B.K.) Benth. (Fig. 1087.) Perennial, tufted, leafy at base; culms erect, 20 to 50 cm tall; blades 2 to 3 mm wide; axis 4 to 6 cm long; spikes 4 to 6, rhomboid-oblong, ascending, 1 to 2 cm long, the rachis densely pubescent, the tip 3-cleft; spikelets several, subpectinate ; rachis broad, densely pubescent on the margin; glumes and fertile lemma densely pubescent, the lemma 3-cleft, the divisions awn-tipped ; rudiment cleft nearly to the base, the middle awn broadly winged, the lateral ones slender, all spreading % — Mesas and rocky hills, western Texas, southern Arizona, and Mexico. 7. Bouteloua radicosa (Fourn.) Griffiths. Purple grama. (Fig. 10S8.) Perennial, tufted, from a stout rhizomatous base; culms erect, 60 to 80 cm tall; blades 2 to 3 mm wide, sparsely papillose-ciliate on the margin, mostly aggre- gate toward the lower part of the culm, the upper part naked; axis 10 to 15 cm long; spikes mostly 7 to 12, oblong, 2 to 3 cm long; spikelets mostly 8 to glumes broader than in other species; fertile lemma indurate down the center, with 3 awns, the middle longest^ and no inter- mediate lobes; rudiment with 3 awns 5 to 8 mm long and no intermediate lobes, usually containing a palea and staminate flower, sometimes a perfect flower, the lower floret being staminate. % — Rocky hills, southern New Mexico to southern California and Mexico. 8. Bouteloua filiformis (Fourn.) Griffiths. Slender grama. (Fig. 1089.) Resembling B. radicosa; culms erect or geniculate-spread- ing, sparingly branching, the base not rhizomatous; spikes ascending to spreading, mostly about 1.5 cm long, sometimes as much as 2 cm; spikelets mostly 6 to 10, very like those of B. radicosa. % — Rocky hills, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Figure 1085,— Bouteloua rigidiseta. _ , Panicle, X 1; spikelet, lemma, and Section 2. Chondrosium (Uesv.) rSentn. florets, X 5. (Grifliths 6370, Tex.) Spikes persistent; spikelets crowded (looser in B. eriopoda), pectinate; florets falling from the glumes. (Chondrosium Desv. based on C. procumbens Durand {B. simplex).) 9. Bouteloua simplex Lag. Mat grama. (Fig. 1090.) Annual, tufted, prostrate or ascending; foliage scant; blades 2 to 3 cm long, about 1.5 mm wide; spike solitary, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, strongly arcuate at maturity; spikelets mostly 20 to 30, about 5 mm long; fertile lemma 516 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE pilose at base with stout awns and subacute intermediate lobes; rudiment bearded at summit of rachilla-joint, cleft to the base or nearly so, the awns equal, a second rudiment, broad and awnless, sometimes developed, o (B. procumbens Griffiths.) — Open ground, Texas to Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and Mexico; wool waste, Maine; Ecuador to Argentina (fig. 1091). 10. Bouteloua harbata Lag. Sixweeks grama. (Fig. 1092.) Annual, tufted, branching, erect to prostrate, often forming mats with Figure 1086.— Bouteloua eludens. Panicle, X 1; spike and spikelet, X 5. (Type.) ascending ends, the culms as much as 30 cm long; foliage scant; blades 1 to 4 cm long, 1 to 1.5 mm wide; spikes 4 to 7, 1 to 2 cm long; spike- lets 25 to 40, 2.5 to 4 mm long, nearly as broad; fertile lemma densely pilose at least along the sides, usually throughout, the awns from minute to as long as the body, the intermediate lobes subacute to obtuse ; rudiment from obscurely to conspicuously bearded at summit MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 517 of rachilla joint, cleft nearly to the base, the intermediate lobes broad, subcucullate, the awns of rudiment and fertile lemma reaching about the same height, a second rudiment, broad and awnless, often developed o (B. micro- stachya L. H. Dewey.) — Open ground, mesas, and rocky hills, Texas, New Mexico, southern Utah, Arizona, southeastern Cali- fornia, Mexico (fig. 1093). The awns vary in length. The form with shorter awns is that described as B. pumila Buckl.; the longer awned form is that de- scribed &sB.arenosaYnsey. 11. Bouteloua parryi (Fourn.) Griffiths. Parry grama. (Fig. 1094.) Annual, resembling B. roth- rockii; culms erect or gen- iculate-spreading, sometimes branching ; blades papillose-pilose; spikes 4 to 8, often flexuous, commonly grayish purple, 2 to 3.5 cm long; rachis papillose-pilose; spikelets 40 to 65, about 6 mm long; second glume awned from a bifid tip, the keel papillose-pilose with spreading hairs; fertile lemma densely pilose, deeply cleft, the awns spreading, Figure 1087.— Bouteloua chondrosioides. Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Type.) Figure 1088.— Bouteloua radicosa. Pan- icle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths 7181, Ariz.) Figure 1089.— Bouteloua filiformis. Pan- icle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths 7199, Ariz.) the oblong intermediate lobes fimbriate; rudiment densely bearded at summit of rachilla, cleft nearly to the base, the lobes obovate, fim- briate, the awns exceeding those of the fertile lemma; a second rudi- 518 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE ment, broad, awnless or with a single awn, usually developed, o — Mesas and rocky hills, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico. 12. Bouteloua rothrockii Vasey. Rothrock grama. (Fig. 1095.) Perennial, sometimes appearing to be annual; culms tufted, erect, 25 Figure 1091.— Distribution of Bouteloua simplex. Figure 1090.— Bouteloua simpler. Plant, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths 7362, Ariz.) Figure 1093.— Distribution of Bouteloua barbata. Figure 1092.— Bouteloua barbata. Plant, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths 6095, Ariz.) to 50 cm tall; blades 2 to 3 mm wide; axis 10 to 25 cm long; spikes 4 to 12, 2.5 to 3 cm long, straight to subarcuate; spikelets 40 to 50, about 5 mm long; fertile lemma pilose at base, deeply cleft, the awns (1 to 2 mm long) spreading, the intermediate and lateral lobes fim- briate; rudiment densely bearded at summit of rachilla joint, cleft nearly to the base, the lobes broad and rounded, the awns mostly exceeding those of the fertile lemma; a second rudiment, broad and awnless, usually developed. % — Mesas, canyons, and rocky hills, in open ground, or among brush, Arizona and southern California (Jamacha), south to northern Mexico. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 519 13. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. Hairy grama. (Fig. 1096.) Peren- nial, densely tufted; culms erect, 20 to 60 cm tall, leafy at base; blades flat or subin volute, about 2 mm wide, flexuous; spikes 1 to 4, usually 2, 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, the rachis extending beyond the spikelets as a slender point 5 to 8 mm long; spikelets 35 to 45, about 5 mm long, second glume tuberculate-hirsute with spreading hairs, the tubercles black; fertile lemma 3-cleft, the divisions and margins of lemma pubes- cent, awn-tipped; rudiment from puberulent to bearded at summit of Figure 1094.— Bouteloua parryi. Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Grif- fiths 7277, Ariz.) Figure 1095.— Bouteloua roth- rockii. Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths 7185, Ariz.) Figure 1096.— Bouteloua hirsuta. Pan- icle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths 3371, Ariz.) rachilla, cleft nearly to the base, the lobes firm, broad, spreading, the awns black. 21 — Plains and rocky hills, Wisconsin and South Dakota to Texas, Colorado, Arizona, and California f Jamacha), south through Mexico; also peninsular Florida (fig. 1097). Bouteloua pectinata Featherly was differentiated from B. hirsuta by taller more robust culms and by a rudimentary spikelet at the end of the rachis. Such a spikelet is rarely developed in B. hirsuta, but it is not corre- lated with robust plants. 14. Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. Blue grama. (Fig. 1098.) Perennial; densely tufted; culms erect, 20 to 50 cm tall, leafy at base; blades flat or loosely involute, 1 to 2 mm wide; spikes usually 2, some- times 1 or 3, rarely more, 2.5 to 5 cm long, falcate-spreading at matu- rity, the rachis not projecting beyond the spikelets ; spikelets numerous, as many as 80, about 5 mm long; fertile lemma pilose, the awns slender, the intermediate lobes acute; rudiment densely bearded at summit of rachilla joint, cleft to the base, the lobes rounded, the 520 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE awns slender, about equaling the tip of fertile lemma; one or two additional rudiments, broad and awnless, sometimes developed. Qi (B. oligostachya Torr.)— Plains, Wisconsin to Manitoba and Alberta, south to Missouri, MfJ^M^ Texas, and southern Cali- fornia ; Mexico ; introduced in a few places in the Eastern States (fig. 1099). BOUTELOUA GRACILIS Var. strict a (Vasey) Hitchc. Spikes 4 to 6, usually ascend- ing or appressed. Qi Rare, Texas and Arizona. Figure 1097.— Distribution of Bouteloua hirsuta. 15. Bouteloua breviseta Vasey. (Fig. 1100.) Per- ennial, wiry, the base peren- nial, woody, loosely tufted; culms branching, 25 to 40 cm tall; blades 3 to 6 cm long, 1 to 1.5 mm wide, flat or becoming involute, sharp- pointed; spikes mostly 2, sometimes 1, rarely 3, 2 to 3 cm long; spikelets 30 to Bouteloua gracilis. Plant, X lA\ glumes and florets, X 5. (Amer. Or. Nat. Herb. 384.) 45, about 4 mm long; fertile lemma pubes- cent, with 3 awns and acuminate intermediate lobes; rudiment densely bearded at summit of rachilla joint, cleft nearly to the base, the rounded lobes obscured in the dense hairs. 91 (B. ramosa MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 521 Figure 1099.— Distribution of Bouteloua gracilis. Scribn.) — Gypsum sands and calcareous rocks, western Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. Resembling B. gracilis but with loose, woody base and wiry culms; rachis prolonged and bearing a rudimentary spikelet at the tip. 16. Bouteloua eriopoda (Torr.) Torr. Black grama. (Fig. 1101.) Perennial; culms tufted, with swollen bases, slender, wiry, widely spreading with arched internodes or stoloniferous, white-lanate, 40 to 60 cm long; blades 1 to 1.5 mm wide, flexuous; spikes 3 to 8, commonly 4 or 5, loosely ascending, 2 to 3 cm long; spikelets 12 to 20, not crowded and pectinate, 7 to 10 mm long, narrow; fertile lemma acuminate, with a terminal awn, the lateral minute or obsolete; rudiment slender, cleft nearly to the base, the awns equaling the awn of the fertile lemma, the lobes minute, nar- row. % — Mesas, hills, and dry open ground, Texas to southern Utah and northern Mexico (fig. 1102). 17. Bouteloua trifida Thurb. (Fig. 1103.) Perennial, tufted, Jf , | ]& leafy at base, rather delicate; culms erect, 10 to 20 cm tall; blades us- ually only 1 to 2 cm long; spikes Figure 1100.— Bouteloua breviseta. Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Neal- ley 669, Tex.) Figure 1102. — Distribution of Bouteloua eriopoda. 3 to 7, 1 to 2 cm long, ascending or appressed; spikelets about 12, pur- plish, 7 to 10 mm long; fertile lemma pubescent toward base, cleft more than half its length, with awns (5 mm long) winged toward base and no intermediate lobes; rudiment cleft to the base, the awns similar to those of the fertile lemma, about as long. 91 (B. trinii Griffiths; B. burkii Scribn.) — Mesas, ravines, and rocky hills, Texas to southwestern Utah and Arizona; California (Death Valley); northern Mexico (fig. 1104). Variable in length of the awns, the type of B. trifida being the longer-awned form. Figure 1101. — Bouteloua eriopoda. Plant, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Hitchcock 13357, Tex.) 522 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1103.— Bouteloua trr fida. Panicle, X 1; spike- let, X 5. (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 669, Tex.) 105. CATHESTECUM Presl Spikes consisting of 3 spikelets, the upper or central perfect, the 2 lateral staminate or rudimentary, the spike falling entire; central spikelet with one perfect floret below and one or more reduced florets above; glumes unequal, the first a short, thin, nerveless scale in the central spikelet, nar- row and acuminate in the lateral spikelets, the second about as long as the lemma, acuminate, all usually villous; lemma 3-nerved, the nerves ex- tending into awns and the internerves into teeth ; nerves of the palea extending into short awns; second and third floret with a fairly well developed lemma and palea, the fourth floret, if present, usu- ally reduced. Low tufted or stoloniferous annu- als or perennials, with short blades, and several to many short deciduous spikes approximate on a slender flexuous axis. Type species, Cathestecum prostratum Presl. Name from Greek kathestekos, set fast, stationary, the application not obvious. 1. Cathestecum erectum Vasey and Hack. (Fig. 1105.) Perennial with wiry stolons having arched internodes and hairy nodes ; culms slender, 10 to 30 cm tall; blades flat, about 1 mm wide, mostly basal; spikes 4 to 8, ovoid, about 5 mm long; lateral spikelets about two-thirds as long as the central spike- let; lemmas of all spikelets similar, the sterile ones more deeply lobed; awns from about as long as the lobes to twice as long, hairy at base. % — Dry hills, western Texas, southern Arizona, and northern Mexico. 106. MUNROA Torr. Spikelets in pairs or threes on a short rachis, the lower 1 or 2 larger, 3- or 4-flowered, the upper 2- or 3-flowered, the group (reduced spikes) enclosed in the broad sheaths of short leaves, usually about 3 in a fascicle, forming a cluster or head at the ends of the branches; rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes of the lower 1 or 2 spikelets equal, 1-nerved, narrow, acute, a little shorter than the lemmas, those of the upper spikelet unequal, the first much shorter or obsolete; lemmas 3-nerved, those of the lower spikelet coriaceous, acuminate, the points spreading, the midnerve extended into a mucro, those of the upper spikelet membranaceous; palea narrow, enclosing the oval, dorsally compressed caryopsis. Low spreading, much-branched annual, the short, flat, pungent leaves m fascicles. Type species, Munroa squarrosa. Named for William Munro. 1. Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. False buffalo grass. (Fig. 1106.) Forming mats as much as 50 cm in diameter, the internodes of the prostrate culms scabrous, as much as 10 cm long, the fascicles Figure 1104. — Distribution of Bouteloua trifida. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 523 at the nodes consisting of several short leafy branches, with 1 or 2 longer branches with slender internodes ; blades stiff, mostly less than 3 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; fascicles of spikelets about 7 mm long; lemmas with a tuft of hairs on the margin about the middle. 0 — Open ground, plains, and hills, at medium altitudes, common in old Figure 1105.— Cathestecum erectum. Plant, X Vz\ group of spikelets, central spikelet, and fertile floret, X 5. (Palmer 161, Mex.) fields and recently disturbed soil, Alberta and North Dakota to Montana, south to Texas and Arizona (fig. 1107). Occasional plants are found with a white floccose covering, the remains of egg cases of a species of woolly aphid. The variety Jioccuosa Vasey was described from such a specimen. 524 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 107. BtTCHLOE Engelm. (Bulbilis Raf.) Plants dioecious. Staminate spikelets 2-flowered, sessile and close- ly imbricate, in two rows on one side of a slender rachis, forming a short spike; glumes somewhat unequal, rather broad, 1-nerved, acutish; lemmas longer than the glumes, 3-nerved, rather obtuse, Figure 1106.— Munroa sgwrrosa. Plant, X Vi\ group of spikelets, spikelet, and floret, X 5. (Zuck 43, Ariz.) whitish; palea as long as its lemma. Pistillate spikelets mostly 4 or 5 in a short spike or head, this falling entire, usually 2 heads to the inflorescence, the common peduncle short and included in the somewhat inflated sheaths of the upper leaves, the thickened indurate rachis and broad outer (second) glumes forming a rigid white obliquely globular structure crowned by the green-toothed summits of the glumes; first glume (inside) narrow, thin, mucronate, well developed to obsolete in a single head; second glume firm, thick and rigid, rounded on the back, obscurely nerved, expanded in the middle, with inflexed mar- gins, enveloping the floret, abruptly contracted above, the summit with 3 green rigid acuminate lobes; lemma firm-membranaceous, 3-nerved, dorsally compressed, broad below, narrowed into a 3-lobed Figure 1107.— Distribution of Munroa squarrosa. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 525 FiGuitE 1108.— Bzichloe dactyloides. Pistillate and staminate plants, X H; pistillate spike, and floret, X 5; staminate spikelet, X 5. (Ruth 15ti, Tex.) 526 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1109.— Distribution of Buchloe dactytoides. green summit, the middle lobe much the larger; palea broad, obtuse, about as long as the body of the lemma, enveloping the caryopsis. A low stoloniferous perennial with short curly blades, the staminate flowers in 2 or 3 short spikes on slender, erect culms, the pistillate in sessile heads partly hidden among the leaves. Type species, Buchloe dactyloides. Name contracted from Greek boubalos, buffalo, and chloe, grass, a Greek rendering of the common name, "buffalo grass." 1. Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Buffalo grass. (Fig. 1108.) Gray-green, forming a dense sod, the curly blades forming a covering 5 to 10 cm thick; blades rather sparsely pilose, 1 to 2 mm wide; staminate culms slender, 5 to 20 cm tall, the spikes 5 to 15 mm long; pistillate heads 3 to 4 mm thick. 01 —Dry plains, western Minnesota to central Montana, south to northwestern Iowa, Texas, western Louis- iana, Arizona, and northern Mexico (fig. 1109). Buffalo grass forms, when unmixed with other species, a close soft grayish-green turf. It is dominant over large areas on the uplands of the Great Plains, colloquially known as the "short- grass country", and is one of the most important grazing grasses of this region. The foliage cures on the ground and furnishes nutri- tious feed during the winter. The sod houses of the early settlers were made mostly from the sod of this grass. Tribe 8. PHALARIDEAE 108. HIEROCHLOE R. Br. (Savastana Schrank; Torresia Ruiz and Pav.) Spikelets with one terminal per- fect floret and two staminate florets, disarticulating above the glumes, the staminate florets falling attached to the fertile one; glumes equal, 3-nerved, broad, thin and papery, smooth, acute ; stami- nate lemmas about as long as the glumes, boat-shaped, hispidulous, hairy along the margin; fertile lemma somewhat indurate, about as long as the others, smooth or nearly so, awnless; palea 3-nerved, rounded on the back. Perennial, erect, slender, sweet-smelling grasses, with small panicles of broad, bronze-colored spikelets. Type species, Hierochloeantarctica (Labill.) R. Br. Name from Greek hieros, sacred, and chloe, grass, holy grass; H. odorata was used in parts of Europe for "strewing before the doors of churches on festival days." Figure 1110. — Hierochloe alpina. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 16058, N. H.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 527 W i Flowering culms with short blades only (rarely to 10 cm long) with few to many long-leaved sterile shoots at base. Staminate lemmas bearing exserted awns 1. H. alpina. Staminate lemmas awn less or nearly so 2. H. odorata. Flowering culms with blades 25 to 50 cm long 3. H. occidentalis. 1. Hieroehloe alpina (Swartz) Roem. and Schult. (Fig. 1110.) Culms 10 to 40 cm tall, tufted, with leafy shoots at base and short rhizomes; blades 1 to 2 mm wide, the basal ones elongate, those of the culm shorter and wider; panicle contracted, 3 to 4 cm long; spikelets short-pediceled, 6 to 8 mm long; staminate lemmas ciliate on the margin, awned below the tip, the awn of the second lemma 5 to 8 mm long, bent, twisted below, that of the first a little shorter, straight; fertile lemma acute, appressed-pubescent toward apex. 21 — Arctic regions, Greenland to Alaska, south to Newfoundland and Quebec; alpine meadows and rocky slopes, high mountains, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York ; Europe. 2. Hieroehloe odorata (L.) Beauv. Sweetgrass. (Fig. 1111.) Culms 30 to 60 cm tall, with few to several leafy shoots and slender, creeping rhizomes; blades 2 to 5 mm wide, sometimes wider, those of the sterile shoots elongate, those of the culm mostly less than 5 cm long, rarelv to 10 cm long; panicle pyramidal, 4 to 12 cm long, from some- what compact to loose with Mil Figure llll.— Hieroehloe odorata. Plant, X H; spikelet, florets, and fertile floret, X 5. (Shear 437, Mont.) slender drooping branches; spikelets mostly short-pediceled, 5 mm long; staminate lemmas awnless or nearly so, fertile lemma pubescent toward the apex. % — Meadows, bogs, and moist places, Labrador, 55974°— 35 34 528 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1112.— Distribution of Hierochloe odorata. to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Indiana, Iowa, Oregon, and in the mountains to New Mexico and Arizona (fig. 1112); Eurasia. The Indians use the grass, known as Seneca grass, to make fragrant bas- kets. Also called holy grass and vanilla grass. A tall form with culm blades 12 to 17 cm long, and a very loose lax panicle, found in Van Cortlandt Park, New York City, has been described as Hierochloe nashii Kaczmarek (Savastana nashii Bickn.). 3. Hierochloe occidentalis Buckl. Cali- fornia sweetgrass. (Fig.1113.) Culms 60 to 90 cm tall, with long leaves and creeping rhi- zomes; sheaths scabrous; blades flat, rather stiffly upright, 25 to 50 cm long, 8 to 15 mm wide, narrowed to the base, acuminate, scabrous beneath; panicle mostly open, 7 to 15 cm long, the subcapillary branches drooping, loosely flowered or the spikelets aggregate toward the ends, the lower branches 2.5 to 7 cm long; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, the glumes with a pale shining margin; staminate lemmas awnless or nearly so; fertile lemma appressed-pubescent toward apex. % (H. macrophylla Thurb.) — Forests in the redwood belt, Ore- gon to Monterey, Calif., Bingen, Wash. 109. ANTHOXANTHUM L. Vernalgrass Spikelets with 1 terminal perfect floret and 2 sterile lemmas, the ra- chilla disarticulating above the glumes, the sterile lemmas falling attached to the fertile floret; glumes unequal, acute or mucronate; sterile lemmas shorter than the glumes, empty, awned from the back; fertile lemma shorter than the sterile ones, awnless; palea 1-nerved, rounded on the back, enclosed in the lemma. Sweet-smelling annuals or perennials, with flat blades and spikelike panicles. Types species, Anthoxan- thum odoratum. Name from Greek anthos, flower, and xanthos, yellow, alluding to the yellow inflorescence. Plants perennial 1. A. odoratum. Plants annual 2. A. aristattjm. 1. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet vernalgrass. (Fig. 1114, A.) Culms tufted, erect, slender, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle long-exserted, brownish yellow, acute, 2 to 6 cm long; spikelets 8 to 10 mm long; glumes scabrous, the first about half as long as the second; sterile lemmas subequal, appressed-pilose with golden hairs, the first short-awned below the apex, the second awned from near the base, the awn twisted below, geniculate, slightly Figure 1113. — Hierochloe occidentalis. Plant, X 1; spikelet and fertile floret, X 5. (Bo- lander, Calif.) MANUAL OF THE GKASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 529 Flm-!lE 1114rT4' Anthoxanthum odoratum. Plant, X V2; spikelet, sterile lemmas, and fertile floret X 5 1591 N°Y)' B, A. aristatum. Spikelet, sterile florets, and fertile floret, X 5. (White 530 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1115. — Distribution of Anthoxanthum odoratum. exceeding the second glume; fertile lemma about 2 mm long, brown, smooth and shining. 01 — Meadows, pastures, and waste places, Greenland and Newfoundland to Louisiana and Michigan, and on the Pacific coast from British Columbia to northern California (fig. 1115); introduced from Eurasia. Sometimes included in meadow mixtures to give fragrance to the hay but the grass has no forage value. 2. Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss. (Fig. 1114, B.) Differing from A. odoratum in being annual, the culms lower, often geniculate and bushy branching; panicles looser; spikelets a little smaller, o — Waste places in several localities from Maine to Iowa, Florida, and Mississippi; Vancouver Island; Oregon (fig. 1116); introduced from Europe. Anthoxanthum gracile Bivon. Tufted annual; culms 20 cm tall; blades pubescent; panicle silvery; spikelets about 12 mm long, conspicuously awned O — Occasionally cultivated for dry bouquets. Italy. 110. PHALARIS L. Canary grass Spikelets laterally compressed, with 1 terminal perfect floret and 2 sterile lemmas below (obsolete in Phalaris paradoxa), the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, the usually inconspicuous sterile lemmas falling closely appressed to the fertile floret; glumes equal, boat-shaped, often winged on the keel; sterile lemmas reduced to 2 small usually minute scales (rarely only 1); fertile lemma coriaceous, shorter than the glumes, enclosing the faintly 2- nerved palea. Annuals or perennials, with numerous flat blades, and narrow or spikelike panicles. Type species, Phalaris canariensis. Phalaris, an old Greek name for a grass. Spikelets in groups of 7, 1 fertile surrounded by 6 sterile, the group falling entire. 1. P. PARADOXA. Spikelets all alike, not in groups falling entire. Plants perennial. Rhizomes wanting; panicle dense, ovate or oblong 8. P. californica. Rhizomes present; panicle narrow, spreading during anthesis. 9. P. arcjndinacea. Plants annual. Glumes broadly winged; panicle ovate or short-oblong. Sterile lemma solitary; fertile lemma 3 mm long 4. P. minor. Sterile lemmas 2, fertile lemma 4 to 6 mm long. Sterile lemmas 0.6 mm long or less 3. P. brachystachys. Sterile lemmas half as long as fertile 2. P. canariensis. Glumes wingless or nearly so; panicles oblong or linear, dense. Glumes- wingless, acuminate; fertile lemma turgid, the acuminate apex smooths 7. P. LEMMONI. Glumes narrowly winged toward summit, acute or abruptly pointed; fertile lemma less turgid, villous to the acute apex. Panicle tapering to each end, mostly 2 to 6 cm long (occasionally longer) . 5. P. caroliniana. Panicle subcylindric, mostly 6 to 15 cm long (occasionally smaller). 6. P. angttsta. 1. Phalaris paradoxa L. (Fig. 1117.) Annual, tufted, more or less spreading at base; culms 30 to 60 cm tall; panicle dense, oblong Figure 1116.— Distribution of Anthoxanthum aristatum. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 531 narrowed at base, 2 to 6 cm long, often enclosed at base in the upper- most enlarged sheath; spikelets finally falling from the axis in groups of 6 or 7, those of the upper part of the panicle slender-pediceled, the central spikelet fertile, the subulate-acuminate glumes with a promi- nent tooth-like wing near the middle of the keel, the others sterile, with smaller pointed glumes with toothed-winged keels; fertile lemma 3 mm long, with only a few hairs toward the summit, the sterile lemmas obsolete; spikelets of lower part of panicle short-pediceled, the glumes of the outer four spikelets deformed, cuneate-clavate. o — Occasional in grain fields and waste places, Cali- fornia; ballast, Phila- delphia, New Orleans; introduced from Medi- terranean region. Phalaris paradoxa var. praemorsa (Lam.) Coss. and Dur. Panicle mostly smaller, all the spikelets short-pediceled and with outer sterile spikelets having de- formed clavate glumes, as in the lower part of pani- cle of the species ; glumes of all spikelets subindur- ate. o — Fields and waste places, Washing- ton to California ; ballast, Philadelphia ; introduced from Mediterranean re- gion. 2. Phalaris canadensis L. Canary grass. (Fig. 1118.) Annual ; c u 1 m s erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; panicle ovate to oblong- ovate, dense, 1.5 to 4 cm long; spikelets broad, im- bricate, pale with green stripes; glumes 7 to 8 mm long, abruptly pointed, the green keel with a prominent pale wing, broadened upward; fertile lemma 5 to 6 mm long, acute, densely appressed-pubescent; sterile lemmas at least half as long as fertile, o — Waste places, infrequent, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Virginia, Kansas, Wyoming, and California, and occasionally southward (fig. 1119); introduced from the western Medi- terranean region. This species furnishes the canary seed of commerce. 3. Phalaris hrachystachys Link. (Fig. 1120.) Differing from P. canariensis in having smaller spikelets, the glumes about 6 mm long, the fertile lemma 4 to 5 mm long, and especially in the short sterile lemmas not more than 0.6 mm long, o — Texas (Asherton); California (Butte County) ; Oregon (ballast, near Portland) ; introduced from the Mediterranean region. Figure 1117. — Phalaris paradoxa. (B) spikelets, X 5. Plant, X 1; sterile (A) and fertile (Heller 11391, Calif.) 532 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 4. Phalaris minor Retz. (Fig. 1121.) Resembling P. cana- riensis; panicle ovate-oblong, 2 to 5 cm long; spikelets narrower, not so conspicuously striped; glumes 4 to 6 mm long, the wing of the keel narrower- fertile lemma lance-ovate, about 3 mm long, acute; sterile Figure 1118— Phalaris canariensis. Plant, X Vi\ spikelet and floret, X 5. (Mearns 3376, Wyo.) lemma solitary, about 1 mm long. G —Fields and waste places, New Brunswick to New Jersey, rare; Louisiana and Texas; Colorado; ballast, near Portland, Oreg.; frequent in California (fig. 1122); introduced from the Mediterranean region. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 533 Figure 1119.— Distribution of Phalaris canariensis. 5. Phalaris earoliniana Walt. (Fig. 1123.) Annual; culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall or even more; panicle oblong, 2 to 6 cm long, occa- sionally longer, tapering to each end ; glumes 5 to 6 mm long, oblong, rather abruptly narrowed to an acute apex, the keel scabrous and narrowly winged above from below the middle ; fertile lemma lanceolate, acute, appressed-pubescent, about 3.5 to 4 mm long, the sterile lemmas one-third to half as lono\ o — Old fields, sandy soil, and moist places ,& Virginia to Colorado, south to Florida and Texas, west to Arizona, California, and Oregon (fig. 1124). A few specimens from the Pacific coast are relatively robust, up to 80 cm tall, and have panicles 3 to 8 cm long, some of them slightly lobed and not tapering to the base, the spikelets 6 to 6.5 mm long. 6. Phalaris angustaNees. (Fig. 1125.) Annual; culms 1 to 1.5 m tall; panicle subcylindric, mostly 6 to 15 cm long, about 8 mm thick; glumes 3.5 to 4 mm long, narrow, abruptly pointed, the keel scabrous and nar- rowly winged toward the summit ; fertile lemma ovate- lanceolate, acute, appressed-pubescent, 3 mm long; sterile lemmas about one-third as long, o ■ — Open ground at low altitudes, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas; Cali- fornia; southern South America. 7. Phalaris leminoni Vasey. (Fig. 1126.) Annual; culms 30 to 90 cm tall; panicle 5 to 15 cm long, sub- cylindric or lobed toward base, often purplish; glumes about 5 mm long, nar- row, acuminate, scabrous, not winged on the keel; fertile lemma ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3.5 to 4 mm long, brown at maturity, appressed-pubescent, except the acuminate tip, sterile lemmas (1 or 2) less than one- third as long. O — M o i s t places, at low altitudes, in the coastal valleys, central and southern 8. Phalaris californica Arn. (Fig Figuee 1120.— Pha- laris brachystachys. Spikelet and flo- ret, X 5. (Suks- dorf 1904, Oreg.) Figure 1122.— Distribution of Phalaris minor. California. Hook, and 1127.) Perennial, often in dense tussocks; culms erect, 75 to 150 cm tall; blades rather lax, 8 to 15 nun wide; panicle ovoid or oblong, 2 to 5 cm long, 2 to 2.5 cm thick, often purplish tinged ; glumes 6 to 8 mm long, narrow, tapering from below the middle to an acute apex, the keel smooth or nearly so, sharp but not winged; fertile lemma ovate-lanceolate, about 4 mm long, rather sparsely appressed-pubescent, the palea Figure 1121.— Phalaris minor 1; glumes and floret, X 5. Calif.) Plant, X (Ball 1932 534 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1124.— Distribution of Phalaris caroliniana. Figure 1123.— Phalaris caroliniana. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 1074, Miss.) often exposed, the sterile lemmas about half as long. % ■ — Ravines and open moist ground in the Coast Range, southwestern Oregon to San Luis Obispo County, Calif. 9. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canary grass. (Fig. 1128.) Peren- nial, with creeping rhizomes, glaucous; culms erect, 60 to 150 cm tall; panicle 7 to 16 cm long, narrow, the branches spreading during anthesis, the low- er as much as 5 cm long; glumes about 5 mm long, narrow, acute, the keel scabrous, very narrowly winged; fertile lemma lanceolate, 4 mm long, with a few appressed hairs; sterile lemmas villous, 1 mm long. 91 — Marshes, river banks, and moist places, New Brunswick to southeastern Alaska (also at Tanana Hot Springs, Alaska), south to North Carolina, Kentucky, Okla- homa, New Mexico, Arizona, and northeastern California (fig. 1129); Eurasia. An important constituent of lowland hay from Montana to Wisconsin. Phalaris arundi- nacea var. pf cta L. Ribbon grass. Blades striped with white. 0 — Grown for ornament in gardens; also called gardener's garters. Phalaris tuberosa var. sten- optera (Hack.) Hitchc. (Fig. 1130.) Perennial, with a loose branching, rhizomatous base; culms stout, as much as 1 .5 m tall ; panicle 5 to 15 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, slightly lobed; glumes 5 to 6 mm long, the keel scabrous, rather narrowly winged on the upper two-thirds ; fertile lemma 4 mm long, ovate-lanceo- late, acute, appressed-pubescent; sterile lemma usually solitary, about one-third as long as fertile lemma. 9L — About 1902 there appeared in Queensland, Austra- lia, the source unknown, a species of Phalaris which gave promise of being a valualeb forage Figure 1126.— Pha- laris lemmoni, X 5. (Type.) Figure 1125.— Phalaris angusta. Plant glumes and floret, X 5. (Suksdorf 32, Calif.) X 1; MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 535 grass. About 1907 it was distributed from the Toowoomba Botanic Gardens, Queensland. Stapf, of Kew Gardens, identified this grass as P. bulbosa L. Hackel described it as a distinct species, P. sten- optera. It has been grown at the California Experiment Station, and Is Figure 1127. — Pkalaris californica. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Heller 6677, Calif.) Figure 1128.— Phalaris arundinacea. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Chase 7583, Md.) the above description was drawn from a plant supplied by Professor Kennedy from the University Farm at Davis, the seed being from South Africa. This differs from the typical P. tuberosa of the Med- iterranean region in having short vertical or ascending, sometimes branching rhizomes, the base of the culms little or not at all swollen. It has been called Harding grass. Burbank has distributed it as P. stenophylla (error for stenoptera), calling it Peruvian winter grass. Tins species has been called P. bulbosa, but the true P. bulbosa L. is a species of Phleum (P. tenue Schrad.; P. bulbosum (L.) Richt.). TRIBE 9. ORYZEAE 111. ORYZA L. Rice Figure 1129.— Distribution of Phalaris arundinacea. Spikelets 1 -flowered, laterally compressed, disarticulating below the glumes; glumes 2, much shorter than the lemma, figure ma- narrow; lemma rigid, keeled, 5-nerved, the outer nerves rwava£rfe»- near the margin, the apex sometimes awned; palea similar (M^craryl to the lemma, narrower, keeled, with a median bundle n. c.) but with no strong midnerve on the back, 2-nerved close to the margins. Annual or sometimes perennial swamp grasses, often tall, with flat blades and spikelets in open panicles. Type species, Oryza sativa. Name from oruza, old Greek name for rice. 536 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1131.— Oryza sativa. Plant, X Yz, spikelet, X 5. (Cult.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 537 1. Oryza sativa L. Rice. (Fig. 1131.) Annual, or in tropical regions sometimes perennial; culms erect, 1 to 2 m tall; blades elon- gate; panicle rather dense, drooping, 15 to 40 cm long; spikelets 7 to 10 mm long, 3 to 4 mm wide; lemma and palea papillose-roughened and with scattered appressed hairs, the lemma from mucronate to long-awned. o — Cultivated in all warm countries at low altitudes where there is sufficient moisture; one of the world's most important food plants; sometimes adventive near the coast from Virginia to Florida and Texas. 112. LEERSIA Swartz (Homalocenchrus Mieg.) Spikelets 1-flowered, strongly compressed laterally, disarticulating from the pedicel; glumes wanting; lemma chartaceous, broad, oblong to oval, boat-shaped, usually 5-nerved, the lateral pair of nerves close to the margins, these and the keel often hispid-ciliate, the intermediate nerves sometimes faint; palea as long as the lemma, much narrower, usually 3- nerved, the keel usually hispid- ~p& ciliate, the lateral nerves close to the margins, the margins firmly held by the margins of the lemma; stamens 6 or fewer. Peren- nials, usually with creeping rhizomes, flat, scabrous blades, and mostly open panicles. Type species, Leersia oryzoides. Named for J. D. Leers. Spikelets broadly oval, 3 to 4 mm wide 1. L. lenticularis. Spikelets elliptic, not more than 2 mm wide. Panicle narrow, the branches ascending or appressed 4. L. hexandra. Panicle open, the capillary branches finally spreading. Spikelets glabrous, about 2 mm long; culms tufted, erect; rhizomes wanting. 5. L. MONANDRA. Spikelets hispidulous; culms decumbent at base; rhizomes present. Lower panicle branches solitary; spikelets 3 mm long, 1 mm wide. 3. L. VIRGINICA. Lower panicle branches fascicled; spikelets 5 mm long, 1.5 to 2 mm wide. 2. L. ORYZOIDES. 1. Leersia lenticularis Michx. Catchfly grass. (Fig. 1132.) Culms straggling, 1 to 1.5 m tall, with creeping scaly rhizomes ; sheaths scabrous at least toward the summit; blades lax, 1 to 2 cm wide; panicle open, drooping, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches ascending or spreading, naked below, branched above, branchlets bearing closely imbricate spikelets along one side; spikelets pale, broadly oval, very flat, 4 to 5 mm long, sparsely hispidulous, the keels bristly ciliate. % — Ditches and swamps, Indiana to Minnesota, south to South Carolina, Florida, and Texas (fig. 1133). Figure 1133.— Distribution of Leersia lenticularis. Figure 1132. — Leersia lenticularis, X 1. (McDonald 68, 111.) 538 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE Figure 1134.— Leersia oryzoides. Plant, X }i; spikelet, X 5. (Hitchcock 5317, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GEASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 539 2. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz. Rice cutgrass. (Fig. 1134.) Culms slender, weak, often decumbent at base, 1 to 1.5 m tall, with slender creeping rhizomes; sheaths and blades strongly retrorsely scabrous, the blades mostly 8 to 10 mm wide; panicles terminal and axil- lary, 10 to 20 cm long, the flexuous branches finally spreading, the spike- lets more loosely imbricate than in L. lenticularis ; spikelets elliptic, 5 mm long, 1.5 to 2 mm wide, sparsely hispidulous, the keels bristly ciliate; axillary panicles reduced, partly included in the sheaths, the spikelets cleis- togamous. 01 — Marshes, river banks, and wet places, often around ponds and to eastern Figure 1135.— Distribution of Leersia oryzoides. FIGURE 1136.— Leersia virginica, X 1. (French, Iowa.) 3. Leersia virginica Willd. forming a zone lakes, Quebec and Maine Washington south to northern Florida, Texas, Colorado, Arizona, and south- eastern California (fig. 1135); Europe. The late cleistogamous phase has been described as L. oryzoides forma inclusa (Wiesb.) Dorfl Whitegrass. (Fig. 1136.) Culms slender, weak, branching, 50 to 120 cm tall, with clusters of very scaly rhizomes much stouter than the culm base; blades relatively short, 6 to 12 mm wide; panicle open, 10 to 20 cm long, the capillary branches rather distant, stiffly spreading, naked below, those of the branches smaller, sometimes in- cluded in the sheath; spikelets oblong, closely appressed to the branchlets,about 3 mm long and 1 m m w i d e, Figure 1137.— Distribution of Leersia virginica. m m w i sparsely hispidulous, the keels short- hispid. 91 — Low woods and moist places, Quebec to South Dakota, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 1137). 4. Leersia hexandra Swartz. (Fig. 1138.) Culms slender, weak, usually long-decumbent from a creeping and rooting base, with slender rhizomes and extensively creeping leafy stolons; the flowering culms upright; blades rather stiff, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle narrow, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches ascending or Figure 1138.— Leersia hexandra, X 1. (Wurzlow, La.) 540 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1139.— Distribution of Leersia hexandra. appressed, florif erous nearly to the base ; spikelets oblong, about 4 to 5 mm long, a little more than 1 mm wide, often purplish, sparsely hispidulous, the keels bristly ciliate. % — Shallow water, ditches, and wet places near the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Texas (fig. 1139) ; widely distrib- uted in the tropics of both hemispheres. 5. Leersia monandra Swartz. (Fig. 1140.) Culms tufted, erect, wiry, 50 to 100 cm tall, without rhizomes; sheaths smooth or nearly so; blades elongate, 1 to 5 mm wide; panicle open, the capillary solitary branches spreading, naked below, the small spikelets near the ends; spikelets pale, broadly ovate, glabrous, about 2 mm long. % — Rocky woods and prairies, Florida Keys, southern Florida, and southern Texas; West Indies. TRIBE 10. ZIZANIEAE 113. ZIZANIA L. Wildrice Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered, disarticulating from the pedicel; glumes obsolete, represented by a small collarlike ridge; pistillate spikelet terete, angled at maturity; lemma chartaceous, 3-nerved, tapering into a long slender awn; palea 2-nerved, closely clasped by the lemma; grain cylindric, 1 to 2 cm long; staminate spikelet soft; lemma 5-nerved, membranaceous, linear, acuminate or awn-pointed; palea about as long as the glume, 3-nerved; stamens 6. Tall aquatic annuals or perennials, with flat blades and large terminal panicles, the lower branches ascending or spreading, bearing the pendulous staminate spikelets, the upper branches ascending, at ma- turity erect, bearing appressed pistillate spike- lets, the staminate spikelets early deciduous, the pistillate spikelets tardily deciduous. Type species, Zizania aquatica. Name from Zizanion, an old Greek name for a weed growing in grain, the tares of the Scripture parable. The seeds of wild rice were used by the aborigines for food and are still used to some extent by some of the northern tribes of Indians. Wildrice is important as a food and shelter for water fowl _ and is sometimes FlGUR* " V^ETe™™^' planted for this purpose in marshes on game preserves. The thickened bases of the culms of the Asiatic Z. lati- folia (Griseb.) Turcz. are used as a vegetable called Kau sun. Plants annual, erect 1. Z. aquatica. Plants perennial, long-decumbent at base 2. Z. texana.. 1. Zizania aquatica L. Annual wildrice. (Fig. 1141.) Annual; culms robust, usually 2 to 3 m tall; blades elongate, 1 to 4 cm wide, scaberulous ; panicles mostly 30 to 50 cm long, the branches mostly 15 to 20 cm long. o —Marshes and borders of streams and ponds, usually in shallow water, Quebec to North Dakota, south to Florida and Louisiana; Idaho (fig. 1142). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 541 Figuek Uih—Zizania aquatica. Plant, X V2; pistillate spikelet, X 2; second view, X 5; staminate spikp- let, X 5. (Fink, Iowa.) MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 542 ZlZANIA AQUATICA Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA HitcllC, rice. Culms usually not more than 1.5 m tall; blades usually not more than 1 cm wide. O —Shallow water, Quebec and New Brunswick to North Dakota, south to New York and Nebraska. 2. ZizaniatexanaHitchc. Texas wildrice. (Fig. 1143.) Perennial; culms long-decumbent and rooting at base, 1 to 3 m long; blades elon- gate, 3 to 15 or even 20 mm wide; panicle 20 to 30 cm long, narrow, the lower (staminate) branches ascending, 5 to 10 cm long; stami- nate spikelets 7 to 8 mm long, 1.5 Northern wild- Figurk 1142.— Distribution of Zizania aquatica. mm wide ; pistillate spikelets about 1 cm long, tapering into an awn 1 to 2 cm long. 01 -Growing in rapidly flowing water, San Marcos, Tex. The grass grows in water 30 to 120 cm deep, the lower part of the plant prostrate or floating on the water, the upper part erect. Flowers from April to November and at warm periods during winter. Said to be troublesome in irrigation ditches. 114. ZIZANlOPSIS Doell and Aschers. Spikelets unisexual, 1 -flowered, disarticulating from the pedicel, mixed on the same branches of the panicle, the staminate below; glumes wanting; lemma 7-neryed, short-awned in the pistillate spike- Figuke Ml.-Zizania texana. Plant, X V2; pistillate and staminate spikelets, X 5. (Type.) lets- palea 3-nerved; staminate spikelets with 6 stamens; styles rather long, united; fruit obovate, free from the lemma and palea, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 543 Figure 1144.— Zizaniopsis miliacea. Plant, X Vi, staminate spikelet, pistillate spikelet, and ripe caryop- sis, X 5. (Chase 7121, S.C.) 55974°— 35 35 544 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE coriaceous, smooth and shining, beaked with the persistent style; seed free from the pericarp. Robust perennial marsh grasses, with stout creeping rhizomes, broad flat blades, and large open panicles. Type species, Zizaniopsis microstachya Nees. Name from Zizania, a generic name, and Greek opsis, appearance, alluding to the similarity to Zizania. 1. Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell and Aschers. (Fig. 1144.) Southern wildrice. Culms 1 to 3 m tall or even taller; blades glabrous except the very scabrous margins, 1 to 2 cm wide, the midrib stout; panicle rather F,GBS™°no' narrow, nodding, 30 to 50 cm long, the numerous branches fascicled, as much as 15 to 20 cm long, naked at base ; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long, short-awned, the staminate slender, the pistillate turgid at maturity. Ql — Marshes, creeks, and river banks, Maryland to Kentucky and Oklahoma, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 1145). 115. LUZIOLAJuss. Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered, disarticulating from the pedicel, the staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate panicles on the same plant; glumes wanting; lemma and palea about equal, thin, several to many-nerved, lanceolate or oblong; stamens 6 or more; stigmas long, plumose; grain free, globose, finely striate. Creeping, low or delicate perennials, with narrow flat blades and terminal and axillary panicles. Type species, Luziola peruviana. Name modified from Luzula, a genus of Juncaceae. Pistillate spikelets ovoid, about 2 mm long; staminate and pistillate panicles on the same shoot 1. L. peruviana. Pistillate spikelets oblong-lanceolate, 4 to 5 mm long; staminate and pistillate panicles on different shoots 2. L. bahiensis. 1. Luziola peruviana Gmel. (Fig. 1146.) Culms slender, branch- ing, the flowering shoots ascending, 10 to 40 cm tall; blades 1 to 4 mm wide, exceeding the panicles; staminate panicles terminal, narrow, the spikelets about 7 mm long; pistillate panicles terminal and axil- lary, 3 to 6 cm long, about as wide, the spikelets about 2 mm long, ovoid at maturity, abruptly pointed. < % — Muddy ground and wet meadows, Florida (Pensacola) and Louisiana (vicinity of New Orleans) ; Mexico and Cuba, south to Argentina. 2. Luziola bahiensis (Steud.) Hitchc. (Fig. 1147.) Extensively stoloniferous, the flowering shoots not more than 15 cm tall, mostly less; blades 2 to 4 mm wide, much exceeding the panicles; panicles mostly terminal, the staminate few-flowered, the spikelets about 5 mm long; pistillate panicles 4 to 6 cm long, the few stiff branches finally spreading, with a few appressed oblong-lanceolate spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, the lemma and palea much exceeding the caryopsis. % — Lagoons and banks of streams, southern Alabama; Cuba. 116. HYDROCHLOA Beauv. Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered, disarticulating from the pedicel, the staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate panicles on the same plant; glumes wanting; staminate spikelets with a thin 7-nerved lemma, a 2-nerved palea, and 6 stamens; pistillate spikelets with a MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 545 Figube 1146.— Luziola peruviana. Plant, X lA\ pistillate and staminate spikelets, X 5 (Curtiss 6871, Fla.) 546 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE thin 7-nerved lemma and 5-nerved palea, the stigmas long and slender. A slender, brandling, aquatic grass, probably perennial, the leaves floating; staminate spikelets in small few-flowered terminal racemes; pistillate spikelets in few-flowered racemes in the axils of the leaves. Type species, Hydrochloa caroliniensis. Name from Greek hudor, water, and chloa, grass, alluding to the habitat. 1. Hydrochloa caroliniensis Beauv. (Fig. 1148.) Culms up to 1 m or more long, freely branching, leafy; blades flat, 1 to 3 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, in vigorous shoots as much as 6 cm long and 5 mm wide; spikelets inconspicuous and infrequent, the staminate about 4 mm long, the pistillate about 2 mm. % — Ponds and slow-flowing streams, sometimes in sufficient abundance to become troublesome. South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1149). Eaten by live- stock. Lemma 5- or 7-nerved; palca4- to 7-nerved. (Weatherwax.) 117. PHARUS L. Spikelets in pairs, appressed along the slender spreading, nearly simple panicle branches, one pistillate, subsessile, the other stami- nate, pedicellate, much smaller than the pistillate spikelet; fertile lemma subin- durate, terete, clothed, at least toward the beaked apex, with thick uncinate hairs; blades petioled (the petiole with a single twist reversing the upper and under sur- faces of the blade), the nerves running from midnerve to margin, with fine trans- verse veins between the nerves. Perennials with broad flat elliptic or oblanceolate blades and terminal panicles with rather few stiffly spreading branches breaking readily at maturity, the terete pistillate spikelets appressed, the uncinate fruits acting like burs. Type species, Pharus latifolius L. Name from Greek pharos, cloth or mantle, possibly alluding to the broad blades. 1. Pharus parvifolius Nash. (Fig. 1150.) Culms long-decumbent and root- ing at base, the flowering shoot 30 to 50 cm tall; blades elliptic, abruptly acumi- nate, 10 to 20 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide ; panicles mostly 10 to 20 cm long, about as wide; pistillate spikelets about 1 cm long, the glumes thin, brown, less than half as long as the lemma; staminate spikelets about 3 mm long, the slender pedicels appressed to the pistillate spikelets. % — Rocky woods, Florida, rare (Pineola; Orange Lake); West Indies to Brazil. TRIBE 11. MELINIDEAE 118. MELINIS Beauv. Spikelets small, dorsally compressed, 1-flowered with a sterile lemma below the fertile floret, the rachilla disarticulating below the glumes; first glume minute; second glume and sterile lemma similar, membranaceous, strongly nerved, slightly exceeding the fertile floret; Figure 1147 —Luziola bahiensis, X 1 (Mohr, Ala.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 547 fertile lemma and palea subhyaline toward summit. Perennials Figure 1148.— Hydrochloa caroliniensis. Plant, X lA; two views of pistillate spikelet and staminate spikelet, X 5. (Nash 1152, Fla.) with slender, branching, decumbent culms and narrow many-flowered panicles, with capillary branchlets and pedicels. Type species, Melinis minutifiora. Name from Greek meline, millet. 1. Melinis minutifiora Beauv. Molasses grass. (Fig. 1151.) Culms ascending from a tangled much branched base, as much as 1 m tall; the foliage viscid-pubescent; blades flat, 5 Fl^o^rS«Sn°f to 15 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, purplish; spikelets about 2 mm long, the sterile lemma 2-lobed, with a delicate awn 1 to 10 mm long from between the lobes. % — Introduced from Brazil, though 548 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure U50.-Pharus parvifolius, X H- (Miller 1231, Dominican Republic.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 549 native of Africa. Cultivated for forage and spreading in open ground through Central and South America and the West Indies. It has been tried successfully in southern Florida. The grass has a heavy sweetish odor when fresh. Called in Brazil capim gordura. Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze. Robust perennial, 1 to 3 m tall; blades 3 to 7 cm wide; panicle commonly 1 m long, the slender dense- ly-flowered branches drooping; spike- lets about 2 mm long, pointed; fertile lemma long-ciliate. % — Introduced in southern Florida and southern California as an ornamental. TRIBE 12. PANICEAE 119. ANTHAENANTIABeauv. Spikelets obovoid; first glume wanting; second glume and ster- ile lemma about equal, 5-nerved, the broad internerves infolded, densely villous, the sterile lemma with a small palea and sometimes with a staminate flower; fertile lemma cartilaginous, brown, with narrow pale hyaline margins, boat-shaped, 3-nerved, subacute. ||| Erect perennials with short creeping rhizomes, narrow, firm, flat blades, the uppermost much reduced, and narrow panicles, the slender branches ascending or appressed. Type species, Anthae- nantia villosa. Name from Greek anthos, flower, and enantios con- trary. (Beauvois misinterpreted the structure of the spikelet.)9 In pine barrens A. ruja may be an important element in the natural pasture. Blades erect or spreading, rather blunt or rounded at the apex, linear, folded at base; panicle usually purple 1- . A. rufa. Blades ascending or spreading (on the average shorter and broader than in A. ruja), tapering to the apex, rounded at base; panicle usually pale.- 2. A. villosa. 1. Anthaenantia rufa (Ell.) Schult. (Fig. 1152, A.) Culms slender, 60 to 120 cm tall; blades elongate, 3 to 5 mm wide, often scabrous; panicle 8 to 15 cm long, usually purple; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long. Qi -Moist pine barrens, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida and eastern Texas (fig. 1153). 2. Anthaenantia villosa (Michx.) Beauv. (Fig. 1152, B.) Differ- ing from A. rufa in the wider, mostly shorter, spreading blades and in the usually pale panicles. % — Dry pine barrens, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1154). » See Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 24: 170. 1925. Figure 1151. let, X 10 Mdinis minutiflora. Plant, X 1; spike- (Moldenke 453, Fla.) 550 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1152— A, Anthaenantia rufa, X 1. (Anier. Or. Nat. Herb. 290, N.C.) B, A. villosa. Plant, X XA\ spikelet and floret, X 10. (Chase 4605, N.C.) 120. TRICHACHNE Nees (Valota Adans. inadequately published) Spikelets lanceolate, in pairs, short-pediceled, in two rows along one side of a slender rachis; first glume minute, glabrous; second MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 551 Figure 1153.— Distribution of Anlhaenantia rufa. glume and sterile lemma about as long as the fruit, 3- to 5-nerved, copiously silky; fertile lemma cartilaginous, lanceolate, acuminate, usually brown, the flat white hyaline mar- gins broad. Perennials with slender erect or ascending racemes, approximate to rather distant along a slender main axis, forming a white to brownish silky panicle. Type species, Trichachne insularis. Name from Greek thrix (trick-), hair, and achne, chaff, alluding to the silky spikelets. Trichachne insularis is not relished by cattle, hence the name sourgrass by which it is called in the West Indies; T. californica is a constituent of the ranges of the Southwest, and furnishes fair forage. Fruit 4 mm long; spikelets tawny- villous 1. T. insularis- Fruit 3 mm or less long (rarely 3.5 mm); spikelets white-villous. Spikelets long-silky, the hairs exceeding the spikelet; fruit 3-3.5 mm long. Panicle branches stiffly ascending or spreading, comparatively few flowered; fruit oblong-lanceolate, gradually pointed 3. T. patens. Panicle branches appressed, densely flowered; fruit obovate, abruptly pointed, the point scarcely indurate 2. T. californica. Spikelets short-silky, the hairs not exceeding the spikelet; fruit 2.4 mm long 4. T. HITCHCOCKII. 1. Trichachne insularis (L.) Nees. Sourgrass. (Fig. 1155.) Culms suberect from a hard scaly hairy swollen base, 1 to 1.5 m tall; leaves numerous; the sheaths sparsely hirsute; blades elongate, 8 to 15 mm wide; panicle 15 to 30 cm long, the slender racemes mostly 10 to 15 cm long, somewhat nodding; spikelets approximate, excluding the hairs about 4 mm long, the tawny hairs much exceeding them. % (Valota insu- laris Chase.) — Low open ground and waste places, Florida, Alabama (Mobile), and south- ern Texas; Mexico, West Indies to Argentina. 2. Trichachne californica (Benth.) Chase. Cottontop. (Fig. 1156.) Culms erect from a knotty swollen felty-pubescent base, 40 to 100 cm tall; leaves numerous, the sheaths glabrous to sparsely pilose; blades mostly less than 12 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, from nearly glabrous to densely puberulent; panicle mostly 5 to 10 cm long, the few racemes usually 3 to 5 cm long, occasionally longer, erect or nearly so; spikelets approximate, excluding the hairs 3 to 4 mm long, the white to purplish hairs much exceeding them, often spreading, the middle internerves of the sterile lemma glabrous. Ql (T. saccharata Nash.) — Plains and dry open ground, Texas to Colorado, Arizona, and Mexico (fig. 1157). 3. Trichachne patens Swallen. (Fig. 1158.) Culms tufted, erect, 40 to 90 cm tall; sheaths more or less papillose-pilose, the lowermost densely felty pubescent; blades 5 to 15 cm long, 1 to 4 mm wide, scabrous; panicle 10 to 18 cm long, the racemes stiffly ascending or spreading; spikelets remote, 4 mm long, densely silky, the hairs exceeding the spikelet; fruit 3 mm long, acute. 21 — Dry fields, prairies, and roadsides, Texas. 4. Trichachne hitchcockii (Chase) Chase. (Fig. 1159.) Culms tufted and branching at base, leafy below, slender, 30 to 50 cm tall ; sheaths Figure 1154.— Distribution of Anlhaenantia rillom. 552 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figtjri 1155— Trichachne insularis. Plant X Yi, spikelet and floret, X 10. (Baker and Wilson 602, Cuba.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 553 and blades nearly glabrous to puberulent, sometimes densely _ so toward base, the blades 2 to 5 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide; panicle long-exserted, 6 to 10 cm long, the few racemes 3 to 4 cm long, mostly rather remote and erect; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long, densely silkv-villous, the prominent nerves not hidden, the grayish hairs not exceeding the spikelet. % — Dry plains, Texas; northern Mexico. 121. DIGIT ARIA Heister. Crabgrass (Syntherisma' Walt.) Spikelets in twos or threes, rarely solitary, subsessile or short- pediceled, alternate in two rows on one side of a 3-angled winged or wingless rachis; spikelets lanceolate or elliptic, nearly planoconvex; first glume minute or wanting; second glume equal- ing the sterile lemma or shorter; fertile lemma cartilaginous, the hyaline margins pale. An- nual or perennial, erect to prostrate, often weedy grasses, the slender racemes digitate or approximate on a short axis. Type species, Digi- taria sanguinalis. Name from Latin digitus, finger, alluding to the digitate inflorescence of the type species. The species are in the main good forage grasses. Digitaria sanguinalis, the common crabgrass, is a weed in cultivated soil. In the Southern States, where it produces an abundant growth in the late summer on fields from which crops have been gathered, it is utilized for forage and is sometimes cut for hay. This species and D. ischaemum are common weeds in lawns. They form a fine green growth at first but they start figure use.— Trichachne can- i j j- • ,i <• n fornica, X 1. (Hitchcock late and die m the fall. i3608, Tex.) la. Rachis winged or flat-margined, the margin as wide as the central rib; plants annual, creeping at least at base. Rachis bearing scattered long fine hairs (these rarely wanting); spikelets narrow, acuminate, nearly glabrous 2. D. horizontalis. Rachis not bearing hairs; spikelets elliptic, acute, pubescent. Sheaths glabrous; fertile lemma brown. Spikelets 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, the hairs or most of them capitellate. 3. D. ISCHAEMUM. Spikelets 1.5 to 1.7 mm long, about 0.6 mm wide, the hairs not capitellate. Sterile lemma with 5 distinct nerves; spikelets sparingly pubescent, 1.7 mm long; fertile lemma light brown; racemes, if more than 2, not digitate 4. D. floridana. Sterile lemma with 3 distinct nerves; spikelets distinctly pubescent, 1.5 mm long, fertile lemma dark brown, racemes usually all digitate 5. D. violascens. Sheaths pilose or villous; fertile lemma pale. Spikelets 1.5 to 1.7 mm long; pedicels terete, glabrous 6. D. serotina. Spikelets 2.5 to 3.5 mm long; pedicels angled, scabrous. 1. D. saxguinaus. Figure 1157.— Distribution of Trichachne californica. 554 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1158 .— Tmhwhw patens. Plant, X l\ spikelet and floret, X 10, (Reed U, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 555 D. SIMPSONI. D. RUNYONI. D. TEXANA. lb Rachis wingless or with a very narrow margin (see also D. horizontalis), triangular; plants not creeping (except in D. texana), annual or perennial. 2a. Fertile lemma pale or gray. Plants annual, decumbent and rooting at base. Spikelets £ mm long, glabrous or nearly so «■ Plants perennial. Spikelets densely or sparsely villous; racemes 5 to 10. Spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm long, sparsely to densely villous. 15. Spikelets 2.3 to 2.8 mm long, rather sparsely villous.. 12. Spikelets glabrous to obscurely appressed-pubescent on the mternerves; racemes 2 to 5, some of them naked at base for 1 to 1.5 cm. First glume broad, hyaline, minute but obvious; spikelets 3.2 mm long, glabrous 13. D. pauciflora. First glume obsolete or nearly so; spikelets 2.5 to 2.8 mm long, obscurely to obviously appressed-pubescent 14. D. subcalva. 2b. Fertile lemma dark brown. Plants erect or at least not rooting at the decumbent base; annual or sometimes apparently perennial. Second glume and sterile lemma glabrous (see also D. laeviglumis under D.filiformis) n- D. gracillima. Second glume and sterile lemma capitellate-pubescent. Spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long 9. Spikelets 1.5 to 1.7 mm long. Blades folded or involute, flexuous 10. D. VILLOSA. D. PANICEA. Blades flat 8. D.filiformis. 1. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Crabgrass. (Fig. 1160.) Plant branching and spreading, often purplish, rooting at the decum- bent base, the culms sometimes as much as 1 m long, the flowering shoots prostrate or ascending; sheaths, at least the lower, papillose- pilose; blades 5 to 10 mm wide, pubescent to scaberulous; racemes few to several, 5 to 15 cm long, rarely longer, digitate, with usually 1 or 2 whorls a short distance below; spikelets about 3 mm long ; first glume minute but evident ; second glume about half as long as the spikelet, narrow, ciliate; sterile lemma strongly nerved, the lateral internerves appressed- pubescent, the hairs sometimes spreading at maturity (D. jimbriata Link) ; fertile lemma pale, o — Fields, gardens, and waste places, a troublesome weed in cultivated ground, throughout the United States, at low and me- dium altitudes, more common in the East and South; temperate and tropical regions of the world. Native of Europe. A specimen with nearly glabrous sheaths and inflorescences of 2 racemes collected by Tracy in Mississippi, said to be introduced, has been erroneously referred to Syntherisma barbatum (Willd.) Nash (Digitaria barbata Willd.). 2. Digitaria horizontalis Willd. (Fig. 1161.) Resembling D. sanguinalis but the racemes more slender and lax, rachis scarcely winged, bearing scattered long fine spreading hairs (these rarely wanting); spikelets narrow, about 2 mm long; first glume minute or obsolete; second glume half as long as the spikelet. o (Syntherisma setosum Nash; £. digitatum Hitchc.) — Waste places, southern and central Florida; ballast, Mobile, Ala.; tropical regions of both hemispheres. Figure 1159. — Trichachnc hitch- cockii. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Type.) 556 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figube 1]60.— Digitaria sanguinalis. Plant, X Vi, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Norton 566, Kans.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 557 3. Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. Smooth crabgrass. (Fig. 1162.) Erect or usually soon decumbent-spreading, resembling D. sanguinalis but not so coarse or tall; foliage glabrous, more purple; racemes mostly 2 to 6, 4 to 10 cm long, the rachis with thin wings wider than the midrib; spikelets about 2 mm long; first glume hyaline, obscure; second glume and sterile lemma as long as the dark fertile lemma, pubescent with capitellate hairs, o (Syntherisma humi- jusum Rydb.) — Waste places, often a troublesome weed in lawns, Quebec to North Dakota, south to South Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, occasionally farther west (fig. 1163) ; introduced from Eurasia. The first glume is so thin as to be apparently wanting. Digitaria ischaemum var. mississippiensis (Gattinger) Fernald. Taller, the racemes mostly 5 to 7, often 10 or even 15 cm long; first glume often more easily seen, o — Maryland, Tennessee, and South Carolina. Figure 1161. — Digitaria horizontalis. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Nash 996, Fla.) Figure 1162. — Digitaria inchaemum. Plant, X 1 ; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Jones 1761, Vt.) 4. Digitaria Iloridana Hitchc. (Fig. 1164.) Culms tufted, decum- bent at base, 20 to 30 cm tall; foliage glabrous except for a few long hairs around the mouth of the sheath ; blades 4 to 7 cm long, 3 to 6 nun wide; racemes 3 or 4, rather distant on the axis, 3 to 6 cm long, the rachis wings wider than the midrib; spikelets 1.5 to 1.7 mm long, rather sparingly pubescent; first glume wanting; second glume and sterile lemma about as long as the light brown fertile lemma. o — Known only from sandy pine woods, Hernando County, Fla. The inflorescence resembles that of D.jiliformis, but the rachis is winged; the spikelets are smaller than those of D. ischaemum. 5. Digitaria violascens Link. (Fig. 1165, B.) Annual or ap- parently perennial; culms numerous in a tuft, spreading at base, slender, 10 to 40 cm tall; leaves mostly clustered near the base, the sheaths glabrous; blades flat, mostly less than 5 cm long, 3 to 6 mm 558 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE wide, the'upper culm blade distant, reduced; racemes slender, 2 to 5, usually 2 or 3, digitate or some- times approximate on a short axis 3 to 6 cm long, at ma- turity spreading or curved, the rachis flat, winged, about 0.7 mm wide; spikelets closely set, elliptic, acutish, minutely pubes- cent, about 1.5 mm long; first glume wanting; second glume Figure 1163.— Distribution of Digitaria ischaemum. about three-fourths as long as the spikelet; sterile lemma as long as the spikelet, with three distinct nerves and 1 or 2 obscure pairs; fertile lemma acute, dark brown at maturity. 0 21 — Open pineland in sandy soil, Arkansas (Hamburg), Texas (Buna); tropical America; trop- ical Asia. ^r Figure 1164.— Digitaria floridana. spikelet and fertile floret, X 10. Plant, X 1; (Type.) 6. Digitaria serotina (Walt.) Michx. (Fig. 1165, A.) Creeping, sometimes forming extensive mats; flowering culms ascending or erect, 10 to 30 cm tall; leaves crowded on the creeping culms, the blades short ; sheaths villous ; blades 2 to 8 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide ; racemes usually 3 to 5, slen- der, often arcuate, 3 to 10 cm long, the rachis with thin wings wider than the midrib; spike- lets pale, about 1.7 mm long; first glume wanting; second glume about one-third as long as the sterile lemma, both finely pubescent ; fertile lemma pale. G — Pastures and waste places, Coastal Plain, North Car- olina to Florida and Louisiana; Phila- delphia (ballast); Cuba (fig. 1166). 7. Digitaria simpsoni (Vasey) Fer- nald. (Fig. 1167.) Resembling D. sanguinalis in habit; sheaths papillose-pilose, those of the inno- Figure 1166.— Distribution of Digitaria serotina. Figure 1165. — A, Digitaria serotina. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet and floret, X 10. (Tracy 4653, Miss.) B, D. violascens. Two views of spikelet and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 9396, Jamaica.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 559 vations compressed-keeled; blades not more than 6 mm wide, softly- pilose; racemes 4 to 8, ascending, pale, 8 to 12 cm long, the triangular rachis narrowly margined; spikelets about 3 mm long; first glume hyaline, obsolete or nearly so; second glume and sterile lemma finely 7- to 9-nerved, glabrous or very obscurely pubescent, barely exceeding the pale, slightly apiculate fertile lemma. O — Sandy fields, Florida, rare; Isla de Pinos, Cuba. 8. Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koel. (Fig. 1168, A.) Culms in small tufts, slender, usually erect, 10 to 60 cm tall, rarely taller, those of a tuft very unequal; lower sheaths pilose, the upper mostly glabrous ; blades Figure 1167.— Digitaria simpsoni. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Curtiss 6422, Fla.) Figure 1168.— -4, Digitaria filiformis. Plant, X 1; spike- let and floret, X 10. (Bis- sell. Conn.) B, D. laevi- glumis. Spikelet, X 10. (Type coll.) erect, usually 5 to 15 cm long (longer in robust plants), 1 to 4 mm wide; racemes mostly 1 to 5, unequal, erect or ascending, mostly less than 10 cm long, somewhat distant, not fascicled; spikelets 1.5 to 1.7 mm long; first glume wanting; second glume and sterile lemma pubescent with short capitellate hairs, sometimes nearly glabrous, the glume shorter than the spikelet; fertile lemma dark brown, slightly apiculate. o — Sandy fields and sterile open ground, New Hamp- shire to Iowa and Kansas, south to Florida, Texas, and Mexico 55974°— 36 36 560 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A— -A i 3 T-~ 4)ifc?-i3f \ \ i rV • * • 1 *L A?^7 ; "T^i"" "Xv Y-i-z^i) 1 i ^ W •y ^1°\ Figure 1169.— Distribution of Digitaria filiformis. Figure 1170. — Digitaria villosa. Plant, X 1; sDikelet and floret, X 10. (Curtiss 5300, Fla.) (fig. 1169). A form with glabrous spikelets from Manchester, N.H., has been described as D. laeviglumis Fernald (fig. 1168, B). 9. Digitaria villosa (Walt.) Pers. (Fig. 1170.) Perennial at least in the Southern States, in large tufts, purplish at base; culms 0.75 to 1.5 m tall, rarely branching; sheaths, at least the lower, grayish villous, some- times sparsely so; blades elongate, 3 to 6 mm wide, often flexuous, from softly pilose to nearly glabrous; racemes 2 to 7, narrowly ascending, rarely somewhat spreading, very slender, usually 15 to 25 cm long, rather distant, often naked at base, sometimes interrupted; spike- lets 2 to 2.5 mm long, usually dense- ly pubescent with soft capitellate hairs, the hairs longer than in D. filiformis, and sometimes only obscurely capitellate, the spikelets otherwise ven^ like those of D. filiformis. Q|. — Sandy fields and woods, Maryland to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas; Cuba, Mexico (fig. 1171). This species and D. filiformis seem to intergrade to some extent. Plants from penin- sular Florida with less strongly pubescent sheaths, 2 to 4 elongate racemes, and spikelets with longer hairs have been distinguished as D. leucocoma (Nash) Urban. 10. Digitaria panicea (Swartz) Urban. (Fig. 1172.) Resembling D. villosa, but more slender; blades folded or involute, flexuous, about 1 mm wide; racemes mostly 1 to 3, erect, 5 to 20 cm long, usually 10 to 15 cm, very slender, loosely flowered ; spike- lets about 1.5 mm long, the capitel- late hairs rather stiff and appressed. 91 — Moist pine barrens and open ground, southern Flor- ida; West Indies, Brazil. 11. Digitaria gracillima (Scribn.) Fernald. (Fig. 1173.) Perennial in dense tufts; culms 60 to 100 cm tall, erect; lower sheaths appressed- villous; blades elongate, 1 to 2 mm wide, often involute, more or less flexuous; racemes mostly 2 or 3, distant (rarely as many as 5 and fairly approximate), very slender; spikelets rather remote, Figure 1171.— Distribution of Digitaria villosa. Figure 1172.— Digitaria panicea. X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. 905S, Fla.) Plant, (Tracy MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 561 relatively long pediceled, about 2.3 mm long, glabrous; first glume obsolete, the second glume one-fourth to one-half as long as the dark brown fertile lemma; sterile lemma scarcely equaling the fruit. 91 — Sandy soil, high pineland, peninsular Florida, rare. A tall plant from Grasmere with 3 to 5 racemes, the spikelets having second glumes about two-thirds as long as the fertile lemma, has been differ- entiated as D. bakeri (Nash) Fernald. 12. Digitaria texana Hitchc. (Fig. 1174.) Perennial, erect or somewhat decumbent and branching at base; culms 30 to 60 cm tall; lower sheaths, rarely all the sheaths, villous or velvety- pubescent, the uppermost glabrous; ligule prominent; blades flat, the lower villous, the upper glabrate, 10 to 15 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide; racemes mostly 5 to 10, slen- der, pale, ascending or erect, 5 to 12 cm long, the axis 1 to 4 cm long; rachis angled, Figure 1174. -Digitaria texana. Plant, X Ij spikelet and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1173.— Digitaria qracillima. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) the scabrous margins much narrower than the whitish center; spikelets mostly rather distant, 2 to 2.5 mm long, from short-villous to nearly glabrous, the silky hairs not at all capitellate; first glume obsolete; second glume and sterile lemma as long as the pale acute fertile lemma. % — Sandy oak woods or sandy prairie, southern Texas. 13. Digitaria pauciflora Hitchc. (Fig. 1175.) Perennial; culms erect or somewhat decumbent at base, 0.5 to 1 m tall, very slender, sparingly branching; foliage grayish- villous, the blades 6 to 12 cm 562 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE long, about 2 mm wide; racemes 2 or 3, ascending or erect, 5 to 11 cm long, the filiform rachis naked for 1 to 1.5 cm at base, or with distant abortive spikelets; spikelets rather distant, elliptic, about 3.2 mm long, glabrous; first glume minute with a hyaline erose margin; second glume and sterile lemma finely nerved, as long as the grayish fertile lemma. % — Pinelands, southern Florida. 14. Digitaria siibcalva Hitchc. (Fig. 1176.) Perennial; culms tufted, slender, ascending from a curved base, 40 to 100 cm tall; sheaths papillose-pilose; blades flat, scabrous, the lower pilose, 3 to Figure 1175. — Digitaria pauciflora. Plant, X 1; spikelet and fioret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1176.— Digitaria subcalm. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Type.) 15 cm long 1 to 3 mm wide; racemes 2 to 4, narrowly ascending, 5 to 12 cm long, approximate, the rachis slender, triangular, mostly naked at base for 1 to 1.5 cm; spikelets 2.5 to 2.8 mm long, acute; first glume obsolete; second glume and sterile lemma slightly shorter than the acute pale or drab fruit, the internerves from obscurely to distinctly appressed silky-pubescent. % — Known only from Plant City, Fla. 15. Digitaria rimyoni Hitchc. (Fig. 1177.) Perennial; culms ascending, 40 to 70 cm tall, the base often long-creeping and rooting, many-noded; sheaths densely villous or the upper glabra te; blades flat, the lower densely velvety-villous, the upper sparingly pilose or glabrous, mostly less than 10 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide; racemes 5 to 10, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 563 on an axis 1 to 4 cm long, mostly suberect, 7 to 12 cm long, pale, sometimes naked at base, the rachis flat- triangular; spikelets narrowly- lanceolate, acute, 2.8 to 3.5 mm long; first glume minute or obsolete; second glume and sterile lemma equal, sparsely to densely villous on the internerves, the lemma glabrous on the middle internerves; fertile lemma acuminate, usually a little shorter than the spikelet, pale at maturity. 01 — Sand dunes and sandy prairies along the coast, southern Texas. 122. LEPTOLOMA Chase Spikelets on slender pedicels; first glume minute or obsolete; second glume 3-nerved, nearly as long as the 5- to 7-nerved sterile lemma, a more or less prominent stripe of appressed silky hairs down the inter- nerves and margins of each, the sterile lemma empty or enclosing a minute nerveless rudimentary palea; fertile lemma cartilaginous, elliptic, acute, brown, the delicate hyaline margins en- closing the palea. Branching perenni- als with brittle culms, felty pubescent at base, flat blades, and open or diffuse panicles, these breaking away at matu- rity, becoming tumbleweeds. Type species, Leptoloma cognatum. Name from Greek leptos, thin and loma, border, alluding to the thin margins of the lemma. 1. Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase. Fall witchgrass. (Fig. 1178.) Ascending from a decumbent base, often forming large bunches, pale green, leafy; culms 30 to 70 cm long; blades mostly less than 10 cm long, 2 to 6 mm wide, rather rigid ; panicle one- third to half the entire height of the plant, purplish and short-exserted at maturity, very diffuse, the capillary branches soon widely spreading, pilose in the axils, the spikelets solitary on long capillary pedicels, narrowly ellip- tic, 2.5 to 3 mm long, abruptly acumi- nate. Oi (Panicum cognatum Schult., Panicum autumnale Bosc.) — Dry soil and sandy fields, New Hampshire to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas, west to Arizona (fig. 1179). A fairly palatable grass. 123. STENOTAPHRUM Trin. Spikelets embedded in one side of an enlarged and flattened corky rachis tardily disarticulating toward the tip at maturity, the spikelets remaining attached to the joints; first glume small; second glume and sterile lemma ahout equal, the latter with a palea or staminate Figure U77.—Digitaria runvoni. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Type.) 564 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figuke 117$.— Leptoloma cognatum. Plant, X H; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Tracy 8223, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 565 flower; fertile lemma chartaceous. Creeping stoloniferous perennials with short flowering culms, rather broad and short obtuse blades and terminal and axillary racemes. Type species, Stenotaphrum gldbrum Figure 1179.— Distribution of Leptoloma cognatum Trin. Name from Greek, stenos, narrow, and taphros, trench, referring to the cavities in the rachis. 1. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze. St. Augustine grass. (Fig. 1180.) Culms branching, compressed, the flowering shoots 10 to 30 cm tall; blades mostly less than 15 cm long, longer on the innovations, in rich soil 4 to 10 mm wide; racemes 5 to 10 cm long; spike- lets solitary or in pairs, rarely threes, 4 to 5 mm long. % — Moist, especially mucky soil, mostly near the seashore, South Fiouee USO.-Stenotaphmm secundatum. Plant, X V2; two views of spikelet, and fertile floret, X HX (Tracy 1408, Miss.) Carolina to Florida and Texas (fig. 1181). Cultivated as a lawn grass in the coastal cities. The lawns have a coarse texture but are otherwise satisfactory. Propagated by cuttings of the stolons. A variegated form with leaves striped with white is used as a basket plant. Called by gardeners var. variegatum. 566 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 124. ERlCCHLOA H.B.K. Cupgrass Spikelets more or less pubescent, solitary or sometimes in pairs, short-pediceled or subsessile, in two rows on one side of a narrow rachis, the back of the fertile lemma turned from the rachis; lower rachilla joint thickened, forming a more or less ringlike, usually dark- colored callus below the second glume, the first glume reduced to a minute sheath about this and adnate to it; second glume and sterile lemma about equal, the lemma usually enclosing a hyaline palea or sometimes a staminate flower; fertile lemma indurate, minutely papiUose-rugose, mucronate or awned, the awn often readily decidu- ous, the margins slightly inrolled. Annual or perennial, often branch- ing grasses, with terminal panicles of several to many spreading or appressed racemes, usually approximate along a common axis. The species are called cupgrasses because of the tiny cup made by the first glume at the base of the spikelet. Type species, Eriochloa distachya H.B.K. Name from Greek erion, wool, and chloa, grass, alluding to the pubes- cent spikelets and pedicels. A West Indian species, E. polystchaya H.B.K. (E. subglabra (Nash) Hitchc), called malojilla in Puerto Rico, is used for forage. This has been tried along the Gulf Coast from Florida figure 1181.— Distribution of t0 southern Texas and has given excellent re- suits m southern Honda and at Biloxi, Miss. It is similar in habit to Para grass, producing runners but less ex- tensively, is suited to grazing, and will furnish a good quality of hay. It will not withstand either cold or drought. The name carib grass has been proposed for it. In Arizona E. gracilis has some value for forage in the national forests. Spikelets, including slender awns, 7 to 10 mm long 1. E. aristata. Spikelets not more than 6 mm, awnless or awn-tipped. Pedicels with erect hairs at least half as long as the spikelet; racemes dense, erect or appressed. (See also E. gracilis var. minor.) Blades 2 to 3 mm wide, elongate 2. E. sericea. Blades 5 to 15 mm wide, not more than 15 cm long 3. E. lemmoni. Pedicels scabrous or short-pubescent. Plants perennial. Rachis velvety to villous; spikelets narrowly ovate 8. E. michauxii. Rachis scabrous only; spikelets lanceolate 7. E. punctata. Plants annual. Rachis scabrous only; racemes slender. Introduced 4. E. procera. Rachis pubescent; racemes stouter. Blades glabrous; fruit apiculate 5. E. gracilis. Blades pubescent; fruit with an awn about 1 mm long. 6. E. contracta. 1. Eriochloa aristata Vasey. (Fig. 1182.) Annual; culms erect or spreading at base, 50 to 80 cm tall; blades flat, mostly 10 to 12 mm wide, glabrous; racemes several, ascending, overlapping, 3 to 4 cm long, the rachis pilose, the pedicels bearing several long stiff hairs; spikelets about 5 mm long, the glume and sterile lemma tapering into awns (awn of the glume about as long as the spikelet), appressed- villous on the lower half or two-thirds, the upper part scaberulous only; fruit 3.5 mm long, apiculate. © — Open ground, Arizona (Tucson) and California (Fort Yuma); northern Mexico. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 567 Figure 1182.— Eriochloa aristata. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Thornber 98, Ariz.) Figure 1183.— Eriochloa sericea. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Rev- erchon 1170, Tex.) 2. Eriochloa sericea (Scheele) Munro. (Fig. 1183.) Perennial, in dense tufts; culms simple, erect, 50 to 100 cm tall, the lowermost sheaths felty-pubesce nt ; blades elongate, 2 to 3 mm wide, flat or mostly in- volute, densely puberulent at the junction with the sheath; racemes several, appressed, somewhat distant, usually not over- lapping, mostly 1.5 to 3 cm long, the rachis hirsute, the pedicels with copi- ous stiff hairs half as long as the spike- let; spikelets 4 mm long, rather turgid, short-villous, the glume and sterile lemma acutish; fruit 3 mm long, apicuiate. Ql — Prairies and hills, Texas and Oklahoma. 3. Eriochloa lemmoni Vasey and Scribn. (Fig. 1184.) Annual; culms decumbent at base, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades fiat, only the larger as much as 15 cm long, 5 to 15 mm wide, velvety-pubes- cent on both surfaces; racemes erect, the upper overlapping, 1.5 to 3 cm long, the axis and rachis densely villous, the pedicels with several long hairs ; spikelets 4 mm long, rather turgid, villous except the apex, abruptly narrowed to a short ob- tuse point ; fruit 3 mm long, slightly apicuiate. o —Canyons, south- ern Arizona and northern Mexico. 4. Eriochloa procera (Retz.) Hubbard. (Fig. 1185.) Annual; culms spreading at base, 40 to 60 cm tall; blades flat, 2 to 4 mm wide; racemes loose, slender, ascending, 3 to 5 cm long, the rachis scabrous only; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long, appressed-pubes- cent, except toward the tip, the glume and sterile lemma acuminate; fruit 2 mm long, the slender awn about 0.5 mm long. © (E. ramosa Kuntze.) — Introduced on the university campus at Tuscon, Ariz.; Cuba; tropical Asia. 5. Eriochloa gracilis (Fourn.) Hitchc. (Fig. 1186, A.) Annual; culms erect or decumbent at base, 40 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, gla- Figure 1185.— Erio- chloa procera, X 10. (Grifliths 1516, Ariz.) Figure 1184.— Eriochloa lemmoni. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Peebles and Harrison 4703, Ariz.) 568 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1186.-4, Enochloa gracilis. Plant, X ft two views of spikelet and floret X 10. (McDougal, jjiqure a^^ ^ e contracts Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 13420, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 569 Figure 1187.— Distribution Eriochloa gracilis. of igure 11S8 — Distribution of Eriochloa contractu. brous, mostly 5 to 10 mm wide; racemes several to numerous, approxi- mate, ascending to slightly spreading, 2 to 4 cm long, the axis and rachis softly pubescent, the pedicels short-pilose; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, rather sparsely appressed-pubescent, acuminate, or the glume sometimes tapering into an awn-point as much as 1 mm long; sterile lemma empty ; fruit about 3 mm long, apiculate. © Open ground, often a weed in fields, western Texas to southern Cali- fornia, south through the highlands of Mexico (fig. 1187). (This species has been referred to E. acuminata (Presl) Kunth, an unidentified species of Mexico.) Eriochloa gracilis var. minor (Vasey) Hitchc. Mostly smaller, with more crowded, less acuminate spikelets, the pedicels with a few long hairs at the summit, fertile lemma about as long as the glume and sterile lemma (excluding the short points), obtuse or slightly apiculate. o — Open ground, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 6. Eriochloa contracta Hitchc. Prairie cupgrass. (Fig. 1186, B.) Annual; culms erect or sometimes decumbent at base, pubescent at least about the nodes, 30 to 70 cm tall; blades pubescent, usually not more than 5 mm wide; panicle usual- ly less than 15 cm long, contracted, cylindric, the ra- cemes appressed, closely overlapping, 1 to 2 cm long, the axis and rachises villous; spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm long, exclud- ing the awn-tip, ap- pressed-villous ; glume awn-tipped ; sterile lemma slightly shorter, acuminate, empty; fruit 2 to 2.5 an awn nearly 1 mm Figure 1189.— Eriochloa punctata. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 9661, Jamaica.) Figure 1190.— Erioch lor. michauxii. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 297, Fla.) mm long, with lone O — Open ground, ditches, low fields, and wet places, Kansas to Louisiana and New Mexico; introduced in Missouri and Virginia (fig. 1188). Differing from E. gracilis in the pubescent foliage, subcylmdric panicle, and the awned fruit. 7. Eriochloa punctata (L.) Desv. (Fig. 1189.) Perennial; culms in tufts, usually 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, mostly 5 to 10 mm wide, 570 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE glabrous; racemes several, ascending, overlapping, 3 to 5 cm long, the axis, rachises, and pedicels scabrous only; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, lanceolate, rather sparsely appressed-pilose ; glume tapering to an awn-point about 1 mm long; sterile lemma a little shorter than the glume, empty; fruit about half as long as the glume, awned, the awn 1 mm long or more. Qi — Marshes, river banks, and moist ground, southwestern Louisiana and southern Texas. 8. Eriochloa michauxii (Roem. and Schult.) Hitchc. (Fig. 1190.) Perennial; culms erect, rather stout, 60 to 120 cm tall; blades flat or, on the innovations, sometimes involute, elongate, 2 to 14 mm wide, usually less than 1 cm, glabrous; racemes ascending or spreading, usually numerous, 3 to 5 or even to 15 cm long, the axis 15 to 30 cm long, this and the rachises densely velvety-pubescent; spikelets narrowly ovate, 4 to 5 mm long, appressed-villous, acute; sterile floret usually with a well-developed palea and stamens; fruit 3 to 4 mm long, hirsutulous at apex, apiculate or with an awn not more than 0.3 mm long. % (E. mollis Kunth.)- — Brackish or fresh meadows and marshes and sandy prairies, southeastern Georgia and Florida. A form with narrow blades and relatively few racemes, the axis and rachis puberulent, has been described as E. mollis var. longifolia Vasey. It grades into the typical form with broader blades and more numerous racemes; the sterile floret contains a staminate flower. Eriochloa michauxii var. simpsoni Hitchc. Resembling the narrow-leaved form of the species; racemes few, appressed; sterile lemma empty. 01 - — Moist places, Myers to Cape Sable, Fla. Eriochloa nelsoni Scribn. and Smith. Tall annual with puberulent blades, few spreading racemes, the rachis very woolly, and rather blunt, turgid pubescent spikelets about 5 mm long. © —Ballast, near Portland, Oreg., Jalisco, Mex., to Nicaragua. 125. BRACHIARIA (Trim) Griseb. Spikelets solitary, rarely in pairs, subsessile, in two rows on one side of a 3-angled, sometimes narrowly winged rachis, the first glume turned toward the rachis; first glume short to nearly as long as the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma about equal, 5- to 7-nerved, the lem- ma enclosing a hyaline palea and sometimes a stami- nate flower; fertile lemma indurate, usually papillose- rugose, the margins inrolled, th e apex rarely mucronate or bearing a short awn. Branching and spreading annuals or perennials, with linear blades and several spreading or appressed racemes approxi- mate along a common axis. Type species, Brachiaria erucaeformis. Name from Latin brachium, arm, alluding to the armlike racemes. Figure 1191. — Brachiaria ciliatissima. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 571 Spikelets densely silky-pubescent; plants perennial 1. B. ciliatissima. Spikelets glabrous; plants annual. Spikelet flat-beaked beyond the fruit 2. B. Extensa. Spikelet not beaked beyond the fruit 3. B. plantaginea. 1. Brae hi aria ciliatissima (Buckl.) Chase. (Fig. 1191.) Perennial, producing long leafy stolons with short internodes, rooting at the swollen nodes, the blades short, firm, divaricately- spreading; flowering culms erect or ascending, 15 to 40 cm tall, the nodes bearded; sheaths sparsely to densely pilose; blades 3 to 7 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, tapering to a sharp point, usually ciliate along the lower part of the thick white margin; panicle finally long-exserted, 3 to 6 cm long, the few branches erect or ascending, 1 to 2 cm long; spikelets 4 mm long first glume three-fourths the length of the spikelet, glabrous; second glume and Figure 1192.— Brachiaria externa. Plant, X Vi, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Nealley, Tex.) 572 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE sterile lemma about equal, 5-nerved, the marginal part densely white-silky; fruit 3 mm long. % — Open sandy ground, Texas; Arkansas (Benton County). 2. Brachiaria extensa Chase. (Fig. 1192.) Annual; culms decum- bent, rooting at the lower nodes; blades rather thick, 4 to 12 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide; panicle short-exserted or included at base; racemes 2 to 6, distant, 3 to 8 cm long, ascending or spreading, the rachis winged, 2 mm wide ; spike- lets ovate, 4 to 4.5 mm long, about 2 mm wide; first glume scarcely one- third the length of the spikelet, blunt; second glume and sterile lemma equal, exceeding the fruit and forming a flat beak beyond it, 3- to 5-nerved, with transverse veinlets toward the summit; fruit 3 mm long, elliptic, papillose-roughened. O (B. platyphylla Nash.) — Low, sandy, open ground, Florida; southern Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma; Cuba (fig. 1193). 3. Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. (Fig. 1194.) Resembling B. extensa, more widely creeping, usually taller, blades commonly wider; rachis 1 to 1.5 mm wide, the mar- gins infolded; first glume strongly clasping; transverse veinlets wanting or obscure on the second glume and sterile lemma, these not \\UZtV 5§ 3 Figure 1193.— Distribution of Brachiaria extensa. Figure 1195 .—Brachiaria erucaeformis. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Cult.) Figure 1194. — Brachiaria plantaginea. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Pringle 3904, Mex.) pointed beyond the fruit, o — Open, mostly moist, ground^ Met- calf, Ga.; ballast, Philadelphia, Pa., and Camden, N.J.; Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil. Brachiaria erucaeformis (J. E. Smith) Griseb. (Fig. 1195.) Spread- ing annual with rather delicate erect racemes and pubescent spikelets 2.5 mm long, o — Has been cultivated in grass gardens, occasionally escaped. Old World. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 573 126. AXONOPUS Beauv. Spikelets depressed-biconvex, not turgid, oblong, usually obtuse, solitary, subsessile, and alternate, in two rows on one side of a 3-angled rachis, the back of the fertile lemma turned from the axis; first glume wanting; second glume and sterile lemma equal, the lemma without a palea; fertile lemma and palea indurate, the lemma oblong-elliptic, usually obtuse, the margins slightly inrolled. Stoloniferous or tufted perennials, rarely annuals, with usually flat or folded, abruptly rounded or somewhat pointed blades, and few or numerous, slender spikelike racemes, digitate or racemose along the main axis. Type Figure 1196.— Axonopus furcatus. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Combs 1205, Fla.) species, Axonopus compressus. Name from Greek axon, axis, and pous, foot. One of the species, A. compressus, is a predominant pasture grass hi the alluvial or mucky soil of the southern Coastal Plain. It is of little importance on sandy soil and does not thrive on the uplands. This species is also used as a lawn grass, for which purpose it is propagated by setting out pieces of the stolons. Spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, glabrous; midnerve of glume and sterile lemma evi- dent 1. A. FURCATUS. Spikelets about 2 mm long, sparsely appressed-silky; midnerve of glume and sterile lemma suppressed 2. A. compressus. 1. Axonopus furcatus (Fliigge) Hitchc. (Fig. 1196.) Plants stolo- niferous; culms compressed, tufted, erect, or decumbent at base, 40 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, mostly 5 to 10 mm wide, glabrous, ciliate, or even hirsute; racemes 2, digitate, rarely a third below, spreading, 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long (rarely less), glabrous, acute, glume and sterile lemma 5-nerved; fruit about two-thirds as long as the spikelet. % —Marshes, river banks, and moist pine barrens, on the Coastal Plain, south- eastern Virginia to Florida, Texas, and Ar- kansas (fig. 1197). (The name Aiwstrophus paspaloides has been misapplied to this species. Digiiaria paspalodes Michx., upon which it is based, is Paspalum distichum L.) Figure 1197.— Distribution of Axonopus furcatus. 574 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 2. Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv. Carpet grass. (Fig. 1198.) Plants stoloniferous, the blades of the stolons often broader and shorter than those of the culm; flowering culms erect or ascend- Fiqure 1193.— Axonopus compressus. Plant, X W, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Combs 413, Fla.) ing, compressed, usually 20 to 60 cm tall; blades flat, or folded in drying, 2 to 10 mm (commonly 4 to 8 mm) wide, usually ciliate, at least near the base; peduncles terminal and axillary, very slender, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 575 Figure 1199.— Distribution of Axonopus compressus. ong-exserted ; racemes usually 3, a pair at the summit and 1 rarely 2 or even 3 below, usually a pair only on axillary peduncles, slender, ascending, 3 to 10 cm long; spikelets about 2 mm long, pale; glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit or pointed beyond it, sparsely appressed-silky near the margin, 2 or 4 nerved, the nerves close to the margin, the midnerve suppressed. 9[ (Anastrophus compressus Schlecht.; Anastrophus platycaulis Nash.) — Moist sandy or mucky soil, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas; tropical America (fig. 1199); introduced in tropical parts of the Old World. 127. REIMAROCHLOA Hitchc. Spikelets strongly dorsally compressed, lanceolate, acuminate, rather distant, subsessile, and alternate in two rows along one side of a narrow, flattened rachis, the back of the fertile lemma turned toward it; both glumes wanting, or the second sometimes present in the terminal spikelet; sterile lemma about equaling the fruit, the sterile palea obsolete; fertile lemma scarcely indurate, faintly nerved, acuminate, the margins inrolled at the base only, the palea free nearly half its length. Spreading or stoloniferous per- ennials, with flat blades and slender racemes, these subdigitate or racemose along a short axis, stiffly spreading or reflexed at maturity. Type species, Reimaria acuta Fliigge (Reimarochloa acuta Hitchc). Named for J.A.H. Reimarus, and Greek chloa, grass. 1. Reimarochloa oligostachya (Munro) Hitchc. (Fig. 1200.) Glabrous; culms compressed, often long-decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, the flowering shoots, 20 to 40 cm tall; sheaths loose; blades 2 to. 4 mm wide; racemes 1 to 4, mostly 2 or 3, 5 to 8 cm long; spikelets about 5 mm long. % (Reimaria oligostachya Munro.) — In water or wet soil, Florida; Cuba. In general aspect resembles Paspalum vaginatum Swartz. 128. PASPALUM L. Spikelets planoconvex, usually obtuse, subsessile, solitary or in pairs, in two rows on one side of a narrow or dilated rachis, the back of the fertile lemma toward it; first glume usually wanting; second glume and sterile lemma commonly about equal, the former rarely wanting; fertile lemma usually obtuse, chartaceous-indurate, the margins inrolled. Perennials in the United States (except P. bos- cianum), with one to many spikelike racemes, solitary, paired, or several to many on a common axis. Type species, Paspalum dis- sectum. Name from Greek paspalos, a kind of millet. Several species inhabiting meadows and savannas furnish consider- able forage. Paspalum dilatatum is valuable for pasture, especially for dairy cattle in the Southern States, where it has been cultivated under the name water grass and recently Dallis grass. In the Hawaiian Islands, Australia, and some other countries, where it is called paspalum or paspalum grass, it is valuable as a pasture grass. P. pubiflorum var. glabrum is rather abundant in some regions and is considered a good forage grass. Vasey grass, P. urvillei, is used to 55974°— 35 -37 576 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE a limited extent for hay and, when young, for pasture; the panicles also make excellent whisk brooms for brushing lint. In the Southern Figure 1200.— Reimarochloa oligostachya. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Curtiss 3596A, Fla.) States (Virginia to Florida and even to California) P. distichum, be- cause of its extensive^ creeping stolons, is useful for holding banks of streams and ditches. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 577 la. Rachis foliaceous, broad and winged. Racemes falling from the axis, rachis extending beyond the uppermost spike- let 3. P. REPENS. Racemes persistent on the axis; rachis with a spikelet at the apex. Spikelets 2 mm long, obovate-oval 1. P. dissectum. Spikelets more than 3 mm long, pointed 2. P. acuminatum. lb. Rachis not foliaceous nor winged (slightly winged in P. boscianum). 2a. Racemes 2, conjugate or nearly so at the summit of the culm, rarely a third below. Spikelets elliptic to narrowly ovate. Plants with creeping rhizomes or stoloDS. Second glume and sterile lemma glabrous; spikelets flattened. 4. P. VAGINATUM. Second glume pubescent; spikelets relatively turgid- 5. P. distichum. Plants in dense tufts, without creeping rhizomes 11. P. almum. Spikelets suborbicular, broadly ovate or obovate. Spikelets concavo-convex, sparsely long-silky around the margin; plant stoloniferous ' 28. P. conjugatum. Spikelets plano-convex, not silky-margined; plants not stoloniferous. Spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long 9. P. notatum. Spikelets less than 2.5 mm long 10. P. minus. 2b. Racemes 1 to many, racemose on the axis, not conjugate. 3a. First glume developed on at least one of the pair of spikelets (often obsolete in some pairs in nos. 22 and 23). Spikelets turgidly biconvex 42. P. bipidum. Spikelets plano-convex. Plants without rhizomes; culms tufted; spikelets pubescent. 24. P. LANGEI. Plants with stout scaly rhizomes, the culms mostly solitary; spikelets glabrous. Blades flat, 8 to 15 mm wide 22. P. unispicatum. Blades folded at base, terete above, not more than 2 mm wide. 23. P. MONOSTACHYUM. 3b. First glume normally wanting (occasionally developed on 1 to few spikelets in a raceme). 4a. Racemes terminal and axillary, the axillary sometimes hidden in the sheaths; terminal inflorescence of 1 to 3, rarely to 6 racemes (see also P. unispicatum and P. monostachyum) . 5a. Spikelets not more than 1.8 mm long (or sometimes 1.9 in P. debile and P. propinquum), usually 1.5 to 1.7 mm (see also exceptional P. ciliatifolium) . Blades conspicuously ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous. Blades relatively short, rounded at base and recurved-ascending; foliage aggregate toward the base, the upper culm relatively naked; spikelets glabrous, mostly 1.5 to 1.6 mm long. 12. P. LONGEPEDUNCULATUM. Blades mostly elongate, suberect, not aggregate toward the base; spikelets pubescent, 1.7 to 1.9 mm long__ 20. P. propinquum. Blades and sheaths conspicuously pubescent throughout. Culms slender, erect or suberect; foliage not aggregate at base; blades suberect, usually not more than 5 mm wide. 13. P. SETACEUM. Culms stouter, mostly spreading; foliage more or less aggregate at base; blades spreading, usually more than 5 mm wide. 14. P. DEBILE. 5b. Spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long (or 1.8 to 1.9 mm in P. ciliatifolium and P. propinquum). Foliage, except margins, glabrous as a whole or nearly so (sparsely pubescent in exceptional P. ciliatifolium and lower sheaths usually pubescent in P. rigidifolium). Blades stiff, usually not more than 6 mm wide; spikelets mostly 2.2 to 2.4 mm long 21. P. rigidifolium. Blades from lax to rather firm, if firm more than 6 mm wide; spike- lets not more than 2.1 mm long. Spikelets mostly 2 mm long, rounded at summit; blades mostly more than 8 mm wide 19. P. ciliatifolium. 578 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mm long, slightly pointed; blades not more than 8 mm wide 20. P. propinquum. Foliage conspicuously pubescent (or sparsely so in exceptional speci- mens of P. pubescens) . Culms erect or nearly so. Blades from sparsely to rather densely pilose, rather thin. 18. P. PUBESCENS. Blades puberulent on both surfaces with long hairs intermixed or the lower surface nearly or quite glabrous except for a few long hairs along midrib and margin, usually rather firm. 17. P. STRAMINETJM. Culms widely spreading or prostrate. Foliage coarsely hirsute; plants commonly relatively stout. 15. P. SUPINTJM. Foliage finely puberulent; plants usually grayish olivaceous. 16. P. PSAMMOPHILUM. 4b. Racemes terminal on the primary culm or leafy branches, no truly axillary racemes. 6a. Spikelets conspicuously silky-ciliate around the margin, the hairs as long as the spikelet or longer. Racemes commonly 3 to 5; culms geniculate at base. 29. P. DILATATTJM. Racemes commonly 12 to 18; culms erect 30. P. urvillei. 6b. Spikelets not ciliate. 7a. Fruit dark brown and shining. Plants perennial; sterile lemma wrinkled 40. P. plicatttiatm. Plants annual; sterile lemma not wrinkled 41. P. boscianum. 7b. Fruit pale to stramineous (brown but not shining in P. virgatum) . 8a. Plants robust, 1 to 2 m tall. Spikelets pubescent at least toward the summit; fruit brown at maturity 39. P. virgattjm. Spikelets glabrous; fruit pale. Culms ascending; leaves crowded toward the base. 36. P. difforme. Culms erect or suberect, leafy throughout. Glume and sterile lemma slightly inflated and wrinkled, green 37. P. floridanum. Glume and sterile lemma not inflated and wrinkled, rusty- tinged 38. P. GIGANTETJM. 8b. Plants not robust, if more than 1 m tall, culms relatively slender. 9a. Spikelets suborbicular or broadly obovate or broadly oval. Spikelets turgidly plano-convex, 3.5 to 4 mm long. 36. P. DIFFORME. Spikelets depressed plano-convex or lenticular, 2.2 to 3.4 mm long. Spikelets solitary; glume and sterile lemma firm. Spikelets orbicular, 3 to 3.2 mm long, scarcely one-third as thick; blades usually equaling the base of the panicle or overtopping it 33. P. circulare. Spikelets longer than broad, more than one-third as thick ; panicle usually much exceeding the blades. Sheaths and blades pilose, mostly conspicuously so. 32. P. LONGIPILUM. Sheaths and blades from glabrous to sparsely pilose. 31. P. L.AEVE. Spikelets paired and solitary in the same raceme (rarely all solitary or all paired). Spikelets 2.2 to 2.5 mm (rarely to 2.8 mm) long; foliage not conspicuously villous 34. P. praecox. Spikelets 2.7 to 3.4 mm long; lower sheaths and blades mostly conspicuously villous at least at base. 35. P. LENTIFERUM. 9b. Spikelets elliptic to oval or obovate. Culms decumbent at base, rooting at the lower nodes (occa- sional plants in dry situations erect), branching. Spikelets turgidly plano-convex, 3 to 3.2 mm long; culms rather stout 6. P. pubiflorum. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 579 Spikelets depressed plano-convex; culms rather slender. Spikelets glabrous 7. P. lividum. Spikelets pubescent 8. P. hartwegiantjm. Culms erect to spreading, not rooting at the nodes. Spikelets about 1.3 mm long, obovate, glandular-pubescent. 25. P. BLODGETTII. Spikelets 1.5 mm or more long, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, the obscure pubescence not glandular. Nodes or seme of them appressed-pilose; spikelets green or purplish 26. P. caespitosum. Nodes glabrous; spikelets pale or brownish. 27. P. LAXUM. 1. Dissecta. — Blades flat; rachis foliaceous. Aquatics, subaquatics, or plants of wet ground. 1. Paspalum dissectum L. (Fig. 1201.) Glabrous, olive-green, creeping, freely branch- ing, the flowering branches ascending, 20 to 60 cm long; blades thin, 3 to 6 cm long, 4 to 5 mm wide; panicles terminal and axillary, the ra- cemes 2 to 4, usually erect, 2 to 3 cm long; rachis 2 to 3 mm wide; spikelets solitary, ob- ovate, subacute, 2 mm long. 9| — On muddy and sandy banks of ponds and ditches or in shallow water, New Jersey and Missouri to Florida and Texas; Cuba (fig. 1202). 2. Paspalum acuminatum Raddi. (Fig. 1203.) Culms decumbent at base, sometimes extensively creeping, 30 to 100 cm long; blades 4 to 12 cm long, 5 to 12 mm wide; racemes 3 to 5, erect or ascending, 3.5 to 7 cm long; rachis 3 to 3.5 mm wide; spikelets solitary, 3.5 mm long, abruptly pointed. 91 — In shallow water or wet open ground from southern Louisiana and Texas to Argentina. 3. Paspalum repens Bergius. (Fig. 1204.) Culms mostly submerged, sometimes as much as 2 m long, the sheaths on the floating branches inflated; blades usually 10 to 20 cm long, 12 to 15 mm wide; panicle 10 to 15 cm long, of numerous ascending, spreading, or recurved racemes, 3 to 5 cm long, falling entire, the rachis about 1.5 mm wide; spikelets solitary, elliptic, 1.4 to 2 mm long, usually pubescent, the sterile lemma pinkish at base. 9| (P. mucrona- tum Muhl.)— Floating in sluggish streams or standing water or creeping in wet places, South Carolina to Indiana, Kansas, and Texas, south to Argentina (fig. 1205) Paspalum racem6sum Lam. Branching annual; blades 5 to 12 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide; panicles tawny to purple; racemes numerous, 1 to 2 cm long; spike- lets about 2.7 mm long, pointed; sterile lemma transversely fluted either side of the midnerve. © — Sometimes cultivated for ornament. Peru. 2. Disticha. — Creeping with why compressed culms and stolons or rhizomes; racemes mostly 2, paired or approximate. Figure 1201.— Paspalum dis- sectum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Commons 85 Del.) Figure 1202.— Distribution of Paspalum dissectum. 580 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE 4. Paspalum vaginatum Swartz. (Fig. 1206.) Flowering culms 8 to 60 cm tall; sheaths usually overlapping; blades 2.5 to 15 cm long, 3 to 8 mm wide, tapering to an involute apex; racemes at first erect, usually spreading or reflexed at maturity, 2 to 5 cm long; rachis 1 to 2 mm wide; spikelets solitary, 3.5 to 4 mm long, ovate- lanceolate, acute, pale-stramine- ous ; first glume rarely developed ; midnerve of the second glume Figure 1203.— Paspalum acuminatum. Panicle, X 1; Figure 1201.— Paspalum repens. Panicle, X 1 two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Arsene two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 3132, Mex.) (Hitchcock 9179, Canal Zone.) and sterile lemma usually suppressed. % — Seacoasts and brackish sands, often forming extensive colonies, North Carolina to Florida and Texas, south to Argentina (fig. 1207); tropics of Eastern Hemisphere. Figure 1205. — Distribution of Paspalum repens. Figure 1206.— Paspalum- vaginatum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 9866, Jamaica.) 5. Paspalum distichum L. Knotgrass. (Fig. 1208.) Resembling P. vaginatum, sometimes with extensively creeping stolons with pubes- Figure 1207.— Distribution of Paspalum vaginatum. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 581 cent nodes; racemes 2 to 7 cm long, commonly incurved; spikelets 2.5 to 3.5 mm long, elliptic, abruptly acute, pale green ; first glume frequently de- veloped ; second glume appressed-pubescent, the midnerve in glume and sterile lemma developed. 91 — Ditches and wet, rarely brackish places, New Jersey to Florida, Tennessee, and Arkansas, west to California and north along the coast to Washington; Idaho; south to Argentina (fig. 1209); warm coasts of the East- ern Hemisphere. Paspalum paucispica- tum Vasey. Resembling vigorous specimens of P. figure distichum, but with 3 to 5 racemes with mostly paired spikelets. % — A specimen collected by Palmer in 1888, said to be from "Southern California ", is in the United States National Herbarium. The locality is doubtful, the species ranging from Sonora to Oaxaca. 3. Livida.— Culms compressed; ra- cemes few to several, mostly plants of alkaline soil. 6. Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr. (Fig. 1210.) Culms decumbent at the base, 40 to 100 cm tall; Figure 1209.— Distribution of Paspalum distichum. 1208.— Paspalum dis- tichum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 9394, Jamaica.) Figure 1210. — Paspalum pubiflorum two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 5555, Mex.) mm long. % (P. Figure 1211.— Distribution of Paspalum pubiflorum. sheaths, at least the lower, sparsely papillose-pilose; blades flat, usually 10 to 15 cm long, 6 to 14 mm wide, usually with a few stiff hairs at the rounded base ; racemes mostly 3 to 5, 2 to 10 cm long, . rather thick, erect to spreading, a(HCitechcock the rachis 1 .2 to 2 mm wide ; spike- lets obovate, pubescent, about 3 hallii Vasey and Scribn.)— Moist open ground, 582 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE banks, low woods, along streams and irrigation ditches, especially in alkaline clay soil, Louisiana and Texas; Mexico and western Cuba (fig. 1211). Paspalum pubiflorum var. glabrum Vasey. Somewhat more robust, the sheaths less pilose, the racemes commonly longer and often more than 5; spikelets glabrous. Ql (P. geminum Nash; P. laevi- glume Scribn.)— Moist low open ground, woods, and ditch banks, North Carolina and Indiana to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas. 7. Paspalum lividum Trin. Longtom. (Fig. 1212.) Glabrous; culms solitary or few in a tuft, from a decumbent or creeping base, 50 to 100 cm tall: blades 15 to 25 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide; racemes Figure 1212. — Paspalum lividum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Arsene 3176, Mex.) Figure 1213. — Paspalum hartwegianum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Buckley, Tex.) usually 4 to 7, ascending, flexuous; rachis 1.5 to 2 mm wide, dark livid purple; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long, obovate, subacute. 91 — Low ground, wet savannas, and swamps, and along streams and ditches, Alabama to Texas and Mexico, south to Argentina; Cuba. 8. Paspalum hartwegianum Fourn. (Fig. 1213.) Culms ascend- ing from a decumbent base, 50 to 150 cm tall; blades 10 to 35 cm long, 2 to 6 mm wide, the margins very scabrous; racemes usually 4 to 7, ascending, 2 to 9 cm long; rachis 1 to 1.5 mm wide; spikelets imbri- cate, about 3 mm long, elliptic, apiculate, softly pubescent. % (P. buckleyanum Vasey.) — Wet prairies, alkaline meadows, and along irrigation ditches, sometimes growing in the water, southern Texas and throughout Mexico. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 583 4. Notata. — Culms in dense tufts, compressed, leafy at base; sheaths keeled; racemes 2, rarely 3, paired or nearly so; spikelets solitary, glabrous. 9. Paspalum notatum Fliigge. Bahia grass. (Fig. 1214.) Culms 15 to 50 cm tall from a short, stout, woody, horizontal rhizome; blades flat or folded; racemes re- curved-ascending, usually 4 to 7 cm long; spikelets ovate to obovate, 3 to 3.5 mm long, smooth and shining. s=^€* Figure 1214.— Paspalum notatum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase 6639, P.R.) Figure 1215.— Paspalum minus. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type coll.) Ql — Introduced sparingly in New Jersey, Florida, and Louisiana; Mexico and the West Indies to South America. 10. Paspalum minus Fourn. (Fig. 1215.) Resembling P. nota- tum, commonly in denser mats; culms rarely more than 30 cm tall; racemes more slender; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long, less shining than those of P. notatum. % — Open slopes and savannas, coast of Texas (Galveston Bay) ; Mexico to West Indies and Paraguay. 11. Paspalum almum Chase. Combs paspalum. (Fig. 1216.) Culms in very dense tufts; blades flat, 2 to 3 mm wide, long-hirsute on the upper surface at base, papillose-hirsute on the lower surface toward the ends, the margins stiffly ciliate toward base; racemes slender, approximate, scarcely paired, occasionally 3, ascending, 5 to 9 cm long; rachis 1 mm wide, minutely wing-margined; spikelets 3 mm long, 1.8 to 2 mm wide, obovate-elliptic ; sterile lemma slightly concave. % —Sandy or silty clay loam, Jefferson County, Tex.; Brazil and Paraguay, Argentina. An excellent forage grass. 5. Setacea. — Culms compressed from a knotted base or very short rhizome; blades mostly flat; inflorescence terminal and axillary, the axillary sometimes hidden in the sheaths; racemes 1 to few, slender, subcylindric ; spikelets in pairs, crowded. Species closely related with frequent intergrades. 584 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 12. Paspalum longepedunculatum LeConte. (Fig. 1217.) Culms slender, ascending or suberect, 25 to 80 cm tall; leaves mostly aggre- gate at the base, the sheaths ciliate on the margin; blades usually Figure 1217. — Paspalum longepedunculatum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Nash 2074, Fla.) Figure 1216.— Paspalum almum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1218.— Distribution of Paspalum longepedunculatum. folded at base, 4 to 10 cm long, rarely longer, 3 to 8 mm wide, stiffly papillose-ciliate on the margin, the hairs 1.5 to 3 mm long; racemes on very slender finally elongate peduncles, 1 or 2, rarely 3, on the pri- mary, 1 on the axillary peduncles ; racemes arching, 3 to 8 cm long; spikelets about 1.5 mm long, ellip- tic-obovate, glabrous. 01 — Sandy soil, mostly in low pine land or flat woods, Georgia and Ken- tucky to Florida and Missis- sippi (fig. 1218). 13. Paspalum setaceum Michx. (Fig. 1219.) Culms slender, erect, usually 30 to 50 cm tall; sheaths pilose; blades rather firm, erect or nearly so, linear, about 10 to 12 cm long, 2 to 6 mm wide, densely pilose on both surfaces and papillose- ciliate on the margin; racemes on slender pe- duncles, solitary or sometimes 2, arching, 5 to 7 cm long; spikelets elliptic-obovate, about 1.5 mm long, glabrous or minutely pubescent. 01 — Sandy soil, mostly open woods, of or near the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Long Island to Florida and Texas; Mexico (fig. 1220). Figure 1220.— Distribution of Paspalum setaceum. Figure 1219.— Paspalum setaceum. Raceme X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Hitch- cock 300, S.C.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 585 14. Paspalum debile Michx. (Fig. 1221.) Differing from P. setaceum in the stouter, more spreading culms, the foliage more crowded at base, densely grayish villous, the blades on the average wider; racemes more commonly 2; spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mm long, pubescent. % — Sandy, mostly dry soil, barrens and flatwoods, Long Island to Florida and Texas; Mexico and Cuba (fig. 1222). 15. Paspalum supinum Bosc. (Fig. 1223.) Culms relatively stout, widely spreading, 30 to 90 cm tall; sheaths usually hirsute; blades 15 to 25 cm long, 8 to 15 mm wide, hirsute; racemes usually 2 to 4, rarely to 6, 4 to 10 cm long; spikelets elliptic-obovate, 2 mm Figure 1221. — Paspalum debile. Panicle, X 1; two views of spike- let, and floret, X 10. (Nash 946, Fla.) Figure 1223. — Paspalum supinum. Pan- icle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase 4572 N.C.) Figure 1222.— Distribution of Paspalum debile. Figure 1224.— Distribution of Paspalum supinum. long, glabrous, or the glume minutely pubescent. % —Dry, sandy, open ground and old fields, North Carolina to Florida and west to Louisiana (fig. 1224). 16. Paspalum psammophilum Nash. (Fig. 1225.) Forming dense grayish-olivaceous mats, the culms usually prostrate, 25 to 100 cm long; sheaths appressed-pubescent; blades 4 to 16 cm long, 4 to 11 mm wide, densely appressed-pubescent; racemes 1 to 3, commonly 2, 4 to 9 cm long, the axillary ones wholly or partly included in the sheaths ; spikelets suborbicular, 2 mm long, the glume densely pubescent. 91 — Dry sandy soil, mostly near the coast, Massachusetts to New Jersey (fig. 1226). 17. Paspalum stramineum Nash. (Fig. 1227.) Yellowish green, the culms erect, 40 to 100 cm tall; blades 6 to 25 cm long, rarely longer, 586 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGEICULTURE 6 to 15 mm wide, puberulent on both surfaces and sparsely pilose as well, or the lower surface nearly glabrous; racemes 2 or 3, 6 to 14 cm long, the axillary ones often wholly or partly included in the sheaths, short racemes commonly borne in basal sheaths; spikelets subor- Figure 1226.— Distribution of Paspalum psammophilum. Figure 1225.— Paspalum psammophilum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Graves, N. Y.) bicular, 2.1 to 2.2 mm long, pale, from densely pubescent to glabrous. 01 (P. bushii Nash.)— Sandy soil, in open ground or open woods, Indiana to Minnesota, Texas, Arizona, and northwestern Mexico (fig. 1228). 18. Paspalum pubescens Muhl. (Fig. 1229.) Culms ascending, 45 to 90 cm tall, often pilose at the summit; sheaths usually pilose toward the summit ; blades 8 to 20 cm long, 2 to 10 mm wide (rarely larger), pi- lose on both sur- faces; racemes 1 to 3, 4 to 17 cm long ; spike- lets about 2 mm long, suborbic- ular, usually gla- brous. 01 (P.muhlenbergii Nash.)— Open ground or open woods, com- mon in old fields and pastures, espe- cially in sandy regions, Ver- mont to Florida, west to Michi- gan and Texas (fig. 1230). 19. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. (Fig. 1231.) Culms erect to spreading, 35 Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and fa 90 cm tall; sheatllS glabrous Or tUe floret, x 10. (Type.) lower puberulent ; blades 10 to 35 cm long, 7 to 20 mm wide (rarely larger), usually strongly cihate along the margin and glabrous otherwise; racemes 1 to 3, usu- ally 7 to 10 cm long; spikelets about 2 mm long, suborbicular, the glumes often minutely pubescent. 01 (P. chapmani Nash; P. eggertii Nash; P. blepharophyllum Nash; P. epile Nash.)— Open ground or open woods, mostly sandy, New Jersey to Florida, Figure 1228.— Distribution of Paspalum stramineum. Figure 1227.— Paspalum stramineum. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 587 Tennessee, Arkansas, and Texas; Honduras and the West Indies (fig. 1232). This species is exceedingly variable. Pubescence on foli- age and spikelets varies in a single plant. Rather stout, somewhat paler, seacoast plants, with firmer blades scarcely ciliate, are the form Figure 1230.— Distribution of Paspalum pubescent. Figure 1229.— Paspalum pubescens. Pani- cle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 298, Ga.) Figure 1231. — Paspalum ciliatifolium. Raceme, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Nash 1426, Fla.) described as P. epile. Plants with softly pubescent lower sheaths, and blades but slightly ciliate, are the form described as P. eggertii. The shape of the spikelet varies in a single raceme from elliptic- obovate to suborbicular. The spikelets tend to become rounder at maturity, but both mature and immature are found of both shapes. 20. Paspalum propinquum Nash. (Fig. 1233.) Resembling P. ciliatifolium, the blades firmer and nar- rower, the spikelets slightly smaller, subacute. % Sandy savannas and sand barrens overlying limestone, peninsular Florida ; West Indies; Vera Cruz to Pan- ama. 21. Paspalum rigidifolium Nash. (Fig. 1234.) Culms erect, rather stiff, purplish, 25 to 75 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or the lower grayish-pubescent; blades firm, linear, mostly 10 to 15 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, usually not wider than the summit of the sheath, glabrous or minutely puberulent; racemes 1 or 2, Figure 1232.— Distribution of Paspalum ciliatifolium. Figure 1233.— Paspalum propinquum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) 588 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1235.— Distribution of Paspalum rigidifolium. 7 to 14 cm long; spikelets usually 2.2 to 2.4 mm long, obovate-elliptic, glabrous or nearly so. % — Sand barrens and high pineland, pen- insular Florida to Texas (fig. 1235). 6. Dimorphostachys. — Inflorescence terminal and axillary; racemes one to few, slender; spikelets in pairs, the first glume usually devel- oped on one of the pair, often on both, or sometimes obsolete on both. 22. Paspalum unispi- catum (Scribn. and Merr.)Nash. (Fig. 1236.) Culms one to few in a tuft from horizontal scaly rhizomes, erect or ascending, 50 to 80 cm tall, simple or with a single erect leafy branch ; blades flat, rather stiff, 10 to 30 cm long, 8 to 15 mm wide, stiffly papil- lose-ciliateon the margin, sparsely papillose-hirsute on both surfaces, or sca- berulous only; racemes usually solitary, one ter- minal and one from the axil of the uppermost sheath, 6 to 20 cm long; spikelets about 3.2 mm long, elliptic; first glume on the primary spikelet minute, sometimes obso- lete, on secondary spike- let mostly half to three- fourths as long as the spikelet. % — Mead- ows, savannas, open slopes, and banks, southern Texas to Venezuela and Argentina; Cuba. 23. Paspalum monostachyum Vasey. (Fig. 1237.) Culms one to few from horizontal scaly rhizomes, erect, 50 to 120 cm tall; blades elon- gate, slender, terete, firm; racemes 1 or 2, 10 to 30 cm long; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long, subovate- elliptic, the pedicels of the pair nearly equal; first glume often developed in few to several of the primary spikelets, commonly wanting or rudimentary. % (P. solitariumNash.) — Moist places in flatwoods or coastal dunes, southern Florida and Texas. 24. Paspalum langei (Fourn.) Nash. (Fig. 1238.) Culms ascending, 30 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, rather thin, 10 to 40 cm long, 6 to 15 mm wide, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, the lower tapering to a narrow base; peduncles 1 to 3 from the upper sheath, often also from the middle sheaths; racemes 2 to 5, 4 to 10 cm long; spikelets 2.2 to 2.6 mm long, elliptic-obovate, pubescent and glandular-speckled; Figure 1234. — Paspalum rigidi- folium. Raceme, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1236. — Paspalum unispicatum. Raceme, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 589 first glume minute or obsolete on the primary spikelet, one-fourth to one-third as long as the spikelet on the secondary. % (Dimor- phostachys ciliifera Nash; Paspalum cilitferwn Hitchc.) — Moist woods and shaded slopes and banks, occasionally in open ground, mostly at low altitudes, Florida, Louisiana, Texas; Greater Antilles to Venezuela. 7. Caespitosa. — Culms simple or with a single branch, its leaf some- times hidden in the parent sheath, the inflorescence appearing to be axillary; racemes few to several. 25. Paspalum blodgettii Chapm. (Fig. 1239.) Cespitose, with tough, commonly somewhat swollen and bulblike base, the scales densely pubescent ; culms erect, slender, 40 to 100 cm tall ; lower leaves crowded ; blades flat, 5 to 25 cm long, mostly 5 to 10 mm wide; ra- cemes usually 3 to 8, slender, remote, 2 to 8 cm ^ Figure 1237— Paspalum monostachynm. Raceme, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1238. — Paspalum langei. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Pringle 3091, Mex.) long; spikelets about 1.3 mm long, obovate, the glume glandular- pubescent. Ql (P. simpsoni Nash; P. gracillimum Nash.) — Open or brushy calcareous soil, southern Florida; Yucatan, Honduras, Bahamas, and the Greater Antilles. 26. Paspalum caespitosum Fliigge. (Fig. 1240.) Cespitose, blu- ish green; culms erect, rather wiry, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades flat, folded or involute, 5 to 20 cm long, rarely longer, 4 to 10 mm wide; racemes usually 3 to 5, relatively thick, remote, ascending, 1.5 to 6 cm long; spikelets 1.5 to 1.8 mm long, elliptic, sparsely appressed- pubescent to nearly glabrous. % — Mostly in partly shaded humus in limestone soil or rock, sometimes in sandy pinelands; southern Florida, Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. 590 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGEICULTURE Figure 1240.— Paspa- lum caespitosum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Poi- teau, Dominican Republic.) 27. Paspalum laxum Lam. (Fig. 1241.) Culms mostly 50 to 75 cm tall, compressed, rigid, ascending; blades more or less involute, mostly 20 to 30 cm long, 3 to 8 mm wide, usually glabrous; racemes usually 3 to 5, mostly remote, 3 to 10 cm long; spikelets about 2 mm long, elliptic-obovate, the glume pubescent. % (P. gla- brum Poir.) — Sandy and limestone soils, characteris- tic of coconut groves, Key West, Fla. ; West Indies. ' 8. Conjugata. — Stolonifer- ous; blades flat; ra- cemes 2, paired, rarely a third below, slender; spikelets flattened con- cavo-convex, solitary, silky-fringed. 28. Paspalum conjuga- tum Bergius. (Fig. 1242.) Extensively creeping, with Figure 1239.— Paspalum blodgcttii. long leafy Stolons and aS- Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, j • i , n and floret, x io. (Simpson, Fia.) cending suberect flowering branches, 20 to 50 cm tall; nodes of stolons usually conspicuously pilose; blades rather thin, 8 to 12 cm long, 5 to 15 mm wide, usually glabrous; racemes widely divaricate, 8 to 12 cm long; spikelets 1.4 to 1.8 mm long, ovate, light yellow, the margin conspicuously ciliate fringed. % — A common weed in cultivated and waste ground, southern Florida to Texas, south to Argentina; West Indies (fig. 1243); tropics of Old World. 9. Dilatata. — Rather stout, in leafy clumps; blades flat; racemes few to numerous, spikelets in pairs, flat, silky-fringed. 29. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Dallis grass. (Fig. 1244.) Culms tufted, leafy at base, mostly 50 to 150 cm tall, ascending or erect from a de- cumbent base; blades 10 to 25 cm long, 3 to 12 mm wide; racemes usu- ally 3 to 5, spreading, 6 to 8 cm long; spikelets ovate, pointed, 3 to 3.5 mm long, fringed with long white silky hairs and sparsely silky on the surface. % — In low ground, from rather dry prairie to marshy meadows, New Jersey to Tennessee and Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas; ad- ventive in Oregon, Colorado, Arizona, and California; native of South Figure 1241. — Paspalum laxum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spiklet, and floret, X 10. (Richard's specimen in Paris Herbarium.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 591 Figure 1242. — Paspalum conjugatum. Plant, X Vi\ two views of spike- Figure 2143. — Distribution of let, and floret, X 10. (Baker 90, Cuba.) Paspalum conjugatum. 55974°— 36 38 592 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1244.— Paspalmn dilatatum. Plant, X XA; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 297, La.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 593 Figure im—Paspalum urvillei. Plant, x V%; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase 4388, La.) 594 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE America (fig. 1245). Widely known as paspalum-grass water-nasm Figure 1247.— Distribution of Paspalum urvillei. GITBE 1248.-P«^m taeve. Plant, X %; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Cnase 2600, D C ) SntS1 v i kJ10 laSt century- now common throughout the Gulf Dajt of IS6 Pan ™ lmSS- Dallis *rass was ™med for AT Uallis ol La Grange, Ga., who grew it extensively. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 595 30. Paspalum urvillei Steud. Vasey grass. (Fig. 1246.) Culms in large clumps, erect, mostly 1 to 2 m tall; lower sheaths coarsely hirsute; blades mostly elongate, 3 to 15 mm wide, pilose at base; panicle erect, 10 to 40 cm long, of about 12 to 20 rather crowded, ascending racemes, 7 to 14 cm long ; spikelets 2.2 to 2.7 mm long, ovate, pointed, fringed with long white silky hairs, the _ glume appressed-silky. % (P. larranagai Arech. ; P. vaseyanum, Scribn.)- Along ditches and roadsides, and in waste ground, mostly in rather moist soil; North Carolina to Florida and west to Texas; south- ern California, south to Argentina (fig.1247). 10. Laevia. — Rather tall, simple or occasionally with reduced flowering branches; blades mostly flat; racemes few to several; spikelets broadly oval to orbicular, de- pressed planoconvex, glabrous. 31. Paspalum laeve Michx. (Fig. 1248.) Culms erect or ascending leafy at base, 40 to 100 cm tall; sheaths keeled, glaborus or nearly so; blades usually folded at base, flat or folded above, 5 to 30 cm long, 3 to 10 mm wide, glabrous to cil- iate or sparsely pilose on the upper surface or some- times toward the base beneath; racemes usually 3 or 4, spreading, 3 to 10 cm long ; spikelets broadly oval, 2.5 to 3 mm long. Figure 1249. — Distribution of Paspalum laeve. Figure 1250.— Paspalum longipilum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type coll.) Figure 1251.— Distribution of Paspalum longipilum. 91 (P. angustifolium LeConte; P. australe Nash.) — Meadows, open woods, old fields, and waste ground, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida, Arkansas, and eastern Texas (fig. 1249). 32. Paspalum longi- pilum Nash. (Fig. 1250.) Similar to P. laeve, usually less leafy at base, sheaths and blades pilose ; racemes somewhat more lax than in P. laeve. Ql (P. plenipilum Nash.) — Damp mostly sandy soil, savannas, open woods, and wet pine barrens, New York to Tennessee, Florida, and Texas (fig. 1251). 33. Paspalum circulare Nash. (Fig. 1252.) Culms in dense leafy clumps, 30 to 80 cm tall; sheaths pilose to nearly glabrous; blades mostly erect, commonly about equaling the inflorescence, 15 to 30 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide, usually pilose on the upper surf ace ; racemes 2 to 7, mostly suberect, 5 to 12 cm long; spikelets nearly orbicular, 596 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE about 3 mm long. % (P. praelongum Nash.) — Fields, meadows, and open waste ground, Connecticut to North Carolina and Mississippi, west to Kansas and Texas (fig. 1253). 34. Paspalum praecox Walt. (Fig. 1254.) Culms erect from short scaly rhizomes, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths keeled, glabrous, or the lower villous; blades 15 to 25 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide, glabrous or nearly so; racemes usually 4 to 6, ascending to arcuate-spreading, Figure 1252.— Paspalum circulare. Panicle, X l; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase 3836, Md.) Figure 1255.— Distribution of Paspalum praecox. Figure 1253.— Distribution of Paspalum circulare. Figure 1254.— Paspalum praecox. Panicle, X l; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Stone 377, S.C.) 2 to 7 cm long, the common axis very slender; rachis about 1.5 mm wide, purplish; spikelets usually solitary and paired in each raceme, strongly flattened, suborbicular, 2.2 to 2.8 mm long, the glume and sterile lemma thin and fragile. 01 —Wet pine barrens, borders of cypress swamps, moist places in flatwoods, and wet savannas, in the Coastal Plain, North Carolina to central Florida and along the Gulf to Texas (fig. 1255). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 597 35. Paspalum lentiferum Lam. (Fig. 1256.) Similar to P. praecox; culms more robust, sometimes as much as 150 cm_ tall; sheaths less strongly keeled; blades usually more or less pilose; racemes usually 4 or 5; spikelets 2.7 to 3.4 mm long, broadly oval. 21 (P. glaberrimum Nash; P. tardum Nash; P. kearneyi Nash; P. amplum Nash.) — Moist pine barrens, borders of flat-woods, and cypress swamps, and in savannas on the Coastal Plain, from North Carolina to southern Florida and along the Gulf to Texas (fig. 1257). 11. Floridana. — Mostly robust, culms simple; blades mostly flat; racemes few; spikelets large, rather turgid, glabrous. 36. Paspalum difforme Le- Conte. (Fig. 1258.) Cu]ms solitary or few from a short knotty rhizome, rather stout, 35 to 75 cm tall; leaves com- monly crowded at the base; blades 10 to 15 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide, usually pilose on the upper surface toward base; racemes 2 to 4, ascending to suberect, 3.5 to 8 cm long; FlGCBE 1257.- -Distribution of Paspalum Untiferum. spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm long, oval to obovate. % — Moist sandy soil in open ground and in flat- woods, in the Coastal Plain, Georgia, to Orange County, Fla., west near the Gulf to Louisiana (fig. 1259). 37. Paspalum floridanum Michx. (Fig. 1260.) Culms solitary or few from short stout scaly rhizomes, 1 to 2 m tall; sheaths villous to nearly gla- Figube V2M -Paspalum lentiferum Panicle, X 1; two Drous ■ blades firm, flat Or folded, views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Harper 1629, Ga.) » , ' n ' 15 to 50 cm long, 4 to 10 mm wide, usually villous at least on the upper surface toward base; racemes usually 2 to 5, 4 to 12 cm long; spikelets crowded, oval, about 4 mm long. 21 — Low moist sandy soil, pine woods, flatwoods, savannas, and low prairies, in the Coastal Plain from Maryland to central Florida and along the Gulf to Texas, north in the valleys to Missouri^ and Oklahoma (fig. 1261). Paspalum floridanum var. glabratum Engelm. More robust, taller; foliage glabrous or nearly so; racemes longer, more spreading. 21 — Brackish marshes and low, sandy, 598 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1259.— Distribution of Paspalum difforme. Figure 1258.— Paspalum difforme. Panicle. X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1261.— Distribution of Paspalum floridanum. Figure 12G0.— Paspalum floridanum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase 4221, Fla.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 599 mostly open ground, southern New Jersey to central Florida, west to Texas and southeastern Kansas. 38. Paspalum giganteum Baldw. (Fig. 1262.) Culms mostly soli- tary from short scaly rhizomes, erect, 1.5 to 2 m tall; leaves numerous at base; blades elongate, 10 to 20 mm wide, glabrous or nearly so; racemes commonly 3 or 4, 10 to 20 cm long; spikelets oval, about 3.5 mm long, usually russet- tinged. 01 (P. longicilium Nash.) — Moist sandy soil, open ground, stream banks, flatwoods, and ham- mocks, on the Coastal Plain from Georgia to southern Florida; Mis- sissippi (Biloxi). 12. Virgata. — Robust; blades firm with sharp-cutting edges; racemes several to numerous. Mostly tropical species. 39. Paspalum virgatum L. ^ (Fig. 1263.) Culms, in large dense ^&^ clumps, erect, 1 to 2 m tall ; sheaths papillose-hirsute at margin and summit; blades elongate, flat, 1 to 2.5 cm wide; panicle slightly nod- ding, 15 to 25 cm long; racemes usually 10 to 16, ascending or drOOpino;, 5 tO 15 Cm long; Spikelets Figure 1262.— Paspilum giganteum. Panicle, XI; ill 1 I r. rw o r two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) crowded, obovate, about 2.2 to 2.5 mm long, brownish, pubescent along the margin at least toward the Figure 1263.— Paspalum virgatum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 9555, Jamaica.) summit. 91 — Open, mostly moist or swampy ground, southern Texas (Brownsville) to South America; throughout the West Indies. GOO MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 13. Plicatula. — Perennials and annuals with compressed purplish culms; blades flat or folded; racemes few to several; spikelets rather turgid, drab, turning brown or dark olivaceous; fruit dark brown, shining. 40. Paspalum plicatulum Michx. (Fig. 1264.) Culms in small tufts with numerous leafy shoots, suberect, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades folded at base, usually flat above, rather firm, elongate, 3 to 10 mm wide, usually pilose near base; racemes mostly 3 to 10, arcuate-spreading, 3 to 10 cm long; spikelets usually 2.5 to 2.8 mm long, obovate- oval, brown at maturity, glabrous or the glume appressed-pubescent, the sterile lemma with short transverse wrinkles just inside the slightly raised margin. Ql — Open ground or wet wood borders, Georgia and Florida to Texas, south to Argen- tina ; throughout the West Indies (fig. 1265). 41. Paspalum bos- cianum Flugge. Bull paspalum. (Fig. 1266.) Rather succulent an- nual, branching at base and commonly from the middle nodes, usually conspicuously brownish purple, glabrous as a whole ; culms 40 to 60 cm long, ascending or widely spread- ing; sheaths broad, loose; blades 10 to 40 cm long, 8 to 15 mm wide, papillose-pilose on upper surface near base; racemes 4 to 12, usu- ally 4 to 7 cm long; rachis 2 to 2.5 mm wide; spikelets crowded, obovate-orbicular, 2 to 2.2 mm long, glabrous, rust-brown at maturity. Figure 1265.— Distribution of Paspalum plicatulum. Figure 1264.— Paspalum plicatu- lum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase 7061, Qa.) Figure 1266.— Paspalum boscianum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Kearney 152, Fla.) O (Depauperate specimens have been described as P. scrobiculatum L.) — Moist or wet open ground, along ditches and ponds, some- times a weed in cultivated fields, Pennsylvania (ballast), Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas, south to Brazil (fig. 1267). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 601 Figure 1267. — Distribution of Paspalum boscianum.. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Stouter and with larger spikelets, un equally biconvex, the sterile lemma loose and wrinkled, o — Bal last, Camden, N.J.; Abilene, Tex.; Asia. 14. Bifida. — A single species approaching Panicum; spikelets turgid; a minute first glume usually developed. 42. Paspalum bifidum (Bertol.) Nash. (Fig. 1268.) Culms erect from short rhizomes, 50 to 120 cm tall; blades flat, 10 to 50 cm long, 3 to 14 mm wide, villous to nearly glabrous; racemes usually 3 or 4, at first erect, 4 to 16 cm long; rachis slender, subflexuous; spikelets distant to irregularly approximate, elliptic- obovate, 3.3 to 4 mm long; sec- ond glume and sterile lemma con- spicuously nerved. % — ^Sandy pine and oak woods, occasionally in hammocks, nowhere common, on the Coastal Plain from South Carolina to Texas and Oklahoma (fig. 1269). 129. PANICUM L. Panicum Spikelets more or less compressed dorsiventrally, in open or compact panicles, rarely racemes; glumes 2, herbaceous, nerved, usually very unequal, the first often minute, the second typically equaling the sterile lemma, the latter of the same tex- ture and simulating a third glume, bearing in its axil a membranaceous or hyaline palea and sometimes a staminate flower, the palea rarely wanting; fertile lemma charta- ceous-ind urate, typically obtuse, the nerves obsolete, the margins in- rolled over an enclosed palea of the same texture. Annuals or peren- nials of various habit. Type spe- cies, Panicum miliaceum. Pani- . cum, an old Latin name for the Figure 1268.— Paspalum bifidum. Panicle, XI; ' .n , /ry , . ., 7. » two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Curtiss COmmOIl millet {oetarid itallCa). 5590, Fia.) Panicum miliaceum, proso millet, is cultivated to a limited extent in this country for forage. In Europe it is sometimes cultivated for the seed which is used for food. Two species are commonly culti- vated in the lowland tropics for forage, P. maximum, Guinea grass, an African species, said to have been introduced into Jamaica in 1774, and P. purpurascens, Para grass, introduced into Brazil from Africa. Certain native species are constituents of wild hay or of the range. P. virgatum, switch grass, of the eastern half of the United States, 7r~"~" ~] — VyS^~. U^ Figure 1269.— Distribution of Paspalum bifidum. 602 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE P. bulbosum and P. obtusum, of the Southwest, and Panicum texanum in Texas, furnish hay or forage. The seeds of P. sonorum Beal, of Northwest Mexico, are used for food by the Cocopa Indians. Axis of branchlets extending beyond the base of the uppermost rpikelet as a point or bristle 1 to 6 mm long Subgenus 1. Paurochaetium. Axis of branchlets not extending into a bristle. (In P. geminatum and P. paludi- vagum the somewhat flattened axis is pointed but not bristle-form.) Basal leaves usually distinctly different from those of the culm, forming a win- ter rosette; culms at first simple, the spikelets of the primary panicle not perfecting seed, later usually becoming much branched, the small secon- dary panicles with cleistogamous fruitful spikelets. Subgenus 2. Dichanthelium. Basal leaves similar to the culm leaves, not forming a winter rosette; spikelets all fertile Subgenus 3. Eupanicum Subgenus 1. Paurochaetium Blades elongate, usually more than 15 cm long, narrowed toward the base. Spikelets about 3.5 mm long 3. P. reverchoni. Spikelets about 2 mm long, or less 1. P. chapmani. Blades usually less than 10 cm long, not narrowed toward the base; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long. Blades of midculm long-acuminate, usually 2 to 3 mm wide. 2. P. RAMISETUM. Blades of midculm abruptly acute, usually 4 to 6 mm wide. 4. P. FIRMULUM. Subgenus 2. Dichanthelium Blades elongate, not more than 5 mm wide, 20 times as long as wide; autumnal phase branching from the base only (from the lower nodes in P. werneri) . 1. Depauperata. Blades not elongate (or if so, more than 5 mm wide and autumnal phase not branching from base) . Plants branching from the base, finally forming rosettes or cushions, the foliage soft, lax. Blades prominently ciliate except in P. laxiflorum. 2. Laxiflora. Plants branching from the culm nodes or rarely remaining simple. Blades long, stiff; autumnal phase bushy-branched above. Spikelets turgid, attenuate at base; mostly pustulose-pubescent; blades conspicuously striate, tapering from base to apex_ 3. Angustifolia. Spikelets scarcely turgid, not attenuate at base; blades tapering to both ends 4. Bicknelliana. Blades not long and stiff (somewhat so in P. oligosanthes, P. malacon, P. commonsianum, and P. equilaterale) ; not bushy-branched. Plants not forming a distinct winter rosette; spikelets attenuate at base, papillose 14. Pedicellata. Plants forming a distinct winter rosette; spikelets not attenuate at base. Spikelets turgid, blunt, strongly nerved (not strongly turgid in P. oligosanthes) ; blades rarely as much as 1.5 cm wide (sometimes 2 cm in P. ravenellii and P. xanthophysum) . Sheaths or some of them, papillose-hispid (sometimes all glabrous in P. helleri); spikelets 3 to 4 mm long (2.7 to 3 mm in P. wil- coxianum) 13. Oligosanthia. Sheaths glabrous or minutely puberulent; spikelets 1.5 to 2.5 mm long, asymmetrically pyriform. Culms wiry 12. Lancearia. Spikelets not turgid, blunt, nor strongly nerved (somewrhat so in P. roanokense and P. caerulescens) . Ligule of conspicuous hairs, usually 3 to 5 mm long. Sheaths glabrous or only the lowermost somewhat pubescent. 7. Spreta. Sheaths strongly pubescent 8. Lanuginosa. Ligule obsolete or nearly so (manifest in P. oricola, P. tsugetorum, and P. curtifolium) . MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 603 Spikelets nearly spherical at maturity; blades glabrous, firm, cordate. Plants sparingly branching 10. Sphaerocarpa. Spikelets usually obovate or elliptic. Blades of midculm elongate, less than 1.5 cm -wide. Culms usually tall; spikelets pointed, abruptly so in the velvety P. scoparium 15. Scoparia. Blades of midculm not elongate (somewhat so in P. equilaterale) . Blades cordate, 1 to 3 cm wide (5 to 12 mm in P. ashei). Spikelets pubescent. Spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long. Sheaths glabrous or minutely puberulent 16. Commutata. Spikelets 3 to 5 mm long (sometimes but 2.7 mm long in the hispid-sheathed P. clandestinum) 17. Latifolia. Blades not cordate, less than 1 cm wide. Sheaths crisp- or appressed-pubescent. Blades firm; spike- lets pubescent 9. Columbiana. Sheaths glabrous or ciliate only in autumnal phase (sparsely pilose in P. curtifolium and the lower velvety in P. mattamuskeetense) . Vernal culms delicate (sometimes scarcely so in P. albo- marginatum and P. tenue); spikelets 1.5 mm or less long (1.6 to 1.7 mm in P. tenue) 11. Ensifolia. Vernal culms slender but not delicate, rarely less than 40 cm tall; spikelets 2 to 2.9 mm long (1.5 mm in P. microcarpon and P. caerulescens). Lower internodes short, upper elongate, producing a nearly naked culm, leafy at base; spikelets narrowly ovate, 2.7 to 2.9 mm long 5. Ntjdicaulia. Lower internodes not shorter, the vernal culms about evenly leafy throughout; spikelets elliptic or obovate, not more than 2.5 mm long. 6. DlCHOTOMA. 1. Depauperata Spikelets about 3.5 mm long, beaked 5. P. depauperatum' Spikelets 3 mm long or less, (sometimes 3.2 mm long in P. perlongum) not beaked' Culms single or few in a tuft; spikelets turgid, blunt, 2.7 to 3.2 mm long- prairie plants 6. P. PERLONGUM. Culms in large tufts; spikelets not turgid, 2.2 to 2.7 mm long; plants of dry woods. Sheaths pilose; spikelets 2.2 to 2.7 mm long, pilose, . 7. P. linearifolium. Sheaths glabrous; spikelets 2.2 to 2.3 mm long, glabrous or sparingly pilose. 8. P. werneri. 2. Laxiflora Sheaths retrorsely pilose; spikelets papillose-pilose. Blades ciliate and more or less pilose on the surface; spikelets 2 mm long. 10. P. xalapense. Blades glabrous or nearly so on the surface and margin; spikelets 2.2 mm long. 9. P. laxiflorum. Sheaths not retrorsely pilose; spikelets pubescent or glabrous. Spikelets pubescent, about 2 mm long 11. P. ciliatum. Spikelets glabrous. Blades glabrous on the surface 12. P. polycaulon. Blades pilose on the surface 13. P. strigosum. 3. Angustifolia Nodes bearded; plants grayish-villous; autumnal blades flat. Spikelets 2 mm long 15. P. chrysopsidifolium. Spikelets 2.5 to 2.8 mm long 16. P. consangtjineum. Nodes not bearded; plants villous only at base, or nearly glabrous; autumnal blades involute or flat. Autumnal blades flat; lower panicle branches spreading or reflexed. 17. P. angustifolium. 604 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Autumnal blades involute; lower panicle branches more or less ascending. Spikelets 3.3 to 3.5 mm long, pointed 18. P. fusiforme. Spikelets less than 3 mm long, not pointed, or obscurely so. Plants glabrous or nearly so. Autumnal culms erect. Spikelets subsecund along the suberect panicle branches. 21. P. NEURANTHUM. Spikelets not subsecund, the panicle loose and open__ 20. P. ovinum. Plants pubescent, at least on the lower half. Spikelets about 2.4 mm, rarely only 2.1 mm long; vernal blades 7 to 12 cm long; autumnal blades not falcate 19. P. arenicoloides. Spikelets not more than 2 mm long; vernal blades 4 to 6 cm long; au- tumnal blades much crowded, falcate 14. P. aciculare. 4- Bicknelliana Spikelets 2.5 to 2.8 mm long; blades not more than 9 mm wide. 22. P. bicenellii. Spikelets 3 mm long; blades as much as 12 mm wide 23. P. calliphyllum. 5. Nudicaulia A single species 24. P. nudicatjle. 6. Dichotoma la. Nodes, at least the lower, bearded. Spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long, glabrous (occasional individuals with pubescent spikelets) 25. P. microcarpon. Spikelets 2 mm long or more. Spikelets glabrous, 2 mm long; autumnal phase topheavy-reclining. 32. P. BARBULATUM. Spikelets pubescent. Blades all velvety; autumnal phase usually sparingly branching. 27. P. ANNULUM. Blades glabrous, or only the lower pubescent or velvety; autumnal phase freely branching. Spikelets 2 mm long; autumnal phase profusely branching. 26. P. NITIDUM. Spikelets 2.2 mm long or more; autumnal phase less profusely branching. Sheaths and upper nodes glabrous 29. P. cltjtei. Lower sheaths and all nodes pubescent. 28. P. MATTAMUSKEETENSE. lb. Nodes not bearded. 2a. Spikelets pubescent. Culms erect, never becoming vinelike. Primary blades spreading; panicles purplish; fruit exposed at summit. 29. P. GLUTEI. Primary blades erect; panicles green; fruit covered (wood forms with spreading blades may be distinguished from P. dichotomum by pubes- cent spikelets, 2.2 mm long) 30. P. boreale. Culms soon prostrate, vinelike, the branches divaricate. Plants bright green, culms lax; spikelets not more than 2.1 mm long. 36. P. LUCIDUM. Plants grayish green, culms stiff; spikelets 2.5 mm long. 37. P. SPHAGNICOLA. 2b. Spikelets glabrous. Culms soon prostrate. Plants bright green, culms lax; spikelets not more than 2.1 mm long. 36. P. LUCIDUM. Plants grayish green, culms stiff; spikelets 2.5 mm long. 37. P. SPHAGNICOLA. Culms erect, or the autumnal phase topheavy, never prostrate. Spikelets not more than 1.6 mm long; panicles narrow. Plants glaucous bluish green 35. P. caerulescens. Spikelets 2 mm long or more; panicles open. Blades erect, firm; spikelets turgid, strongly nerved. Plants grayish olive green 34. P. roanokense. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 605 Blades spreading; spikelets not turgid. Spikelets 2.2 mm long or more, pointed. Sheaths bearing pale glandular spots 33. P. yadkinense. Spikelets not more than 2 mm long, not pointed. Autumnal phase erect, branched like a little tree; primary blades rarely more than 5 mm wide; second glume shorter than fruit and sterile lemma 31. P. dichotomtjm. Autumnal phase topheavy-reclining; primary blades 6 to 10 mm wide; second glume equaling fruit and sterile lemma. 32. P. BARBULATUM. 7. Spreta Panicle narrow, one-fourth to one-third as wide as long 38. P. spretum. Panicle open, two-thirds as wide as long, or more. Spikelets 1.5 mm long 39. P. lindheimeri. Spikelets 1.3 mm long or less. Culms and sheaths glabrous 41. P. longiligulatum. Culms and sheaths appressed-pubescent. Spikelets 1.2 to 1.3 mm long 40. P. leucothrix. Spikelets not more than 1 mm long 42. P. wrightianum. 8. Lanuginosa la. Spikelets not more than 2 mm long. 2a. Plants grayish, velvety-pubescent. Spikelets 1.4 to 1.5 mm long; autumnal blades involute-pointed (see also P. albemarlense) 49. P. auburne. Spikelets 1.8 to 2 mm long; autumnal blades fiat. Plants dark or olive green when dry; spikelets 1.9 to 2 mm long. 50. P. THUROWII. Plants light or yellow green when dry. Autumnal phase prostrate, branching from base and lower nodes, forming close mats; blades not ciliate. Around hot springs. 55. P. thermale. Autumnal phase ascending or spreading, branching from middle and upper nodes, the reduced, fascicled blades strongly ciliate. 48. P. lanuginosum. 2b. Plants pubescent, often villous, but not velvety. 3a. Culms conspicuously pilose with long, horizontally spreading hairs. Culms branching before expansion of primary panicles. 51. P. PRAECOCIUS. 3b. Culms variously pubescent, if pilose the hairs not long and horizontally spreading. 4a. Vernal blades glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, firm in tex- ture. Autumnal culms branching from the lower nodes, forming a spreading bunch 10 to 15 cm high; Pacific slope 53. P. occidentale. Autumnal culms branching from the middle nodes, forming widely spreading mats; Atlantic slope (see also form of P. huachucae var. fasciculatum) 47. P. tennesseense. 4b. Vernal blades pubescent on upper surface, sometimes pilose near base and margins only. 5a. Spikelets 1.3 to 1.5 mm long; vernal blades long-pilose on upper surface. Autumnal phase widely decumbent-spreading, forming a mat; vernal culms soon geniculate-spreading; plants olivaceous. 44. P. albemarlense. Autumnal phase erect or leaning, never forming a mat; plants yellow- ish green. Axis of panicle pilose, panicle branches tangled, the lower drooping. 45. P. IMPLICATUM. Axis of panicle puberulent only, panicle branches not tangled, the lower ascending 43. P. meridionale. 5b. Spikelets 1.6 to 2 mm long; vernal blades pilose or pubescent. Upper surface of blades pilose; spikelets 1.8 to 2 mm long; autumnal phase decumbent-spreading. Spikelets pointed; culms weak and lax_,^_, 56, P. LANGUiDrjM. 606 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Spikelets obtuse; culms not weak and lax. Culms leafy below, branching from base and lower nodes; Maine to Minnesota 52. P. subvillostjm. Culms evenly leafy, branching from upper nodes; Pacific slope. 54. P. PACIFICUM. Upper surface of blades appressed-pubescent or pilose toward the base only; spikelets 1.6 to 1.8 mm long; autumnal phase not decum- bent-spreading 46. P. HUACHUCAE. lb. Spikelets 2.2 mm long or more. Spikelets 2.2 to 2.4 mm long. Pubescence on culms horizontally spreading; autumnal phase freely branch- ing 57. P. VILLOSISSIMUM. Pubescence on culms appressed or ascending; autumnal phase rather spar- ingly branching. Upper internodes shortened, the leaves approximate, the blades often equal- ing the panicle; pubescence sparse and stiff-- 60. P. scoparioides. Upper internodes not shortened, the copious pubescence silky. 58. P. PSEUDOPUBESCENS. Spikelets 2.7 to 2.9 mm long. Culms stiff; blades conspicuously ciliate; southern Atlantic coast. 59. P. OVALE. Culms weak; blades not ciliate; Pacific coast 61. P. shastense. 9. Columbiana la. Spikelets 2 to 3.2 mm long, mostly elliptic. Winter blades 5 to 10 cm long. Spikelets 2 mm long; plants blue-green. 66. P. WILMINGTONENSE. Winter blades 1 to 3 cm long. • Spikelets 3.2 mm long; first glume conspicuously distant- 62. P. malacon. Spikelets not more than 2.9 mm long; first glume not distant. Spikelets 2.8 to 2.9 mm long; vernal blades 8 to 15 cm long. 63. P. DEAMII. Spikelets not more than 2.4 mm long; vernal blades not more than 8 cm long. Spikelets about 2.4 mm (2.2 to 2.4 mm) long; panicle open, the branches stiffly spreading 64. P. commonsianum. Spikelets 2 to 2.1 mm long; panicle rather dense, the branches ascending. 65. P. ADDISONII. lb. Spikelets not more than 1.9 mm long, obovate, turgid. Culms crisp-puberulent or appressed-pubescent with crimped hairs; plants bluish or grayish green; panicle about 3 to 7 cm long. Spikelets 1.8 to" 1.9 mm long 67. P. tsugetorum. Spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long 68. P. columbianum. Culms appressed or ascending-pilose; plants olivaceous; panicle rarely more than 3 cm long. Spikelets not more than 1.5 mm long, rounded and turgid. Spikelets 1.5 mm long; culms rather stout; autumnal phase branching from all the nodes 69. P. oricola. Spikelets 1.3 to 1.4 mm long; culms very slender; autumnal phase with branches mostly aggregate toward the summit. 68. P. COLUMBIANUM Var. THINIUM. 10. Sphaerocarpa Culms spreading; blades obscurely nerved; panicle nearly as broad as long. 70. P. SPHAEROCARPON. Culms erect or ascending; blades rather strongly nerved; panicle never more than two-thirds as broad as long, usually less. Spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long; blades lanceolate, the upper not reduced. 71. P. POLYANTHES. Spikelets 1 to 1.2 mm long; blades tapering from base to apex, the upper much smaller than the lower 72. P. erectifolium. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 607 11. Ensifolia Ligules about 1 mm long; sheaths or some of them sparsely spreading-pilose. 80. P. CURTIFOLIUM. Ligules obsolete or nearly so; pubescence if present not spreading. Blades prominently white-margined, firm; spikelets densely puberulent. Blades puberulent beneath, often above; sheaths and sometimes lower inter- nodes ascending-pubescent 73. P. tenue. Blades glabrous; sheaths glabrous or minutely ciliate only. Uppermost culm blades much reduced; culms branching from lower nodes only, the branches repeatedly branching. 74. P. albomarginatum. Uppermost culm blades about as long as the others; culms bearing short branches from the upper and middle nodes 75. P. trifolium. Blades not white-margined or very obscurely so (or if white margin evident spikelets only 1.1 mm long); spikelets glabrous or puberulent. Culms branching only at base; plants soft, light green_. 79. P. vernale. Culms branching at the nodes; plants firm or at least not soft. Spikelets glabrous. Spikelets 1.1 to 1.2 mm long; blades rarely as much as 5 cm long. 81. P. CHAMAELONCHE. Spikelets 1.2 to 1.5 mm long. Blades elongate, at least some of them 8 to 10 cm long. 82. P. GLABRIFOLIUM. Blades not more than 3 cm long 78. P. ensifolium. Spikelets puberulent. Spikelets 1.1 mm long. Winter blades bluish green, not glossy. 77. P. CONCINNIUS. Spikelets 1.3 to 1.5 mm long. Blades involute, falcate, with long stiff hairs on margin near base. Plants stiff and wiry 83. P. breve. Blades not involute, or at tip only, not falcate. Plants bright green; winter blades conspicuous, glossy green. 76. P. FLAVOVIRENS. Plants olive; winter blades not conspicuous nor glossy. 78. P. ENSIFOLIUM. 12. Lancearia Spikelets, 1.5 to 1.6 mm long 84. P. portoricense. Spikelets 2 mm long or more. Blades, or some of them at least 8 mm wide, glabrous on the upper surface; fruit papillose-roughened 87. P. webberianum. Blades not more than 6 mm wide (or if wider, puberulent on the upper surface) ; fruit smooth and shining. Spikelets 2.4 to 2.6 mm long. Blades narrowed toward the base. 88. P. patentifolium. Spikelets not more than 2. 1 mm long. Blades firm, glabrous above; culms stiffly ascending. 85. P. lancearium. Blades lax, softly puberulent on both surfaces; culms decumbent. 86. P. PATULTJM. 13. Oligosanthia Nodes bearded; blades velvety-pubescent beneath. Plants lax, soft-velvetv throughout; spikelets not more than 3 mm long. 90. P. MALACOPHYUUM. Plants stiff, pubescence harsh; spikelets about 4 mm long. 94. P. ravenelii. Nodes not bearded (or but obscurely so in P. wilcoxianum) ; blades not velvety. Panicle narrow, branches erect, or spreading only at anthesis. Blades erect. Spikelets not more than 3 mm long; blades not more than 6 mm wide. 89. P. WILCOXIANUM. Spikelets 3.7 to 4 mm long; blades 8 to 20 mm wide. Blades papillose-hispid 95. P. leibergii. Blades glabrous on both surfaces 96. P. xanthophysum. Panicle about as wide as long. Spikelets narrowly obovate, subacute; plants olivaceous, appressed-pubes- cent 93. P. oligosanthes. Spikelets broadly obovate, turgid, blunt; plants green, the pubescence, if present, not appressed. Blades erect, not more than 6 mm wide; plants copiously hirsute through- out 89. P. WILCOXIANUM. 55974°— 35 39 608 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Blades ascending or spreading, rarely less than 8 mm wide, usually wider; plants not hirsute throughout. Spikelets 3.2 to 3.3 mm long; blades firm; sheaths or some of them more or less hispid 92. P. scribnerianum. Spikelets not more than 3 mm long; blades rather thin; sheaths or some of them glabrous or sparsely hispid 91. P. helleri. 14. Pedicellata Culms erect or leaning; blades thin, 5 to 9 cm long, narrowed toward the base. 97. P. PEDICELLATUM. Culms decumbent; blades thick, not more than 5 cm long, not narrowed toward the base 98. P. nodatum. 15. Scoparia Pubescence soft-villous or velvety. Spikelets abruptly pointed. 99. P. SCOPARIUM. Pubescence when present not velvety. Spikelets elliptic; fruit 2 mm long 100. P. aculeatum. Spikelets ovate, that is, broadest below the middle; fruit 2 mm long or less. Sheaths or some of them hispid, rarely glabrous; autumnal phase with crowded branchlets 101. P. scabriusctjlum. Sheaths glabrous; autumnal phase sparingly branching. 102. P. CRYPTANTHUM. 16. Commutata Plants glaucous, glabrous. Basal blades conspicuously ciliate; vernal culms usually solitary 105. P. mutabile. Plants not glaucous. Blades nearly linear, that is, with parallel margins. First glume about half as long as the spikelet 107. P. equilaterale. Blades lanceolate. Culms crisp-puberulent; blades usually rigid, symmetrical, rarely more than 10 mm wide; spikelets about 2.5 mm long 103. P. ashei. Culms glabrous or softly puberulent; blades firm or lax; spikelets 2.7 to 3.2 mm long. Culms erect, or autumnal phase leaning; blades symmetrical, broadly cordate 104. P. commutattjm. Culms decumbent; blades usually asymmetrical and falcate, narrowed to the scarcely cordate base 106. P. joorii. 1 7. Latifolia Sheaths strongly papillose-hispid, at least the lower and those of the branches. 108. P. CLANDESTINTJM. Sheaths glabrous or softly villous. Nodes glabrous; spikelets 3.4 to 3.7 mm long 109. P. latifolium. Nodes bearded; spikelets 4 to 4.5 mm long 110. P. boscii. Subgenus 3. Ewpanicum la. Plants annual. Inflorescence consisting of several more or less secund spikelike racemes. Fruit transversely rugose 3. Fascictjlata. Inflorescence a more or less diffuse panicle. Spikelets tuberculate 12. Verrucosa. Spikelets not tuberculate. First glume not more than one-fourth the length of the spikelet, truncate or triangular-tipped 4. Dichotomiflora. First glume usually as much as half the length of the spikelet, acute or acuminate 5. Capillaria. lb. Plants perennial. 2a. Spikelets short-pediceled along one side of the rachises, forming spikelike racemes (compare Agrostoidia with 1-sided but not spikelike panicle branches) . First glume nearly equaling the sterile lemma. Racemes spreading; fruit not more than one-third the length of the spikelet 16. Gymnocarpa. Racemes appressed; fruit nearly as long as the spikelet 14. Obtusa. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 609 First glume much shorter than the sterile lemma. Fruit transversely rugose. Nodes glabrous 1- Geminata. Nodes bearded 2. Purpurascentia. Fruit not rugose 15. Hemitoma. 2b. Spikelets in open or sometimes contracted or congested panicles (some- what 1-sided in Agrostoidia). Fruit transversely rugose (obscurely so in P. plenum) 7. Maxima. Fruit not transversely rugose. Spikelets villous 13. Urvilleana. Spikelets glabrous. Sterile palea enlarged and indurate at maturity, expanding the spikelet. Blades scarcely wider than their sheaths; spikelets about 2.3 mm long, borne toward the ends of the few slender branches. 11. Laxa. Sterile palea, if present, not enlarged. Plants with conspicuous creeping scaly rhizomes. Spikelets long-pediceled, not secund, arranged in an open or con- tracted panicle 8. Virgata. Spikelets short-pediceled, more or less secund along the nearly simple panicle branches 10. Agrostoidia. Plants without creeping scaly rhizomes. Panicles narrow and few-flowered; culms erect and wiry. Blades drying involute 9. Tenera. Panicles open or contracted, many-flowered. Spikelets short-pediceled along the nearly simple panicle branches 10. Agrostoidia. Spikelets long-pediceled, the panicle open 6. Diffusa. 1 . Geminata Spikelets 3 mm long; glumes and sterile lemma papery. . 112. P. paludivagum. Spikelets not more than 2.4 mm long; glumes and sterile lemma not papery. 111. P. GEMINATUM. 2. Purpurascentia A single species 113. P. purpueascens. 3. Fasciculala Spikelets 5 to 6 mm long 118. P. texanum. Spikelets 2 to 4 mm long. Spikelets strongly reticulate-veined, 2 to 3 mm long; glabrous. 115. P. FASCICULATUM. Spikelets scarcely reticulate-veined or only near apex. Spikelets not more than 2 mm long, glabrous 114. P. reptans. Spikelets more than 3 mm long, pubescent. Rachis scabrous but not bristly 116. P. adsperstjm. Rachis bristly-hirsute 117. P. arizonicum. 4. Dichotomiflora Sheaths glabrous 119. P. dichotomiflorum. Sheaths papillose-hispid 120. P. bartowense. 5. Capillaria Panicles drooping; spikelets 4.5 to 5 mm long 130. P. miliaceum. Panicles erect; spikelets not more than 4 mm long. Panicles more than half the length of the entire plant. Panicles narrow, usually less than half as broad as long 121. P. flexile. Panicles as broad as long. Fruit without scar at base 125. P. capillare. Fruit with a lunate scar at base 126. P. hillmani. Panicles not more than one-third the entire height of the plant. Spikelets not more than 2 mm long, acute but not long-acuminate (see also P. hirsutum). Culms stout; blades about 1 cm wide; spikelets turgid. 122. P. gattingeri. 610 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Culms slender; blades not more than 6 mm wide; spikelets not turgid. Axillary pulvini pilose 123. P. philadelphicum. Axillary pulvini glabrous 124. P. tuckermani. Spikelets 2.7 to 4 mm long, acuminate. First glume about one-third the length of the spikelet, subacute or blunt 129. P. STRAMINEUM. First glume usually more than half the length of the spikelet, acuminate. First glume more than three-fourths the length of the spikelet; spikelets 4 mm long 128. P. pampinosum. First glume half to two-thirds the length of the spikelet; spikelets not more than 3.3 mm long 127. P. hirticaule. 6. Diffusa Second glume and sterile lemma elongate, at least three times as long as the fruit 131. P. capillarioides. Second glume and sterile lemma not elongate. Culms as much as 1 cm thick; blades 2 cm wide or more__ 136. P. hirsutum. Culms slender; blades not more than 1 cm wide. Spikelets 4 to 4.2 mm long. Midnerves of glumes and sterile lemma scabrous toward the apex 134. P. lepidulum. Spikelets usually less than 3.5 mm long. Blades hirsute on both surfaces (sometimes glabrescent), not at all glaucous 135. P. ghiesbreghtii. Blades glabrous on both surfaces or with a few hairs on either surface, glaucous above. Panicle much exceeding the leaves; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long (rarely 3.7 mm) 133. P. hallii. Panicle usually equaled or exceeded by the uppermost blades; spikelets 2 to 2.6 mm long 132. P. filipes. 7. Maxima Culms with a cormlike base 139. P. bulbosum. Culms not cormlike at base. Nodes hirsute; ligules 4 to 6 mm long; fruit strongly rugose. 137. P. MAXIMUM. Nodes glabrous; ligules 2 mm long; fruit obscurely rugose.. 138. P. plenum. 8. Virgata Spikelets not more than 2.5 mm long, first glume less than half the length of the spikelet. Panicle loosely flowered; first glume truncate, about one-fifth the length of the spikelet 140. P. repens. Panicle rather densely flowered; first glume triangular, about one-third the length of the spikelet 141. P. gouini. Spikelets 3 to 7 mm long (sometimes less than 3 mm in P. virgatum var. cubense) ; first glume more than half the length of the spikelet. Panicle elongate, strongly contracted; seacoast plants. Culms rarely 1 m tall, solitary from the nodes of the horizontal rhi- zome 144. P. AMARUM. Culms 1 to 2 m tall, in dense tufts 145. P. amarulum. Panicle diffuse, or only slightly contracted; plants sometimes of salt marshes but not littoral. Spikelets 6 to 8 mm long; culms solitary, with a creeping base. 143. P. HAVARDII. Spikelets less than 5 mm long (in exceptional specimens 6 mm long) ; culms erect, producing numerous scaly rhizomes 142. P. virgatum. 9. Tenera A single species 146. P. tenerum. 10. Agrosloidea Rhizomes present; culms but little compressed; spikelets set obliquely on the appressed pedicels. Panicles open; spikelets 3.4 to 3.8 mm long (shorter in exceptional specimens). 152. P. ANCEPS. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 611 Panicles more or less contracted; spikelets not more than 2.8 mm long. 153. P. RHIZOMATUM. Rhizomes wanting; culms strongly compressed with keeled sheaths; spikelets not obliquely disposed. Ligule ciliate; basal leaves half as long as the culm or more; panicle much exceeding the upper leaves. Spikelets not more than 2.7 mm, usually 2.5 mm long, the first glume less than half that length; ligule 2 to 3 mm long._ 150. P. longifolium. Spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long; first glume two-thirds to three-fourths that length; ligule less than 1 mm long 151. P. combsii. Ligule erose or lacerate, not ciliate; basal leaves in short tufts, the upper usu- ally nearly equaling the terminal panicle. Fruit stipitate; spikelets 2.5 to 2.8 mm long, conspicuously secund. 149. P. STIPITATUM. Fruit not stipitate; spikelets not conspicuously secund. Spikelets 1.8 to 2 mm, in occasional specimens 2.2 mm long; panicle branches ascending or spreading 147. P. agrostoides. Spikelets about 2.5 mm long; panicle branches erect or nearly so. 148. P. CONDENSUM. 1 1 . Laxa A single species 154. P. hians. 12. Verrucosa Spikelets about 2 mm long, glabrous 155. P. verrtjcosum. Spikelets more than 3 mm long, hispid 156. P. brachyanthum. 13. Urvilleana A single species 157. P. urvilleanum. 14- Obtusa A single species 158. P. obtusum. 15. Hemitonia A single species 159. P. hemitomon. 16. Gymnocarpa A single species 160. P. gymnocarpon. Subgenus 1. Paurochaetium Hitchc. and Chase Perennials; culms tufted, erect, blades not more than 7 mm wide; panicle slender, the branches short, appressed, the ultimate branchlets bearing 1 to several spikelets, produced beyond the uppermost spikelet as a bristle 1 to 6 mm long; spikelets much swollen on the face, glabrous, strongly nerved; fruit transversely rugose, apiculate. 1. Panicum chapmani Vasey. (Fig. 1270.) Culms ascending or spreading, slender, wiry, 40 to 100 cm tall; blades erect, rather firm, 15 to 40 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, more or less involute when dry; panicle mostly 20 to 30 cm long; bristle 3 to 6 mm long; spikelets 2 to 2.2 mm long, obovate; first glume about one-third as long as the spike- let, obtuse or truncate. 21 — Coral sand and shell mounds, southern Florida; Baha- mas; Yucatan. 2. Panicum ramisetum Scribn. (Fig. 1271.) Culms erect or as- cending from short horizontal rhizomes, 25 to 60 cm tall; blades 5 to Figure 1270. — Panicum chapmani. Panicle, X 1; two views of spike- let, and floret, X 10. (Type.) 612 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1271. — Panicum ramisetum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) 12 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle 5 to 20 cm long; bristle not exceeding the spikelet; spikelets about 2.5 mm long, obovate; first glume about half as long as the spikelet. 21 — Sandy plains and prairies, south- ern Texas and northern Mexico. 3. Panicum revercboni Vasey. (Fig. 1272.) Culms stiffly erect, from short rhizomes, 30 to 70 cm tall; blades erect, stiff, 5 to 20 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide; panicle 5 to 20 cm long; spikelets mostly one to a branchlet, the bristle equaling or exceeding the spikelet; spikelets 3.5 to 3 .8 mm long, elliptic ; first glume about half as long as the spikelet. % — Rocky or sandy prairies and limestone hills, Texas. 4. Panicum firmulum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1273.) Culms ascending or decumbent at base, 30 to 40 cm tall, rather loosely tufted from creeping knotted rhizomes as much as 5 cm long; blades ascending or spread- ing, firm, 4 to 10 cm long, 4 to 7 mm wide; bristle 1 to 2 times as long as the spike- let; spikelets 3 to 3.2 mm long, obovate; first glume half as long as the spikelet. 91 — -Sandy prairies, southern Texas. Subgenus 2. Hitchc DlCHANTHELIUM and Chase Figure 1272. — Panicum revcrchoni. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Perennial, from a crown, rarely from short mat- ted rhizomes, surrounded by a more or less well-marked rosette of usually short winter leaves, in spring producing simple culms with mostly narrowly lanceolate blades and terminal panicles with numerous spike- lets, these rarely perfecting seed; early culms brandling at some or all of the nodes (in a few species from the base only) after the maturity of the primary panicles or sometimes before; branches often repeatedly branching, the short branchlets more or less fascicled and bearing usu- ally much reduced leaves ; the terminal one or two joints of the primary culm often finally falling, the whole producing an autumnal phase usually strikingly different from the vernal phase; secondary panicles reduced, Figure 1273. — Panicum firmulum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 613 the latest more or less included in the sheaths, the spikelets cleistogamous and perfecting their grains. The species of this subgenus are usually known as dichotomous panicums because they are related to Panicum dichotomum. Key to the species irrespective of the groups la. Spikelets glabrous. 2a. Spikelets 3 mm long or more, strongly nerved. Spikelets pointed; blades elongate 5. P. depauperatum. Spikelets blunt; blades not elongate. Spikelets 3.2 to 3.3 mm long; blades firm; sheaths, or some of them, hispid. 92. P. SCRIBNERIANUM. Spikelets not more than 3 mm long; blades rather thin; sheaths glabrous or sparsely hispid 91. P. helleri. 2b. Spikelets less than 3 mm long. 3a. Second glume and sterile lemma exceeding the fruit and pointed beyond it. Spikelets 2.2 to 2.9 mm long. Blades clustered toward the base 24. P. nudicaule. Blades not clustered toward the base. Sheaths, at least the secondary, hispid 101. P. scabriusculum. Sheaths glabrous. Blades firm; fruit 1.5 mm long 102. P. cryptanthum. Blades thin; fruit nearly 2 mm long 33. P. yadkinense. 3b. Second glume and sterile lemma not pointed beyond the fruit. 4a. Ligule manifest, 1 to 3 mm long. Culms rather stout; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; sheaths glabrous. 38. P. SPRETUM. Culms slender; ligule 1 mm long; sheaths sparsely pilose. 80. P. CURTIFOLIUM. 4b. Ligule obsolete. 5a. Spikelets 1.5 mm or less long. Nodes bearded 25. P. microcarpon. Nodes not bearded. Culms and blades pilose 13. P. strigosum. Culms glabrous. Blades conspicuously ciliate; plants branching at base only. 12. P. POLYCATJLON. Blades not ciliate; plants branching from middle or upper nodes. Vernal culms 50 cm tall or more; spikelets turgid, strongly nerved; autumnal phase erect, with fascicled branches shorter than the primary internodes. 35. P. CAERULESCENS. Vernal culms usually much less than 50 cm tall; autumnal phase spreading or reclining. Spikelets 1.1 to 1.2 mm long. Blades rarely as much as 5 cm long 81. P. CHAMAELONCHE. Spikelets 1.2 to 1.4 mm long. Blades elongate, at least some of them 8 to 10 cm long. 82. P. GLABRIFOLIUM. Blades not more than 3 cm long 78. P. ensifolium. 5b. Spikelets 2 mm long or more. Blades elongate, some of them 20 times as long as wide; spikelets 2.2 to 2.8 mm long. Blades erect; branches, when present, from the lower nodes only. 8. P. WERNERI. Blades spreading; branches from upper nodes. 22. P. bicknellii. Blades not elongate, about 10 times as long as wide. Culms soon prostrate, vinelike; branches divaricate. Plants bright green; culms lax; spikelets not more than 2.1 mm long 36. P. lucidum. Plants grayish green; culms stiff; spikelets 2.5 mm long. 37. P. SPHAGNICOLA. 814 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Culms not vinelike; branches not divaricate. Spikelets 2.3 to 2.6 mm long. Blades, or some of them, at least 8 mm wide; fruit papillose- roughened 87. P. WEBBERIANUM. Blades not more than 6 mm wide; fruit smooth and shining. 88. P. PATENTIFOLIUM. Spikelets 2 mm long. Culms wiry, crisp-puberulent; blades ciliate at base. 85. P. LANCEARITJM. Culms glabrous; blades not ciliate. Blades erect, firm; spikelets turgid, strongly nerved. Plants grayish olive 34. P. roanokense. Blades spreading; spikelets not turgid. Nodes glabrous; autumnal phase erect, branched like a little tree 31. P. dichotomum. Nodes, at least the lowest, usually bearded; autumnal phase topheavy-reclining 32. P. barbtjlatum. lb. Spikelets pubescent. 6a. Spikelets 3 mm or more long. 7a. Blades elongate, those of the midculm at least 15 times as long as wide. Secondary panicles from basal sheaths only. Spikelets pointed, about 3.5 mm long 5. P. depauperatum. Spikelets blunt, 3 mm long or less 6. P. perlongum. Secondary panicles from upper branches. Spikelets attenuate at base, pustulose-pubescent; lowermost sheaths softly villous 18. P. fusiforme. Spikelets not attenuate at base, not pustulose; lowermost sheaths glabrous or hispid. Upper leaves approximate; sheaths glabrous. 107. P. equilaterale. Upper leaves distant; at least the lower sheaths hispid. 100. P. ACULEATTJM. 7b. Blades not elongate, usually less than 10 times as long as wide. 8a. Blades velvety-pubescent beneath. Spikelets 3 mm long. Plants velvety-villous throughout. 90. P. MALACOPHTLLUM. Spikelets 4 mm long or more. Sheaths ascending-hirsute, ligule 3 to 4 mm long. 94. P. RAVENELII. Sheaths downy-pubescent; ligule obsolete. 110. P. boscii var. molle. 8b. Blades not velvety-pubescent beneath. 9a. Sheaths glabrous or minutely puberulent only. Nodes bearded; spikelets 4 mm long or more 110. P. boscii. Nodes not bearded; spikelets not more than 3.8 mm long. Spikelets 3.5 to 3.8 mm long. Blades 2 cm wide or more. 109. P. LATIFOLIUM. Spikelets scarcely more than 3 mm long. Spikelets turgid, blunt; blades mostly less than 1 cm wide. 91. P. HELLERI. Spikelets not turgid; blades more than 1 cm wide. Panicle narrow, the branches ascending. Spikelets on long stiff pedicels 23. P. calliphyllum. Panicle as broad as long, the branches spreading. Plants glaucous; basal blades conspicuously ciliate. 105. P. MTJTABILE. Plants not glaucous; basal blades not ciliate, or at the base only. Culms erect, or autumnal phase leaning; blades sym- metrical, broadly cordate 104. P. commutatum. Culms decumbent; blades usually unsymmetrical and falcate, narrowed to the scarcely cordate base. 106. P. joorii. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 615 9b. Sheaths pubescent. Pubescence ascending or appressed. Spikelets 3 to 3.2 mm long; first glume conspicuously remote. 62. P. MALACON. Spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm long; first glume not remote. 93. P. OLIGOSANTHES. Pubescence spreading, sometimes sparse. Plants robust, about 1 m tall; blades usually 2 cm or more wide. 108. P. CLANDESTINTJM. Plants rarely more than 50 cm tall; blades rarely more than 1.5 cm wide. Panicle about as wide as long; blades ascending or spreading. Spikelets attenuate at base, 3.5 to 4 mm long. See 14. Pedicellata. Spikelets not attenuate at base, not more than 3.3 mm long. Spikelets 3.2 to 3.3 mm long; blades firm; sheaths, or some of them, more or less hispid.. 92. P. scribnerianum. Spikelets not more than 3 mm long; blades rather thin; sheaths, or some of them, glabrous or sparsely hispid. 91. P. helleri. Panicle narrow, the branches erect (sometimes ascending in P. wilcoxianum), or spreading at anthesis only; blades erect. Spikelets not more than 3 mm long; blades not more than 6 mm wide 89. P. wilcoxianum. Spikelets 3.7 to 4 mm long; blades 8 to 20 mm wide. Blades papillose-hispid 95. P. leibergii. Blades glabrous on both surfaces 96. P. xanthophysum. 6b. Spikelets less than 3 mm long. 10a. Blades elongate, not more than 5 mm wide; secondary panicles at the base only or wanting. Culms single or few in a tuft; spikelets turgid, 2.7 to 3 mm long. 6. P. perlongum. Culms in large tufts; spikelets not turgid, not more than 2.7 mm long. Sheaths pilose 7. P. linearifolitjm. Sheaths glabrous 8. P. werneri. 10b. Blades usually not elongate; secondary panicles not at the base. 11a. Spikelets attenuate at base, mostly prominently pustulose. Blades narrow, stiff, strongly nerved, tapering from base to apex. Nodes bearded; plants grayish-villous. Autumnal blades flat. Spikelets 2 mm long 15. P. chrysopsidifolitjm. Spikelets 2.5 to 2.8 mm long 16. P. consangtjineum. Nodes not bearded; plants villous only at the base, or nearly glabrous. Autumnal blades flat; lower panicle branches spreading or reflexed. 17. P. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Autumnal blades involute; lower panicle branches more or less ascending. Plants glabrous or nearly so; autumnal culms erect. Spikelets subsecund along the suberect panicle branches. 21. P. NEURANTHTTM. Spikelets not subsecund; panicle loose and open. 20. P. OVINTJM. Plants pubescent, at least on the lower half. Spikelets about 2.4 mm long; vernal blades 7 to 12 cm long; autumnal blades not falcate 19. P. arenicoloides. Spikelets not more than 2 mm long; vernal blades 4 to 6 cm long; autumnal blades falcate 14. P. acictjlare. lib. Spikelets not attenuate at base. 12a. Sheaths retrorsely pilose. Blades soft and lax. Blades ciliate and more or less pilose on the surface; spikelets 2 mm long 10. P. XALAPENSE. Blades glabrous or nearly so on the surface and margin; spikelets 2.2 mm long 9. P. laxiflorum. 12b. Sheaths not retrorsely pilose. 13a. Ligule manifest, mostly 2 to 5 mm long, at least 1 mm long. Sheaths, or all but the lowest, glabrous; spikelets not more than 1.6 mm long. Panicle narrow, one-fourth to one-third as wide as long. 38. P. SPRETUM. 616 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Panicle open, nearly as wide as long. Spikelets 1.5 mm long 39. P. lindheimeri. Spikelets 1.1 mm long 41. P. longiligtjlatum. Sheaths pubescent. Ligule 1 mm long. Sheaths sparsely pilose; spikelets 1.4 mm long 80. P. CTJRTIFOLITJM. Ligule usually more than 1 mm long. Ligule 1 to 1.5 mm long. Culms and sheaths appressed- pubescent; spikelets 1.5 mm long or more. Spikelets 2.8 to 2.9 mm long 63. P. deamii. Spikelets less than 2 mm long. Spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mm long; plants bluish green. 67. P. TSUGETORUM. Spikelets 1.5 mm long, nearly globular; plants olivaceous. 69. P. ORICOLA. Ligule 2 to 5 mm long. Spikelets 1 to 1.3 mm long; culms and sheaths softly appressed-pubescent. Spikelets 1.2 to 1.3 mm long 40. P. leucothrix. Spikelets not more than 1 mm long 42. P. WRIGHTIANUM. Spikelets mostly more than 1.5 mm long, if less, pubescence spreading See 8. Lanuginosa. 13b. Ligule obsolete or less than 1 mm long. 14a. Nodes bearded (P. scoparium may appear to be bearded) . Spikelets nearly 3 mm long; plants velvety- villous throughout. 90. P. MALACOPHYLL0M. Spikelets rarely as much as 2.5 mm long; plants not pubescent throughout. Spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long 25. P. microcarpon. Spikelets 2 mm long or more. Blades all velvety. Autumnal phase usually sparingly branching 27. P. annulum. Blades glabrous, or only the lower pubescent or velvety. Spikelets 2 mm long; autumnal phase profusely branching. 26. P. NITIDUM. Spikelets 2.2 mm long or more; autumnal phase less profusely branching. Sheaths and upper nodes glabrous 29. P. clutei. Lower sheaths and all nodes pubescent. 28. P. mattamuskeetense. 14b. Nodes not bearded. 15a. Plants densely gray-velvety throughout, a viscid, glabrous ring below the nodes 99. P. scoparium. 15b. Plants not gray-velvety. 16a. Sheaths or some of them pilose or hispid. Pubescence papillose-hispid. Spikelets ovate, pointed, 2.3 to 2.6 mm long. 101. P. SCABRIUSCULUM. Spikelets obovate, obtuse, nearly 3 mm long. Blades about 2 cm wide 108. P. clandestinum. Blades not more than 6 mm wide. 89. P. WILCOXIANUM. Pubescence ascending-pilose. Spikelets 2.8 to 2.9 mm long 63. P. deamii. Spikelets not more than 2.5 mm long. Spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long. Winter blades elongate, 5 to 10 cm long; plants bluish green. Spikelets 2 mm long. 66. P. WILMINGTONENSE. Winter blades 1 to 3 cm long; plants olivaceous. Spikelets about 2.4 mm long; panicle open, branches stiffly spreading. 64. P. COMMONSIANUM. Spikelets 2 to 2.1 mm long; panicle rather dense, branches ascending 65. P. addisonii. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 617 Spikelets not more than 1.7 mm long. Blades white-margined; spikelets 1.6 to 1.7 mm long, elliptic 73. P. tenue. Blades not white-margined; spikelets 1.3 to 1.4 mm long, nearly globular. " 68. P. COLUMBIANUM var. thinium. 16b. Sheaths glabrous or puberulent only. 17a. Spikelets spherical, not more than 1.8 mm long. Blades cordate, ciliate at base. See 10. Sphaerocarpa. 17b. Spikelets not spherical. 18a. Culms soon prostrate, vinelike; branches divaricate. Plants bright green; culms lax; spikelets not more than 2.1 mm long 36. P. lucidum. Plants gravish green; culms stiff; spikelets 2.5 mm long. 37. P. SPHAGNICOLA. 18b. Culms not vinelike; branches not divaricate. 19a. Spikelets asymmetrically pyriform, strongly nerved. Culms wiry See 12. Lancearia. 19b. Spikelets not pyriform. 20a. Blades elongate, especially the upper, about 20 times as long as wide. Spikelets about 2.5 mm long, on long pedicels. 22. P. bicknellii. ,_ J . ±. , 20b. Blades not elongate. (See continuation.) (Continuation.) 21a. Spikelets 2 mm long or more. Spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long; blades cordate, usually 1 cm or more wide. Plants glaucous; basal blades conspicuously ciliate 105. P. mutabile. Plants not glaucous; basal blades ciliate at base only. Culms crisp-puber; dent; blades rarely more than 1 cm wide; spikelets about 2.5 mm long 103. P. ashei. Culms glabrous or obscurelv puberulent; blades usually 1.5 cm wide or more; spikelets 2.7 to 3' mm long 104. P. commutatum Spikelets not more than 2.3 mm long; blades not cordate, usually less than 1 cm wide. Blades conspicuously ciliate, soft, lax, crowded at the base. 11. P. CILIATTJM. Blades not ciliate or at base only, not crowded at the base. Blades not more than 6 mm wide; plants not branching or rarely branching from near the base 8. P. werneri. Blades 7 mm wide or more; plants branching from middle and upper nodes. Primarv blades spreading; panicle purplish; fruit exposed at summit. 29. P. CLUTEI. Primary blades erect; panicle green; fruit covered.. 30. P. boreale. 21b. Spikelets not more than 1.7 mm long. Culms crisp-puberulent. Spikelets turgid 68. P. columbianum. Culms glabrous. Blades white-margined, firm. Blades puberulent beneath, often above 73. F. tenue. Blades glabrous. Uppermost blades much reduced; culms branching from lower nodes only, the branches repeatedly branching. 74. P. albomarginatum. Uppermost blades about as long as the others; culms bearing short branches from middle and upper nodes 75. P. trifolium. Blades not white-margined or very obscurely so (or if white margin is evident, spikelets only 1.1 mm long). Culms branching only at base. Plants soft, light green. 79. P. vernale. Culms branching at the nodes. Spikelets 1.1 mm long. Winter blades bluish green, not glossy. 77. P. CONCINNIUS. Spikelets 1.3 to 1.5 mm long. Blades involute, falcate, with long stiff hairs on margin near base. Plants stiff and wiry 83. P. breve. Blades not involute or at tip only, not falcate. Plants bright green; winter blades conspicuous, glossy green. 76. P. FLAVOVIRENS. Plants olive; winter blades not conspicuous nor glossy. 78. P. ENSIFOLIUM. 618 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 1. Depauperata. — Ligule less than 1 mm long; blades elongate, the basal ones not forming a distinct rosette in autumn; spikelets strongly 7- to 9-nerved. Autumnal phase with short branches from lower nodes. 5. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. (Fig. 1274.) Vernal phase with culms several to many in a tuft, slender but rather stiff, erect or nearly so; sheaths glabrous or papillose- pilose; blades 6 to 15 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, often involute in drying; panicle exserted, usually not much exceeding the leaves, 4 to 8 cm long, few-flowered; spikelets 3.2 to 3.8 mm long, elliptic, pointed, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; second glume and sterile lemma extending beyond the fruit, forming a beak. Autum- nal phase sim- ilar, the re- duced panicles partly con- cealed in the basal leaves. Q[ — Open sterile woods, Quebec and Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas (fig. 1275). 6. Panicum perlongum Nash. (Fig. 1276.) Vernal phase similar to that of P. depauperatum; the : 1Z74. — I'anxcum aepauperuium. ramuio, till to BlllixlltU , UoUa y p y xi; two views of spikeiet, and floret, x io. nanicle narrower; spikelets 2.7 to (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 78, D.C.) £ , ,' , f , „~„ -;„«■»!-«- 3.2 mm long, oval, blunt, sparingly pilose, the glume and sterile lemma not extending beyond the fruit. Autumnal phase similar, the reduced panicles numerous. 21 — Prai- ries and dry soil, Indiana to Man- itoba and North Dakota, south to Colorado and Texas (fig. 1277). Figure 1275.— Distribution of Panicum depauperatum. Figure 1274. — Panicum depauperatum. Panicle, Figure 1276.— Panicum perlongum. Two views of spikeiet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1277.— Distribution of Panicum perlongum. 7. Panicum linearifolium Scribn. (Fig. 1278.) Vernal phase in dense tufts; culms slender, erect, 20 to 45 cm tall; sheaths papillose- pilose; blades erect, usually overtopping the panicles, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle long-exserted, 5 to 10 cm long, the flexuous branches ascending; spikelets 2.2 to 2.7 mm long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, sparsely pilose. Autumnal phase similar, the reduced panicles hidden among the basal leaves. <2l —Dry woods, Quebec and Maine to Michigan, south to Georgia and Texas (fig. 1279). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 619 8. Panicum werneri Scribn. (Fig. 1280.) Vernal phase similar to that of P. linearifolium, the culms usually stiff er, blades firmer, shorter and wider (15 cm long or less) ; nodes usually sparingly pilose; sheaths glabrous; spikelets 2.1 to 2.4 mm long, nearly or quite glabrous. Autumnal phase similar to the vernal, sometimes late in the season bearing simple branches from the lower nodes. 01 — Sterile woods and knolls, Quebec and Maine to Minnesota, south to Virginia, Kentucky, and Texas (fig. 1281). Intergrades with P. linearifolium. Figure 1278.— Panicum linearifolium. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1279. — Distribution of Panicum linearifolium. 2. Laxiflora. — Tufted, erect to spreading; foliage aggregate toward base, light green, soft, the basal bladesnot in distinct rosettes in autumn; ligules nearly obsolete; primary panicles long-ex- serted; spikelets obovate, obtuse, turgid, 5- to 7-nerved. Au- tumnal phase branching near base, forming close flat tufts, with reduced panicles. 9. Panicum laxiflorum Lam. (Fig. 1282.) Vernal culms 20 to 60 cm tall, erect or geniculate below; nodes bearded with reflexed hairs; sheaths retrorsely pilose; blades 10 to 20 cm long, 7 to 12 mm wide, glabrous or sparsely ciliate; panicle 8 to 12 cm long, lax, few-flowered, the lower branches often reflexed; spikelets 2.2 to 2.3 mm long, papillose-pilose. Autumnal blades scarcely reduced, much exceeding the secondary panicles. % — Rich or damp woods, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama (fig. 1283). 10. Panicum xalapense H.B.K. (Fig. 1284.) Vernal culms and blades on the average shorter than in P. laxiflorum, the blades pilose on one or both surfaces or nearly glabrous, usually short-ciliate ; spike- Figure 1280.— Panicum werneri. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1281.— Distribution of Panicum werneri. lets 1.9 to 2 mm long, pilose. Autumnal phase with usually denser tufts and shorter blades. 01 — Woods, Maryland to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas; Mexico; Guatemala; Santa Domingo. Originally described from Xalapa (Jalapa), Mexico (fig. 1285). Panicum xalapense var. strictirameum Hitchc. and Chase. Vernal panicles more compact, branches ascending, spikelets 1.7 mm long; blades shorter, narrower. Oi — Dry woods, Coastal Plain, South Carolina to Texas. 620 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE 11. Panicum ciliatum Ell. (Fig. 1286.) Vernal culms 5 to 30 cm tall; sheaths ciliate on the margin; blades 3 to 6 cm long, 3 to 8 mm wide, the uppermost often much smaller, ciliate with stiff hairs 2 to 3 mm long; panicle 3 to 4 cm long, the axis pilose, branches spreading; spikelets 1.8 to 2 mm long, pilose. Autumnal mats with slightly smaller blades. % - — Low pine- lands and hammocks, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana; Mexico (fig. 1287). 12. Panicum polycaulon Nash. (Fig. 1288.) Vernal culms 10 to 20 cm tall; blades mostly narrower than in P. ciliatum, panicle similar; spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long (rarely as much as 2 mm), glabrous. Au- tumnal mats very dense. % — Low pine woods, Coastal Plain, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi; West Indies. 13. Panicum strigosum Muhl. (Fig. 1289.) Vernal culms 15 to 30 cm tall, the culms and sheaths sparsely pilose; nodes bearded; blades mostly 5 to 7 mm wide, pilose on both surfaces, stiffly ciliate; pan- icle 4 to 6 cm long, axis and branches pilose; spikelets 1.3 to 1.5 mm long, glabrous. Autumnal phase a dense mat. % — Sandy woods, Virginia and Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana; Mexico and Cuba to Colombia (fig. 1290). 3. Angustifolia.— Densely tufted, grayish green; ligules less than 1 mm long; blades narrow, usually stiff, with prominent nerves, sometimes longitudinally wrinkled, often ciliate at base; spikelets attenuate at base, rather strongly 7-nerved, papillose-pubescent; first glume narrow and Figure 1282.— Panicum laxiflorum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Curtiss 6635, Fla.) Figure 12S3.— Distribution of Panicum laxiflorum. Figure 1284.— Panicum xalapevse. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) sheathing at base. Autumnal culms repeatedly branching, forming bushy crowns; blades greatly reduced. 14. Panicum aciculare Desv. (Fig. 1291.) Vernal culms ascending from a spreading base, 20 to 50 cm tall, appressed-pubescent below; MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 621 lower sheaths villous; blades spreading or ascending, narrowed to an involute point, glabrous or the lower sparsely pilose, the middle culm blades 4 to 6 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle 3 to 7 cm long, the flexuous branches spreading at maturity; spikelets 1.9 to 2 mm long, obovate. Autumnal phase bushy-branching, the culms 10 to 30 cm long, spreading, forming dense cushions, the blades involute, sharp- pointed, usually arcuate, mostly 1 to 3 cm long. Ql — Sandy pine woods, Coastal Plain, New Jersey; Virginia to northern Florida, Oklahoma, and Texas; West Indies (fig. 1292). 15. Panicum chrysopsidifolium Nash. (Fig. 1293.) Vernal culms ascending or spreading, 30 to 45 cm tall, grayish-villous, especially Figure 1285.— Distribution of Panicum xalapense. Figure 1286.— Panicum ci datum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1287.— Distribution of Panicum ciliatum. below, the nodes bearded; sheaths villous; blades 5 to 10 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, villous on both surfaces; panicle 4 to 6 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long, obovate, villous. Autumnal phase spreading, forming mats; blades flat, becoming papery with age. % — Sandy pine woods, Coastal Plain, Florida to Arkansas and Texas; West Indies (fig. 1294). 16. Panicum consanguineum Kunth. (Fig. 1295.) Vernal culms ascending or spreading, 20 to 50 cm tall, densely felty-villous below, the nodes bearded; sheaths villous, especially the lower; blades 7 to 11 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide, villous, or nearly glabrous above; pan Figure 1288.— Pan icum polycaulon. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1289.— Panic urn strigosum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1290.— Distribution of Panicum strigosum. icle 4 to 8 cm long, the lower branches narrowly ascending; spikelets 2.6 to 2.8 mm long, obovate, papillose- villous. Autumnal phase spreading or decumbent, the numerous branches somewhat flabel- lately fascicled, the blades 3 to 4 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide, flat, thin, papery. % — Sandy pine woods, Coastal Plain, Virginia to northern Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas (fig. 1296). 17. Panicum angustifolium Ell. (Fig. 1297.) Vernal culms erect or nearly so, 30 to 50 cm tall, the lowermost internodes gray crisp- villous; lower sheaths appressed- villous, the upper glabrous; blades stiffly ascending, 8 to 15 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide, long-acuminate; panicle long-exserted, 4 to 10 cm long, loosely flowered, the branches widely spreading at anthesis, the lower often reflexed; spikelets 2.5 to 2.8 mm long, elliptic-obovate, papillose-villous. Autumnal phase 622 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE ascending or somewhat topheavy-reclining, not spreading or mat- like; blades very numerous, flat, appressed, rather thin and papery. % — Sandy pine woods, Coastal Plain, New Jersey to northern Florida and Texas; Tennessee (Knoxville); Nicaragua (fig. 1298). 18. Panicum fusiforme Hitchc. (Fig. 1299.) Vernal phase as in P. angustijolium; culms 30 to 70 cm tall, the basal and lower blades softly pubescent beneath; spikelets 3.3 to 3.5 mm long, elliptic, Figure 1291.— Panicum aciculare. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Vernal phase, Chase 7148, N.C.; autumnal phase, Hitchcock 317, N.C.) acutish or beaked beyond the fruit, long-attenuate at base, papil- lose-villous. Autumnal phase bushy, the blades soon involute, 3 to 5 cm long. % — Sandy pine woods, southern Georgia to Florida and Mississippi; West Indies; British Honduras (fig. 1300). 19. Panicum arenicoloides Ashe. (Fig. 1301.) Vernal phase intermediate between that of P. angustijolium and P. aciculare; culms 30 to 50 cm tall; lower sheaths and blades softly villous; blades Figure 1292. — Distribution of Panicum aciculare. Figure 1293.— Panicum chrysopsidifol- ium. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1294.— Distribution of Panicum chrysopsidifolium. 7 to 12 cm long, 3 to 4 mm wide, apex subinvolute; panicle 4 to 6 cm long, the lower branches ascending; spikelets 2.1 to 2.5 mm long, obovate, papillose-pilose. Autumnal phase bushy-branching, erect or topheavy, the blades involute. % — Sandy pine woods, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas; Cuba; Guate- mala (fig. 1302). 20. Panicum ovinum Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 1303.) Vernal culms erect or nearly so, not densely tufted, glabrous, 30 to 50 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or the lowermost appressed-pubescent ; blades MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 623 erect or ascending, 10 to 15 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide, glabrous; oanicle 5 to 9 cm long, the lower branches ascending; spikelets 2.1 to 2.2 mm long, papillose-pubescent, sometimes minutely so. _ Autum- nal phase erect or nearly so, the blades becoming loosely involute. Figure 1296.— Distribution of Panicum consanguineum. Figure 1295. — Panicum consanguineum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) % — Dry or moist open ground, Mississippi to Arkansas and eastern Texas; Mexico (fig. 1304). 21. Panicum neuranthum Griseb. (Fig. 1305.) Vernal phase glabrous as a whole; culms 30 to 60 cm tall; blades erect or ascending, Figure 1298.— Distribution of Panicum angustifolium. Figure 1297. — Panicum angustifolium. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) ihe short basal blades few or wanting; panicle 5 to 9 cm long, narrow, the flexuous branches narrowly ascending, the branchlets appressed, the short-pediceled spikelets more or less secund along the branches; Figure 1300.— Distribution of Panic u in fus if or me . Figure 1299. — Panicum fusiforme. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) spikelets 2 mm long, finely papillose-pubescent. Autumnal culms erect, about as tall as the vernal phase; blades involute. % — Savannas and open ground, southern Florida; Mississippi (Horn Island); Cuba. 55974°— 35— 40 624 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 4. Bicknelliana. — In small tufts, erect or ascending; sheaths gla- brous; ligules nearly obsolete; panicles few-flowered; spikelets long-pediceled, 7-nerved. Autumnal culms sparingly branch- ing from upper or middle nodes, the blades not much reduced. Intermediate in habit between Depauperata and Dichotoma. 22. Panicum bicknellii Nash. (Fig. 1306.) Vernal phase bluish green; culms 30 to 50 cm tall; nodes sparsely bearded or glabrous; Figure 1301. Panicum arenicoloides. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1302.— Distribution of Panicum arenicoloides. blades stiffly ascending, 8 to 15 cm long, 3 to 8 mm wide, the upper- most usually the longest, narrowed toward the usually ciliate base; panicle 5 to 8 cm long, the branches ascending; spikelets 2.3 to 2.8 mm long, sparsely pubescent or rarely glabrous. Autumnal culms erect, forming a loose bushy tuft, the stiffly ascending blades not much reduced, overtopping the narrow few-flowered panicles. % — Dry Figure 1304.— Distribution of Panicum ovinum. Figure 1303. — Panicum ovinum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) sterile or rocky woods, Connecticut and Michigan to Georgia and Missouri (fig. 1307). , 23. Panicum calliphyllum Ashe. (Fig. 1308.) Vernal phase yellow- ish green; culms 35 to 50 cm tall; nodes sparsely villous; blades ascending, 8 to 12 cm long, 9 to 12 mm wide, ciliate at the rounded base; panicle 7 to 9 cm long, with a few ascending branches; spikelets mostly 3 mm long, elliptic, sparsely pubescent. Autumnal culms sparingly branching from the middle nodes, the branches about as long as the inter- nodes, erect. % — Woods, rare and local, Ontario, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio. 5. Nudicaulia. — A single rare and local species. 24. Panicum nudicaule Vasey. (Fig. 1309.) Vernal culms erect from a some- Figure 1305.— Panicum neuranthum. *«""•/ " Two views of spikelet, and floret, what spreading base, 40 to oO cm tall, xio. (Type.) glabrous ; sheaths glabrous; blades erect, rather thick, 4 to 10 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide, the uppermost re- duced, giving the culm a naked appearance; panicle long-exserted, 4 to 7 cm long, few-flowered, the branches ascending; spikelets 2.7 to 2.9 mm long, narrowly ovate, acuminate, glabrous. Autumnal phase MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 625 unknown. % — Swamps, rare, western Florida, southern Alabama, and Mississippi. 6. Dichotoma. — Culms few to many in a tuft, glabrous, or only the nodes pubescent; sheaths mostly glabrous or nearly so; ligules minute; panicles open; spikelets 5- to 7-nerved. Autumnal culms usually freely branching, leaves and panicles usually much re- duced. 25. Panicum microcarpon Muhl. (Fig. 1310.) Vernal culms tufted, erect or sometimes geniculate at base, 60 to 100 cm tall, the nodes densely bearded with reflexed hairs; sheaths often mottled with white spots between the nerves; blades spreading, the upper often Figure 1306. — Panicum bicknellii. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Por- ter, Pa.) Figure 1307.— Distribution of Panicum bicknellii. Figure 1308.— Panicum cal/iphyllum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1309.— Pani cu m nudicaute. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) reflexed, 10 to 12 cm long, 8 to 15 mm wide, glabrous, sparsely papil- lose-ciliate at base; panicle many-flowered, 8 to 12 cm long; spikelets 1.6 mm long, elliptic, glabrous (rarely minutely pubescent). Autum- nal phase much branched from all the nodes, reclining from the weight of the dense mass of branches; blades flat, mostly 2 to 4 cm long. % — Wet woods and swampy places, Massachusetts to Illinois, south to northern Florida and eastern Texas (fig. 1311). 26. Panicum nitidum Lam. (Fig. 1312.) Vernal culms tufted, erect, 30 to 60 cm tall, the nodes bearded with reflexed hairs; upper 626 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE sheaths often glandular-mottled; blades glabrous, 5 to 10 mm wide, the upper usually reflexed ; panicle ovoid, 5 to 8 cm long, many-flow- ered; spikelets elliptic, 2 mm long, pubescent. Autumnal phase erect or reclining, the branchlets and foliage forming large clusters from the Figure 1310.— Panicum micTOcarpon. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Maxon and Standley 86, Md.) nodes of the' primary culms. 21 — Low moist or marshy ground, Coastal Plain, Virginia to Florida and Texas; Missouri (Carter County); Bahamas, Cuba (fig. 1313). Figure 1311.— Distribution of Figure 1312.— Panicum nitidum. Two Figure 1313.— Distribution of Panicum microcarpon. views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. Panicum nitidum. (Type.) 27. Panicum annulum Ashe. (Fig. 1314.) Vernal phase usually purplish, in small tufts or solitary; culms 35 to 60 cm tall, the nodes densely bearded; sheaths velvety-pubescent or the upper nearly gla- brous; blades densely velvety-pubescent on both surfaces; panicle 6 to Figure 1314.— Panic u m annulum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1315.— Distribution of Panicum annulum. 8 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long, elliptic, pubescent. Autumnal phase suberect, bearing in late autumn a few short erect branches at the upper nodes. 01 —Dry woods, Coastal Plain, rare, Massachusetts to Florida and Mississippi; Michigan; Missouri (fig. 1315). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 627 28. Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe. (Fig. 1316.) Vernal phase olivaceous, usually tinged with purple; culms erect, often 1 m tall, the nodes bearded or the upper puberulent only; sheaths velvety-pilose or the upper sometimes glabrous: blades horizontally spreading, 8 to Figure 1316.— Panicum mattamuskee- tense. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type coll.) Figure 1317.— Distribution of Panicum mattamuskeetense. 12 cm long, 8 to 12 mm wide, velvety-pubescent, or the upper glabrous; panicle 8 to 10 cm long, many-flowered; spikelets about 2.5 mm long, elliptic, pubescent. Autumnal phase erect or leaning, branching rather sparingly from the middle nodes. % —Low moist ground, Coastal Plain, New York to South Carolina (fig. 1317). Figure 1319.— Distribution of Panicum clutei. Figure 1318.— Panicum clutei. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) 29. Panicum clutei Nash. (Fig. 1318.) Similar to P. mattamus- keetense but less pubescent, only the lowermost nodes, sheaths, and blades velvety ; spikelets 2.2 to 2.3 mm long. QL —Low moist ground and cranberry bogs, Massachusetts to North Carolina (fig. 1319). Intergrades with P. mattamuskeetense. 30. Panicum boreale Nash. (Fig. 1320.) Vernal culms usually erect, 30 to 50 cm tall, the nodes mostly glabrous; blades erect or Figure 1320.— Panicum boreale. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1321.— Distribution of Panicum boreale. sometimes spreading, 7 to 12 mm wide, sparsely ciliate at the rounded base; panicle loosely rather few-flowered, 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets 2 to 2.2 mm long, elliptic, pubescent. Autumnal phase erect or lean- ing, sparingly branching from all the nodes in late summer, the branches erect, the leaves and panicles not greatly reduced. % — Moist open ground or woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to New Jersey and Indiana (fig. 1321). 628 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1322 —Panicum dichotomum. Plant, X M\ two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Bissell 5576, Conn.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 629 31. Panicum dichotomum L. (Fig. 1322.) Vernal phase often purplish; culms erect from a knotted crown, 30 to 50 cm tall, the lower nodes sometimes with a few spreading hairs; blades spreading, 4 to 8 mm wide, glabrous; panicle 4 to 9 cm long, the axis and spreading branches flexuous ; spikelets 2 mm long, elliptic, glabrous (rarely pu- bescent) ; second glume shorter than the fruit at maturity. Autumnal phase much branched at the middle nodes, the lower part usually erect and devoid of blades, giving the plants the appearance of dimin- utive trees; blades numerous, often involute. % — Dry or sterile Figure 1323.— Distribution of Panicum dichotomum. Figure 1324.— Panicum barbu- latum. Two views of spike- let, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1325.— Distribution of Panicum barbulatum. woods, New Brunswick to Illinois, south to Florida and eastern Texas (fig. 1323). 32. Panicum barbulatum Michx. (Fig. 1324.) Vernal phase, resembling that of P. dichotomum, the culms 50 to 80 cm tall, the lower nodes usually bearded; blades slightly wider, panicle slightly larger, spikelets 2 mm long, glabrous; second glume as long as the fruit at maturity. Autumnal phase diffusely branched, forming very large topheavy reclining bunches, the slender branches recurved, the numerous flat blades horizontally spreading. % —Sterile or rocky woods, Massachusetts to Michigan and Missouri, south to Georgia and eastern Texas (fig. 1325). This species seems to intergrade with Figure 1326. — Panicum yadkinense. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type coll.) Figure 1327.— Distribution of Panicum yadkinense. P. dichotomum, but typically the autumnal phases are distinctly differ- ent. The vernal culms of P. barbulatum are usually more robust and the lower nodes are rather strongly bearded. 33. Panicum yadkinense Ashe. (Fig. 1326.) Vernal phase simi- lar to that of P. dichotomum, the culms sometimes 1 m tall; sheaths bearing pale glandular spots; blades longer and 8 to 11 mm wide; panicle 10 to 12 cm long; spikelets 2.3 to 2.5 mm long, elliptic to sub- fusiform, pointed a little beyond the fruit, glabrous. Autumnal phase erect or leaning, loosely branching from the middle nodes, the blades not conspicuously reduced. % — Moist woods and thickets, Penn- sylvania to Illinois, south to Georgia and Louisiana (fig. 1327). Named from Yadkin River, N.C. 630 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 34. Panicum roanokense Ashe. (Fig. 1328.) Vernal phase some- what glaucous olive green; culms erect or ascending, 50 to 100 cm. tall; blades at first stiffly erect, later somewhat spreading, 3 to 8 mm wide, glabrous; panicle 4 to 8 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long, turgid, elliptic, glabrous, the second glume often purple at base. Autumnal phase erect or decumbent, branching at the middle and upper nodes, the branches numerous but not in tufts, the reduced blades subinvo- lute. % — Open swampy woods or wet peaty meadows, Coastal Plain, southeastern Delaware to Florida and Texas; Jamaica (fig. 1329). 35. Panicum caerulescens Hack. (Fig. 1330.) Vernal phase similar to that of P. roanokense; culms more slender; blades ascending Figure 1328,-PBnfcum roanokense. Figure 1329,-Distribution of F»™/tw^wsXJS' xTo.Vi(Ish°e! NPcejet' aDd fl°ret' m ™ and florerx ^(TyX ' or spreading, commonly purplish beneath; panicle 3 to 7 cm long; spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long, obovoid, turgid, glabrous. Autumnal phase erect or leaning, producing short densely fascicled branches at the middle and upper nodes, these tufts scarcely as long as the prnnary internodes. 01 — Marshes and swampy woods, Coastal Plain, south- ern New Jersey to Florida and Mississippi; Cuba (fig. 1331). 36. Panicum lucidum Ashe. (Fig. 1332.) Vernal phase at first erect and resembling that of P. dichotomum, but the weak culms soon decumbent; blades thin, shining, bright green, glabrous, at first erect but soon widely spreading, 4 to 6 mm wide; panicle resembling tha, of P. dichotomum but fewer-flowered; spikelets 2 to 2.1 mm longt Figure 1331.— Distribution of Panicum caerulescens. Figure 1332. — Panicum lucidum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1333.— Distribution of Panicum lucidum. elliptic, glabrous (rarely pubescent), the tip of the fruit exposed at maturity. Autumnal phase repeatedly branching, forming large clumps or mats of slender weak vinelike culms, the branches elongate and diverging at a wide angle, not fascicled, the blades waxy, flat, spreading. % — Wet woods and sphagnum swamps, Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas; Indiana (near Lake Michigan), Michigan (Port Huron) (fig. 1333). 37. Panicum sphagnicola Nash. (Fig. 1334.) Vernal phase grayish olive green; culms strongly flattened, erect or reclining, 50 to 100 cm tall ; sheaths soon divaricate ; blades glabrous, 3 to 7 mm wide ; panicle narrow, 5 to 6 cm long; spikelets 2.5 mm long, elliptic, glabrous or MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 631 minutely pubescent toward the summit. Autumnal phase decumbent or finally prostrate-spreading, divaricately branching from all the nodes, the branches slender, elongate. % _ — Edges of cypress swamps, in sphagnum bogs, and in similar moist shady places, south- ern Georgia and Florida. 7. Spreta. — Culms tufted, rather stiff, mostly glabrous or nearly so; ligules densely hairy, 2 to 5 mm long; blades mostly firm ; spikelets 5- to 7-nerved, mostly pubescent. Autumnal culms with rather short-tufted branchlets and greatly reduced leaves and panicles. 38. Panicum spretum Schult. (Fig. 1335.) Vernal culms 30 to 90 Figure 1334. — Panicum sphagnicola. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1335.— Panicum spretum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) cm tall, erect; sheaths glabrous; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades firm, ascending to reflexed, 4 to 8 mm wide, sparingly ciliate around the base; panicle 8 to 12 cm long, the branches ascending or appressed; spikelets about 1.5 mm long, elliptic, rarely glabrous. Autumnal phase mostly rechning, the early branches elongate, the subsequent branches in short fascicles. Qi — Wet usually sandy soil, Coastal Plain, Nova Scotia to Texas; Indiana (fig. 1336). 39. Panicum lindheimeri Nash. (Fig. 1337.) Vernal culms ascending or spreading, 30 to 100 cm tall, the lower inter- nodes and sheaths some- times a seen d- i n g-pubescent ; ligule 4 to 5 mm long; blades 6 to 8 mm wide, glabrous; pani- cle 4 to 7 cm long, about as wide ; spike- lets 1.4 to 1.6 mm long, obovate. Au- tumnal phase usually stiffly spreading Or radiate-prostrate, with elongate in- Figure 1337.— Panicum lindheimeri. Plant, ternodes and tufts of short appressed * & ^chale 4449?MiSelet' and °°ret' branches; blades involute-pointed, often conspicuously ciliate at base. % — Dry sandy or sterile woods or open ground, Quebec and Maine to Minnesota, south to northern Florida and New Mexico; California (fig. 1338). 40. Panicum leucothrix Nash. (Fig. 1339.) Vernal phase light olive green; culms 25 to 45 cm tall, erect or ascending, appressed papil- lose-pilose, the nodes pubescent; sheaths papillose-pilose; ligule 3 mm long ; blades 3 to 7 mm wide, glabrous or sparsely villous on the upper Figure 1336.— Distribution of Panicum spretum. 632 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE surface, velvety-puberulent beneath; panicle 3 to 8 cm long, rather densely flowered; spikelets 1.2 to 1.3 mm long, densely papillose- pubescent. Autumnal culms at first sending out from lower and mid- dle nodes long branches similar to primary culms, later producing more or less fascicled branches. % — Low pinelands, Coastal Plain, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana; West Indies (fig. 1340). 41. Panicum longiligulatum Nash. (Fig. 1341.) Vernal culms 30 to 70 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades 4 to 8 mm wide, glabrous on the upper surface, puberulent beneath; panicle 3 to 8 cm long, the slender branches stiffly ascending; spikelets 1.1 to 1.2 mm long. Autumnal culms reclining, the branches spreading, Figure 1338.— Distribution of Panicum lindheimen. Figure 1339. — Panicum leucothrii. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1340.— Distribution of Panicum leucothrix. the branchlets crowded, the blades subin volute. % — Low pine barrens and swamps, Coastal Plain, Pennsylvania (Bucks County), southeastern Virginia to Florida and Texas; Tennessee; Central America (fig. 1342). 42. Panicum wrightianum Scribn. (Fig. 1343.) Vernal culms weak, slender, ascending from a decumbent base, 15 to 40 cm tall, minutely puberulent; sheaths glabrous or puberulent; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades 2 to 4 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, glabrous or puberulent beneath and minutely pilose above; panicle 3 to 6 cm long; spikelets 1 mm long. Autumnal cidms decumbent-spreading, sending out from lower and middle nodes numerous ascending branches, becoming Figure 1341.— Panicum longiligulatum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1342.— Distribution of Panicum longiligulatum. Figure 1343.— Pani- cum wrightianum. Two views of spikelet, and flo- ret, X 10. (Type.) bushy-branched, the flat or subinvolute blades and secondary pani- cles not greatly reduced. % — Margins of streams and ponds in sandy or mucky soil, Coastal Plain^ Massachusetts to Florida and Mississippi; Cuba and Central America (fig. 1344). 8. Lanuginosa.— Mostly pubescent throughout; ligules densely hairy, 2 to 5 mm long; spikelets 5- to 9-nerved, pubescent Autumnal culms usually freely branching, the leaves and panicles mostly greatly reduced. 43. Panicum meridionale Ashe. (Fig. 1345.) Vernal culms 15 to 40 cm tall, the lower internodes and sheaths pilose, the upper minutely appressed-pubescent; ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades 1.5 to 4 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, long-pilose on the upper surface, the hairs erect; panicle 1.5 to 4 cm long, the axis appressed-pubescent to MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 633 glabrous; spikelets 1.3 to 1.4 mm long. Autumnal culms erect, with fascicled branchlets from all the nodes; leaves and panicles not greatly reduced. % — Sandy or sterile woods and clearings, Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, south to Alabama (fig. 1346). 44. Panicum albemarlense Ashe. (Fig. 1347.) Vernal phase olivaceous, grayish- villous throughout; culms 25 to 45 cm tall, at first erect, soon geniculate and spreading; blades 3 to 6 mm wide, the upper surface puberulent as well as long- villous ; panicle 3 to 5 cm long, the axis puberulent; spikelets 1.4 mm long, pilose. Autumnal culms widely decumbent, spreading or ascending, freely branching at all but the uppermost nodes, the branches narrowly ascend- Figure 1344. — Distribution of Panicum wrightianum. Figure 1345. — Panicum meridi- onale. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1346. — Distribution of Panicum meridionale. ing. 91 — Low sandy woods or open ground, Coastal Plain, Massa- chusetts to North Carolina; Indiana to Wisconsin; Tennessee (fig. 1348). 45. Panicum implicatum Scribn. (Fig. 1349.) Vernal culms slender, 20 to 55 cm tall, erect or ascending, papillose-pilose with spreading hairs; sheaths papillose-pilose; ligule 4 to 5 mm long; blades more or less involute-acuminate, the upper surface pilose with erect hairs 3 to 4 mm long, appressed-pubescent beneath ; panicle 3 to 6 cm long, the axis long-pilose, the branches flexuous, in typical specimens tangled or implicate; spikelets 1.5 mm long, papillose-pilose. Autum- Figure 1347. — Panicum albemar- lense. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1348.— Distribution of Panicum albemarlense. Figure 1349. — Panicum impli- catum. Two views of spike- let, and floret, X 10. (Type.) nal culms erect or spreading, loosely branching from the lower and middle nodes. % — Wet meadows, bogs, and sandy soil, cedar and hemlock swamps, Newfoundland to Wisconsin, south to Delaware and Missouri (fig. 1350). 46. Panicum huachucae Ashe. (Fig. 1351.) Vernal phase light olivaceous, often purplish, harsh to the touch from copious spreading papillose pubescence; culms usually stiffly upright, 20 to 60 cm tall, the nodes bearded with spreading hairs; ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades firm, stiffly erect or ascending, 4 to 8 cm long, 6 to 8 mm wide, the upper surface copiously short-pilose, the lower densely pubescent; panicle 4 to 6 cm long, the axis and often the branches pilose; spikelets 1.6 to 1.8 mm long, obovate, papillose-pubescent. Autumnal culms stiffly erect or ascending, the branches fascicled, the crowded blades ascending, 2 to 3 cm long, much exceeding the panicles. % — 634 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Prairies and open ground, Nova Scotia to Montana, south to North Carolina and Texas, westward here and there to southern California (fig. 1352). Panicum huachucae var. fasciculatum (Torr.) F. T. Hubb. Ver- nal culms taller, more slender, less pubescent, the culms 30 to 75 cm tall; blades thin, lax, spreading, 5 to 10 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide, " Ml'tim Figure 1350.— Distribution of Panicum implicatum. Figure 1351.— Panicum huachucae. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) the upper surface sparsely short-pilose or with copious long hairs toward the base, the lower surface pubescent and with a satiny luster. Autumnal culms more or less decumbent with numerous fascicled branches. 01 (P. huachucae var. silvicola Hitchc. and Chase.) — Open woods and clearings, Quebec to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to northern Florida and Texas; Arizona (Tucson). Panicum huachucae, P. huachucae var. fasciculatum, P. tennesseense, and P. pacificum intergrade more or less. The descriptions apply to Figure 1352. — Distribution of Panicum huachucae. Figure 1353. — Panicum tennes- seense. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1354. — Distribution of Panicum tennesseense. the great bulk of specimens but the distinctions fail to hold for occa- sional specimens. 47. Panicum tennesseense Ashe. (Fig. 1353.) Vernal phase bluish green; culms suberect or stiffly spreading, 25 to 60 cm tall, papillose-pilose or the upper portion glabrous; ligule dense, 4 to 5 mm long; blades firm, with a thin white cartilaginous margin, 5 to 8 mm wide, the upper surface glabrous or with a few long hairs toward the base, the lower surface appressed-pubescent or nearly glabrous; panicle 4 to 7 cm long; spikelets 1.6 to 1.7 mm long. Autumnal culms widely spreading or decumbent, with numerous fascicled somewhat flabellate branches, often forming prostrate mats; blades usually ciliate at base. 91 — Open rather moist ground and borders of woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas, and also at a few points west to Utah and Arizona (fig. 1354). 48. Panicum lanuginosum Ell. (Fig. 1355.) Vernal phase grayish olive-green, velvety- villous throughout; culms usually in large clumps, 40 to 70 cm tall, lax, spreading, often with a glabrous ring below the villous nodes; ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades thickish but not stiff, somewhat incurved or spoon-shaped (when fresh), 5 to 10 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle 6 to 12 cm long, the axis pubescent; spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mm long. Autumnal culms widely spreading or MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 635 decumbent, freely branching from the middle nodes, the branches repeatedly branching and much exceeding the internodes, the ulti- mate branchlets forming flabellate fascicles. % —Moist sandy woods, Coastal Plain, New Jersey to Florida and Texas (fig. 1356). The plants have much the aspect and pubescence of P. scoparium but are smaller and more slender. 49. Panicum auburne Ashe. (Fig. 1357.) Vernal phase grayish velvety-villous throughout; culms 20 to 50 cm tall, geniculate, widely Figure 1355.— Panicum lanuginosum. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock, N. C.) spreading, soon becoming branched and decumbent; ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades 3 to 7 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide; panicle 3 to 5 cm long, the axis velvety; spikelets 1.3 to 1.4 mm long. Autumnal culms early becoming diffusely branched at all the nodes, prostrate- spreading, forming large mats, the branches curved upward at the ends. % — Sandy pine and oak woods, Coastal Plain, Massa- chusetts to northern Florida and Louisiana; Arkansas; Indiana, near Lake Michigan (fig. 1358). Figure 1356.— Distribution of Panicum tanugionsum. Figure 1357. — Panicum au- burne. Two views of spike- let, and floret, X 10. (Type.) ' 7 rT A- T"" — r— ~\ Jf> nu 1 k Wr®* ; \ i i "! — M i>sf¥ \Vi — fx £%$ ts \*L l'\'T Figure 1358.— Distribution of Panicum auburne. 50. Panicum thurowii Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 1359.) Vernal phase bluish green but drying olive ; culms 35 to 70 cm tall, erect or ascending, villous, the nodes bearded, usually with a glabrous ring below; sheaths sparsely to densely villous; ligule 4 mm long; blades rather stiff, 6 to 10 mm wide, the upper surface sparingly pilose toward the base and margins, otherwise glabrous, the lower surface velvety-villous; panicle 7 to 11 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long. Au- 636 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE tumnal culms erect, bearing at the middle nodes a few appressed fascicles of branches. % — Prairies and dry open woods, Alabama (Mobile) to Texas and Arkansas (fig. 1360). 51. Panicum praecocius Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1361.) Vernal culms 15 to 25 cm tall, at first erect and simple, soon branching and geniculate, becoming 30 to 45 cm long, papillose-pilose with weak Figure 1359.— Panicum thurowii. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1360.— Distribution of Panicum thurowii. spreading hairs 3 to 4 mm long; sheaths pilose; ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades 5 to 9 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide, long-pilose on both surfaces, the hairs on the upper surface 4 to 5 mm long, erect; panicle 4 to 6 cm long, the axis pilose; spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mm long, pilose. Autumnal culms in close bunches, 10 to 20 cm tall, the branches appressed, the scarcely reduced blades erect. % — Dry prairies and clearings, Figure 1362.— Distribution of Panicum praecocius. Figure 1361. — Panicum praecocius. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Michigan to Minnesota, south to Missouri and eastern Texas (fig. 1362). 52. Panicum subvillosum Ashe. (Fig. 1363.) Vernal culms leafy below, 10 to 45 cm tall, ascending or spreading, pilose, the nodes short-bearded; sheaths sparsely pilose with ascending hairs; ligule 3 mm long; blades 4 to 6 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide, both surfaces Figure 1363.— Panicum subvillosum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1364.— Distribution of Panicum submllosum. pilose, the hairs on the upper surface 3 to 5 mm long; pamcle long- exserted, 3 to 5 cm long; spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mm long. Autumnal culms widely spreading or prostrate, sparingly branching from the lower nodes, the leaves and panicles not greatly reduced. % — Dry woods and sandy ground, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to New York, Indiana, and Missouri (fig. 1364). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 637 53. Panicum occidentale Scribn. (Fig. 1365.) Vernal culms yel- lowish green, leafy toward base, 15 to 40 cm tall, spreading, sparsely pubescent; sheaths sparsely pubescent; ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades firm, erect, or ascending, 4 to 8 cm long, 5 to 7 mm wide, the upper surface nearly glabrous, the under appressed-pubescent; panicle 4 to 7 cm long; spikelets 1.8 mm long. Autumnal culms branching from Figure 1365. — Panicum occidentale. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1366.— Distribution of Panicum occidentale. the lower nodes forming a spreading tussock 10 to 15 cm high; leaves and panicles reduced. 21 — Peat bogs and moist sandy ground, British Columbia and Idaho to southern California (fig. 1366). 54. Panicum pacificum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1367.) Vernal phase light green; culms 25 to 50 cm tall, ascending or spreading, leafy, pilose, the nodes short-bearded ; sheaths pilose ; ligule 3 to 4 mm Figure 1368.— Distribution of Panicum pacificum. Figure 1367 .—Panicum pacificum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) long; blades erect or ascending, 5 to 10 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide, the upper surface pilose, the lower surface appressed-pubescent; panicle 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets 1.8 to 2 mm long. Autumnal culms pros- trate spreading, repeatedly branching from the middle and upper nodes. % — Sandy shores and slopes, and moist crevices of rocks, Figure 1369.— Panicum thermale. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1370.— Distribution of Panicum thermale. ascending to 1,600 m, British Columbia and Idaho to Arizona and southern California (fig. 1368). 55. Panicum thermale Boland. (Fig. 1369.) Vernal phase grayish green, densely tufted, velvety-villous; culms 10 to 30 cm tall, ascending or spreading, the nodes with a dense ring of short hairs; ligule 3 mm long; blades thick, 3 to 8 cm long, 5 to 12 mm wide; panicle 3 to 6 cm long, the axis villous; spikelets 1.9 to 2 mm long, pilose. Autumnal culms widely spreading, repeatedly branching, the whole forming a 638 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE dense cushion. 91 — Wet saline soil in the immediate vicinity of geysers and hot springs, ascending to 2,500 m, Alberta to Washing- ton, south to Wyoming and California (fig. 1370). 56. Panicum languidum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1371.) Vernal culms 25 to 40 cm tall, weak, slender, ascending or spreading, pilose; sheaths pilose; ligule 3 mm long; blades thin, lax, ascending or spread- ing, 4 to 7 cm long, 4 to 9 mm wide, sparsely pilose on the upper sur- face, minutely appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle 3 to 6 cm long, the axis and branches sparsely long-pilose; spikelets 2 mm long, pilose. Autumnal culms decumbent, branching from all the nodes, forming a 41 m ! I Figure 1371. — Panicum languidum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1372. — Panicum villosissimum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) large loose straggling clump, the ultimate blades and panicles scarcely reduced. 91 — Dry or sandy open woods, Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont, and eastern New York, apparently rare. 57. Panicum villosissimum Nash. (Fig. 1372.) Vernal phase light olive green; culms 25 to 45 cm tall, erect or ascending, pilose with spreading hairs 3 mm long; sheaths pilose; ligule 4 to 5 mm long; blades rather firm, 6 to 10 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide, pilose on both surfaces; panicle 4 to 8 cm long, the branches stiffly ascending or spreading; spikelets 2.2 to 2.3 mm long, pilose. Autumnal culms finally prostrate, the leaves of the fascicled branches appressed, giving the cluster or mat a combed-out appearance. 01 — Dry sandy or Figure 1373. — Distribution of Panicum villosissimum. Figure 1374. — Panicum pseudopubescens- Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) sterile soil, open woods, and hillsides, Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas; Guatemala (fig. 1373). 58. Panicum pseudopubescens Nash. (Fig. 1374.) Vernal phase similar to that of P. villosissimum; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades with the pubescence on the upper surface short, sparse or wanting down the center, occasionally glabrous; spikelets 2.2 to 2.4 mm long, pilose. Autumnal culms stiffly spreading, sometimes prostrate, sparingly branching from the middle and lower nodes. 21 — Sandy open woods, Connecticut to Wisconsin, south to Florida, Kansas, and Mis- sissippi; Mexico (fig. 1375). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 639 59. Panicum ovale Ell. (Fig. 1376.) Vernal culms 20 to 50 cm tall, erect or ascending, rather stout, long-pilose below with ascending or appressed hairs, often nearly glabrous above, the nodes bearded; sheaths ascending-pilose; ligule 2 to 3 mm long, rather sparse; blades 5 to 10 mm wide, the upper surface nearly glabrous except for long hairs near the base and margins, the lower surface appressed- pubescent; panicle 5 to 9 cm long; spikelets, 2.7 to 2.9 mm long. Autumnal phase spreading-decumbent, the stiff culms rather loosely Figure 1376. — Panicum ovale. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figuke 1375.— Distribution of Panicum pseudopubescens. branching from the middle and upper nodes. % — Dry sandy woods, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida; Kansas (Saline County), Texas (Waller County) (fig. 1377). 60. Panicum scoparioides Ashe. (Fig. 1378.) Vernal phase light green; culms 30 to 50 cm tall, erect or ascending, pilose with ascending hairs or nearly glabrous; sheaths pilose to nearly glabrous; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades 6 to 10 mm wide, sparsely hispid on the upper surface, appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle 4 to 7 cm long; spikelets 2.2 to 2.3 mm long, pubescent. Autumnal culms erect or spreading, sparingly branching from the upper and middle nodes. Ql — Dry Figure 1377.— Distribution of Panicum ovale. Figure 1378.— Panicum scoparioides. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) sandy or gravelly soil, Vermont to Delaware; Michigan to Minnesota and Iowa (fig. 1379). 61. Panicum shastense Scribn. and Merr. (Fig. 1380.) Vernal culms 30 to 50 cm tall, pilose with ascending hairs, the nodes short- bearded; sheaths papillose-pilose, the hairs spreading; ligule sparse, 2 to 3 mm long; blades 6 to 8 mm wide, sparsely pilose on the upper surface, pilose beneath; panicle 6 to 8 cm long; spikelets 2.4 to 2.6 mm long. Autumnal culms spreading, with geniculate nodes and elongate arched internodes, rather sparingly branched from the middle nodes. % — Moist meadows. Known only from Castle Crag, Shasta County, Calif. 55974°— 35 41 640 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 9. Columbiana. — CuJms and sheaths appressed-pubescent to crisp- puberulent, the culms stiff; ligules mostly less than 1 mm long (sometimes to 1.5 mm in P. tsugetorum and P. oricola); blades firm, thick, stiffly ascending; spikelets 5- to 9-nerved, pubescent, the first glume mostly one-third to half as long as the spikelet. Autumnal culms freely branching, the branches and stiff blades mostly appressed. 62. Pan'icum malacon Nash. (Fig. 1381.) Vernal culms erect to stiffly spreading, purplish olive-green; culms and sheaths appressed- Figure 1379. — Distribution of Panicum scoparioides. Figure 1380. — Panicum shastense. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) pubescent, the culms 30 to 50 cm tall; blades 3 to 5 mm wide, sharply acuminate, puberulent beneath, puberulent to glabrous above; panicle 4 to 7 cm long, the branches few, stiffly ascending, the pedicels long and stiff; spikelets 3 to 3.2 mm long, obovate, the first glume distant, about half as long as the spikelet. Autumnal culms subde- cumbent-spreading, branching from the lower and middle nodes, the branches appressed. Qi — Dry pine woods, high pineland, North Carolina (Wilmington) ; Florida. 63. Panicum deamii Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1382.) Vernal phase yellowish green; culms 25 to 35 cm tall, erect or ascending, Figure 1381. — Panicum malacon. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1382. — Panicum deamii. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) papillose-pilose; sheaths papillose-villous, densely so at base and summit; blades suberect, 8 to 15 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide, sparsely villous on the upper surface, appressed-pilose beneath; panicle rather short-exserted, 6 to 10 cm long, the branches ascending; spikelets 2.8 to 2.9 mm long, pilose. Autumnal culms branching from the middle and upper nodes, forming a somewhat bushy summit, the culms sprawling. % — Sand dunes, northern Indiana; Iowa. 64. Panicum commonsianum Ashe. (Fig. 1383.) Vernal phase greenish olive, drying brownish; culms and sheaths appressed-pilose, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 641 the culms 20 to 50 cm tall, ascending or spreading, appressed-pilose ; blades 4 to 7 mm wide, broadest near the rounded base, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, strigose or glabrous beneath; panicle 4 to 8 cm long, the branches stiffly spreading; spikelets 2.2 to 2.4 mm long. Autumnal culms branching from the middle and upper nodes, finally spreading or prostrate in mats. 21 — Dunes and sandy woods near the coast, Massachusetts to northern Florida (fig. 1384). 65. Panicum addisoni Nash. (Fig. 1385.) Vernal phase similar to that of P. commonsianum; culms usually less than 40 cm tall, appressed-pilose below, puberulent above; sheaths sparsely ascending- Figure 1383. — Panicum commonsianum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1384.— Distribution of Panicum commonsianum. pilose, blades 3 to 6 mm wide, glabrous on the upper surface, pubescent or glabrous beneath; panicle 2 to 6 cm long, more densely flowered than in P. commonsianum; spikelets about 2 nun long. Autumnal culms more or less spreading, rather freely branching from all the nodes, the branches appressed. % — Sand barrens, Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to South Carolina; Indiana (fig. 1386). Closely approaching P. commonsianum but having smaller spikelets. 66. Panicum wilmingtonense Ashe. (Fig. 1387.) Vernal phase bluish green, culms solitary or in small tufts, slender, erect from an ascending base, 20 to 40 cm tall, pilose with soft ascending hairs; Figure 1386.— Distribution of Panicum addisoni. Figure 1385.— Panicum addisoni. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) sheaths pubescent like the culms, densely villous-ciliate at the summit; blades 3 to 7 mm long, glabrous on the upper surface, softly pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath, strongly ciliate near the base, the thick cartilaginous margin white when dry; panicle 5 to 8 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long. Autumnal culms spreading, branching from the middle and upper nodes. % —Sandy woods, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Alabama, rare. 67. Panicum tsugetorum Nash. (Fig. 1388.) Vernal phase usually pale bluish green; culms 30 to 50 cm tall, spreading or ascend- ing, the lower nodes often geniculate, densely appressed-pubescent with short crisp hairs, long hairs more or less intermixed; sheaths 642 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE pubescent like the culm; ligule 1 to 1.5 mm long; blades 4 to 7 mm wide, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle 3 to 7 cm long; spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mm long. Autum- Figure 1387. — Panicum wilmingtonense. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1388.— Panicum tsugetorum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) nal culms decumbent-spreading, branching from the lower and middle nodes. % — Sandy woods, Maine to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Tennessee (fig. 1389). 68. Panicum columbianum Scribn. (Fig. 1390.) Vernal culms 15 to 50 cm tall, ascending, densely crisp-puberulent; sheaths less pubescent than the culms; blades 3 to 6 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, usu- ally glabrous on the upper surface, appressed- puberulent or glabrous beneath; panicle 2 to 4 cm long; spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long. Autumnal culms branching from the middle and upper nodes, becoming widely spreading or decumbent at base. 01 — Sandy woods and open ground, Maine to North Carolina; Indiana (fig. 1391). Panicum columbianum var. thinium Hitchc. and Chase. Vernal culms more slender, usu- ally about 20 cm tall; blades rarely more than 3 cm long, sparsely pilose with long hairs on the upper surface; panicle 1.5 to 4 cm long; spike- lets 1.3 to 1.4 mm long. Autumnal culms with branches more crowded and aggregate toward the summit. % — Dry sand, Massachusetts to Virginia. 69. Panicum oricola Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1392.) Vernal phase grayish, often purplish; culms and sheaths appressed-pilose, the culms 10 to 30 cm tall, spreading; ligule 1 to 1.5 mm long; blades 2 to 5 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, the upper surface pilose with hairs 3 to 5 mm long, the lower surface appressed-pilose; panicle short-exserted, ovoid, 1.8 to 3 cm long, rather densely flowered; spike- lets 1.5 mm long, broadly obovate, turgid. Autumnal culms prostrate, forming mats, with short fascicled branches at all the nodes. 01 — Sand barrens along the coast, Massachusetts to Virginia (fig. 1393). Figure 1389.— Distribution of Panicum tsugetorum. Figure 1390.— Panicum colum- bianum. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 643 10. Sphaerocarpa. Glabrous as a whole; culms few in a tuft, rela- tively stout; ligules obsolete or nearly so; blades mostly thick, firm, cartilaginous-margined, cordate and ciliate at base, panicle branches mostly viscid; spikelets obovoid-spherical at maturity, oval when young, 5- to 7-nerved, puberulent. Autumnal culms remaining simple or only sparingly branching, the thick white- margined blades of the winter rosette conspicuous. 70. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. (Fig. 1394.) Vernal phase light green; culms 20 to 55 cm tall, radiate-spreading, sometimes nearly Figure 1391.— Distribution of Panicum columbianum. Figure 1392.— Panicum oricola. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1393.— Distribution of Panicum oricola. erect, the nodes appressed-pubescent; blades 7 to 14 mm wide; panicle 5 to 10 cm long, about as wide; spikelets 1.6 to 1.8 mm long. Autumnal phase prostrate-spreading, sparingly branched late in the season from the lower and middle nodes, the branches short, mostly simple. Qi — Sandy soil, Ver- mont to Kansas, south to northern Florida and Texas; Mexico to Venezuela (fig. 1395). Panicum SPHAEROCARPON Var. INFLATUM (Scribn. and Smith) Hitchc. and Chase. Differing from P. sphae- rocarpon in having a ligule as Figure 1395.— Distribution of Panicum sphaerocarpon. Figure 1394.— Panicum sphaerocarpon. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Deam, Ind.) Figure 1396.— Panicum polyanthes. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) much as 1 mm long, spikelets 1.4 to 1.5 mm long, and more freely branching autumnal culms; many intergrades occur. % — Moist sandy soil, Coastal Plain, Delaware to Florida and Texas, north to Oklahoma and Missouri. 71. Panicum polyanthes Schult. (Fig. 1396.) Vernal culms erect, 30 to 90 cm tall, the nodes glabrous or nearly so; blades 12 to 23 cm long, 15 to 25 mm wide, the upper scarcely reduced; panicle 8 to 25 644 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE cm long, one-fourth to half as wide, densely flowered; spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long, minutely puberulent. Autumnal phase remaining erect, producing simple branches from the lower and middle nodes. 01 — Damp ground, woods, and openings, Connecticut to Oklahoma, south to Georgia and Texas (fig. 1397). 72. Panicum erectifolium Nash. (Fig. 1398.) Vernal culms 30 to 70 cm tall, erect or ascending; sheaths usually crowded at base; ligule very short; blades 7 to 13 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide, the crowded lower ones usually much larger than the others; panicle 6 to 12 cm long, rather narrow, densely flowered, spikelets 1 to 1.2 mm long, nearly spherical, densely puberulent. Autumnal culms remaining Figure 1397.— Distribution of Panicum polyanthes. Figure 1398.— Panicum erecti- folium. Two views of spike- let, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1399.— Distribution of Panicum erectifolium. erect, late in the season producing branches from the third or fourth node, the branches nearly as long as the primary culms. Oj. — Moist pine barrens, swamps, and borders of ponds, North Carolma to Florida and Louisiana; Cuba (fig. 1399). 11. Ensifolia. Low and slender, mostly glabrous throughout (except in P. curtifolium and P. tenue); ligules nearly obsolete; spikelets 5- to 7-nerved. Autumnal culms simple to freely branching. 73. Panicum tenue Muhl. (Fig. 1400.) Vernal phase olive green; culms 20 to 55 cm tall, sometimes sparsely appressed-pubescent below; sheaths puberulent between the nerves or sparsely appressed-pilose, or the upper glabrous; blades distant, 2 to 5 cm long, 3 to 4 mm wide, Figure 1400.— P a n i c u m tenue. Two views of spike- let, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1401.— Distribution of Panicum tenue. FiguJre 1402.— Panic u m albomarginatum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) rather thick, the margin cartilaginous, puberulent beneath, glabrous on the upper surface; panicle 3 to 5 cm long; spikelets 1.6 to 1.7mm long, puberulent. Autumnal culms erect or leanmg, sparingly branching from the middle nodes, the branches in small fas- cicles. 01 — Moist sandy woods, eastern North Carolina to north- ern Florida (fig. 1401). , n 74. Panicum albomarginatum Nash. (Fig. 1402.) Vernal cuJms 15 to 40 cm tall, ascending or spreading; leaves crowded at the base; blades thick and firm, those of the midculm 4 to 6 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide, with a prominent white cartilaginous margin, the uppermost much reduced; panicle 3 to 6 cm long; spikelet 1.4 to 1.5 mm long, puberulent. Autumnal culms spreading, branching at the base, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 645 forming bushy tufts. Ql — Low sandy soil, Coastal Plain, south- eastern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana; Cuba; Guatemala (fig. 1403). 75. Panicum trifolium Nash. (Fig. 1404.) Vernal phase similar to that of P. albomarginatum, the culms more slender, 20 to 50 cm tall, the blades less crowded at the base, the upper blade not reduced. Autumnal culms erect or leaning, sparingly branching from the middle and upper nodes. Qi — Low mostly moist sandy woods, New Jer- sey to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1405). 76. Panicum flavovirens Nash. (Fig. 1406.) Vernal phase bright glossy green; culms very slender, ascending or spreading, 15 to 30 cm Figure 1403.— Distribution of Panicum albomarginatum. Figure 1404. — Panicum trifo- lium. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1405.— Distribution of Panicum trifolium. tall; blades 2 to 5 cm long, 3 to 4 mm wide, thin; panicle few- flowered; spikelets 1.3 to 1.4 mm long, pubescent. Autumnal culms spreading, decumbent or prostrate, branching from the lower and middle nodes. % — Moist shady or mucky soil, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi (fig. 1407). Panicum albomarginatum, P. trifolium, and P. flavovirens form a series of closely allied species. 77. Panicum concinnius Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1408.) Vernal phase bright green; culms very slender, 12 to 50 cm tall; blades 5 to 7 cm long, 5 to 6 mm wide; panicle 3 to 6 cm long; spikelets 1.1 mm long, pubescent. Autumnal culms radiate-spreading, late in Figure 1406.— Panicum flavo- virens. Two views of spike- let, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1407. — Distribution of Panicum flavovirens. Figure 1408.— Pan i- cum concinnius. Two views of spike- let, and floret, X 10. (Type.) the season bearing a few branches, with somewhat reduced blades. 01 — Moist sandy ground, northern Georgia, Florida, and northern Alabama, rare. 78. Panicum ensifolium Baldw. (Fig. 1409.) Vernal culms 20 to 40 cm tall, erect or reclining; blades distant, often reflexed, 1 to 3 cm long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, puberulent beneath, at least toward the tip; panicle 1.5 to 4 cm long; spikelets 1.3 to 1.5 mm long, glabrous or puberulent. Autumnal culms spreading or reclining, sparingly branching from the middle nodes, the branches mostly simple. 01 — Wet places, mostly sphagnum bogs or swamps, Coastal Plain, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1410). 79. Panicum vernale Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1411.) Vernal phase light green, soft in texture; culms 15 to 30 cm tall, very slender, 646 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1410.— Distribution of Panicum ensifolium. Figure nale. and floret 1411.— Panicum ver- Two views of spikelet, X 10. (Type.) ascending or spreading; leaves clustered at the base; blades thin, 2 to 7 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, the culm blades smaller; panicle 1.5 to 3 cm long, few-flowered; spikelets 1.4 to 1.5 mm long, elliptic, subacute, pubescent. Autumnal phase like the vernal in appearance, branch- ing from the base, these culms simple and soon dying to the ground, rarely late in the sea- son producing a few short fascicled branch- lets from the nodes, the scarcely reduced flat blades spreading. % — Moist places, espec- ially sphagnum bogs, Florida to Mississippi. 80. Panicum curti- folium Nash. (Fig. 1412.) Vernal culms 10 to 30 cm tall, slen- der, weak, angled, erect or spreading, sheaths striate-angled, sparsely pilose; ligule about 1 mm long; blades spreading or reflexed, 1.5 to 3 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, thin, soft, sparsely pilose on both surfaces or nearly gla- brous above; panicle 2 to 3 cm long; spike- lets 1.4 mm long, gla- brous or minutely pubescent. Autumnal culms weakly spread- ing, branching from the middle nodes, the ultimate branches in small fascicles toward the summit of the culm. % — Boggy soil and shady moist places, sometimes forming a rather dense carpet, South Carolina to Tennessee, south to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1413). 81. Panicum chamaelonche Trin. (Fig. 1414.) Vernal culms densely tufted, 10 to 20 cm tall, ascending; blades firm, ascendmg or spreading, 1.5 to 4 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide; panicle 2.5 to 5 cm long; spikelets 1.1 to 1.2 mm long, glabrous. Autumnal culms freely Figure 1412.— Panicum curti- folium. Two views of spike- let, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1413.— Distribution of Panicum curtifolium. Figure 1409. — Panicum ensifoli- um. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Bilt- more Herb., N.C.) Figure 1414. — Panicum cha- maelonche. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 647 benching from the base and lower nodes, forming dense cushions as much as 50 cm across. % — Open sandy soil in low pine land North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi; Isla de Pinos (fig. 1415). 82. Panicum glabrifolium Nash. (Fig. 1416.) Vernal phase similar to that of P. chamaelonche; culms stouter, 15 to 50 cm tall, mostly erect; blades erect, 4 to 12 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, usually involute; panicle 4 to 9 cm long; spikelets 1.2 to 1.4 mm long, gla- brous. Autumnal culms wiry, elongate, spreading, freely branching from the middle and upper nodes, the blades long and narrow. 01 — Low sandy woods, peninsular Florida. Closely allied to P. chamae- lonche but taller and with different autumnal phase. 83. Panicum breve Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1417.) Vernal phase purplish; culms 5 to 15 cm tall, erect, stiff and wiry; sheaths W"~— n—. UrTrVV \y~t — ftA J--J — 'J" »x \its_i_ i ^H iTjJ( v\ \r ™**** \*\ Figure 1416.— Pan ic um glabrifolium. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1415.— Distribution of Panicum chamaelonche. Figure 1417. — Panicum breve. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) crowded at the base ; blades erect, 3 to 6 cm. long, strongly involute, with a few stiff hairs at the base; panicle 1.5 to 4 cm long; spikelets 1.3 to 1.4 mm long, puberulent. Autumnal phase erect, branching from the middle nodes, the fascicled branches strict. % — Low pine woods and hammocks, east coast of southern Florida. 12. Lancearia. — Olive green, often purplish; vernal culms usually why; ligules nearly obsolete; blades usually ciliate toward base; spikelets asymmetrically pyriform, strongly 7- to 9-nerved. Autumnal culms spreading, freely branching. 84. Panicum portoricense Desv. (Fig. 1418.) Vernal culms 15 to 30 cm tall, slender; crisp-puberulent to nearly glabrous; sheaths Figure 1418.— Panicum portoricense. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Ashe, N.C.) Figure 1419.— Distribution of Panicum portoricense. glabrous or crisp-puberulent; blades firm, 2 to 5 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide, glabrous to puberulent; panicle 2 to 4 cm long; spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long, puberulent. Autumnal culms branching from all but the uppermost node, the reduced blades involute-pointed. % (P. pauciciliatum Ashe.) — Sandy woods of the Coastal Plain, mostly in moist places, North Carolina to Florida and Texas; Cuba; Puerto Rico (fig. 1419). 85. Panicum lancearium Trim (Fig. 1420.) Vernal culms 20 to 50 cm tall, minutely grayish crisp-puberulent; sheaths puberulent; blades firm, 2 to 6 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide, usually glabrous on the upper surface, puberulent or nearly glabrous beneath; panicle 3 to 6 cm long; spikelets 2 to 2.1 mm long, glabrous or usually puberulent. 648 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Autumnal culms geniculate-spreading, branching from the middle nodes. % — Low sandy woods, Coastal Plain, southeastern Vir- ginia to Florida and Texas ; Cuba ; Hispaniola; British Honduras (fig. 1421). 86. Panicum patulum (Scribn. and Merr.) Hitchc. (Fig. 1422.) Vernal phase grayish olive-green; culms geniculate-decumbent, as much as 50 cm long, internodes and sheaths densely velvety-pu- berulent ; blades rather lax, spread- ing, 4 to 8 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide, velvety-puberulent beneath, pubescent above, ciliate at least half their length ; spikelets as in P. lancearium but densely pubes- cent. Autumnal culms more freely brandling than in P. lance- arium, often forming large mats. Q[ — Low moist woods, Coastal Plain, southeastern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1423). 87. Panicum webberianmn Nash. (Fig. 1424.) Vernal phase usually purplish; culms rather stout, erect or ascending, 20 to 50 cm tall, minutely puberulent to glabrous; leaves somewhat crowded below; sheaths glabrous or nearly so; blades firm, ascend- ing, often incurved or spoon- shaped, 3 to 9 cm long, 4 to 12 mm wide, usually ciliate at the subcordate base, glabrous; pani- cle 4 to 10 cm long; spikelets 2.3 to 2.5 mm long, purple-stained at base, glabrous or minutely pubescent. Autumnal culms spreading or decumbent, flabellately Figure 1420. — Panicum lancearium. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase 4545, S.C.) Figure 1421.— Distribution of Panicum lancearium. Figure 1422. — Panicum patulum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) branched at the middle and upper nodes. QJ. — Low phieland, North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. 88. Panicum patentifolium Nash. (Fig. 1425.) Vernal culms widely decumbent-ascending, slender, 25 to 55 cm tall, minutely MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 649 puberulent to nearly glabrous; blades stiffly spreading, 2.5 to 8 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, glabrous; panicle 3 to 7 cm long; spikelets 2.4 to 2.6 mm long, obovate, turgid, puberulent to nearly glabrous. Autumnal phase, decumbent or spreading, branching from the middle and upper nodes, the branches appressed. % — Dry sand, espe- Figure 1423.— Distribution of Panicum patulum. Figure 1424. — Panicum webberianum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) cially in "scrub", Georgia to Florida and Mississippi (fig. 1426). 13. Oligosanthia.— Culms mostly relatively stout, usually erect; lig- ules inconspicuous except in P. ravenelii; blades firm; spikelets turgid, strongly 7- to 9-nerved. Autumnal culms with branches more or less crowded toward the summit. Figure 1425.— Panicum patentifolium. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1426. — Distribution of Panicum patentifolium. 89. Panicum wilcoxianum Vasey. (Fig. 1427.) Vernal culms 10 to 25 cm tall, copiously papillose-hirsute, as are sheaths and blades; ligule 1 mm long; blades firm, erect, 5 to 8 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide, usually involute-acuminate; panicle 2 to 5 cm long; spikelets 2.7 to Figure 1428.— Distribution of Panicum wilcoxianum. Figure 1427. — Panicum wilcoxianum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) 3 mm long, papillose-pubescent. Autumnal culms branching from all the nodes, forming bushy tufts with rigid erect blades. % — Prairies, Manitoba, and North Dakota to Illinois and Kansas; New Mexico (fig. 1428). 650 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 90. Panicum malacophyllum Nash. (Fig. 1429.) Vernal phase velvety or velvety-pilose throughout; culms slender, 25 to 70 cm tall, ascending or spreading, the nodes retrorsely bearded; ligule 1 to 1.5 mm long; blades 7 to 10 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide; panicle 3 to 7 cm long; spikelets 2.9 to 3 mm long, papillose-pilose. Autumnal phase spreading, forming bushy topheavy clumps with reduced blades. Qi — Sandy woods, Tennessee to Kansas and Texas (fig. 1430). 91. Panicum helleri Nash. (Fig. 1431.) Vernal culms 25 to 60 cm tall, ascending or spreading, appressed-pilose below, often glab- Figure 1429. — Panicum malacophyllum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1430.— Distribution of Panicum malacophyllum. rous above; sheaths sparsely papillose-hispid to glabrous; blades rather thin, glabrous on both surfaces or pubescent beneath, ciliate toward the base; panicle 6 to 12 cm long; spikelets 2.9 to 3 mm long, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. Autumnal phase branching at all but the lowest nodes, forming loose sprawling tufts, the blades widely spreading, not much reduced, the long-pediceled spikelets rather conspicuous among the foliage. % — Open woods and prairies, Missouri and Oklahoma to Louisiana and New Mexico (fig. 1432). Closely related to P. scribnerianum. /wCtt? K^fefl> [TV~*rt< \V"T J g$ *3y >&> ; • > ^ii / \ y vv Figure 1432.— Distribution of Panicum helleri. Figure 1431. — Panicum helleri. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) 92. Panicum scribnerianum Nash. (Fig. 1433.) Vernal culms 20 to 50 cm tall, glabrous or harshly puberulent or sometimes ascend- ing-pilose; sheaths striate, papillose-hispid to nearly glabrous; blades ascending or erect, 5 to 10 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide, firm, rounded at the ciliate base, glabrous on the upper surface, appressed-pubescent to glabrous beneath; panicle 4 to 8 cm long; spikelets 3.2 to 3.3 mm long, obovate, blunt, sparsely pubescent to nearly glabrous. Autum- nal phase branching from the middle and upper nodes. % — Sandy soil or dry prairies, Maine to British Columbia, south to Maryland, Tennessee, Texas, and Arizona (fig. 1434). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 651 93. Panicum oligosanthes Schult. (Fig. 1435.) Vernal culms 35 to 80 cm tall, appressed-pubescent, especially below; sheaths with ascending papillose pubescence; blades stiffly spreading or ascending, 6 to 14 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide, glabrous or nearly so on the upper Figure 1433. — Panicum scribnerianum. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Vernal phase, McDonald 32, 111.; autumnal phase, Umbach 2365, 111.) surface, harshly puberulent beneath; panicle 6 to 12 cm long; spike- lets long-pediceled, 3.5 to 4 mm long, subacute, sparsely hirsute. Autumnal phase erect to spreading, branching freely from the upper nodes. % — Sandy, usually moist woods, Massachusetts to Mis- souri, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 1436). Figure 1434.— Distribution of Panicum scribnerianum. Figure 1435. — Panicum oligosanthes. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) 94. Panicum ravenelii Scribn. and Merr. (Fig. 1437.) Vernal culms 30 to 70 cm tall, densely papillose-hirsute with ascending hairs, the nodes short-bearded; sheaths hirsute like the culm; ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades thick, 8 to 15 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, glabrous on the upper surface, densely velvety-hirsute beneath; panicle 7 to 12 652 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE cm long; spikelets 4 to 4.3 mm long, sparsely papillose-pubescent. Autumnal phase more or less spreading, branching from the middle Figure 1436.— Distribution of Panicum oligosanthes. Figure 1437.— Panicum ravenelii. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) and upper nodes, the short branches crowded at the summit. % — Sandy or gravelly woods or open ground, Delaware to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 1438). 95. Panicum leibergii (Vasey) Scribn. (Fig. 1439.) Vernal culms slender, 25 to 75 cm tall, erect from a more or less geniculate base, pilose or scabrous; sheaths papillose-hispid with spreading hairs; ligule obsolete or nearly so; blades ascending or erect, rather thin, 6 to 15 cm long, 7 to 15 mm wide, papillose-hispid on both surfaces, often sparsely so above; panicle 8 to 15 cm long, less than half as wide; spikelets 3.7 to 4 mm long, strongly papil- lose-hispid. Autumnal phase leaning, sparingly brandling from the middle and lower nodes. % — Prairies, New York to Manitoba and North Dakota, south to Indiana and Kansas (fig. 1440). 96. Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray. (Fig. 1441.) Vernal phase Figure 1438.— Distribution of Panicum ravenelii. Figure 1439.— Panicum leibergii. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) yellowish green; culms 20 to 55 cm tall, more or less scabrous; sheaths sparsely papillose-pilose; blades erect or nearly so, rather thin, prom- inently nerved, 10 to 15 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, glabrous except the ciliate base; panicle 5 to 12 cm long, very narrow, few-flowered, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 653 the stiff branches erect or nearly so; spikelets 3.7 to 4 mm long, blunt, pubescent. Autumnal phase erect or ascending, branching from the second and third nodes, the branches erect, mostly simple. % Sandy or gravelly soil, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Pennsylvania and Minnesota (fig. 1442). Figure 1440.— Distribution of Panicum leibergii. Figure 1441.— Panicum xanthophysum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) 14. Pedicellata. — Culms slender from a knotted crown; sheaths papillose-hirsute; ligules about 1 mm long; blades long-ciliate at least toward base; spikelets attenuate at base, 7- to 9-nerved, papillose-pubescent. Autumnal culms freely branching, the branches appearing before the matu- rity of the primary panicle; no dis- tinct winter rosette formed. 97. Panicum pedicellatum Vasey. (Fig. 1443.) Vernal culms erector ascend- ing, 20 to 50 cm tall, usually ascending- hirsute at least below ; blades 5 to 9 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide, glabrous or some- times minutely hispid ; panicle 3 to 6 cm long ; spikelets 3 .5 to 3.7 mm long, elliptic; first glume about half as long as the spikelet, acute, the second shorter than the fruit. Autumnal culms erect or leaning, branching from all but the uppermost nodes, the branches spread- ing. % — Dry woods and prairies, central and southern Texas. 98. Panicum nodatum Hitchc. and figure uis.-Pankum p edice iia turn- Chase. (Fig.1444.) Vernalculms tufted, floret, xXio!;t(HenerTexf)Spikelet' and ascending or spreading, hard and wiry, 25 to 35 cm tall, finely papillose, crisp- puberulent; blades firm, ascending, 3 to 5 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide, puberulent on both surfaces; panicle 4 to 5 cm long, few-flowered; spikelets 4 mm long, pyriform. Autumnal culms widely geniculate- decumbent, branching from all but the uppermost node, the branches somewhat divaricate, the nodes of the main culm swollen. % — Oak woods in sand dunes, southern Texas and northern Mexico. Figure 1442.— Distribution of Panicum xanthophysum. 654 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE 15. Scoparia. — Species of various habit, vernal culms tall; ligules 1 mm long or less; blades elongate, spikelets abruptly pointed, 7- to 9-nerved; autumnal culms branching from the middle or upper nodes. 99. Panicum scoparium Lam. (Fig. 1445.) Vernal phase grayish olive-green, velvety-pubescent throughout except on a viscid ring below the nodes and at the summit of the sheath ; culms 80 to 130 cm tall, stout, erect or ascending, usually genic- ulate at base; blades rather thick, 12 to 20 cm long, 10 to 18 mm wide; panicle 8 to 15 cm long, the axis and branches with viscid blotch- es; spikelets 2.4 to 2.6 mm long, obovate, turgid, papil- lose-pubescent. Autumnal phase leaning or spreading, freely branching from the middle nodes, forming fla- bellate fascicles. % — Wet or damp soil, Massachusetts to Florida, west through Kentucky to Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas; Cuba (fig. 1446). Figure 1444.— Panicum nodatum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1445.— Panicum scoparium. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (McGregor, 21 2 . c .. ' . ' 100. Panicum aculeatum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1447.) Vernal culms in large clumps, slender, 70 to 100 cm tall, ascending, scabrous, harshly pubescent below; sheaths papillose-hispid with stiff sharp- pointed hairs, a puberulent ring at the summit, the uppermost usually MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 655 glabrous; blades firm, stiffly ascending or spreading, 12 to 20 cm long, 9 to 13 mm wide, scabrous on the upper surface and toward the apex beneath; panicle 8 to 12 cm long, few-flowered; spikelets 3 mm long, elliptic, minutely pubescent, pointed beyond the fruit. Autumnal culms branching from the middle nodes, the branches more or less Figure 1446.— Distribution of Panicum scoparium. Figure 1447. — Panicum aculeatum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) divaricate, the ultimate panicles wmolly or partly included in the sheaths. % —Swampy woods, Connecticut to North Carolina, rare (fig. 1448). 101. Panicum scabriusculum Ell. (Fig. 1449.) Vernal phase grayish olive green; culms erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall, scabrous at least below the nodes, sometimes puberulent; sheaths glabrous or more or less Figure 1449.— Panicum scabriusculum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1448.— Distribution of Panicum aculeatum. hispid at least toward the summit, often mottled or white-spotted, commonly swollen at the base and contracted toward the summit; blades stiffly ascending or spreading, often reflexed, 15 to 25 cm long, 9 to 12 mm wide, glabrous or scabrous, often more or less pubescent beneath, tapering to an involute point; panicle 10 to 20 cm long; spikelets 2.3 to 2.6 mm long, ovate, glabrous or obscurely puberulent. Autumnal culms erect, branching from the middle and upper nodes, the branches appressed, finally forming dense ob- long masses along the upper part of the primary culm, the panicles partly or entirely enclosed in the sheaths. Ql — Moist ground, especially along ditches, streams, and swamps, Coastal Plain, New Jersey to Florida and Texas (fig. 1450) 102. Panicum cryptanthum Ashe. (Fig. 1451.) Vernal culms erect, 80 to 100 cm tall, glabrous except the usually bearded nodes; sheaths glabrous or the lowermost sparsely hirsute, the upper some- what inflated; blades stiff, glabrous, sparingly ciliate at base, 10 to 55974°— 35 12 Figure 1450.— Distribution of Panicum scabriusculum. 656 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1452.— Distribution of Panicum cryptanthum. 15 cm long, 7 to 9 mm wide; panicle 6 to 10 cm long, the axis and ascending branches viscid-spotted; spikelets 2.2 to 2.4 mm long, lanceolate-elliptic, pointed. Autumnal culms erect, sparingly branch- ing from the middle nodes, the panicles partly hidden in the sheaths. 01 — Low swampy ground, New Jersey; North Carolina to Florida; Texas; rare (fig. 1452). 16. Commutata.— Culms relatively stout, glabrous or puberulent; ligules obsolete or nearly so ; blades cordate and more or less ciliate at base; spikelets elliptic, not very turgid, 7- to 9-nerved, pubescent. Autumnal culms usually rather sparingly brandling. 103. Panicum ashei Pearson. (Fig. 1453.) Vernal phase usually purplish, from a knotted crown; culms 25 to 50cm tall, erect, stiff and wiry, densely crisp-puberulent; sheaths less densely puberulent ; blades rather thick and firm, 4 to 8 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide, glabrous; panicle 5 to 8 Figure 1451.— Panicum cryp- Cm long, loosely flowered; tanthum. Two views of ... . ° ' •/ _ spikelet, and floret, X 10. spikelets 2.4 to 2.7 mm (Type) long. Autumnal culms erect or topheavy-reclining, bearing divergent branches from the middle and upper-nodes or from the upper nodes only. % —Dry, especially rocky woods, Massachusetts to Michigan and Missouri, south to northern Florida, Mississippi, and Oklahoma (fig. 1454). 104. Panicum commutatum Schult. (Fig. 1455.) Vernal culms 40 to 75 cm tall, erect; sheaths glabrous or nearly so; blades 5 to 12 cm long, 12 to 25 mm wide, glabrous on both surfaces or puberulent beneath; panicle 6 to 12 cm long; spikelets 2.6 to 2.8 mm long. Autum- nal culms erect or leaning, branching from the middle nodes, the second- ary branches crowded toward the summit. % — Woods and copses, Massachusetts to Michigan and Mis- souri, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 1456). 105. Panicum mutabile Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 1457.) Vernal phase blue green, glaucous; culms solitary or few in a tuft, erect, 30 to 70 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades horizontally spreading, 6 to 15 cm long, 8 to 20 mm wide, tapering to both ends, glabrous, ciliate toward the cordate base or the lower ciliate nearly to apex; panicle 7 to 15 cm long; spikelets 2.9 to 3 mm long. Autumnal culms erect or reclining, sparingly branched from the middle and upper nodes. Qi — Sandy pine woods or hammocks, Coastal Plain, southeastern Virginia to Florida and Mississippi (fig. 1458). 106. Panicum jooriiVasey. (Fig. 1459.) Vernal culms 20 to 55 cm tall, slender, spreading or ascending from a decumbent base, at least Figure 1453.— Panicum ashei. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type coll.) Figure 1454. — Distribution of Panicum ashei. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 657 the lower internodes purplish red; sheaths glabrous; blades 6 to 15 cm long, 7 to 18 mm wide, thin, often subfalcate, glabrous on both surfaces; panicle loosely flowered, 5 to 9 cm long; spikelets 3 to 3.1 mm long. Autumnal culms widely spreading, bearing more or less Figure 1455.- -Panicum commutatum. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet , and floret, X 10. (Bock and Chase 118, 111.) divaricate branches from all the nodes, the ultimate branches in short dense fascicles. Ql — Low or swampy woods, Coastal Plain, southeastern Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas; Mexico (fig. 1460). 107. Panicum equilaterale Scribn. (Fig. 1461.) Vernal culms 25 to 70 cm tall, stiff and erect; sheaths glabrous, the upper two often approxi- mate; blades firm, widely spreading, 6 to 17 cm long, 6 to 14 mm wide, the margins nearly parallel, gla- brous, often ciliate at the rounded or subcordate base; panicle 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets 3.2 mm long. Autumnal culms erect or lean- ing, branching from the upper and middle nodes. Ql — Pinelands, hammocks, and sandy woods, Coastal Plain, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida. Figure 1456.— Distribution of Panicum commutatum. Figure 1457.— Panicum mutabile. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) 658 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGEICULTUKE 17. Latifolia. — CuJms rather stout, erect or suberect; Jigules not more than 1 mm long; blades cordate, clasping; spikelets rather turgid, 7- to 9-nerved, pubescent. Autumnal phase usually rather sparingly branching. 108. Panicum clandestinum L. (Fig. 1462.) Vernal culms in large dense clumps, sometimes with strong rhizomes 5 to 10 cm long, Figure 1458.— Distribution of Panicum mutabile. Figure 1459. — Panicum joorii. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10 (Type.) 70 to 150 cm tall, scabrous to papillose-hispid at least below the nodes; sheaths strongly papillose-hispid to nearly glabrous ; blades spreading or finally reflexed, 10 to 20 cm long, 1.2 to 3 cm wide, scabrous on both Figure 1460.— Distribution of Panicum joorii. Figure 1461.— Panicum equilatcrak. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) surfaces, at least toward the end, usually ciliate at base; panicle 8 to 15 cm long; spikelets 2.7 to 3 mm long. Autumnal culms erect or lean- ing, the branches leafy, the swollen bristly sheaths overlapping and wholly or partly enclosing the panicles. % — Moist mostly sandy Figure 1462.— Panicum clandestinum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Torrey, N.Y.) Figure 1463.— Distribution of Panicum clandestinum. ground, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Kansas, south to northern Florida and Texas (fig. 1463). 109. Panicum latifolium L. (Fig. 1464.) Vernal culms from a knotted crown; culms 45 to 100 cm tall, glabrous or the lower part MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 659 sparsely pubescent; sheaths ciliate; blades 8 to 18 cm long, 1.5 to 4 cm wide, glabrous; panicle 7 to 15 cm long; spikelets 3.4 to 3.7 mm long. Autumnal culms more or less spreading, branching from the middle nodes, the upper leaves of the branches crowded and spread- Figure 1464.— Panicum latifolium. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Schenck, 111.) ing, not much reduced. % — Rocky or sandy woods, Maine and Quebec to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Kansas (fig. 1465). u 110. Panicum boscii Poir. (Fig. 1466.) Vernal phase resembling that of P. latifolium; culms 40 to 70 cm tall, glabrous or minutely puberulent, the nodes retrorsely bearded; sheaths glabrous or nearly Figure 1465.— Distribution of Panicum latifolium. Figure 1467.— Distribution of Panicum boscii. Figure 1466.— Panicum boscii. Two views of spikelet , and floret, X 10. (Type.) so; blades spreading, 7 to 12 cm long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, sparsely ciliate at base, glabrous or nearly so; panicle 6 to 12 cm long; spikelets 4 to 4.5 mm long, about half as wide, papillose-pubescent. Autumnal phase about as in P. latifolium, sometimes topheavy -reclining. % — Woods, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and Oklahoma, south to northern Florida and Texas (fig. 1467). Panicum boscii var. 660 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1468.— Panicum geminatum. Plant, X V%\ two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Tracy 9395, Fla.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 661 molle (Vasey) Hitchc. and Chase. Differing from P. boscii in the downy-villous culms and sheaths and the velvety blades. Ql — About the same range as the species. Subgenus 3. Eupanicum Godr. Spikelets in open or condensed panicles or in spikelike racemes, the branchlets not produced as bristles (the naked tip forming a short point in Geminata) ; not presenting vernal and autumnal phases of a distinctive character, with winter rosettes of leaves different from the culm leaves. 1. Geminata. — Subaquatic glabrous perennials; inflorescence of sev- eral erect, spikelike racemes distant on an elongate axis; rachis ending in a short naked point; spikelets subsessile, abruptly pointed, glabrous, first glume truncate; fruit transversely rugose. 111. Panicum geminatum Forsk. (Fig. 1468.) Culms tufted, 25 to 80 cm tall, scarcely succulent, often decumbent at base or with stolons rooting at the nodes; blades 10 to 20 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide, flat, or involute toward the apex; panicle 12 to 30 cm long, the appressed racemes 12 to 18, the lower 2.5 to 3 cm long, the upper gradually shorter; spikelets 2. 2 to2.4mmlong, 5-nerved. % — Moist ground or shallow water, mostly near the coast, southern Florida, Louisiana, and Texas; warmer regions of both hemispheres. 112. Panicum paludivagum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1469.) Resembling P. geminatum, but the culms elongate from a long creeping rooting base, rather succulent, as much as 2 m long, the lower part submerged, loosely branching; blades 15 to 40 cm long, scabrous on the upper surface; iii spikelets 2.8 to 3 mm long, faintly 3-nerved; fruit obscurely rugose. Ql — More or less submerged in fresh- water rivers and lakes, Florida, Texas; Mexico, Guatemala. 2. Purpurascentia. — Stoloniferous ro- bust perennial; a single species introduced. 113. Panicum purpurascens Raddi. Para grass. (Fig. 1470.) Culms decumbent and rooting at base, 2 to 5 m long, the nodes densely villous; sheaths villous or the upper glabrous, densely pubescent on the collar; blades 10 to 30 cm long, 10 to 15 mm wide, flat, glabrous; panicle 12 to 20 cm long, the rather distant subracemose densely flowered branches ascending or spreading; spikelets subsessile, 3 mm long, elliptic, 5-nerved, glabrous; fruit minutely transversely rugose. % (P. barbinode Trin.) — Culti- vated and waste ground in moist soil, borders of rivers, marshes, and swamps, Florida, Alabama (Mobile), Texas; Oregon (Linnton); throughout tropical America at low altitudes. Commonly cultivated in tropical America as a forage grass, being cut for green feed. It probably was introduced into Brazil at an eary date from Africa. 3. Fasciculata. — Branching annuals; blades flat; ligules not more than 1 mm long; panicles of ascending spikelike racemes along an angled axis; spikelets subsessile, abruptly pointed strongly 5- to 7-nerved; fruit transversely rugose. Figure 1469. — Panicum paiudivagum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) 662 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1470.— Panicum purpurascens. Plant, X Vi, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. ^(Hitchcock 9693, Jamaica.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 663 114. Panicum reptans L. (Fig. 1471.) Culms ascending 10 to 30 cm above the creeping base; blades 1.5 to 6 cm long, 4 to 12 mm wide, cordate, usually glabrous, ciliate on the undulate margin at base; panicle 2 to 6 cm long, the 3 to 12 ascending or spreading racemes 2 Figure 1471.— Panicum reptans. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type of P. pros- tratum Lam.) Figuke 1472.— Distribution of Panicum reptans. to 3 cm long, aggregate, the rachis usually pilose with long weak hairs; spikelets secund, about 2 mm long, glabrous, on pubescent pedicels about 1 mm ; first glume very short, truncate or rounded. © — Moist open ground, or a weed in cultivated fields, Florida to Texas (fig. 1472); tropical regions of both hemispheres. Figure 1474.— Distribution of Panicum fasciculatum. Figure 1473.— Panicum fasciculatum. Two views of spikelet, andAfloret, X 10. (Type.) 115. Panicum fasciculatum Swartz. Browntop millet. (Fig. 1473.) Culms erect or spreading from a decumbent base, 30 to 100 cm tall, sometimes pubescent below the panicle or hispid below the appressed-pubescent nodes, the more robust freely branched from the lower nodes; sheaths glabrous to papillose-hispid; blades 4 to 30 cm Figure 1475. — Panicum adspersum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1476.— Panicum arizonicum. Two views of spike- let, and floret, X 10. (Palmer 159, Mex.) long, 6 to 20 mm wide, glabrous; panicle 5 to 15 cm long; the racemes 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets yellow or bronze-brown, 2.1 to 2.5 mm long, rarely 3 mm, obovate, turgid, glabrous, strongly transversely wrinkled 664 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE or veined, o — Moist open ground, often a weed in fields, southern Florida, southern Texas; tropical America, at low altitudes (fig. 1474). Panicum fasciculatum var. reticulatum (Torr.) Beal. Differing from P. fasciculatum in having smaller more compact panicles, nar- rower pubescent blades, less regular suberect racemes and larger, most- ly mare yellowish spikelets 2.6 to 3 mm long. Many intergrades occur. © (This has been erroneously referred to P. fasciculatum var. chartaginense (Swartz) Doell.) — Prairies, fields, and waste ground, Arkansas and Louisiana to Arizona; introduced in North Carolina and South Carolina; Mexico. 116. Panicum adspersum Trin. (Fig. 1475.) Culms ascending or spreading from a decumbent base, rooting at the lower nodes, 30 to 100 cm tall; blades 5 to 15 cm long, 8 to 20 mm wide; panicle 6 to 15 cm long, the racemes 3 to 10 cm long; spikelets 3.2 to 4 mm long, fusiform, abruptly acu- minate, hispid or hispidulous, sometimes only at the summit, rarely glabrous, obscurely reticulate-veined. O — Moist open ground, often on coral limestone, Florida; ballast, Philadelphia and Camden; Mobile; West Indies. The Florida specimens, commonly more robust than the typical form from the West Indies, have been described as P. keyense Mez. Figure 1477.— Distribution of Panicum arizonkum. Figure 1478. -Panicum texanum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 3187, Tex.) Panicum ramosum L. Resembling P. adspersum, but spikelets smaller, having a finely transverse rugose sterile lemma, in appearance much like the fertile lemma. © — Ballast, Alabama (Mobile); tropical Asia. 117. Panicum arizonicum Scribn. and Merr. Arizona panicum. (Fig. 1476.) Culms erect or sometimes decumbent at base, 20 to 60 cm tall; sheaths glabrous to papillose-hispid; blades 5 to 15 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide, glabrous or papillose-hispid beneath, ciliate near base; panicle 7 to 20 cm long, the branches rather loosely flowered, finely pubescent and papillose-hirsute; spikelets 3.5 to 3,8 mm long, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 665 obovate-elliptic, densely hirsute to glabrous, o — Open sandy or stony ground, or in cultivated soil, western Texas to southern Cali- fornia; introduced in North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, and Mississippi; Mexico (fig. 1477). 118. Panicum texanum Buckl. Texas millet. (Fig. 1478.) Culms erect or ascending, often decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, 50 to 150 cm or even to 3 m long, softly pubescent at least below the nodes and below the panicles; sheaths softly pubescent, often papillose; blades 8 to 20 cm long, 7 to 15 mm wide, softly pubes- cent; panicle 8 to 20 cm long, the branches short, appressed, loosely flowered, the axis and rachises pubescent, with long hairs intermixed ; spikelets 5 to 6 mm long, fusiform, pilose, often obscurely reticulate. O — Prairies and open ground, especially on low land along streams, often a weed in fields, Texas ; introduced at sev- eral localities, North Carolina to Florida and Oklahoma; Arizona; northern Mexico (fig. 1479). 4. Dichotomiflora. — Somewhat succulent branching annuals; blades flat, panicles many-flowered, the branclilets short and appressed along the rather stiff main branches; spikelets short-pediceled, 7-nerved, glabrous; first glume short, broad; fruit smooth and shining. 119. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Fall panicum. (Fig. 1480.) Culms ascending or spreading from a geniculate base, 50 to Figure 1479. — Distribution of Panicum texanum. Figure 1480.— Panicum dichotomiflorum. Panicle, X I; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Deam, Ind.) 100 cm long, or in robust specimens as much as 2 m long; ligule a dense ring of white hairs 1 to 2 mm long; blades sometimes sparsely pilose on the upper surface, 10 to 50 cm long, 3 to 20 mm wide, the white midrib usually prominent; panicles terminal and axillary, mostly included at base, 10 to 40 cm long or more, the main branches ascending; spikelets narrowly oblong-ovate, usually about 2.5 mm long, acute. O Moist ground, along streams, and a weed in waste places and cultivated soil, Maine to Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas, occasionally introduced further west; here and there in the West Indies (fig. 1481). Panicum dichotomiflorum var. puritano- rum Svenson. Differing in the shorter, more slender culms and 666 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1481. — Distribution of Panicum dichotomiflorum. Figure wense. 1482. — Panicum barto- Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) looser panicles, and in the rather less pointed spikelets about 2 mm long. Intergrades with the species. © — Wet sandy or boggy shores of ponds, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Long Island; Indiana. 120. Panicum bartowense Scribn. and Merr. (Fig. 1482). Resembling P. dichoto- miflorum, mostly larger; culms erect, simple or sparingly branched as much as 2 m tall and 7 mm thick; sheaths papillose- hispid; ligule 2 to 3 mm long. © — Low- ground often in shal- low water, Florida; Bahamas. 5. Capillaria. — Branching annuals, papillose-hispid at least on the sheaths; ligules 1 to 3 mm long; panicles many-flowered, mostly diffuse; spikelets pointed, 7- to 9-nerved, glabrous; first glume large, clasping; fruit smooth and shining, usually olive-brown at maturity. 121. Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. (Fig. 1483.) Culms slen- der, erect, much branched from the base, 20 to 70 cm tall, somewhat hispid below, the nodes pubescent ; blades erect but not stiff, glabrous or sparsely hispid, as much as 30 cm long, 2 to 6 mm wide ; panicles relatively few-flowered, oblong, narrow, 10 to 20 cm long about one- third as wide; spikelets 3.1 to 3.5 mm long. © — Sandy, mostly damp soil, meadows and open woods, New York and Quebec to South Dako- ta, south to Florida and Texas ; introduced in Utah (fig. 1484). 122. Panicum gattingeri Nash. (Fig. 1485.) Culms at first erect, soon decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, papillose-hispid, m robust specimens as much as 1 m long; blades 6 to 10 mm wide, more or less hispid or nearly glabrous; panicles numerous, terminal and axillary, oval or elliptic in outline, the terminal 10 to 15 cm long, the lateral smaller; spikelets 2 mm long. © —Open ground and waste places, often a weed in cultivated soil, New York and Ontario to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Tennessee (fig. 1486). 123. Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. (Fig. 1487.) Plants light yellowish green ; culms slender, usually erect, 15 to 50 cm tall, papillose- hispid to nearly glabrous, more or less zigzag at base ; blades usually erect, 5 to 15 cm long, 2 to 6 mm wide, rather sparsely hirsute; panicles 10 to 20 cm long, few-flowered, the branches solitary, rather stiffly ascending, the axillary pulvini hispid; spikelets 1.7 to 2 mm long, mostly in twos at the ends of the branchlets, O — Dry open or Figure 1483. — Panicum flexile. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1484.— Distribution of Panicum flexile. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 667 sandy ground, Connecticut to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Texas (fig. 1488). 124. Panicum tuckermani Fernald. (Fig. 1489.) Resembling P. philadelphicum and intergrading with it; often spreading or prostrate and much branched at base; panicles more densely flowered, the branches more spreading, the axillary pulvini glabrous; spikelets somewhat racemosely arranged, rather than in twos at the end. O — Sandy or gravelly shores and open ground, Maine and Quebec to Connecticut and New York; Indiana, Wisconsin (fig. 1490). 125. Panicum capillare L. Wtitchgrass. (Fig. 1491.) Culms erect or somewhat spreading at base, 20 to 80 cm tall, papillose-hispid Figure 1485.— Panicum gattingeri. Two views of spikelet, and floret. X 10. (Type.) Figure i486.— Distribution of Panicum gattingeri. Figure 1487.— Panicum philadelphicum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type coll.) to nearly glabrous; blades 10 to 25 cm long, 5 to 15 mm wide, hispid on both surfaces; panicles densely flowered, very diffuse, often half the length of the entire plant, included at the base until maturity, the branches finally divaricately spreading, the whole panicle breaking away and rolling before the wind; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long. © — Open ground, fields and waste places, Maine to Montana, south to Florida and Texas, and occasionally west of this. Panicum capillare var. occidentale Rydb. Blades shorter, less pubescent, crowded toward the base, panicles more exserted and divaricate; spikelets usually about 3 nun long (2.5 to 3.3 mm), Figure 1488.— Distribution'tof Panicum philadelphicum. Figure 1489.— Panicum tuckermani. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type coll.) Figure 1490.— Distribution of Panicum tuckermani. attenuate at tip; fruit 1.7 to 1.8 mm long. © (P. barbipulvinatum Nash.) — Open ground and waste places, Prince Edward Island and Quebec to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Missouri, Texas, and California, more common westward. 126. Panicum hillmani Chase. (Fig. 1492.) Resembling P. capillare, especially the var. occidentale, differing from this in having no short flowering branches at the base, in the stouter culms, firmer foliage, stiffer panicle branches with the lateral spikelets on shorter more appressed pedicels, in the well-developed sterile palea, and especially in the larger darker fruit (2 mm long) with a prominent lunate scar at the base. © — Prairies and plains, Kansas to Texas. 668 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1491.— Panicum capillare. Plant, X H; two views of .spikelet. and florpt. X 10. (V. H. Chase 774, 111.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 669 127. Panicum hirticaule Presl. (Fig. 1493.) Culms usually simple or nearly so, 15 to 70 cm tall, papillose-hispid to nearly gla- brous; blades 5 to 15 cm long, 4 to 13 mm wide, often cordate at base, sparsely hispid or nearly glabrous, ciliate toward base; panicles 5 to 15 cm long, scarcely one-third the entire height of the plant; spikelets 2.7 to 3.3 mm long, lanceolate-fusiform, acuminate, usually Figure 1492.— Panicum hillmani. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1493.— Panicum hirticaule. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) reddish brown; first glume half to three-fourths the length of the spikelet; fruit 2 mm long. 0 — Rocky or sandy soil, Arkansas and western Texas to southern California; Mexico to Colombia (fig. 1494). 128. Panicum pampinosum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1495.) Resembling P. hirticaule, but freely brandling; spikelets very turgid, about 4 mm long; first glume more than three-fourths the length of the spikelet; fruit 2.2 mm long. 0 — Mesas, New Mexico and Arizona; Mexico. 129. Panicum stramineum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1496.) Re- sembling P. hirticaule, but freely branching and nearly glabrous through- out; blades longer; spikelets more tur- gid, less pointed, 3.2 to 3.7 mm long, the first glume about one-third the length of the spikelet; fruit 2.2 mm long, with a prominent lu- nate scar at base. O — Rich bot- tom lands and damp soil, south- ern Arizona; northwestern Mexico. 130. Panicum miliaceum L. MILLET. (Fig. 1497.) or decumbent at tall; blades Figure 1494.— Distribution of Panicum hirticaule. Figure 1495.- Panicum pampinosum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Broomcorn Culms stout, erect base, 20 to 100 cm tan; Diaaes more or less pilose on both surfaces or glabrate, as much as 30 cm long and 2 cm wide, rounded at base; panicles usually more or less included at base, 10 to 30 cm long, usually nodding, rather compact, the numerous branches ascending, very scabrous, spikelet-bearing toward the ends; spikelets 4.5 to 5 mm long, ovate, acuminate, strongly many -nerved; fruit 3 mm long, stramineous to reddish 670 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, II. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE brown, o — Waste places, introduced or escaped from cultiva- tion, Northeastern States and occa- sional in other parts of the United States (fig. 1498); temperate parts of the Old World. Broomcorn millet is cultivated in the cooler parts of the United States to a limited extent for forage and occa- sionally the seed is used for feed for hogs, hence it is sometimes known as hog millet. Also called proso. Commonly cultivated in Europe and western Asia. 6. Diffusa. — Perennials; culms stiff, mostly tufted; sheaths mostly hirsute; ligules membranaceous, ciliate; spikelets pointed, 7- to 9-nerved, glabrous; fruit smooth and shining. 131. Panicum capil- larioides Vasey. (Fig. 1499.) Culms erect or ascending from a knot- Figuee 1496. — Panicum stramineum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1498.— Distribution of Panicum miliaceum. ted crown, 30 to 55 cm tall, appressed-pubes- cent or glabrate, the nodes densely ascending- pubescent ; blades rather Figure 1497. — Panicum miliaceum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Griffith 6490, India.) stiff, 10 to 30 cm long, 2 to 10 mm wide, flat, harshly papillose-pubescent; panicle diffuse, few-flowered, 10 to 20 cm long, the capillary branches stiffly spreading at maturity; spikelets 5 to 6 cm long, lanceolate, long- acuminate, fruit 1.6 to 1.8 mm long. Q[ — Prairies and plains, Texas and northern Mexico. Panicum bergii Arech. Tufted, with numerous leaves clustered at base; sheaths hispid; blades involute ; panicle very diffuse, a third or more the entire height of the plant, the lower branches verticillate, conspicuously pilose in the axils; spikelets Figure 1500.— Panicum filipes Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1499. — Panicum capillarioides. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 671 short-pointed, 2.2 to 2.6 mm long. % — Ballast at _ Mobile, Ala., and at a few points in southeastern Texas. Adventive from South America. 132. Panicum filipes Scribn. (Fig. 1500.) Culms 30 to 80 cm tall, erect or ascending; blades laxly ascending or spreading, 10 to 25 cm long, 3 to 8 mm wide, flat, glaucous, glabrous or sometimes sparsely hirsute beneath; panicles 7 to 25 cm long, usually equaled or exceeded by the upper blades, the distant branches spreading ; spikelets 2 to 2.6 mm long. % — Low open ground or among chaparral, Louisi- ana (Shreveport) and Texas; north- eastern Mexico. Distinguished from P. hallii by the longer blades, looser panicle, and smaller spikelets. 133. Panicum hallii Vasey. Hall's panicum. (Fig. 1501.) Some- what glaucous green, leaves usually crowded toward the base, the blades curling like shavings with age; culms erect, 15 to 60 cm tall; sheaths sparsely papillose-hispid to glabrous ; blades erect or nearly so, flat, 4 to 15 cm long, 2 to 6 mm wide, sparsely ciliate toward base, otherwise gla- brous or nearly so ; panicle 6 to 20 cm long, the few branches stiffly ascending; spikelets 3 to 3.7 mm long. % — Dry prairie, rocky and gravelly hills and canyons, and in bottom lands and irrigated fields, Texas to Arizona; Mexico. 134. Panicum lepidulum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1502.) Culms 25 to 70 cm tall, erect, usually spar- ingly branching from lower nodes, sparsely pilose to scabrous; blades suberect, 7 to 30 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide, sparsely papillose-pilose to nearly glabrous; panicle 7 to 20 cm long, usually scarcely half as wide, branches ascending with short spreading branchlets with 1 to 3 spikelets ; spikelets 4 to 4.2 mm long, turgid. 01 — Moist places mostly in the uplands, New Mexico, Ari- zona, and Mexico. 135. Panicum ghiesbreghtii Fourn. (Fig. 1503.) Culms erect, rather robust, ascending-hirsute, 60 to 80 cm tall, the nodes densely hirsute; blades as much as 60 cm long and 12 mm wide, flat, papillose-hirsute to glabrescent; panicles 20 to 30 cm long, usually less than half as wide, the branches ascending, 55974°— 35 43 Figure 1501. — Panicum hallii. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1502. — Panicum lepidulum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) 672 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1503. — Panicum ghies- breghtii. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) naked at base, the branchlets more or less appressed; spikelets 3 mm long, 1 mm wide. % — Low moist ground, southern Texas; tropical America. 136. Panicum hirsutum Swartz. (Fig. 1504.) Culms robust, erect, as much as 1.5 m tall and 1 cm thick, simple or branched at base only; nodes appressed-pubescent ; sheaths papillose-hirsute, the hairs stiff, spreading, fragile, causing mechanical irritation to the skin when handled ; blades flat, as much as 60 cm long and 3.5 cm wide, glabrous; panicle 20 to 35 cm long, at first condensed, finally open, the branches ascending; spikelets 2 to 2.2 mm long. Qi —Open moist ground, southern Texas ; tropical America at low altitudes. 7. Maxima. — Tall robust perennials; ligules membranaceous, ciliate; blades linear, flat; panicles large, many-flowered; spikelets ellipsoid, faintly nerved, gla- brous; fruit transversely rugose. 137. Panicum maximum Jacq. Guinea grass. (Fig. 1505.) Plants light green, in large bunches from short stout rhizomes ; culms mostly erect, the nodes usually densely hirsute; sheaths papillose-hirsute to glabrous, usually densely pubescent on the collar; ligule 4 to 6 mm long; blades 30 to 75 cm long, as much as 3.5 cm wide, glabrous, very scabrous on the margins, sometimes hirsute on the upper surface near the base; panicles 20 to 50 cm long, about one-third as wide, the long rather stiff branches ascending, naked at base, the lower in whorls, the axils pilose, the branchlets short, appressed, bearing more or less clustered short-pediceled spikelets; spikelets 3 to 3.3 mm long; first glume about one-third the length of the spikelet. % — Fields and waste places, southern Florida, and southern Texas, introduced from Africa; tropical regions of both hemispheres at low altitudes. Guinea grass is the most important cultivated forage grass of tropical America. It grows in moderately dry ground and can be used for pasture or for soiling. Much of the green feed cut for forage is this species. 138. Panicum plenum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1506.) Plants mostly in large clumps, mostly glaucous, from a stout rhizome; culms 1 to 2 m tall, erect from a usually decumbent base, compressed; sheaths glabrous, somewhat keeled; blades 20 to 35 cm long, 7 to 17 mm wide, glabrous or nearly so; panicle 20 to 50 cm long, open; spikelets 3 to 3.4 mm long. % — Moist places in rocky hills and canyons, Texas to Arizona; Mexico. Differs from P. bulbosum in the absence of the basal corm. 139. Panicum bulbosum H.B.K. Bulb panicum. (Fig. 1507.) Culms in tufts, 1 to 2 m tall, erect, the lowest internode thick- ened to a hard cormlike base 1 to 2 cm thick, budding at base, some- Figube 1504. — Panicum hirsu- tum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 673 Figure 1505.— Panicum maximum. Plant, X Vi, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Combs and Baker 1170, Fla.) 674 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE times with one or more corms of previous years attached; sheaths glabrous, or pilose toward the summit; blades 25 to 60 cm long, 3 to 12 mm wide, scabrous above, glabrous beneath; panicle 20 to 50 cm long, open; spikelets 3.5 to 4.2 mm long. % — Moist places in can- yons and valleys, western Texas to Arizona; Mexico (fig. 1508). Figure 1506. — Panicum plenum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1507.— Panicum bulbosum. Base of culm, X Vi, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Lem- mon 2914, Ariz.) Panicum bulbosum var. minus Vasey. Culms slender, mostly less than 1 m tall, the corms smaller than in the species; blades mostly 2 to 4 mm wide; spikelets 2.8 to 3.2 mm long. % (P. bulbosum var. sciaphilum Hitchc. and Chase.) — Same range as species and more common with us. 8. Virgata. — Perennials from stout rhizomes; culms mostly stout; ligules membranaceous, ciliate; blades linear, mostly firm; spikelets turgid, usually gaping, strongly 5- to 9-nerved, glabrous, pointed; lower floret usually staminate; fruit smooth and shining. 140. Panicum repens L. (Fig. 1509.) Culms rigid, 30 to 80 cm tall, erect from the nodes of strong horizontal often extensively creeping rhizomes, clothed at base with blade- less sheaths; sheaths more or less pilose; blades flat or folded, 2 to 5 mm wide, sparsely pilose to glabrous; panicle open, 7 to 12 cm long, the somewhat distant branches stiffly ascending; spikelets 2.2 to 2.5 mm long, ovate; first glume about one-fifth as long as the spikelet, loose, truncate. % — Sea beaches along the Gulf coast, Florida to Texas (fig. 1510); tropical and subtropical coasts of both hemispheres, probably intro- duced in America. 141. Panicum gouini Fourn. (Fig. 1511.) Resembling P. repens, but the culms usually less than 30 cm tall; sheaths and blades usually glabrous; panicle smaller, more densely flowered; first glume longer. ^ —Sea beaches, Alabama to Louisiana ; Gulf coast of Mexico 142. Panicum virgatum L. Switchgrass. (Fig. 1512.) Plants usually in large bunches, green or glaucous, with numerous scaly creeping rhizomes; culms erect, tough and hard, 1 to 2 m tall; sheaths glabrous; blades 10 to 60 cm long, 3 to 15 mm wide, flat, glabrous, or sometimes pilose above near the base, rarely pilose all over; panicle 15 to 50 cm long, open, sometimes diffuse; spikelets 3.5 to 5 mm long, Figure 1508.— Distribution of Panicum bulbosum. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 675 Figure 1509. — Panicum repens. Plant, X Vi\ two views of spikelet, and floret, X .10. (Hitchcock 14145, Hawaii.) 676 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE acuminate; first glume clasping, two thirds to three fourths as long as the spikelet, acuminate or cuspidate. 91 — Prairies and open ground, open woods, and brackish marshes, Quebec and Maine to Montana, south to Florida, Nevada, and Arizona; Mexico and Cen- tral America. Panicum virgatum var. cubense Griseb. Culms more slender, usually solitary or few in a tuft; panicle narrower with ascending branches; spikelets 2.8 to 3.2 mm long, the second glume and sterile lemma not extending much beyond the fruit. 91 — Pine woods, Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to Florida and Mississippi; Michigan; Cuba. Panicum virgatum var. spissum Linder. Culms from short stout knotty rhizomes. 91 — Nova Scotia to Penn- sylvania. 143. Panicum havardii Vasey. (Fig. 1513.) Pale green, glaucous, glabrous throughout; culms robust, solitary, 1 m tall or more, erect from creeping rhizomes; blades 5 to 10 mm wide, tapering into long involute-setaceous tips; panicle as much as 40 cm long; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long. 91 —Arroyos and sand hills, western Texas and southern New Mexico; northern Mexico. 144. Panicum amarum Ell. (Fig. 1514.) Glaucous and glabrous throughout; culms solitary from the nodes of extensively creeping Figure 1510. — Distribution of Panicum repens. Figure 1511. — Panicum gouini. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) rhizomes, 30 to 100 cm tall; blades thick, 10 to 30 cm long, 5 to 12 mm wide, flat, involute toward the tip, the margins smooth; panicle one-fourth to one-third the height of the plant, not more than 3 cm wide, the branches appressed; spikelets 5 to 6.5 mm long, acumi- nate. 91 — Sandy seashores and coast dunes, Connecticut to Georgia; southern Mississippi; Texas (fig. 1515). 145. Panicum amarulum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1516.) Culms as much as 1 cm thick, in large bunches as much as 1 m across, 1 to 2 m tall, glaucous; rhizomes vertical or ascending; blades 20 to 50 cm long, 5 to 12 mm wide, more or less involute, pilose on the upper surface near the base; panicle large, rather compact, 5 to 10 cm wide, slightly nodding, densely flowered; spikelets 4.3 to 5.5 mm long, acuminate. 91 — Sandy seashores and coast dunes, New Jersey to Virginia; Florida; Louisiana and Texas; Yucatan; Baha- mas; Cuba (fig. 1517). 9. Tenera.— Perennials; culms subcompressed, wiry; hgules minute; spikelets short-pediceled ; fruit smooth and shining. 146. Panicum tenerum Beyr. (Fig. 1518.) Culms in small tufts from a knotted crown, erect, 40 to 90 cm tall ; lower sheaths pubescent toward the summit with spreading hairs; blades % to 15 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, erect, firm, subinvolute, pilose on upper surface toward base; panicles 3 to 8 cm long, very slender, terminal and axillary; spikelets 2.2 to 2.8 mm long, pointed, glabrous, the pedicel usually MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 677 Figure 1512.— Panicum mrgatum. Plant, X Yi\ two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (V. H. Chase, 111.) 678 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE with a few long hairs. 91 — Margins of swamps and wet places in pine barrens near the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Texas; West Indies (fig. 1519). 10. Agrostoidea. — Tufted perennials; culms erect, compressed; sheaths keeled; ligules membranace- ous, mostly about 1 mm long; spikelets short-pedicel ed, lanceolate, pointed, 5- to 7-nerved, gla- brous; glumes and sterile lemma mostly keeled; fruit smooth and shining with a minute tuft of thick- ish hairs at apex. 147. Panicum agros- toides Spreng. (Fig. 1520.) In dense clumps from a short crown, with numerous short-leaved innovations at base; culms 50 to 100 cm tall; blades erect, folded at base, flat above, 20 to 50 cm long, 5 to 12 mm wide; panicles terminal and axillary, 10 to 30 cm long, half to two-thirds as wide, sometimes more Figure 1513.- -Panicum havardii. floret, X 10. Two views of spikelet, and (Type.) Figure 1515.— Distribution of Panicum amarum. diffuse, the densely flowered branchlets mostly on the under side of the branches, the pedicels usually bearing at the summit one to several delicate hairs; spikelets about 2 mm long. % — Wet meadows and shores, Maine to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas; Vancouver Island; California (fig. 1521). 148. Panicum condensum Nash. (Fig. 1522.) Resembling P. agrostoides; culms on the average taller; blades often sparsely pilose Figure 1514.— Panicum amarum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Vasey, Va.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 679 on the upper side at the folded base; panicles 10 to 25 cm long, rarely- more than 5 cm wide, the long branches erect, naked at base, with appressed branchlets bearing crowded spikelets, the pedicels not pilose; spikelets 2.2 to 2.5 mm long. % — Borders of streams and ponds and in wet places, Coastal Plain, Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas; West Indies (fig. 1523). 149. Panicum stipitatum Nash. (Fig. 1524.) Resembling P. agrostoides ; often purple tinged throughout, especially the pani- cles; sheaths much overlapping, the blades usually equaling or exceeding the terminal panicle; panicles usually several to a culm, 10 to 20 cm long, narrow, densely flowered, the numerous stiff branches ascending, with numer- ous divaricate branchlets, mostly on the lower side; spikelets 2.5 »— SLSSSteSx^cSS) *™ to 2.8 mm long, often curved at the tip. % — Moist soil, Connecticut to Missouri, south to Georgia and Texas (fig. 1525). 150. Panicum longifolium Torr. (Fig. 1526.) Culms rather slender, 35 to 80 cm tall, in dense tufts, usually surroimded by basal leaves nearly half as long; sheaths usually villous near the summit; ligule fimbriate-ciliate, 2 to 3 mm long; blades elongate, 2 to 5 mm wide, pilose on the upper surface near the base; lateral panicles few or none, the terminal 10 to 25 cm long, the branches slender, ascend- Figuee 1517.— Distribution of Panicum amarulum. FiGUKE 1518. — Panicum tent- rum,. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1519.— Distribution of Panicum tenerum. ing; spikelets 2.4 to 2.7 mm long. % — Moist sandy ground, Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas (fig. 1527). 151. Panicum combsii Scribn. and Ball. (Fig. 1528.) Resembling P. longifolium; sheaths glabrous or nearly so; ligule less than 1 mm long; blades on the average shorter; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long, acuminate. Q| — Margins of ponds and wet woods, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1529). 152. Panicum anceps Michx. (Fig. 1530.) Culms 50 to 100 cm tall, with numerous scaly rhizomes; sheaths glabrous or pilose; blades elongate, 4 to 12 mm wide, pilose above near the base; panicles 15 680 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE to 40 cm long, the slender, remote branches somewhat spreading, bearing short mostly appressed branchlets with rather crowded some- what curved subsecund spikelets, set obliquely on their pedicels; spikelets 3.4 to 3.8 mm long. 01 — Moist sandy soil, New Jersey to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 1531). 153. Panicum rhizomatum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1532.) Resembling P. anceps; culms less robust, the rhizomes more slender and numerous; sheaths densely to sparsely villous, especially at the summit ; blades usually pubescent on both surfaces; panicles more or less contracted; spikelets 2.4 to 2.8 mm long. Ql — Moist sandy woods and savannas, Coastal Plain, Maryland to Flor- ida and Texas (fig. 1533). 11. Laxa.— Slender perennials; culms compressed; ligules minute; spikelets short- pediceled, 5-nerved, glabrous, the palea of the sterile floret becoming enlarged and in- durate, expanding the spike- let at maturity; fruit min- utely papillose-roughened, relatively thin in texture. 154. Panicum Mans Ell. (Fig. 1534.) Culms 20 to 60 cm tall, mostly erect, sometimes more or less decumbent, or prostrate with erect branches; blades 5 to 15 cm long, 1 to 5 mm wide, flat or folded, pilose on the upper surface near base ; panicles 5 to 20 cm long, usually loose and open, the primary branches few, slender, distant, spreading or drooping, the branchlets borne on the upper half or towards the ends only; spikelets in more or less secund clusters, 2.2 to 2.4 mm long, at maturity about twice as thick as wide. 01 — Damp soil Figure 1520.— Panicum agrostoides. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Fisher 30, N.J.) Figure 1521. — Distribution of Panicum agrostoides. Figure 1522.— Panicum condensum. Two views of spikelet, and floret X 10. (Type.) Figure 1523.— Distribution of Panicum condensum. along ponds and streams, North Carolina to Florida and Texas, thence north to Oklahoma and southern Missouri; Mexico (fig. 1535). 12. Verrucosa. — Glabrous branching annuals; culms slender, weak, decumbent at base, usually with stilt-roots; ligules minute; panicles with divaricate capillary branches, spikelet-bearing toward the ends, the spikelets mostly in twos; spikelets tubercu- late, nerves obscure or obsolete ; first glume minute ; fruit minutely papillose, margin of the lemma inrolled only at base. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 681 155. Panicum verrucosum Muhl. (Fig. 1536.) Bright green, at first erect, later widely spreading; culms 20 to 150 cm long; blades thin, flat, lax, 5 to 20 cm long, 4 to 10 mm wide; panicles 5 to 30 cm Figure 1524.— Panicum stipitatum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Commons 305, Del.) Figure 1525.— Distribution of Panicum stipitatum. Figure 1526.— Pa n i c u\m longifolium. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) long, about as wide, diffuse, small panicles often produced at the lower nodes; spikelets 1.8 to 2.1 mm long, elliptic-obovate, subacute, roughened with small warts. O — Wet, mostly shady soil, Massa- chusetts to Florida, west to Michigan, Tennessee, and Texas (fig. 1537). Figure 1527.— Distribution of Panicum longifolium. Figure 1528.— Panicum combsii. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1529.— Distribution of Panicum combsii. 156. Panicum brachyanthum Steud. (Fig. 1538.) Culms 30 to 100 cm tall; blades 5 to 15 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide; panicles 5 to 15 Figure 1530.— Panicum anceps. Spikelet and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1531.— Distribution of Panicum anceps. Figure 1532.— P anicum rhizomatum. Spikelet and floret, X 10. (Type.) cm long, the branches few; spikelets 3.2 to 3.6 mm long, fusiform, acute, tuberculate-hispid. o — Sandy soil, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma. 13. Urvilleana. — Robust perennials; spikelets large, densely villous; fertile lemma long-villous on the margin. 682 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE 157. Panicum urvilleanum Kunth. (Fig. 1539.) Culms solitary or few in a tuft, 50 to 100 cm tall, erect from a creeping rhizome; nodes densely bearded; sheaths overlapping, densely retrorse-villous; blades elongate, 4 to 7 mm wide, tapering from a flat base to a long involute setaceous point, strigose or glabrous; panicle 25 to 30 cm long, the slender branches ascending; spikelets 6 to 7 mm long, densely silvery- or tawny-villous ; first glume clasping, from two-thirds Figure 1533.— Distribution of Panicum rhizomatum. Figure 1534.— Pan i- cum hians. Spikelet and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1535.— Distribution of Panicum hians. to nearly as long as the spikelet. % — Sandy deserts, Arizona and southern California; Argentina, Chile. 14. Obtusa. — Stoloniferous wiry perennial; ligules about 1 mm long; panicles narrow, the few appressed branches densely flowered; spikelets short-pediceled, secund, glabrous; fruit smooth and shining. 158. Panicum obtusum H. B. K. Vine-mesquite. (Fig. 1540.) Tufted from a knotted crown, the stolons sometimes 2 m long or more, with long internodes and geniculate, swollen, conspicuously villous nodes; culms compressed, 20 to 80 cm tall; blades mostly elongate, 2 to 7 mm wide, glabrous or nearly so; panicles 3 to 12 cm Figure 1536.— Panicum verrucosum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Figure 1537.— Distribution of Panicum verrucosum. long, about 1 cm wide; spikelets 3 to 3.8 mm long, obovoid, brownish, obtuse; first glume nearly as long as the spikelet. % — Sandy or gravelly soil, mostly along banks of rivers, arroyos, and irrigation ditches, western Missouri to Colorado, south to Texas and Arizona; Mexico (fig. 1541). 15. Hemitonia. — Aquatic or subaquatic perennial; panicles elongate, very narrow; spikelets subsessile, 3- to 5-nerved, glabrous. 159. Panicum hemitomon Schult. Maidencane. (Fig. 1542.) With extensively creeping rhizomes, often producing numerous sterile shoots with overlapping sometimes densely hirsute sheaths; culms 50 to 150 cm tall, usually hard; sheaths of fertile culms usually glabrous; blades 10 to 25 cm long, 7 to 15 mm wide, usually scabrous on the upper surface and smooth beneath; panicle 15 to 30 cm long, the MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 683 branches erect, the lower distant, the upper approximate, 2 to 10 cm long; spikelets 2.4 to 2.7 mm long, lanceolate, acute; first glume about half the length of the spikelet; fruit less rigid than usual in the genus, the apex of the palea scarcely enclosed. Ql — Moist soil along river banks and ditches, borders of lakes and ponds, often in FiGUEE 1538.— Panicum brachyanthum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) the water, sometimes a weed in moist cultivated fields, Coastal Plain, New Jersey to Florida and Texas; Brazil (fig. 1543). 16. Gymnocarpa. — Succulent glabrous perennial; panicles of several to many long stiffly ascending racemes along a main axis; spikelets strongly 3- to 5-nerved, glabrous. 160. Panicum gymnocarpon Ell. (Fig. 1544.) Creeping, the base as much as 2 m long, rooting at the nodes; culms 60 to 100 cm tall; Figure 1539.— Panicum urvWeanum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) blades elongate, 15 to 25 mm wide, flat, scarcely narrowed at the cordate, sparingly ciliate base, the margin very scabrous; panicle 20 to 40 cm long ; spikelets 6 to 7 mm long ; first glume nearly as long as the sterile lemma, the second glume exceeding the sterile lemma, all acuminate-pointed, much exceeding the obovate, stipitate fruit, this 2 mm long, smooth and shining. % — Ditches and muddy banks of streams and lakes, Georgia and Florida to Texas (fig. 1545). 684 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, II. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figuke 1540.— Panicum obtusum. Plant, X H; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 13412, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 685 Figure 1541.— Distribution of Panicum obtusum. 130. LASIACIS (Griseb.) Hitchc. Spikelets subglobose, placed obliquely on their pedicels; first glume broad, somewhat inflated-ventricose, usually not more than one-third the length of the spikelet, sev- eral-nerved; second glume and sterile lemma about equal, broad, abruptly apiculate, p apery-chartaceous, shining, many-nerved, glabrous, or lanose at the apex only, the lemma enclosing a membrana- ceous palea and sometimes a stamina te flower; fertile lemma white, bony-indurate, obovoid, obtuse, this and the palea of the same tex- ture, bearing at the apex in a slight depression a tuft of woolly hairs, the palea concave below, gibbous above, the apex often free at maturity. Large branching perennials, with woody culms often clambering several meters high into shrubs or trees, the blades firm, flat, usually lanceolate and narrowed into a petiole, the figure 1542.— Pani- • ■, t , • • 1 m ' t • • cum hemitom'on. spikelets m an open panicle, lype species, Lasiacis panicle, x 1; spUce- divaricata. Name g^J Sf'rii.1)0, from Greek lasios, woolly, and akis, point, alluding to ,\ the tuft of wool at the tip of the fruit. 1. Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Hitchc. Tibisee. (Fig. 1546.) Glabrous Figure 1543.— Distribution of Panicum hemitomon. Figure 1545.— Distribution of Panicum gymnocarpon. throughout except the margins of the sheaths; culms much branched, clambering over shrubs to the height of 3 or 4 m, the main culm (cane) Figure 1544.— Panicum gymnocarpon. Panicle, crrnno- i* rmirVi no fi mm in Hinm- x i; spikelet and floret, x io. (Type.) strong as mucn as o mm in diam- eter, the mam branches oiten fas- cicled, the vigorous secondary sterile shoots usually strongly divari- cate or zigzag; blades narrowly lanceolate, 5 to 20 cm long, 5 to 15 mm wide, or larger on vigorous sterile shoots; panicles terminating 686 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE the main culm and branches, 5 to 20 cm long, loosely few-flowered, the branches distant, spreading or reflexed; spikelets ovoid, about Figure 1546.— Lasiacis divaricata. Plant, X V2; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Curtiss 5530, Fla.) 4 mm long black at maturity. % —Copses and edges of woods southern Florida; tropical America, at low altitudes, especially near the seacoast. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 687 131. SACClOLEPIS Nash Spikelets oblong-conic; first glume much shorter than the spikelet; second glume broad, inflated-saccate, strongly many-nerved; sterile Figuee 1547.— Sacciolepis striata. Plant, X Hi two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase 4240, Fla.) lemma narrower, flat, fewer nerved, its palea nearly as long often subtending a staminate flower; fertile lemma stipitate, elliptic, chartaceous-indurate, the margins inrolled, the palea not enclosed at 55974°— 35 44 688 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, XJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1548.— Distribution of Sacciolepis striata. the summit. Annuals or perennials, of wet soil, usually branching, the inflorescence a dense, usually elongate, spikelike panicle. Type species, Panicum gibbum, Ell. (Sacciolepis striata). Name from Greek sakkion, a small bag, and lepis, scale, alluding to the saccate second glume. 1. Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash. (Fig. 1547.) Perennial, gla- brous, often decumbent and rooting at base; culms as much as 1 to 2 m tall; sheaths more or less papillose-hirsute; blades lanceolate, 4 to 20 cm long; panicles 6 to 30 cm long; spikelets about 4 mm long. QJ. (Sacciolepis gibba Nash.) — Marshes, ditches, and wet places, Coastal Plain, New Jersey (Cape May) to Florida, Tennessee, Texas, and Oklahoma; West Indies (fig. 1548). Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase. Annual; culms slender, spreading, 20 to 60 cm tall ; blades 2 to 4 mm wide ; panicle spikelike, 1 to 4 cm long; spikelets about 2.5 mm long, glabrous. 21 — Introduced in a Government pecan orchard, Thomasville, Ga. India. 132. OPLISMENUS Beauv. Spikelets terete or somewhat laterally compressed, subsessile, solitary or in pairs, in two rows crowded or approximate on one side of a narrow scabrous or hairy rachis; glumes about equal, entire, or emarginate, awned from the apex or from between the lobes; sterile lemma exceeding the glumes and fruit, notched or entire, mucronate or short-awned, enclosing a hyaline palea; fertile lemma elliptic, acute, convex or boat-shaped, the firm margins clasping the palea, not inrolled. Freely branching, creeping, shade-loving annuals or perennials, with erect flowering shoots, flat, thin, lanceolate or ovate blades, and several one-sided, thickish, short racemes rather distant on a main axis. Type species, Oplismenus africanus Beauv. Name from Greek hoplismenos, armed, alluding to the awned spikelets. 1. Oplismenus setarius (Lam.) Roem. and Schult. (Fig. 1549.) Perennial; culms slender, lax, ascending or prostrate, 10 to 20 cm long, sometimes as much as 30 cm; blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, thin, 1 to 3 cm long, 4 to 10 mm wide; panicle long-exserted, usually not more than 5 cm long; racemes usually 3 to 5, subglobose, distant or the upper approximate, the lower internodes sometimes as much as 2 cm long, the rachis 2 to 3 mm long, sometimes to 6 mm ; spikelets about 5 (4 to 8) on each rachis; awn of first glume 4 to 8 mm long. 21 — Shaded places along the coast, North Carolina to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas; tropical America at low altitudes (fig. 1550). An allied species of the American tropics, Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv., basket grass, is cultivated by florists as a basket plant and for edging, under the name Panicum variegatum. It has been incor- rectly referred to Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) Beauv. The common form in cultivation is variegated, the blades being striped with white. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 689 Figure 1550.— Distribution of Oplismenus setarius. Figure 1549.— Oplismenus setarius. Plant, XV2, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Curtiss 5553, Fla.) 690 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 130. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Spikelets piano convex, often stiffly hispid, subsessile, solitary or in irregular clusters on one side of the panicle branches ; first glume about half the length of the spikelet, pointed; sec- ond glume and sterile lemma equal, pointed, mucronate, or the glume short-awned and the lemma long-awned, sometimes conspicuously so, enclosing a membrana- ceous palea and sometimes a staminate flower; fer- tile lemma planoconvex, smooth and shining, acum- inate-pointed, the margins inrolled below, flat above, the apex of the palea not enclosed . Coarse , often suc- culent, annuals or peren- nials, with compressed sheaths, linear flat blades, and rather compact panicles composed of short, densely flowered racemes along a main axis. Our species are annuals without ligules. Type species, Echinochloa crusgalli. Name from Greek echinos, hedgehog, and chloa, grass, alluding to the echinate spikelets. All the species are grazed by stock but usu- ally grow in sparse stands or in situations where they cannot well be utilized. E. crusgalli is occasionally cut for hay. Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea, Japanese millet, has been advertised by seedsmen in this country as billion-dollar grass and recommended for for- age. It has some forage value, but requires considerable moisture to produce abundantly, and is rather too succulent for hay. This and forms of E. colonum are cultivated in tropical Asia and tropical Africa for the seeds which are used for food. Racemes simple, rather distant, 1 to 2 cm long; spikelets crowded in about 4 rows, the awn of the sterile lemma reduced to a short point; blades 3 to 6 mm wide 1- E. colonum. Racemes more or less branched, usually more than 2 cm long; spikelets irregu- larly crowded and fascicled, usually not arranged in rows, the awn of the sterile lemma variable; blades usually more than 5 mm wide. Sterile floret staminate 4. E. paludigena. Figure 1551.— Echinochloa colonum, X 1. (Bentley, Tex.) Figure 1552.— Distribution of Echinochloa colonum. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 691 ■Figure 1553.— Echinochtm crusgalli. Plant, X Yi, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Somes 3725, Iowa.) 692 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sterile floret neuter. Sheaths smooth; awns variable, but the panicle not a dense mass of long- awned spikelets. Panicles erect and rather stiff (heavy panicles somewhat nodding) ; spikelets conspicuously hispid 2. E. crusgalli. Panicles soft and nodding; spikelets inconspicuously hispid. 3. E. CRUS-PAVONIS. Sheaths, at least the lower, hispid or scabrous; panicle dense, the spikelets long-awned 5. E. walteri. 1. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. Jungle-rice. (Fig. 1551.) Culms prostrate to erect, 20 to 40 cm long; blades rather lax, 3 to 6 mm wide, occasionally transversely zoned with purple; panicle 5 to 15 cm long; racemes several, 1 to 2 cm long, appressed or as- Figure 155i— Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis, X 1. (Pammel and Cratty 791, Iowa.) Figure 1555. — Echinochloa crusgalli var. zelayensis, X 1. (Mearns 744, Mex.) cending, single or occasionally two approximate, the lower usually distant as much as 1 cm; spikelets about 3 mm long, crowded, nearly sessile; second glume and sterile lemma short-pointed, rather soft, faintly nerved, the nerves weakly hispid-scabrous. © — Ditches and moist places, Virginia to Missouri, south to Florida, Texas, and southeastern California; ballast, Camden, N.J., Philadelphia, Pa., and Portland, Oreg. (fig. 1552); tropical regions of both hemispheres; introduced in America. 2. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard grass. (Fig. 1553.) Culms erect to decumbent, stout, as much as 1 m or even 1.5 m tall, often branching at base; sheaths glabrous; blades elon- gate, 5 to 15 mm wide; panicle erect or nodding, purple tinged, 10 to 20 cm long; racemes spreading, ascending or appressed, the lower somewhat distant, as much as 10 cm long, sometimes branched, the MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 693 upper approximate; spikelets crowded, about 3 mm long, excluding the awns; internerves hispidulous; nerves strongly tuberculate- hispid; awn variable, mostly 5 to 10 mm long on at least some of the spikelets, sometimes as much as 3 cm. © — Moist open places, ditches, cultivated fields, and waste ground, New Brunswick to Washington, south to Florida and California, mostly at low and medium altitudes; Eastern Hemisphere. Echinochloa muri- cata (Michx.) Fernald is differ- entiated by Fernald from E. crusgalli by the stiff hairs arising from papillae on the spikelets, true E. crusgalli as he under- stands it having hairs that lack the papillose base. The author has been unable to separate E. muricata, the European speci- mens having on the average as FlGXJEE 1556. — Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea, X 1. (Piper, Tex.) strongly tuberculate spikelets as Michaux's specimen. The three following varieties inter- grade and can be only arbitra- rily distinguished. Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis (Pursh) Peterm. (Fig. 1554.) Spikelets awnless or nearly so, the awns less than 3 mm long. © — Moist places over about the same area as the species and nearly as common. Echinochloa crusgalli var. zelayensis (H. B. K.) Hitchc. (Fig. 1555.) Differs from E. crusgalli var. mitis in having less succulent culms, mostly simple, more or less appressed racemes, the spikelets less strongly hispid but papillose, usually green. Small plants resem- ble E. colonum, but differ in the more distinctly pointed spikelets, more spreading racemes, and erect more robust culms. © — Moist, often alkaline places, Oklahoma to Oregon, south to Texas and Cali- FlGURE 1557. — Echinochloa crus-pavonis, X 1. 1889, P.R.) (Sintenis 694 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE fornia; Mexico to Argentina, in the tablelands. (Type from Zelaya, Mexico.) ECHINOCHLOA CRUSGALLI Var. FRUMENTACEA. (Roxb.) Wight. JAP- ANESE millet. (Fig. 1556.) Racemes thick, appressed, incurved; spikelets more # turgid, awnless, mostly purple. © (Var. edulis Hitchc.) — Occasionally cultivated as a forage grass and escaped here and there. Exploited at one time under the name billion-dollar grass. 3. Echinochloa crus-pavonis (H.B.K.) Schult. (Fig. 1557.) Culms erect or sometimes decumbent at base, as much as 1 m tall; blades 5 to 15 mm wide; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, nodding, rather soft, pinkish or pale purple; racemes mostly ascending or appressed, the lower some- what distant; spikelets about 3 mm long, hispid on the nerves, hispidulous on the internerves, the awn usually about 1 cm FlGXJEE 1558. — Echinochloa paludigena, X 1. (Fredholm 6390, Fla.) Figube 1559.— Echinochloa waiteri, X 1- (Chase 1426, 111.) long. © (E. crusgalli crus-pavonis Hitchc.) — Marshes and wet places, often in the water, Alabama, southern Texas, and through tropical America at low altitudes. 4. Echinochloa paludigena Wiegand. (Fig. 1558.) Culms mostly solitary, erect, rather stout, usually 1 to 1.5 m tall; blades elongate, 8 to 20 mm wide; panicle narrow, usually 20 to 30 cm long; racemes ascending, usually simple, rather evenly distributed on the axis, not closely crowded, sometimes remote; spikelets about as in E. crusgalli, but on the average less strongly tuberculate; sterile floret staminate. © — Ditches, marshes, and wet places, often in shallow water, south and central Florida. 5. Echinochloa waiteri (Pursh) Heller. (Fig. 1559.) Culms usually stout, erect, 1 to 2 m tall; sheaths papillose-hispid or papillose only, sometimes only the lower sheaths hispid or the hairs on the MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 695 margins only; panicle dense, as much as 30 cm long; spikelets some- what less turgid than in E. crusgalli, the awns usually purple, 1 to 2 cm long or sometimes longer. O — Wet places, often in shallow water, or brackish marshes, Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas; New York to Wisconsin, Iowa, and Kentucky (fig. 1560). Sheaths rarely glabrous (E. longearistata Nash). 134. TRICHOLAENA Schrad. Spikelets on short capillary pedicels; first glume minute, villous; second glume and sterile lemma equal, raised on a stipe above the first glume, emarginate or slightly lobed, short- awned, covered, except toward the apex, with long silky hairs, the palea of the sterile lemma well developed ; fertile lemma shorter than the spikelet, cartilaginous, smooth, boat-shaped, obtuse, the margin thin, not inrolled, enclosing the margins of the palea. Perennial or annual grasses, with rather open panicles of silky FlGTSS°nof spikelets. Type species, Tricholaena micrantha Schrad. Named from Greek thrix (trich-) hair, and chlaina, cloak, alluding to the silky spikelets. 1. Tricholaena rosea Nees. Natal grass. (Fig. 1561.) Annual; culms slender, about 1 m tall; blades flat, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle rosy purple, 10 to 15 cm long, the branches slender, ascending; spike- lets about 5 mm long, the capillary pedicels flexuous or recurved. O — Sandy prairies, open woods, fields, and waste places, Florida and Texas; naturalized from South Africa; drier parts of tropical America at low altitudes. Cultivated as a meadow grass in sandy soil in Florida and more rarely along the Gulf coast. Referred by some to Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) Hubb., a dubious name. CORID0CHLOA Nees Spikelets flattened, ovate, hi 2 or 3's, subsessile along a slender rachis; glumes and sterile lemma papery, the second glume stiffly ciliate ; fruit stipitate, awned. Annual, with several digitate racemes naked at base. Coridochloa cimicina (L.) Nees. Culms 20 to 60 cm tall; sheaths hispid; blades 3 to 8 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide, subcordate; racemes mostly 4 to 8, digitate, sometimes a second whorl below; spikelets about 3 mm long, the awn of the fruit curved, about 1 mm long.— Sparingly introduced in Florida. Southern Asia. 135. SETARIA Beauv. (Chaetochloa Scribn.) Spikelets subtended by one to several bristles (sterile branchlets), falling free from the bristles, awnless; first glume broad, usually less than half the length of the spikelet, 3- to 5-nerved; second glume and sterile lemma equal, or the glume shorter, several-nerved; fertile lemma coriaceous-indurate, smooth or transversely rugose. Annual or perennial grasses, with narrow terminal panicles, these dense and spikelike or somewhat loose and open. Type species, Setaria viridAs. 696 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1561.— Tricholaena rosea. Plant, X H; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Tracy 9365, Fla.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 697 Name from Latin seta, a bristle, alluding to the numerous bristles of the inflorescence. The species are, in general, palatable and nutri- tious. A few species, especially 5. macrostachya, form an appreciable part of the forage on southwestern ranges. Primitive peoples have cultivated . K. Plains bristlegrass. A "1 V : * v, 11 p L IV* -fr L A* 1 y~ri^\ • » \ * (sL — ;-, • • r V — C* mS ~T^C" 7\-t :Z-4—S J I » ; N P^-L- \ t * 1 Y Figure 1567.— Distribution of Setaria verticillata. Figure 1568.— Setaria macrosperma, X 1. (Curtiss 3617, Fla.) (Fig. 1570.) Perennial, densely tufted, usually pale or glaucous, 40 to 120 cm tall; blades flat or folded, scabrous on the upper surface, rarely pubescent on both surfaces, 15 to 40 cm long, 3 to 10 mm wide; panicle spikelike, 10 to 25 cm long, mostly 5 to 10 mm thick, somewhat tapering but not attenuate, more or less interrupted or lobed; bristles 10 to 15 mm long; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long, very turgid; fruit rugose. 01 — Open dry ground and dry woods, Texas to Colorado and Arizona; Mexico (fig. 1571). Variable, especially in the thickness of the panicle, sometimes very slender, occasionally to 15 mm thick. The type, from Mexico, is the robust form with thick panicles. Setaria setosa (Swartz) Beauv. Panicle interrupted, attenuate at apex. Ql — Ballast, Camden, N. J., and Key West, Fla.; adventive from the West Indies. Setaria rariflora Mikan. Similar to S. setosa, the panicle and blades more slender. 01 — Mobile, Ala. ; adventive from South America. 7. Setaria scheelei (Steud.) Hitchc. (Fig. 1572.) Perennial, 60 to 120 cm tall; sheaths compressed-keeled, glabrous or more or less hispid, the collar hispid; blades flat, elongate, as much as 1.5 cm wide, scabrous or more or less pubescent; panicle rather loose, mostly 15 to 20 cm long, tapering from near the base, the lower branches as much as 3 cm long, ascending, the axis scabrous-pubescent and rather MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 701 sparsely villous; bristles 1 spikelets about 2 mm long; fruit rugose. Ql — Open or rocky woods, Texas and Arizona. Dif- fering from S. macrosta- chya in the looser panicle and the longer lower branches. 8. Setaria corrugata (Ell.) Schult. (Fig. 1573.) Annual, erect or genicu- late-spreading ; culms freely branching, as much as 1 m tall; blades flat, scabrous, as much as 30 cm long and 1 cm wide (commonly less than 5 mm); panicle dense, cyl- indric, usually 5 to 10 cm long, the axis densely liispid-scabrous and also villous; bristles much ex- ceeding the spikelets, sometimes as much as 2 cm long, green or purple; spikelets 2 mm long ; fruit coarsely rugose, o — Sandy woods, cultivated to 1.5 cm long, rather numerous, flexuous; Figure 1570. — Setaria macrostachya, X 1. (Hitchcock 13605, Tex.) Figure 1569. — Setaria viltosissima, X 1. (Smith, Tex.) fields, and waste places, along the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana; Cuba (fig. 1574). 9. Setaria liebmanni Fourn. (Fig. 1575.) Annual, branching below, 30 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, rather thin, 10 to 20 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, scabrous; panicle loosely flowered, tapering at each end, often nodding, usually 10 to 25 cm long, from slender to 25 mm wide; bristles 7 to 15 mm long; spikelets about 2 mm long; fruit coarsely and strongly rugose, o — Open sandy or rocky soil, Arizona (Tucson) ; Mex- ico to Nicaragua. 10. Setaria grisebachii Fourn. Grisebach bristlegrass. (Fig. 1576.) Resembling S. liebmanni; blades smaller, panicle branches densely flowered; fruit finely rugose. o — Open ground, often a weed in fields, Texas to Arizona; Mexico, 702 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 11. Setaria magna Griseb. Giant bristlegrass. Annual, robust, erect; culms spar- ingly branching, as much as 4 m tall and 2 cm thick at base; blades flat, scabrous, as much as 50 cm long and 3.5 cm wide; panicles densely flowered, nodding, often interrupted at base, tapering at each end, as much as 50 cm long and 3 cm thick, those of the branches much smaller; bristles 1 to 2 cm long; spikelets about 2 mm long; 1 (Fig. 1577.) Figure 1571.— Distribution of Setaria macrostachya. fruit smooth or nearly so, brown and shining at maturity. o — Marshes and wet places along the coast, New Jersey to Florida and Texas; West Indies (fig. 1578). V Figure 1572. -Setaria scheelei, X 1. (Bush 1244, Tex.) 12. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Green bristlegrass. (Fig.1579.) Annual, branching at base, some- times geniculate-spreading, 20 to 40 cm tall (or even 1 m) ; blades Figure 1574.— Distribution of Setaria corrugata. flat, usually less than 15 cm long and 1 cm wide; panicle erect or somewhat nodding, densely flowered, green or purple, cylin- dric but tapering a little at the summit, usually less than 7 cm long; bristles 1 to 3 below each spikelet, mostly 3 to 4 times their length; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long; fruit very finely rugose, o — A weed in cul- tivated soil and waste places, common throughout the cooler parts of the United States, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida and California, infrequent in the Southern States and in the mountains; introduced from Europe. Figure 1573.— Setaria corrugata, X 1. (Pollard and Collins 253, Fla.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 703 Figure 1575.— Setaria liebmanni, X 1. (Palmer 52, Mex.) Figure 1576.— Setaria grisebachii, X 1. (.Metcalfe 1262, N.Mex.) Figure 1578.— Distribution of Setaria magna. Figure 1577.— Setaria magna, X L (Nash 1279, Fla.) 55974°— 35 45 Figure 1579.— Setaria viridis, X 1. (Thompson 129, Kans.) 704 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 13. Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. Foxtail millet. (Fig. 1580.) Cultivated form of S. viridis, more robust, with broader blades and larger lobed panicles, the fruit smooth or nearly so, shining at matur- ity, falling away from the remainder of the spikelet. In the larger forms the culms may be as much as 1 cm thick and the panicles as much as 30 cm long and 3 cm thick, yellow or purple; bristles from scarcely longer than the spikelets to 3 to 4 times as long ; fruit tawny to red, brown, or black. The smaller forms are known as Hungarian grass, o — Cultivated in the warmer parts of "^MM -*/0X. I ^e United States, especially from Nebraska to Texas; escaped from cultivation in waste places throughout the United States; Eurasia. Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth. Decumbent annual; blades thin, lightly plicate, 1 to 2.5 cm wide; panicles narrow, loose; bristles 5 to 10 mm long. © ■ — Ballast, Apalachicola and Miami, Fla.; adventive from East Indies. Figure 1580.— Setaria italica, X 1; floret, X 5. (Williams 82, D.C.) Figure 1581.— Setaria palmifolia, X 1. (Hitchcock 9727, Jamaica.) Setaria palmifolia (Willd.) Stapf. Palmgrass. (Fig. 1581.) Tall peren- nial; blades plicate, as much as 50 cm long and 6 cm wide; panicle loose, 20 to 40 cm long; bristles inconspicuous. 2/ — Cultivated in the South and in greenhouses for ornament. (Sometimes called Panicum plicatum.) Native of India. Setaria poiretiana (Schult.) Kunth. Differing from S. palmifolia in having a narrow panicle about 30 cm long with numerous ascending branches. % — Occasionally cultivated for ornament. (Sometimes called Panicum sulcatum.) Tropical America. The last three species belong to the section Ptychophyllum, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 705 136. PENNISETUM L. Rich. Spikelets solitary or in groups of two or three, surrounded by an involucre of bristles (sterile branchlets), these not united except at the very base, often plumose, falling attached to the spikelets; first glume shorter than the spikelet, sometimes minute or wanting; second glume shorter than or equaling the sterile lemma; fertile lemma chartaceous, smooth, the margin thin, enclosing the palea. Annuals or perennials, often branched, with usually flat blades and dense spikelike panicles. Type species, Pennisetum typhoideum L. Rich. (P. glaucum). Name from Latin penna, feather, and seta, bristle, alluding to the plumose bristles of some species. The most important species is P. glaucum,, pearl millet, which is widely cultivated in tropical Africa and Asia, the seed being used for human food. It has been cultivated since prehistoric times, its wild prototype being unknown. In the United States pearl millet is used to a limited extent in the Southern States for forage, especially for soiling. Two species, P. villosum and P. ruppelii, are cultivated for ornament. An African species, P. purpureum, elephant or Napier grass, is used in the Southern States as a forage plant. Plants annual ; bristles of involucre about as long as the spikelets. Cultivated. 1. P. GLAUCUM. Plants perennial; bristles much longer than the spikelets. Longer bristles 1 cm long. Bristles unlike, the inner silky, plumose 2. P. setosum. Bristles all scabrous 3. P. nervosum. Longer bristles 3 to 4 cm long, the panicles feathery. Panicle oval, tawny 4. P. villosum. Panicle elongate, purple or rosy 5. P. ruppelii. 1. Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Pearl millet. (Fig. 1582.) Annual; culms robust, as much as 2 m tall, densely villous below the panicle; blades flat, cordate, sometimes as much as 1 m long and 5 cm wide; panicle cylindric, stiff, very dense, as much as 40 to 50 cm long and 2 to 2.5 cm thick, pale, bluish tinged, or sometimes tawny, the stout axis densely villous; fascicles peduncled, spikelets short-pediceled, 2 in a fascicle, 3.5 to 4.5 mm long, obovate, turgid, the grain at maturity protruding from the hairy-margined lemma and palea. (P. typhoideum L. Rich.; Penicillaria spicata Willd.) — Cultivated to a limited extent in the Southern States for forage; Eastern Hemisphere. Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. Napier grass. Robust leafy perennial, 2 to 4 m tall; blades elongate, 2 to 3 cm wide; panicle dense, elongate, stiff, tawny or purplish, with sparsely plumose bristles about 1 cm long. % — Introduced from Africa; used as a forage plant in southern Florida; grown in the West Indies and South America. Also called elephant grass. 2. Pennisetum setosum (Swartz) L. Rich. (Fig. 1583.) Peren- nial ; culms sometimes 30 or more in loose clumps, 1 to 2 m tall, geniculate, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, bearing 1 to several flowering branches from the lower and middle nodes, scabrous below the panicle; blades elongate, 4 to 18 mm wide; panicle 10 to 25 cm long, 8 to 10 mm thick, excluding the bristles, rather dense, yellow to purple; fascicles reliexed at maturity; bristles unequal, the outer delicate, mostly 706 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1582. — Pennisetum glaucum. Panicle, X Yi\ two views of spikelet and grain, X 10. (McCarthy, N.O.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 707 shorter than the spikelet, the inner densely silky-plumose below, as much as 1 cm long; spikelets solitary, 3.2 to 4 mm long. Ql — Open slopes and savannas, southern Florida; tropical America. 3. Pennisetum nervosum (Nees) Trin. (Fig. 1584.) Perennial; culms robust, branching, as much as 3 m tall; blades elongate, 5 to 10 mm wide, scabrous; panicle dense, somewhat flexuous, 10 to 20 cm long; fascicles spreading to reflexed; bristles scabrous, the outer about as long as the spikelet, the inner about 10 mm long; spikelet solitary, 5 to 6 mm long, QJ. — Moist open or brushy places, Brownsville, Figure 1583. — Pennisetum setosum, X XA. (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 611, Trinidad.) ' Figure 1584. — Pennisetum nervosum, X Vi. (Ferris and Duncan 3198, Tex.) Tex., a single locality along the Eio Grande, apparently introduced; Ecuador to Brazil and Argentina. 4. Pennisetum villosum R. Br. Feathertop. (Fig. 1585.) Per- ennial; culms tufted, 30 to 60 cm tall, pubescent below the panicle; blades 3 to 5 mm wide; panicle tawny, ovoid or oblong, 3 to 10 cm long, 1 to 5 cm wide including bristles, dense, feathery ; spikelets 1 to 4 in a fascicle ; fascicles short-peduncled, a tuft of white hairs at base of peduncle; bristles numerous, spreading, the inner very plumose, the longer 4 to 5 cm long. % (P. longistylum of florists, not Hochst.)— Cultivated for ornament, sparingly escaped in dry ground, Michigan, Texas, and California; introduced from Africa. 5. Pennisetum ruppelii Steud. Fountain grass. (Fig. 1586.) Perennial, culms tufted, simple, about 1 m tall; blades narrow, elon- 708 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1586. — Pennisetum rup pelii, X V2. (Hitchcock, D.C.) gate, scabrous; panicle 15 to 35 cm long, nodding, pink or purple; fascicles peduncled, rather loosely arranged, containing 1 to 3 spike- lets; bristles plumose toward base, unequal, the longer 3 to 4 cm long. % —Cultivated for ornament, especially as a border plant or around fountains. Introduced from Africa. Referred by some to P. setaceum (Forsk.) Chiov., a dubious name. Pennisetum macrosta- chyum (Brongn.) Trin. Resembling P. rwp-pelii; blades as much as 2.5 cm wide; panicle denser, brown- ish purple, fascicles smaller; bristles not plumose. Ql — Cultivated sparingly for ornament. East Indies. Pennisetum alopecu- RofDES (L.) Spreng. Peren- nial; culms tufted, slender, 60 to 120 cm tall, pubescent below the panicle; blades Figure 1585.— Pennisetum long, narrow; panicle 5 to inllosum, X V2. (Eastwood 172, 20 cm long, tawny to purple; ai) bristles prominent, often purple, scabrous. 11 (P. japonicum of gardens.) — Occasionally cultivated for ornament. China. Pennisetum latif6lium Spreng. Perennial; culms 100 to 150 cm tall, the nodes appressed-pubescent; blades 2 to 3 cm wide, tapering to a long point; panicles terminal and axillary, nodding, 5 to 8 cm long, the bristles prominent. % — Occasionally cultivated for ornament. South America. 137. CENCHRUS L. Sandbur Spikelets solitary or few together, surrounded and enclosed by a spiny bur composed of numerous coalescing bristles (sterile branch- lets), the bur subglobular, the peduncle short and thick, articulate at base, falling with the spikelets and permanently enclosing them, the seed germinating within the old involucre, the spines usually retrorsely barbed. Annuals or sometimes perennials, commonly low and branching, with flat blades and racemes of burs, the burs readily deciduous. Type species, Cenchrus echinatus. Name from Greek kegchros, a kind of millet. The species are excellent forage grasses before the burs are formed. Several species are weeds and become especially troublesome after the maturity of the burs. Involucral lobes united at the base only. Racemes dense; plants perennial. 1. C. MYOSUROIDES. Involucral lobes united above the base. Involucre with 2 iing of slender bristles at base. Plants annual. Burs, excluding the bristles, not more than 4 mm wide, numerous, crowded in a long raceme; lobes of the involucre interlocking, not spinelike. 2. C. VIRIDIS. Burs, excluding the bristles, 5 to 7 mm wide, not densely crowded; lobes of the involucre erect or nearly so or rarely one or two lobes loosely inter- locking, the tips spinelike 3. C. echinatus. Involucre with flattened spreading spines, no ring of slender bristles at base. Body of bur ovate, usually not more than 3.5 mm wide, tapering at base; plants perennial. Burs glabrous; spines 4 to 6 mm long '_ 4. C. gracillimus. Burs pubescent; spines rarely more than 4 mm long, usually shorter. 5. C. incertus. MANUAL OF THE GEASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 709 Body of bur globose, 5 mm wide or more, not tapering at base; plants annual. Burs, including spines, 7 to 8 mm wide, finely pubescent. 6. C. PAUCIFLORUS. Burs, including spines, 10 to 15 mm wide, densely woolly. 7. C. TRIBULOIDES. 1. Cenchrus rayosuroides H. B. K. (Fig. 1587.) Stout glaucous woody perennial ; culms erect from an often decumbent base, 1 to 1.5 m Figure 1587. — Cenchrus myosuroides. Bur, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 5. (Leon 835, Cuba.) Figure 1588. — Cenchrus viridis. Bur, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 5. (Type.) tall, brandling below; blades 5 to 12 mm wide; raceme 10 to 25 cm long, strict, erect, dense; burs 1-flowered, about 5 mm wide, the bristles united at the base only, the outer shorter, the inner about as long as the spikelet; spikelet 4.5 to 5.5 mm long. % — Moist sandy open ground or scrubland near the coast, Georgia and Florida, southern Louisiana and southern Texas; tropical America. Cenchrus barbatus Schum. Annual; culms 30 to 100 cm tall; raceme 8 to 10 cm long, the burs usually 2-flowered, 4 to 6 mm long, Figure 1589. — Cenchrus echinatus. Bur, two views of spikelet, and floret, 9379, Jamaica.) X 5. (Hitchcock the outer row of bristles short, spreading, the inner flattened, rigid, erect. © (C. catharticus Del.) — Ballast, Mobile, Ala.; native of Nubia. 2. Cenchrus viridis Spreng. (Fig. 1588.) Annual, mostly erect, 30 to 100 cm taU; blades thin, flat, lax, 6 to 12 mm wide; raceme 4 to 10 cm long, dense; burs depressed globose, about 4 mm high, the outer bristles numerous, very slender, the inner somewhat exceeding the body, the lobes interlocking at maturity; spikelets usually 3. o — Open ground, often a weed in waste places, Florida Keys; tropical America at low altitudes; introduced in Malaysia. 710 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 3. Cenchrus echinatus L. (Fig. 1589.) Annual; culms, com- pressed, usually geniculate, branching at base, 25 to 60 cm long; blades 3 to 8 mm wide, pilose on the upper surface near the base; raceme 3 to 10 cm long, the burs larger, fewer, and less crowded than in C. viridis; bur 4 to 7 mm high, as broad or broader, pubescent, the lobes of the involucre erect or bent inward but not interlocking; spike- lets usually 4 in each bur. o — Open ground and waste places, South Carolina to New Mexico; a common weed in tropical America (fig. 1590); sparingly introduced in Hawaii and Malaysia. 4. Cenchrus gracillimus Nash. (Fig. 1591.) Perennial, at length forming dense clumps, gla- brous as a whole; culms slender, wiry, erect or ascending, 20 to 80 cm tall; blades usually folded, 2 to 3 mm wide; raceme 2 to 6 cm long, the burs relatively distant, about 3.5, rarely as much as 5 mm, wide (excluding spines), tapering at base, glabrous; spines spreading or reflexed, flat, 4 to 6 mm long, the lobes about 8 ; spikelets 2 or 3 in each bur. Ql — Sandy open ground and high pineland, Florida, southern Alabama; Cuba, Jamaica. 5. Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis. Coast sandbur (Fig. 1592.) Perennial, glabrous as a whole; culms 25 to 100 cm tall; blades com- monly folded but sometimes flat, 2 to 5 mm wide; raceme 4 to 10 cm Figure 1590.— Distribution of Cenchrus echinatus. Figure 1591.— Cenchrus gracillimus. Bur, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 5. (Type coll.) long, the burs not crowded; burs about 3.5 (3 to 5) mm wide, the body finely and densely pubescent, the base glabrous ; spines few, mostly less than 5 mm long, the lower often reduced or obsolete; spikelets 1 to 3 in each bur. Ql — Open sandy soil, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida and Texas (fig. 1593). 6. Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth. Field sandbur. (Fig. 1594.) Annual, sometimes forming large mats; culms spreading, 20 to 90 cm long, rather stout; blades usually flat, 2 to 7 mm wide; raceme usually 3 to 8 cm long, the burs somewhat crowded; burs (excluding spines) mostly 4 to 6 mm wide, pubescent, often densely so ; spines numerous, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 711 spreading or renexed, flat, broadened at base, the lowermost shorter and relatively slender, some of the upper ones commonly 4 to 5 mm long, usually villous at the base; spikelets usually 2 in each bur. o (Confused with C. tribuloides in early manuals ; C. carolinianus of re- Figure 1592.— Cenchrus inccrtus. Bur, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 5. (Curtiss, N.C.) cent manuals, not of Walt.)— Sandy open ground, often a weed in sandy fields, Maine to Oregon, south to Florida, Texas, and California; Mexican plateau, coastal region of tropical America; southern South America. 7. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Dune sand- bur. (Fig. 1595.) Resembling C. pauci- florus; culms stouter, soon branching and figure i593.-pistribution of radiate-decumbent, rooting at the nodes; sheaths usually much overlapping; burs (excluding spines) 5 to 6 mm wide and 8 to 9 mm high, usually Figure 1594.— Cenchrus pauciflorus. Bur, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 13582, N. Mex.) conspicuously villous. © — In loose sands of the coast, Staten Island to Florida and Louisiana; Atlantic coast of tropical America (fig. 1596). 712 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1596.— Distribution of Cenchrus tribuloides. Figure 1595.- Cenchrus tribuloides. Plant, X H\ two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Kearney, Va.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 713 Figure 1597.— Amphicarpum purshii. Plant, X Hi two views of aerial spikelet and floret, and subterranean spikelet and floret, X 10. (Brinton, N.J.) 714 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 138. AMPHICARPUM Kunth (Amphicarpon Raf.) Spikelets of two kinds on the same plant, one in a terminal panicle, perfect but not fruitful, the other cleistogamous on slender leafless subterranean branches from the base of the culm or sometimes also from the lower nodes; first glume of the aerial spikelets variable in size, sometimes obsolete; second glume and sterile lemma about equal; lemma and palea indurate, the margins of the lemma thin and flat; fruiting spikelets much larger, the first glume wanting; second glume and sterile lemma strongly nerved, subrigid, exceeded at maturity by the turgid, elliptic, acuminate fruit with strongly indur- ate lemma and palea, the mar- gins of the lem- ma thin and flat; stamens with small an- thers on short filaments. An- nual or perennial erect grasses, with flat blades and narrow terminal pani- cles. Type species, Milium amphicar- pon Pursh (Amphicarpum purshii). Name from Greek amphikarpos, doubly fruit-bearing, alluding to the two kinds of spikelets. Blades conspicuously hirsute 1. A. purshii. Blades glabrous or nearly so 2. A. muhlenbergianum, 1. Amphicarpum purshii Kunth. (Fig. 1597.) Annual; culms erect, 30 to 80 cm tall, the leaves crowded toward the base, hirsute; blades erect, 10 to 15 cm long, 5 to 15 mm wide, sharp-pointed; panicle 3 to 20 cm long; spikelets elliptic, 4 to 5 mm long; subterra- nean spikelets 7 to 8 mm long, plump, acuminate, o (Amphicarpon amphicarpon Nash.) — Sandy pinelands, New Jersey to Georgia (fig. 1598). 2. Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum (Schult.) Hitchc. (Fig. 1599.) Perennial; culms usually decumbent at base, 30 to 100 cm tall; leaves evenly distributed; blades firm, white-margined when dry, mostly less than 10 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle long-exserted, few-flowered; spikelets narrowly lanceolate, 6 to 7 mm long; subterranean spikelets 6 to 9 mm long. % (A. jioridanum Chapm.) — Low pinelands, South Carolina and Florida. Figure 1598. — Distribution of Amphicarpum purshii. Figure 1599. — Amphicarpum muhlenbergi- anum, X 1. (Chapman, Fla.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 715 139. OL/YRA L. Plants monoecious; inflorescence paniculate; pistillate spikelets borne on the ends of the branches of loose panicles, the smaller stami- nate spikelets pedicellate below the pistillate ones, sometimes the upper branches all pistillate and the lower ones all staminate; pistillate spikelets rather large; first glume wanting; second glume and sterile lemma herbaceous, often caudate-acuminate; fruit bony-indurate ; staminate spikelets readily deciduous; glumes and sterile lemma want- ing, the lemma and palea membranaceous. Mostly tall perennials with broad flat blades, contracted into a petiole, and open or con- tracted panicles of glabrous spikelets. Type species, Olyra latifolia. Name from olura, an old Greek name for a kind of grain. 1. Olyra latifolia L. (Fig. 1600.) Glabrous perennial, bamboolike in aspect, commonly 5 m tall, with flat, firm, asymmetrically lanceo- late-oblong, abruptly acuminate blades commonly 20 cm long and 5 cm wide, and ovoid panicles 10 to 15 cm long, the branches stiffly ascending or spreading, each bearing a single large long-acuminate pistillate spikelet at the thickened summit and several small slender- pediceled staminate spikelets along the branches. % — Said to occur in the region of Tampa Bay, Florida, but the record is doubtful; tropical America; Africa. TRIBE 13. ANDROPOGONEAE 140. IMPERATA Cyrillo Spikelets all alike, awnless, in pairs, unequally pedicellate on a slender continuous rachis, surrounded by long silky hairs; glumes about equal, membranaceous; sterile lemma, fertile lemma, and palea thin and hyaline. Perennial, slender, erect grasses, from hard scaly rhizomes, with terminal narrow silky panicles. Type species, Imperata cylindrica. Named for Ferrante Imperato. Spikelets 4 mm long, the hairs at base twice as long; panicle oblong, rather lax 1. I. BRASILIENSIS. Spikelets 3 mm long, the hairs 3 times as long; panicle elongate 2. I. hookeri. 1. Imperata brasiliensis Trin. (Fig. 1601.) Culms 50 to 100 cm tall, from scaly rhizomes; leaves crowded below, 3 to 8 mm wide, the lower blades elongate, those of the culm short, the uppermost much reduced; panicle dense, pale or silvery, mostly about 10 cm long; spikelets 4 mm long. % — Pinelands, prairies, and Everglades, southern Florida; tropical America at low altitudes. 2. Imperata hookeri Rupr. Satintail. (Fig. 1602.) Resembling /. brasiliensis; culms 1 to 1.5 m tall; leaves less crowded at base, all but the uppermost elongate; panicle 15 to 30 cm long; spikelets 3 mm long, the hairs 3 times as long. Ql — Desert regions, western Texas to southern California and Nevada; Mexico (fig. 1603). Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, the hairs as long as in /. hookeri. % — Ballast, Portland, Oreg.; wide- spread in the Old World. 716 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1600— Olyra latifolia. Plant, X H; pistillate and staminate spikelets, and fertile floret, X 5 (Chase 6416, P.R.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 717 Figure 1601— Imperata brasiliensis. Plant X Yi, spikelet X 5. (Chapman, Fla.) 718 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 141. MISCANTHUS Anderss. Spikelets all alike, in pairs, unequally pedicellate along a slender continuous rachis; glumes equal, membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous; sterile lemma a little shorter than the glumes, hyaline; fertile lemma hyaline, smaller than the sterile lemma, extending into a delicate bent and flexuous awn; palea small and hyaline. Robust perennials, with long flat blades and terminal panicles of aggregate spreading slender racemes. Type species, Miscanthus japonicus Anderss. Name from Greek mischos, pedicel, and anthos, flower, both spikelets of the pair being pediceled. 1. Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Eulalia. (Fig. 1604.) Culms robust in large bunches, erect, 2 to 3 m tall; leaves numerous, mostly basal, the blades flat, as much as 1 m long, about 1 cm wide, tapering to a slender point, the margin sharply serrate; panicle somewhat fan-shaped, consisting of numerous silky aggre- gate racemes, 10 to 20 cm long; spikelets with a tuft of silky hairs at base surrounding them and about as long as the glumes. 21 — Cultivated for ornament and now growing wild in some localities in the Eastern States (fig. 1605) ; native of eastern Asia. There are three varieties in cultivation besides the usual form described above: M. sinensis var. varie- gatus Beal, with blades striped with white, M. sinensis var. zebrinus Beal, with blades banded or zoned with white, and M. sinensis var. gracillimus Hitchc, with very narrow blades. Miscanthus nepalensis (Trin.) Hack. Pan- icles yellowish brown; spikelets about one- fourth as long as the hairs at their base. % — Occasionally cultivated under the name of Himalaya fairy grass. Nepal, India. 142. SACCHARUM L. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, both perfect, awnless, arranged in panicled racemes, the axis disarticulating below the spikelets; glumes somewhat indu- rate, sterile lemma similar but hyaline; fertile lemma hyaline, sometimes wanting. Robust perennials of tropical regions. Type species, Saccharum qfficinarum. Name from Latin saccharum (saccharon), sugar, because of the sweet juice. 1. Saccharum officinarum L. Sugarcane. (Fig. 1606.) Culms 3 to 5 m tall, 2 to 3 cm thick, solid, juicy, the lower internodes Figure 1603.— Distribution of Imperata hookeri. Figure 1602.— Imperata hookeri Plant, X ii; spikelet, X 5. (Tou- rney 782, Ariz.) MANUAL OP THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 719 '^A^^r Figure 1604.— Miscanthixs sinensis. Plant, much reduced; raceme, X 14', spikelet, X 5. (Cult.') 55974°— 35 46 720 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1606.— Saccharum officinarum. Plant, much reduced; racemes, X H; spikelet with pedicel and rachis joint, X 5. (Pringle, Cuba.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 721 short, swollen; sheaths greatly overlapping, the lower usually falling from the culms; blades elongate, mostly 4 to 6 cm wide, with a very thick midrib; panicle plumelike, 20 to 60 cm long, the slender racemes drooping; spikelets about 3 mm long, obscured in a basal tuft of silky hairs 2 to 3 times as long as the spikelet. % — Cultivated in the Southern States, especially Louisiana, for sugar and byproducts, and for sirup, and also used for forage; commonly cultivated in tropical regions. The sugarcanes cultivated in the United States are derived chiefly from four species and their hybrids. In the Noble canes (S. offici- narum, chromosomes 40), described above, the axis of inflorescence is without long hairs. Chinese canes (S. sinensis Roxb., chromosomes about 58-60), with long hairs on the axis of inflorescence, are culti- vated chiefly for sirup. Saccharum barberi Jeswiet (chromosomes about 45-46) from northern India, differs from the last in having narrower blades and more slender canes. Varieties of this species do not form an entirely homogeneous group and may later be sepa- rated into two or more species. The wild cane of Asia (S. spontaneum L., chromosomes 56), is used as a basis for hybrids with other species. There are numerous hybrids and varieties of the species mentioned. Saccharum ciliare Anderss. Tall cane; blades very scabrous; panicle 70 to 80 cm long, narrow, dense, silvery. 2/ — Sometimes cultivated for ornament. India. 143. ERIANTHUS Michx. Plumegrass Spikelets all alike, in pairs along a slender axis, one sessile, the other pedicellate, the rachis disarticulating below the spikelets, the rachis joint and pedicel falling attached to the sessile spikelet; glumes coria- ceous, equal, usually copiously clothed, at least at the base, with long silky spreading hairs; sterile lemma hyaline; fertile lemma hyaline, the midnerve extending into a slender awn; palea small, hyaline. Perennial reedlike grasses, with elongate flat blades and terminal oblong, usually dense silky panicles. Type species, Erianthus sac- charides. Name from Greek erion, wool, and anthos, flower, alluding to the woolly glumes. Spikelets naked, or nearly so, at base 1. E. stricttts. Spikelets with a conspicuous tuft of hairs at base. Awn flat, spirally coiled at base, the upper portion more or less bent and flexuous or loosely spiral. Basal hairs about as long as the brownish spikelets; panicle not conspicuously hairy, the main axis and branches visible; culms usually glabrous below panicle 2. E. contortus. Basal hairs copious, about twice as long as the yellowish spikelets; panicle conspicuously woolly, the hairs hiding the main axis and branches; culms villous below panicle 3. E. alopecuroides. Awn terete, or flattened at base, not coiled, the upper portion straight or slightly flexuous. Basal hairs rather sparse, shorter than the spikelet 4. E. brevibarbis. Basal hairs copious, longer than the spikelet 5. E. giganteus. 1. Erianthus strictus Baldw. Narrow plumegrass. (Fig. 1607.) Culms 1 to 2 m tall, relatively slender, glabrous; nodes hirsute with stiff erect deciduous hairs ; foliage glabrous, the lower sheaths narrow, crowded, the blades mostly 8 to 12 mm wide; panicle 20 to 40 cm long, strict, the branches closely appressed; spikelets brown, about 8 mm 722 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE long, Figure 1608.— Distribution of Erianthus strictus. scabrous, nearly naked to sparsely short-hairy at base; awn straight, about 15 mm long; rachis joint and pedicel scabrous. Ql — Marshes and wet places, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida and Texas, north to Tennessee and southern Missouri (fig. 1608). 2. Erianthus con- tortus Ell. Bent-awn PLUMEGRASS. (Fig. 1609.) Culms 1 to 2 m tall, glabrous or sometimes sparsely ap- pressed-pilose below the panicle ; nodes gla- brous or pubescent with erect deciduous hairs ; sheaths sparsely pilose at summit or glabrous; blades 1 to 1.5 cm wide, scabrous; panicle 15 to 30 cm long, narrow, the branches ascending but not closely ap- pressed; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long, brownish, basal hairs about as long as the spikelet, awn about 2 cm long, spirally coiled at base; rachis joints and pedicels villous. Figure 1600.— Erianthus contortus. X lA. (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 234, S.C.) Figure 1607.— Eri- anthus strictus, XH- (Curtiss 6936, Fla.) Figure 1610.— Distribution of Erianthus contortus. % —Moist sandy pinelands or open ground, Coastal Plain, Maryland to Florida and Texas, north to Tennessee and Oklahoma (fig. 1610). 3. Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. Silver plumegrass. (Fig. 1611.) Culms robust, 1.5 to 3 m tall, appressed-villous below the panicle, and usually on the nodes ; sheaths pilose at the summit ; blades 1.2 to 2 cm wide, scabrous, pilose on upper surface toward the base; panicle 20 to 30 cm long, silvery to tawny or purplish; spikelets 5 to 6 mm long, pale, sparsely villous, shorter than the copious basal hairs ; awn 1 to 1.5 cm long, flat, loosely twisted ; rachis joint and pedicel long- villous. % (E. divaricatus Hitchc.) — Damp woods, open ground, and borders Figure 1611. — Erianthus alop e curoidks, XH. (Chase 4213, Fla.) Figure 1612. — Distribution of Erianthus alopecuroides. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 723 of fields, southern New Jersey to southern Indiana, southern Missouri, and Oklahoma, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 1612). Erianthus alopecuroides var. HiRstJTus Nash. Sheaths and lower surface of the blades appressed-hirsute. Ql — Florida. 4. Erianthus brevibarbis Michx. Brown plumegrass. (Fig. 1613.) Culms 1 to 2 m tall, glabrous, even on the nodes; sheaths appressed-pilose toward the summit; blades 1 to 1.5 cm wide, pilose on upper surface toward the base; panicle 20 to 40 cm long, brown or purplish, not conspicuously woolly; spikelets 6 to 7 mm long, brown, scabrous, the basal hairs shorter than the spikelet; awn about 2 cm long, terete, scabrous, straight or slightly flexuous; rachis joint and pedicel with a few short hairs. 01 — Moist places, Coastal Plain, Delaware to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1614). 5. Erianthus giganteus (Walt.) Muhl. Sugar- cane plumegrass. (Fig. 1615.) Culms 1 to 3 m tall, appressed-villous below the panicle, the nodes appressed-hispid, the hairs deciduous; sheaths and blades from nearly glabrous to shaggy appressed- W 2 to 4.°m lon£> 5 to 15 mm wide, ciliate toward base ; panicle mostly 3 to 4 cm long, flabellate, contracting toward maturity; rachis joints slender, glabrous; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, nerved, aculeate-scabrous, the awn short or wanting, an occasional pedicellate spikelet developed at the base of the raceme, similar to the sessile spikelets. o — Pastures, lawns, and open ground in a few localities, | Pennsylvania to Florida; Missouri, Arkansas; (| Portland, Oreg.; introduced from the Orient (fig. 1619). 145. ANDROPOGON L. Beardgrass Spikelets in pairs at each node of an articulate rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicel- late and either staminate, neuter, or reduced to the pedicel, the rachis and the pedicels of the sterile spikelets often villous, sometimes conspicuously so; glumes of the fertile spikelet coriaceous, nar- row, awnless, the first rounded, flat, or concave on the back, several-nerved, the median nerve weak or wanting; sterile lemma shorter than the glumes, empty, hyaline; fertile lemma hyaline, narrow, entire or bifid, usually bearing a bent and twisted awn from the apex or from between the lobes; palea hyaline, small or wanting; pedicellate spikelet awnless, sometimes staminate and about as large as the sessile spikelet, sometimes consisting of one or more reduced glumes, sometimes wanting, only the pedicel present. Rather coarse grasses (perennial in the United States), with solid culms, the spikelets arranged in racemes, these numerous, aggregate on an exserted D1 '~T"~ x% Figure 1619. — Distribution of Arthraxon hispidus var. cryptatherus. Figure 1618.— Arthraxon his- pidus var. cryptatherus, X 1. (Cult.) 726 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE peduncle, or single, in pairs, or sometimes in threes or fours, the com- mon peduncle usually enclosed by a spathelike sheath, these sheaths often numerous, the whole forming a compound inflorescence, usually narrow, but sometimes in dense subcorymbose masses. Standard species, Andropogon distachyus L. Name from Greek aner (andr-), man, and pogon, beard, alluding to the villous sterile pedicels. Several of the species, especially in the Southwest, are regarded as good forage grasses but may soon become woody toward maturity and thus decrease in value. Andropogon furcatus, bluejoint turkey- foot, is the most important constituent of the wild hay of the prairie States. The amount is decreasing rapidly because the rich land upon which it grows is being converted into cultivated fields. Prairie beard- grass (A. scoparius) is also a common constituent of wild hay. Racemes solitary on each peduncle. Apex of rachis joints obliquely cup-shaped. Section 1. Schizachyritjm. Racemes 2 to numerous on each peduncle. Racemes 2 to several on each peduncle, digitate; joints of rachis slender, some- times with a shallow groove on one side Section 2. Arthrolophis. Racemes several to numerous (rarely few) in a leafless panicle usually on a relatively long axis, the joints of the rachis flat, the margins thick and ciliate, the center very thin Section 3. Amphilophis. Section 1. Schizachyrium Blades slender, terete, the upper surface a mere groove 1. A. gracilis. Blades flat or folded, not terete. First glume of sessile spikelet pubescent 3. A. hirtiflorus. First glume of sessile spikelet glabrous. Internodes of rachis relatively thick, glabrous or ciliate at base and near apex only; racemes straight. Sessile spikelet 4 mm long; blades about 1 mm wide 2. A. tener. Sessile spikelet 6 to 9 mm long; blades mostly 2 to 3 mm wide. Sterile pedicel ciliate from below the middle to the apex; sterile spikelet about 3 mm long, the awn somewhat exserted__ 4. A. semiberbis. Sterile pedicel ciliate only at the apex; sterile spikelet about 5 mm long, the awn wanting or included 5. A. cirratus. Internodes of rachis and sterile pedicels slender, villous throughout or nearly so; racemes flexuous. Culms tufted; rhizomes wanting (base sometimes slightly rhizomatous in A. littoralis). Lower sheaths not broad nor conspicuously keeled; hairs on rachis and pedicels 2 to 3 mm long 6. A. scoparius. Lower sheaths relatively broad, crowded and strongly keeled. Sheaths and blades glabrous; pedicellate spikelet reduced. 7. A. LITTORALIS. Sheaths and blades villous; pedicellate spikelet prominent. 10. A. divergens. Culms solitary or few together; creeping rhizomes developed. Sessile spikelets 5 to 7 mm long; sterile spikelets much reduced. 8. A. STOLONIFER. Sessile spikelets 8 to 10 mm long; sterile spikelets mostly not much reduced 9. A. maritimus. Section 2. Arthrolophis la. Pedicellate spikelet staminate, similar to the sessile spikelet. Rhizomes short or wanting; rachis joint and sterile pedicel ciliate, the joints short-hispid at base; awn of sessile spikelet 1 to 2 cm long. 11. A. furcatus. Rhizomes well developed; rachis joint and sterile pedicel densely long-villous; awn of sessile spikelet rarely more than 5 mm long, often obsolete. 12. A. hallii. lb. Pedicellate spikelet reduced to 1 or 2 glumes, or obsolete, the pedicel only developed; racemes silky-villous. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 727 2a. Inflorescence very decompound, the profuse pairs of racemes aggregate in an elongate or corymbose mass; spathes rarely more than 2 mm wide; pedicellate spikelet obsolete (see also A. virginicus var. hirsutior.) _, T _ 24. A. GLOMERATUS. Zb. Inflorescence not conspicuously decompound nor dense (rather dense in A. virginicus var. hirsutior). 3a. Peduncle not more than 1 cm long, the dilated spathes exceeding the 2 (occasionally 3 or 4) racemes. Upper sheaths inflated spathelike, aggregate, the late inflorescence a flabellate tuft 25. A. elliottii. Upper sheaths not inflated and aggregate. Blades of the innovations subfiliform; ligule acute, protruding from the folded blade; foliage usually glabrous 20. A. perangustatus. Blades 2 to 5 mm wide; ligule minute, concealed within the folded blade; foliage from obscurely to conspicuously pubescent. Hairs of the racemes copious 19. A. longiberbis. Hairs of the racemes comparatively sparse. Rachis joints shorter than the spikelets 22. A. capillipes. Rachis joints as long as the spikelets 23. A. virginicus! 3b. Peduncles 2 cm long or more. 4a. Peduncles not more than 5 cm long, enclosed in the spathe or only slightly exserted (see also A. perangustatus). Racemes usually not more than 15 mm long; ultimate branchlets capil- lary, spreading or recurved, long-villous at summit. _, „ , „ 21. A. BRACHYSTACHYS. Racemes 2 to 5 cm long. Racemes 4 to 6 to a peduncle, tawny; sheaths villous. _ 13. A. mohrii. Racemes 2 to a peduncle, silvery or creamy white; sheaths glabrous or nearly so. Pairs of racemes numerous; spathes inconspicuous, at least some of the peduncles as much as 5 cm long 17. A. floridanus. Pairs of racemes not more than 10 to a culm; spathes dilated; peduncles 1 to 3 cm long 18. A. tracyi. 4b. Peduncles or most of them 5 to 15 cm long, long-exserted (short- exserted peduncles intermixed with long in A. elliottii and A. subtenuis). Rachis joints longer than the spikelets; racemes 5 to 10 cm long, con- spicuously slender and flexuous 27. A. campyloracheus. Rachis joints not longer than the spikelets; racemes not more than 7 cm long, usually not more than 5 cm. Upper sheaths inflated, overlapping, conspicuous. 25. A. elliottii. Upper sheaths not inflated, overlapping, nor conspicuous. Spikelets 4 mm long; racemes very flexuous, the rachis joints nearly as long as the spikelets 26. A. subtenuis. Spikelets 5 to 7 mm long; racemes slightly or not at all flexuous, the* rachis joints distinctly shorter than the spikelets. Sessile spikelets about 5 mm long, about 0.5 mm wide, the glume deeply grooved; hairs of racemes not obscuring the spikelets. c ., .- - . 16. A. ARCTATUS. bessue spikelets somewhat more than 5 mm long, 1 to 1.5 mm wide, the glume concave but not grooved; hairs of racemes conspicuous to copious. Racemes copiously long-villous, the hairs about twice as long as the spikelet and obscuring it; first glume of sessile spikelet nerveless and glabrous between the keels. 15. A. TERNARIUS. Racemes not copiously villous, the hairs about as long as the spikelet, not obscuring it; first glume of sessile spikelet scabrous and often 2-nerved between the keels. 14. A. CABANISII. Section 3. Amphilophis Racemes 3 to 7, not conspicuously woolly; pedicellate spikelet about as large as the sessile one. Sessile spikelet often pitted 28. A. wrightii Racemes few to many, conspicuously woolly; pedicellate spikelet reduced. Panicle subflabellate, often short-exserted or included at base in a dilated sheath- racemes few to many on a relatively short axis; spikelets 5 to 6 mm long.' 30. A. BARBINODIS. 728 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Panicle oblong, usually long-exserted; racemes numerous on a long axis; spike- lets 3.5 to 6 mm long. First glume of sessile spikelet pitted 29. A. perforates. First glume of sessile spikelet not pitted. Spikelets awned 31. A. saccharoides. Spikelets awnless 32. A. exaristatus. Section 1. Schizachyrium (Nees) Trin. Branching perennials; racemes solitary on each peduncle; rachis joints tapering to base, the apex obliquely cup-shaped; sessile spikelets awned, the awns twisted, geniculate. 1. Andropogon gracilis Spreng. (Fig. 1620.) Culms slender , wiry, densely tufted, erect, glabrous, 20 to 60 cm tall; blades terete, filiform; peduncles few to several, filiform, long-exserted, with a tuft of long white hairs at summit; raceme 2 to 4 cm long, silvery white ; rachis slender, flexuous, copiously long- villous; sessile spikelet about 5 mm long, the awn 1 to 2 cm long ; pedicellate spikelet reduced to an awned or awnless glume, the pedi- cel very villous. % — Rocky pine woods, southern Florida; West Indies. 2. Andropogon tener (Nees) Kunth. (Fig. 1621.) Culms slender, tufted, sometimes re- clining or decumbent, 60 to 100 cm long, the upper half rather sparingly branching; blades scarcely 1 mm wide, flat or loosely involute, often sparingly long-pilose on upper surface near base ; raceme finally long-exserted, slender, subterete, glabrous, 2 to 6 cm long; sessile spikelet about 4 nim long, the awn 7 to 10 mm long. % — Dry pine woods and prairies, Coastal Plain, Georgia to Florida and Texas; tropical America (fig. 1622). 3. Andropogon hirtifiorus (Nees) Kunth. (Fig. 1623.) Culms tufted, 60 to 120 cm tall, erect, reddish, the upper half sparingly branching; foliage often glaucous, the blades 2 to 4 mm wide; raceme 6 to 10 cm long, the base often included in the somewhat dilated sheath, the rachis joints, pedicels, and first glume of sessile spikelet pubescent, the rachis straight; sessile spikelet about 6 mm long, the awn 10 to 15 mm long; pedicellate spikelets much reduced, short-awned. % (A. oligo- stachyum Chapm.) — Pine woods, southern Georgia and Florida; tropical America (fig. 1624). Andropogon hirtiflorus var. feensis (Fourn.) Hack. Blades scabrous; sessile spikelet as much as 9 mm long, the first glume minutely papillose, the Figure 1620.— Andropogon gra cilis, X Fla.) 1. (Hitchcock 682, Figure 1021. — • Andropogon tener, X 1. (Rolfs 986, Fla.) Figure 1622. — Distribution of Andropogon tener. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 729 Figure 1624— Distribution of Andropogon Mrtiflorus. Figure 1623.— Andropogon cmmU hirtiflorus, X 1. 4193, pubescence less copious. % — Canyons and rocky slopes, western Texas to Arizona; Mexico. 4. Andropogon semiberbis (Nees) Kunth. (Fig. 1625.) Culms usually in rather small tufts, 60 to 120 cm tall, erect, pinkish, compressed, the upper third to half freely branch- ing; blades 2 to 4 mm wide, glabrous; raceme 5 to 8 cm long, the base often included in the sheath, the rachis straight, the joints short hispid at base with erect hairs; sessile spikelet about 6 mm long, the awn 10 to 15 mm long; pedicellate spikelet much reduced, short-awned, the pedicel more or less ciliate on one margin. % — Pine woods, Flor- ida; tropical America. 5. Andropogon cirratus Hack. Texas beardgrass. (Fig. 1626.) Plants pale, glaucous to purplish; culms slender, tufted, 30 to 70 cm tall, erect, the upper half sparingly branching; blades flat, 1 to 4 mm wide, usually scabrous; raceme exserted, 3 to 6 cm long, the rachis straight; sessile spikelet 8 to 9 mm long, the awn 5 to 10 mm long; pedicellate spikelet scarcely reduced, awnless, the pedicel stiffly ciliate on one side near the % — Canyons and rocky slopes, western (Chase Texas to Arizona and southern California (Jamacha); northern Mexico. 6. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Prairie beardgrass. (Fig. 1627.) Plants green or glau- cous, often purplish; culms tufted, from slender to robust, com- pressed, 50 to 150 cm tall, erect, the upper half freely branching; sheaths and blades commonly glabrous or nearly so, frequently sparsely pilose at their junction, rarely pubescent to villous throughout, the blades 3 to 6 mm wide, flat ; raceme 3 to 6 cm long, mostly curved, the filiform pe- duncles mostly wholly or partly included in the sheaths, com- monly spreading, the rachis slender, flexuous, pilose, some- times copiously so ; sessile spikelet 6 to 8 mm long, scabrous, the awn 8 to 15 mm long; pedicellate spikelet reduced, short-awned, spreading, the pedicel pilose. 21 — Prairies, open woods, dry hills, and fields, Quebec and Maine to Alberta and Idaho, south to Florida and Arizona (fig. 1628). Also called little bluestem. A form with villous foliage has been segregated as A. scoparius var. / Figure 1625.— An- dropogon semi- berbis, XI. (C, H.Baker 327, Fla.) Figure 1626.— Andropogon cirratus, XI. (Greene406. N. Mex.) 730 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE Figure 1627.— Andropogon scoparius. Plant, X lA; pair of spikelets, X 5. (Amer. Or. Nat. Herb. 268, D.C.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 731 Figure 1628.— Distribution of Andropogon scoparius. villosissimus Kearney (Schizachyrium villosissimum Nash). Schiza- chyrium acuminatum Nash was described from a specimen, otherwise typical, having spikelets 10 mm long. Andropogon scoparius var. neomexicanus (Nash) Hitchc, (Fig. 1629.) Rachis and pedicels copiously villous, the rachis mostly nearly straight. In the South- west the species verges into this variety. % (Schizachyrium neo- mexicanum Nash.) — Sandy soil and rocky hills, Texas to Arizona. 7. Andropogon lit- t oralis Nash. (Fig. 1630.) Resembling A. scoparius, but culms more compressed, with broad keeled overlap- ping lower sheaths, often bluish-glaucous, the flat tufts crowded on a short rhizome, decumbent or bent at base; blades 4 to 6 mm wide; rachis joints and pedicels copiously long-villous. % — Sandy seashores, Staten Island, N.Y., New Jersey, and Dela- ware; Ohio (Sandusky); Indiana (sand dunes of Lake Michigan); Texas (Padre Island). Typical specimens are strikingly different from A. scopa- rius, but Texas plants with copiously villous racemes are less distinct in habit. 8. Andropogon stoloni- fer (Nash) Hitchc. (Fig. 1631.) Resembling A. scoparius, but the culms solitary or few in a tuft and with creeping scaly rhizomes; foliage usually glabrous, rarely villous ; first glume of both sessile and pedicellate spikelets sometimes bifid at apex; sessile spikelet 5 to 7 mm long. Ql {Schizachyrium triaristatum Nash.) — Sandy woods, southern Georgia and Florida. 9. Andropogon maritimus Chapm. (Fig. 1632.) Culms solitary, compressed, ascending from a decumbent, short-noded base, 50 to 60 cm long, branching toward the ends, and with long creeping rhizomes; sheaths overlapping on the short internodes, strongly keeled, com- monly reddish; blades 3 to 5 mm wide, often folded and reflexed, the midnerve deeply impressed; raceme 4 to 6 cm long, the base included in the dilated sheath, the rachis very flexuous, the joints and pedicels copiously long-ciliate except at base; sessile spikelet 8 to Figure 1629.— Andropogon scoparius var. neomexi- canus, X 1. (Wooton, N. Mex.) Figure 1630.— Andropogon littora- tis, X 1. (Burk, N.J.) 732 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 10 mm long, the awn 8 to 12 mm long; pedicellate spikelet scarcely reduced, short-awned. 21 • — Sandy islands along the Gulf coast, western Florida, Mississippi (Horn Island), and Louisiana (Last Island). 10. Andropogon divergens (Hack.) Anderss. (Fig. 1G33.) Culms rather robust, 80 to 120 cm tall, sparingly branching toward the sum- mit; sheaths grayish villous, the lower crowded, compressed-keeled; blades rather firm, 3 to 6 mm wide, villous, elongate, flat or folded; raceme mostly 3 to 4 cm long, mostly 6- to 8-jointed, rather stout, usually partly included, the rachis slightly to strongly flexuous, rather stout, the joints and pedicels long-ciliate on the upper half and with a short tuft of hairs at base; sessile spikelet 6 to 8 mm long, minutely roughened, the awn 5 to 10 mm long; pedicellate spikelet about as long as the sessile one, the first glume \ awn-tipped. 91 — ^ ^ \ Pinelands, Texas. Section 2. Arthr6lophis Trin. Figure 1631. — Andropogon stoloni 'er, X 1. (Fredholm (5122, Fla.) Branching perennials ; ra- cemes 2 to few on each peduncle; rachis joints slender, mostly pubes- cent; sessile spikelet awned. 11. Andropogon furca- tus Muhl. Bluejoint TURKEYFOOT. (Fig. 1634.) Plants often glaucous; culms robust, often in large tufts, sometimes with short rhizomes, 1 to 2 m tall, usually spar- ingly branching toward the summit; lower sheaths and blades some- times villous, occasionally densely so, the blades flat, elongate, mostly 5 to 10 mm wide, the margins very scabrous; racemes on the long-exserted terminal peduncle mostly 3 to 6, fewer on the branches, 5 to 10 cm long, usually purplish, sometimes yellowish; rachis straight, the joints and pedicels stiffly ciliate on one or both margins, the joints hispid at base; sessile spikelet 7 to 10 mm long, the first glume slightly sul- cate, usually scabrous, the awn geniculate and tightly twisted below, 1 to 2 cm long; pedicellate spikelet not reduced, awnless, staminate. Figure 1632.— Andropogon mariti- mus, X 1. (Chapman, Fla.) Figure 1633.— Andropogon divergens, X 1. (Tharp 3094, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 733 Figure 1634.— Andropogonfurcatus. Plant, X Yi, pair of spikelets, X 5 (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 255, D.C.) 734 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1635.— Distribution of Andropogon furcatus. % (A. provincialis Lam.? not Retz.) — Dry soil, prairies, and open woods, Quebec and Maine to Saskatchewan and Montana, south to Florida, Wyoming, Utah, and Arizona ; Mexico (fig. 1635). An impor- tant forage grass in the prairie States of the Mississippi Valley. 12. Andropogon haliii Hack. Turkeyfoot. (Fig. 1636.) Re- sembling A. furcatus, but with creeping rhizomes; racemes conspic- uously villous, the hairs fJj> grayish to pale golden ; awn of sessile spikelet rarely more than 5 mm long, often obsolete. % Sandhills and sandy soil, North Dakota and eastern Montana to Texas, Wyo- ming, Utah, and Ari- zona; Iowa (fig. 1637). Intergrades with A. furcatus. A form with yellow-villous racemes and awns 5 to 10 mm long has been segre- gated as A. chrysoco- mus Nash. 13. Andropogon mohrii Hack. (Fig. 1638.) Culms stout, compressed, tufted, erect, 80 to 130 cm tall, the upper half sparingly to rather freely branching; leaves villous, the lower sheaths strongly keeled and glabrous at base, the blades elongate, 3 to 5 mm wide; inflo- rescence narrow, the branches approximate, theultimate branch- lets short, densely bearded at summit, the purplish spathes 4 to 6 cm long; racemes mostly 4, tawny, 2 to 4 cm long, on peduncles mostly about 2 cm long, or the terminal ones sometimes long-exserted; rachis scarcely flexuous, the joints shorter than the spikelets, copiously long- villous; sessile spikelet 4 to 5 mm long, the awn loosely twisted below, 1.5 to 2 cm long; pedicel long- villous, the spikelet reduced to a minute glume. Q[ — Wet pine woods and sandy seacoast, North Carolina to Georgia and Louisiana (fig. 1639). 14. Andropogon cabanisii Hack. (Fig. 1640.) Culms in small tufts, erect, 80 to 150 cm tall, the upper half bearing long slender branches; sheaths villous to nearly glabrous; blades 2 to 3 mm wide; inflorescence loose; racemes 2, pale grayish-tawny, with about 15 joints, 4 to 7 cm long on slender long-exserted peduncles, the spathes Figure 1636.— Andropogon hallii, X 1. (Hitchcock 584, Kans.) Figure 1C3S.— A ndropogon mohrii, X (Mohr, Ala.) Figure 1637.— Distribution of Andropogon hallii. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 735 narrow, inconspicuous, or a few occasionally dilated; rachis not flex- uous or but slightly so, the joints shorter than the spikelets, long- villous; sessile spikelets 6 to 7 mm long, the first glume firm, sca- brous and often 2-nerved between the keels, the awn twisted below, about 1.5 cm long; pedicel long- villous, the spikelet reduced to a slender glume or obsolete. % —Dry pine woods, peninsular Florida. 15. Andropogon ternarius Michx. (Fig. 1641.) Culms tufted, erect, 80 to 120cm tall, the upper half to two-thirds branching, the branches usually long, slender and erect; leaves often purplish-glaucous, glabrous, or the lower loosely villous, the blades 2 to 4 mm wide; inflorescence elongate, loose, of few to many pairs of silvery to creamy or grayish feathery racemes, usually on long-exserted peduncles from slender inconspicuous spathes, some of the lateral peduncles often short, from dilated spathes, rarely most of them so; racemes 3 to 6 cm long, with mostly less than 12 joints, the rachis not flexuous, the joints shorter than the spikelets, copiously long-villous ; sessile spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, glabrous and nerveless between the keels, Figure 1639.— Distribution of Andropogon mohrii. Figure 1640. — Andropogon cabanisii, X 1. (Fredholm 6416, Fla.) Mm ?~ FlGUBE 1641. — Andropogon ternarius, X 1. (Chase 4557, N.C.) the awn twisted below, 1.5 to 2 cm long; stamens 3; pedicel long- villous, the spikelet obsolete or nearly so. % — Dry sandy soil, open woods, mostly Coastal Plain, Delaware to Tennessee, Missouri, and Oklahoma, south to Florida and Texas. (Fig. 1642). Variable in the density and length of pubescence on the rachis and pedicels, the less hairy specimens verging toward A. arctatus. 65974°— 35 47 736 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 16. Andropogon arctatus Chapm. (Fig. 1643.) Resembling A. ternarius; culms 1 to 1.5 m tall; the blades often wider and firmer; branches of the inflorescence rather more slender; racemes 3 to 5 cm long, tawny, sessile spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, brown, the awn 1 to 5 cm long ; first glume concave, the pale or tawny hairs of rachis and pedicels shorter and less copious than in A. ternarius; sessile spikelet 5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, the glume grooved; stamen 1. % — Low pine woods, Florida. 17. Andropogon floridanus Scribn. (Fig. 1644.) Culms often stout, 1 to 1.8 m tall; the upper one-third to half bearing long slender branches; blades elongate, 2 to 6 mm wide; in- florescence loosely subcorymbose, of usually numerous pairs of silvery white to creamy racemes on subcapillary peduncles mostly 2 to 8 cm long, included in very slender spathes or exserted, the ultimate branchlets filiform, often long-ciliate toward the summit; racemes 3 to 4 cm long, the slender rachis not flexuous, the joints a little shorter than the spikelets, rather copiously long- villous; sessile spikelets 4 to 4.5 mm long, the delicate awn straight, Figure 1642.— Distribution of Andropogon ternarius. Figure 1643.— Andropogon arctatus, X 1. (Chapman, Fla.) Figure 1644.— A ndropogonflor idanus,X 1. (Type coll.) 6 to 10 mm long; pedicel long-villous, the spikelet obsolete. % — Low pine woods, Florida. An occasional peduncle bears 3 racemes. 18. Andropogon tracyi Nash. (Fig. 1645.) Culms in small tufts, slender, erect, the upper third sparingly branching; sheaths keeled, narrow, glabrous or nearly so; blades 2 to 3 mm wide, sometimes ciliate toward base; inflorescence of 8 to 10 relatively distant racemes, the slender ultimate branches often recurved, the dilated spathes 4 to 6 cm long, attenuate below, the enclosed peduncle 1 to 3 cm long; MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 737 ultimate branchlets long-bearded toward the summit; racemes 2 or 3, feathery, 2 to 4 cm long, the very slender flexuous rachis and the pedi- cel copiously long- villous; sessile spikelet about 4 mm long, the awn loosely twisted below, 1 to 2 cm long; pedicellate spikelet obsolete. % —Pine woods, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana (fig. 1646 k Resembling A. I on gi- ber bis, mostly more slender and with nearly glabrous foliage. 19. Andropogon longi- berbis Hack. (Fig. 1647.) Resembling A. virginicus; sheaths, especially of the innova- tions, appressed grayish- villous; inflorescence on the average less com- pound, the racemes more copiously long- Figuee 1646. — Distribution of Andropogon tracyi. villous, the spikelets 4 to 4.5 mm long. %m — Pine woods, Florida. Intergrades with A. vir- ginicus. 20. Andropogon per- angustatus Nash. (Fig. 1648.) Culms in small tufts, slender, wiry, erect, the upper third to half sparingly branch- ing; lower sheaths keeled, very narrow, occasionally sparsely villous; ligule about 1.5 mm long, firm; blades mostly folded, sub- filiform, flexuous, glabrous or rarely pilose; inflorescence slender, of few to several racemes, resembling that of slender specimens of A. virginicus, the peduncles usually short but the spathes sometimes attenuate to base, the peduncle 1 to 2 cm long; racemes as in A. vir- ginicus. Ql — Bogs and moist pine woods, Florida and Mississippi. 21. Andropogon brachystachys Chapm. (Fig. 1649.) Culms tufted, erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall, the upper half loosely branching; sheaths Figtjbe 1645.— Andropogon tracyi, X 1. (Type.) 738 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE crowded at base, broad, strongly keeled ; blades mostly folded, 4 to 6 mm wide; inflorescence decompound, loose, the ultimate capillary branchlets commonly recurved, long- villous toward the summit; spathes slender, the long peduncles often exserted from the^ summit; racemes 2, flexuous, mostly 1 to 1.5 cm long, the rachis joint and pedicel long- villous ; sessile spikelet about 4 mm long, the awn scarcely 1 cm long. % — Moist pine woods, Florida. The racemes are frequently affected by a smut, making them shorter and denser, reducing the size of the spikelet and the awn. The inflorescence resembles that of A. capiUipes, but the racemes mostly more numer- ous; the ultimate branchlets are long- villous toward the summit, and the spikelets larger. 22. Andropogon capiUipes Nash. (Fig. 1650.) Plants conspic- uously glaucous; culms tufted, slender, erect, 60 to 100 cm tall, the Figure 1G47.— Andropogon longiberbis, X 1. (Garber, Fla.) Figure 1648.— An drop ogon perangustatus, X 1. (Fred- holm 6072, Fla.) upper third to half with few to several slender branches; sheaths crowded at base, keeled, chalky-glaucous; blades mostly folded, 2 to 4 mm wide; inflorescence narrow but loose, the branches often flexuous to zigzag, the ultimate capillary branchlets finally spreading or re- curved, glabrous, the dilated purplish-brown spathes 2 to 3.5 cm long, glabrous; racemes 2, less flexuous than in A. virginicus, 1 to 2.5 cm long; rachis joint about half as long as the sessile spikelet, the pedicel about equaling the spikelet, both copiously long-villous ; sessile spikelet 3 mm long, the delicate straight awn about 1 cm long. 91 — Sandy pine and oak woods, southern North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida. 23. Andropogon virginicus L. Broomsedge. (Fig. 1651.) Culms erect, 50 to 100 cm tall, usually in rather small tufts, the upper two- thirds mostly freely branching; lower sheaths compressed, keeled, equitant; sheaths glabrous or more or less pilose along the margins, occasionally conspicuously so; ligule strongly ciliate; blades flat or folded, 2 to 5 mm wide, pilose on the upper surface toward base; MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 739 inflorescence elongate, narrow, the 2 to 4 racemes 2 to 3 cm long, partly included and shorter than the inflated tawny to bronze spathes; rachis very slender, flexuous, long- villous ; sessile spikelet about 3 mm long, the delicate straight awn 1 to 2 cm long; pedicel long- villous, its spikelet obsolete or nearly so. % — Open ground, old fields, open woods, sterile hills, and sandy soil, Massachusetts, New York, Indiana, and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas; Mexico, Central America, West Indies (fig. 1652). Andropogon virginicus var. hirsutior (Hack.) Hitchc, Flowering branches more numerous than in the species, the inflorescence often rather dense, resembling that of A. glomeratus, but the spathes mostly larger and the peduncles usually shorter. % — Moist meadows and old fields, Florida to Figure 1649. — Andropogon brachystachys, XI. (Curtiss 3632, Fla.) Figure 16.50. — Andropogon capillipes, X 1. (Curtiss 3638b, Fla.) Texas and Mexico . Intergrades with A. virginicus and appears to be in- termediate between that and A. glomeratus. Andropogon virginicus var. glaucopsis (Ell.) Hitchc. Resembling the species, but foliage, especially the lower sheaths, very glaucous; inflorescence sometimes as dense as in var. hirsutior, the spathes dull purple. % (A. glaucop- sis Nash). — Moist sandy soil and low pine barrens, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. 24. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. Bushy beardgrass. (Fig. 1653.) Culms erect, 50 to 150 cm tall, compressed, with broad keeled overlapping lower sheaths, the flat tufts often forming dense, usually glaucous clumps, the culms from freely to bushy branching toward the summit; sheaths occasionally villous; blades elongate, 3 to 8 mm wide; inflorescence dense, feathery, from flabellate to oblong, the paired racemes 1 to 3 cm long, about equaling the slightly dilated 740 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1651. — Andropogon virginicus. Plant, X J i, spikelet with rachis joint and pedicel, X 5. (Earle 4, Ala.) MANUAL OP THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 741 spathes, the enclosed peduncle and ultimate branchlets long-villous, the peduncle at least 5 mm long, often longer; rachis very slender, flexuous, long-villous; sessile spikelet 3 to 4 mm long, the awn straight, 1 to 1.5 cm long; sterile spikelet reduced to a subulate glume or want- ing, the pedicel slender, long-villous. % —Low moist ground, marshes, and swamps, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Kentucky, Figure 1652.— Distribution of Andropogon virginicus. Figure 1653.— Andropogon glomerulus, X 1. (Hitchcock 437, Fla.) Figure 1654.— Distribution of Andropogon glomeratus. Figure 1655. —Andropogon elliottii, X 1. (Commons 115, Del.) southern California, and Nevada; West Indies, Yucatan, Central America (fig. 1654). 25. Andropogon elliottii Chapm. Elliott beardgrass. (Fig. 1655.) Culms tufted, erect, 30 to 80 cm tall, at first nearly simple, later branching toward the summit; lower sheaths keeled, rather narrow, commonly loosely pilose, those near the summit inflated and spathelike, crowded, the very short internodes densely bearded; blades flat, 3 to 4 mm wide; primary inflorescence of few to several racemes, mostly in pairs, rarely 3's or 4's, on filiform, often strongly flexuous peduncles, long-exserted from inconspicuous spathes, these 742 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE on slender branchlets borne in the axils of the broad spathelike sheaths of the main culm; secondary inflorescence of numerous pairs of racemes on short peduncles subtended by broad spathes, these on short bearded often fascicled branchlets borne in the axils of the spathelike sheaths of the main culm and short primary branches, the whole forming a series of flabellate tufts with conspicuous purplish to copper-brown spathes, 5 to 10 mm wide, much exceeding the feathery racemes; racemes flexuous, 3 to 4 rarely to 5 cm long, the slender rachis joints and pedicels long- villous ; sessile spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, those of the late enclosed racemes cleistogamous, the awn loosely twisted, 10 to 15 mm long; pedicellate spikelets obsolete or nearly so. 01 — Open ground, old fields, and open woods, mostly in the Coastal Plain, New Jersey to Florida and Texas, north to south- ern Missouri, Indiana, and Tennes- see (fig. 1656). The flattened ferru- gineous upper sheaths are conspic- uous in winter. The characteristic Figttre 1656.— Distribution of Andropogon elliottii. plant is very striking, but occa- sional individuals occur with less aggregate upper sheaths, and others with scarcely dilated sheaths, aggregate or scarcely aggregate. This form, which has been distin- guished as A. elliottii var. gracilior Hack., appears to verge into A. subtenuis Nash. 26. Andropogon subtenuis Nash. (Fig. 1657.) Culms in small tufts, slender, erect, 40 to 70 cm tall, the upper third sparingly branching; foliage glabrous or nearlyso, the blades 1.5 to 2 mm wide ; inflores- cence narrow, of few to several pairs of racemes on elongate filiform peduncles short-exserted from near the summit of the elongate slender spathe, the ultimate branches sometimes long-villous toward the sum- mit; racemes 2, flexuous, 2 to 3 cm long, very like the primary racemes of A. elliottii; spikelets 4 mm long. % —Dry sandy soil, northern Florida to Mississippi. Possibly a form of A. elliottii in which the enlarged sheaths and cleistogamous inflorescence are not developed. 27. Andropogon campyloracheus Nash. (Fig. 1658.) Culms tufted, erect, 40 to 80 cm tall, simple or with a few branches about Figure 1657.— Andropogon subtenuis, X 1. (Tracy 4701, Miss.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 743 the middle; sheaths and lower part of the blades appressed-villous, the blades about 2 mm wide; racemes 2 to 4, mostly 2, on long flexu- ous peduncles exserted from long narrow spathes, the slender rachis very flexuous, the joints and pedicels much longer than the sessile spikelet, long- villous, the lowermost rachis joint often elongate; sessile spikelet 5 to 6 mm long, slender, the awn loosely twisted, mostly about 2 cm long; pedicellate spikelet reduced to a slender glume or obsolete. % — Dry sandy pine woods, Florida, Missis- sippi, and Louisiana. FlGUBE 1658.— Andropogon campyloracheus, X 1. (Combs 677, Fla.) Figure 1659.— Andropogon wrightii, X 1. (Metcalfe 1371, N. Mex.) Section 3. Amphilophis Trin. Perennials, simple or sparingly branching; racemes several to numer- ous in a leafless panicle, at least the lower racemes short-peduncled, mostly on a relatively long axis; rachis straight, the joints and pedicels flat, with thick bearded margins, the center subhyaline. 28. Andropogon wrightii Hack. (Fig. 1659.) Plants somewhat glaucous; culms tufted, 50 to 100 cm tall, simple, the nodes usually hispid; blades flat, 3 to 5 mm wide, tapering to a fine point; racemes 3 to 7, suberect, mostly 3 to 6 cm long, green or tawny, not conspicu- ously woolly, the hairs of rachis joints and pedicels much shorter than the spikelets; peduncle usually long-exserted ; sessile spikelet about 6 mm long, short-pilose at base, the first glume several-nerved toward the summit, stiffly short-ciliate on the keels above; awn twisted below, geniculate, 10 to 15 mm long; pedicellate spikelet about as large as the sessile one, awnless. 91 — Rocky hills and mesas, southern New Mexico, and northern Mexico. An occasional spikelet is found with a pitted first glume. In Mexican specimens the glumes are com- monly pitted. 744 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 29. Andropogon perforatus Trin. (Fig. 1660.) Culms densely tufted, geniculate at base, 50 to 100 cm tall, simple or -with a few- leafy shoots at base; nodes from obscurely appressed-pubescent to densely short-bearded; blades 2 to 4 mm wide, the apex attenuate; racemes few to several, mostly 5 to 7 cm long, one or more of them on slender individual peduncles aggregate on a short axis, the common peduncle usually long-exserted ; margins of rachis joints and pedicels densely long- villous ; sessile spikelet 4 to 6 mm long, short-pilose at base, the first glume sparsely hairy and with a small pit like a pinhole ; awn twisted below, geniculate, 2 to 2.5 cm long; pedicellate spikelet reduced. 01 — Mesas, rocky hills, and dry woods, southern Texas; Mexico. 30. Andropogon barbinodis Lag. (Fig. 1661.) Culms tufted, 40 to 120 cm tall, spreading to ascending, often branching below, the nodes bearded with short spreading hairs; sheaths sparsely hairy in the throat, foliage otherwise glabrous or nearly so, the blades 2 to 7 mm wide, sca- brous; panicles from rather long-exserted to included at base, those of the branches often partly included in dilated sheaths, silvery to creamy white, silky, subflabellate, mostly 7 to 10 cm long; racemes several to many, or sometimes few on the branches, 2 to 6 cm long, the common axis usually shorter than the racemes, rarely longer; rachis joints and pedicels copiously long- villous, the hairs on the average longer than in A. saccharoides ; spikelets 5 to 6 mm long, the awn twisted below, geniculate, 20 to 25 mm long; pedicellate spikelet reduced. 21 — Mesas, rocky slopes, and open ground, Oklahoma and Texas to California and Arizona, south through Mexico (fig. 1662). Has been confused with A. saccha- roides, differing chiefly in the subflabellate panicle and larger spikelets. 31. Andropogon saccharoides Swartz. Silver beardgrass. (Fig. 1663.) Culms tufted, 60 to 130 cm tall, erect or ascending, often brandling below, the nodes from appressed hispid to glabrous; foliage commonly glaucous, glabrous or nearly so, the blades 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle long-exserted or those of the branches short-exserted, silvery white, silky, dense, oblong, mostly 7 to 15 cm long; racemes 2 to 4 cm long, the common axis mostly at least twice as long, but readily breaking ; rachis joints and pedicels long- villous; spikelets about 4 mm long, the delicate awn twisted below, geniculate, 10 to 15 mm long; pedicellate spikelet reduced. % — Prairies and rocky slopes, especially in limestone areas, Missouri to Colorado, and Alabama to Arizona and southern California (Topango Canyon); Mexico and West Indies to Brazil (fig. 1664). Our plants, which have been differentiated as A. torreyanus Steud., are more freely branching than the typical form of the West Indies. 32. Andropogon exaristatus (Nash) Hitchc. (Fig. 1665.) Re- sembling A. saccharoides; panicle slender, spikelets slightly smaller, awnless or nearly so; rare. % — Low open ground, southern Louisiana and eastern Texas, Figure 1660.— Andropogon perforatus, X 1. (Hitchcock 5218, Tex.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 745 Figuee mi.-Andropogon barbinodis. Plant, X W, pair of spikelets, X 5. (Amer. Or. Nat. Herb. 549, Ariz.) 746 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Andropogon nodosus (Willem.) Nash. Decumbent, freely branch- ing, low perennial, with flat blades 2 to 8 cm long, and solitary or paired racemes, the sterile spikelets as conspicuous as the fertile ones, giving the appearance of a flat 2-ranked scaly spike; awns slender, twisted and bent; peduncle pubescent below racemes. % — Old World species, established in a few of the West Indian islands; has been collected at Miami, Fla. Figure 1662.— Distribution of Andropogon barbinodis. Figure 1664.— Distribution of Andropogon saccharoides. Figure 1665.— Andropogon exaristatus, X 5. (Type.) Figure 1663.— Andropogon saccha- roides, X 1. (Hitchcock 5370, Tex.) CYMBOPOGON Spreng. Oilgrass Closely allied to Andropogon; the pairs of racemes included in an inflated spathe, the spathes in a large compound inflorescence; sessile and pedicellate spikelets of lower pair alike, well developed, but staminate or neuter. Robust mostly aromatic perennials, including the oilgrasses of commerce. The most important are Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle, citronella grass, nard grass, in which the first glume of the sessile spikelet is flat on the back, and C. citratus(DC) Stapf, lemon grass, in which the first glume is concave on the back. These species are sometimes cultivated in gardens in southern MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 747 Florida and southern California but do not flower there. Greek kumbe, boat, and pogon, beard, allud- ing to the boat-shaped spathes. Name from Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash. Vetiver. (Fig. 1666.) Robust densely tufted peren- nial with simple culms and large erect panicles, the slender whorled branches ascending, naked at the base, the awnless spikelets muri- cate. Also called khus- khus and khas-khas. Qi — Native of the Old World, frequently cultivated in tropical America for hedges and ^, for the aromatic roots, these being used for making screens and mats which are fragrant when wet. Vetiver oil is much used in perfum- ery. Escaped from cul- tivation in Louisiana. Name from vettiver, the native Tamil name. 146. HYPARRHENIA Anderss. Spikelets in pairs as in Andropogon, but spikelets of the lower pairs alike, sterile, and awnless ; fertile spikelets 1 to few in each raceme, terete or flattened on the back (keeled toward the sum- mit in Hyparrhenia rufa), the base usually elongate into a sharp callus, the fertile lemma with a strong genicu- late awn; Sterile Spike- FlGUREn666.— Vettrmazizamoides, XJ4 (Hitchcock 9435, Jamaica.) lets awnless; racemes in pairs, on slender peduncles, and subtended by a spathe. lall per- 748 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE ennials, the pairs of racemes and their spathes more or less crowded, forming a rather large elongate inflorescence. Type species, Hypar- rhenia pseudocymbaria (Steud. ) Stapf . Name from Greek hypo, under, and arren, masculine, alluding to the pair of staminate spikelets at the base of the raceme. 1. Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf. (Fig. 1667.) Culms erect, rather stout^ 1 to 2.5 m tall; blades flat, elongate, 2 to 8 mm wide, sometimes wider, very scabrous on the margins ; inflorescence 20 to 40 cm long, the pairs of racemes on long slender flexuous peduncles; raoemes about 2 cm long, reddish brown, fertile spikelets mostly 5 to 7 in each raceme, 3 to 4 mm long, flattened from the back, pubescent with dark-red hairs, the pedicels and rachis joints ciliate with red hairs; awn 15 to 20 mm long, twice geniculate, twisted, red-brown, hispidulous. % — Tropics of the Old World; introduced in tropical Figure 1667 '.—Hyparrhenia rufa, X 1. (Moldenke 243, Fla.) America; sparingly cultivated in Florida (where it has escaped) and along the Gulf coast. Adapted to conditions in the regions mentioned, but only moderately valuable as a forage grass. The native name in Brazil is jaragua. Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf. Usually not more than 1 m tall; blades usually less than 3 mm wide, more or less involute, flexuous; racemes whitish or grayish silky-villous. % — Warmer parts of the Old World; cultivated at the Florida State Experiment Station and probably elsewhere. Appears to have little forage value. 147. SORGHUM Moench Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate, sterile but well developed, usually staminate, the terminal sessile spikelet with two pedicellate spikelets. Tall or moderately tall MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 749 Figure 1668— Sorghum halepense. Plant, X lA: two views of terminal raceme, X 5. (Small, Ga.) 750 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE annuals or perennials, with flat blades and terminal panicles of 1- to 5-jointed tardily disarticulating racemes. Type species, Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench. Name from Sorgho, the Italian name of the plant. The sorghums and Johnson grass sometimes produce cyanogenetic compounds in sufficient abundance, especially in second growth, to cause prussic-acid poisoning in grazing animals. The leaves are often splotched with purple, due to a bacterial disease. Plants perennial 1. S. halepense. Plants annual 2. S. vulgare. 1. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson grass. (Fig. 1668.) Culms 50 to 150 cm tall, from extensively creeping scaly rhizomes; blades mostly less than 2 cm wide; panicle open, 15 to 50 cm long; ses- sile spikelet 4.5 to 5.5 mm long, ovate, appressed-silky, the readily deciduous awn 1 to 1.5 cm long, geniculate, twisted below; pedicellate spikelet 5 to 7 mm long, lanceolate. % (Holcus halepensis L.) — Open ground, fields, and waste places, Massachusetts to Iowa and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas, west to southern California (fig. 1669); native of the Mediterranean region, found in the tropical and warmer regions of both hemispheres. Culti-^ vated for forage; on account of the difficulty of eradication it becomes a troublesome weed. 2. Sorghum vulgare Pers. Sorghum. Dif- fering from S. halepense in being annual and more robust, o (Holcus sorghum L.) — This species has been cultivated in warmer regions FlGU»r51lSStionof since prehistoric times for the seed, which has been used for food, for the sweet juice, and for forage. In the United States it is cultivated under the general name of sorghum. There are many varieties or races of cultivated sorghums, all of which have the same chromosome number (10) and which fall natur- ally into distinct groups, the chief of which (in the United States) are sorgo, kafir, durra, milo, feterita, shallu, kaoliang, broomcorn, and Sudan grass. Sorgo includes the varieties known collectively as sweet or saccharine sorghums, in which the juice in the stems is abundant and very sweet. In this country sorgo is cultivated chiefly in the region from Kansas and Texas to North Carolina for forage and for the juice which is made into sirup. The large panicles of broomcorn, grown especially in Oklahoma and Illinois, furnish the material for brooms. The other forms are grown for forage or for the seed which is used for feed. Sudan grass (S. vulgare var. sudanense (Piper) Hitchc.) is now grown extensively for pasture and for hay. This is a rather slender annual, 1 to 2 m tall with comparatively narrow blades and an open spreading panicle. This variet}*- is more distinct than the others. The differences between most of the varieties are so indistinct and so unstable because of intercrossing as to make it very difficult to assign descriptive limits. The application of botanical names is uncertain, and it seems best, therefore, not to assign to them definite varietal or specific Latin names. The following names have been applied in American literature to some of the more important varieties. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 751 Figure 1670.— Sorghastrum nutans. Plant, X Yi, spikelet with pedicel and rachis joint, X 5. (Deam, Ind.) 55974°— 35 48 752 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Kafir. S. vulgare var. caffrorum (Thunb.) Hubb. and Render. Shallu. »S. vulgare var. roxburghii (Stapf) Haines. Durra. S. vulgare var. durra (Forsk.) Hubb. and Render. Broomcorn. S. vulgare var. technicum (Koern.) Jav. Sorgo. S. vulgare var. saccharalum (L.) Boerl. Tunis grass (S. virgatum (Hack.) Stapf) is a tall annual with a nar- row slender open panicle and narrowly-lanceolate green finely-awned spikelets. — Africa. Has been tried at experiment stations but has not been brought into commercial cultivation, being inferior to Sudan grass. 148. SORGHASTRUM Nash Spikelets in pairs, one nearly terete, sessile, and perfect, the other wanting, only the hairy pedicel being present; glumes coriaceous, brown or yellowish, the first hirsute, the edges inflexed over the second; sterile and fertile lemmas thin and hyaline, the latter extend- ing into a usually well-developed bent and twisted awn. Perennial, erect, rather tall grasses, with auri- cled sheaths, narrow flat blades, and Figure 1672.— Sorghastrum elliottii, X 1. (Harper 1718, Ga.) Figure 1671.— Distribution of Sorghastrum nutans. narrow terminal panicles of one- to few-jointed racemes. Type species, Sorghastrum avenaceum (Michx.) Nash (S. nutans). Name from Sorg- hu?n and the Latin suffix astrum, a poor imitation of, alluding to the resemblance to Sorghum. The most important species, S. nutans, is a common constituent of wild or prairie hay in the eastern part of the Great Plains region. Awn usually 15 mm long or less, once geniculate. Panicle rather dense, yellow- ish 1. S. NUTANS. Awn 20 to 35 mm long, twice-geniculate, twisted below the second bend. Spikelets chestnut-brown, the ultimate branchlets with a few long hairs at the tip only; panicle loose, not unilateral 2. S. elliottii. Spikelets yellowish brown, the upper portion of the ultimate branchlets con- spicuously long-hairy toward the tip; panicle distinctly unilateraj 3. S. SECUNDUM 1. Sorghastrum nutans. (L.) Nash. Indian grass. (Fig. 1670.) Culms 1 to 2.5 m tall from short scaly rhizomes; blades elongate, flat, mostly 5 to 10 mm wide, tapering to a narrow base, scabrous; panicle narrow, yellowish, rather dense, 15 to 30 cm long, contracted and darker at maturity; summit of branchlets, rachis joints, and pedicels grayish-hirsute; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long, lanceolate, hirsute, the awn 1 to 1.5 cm long, once-geniculate. % — Prairies, open woods, and dry slopes, Quebec and Maine to Manitoba and North Dakota, south to Florida and Arizona; Mexico (fig. 1671). MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 753 2. Sorghastrum elliottii (Mohr) Nash. (Fig. 1672.) Culms 1 to 1.5 m tall, more slender than in S. nutans, without rhizomes; the base comparatively delicate, smooth or nearly so; blades on the average narrower; panicle loose, 15 to 30 cm long, nodding at apex, the fili- form branchlets and pedicels flexuous but not recurved, with a few long hairs at the tip; spikelets 6 to 7 mm long, chestnut brown at maturity, with a short blunt bearded callus, the first glume hirsute or glabrescent on the back; awn 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, twice-geniculate. 01 — Open woods, dry hills, and sandy fields, eastern Maryland to Tennessee, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 1673). 3. Sorghastrum secundum (Ell.) Nash. (Fig. 1674.) Culms 1 to 2 m tall, without rhizomes, the base robust and f elty-pubescent ; blades mostly less than 5 mm wide, flat or subinvolute; panicle narrow, 20 to 40 Figure 1673. — Distribution of Sorghastrum elliottii. Figure 1674.- -Sorghastrum secundum, (Hood, Fla.) Figure 1675.— Distribution of Sorghastrum secundum. cm long, 1 -sided, the branches mostly in separated fascicles, the capillary branch- lets and pedicels strongly curved or cir- cinately recurved, stiffly long-pilose below the tip; spikelets about 7 mm long, brownish, pilose, with an acute densely bearded callus 1 to 1.5 mm long. 01 — Pine barrens, South Carolina to Florida and Texas (fig. 1675). 149. RHAPHIS Lour. Spikelets in threes, one sessile and perfect, the other two pedicellate and sterile, or sometimes a pair below, one fertile and one sterile ; fertile spikelet terete, the glumes coriaceous; sterile and fertile lemmas thin and hyaline, the latter awned. Perennial grasses, or, our species, annual, with open panicles, the three spikelets (reduced raceme) borne at the ends of long, slender, naked branches. Type species, Rhaphis trivialis Lour. (R. aciculatus Honda, Andropogon aciculatus Retz.). Name from Greek rhaphis, needle; alluding to the slender pointed callus. 1. Rhaphis pauciflorus (Chapm.) Nash. (Fig. 1676.) Annual; culms 60 to 120 cm tall, erect or somewhat decumbent at base; blades flat, mostly 4 to 8 mm wide; panicle loose, the axis 5 to 10 cm long, the branches few, very slender, 5 to 8 cm long; sessile spike- 754 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1676.— Ehaphis pauciflora. Plant, X Vz, fruiting spikelet, X 5. (Combs 1359, Fla.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 755 let about 1.5 cm long, including the slender villous callus about 7 mm long, this disarticulating by a long-oblique line^ the tip of the pedicel thus villous on one side; awn stout, brown, geniculate, twisted below, about 15 cm long, o — Sandy pine woods, open ground, and fields, Florida; Cuba. The fruits resemble those of certain species of Stipa such as S. spartea L. 150. HETEROPOGON Pers. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, both of the lower few to several pairs staminate or neuter, the remainder of the sessile spikelets perfect, terete, long-awned, the pedicellate spikelets, like the lower, staminate, flat, conspicuous, awnless; glumes of the fertile spikelet equal, coriaceous, the first brown-hirsute, infolding the the second ; lemmas thin and hyaline, the fertile one narrow, extending into a strong bent and twisted brown awn; palea wanting; glumes of the staminate spikelet membranaceous, the first green, faintly many- nerved, asymmetric, one submarginal keel rather broadly winged, the other wingless, the margins inflexed, the second glume narrower, symmetric; lemmas hyaline; palea wanting. Annual or perennial, often robust grasses, with flat blades and usually solitary terminal racemes; rachis slender, the lower part, bearing the pairs of staminate spikelets, continuous, the remainder disarticulating obliquely at the base of each joint, the joint forming a sharp-barbed callus below the fertile spikelet, the pedicellate spikelet readily falling, its pedicel remaining, obscured in the hairs of the callus. Type species, Heteropogon glaber Pers. (H. contortus). Name from Greek heteros, different, and pogon, beard, alluding to the difference between the awnless staminate and awned pistillate spikelets. One species, H. contortus, has a world-wade distribution. It is a good forage grass in the Southwest; if grazed constantly the trouble- some awns do not develop. In the Hawaiian Islands, where it is called pili, it is an important range grass on the drier areas; also used there by the natives to thatch their grass huts. The mature fruits are injurious to sheep. Plants perennial, less than 1 m tall; first glume of staminate spikelet usually papillose-hispid 1. H. contortus. Plants annual, usually more than 1 m tall; first glume of staminate spikelet with a row of glands along the back, glabrous 2. H. melanocarpus. 1. Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. Tanglehead. (Fig. 1677.) Plants perennial, tufted; culms 20 to 80 cm tall, branched above, the branches erect; sheaths smooth, compressed-keeled; blades flat or folded, 3 to 7 mm wide; raceme 4 to 7 cm long, 1-sided; sessile spikelets about 7 mm long, slender, nearly hidden by the imbricate pedicellate spikelets, the awns 5 to 12 cm long, bent and flexuous, commonly tangled ; pedicellate spikelet about 1 cm long, the first glume papillose- hispid toward the tip and margins, sometimes nearly glabrous. % — Rocky hills and canyons, Texas to Arizona; tropical and warmer regions of both hemispheres. 2. Heteropogon melanocarpus (Ell.) Benth. Sweet tanglehead. (Fig. 1678.) Plants annual, 1 to 2 m tall, freely branching; sheaths smooth, the upper part of the keel, especially of the upper sheaths, with a row of concave glands; blades 5 to 10 mm wide; raceme 3 to 6 cm long; looser than in H. contortus; sessile spikelets 9 to 10 mm long, 756 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figuee 1677.— Hcteropogon contortus. Plant, X H\ fruiting spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths 1844, Ariz.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 757 relatively thick, the awns 10 to 15 cm long; pedicellate spikelet 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, the first glume with a line of punctate glands along the middle, o — Pine woods, fields, and waste places, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama; Arizona; tropical regions of both hemispheres. The plant when fresh emits an odor like that of citronella oil. 151. TRACHYPOGON Nees Spikelets in pairs, along a slender continuous rachis, one nearly sessile, staminate, awnless, the other pedicellate, perfect, long-awned; the pedicel of the perfect spikelet obliquely disarticulating near the base, forming a sharp-barbed callus below the spikelet; first glume firm- membranaceous, rounded on the back, several-nerved, obtuse; second glume firm, obscurely nerved; fertile lemma narrow, extending into a stout twisted and bent or flexuous awn; palea obso- lete; sessile spikelet persistent, as large as the fertile spikelet and similar but awnless. Perennial, moderately tall grasses, with terminal spikelike soli- tary or fascicled racemes. Type spe- cies, Trachypogon montufari. Name from Greek trachus, rough, and pogon, beard, alluding to the plumose awn of the fertile spikelet. 1. Trachypogon montufari (H.B.K.) Nees. Crinkle-awn. (Fig. 1679.) Culms tufted erect, slender, hispid at the nodes, 60 to 120 cm tall; sheaths with erect auricles 2 to 5 mm long; blades flat to subinvolute, 3 to 8 mm wide; raceme solitary, rarely 2, 10 to 15 cm long; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long, pubescent, the awns of perfect spike- lets 3 to 6 cm long, short-plumose below, nearly glabrous toward the tip. % — Rocky hills and canyons, southern Texas, southwestern New Mexico, and southern Arizona; Mexico to Argentina. 152. ELYONTJRUS Humb. and Bonpl. Spikelets in pairs along a somewhat tardily disarticulating rachis, the joints and pedicels short, thickened, and parallel, the sessile spike- lets perfect, appressed to the concave side, the pedicellate spikelet staminate, similar to the sessile one, both awnless, the pair falling with a joint of the rachis; first glume firm, somewhat coriaceous, dorsally flattened, the margins inflexed around the second glume, a line of balsam glands on the marginal nerves, the apex entire and acute or acuminate, or bifid with aristate teeth; second glume similar to the first; sterile and fertile lemmas thin and hyaline; palea obsolete. Erect, moderately tall perennials, with solitary spikelike, often woolly racemes. Type species, Elyonurus tripsacoides. Name from Greek eluein, to roll, and oura, tall, alluding to the cylindric inflorescence. Figure 1678. — Heteropogon melanocarpus, X 1. (Fredholm'6405, Fla.) 758 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Fig ube 1679— Trachypogon montufari. Plant, X 14; fertile spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths and Thornber 300, Ariz.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 759 FKHJBB 1680.-A Elyonurus barbiculmis, X 1. (Type coll.) B, ^tripsacmdes Plant, X Hi two views of pair of spikelets with rachis joint, X 5. (Chase 4144, i la.; 760 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE The species are important grazing grasses in the savannas and plains of tropical America, but they extend only a short distance into the United States. Rhizomes wanting; culms hirsute below the nodes; racemes conspicuously- woolly 1. E. BARBICULMIS. Rhizomes present; culms glabrous; racemes slightly pubescent, the first glume glabrous or nearly so on the back 2. E. tripsacoides. 1. Elyonurus barbiculmis Hack. (Fig. 1680, A.) Culms tufted, erect, simple or sparingly branching, 40 to 60 cm tall, pubescent below the nodes; blades involute, striate, about 1 mm thick, the upper surface usually long-pilose; raceme mostly 5 to 10 cm long, pale; rachis joints, pedicels, and spikelets densely woolly, the spikelets 6 to 8 mm long; first glume acuminate. % — Mesas, rocky hills, and canyons, western Texas to southern Arizona; northern Mexico. 2. Elyonurus tripsacoides Humb. and Bonpl. (Fig. 1680, B.) Culms 60 to 120 cm tall, glabrous, rather freely branching and with short rhizomes; blades flat or involute, 2 to 4 mm wide, slightly pilose on the upper surface near the base; raceme 7 to 15 cm long; rachis joints ciliate, the pedicels pilose; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long, the first glume ciliate toward the acuminate 2-toothed apex, usu- ally glabrous on the back. % — Moist pine woods and low prairies, Georgia, Florida, southern Mississippi, and southern Texas; Mexico to Argentina. 153. EOTTBOELLIA L. f. Spikelets awnless, in pairs at the nodes of a thickened articulate rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate, sterile; rachis joints hollow above, the thick- ened pedicel adnate to it, the pedicellate spikelet appear- ing to be sessile; sessile spikelet fitting closely against the concave side of the rachis joint, the first glume coriaceous, the second less coriaceous; sterile and fertile lemmas and palea hyaline. Coarse branching annual, with broad flat blades and subcylindric racemes, dwindling to- ward the summit and bearing abortive spikelets only. Type ¥lRMboeUiaSexrt- species, Rottboellia exaltata. Named for C. F. Rot'tboell. S'jamaiSf l ' Rottboellia exaltata L. f . (Fig. 1681.) Culms robust, 1 to 3 m tall, branching; sheaths papillose-hispid, especi- ally toward the summit; blades flat, in robust specimens as much as 3 cm wide; racemes mostly 8 to 12 cm long, 3 to 4 mm thick, dwind- ling at the summit; sessile spikelet 5 to 7 mm long; first glume finely papillose; pedicellate spikelet about as long as the sessile one. o (Manisuris exaltata Kuntze.) — Introduced at Miami, Fla.; West Indies; native of tropical Asia. The fragile hairs of the sheaths are irritating to the skin of persons handling the plant. 154. MANIStJRIS L. Spikelets awnless, in pairs at the nodes of a thickened articulate rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate, rudimentary (developed but sterile in M. altissima), the pedicel thickened and MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 761 appressed to the rachis, the sessile spikelet fitting closely against the rachis (sometimes partly adnate in M. altissima), forming a cylindric or flattened raceme; glumes mostly obtuse, the first coriaceous, fitting over the hollow containing the spikelet, the keels winged at the sum- mit, the second less coriaceous than the first; sterile lemma, fertile lemma, and palea thin and hyaline. Perennial slender, moderately tall, or tall grasses, with usually numerous glabrous cylindric or flattened solitary racemes. Type species, Manisuris myuros L. Name from Greek manos, necklace, and oura, tail, alluding to the jointed racemes, presumably. The species probably have some forage value but they are nowhere abundant. Racemes flattened, tardily disarticulating; first glume of sessile spikelet smooth. 1. M. ALTISSIMA. Racemes cvlindric, readilv disarticulating at maturity; first glume of sessile spikelet marked with pits or wrinkles (sometimes smooth in M. tuberculosa). Sheaths not compressed-keeled; first glume more or less pitted. 2. M. CYLINDRICA. Sheaths compressed-keeled; first glume tessellated, wrinkled, tubercled, or smooth. First glume tessellated, the depressions rectangular 3. M. tessellata. First glume with prominent transverse wrinkles 4. M. rugosa. First glume with a few low tubercles or smooth 5. M. tuberculosa. 1. Manisuris altissima (Poir.) Hitchc. (Fig. 1682.) Perennial; culms ascending from a long creeping base, compressed and 2-edged, 40 to 80 cm long, freely branching toward the ends; blades flat, 3 to 8 mm wide; flowering branches often short and fascicled, the racemes 3 to 5 cm, sometimes 10 cm long, compressed; pedicel free or partly adnate to the rachis joint; sessile spikelet 5 to 7 mm long, the keels of the first glume very narrowly winged toward the apex; pedicellate spikelet 5 to 6 mm long, acute. % (M. fasciculata Hitchc.) — Ponds and ditches, southern Texas; warm tem- perate and tropical regions of both hemispheres; introduced in America. 2. Manisuris cylindrica (Michx.) Kuntze. (Fig. 1683, A) Culms tufted, with short rhizomes, erect, rather slen- der, 30 to 100 cm tall, simple or with a few branches; sheaths not compressed-keeled ; blades flat or folded, 2 to 3 mm wide; raceme cylindric, 5 to 15 cm long, slightly curved; sessile spikelet 4 to 5 mm long, the first glume pitted along the nerves. QI — Pine woods and prairies, Coastal Plain, South Carolina to Florida and Texas, north to Missouri and Oklahoma (fig. 1684). 3. Manisuris tessellata (Steud.) Scribn. (Fig. 1683, B.) Culms 80 to 120 cm tall, rather stout, branching; sheaths, especially the basal ones, compressed-keeled; blades elon- gate, flat, mostly 5 to 8 mm wide; raceme 5 to 12 cm long; sessile spikelets 4 to 5 mm long; first glume tessellated with rectangular depressions, the keels narrowly winged at the apex. Qi — Moist pine woods, Coastal Plain, Florida to Louisiana (fig. 1685). 4. Manisuris rugosa (Nutt.) Kuntze. (Fig. 1686.) Culms mostly rather stout, 70 to 120 cm tall, freely branching; sheaths compressed- keeled; blades commonly folded, 3 to 8 mm wide; flowering branches often numerous, the racemes 4 to 8 cm long, partly included in brownish sheaths; rachis joint and pedicel contracted in the middle; < Figure 1682.— Man isuris altissima, X 1. (Hitchcock, Tex.) 762 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1683. — A, Manisuris cylindrica. Plant, X lA\ two views of rachis joint with fertile and sterile spikelets attached, X 5- (Harvey, Ark.) B, M. tessellata, X 1. (Tracy and Ball 1, Miss.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 763 sessile spikelet 3.5 to 5 mm long, the first glume strongly and irregu- larly transversely ridged, the keels narrowly winged toward the summit. 01 — Wet pine woods, Coastal Plain, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas (fig. 1687). Figure 1684.— Distribution of Manisuris cylindrica. Figure 1685.— Distribution of Manisuris tessellata. 5. Manisuris tuberculosa Nash. (Fig. 1688.) Differing from M. rugosa chiefly in the straight rachis joints, not contracted in the middle, and in the smooth to obscurely ridged or tuberculate first glume of the sessile spikelet, varying in a single raceme. 01 — Moist ground along lakes, central peninsular Florida. Apparently rare. Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack. Centipede grass. Low perennial, creeping by thick short-noded leafy stolons; racemes spikelike, smooth, subcylindric, terminal and axillary on slender peduncles, 2 to 6 cm long; rachis flat, not thickened as in Manisuris, the first glume of sessile spikelet winged at sum- mit. Oi — Southeastern Asia ; has been tested at southern experiment stations and has been recommended as a lawngrass for the South. Figure 1686.— M anisur is rugosa, X 1. (Curtiss 3622, Fla.) Figure 1687.— Distribution of Manisuris rugosa. Figure 1688.— Manisu ris tuberculosa, X 1. (Nash 1074, Fla.) Eremochloa ciliaris (L.) Merr. Found near a Chinese warehouse in San Francisco. Southeastern Asia. Mentioned in the Botany of California (2: 262. 1880) under Ischaemum leersioides Munro. Not since collected in the United States. 155. HACKEL0CHLOA Kuntze {Rytilix Raf.) Spikelets awnless, in pairs, the rachis joint and pedicel grown together, the two clasped between the edges of the globose alveolate first glume of the sessile spikelet; pedicellate spikelet conspicuous, staminate. Freely branching annual with flat blades, the numerous racemes solitary and more or less enclosed in the spathes, these usually fascicled in the axils of the leaves. Type species, Hackelochloa gmnularis. Named for Eduard Hackel and Greek chloa, grass. 1. Hackelochloa granulans (L.) Kuntze. (Fig. 1689.) Culms 30 to 100 cm tall; sheaths papillose-hispid; blades flat, 5 to 15 cm long, 764 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 3 to 15 mm wide, papillose-hirsute, ciliate; racemes 1 to 2 cm long; sessile spikelet about 1 mm thick; pedicellate spikelet about 2 mm Figure 16S9. —Hackelochloa granulans. Plant, X M\ single raceme, X 2; two views of spikelets with rachis joint, X 5. (Pringle, Ariz.) long. © — Open ground, fields, and waste places, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana; New Mexico to Arizona (fig. 1690); tropics of both hemispheres, introduced in America. Fur- nishes some forage in the Southwest. TRIBE 14. TRIPSACEAE 156. COlX L. Jobs-tears Spikelets unisexual ; staminate spikelets 2-flow- f ■ ,, ., .■ , • Figure 1690.— Distribution of ered, m twos or threes on the continuous rachis, mckeiochioa granulans. the normal group consisting of a pair of ses- sile spikelets with a single pedicellate spikelet between, the latter MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 765 sometimes reduced to a pedicel or wanting; glumes membranaceous, obscurely nerved; lemma and palea hyaline; stamens 3; pistillate spikelets' 3 together, 1 fertile and 2 sterile at the base of _ the inflo- rescence; glumes of fertile spikelet several-nerved, hyaline below, chartaceous in the upper narrow pointed part, the first very broad, infolding the spikelet, the margins infolded beyond the 2 lateral stronger pair of nerves; second glume narrower than the first, keeled, sterile lemma similar but a little narrower; fertile lemma and palea hyaline; sterile spikelets consisting of a single narrow tubular glume as long as the fertile spikelet, somewhat chartaceous. Tall branched grasses with broad flat blades, the monoecious inflorescences numerous on long, stout peduncles, these clustered in the axils of the leaves, each inflorescence consisting of an ovate or oval pearly white or drab, beadlike, very hard, tardily decidu- ous in volucre (much modified sheath- ing bract) containing the pistillate lower portion of the inflo- rescence, the points of the pistillate spikelets and the slender axis of the stami- nate portion of the inflores- cence protruding through the orifice at the apex, the staminate upper portion of the inflorescence 2 to 4 cm long, soon deciduous, con- sisting of several clusters of staminate spikelets. Type species, Coix lacryma-jobi. Name from Greek koix, a kind of^ palm, applied by Linnaeus to this grass. FlGUBE 1691- XI. Coix lacryma-jobi, (Cult.) 1. Coix lacryma-jobi L. Jobs- tears. (Fig. 1691.) Annual; culms usually about 1 m tall; blades as much as 4 cm wide; beads white or bluish- white, globular or ovoid, 6 to 12 mmlong. O — Occasionally cultivated for ornament, escaped into waste places in the Southern States; all tropical countries, introduced in America. The beadlike fruits are used as beads and for rosaries. A garden form (called by gardeners var. aurea zebrina) has yellow-striped blades. 157. TRIPSACUM L. Gamagrass Spikelets unisexual; staminate spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs on one side of a continuous rachis, one sessile, the other sessile or pedicellate, similar to those of Zea, the glumes firmer; pistillate spikelets solitary, on opposite sides at each joint of the thick, hard articulate lower part of the same rachis, sunken in hollows in the joints, consisting of one perfect floret and a sterile lemma; first glume coriaceous, nearly infolding the spikelet, fitting into and closing the hollow of the rachis; second glume similar to the first 766 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Figure 1692.— A, Tripsacum dacty hides. Plant, X Yi, pistillate spikelets with rachis joint and pair cf staminate spikelets with rachis joint, X 5. (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 229, Va.) B, T. floridanum, X 1. (Hitchcock 686, Fla.) MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 767 T. FLORIDANTJM. but smaller, infolding the remainder of the spikelet; sterile lemma, fertile lemma, and palea very thin and hyaline, these progressively smaller. Robust perennials, with usually broad flat blades and monoecious terminal and axillary inflorescences of 1 to 3 spikes, the pistillate part below, breaking up into bony, seedlike joints, the staminate above on the same rachis, deciduous as a whole. Type species, Tripsacum dactyloides. Name of unknown origin, said by some to come from Greek tribein, to rub, alluding to the smooth joints. The species are good forage grasses, but even the more widely spread T. dactyloides is not common enough to be of importance. Two large species not found in the United States, T. laxum Nash and T. latifoliwm Hitchc, of Central America, are occasionally cultivated for forage in that region. The genus is of interest because it is related to maize. A hybrid between T. dactyloides and maize has recently been made.10 Staminate spikelets membranaceous, the members of the pair unequally pedi- celed, one nearly sessile, the other with a distinct pedicel. 3. T. LANCEOLATUM. Staminate spikelets rather chartaceous, both members of the pair nearly sessile. Blades 1 to 2 cm wide, flat; plants 1 to 2 m tall; terminal spikes usually more than one 1. T. dactyloides. Blades 1 to 4 mm wide, subinvolute; plants less than 1 m tall; all spikes usually solitary 2 1. Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. Eastern gamagrass. (Fig. 1692, A.) Plants in large clumps, with thick knotty rhizomes, 2 to 3 m tall or sometimes taller, glabrous throughout; blades usually 1 to 2 cm wide, flat, scabrous on the margin; spikes 15 to 25 cm long, the pistillate part one-fourth the entire length or less, the terminal spikes usually 2 or 3, sometimes only 1, those of the branches usually solitary; pistillate spikelets 7 to 10 mm long, the joints rhombic; stam- inate spikelets 7 to 1 1 mm long, both of a pair nearly sessile, the glumes rather chartaceous. Ql — Swales, banks of Figure 1693— Distribution of Streams, and moist Tripsacum dactyloides. places, Massachu- setts to Michigan, Iowa, and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas; West Indies and Mexico to Brazil (fig. 1693). 2. Tripsacum floridanum Porter. Florida gamagrass. (Fig. 1692, B.) Smaller than T. dactyloides in all ways, commonly less than 1 m tall; blades mostly 1 to 4 mm wide; terminal and axillary spikes usually solitary (rarely 2 or more). % — Low rocky pine lands, southern Florida. Figure 1694. — Tripsacum lanceolaturri, X 1. (Lemmon, Ariz.) «° Mangelsdorf, P. C, and Reeves, R. Q. Jour. Hered. 22: 329-343. 1931. 65974°— 35 49 768 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 3. Tripsacum lanceolatum Rupr. Mexican gamagrass. (Fig. 1694.) Resembling T. dactyloides; sheaths, especially the lower, sometimes hispid; blades often hispid ulous on the upper surface; spikes more slender with smaller spikelets than in T. dactyloides, the terminal spikes usually 3 to 5 ; staminate spikelets membranaceous, one of the pair distinctly pediceled. % (T. lemmoni Vasey.) — Rocky hills, Huachuca Mountains, Ariz.; Mexico to Guatemala. 158. EUCHLAENA Schrad. Teosinte Staminate spikelets as in Zea; pistillate spikelets solitary on opposite sides, sunken in cavities in the hardened joints of an obliquely articulate rachis, the indurate first glume covering the cavity; second glume membranaceous, the lemma hyaline. Spikes infolded in foliaceous spathes or husks, 2 to several of these together enclosed in the leaf sheaths. Robust annuals and perennials with broad flat blades, terminal panicles of staminate spikelets, and axillary spikes of pistillate spikelets. Type species, Euchlaena mexicana. Name from Greek eu, well, and chlaina, cloak, alluding to the husks hiding the pistillate inflorescence. 1. Euchlaena mexicana Schrad. Teosinte. (Fig. 1695.) Tall annual, resembling maize, the culms branching at base, 2 to 3 or even 5 m tall; blades as much as 8 cm wide, o — Occasionally culti- vated in the Southern States for green forage; Mexico. Thought to be one of the species from which maize originated (see note under Zea mays). Euchlaena perennisHitc he., Mexican teosinte, a perennial species from Mexico, is cultivated at the substation of the Agricultural College, Angleton, Tex., and Drobably at other points. It propagates by creeping rhizomes. 159. ZEA L. Spikelets unisexual; staminate spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs, on one side of a continuous rachis, one nearly sessile, the other pedicel- late; glumes membranaceous, acute; lemma and palea hyaline; pistillate spikelets sessile, in pairs, consisting of one fertile floret and one sterile floret, the latter sometimes developed as a second fertile floret; glumes broad, rounded or emarginate at apex; sterile and fertile lemmas hyaline, the palea developed; style very long and slender, stigmatic along both sides well toward the base. Robust annual, with terminal panicles (tassels) of staminate racemes, and short-peduncled, pistillate, 8- to many-rowed spikes (ears) enclosed in numerous spathes (husks). Type species, Zea mays. Name Greek zea, or zeia, a kind of grain. 1. Zea mays L. Maize, Indian corn. (Fig. 1696.) Tall robust monoecious annual, with overlapping sheaths and broad, conspicuously distichous blades; staminate spikelets in long spike- like racemes, these numerous, forming large spreading terminal panicles; pistillate inflorescence in the axils of the leaves, the spike- lets in 8 to 16 or even as many as 30 rows on a thickened, almost woody axis (cob), the whole enclosed in numerous large foliaceous bracts or spathes, the long styles (silk) protruding from the summit as a mass of silky threads; grains at maturity greatly exceeding the glumes. Q MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 769 Figure 1695.— Euchlaena mexicana. Plant, much reduced; pistillate inflorescence enclosed in bract (a) and with portion of bract removed (6), X 1; lateral view of rachis joint and fertile spikelet (c), and dorsal view of same, showing first glume (: 540 1770 Russia. Secale prostration Pall., Reise Prov. Russ. Reich. Anhang 1: 485. 1771. TnUcum prostratum L. f., Suppl. PI. 114. 1781. Based on Secale prostratum Aalopyron prostratum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 102, 146. 1812. Based on Triticum prostration L. f. 9, ,„9 iqq4 (11) 4gropyron vulpinum (Rydb.) Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21. 132. 1934. B&2&?1*%?S&%n« Bot. Cub 36: 540. 1909. Grant J$£5i SiS^V., Bio.. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 159. 1928. Based on Elyrnus vulpinus Rydb. (64) AGROSTIS L. (5) Agrostis aequivalvis (Trin.) Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb VI. Sci. Nat 4i- 362 1841. Based on A. canina var. aequivalvis Trin. A^ols * J££ var aequivalvis Trin in Bong., M*n Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phvs. Nat. 2: 171. 1832. Sitka, Alaska D«JC*ri« ugroifti Benth.; Vasey, Contnb U S.Nati. Herb 3: 77. 1|92, as svnonvm of Affros&s aequivalvis Trin.; Jacks., Ind. Hew. *•<*". 1»«. Based on 5. aegu&abis Trin. (as indicated by the reference to Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 91. 1881, the combination not there » made). Podagrostis aequivalvis Scribn. and Merr., Contnb. U.S.Natl.Herb. 13. 58. 1910. Based on Agrostis canina war. aequiva Ivis ivm FlirnnP Lin. (10> £2F«gZ£&2£* 'Stf iS^'WS.W -2 s uncertehi but the specimen in his herbarium bearing the name in his ?wTscript belongs to the species for which ^e name has been |eneraliy used bv European and American authors ever since. In recent American wks This speS has been called A. vol*** Huds M thi^ame Pjo ves to belong to the creeping species with contracted pamcle, the same as£ maritime? Lam See U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 68. 25. 19U5, and US De£t. Agr. Bull. 772: 128. 1920, for discussion of A alba L K the second9 editfon of the Species Plantarum an undoubted reference to this species is added to the original uncertain one Carolina Agrostis dispar Michx., Fl. Bor.Amer.l: ^'l^", on Aarostis Decandolia alba Bast., Fl. Maine-et-Loire 29. 1809. Based on Agrostis Vnfa^aka Beauv , Ess. Agrost. 16, 146, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis alba L. V§ a tfpar Beauv., Esf. Agrost. 16, 147, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis AgrSIattt^r. maior Gaudin Fl. Helv 1: 189. 1828B Jwit-rland Agrostis alba var. dispar Wood, Class-book 774. 1861. Based on A. dispar A^'alba LuneU, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 216. 1915. Based on Agrostis Aglosttstolonifera var. major FarwelL Mich. Acad. Sci. Kept. 21: 351. 1920. (27) ^o^Sba£nydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 532. 1909. Pagosa (20) Ss^blasdaleT ffitchc., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 160. 1928. Fort Braee Calif., Davy and Blasdale 6159. (31) Agrostis borealis Hartm., Handb. Skand. Fl. ed. 3. 77. 1838, Lapland. (3 &£££ UrubZel Sp. PI. 62 1753. Sweden. Identity uncertan, Aarostis canina var. alpina Oakes, Cat. Vt. PL 32. 1842. wame onij . Camels Hump Mountain, Vt., Robbins, Tuckerman, and Macrae A^oZcanTn7^r tenella To'rr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 443. 1843. Northern New AgiosUs pickeringii Tuckerm., Mag. Hort. Hovey 9: 143. 1843. White .laS'tni11 Tuckern,, Mag. Hort. Hovey 9: 143. 1843. Mount Monroe, White Mountains, N.H. 780 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Agrostis pickeringii var. rupicola Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 42. 1843. White Mountains, N.H., Pickering and Oakes. Vermont, Camels Hump. Trichodium continuum Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 600. 1847. Based on Agrostis concinna Tuckerm. Agrostis rubra var. americana Scribn., in Macoun, Cat. Can. PL 25: 391. 1890. Based on "A. rupestris Chapm. (non All.), found on Roan Mountain, North Carolina"; Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 77. f. 100. 1894. (See below.) Agrostis novae-angliae Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 76. 1892. Not A. novae-angliae Tuckerm. [Mount Washington, N.H., Pringle.] Agrostis rubra var. alpina MacM., Met. Minn. Vail. 65. 1892. Based on A. canina var. alpina Oakes. Agrostis borealis var. m.acrantha Eames, Rhodora 11: 88. 1909. Blow-me- down Mountains, Nova Scotia, Eames and Godfrey in 1908 [no. 5833, the spikelets abnormal]. Agrostis borealis var. americana Fernald, Rhodora 35: 205. 1933. Based on A. rubra var. americana Scribn. Agrostis borealis forma macrantha Fernald, Rhodora 35: 205. 1933. Based on A. borealis var. macrantha Eames. This species was erroneously referred to Agrostis rupestris All. by A. Gray in a list of plants from Roan Mountain, N.C., and by Chapman (Fl. South. U.S. 551 1860). (23) Agrostis californica Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 359. 1841. California. (Vilfa glomerata Presl erroneously cited as synonym.) Agrostis densiflora Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.' 3: 72. 1892. Santa Cruz, Calif., Anderson. Agrostis densiflora var. arenaria Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 72. 1892. Mendocino County, Calif., Pringle. Agrostis arenaria Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 72. 1892. Not A. arenaria Gouan, 1773. As synonym of A. densiflora var. arenaria Vasey. (30) Agrostis canina L., Sp. PL 62. 1753. Europe. Trichodium caninum Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 198. 1806. Based on Agrostis canina L. Agraulus caninus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 5, 146, 147. 1812. Based on Agrostis canina L. Agrostis canina var. alpina Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 384. 1870. Not A. canina var. alpina Ducomm., 1869. Mountains of the Eastern States. Agrostis alba var. vulgaris forma aristata Millsp., Fl. W.Va. 469. 1892. Mo- nangalia, W.Va. Agrestis canina Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 286. 1901. Based on Agrostis canina L. (19) Agrostis diegoensis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 55. 1886. San Diego, Calif., Orcutt. Agrostis foliosa Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 13: 55. 1886. Not A. foliosa Roem. and Schult., 1817. Oregon, Howell [type] and Bolander. Agrostis diegoensis var. foliosa Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 74. 1892. Based on A. foliosa Vasey. Agrostis canina var. stolonifera Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 75. 1892. Not A. canina var. stolonifera Blytt, 1847. Oregon, Henderson [type] and Howell. Agrostis multiculmis Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 328. 1896, as synonym of A. diegoensis Vasey. Agrostis pattens foliosa Hitchc, U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 68: 34. pi. 14. f. 1. 1905. Based on A. foliosa Vasey. (15) Agrostis elliottiana Schult., Mant. 2: 202. 1824. Based on A. arach- noides Ell. Agrostis arachnoides Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 134. 1816. Not A. arachnoides Poir., 1810. Orangeburg, S.C, Bennett. Notonema arachnoides Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 319. 1894, as synonym of Agrostis arachnoides Ell. (22) Agrostis exarata Trin., Gram. Unifl. 207. 1824. Unalaska, Eschscholtz. Agrostis exarata var. minor Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 239. 1839. Rocky Mountains, Drummond, Douglas. Agrostis grandis Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 316. 1841. "Columbia (Hooker)." Agrostis asperifolia Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 317. 1841. "Amer. bor.? Chile? (Hooker)." Probably collected in the Rocky Mountains and received from Hooker. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 781 Agrostis scouleri Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb VI Sci. Nat. 4': 329. 1841. Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, [received from] Hookey Agrostis albicans Buckl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862. 9,. 1863. ^o- Ag^s^^r^-To^, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 334. A^ZS2?ZS£ a^™yUU.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bo, Bull. 13.pl. *}1 18Q9 Presumablv based on A. asperijolia Inn. Ag^flM^TooS^W^ Bot. 14:13. 1912. Little De Motte Park on the Kaibab, northern Arizona [Jones 60o6bbj. rark on tne ivaioau, nuitiieiii ^.ii/-^"" i«-' — --■■- Qn„ 1Q1- Agrostis exarata var. ampla (Hitchc.) Hitchc. Amer. Jour. Bot 2. 303. 1915. Based or A ampla Hitchc. (Published as A. exarata amplaj lAgrottisextJa var pacifica Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr Div Bot Spec. Bull. 9 (new ed.) 1889: 107. pi. 106 1886. Pacific coast, Cahforn a , to Alaska. Agrostis ampla Hitchc, U.S. Dept. Agr. , Bur Plant Indus. Bull. 68 1905. Rooster Rock, Oreg., Suksdorf 135. oi.iqr Agrostis exarata var. monolepis (Torr.) Hitchc, Amer. Jour Bot. 21. 136. 1934. Based on Polypogon monspehensis var. monoM 1 orr. i^sfc microphylla Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 164. 1854. North America, Ag^aullTbrevifolius Nees; Torr. U.S. Rept Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 154. 1857, as synonym of Agrostis microphylla Steud. Polypogon monspeliensis var. monolepis Torr., U.S. Rept. Lxpl. Miss. .Tacit. 0. 366. 1857. Pose Creek, Walkers Pass .Calif., [Btafce] fi3 Polypogon alopecuroides Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862. 88. 1863. A^^^^'^T^d. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc 1862: 333 1863. ATotAalopecZoides Lam.; 1791. Based on Po^pogon^alov^ro^B^U Demwarfa alopecuroides Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci Phila. Proc. 1862. Agrostis microphylla var. major Vasey, Contnb. U.S. Natl. Herb. 6. 58, U. 1892. [Truckee Valley, Nev., Watson 1284.J Agrafe errata var. microphylla &. Wats; Vasey, Contnb. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3. 79 1SQ2 as svnonvm of A. microphylla var. major Vasey. 4^%£*£3£; Canad. Rec. Sci. 152. 1894. Vancouver Island, Ag^oTtisUvirefcens microphylla Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ 30: J^L2fi£^^ Bot. 2: 303. 1915. Based (14) 7£JSS6£ °tK in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 275. 1880. Foothills of (16)^oas«sC&BvtneyT'Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 74. 1892. Oregon [type, Hall in 1872], Washington, and California. As>o& dat;j/i Scribn., U.S. Dept.Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ 30. 3. 1901. Fomt Arena Calif., Davy and Blasdale 6062. Ag^ocSde^talis Scribn. and Merr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 466. 1902. McMinnville, Oreg., Shear 1644 p Agrostis hallii var. pringlei (Scribn.) Hitchc, U.S.Dept.Agr., bur. riant Indus Bull. 68: 33. pi.. 12. 1905. Based on A. pringlei Scribn. {Pub- lished as A. hallii pringlei.) _ .,(. t 1QQ Agrostis pringlei Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 7. 156. 1. 1<58. 1897. Mendocino County, Calif., Prrngle. g (13) Agrostis hendersonii Hitchc, Jour. Wash Acad Sci 20. 381 1930. bams Valley, near Gold Hill, Jacksor i County Oreg Henderson 12387. (25) Agrostis hiemahs (Walt.) B.b.F., rrel. ^ai. rs.x. uo. Cornucopiae hiemalis Walt. r„ ..• „ Cornucopia* fcj/eroafe Walt., Fl. Carol. 73. 1788. South Carolina. Vo»rt/.Cfl6raWilld.,Sp. PL 1:370 1797. North America. Trichodium laxijlorum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 42. 1803. Hudson bay to Florida, Michaux. iai„ rjnrnlina Bosc 4r^«Suprfe£. ^«p isi2255Bas^l 2Sfi~ 2>KLn scabmm Muhl., Cat. PL 10. 1813. Based on Agrostis scabra A^fetasaSchreb.; Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 61. 1814, as synonym of Trichodium laxijlorum Michx. 782 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Agrostis laxiflora Richards., Bot. App. Franklin Jour. 731. 1823. Based on Trichodium laxiflorum Michx. Trichodium montanum Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 84. 1823. Fishkill Mountains, N.Y. Trichodium laxum Schult., Mant. 2: 157. 1824. Based on T. laxiflorum Muhl., Schultes supposing it to be different from T. laxiflorum Michx., but Muhlenberg's species is the same as Michaux's. Trichodium album Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 244. 1830. Nootka Sound, Van- couver Island, Haenke. Agrostis nuikaensis Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 222. 1833. Based on Trichodium album Presl. Agrostis nootkaensis Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 326. 1841. Based on Trichodium album Presl. Agrostis laxiflora var. montana Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 43. 1843. Based on Trichodium montanum Torr. Agrostis scabra var. tenuis Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 45. 1843. Lin- coln, N.H. Agrostis laxiflora var. caespitosa Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 442. 1843. New York. Agrostis laxiflora var. scabra Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 442. 1843. Based on A. scabra Willd. Agrostis laxiflora var. tenuis Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 442. 1843. Based on A. scabra var. tenuis Tuckerm. Agrostis torreyi Tuckerm., Mag. Hort. Hovey 9: 143. 1843. Not A. torreyi Kunth, 1830. Based on Trichodium montanum Torr. Agrostis scabra var. oreophila Wood, Class-book 774. 1861. Based on A. [laxiflora var.] montana Tuckerm. (There is no reference to A. oreophila Trin.) Agrostis scabriuscula Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 90. 1863. Columbia Plains, Oreg., Nuttall. Agrostis scabrata Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 334. 1863, as synonym of A. scabriuscula Buckl. Agrostis scabra var. montana Fernald, Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 2: 91. 1895. Based on Trichodium montanum Torr. This combination was made by Vasey, giving Tuckerm. as author (Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 76. 1892), the basis not given, and erroneously cited as synonym of A.novae-angliae Vasey. Agrostis canina var. hiemalis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 32: 338. 1898. Based on Cornucopiae hiemalis Walt. Agrostis antecedens Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 473. 1908. Nan- tucket, Bicknell in 1908. Agrostis hiemalis nuikaensis Scribn. and Merr., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13: 56. 1910. Based on A. nuikaensis Kunth. Agrestis hyemalis Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 216. 1915. Based on Cornu- copiae hiemalis Walt. Agrostis scabra forma hickermani Fernald, Rhodora 35: 207. 1933. Braintree, Mass., Churchill in 1911. Agrostis hiemalis var. geminata (Trin.) Hitchc, U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 68: 44. 1905. Based on A. geminata Trin. (Published as A. hiemalis geminata.) Agrostis geminata Trin., Gram. Unifl. 207. 1824. Unalaska, Eschscholtz. Agrostis geminata forma exaristata Fernald, Rhodora 35: 211. 1933. Gaspe County, Quebec, Fernald, Dodge and Smith 25, 485. (24) Agrostis howellii Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 76. 1892. Hood River, Oreg., Howell 198. (12) Agrostis humilis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot, Club 10: 21. 1883. Mount Paddo [Adams], Wash., Howell [85]. (26) Agrostis idahoensis Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 42. 1897. Forest, Idaho, Heller 3431. Agrostis tenuis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 21. 1883. Not A. tenuis Sibth., 1794. San Bernardino Mountains, Calif., Parish Bros. [1085]. Agrostis tenuiculmis Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 32. 1900. Based on A. tenuis Vasey. Agrostis tenuiculmis recta Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 32. 1900. [Belt Pass, Mont., Rydberg 3327/2.] Agrostis tenuis erecta Vasey; Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 32. 1900, as synonym of A. tenuiculmis recta Nash. (3) Agrostis interrupta L., Syst, Nat. ed. 10. 2: 872. 1759. Europe. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 783 Apera interrupta Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 151. 1812. Based on Agrostis inter- rupta L. Anemagrostis interrupta Trin., Fund. Agrost. 129. 1820. Based on Agrostis interrupta L. Muhlenbergia interrupta Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 177. 1854. Based on Agrostis interrupta L. Agrostis spica-venti var. interrupta Hook, f., Stud. Fl. 432. 1870. Based on A. interrupta L. Agrostis anemagrostis subsp. interrupta Syme, in Sowerby, English Bot. ed. 3. 11: 44. 1873. Based on A. interrupta L. Apera spica-venti var. interrupta Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 357. 1896. Based on Agrostis interrupta L. Agrestis interrupta Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 289. 1901. Based on A. interrupta L. (17) Agrostis lepida Hitchc, in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 121. 1912. Siberian Pass, Sequoia National Park, Calif., Hitchcock 3455. (32) Agrostis longiligula Hitchc., U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 68: 54. 1905. Fort Bragg, Calif., Davy and Blasdale 6110. Agrostis nebulosa Boiss. and Reut., Bibl. Univ. Geneve (n.s.) 38: 218. 1842. Spain. (9) Agrostis nigra With., Bot, Arr. Veg. Brit. ed. 3. 2: 131. 1796. Europe. (29) Agrostis cregonensis Vasev, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 13: 55. 1886. Oregon, Howell [49]. Agrostis attenuata Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 337. 1886. Mount Hood, Oreg., Howell [210]. Agrostis hallii var. californica Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 74. 1892. California [Bolander 6103]. Agrostis schiedeana var. armata Suksdorf, Werdenda 1-: 1. 1923. Klickitat Countv, Wash., Suksdorf 6310. (18) Agrostis pallens Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 328. 1841. "Amer.-borealis? (Hooker)." Agrostis exarata var. littoralis Vasey, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 13: 54. 1886. Oregon, Howell [64]. Agrostis densiflora var. littoralis Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: -72. 1892. Based on A. exarata var. littoralis Vasey. (8) Agrostis palustris Huds., Fl. Angl. 27. 1762. England. Agrostis polymorpha var. palustris Huds., Fl. Angl. 32. 1778. Based on A. palustris Huds. Agrostis maritima Lam., Encycl. 1: 61. 1783. France. Agrostis alba var. palustris Pers., Svn. PI. 1: 76. 1805. Based on A. palustris Huds. Milium maritimum Clem, y Paibio, Ensay. Vid Andaluc. 285. 1807. Based on Agrostis maritima Lam. Agrostis decumbens Gaud.; Muhl., Descr. Gram. 68. 1817. Not A. decum- bens Host, 1809. Pennsylvania, New Jersey. Vilfa stolonifera var. maritima S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 146. 1821. Based on Agrostis maritima With, (error for Lam.) Apera palustris S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 148. 1821. Based on Agrostis palustris With, (error for Huds.). Agrostis alba var. maritima G. Meyer, Chloris Hanov. 656. 1836. Based on A. maritima Lam. Agrostis stolonifera var. maritima Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 781. 1837. Based on A. maritima Lam. ? Agrostis alba var. decumbens Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot. ed. 8. 117. 1840. Not A. alba var. decumbens Gaudin, 1828. Eastern United States. Agrostis stolonifera var. compacta Hartm., Handb. Skand. Flora ed. 4. 24. 1843. Scandinavia. Agrostis depressa Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 54. 1886. Clear Creek Canyon, Colo., Patterson in 1885. Agrostis exarata var. stolonifera Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 54. 1886 Columbia River, Suksdorf. Agrostis reptans Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 54. 1917. Based on A. exarata var. stolonifera Vasey. Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 351. 1920. Based on A. polymorpha var. plaustris Huds. New England specimens of this species have been referred to A. alba var. coarctata Scribn., based on A. coarctata Ehrh., of Germany, which appears to be a narrow-panicled form of A. stolonifera L. 55974°- 35 50 784 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (28) Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 44. 1843. Based on Cornucopiae perennans Walt. Cornucopiae perennans Walt., Fl. Carol. 74. 1788. South Carolina. Agrostis cornucopiae Smith, Gentleman's Mag. 59: 873. 1789. Based on Cornucopiae perennans Walt. Agrostis elegans Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 25. 1796. Based on Cornucopiae perennans Walt. Agrostis anomala Willd., Sp. PL 1: 370. 1797. Based on Cornucopiae peren- nans Walt. Alopecurus carolinianus Spreng., Nachtr. Bot. Gart. Halle 10. 1801. Not A. carolinianus Walt., 1788. [Kentucky, Peter.] Trichodium decumbens Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 42. 1803. Virginia to Florida, Michaux. Trichodium perennans Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 99. 1816. Based on Cornu- copiae perennans Walt. Trichodium muhlenbergianum Schult., Mant. 2: 159. 1824. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg. Based on Muhlenberg's Trichodium no. 4. Agrostis michauxii Trin., Gram. Unifl. 206. 1824. Not A. michauxii Zucc. 1809. Based on Trichodium decumbens Michx. Agrostis noveboracensis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 260. 1825. New York, Torrey. Agrostis decumbens Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 80. 1827. Not A. decumbens Host, 1809. Based on Trichodium decumbens Michx. Trichodium noveboracense Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 555. 1827. Based on Agrostis noveboracensis Spreng. Trichodium scabrum [MuhL, misapplied by] DarL, Fl. Cestr. 1: 54. 1837. Pennsylvania. Agrostis schweinitzii Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 311. 1841. Pennsylvania, Schweinitz. Agrostis oreophila Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 323. 1841. Bethlehem, Pa., Moser. {Trichodium montanum Torr. is erroneously cited as synonvm.) Agrostis abakanensis Less.; Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: "325. 1841, as synonym of A. michauxii Trin. Agrostis schiedeana Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 327. 1841. Mexico, type received from Schrader. Agrostis novae-angliae Tuckerm., Mag. Hort. Hovey 9: 143. 1843. White Mountains, N.H. Agrostis campyla Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. II. 6: 231. 1848. ' Based on A. scabra as described by Tuckerman. Agrostis scabra var. perennans Wood, Class-book 774. 1861. Presumably based on A. perennans Tuckerm. Agrostis perennans var. aestivalis Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 76. 1892. Athens, 111. [Hall]. The slender lax form. Agrostis intermedia Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 476. 1893. Not A. intermedia Balb.,1801. Pine Mountain, Harlan County, Tenn. Kearney 39. Agrostis pseudointer media Farwell, Ann. Rept. Commr. Parks and Boul. Detroit 11: 46. 1900. Based on A. intermedia Scribn. Agrostis scribneriana Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 126. 1903. Based on A. intermedia Scribn. Agrostis perennans var. humilis Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers 1: 87. 1921. Detroit, Farwell 5672}i Agrostis perennans var. elata (Pursh) Hitchc, U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 68: 50. 1905. Based on Trichodium elatum Pursh. (Published as A. perennans elata.) ? Cornucopiae altissima Walt., Fl. Carol. 74. 1788. South Carolina. Possibly Agrostis alba L. Trichodium elatum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 61. 1814. New Jersey, Carolina. Agrostis elata Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 317. 1841. Based on Trichodium elatum Pursh. lAgrostis altissima Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 44. 1843. Based on Cornucopiae altissima Walt. ? Trichodium altissimum Michx.; Wood. Class-booked. 2. 599. 1847. Based on Cornucopiae altissima Walt. Agrostis hyemalis var. elata Fernald, Rhodora 23: 229. 1921. Based on Trichodium elatum Pursh. Agrostis perennans forma chaetophora Fernald, Rhodora 35: 317. 1933. Hunt- ington County, Pa., Lowrie. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 785 Agrostis perennans var. aestivalis forma atherophora Fernald, Rhodora 35: 317. 1933. Terrebonne, Quebec, Churchill. [V Agrostis retrofracta Willd., Enum. PI. 1: 94. 1809. Australia. ' Vilfa retrofracta Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 148, 182. 1812. Based on Agrostis retrofracta Willd. Lachnagrostis retrofracta Trin., Fund. Agrost. 128. 1820. Based on Agrostis retrofracta Willd. Lachnagrostis willdenovii Trin., Gram. Unifl. 217. 1824. Based on Agrostis retrofracta Willd. Deyeuxia retrofracta Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 77. 1829. Based on Agrostis retrofracta Willd. Calamagrostis retrofracta Link; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 251. 1840. Based on Agrostis retrofracta Willd. Calamagrostis willdenovii Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 192. 1854. Based on Lachnagrostis willdenovii Trin. (21). Agrostis rossae Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 76. 1892. Yellow- stone Park, Wyo., Edith Ross in 1890. Agrostis varians Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 314. 1841. Not A. varians Thuill., 1790. "America boreal? (Hoocker 217)." A dupli- cate type in the Torrey Herbarium (N.Y. Bot. Gard.) is labeled Rocky Mountains, Hooker 217. Agrostis variabilis Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 32. 1900. Based on A. varians Trin. (2) Agrostis spica-venti L., Sp. PL 61. 1753. Europe. Agrostis gracilis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 25. 1796. Based on A. spica-venti L. Apera spica-venti Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 151. 1812. Based on Agrostis spica- venti L. Anemagrostis spica-venti Trin., Fund. Agrost. 129. 1820. Based on Agrostis spica-venti L. Festuca spica-venti Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 445. 1825. Based on Agrostis spica-venti L. Muhlenbergia spica-venti Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 285. 1841. Based on Agrostis spica-venti L. Agrostis ventosa Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 74. 1867. Based on Apera spica-venti Beauv. Agrostis anemagrostis Syme, in Sowerby, English Bot. ed. 3. 11: 43. 1873. Based on Anemagrostis spica-venti Trin. Agrostis anemagrostis subsp. spica-venti Syme, in Sowerby, English Bot. ed. 3. 11: 43. 1873. Based on A. spica-venti L. (7) Agrostis stolonifera L., Sp. PL 62. 1753. Europe. Decandolia stolonifera Bast., Fl. Maine-et-Loire 29. 1809. Based on Agrostis stolonifera L. Vilfa stolonifera Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 148, 182. 1812. Based on Agrostis stolonifera L. Agrostis alba var. stolonifera Smith, English FL 1: 93. 1824. Based on A. stolonifera L. Agrostis vulgaris var. stolonifera Koch, Syn. FL Germ. Helv. 782. 1837. Based on A. stolonifera L. (11) Agrostis tenuis Sibth., Fl. Oxon. 36. 1794. Based on A. capillaris Huds. Agrostis capillaris Huds., FL Angl. ed. 2. 27. 1762. Not A. capillaris L., 1753. England. Agrostis sylvatica Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 28. 1762. England. A teratological form, tne florets abnormally elongated. Name rejected, being based on a monstrosity. Agrostis vulgaris With., Bot. Arr. Veg. Brit. ed. 3. 2: 132. 1796. Europe. Vilfa vulgaris Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, pi. 5. f. 8. 1812. Based on Agrostis vulgaris With. Agrostis alba var. sylvatica Smith, English Fl. 1: 93. 1824. Based on A. sylvatica Huds. Published as new by Scribner, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 40. 1894, the basis given as "A. sylvatica L." error for Huds. Agrostis alba var. vulgaris Cdss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 63. 1867. Based on A. vulgaris With. Agrostis stolonifera var. vulgaris Celak., Prodr. Fl. Bohrn. 710. 1881. Not A. stolonifera var. vulgaris Heuff., 1858. Based on A. vulgaris With. Agrostis alba var. minor Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 78. 1892. [Wash- ington, D.C.] 786 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 1908. Pre- 1791. North This species has been referred to Agrostis capillaris L., a European species not known from America. Agrostis tenuis var. aristata (Parnell) Druce, List Brit. PL 79. sumably based on A. vulgaris var. aristata Parnell. Agrostis stricta Willd., Sp. PI. 1: 366. 1797. Not A. stricta Gmel., America. Agrostis stricta Muhl., Descr. Gram. 65. 1817. Not A. stricta Gmel., 1791. New England and Carolina. Trichodium striatum Rocm. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 281. 1S17. Based on Agrostis stricta Willd. Agrostis diffusa Muhl.; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 260. 1825. Not A. diffusa Host, 1809, nor Muhl., 1S17. As synonym of A. stricta Muhl. Agrostis vulgaris var. aristata Parnell, Grasses Scotl. I1: 34. pi. 13. 1842. Scotland. Agrostis alba var. aristata A. Gray, Man. 578. 1848. Not A. alba var. aristata Spenner, 1825. Based on A. stricta Willd. Agrostis stricta Buse, in Miquel, PI. Jungh. 341. 1854. Not A. stricta Gmel., 1791. Based on Trichodium strictum Roem. and Schult. Agrostis alba var. stricta Wood, Class-book 774. 1861. Based on A. stricia Willd. Agrostis tenuis forma aristata (Parnell) Wiegand, Rhodora 26: 2. 1924. Based on A. vulgaris var. aristata Parnell. Agrostis palustris var. stricia House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 254: 98. 1924. Based on Agrostis stricta Willd. Agrostis capillaris var. aristata Druce, Fl. Oxfordsh. ed. 2. 474. 1927. Pre- sumably based on A. vulgaris var. aristata Parnell. Agrostis capillaris aristulata Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 160. 1928. Alexandria, Va. Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 344. (4) Agrostis thurberiana Hitchc, U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 68: 23. pi. 1. f. 1. 1905. Skamania County, Wash., Suksdorf 1021. Agrostis hillebrandii Thurb.; Boland. Agr. Soc. Calif. Trans. 1864-1865: 136. 1866. Name onlv. Sierra Nevada, Calif., Hillebrand. Agrostis atrata Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 531. British Columbia, Macoun 64787. (6) Agrostis verticillata Vill., Prosp. PI. Dauph. 16. Agrostis alba var. verticillata Pers., Syn. PI. 1: 76. lata Vill. Agrostis villarsii Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: verticillata Vill. Vilfa verticillata Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 148, 182. verticillata Vill. Agrostis decumbens Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. decumbens Host, 1809. Charleston, S.C. Agrostis stolonifera var. verticillata St. Amans, Fl. Agen. 28. 1821. Based on A. verticillata Vill. Agrostis condensata Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 40. A. verticillata Vill. Agrostis leptos Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 169. 1854. Louisiana. Agrostis aquatica BuckL, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 90. 1863. Not A. aquatica Pourr., 1783. San Saba Couaty, Tex. Agrestis verticillata Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 282. 1901. Based on Agrostis verticillata Vill. 1909. Yoho Valley, 1779. 1805. France. Based on A. verticil- 251. 1810. Based on A. 1812. Based on Agrostis 1: 136. 1816. Not A. 1S40, as synonym of (56) AIRA L. (3) Aira capillaris Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 4: 20. pi. 35. 1809. Europe. Avena capillaris Mert. and Koch, in RoehL, Deut. Fl. ed. 3. I2: 573. 1823. Based on Aira capillaris Host. Airopsis capillaris Schur, Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 9: 328. 1S59. Based on ^4ira capillaris Host. Fussia capillaris Schur, Enum. PL Transsilv. 754. 1866. Based on Aira capillaris Host. Airella capillaris Dum., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 71: 68. 1868. Based on Aira capillaris Host. Aspris capillaris Hitchc, U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 116. 1920. Based on Aira capillaris Host. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 787 (2) Aira caryophyllea L., Sp. PI. 66. 1753. Europe. Avena caryophyllea Wigg., Prim. Fl. Hols. 10. 1780. Based on Aira caryo- phyllea L. Agrostis caryophyllea Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 25. 1796. Based on Aira caryo- phyllea L. Airopsis caryophyllea Fries, Nov. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. Cont. 3: 180. 1842. Based on Aira caryophyllea L. Caryophyllea airoides Opiz, Sezn. Rostl. Ceske1 27. 1852. Based on Aira caryophyllea L. Fussia caryophyllea Schur, Enum. PI. Transsilv. 754. 1866. Based on Aira caryophyllea L. Airella caryophyllea Dum., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 71: 68. 1868. Based on Aira caryophyllea L. Salmasia vulgaris Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 316. 1901. Based on Aira caryophyllea L. Aspris caryophyllea Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 214. 1913. Based on Aira caryophyllea L. (1) Aira praecox L., Sp. PI. 65. 1753. Europe. Agrostis praecox Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 24. 1796. Based on Aira praecox L. Avena praecox Beauv.-, Ess. Agrost. 89, 154. 1812. Based on Aira praecox L. Trisetum praecox Dum., Obs. Gram. Belg. 122. pi. 8. f. 30. 1823. Based on Aira praecox L. Airopsis praecox Fries, Nov. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. Cont. 3: 180. 1842. Based on Aira praecox L. Caryophyllea praecox Opiz, Sezn. Rostl. Ceske 27. 1852. Based on Aira praecox L. Fussia praecox Schur, Enum. PL Transsilv. 754. 1866. Based on Aira praecox L. Airella praecox Dum., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 71: 68. 1868. Based on Aira praecox L. Salmasia praecox Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 316. 1901. Based on Aira praecox L. Aspris praecox Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 215. 1913. Based on Aira praecox L. (69) ALOPECURUS L. (5) Alopecurus aequalis Sobol., Fl. Petrop. 16. 1799. Greece. Alopecurus aristulatus Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 43. 1803. Canada, Michaux. Alopecurus fulvus J. E. Smith, in Sowerby, English Bot. 21: pi. 1467. 1805. England. Alopecurus subaristatus Pers., Syn. PI. 1: 80. 1805. Canada. Alopecurus geniculatus var. natans Wahl., Fl. Lapp. 22. 1812. Lapland. Alopecurus geniculatus var. aristulatus Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 97. 1823. Based on A. aristulatus Michx. Alopecurus caespitosus Trim, Gram. Icon. 3: pi. 241. 1836. North America, [type, Northwest America, Douglas]. Alopecurus geniculatus var. fulvus Schrad., Linnaea 12: 424. 1838. Based on A. fulvus J. E. Smith. Alopecurus geniculatus var. robustus Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 13. 1888. Vancouver Island, Macoun. Alopecurus howellii var. merrimani Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 278. 1896. Pribilof Islands, Alaska, "C. H. Merriman" [error for Mcrriam\. Alopecurus howellii var. merriami Beal; Macoun, in Jordan, Fur Seals North Pacif. 3: 573. 1899. (Correction of var. merrimani Beal.) Alopecurus aristulatus var. natans Simmons, Arkiv Bot. 617: 4. 1907. Based on A. geniculatus var. natans Wahl. Tozzettia fulva Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 216. 1915. Based on Alopecurus fulvus J. E. Smith. Alopecurus artistulatus var. merriami St. John, Canada Dept. Mines Mem. 126: 42. 1922. Based on A. howellii var. merriami Beal. Alopecurus aequalis var. natans Fernald, Rhodora 27: 198. 1925. Based on Alopecurus geniculatus var. natans Wahl. (3) Alopecurus alpinus J. E. Smith, in Sowerby, English Bot. pi. 1126. 1803. Scotland. ? Alopecurus borealis Trim, Fund. Agrost. 58. 1820. Asia and North America. Alopecurus occidentalis Scribn. and Tweedy, Bot. Gaz. 11: 170. 1886. Yel- lowstone National Park, Tweedy. _ I Alopecurus behringianus Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 298. 1920. St. Paul Island, Alaska, Macoun. 788 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Vasey misapplied the name Alopecurus pratensis var. alpestris Wahl. to this species in Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 86. 1892. (7) Alopecurus carolinianus Walt., Fl. Carol. 74. 1788. South Carolina. Alopecurus ramosus Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 8: 776. 1808. Carolina, Bosc. Alopecurus pedalis Bosc; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 4. 1812. Name only. [Caro- lina, Bosc] Alopecurus gracilis Willd.; Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 38. 1840. Carolina [Bosc]. Alopecurus macounii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 12. 1888. Oak Bay, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Alopecurus geniculatus var. caespitosus Scribn., in Macoun, Cat. Can. PL 25: 389. 1890. Yale, British Columbia, Macoun. Alopecurus geniculatus var. ramosus St. John, Rhodora 19: 167. 1917. Based on A. ramosus Poir. Alopecurus creticus Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 45. 1821. Crete. (6) Alopecurus geniculatus L., Sp. PI. 60. 1753. Europe. Tozzettia geniculata Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 275. 1901. Based on Alopecurus geniculatus L. (8) Alopecurus howellii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 12. 1888. [Med- ford], Oreg., Howell [215]. Alopecurus californicus Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 13. 1888. Cali- fornia [type, Santa Cruz, Anderson] and Oregon. (1) Alopecurus myosuroides Huds., Fl. Angl. 23. 1762. England. Alopecurus agrestis L., Sp. PL ed. 2. 1: 89. 1762. Europe. Tozzettia agrestis Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 274. 1901. Based on Alopecurus agrestis L. (4) Alopecurus pallescens Piper, Fl. Palouse 18. 1901. Pullman, Wash., Piper 1743. (2) Alopecurus pratensis L., Sp. PL 60. 1753. Europe. (9) Alopecurus saccatus Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 290. 1881. Eastern Oregon, Howell. (62) AMMOPHILA Host (1) Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 105. 1827. Based on Arundo arenaria L. Arundo arenaria L., Sp. PL 82. 1753. Europe. Calamagrostis arenaria Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 34. 1788. Based on Arundo arenaria L. Ammophila arundinacea Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 4: 24. pi. 41. 1809. Based on Arundo arenaria L. Psamma littoralis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 144. pi. 6. f. 1. 176. 1812. Europe. Psamma arenaria Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 845. 1817. Based on Calamagrostis arenaria Roth. Phalaris maritima Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 48. 1818. Based on Arundo arenaria L., but misapplied to Ammophila breviligulata. Phalaris ammophila Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: 66. 1821. Based on Ammophila arundinacea Host. Arundo littoralis Beauv.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 144. 1840, as synonym of Calamagrostis arenaria Roth. (2) Ammophila breviligulata Fernald, Rhodora 22: 71. 1920. Milford, Conn., Bissell in 1902. Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Poir.) Dur. and Schinz, Consp. Fl. Air. 5: 874. 1894. Based on Arundo mauritanica Poir. Arundo mauritanica Poir., Voy. Barb. 2: 104. 1789. Algeria. Arundo tenax Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 25. 1791. Tunis. Ampelodesmos tenax Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 136. 1827. Based on Arundo tenax Vahl. (138) AMPHICARPUM Kunth (2) Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum (Schult.) Hitchc, Bartonia 14: 34. 1932. Based on Milium muhlenbergianum Schult. Milium ? muhlenbergianum Schult., Mant. 2: 178. 1824. Based on Milium no. 3 of Muhlenberg's Descriptio Graminum. Muhlenberg's specimen is without locality. Amphicarpon floridanum Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 572. 1860. Apalachicola River, Fla. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 789 (1) Amphicarpum purshii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 28. 1829. Based on Milium amphicarpon Pursh. Milium amphicarpon Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 62. pi. 2. 1814. Egg Har- bor, N.J. Milium ciliatum Muhl., Descr. Gram. 77. 1817. Not M. ciliatum Moench. New Jersey. Amphicarpon amphicarpon Nash, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 352. 1894. Based on Milium amphicarpon Pursh. (145) ANDROPOGON L. (16) Andropogon arctatus Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 20. 1878. West Florida, Chapman [in 1875]. Andropogon tetrastachyus var. distachyus Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 581. 1860. No locality cited. [Type specimen of A. arctatus is also type of this.] Sorghum arctatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 791. 1891. Based on Andropogon arctatus Chapm. (30) Andropogon barbinodis Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 3. 1816. Mexico, Sessi. Andropogon leucopogon Nees, Linnaea 19: 694. 1845. Mexico, Aschenborn 141. Andropogon saccharoides var. barbinodis Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 494. 1889. Based on A. barbinodis Lag. Andropogon saccharoides var. leucopogon Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 496. 1889. Based on A. leucopogon Nees. Amphilophis barbinodis Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 65. 1903. Based on Andropogon barbinodis Lag. Holcus saccharoides var. barbinodis Hack.; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904. Presumably based on Andropogon barbinodis Lag. Amphilophis leucopogon Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 126. 1912. Based on Andro- pogon leucopogon Nees. (21) Andropogon brachystachyus Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 2. 668. 1883. [Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss [3632]. Sorghum brachystachyum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 791. 1891. Based on Andropogon brachystachyus Chapm. (14) Andropogon cabanisii Hack., Flora 68: 133. 1885. "Pennsylvania" [erroneous] and Florida, Cabanis. Sorghum cabanisii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 791. 1891. Based on Andropogon cabanisii Hack. (27) Andropogon campyloracheus Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 431. 1900. Eustis, Fla., Nash 1738. Andropogon elliottii var. laxiflorus Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 146. 1896 (Apr.). Eustis, Fla., Nash 1738. Published as' new in Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 51. 1896 (Nov.), Nash 1597 cited as type. (22) Andropogon capillipes Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 431. 1900. Based on A. virginicus var. glaucus Hack. Andropogon glaucus Muhl., Descr. Gram. 278. 1817. Not A. glaucus Retz., 1789. South Carolina. Cymbopogon glaucus Scnult., Mant. 2: 459. 1824. Based on Andropogon glaucus Muhl. Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 411. 1889. [Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss 3638b. (5) Andropogon cirratus Hack., Flora 68: 119. 1885. El Paso, Tex., Wright 804 [error for 805]. Sorghum cirratum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 791. 1891. Based on Andropogon cirratus Hack. Schizachyrium cirratum Woot. and Standi., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81: 30. 1912. Based on Andropogon cirratus Hack. (10) Andropogon divergens (Hack.) Anderss.; Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 456. 1933. Based on A. scoparius subsp. maritimus var. divergens Hack. Andropogon scoparius subsp. maritimus var. divergens Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 385. 1889. Texas. Andropogon divergens Anderss.; Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 385. 1889, as svnonvm of A. scoparius subsp. maritimus var. divergens Hack. (25) Andropogon elliottii Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 581. 1860. Florida to North Carolina. Chapman erroneously cites "A. argenteus Ell., not of DC" but his description, especially of the "dilated clustered sheaths" shows that he did not know Elliott's species (see synonymy under A. ternarius 790 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Michx.), but was describing plants of his own collection, one of which from Chapman's herbarium named "Andropogon Elliottii S. Fl." in his script is in the U.S. National Herbarium. Andropogon clandestinus Wood, Class-book ed. 3: 809. 1861. Not A. clan- destinus Nees, 1854. Western Louisiana. Andropogon elliottii var. gracilior Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 415. 1889. [Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss 3636a. Sorghum elliottii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 791. 1891. Based on A. elliottii Chapm. ? Andropogon gyrans Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 113. 1898. Durham County, N.C., Ashe. Andropogon gracilior Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 63. 1903. Based on A. elliottii var. gracilior Hack. (32) Andropogon exaristatus (Nash) Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 163. 1928. Based on Amphilophis exaristatus Nash. Andropogon saccharoides var. submuticus Vasey; Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 495. _ 1889. Not A. submuticus Steud., 1854. Texas, Nealley. Amphilophis exaristatus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 65. 1903. Based on Andropogon saccharoides var. submuticus Vasev. (17) Andropogon floridanus Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 145. 1896. [Eustis], Fla., Nash 1572. Andropogon bakeri Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 39. 1901. Grasmere, Fla., C. H. Baker 58. (11) Andropogon furcatus Muhl., in Willd., Sp. PL 4: 919. 1806. North America [probably Pennsylvania]. ? Andropogon ternarius [Michx. misapplied by] Bertol., Mem. Accad. Sci. Bologna 2: 600. 1850. Alabama. Andropogon provincialis sub var. furcatus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 442. 1889. Based on A. furcatus Muhl. Andropogon provincialis subvar. lindheimeri Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 443. 1889. Texas, Lindheimer 741. Andropogon provincialis subvar. pycnanthus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 443. 1889. Texas, Vinzent 69. Andropogon provincialis var. tennesseensis Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 72: 23. 1894. _ Tennessee. Andropogon hallii grandiflorus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 21. 1897. Colorado, Shear 747 [type], 605, 2366. Andropogon tennesseensis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 16: 1. 1899. Based on A. provincialis var. tennesseensis Scribn. The name Andropogon provincialis Lam. (Encycl. 1: 376. 1783), was applied to this species by Hackel (in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 441. 1889) and others, but Lamarck's species is uncertain. He states that he saw a plant in the Paris Botanical Garden, but his description is taken from Gerard (Fl. Gall. Prov. 107. pi. 4. 1761) and does not well apply to our species. Furthermore, A. provincialis Retz. (Obs. Bot. 3: 43. [31]. 1783), which appears to be a species of Chloris, was published the same year. The author is unable to determine which is the earlier. The part of Lamarck's Encyclopedie containing page 376 appeared in August 1783. (24) Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 67. 1888. Based on Cinna glomerata Walt. Cinna glomerata Walt., Fl. Carol. 59. 1788. South Carolina. Andropogon macrourus Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 56. 1803. Carolina to Florida, Michaux. [Type labeled "Virginia to Carolina."] Andropogon spathaceus Trim, Fund. Agrost. 186. 1820, name only; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 93. 1840, as synonym of A. macrourus Michx. Anatherum macrourum Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad, (n.s.) 8: 534. 1863. Based on Andropogon macrourus Michx. Andropogon macrourus var. abbreviates Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 408. 1889. [Pleasant Bridge], N.J., Gray. Andropogon macrourus var. corymbosus Chapm.; Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 409. 1889v [Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss 3639c. Sorghum glomeratum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 790. 1891. Based on Cinna glomerata Walt. Dimeiostemon macrurus Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 760. 1893, as sjmonym of Andropogon macrourus Michx. Andropogon virginicus var. corymbosus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 52. 1896. [Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss 3639c. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 791 Andropogon glomeratus var. corymbosus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7 (ed. 3): 15. 1900. Based on .4. macrourus var. cory?nbosus Chapm. Andropogon glomeratus var. abbreviates Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7 (td. 3): 15. 1900. Based on A. macrourus var. abbreviates Hack. Andropogon corymbosus Nash, in Britton, Man. 69. 1901. Based on A. macrourus var. corymbosus Chapm. Andropogon corymbosus abbreviates Nash, in Britton, Man. 70. 1901. Based on A. macrourus var. abbreviates Hack. Andropogon glomeratus tenuispatheus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 61. 1903. Florida [tvpe] to New Mexico. Andropogon tenuispatheus Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 113. 1912. Based on A. glomeratus tenuispatheus Nash. (1) Andropogon gracilis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 284. 1825. Hispaniola. Andropogon juncifolius Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. PI. Ind. Occ. 9. 1825. St. Croix, Virgin Islands. . . Andropogon louisianae Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 383. 1854. Louisiana [doubtless erroneous]. Sorghum gracile Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 791. 1891. Based on Andropogon gracilis Spreng. Schizachyrium gracile Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 60. 1903. Based on Andropogon gracilis Spreng. (12) Andropogon hallii Hack., Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturw. (Wien) 891: 127. 1884. North America [Nebraska], Hall and Harbour 651. Andropogon hallii var. flaveolus Hack., Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturw. (Wien) 891: 128. 1884. [Nebraska] Hall and Harbour 651. Andropogon hallii var. incanescens Hack., Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturw. (Wien) 891: 128. 1884. [Nebraska] Hall and Harbour. Andropogon hallii var. muiicus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 444. 1889. Brighton, Colo., Vasey. Sorghum hallii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 791. 1891. Based on Andropogon hallii Hack. Andropogon geminates Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 55. 1896. Texas, Nealley. Andropogon hallii var. bispicata Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 55. 1896, as svnonvm of A. geminatus Hack. Andropogon chrysocomus Nash, in Britton, Man. 70. 1901. Kansas [type, Stevens County, Carleton 343] and Texas. Andropogon paucipilus Nash, in Britton, Man. 70. 1901. Montana and Nebraska [type, Whitman, Rydberg 1607]. (3) Andropogon hirtiflorus (Nees) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830. Based on Schizachyrium. hirtiflorum Nees. Streptachne domingensis Spreng.; Schult., Mant. 2: 188. 1824. Not Andropogon domingensis Steud., 1821. Santo Domingo, Bertero. Schizachyrium hirtiflorum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 334. 1S29. Brazil, Sellow. Aristida domingensis Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 62. 1829. Based on Streptachne domingensis Spreng. Andropogon oligostachyus Chapm., FL South. U.S. 581. 1860. Middle Florida, Chapman. Andropogon hirtiflorus var. oligostachyus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 372. 1889. Based on A. oligostachyus Chapm. Sorghum hirtiflorum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 792. 1891. Based on Schizachy- rium hirtiflorum Nees. Schizachyrium oligostachyum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 59. 1903. Based on Andropogon oligostachyus Chapm. Schizachyrium domingense Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 103. 1912. Based on Streptachne domingensis Spreng. Andropogon domingensis F. T. Hubb., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 49: 493. 1913. Not A. domingensis Steud., 1821. Based on Streptachne domingensis Spreng. Andropogon hirtiflorus var. feensip (Fourn.) Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 372. 1889. Based on A. feensis Fourn. Andropogon feensis Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 62. 1886. Santa Fe\ Mexico, Bourgeau 752. Andropogon hirtiflorus var. brevipedicellatus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 44. 1896. Chihuahua, Mexico, Pringle 383. Schizachyrium feense A. Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 70: 89. 1923. Based on Andropogon feensis Fourn. (7) Andropogon littoralis Nash, in Britton, Man. 69. 1901. New York [type, Staten Island, Nash in 1894] and New Jersey. 792 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Andropogon scoparius subsp. euscoparius Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 46. 1896. Cape May, N.J., Burk in 1881 (misprinted as 1888). Andropogon scoparius var. littoralis Hitchc, Rhodora8: 205. 1906. Based on A. littoralis Nash. Schizachyrium littorale Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 1S2. 1908. Based on Andropogon littoralis Nash. (19) Andropogon longiberbis Hack., Flora 68: 131. 1885. Florida, Garber [in 1877]. SorghumlongiberbeKuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andropogon longiberbis Hack. (9) Andropogon maritimus Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 2: 668. 1883. West Florida, Chapman. Andropogon scoparius subsp. maritimus Hack., in DC, Mouogr. Phan. 6: 385. 1889. Based on A. maritimus Chapm. Schizachyrium maritimum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 59. 1903. Based on Andropogon maritimus Chapm. (13) Andropogon mohrii (Hack.) Hack.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl. Herb. 3: 11. 1892. Based on A. liebmanni subvar. mohrii Hack. Andropogon liebmanni subvar. mohrii Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 413. 1889. Mobile, Ala., Mohr [in 1884]. Andropogon mohrii var. pungensis Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 114. 1898. Washington County, N.C., Ashe. Andropogon nodosus (Willem.) Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 122. 1912. Based on Dichanthium nodosum Willem. Dichanthium nodosiLm Willem., Ann. Bot. Usteri 18: 11. 1796. Mauritius. Andropogon mollicomus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 365. 1830. Mauritius. Andropogon caricosus var. mollicomus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 569. 1889. Based on A. mollicomus Kunth. (20) Andropogon perangustatus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 62. 1903. Based on A. virginicus var. [viridis subvar.] stenophyllus Hack. Andropogon virginicus var. viridis subvar. stenophyllus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 411. 1889. Not A. stenophyllus Roem. and Schult., 1817. Florida, Chapman [in 1884]. (29) Andropogon perforatus Trin.; Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 59. 1886. [Mexico City] Mexico, Berlandier 641. Andropogon emersus Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 58. 1886. Orizaba, Mexico, Mueller 2033. Andropogon saccharoides var. leucopogon subvar. perforatus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 496. 1889. Based on A. perforatus Trin. Andropogon saccharides var. perforatus Hack.; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 497. 1894. Presumably based on A. perforatus Trin. Amphilophis perforatus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 66. 1903. Based on Andropogon perforatus Trin. Holcus saccharoides var. perforatus Hack.; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904. Presumably based on Andropogon perforatus Trin. Amphilophis emersus Nash, N.Amer. FL 17: 126. 1912. Based on Andropogon €7tt€vsus Fourn. (31) Andropogon saccharoides Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26. 1788. Jam- aica, Swartz. Andropogon argcnteus DC, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 77. 1813. Mexico, Sess6. Andropogon laguroides DC, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 78. 1813. Grown from Mexican seed. Andropogon glaucus Torr., Ann. Lye. N.Y. 1: 153. 1824. Not A. glaucus Retz. 1789. Canadian River, Tex., James. Trachypogon argenteus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 348. 1829. Based on Andropogon arqenteus DC. Trachypogon laguroides Nees, Agrost. Bras. 349. 1829. Based on Andropogon laguroides DC Andropogon torreyanus Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 93. 1840. Based on A. glaucus Torr. Andropogon jamesii Tqrr., in Marcy, Expl. Red. Riv. 302. 1853. Based on A. glaucus Torr. < Andropogon saccharoides var. laguroides Hack., in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2s: 293. 1883. Based on A. laguroides DC. Andropogon saccharoides var. torreyanus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 495. 1889. Based on A. torreyanus Steud. Sorghum saccharoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andro- pogon saccharoides Swartz. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 793 Andropogon saccharoides var. glaucus Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 28. 1894. Based on A. glaucus Torr. Amphilophis torreyanus Nash, in Britton, Man. 71. 1901. Based on Andro- pogon torreyanus Steud. Holcus saccharoides Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904. Presumably based on Andropogon saccharoides Swartz. Holcus saccharoides var. laguroides Hack.; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904. Presumably based on Andropogon laguroides DC. Amphilophis saccharoides Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 125. 1912. Based on Andropogon saccharoides Swartz. Bothriochloa saccharoides Rydb., Brittonia 1: 81. 1931. Based on Andro- pogon saccharoides Swartz. (6) Andropogon scoparius Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 57. 1803. Carolina, Michaux. Andropogon purpurascens Muhl., in Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 913. 1806. North America [probably Pennsylvania, since the type was received from Muhlen- bcrffl. Andropogon flexilis Bosc; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 583. 1810. North America, Bosc [tvpe, Carolina]. Pollinia scoparia Spreng., PL Pugill. 2: 13. 1815. Based on Andropogon scoparius Michx. Andropogon halei Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 809. 1861. [Louisiana, Hale.] Andropogon scoparius subvar. flexilis Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 384. 1889. Based on A. flexilis Bosc. Andropogon scoparius subvar. caesia Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 384. 1889. No locality cited. (Plants with pruinose sheaths.) Andropogon scoparius subvar. serpentinus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 384. 1889. No locality cited. (Plants with strongly flexuous rachis.) Andropogon scoparius subvar. simplicior Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 384. 1889. No locality cited. (Sparingly branching plants.) Sorghum scoparium Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andro- pogan scoparius Michx. Andropogon scoparius polycladus Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 40. 1901. "Braidentown" (Bradenton), Fla., Combs 1298. Andropogon scoparius villosissimus Kearney, in Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost, Bull. 24: 41. 1901. Waynesboro, Miss., Kearney 136. (Foli- age villous.) Schizachyrium scoparium Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 59. 1903. Based on Andropogon scoparius Michx. Schizachyrium villosissimum Nash, in Small, FL Southeast. U.S. 59, 1326. 1903. Based on Andropogon scoparius villosissimus Kearney. Schizachyrium acuminatum Nash, in Small, FL Southeast, U.S. 59. 1326. 1903. Starkville, Miss., Tracy in 1890. (Sessile spikelets 10 mm long.) Andropogon scoparius var. frequens F. T. Hubb. Rhodora 19: 103. 1917. Block Island, R.I., Fernald, Long, and Torrey 8476. Andropogon scoparius var. glaucescens House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 254: 68. 1924. West of Albany, N.Y. [House 3 in 1918]. Andropogon scoparius var. neomexicanus (Nash) Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 163. 1928. Based on A. neo-mexicanus Nash. Andropogon neo-mexicanus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 83. 1898. White Sands, Dofia Ana County, N.Mex., Wooton [583] in 1897. Schizachyrium neo-mexicanum Nash, N.Amer. FL 17: 107 1912. Based on Andropogon neo-mexicanus Nash. (4) Andropogon semiberbis (Nees) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830. Based on Schizachyrium semiberbe Nees. Schizachyrium semiberbe Nees, Agrost. Bras. 336. 1829. Brazil, Sellow. Andropogon vaginatus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 336. 1830. Not A. vaginatus Ell., 1816. Mexico, Haenke. Andropogon velatus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830. Based on A. vaginatus Presl. Andropogon semiberbis subvar. pruinatus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 370. 1889. [Eau Gallie,] Fla., Curtiss 3633. Andropogon tener Curtiss; Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 370. 1889. Not A. tener Kunth, 1830. As synonym of A. semiberbis subvar. pruinatus Hack. Sorghum semiberbe Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 792. 1891. Based on Schiza- chyrium semiberbe Nees. Andropogon hirtiflorus var. semiberbis Stapf, in Dyer, Fl. Cap. 7: 337. 1898. Based on A. semiberbis Kunth. 794 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (8) Andropogon stolonifer (Nash) Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 299. 1915. Based on Schizachyrium stoloniferum Nash. Schizachyrium stoloniferum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 59, 1326. 1903. Florida, Chapman. Schizachyrium triaristatum Nash, in Small, FL Southeast. U.S. 60, 1326. 1903. Florida, Chapman. (26) Andropogon subtenuis Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 63. 1903. Biloxi, Miss., Tracy 2243. (2) Andropogon tener (Nees) Kunth, Re>. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830. Based on Schizachyrium tenerum Nees. Schizachyrium tenerum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 336. 1829. Brazil, Sellow. Andropogon gracilis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 336. 1830. Not A. gracilis Spreng. 1825. Peru, Haenke. Andropogon preslii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830. Based on A. gracilis Presl. Andropogon leptophijllus Trin., M6m. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 264. 1832. Based on Schizachyrium tenerum Nees. Sorghum tenerum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 792. 1891. Based on Schizachy- rium tenerum Nees. (15) Andropogon ternarius Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 57. 1803. Carolina, Michaux. Andropogon argenteus E1L, Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 148. 1816. Not A. argentues DC, 1813. Presumably South Carolina. Andropogon argyraeus Schult., Mant. 2: 450. 1824. Based on A. argenteus Ell. Andropogon muhlenbergianus Schult., Mant. 2: 455. 1824. Based on Muhlen- berg's Andropogon no. 4. North Carolina. Andropogon belvisii Desv., Opusc. 67. 1831. No locality cited. Sorghum argenteum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 790. 1891. Based on Andro- pogon argenteus Ell. Andropogon argyraeus var. tenuis Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 3: 12. 1892. Texas [Dallas, Reverchon 1161]. Andropogon argyraeus macrus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 1: 20. 1895. [Jacksonville,] Fla., Curtiss 4952. Published as new by Scribner and Ball (Hackel given as author) U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 39. 1900, Tracy 3891 cited as type. Andropogon elliottii glaucescens Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 145. 1896. Eustis, Fla., Nash 473. Andropogon scribnerianus Nash, Bull. N.Y.Bot.Gard. 1: 432. 1900. Based on A. elliottii glaucescens Scribn. Andropogon mississippiensis Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 40. 1901. Biloxi, Miss., Tracy 3818. (18) Andropogon tracyi Nash, Bull. N.Y.Bot.Gard. 1: 433. 1900. Columbus, Miss., Tracy 3083. (23) Andropogon virginicus L., Sp. PL 1046. 1753. America. The type speci- men bears no data indicating origin. Linnaeus had also a specimen from Gronovius, Clayton 460 from Virginia. Cinna lateralis Walt., Fl. Carol. 59. 1788. South Carolina. Andropogon dissitiflorus Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 57. 1S03. Carolina to Florida, Michaux. Anatherum virginicum Spreng., PL Pugill. 2: 16. 1815. Based on Andropogon virginicus L. Andropogon vaginatus Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 148. 1816. Presumably South Carolina. Andropogon tetrastachyus Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 150. pi. 8. f. 4. 1816. Charleston, S.C. Holcus virginicus MuhL; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 773. 1840, as synonym of Andropogon virginicus L. Andropogon eriophorus Scheele, Flora 27: 51. 1844. Not A. eriophorus Willd. 1806. Charles Town, W.Va. ? Andropogon curtisianus Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 390. 1854. Carolina, M. A. Curtis. Referred by Hackel to A. virginicus var. tetrastachyus. Description does not well apply to any of our species. Andropogon virginicus var. vaginatus Wood, Class-book 808. ed. 3. 1861. Based on A. vaginatus Ell. Andropogon virginicus var. viridis Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 410. 1889. Group name for three sub varieties, 1. genuinus being A. virginicus L. Andropogon virginicus var. tetrastachyus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 411. 1889. Based on A. tetrastachyus Ell. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 795 Sorghum virginicum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andro- pogon virginicus L. Dimeiostemon vaginatus Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 760. 1893, as synonym of Andropogon virginicus L. Dimeiostemon tetrastachys Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 760. 1893, as synonym of Andropogon virginicus L. Andropogon virginicus var. glaucopsis (Ell.) Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 139. 1934. Based on A. macrourus var. glaucopsis Ell. Andropogon macrourus var. glaucopsis Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 150. 1816. Presumably South Carolina. Andropogon glaucopsis Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 91. 1840. Not A. glaucopsis Steud. 1854. Based on A. macrourus var. glaucopsis Ell. Pub- lished as new by Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 62. 1903, same basis. Andropogon virginicus var. dealbatus Mohr; Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 411. 1889. Mobile, Ala., Mohr [in 1894]. Andropogon glomeratus var. glaucopsis Mohr, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 21. 1897. Based on A. macrourus var. glaucopsis Ell. Andropogon virginicus var. hirsutior (Hack.) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 456. 1933. Based on A. macrourus var. hirsutior Hack. Andropogon macrourus var. hirsutior Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 409. 1889. Mobile, Ala., Mohr [October 28, 1884]. Andropogon virginicus var. viridis subvar. ditior Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 411. 1889. [Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss 3639d. Andropogon macrourus var. viridis Curtiss; Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 411. 1889, as synonvm of A. virginicus var. ditior Hack. Florida, Curtiss N.Amer. PL 3639d. Andropogon macrourus var. pumilus Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 27. 1891. [Semi- nole Cave, Val Verde County], western Texas, Nealley [256 in 1890]. Andropogon macrourus var. viridis Chapm.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 3: 11. 1892. Florida, Chapman. Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S.Natl. Herb. 2: 496. 1894. Presumably based on A. macrourus var. pumilus Vasey. Andropogon glomeratus var. hirsutior Mohr, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 21. 1897. Based on A. macrourus var. hirsutior Hack. (28) Andropogon wrightii Hack., Flora 68: 139. 1S85. [Silver City,] N.Mex., Wright 2104. Sorghum wrightii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andropogon wrightii Hack. Amphilophis wrightii Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 124. 1912. Based on Andropogon wrightii Hack. (119) ANTHAENANTIA Beauv. (1) Anthaenantia rufa (Ell.) Schult., Mant. 2: 258. 1824. Based on Aulax- anthus rufus Ell. Aulaxanthus rufus Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 103. 1816. South Carolina. Aulaxia rufa Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 47. 1818. Based on Aulaxanthus rufus Ell. Panicum rufum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 35. 1829. Based on Aulaxanthus rufus Ell. Monachne rufa BertoL, Mem. Accad. Sci. Bologna 2: 596. pi. 41. f. 1. 1850. Based on Panicum rufum Kunth. Leptocoryphium drummondii C. MuelL, Bot. Ztg. 19: 314. 1861. Louisiana, Drummond. Panicum ciliatiflorum var. rufum Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 392. 1870. [Southern States.] Panicum aulaxanthus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 32: 361. 1SG8. Based on Aulaxanthus rufus Ell. Anthaenantia rufa scabra Nash, in Small, Fl, Southeast. U.S. 79. 1903. South Carolina to Louisiana. (2) Anthaenantia villosa (Michx.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 48, 151. pi. 10. f. 7. 1812. Based on Phalaris villosa Michx. Phalaris villosa Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 43. 1803. Carolina, Michaux. Aulaxanthus ciliatus Ell., Bot. S.C and Ga. 1: 102. 1816. South Carolina. Panicum erianthum Poir., Encycl. Sup. 4: 284. 1816. Carolina, Bosc. Panicum hirticalycinum Bosc; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 468. 1817, as synonym of Anthaenantia villosa Beauv. 796 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Aulaxia ciliata Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 47. 1818. Based on Aulaxanthus ciliatus Ell Pani'cum hirticalycum Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 315. 1825, as synonym of P. crianthum Poir. Oplismenus erianthos Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 45. 1829. Based on Panicum erianthum Poir. Panicum ignoratum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 2: 217. pi. 20. 1830. Based on Phalaris villosa Michx. Leptocoryphium obtusum Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 34. 1854. Louisiana, Riehl. Panicum ciliatiflorum Wood, Class-book pt. 2: 786. 1861. Not P. ciliati- florum Kunth, 1829. Southern States. Panicum anthaenantia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 32: 361. 1898. Based on Anthaenantia villosa Beauv. ANTHEPHORA Schreb. Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 759. 1891. Based on Tripsacum hermaphroditum L. Tripsacum hermaphroditum L., Svst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759. Jamaica. Anthephora elegans Schreb., Beschr. Gras. 2: 105. pi. 44. 1810. Jamaica. (33) ANTHOCHLOA Nees (1) Anthochloa colusana (Davy) Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 221 f 517. 1899. Based on Stapfia colusana Davy. Stapfia colusana Davy, Erythea 6: 110. pi. 3. 1898. Colusa County, Calif., Davy. Neoslapfia colusana Davy, Erythea 7: 43. 1899. Based on Stapfia colusana Davy. Davyella colusana Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 49: 134. 1899. Based on Stapfia colusana Davy. (109) ANTHOXANTHUM L. (2) Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss., Voy. Bot. Esp. 2: 638. 1845. Southern Europe. Anthoxanthum puelii Lee. and Lam., Cat. PL France 385. 1847. France. Anthoxanthum odoratum var. puelii Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 21. 1854. Based on A. puelii Lee. and Lam. Anthoxanthum gracile Bivon., Stirp. Rar. Sic. 1: 13. pi. 1. f. 2. 1813. Italy. (1) Anthoxanthum odoratum L., Sp. PL 28. 1753. Europe. Anthoxanthum odoratum var. altissimum Eaton and Wright, Man. Bot. North. States 10. 1817. Probably Connecticut, Ives. Xanthonanthos odoratum St. Lag., Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 119. 1880. Based on Anthoxanthum odoratum L. (85) ARISTIDA L. (14) Aristida adscensionis L., Sp. PL 82. 1753. Ascension Island. Aristida interrupta Cav., Icon. PL 5: 45. pi. 471. f. 2. 1799. Mexico. Chaetaria ascensionis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, 151, 158. 1812. Based on A. Aristida bromoides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 122. 1816. Ecuador, Humboldt and Bonpland. Aristida coarctata H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 122. 1816. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Chaetaria bromoides Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 396. 1817. Based on Aristida bromoides H.B.K. Chaetaria coarctata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 396. 1817. Based on Aristida coarctata H.B.K. Aristida fasciculata Torr., Ann. Lye. N.Y. 1: 154. 1824. Canadian River [Texas or Oklahoma], James. Chaetaria fasciculata Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 578. 1827. Based on Aristida fasciculata Torr. Aristida nigrescens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 223. 1830. Mexico, Haenke. Aristida dispersa Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 129. 1842. Chile. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 797 Aristida dispersa var. bromoides Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. P6tersb VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 130. 1842. Based on A. bromoides H.B.K. Aristida dispersa var. coarctata Trin. and Rupr., M£m. Acad. St. P6tersb. VI Sci. Nat. 5': 130. 1842. Based on A. coarctata H.B.K. Aristida maritima Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 137. 1854. Guadeloupe. Aristida schaffneri Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 78. 1886. Mexico, Schaffner. Aristida grisebachiana Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 78. 1886. Mexico, Schaffner 175 in part, 53. Aristida grisebachiana var. decolorata Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 78. 1886. Mexico, Liebmann 663, 664. Aristida adscensionis var. coarctata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 3: 340. 1898. Based on A. coarctata H.B.K. Aristida americana bromoides Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 5. 1901. Based on A. bromoides H.B.K. Aristida debilis Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 151. 1921. Venezuela, Moritz [638]. [Moritz 1522 named A. debilis by Mez is different. It has been named A. moritzii Henr.] Jamaica, MacNab. Aristida adscensionis var. bromoides Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54: 62. 1926. Based on A. bromoides H.B.K. Aristida adscensionis var. mexicana Hack.; Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54A: 265. 1927, as synonym of A. adscensionis. Morelia, Mexico, Arsene. (34) Aristida affinis (Schult.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 61. 1829. Based on Chaetaria affinis Schult. Aristida racemosa Mubl., Descr. Gram. 172. 1817. Not A. racemosa Spreng., 1807. Presumably Pennsylvania. Chaetaria affinis Schult., Mant. 2: 210. 1824. Based on Aristida racemosa Muhl. Aristida purpurascens var. alabamensis Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 102. 1842. Alabama. Aristida virgata var. palustris Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 555. 1860. Western Florida. Aristida palustris Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 35. 1885. Based on A. virgata var. palustris Chapm. (29) Aristida arizonica Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 27. 1886. Arizona [Rusby 875; but the specimen bearing the name and diagnosis in Vasey's script was collected by G. R. Vasey at Las Vegas, N.Mex.]. (16) Aristida barbata Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 78. 1886. Valley of Mexico, Schaffner 513. Aristida havardii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 27. 1886. Western Texas, Havard [28]. The date of publication is assumed to be subsequent to that of A. barbata. (8) Aristida basiramea Engelm.; Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 9: 76. 1884. Minneapolis, Minn., Upham. (3) Aristida californica Thurb.; S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 289. 1880. California, Colorado Desert, Schott; Fort Mohave, Cooper. Aristida jonesii Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 48. 1892, as synonym of A. californica. [The Needles, Calif., Jones 68a.] Aristida californica var. fugitiva Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 49. 1892. Colorado Desert, California, Orcutt [I486]. (39) Aristida condensata Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 19. 1878. Florida [Apalachicola, Chapman]. Aristida stricta var. condensata Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 45. 1892. Based on A. condensata Chapm. Aristida combsii Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 43. f. 17. 1901. Grasmere, Fla., Combs and Baker 1069. Aristida condensata var. combsii Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54: 108. 1926. Based on A. combsii Scribn. and Ball. (10) Aristida curtissii (A. Gray) Nash, in Britton, Man. 94. 1901. Based on A. dichotoma var. curtissii A. Gray. Aristida dichotoma var. curtissii A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 640. 1890. [Bedford County, Va., Curtiss.] (1) Aristida desmantha Trin. and Rupr., M£m. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 109. 1842. Texas, Drummond 285 [type], 333. (9) Aristida dichotoma Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 41. 1803. Lincoln, N.C., Michaux. Curtopogon dichotomus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 32, 159. pi. 8. f- 7. 1812- Based on Aristida dichotoma Michx. 798 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cyrtopogon dichotomies Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 266. 1825. Based on Aristida dichotoma Michx. Avena setacea Muhl.; Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 87. 1830. Not A. setacea Vill., 1787. As synonym of Aristida dichotoma Michx. Avena paradoxa Willd.; Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 188. 1833, as synonym of Aristida dichotoma Michx. (17) Aristida divaricata Humb. and Bonpl.; Willd., Enum. PL 1: 99. 1809. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Chaetaria divaricata Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, 158. 1812. Based on type of Aristida divaricata Humb. and Bonpl. Aristida humboldtiana Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51 : 118. 1842. Based on type of A. divaricata Humb. and Bonpl. Aristida palmeri Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 42. 1883. Southern Arizona, Palmer. Aristida lemmoni Scribn., N.Y. Acad. Sci. Trans. 14: 23. 1894. Arizona [Fort Huachuca, Wilcox]. (27) Aristida fendleriana Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 420. 1855. New Mexico, Fendler 973. Aristida purpurea Y&r.fendleri Vasey, Cat. PL Survey W. 100th Mend. 55. 1874. Name only. Aristida purpurea var. fendleriana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 46. 1892. Based on A. fendleriana Steud. Aristida fasciculata var. fendleriana Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 515. 1894. Based on A. fendleriana Steud. Aristida longiseta fendleriana Merr., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 34: 5. 1901. Based on A. fendleriana Steud. Aristida subuniflora Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 116. 1903. New Mexico, Vasey. (6) Aristida floridana (Chapm.) Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 35. 1885. Based on Streptachne floridana Chapm. Streptachne floridana Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 554. 1860. South Florida, Blodgett. Ortachne floridana Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 119. 1903. Based on Streptachne floridana Chapm. (4) Aristida glabrata (Vasey) Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 522. 1924. Based on A. californica var. glabrata Vasey. Aristida californica 'var. major Vasey, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 2: 212. 1889. Name only [Magdalena Island, Brandegee in 1889]. Aristida californica var. glabrata Vasey, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 3: 178. 1891. San Jose' del Cabo, Baja California, [Brandegee 34 in 1890]. (22) Aristida glauca (Nees) Walp., Ann. Bot. [London] 1: 925. 1849. Based on Chaetaria glauca Nees. Chaetaria glauca Nees, Linnaea 19: 688. 1847. Mexico, Aschenborn 251. Aristida reverchoni Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 52. 1886. Crockett County, Tex., Reverchon. Aristida stricta var. nealleyi Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 55. 1890. Chenate Mountains, Tex., Nealley [709]. Aristida nealleyi Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 45. 1892. Based on A. stricta var. nealleyi Vasey. Aristida reverchoni var. augusta [error for angusta] Vasev, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 46. 1892. Comanche Peak, Tex., Reverchon. Aristida vaseyi Woot. and Standi., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81: 55. 1912. Based on A. reverchoni var. augusta Vasey. (40) Aristida gyrans Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 18. 1878. Roberts Key, Caximbas Bay, Fla. [Chapman]. (18) Aristida hamulosaHenr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54: 219. 1926. Tucson, Ariz., Tourney. Aristida humboldtiana var. minor Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 47. 1892. Texas [Nealley]. Aristida imbricata Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54A: 253. 1927. El Paso, Tex., Griffiths 7433. Aristida ge/itilis var. breviaristata Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54A: 255. 1927. Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., Griffiths 7270. (15) Aristida intermedia Scribn. and Ball, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 44. f. 18. 1901. Biloxi, Miss., Kearney 204. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 799 (28) Aristida lanosa Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 143. 1816. South Carolina. Aristida lanata Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 453. 1810. Not A. lanata Forsk., 1775. Carolina, Bosc. Aristida gossypina Bosc; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, 152. 1812. Name only. Chaetariagossypina Bosc; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, 152, 158. 1812. Name only; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 391. 1817. Based on Aristida lanata Poir. Aristida lanuginosa Bosc; Trim, M6m. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 46. 1836, name only; Clarion in Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5>: 103. 1842. North America, Bosc. Moulinsia lanosa Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 267. 1894, as synonym of Aristida lanosa Muhl. (13) Aristida longespica Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 452. 1810. Carolina, Bosc. Aristida gracilis Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 142. pi. 8. f. 3. 1816. Charleston, S.C. Aristida geniculata Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. 2: 119. 1817. Long Island, N.Y. Curtopogon gracilis Nees; Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 101. 1842, as synonym of Aristida gracilis Ell. Aristida gracilis var. depauperata A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 618. 1867. Phila- delphia, Smith. Aristida simplicifolia [error for simplici flora] var. texana Vasev, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 44. 1892. Texas, [Marshall, Riggs 79]. Trixostis gracilis Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 1131. 1895, as synonym of Aristida gracilis Ell. Aristida longespica var. geniculata Fernald, Rhodora 35: 318. 1933. Based on A. geniculata Raf. (26) Aristida longiseta Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 420. 1855. New Mexico, Fendler 978. Aristida curtiseta Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 92. 1863. North- ern Texas [Buckley. Spikelets of type aborted by smut]. (Erroneously given in Index Kewensis as A. breviseta.) Aristida purpurea var. longiseta Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6: 286. 1878. Based on A. longiseta Steud. Aristida fasciculata var. nuttallii Thurb.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 208. 1896. Based on A. longiseta Steud., though Thurber's name probably referred to A. pallens as used by Nuttall. Aristida longiseta var. rariflora Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 565. 1924. Tom Green County, Tex., Tweedy. (Published as A. longiseta rariflora.) Aristida rariflora Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54A: 314. 1927. Based on A. longiseta rariflora Hitchc. Aristida longiseta var. robusta Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 34: 5. 1901. Indian Creek, Mont., Scribner 336. (Published as A. longiseta robusta.) Aristida purpurea robusta Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 107. 1906. Based on A. longiseta robusta Merr. (37) Aristida mohrii Nash, BuU. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 436. 1900. Spring Hill, near Mobile, Ala., Mohr. (11) Aristida oligantha Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 41. 1803. Illinois, Michaux. ? Aristida adscensionis [L. misapplied by] Walt., Fl. Carol. 74. 1788. South Carolina. Chaelaria olygantha Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, 158. 1812. Based on Aristida oligantha Michx. Aristida pallens [Cav. misapplied by] Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 51. 1818. Fort Mandan, N.Dak. [Nuttall]. Aristida micropoda Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 107. 1842. Arkansas, Beyrich. Aristida macrochaeta Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 134. 1854. Virginia, M. A. Curtis. Aristida pauciflora Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 92. 1863. Northern Texas [Buckley]. Aristida oligantha var. nervata Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 202. 1896. Grants Pass, Oreg., Howell. i« Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54A: 439. 1927. (Critical Revis. Aristida.) 55974°— 35 51 800 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (7) Aristida orcuttiana Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 27. 1886. Hansen's Ranch, Baja California, Orcutt [507]. Aristida hypomegas Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 146. 1921. New Mexico, Bigelow [34]. This species has been referred to A. schiediana Trin. and Rupr., a Mexican species not known from the United States. (20) Aristida pansa Woot. and Standi., Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 16: 112. 1913. Tortugas Mountain, N.Mex., Wooton. (33) Aristida parishii Hitchc., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 101. 1912. Agua Caliente, Calif., Parish Brothers 1029a. (19) Aristida patula Chapm.; Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 98. 1896. Based on A. scabra as described by Chapman (Fl. South. U.S. ed. 2. 663. 1883), not Kunth. Florida, Chapman. (32) Aristida purpurascens Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 452. 1810. South Carolina, Bosc. Chaetaria purpurascens Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, 152, 158. 1812. Based on Aristida purpurascens Poir. Aristida elliottiana Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 133. 1854. Based on A. stricta as described by Elliott, not Michx. Aristida geyeriana Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 133, 1854. Illinois, Geyer. Aristida stricta Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 133. 1854. Not A. stricta Michx., 1803. As synonym of A. geyeriana Steud. Illinois. Aristida purpurascens var. minor Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 1: 46. 1892. [Horn Island, Miss., Tracy 1564.] Aristida purpurascens glaucissima Kearney; Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 45. 1901. Biloxi, Miss., Kearney 321. (23) Aristida purpurea Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 145. 1837. Red River, Ark. [Nuttall]. Aristida purpurea var. hookeri Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 107. 1842. Texas, Drummond 293. Aristida purpurea var. berlandieri Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 107. 1842. Bejar [Bexar], Tex., Berlandier 1777. Aristida aequiramea Scheele, Linnaea 22: 343. 1849. New Braunfels, Tex., Lindheimer [562]. Aristida filipendula Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. Proc. 1S62: 93. 1863. Western Texas [Buckley, the locality being northern Texas]. Aristida purpurea var. californi[c]a Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 3: 47. 1892. California [Capay Valley, Lemmon 5474]. Aristida fasciculata var. californica Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S.Natl. Herb. 2: 515. 1894. Presumably based on A. purpurea var. californica Vasey. Aristida fasciculata var. hookeri L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 2: 515. 1894. Presumably based on A. purpurea var. hookeri Trin. and Rupr. Aristida longisela hookeri Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 34: 5. 1901. Based on A. purpurea var. hookeri Trin. and Rupr. Aristida purpurea aequiramea Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 34: 7. 1901. Based on A. aequiramea Scheele. Aristida purpurea capillarifolia Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 34: 8. 1901. Texas, Nealley. Aristida berlandieri Hitchc, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 17: 280. 1913. Based on A. purpurea var. berlandieri Trin. and Rupr. Aristida purpurea var. laxiflora Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 34: 8. 1901. Texas, Reverchon 12. (Published as A. purpurea laxiflora.) (12) Aristida ramosissima Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 550. 1856. Illinois, Engelmann [type] and Kentucky. Aristida ramosissima var. uniaristata A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 618. 1867. Odin, 111., Vasey. Aristida ramosissima var. chaseana Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden. 54B: 498. 1928. Lake Charles, La., Chase 4411. (31) Aristida rhizomophora Swallen, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 19: 196. f. 1. 1929. North of Lake Okeechobee, Fla., Weatherwax 1081. (24) Aristida roemeriana Scheele, Linnaea 22: 343. 1849. New Braunfels, Tex., Rbrner. Aristida miMenbergioides Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 79. 1886. Mexico, Virlet 1424, Karwinsky 1008. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 801 Aristida -purpurea var. micrantha Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 47. 1892. Western Texas [Nealley]. Aristida fasciculate var. micrantha Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.b.JNatl. Herb. 2: 515. 1894. Presumably based on A. purpurea var. micrantha Vasey. Aristida micrantha Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 117. 1903. Based on A. purpurea var. micrantha Vasey. (36) Aristida simpliciflora Chapm./Bot. Gaz. 3: 18. 1878. West Florida [Chapman]. (21) Aristida spiciformis Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 141. 1816. Presumably South Carolina. -„rt„ Aristida stricta Muhl., Descr. Gram. 174. 1817. Not A. stricta Michx. 1803. Georgia. Aristida squarrosa Trim, in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 62. 1821. North America. Cfmetaria squarrosa Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 577. 1827. Based on Aristida squarrosa Trin. (30) Aristida stricta Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 41. 1803. South Carolina, Michaux. Chaetaria stricta Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, 152, 158. 1812. Based on Aristida stTtctcL ]VTiclix. Aristida beyrichiana Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 104. 1842. Georgia and Arkansas, Beyrich. (38) Aristida tenuispica Hitchc, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 22: 581. 1924. Hillsboro, Fla., Combs 1384. (5) Aristida ternipes Cav., Icon. PL 5: 46. 1799. Panama, Ne'e. Streptachne scabra H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 124. pi. 40. 1815. Near Toluca, Mex., Humboldt and Bonpland. Streptachne tenuis H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 124. 1815. Venezuela, Humboldt and Bonpland. Aristida scabra Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 62. 1829. Based on Streptachne scabra H.B.K. Aristida tenuis Kunth, R<§v. Gram. 1: 62. 1829. Based on Streptachne Stipa tenuis Willd., Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 643. 1841, as synonym of A. V1 s/? fl CI ff>71,WtS Muhlenbergia scabra Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 183. 1842. Based on Aristida scabra Kunth. Streptachne cubensis A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 311. 1850. Cuba, Ortachne scabra Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 27: 295. 1880. Based on Streptachne scabra H.B.K. Ortechne tenuis Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 27: 295. 1880. Based on Streptachne tenuis H.B.K. , Aristida ternipes var. minor (Vasey) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453. 1933. Based on A. schiedeana var. minor Vasey. Aristida schiedeana var. minor Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 28. 1886. Arizona, Pringle [type]; Bowie, Jones. Aristida divergens Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 48. 1892. Based on A. schiedeana var. minor Vasey. Aristida ternipes divergens Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 525. 1924. Based on A. divergens Vasey. (2) Aristida tuberculosa Nutt., Gen. PI. 1: 57. 1818. Near Augusta, Ga. Chaetaria tuberculosa Schult., Mant. 2: 211. 1824. Based on Aristida tubercu- losa Nutt. *-,.,■» (35) Aristida virgata Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 60. 1821. North America [Philadelphia, Pa.]. „ , . J Aristida stricta Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 132. 1840. Not A. stricta Michx., 1803. As synonym of A. virgata Trin. . Aristida perennis Panz., in Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. feci. Nat. 5 *: 104. 1842. South Carolina. (Fide Henrard.) 16 Aristida gracilis var. virgata Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 389. 1870. Presumably based on A. virgata Trin. Aristida purpurascens var. depauperate Vasey; Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: All. 1896. [Ocean Springs,] Miss., Tracy [107]. Aristida chapmaniana Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 118, 1327. 19Ud. Apalachicola, Fla., Chapman. 802 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (25) Aristida wrightii Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 116. 1903. Dallas, Tex., Reverchon 1061. (58) ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. (1) Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. and Koch, in Roehl., Deut. Fl. 1: 546. 1823. Based on Avena elatior L. Avena elatior L., Sp. PL 79. 1753. Europe. Holcus avenaceus Scop., Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 2: 276. 1772. Based on Avena elatior L. Avena elata Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 23. 1796. Not A. elata Forsk., 1775. Based on A. elatior L. Arrhenatherum avenaceum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 55, 152, 164. pi. 11. f. 5. 1812. Based on Holcus avenaceus Scop. Arrhenatherum americanum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 56, 152, 1812. Name only. Hordeum avenaceum Wigg.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 165. 1812. Name only, referred to Arrhenatherum. Steud., Nom. Bot. 413. 1821, as synonym of Holcus avenaceus Scop. Arrhenatherum elatius var. bulbosum (Willd.) Spenner, Fl. Friburg. 1: 113. 1825. Based on Avena bulbosa Willd. Avena tuberosa Gilib., Exerc. Phyt. 2: 538. 1790. France. Avena bulbosa Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freund. Berlin Neue Schrift. 2: 116. 1799. Switzerland. Holcus bulbosus Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 248. 1806. Based on Avena bulbosa Willd. Holcus avenaceus var. bulbosus Gaudin, Agrost. Helv. 1: 136. 1811. Based on H. bulbosus Schrad. Avena elatior var. bulbosa St. Amans, Fl. Agen. 47. 1821. Based on A. bulbosa Willd. Arrhenatherum tuberosum Schultz, Pollichia 20-21: 272. 1863. Based on Avena tuberosa Gilib. Avena elatior var. tuberosa Aschers., Fl. Brand. 1: 826. 1864. Based on A. tuberosa Gilib. Arrhenatherum elatius var. tuberosum Thiel., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 12: 184. 1873. Based on Avena tuberosa Gilib. (144) ARTHRAXON Beauv. (1) Arthraxon hispidus var. cryptatherus (Hack.) Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 39: 277. 1925. Based on A. ciliaris subsp. langsdorffii var. cryptatherus Hack. Arthraxon ciliaris subsp. langsdorffii var. cryptatherus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 355. 1889. Japan. (1) ARUNDINARIA Michx. (1) Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 561. 1860. Pre- sumably based on Arundo gigantea Walt. That name is not cited, but Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. is cited as synonym. Arundo gigantea Walt., Fl. Carol. 81. 1788. South Carolina. Arundinaria macrosperma Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 74. 1803. Banks of Mississippi, Carolina, Florida, Michaux. Miegia macrosperma Pers., Syn. PL 1: 102. 1805. Based on Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. Ludolfia macrosperma Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freund. Berlin Mag. 2: 320. 1808. Based on Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. Miegia gigantea Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 39. 1818. "Alluvions of the Mississippi. Based (through Elliott) on Arundo gigantea Walt. Arundinaria gigantea Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 39. 1818, as synonym of Miegia gigantea Nutt. Nasius macrospermus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 442, 458. pi. 8. f . 1. 1825. Based on Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. Arundinaria macrosperma var. arborescens Munro, Linn. Soc. Trans. 26: 15. 1868. Based on A. macrosperma Michx. Miegia arundinacea Torr.; Munro, Linn. Soc. Trans. 26: 15. 1868, as synonym of Arundinaria macrosperma var. arborescens. Bambusa hermanni E. G. Camus, Bamb., Monogr. 36. 1913, horticultural name as synonym of Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. >> MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 803 (2) Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl., Descr. Gram. 191. 1817. Based on Arundo tecta Walt. Arundo tecta Walt., Fl. Carol. 81. 1788. South Carolina. Ludolfia tecta A. Dietr. Sp. PL 2: 24. 1833. Based on Arundo tecta Walt. Miegia pumila Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 149. 1837. Junction of Red and Kiamichi Rivers, [Okla.] Arundinaria tecta var. pumila Rupr., Mem. Acad.'St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 31: 112. 1839. Based on Miegia pumila Nutt. ? Arundinaria tecta var. color at a Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 9: 112. pi. 2. f. 1. 5 1839. North America. ? Arundinaria tecta var. distachya Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 31: 112. pi. 2. f. 1 y. 1839. Philadelphia. Arundinaria macrosperma var. suffruticosa Munro, Linn. Soc. Trans. 26: 15. 1868. Based on A. tecta Muhl. Arundinaria macrosperma var. tecta Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 404. 1870. Presumably based on Arundo tecta Walt. Published as new by Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 659. 1896, same basis. Arundinaria gigantea tecta Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 478. 1893. Based on Arundo tecta Walt. Bambusa pumila Mitford, Garden 45: 530. 1894. "Arundinaria." Culti- vated at Kew from North America. Possibly based on Miegia pumila Nutt. (24) ARUNDO L. (1) Arundo donax L., Sp. PL 81. 1753. Southern Europe. Arundo sativa Lam., Fl. Franc. 3: 616. 1778. France. Arundo latifolia Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 24. 1796. Based on A. donax L. Donax arundinaceus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 78, 152, 161. 1812. Based on Arundo donax L. Scolochloa arundinacea Mert. and Koch; RoehL, Deut. Fl. ed. 3. I2: 530. 1823. Based on Arundo donax L. Cynodon donax Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on Arundo donax L. Scolochloa donax Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 1: 202. 1828. Based on Arundo donax L. Donax donax Aschers. and Graebn., FL Nordostd. Flachl. 101. 1898. Based on Arundo donax L. Arundo glauca Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 303. 1901. Not A. glauca Bieb., 1808. Based on Arundo donax L. Arundo donax var. versicolor Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 160. 1812. Pre- sumably based on Arundo versicolor Mill. Arundo versicolor Mill., Gard. Diet. ed. 8. No. 3. 1768. Cultivated from India. Arundo donax var. variegata Vilm., Fl. PL Terre 90. 1863. France. (57) AVENA L. (3) AvenabarbataBrot., Fl. Lusit. 1: 108. 1804. Europe. [Avena barbata Pott; Link, Jour. Bot. Schrad. 2: 315. 1799, inadequately described from garden plants and said to be wild about Lisbon, may be the same species.] Avena brevis Roth, Bot. Abh. 42. 1787. Europe. Avena byzantina C. Koch, Linnaea 21: 392. 1848. Constantinople. (1) Avena fatua L., Sp. PL 80. 1753. Europe. Avena fatua var. glabrata Peterm., Fl. Bienitz 13. 1841. Europe. (5) Avena hookeri Scribn., in Hack., True Grasses 123. 1890. Based on A. versicolor as described by Hooker. Avena pratensis var. americana Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 11: 177. 1886. Based on A. versicolor as described by Hooker (Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 244. 1840) not A. versicolor Vill. Rocky Mountains, Drummond [209]. Avena americana Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 183. f. 165. 1897. Based on A. pratensis var. americana Scribn. (6)) Avena mortoniana Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 21: 133.pl. 11. 1896. Silver Plume, Colo., Shear 697 [type]; Rydberg 2439. Avena nuda L., Amoen. Acad. 3: 401. 1756. Europe. (4) Avena pubescens Huds., Fl. Angl. 42. 1762. England. Heuffelia pubescens Schur, Enum. PL Transsilv. 760. 1866. Based on Avena pubescens L. (error for Huds.). Avenula pubescens Dum., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 71: 68. 1868. Based on Avena pubescens Huds. Avenastrum pubescens Jess.; Dalla Torre, Alpenfl. 44. 1899. Based on Avena pubescens L. (error for Huds.). 804 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (2) Avena sativa L., Sp. PL 79. 1753. Europe. Avena sativa var. nigra Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 610. 1847. Not A. sativa var. nigra Schrank as to name but probably the same form. Cultivated. Avena sativa var. secunda Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 610. 1847. A. sativa var. secunda Provancher, Fl. Canad. 2: 689. 1862, is probably the same form. Cultivated. Avena fatua var. sativa Haesskn., Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Thuringen 3: 238. 1885. Presumably based on Avena sativa L. Avena fatua subsp. sativa Thell., Vierteljahrs. Nat. Ges. Ziirich 56: 325. 1911. Based on A. sativa L. Avena sterilis L., Sp. PI. ed. 2. 118. 1762. Spain. Avena algeriensis Trab., Bull. Agr. Alger. Tunis. 16: 354. 1910. Cult. Avena sterilis algeriensis Trab., Jour. Hered. 5: 77. 1914. Presumably based on A. algeriensis Trab. Avena strigosa Schreb., Spic. Fl. Lips. 52. 1771. Europe. (126) AXONOPUS Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 12. 1812. Based on 1788. 1791. Jamaica. South America, 1804. Puerto Rico, 2: 272. 1840, erroneous- Ecuador, Humboldt. 18. 1854. Guadeloupe, 1854. Louisiana, Hart- 1: 20. 1854. West (2) Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv. Milium compressum Swartz. Milium compressum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. Paspalum tristachyon Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176. Richard. Paspalum platicaulon Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 5: 34. Ledru. Agrostis compressa Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 259. 1810. Not A. com- pressa Poir, op. cit. 258, nor Willd., 1790. Based on Milium compressum Swartz. Paspalum compressum Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 301. 1825. Based on Axonopus compressus Beauv. Paspalum laticulmum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 245. 1825. West Indies. Digitaria platicaulis Desv., Opusc. 62. 1831. Based on Paspalum platicaulon Poir. Digitaria domingensis Desv.; Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 49. 1833, as synonym of Paspalum platicaulon Poir. Paspalum platycaule Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. ly cited as synonym of P. furcatum Fliigge. Paspalum guadaloupense Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: Duchaissing. Paspalum depressum Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 20. mann 51. Paspalum filostachyum A. Rich.; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. Indies, Sieber [365]. Anastrophus compressus Schlecht.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 102. 1877. Presumably based on Milium comprt'ssum Swartz. Paspalum furcatum var. parviflorum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 104. 1877. [West Indies] Sieber 365; [Louisiana], Hartmann 51. Anastrophus platycaulis Schlecht.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 118. 1893, as syno- nym of Paspalum platicaulon. Panicum platycaulon Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 32: 363. 1898. Based on Paspalum platicaulon Poir. Paspalum raunkiaerii Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 15: 60. 1917. St. Jan, West Indies, Raunkiaer 1313. (1) Axonopus furcatus (Fliigge) Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 205. 1906. Based on Paspalum furcatum Fliigge. Paspalum furcatum Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 114. 1810. Carolina, Bosc. Paspalum digitaria C. MuelL, Bot. Ztg. 19: 324. 1861. Not P. digitaria Poir., 1816. Texas, Drummond 276. Paspalum michauxianum var. villosum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 163. 1886. No locality cited. [Type, Orange County, Fla., Curtiss E.] Paspalum furcatum var. villosum Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 16. 1892. Presumably based on Paspalum michauxianum var. villosum Vasey. Paspalum paspaloides var. villosum Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 42. 1901. Based on P. furcatum var. villosum Vasey. Anastrophus furcatus Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 162. 1912. Based on Paspalum furcatum Fliigge. This species was called Paspalum paspaloides by Scribner (Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 29. 1894) and Anastrophus paspaloides by Nash (in Britton, Man. 75. 1901), but Digitaria paspalodes Michx., upon which these names are based, is Paspalum distichum L. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 805 (98) BECKMANNIA Host (1) Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald, Rhodora 30: 27. 1928. Based on Panicum syzigachne Steud. Panicum syzigachne Steud., Flora 29: 19. 1846. Japan. Beckmannia erucaeformis var. uniflora Scribn.; A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 628. 1890. Iowa to Minnesota and westward. Beckmannia erucaformis var. baicalensis Kuznezow, Bull. Angew. Bot. 6" 584. 1913. Siberia. Beckmannia baicalensis Hulten, Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. III. 5: 119. 1927. Based on B. erucaeformis var. baicalensis Kuznezow. In most Ameriqan botanical works this is referred to B. erucaeformis (L.) Host, a European species. Nuttall (Gen. PI. 1: 48. 1818) misspells the name Bruchmannia. (35) BLEPHARIDACHNE Hack. (2) Blepharidachne bigelovii (S. Wats.) Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 261. 1889. Based on Eremochloe bigelovii S. Wats. Eremochloe bigelovii S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 382. pi. 40. f. 1-9. 1871. [Frontera, near El Paso, Tex.], Wright 2028. Eremochloe thurberi S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: pi. 40. f. 1-9. 1871. Name inadvertently given on the plate illustrating E. bigelovii. (1) Blepharidachne kingii (S. Wats.) Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 261. 1889. Based on Eremochloe kingii S. Wats. Eremochloe kingii S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 382. pi. 40. f. 10-16. 1871. Trinity Mountains, Nev., Watson. (77) BLEPHARONEURON Nash (1) Blepharoneuron tricholepis (Torr.) Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 88. 1898. Based on Vilfa tricholepis Torr. Vilfa tricholepis Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 155. 1857. Sandia Mountains, N.Mex. [Bigelow]. Sporobolus tricholepis Coulter, Man. Rocky Mount. 411. 1885. Based on Vilfa tricholepis Torr. (104) BOUTELOUA Lag.17 (1) Bouteloua aristidoides (H.B.K.) Griseb., PI. Brit. W. Ind. 537. 1864. Based on Dinebra artistidoides H.B.K. Dinebra aristidoides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 171. 1816. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Atheropogon aristidoides Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 415. 1817. Based on Dinebra aristidoides H.B.K. Eutriana aristidoides Trim, Gram. Unifl. 242. 1824. Based on Atheropogon aristidoides Roem. and Schult. Dineba hirsuta Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 292. 1830. Peru, Haenke. Eutriana hirsuta Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXIII. 1830. Based on Dineba hirsuta Presl. Aristida unilateralis Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 132. 1840, as synonym of Eutriana aristidoides Trin. Bouteloua gracilis "Hook?"; Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6: 287. 1878. Not B. gracilis Lag., 1840. Arizona, Rothrock70l. Bouteloua ciliata Griseb., Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen 24: 302. 1879. Jura- mento, Argentina, Lorenz and Hieronymus 352. Triathera aristidoides Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 137. 1903. Based on Dinebra aristidoides H.B.K. Bouteloua aristidoides var. arizonica Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 13. 1912. Tucson, Ariz., Thornber 177. (10) Bouteloua barbata Lag., Var. Cienc. 24: 141. 1805. Mexico. Actinochloa barbata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 420. 1817. Based on Bouteloua barbata Lag. Eutriana barbata Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 96. 1829. Based on Bouteloua barbata Lag. Chondrosium polystachyum Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulph. 56. 1844. Magdalena Bay, Baja California, Barclay. » Botelua Lag. Var. Cienc. 2<: 134. 1805; Bouteloua Lag. Oen. and Sp. Nov. 5. 1816. 806 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Chondrosium subscorpiodes C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 14: 347. 1856. Baja California, Bay-clay. Bouteloua polystachya Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 52: 366. pi. 10. 1857. Based on Chondrosium poly stachy urn Benth. Bouteloua pumila Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 93. 1863. Texas, Wright 754. Bouteloua polystachya var. major Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6: 287. 1878. Sonoyta Valley, Ariz., Rothrock 691. Chondrosium exile Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 137. 1886. Mexico, Berlandier 842. Chondrosium microstachyum Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 138. 1886. Guadalupe, Mexico, Bourgeau 667. Bouteloua arenosa Vasey, in S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 24: 81. 1889, name only; U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pi. 34. 1890. Guaymas, Mexico, Palmer 189. Bouteloua microstachya L.H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 531. 1894. Based on Chondrosium microstachyum Fourn. Bouteloua micrantha Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 8. 1901. Fort Lowell, Ariz., Griffiths 1556. (15) Bouteloua breviseta Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 58. 1890. (July 18.) Screw Bean, Presidio County, Tex., Nealley [669]. Bouteloua ramosa Scribn.; Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pi. 44. 1890. (Oct. 13.) Mexico to Arizona and western Texas, [type, Nealley]. Bouteloua oligostachya var. ramosa Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Arner. 2: 418. 1896. Based on B. ramosa Scribn. (6) Bouteloua chondrosioides (H.B.K.) Benth.; S. Wats., Proc. Amer. Acad. 18:179. 1883. Based on Dinebra chondrosioides H.B.K. Dinebra chondrosioides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 173. pi. 53. 1816. Michoacan, Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Bouteloua ovata Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 5. 1816. Mexico. Atheropogon chondrosioides Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 416. 1817. Based on Dinebra chondrosioides H.B.K. Actinochloa ovata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 420. 1817. Based on Bouteloua ovata Lag. Eutriana cristata Trim, Gram. Unifl. 241. 1824. Based on Atheropogon chondrosioides Roem. and Schult. Chondrosiiwi humboldtianum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 93. 1829. Based on Dinebra chondrosioides H.B.K. Bouteloua havardii Vasey; S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 179. 1883. Limpio Mountains, Tex., Havard in 1881. (3) Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr., in Emory, Notes Mil. Reconn. 154. 1848. Based on Chloris curtipendula Michx. Chloris curtipendula Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 59. 1803. Illinois, Michaux. Bouteloua racemosa Lag., Var. Cienc. 24: 141. 1805. Mexico. Bouteloua pendula Lag., Var. Cienc. 24: 141. 1805, as synonym of B. racemosa. Atheropogon apludoides Muhl.; Willd., Sp. PL 4: 937. 1806. North America. Bouteloua melicaeformis Brouss.; Hornem., Enum. PL Hort. Hafn. 7. 1807. Name only; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 414. 1817, as synonym of Atheropogon apludoides Muhl. Bouteloua melicoides Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 40, 155. pi. 9. f. 6. 1812. Based on B. melicoides Hornem., doubtless error for melicaeformis. Dineba curtipendula Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 98, 158, 160. pi. 16. f. 1. 1812. Presumably based on Chloris curtipendula Michx. Dineba melicoides Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 160. 1812, name only, probably same as Bouteloua melicoides Beauv. Cynosurus secundus Pursh, FL Amer. Sept. 2: 728. 1814. "Upper Louisiana" [northern Middle Western States], Bradbury. Atheropogon racemosus Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 414. 1817. Based on Bouteloua racemosa Lag. Dineba secunda Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 711. 1817. Based on Cynosurus secundus Pursh. Aristida secunda Rud. ; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 711. 1817, as synonym of Dineba secunda Roem. and Schult. Eutriana curtipendula Trim, Fund. Agrost. 161. 1820. Based on Chloris curtipendula Michx. Melica curtipendula Michx.; Steud., Nom. Bot. 1: 91, 519. 1821, as synonym of Atheropogon apludoides Muhl. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 807 Cynodon curtipendula Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on Dineba curtipendula Beauv. Cynodon melicoides Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on Bouteloua melicoides Beauv. Andropogon curtipendulus Spreng.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 90. 1840, as synonvm of Eutridna curtipendula Trin. Eutriana affinis Hook, f., Linn. Soc. Trans. 20: 174. 1851. St. Louis, Mo.; Texas, Drummond. Heterostegon curtipendula Schwein., in Hook, f., Linn. Soc. Trans. 20: 175. 1851, as synonym of Eutriana affinis. North America, Schweinitz; Missouri and Texas, Drummond. Bouteloua curtipendula var. aristosa A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 553. 1856. Illinois, Geyer. Atheropogon curtipendulus Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 138. 1886. Based on Bouteloua curtipendula A. Gray [error for Torrey]. Atheropogon medius Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 139. 1886. Mexico, Liebmann 581. Atheropogon affinis Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 141. 1886. Based on Eutriana affinis Hook. f. Bouteloua racemosa var. aristosa Wats, and Coult.; Gray, Man. ed. 6. 656. 1890. Illinois, Geyer. (5) Bouteloua eludens Griffiths, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 401. 1912. Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., Griffiths 7269. (16) Bouteloua eriopoda (Torr.) Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 155. 1856. Based on Chondrosium eriopodum Torr. Chondrosium eriopodum Torr., in Emory, Notes Mill. Reconn. 154. 1848. Del Norte [Rio Grande] River, N.Mex., [Bigeloiv]. Bouteloua brevifolia Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 93. 1863. Northwestern Texas [Wright 748, Fendler 950]. (8) Bouteloua filiformis (Fourn.) Griffiths, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 413. 1912. Based on Atheropogon filiformis Fourn. Bouteloua juncifolia Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 62. 1885. Name only, Texas [Havard 89] to Arizona. (B. humboldtiana Griseb., doubtfully cited, is B. heterostega (Trin.) Griffiths of the West Indies.) Atheropogon filiformis Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 140. 1886. Mexico, Karwinsky 991b. (14) Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 219. 1840. Based on Chondrosium gracile H.B.K. Chondrosium gracile H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 176. pi. 58. 1816. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Actinochloa gracilis Willd.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 418. 1817. Based on Chondrosium gracile H.B.K. Atheropogon oligostachyus Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 78. 1818. Plains of the upper Missouri [Nuttall]. Eutriana gracilis Trin., Gram. Unifi. 240. 1824. Based on Actinochloa dvciczlzs Willd. Atheropogon gracilis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 293. 1825. Based on Chondrosium gracile H.B.K. Eutriana oligostachya Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 96. 1829. Based on Athero- pogon oligostachyus Nutt. Chondrosium gracile var. polystachyum Nees, Linnaea 19: 692. 1847. Mexico, Aschenborn 153. [Spikes 2 or 3.] Chondrosium oligostachyum Torr., in Marcy, Expl. Red Riv. 300. 1852. Based on Atheropogon oligostachyum Nutt. Bouteloua oligostachya Torr.; A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 553. 1856. Based on Atheropogon oligostachyus Nutt. Bouteloua oligostachya var. intermedia Vasey, Grasses U.S. 33. 1883. Name onlv. Texas to Arizona. Bouteloua major Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 9. 1887. Name only, for a plant grown from seed collected in Mexico by Palmer. Bouteloua oligostachya var. major Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 531. 1894. Texas to Arizona [type, Lemmon 427]. Bouteloua oligostachya var. pallida Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 418. 1896. Mexico, Pringle 407. Bouteloua gracilis var. stricta (Vasey) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 454. 1933. Based on B. stricta Vasey. Bouteloua stricta Vasev, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 49. 1888. Western Texas, Nealley, scarcely described; U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pi. 45. 1890. 808 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (13) Bouteloua hirsuta Lag., Var. Cienc. 24: 141. 1805. Mexico. Bouteloua hirta Lag., Var. Cienc. 24: 141. 1805, as synonym of B. hirsuta Lag. Chondrosium hirtum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 176. pi. 59. 1816. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Actinochloa hirsuta Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 419. 1817. Based on Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. Eutriana hirta Trin., Gram. Unifl. 240. 1824. Based on Actinochloa hirsuta Roem. and Schult. Atheropogon hirtus Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 293. 1825. Based on Chondrosium hirtum H.B.K. Chondrosium hirsutum Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1: 455. 1826. Presumably based on Actinochloa hirsuta Roem. and Schult. Atheropogon papillosus Engelm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 46: 104. 1843. Beards- town, 111., Geyer. Chondrosium aschenbornianum Nees, Linnaea 19: 692. 1847. Mexico, Aschenborn 331. Chondrosium foeneumTorr., in Emory, Notes Mill. Reconn. 154. pi. 12. 1848. Valley of the Del Norte, [N.Mex., Emory Exped.]. Chondrosium papillosum Torr., in Marcy, Expl. Red. Riv. 300. 1852. Based on Atheropogon papillosus Engelm. Bouteloua foenea Torr., Cat. PI. Survey W. 100th Merid. 18. 1874. Based on Chondrosium foeneum Torr. Bouteloua aschenborniana Griseb.; Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 137. 1886, as synonym of Chondrosium aschenbornianum Nees. Chondrosium drummondii Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 137. 1886. Texas, Drummond 323. Bouteloua palmeri Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 9. 1887. Name only, later described as B. hirsuta var. palmeri Vasey; Beal. Bouteloua hirsuta var. minor Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pi. 39. f. 2. 1890, nomen seminudum. [Texas, Reverchon 1153.] Bouteloua hirsuta var. major Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pi. 39. f. 3. 1890. Without description. [Austin, Tex., Stiles in 1884.] Bouteloua hirta Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 531. 1894. Based on Chondrosium hirtum H.B.K. Bouteloua hirta var. major Vasev; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 531. 1894. Western Texas to Mexico. Bouteloua hirta var. minor Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 531. 1894. Central Texas. Bouteloua hirsuta var. palmeri Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 417. 1896. Cultivated, seed collected by Palmer in Mexico. Bouteloua bolanderi Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 417. 1896, as synonym of B. hirsuta var. palmeri Vasey. Bouteloua pectinata Featherly, Bot. Gaz. 91: 103. f. 1-4. 1931. Oklahoma, English 71. (11) Bouteloua parryi (Fourn.) Griffiths, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 381. 1912. Based on Chondrosium parryi Fourn. Bouteloua polystachya var. vestita S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 177. 1883. Sierra Madre south of Saltillo, Mexico, Palmer 1357 in 1880. Chondrosium parryi Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 150. 1886. San Luis Potosi, Parry and Palmer 923 H [error for 943 HI- Bouteloua vestita Scribn.; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 531. 1894. Based on B. polystachya var. vestita S. Wats. (7) Bouteloua radicosa (Fourn.) Griffiths, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 411. 1912. Based on Atheropogon radicosus Fourn. Dinebra bromoides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 172. . pi. 51. 1816. Not Bouteloua bromoides Lag., 1816. Mexico, Hu?nboldt and Bonpland. Atheropogon bromoides Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 415. 1817. Based on Dinebra bromoides H.B.K. Eutriana bromoides Trin., Fund. Agrost. 161. 1820. Based on Dinebra bromoides H.B.K. Nestlera festucaeformis Willd.; Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 192. 1841, as synonym of Eutriana bromoides Trin. Atheropogon radicosus Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 140. 1886. Mexico City, Bourgeau 450. Bouteloua bromoides var. radicosa Vasey, L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 533. 1894. Based on Atheropogon radicosus Fourn. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 809 (4) Bouteloua rigidiseta (Steud.) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453. 1933. Based on Aegopogon rigidisetus Steud. Aegopogon rigidisetus Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 146. 1854. Texas, Drum- mond. Bouteloua texana S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 196. 1883. Texas, Berlandier 1535, Drummond 340, 374. Polyodon texanus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 138, 1327. 1903. Based on Bouteloua texana S. Wats. (12) Bouteloua rothrockii Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 268. 1S93. Cottonwood, Ariz., Rothrock 347. (9) Bouteloua simplex Lag., Var. Cienc. 24: 141. 1805. Peru. Chloris procumbens Durand, Chlor. Sp. 16. 1808. Grown at Madria, seed said to come from the Philippine Islands (collected by N£e) where the species is not known to occur. Probably from South America or Mexico, which regions Nee visited. Chloris filiformis Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 2: 237. 1811. Grown at Paris, the source unknown. Chondrosium procumbens Desv.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 41, 158. pi. 9. f. 7. 1812. Based on Chloris procumbens Durand. Chondrosium humile Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 41, 158. 1812. Name only. Chondrosium tenue Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 41, 158. 1812. Name only. Atheropogon procumbens Jacq., Eclog. Gram. 2: 16. pi. 12. 1813. Based on Chloris procumbens Durand. Bouteloua prostrata Lag., Gen. and Sp., Nov. 5. 1816. Mexico. Chondrosium humile H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 175. pi. 56. 1816. Ecua- dor, Humboldt and Bonpland. Chondrosium tenue Beauv.; H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 176. pi. 57. 1816. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Chloris tenuis Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 5: 614. 1817. Based on C. fili- formis Poir., p. 237, not C. filiformis Poir., op. cit. p. 238. Actinochloa procumbens Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 417. 1817. Based on Chloris procumbens Durand. Actinochloa humilis Willd.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 417. 1S17. Based on Chondrosium humile H.B.K. Actinochloa simplex Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 418. 1817. Based on Bouteloua simplex Lag. Actinochloa tenuis Willd.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 418. 1817. Based on Chondrosium tenue H.B.K. Actinochloa prostrata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 419. 1817. Based on Bouteloua prostrata Lag. Eutriana humilis Trim, Gram. Unifl. 239. 1824. Based on Actinochloa humilis Willd. Eutriana tenuis Trim, Gram. Unifl. 240. 1824. Based on Actinochloa tenuis Willd. Atheropogon humilis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 293. 1825. Based on Chondrosium humile H.B.K. Cynodon procumbens Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on Chondrosium procumbens Desv. Chondrosium prostratum Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1: 455. 1826. Based on Bouteloua prostrata Lag. Chondrosium simplex Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 94. 1829. Based on Bouteloua simplex Lag. Bouteloua tenuis Griseb., Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen 19: 211. 1874. Based on Chondrosium tenue Beauv. Bouteloua humilis Hieron., Bol. Acad. Cienc. C6rdoba 4: 495. 1882. Based on Chondrosium humile Beauv. Bouteloua pusilla Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 6. 1884. Kingman, N.Mex., Vasey. Bouteloua brachyathera Phil., An. Mus. Nac. Chile Bot. 8: 85. 1891. Tarapaca, Chile. Bouteloua rahmeri Phil., An. Mus. Nac. Chile Bot. 8: 85. 1891. Tarapaca, Chile. Bouteloua procumbens Griffiths, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 364. 1912. Based on Chloris procumbens Durand. Bouteloua simplex var. rahmeri Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden no. 40: 66. 1921. Based on B. rahmeri Phil, 810 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (17) Bouteloua trifida Thurb., in S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 177. 1883. Monclova, Coahuila, Palmer 1355 in 1880. Bouteloua burkii Scribn., in S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 179. 1883. Western Texas and New Mexico, Berlandier 167 and 1427. Chondrosium trinii Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 136. 1886. Laredo, Tex., Berlandier 1427. Chondrosium polysiachyum Trin.; Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 136. 1886, as synonym of C. trinii Fourn. Chondrosium virletii Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 136. 1886. San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Virlet 1373. Bouteloua trifida var. burkii Vasey; L. H. Dewev, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 532. 1894. Based on B. burkii Scribn. Bouteloua trinii Griffiths, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 387. 1912. Based on Chondrosium trinii Fourn. Griffiths accepts 1881 as the date for Four- nier's work. (2) Bouteloua uniflora Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 26. 1891. Crockett County, Tex., Nealley [222]. (125) BRACHIARIA (Trin.) Griseb. (1) Brachiaria ciliatissima (Buckl.) Chase, in Hitchc, U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 221. 1920. Based on Panicum ciliatissimum Buckl. Panicum ciliatissimum Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 4. 1866. Northern Texas [Buckley]. Brachiaria erucaeformis (J. E. Smith) Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 469. 1853. Based on Panicum erucaeforme J. E. Smith. Panicum erucaeforme J. E. Smith, in Sibth., Fl. Graec. 1: 44. pi. 59. 1806. Greece. Panicum isachne Roth, in Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 458. 1819. East Indies. Echinochloa eruciformis Koch, Linnaea 21: 437. 1848. Based on Panicum erucaeforme J. E. Smith. Panicum isachne var. mexicana Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 114. 1896. Grown from seed said to come from Mexico. Brachiaria isachne Stapf, in Prain, FL Trop. Afr. 9: 552. 1919. Based on Panicum isachne Roth. (2) Brachiaria extensa Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28: 240. 1929. Based on Paspalum platyphyllum Griseb. Paspalum platyphyllum Griseb., Cat. PL Cub. 230. 1866. Not P. platyphyl- lum Schult., 1S27. Zarabanda, Cuba, Wright 3441. Panicum platyphyllum Munro; Wright, An. Acad. Cienc. Habana 8: 206. 1871. Based on Paspalum platyphyllum Griseb. Brachiaria platyphylla Nash, in Small, FL Southeast. U.S. 81, 1327. 1903. Based on Panicum platyphyllum Munro. (3) Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 212. 1909. Based on Panicum plantagineum Link. Panicum plantagineum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 206. 1827. Grown in Berlin, origin unknown. Panicum leandri Trin., Gram. Icon. 3: pi. 335. 1836. Brazil. Panicum distans Salzm.; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 61. 1854. Not P. distans Trin., 1829. Bahia, Brazil [Salzmann]. Panicum disciferum Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 19. 1886. San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Virlet 1292. (80) BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. (1) Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 155. 1812. Based on Muhlenbergia erecta Schreb. IDilepyrum aristosum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 40. 1803. Georgia and Carolina, Michaux. IMuhlenbergia aristata Pers., Syn. PL 1: 73. 1805. Based on Dilepyrum aristosum Michx. Muhlenbergia erecta Schreb., in Spreng., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 2: 287. 1807-08. Georgia and Carolina. ? Brachyelytrum aristatum Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 413. 1817. Based on Dilepyrum aristosum Michx. Muhlenbergia brachyelytrum Trin., Gram. Unifl. 188. 1824. Based on Brachyelytrum erectum Beauv. MANUAL OP THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 811 Agrostis erecta Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 264. 1825. Based on Muhlenbergia erecta Schreb. Brachyelytrum aristatum var. engelmanni A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 614. 1867. "A western form." ? Brachyelytrum aristosum Trel., Brann. and Coville, in Branner, Rept. Ark. Geol. Survey 4: 235. 1891. Based on Dilepyrum aristosum Michx. Brachyelytrum aristosum var. glabratum Vasey, in Millsp. W.Va. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 24: 469. 1892. Fayette near Nuttallburg, W.Va., Nuttall. Dilepyrum erectum Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 8: 33. 1922. Based on Muhlenbergia erecta Schreb. Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 101, 155. 1812. Based on Bromus distachyos L. Bromus distachyos L., Cent. PI. 2: 8. 1756; Amoen. Acad. 4: 304. 1759. Europe and the Orient. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 101, 155. 1810. Based ultimately on Festuca sylvalica Huds. Festuca sylvatica Huds., Fl. Angl. 1: 38. 1762. England. (11) BRIZA L. (1) Briza maxima L., Sp. PL 70. 1753. Europe. (3) Briza media L., Sp. PL 70. 1753. Europe. (2) Briza minor L., Sp. PL 70. 1753. Europe. (2) BROMUS L. (3) Bromus aleutensis Trim; Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 361. 1853. Unalaska, Eschscholz. (19) Bromus anomalus Rupr.; Fourm, Bull. Acad. Sci. Brux. 92: 236. 1840. Name only; Mex. PL 2: 126. 1886. Mexico, Galeotti 5757, 5815. Bromus kalmii var. porteri Coult., Man. Rocky Mount. 425. 1885. Twin Lakes, Colo., Porter. Bromus ciliatus var. minor Munro; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 548. 1894. West Texas [Chisos Mountains, Havard 20]. Bromus ciliatus porteri Rydb., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 192. 1895. Based on B. kalmii var. porteri Coult. Bromus porteri Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 512. 1895. Based on B. kalmii var. porteri Coult. Bromus ciliatus var. montanus Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 619. 1896. Colorado, Patterson 264. Bromus kalmii var. occidentalis Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 624. 1896. Montana [type, Canby and Scribner 384]. Bromus scabratus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 13: 46. 1898. Not B. scabratus Link, 1843. Vermilion Creek, Wyo., A. Nelson 3800. Bromus kalmii var. major Vasey; Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 35. 1900, as synonym of B. porteri Nash. Bromus porteri havardii Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 37. 1900. Based on B. ciliatus var. minor Munro. Bromus anomalus var. lanatipes (Shear) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 449. 1933. Based on B. porteri lanatipes Shear. Bromus porteri lanatipes Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 37. 1900. Idaho Springs, Colo., Shear 739. Bromus lanatipes Rydb., Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 100: 52. 1906. Based on B. porteri lanatipes Shear. (30) Bromus arenarius LabilL, Nov. Holl. PL 1: 23. pi. 28. 1804. Australia. (29) Bromus arvensis L., Sp. PL 77. 1753. Europe. Bromus erectus var. arvensis Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 50. 1778. Based on B. arvensis L. Serrafalcus arvensis Godr., FL Lorr. 3: 185. 1844. Based on Bromus arven- sis L. Forasaccus arvensis Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 385. 1901. Based on Bromus arvensis L. 812 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, XJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (4) Bromus breviaristatus Buck!., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 98. 1863. Rocky Mountains, Nuttall. Bromus parviflorus Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 336. 1863, as synonym of B. breviaristatus Buckl. Bromus subvelutinus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 52. 1900. Reno, Nev., Tracy 249. Bromus pauciflorus Nutt.; Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 53. 1900. This name, on Nuttall's ticket on the type of B. breviaristatus Buckl., was misread as "parviflorus" by Gray. Bromus carinatus linearis Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 61. 1900. California, Vasey in 1875. (22) Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. and Mey., Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 3: 30. 1837. Europe. (5) Bromus carinatus Hook, and Arn., Bot., Beechey Voy. 403. 1840. Cali- fornia. Ceratochloa grandiflora Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 253. 1840. Not Bromus grandiflorus Weigei, 1772. Plains of the Columbia [Oregon], Scouler, Douglas. Bromus oregonus Nutt.; Hook, f., Jour. Bot. Kew Misc. 8: 18. 1856. Name only for Geyer 244, "Upper Missouri and Oregon territories". Nutt.; Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 59. 1900, as synonym of B. carinatus. Bromus virens Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 98. 1863. Rocky Mountains and Columbia River, Nuttall. The specimen in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy is the Pacific coast form with long awns, and probably came from the Columbia River. Bromus calif ornicus Nutt.; Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 336. 1863, as synonym of B. virens Buckl. [California, Nuttall.] Bromus nitens Nutt; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 336. 1863, as synonym of B. virens Buckl. [Columbia woods, Nuttall.] Bromus hookerianus Thurb., in Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped. Bot. 17: 493. 1874. Based on Ceratochloa grandiflora Hook. Bromus hookerianus var. minor Scribn.; Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 92. 1885, name only, Oregon. Macoun, Cat. Can. PL 24: 238. 1888, without description, B. virens Buckl., cited as synonym. Bromus virens var. minor Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 614. 1896. Arizona and Oregon. Bromus carinatus californicus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 60. 1900. [California, Nuttall] Bromus carinatus hookerianus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 60. 1900. Based on B. hookerianus Thurb. Bromus carinatus densus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 61. 1900. San Nicolas Island, Calif., Trask [12]. Bro?nus carinatus arizonicus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 62. 1900. Santa Cruz Valley. Tucson, Ariz., Pringle in 1884. Bkomtjs marginatus Nees; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 322. 1854. Columbia River, Douglas. Bromus hookeri var. marginatus Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 127. 1886. Based on B. marginatus Nees. [B. hookeri Fourn. (not B. hookerianus Thurb.) is based on " B. purgans Hook, f., Bot. of Capt. Beech. Voy. 119", name only.] Ceratochloa marginata Nees; Steud.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 487. 1893, presum- ably referring to Bromus marginatus Nees. Bromus marginatus seininudus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 55. 1900. Wallowa Lake, Oreg., Shear 1811. Bromus marginatus latior Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 55. 1900. Walla Walla, Wash., Shear 1615. Bromus flodmanii Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 538. 1909. Sheep Creek, Mont., Flodman 187. Forasaccus marginatus Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on Bromus marginatus Nees. Bromus latior Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 89. 1917. Based on B. marginatus latior Shear. Bromus maritimus (Piper) Hitchc, in Jepson, FL Calif. 1: 177. 1912. Based on B. marginatus maritimus Piper. Bromus marginatus maritimus Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. IS: 148. 1905. Point Reyes, Calif., Davy 6798. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 813 Bromus polyanthus Scribn.; Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 56. 1900. Based on B. multiflorus Scribn. Bromus muliijlorus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 13: 46. 189S. Not B. multiflorus Weigel, 1772. Battle Lake, Wyo., A. Nelson 4021. Bromus polyanthus paniculatus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 57. 1900. West Mancos Canyon, Colo., Tracy, Earle, and Baker 333. Bromus panimdatus Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 90. 1917. Based on B. poly- anthus paniculatus Shear. (1) Bromus catharticus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 22. 1791. Lima, Peru. Festuca unioloides Willd., Hort. Berol. 3. pi. 3. 1803. Described from a plant grown at Berlin from seed from "Carolina", where it must have been cultivated. Ceratochloa unioloides Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 75. pi. 15. f. 7. 1812. Based on Festuca unioloides Willd. Bromus unioloides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp., 1: 151. 1815. Quito, Ecuador, Humboldt and Bonpland. Schedonorus unioloides Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 708. 1817. Based on Bromus unioloides H.B.K. Bromus unioloides Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 439. 1825. Based on Ceratochloa unioloides Beauv. Bromus willdenovii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 134. 1829. Based on Festuca unioloides Willd. Ceratochloa pendula Schrad., Linnaea 6: Litt. 72. 1831. Grown at Gottingen from seed from Carolina. Bromus schraderi Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 416. 1833. Based on Ceratochloa pendula Schrad. Bromus mucronatus Willd; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 228. 1840, as synonym of B. unioloides H.B.K. Ceratochloa breviaristata Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 253. pi. 234. 1840. Lewis and Clarke River and near the sources of the Columbia. Douglas [in 1826]. Bromus breviaristatus Thurb., in Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped. Bot. 17 2: 493. 1874. Not B. breviaristatus Buckl., 1863. Based on Ceratochloa breviari- stata Hook. Tragus unioloides Panz.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 1099. 1895, as synonym of Festuca unioloides Willd. Forasaccus brebiaristatus [error for breviaristatus] Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on Ceratochloa breviaristata Hook. Zerna unioloides Lindm., Svensk Fanerogamfl. 101. 1918. Based on Bromus unioloides H.B.K. The form described by Shear (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 52. 1900) as Bromus unioloides haenkeanus (Presl) Shear is a form of rescue grass, but Ceratochloa haenkeana Presl, upon which the name is based, is a different species with purplish, awned spikelets, as shown by examination of the type, from Chile, at the herbarium of the German University at Prague. (15) Bromus ciliatus L., Sp. PI. 1: 76. 1753. Grown at Upsala from seed collected by Kalm in Canada. Bromus canadensis Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 65. 1803. Canada, Lac St. Jean, Michaux. Bro?nus richardsoni Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 281. 1833. Grown at Berlin from seed sent by Richardson from northwestern North America. Bromus purgans var. longispicatus Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 252. 1840. Rocky Mountains, Drummond. Bromus purgans var. pallidus Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 252. 1840. Saskat- chewan to Rocky Mountains, Drummond. Bromus inermis var. ciliatus Traut., Act. Hort. Petrop. 5: 135. 1877. Based on B. ciliatus L. Bromus hookeri var. canadensis Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 128. 1886. Based on B. canadensis Michx. Bromus hookeri var. ciliatus Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 128. 1886. Based on B. ciliatus L. Bromus ciliatus scariosiis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 13: 46. 1898. Sheep Mountain, Wyo., A. Nelson 3305. Bromus richardsoni pallidus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 34. 1900. Based on B. purgans var. pallidus Hook. Forasaccus ciliatus Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on Bromus ciliatus L. 814 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Bromus ciliatus forma denudatus Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 91. 1922. Ashfield, Mass., Williams in 1909. Bromus ciliatus var. denudatus Fernald, Rhodora 28: 20. 1926. Based on B. ciliatus forma denudatus Wiegand. Bromus dudleyi Fernald, Rhodora 32: 63. pi. 196. f. 1-3. 1930. Deer Brook, Bonne Bay, Newfoundland, Fernald, Long and Fogg 1223. Bromus ciliatus var. intonsus Fernald, Rhodora 32: 70. 1930. Ashfield, Mass., Williams, August 4, 1909. The form with more densely pilose sheaths. According to Fernald (Rhodora 32: 70. 1930) this, as shown by specimens so named in the Gray Herbarium, is the form described as B. asper Murray in Gray's Manual, eds. 5 and 6, and in Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora. Shear in his revision of Bromus (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 30. 1900) uses the earlier name B. ramosus Huds., but says he had seen no American specimens. Bromus ciliatus var. laeviglumis Scribn.; Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 32. 1900. Gait, Ontario, Herriott in 1898. (Published as B. ciliatus laeviglumis.) Forasaccus ciliatus var. laeviglumis Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on Bromus ciliatus laeviglumis Scribn. Bromus purgans forma glabriflorus Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 92. 1922. Ithaca, N.Y., Metcalf 5813. Bromus laeviglumis Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 157. 1928. Based on B. ciliatus laeviglumis Scribn. (24) Bromus commutatus Schrad., Fl. Germ. 353. 1806. Germany. Bromus pratensis Ehrh., Beitr. 6: 84. 1791. Name only; Hoffm. Deut. Fl. ed. 2. 2: 52. 1800. Not B. pratensis Lam., 1785. Europe. Brachypodium commutatum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 101, 155. 1812. Based on Bromus commutatus Lam. (error for Schrad.). Serrafalcus commutatus Bab., Man. Brit. Bot. ed. 1. 374. 1843. Based on Bromus commutatus Schrad. Bromus mutabilis var. commutatus Schultz, Flora 32: 234. 1849. Based on B. commutatus Schrad. Bromus racemosus var. commutatus Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 165. 1867. Based on B. commutatus Schrad. Bromus mollis var. commutatus Sanio, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brand. 23: Abh. 31. 1882. Based on B. commutatus Schrad. Serrafalcus racemosus var. commutatus Husnot, Gram. Fr. Belg. 72. 1899. Based on Bromus commutatus Schrad. Forasaccus commutatus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 387. 1901. Based on Bromus commutatus Schrad. Bromus secalinus var. gladewitzii Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 24. 1926. Michigan, Farwell and Gladewitz 7434. Bromus commutatus var. apricorum Simonkai, Enum., Fl. Transsilv. 583. 1886. Europe. (8) Bromus erectus Huds., Fl. Angl. 39. 1762. England. Festuca erecta Walk., Sched. Crit. 35. 1822. Based on Bromus erectus Smith (error for Huds.). Bromus macounii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48. 1888. Vancouver Island, Macoun in 1887. Forasaccus erectus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 384. 1901. Based on Bromus erectus Huds. (21) Bromus frondosus (Shear) Woot. and Standi., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81: 144. 1912. Based on B. porteri frondosus Shear. Bromus porteri frondosus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 37. 1900. Mangas, N.Mex., J. G. Smith in 1897. (11) Bromus grandis (Shear) Hitchc, in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 175. 1912. Based on B. orcuttianus grandis Shear. Bromus orcuttianus grandis Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 43. 1900. San Diego, Calif., Orcutt 472. Bromus porteri assimilis Davy, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 55. 1902. San Jacinto Mountains, Hall 2228. (6) Bromus inermis Leyss., Fl. Hal. 16. 1761. Europe. Festuca inermis DC. and Lam., Fl. Franc. 3: 49. 1805. Based on Bromus inermis Leyss. Schedonorus inermis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 99, 177. 1812. Based on Festuca inermis DC. Festuca inermis var. villosa Mert. and Koch, Deutschl. Fl. 1: 675. 1823. Germany, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 815 Bromus inermis var. aristatus Schur, Enum. PL Transsilv. 805. 1866. Europe. Bromus inopinatus Brues, Trans. Wis. Acad. ScL, Arts, and Letters 17: 73. 1911. Milwaukee, Wis. [Brues 78]. Forasaccus inermis Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on Bromus inermis Leyss. Zerna inermis Lindm., Svensk Fanerogarnfl. 101. 1918. Based on Bromus inermis Leyss. Bromus inermis forma villosus Fernald, Rhodora 35: 316. 1933. Based on Festuca inermis var. villosa Mert. and Koch. Bromus inermis forma aristatus Fernald, Rhodora 35: 316. 1933. Based on B. inermis var. aristatus Schur. (28) Bromus japonicus Thunb., Fl. Japon. 52. 1784. Japan. Bromus patulus Mert. and Koch, Deut. Fl. 1: 685. 1823. Europe. Bromus arvensis var. patulus Mutel, Fl. Frang. 4: 134. 1837. Based on B. patulus Mert. and Koch. Serrafalcus patulus Pari., Fl. Ital. 1: 394. 1848. Based on Bromus patulus Mert. and Koch. Bromus squarrosus var. patulus Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. 7: 602. 1881. Based on B. patulus Mert. and Koch. Forasaccus patulus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 387. 1901. Based on Bromus patulus Mert. and Koch. (20) Bromus kalmii A. Gray, Man. 600. 1848. Canada or northeastern United States, Kalm. Bromus laciniattts Beal Grasses N.Amer. 2: 615. 1896. Mexico. Bromus pendulinus Sesse; Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 4. 1816. Not B. pendulinus Schrad. 1810. Mexico. (13) Bromus laevipes Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 45. 1900. West Klickitat County, Wash., Suksdorf 178. (17) Bromus latiglumis Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 211. 1906. Based on B. purgans latiglumis Shear. Bromus altissimus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 728. 1814. Not B. altissimus Gilib., 1790. On the banks of the Missouri [Nuttall]. Bromus purgans latiglumis Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 40. 1900. Dakota City, Iowa, Pammel 222. Bromus ciliatus latiglumis Scribn.; Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 40. 1900, as synonym of B. purgans latiglumis Shear. Bromus purgans incanus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 41. 1900. Canton, 111., Wolf 3. Bromus incanus Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 212. 1906. Based on B. purgans incanus Shear. Forasaccus latiglumis Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on Bromus latiglumis Hitchc. Bromus ciliatus var. incanus Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 204. 1927. Based on B. purgans incanus Shear. Bromus ciliatus var. incanus subvar. latiglumis Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 204. 1927. Based on B. ciliatus latiglumis Scribn. Bromus latiglumis forma incanus Fernald, Rhodora 35: 316. 1933. Based on B. purgans incanus Shear. Bromus macrostachys Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 96. pi. 19. f. 2. 1798. Algeria. (34) Bromus madritensis L., Cent. PL 1: 5. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 265. 1759. Spain. (The name is spelled matritensis in Roem. and Schult., Svst. Veg. 2: 651. 1817.) Festuca madritensis Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 91. 1798. Based on Bromus madri- tensis L. Zerna madritensis Panz.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 1249. 1895, as synonym of Bromus madritensis L. (26) Bromus molliformis Lloyd, Fl. Loire-Inf. 315. 1844. France. (25) Bromus mollis L., Sp. PL ed. 2. 1: 112. 1762. Europe. Forasaccus mollis Bubani, FL Pyr. 4: 386. 1901. Based on Bro?nus mollis L. This is the species referred to B. hordeaceus L. in recent American works. The specimen referred by Shear (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 19. 1900) to B. hordeaceus intermedins (Guss.) Shear belongs to B. mollis. (10) Bromus orcuttianus Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 223. 1885. San Diego, Calif., Orcutt in 1884. Bromus brachyphyllus Merr., Rhodora 4: 146. 1902. Crook County, Oreg., Cusick 2677. 65974° -35 52 816 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Bromus orcuttianus var. hallii Hitchc, in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 175. 1912. San Jacinto Mountains, Hall 2301. (12) Bromus pacificus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 38. 1900. Seaside, Oreg., Scribner and Shear 1703. Bromus magnificus Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 53. 1903. Port Angeles, Wash., Elmer 1957. (7) Bromus pumpellianus Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 9. 1888. Belt Mountains, Mont., Scribner 418. Bromus purgans var. purpurascens Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 252. 1840. Bear Lake to Arctic seacoast, Richardson. Bromus ciliatus var. coloradensis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 10. 1888, name only; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 619. 1896. [Colo. Expl. 100th Merid. Wolf 1158.] Bromus pumpellianus melicoides Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 50. 1900. Beaver Creek Camp, Colo., Pammel in 1896. Forasaccus pumpellianus Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on Bromus pumpellianus Scribn. Bromus pumpellianus var. tweedyi Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 622. 1896. Yellowstone Park, Tweedy 587. (16) Bromus purgans L., Sp. PI. 1: 76. 1753. Canada, Kalm. Bromus pubescens Muhl.; Willd., Enum. PL 120. 1809. Pennsylvania, Muhlen- berg. Bromus imperialis Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 229. 1840, as synonym of B. purgans L. Bromus steudelii Frank; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 229. 1840, as synonym of B. purgans L. Bromus ciliatus var. purgans A. Gray, Man. 600. 1848. Based on B. purgans L. Bromus hookeri var. pubescens Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 127. 1886. Based on B. pubescens Muhl. Forasaccus purgans Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on Bromus purgans L. Bromus purgans forma laevivaginatus Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 92. 1922. Ithaca, N.Y., Metcalf 5821. Bromus ciliatus var. purgans subvar. laevivaginatus Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 204. 1927. Presumably based on B. purgans forma laevivaginatus Wiegand. (27) Bromus racemosus L., Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1:114. 1762. Europe. Bromus arvensis var. racemosus Neilreich, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 81. 1859. Based on B. racemosus L. Bromus squarrosus var. racemosus Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. 7: 602. 1881. Based on B. racemosus L. Forasaccus racemosus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 387. 1901. Based on Bromus racemosus L. The specimens referred by Shear (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 20. 1900) to B. hordeaceus glabrescens (Coss.) Shear belong to B. racemosus. (31) Bromus rigidus Roth, Mag. Bot. Roem. and Ust. 10: 21. 1790. Europe. Bromus villosus Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 23. 1775. Not B. villosus Scop., 1772. Egypt. Bromus maximus Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 95. pi. 26. 1798. Not B. maximus Gilib., 1790. North Africa. Bromus madritensis var. maximus St. Amans, Fl. Agen. 45. 1821. Based on B. maximus Desf. Bromus rubens var. rigidus Mutel, Fl. Franc. 4: 133. 1837. Based on B. rigidus Roth. Bromus madritensis var. rigidus Bab.; Syme in Sowerby, English Bot. ed. 3. 11: 161. 1873. Based on B. rigidus Roth. Bromus villosus var. maximus Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 595. 1901. Based on B. maximus Desf. Bromus villosus var. rigidus Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 596. 1901. Based on B. rigidus Roth. Forasaccus maximus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 382. 1901. Based on Bromus maxi- mus Desf. Bromus rigidus var. gussonii (Pari.) Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 159. 1867. Based on B. gussonii Pari. Bromus gussonii Pari., Rar. PL Sic. 2: 8. 1840. Europe. Bromus maximus var. gussonii Pari., Fl. Ital. 1: 407. 1848. Basea on B. gussonii Pari. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 817 Bromus villosus var. gussonii Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 595. 1901. Based on B. gussonii Pari. (33) Bromus rubens L., Cent. PL 1: 5. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 265. 1759. Spain. Festuca rubens Pers., Syn. PL 1: 94. 1805. Based on Bromus rubens L. Bromus scoparius van rubens St. Amans, Fl. Agen. 45. 1821. Based on B. rubens L. Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens Husnot, Gram. Fr. Belg. 71. 1899. Based on B. rubens L. Bromus scoparius L., Cent. PL 1: 6. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 266. 1759. Spain. (23) Bromus secalinus L., Sp. PL 76. 1753. Europe. Bromus mollis var. secalinus Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 49. 1778. Based on Avena secalinus Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 22. 1796. Based on Bromus secalinus L. Serrafalcus secalinus Bab., Man. Brit. Bot. ed. 1. 374. 1843. Based on Bromus secalinus L. 1 Bromus submuticus Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 321. 1854. St. Louis, Mo. Forasaccus secalinus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 388. 1901. Based on Bromus secali- nus L. Bromus secalinus var. velutinus Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 819. 1837. Based on B. velutinus Schrad. Bromus velutinus Schrad., FL Germ. 1: 349. pi. 6. f. 3. 1806. Germany. (2) Bromus sitchensis Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 173. 1832. Sitka, Alaska [Mertens]. (32) Bromus sterilis L., Sp. PL 77. 1753. Europe. Schedonorus sterilis Fries, Bot. Not. 131. 1843. Based on Bromus sterilis L. Zerna sterilis Panz.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 1249. 1895, as synonym of Bromus (9) Bromus suksdorfii Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 223. 1885. Mount Adams, Wash., Suksdorf [74 in 1883]. (35) Bromus tectorum L., Sp. PL 77. 1753. Europe. Schedonorus tectorum Fries, Bot. Not. 131. 1843. Based on Bromus tectorum L. Bromus setaceus BuckL, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 98. 1863. Northern Texas, Buckley. Zerna tectorum Panz.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 1249. 1895, as synonym of Bromus tectorum L. Bromus tectorum var. glabratus Spenner, Fl. Friburg. 1: 152. 1825. Ger- many. Bromus tectorum var. nudus Klett. and Richt., Fl. Leipzig 109. 1830. Ger- many. (18) Bromus texensis (Shear) Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 381. 1913. Based on B. purgans texensis Shear. Bromus purgans texensis Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 41. 1900. Bexar County, Tex., Jermy 230. (36) Bromus trinii Desv., in Gay, Fl. Chil. 6: 441. 1853. Based on Trisetum hirtum Trin. Trisetum hirtum Trin., Linnaea 10: 300. 1836. Not Bromus hirtus Lichtst., 1817. Chile. Bromus trinii var. pallidiflorus Desv., in Gay, FL Chil. 6: 441. 1853. Chile. Trisetum barbatum Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 229. 1854. Not T. barbatum Nees, 1841. Chile, Bertero 806. Danthonia pseudo-spicata C. MuelL, Bot. Ztg. 14: 348. 1856. Valparaiso, Chile, Cuming 466. Bromus barbatoides Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 614. 1896. Based on Trisetum barbatum Steud. Bromus barbatoides var. sulcatus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 615. 1896. Mexico, Palmer 667. Trisetum barbatum var. major Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 615. 1S96, as synonym of Bromus barbatoides var. sulcatus Beal. Trisetum trinii Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 243. 1928. Based on Bromus trinii Desv. Trisetum trinii var. pallidiflorus Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 243. 1928. Based on Bromus trinii var. pallidiflorus Desv. Trisetum trinii var. majus Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 243. 1928. Based on T. barbatum var. major Vasey. 818 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Bromtts trinii var. excelsus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 25. 1900. Panamint Mountains, Calif., Coville and Funston 522. (14) Bromus vulgaris (Hook.) Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 43. 1900. Based on B. purgans var. vulgaris Hook. Bromus purgans var. vulgaris Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 252. 1840. Canada, Goldie, Richardson; Red River, Douglas; Columbia River, Scouler. Bromus ciliatus var. ligulatus Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. PL 24: 238. 1888. Name only, Vancouver Island, Macoun in 1887. Bromus ciliatus var. pauciflorus Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 24: 238. 1888, name only. Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 619. 1896. Oregon, Howell. Bromus debilis Nutt.; Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 43. 1900, as synonym of B. vulgaris. [Columbia River, Scouler.] Bromiis vidgaris eximius Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull 23: 44. 1900. Near Wallowa Lake, Oreg., Shear 1791. Bromus vulgaris robustus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 44. 1900. Seaside, Oreg., Shear 1710. Bromus ciliatus var. glaberrimus Suksdorf, Deut. Bot. Monatsschr. 19: 93. 1901. Skamania County, Wash., Suksdorf in 1894 [2335]. Bromus eximius Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 143. 1906. Based on B. vulgaris eximius Shear. Bromus eximius robustus Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 143. 1906. Based on B. vulgaris robustus Shear. Bromus eximius umbraticus Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 144. 1906. Based on Bromus vulgaris Shear, not Bromus purgans var. vulgaris Hook., Piper considering the specimens referred by Shear to this species to be distinct from the form described by Hooker. (107) BUCHLOE Engelm. (1) Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm., St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 1: 432. 1859. Based on Sesleria dactyloides Nutt. Sesleria dactyloides Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 65. 1818. Grassy plains of the Mis- souri [Nuttall, type a staminate plant]. Anthephora axilliflora Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 111. 1854. [Misspelled Antephora.] Texas, Drummond [pistillate plant]. Calanthera dactyloides Kunth; Hook., Jour. Bot. Kew Misc. 8: 18. 1856. Based on Sesleria dactyloides Nutt. Lasiostega humilis Rupr.; Munro, in Benth., PL Hartw. 347. 1857. Name only (error for Casiostega). Agaas Calientes, Mexico, Hartweg 250. Casiostega dactyloides Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 470. 1876. Based on Sesleria dactyloides Nutt. Casiostega hookeri Rupr.; Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 471. 1876, as synonym of Buchloe dactyloides Engelm. Bouteloua mutica Griseb.; Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 471. 1876, as synonym of Buchloe dactyloides Engelm., Mexico, Schaffner 134 [staminate plant]. Melica mexicana Link; Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 471. 1876, as syno- nym of Buchloe dactyloides Engelm. Bulbilis dactyloides Raf.; Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 763. 1891. Based on Sesleria dactyloides Nutt. (61) CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. (1) Calamagrostis bolanderi Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 280. 1880. Mendocino County, Calif., Bolander 6471 in part. Calamagrostis varia Boland.; Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 280. 1880. Not C. varia Host, 1809. As synonym of C. bolanderi Thurb. Deyeuxia bolanderi Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis bolanderi Thurb. (3) Calamagrostis breweri Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 280. 1880. Car- son Pass, Calif., Brewer 2128. Deyeuxia breweri Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis breweri Thurb- Calamagrostis lemmoni Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: lo. 1898. California, Lemmon in 1875. Calamagrostis Cainii Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 480. 1934. Mount LeConte, Tenn., Cain 48. (See p. 993.) Calamagrostis californica Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 37. 1898. Sierra Nevada, Calif., Lemmon 444 in 1895. Anomalous form. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 819 (16) Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 15, 152, 157. 1812. Based on Arundo canadensis Michx. Arundo canadensis Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 73. 1803. Canada, Michaux. Arundo agrostoides Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 86. 1814. New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Calamagrostis mexicana Nutt., Gen. PI. 1: 46. 1818. North America. "Agrostis mexicana? Persoon, Arundo agrostoides Pursh" are cited. Agros- tis mexicana L., in Persoon's work is Muhlenbergia mexicana, but Nuttall's description agrees with Pursh's. Calamagrostis agrostoides Pursh; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 252. 1825. Presumably based on Arundo agrostoides Pursh. Cinna purshii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 67. 1829. Based on Arundo agrostoides Pursh. Arundo fissa Willd.; Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 144. 1840, as synonym of Calamagrostis michauxii Trin. Calamagrostis michauxii Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 250. 1840. Based on Arundo canadensis Michx. Deyeuxia canadensis Munro; Hook, f., Linn. Soc. Trans. 23: 345. 1861. Pre- sumably based on Arundo canadensis Michx., indirect citations given. See also, Vasev, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883; Agr. Grasses U.S. 69. pi. 59. 1884; Cassidv, Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 12: 48, with plate. 1890. Calamagrostis oregonensis Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 92. 1863. Columbia River, Nuttall. Calamagrostis columbiensis Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 334. 1863. Name only [Columbia River, Nuttall]. Calamaqrostis canadensis var. robusta Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6: 285. 1878. Twin Lakes, Colo., Expl. 100th Merid. [Wolf] 1093. Calamagrostis pallida Vasev and Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 79. 1892. Not C. pallida C. Muell., 1861. Washington, Suksdorf in 1883. Calamagrostis blanda Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 349. 1896. Based on C. pallida Vasey and Scribn. Calamagrostis canadensis acuminata Vasey; Shear and Rydb., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 26. 1897. Georgetown, Colo., Shear 615 [type]; Montana, Idaho. . Calamagrostis canadensis campestris Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 31. 1898. Louis Plain, Assiniboia, Macoun 56. Calamagrostis alaskana Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 32. 1898. Yukon River, Alaska, Funston 157. Calamagrostis atropurpurea Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 153. 1901. Daw- son, Yukon Territory, R. S. Williams in 1899. Calamagrostis anomala Suksdorf, Allg. Bot. Ztschr. 12: 43. 1906. Mount Paddo [Adams], Wash., Suksdorf 2824. Calamagrostis langsdorfi var. acuminata Litw., Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. Sci. Petrograd 18: 52. 1920. Based on C. canadensis var. acuminata Vasey. Calamagrostis canadensis var. pallida Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 45. 1930. Based on C. pallida Vasey and Scribn. Calamagrostis scribneri var. imberbis Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 46. 1930. Based on C. anomala Suksdorf "not Steud., in Lechl., Berb. Am. Aust. 56. (1857)," a name only. Calamagrostis canadensis var. macouniana Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 41. 1930. Based on Deyeuxia macouniana Vasey. Deyeuxia macouniana Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 297. 1885. Northwest Territory, Macoun. Calamagrostis macouniana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 81. 1892. Based on Deyeuxia macouniana Vasey. Calamagrostis canadensis var. scabra (Presl) Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 135. 1934. Based on C. scabra Presl. Calamagrostis scabra Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 234. 1830. Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, Haenke. Deyeuxia preslii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XX. 1830. Based on Calama- grostis scabra Presl. . This variety has been referred to Calamagrostis langsdorfi (Link) Inn. by many American authors. A fragment of the type of Arundo langsdorfi Link, sent by Dr. Pilger from the Berlin Herbarium, shows that it is not an American spe- cies. The rachilla is very minute or wanting, the spikelets are smaller than in C. scabra, the glumes are thinner, showing the nerves distinctly, and the blades are 820 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE narrower. The following names, typonyms of C. langsdorfi, found in American works, belong to the Old World species: Arundo langsdorfi Link, Enum. PL 1: 74. 1821. Described from a garden specimen. Calamagrostis langsdorfi Trin., Gram. Unifl. 225. pi. 4. f. 10. 1824. Based on Arundo langsdorfi Link. Deyeuxia langsdorfi Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 77. 1829. Based on Arundo langs- dorfi Link. Calamagrostis canadensis var. langsdorfi Inman, Rhodora 24: 143. 1922. Based on Arundo langsdorfi Link. (18) Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Barton, Compend. Fl. Phila. 1: 45. 1818. Based on Arundo cinnoides Muhl. Agrostis glauca Muhl., Descr. Gram. 76. 1817. Not Calamagrostis glauca Reichenb., 1830. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Carolina. Arundo cinnoides Muhl., Descr. Gram. 187. 1817. Pennsylvania, Massachu- op t t a Arundo coarctata Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 94. 1823. New Jersey. Calamagrostis langsdorfi var. marylandica Trin., Gram. Unifl. 225. 1824. Based on Arundo cinnoides Muhl. Arundo canadensis Nutt.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 144. 1840, as syno- nym of Calamagrostis nuttalliana Steud. [Philadelphia, Nuttall.) Calamagrostis nuttalliana Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 251. 1840. Based on the species described by Nuttall [from specimen from Philadelphia] as C. canadensis (Nutt. Gen. PI. 1: 46. 1818). Calamagrostis coarctata Torr.; Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 240. 1840. Presuma- bly based on Arundo coarctata Torr. Published as new in Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 444. pi. 151. 1843. Based on A. coarctata Torr. Deyeuxia nuttalliana Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis nuttalliana Steud. (22) Calamagrostis crassiglumis Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 281. 1880. Mendocino Countv, Calif., Bolander 4766, 4787. Deyeuxia crassiglumis Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis crassiglumis Thurb. Calamagrostis neglecta var. crassiglumis Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 353. 1896. Based on C. crassiglumis Thurb. (12) Calamagrostis densa Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 147. 1891. Julian, San Diego County, Calif., Orcutl. Calamagrostis koelerioides var. densa Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 345. 1896. Based on C. densa Vasey. Calamagrostis vilfaeformis Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 20. 1898. Based on C. densa Vasey. (23) Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 34. 1788. Based on Arundo epigeios L. Arundo epigeios L., Sp. PI. 81. 1753. Europe. Calamagrostis georgica C. Koch, Linnaea 21: 387. 1848. Georgia (Russia) near Tiflis. Calamagrostis epigejos var. georgica Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 433. 1853. Based on C. georgica C. Koch. (Fide Fernald, Rhodora 35: 65. 1933.) Calamagrostis arenicola Fernald, Rhodora 30: 203. 1928. Barnstable Coun- ty, Mass., Fernald 757. (5) Calamagrostis foliosa Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 17. 1898. Based on C. sylvatica var. longifolia Vasey. Calamagrostis sylvatica var. longifolia Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 83. 1892. Not C. longifolia Hook., 1840. [Humboldt County] Calif., Bolander 6470. (2) Calamagrostis howellii Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 271. 1881. Oregon, Howell. Deyeuxia howellii Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis howellii Vasev. (20) Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray, Gram, and Cyp. 1: no. 20. 1834. Penn Yan, N.Y., Sartwell. Calamagrostis hirtigluma Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 188. 1854. Labrador. Calamagrostis stricta var. brevior Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6: 285. 1878. Mosquito, Colo., [Wolf] 1098. Calamagrostis stricta var. robusta Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6: 285. 1878. Twin Lakes, Colo., [Wolf] 1099. Deyeuxia neglecta var. americana Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. PL 24: 206. 1888. Donald, Columbia Valley, Macoun in 1885. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 821 Deyeuxia neglecta var. robusta Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. PL 24: 206. 1SS8. Alberta, Macoun. Deyeuxia glomerata Vasev; Macoun, Bot. Gaz. 16: 288. 1891. Name only. Rockv Mountains, British Columbia, J", and J. M. Macoun in 1890. Calamagrostis robusta Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 82. 1892. Not C. robusta Muell., 1861. Presumably based on C. stricta var. robusta Vasey, the description being an amplification of that. Calamagrostis americana Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 27. 1897. Based on Deyeuxia neglecta var. americana Vasey. Calamagrostis inexpansa cuprea Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 37. 1898. Falcon Valley, Wash., Suksdorf 910. Calamagrostis hyperborea stenodes Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 39. 1898. Marshall Pass, Colo., Clements 206. Calamagrostis hyperborea elongata Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 40. 1S9S. Plummer County, Nebr., Rydberg 1494. Calamagrostis hyperborea americana Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 41. 1898. Based on Deyeuxia neglecta var. americana Vasey. Calamagrostis micrantha var. sierrae Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 9. 1912. Prattville and Susanville, Calif. [Jones.] Calamagrostis neglecta var. inexpansa Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 9. 1912. Based on C. inexpansa A. Gray. Deyeuxia hyperborea elongata Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 218. 1915. Based on Calamagrostis hyperborea elongata Kearney. Deyeuxia hyperborea stenodes Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 218. 1915. Based on Calamagrostis hyperborea stenodes Kearney. Calamagrostis elongata Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 58. 1917. Based on C. hyperborea elongata Kearney. Calamagrostis wyomingensis Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 299. 1920. Granger, Wyo., Nelson 3884. Calamagrostis scopulorum var. bakeri Stebbins, Rhodora32: 47. 1930. Pagosa Peak, Colo., Baker 162. Calamagrostis inexpansa var. robusta Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 48. 1930. Based on C. stricta var. robusta Vasey. Calamagrostis inexpansa var. brevior Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 50. 1930. Based on C. stricta var. brevior Vasey. This species has been referred by American authors to C. hyperborea Lange (C. neglecta var. hyperborea Jones. Deyeuxia hyperborea Lunell) ; and to C. stricta Trin. Calamagrostis inexpansa var. barbtjlata Kearnev, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 37. 1898. Mason County, Wash., Piper 947. Calamagrostis inexpansa var. novae-angliae Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 51. 1930. Mount Desert, Maine, Williams and Rand in 1899. (13) Calamagrostis koelerioides Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 147. 1891. Julian, San Diego County, Calif., Orcutt. (17) Calamagrostis lactea Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 346. 1896. Washington, Suksdorf 1022. Deyeuxia lactea Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 346. 1896, as synonym of Cal- amagrostis lactea. Suksdorf, Deut. Bot. Monatsschr. 19: 92. 1901. Based on C. lactea Beal. Calamagrostis langsdorfi lactea Kearnev, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 28. 1898. Based on C. lactea Beal. (7) Calamagrostis montanensis Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 82. 1892. Montana, Scribner. Deyeuxia montanensis Scribn., Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. Proc. 2: 52. 1885. Helena, Mont., Scribner. Calamagrostis neglecta var. candidula Kearnev, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 35. 1898. Cypress Hills, Assinibbia, Macoun 7483. (21) Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn., Mey. and Scherb., Fl. Wett. 1: 94. 1799. Based on Arundo neglecta Ehrh. Arundo neglecta Ehrh., Beitr. 6: 137. 1791. Europe. Deyeuxia neglecta Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 76. 1829. Based on Arundo neglecta Ehrh. Deyeuxia neglecta var. gracilis Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 11: 175. 1886. Yellow- stone Park, Tweedy 582. Deyeuxia vancouverensis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48. 1888. Locality erroneously given as "Vancouver Island", Macoun in 1887. Correction made in Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 24; 207. 1888. Fort George, James Bay, Quebec. 822 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Deyeuxia neglecta var. brevifolia Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 24: 206. 1888. Pelly Banks, Northwest Territory, Dawson. Deyeuxia borealis Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 24: 207. 1888. Change of name for -D. vancouverensis Vase3r, erroneously ascribed to Vancouver Island; collected at Fort George, James Bay, Quebec, /. M. Macoun. Calamagrostis laxiflora Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 34. 1898. Not C. laxiflora Phil., 1896. Based on "C. neglecta gracilis Scribn.", error for Deyeuxia neglecta gracilis Scribn. Calamagrostis neglecta gracilis Scribn.; Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 34. 1898, as synonym of C. laxiflora Kearney. Calamagrostis micrantha Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 36. 1898. Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Macoun 13111. Calamagrostis neglecta var. micrantha Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 55. 1930. Based on C. micrantha Kearney. (11) Calamagrostis nutkaensis (Presl) Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 190. 1854. Based on Deyeuxia nutkaensis Presl. Deyeuxia nutkaensis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 250. 1830. Nootka Sound, Van- couver Island, Haenke. Calamagrostis aleutica Trim, in Bong., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 171. 1832. Unalaska Island, Alaska. Deyeuxia aleutica Munro; Hook, f., Linn. Soc. Trans. 23: 345. 1862. Based on Calamagrostis aleutica Trin. Calamagrostis albicans Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 92. 1863. Columbia Plains, Oreg., Nuttall. Calamagrostis pallida Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat." Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 334. 1863, as synonym of C. albicans Buckl. ["Columbia alluvions," Nuttall.] Calamagrostis albesce?is Buckl.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 334. 1863, herbarium name, as synonym of C. albicans Buckl. Deyeuxia breviaristata Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48. 1888. Van- couver Island, Macoun in 1887. Calamagrostis aleutica -patens Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 20. 1898. Mendocino, Calif, [probably collected by Bolander]. (10) Calamagrostis perplexa Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 7. 1901. Based on C. nemoralis Kearney. Calamagrostis breviseta lacustris Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 25. 1898. Fond du Lac, Minn., WW in 1889. Calamagrostis nemoralis Kearnev, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 26. 1898. Not C. nemoralis Phil.,' 1896. Ithaca, N.Y., Dudley in 1884. Calamagrostis pickeringii var. lacustris Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. Based on C. breviseta lacustris Kearney. Calamagrostis lacustris Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Illus. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 208. 1913. Based on C. breviseta lacustris Kearney. This species was erroneously referred to Calamagrostis porteri Grav by Dudlev, Cayuga Fl. 125. 1886? (14) Calamagrostis pickeringii A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 547. 1856. White Moun- tains, N.H., Pickering. Calamagrostis sylvatica var. breviseta A. Gray, Man. 582. 1848. White Mountains, N.H. Deyeuxia pickeringii Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis pickeringii A. Gray. Calamagrostis breviseta Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 41. 1894. Based on C. sylvatica var. breviseta A. Gray. Calamagrostis breviseta debilis Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 25. 1898. Newfoundland, Robinson and Schrenk 205. Calamagrostis pickeringii var. debilis Fern, and Wieg., Rhodora 15: 135. 1913. Based on C. breviseta debilis Kearney. (9) Calamagrostis porteri A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 6: 79. 1862. Hunt- ingdon County, Pa., Porter in 1862. Deyeuxia porteri Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis porteri A. Gray. (6) Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br., in Richards., Bot. App. Franklin Jour. 731. 1823. Northern British America. Arundo purpurascens Schult., Mant. 2: 603. 1824. Based on Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. Deyeuxia purpurascens Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 77. 1829. Based on Calama- grostis purpurascens R. Br. Calamagrostis sylvatica var. purpurascens Thurb.; Vasev, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 83. 1892. [Mount Dana,] Calif., Bolander 5071. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 823 Calamagrostis sylvatica var. americana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 83. 1892.' British America to Colorado. [Type, Pen Gulch, Colo., Vasey in 1S84 1 Calamagrostis arctica Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 132: pi. 55. 1893. St. Paul Island, Bering Sea, /. M. Macoun. Calamagrostis vascyi Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 344. 1896. Cascade Moun- tains, Wash., Vasey. Calamagrostis purpurascens arctica Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 19. 1898. Based on C. arctica Vasey. Calamagrostis yukonensis Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 154. 1901. Daw- son, Yukon Territory, R. S. Williams. Calamagrostis purpurascens var. vaseyi Jones, Contrib. West Bot. 14: 9. 1912. Based on C. vaseyi Beal. This species has been referred to Deyeuxia sylvatica (DC.) Kunth by American 1 1 1 tli ors (8) Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 92. 1863. Oregon, Nuttall. Deyeuxia rubescens Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis Tu})f"*\CC7bS Jj ilClvl Deyeuxia cusickii Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 224. 1885. Eagle Mountains, Oreg., Cusick 1159. Deyeuxia suksdorfii Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 9. pi. 76. 1888. Washington, Suksdorf 26. Calamagrostis aleutica var. angusta Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 80. 1892. Santa Cruz, Calif., Anderson. Calamagrostis cusickii Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 81. 1892. Based on Deyeuxia cusickii Vasey. Calamagrostis suksdorfii Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 82. 1S92. Based on Deyeuxia suksdorfii Scribn. Calamagrostis angusta Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 21. 1898.' Based on C. aleutica var. angusta Vasey. Calamagrostis subflexuosa Kearnev, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 22. 1898. Oakland, Calif., Bolander 2274. Calamagrostis fasciculata Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 23. 1898. Mendocino Countv, Calif., Pringle in 1882. Calamagrostis suksdorfii luxurians Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 24. 1898. Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho, Sandberg, Heller and McDougal 630. This species has been referred by some American authors to Calamagrostis sylvatica DC, and to Deyeuxia varia Kunth. (19) Calamagrostis scopulorum Jones, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 5: 722. 1895. Springdale, Utah, Jones 6075. Calamagrostis scopulorum lucidula Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull 11: 33. 1898. Wasatch Mountains, Utah, Jones 1145. (15) Calamagrostis scribneri Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 343. 1896. Based on Deyeuxia dubia Scribn. and Tweedy. Deyeuxia dubia Scribn. and Tweedy, Bot. Gaz. 11: 174. 1886. Not Calama- grostis dubia Bunge, 1854. Yellowstone Park, Tweedy. Calamagrostis dubia Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 80. 1892. Based on Deyeuxia dubia Scribn. and Tweedy. Calamagrostis canadensis var. dubia Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 80. 1892. Based on C. dubia Scribn. and Tweedy. Calamagrostis langsdorfii var. scribneri Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 9. 1912. Based on C. scribneri Beal. (4) Calamagrostis tweedyi (Scribn.) Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3- 83. 1892. Based on Deyeuxia tweedyi Scribn. Deyeuxia tweedyi Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 64. 1883. Cascade Mountains, Wash., Tweedy. (63) CALAMOVILFA Hack. (2) Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torr.) Scribn., in Hack., True Grasses 113. 1890. Based on Arundo brevipilis Torr. Arundo brevipilis Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 95. 1823. Quaker Bridge N J Calamagrostis 'brevipilis L. C. Beck, Bot. North, and Mid. States 401. 1833. Based on Arundo brevipilis Torr. Ammophila brevipilis Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 29. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis brevipilis Beck. 824 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE (1) Calamovilfa curtissii (Vasey) Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 199. f. 495. 1S99. Based on Ammophila curtissii Vasey. Ammophila curtissii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 7. 1884. Indian River, Fla., Curtiss. Calamagrostis curtissii Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 15: 269. 1890. Based on Ammophila curtissii Vasey. (4) Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 35: 2. 1901. Based on Calamagrostis gigantea Nutt. Calamagrostis gigantea Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 143. 1837. Great Salt River of the Arkansas. Toxeumia gigantea Nutt.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 35: 2. 1901, as synonym of Calamovilfa gigantea. Salt River, Ark., Nuttall. (3) Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn., in Hack., True Grasses 113. 1890. Based on Calamagrostis longifolia Hook. Calamagrostis longifolia Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 241. 1840. Saskatchewan, Drummond. Vilfa rigida Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 89. 1863. "Oregon?" the locality probably erroneous. Ammophila longifolia Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 29. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis longifolia Gray [error for Hook]. Atheronotus longifolius Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 218. 1915. Based on Calamagrostis longifolia Hook. Calamovilfa longifolia var. magna Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 35: 3. 1901. Mouth of Kalamazoo River, Mich., Taylor in 1894. (13) CATABROSA Beauv. (1) Catabrosa ac-uatica (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 97, 149, 157. pi. 19. f. 8. 1812. Based on Aira aquatica L. Aira aquatica L. Sp. PL 64. 1753. Europe. Molinia aquatica Wib., Prim. Fl. Werthem. 116. 1799. Based on Aira aquatica L. Poa airoides Koel., Descr. Gram. 194. 1802. Based on Aira aquatica L. Glyceria aquatica Presl, Fl. Cech. 25. 1819. Based on Aira aquatica L. Hydrochloa airoides Hartm., Gen. Gram. Skand. 8. 1819. Based on Aira aquatica L. Diarrhena aquatica Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 447. 1825. Based on Catabrosa aquatica Beauv. Melica aquatica Loisel., Fl. Gall. ed. 2. 1: 59. 1828. Based on Aira aquatica L. Glyceria airoides Reichenb., in Moessl., Handb. Gewachsk. ed. 2. 3: 1827. 1829. Based on Poa airoides Koel. Colpodium aquaticum Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 395. 1830. Based on Aira aquatica L. Glyceria catabrosa Klett and Richt., Fl. Leipzig 96. 1830. Based on Catabrosa aquatica Beauv. Catapodium aquaticum Trin.; Willk. and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp. 1: 77. 1861, as synonym of Catabrosa aquatica Beauv. (105) CATHESTECUM Presl (1) Cathestecum erectum Vasev and Hack., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 37. pi. 45. 1884. Presidio, Tex.,' Havard. This is the species described and figured by Scribner (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 242. f. 224. 1897) under the name Cathestecum prostratum Presl. (137) CENCHRUS L.18 Cenchrus barbatus Schum., Beskr. Guin. PL 63. 1827. Guinea, Africa. Cenchrus catharticus Delile, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 1838: 4. 1839. Grown from seed from Nubia, Africa. (3) Cenchrus echinatus L., Sp. PL 1050. 1753. Jamaica, Curacao. Cenchrus pungens H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 115. 1815. Guayaquil, Ecuador, Humboldt and Bonpland. Cenchrus brevisetus Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 50. 1886. Orizaba, Mexico, Schaffner 198; Bourgeau 3140; Botteri 133. >s For discussion of types see Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 52-76. 1920. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 825 Cenchrus echinatus brevisetus Scribn., in Millsp., Field Mus. Bot. 2: 26. 1900. Based on Cenchrus brevisetus Fourn. (4) Cenchrus gracillimus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 299. 1895. Eustis, Fla., Nash 188 [type], 288. (5) Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1: 135. 1837. Smithville, N.C., Curtis. ? Cenchrus carolinianus Walt., Fl. Carol. 79. 1788. South Carolina. Cenchrus strictus Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 20. 1878. West Florida, [Chapman]. INastus carolinianus Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 214. 1915. Based on Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. (1) Cenchrus myosuroides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 115. pi. 35. 1815. Flamingo Kev, Cuba, Humboldt and Bonpland. Panicum cenchroides Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 111. 1816. Not P. cenchroides L. Rich., 1792. Jekyl Island, Ga., Baldwin. Penniselum pungcns Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 54. 1818. Based on Pamcum cen- cfirotfiGS I'll Setaria elliottiana Schult., Mant. 2: 279. 1824. Based on Panicum cenchroides Ell. Pennisetum myosuroides Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 303. 1825. Based on Cenchrus myosuroides H.B.K. Cenchrus elliottii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 51. 1829. Based on Panicum cen- Cenchrus alopecuroides Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 317. 1830. Not C. alopecuroides Thunb., 1794. Original locality unknown, probably Peru. Cenchrus setoides Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 2. 1866. Northern Texas, [Linscum and Buckley]. Cenchropsis myosuroides Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 109, 1327. 1903. Based on Cenchrus myosuroides H.B.K. (6) Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulph. 56. 1840. Magdalena Bay, Baja California, [Barclay]. Cenchrus roseus Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 50. 1886. Vera Cruz, Mexico, Gouxn 42 in part, 43. Cenchrus echinatus forma longispina Hack., in Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Ztschr. 9: 169. 1903. Oxford, Conn., Gram. Exs. Kneucker 426. (7) Cenchrus tribuloides L., Sp. PL 1050. 1753. Seacoast of Virginia, [Clayton]. Cenchrus echinatus var. tribuloides Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 69. 1823. Based on C. tribuloides L. Cenchrus vaginatus Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 110. 1854. Cultivated in the botanical garden, Paris. Cenchrus tribuloides var. macrocephalus Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2!!: 312. 1877. Brazil, Martius. Cenchrus macrocephalus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 110. f. 406. 1899. Based on C. tribuloides var. macrocephalus Doell. (2) Cenchrus viridis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 301. 1825. Guadeloupe, [Bertero]. Cenchrus echinatus var. viridis Spreng.; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 556. 1864. Presumably based on C. viridis Spreng. (102) CHLORIS Swartz (7) Chloris andropogonoides Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 143. 1886. San Luis Potosf, Mexico, Virlet 1462. Chloris tenuispica Nash, BuU. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 436. 1898. Texas, Nealley in 1889. (6) Chloris chloridea (Presl) Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 162. 1928. Based on Dineba chloridea Presl. Dineba chloridea Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 291. 1830. Mexico, Haenke. Eutriana chloridea Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXIII. 1830. Based on Dineba chloridea Presl. Gymnopogon longifolius Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 144. 1886. Vera Cruz, Mexico, Gouin 52. Gymnopogon virlelii Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 144. 1886. San Luis Potosf, Mexico, Virlet 1441. Chloris longifolia Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 284. pi. 19. 1893. Not C. longifolia Steud., 1854. Based on Gymnopogon longifolius Fourn. Chloris clandestina Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 25. 1901. Based on Gymnopogon longifolius Fourn. (11) Chloris ciliata Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz. 826 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cynodon ciliatus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on Chloris ciliata Swartz. Chloris propinqua Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 204. 1854. Guadeloupe, Duchaissing. Chloris ciliata var. texana Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pi. 30. 1890. Brownsville, Tex., [Nealley]. Chloris texana Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 441. 1898. Based on C. ciliata var. texana Vasey. Chloris nashii Heller, Muhlenbergia 5: 120. 1909. Based on C. texana Nash. (15) Chloris cueullata Bisch., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. III. 19: 357. 1853. Culti- vated, seed from Matamoros, Mexico. Chloris distichophylla Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 4. 1816. Argentina and Chile. Eustachys distichophylla Nees, Agrost. Bras. 418. 1829. Based on Chloris distichophylla Lag. (3) Chloris floridana (Chapm.) Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 407. 1871. Based on Eustachys floridana Chapm. Eustachys floridana Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 557. 1860. Middle Florida. (5) Chloris gayana Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 89. 1829. Senegal, Africa. (1) Chloris glauca (Chapm.) Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 407. 1871. Based on Eustachys glauca Chapm. Eustachys glauca Chapm., Fl. South. U.S 557. I860. West Florida. (14) Chloris latisquamea Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 439. 1898. Kerr- ville, Tex., Heller 1767. Chloris verticillata var. intermedia Vasey, in Coult., Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 2: 528. 1894. Texas, [Houston, Hall 773]. (4) Chloris neglecta Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 423. 1895. Orange Bend, Fla., Nash 2149. Eustachys neglecta Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 450. 1898. Based on Chloris neglecta Nash. (2) Chloris petraea Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz. lAira aegilopsoides Walt., Fl. Carol. 78. 1788. South Carolina. Agrostis complanata Ait., Hort. Kew. 1: 96. 1789. Grown in England, seed from Jamaica. Eustachys petraea Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 1S9. 1810. Based on Chloris petraea Swartz. Schultesia petraea Spreng., PL Pugill. 2: 17. 1815. Based on Chloris petraea Swartz. Aira complanata Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 44. 1840, as synonym of Chloris petraea Swartz. Chloris swartzii C. MuelL, Bot. Ztg. 19: 341. 1861. Based on C. petraea Swartz. Chloris septentrionalis C. MuelL, Bot. Ztg. 19: 340. 1861. Rio Brazos, Tex., Drummond. Chloris swartziana Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 68. 1878. Based on C. petraea Swartz. (10) Chloris polydactyla (L.) Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26. 1788. Based on Andropogon polydactylon L. Andropogon barbatus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1305. 1759. Jamaica. Not Chloris barbata Swartz, 1797, based on A. barbatus L., 1771, from the East Indies, which is C. inflata Link (C. paraguayensis Steud.). Andropogon polydactylon L., Sp. PL ed. 2. 2: 1483. 1763. Jamaica. Diag- nosis of A. barbatus L. (1759) copied. Saccharum polydactylum Thunb., Fl. Jap. 42. 1784. Based on Andropogon polydactylon L. Chloris barbata Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 443. 1898. Not C. barbata Swartz, 1797. Based on Andropogon barbatus L. (1759). Chloris prieurii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 89. 1829. Senegambia, Africa. Chloris radiata (L.) Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26. 1788. Based on Agrostis radiata L. Agrostis radiata L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 873. 1759. Jamaica. Chloris glaucescens Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 206. 1854. Guadeloupe, DuchciisszTiQ . (13) Chloris subdolichostachya C. MuelL, Bot. Ztg. 19: 341. 1861. Texas, Drummond 372. Chloris verticillata var. aristulata Torr. and Gray, U.S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 2: 176. 1855. Lower Rio Grande, Gregg. Chloris brevispica Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 438 1898. Nueces County, Tex., Heller 1471. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 827 (8) Chloris texensis Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 151. 1896. Texas, Th'iivow ' Ncdllcv . Chloris nealleyi Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 435. 1898. Based on C. Chloris truncata R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 186. 1810. Australia. (12) Chloris verticillata Nutt., Araer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 150. 1837. Fort Smith, Ark., [Nuttall]. (9) Chloris virgata Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 203. 1797. Antigua, Swartz. Chloris pubescens Lag., Var. Cien. 24: 143. 1805. Peru. Rabdochloa virgata Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 84, 158. 1812. Presumably based on Chloris virgata Swartz. Chloris co?npressa DC, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 94. 1813. Cultivated at Mont- pellier. Chloris elegans H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 166. pi. 49. 1816. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Chloris alba Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 289. 1830. Mexico, Haenke. Chloris penicillata Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 353. 1840, as synonym of C. elegans H.B.K. Chloris alba var. aristulata Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 155. 1857. Banks of the upper Rio Grande [Emory Exped.]; Tex., Drummond 395 also mentioned. Agrostomia barbata Cervant., Naturaleza 1870: 346. 1870. Cuernavaca, Mexico. (67) CINNA L. (1) Cinna arundinacea L., Sp. PI. 5. 1753. Canada, Kalm. Agrostis cinna Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: 18. 1789. Based on Cinna arundinacea L., but, according to Obs. Bot. 6: 12. 1791, misapplied to a species of Muhlenbergia. Agrostis cinna Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 162. 1791. Based on Cinna arundi- nacea L., but misapplied to Aluhlenbergia mexicana. Agrostis cinna Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 64. 1814. Based on Cinna arundi- nacea Willd. (error for L.). Cinna agrostoides Beauv.; Steud., Nom. Bot. 1: 20, 198. 1821, as synonym of Agrostis cinna Lam. Muhlenbergia cinna Trim, Gram. Unifl. 191. 1824. Based on Agrostis cinna Lam. (2) Cinna latifolia (Trevir.) Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 435. 1853. Based on Agrostis latifolia Trevir. Agrostis latifolia Trevir.; Gopp., Beschr. Bot. Gart. Breslau 82. 1830. Europe. Muhlenbergia pendula Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 172. 1832. Sitka. Cinna expansa Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 236. 1833. Western North America, Richardson. Cinna pendula Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 280. 1841. Norway, Sitka, Baikal. The earlier Aluhlenbergia pendula Trim, not mentioned. Cinna arundinacea var. pendula A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 545. 1856. Based on C. pendula Trim Cinna pendula var. glom.erula Scribm, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1884: 290. 1884. Washington, Tweedy. Cinna bolanderi Scribm, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1884: 290. 1884. Cali- fornia, Bolander 6090. Cinna pendula var. acuti flora Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. PL 24: 203. 1888, name only, Vancouver Island; 25: 393. 1890, as synonym of C. pendula var. glomerata Scribm [error for var. glomerula]. Cinna pendula var. mutica Vasey, in Macoun, Cat. Can. PL 24 : 202. 1888. Name only for collection at Pelly Banks, Northwest Territory, Dawson in 1887. Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 57. 1892. Oregon, [Cusick]. Cinna pendula var. bolanderi Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 57. 1892. Based on C. bolanderi Scribn. (156) COIX L. (1) Coix lacryma-jobi L., Sp. PL 972. 1753. India. Coix lacryma L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1261. 1759. Based on C. lacryma-jobz L. LUhagrostis lacryma-jobi Gaertm, Fruct. and Sem. 1: 7. 1788. Based on Coix lacryma-jobi L. 828 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sphaerium lacryma Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 793. 1891. Based on Coix lacryma L. (66) COLEANTHUS Seidel (1) Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidel; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 276. 1817. Based on Schmidtia subtilis Tratt. Schmidtia subtilis Tratt., Fl. Austr. 1: 12. 1816. Bohemia. Zizania subtilis Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 452, 458. 1825. Based on Coleanthus subtilis [Seidel] Roem. and Schult. Wilibaldia subtilis Roth, Enum. PL Phan. Germ. 1: 92. 1827. Based on Schmidtia subtilis Tratt. CORIDOCHLOA Nees Coridochloa cimicina (L.) Nees; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 618. 1893, as synonym of Panicum cimicinum. Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 24: 129. 1911. This name is usually credited to Nees, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 15: 381. 1833, but though Nees adds, after briefly distinguishing the genus, that its type is Panicum cimicinum Retz., he does not transfer the name to Cori- dochloa. Milium cimicinum L., Mant. PL 2: 184. 1771. Malabar, India. Panicum cimicinum Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: 9. 17S3. Based on Milium cimicinum, L. Axonopus'? cimicinus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12, 154. 1812. Based on Milium cimicinum L. (25) CORTADERIA Stapf Cortaderia rudiuscula Stapf, Gard. Chron. III. 22: 396. 1897. Argentina. This is the species described by Stapf under C. quila (Nees) Stapf, but that name is ultimately based on Arundo quila Molino, a species of bamboo, Chusquea quila (Molino) Kunth. (1) Cortaderia selloana (Schult.) Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. FL 2: 325. 1900. Based on Arundo selloana Schult. Arundo dioeca Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 361. 1825. Not A. dioica Lour. 1793. Monte Video, Uruguay, Sello. Arundo selloana Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1):605. 1827. Based on A. dioeca Spreng. Schultes cites "A. dioeca Spreng., S.V. p. 361", hence the date is later than 1824, the title-page date. Gynerium argenteum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 462. 1829. Brazil. Cortaderia argentea Stapf, Gard. Chron. III. 22:396. 1897. Based on Gyne- rium argenteum Nees. Cortaderia dioica Speg., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 7: 194. 1902. Based on Arundo dioica Spreng. Corynephorus canescens (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 90, 149, 159. 1812. Based on Aira canescens L. Air a canescens L., Sp. PL 65. 1753. Europe. Avena canescens Web., in Wigg., Prim. Fl. Hols. 9. 1780. Based on Aira canescens L. Weingaertneria canescens Bernh., Syst. Verz. Pflanz. 51. 1800. Based on Aira canescens L. (36) COTTEA Kunth (1) Cottea pappophoroides Kunth, ReV. Gram. 1: 84. 1829. Peru. (78) CRYPSIS Ait. (1) Crypsis aculeata (L.) Ait., Hort. Kew. 1: 48. 1789. Based on Antho- xanthum aculeatum L. f. Schoenus aculeatus L., Sp. PL 42. 1753. Southern Europe. Agrostis aculeata Scop., Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 1: 62. 1772. Based on Schoenus aculeatus L. Phleum aculeatum Lam., Fl. Franc. 3: 563. 1778. Based on Schoenus aculea- tus L. Anthoxa'Athum aculeatum L. f., Sup. PL 89. 1781. Based on Schoenus aculea- tus L. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 829 Antitragus aculeatus Gaertn., Fruct. and Sem. 2: 7. 1791. Based on Schoenus aculeatus L. Pallasia aculeata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 781. 1891. Based on Crypsis aculeata Ait. (100) CTENIUM Panzer (1) Ctenium aromaticum (Walt.) Wood, Class-book 806. ed. 3. 1861. Based on Aegilops aromatica Walt. INardus gangitis L., Sp. PI. 53. 1753. Garden specimen, southern France, (probably Montpellier). The specimen under this name in the Linnaean Herbarium is from Montpellier, and is said by Munro (Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 6: 35. 1862) to be Lepturus incurvatus Trin. (Pholiurus incurvus (L.) Schinz and Thell.). The Linnaean citations refer to Andropogon and to Rottboellia according to Trinius (Clav. Agrost. 346. 1822), except that to Morison (PI. Hist. 3: Sect. 8, tab. 3, last figure) which is a species of Ctenium. Linnaeus gives as the origin of his plant "Habitat in G. Narbonensi" (Gallia Narbonensis is southern France). The application of the name N. gangitis is too uncertain to be accepted for Ctenium aromaticum, as proposed by Druce. Aegilops aromatica Walt., Fl. Carol. 249. 1788. South Carolina. Nardus scorpioides Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 152. 1791. America. Chloris monostachya Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 59. 1803. South Carolina, Michaux. Campulosus gracilior Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. (Paris) 2: 189. 1810. Based on Chloris monostachya Michx. Campulosus monostachyus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 64, 157, 158. pi. 13. f. 1. 1812. Based on Chloris monostachya Michx. Ctenium carolinianum Panz., Denkschr. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4: 311. pi. 13. f. 1, 2. 1813. South Carolina. Campuloa gracilis Desv., Jour. Bot. 1: 69. 1813. Based on Chloris mono- stachya Michx. Monocera aromatica Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 177. pi. 11. f. 3. 1816. Based on Aegilops aromatica Walt. Campuloa monostachya Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 516. 1817. Based on Chloris monostachya Michx. Cynodon monostachyos Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on Campulosus monostachyus Desv. [error for Beauv.]. Ctenium americanum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 274. 1825. North America, Chloris monostachya Michx., cited as synonym. Campulosus aromaticus Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 272. 1840, as synonym of C. monostachyus Beauv. Chloris piperita Michx.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 353. 1840, as synonym of Campulosus monostachyus Beauv. Rottboellia scorpioides Poir.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 474. 1841, as synonym of Ctenium americanum Spreng. Campulosus gracilis Bertol., Mem. Accad. Sci. Bologna 2: 602. pi. 43. f. a.b.c. 1850. Alabama. ICampulosus gangitis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 764. 1891. Based on Nardus gangitis L., taken up for Ctenium aromaticum. Campulosus aromaticus Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 45. 1895. Based on Aegilops aromaticus Walt. IClenium gangitum Druce, Rept. Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 3: 416. 1914. Based on Nardus gangitis L., taken up for C. aromaticum. (2) Ctenium floridanum (Hitchc.) Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 162. 1928. Based on Campulosus floridanus Hitchc. Campulosus floridanus Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 306. 1915. East Florida, Curtiss in 1875. This is the species described by Scribner (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 197. f. 179. 1897) and by Nash (Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 133. 1903) under Campulosus chapadensis Trin. That is a Brazilian species not known from North America. Cutandia memphitica (Spreng.) Richt. PL Eur. 1: 77. 1890. Based on Dactylis memphitica Spreng. Dactylis memphitica Spreng., Nachtr. Bot. Gart. Halle 20. 1801. Egypt. 830 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE CYMBOPOGON Spreng. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1906: 322. 1906. Based on Andropogon citratus DC. Andropogon citratus DC, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 78. 1813, without description. DC; Nees, Allg. Gartenz. 3: 266. 1835. Garden plant. Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle, Cat. Afr. PL Welw. 2: 155. 1899. Based on Andropogon nardus L. Andropogon nardus L., Sp. PI. 1046. 1753. India. Sorghum nardus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andropogon nardus L. (95) CYNODON L. Rich. (1) Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Syn. PI. 1: 85. 1805. Based on Panicum dactylon L. Panicum dactylon L., Sp. PI. 58. 1753. Southern Europe. Digitaria dactylon Scop., Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 1: 52. 1772. Based on Panicum dactylon L. Dactilon officinale Vill., Hist. PL Dauph. 2: 69. 1787. Based on Panicum dactylon L. ICynosurus uniflorus Walt., Fl. Carol. 82. 1788. South Carolina. Paspalum dactylon Lam., Tabl. Enc3rcl. 1: 176. 1791. Based on Panicum dactylon L. Digitaria littoralis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 19. 1796. Based on Panicum dac- tylon L. Milium dactylon Moench, Meth. PL Sup. 67. 1802. Based on Panicum dactylon L. Fibichia umbellata KoeL, Descr. Gram. 308. 1802. Based on Panicum dactylon L. Digitaria stolonifera Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 165. 1806. Based on Panicum dactylon L. Cynodon maritimus H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 170. 1816. Peru, Hum- boldt and Bonpland. Cynodon tenuis Trim, in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 63. 1821. North America. Chloris cynodon Trim, Gram. Unifl. 229. 1824. Based on Cynodon dactylon Pers. Digitaria maritima Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 272. 1825. Based on Cynodon maritimus H.B.K. Cynodon erectus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 290. 1830. Mexico [type, Haenke] and Peru. Agrostis bermudiana Tussac; Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 259. 1833, as synonym of Cynodon dactylon Pers. Cynodon occidentalis Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 463. 1840, as synonym of C. dactylon Pers. Cynodon portoricensis Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 463. 1840, as synonym of C. dactylon Pers. Capriola dactylon Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 764. 1891. Based on Panicum dactylon L. Fibichia dactylon Beck, Wiss. Mitt. Bosn. Herzeg. 9: 438. 1904. Based on Panicum dactylon L. Cynodon dactylon var. maritimus Hack., in Fries, Arkiv Bot. 8: 40. 1909. Based on C. maritimus H.B.K. Capriola dactylon maritima Hitchc, U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 179. 1920. Based on Cynodon maritimus H.B.K. (22) CYNOSURUS L. (1) Cynosurus cristatus L., Sp. PL 72. 1753. Europe. (2) Cynosurus echinatus L., Sp. PL 72. 1753. Europe. Phalo?i,a echinata Dum., Obs. Gram. Belg. 114. 1823. Based on Cynosurus echinatus L. (21) DACTYLIS L. 1) Dactylis glomerata L., Sp. PL 71. 1753. Europe. Bromus glomeratus Scop., Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 1: 76. 1772. Based on Dactylis glomerata L. Festuca glomerata AIL, Fl. Pedem. 2: 252. 1785. Based on Dactylis glomerata L. Trachypoa vulgaris Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 359. 1901. Based on Dactylis glo- merata L. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 831 (94) DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. (1) Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Richt., PI. Eur. 1: 68. 1890. Based on Cynosurus acgyptius L. Cynosurus aegyptius L., Sp. PI. 72. 1753. Africa, Asia, America. Aegilops saccharinum Walt., Fl. Carol. 249. 1788. South Carolina. Eleusine aegyptiaca Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 85. 1798. Based on Cynosurus aegyptius L. Eleusine pectinata Moench, Meth. PI. Sup. 68. 1802. Based on Cynosurus aegyptius L. Chloris mucronata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 59. 1S03. Carolina, Michaux. Eleusine aegyptia Pers., Syn. PL 1 : 87. 1805. Based on Cynosurus aegyptius L. Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum Willd., Enum. PL 1029. 1809. Based on Cynosu- rus acgyptius L. Dactyloctenium mucronatum Willd., Enum. PL 1029. 1809. Based on Chloris mucronata Michx. Eleusine mucronata Stokes, Bot. Mag. Med. 1: 150. 1812. Not E. mucronata Michx., 1803. Jamaica, Broughton. Rabdochloa mucronata Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 84, 158, 176. 1812. Presumably based on Chloris mucronata Michx. Cenchrus aegyptius L.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 157. 1812, as synonym of Dactyloc- tenium aegyptium, doubtless error for Cynosurus. Eleusine cruciata Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 176. 1816. Presumably South Carolina. Eleusine mucronata Hornem., Hort. Hafn. Sup. 116. 1819. Not E. mucronata Michx., 1803. Based on Dactyloctenium mucronatum Willd. Dactyloctenium meridionale Hamilt., Prodr. PL Ind. Occ. 6. 1825. West Indies and tropical America. Cynosurus carolinianus Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 465. 1840. Name only, referred to Dactyloctenium. Dactyloctenium mucronatum var. erectum Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 144. 1886. Mexico, Gouin 68; Karwinsky 989, 989b. (60) DANTHONIA Lam. and DC. (6) Danthonia californica Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 2: 182. 1863. Oak- land and San Francisco, Calif., Bolander. Meraihrepta californica Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 122. 1906. Based on Danthonia californica Boland. Pentameris californica Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 469. 1913. Based on Danthonia californica Boland. Danthonia californica var. Americana (Scribn.) Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 100. 1928. Based on D. americana Scribn. (Published as D. CQ-li foTiticd (X7Tl€Vic 0^710. . ) Danthonia grandiflora Phil., An. Univ. Chile 48: 568. 1S73. Not D. grandi- flora Hochst., 1851. Province Nuble, Chile. Danthonia americana Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 5. 1901. Based on D. grandiflora Phil. Merathrepta americana Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 123. 1906. Based on Danthonia americana Scribn. Pentameris americana Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 469. 1913. Based on Danthonia americana Scribn. Danthonia macounii Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 305. 1915. Nanaimo, Van- couver Island, Macoun 78825. (2) Danthonia compressa Austin, in Peck, N.Y. State Mus. Ann. Rept. 22: 54. 1869. Herkimer County, N.Y., Austin in 1868. Danthonia spicata var. compressa Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 396. 1870. Based on D. compressa Austin. Danthonia alleni Austin, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 3: 21. 1S72. Rockaway, Long Island, Allen. Danthonia faxoni Austin, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 6: 190. 1877. White Moun- tains, N.H., Faxon in 1877. Merathrepta compressa Heller, Muhlenbergia 5: 120. 1909. Based on Dan- thonia compressa Austin. Pentameris compressa Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 469. 1913. Based on Danthonia compressa Austin. (4) Danthonia intermedia Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 52. 1883. Cali- fornia; Rocky Mountains; Plains of British America to Mount Albert, Quebec, Allen [in 1881, type]. 55974° -35 53 832 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Danthonia intermedia cusickii Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 7. 1901. Oregon, Cusick 2427. Merathrepta intermedia Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 122. 1906. Based on Danthonia intermedia Vasey. Merathrepta intermedia cusickii Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 122. 1906. Based on Danthonia intermedia cusickii Williams. Pentameris intermedia Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 470. 1913. Based on Danthonia intermedia Vasey. Danthonia cusickii Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 305. 1915. Based on D. intermedia cusickii Williams. (5) Danthonia parryi Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 21: 133. 1896. Colorado, Parry. Danthonia parryi var. longifolia Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 21: 134. 1896. Twin Lakes, Colo., Wolf 1170. Merathrepta parryi Heller, Muhlenbergia 5: 120. 1909. Based on Danthonia parryi Scribn. (3) Danthonia sericea Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 71. 1818. Carolina to Florida. Danthonia glabra Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 43. 1897. Not D. glabra Phil., 1896. Little Stone Mountain, Ga., Small in 1895. Danthonia epilis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 7. 1901. Based on D. glabra Nash. Merathrepta sericea Heller, Muhlenbergia 5: 120. 1909. Based on Danthonia sericea Nutt. Pentameris epilis Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 469. 1913. Based on Danthonia epilis Scribn. Pentameris sericea Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 470. 1913. Based on Danthonia sericea Nutt. This is the species described by Elliott (Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 174. 1816) under the name Avena spicata L. (1) Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 690. 1817. Based on Avena spicata L. Avena spicata L., Sp. PI. 80. 1753. Pennsylvania. Avena glumosa Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 72. 1803. Pennsylvania; Carolina, Michaux. (In Index Kewensis this name is erroneously credited to Ell. Elliott cited A. glumosa Michx. as synonym of A. spicata L.) Danthonia glumosa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 92, 153, 160. 1812. Based on Avena glumosa Michx. Avena spicaefor?nis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 154. 1812, name, only Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 690. 1817, as synonym of Danthonia spicata L. Triodia glumosa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. Atlas 12. pi. 18. f. 7. 1812. Evidently an error for Danthonia glumosa Beauv. Merathrepta spicata Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 211. 1894, as synonym of Danthonia spicata. Danthonia spicata var. villosa Peck, N.Y. State Mus. Ann. Rept. 47: 168. 1894. Brownville [Peck] and Taberg, N.Y. Danthonia spicata pinetorum Piper, Erythea 7: 103. 1899. Mason County, Wash., Piper 943. Danthonia thermale Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 5. 1901. Yellowstone Park, Wyo., A. Nelson and E. Nelson 6140. Danthonia spicata longipila Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 7. . 1901. Benton County, Ark., Plank 38. Merathrepta pinetorum Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 122. 1906. Based on Danthonia spicata pinetorum Piper. Merathrepta thermale Heller, Muhlenbergia 5: 120. 1909. Based on Danthonia thermale Scribn. Merathrepta thermale var. pinetorum Piper; Fedde and Schust., in Just's Bot. Jahresber. 37: 128. 1911 (erroneously ascribed to Heller, Muhlenbergia 5: 120. 1909). Pentameris spicata Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 470. 1913. Based on Avena spicata L. Pentameris thermale Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 470. 1913. Based on Danthonia thermale Scribn. Danthonia pinetorum Piper; Piper and Beattie, Fl. Northw. Coast 46. 1915. Based on D. spicata pinetorum Piper. (7) Danthonia unispicata (Thurb.) Munro; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 24: 215. 1888. Based on D. californica var. unispicata Thurb. The name was earlier listed without description as follows: Thurb., in A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863: 78. 1863, name only, for Geyer 189. Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 294. 1880, as synonym of D. californica var. unispicata Thurb. Munro; Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 59. 1885. Name only. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 833 Danthonia californica var. unispicata Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 294. 1880. San Diego to San Francisco, Calif., Bolander, Parry, Lemmon. Merathrepta unispicata Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 123. 1906. Based on Danthonia unispicata Munro. Pentameris unispicata Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 470. 1913. Based on Danthonia unispicata Munro. (55) DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. (3) Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele, Flora 27: 56. 1844. Based on Aira atropurpurea Wahl. Aira atropurpurea Wahl., Fl. Lapp. 37. 1812. Lapland. Avena atropurpurea Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 119. 1827. Based on Aira atro- purpurea Wahl. Holcus atropurpureus Wahl., Svensk Bot. pi. 687. 1826-29. Based on Aira atropurpurea Wahl. Aira latifolia Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 243. pi. 227. 1840. Rocky Mountains, Drummond. Vahlodea atropurpurea Fries, Bot. Not. 178. 1842. Presumably based on Aira atropurpurea Wahl. Deschampsia latifolia Vasey, Grasses U.S. 29. 1883. Not D. latifolia Hochst., 1851. Based on Aira latifolia Hook. Deschampsia hookeriana Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 11: 97. 1886. Based on Aira latifolia Hook. Deschampsia atropurpurea var. minor Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48. 1888. Vancouver Island, Macoun in 1887. Deschampsia atropurpurea var. latifolia Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 24: 209. 1888. Based on Aira latifolia Hook. (5) Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 91, 149, 160. pi. 18. f. 3. 1812. Based on Aira caespitosa L. Aira caespitosa L., Sp. PI. 64. 1753. Europe. Agrostis caespitosa Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 25. 1796. Based on Aira caespitosa L. Aira ambigua Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 61. 1803. Canada, Michaux. Aira caespitosa var. ambigua Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 77. 1814. Based on A. ambigua Michx. Aira cespitosa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 85. 1817. Pennsvlvania; New England. Aira aristulata Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 132. 1824. New York, Cooper. Campbella caespitosa Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 122. 1827. Based on Aira caespi- tosa L. Podionapus caespitosus Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 82. 1867. Based on Deschamp- sia caespitosa Beauv. Avena caespitosa Kuntze, Taschenfl. Leipzig 45. 1867. Based on Aira caespitosa L. Aira major subsp. caespitosa Syme in Sowerby, English Bot. ed. 3. 11: 64. 1873. Based on A. caespitosa L. Aira caespitosa var. montana Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6: 294. 1878. Not A. caespitosa var. montana Reichenb., 1850. Utah, Colorado, and Arizona. Deschampsia caespitosa var. maritima Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48. 1888. Vancouver Island, Macoun in 1887. Deschampsia ambigua Beauv.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 735. 1893. Name only, presumably referring to Aira ambigua Michx. Deschampsia caespitosa var. alpina Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 368. 1896. Not D. caespitosa var. alpina Gaudin, 1869. Alaska, Elliott; Colo- rado, Letterman. Deschampsia caespitosa var. confinis Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 369. 1896. Southern California, Palmer 231 in 1888. Deschampsia caespitosa var. longiflora Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 369. 1896. Vancouver Island, Macoun in 1887. Deschampsia alpicola Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 601. 1905. Based on D. caespitosa var. alpina Vasey. Deschampsia confinis Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 533. 1909. Based on D. caespitosa var. confinis Vasey. Deschampsia pungens Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 103. 1912. Banff, Alberta, McCalla 2309. 834 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Aira alpicola Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount, ed. 2. 1112. 1922. Based on Des- champsia alpicola Rybd. The following names based on Deschampsia brevifolia R. Br. (Sup. App. Parry's Voy. 191. 1821) described from Melville Island, Arctic America, and not known from the United States, have been misapplied to D. caespitosa by various American authors: Aira arctica Spreng., Syst. Veg. 4: Cur. Post. 32. 1827. Based on Des- champsia brevifolia R. Br. Aira caespitosa var. arctica Thurb.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1863: 78. 1863. Based on Deschempsia brevifolia R. Br. Deschampsia brachyphylla Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 37. 1900. Not D. brachyphylla Phil., 1896. Based on D. brevifolia R. Br. Deschampsia curtifolia Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 7. 1901. Based on D. brachyphylla Nash. Deschampsia arctica Merr., Rhodora 4: 143. 1902. Based on Aira arctica Spreng. Aira curtifolia Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount, ed. 2. 1112. 1922. Based on Deschampsia curtifolia Scribn. Other names based on Old World species were misapplied to Deschampsia caespitosa by Beal: Deschampsia caespitosa var. bottnica Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 369. 1896. Based on Aira bottnica Wahl. Deschampsia caespitosa var. brevifolia Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 369. 1896. Based on Aira brevifolia Bieb. Deschampsia caespitosa var. montana Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 369. 1896. Based on D. montana Schur. (1) Deschampsia danthonioides (Trin.) Munro; Benth., PL Hartw. 342. 1857. Based on Aira danthonioides Trin. Aira danthonioides Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 57. 1830. Western North America. Deschampsia calycina Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 251. 1830. "Peru" is the pub- lished locality, but the type specimen is labeled Monterey, Calif., Haenke. Aira calycina Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 220. 1854. Based on Deschampsia cdlt/ciTid Presl Trisetum glabrum Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 100. 1863. "Texas Dr. Linsecum." [Locality probably erroneous, the plants bearing this ticket in the herbarium of the Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, being very like two on the same sheet labeled "Rocky Mountains of Columbia, Nuttall." The species is not otherwise known east of Arizona.] Deschampsia gracilis Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 224. 1885. San Diego, Calif., Orcutt [1072]. (2) Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro; Benth., PL Hartw. 342. 1857. Based on Aira elongata Hook. Aira elongata Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 243. pi. 228. 1S40. Columbia River, Douglas. Deschampsia elongata var. ciliata Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 371. 1896. Oregon, Howell; California, Anderson, [Santa Cruz, type]. Deschampsia elongata var. tenuis Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 372. 1896. Santa Cruz, Calif., Jones 2201. Published as new in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 51. 1901, Davy 213 (error for 4213), Evergreen, Santa Clara County, Calif., cited as type. Deschampsia ciliata Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 60. 1917. Based on D. elongata var. ciliata Vasey. Aira vaseyana Rydb., FL Rocky Mount, ed. 2. 1112. 1922. Based on Des- champsia elongata var. ciliata Vasey. (4) Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin., 'Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 9. 1836. Based on Aira flexuosa L. Aira flexuosa L., Sp. PL 65. 1753. Europe. Avena flexuosa Mert. and Koch, in Roehl, Deut. Fl. ed. 3. I2: 570. 1823. Based on Aira flexuosa L. Avenella flexuosa Pari., Fl. Ital. 1: 246. 184S. Based on Aira flexuosa L. Lerchenfeldia flexuosa Schur, Enum. PL Transsilv. 753. 1866. Based on Aira flexuosa L. Podionapus flexuosus Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 83. 1867. Based on Deschampsia flexuosa Trin. Salmasia flexuosa Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 319. 1901. Based on Aira flexuosa L. (6) Deschampsia holciformis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 251. 1830. Monterey, Calif., Haenke. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 835 Aira holciformis Steud., Syn. PL Glurn. 1: 221. 1854. Based on Deschampsia holciformis Presl. Desmazeria sicula (Jacq.) Dum., Coram. Bot. 27. 1822. Based on Cynosurus siculus Jacq. The generic name spelled Demazeria; later (Obs. Gram. Belg. 46. 1823) changed to Desmazeria by Dumortier. Cynosurus siculus Jacq., Obs. Bot. 2: 22. pi. 43. 1767. Europe. (15) DIARRHENA Beauv.19 (I) Diarrhena americana Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 142. pi. 25. f. 2. 1812. Based on Festuca diandra Michx. Festuca diandra Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 67. 1803. Not F. diandra Moench., 1794. "Kentucky, Tennessee, etc." Michaux. Diarina festucoides Raf., Med. Repos. N.Y. 5: 352. 1808. Not Diarrhena festucoides Raspail, 1825. Based on Festuca diandra Michx. Festuca americana Michx.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 162. 1812. Name only. Korycarpus arundinaceus Zea; Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 4. 1816. America. Roemeria zeae Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 1: 61, 287. 1817. Source unknown. Diarina sylvatica Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 104. 1819. Based on Festuca diandra Michx. Diarrhena diandra Wood Class-book ed. 2: 612. 1847. Based on Festuca diandra Michx. Corycarpus diandrus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 772. 1891. Based on festuca diandra Michx. Diarrhena festucoides Fernald, Rhodora 34: 204. 1932. Not D. festucoides Raspail, 1825. Based on Diarina festucoides Raf. (121) DIGITARIA Heist. (8) Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koel., Descr. Gram. 26. 1S02. Based on Panicum filiforme L. Panicum filiforme L., Sp. PI. 57. 1753. North America, Kalm. Paspalum fdiforme Flugge, Monogr. Pasp. 139. 1810. Not P. filiforme Swartz, 1788. Based on Panicum filiforme L. Paspalum furcatum. var. filiforme Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 104. 1877. Based on Digitaria filiformis Muhl. (the same as Flugge) but misapplied to a species of Axonopus. Syntherisma filiformis Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 420. 1895. Based on Panicum filiforme L. Digitaria laeviglumis Fernald, Rhodora 22: 102. 1920. Manchester, N.H., Batchelder. (4) Digitaria floridanaHitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 163. 1928. Hernando Countv, Fla., Hitchcock Fla. PL 2517. (II) Digitaria gracillima (Scribn.) Fernald, Rhodora 22: 101. 1920. Based on Panicum gracillimum Scribn. Panicum gracillimum Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 146. 1896. Eustis, Fla., Nash 1192. Syntherisma gracillima Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 295. 1898. Based on Panicum gracillimum Scribn. Syntherisma bakeri Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 296. 1898. Grasmere, Fla., C. H. Baker 47. Digitaria bakeri Fernald, Rhodora 22: 102. 1920. Based on Syntherisma bakeri Nash. (2) Digitaria horizontal Willd., Enum. PL 92. 1809. Dominican Republic. Phalaris velutina Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 17. 1775. No exact locality given. Not Digitaria velutina Hitchc, 1927. [D. velutina Beauv., 1812 is name only.] Milium digitatum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. Not Digitaria digit ata Buse, 1854. Jamaica. i» Diarina Raf., Med. Repos. N.Y. 5: 352. 1808, proposed in a review of Michaux's Flora, with a single species, D. festucoides Raf., based on Festuca diandra Michx., not F. diandra Moench., 1794. Since there is no description, the genus is not validly published. Diarrhena Beauv. (Ess. Agrost. 142, 160. pi. 25. f. 1. 1812) is described, with a single species, D. americana Beauv., based on Festuca diandra Michx. The generic name is credited (p. 160) to Schmal. [Rafinesque-Schmalz], by typographical error given as " Smart " on page 142. The changed spelling is accepted with Beauvois as author. Furthermore, Diarrhena is a conserved name. 836 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Axonopas digitatus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12, 154. 1812. Based on Milium diqitatum Swartz. Diqitaria setigera Roth; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 474. 1817. Asia. _ Panicum horizontale G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 54. 1818. Based on Digitaria horizontalis Willd. Diqitaria jamaicensis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 272. 1825. Jamaica. Diqitaria setosa Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. PI. Ind. Occ. 6. 1825. West Indies. Paspalum diqitatum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 24. 1829. Based on Mihum diqitatum Swartz. Panicum hamiltonii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. IX. 1830. Based on Digita- ria setosa Desv. Syntherisma setosa Nash, Bull. Toirey Bot. Club 25: 300. 1898. Based on Digitaria setosa Desv. Panicum sanguinale var. diqitatum Hack.; Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 86. 1903. Based on Milium digitatum Swartz. Panicum sanguinale subsp. horizontale Hack., Ergeb. Bot. Exped. Akad. Wiss. Sudbras. 8. 1906; Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturw. (Wien) 79: 69. 1908. Based on Digitaria horizontalis Willd. Syntherisma digitata Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 142. 1908. Based on Milium digitatum Swartz. Digitaria digitata Urban, Symb. Antill. 8: 24: 1920. Not D. digitata Buse, 1854. Based on Milium digitatum Swartz. (3) Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl., Descr. Gram. 131. 1817. Pre- sumably based on Panicum ischaemum Schreb. Panicum ischaemum Schreb.; Schweigger, Spec. Fl. Erland. 16. 1804. Germany. Diqitaria humifusa Pers., Syn. PL 1: 85. 1805. France. Syntherisma glabrum Schrad., FL Germ. 1: 163. pi. 3. f . 6. 1806. Germany. Panicum glabrum Gaudin, Agrost. Helv. 1: 22. 1811. Not P. glabrum L., 1762. Based on Syntherism,a glabrum Schrad. (In Index Kewensis "Ell." is erroneously given as author of P. glabrum.) Digitaria glabra Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51. 1812. Presumably based on Syntherisma glabrum Schrad. Paspalum humifusum Poir., Encycl. Sup. 4: 316. 1816. Based on Digitaria humifusa Pers. ■ Panicum humifusum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 33. 1829. Based on Digitaria humifusa Pers. Panicum phaeocarpum var. drummondianum Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 22. 1841. St. Louis, Mo., Drummond. Paspalum glabrum Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 390. 1871. Not P. glabrum Poir., 1804. "(Gaud.)", given in parentheses by Wood, doubtless refers to Panicum glabrum Gaudin. Paspalum glabrum .Cassidy, Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 12: 91. 1890. Not P. glabrum Poir., 1804. Colorado. Syntherisma humifusum Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 469. 1900. Based on Digitaria humifusa Pers. Syntherisma ischaemum Nash., N.Amer. Fl. 17: 151. 1912. Based on Panicum ischaemum Schreb. The name Panicum lineare L. {Syntherisma lineare Nash) has been used for Digitaria is chaemum but the description does not apply (e.g. "calycis squama exterior brevior, patens, rachi adhaerens"). It is probably Cynodon dactylon. Digitaria ischaemum var. mississippiensis (Gattinger) Fernald, Rhodora 22: 103. 1920. Based on Panicum glabrum var. mississippiense Gattinger. Panicum glabrum var. mississippiense Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 95. 1887, name orly, Nashville. Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 39. 1894. Knox- ville, Tenn. Panicum lineare var. mississippiense Gattinger; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 111. 1896. Presumably based on P. glabrum var. mississippiense Gattinger. Syntherisma linearis mississippiensis Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 25: 300. 1898. Based on Panicum glabrum var. mississippiense Gattinger. (10) Digitaria panicea (Swartz) Urban, Symb. Antill. 8: 23. 1920. Based on Milium paniceum Swartz. Milium paniceum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz. Agrostis jamaicensis Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 258. 1810. Jamaica. Axonopus paniceus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12, 154. 1812. Based on Milium paniceum Swartz. Syntherisma paniceum Nash, N.Amer., FL 17: 152. 1912. Based on Milium paniceum Swartz. Digitaria dolicophylla Henr., Blumea 1: 94. 1934. Florida, A. A. Eaton 459. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 837 (13) Digitaria pauciflora Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 162. 1928. South- ern Florida, Eaton 207. (15) Digitaria runyoni Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 455. 1933. Mouth of Rio Grande, near Brownsville, Tex., Runyon 188. (1) Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 1: 52. 1772. Based on Panicum sanguinale L. Panicum sanguinale L., Sp. PI. 57. 1753. America and southern Europe. Dactylon sanguinalis L.; VOL, Hist. PI. Dauph. 2: 69. 1787. Based on Panicum sanguinale L. Syntherisma praecox Walt., Fl. Carol. 76. 1788. South Carolina. Paspalum sanguinale Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791. Based on Panicum sanguinale L. Digitaria praecox Willd., Enum. PI. 91. 1809. Based on Syntherisma praecox Walt. Panicum adscendens H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 97. 1815. Venezuela, Peru, and Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Cynodon praecox Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 412. 1817. Based on Syntherisma praecox Walt. Digitaria marginata Link, Enum. PI. 1: 102. 1821. Brazil. Digitaria fimbriata Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 226. 1827. Brazil. Panicum fimbriatum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 33. 1829. Based on Digitaria fimbriata Link. Panicum linkianum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 33. 1829. Based on Digitaria marginata Link. Syntherisma sanguinalis Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 77. 1867. Based on Panicum sanguinale L. Syntherisma fimbriatum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 302. 1898. Based on Digitaria fimbriata Link. Syntherisma marginatum Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 154. 1912. Based on Digitaria marginata Link. Digitaria marginata var. fimbriata Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 440. 1919. Based on D. fimbriata Link. Panicum sanguinale subsp. marginatum Thell., Vierteljahrs. Nat. Ges. Zurich 64: 699. 1919. Based on Digitaria marginata Link. Digitaria sanguinalis var. marginata Fernald, Rhodora 22: 103. 1920. Based on D. marginata Link. Digitaria adscendens Henr., Blumea 1: 92. 1934. Based on Panicum adscen- dens H.B.K. Digitaria nealleyi Henr., Blumea 1: 94. 1934. Texas, Nealley in 1884. A duplicate of the type in the National Herbarium is distorted by a fungus. Described as Syntherisma barbata (Willd.) Nash in Small's Flora. (6) Digitaria serotina (Walt.) Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 46. 1803. Based on Syntherisma serotinum Walt. Syntherisma serotinum Walt., Fl. Carol. 76. 1788. South Carolina. Paspalum serotinum Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 145. 1810. Based on Digitaria serotina Michx. (7) Digitaria simpsoni (Vasey) Fernald, Rhodora 22: 103. 1920. Based on Panicum sanguinale var. simpsoni Vasey. Panicum sanguinale var. simpsoni Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 25. 1892. Manatee, Fla., Simpson. Panicum simpsoni Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 109. 1896. Based on Panicum sanguinale var. simpsoni Vasey. Syntherisma simpsoni Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 25: 297. 1898. Based on Panicum sanguinale var. simpsoni Vasey. r14) Digitaria subcalva Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 138. f. 4. 1934. Plant City, Fla., C. P. Wright. (12) Digitaria texana Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 162. 1928. Sarita, Tex., Hitchcock 5479. ;9) Digitaria villosa (Walt.) Pers., Syn. PL 1: 85. 1805. Based on Syn- therisma villosa Walt. Syntherisma villosa Walt., Fl. Carol. 77. 1788. South Carolina. Digitaria pilosa Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 45. 1803. Carolina and Georgia, Michaux. Willdenow (Enum. PI. 1: 91. 1809) uses this name, doubtfully citing D. pilosa Michx. The description suggests that Willdenow 's plant, from Carolina, is also D. villosa. Paspalum carolinianum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 311. 1816. Carolina and Georgia, Bosc. 838 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, XT. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE Syntherisma leucocoma Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 295. 1898. Lake Ella, Fla., Nash 1155. Panicum leucocomum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7. 'ed. 2): 58. 1898. Based on Syntherisma leucocoma Nash. Digitaria leucocoma Urban, Symb. Antill. 8: 24. 1920. Based on Syntherisma leucocoma Nash. Digitaria filiformis var. villosa Fernald, Rhodora 36: 19. 1934. Based on Syntherisma villosa Walt. (5) Digitaria violascens Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 229. 1827. Brazil. Panicum violascens Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 33. 1829. Based on Digitaria violascens Link. Paspalum chinense Nees, in Hook, and Am., Bot. Beechey Voy. 231. 1836. Macao, China. Syntherisma chinensis Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 468. 1922. Based on Paspalum chinense Nees. Digitaria chinensis A. Camus, Not. Syst. Lecomte 4: 48. 1923. Not D. chinensis Hornem., 1819. Based on Paspalum chinense Nees. (16) DISSANTHELIUM Trin. (1) Dissanthelium californicum (Nutt.) Benth., in Hook, f., Icon. PI. III. 4: 56. pi. 1375. 1881. Based on Stenochloa californica Nutt. Stenochloa californica Nutt., Jour. Acad. Sci. Phila. II. 1: 189. 1S48. Santa Catalina Island, Calif., Gambel. (19) DISTICHLIS Raf. (3) Distichlis dentata Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 536. ington, Sandberg and Leiberg 463. (1) Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene, Calif. Acad. Sci. Bull. 2: 415. on Uniola spicata L. 1909. Wash- 1887. Based Uniola spicata L., Sp. PI. 71. Briza spicata Lam., Encycl. 1: ? Festuca muliiflora Walt., Fl. Festuca triticoides Lam., Tabl. 104. 1819. Based on 104. 1819. Based on Festuca 160. 1827. Based on Uniola 1829. Based on Festuca disti- 1753. Atlantic coast of North America. 465. 1785. Based on Uniola spicata L. Carol. 81. 1788. South Carolina. Encycl. 1: 191. 1791. Carolina, Fraser. Festuca distichophylla Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 67. 1S03. Carolina, Michaux. Uniola distichophylla Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 596. 1817. Based on Festuca distichophylla Michx. Distichlis maritima Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: Uniola spicata L. Distichlis nodosa Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: distichophylla Michx. Brizopyrum americanum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: spicata L. Poa michauxii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 111. chophylla Michx. Brizopyrum boreale Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 2S0. 1830. Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, Haenke. Poa borealis Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXVIII. 1830. Based on Bri- zopyrum boreale Presl. Festuca triticea Lam.; Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 325. 1833, as synonym of Poa michauxii Kunth. (Probably error for F. triticoides Lam.) Brizopyrum spicatum Hook, and Arm, Bot. Beechey Voy. 403. on Uniola spicata L. (2) Distichlis stricta (Torr.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: Based on Uniola stricta Torr. Festuca spicata Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 72. 1818. Not F. spicata Pursh, 1814. "On the banks of the Missouri." Uniola stricta Torr., Ann. Lye. N.Y. 1: 155. 1824. Canadian River [Okla.]. Uniola midtiflora Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 148. 1837. Arkansas River, Nuttall. Uniola flexuosa BuckL, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 99. 1S63. Fort Belknap, Tex., Buckley. Brizopyrum spicatum var. strictum A. Gray; S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 385. 1871. Based on Uniola stricta Torr. Distichlis maritima var. stricta Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 306. 1880. Based on Uniola stricta Torr. Distichlis spicata stricta Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 51. 1894. on Uniola stricta Torr. 1841. Based 602. 1905. Based MANUAL OF THE GKASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 839 Distichlis spicata var. laxa Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 519. 1896. Lake Park, Utah, Tracij in 1887. (4) Distichlis texana (Vasey) Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 10: 2. 1899. Based on Poa texana Vasey. Poa texana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 60. 1890. Region of Rio Grande, Tex., Nealley. Sieglingia wrightii Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 269. 1893. Valley of the Linipio, Tex., Wright 2038. (133) ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. 20 (1) Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833. Based on Panicum colonum L. Panicum colonum L., Sj^st. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. Jamaica, Browne. Miliumco lonum Moench, Meth. PL 202. 1794. Based on Panicum colonum L. Oplismenus colonum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 108. 1815. Based on Panicum colonum L. Panicum zonale Guss., Fl. Sic. Prodr. 1: 62. 1827. Sicily. Oplismenus repens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 321. 1830. Mexico, Haenke. Oplismenus colonum var. zonalis Schrad. Linnaea 12: 429. 1838. Based on Panicum zonale Guss. Panicum incertum Bosc; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 258. 1841. Name only. Carolina. Echinochloa zonalis Pari., Fl. Panorm. 1: 119. 1845. Based on Panicum zonale Guss. Panicum prorepens Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 46. 1854. Based on Oplismenus repens Presl. Oplismenus crusgalli var. colonum Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 28. 1854. Based on Panicum colonum L. Panicum crusgalli var. colonum Coss.; Richt., PL Eur. 1: 26. 1890. Based on P. colonum L. Panicum colonum var. zonale L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 502. 1894. Based on P. zonale Guss. Echinochloa colonum var. zonalis Woot. and Standi., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81: 45. 1912. Based on Panicum zonale Guss. Echinochloa crusgalli subsp. colonum Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 37: 122. 1923. Based on Panicum colonum L. Panicum crusgalli subsp. colonum Makino and Nemoto, Fl. Jap. 1470. 1925. Based on P. colonum L. (2) Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53, 161. 1812. Based on Panicum crusgalli L. Panicum crusgalli L., Sp. PL 56. 1753. Europe; Virginia. Milium crusgalli Moench, Meth. PL 202. 1794. Based on Panicum crusgalli L. Panicum grossum Salisb., Prod. Stirp. 18. 1796. Based on P. crusgalli L. Panicum muricatum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 47. 1803. Not P. muricatum Retz., 1786. Canada, Lake Champlain [type] and Lake Ontario, Michaux. 1 Panicum echinatum Willd., Enum. PL 1032. 1809. "America meridionali. " Wiegand 21 takes up this name for Echinochloa crus-pavonis. The specimen in the Willdenow Herbarium named P. echinatum (Magdalena, Colombia, Humboldt) is Pseudechinolaena polystachya (H.B.K.) Stapf. The brief description does not apply to the specimen so named nor to E. crus-pavonis. Willdenow differentiates the species from P. crusgalli (with "glumis aristatis hispidis") by ''glumis aristatus muricato-echinatus", whereas in E. crus-pa- vonis the glumes are less strongly hispid than in E. crsugalli. Setaria muricala Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 170, 178. 1812. Based on Panicum muricatum Michx. ? Echinochloa echinata Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53, 161, 169. 1812. Based on Panicum echinatum Willd. Panicum crusgalli var. aristatum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. North America. Panicum pungens Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 273. 1816. Based on P. muricatum Michx. Penniselum crusgalli Baumg., Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 277. 1816. Based on Panicum crusgalli L. Echinochloa crusgalli var. aristata S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PL 2: 158. 1821. Great Britain. 2» For discussion of types see Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 138-153. 1920. si Rhodora 23: 60. 1921. 840 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Oplismenus crusgalli Dum., Obs. Gram. Belg. 138. 1823. Based on Panicum crusgalli L. lOrthopogon echinatus Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 307. 1825. Based on Panicum echinatum Willd. Orthopogon crusgalli Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 307. 1825. Based on Panicum crusgalli L. Oplismenus muricatus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 44. 1829. Based on Panicum muricatum Michx. lOplismenus echinatus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 45. 1829. Based on Panicum echinatum Willd. 1 Panicum crusgalli var. echinatum Doell, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 22: 143. 1877. Based on P. echinatum Willd. Echinochloa muricata Fernald, Rhodora 17: 106. 1915. Based on Panicum muricatum Michx. Echinochloa crusgalli var. muricata Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 350. 1920. Based on Panicum muricatum Michx. Echinochloa crusgalli var. michauxii House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 254: 71. 1924. Based on Panicum muricatum Michx. Echinochloa pungens Rydb., Brittonia 1: 81. 1931. Based on Panicum pungens Poir. Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea W. F. Wight, Cent. Diet. Sup. 810. 1909. Presumably based on Panicum frumentaceum Roxb. (Published as E. crusgalli frumentacea.) Panicum frumentaceum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 307. 1820. Not P. frumentaceum Salisb., 1796. India. Echinochloa frumentacea Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 204. 1827. Based on Panicum frumentaceum Roxb. Oplismenus frumentaceus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 445. 1829. Based on Pani- cum frumentaceum Roxb. Panicum crusgalli var. frumentaceum Trimen, Syst. Cat. Ceylon PL 104. 1885. Based on P. frumentaceum Roxb. Echinochloa crusgalli edulis Hitchc, U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 238. 1920. Based on Panicum frumentaceum Roxb. Echinochloa crusgalli subsp. colonum var. edulis Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 37: 123. 1923. Based on E. crusgalli var. edulis Hitchc. Echinochloa colonum var. frumentacea RidL, Fl. Malay Pen. 5: 223. 1925. Presumably based on Panicum frumentaceum Roxb. Panicum crusgalli subsp. colonum var. edulis Makino and Nemoto, Fl. Jap. 1470. 1925. Based on P. frumentaceum Roxb. Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis (Pursh) Peterm., Fl. Lips. 82. 1838. Based on Panicum crusgalli var. mite Pursh. Panicum crusgalli var. mite Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. North America. Panicum crusgalli var. purpureum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. North America. Panicum crusgalli var. muticum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 114. 1816. Prob- ably South Carolina. Panicum scindens Nees; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 47. 1854. St. Louis, [Drummond]. Oplismenus crusgalli var. muticus Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 393. 1870. Eastern States. Panicum crusgalli a normale var. mite forma hispidum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 783. 1891. Pennsylvania. Echinochloa zelayensis var. macera Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 54. 1921. Mata- moros, Mexico, Berlandier 890. Echinochloa muricata var. ludoviciana Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 58. 1921. Baton Rouge, La., Billings 14. Echinochloa muricata var. occidentalis Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 58. 1921. Grand Tower, 111., Gleason 1720. Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 58. 1921. Cayuga Lake Basin, N.Y., Palmer 97. Echinochloa muricata var. multiflora Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 59. 1921. Lin- coln County, Okla., Blankenship. Echinochloa microstachya Rydb., Brittonia 1: 82. 1931. Based on E. muri- cata var. microstachya Wiegand. Echinochloa occidentalis Rydb., Brittonia 1: 82. 1931. Based on E. muricata var. occidentalis Wiegand. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 841 Echinochloa crusgalli var. zelayensis (H.B.K.) Hitchc, U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 238. 1920. Based on Oplismenus zelayensis H.B.K. (Published as E. crusgalli zelayensis.) Oplismenus zelayensis H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 108. 1815. Zelaya, Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Echinochloa zelayensis Schult., Mant. 2: 269. 1824. Based on Oplismenus zelayensis H.B.K. Panicum zelayense Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 265. 1841. Based on Oplis- menus zelayensis H.B.K. Panicum crus-pici Willd.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 143. 1877. Name only. South America. "iPanicum crusgalli a normale var. pygmaeum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 783. 1891. Colorado. (3) Echinochloa crus-pavonis (H.B.K.) Schult., Mant, 2: 269. 1824. Based on Oplismenus crus-pavonis H.B.K. Oplismenus crus-pavonis H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 108. 1815. Cumana, Venezuela, Humboldt and Bonpland. Panicum sabulicola Nees, Agrost. Bras. 258. 1829. Para, Brazil, Sieber; Uruguay and Paraguay. Panicum crus-pavonis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 259. 1829. Based on Oplismenus crus-pavonis H.B.K. Echinochloa composita Presl; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 259. 1829, as synonym of Panicum crus-pavonis Nees. Acapulco, Mexico, Haenke. Oplismenus sabulicola Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XL 1830. Based on Panicum sabulicola Nees. Panicum aristatum Macfad., Bot. Misc. Hook. 2: 115. 1831. Jamaica, [Macfadden]. Oplisjnenus jamaicensis Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 147. 1833. Based on Panicum aristatum Macfad. Panicum jamaicense Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 257. 1841. Based on Oplismenus jamaicensis Kunth. Panicum crusgalli var. sabulicola Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 142. 1877. Based on P. sabulicola Nees. Oplismenus angustifolius Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 40. 18S6. Vera Cruz, Mexico, Gouin 54 [error for 50]. Echinochloa sabulicola Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 257. 1913. Based on Panicum sabulicola Nees. Echinochloa crusgalli crus-pavonis Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 148. 1920. Based on Oplismenus crus-pavonis H.B.K. Echinochloa zelayensis var. subaristata Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 54. 1921. Pierce, Texas, Tracy 7743. (4) Echinochloa paludigena Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 64. 1921. Hillsborough County, Fla., Fredholm 6390. Echinochloa paludigena var. soluta Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 64. 1921. Man- atee, Fla., Tracy 7754. (5) Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) Heller, Cat. N.Amer. PL ed. 2. 21. 1900. Presumably based on Panicum walteri Pursh, Pursh being cited in parenthe- Panicum hirtellum Walt., Fl. Carol. 72. 1788. Not P. hirtellum L., 1759. South Carolina. Panicum walteri Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. Based on P. hirtellum Walter. Panicum crusgalli var. hispidum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 114. 1816. Based on P. hispidum MuhL, in manuscript. Panicum hispidum MuhL, Descr. Gram. 107. 1817. Not P. hispidum Forst., 1786. New York to Carolina. Panicum longisetum Torr., Amer. Jour. Sci. 4: 58. 1822. Not. P. longisetum Poir., 1816. Fox River, Wis. [Douglass in 1820.] Orthopogon hispidus Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 307. 1825. Based on Panicum hispidum MuhL Oplismenus longisetus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 45. 1829. Based on Panicum longisetum Torr. Oplismenus hispidus Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 604. 1847. Based on Panicum hispidum MuhL Oplismenus crusgalli var. hispidus Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 393. 1870. Presumably based on Panicum hispidum MuhL Echinochloa longearistata Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 84. 1903. Louisiana, Hale. 842 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Echinochloa walteri forma laevigata Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 62. 1921. Based on Panicum longisetum Torr. Echinochloa crusgalli var. hispida Farwell, Ainer. Midi. Nat. 9: 4. 1925. Based on Panicum hispidum Muhl. Echinochloa crusgalli var. hispida subvar. laevigata Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 9: 4. 1925. Based on E. walteri forma laevigata Wiegand. (93) ELEUSINE Gaertn. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. and Sem. 1: 8. pi. 1. 1788. Based on Cynosurus coracanus L. Cynosurus coracanus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 875. 1759. East Indies. (1) Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. and Sem. 1: 8. 1788. Based on Cynosurus indicus L. Cynosurus indicus L., Sp. PI. 72. 1753. India. Eleusine gracilis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 19. 1796. Based on Cynosurus indicus L. Eleusine domingensis Sieber; Schult., Mant. 2: 323. 1824. Not E. domingen- sis Pers., 1805. As synonym of E. indica L. Cynodon indicus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on Eleusine indica Lam. (error for Gaertn.). Chloris repens Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 353. 1840, as synonym of Eleusine indica Pers. (error for Gaertn.). Eleusine scabra Fourn.; HemsL, Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 565. 1885, name only; Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 145. 1886. Mexico, Bourgeau 1030, 2378 in part, 2634, 2743; Virlet 1435; Bilimek 454; Mutter 1392; Gouin 67. Eleusine indica var. major Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 145. 1886. Mexico, Liebmann 222, 223, 227; Karwinsky 955. Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 203. 1791. Based on Cynosurus tristachyus Lam. Cynosurus tristachyus Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 188. 1786. Uruguay, Com- merson. (43) ELYMUS L. (9) Elymus ambiguus Vasey and Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 280. 1893. Pen Gulch, Colo., Vasey in 1884. Elymus ambiguus var. strigosus (Rydb.) Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 133. 1934. Based on E. strigosus Rydb. Elymus strigosus Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 609. 1905. Boulder, Colo., Letter man 553 [type]; Wyoming, A. Nelson 7151. Elymus villiflorus Rydb., Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 32: 609. 1905. Boulder, Colo., Tweedy 4818. (5) Elymus arenicola Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr.. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 7. 1899. Suferts, Oreg., Leckenby in 1898. (16) Elymus aristatus Merr., Rhodora 4: 147. 1902. Harney County, Oreg., Cusick 2712. Elymus glaucus aristatus Hitchc, in Abrams, Illustr. Fl. 1: 252. 1923. Based on E. aristatus Merr. (19) Elymus canadensis L., Sp. PL 83. 1753. Canada, Kalm. Elymus philadelphicus L., Cent. PL 1: 6. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 266. 1759. Pennsylvania, Kalm. Hordeum patulum Moench, Meth. PL 199. 1794. Garden plant, Elymus canadensis L., cited as synonym. Elymus glaucifolius Muhl.; Willd., Enum. PL 1: 131. 1809. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg. Elymus canadensis var. glaucifolius Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 137. 1823. Based on E. glaucifolius Muhl. Elymus canadensis var. pendulus Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot. ed. 8. 232. 1840. No locality cited. Sitanion brodiei Piper, Erythea 7: 100. 1899. Bishop's Bar, Snake River, Wash., Brodie in 1895. Hordeum canadense Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 745. 1902. Based on Elymus canadensis L. Terrellia canadensis Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on Elymus canadensis L. Terrellia canadensis var. glaucifolia Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on Elymus glaucifolius Muhl. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 843 Elymus robustus var. vestitus Wiegand, Rhodora 20: 90. 1918. Cedar Point, Ohio, MacDaniels 106. Elymus canadensis var. philadelphicus Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 357. 1920. Based on E. philadelphicus L. Elymus philadelphicus var. hirsutus Farwell, Anier. Midi. Nat. 10: 314. 1927. Name proposed for E. canadensis as described by Wiegand (Rhodora 20- 87. 1918) "in large part." Elymus philadelphicus var. pendidus Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 314. 1927. Based on E. canadensis var. pendulus Eaton and Wright. Clinelymus canadensis Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 650. 1932. Based on Elymus canadensis L. Elymus canadensis forma glaucifolius Fernald, Rhodora 35: 191. 1933. Based on E. glaucifolius Muhl. Elymus wiegandii Fernald, Rhodora 35: 192. 1933. St. Francis, Maine, Fernald 197. Elymus wiegandii forma calvescens Fernald, Rhodora 35: 192. 1933. Dead River, Maine, Fernald and Strong in 1896. Elymus canadensis var. brachystachys Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 357. 1920. Based on E. brachystachys Scribn. and Ball. Elymus brachystachys Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 47. f. 21. 1901. Indian Territory [Oklahoma], Palmer 420. Elymus philadelphicus var. brachystachys Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 314. 1927. Based on E. bracystachys Scribn. and Ball. Elymus canadensis var. robustus (Scribn. and Smith) Mackenz. and Bush, Man. Fl. Jackson County 38. 1902. Based on E. robustus Scribn. and Smith. Elymus canadensis forma crescendus Ramaley, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 114. 1894. Springfield, Minn., Sheldon 1 120. Elymus robustus Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 37. 1897. Illinois [type, Wolf], Iowa, Kansas, and Montana. Elymus crescendus Wheeler, Minn. Bot. Studies 3: 106. 1903. Based on E. canadensis forma crescendus Ramaley. Elymus canadensis villosus Bates, Amer. Bot. 20: 17. 1914. Loup City and Arcadia, Nebr., Bates in 1911. Elymus glaucifolius crescendus Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 83. 1926. Based on E. canadensis forma crescendus Ramaley. Elymus glaucifolius robustus Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 87. 1926. Based on E. robustus Scribn. and Smith. Elymus philadelphicus var. robustus Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 314. 1927. Based on E. robustus Scribn. and Smith. (I) Elymus caput-medusae L., Sp. PL 84. 1753. Southern Europe. Hordeum caput-medusae Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 198. 1867. Based on Elymus caput-medusae L. (II) Elymus condensatus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 265. 1830. Monterey, Calif. Haenke. Elymus condensatus var. pubens Piper, Erythea 7: 101. 1899. Yakima City, Wash., Piper 2591. (Published as E. condensatus pubens.) Elymus cinereus Scribn. and Merr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 467. 1902. Pahrump Valley, Nev., Pur pus 6050. (4) Elymus flavesc'ens Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 8: 8. f. 1. 1897. Columbus, Wash., Suksdorf 916. Elymus giganteus Vahl, Svmb. Bot. 3: 10. 1794. Source unknown. (12) Elymus glaucus Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 99. 1863. Columbia River, Oreg., Nuttall. Elymus villosus var. glabriusculus Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 45: 157. 1856. Napa Vallev, Calif. Elymus nitidus Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 120. 1886. Eagle Moun- tains, Oreg., Cusick [1130]. Elymus americanus Vasey and Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 24: 245. 1888, name only; Cassidy, Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 12: 57. 1890. Arapahoe Pass, Colo. Elymus sibiricus var. americanus Wats, and Coult., in A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 673. 1890. Michigan and westward. Elymus sibiricus var. glaucus Ramaley, Minn. Bot. Studies 9: 112. 1894. Based on E. glaucus Buckl. Elymus glaucus var. breviaristatus Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 79. 1901. Point Reyes, Calif., Davy. 844 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Elymus glaucus var. maximus Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 79. 1901. Napa Valley, Calif., Jepson. Elymus hispidulus Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 79. 1901. Olema, Calif., Davy 4306b. Elymus angustifolius Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 80. 1901. San Francisco, Calif., Davy. Elymus angustifolius var. caespitosus Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 81. 1901. Berkeley Hills, Calif., Davy 4255. Elymus marginalis Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 539. 1909. Lower Arrow Lake, British Columbia, Macoun 44. Terrellia glauca Lunell, Arner. Midi. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on Elymus glaucus Buckl. Elymus mackenzii Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 53. 1926. Eagle Rock, Mo., Bush 77. Clinelymus glaucus Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 648. 1932. Based on Elymus glaucus Buckl. Clinelymus glaucus subsp. californicus Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 649. 1932. California, Heller 5714-a, first of several cited from California. Clinelymus glaucus subsp. coloratus Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 648. 1932. Washington, Heller 3965. Elymus glaucus var. jepsoni Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 79. 1901. Napa Valley, Calif., Jepson. Elymus divergens Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 80. 1901. Petaluma, Calif., Davy 4037. Elymus velutinus Scribn. and Merr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 466. 1902. San Bernardino Mountains, Calif., Abrams 2056. Elymus parishii Davy and Merr., Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 58. 1902. San Jacinto Mountains, Calif., Hall 2097. Elymus edentatus Suksdorf, Werdenda l2: 4. 1923. Bingen, Wash., Siiksdorj 10057. Clinelymus glaucus subsp. californicus var. pubescens Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 649. 1932. California, Tiling 8822; Palmer 417. Clinelymus velutinus Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 649. 1932. Based on Elymus velutinus Scribn. and Merr. Elymus glaucus var. tenuis Vasey (Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 280. 1893). "Type specimen collected by John Macoun on Vancouver Island in 1887 (no. 3)" comprises two forms, all Macoun's no. 3. One specimen is a small form of E. glaucus var. jepsoni; the others have spikes with fragile rachises, spikelets with 5- to 6-nerved glumes and lemmas with divergent awns and apparently represent a form not found in the United States. There is another Macoun specimen upon which Vasey has written the varietal name tenuis, this specimen having glabrous sheaths and divergent awns. The description states that the sheaths are glabrous or pubescent and that the awns are divergent. Hence the plant of number 3 with divergent awns is selected as the type of E. glaucus var. tenuis and the name is excluded from our flora. (14) Elymus hirsutus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 264. 1830. Nootka Sound, Van- couver Island, Haenke. Elymus ciliatus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 57. pi. 16. 1898. Not E. ciliatus Muhl., 1817. Sitka, Alaska, Evans 210. Elymus borealis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 9. 1900. Based on E. ciliatus Scribn. Clinelymus borealis Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 645. 1932. Based on Elymus borealis Scribn. (7) Elymus hirtiflorus Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 132. f. 2. 1934. Green River, Wyo., Shear 284. (6) Elymus innovatus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 650. 1896. North Fork Sims River, Mont., Williams in 1887. Elymus mollis R. Br., in Richards., Bot. App. Franklin Jour. 732. 1823. Not E. mollis Trim, 1821. Canada [Richardson]. Elymus brownii Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 8: 7. pi. 4. 1897. Banff, Alberta, Canby 24 in 1895. (18) Elymus interruptus Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 99. 1863. Llano County, Tex., Buckley. Elymus occidentalis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 13: 49. 1898. Laramie River, Wyo., Nelson 4470. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 845 Elymus pringlei Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 30. 1901. Hidalgo, Mexico, Pringle 6637. Elymus diver siglumis Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24- 48. f. 22. 1901. Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo., Williams 2653. Terrellia diver siglumis Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat 4: 228. 1915. Based on Elymus diversiglumis Scribn. and Ball. (15) Elymus macounii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 119. 1886. Great Plains of British Columbia, Macoun. Terrellia macounii Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on Elymus macounii Vasey. (2) Elymus mollis Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 72. 1821. Kamchatka and the Aleutian Islands. Elymus dives Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 265. 1830. Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, Haenke. Elymus arenarius var. villosus E. Mever, PI. Labrad. 20. 1830. Labrador. Elymus ampliculmis Provancher, Fl. Canad. 2: 706. 1862. Canada. Elymus capitatus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 55. pi. 14. 1898. Homer, Alaska, Evans 471. Abnormal form. Elymus mollis brevispicus Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 56. 1898. St. Lawrence Bay, Siberia. Elymus villosissimus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 326. f. 622. 1899. St. Paul Island, Macoun 16226. Elymus arenarius forma compositus Abromeit, Bibl. Bot. 8: heft 42: 96. 1899. Greenland. Elymus arenarius var. mollis Koidzumi, Jour. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 27: 24. 1910. Based on E. mollis Trin. Elymus arenarius var. compositus St. John, Rhodora 17: 102. 1915. Based on E. arenarius forma compositus Abromeit. (20) Elymus rlparius Wiegand, Rhodora 20: 84. 1918. Ithaca, N.Y., Eames and MacDaniels 3567. (10) Elymus salina Jones, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 5: 725. 1895. Salina Pass, Utah, Jones 5447. (8) Elymus triticoides Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 99. 1863. "Rocky Mountains", Nuttall. Elymus condensatus var. triticoides Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 326. 1880. Based on E. triticoides Buckl. Elymus orcuttianus Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 258. 1885. San Diego, Calif., Orcutt. Elymus simplex var. luxurians Scribn. and Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 58. 1898. Green River, Wyo., Williams 2338. Elymus acicularis Suksdorf, Werdenda l2: 3. 1923. Bingen, Wash., Suksdorf 7861. Elymus triticoides var. pubescens Hitchc, in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 186. 1912. Griffin, Calif., Elmer 3748. Elymus triticoides var. simplex (Scribn.) Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 132. 1934. Based on E. simplex Scribn. and Williams. Elymus simplex Scribn. and Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 57. pi. 17. 1898. Green River, Wyo., Williams 2334. (3) Elymus vancouverensis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48. 1888. Vancouver Island, Macoun in 1887. (17) Elymus villosus Muhl.; Willd., Enum. PL 1: 131. 1809. Pennsyl- vania, Muhlenberg. Elymus ciliatus Muhl., Descr. Gram. 179. 1817. North Carolina. Elymus hirsutus Schreb.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 776. 1817, as synonym of E. villosus Muhl. Elymus striatus var. villosus A. Grav, Man. 603. 1848. Based on E. villosus Muhl. Elymus propinquus Fresen.; Steud., Syn. PI. Glum 1: 349. 1854. Illinois. Elymus arkansanus Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 45. f. 19. 1901. Arkansas, Harvey. Elymus striatus var. ballii Pammel, Sup. Rept. Iowa Geol. Survey 1903: 347. f. 246. 1905. Iowa [type, from which figure was drawn, Johnson County, Fitzpatrick). Elymus striatus var. arkansanus Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 212. 1906. Based on E. arkansanus Scribn. and Ball. Hordeum villosum Schenck, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 40: 109. 1907. Based on Elymus villosus Muhl. 846 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Elymus villosus forma arkansanus Fernald, Rhodora 35: 195. 1933. Based on E. arkansanus Scribn. and Ball. (13) Elymus virescens Piper, Erythea 7: 101. 1899. Olympic Mountains, Wash., Piper 1988. Elymus pubescens Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 78. 1901. Point Reyes, Calif. Elymus howellii Scribn. and Merr., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13: 88. 1910. Revillagigedo Island, British Columbia, Howell 1723. Elymus strigatus St. John, Rhodora 17: 102. 1915. Westport, Mendocino County, Calif., Congdon in 1902. (21) Elymus virginicus L., Sp. PI. 84. 1753. Virginia. Elymus carolinianus Walt., Fl. Carol. 82. 1788. South Carolina. Hordeum cartilagineum Moench, Meth. 199. 1794. Grown in botanic garden, Marburg, Germain . Elymus striatus Willd., Sp. PI. 1: 470. 1797. North America. Elymus hordeijormis Desf., Tabl. Ecol. Bot. Mus. 15. 1804, name only; Cat. PI. Paris, ed. 3. 18, 387. 1829. Grown in botanical garden, Paris. "E. striatus Willd." cited as synonym. Elymus durus Hedw.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 550. 1840, as synonym of E. virginicus L. Elymus virginicus var. minor Vasey; L. H. Dewev, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 550. 1S92. Northern Texas, [Buckley]. Elymus virginicus forma jejunus Ramaley, Minn. Bot. Stud. 9: 114. 1894. Lake Benton, Minn., Sheldon 1735 (error for 1375). Hordeum virginicum Schenck, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 40: 109. 1907. Based on Elymus virginicus L. Hordeum striatum Schenck, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 40: 109. 1907. Based on Elymus striatus Willd. Elymus jejunus Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 539. 1909. Based on E. virginicus forma jejunus Ramaley. Terrellia virginica Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on Elymus virginicus L. Terrellia striata Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on Elymus striatus Willd. Elymus virginicus var. jejunus Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 65. 1926. Based on E. virginicus forma jejunus Ramaley. Terrella jejuna Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 639. 1932. Based on Elymus virginicus forma jejunus Ramaley. Terrella virginica Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 639. 1932. Based on Elymus virginicus L. Elymus virginicus var. australis (Scribn. and Ball) Hitchc, in Deam, Ind. Dept. Conserv. Pub. 82: 113. 1929. Based on E. australis Scribn. and Ball. Elymus australis Scribn. and Ball, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 46. f. 20. 1901. Biltmore, N.C., Biltmore Herbarium 411b. Elymus virginicus var. glabriflorus forma australis Fernald, Rhodora 35: 198. 1933. Based on E. australis Scribn. and Ball. Elymus virginicus var. glabriflorus (Vasey) Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 62. 1926. Based on E. canadensis var. glabriflorus Vasey. Elymus canadensis var. glabriflorus Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 550. 1894. Texas to Georgia [Louisiana, Langlois]. 1 Elymus virginicus var. glaucus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 653. 1896. Agri- cultural College, Michigan, Beal 164, 165. Elymus glabriflorus Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 49. f. 23. 1901. Based on E. canadensis var. glabriflorus Vasey. Elymus australis var. glabriflorus Wiegand, Rhodora 20: 84. 1918. Based on E. canadensis var. glabriflorus Vasey. Elymus virginicus var. halophilus (Bicknell) Wiegand, Rhodora 20: 83. 1918. Based on E. halophilus Bicknell. Elymus halophilus Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 201. 190S. Nan- tucket Island, Mass., Bicknell. Terrella halophila Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 639. 1932. Based on Elymus halophilus Bicknell. Elymus virginicus var. halophilus forma lasiolepis Fernald, Rhodora 35: 198. 1933. Nova Scotia, Fernald, Long, and hinder 20113. Elymus virginicus var. intermedius (Vasey) Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 60. 1926. Based on E. canadensis var. intermedius Vasey. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 847 Elymus canadensis var. intermedins Vasey; A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 673. 1890. Northeastern United States. [Type, Lansingburg, N.Y., Howe in 1886.] Elymus intermedins Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 38. 1897. Not E. intermedins Bieb., 1808. Maine to Virginia, west to Illinois and Nebraska. [Herbarium evidence shows this to be based on E. canadensis var. intermedins Vasey.] Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 58. 1898. Based on E. intermedins Scribn. and Smith. Elymus virginicus var. hirsutiglumis Hitchc, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908. Based on E. hirsutiglumis Scribn. Terrella hirsutiglumis Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 639. 1932. Based on Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn. Elymus virginicus var. typicus forma hirsutiglumis Fernald, Rhodora 35: 198. 1933. Based on E. hirsutiglumis Scribn. Elymus virginicus var. submuticus Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 255. 1840. Cumberland House Fort, Saskatchewan, Drummond. 1 'Elymus virginicus var. arcuatus Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 405. 1870. Southern States. Elymus curvatus Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 233. 1903. Stevens County, Wash., Kreager 375. Elymus submuticus Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 99. 1913. Based on E. virginicus var. submuticus Hook. Terrellia virginica var. submutica Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on Elymus virginicus var. submuticus Hook. Terrella curvata Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 639. 1932. Based on Elymus curvatus Piper. (152) ELYONURUS Humb. and Bonpl. (1) Elyonurus barbiculmis Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 339. 1889. Texas, Wright 804; New Mexico, Wright 2106; Arizona, Lemmon 2926 [type]; Roth- rock 638. Elyonurus barbiculmis parviflorus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 1. 1901. Arizona, Griffiths 1849. (2) Elyonurus tripsacoides Humb. and Bonpl.; Willd., Sp. PL 4: 941. 1806. Caracas, Venezuela, Humboldt and Boripland. Rottboellia ciliata Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 83. 1818. Georgia, Baldwin. Anatherum tripsacoides Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 290. 1825. Based on Elyo- nurus tripsacoides Humb. and Bonpl. Andropogon tripsacoides Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 364. 1854. Based on Elyonurus tripsacoides Humb. and Bonpl. Andropogon nuttallii Chapm., FL South. U.S. 580. 1860. Based on Rott- boellia ciliata Nutt. Elyonurus nuttallianus Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 17. 1883. Based on Andropogon nuttallianus [error for nuttallii Chapm.]. Elyonurus nuttallii Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 25. 1885. Based on Andropogon nuttallii Chapm. (12) ERAGROSTIS Host Eragrostis abyssinica (Jacq.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 192. 1827. Based on Poa abyssinica Jacq. (The name is published as "Eragrostis abessinica.") Poa abyssinica Jacq., Misc. Austr. 2: 364. 1781. [Abyssinia.] (43) Eragrostis acuta Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 159. 1928. Punta Rassa, Fla., Hitchcock 263. Eragrostis alba Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 279. 1830. "Hab. ad Monte-Rey, Cali- forniae. %" The label with the type specimen bears "Regio montana' , indicating that the plant came from Peru. The species is not known from the United States. (8) Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight and Arm; Hook and Arm, Bot. Beechey Voy. 251. 1841. Based on Poa amabilis L. Poa amabilis L., Sp. PL 68. 1753. India. Poa plumosa Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: 20. 1786. East Indies. Megastachya amabilis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 74, 167, 173. 1812. Based on Poa amabilis L. Cynodon amabilis Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on Megastachya amabilis Beauv. Eragrostis plumosa Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 192. 1827. Based on Poa plumosa Retz. 55974°-35 54 848 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Erochloe amabilis Raf. ; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 886. 1893, as synonym of Eragros- tis Poa amabilis L. Erochloe spectabilis Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 886. 1893, as synonym of Eragrostis amabilis. Eragrostis ciliaris var. patens Chapm.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 479. 1896. Jesup, Ga., Curtiss 3493*. Eragrostis tenella var. plumosa Stapf, in Hook, f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 315. 1896. Based on Poa plumosa Retz. Eragrostis amabilis var. plumosa E. G. and A. Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Ind.- Chin. 7: 557. 1923. Based on Poa plumosa Retz. (29) Eragrostis arida Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 449. 1933. Del Rio, Tex. Hitchcock 13650. (46) Eragrostis bahiensis Schrad.; Schult., Mant. 2: 318. 1824. Brazil. (25) Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau, in Morot., Jour. Bot. 8: 289. 1894. Southern Europe. (5) Eragrostis beyrichii J. G. Smith, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 117. pi. 56. 1895. "Arkansas", Beyrich in 1834, but there is no recent record from that State. In 1834 the boundaries were as at present, but earlier included parts of Texas. (14) Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 505. 1829. Based on Poa capillaris L. Poa capillaris L., Sp. PI. 68. 1753. Canada, Kalm. Poa tenuis Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 156. 1816. South Carolina. Eragrostis tenuis Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 273. 1854. Based on Poa tenuis Ell. (45) Eragrostis chariis (Schult.) Hitchc, Lingnan Sci. Jour. 7: 193. 1931. Based on Poa chariis Schult. Poa elegans Roxb., Hort. Beng. 82; Fl. Ind. 1: 339. 1820. Not P. elegans Poir., 1804. India. Poa chariis Schult., Mant. 2: 314. 1824. Based on P. elegans Roxb. Poa elegantula Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 114. 1829. Based on P. elegans Roxb. Eragrostis elegantula Nees; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 266. 1854. Not E. elegantula Nees, 1851. Based on Poa elegantula Kunth. Eragrostis chloromelas Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 271. 1854. Based on the species described under E. atrovirens by Nees, that name based on Poa atrovirens Desf., a different species. (23) Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link; Vign. Lut., Malpighia 18: 386. 1904. Based on Poa cilianensis All. Briza eragrostis L., Sp. PL 70. 1753. Europe. Poa cilianensis All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 246. 1785. Italy. IBriza caroliniana Walt., Fl. Carol. 79. 1788. Not B. caroliniana Lam. South Carolina. Poa megastachya KoeL, Descr. Gram. 181. 1802. Based on Briza eragrostis L. Eragrostis major Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 4: 14. pi. 24. 1809; Fl. Austr. 1: 135. 1827. Austria. Briza purpurascens MuhL, Descr. Gram. 154. 1817. Carolina. Poa obtusa Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 67. 1818. Not P. obtusa MuhL, 1817. Phila- delphia, Barton. Poa pennsylvanica Nutt., Gen. PL 2: errata. 1818. Based on P. obtusa Nutt. Poa philadelphica Barton, Compend. FL Phila. 1: 62. 1818. Based on P. obtusa Nutt. Megastachya obtusa Schult., Mant. 2: 326. 1824. Based on Poa obtusa Nutt. Megastachya purpurascens Schult., Mant. 2: 326. 1824. Based on Briza pur- purascens MuhL Poa nuttallii Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 344. 1825. Based on P. obtusa Nutt. Calotheca purpurascens Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 348. 1825. Based on Briza purpurascens MuhL Eragrostis megastachya Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 187. 1827. Based on Poa mega- stachya KoeL Briza megastachya Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 225. 1840, as synonym of Poa megastachya. Eragrostis vulgaris var. megastachya Coss. and Germ., Fl. Env. Paris 2: 641. 1845. Based on Poa megastachya KoeL Eragrostis poaeoides var. megastachya A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 563. 1856. Based on E. megastachya Link. Eragrostis virletii Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 116. 1886. San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Virlet 1391. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 849 Eragrostis eragrostis MacM., Met. Minn. Vail. 75. 1892. Not E. eragrostis Beauv., 1812. Based on Briza eragrostis L. Megastachya eragrostis Beauv.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 186. 1894, as synonym of Eragrostis major Host. Eragrostis megastachya var. cilianensis Aschers. and Graebn., byn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 371. 1900. Based on Poa cilianensis All. Eragrostis minor var. megastachya Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West Mid. Calif. 60. 1901. Based on E. megastachya Link. # Eragrostis eragrostis var. megastachya Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Kept. 17: 182. 1916. Based on Poa megastachya Koel. ^Eragrostis eragrostis subvar. leersioides Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10: 306. 1927. Based on E. multiflora var. leersioides Richt., this based on Mega- stachya leersioides Presl described from Sicily, the description not applying to American forms. (7) Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br., in Tuckey, Narr. Exp. Congo App. 478. 1818. Based on Poa ciliaris L. Poa ciliaris L., Svst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 875. 1759. Jamaica. Megastachya ciliaris Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 74, 167, 174, 1812. Based on Poa ClllClTZS I j. Eragrostis villosa Trin., Fund. Agrost. 137. 1820. Based on Poa ciliaris L. Cynodon ciliaris Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on Mega- stachya ciliaris Beauv. Macroblepharus contractus Phil., Linnaea 19: 101. 1858. Chile, Gay 129. Eragrostis ciliaris var. laxa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 774. 1891. West Indies. Erosion ciliare Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 221. 1915. Based on Eragrostis ciliaris Link. (3) Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 97. 1863. Northern Texas, Buckley. Eragrostis brevipedicellata A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 33b. 1863, as synonym of E. curtipedicellata Buckl. Eragrostis viscosa Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 51. pi. 7. 1898. Not E. viscosa Trin., 1830. Midland, Tex., J. G. Smith. Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 397. 1841. Based on Poa curvula Schrad. Poa curvula Schrad., Gott. Anz. Ges. Wiss. 3: 2073. 1821. Cape Good Hope. Eragrostis cyperoides (Thunb.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 162, 174. 1812. Based on Poa cyperoides Thunb. Poa cyperoides Thunb., Prodr. PL Cap. 22. 1794. South Africa, (18) Eragrostis diffusa Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 97. 1863. Northern Texas, Buckley. Eragrostis purshii var. delicatula Munro; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Ulub 1U: 30. 1883. Name only. Arizona, Pringle. Eragrostis purshii var. diffusa Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 59. l»yu. Based on E. diffusa Buckl. (42) Eragrostis elliottii S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 25: 140. 1890. Based on Poa nitida Ell. „ , . , _ ,_„, Poa nitida Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 162. 1816. Not P. nitida Lam., 1791. South Carolina. _ _ . ., _ . , 1on- Eragrostis nitida Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 564. 1860. Not E. nitida Link, 1827. Based on Poa nitida Ell. Eragrostis macropoda Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antra. 4: 106. 1903. Puerto Rico, Sintenis 1233. ^n^n _, (33) Eragrostis erosa Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 483. 1896. Chihuahua, Mexico, Pringle 415. (15) Eragrostis frankii C. Meyer; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 273. 1854. Ohio, Poa parviflora Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 67. 1818. Not P. parviflora R. Br. [United Poamtcrantha Schult,, Mant. 2: 305. 1824. Not Eragrostis micrantha Hack., 1895. Based on P. parviflora Nutt. . Eragrostis erythrogona Nees; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 273. 1854. bt. Louis, Drummond. . „ 1M 1ft1R Eragrostis capillaris var. frankii Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 182. lyio. Based on E. frankii "Steud." Eragrostis frankii var. brevipes Fassett, Rhodora 34: 95. 1932. Ulennaven Wis., Fassett 12899. 850 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (9) Eragrostis glomerata (Walt.) L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 543. 1894. Based on Poa glomerata Walt. Poa glomerata Walt., Fl. Carol. 80. 1788. South Carolina. Poa conferta Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 158. 1816. South Carolina. Megastachya glomerata Schult., Mant. 2: 327. 1824. Based on Poa glomerata Walt. Poa walteri Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 116. 1829. Based on P. glomerata Walt. Eragrostis conferta Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 409. 1830. Based on Poa conferta Ell. Eragrostis pallida Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 285. 1893. Colima, Mexico, Palmer 1268. (30) Eragrostis hirsuta (Michx.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 508. 1829. Based on Poa hirsuta Michx. IPoa simplex Walt., Fl. Carol. 79. 1788. Not Eragrostis simplex Scribn. South Carolina. Poa hirsuta Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 68. 1803. South Carolina, Michaux. Eragrostis sporoboloides Smith and Bush, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 116. pi. 54. 1895. Sapulpa, Indian Territory [Okla.], Bush [766]. (11) Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 69. 1888. Based on Poa hypnoides Lam. Poa hypnoides Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 185. 1791. Tropical America. Megastachya hypnoides Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 74, 167, 175. 1812. Based on Poa hypnoides Lam. Poa reptans var. caespitosa Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U. S. 1:115. 1823. New Jersey. Neeragrostis hypnoides Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 13: 180. 1903. Based on Poa hypnoides Lam. Erosion hypnoides Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 221. 1915. Based on Poa hypnoides Lam. (35) Eragrostis intermedia Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 450. 1933. San Antonio, Tex., Hitchcock 5491. (31) Eragrostis lugens Nees, Agrost. Bras. 505. 1829. Brazil. Poa lugens Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXVIII. 1830. Based on Eragrostis lugens Nees. (22) Eragrostis lutescens Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 7. 1899. Almota, Wash., Piper 2624. (27) Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 190. 1827. Based on "Poa mexicana Lag. Hornem." Poa mexicana Hornem., Hort. Hafn. 2: 953. 1815. Garden specimen from Mexican seed. Poa mexicana Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 3. 1816. Grown in Madrid from Mex- ican seed. Small specimens of this species have been referred to Eragrostis limbata Fourn., a Mexican species, not known from the United States. (26) Eragrostis neo-mexicana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 542. 1894. New Mexico, Vasey. Eragrostis obtusa Munro; Stapf, in Dyer, Fl. Cap. 7: 625. 1898. South Africa. (1) Eragrostis obtusiflora Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 8: 10. pi. 5. 1897. Laguna de Santa Maria, Mexican side of boundary, Wright 193, and Sulphur Springs Valley, Ariz., Tourney. Scribner doubtfully cites "Brizo- pyrum obtusiflorum Fourn.?" The description of that is inadequate for iden- tification. (21) Eragrostis orcuttiana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 269. 1893. San Diego, Calif., Orcutt 1313. (34) Eragrostis palmeri S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 182. 1883. Juarez, Coahuila, Palmer 1368. (17) Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 406. 1841. Based on Poa pectinacea Michx., the name given as "Er. pectinacea Michx." Poa pectinacea Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 69. 1803. Illinois, Michaux. Poa caroliniana Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 33. 1807. North Carolina. Poa eragrostis Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 161. 1816. Not P. eragrostis L., 1753. South Carolina and Georgia. Poa tenella Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 67. 1818. Not P. tenella L., 1753. North America. Poa capillaris Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: 88. 1821. Not P. capillaris L., 1753. Based on P. caroliniana Spreng. Eragrostis brizoides Schult., Mant. 2: 319. 1824. Based on Poa tenella Nutt, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 851 Poa nuttallii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 116. 1829. Not P. nuttallii Spreng., 1825. Based on Poa tenella Nutt. Eragrostis purshii Schrad., Linnaea 12: 451. 1838. North America; descrip- tion inadequate; Gray, Man. ed. 2. 564. 1856. Poa diandra Schrad., Linnaea 12: 451. 1838, as synonym of Eragrostis purshii Schrad. Eragrostis nuttalliana Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 563. 1840. Based on Poa tenella Nutt. ^Eragrostis pennsylvanica Scheele, Flora 27: 58. 1844. Pennsylvania. ? Eragrostis unionis Steud., Svn. PI. Glum. 1: 273. 1854. Miami, Ohio. ^.Eragrostis cognata Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 273. 1854. Ohio. Eragrostis caroliniana Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 49. 1894. Based on Poa caroliniana Spreng. Eragrostis pilosa var. caroliniana Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 182. 1916. Based on Poa caroliniana Spreng. (20) Eragrostis peregrina Wiegand, Rhodora 19: 95. 1917. Based on E. pilosa var. condensata Hack. Eragrostis pilosa var. damiensiana Bonnet, Naturaliste 3: 412. 1881. France. Eragrostis pilosa var. condensata Hack., Allg. Bot. Ztschr. 7: 13. 1901. Karls- ruhe, Germany, Kneucker Gram. Exs. 115. Eragrostis damiensiana Thell., Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 24: 323. 1928. Based on E. pilosa var. damiensiana Bonnet. Eragrostis damiensiana var. condensata Thell., Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 24: 328. 1928. Based on E. pilosa var. condensata Hack. (40) Eragrostis pilifera Scheele, Linnaea 22: 344. 1849. New Braunfels, Tex., Lindheimer. Eragrostis grandiflora Smith and Bush, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 117. pi. 55. 1895. Sapulpa, Indian Territory [Okla.], Bush [808]. (16) Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 162, 175. 1812. Based on Poa pilosa L. Poa pilosa L., Sp. PL 68. 1753. Italy. Poa eragrostis Walt., Fl. Carol. 80. 1788. Not P. eragrostis L., 1753. South Carolina. IPoa tenella [L. misapplied by] Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 80. 1814. New- Jersey to Carolina. Elliott (Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 160. 1816) follows Pursh. Accordingto Merrill (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 29: 11. 1901) Elliott's plant is E. pilosa. Eragrostis filif or mis Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 191. 1827. North America. Poa linkii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 113. 1829. Based on Eragrostis filif ormis Link. Eragrostis linkii Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 273. 1854. Based on Poa linkii Kunth. ' (24) Eragrostis poaeoides (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 162. 1812, name only; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 574. 1817. Based on Poa eragrostis L. Poa eragrostis L., Sp. PL 68. 1753. Italy. Eragrostis minor Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 4: 15. 1809 [name untenable because the genus was not validly published until 1812]; Fl. Austr. 1: 135. 1827. Based on Poa eragrostis L. Eragrostis eragrostis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 174. pi. 14. f. 11. 1812. Based on Poa eragrostis L. Eragrostis poaeformis Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 188. 1827. Based on Poa eragrostis L. Eragrostis vulgaris var. microstachya Coss. and Germ., FL Env. Paris 2: 641. 1845. Based on Poa eragrostis L. Eragrostis eragrostis var. microstachya Farwell, Amer. Midi. Natl. 10: 306. l927. Based on E. vulgaris var. microstachya Coss. and Germ. (44) Eragrostis refracta (Muhl.) Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 49. 1894. Based on Poa refracta Muhi. IPoavirginica Zucc; Roemer, Coll. Bot. 1: 124. 1809. Virginia. Poa refracta Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 162. 1816. South Carolina. Eragrostis campestris Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 72. 1836. North America. Eragrostis longer adiata Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 272. 1854. Carolina, Curtis. ? Eragrostis virginica Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 273. 1854. Based on Poa virginica Zucc. Eragrostis pectinacea var. refracta Chapm., FL South. U.S. 564. 1860. Based on Poa refracta Muhl. 852 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Eragrostis campestris var. refracta Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 3. 617. 1897. Based on Poa refracta Muhl. Poa reflexa Ell.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 5. 1900, as synonym of Eragrostis refracta Scribn. This species was described under the name Poa capillaris L., in Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 67. 1803. (10) Eragrostis reptans (Michx.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 514. 1829. Based on Poa reptans Michx. Poa reptans Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 69. pi. 11. 1803. Illinois, Michaux. Poa dioica Michx.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 87. 1804, erroneously cited as synonym of P. hypnoides Lam. Kaskaskia River, 111., Michaux. Megastachya reptans Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 74, 167, 175. 1812. Based on Poa reptans Michx. Poa weigeltiana Reichenb.; Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 410. 1830, as synonym of Eragrostis reptans Nees. Dutch Guiana, Weigelt. Poa dioica Vent.; Kunth, Enum. PI. 1: 336. 1833, as synonym of P. reptans Michx. Poa capitata Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 146. 1837. Arkansas River, Nuttall. Eragrostis capitata Nash, in Britton, Man. 1042. 1901. Based on Poa capitata Nutt. Neeragrostis weigeltiana Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 13: 178. 1903. Based on Poa weigeltiana Reichenb. Eragrostis weigeltiana Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 13: 180. 1903. Based on Poa weigeltiana Reichenb. (4) Eragrostis secundiflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 276. 1830. Mexico, Haenke. Poa secundiflora Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXVIII. 1830. Based on Eragrostis secundiflora Presl. Poa interrupta Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 146. 1837. Not P. interrupta Lam., 1791. Banks of the Arkansas [Nuttall]. Poa oxylepis Torr., in Marcy, Expl. Red Riv. 301. 1853. Based on Poa interrupta Nutt. Eragrostis oxylepis Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 156. 1857. Based on Poa oxylepis Torr. Eragrostis veraecrucis Rupr., Bull. Acad. Sci. Brux. 92: 235. 1842, name only; Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 118. 1886, as synonym of Megastachya oxylepis var. capitata Fourn. Megastachya oxylepis Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 118. 1886. Based on Poa oxylepis Torr. Megastachya oxylepis var. capitata Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 118. 1886. Vera Cruz, Mexico. Eragrostis interrupta TreL, in Branner and Coville, Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey Ark. 4: 237. 1891. Not E. interrupta Beauv., 1812. Based on Poa interrupta Nutt. (2) Eragrostis sessilispica Buckl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 97. 1863. Austin, Tex., Buckley. Diplachne rigida Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 122: pi. 44. 1891. Texas [type, Reverchon in 1879], and New Mexico, northward to Kansas. Leptochloa rigida Munro; Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 122: pi. 44. 1891, as synonym of Diplachne rigida Vasey. Eragrostis rigida Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1891: 304. 1891. Based on Diplachne rigida Vasey. Acamptoclados sessilispicus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 140. 1903. Based on Eragrostis sessilispica Buckl. (38) Eragrostis silveana Swallen, Amer. Jour. Bot. 19: 438. f. 3. 1932. Taft, Tex., Silveus 360. (12) Eragrostis simplex Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7 (ed. 3): 250. f. 244. 1900. Florida, Curtiss 6073. Eragrostis brownei Kunth; Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 2. 664. 1883. Not E. brownei Nees, 1841. East Florida, Garbcr. (Chapman probably had E. brownei (Kunth) Nees, an Australian species, in mind, but he cites nothing that can connect his publication with that. The name E. brownei Nees is used for E. simplex by Scribner, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 262. 1897.) (41) Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 564. 1840. Based on Poa spectabilis Pursh. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 853 ?Poa amabilis Walt., Fl. Carol. 80. 1788. Not P. amabilis L., 1753. South PoCaaspMilis Pursh, EL Amer. Sept 1: 81 1814. New York to Carolina Megostochya spectabilis Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 589. 1817. Based p£5%Zi2!%^ Tor,, Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 114. 1823. Based on Poa spectabilis Pursh. VEraqrostis velutina Schrad., Linnaea 12: 451. 1838. Carolina. Woavillosa Beyr.; Schrad., Linnaea 12: 451. 1838, as synonym of E. velutina FrSo?/^ oeueri Steud., Svn. PL Glum 1: 272. 1854. Illinois, Geyer. A2$2£S Geyeri Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 272 1854. Not P. perftnacea Michx., 1S03. As synonym of Eragrostis geyeri Steud. Eragrostis pectinacea var. spertoWZw A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 565. 1856. Based Emgros0t%%Cectalilis var.' sparsihirsuta Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat, 10: 306. This is the specfeTcalled Poo pectinacea Michx. and Eragrostis pectinacea Nees hv American authors, not Michaux's species. (6) Sostis spkata Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 146. 1891. Baja California, sforZiflnuispica Hack., Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 6: 344. 1909. Pilco- mayo River, Paraguay, Rojas 258. Eragrostis stenophylla Hochst.; MiqueL An. Bot Ind. 2: 27. 1851. Asia (28) Eragrostis suaveolens Becker, in Claus, Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reich. 8. 266. 1851. Serepta, Russia. . (36) Eragrostis swalleni Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23. 451. 1933. Riviera, Tex., Swollen 1847. Eragrostis tenella (L.) Beauv.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 576. 1817. Based on Poa tenella L. Poa tenella L., Sp. PL 69. 1753. India. SWSE&2K^, & fcad^fpe&VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: (19) ^agrS- £^& J&™A 2:316. 1824. Martinique, Poftephrosanthos Spreng.; Schult., Mant. 2: 316. 1824, as synonym of Era- grostis tephrosanthos Schult. . Eragrostis delicatula Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 73. 1836. Emgrntis pilosa var. delicatula Hack.; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 133 1904. Based on E. delicatula Trim (37) Eragrostis tracyi Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 130. f. 1. 1934. Sambel Island, Fla., Tracy 7168. . 1on„ (32) Eragrostis trichocolea Arech., An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1: 444. 1896. ErVagrogshasyfloridana Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 308. 1915. Tampa, Fla., (39) Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Wood, Class-book 796. 1861. Based on Poo°eWc1Sf Nuttf Amer. Phil. Soc Trans, (n.s.) 5: 146. 1837. Arkansas, Eragrostis tenuis var. texensis Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 59. 1890. Erlgros%sNtTnu?s A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 661. 1890. Not E. tenuis Steud., 1854. Ohio to Illinois, Kansas and southward. Eragrostis capillacea Jedw., Bot. Archiv Mez 5: 196. 1924. Nebraska, Ryd- (13) Erlgrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 264. 1854. Based on Poa unioloides Retz. Poa unioloides Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: 19. 1789 East Indies Eragrostis virescens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 276. 1830. Chile, Haenke. Eremochloa ciliaris (L.) Merr., Philippine Jour. Sci. 1 (Sup. 5). 331. 190b. Based on Nardus ciliaris L. Nardus ciliaris L., Sp. PL 53. 1753. India. 854 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 261. 1889. Based on Ischaemum ophiuroides Munro. Ischaernum ophiuroides Munro, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 363. 1860. South- ern China. (143) ERIANTHUS Michx. (3) Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 38. 1816. Based on Andropogon alopecuroides L. Andropogon divaricatus L., Sp. PL 1045. 1753. Virginia, [Clayton 70]. Andropogon alopecuroides L., Sp. PI. 1045. 1753. Virginia, [Clayton 601]. Saccharum alopecuroideum Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 60. 1818. Based inferentially on Erianthus alopecuroides Ell. Erianthus divaricatus Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 125. 1908. Based on Andropogon divaricatus L. Erianthus alopecuroides var. hirsutus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 55. 1903. Florida [Chapman.] (Published as E. alopecuroides hirsutus.) (4) Erianthus brevibarbis Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 55. 1803. Tennessee and Carolina, Michaux. Saccharum brevibarbe Pers., Syn. PL 1: 103. 1805. Based on Erianthus brevi- barbis Michx. Calamagrostis rubra Bosc; Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 478. 1833, as synonym of Erianthus brevibarbis Michx. Erianthus alopecuroides var. brevibarbis Chapm., Fl. South U.S. 583. 1860. Based on E. brevibarbis Michx. Erianthus saccharoides subsp. brevibarbis Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 131. 1889. Based on E. brevibarbis Michx. (2) Erianthus contortus Baldw.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 40. 1816. Savan- nah, Ga., Baldwin. Saccharum contortum Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 60. 1818. Based on Erianthus con- tortus Ell. Erianthus alopecuroides var. contortus Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 582. 1860. Based on E. contortus Ell. Erianthus saccharoides subsp. contortus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 131. 1889. Based on E. contortus Ell. Erianthus smallii Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 429. 1900. Stone Moun- tain, Ga., Small in 1894. (5) Erianthus giganteus (Walt.) MuhL, Cat. PL 4. 1813. Based on Anthoxan- thum giganteum Walt. Later (Descr. Gram. 192. 1817) Muhlenberg uses the name for both E. saccharoides and E. alopecuroides (his herbarium speci- men under this name including both species), but the description (awn twisted) applies better to E. alopecuroides. Erianthus giganteus was pub- lished as new by Hubbard (Rhodora 14: 166. 1912) based on Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt. Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt., Fl. Carol. 65. 1788. South Carolina. Erianthus saccharoides Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 55. 1803. Carolina to Florida, Michaux. Saccharum giganteum Pers., Syn. PL 1: 103. 1805. Based on Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt. Saccharum erianthoides Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 308. 1825. Based on Erianthus saccharoides Rich, [same as Michx.]. Andropogon erianthus Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 243. 1827. Based on Erianthus saccharoides Michx. Erianthus saccharoides var. michauxii Hack., in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 257. 1883. Based on E. saccharoides Michx. Erianthus compactus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 419. 1895. New Jersey to North Carolina and Tennessee [type, Washington, D.C, Nash in 1895]. Erianthus laxus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 344. 1897. Near Paola, Fla., Swingle 1432a. Erianthus tracyi Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 37. 1897. Starkville, Miss., Tracy in 1896. Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 14, 162, 177, 1812. Based on Saccharum ravennae L. Andropogon ravennae L., Sp. PL ed. 2. 2: 1481. 1763. Italy. Saccharum ravennae Murr., in L., Syst. Veg. ed. 13. 88. 1774. Based on Andropogon ravennae L. Ripidium ravennae Trim, Fund. Agrost. 169. 1820. Based on Saccharum ravennae Murr. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 855 (1) Erianthus strictus Baldw.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 39. 1816. Savannah, Ga., Baldwin. *„„„ ^ , t-i • ..i. t ■ , Saccharum strictum Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 60. 1818. Based on Erianthus strictus Sa^chaZm baldwinii Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 282. 1825. Based on Erianthus strictus Baldw. T.rT . . T , „ fl1 1DoC PoMfma dura Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 2*: 91. 1836. ATSropo^i dwtiM Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 91. 1840. Based on PoZKntd dum Trin (124) ERIOCHLOA H.B.K. (1) Eriochloa aristata Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 229. 1886. Southwest Chihuahua, Palmer in 1885 [HOe]. Eriochloa punctata var. anstofa Jones, Contnb. West. Bot. 14: 11. 191 A (6) iSScfnStalnffi; Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 163. 1928. Based on Helopus mollis C. Muell. . „. Helopus mollis C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 19: 314. 1861. Not Eriochloa mollis Kunth, 1829. Texas, Drummond 370. . (5) Eriochloa gracilis (Fourn.) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23. 455. 1933. Based on Helopus gracilis Fourn. HeZopws gracilis Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 13. 1886. Oaxaca Mexico, Liebmann 436. Eriochloa gracilis var. minor (Vasey) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 456. 1933. Based on E. punctata var. minor Vasey. Eriochloa punctata var. minor Vasey, Contnb. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3. /I. i»y^. S|£S5 Kahrb. Engler 56: Beibl. 125: 12. 1921. [El Paso] (3) Eriochloa lemmoni Vasey and Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 9: 185. pi. 2. 1884. [Huachuca Mountains], Ariz., Lemmon 2910. (8) Eriochloa michauxii (Poir.) Hitchc, Contnb. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12. 147. 1908. Based on Panicum michauxii Poir. JMurn rooBe Michx., Fl. Bor. Arner. 1: 47. 1803. Not P. mofe Swartz, 1788. Florida, Michaux. D Panfcum roieAotiak Poir., in Lain., Encycl. Sup. 4: 278. 1816. Based on P. pZicum^miclauxianum Schult., Mant. 2: 227. 1824. Based on P. molle Panicum georgicum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 308. 1825. Based on P. molle Er^Moa mollis Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 30. 1829. Based on Panicum molle Eriochloa mollis var. longifolia Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 25. 1886. E^clZtnalfo^ia Vale?,' Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 21. 1892. Based on Erfocl^dems M^Bot.^hTb. Engler 56: Beibl. 125: 12. 1921. [No-name Key], Fla., Curtiss 3600. The same form as E. longifolia Vasey. Eriochloa michauxii var. simpsoni Hitchc, Biol. Soc Wash. Proc 41: 163. 1928 Cape Romano, Fla., Simpson 262. (Published as E. michauxii simp- Eriochloa nelsoni Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 12. 1897. Oaxaca, Mexico, Nelson 1707. (4) Eriochloa procera (Retz.) Hubbard, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1930: 256. 1930. Based on Agrostis procera Retz. vlgros^'s procera Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: 19. 1786. India. Milium ramosum Retz., Obs. Bot. 6: 22. 1791. Asia. Paspalum annulatum Flugge, Monogr. Pasp 133. 1810 Asia Aoros^s romoso Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 257. 1810. Based on milium Er?o7loanan^!ata Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 30. 1829. Based on Paspalum HZ;tatlnnl^ Nees, Agrost. Bras. 17. 1829. Based on Paspalum ErToMoT rL^Suntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 775. 1891. Based on Milium ramosum Retz, 856 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE Eriochloa polystachya var. annulata Maid, and Betche, Cens. N.S. Wales PL 16. 1916. Based on E. annulata Kunth. Thysanolaena procera Mez, in Janow., Bot. Archiv Mez 1: 27. 1922. Based on Agrostis procera Retz. but misapplied to T. maxima. (7) Eriochloa punctata (L.) Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. PL Ind. Occ. 5. 1825. Based on Milium punctatum L. Milium punctatum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 872. 1759. Jamaica. Agrostis punctata Lam., Encycl. 1: 58. 1783. Based on Milium punctatum L. Paspalum punctatum Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 127. 1810. Based on Milium punctatum L. Piptatherum punctatum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 18, 173. 1812. Based on Milium punctatum L. Eriochloa kunthii G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 47. 1818. British Guiana. Oedipachne punctata Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 51. 1827. Based on Milium punctatum L. Helopus punctatus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 16. 1829. Based on Milium punctatum L. Helopus kunthii Trim; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 747. 1840. Based on Eriochloa kunthii G. Meyer. Monachne punctata Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 374. 1903. Based on Milium punctatum L. Eriochloa polystachya var. punctata Maid, and Betche, Cens. N.S. Wales PL 16. 1916. Based on E. punctata Desv. (2) Eriochloa sericea (Scheele) Munro; Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pi. 1. 1890. Based on Paspalum sericeum Scheele, as shown by Munro manuscript in Kew Herbarium. Paspalum racemosum Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 145. 1837. Not P. racemosum Lam. Red River, Ark., [Nuttall]. Paspalum sericeum Scheele, Linnaea 22: 341. 1849. New Braunfels, Tex., Lindheimer. Panicum sericatum Scheele; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 58. 1854. Based on Paspalum sericeum Scheele. Helopus junceus C. MuelL, Bot. Ztg. 19: 314. 1861. Texas, Drummond 305 and 368. (158) EUCHLAENA Schrad. (1) Euchlaena mexicana Schrad., Ind. Sem. Hort. Goettingen 1832; reprinted in Linnaea 8: Litt. 25. 1833. Mexico, Muhlenfordt. Reana luxurians Durieu, Bull. Soc. Acclim. II. 9: 581. 1872. This and the following are names only. They have, however, come into frequent use for teosinte. Euchlaena luxurians Durieu and Aschers., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 107. 1877. Based on Reana luxurians Durieu. Euchlaena mexicana var. luxurians Haines, Bot. Bihar and Orissa pt. 6: 1065. 1924. Based on Reana luxurians "Brogn." (error for Durieu). Euchlaena perennis Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 12: 207. 1922. Zapotlan, Jalisco, Mexico, Hitchcock 7146. EULALIA Kunth Eulalia viminea (Trim) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 775. 1891. Based on Andropogon vimineus Trin. Andropogon vimineus Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 268. 1832. Nepal, India. Pollinia viminea Merr., Enum. Philipp. PL 1: 35. 1922. Based on Andro- pogon vimineus Trin. (3) FESTUCA L. Festuca amethystina L., Sp. PL 74. 1753. Europe. (9) Festuca arida Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 52. 1903. North Yakima, Wash., Henderson 2196. This species was referred by Piper to Festuca eriolepis Desv., a South American species not known from North America. (34) Festuca arizonica Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 277. 1893. Flag- staff, Ariz., Tracy 118. Festuca ovina var. arizonica Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 598. 1896. Based on F. arizonica Vasey. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 857 Festuca vaseyana Hack.; Beal., Grasses N.Amer. 2: 601. 1896. Veta Pass, Colo., Vasey. Festuca scabrella var. vaseyana Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 605. 1896. Veta Pass, Colo., Vasey. Festuca altaica subsp. arizonica St. Yves, Candollea 2: 267. 192o. Based on F. arizonica Vasey. (26) Festuca californica Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 277. 1893. Oak- land, Calif., Bolander 1505. Bromus kalmii var. aristulatus Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 157. 1856. Mark West Creek, Calif., Bigelow. Festuca aristulata Shear; Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 32. 1906. Based on Bromus kalmii var. aristulatus Torr. Festuca aristulata parishii Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 33. 1906. Mill Creek Falls, San Bernardino Mountains, Calif., Parish 5036. Festuca parishii Hitchc, in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 169. 1912. Based on F. aristulata parishii Piper. Festuca californica parishii Hitchc, in Abrams, Illustr. Fl. 1: 222. 1923. Based on F. artistulata parishii Piper. Festuca altaica var. aristulata St. Yves, Candollea 2: 273. 1925. Based on Bromus kalmii var. aristulatus Torr. (32) Festuca capillata Lam., Fl. Franc. 3: 597. 1778. France. Festuca ovina var. capillata Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 354. 1866. Based on F. capillata Lam. (7) Festuca confusa Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 13. pi. 1. 1906. Western Klickitat County, Wash., Suksdorf 1140. Festuca microstachya var. a'liata A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 8: 410. 1872. Name only, for Hall 639 in 1871, Silver Creek, Oreg. Festuca suksdorfii Piper; Suksdorf, Werdenda l2: 2. 1923. Bingen, Wash., Suksdorf 5604. (27) Festuca dasyclada Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 602. 1896. Utah, Parry in 1875. (4) Festuca dertonensis (All.) Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. FL 2: 588. 1900. Based on Bromus dertonensis All. Bromus dertonensis AIL, Fl. Pedem. 2: 249. 1785. Italy. Vulpia dertonensis Volk., in Schinz and Keller, Fl. Schweiz ed. 2: 57 (not in Washington); Dur. and Barr., Fl. Lib. Prodr. 269. 1910. Based on Festuca dertonensis Aschers. and Graebn. This is the species referred by American authors to F. bromoides L. That seems to be a mixture; the name is referred to F. myuros by European authors. (12) Festuca eastwoodae Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 16. 1906. Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County, Calif., Eastwood. (17) Festuca elatior L., Sp. PL 75. 1753. Europe. Festuca pratensis Huds., Fl. Angl. 37. 1762. England. Festuca fluitans var. pratensis Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 47. 1778. Based on F. pratensis Huds. Avena secunda Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 22. 1796. Based on Festuca elatior L. Bromus elatior KoeL, Descr. Gram. 214. 1802. Based on Festuca elatior L. Festuca poaeoides Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 67. 1803. St. Lawrence River, Michaux. Festuca poaeoides americana Pers., Syn. PL 1: 94. 1805. Based on F. poae- oleics A'lichx. Schedonorus elatior^ Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 99, 156, 177. 1812. Based on Btoitius clcttzoT XvogI. Schedonorus pratensis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 99, 163, 177. 1812. Based on Festuca pratensis Huds. Festuca americana F. G. Dietr., Vollst. Lex. Gartn. Bot. Nachtr. 3: 332. 1817. Based on F. poaeoides americana Pers. Schenodorus americanus Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 706. 1817. (Error for Schedonorus) . Based on Festuca poaeoides americana Pers. Bromus pratensis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 359. 1825. Not B. pratensis Lam., 1785. Based on Festuca pratensis Huds. Bucetum pralense Parnell, Grasses Scotl. 105. pi. 46. 1842. Based on Fes- tuca pratensis Huds. Bucetum elatius Parnell, Grasses Scotl. 107. pi. 46. 1842. Based on Fes- tuca elatior L. Festuca elatior var. pratensis A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 634. 1867. Based on F. pratensis Huds. 858 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Tragus elatior Panz.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 1098. 1895, as synonym of Festuca elatior L. Gnomonia elatior Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 224. 1915. Based on Festuca elatior L. Festuca elatior var. arundinacea (Schreb.) Wimm., Fl. Schles. ed. 3. 59. 1857. Based on F. arundinacea Schreb. Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Spic. Fl. Lips. 57. 1771. Germany. Bromus arundinaceus Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 2: 141. 1789. Based on Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (16) Festuca elmeri Scribn. and Merr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 468. 1902. Stanford University, Calif., Elmer 2101. Festuca elmeri var. conferta (Hack.) Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 128. 1934. Based on F. jonesii var. conferta Hack. Festuca jonesii var. conferta Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 593. 1896. San Jose Normal School, California. Festuca elmeri luxurians Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 38. 1906. Based on F. jonesii var. conferta Hack. Festuca geniculata (L.) Cav., An. Cienc. Nat. Madrid 6: 150. 1803. Based on Bromus geniculates L. Bromus geniculatus L., Mant. PI. 33. 1767. Portugal. Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill., Hist. PI. Dauph. 2: 110. 1787. Based on Bromus giganteus L. Bromus giganteus L., Sp. PL 77. 1753. Europe. Forasaccus giganteus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 383. 1901. Based on Bromus giganteus L. (8) Festuca grayi (Abrams) Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 14. pi. 3. 1906. Based on F. microstachys grayi Abrams. Festuca microstachys var. ciliata A. Gray; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 585. 1896. Not F. ciliata Gouan, 1762. Grants Pass, Oreg., Howell. Beal's specimen is a mixture of F. grayi and F. confusa, but the description applies to F. grayi. Festuca microstachys grayi Abrams, Fl. Los Angeles 52. 1904. Based on F. microstachys var. ciliata A. Gray; Beal. (33) Festuca idahoensis Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 53. 1903. Smiths Valley, Shoshone County, Idaho, Abrams 688. Festuca ovina var. ingrata Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 598. 1896. Oregon, Howell. Festuca ovina var. columbiana Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 599. 1896. [Blue Mountains], Wash., Lake. Festuca ovina var. oregona Hack. ; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 599. 1896. Oregon, Cusick 753. Festuca ingrata Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 608. 1905. Based on F. ovina var. ingrata Hack. Festuca ingrata nudata Rydb., Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 100: 50. 1906. " F. ovina var. nudata Vasey", (herbarium name only), Colorado, [Beardslee in 1892]. Festuca amethystina var. asperrima subvar. idahoensis St. Yves, Candollea 2: 260. 1925. Based on F. idahoensis Elmer. Festuca amethystina var. asperrima subvar. robusta St. Yves, Candollea 2: 264. 1925. Walla Walla, Wash., Piper 2410. (18) Festuca kingii Cassidy, Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 12: 36. 1890. On the North Poudre, Colo. It may be based on Poa kingii S. Wats., though that is not cited; there is a description. Proposed as new by Scribner, U.S.Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 36. 1S97. Based on Poa kingii S. Wats. Poa kingii S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 387. 1871. East Hum- boldt Mountains, Watson 1317. (Not invalidated by Festuca kingiana Steud., 1854.) Festuca confinis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 126. 1884. Pen Gulch, Colo., Vasey. Festuca watsoni Nash, in Britt., Man. 148. 1901. Based on Festuca kingii Scribn. Hesperochloa kingii Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 106. 1912. Based on Poa kingii S. Wats. Wasatchia kingii Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 16. 1912. Based on Poa kingii S. Wats. Festuca kingii var. rabiosa (Piper) Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 128. 1934. Based on F. confinis rabiosa Piper. Festuca confinis rabiosa Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 41. 1906. Crazy Womans Creek, Wyo., Williams and Griffiths 25. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 859 (24) Festuca ligulata Swallen, Amer. Jour. Bot. 19: 436. f. 1. 1932. Guadalupe Mountains, Tex., Moore and Steyermark 3576. (3) Festuca megalura Nutt., Jour. Acad. Phila. II. 1: 188. 1848. Santa Barbara, Calif., Gambel. Vulpia megalura Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 538. 1909. Based on Festuca megalura Nutt. (11) Festuca microstachys Nutt., Jour. Acad. Phila. II. 1: 187. 1848. Los Angeles, Calif., Gambel. Vulpia microstachya Munro; Benth., PI. Hartw. 342. 1857. Based on Festuca microstachys Nutt. tVulpia microstachya var. ciliata Munro; Benth., PI. Hartw. 342. 1857. Name only, for Harlweg 281, Sacramento, Calif. Festuca microstachys var. subappressa Suksdorf, Werdenda l2: 3. 1923. Bingen, Wash., Suksdorf 6236. (5) Festuca myuros L., Sp. PI. 74. 1753. Europe. Avena muralis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 22. 1796. Based on Festuca myuros L. Vulpia myuros K. Gmel., Fl. Badens. 1: 8. 1805. Based on Festuca myuros L. Festuca myuros Muhl., Descr. Gram. 160. 1817. Maryland; Georgia. Prob- ably F. myuros L. is referred to, Muhlenberg's specimen being a mixture of this and F. sciurea Nutt. Disiomomischus myuros Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 91. 1867. Based on Vulpia myuros K. Gmel. Zerna myuros Panz.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 1249. 1895, as synonym of Festuca myuros L. (21) Festuca obtusa Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 34. 1807. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg. Panicum divaricatum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 50. 1803. Not P. divaricatum L., 1753. Carolina. (Michaux's plant an old specimen with all but the lowest floret fallen from the spikelets.) Festuca nutans Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 34. 1807. Not F. nutans Moench, 1794. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg. Panicum gracilentum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 276. 1816. Cultivated in Paris botanic garden. Panicum debile Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 283. 1816. Not P. debile Desf., 1798. Based on P. divaricatum Michx. Panicum pateniissimum Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 448. 1817. Not P. pateniissimum Desv., 1816. Based on P. divaricatum Michx. Schedonorus obtusus Spreng.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 710. 1817. Based on Festuca obtusa Spreng. Poa festucoides LeConte; Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2. 367. 1818. New York, LeConte. Poa nutans Link, Enum. PL 1: 86. 1821. Based on Festuca nutans Spreng. Poa brachiata Desv., Opusc. 100. 1831. Based on Panicum divaricatum Michx. Festuca pseudoduriuscula Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 312. 1854. Texas, Drummond 398. Steinchisma divaricatum Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 982. 1895, as doubtful synonym of Panicum debile. Rafinesque (Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 220. 1830) cites Panicum divaricatum [Michx.] under Steinchisma, but does not transfer the name. Festuca nutans palustris Muhl.; Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 34. 1908, as synonym of F. obtusa Spreng. Gnomonia nutans Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 224. 1915. Based on Festuca nutans Willd. Festuca obtusa var. sprengeliana St. Yves, Candollea 2: 276. 1925. Based on F. obtusa Spreng. (30) Festuca occidentalis Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 249. 1840. Mouth of Columbia River, Scolder, Douglas. Festuca ovina var. polyphylla Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 597. 1896. Cascade Mountains, Oreg., Howell. (1) Festuca octoflora Walt., Fl. Carol. 81. 1788. South Carolina. Festuca tenella Willd., Sp. PL 1: 419. 1797. North America. Festuca setacea Poir., in Lam., Encyl. Sup. 2: 638. 1811. Grown in Jardin du Val de Grace, France, source unknown. Schedonorus tenellus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 99, 163, 177. 1812. Based on Festuca tenella Willd. Festuca parviflora Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 170. 1816. Orangeburg, S.C. 860 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Diarrhena setacea Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 1: 289. 1817. Based on Festuca setacea Poir. Brachypodium festucoides Link, Enum. PL 1: 95. 1821. Based on Festuca tenella L. (error for Willd.). Festuca tenella var. glauca Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 147. 1837. Fort Smith, Ark., Nuttall. Vulpia tenella Heynh., Nom. 1: 854. 1840. Based on Festuca tenella Willd. Festuca tenella var. aristulata Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4fl: 156. 1856. Name only. Napa Valley, Calif., Bigelow. Festuca gracilenta Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 97. 1863. North- ern Texas, Buckley. Festuca pusilla Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 98. 1863. Cali- fornia, Nuttall. Fernald (Rhodora 34: 211. 1932) refers this to F. octoflora var. hirtella. Festuca octoflora aristulata Torr.; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 547. 1894. Texas. Vulpia octoflora Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 538. 1909. Based on Festuca octoflora Walt. Gnomonia octoflora Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 224. 1915. Based on Festuca octoflora Walt. Festuca octoflora var. tenella Fernald, Rhodora 34: 209. 1925. Based on F. tenella Willd. Festuca octoflora var. glauca Fernald, Rhodora 34: 209. 1925. Based on F. tenella var. glauca Nutt. Festuca octoflora var. hirtella Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 12. 1906. Santa Catalina Mountains, Ariz., Shear 1962. (Published as F. octoflora hirtella.) (31) Festuca ovina L., Sp. PI. 73. 1753. Europe. Festuca ovina var. vivipara L., Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1: 108. 1762. Sweden. Bromus ovinus Scop., Fl. Cam. 1: 77. 1772. Based on Festuca ovina L. Avena ovina Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 22. 1796. Based on Festuca ovina L. Festuca ovina var. duriuscula A. Gray; Port, and Coult., Syn. Fl. Colo. 150. 1874. Not F. ovina var. duriuscula Koch, 1837. Name only, for alpine specimens from Colorado [Hall and Harbour 665]. No reference to F. duriuscula L. Festuca amethystina var. asperrima Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 601. 1896. Arizona, Rusby 901. Festuca minuti flora Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 608. 1905. Cameron Pass, Colo., Baker. Festuca ovina calligera Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 27. 1906. Based on F. amethystina var. asperrima Hack. Festuca saximontana Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 536. 1909. Banff, Alberta, MacCalla 2331. Festuca calligera Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 537. 1909. Based on F. ovina calligera Piper. Gnomonia ovina Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 224. 1915. Based on Festuca ovina L. Festuca ovina subsp. saximontana St. Yves, Candollea 2: 245. 1925. Based on F. saximontana Rydb. Festuca ovina subsp. saximontana var. rydbergii St. Yves, Candollea 2: 245. 1925. Based on F. saximontana Rydb. Festuca brevifolia var. utahensis St. Yves, Candollea 2: 257. 1925. Wasatch Mountains, Utah; Colorado, Baker 175. Festuca ovina var. brachyphylla (Schult.) Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 27. 1906. Based on F. brachyphylla Schult. (Published as F. ovina brachyphylla.) Festuca brevifolia R. Br., Sup. App. Parry's Voy. 289. 1824. Not F. brevifolia Muhl., 1817. Melville Island, Arctic America. Festuca brachyphylla Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 646. 1827. Based on F. brevifolia R. Br. Festuca ovina var. brevifolia S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 389. 1871. Based on F. brevifolia R. Br. Festuca ovina subsp. saximontana var. purpusiana St. Yves, Candollea 2: 247. 1925. Farewell Gap, Calif., Purpus 3076, 5117. Festuca ovina var. duriuscula (L.) Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 812. 1837. Based on F. duriuscula L. Festuca duriuscula L., Sp. PI. 74. 1753. Europe. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 861 Festtjca ovina var. glatjca (Lam.) Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 812. 1837. Based on F. glauca Lam. Festuca glauca Lam., Encycl. 2: 459. 1788. France. The following varieties of F. ovina, recognized by Piper (North American Species of Festuca, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 26-28. 1906), are based on European types. The specimens cited by him are in this Manual referred as follows: F. ovina sciaphila (Schur) Aschers. and Graebn., to F. ovina. F. ovina supina (Schur) Hack., to F. ovina var. brachyphylla. F. ovina pseudovina Hack., to F . ovina. (6) Festuca pacifica Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 12. 1906. Pullman, Wash., Elmer 262. Vulpia pacifica Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 538. 1909. Based on Festuca pacifica Piper. Festuca subbiflora Suksdorf, Werdenda l2: 2. 1923. Bingen, Wash., Suksdorf 6144. Festuca dives Suksdorf, Werdenda l2: 3. 1923. Not F. dives Muell., 1863. Bingen, Wash., Suksdorf 6153. (10) Festuca reflexa Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 98. 1863. California. Festuca microstachys var. pauciflora Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 586. 1896. Oregon, Howell. Vulpia reflexa Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 538. 1909. Based on Fes- tuca reflexa Buckl. Festuca rigescens (Presl) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXI. 1830. Based on Diplachne rigescens Presl. Diplachne rigescens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 260. 1830. Peru, Haenke. (29) Festuca rubra L., Sp. PL 74. 1753. Europe. Festuca ovina var. rubra Smith, English Fl. 1: 139. 1824. Based on F. rubra L. Festuca duriuscula var. rubra Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 399. 1870. Presumably based on F. rubra L. Festuca oregona Vasev, Bot. Gaz. 2: 126. 1877. Oregon. Festuca ovina subsp. rubra Hook, f., Stud. Fl. ed. 3. 497. 1884. Based on F. rubra L. Festuca rubra var. littoralis Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 607. 1896. Tilla- mook Bav, Oreg., Howell in 1882. Festuca valUcola Rvdb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 57. 1900. Silver Bow, Mont., Rydberg 2108. Festuca earlei Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 608. 1905. La Plata Canyon, Colo., Baker, Earle and Tracy 920. Festuca rubra prolifera Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 21. 1906. Mount Washington, N.H., Pringle in 1877. Festuca rubra var. densiuscula Hack.; Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 22. 1906. Crescent City, Calif., Davy and Blasdale 5931. Festuca rubra var. prolifera Piper, in Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908. Based on F. rubra prolifera Piper. Festuca prolifera Fernald, Rhodora 35: 133. 1933. Based on F. rubra prolifera Piper. Festuca rubra var. commutata Gaud., FL Helv. 1: 287. 1828. Switzerland. Festuca fallax ThuilL, Fl. Env. Paris n.ed. 50. 1799. France. Festuca rubra var. fallax Hack., Bot. Centralbl. 8: 407. 1881. Based on F. fallax ThuilL Festuca rubra var. heterophylla Mutel, Fl. Frang. 4: 103. 1837. Based on F. heterophylla Lam. Festuca heterophylla Lam., FL Frang. 3: 600. 1778. France. Festuca rubra var. lanuginosa Mert. and Koch, Deut. Fl. ed. 3. 1: 654. 1823. Prussia. Festuca arenaria Osbeck, in Retz. Sup. Prodr. FL Scand. 1: 4. 1805. Not F. arenaria Lam., 1791. Scandinavia. Festuca rubra var. arenaria Fries, Fl. Halland. 28. 1818. Based on F. arenaria Osbeck. Bromus secundus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 263. 1830. Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, Haenke. Festuca richardsoni Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 250. 1840. Arctic seacoast of North America, Richardson. 862 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Festuca rubra var. villosa Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. PL 24: 236. 1888. Name only, for specimen collected by Macoun at Dawson, Yukon Territory. Festuca rubra var. pubescens Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 607. 1896. Not F. rubra var. pubescens Spenner, 1825. Oregon, Howell. Festuca rubra var. secunda Scribn., Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 10: 39. 1899. Based on Bromus secundus Presl. Festuca rubra var. subvillosa forma vivipara Eames, Rhodora 11: 89. 1909. Newfoundland, Governors Island, Eames and Godfrey. The following varieties of Festuca rubra, recognized by Piper (North American Species of Festuca, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 21-23. 1906), are based on European types. The specimens cited by him are in this Manual referred as follows: F. rubra megastachya Gaud., to F. rubra. F. rubra glaucodea Piper (based on F. glaucescens Hegetschw.), to F. rubra. F. rubra multiflora (Hoffm.) Aschers. and Graebn., to F. rubra. F. rubra pruinosa Hack., to F. rubra. F. rubra lanuginosa Mert. and Koch, to F. rubra var. lanuginosa. F. rubra kitaibeliana (Schult.) Piper, to F. rubra var. lanuginosa. (25) Festuca scabrella Torr.; Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 252. 1840. Rocky Moun- tains, Drummond. Melica hallii Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 296. 1881. Rocky Mountains, latitude 39° to 41° [north half of Colorado], Hall and Harbour 621. Festuca hallii Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 31. 1906. Based on Melica hallii Vasey. Daluca hallii Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 221. 1915. Based on Melica hallii Vasey. Festuca altaica subsp. arizonica subvar. hallii St. Yves, Candollea 2: 271. 1925. Based on Melica hallii Vasey. Festuca scabrella var. major Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 278. 1893. Spokane County, Wash., Suksdorf 118. Festuca campestris Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 57. 1900. Based on F. scabrella var. major Vasey. (2) Festuca sciurea Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 147. 1837. Arkan- sas, Nuttall. IFestuca quadriflora Walt., Fl. Carol. 81. 1788. Not F. quadriflora Honck., 1782. South Carolina. Festuca monandra Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 170. 1816, as synonym of F. myuros L., as misapplied by Elliott. Dasiola elliotea Raf., Neogenyt. 4. 1825. Not Festuca elliotii Hack. Based on Festuca monandra Ell. Vulpia quadriflora Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 780. 1841. Based on Festuca quadriflora Walt. (22) Festuca shortii Kunth; Wood, Class-book 794. 1861; A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 669. 1890. Noted in both as a variation of F. nutans. Vasey; L. H. Dewev, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 548. 1894. Central Texas to Illinois. This Is the first description of the species. In Wood the following note is appended to the description of F. nutans: " (F. shortii Kunth, when the grass is stouter and the spikelets about 5-flowered.) " In the National Herbarium are several specimens of this species named " Festuca shortii Kth" in Vasey's script, "Kth?" queried on some of them. On one, collected in Illinois by Vasey, is the note "Festuca nutans var. probably a good species, and I have a specimen from Mr. Wolf ticketed F. Shortii Kunth, but I do not find such a species published." Since Vasey in the herbarium credited the species to Kunth it may be assumed that Dewey inadvertently omitted that name. The original connection with Kunth remains obscure. In the Gray Her- barium is a specimen of this species with "Barrens of Ky." written on a label printed "C. W. Short, M.D., Kentucky, 1842." ?Festuca nutans var. palustris Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 399. 1870. Eastern States. Festuca nutans var. shortii Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 589. 1896. Based on F. shortii Kunth. Festuca nutans var. major Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 43. 1883. Name only; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 589. 1896, as synonym of F. nutans (19) Festuca sororia Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 197. 1913. Rincon Mountains, Ariz., Nealley 177. Festuca subulata var. sororia St. Yves, Candollea 2: 285. 1925. Based on F. sororia Piper. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 863 (15) Festuca subulata Trin., in Bong., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 173. 1832. Sitka, Alaska, Mertcns. Festuca jonesii Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 278. 1893. Utah, Jones in 1880. Festuca subulata var. jonesii St. Yves, Candollea 2: 284. 192o. Based on F. jonesii Vasey. (14) Festuca subuliflora Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 25: 396. 1890. Gold- stream, Vancouver Island, Macoun 7. (By a slip of the pen the name is given as " subulifolia" in a note following.) Festuca ambigua Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 277. 1893. Not F. ambigua Le Gall. 1852. Oregon, Howell 19 in 1881. Festuca denticulata Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 589. 1896. Based on F. ambigua (23) Festuca thurberi Vasey, Cat. PI. Survey W. 100th Merid. 56. 1874. South Park, Colo., Wolf 1154. Poa festucoides Jones, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 5: 723. 1895. Not P. festucoides Lam., 1791. Mount Ellen, Henry Mountains, Utah, Jones 5671. Poa kaibensis Jones, Erythea 4: 36. 1896. Based on P. festucoides Jones. Festuca tolucensis subsp. thurberi St. Yves, Candollea 2: 304. 1925. Based on F. thurberi Vasev. (13) Festuca tracyi 'Hitchc, in Abrams, Illustr. Fl. 1: 220. 1923. Howell Mountain, Nana County, Calif., J. P. Tracy 1479. (20) Festuca versuta Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 589. 1896. Based on F. Festuca texand Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot, Club 13: 119. 18S6. Not F. texana Steud., 1854. Upper Llano, Tex., Reverchon 1618. Festuca nutans var. johnsoni Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 548. 1894. Harrison City, Tex., Johnson. Festuca johnsoni Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 35. 1906. Based on F. nutans var. johnsoni Vasev. Festuca oblusa subsp. versuta St. Yves, Candollea 2: 280. 1925. Based on F. versuta Beal. (28) Festuca viridula Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 132: pi. 93. 1893. California (probably Summit Station), Bolander. Festuca howellii Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 591. 1896. Oregon, Howell [248]. Gnomonia viridula Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 224. 1915. Based on Festuca viridula Vasey. Festuca viridula var. vaseyana St. Yves, Candollea 2: 265. 1925. Based on F. viridula Vasey. Festuca viridula var. howellii St. Yves, Candollea 2: 266. 1925. Based on F. howellii Hack. (8) FLUMINEA Fries (1) Fluminea festucacea (Willd.) Hitchc, U.S.Dept.Agr. Bull. 772: 38. f. 11. 1920. Based on Arundo festucacea Willd. Festuca arundinacea Liljebl., Utk. Svensk Fl. ed. 2. 47. 1798. Not F. arundi- nacea Schreb., 1771. Sweden. Arundo festucacea Willd., Enum. PL 1: 126. 1809. Germany. Scolochloa festucacea Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 137. 1827. Based on Arundo festucacea Willd. Triodia festucacea Roth, Enum. PI. Phaen. Germ. I1: 382. 1827. Based on Arundo festucacea Willd. Graphephorum festucaceum A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 5: 191. 1861. Based on Arundo festucacea Willd. Scolochloa arundinacea MacM., Met. Minn. Vail. 79. 1892. Not S. arundi- nacea Mert. and Koch, 1823. Based on Festuca arundinacea Liljebl. (73) GASTRIDIUM Beauv. (1) Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz and Thell., Vierteljahrs. Nat. Ces Zurich 5S: 39. 1913. Based on Agrostis ventricosa Gouan. Agrostis ventricosa Gouan, Hort. Monsp. 39. pi. 1. f. 2. 1762. France. Milium lendigerum L., Sp. PI. ed. 2. 91. 1762. Europe. Agrostis australis L., Mant. PI. 1: 30. 1767. Portugal. Alopecurus ventricosus Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 1: 28. 1778. Based on Agrostis ventricosa Gouan. 55974°— 35 55 864 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Agrostis lendigera Neck., Elem. Bot. 3: 219. 1791. Based on Milium lendi- gerum L. Avena lendigera Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 23. 1796. Based on Milium lendi- gerum L. Gastridium australe Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 21, 164. pi. 6. f. 6. 1812. Europe. Gastridium lendigerum Desv., Obs. Angers 48. 1S18. Based on Milium lendigerum L. Chilochloa ventricosa Beauv.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 350. 1840, as syno- nym of Alopecurus ventricosus Huds. Lachnagrostis phleoides Nees and Meyen; Nees, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. 19: Sup. 1: 14. 1841; 146. 1843. Valparaiso, Chile. (6) GLYCERIA R. Br. (1) Glyceria acutiflora Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 104. 1823. New York, New Jersey, and Massachusetts, Festuca brevifolia Muhl. erroneously cited as synonym. Festuca acutiflora BigeL, Fl. Bost. ed. 3. 39. 1840. Based on Glyceria acuti- flora Torr. Panicularia acutiflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 783. 1891. Based on Glyceria acutiflora Torr. (4) Glyceria arkansana Fernald, Rhodora 31: 49. 1929. Varner, Ark., Bush 9 in 1898. (2) Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder, Manchester Inst. Proc. 1: 74. 1900. Based on Panicularia borealis Nash. Glyceria fluitans var. angustata Vasey; Fernald, Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 2: 91. 1895. Maine, Fernald [193]. Panicularia borealis Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 348. 1897. Maine, Fernald. (12) Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 366. 1830. Based on Briza canadensis Michx. Briza canadensis Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 71. 1803. Canada, Michaux. Megastachya canadensis Michx.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 593. 1817. Based on Briza canadensis Michx. 7 Briza canadensis Nutt., Gen. PI. 1: erratum. 1818. Not op. cit. 69. New Jersey, near Philadelphia. Nevroloma canadensis Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 106. 1819. Based on Briza canadensis Michx. Poa canadensis Torr., FL North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 112. 1823. Based on Briza canadensis Michx. Panicularia canadensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 783. 1S91. Based on Briza canadensis Michx. Glyceria canadensis var. laxa (Scribn.) Hitchc, Amcr. Jour. Bot. 21: 128. 1934. Based on Panicularia laxa Scribn. Panicularia laxa Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 37. 1894. Mount Desert, Maine, Redfield and Rand. Glyceria laxa Scribn.; Rand and Redfield, FL Mt. Desert 180. 1894. Based on Panicularia laxa Scribn. Glyceria canadensis var. parviflora Fernald, Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 2: 91. 1895, as synonvm of G. laxa Scribn. (14) Glyceria elata (Nash) Hitchc, in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 162. 1912. Based on Panicularia elata Nash. Panicularia elata Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 51. 1900. Mon- tana, Flodman 176. Glyceria lati folia Cotton, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 29: 573. 1902. Washington, Elmer 721. Panicularia nervata elata Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 140. 1906. Based on P. elata Nash. (9) Glyceria erecta Hitchc, in Jepson, FL Calif. 1: 161. 1912. Yosemite, Calif., Hitchcock 3250^. Panicularia erecta Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 309. 1915. Based on Glyceria erecta Hitchc. (6) Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 179. 1810. Based on Festuca fluitans L. Festuca fluitans L., Sp. PL 75. 1753. Europe. Hydrochloa fluitans Hartm., Gen. Gram. Scand. 8. 1819. Presumably based on F estuca fluitans L. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 865 Melica fluitans Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 443. 1825. Based on Festuca fluitans L. Devauxia fluitans Beau v.; Kunth, Enura. PL 1: 367. 1833, as synonym of Glyceria fluitans R. Br. Panicularia fluitans Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 782. 1891. Based on Festuca fluitans L. Panicularia brachyphylla Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 349. 1897. Near New York City, Nash. (16) Glyceria graridis S. Wats.; A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 667. 1890. [Type from Quebec, Munro in 1858]. New England to western New York, Michigan, Minnesota, and westward. Poa aquatica var. americana Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 108. 1823. Massachusetts, Cooley. Panicularia americana MacM., Met. Minn. Vail. 81. 1892. Based on Poa aquatica var. americana Torr. Glyceria americana Pammel, Iowa Geol. Survey Sup. Rept. 1903: 271. 1905. Based on Poa aquatica var. americana Torr. Glyceria flavescens Jones, Mont. Univ. Bull. Biol. Ser. 15: 17. pi. 2. 1910. Swan Lake, Mont., Jones [9697]. Panicularia grandis Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Ulustr. FL ed. 2. 1: 265. 1913. Based on Glyceria grandis S. Wats. (3) Glyceria leptostachya BuckL, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 95. 1863. Oregon, Nultall. Panicularia davyi Merr., Rhodora 4: 145. 1902. Sonoma County, Calif., Davy 6005. Panicularia leptostachya Piper; Piper and Beattie, Fl. Northw. Coast 59. 1915. Not P. leptostachya Maclosk., 1904. Based on Glyceria leptostachya BuckL (11) Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 14: 186. 1912. Based on Panicum melicarium Michx. Panicum melicarium Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 50. 1803. Carolina, Michaux [Michaux's specimen overmature, all the florets but the lowermost fallen from the spikelets.] Poa torreyana Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 104. 1821. Massachusetts. Poa elongata Torr.; Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 104. 1821. Not P. elongata WilkL, 1809. As synonym of P. torreyana Spreng. Poa elongata Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 112. 1823. Not P. elongata Willd., 1809. Massachusetts, Cooley. Glyceria elongata Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 58. 1836. Based on Poa elongata Torr. Panicularia elongata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 783. 1891. Based on Poa elongata Torr. Panicularia torreyana Merr., Bhodora 4: 146. 1902. Based on Poa torreyana Spreng. Glyceria torreyana Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 211. 1906. Based on Poa torreyana Spreng. Panicularia melicaria Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 149. 1908. Based on Panicum melicarium Michx. (18) Glyceria neogaea Steud., Syn. PL Glum 1: 285. 1854. Newfoundland. Glyceria pallida var. fernaldii Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 211. 1906. Maine, Fernald 191. Glyceria fernaldii St. John, Rhodora 19: 76. 1917. Based on Glyceria pallida var. fernaldii Hitchc. Panicularia fernaldii Hitchc; House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 233-234: 11. 1921. Based on Glyceria pallida var. fernaldii Hitchc. Glyceria nubigena Anders., Rhodora 35: 321. f. B. 1933. Clingmans Dome, Great Smokv Mountains, Tenn., Anderson and Jennison 1418. (10) Glyceria obtusa (Muhl.) Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 366. 1830. Based on Poa obtusa Muhl. Poa obtusa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 147. 1817. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg. Panicularia obtusa Kuntze, Eev.Gen. PL 2: 783. 1891. Based on Poa obtusa Muhl. (7) Glyceria occidentalis (Piper) J. C. Nels., Torreya 19: 224. 1919. Based on Panicularia occidentalis Piper. Panicularia occidentalis Piper; Piper and Beattie, Fl. Northw. Coast 59. 1915. Vancouver, Wash., Piper 4905. (15) Glyceria otisii Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 128. 1934. Jefferson County, Wash., Otis 1548. 866 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (17) Glyceria pallida (Torr.) Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 57. 1836. Based on Windsoria pallida Torr. Windsoria -pallida Torr., Cat. PL N.Y. 91. 1819. New York. Triodia -pallida Spreng., Neu. Entd. 1: 246. 1820. New York, "Windsoria pallida Eddy in litt"; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 330. 1825. Based on Windsoria pallida Torr. Poa dentata Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 107. 1823. Based on Windsoria pallida Torr. Uralepis pallida Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 108. 1829. Based on Windsoria pallida Torr. Panicidaria pallida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 783. 1891. Based on Windsoria pallida Torr. (8) Glyceria pauciflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 257. 1830. Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, Haenke. Glyceria microiheca Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 96. 1863. Oregon, Nuttall. Glyceria spectabilis var. flaccida Trin.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 336. 1863, as synonym of G. microiheca Buckl., G. leptostachya Buckl. confused with it. Panicularia pauciflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 783. 1891. Based on Glyceria pauciflora Presl. Panicularia holmii Beal, Torreya 1: 43. 1901. Longs Peak, Colo., Holm 249. Panicularia multifolia Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 54. 1903. Olympic Mountains, Wash., Elmer 1939. Panicularia flaccida Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 55. 1903. Olympic Mountains, Wash., Elmer 1940. (5) Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 211. 1906. New Jersey, Van Sickle. Panicularia septentrionalis Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 35: 196. 1908. Based on Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. Panicularia fluitans var. septentrionalis Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 353. 1920. Basea on Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. (13) Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 41: 157. 1928. Based on Poa striata Lam. Poa striata Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 183. 1791. Virginia; Carolina. Poa nervata WilkL, Sp. PL 1: 389. 1797. North America. Poa striata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 69. 1803. Pennsylvania, Michaux. Poa lineata Pers., Syn. PL 1: 89. 1805. Based on P. striata Michx. Poa parviflora Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 80. 1814. Not P. parviflora R. Br., 1810. New York to Virginia. Poa sidcata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 550. 1817. Not P. sulcata Lag., 1816. Based on P. striata Lam. Briza canadensis Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 69. 1818. Not B. canadensis Michx., 1803. Canada and Pennsylvania. (Canada refers to Michaux's species, Nuttall misunderstanding it.) Glyceria michauxii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 118. 1829. Based on Poa striata Michx. Glyceria nervata Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 365. 1830. Based on Poa nervata Willd. Poa lamarckii Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 362. 1833. Based on P. striata Lam. Panicularia nervata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 783. 1891. Based on Poa nervata Willd. Panicularia nervata forma major Millsp., Fl. W.Va. 473. 1892. Monongalia, W.Va. Panicidaria nervata stricta Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 13: 44. 1898. Colorado- Wyoming State line, A. Nelson 3818. Panicularia nervata rigida Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 54. 1900. Montana, Rydberg 2068. Panicularia nervata var. parviglumis Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 8. 1901. Racine, Wis. Wadmond 36. Glyceria nervata var. stricta Scribn.; Hitchc, in A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 159. 1908. Based on Panicularia nervata stricta Scribn. Glyceria nervata var. rigida Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 223. 1915. Based on Panicularia nervata rigida Nash. Panicularia rigida Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 83. 1917. Based on P. nervata rigida Nash. Panicularia nervata var. filiformis Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 20: 168. 1919. Michigan, Farwell 4514^. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OP THE UNITED STATES 867 Panicularia nervata var. purpurascens Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 20: 168. 1919. Michigan, Farwell 4495% (first of several specimens cited). Panicularia nervata var. viridis Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 22: 180. 1921. Michigan, Farwell 5234. Glyceria striata var. stricta Fernald, Rhodora 31: 47. 1929. Based on Panicularia nervata stricta Scribn. (101) GYMNOPOGON Beauv. (1) Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 69. 1888. Pre sumably based on Andropogon ambiguus Michx. Andropogon ambiguus Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 58. 1803. Carolina, Michaux. Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 41, 164. pi. 9. f. 3. 1812. Based on Andropogon ambiguus Michx. Anthopogon lepturoides Nutt., Gen. PL 82. 1818. Banks of the Potomac, near Harpers Ferry, Va. Gymnopogon scoparius Trin., Gram. Unifl. 237. 1824. New Jersey. Alloiatheros lepturoides Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 55. 1840, as synonym of Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv. Stipa expansa Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 643. 1841, as synonym of Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv. Gymnopogon distichophyllus Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 218. 1854. Texas, Seubert Herb. [coll. Vinzent] 128; Louisiana, Hartmann 57. Sciadonardus distichophyllus Steud., Flora 33: 229. 1850; Syn. PL Glum. 1: 218. 1854, as synonym of Gymnopogon distichophyllus. Louisiana, Hart- mann 57. Agrostis boeckeleri Seubert; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 218. 1854, as synonym of Gymnopogon distichophyllus. Texas [Vinzent 128]. Alloiatheros ambiguus Ell.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 83. 1893, as synonym of Gymnopogon racemosus. Alloiatheros aristatus Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 83. 1893, as synonym of Gymnopogon racemosus. (2) Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin., Gram. Unifl. 238. 1824. Delaware. Anthopogon brevifolius Nutt.; Trin., Gram. Unifl. 238. 1824, as synonym of Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. Anthopogon filiforme Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 152. 1837. Banks of the Arkansas and in Delaware. (3) Gymnopogon chapmanianus Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 306. 1915. Sanford, Fla., Chase 4135. GYNERIUM Humb. and Bonpl. Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 138. 1812. Based on Saccharum sagittatum Aubl. Saccharum sagittatum Aubl., PL Guian. 1: 50. 1775. French Guiana. Arundo sagittata Pers., Syn. PL 1: 102. 1805. Based on Saccharum sagit- tatum Aubl. Gynerium saccharoides Humb. and Bonpl., PL Aequin. 2: 105. pi. 115. 1809. Venezuela, Humboldt and Bonpland. Gynerium procerum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. Atlas, pi. 24. f. 6. 1812. Based on Saccharum sagittatum Aubl. Arundo saccharoides Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 703. 1816. Based on Gynerium saccharoides Humb. and Bonpl. (155) HACKELOCHLOA Kuntze (1) Hackelochloa granulans (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 776. 1891. Based on Cenchrus qranularis L. Cenchrus granulans L., Mant. PL 2: 575. 1771. East Indies. Manisuris granulans Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788. Based on Cenchrus granulans L. The name was earlier given (L. f. Nov. Gram. Gen. 40. pi. 1. f. 4-7. 1779) without description or basis. Manisuris, based on this species, has been credited to Swartz (not Manisuris L.), but Swartz does not propose the genus as new. He includes the original M. myuros L. and adds M. granulans. Tripsacum granulare Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 306. 1825. Based on Manisuris granulans Swartz. 868 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE Rytilix glandulosa Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 219. 1830. Change of name or slip of the pen for "granulans", " Manisuris granulans" being cited. Ryttlix granulans Skeels, U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 282: 20. 1913. Based on Cenchrus granulans L. (79) HELEOCHLOA Host 22 Heleochloa alopecuroides (Pill, and Mitterp.) Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 1: 23- pi. 29. 1801. Based on Phleum alopecuroides Pill, and Mitterp. Phleum alopecuroides Pill, and Mitterp., Iter Posegan. 147. pi. 16. 1783. Europe. Crypsis alopecuroides Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 167. 1806. Based on Heleochloa alopecuroides Host. (1) Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 1: 23. pi. 30. 1801. Based on Phleum schoenoides L. Phleum schoenoides L., Sp. PI. 60. 1753. Southern Europe. Crypsis schoenoides Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 166. pi. 42. 1791. Based on Phleum schoenoides L. This name is spelled C. schenoides by Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 23. 1812. (150) HETEROPOGON Pers. (1) Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 836 1817. Based on Andropogon contortus L. Andropogon contortus L., Sp. PI. 1045. 1753. India. Heteropogon glaber Pers., Syn. PI. 2: 533. 1807. Europe. Heteropogon hirtus Pers., Syn. PL 2: 533. 1807. Based on Andropogon contortus L. Andropogon glaber Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot, 5: 307. 1825. Not A. glaber Roxb., 1820. Based on Heteropogon glaber Pers. Andropogon secundus Willd.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 364. 1829, as synonym of Heteropogon contortus Willd. Described in Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 558. 1864. Not A. secundus Ell., 1821. Antigua, Wullschlaegel. Heteropogon firmus Presi, Rel. Haenk. 1: 334. 1830. Mexico, Haenke. Andropogon firmus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830. Based on Heteropogon firmus Presl. Heteropogon contortus var. hirtus Fenzl; Hack., in Mart. Fl. Bras. 23: 267. 1883. Based on H. hirtus Pers. Heteropogon contortus var. glaber Hack., in Mart., FL Bras. 2s: 268. 1883. Based on H. glaber Pers. Andropogon contortus sub var. secundxis Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 587. 1889. Based on A. secundus Willd. Andropogon contortus subvar. glaber Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 587. 1889. Based on Heteropogon glaber Pers. Sorghum contortum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 791. 1891. Based on Andropogon contortus L. Holcus contortus Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904. Based on Andropogon contortus L. Heteropogon contortus subvar. secundus Domin, Bibl. Bot. 85: 276. 1915. Based on Andropogon contortus var. secundus Hack. (2) Heteropogon melanocarpus (Ell.) Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 71. 1881. Based on Andropogon melanocarpus Ell. Andropogon melanocarpus Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 146. 1S16. Between Altamaha and Jefferson, Ga. Slipa melanocarpa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 183. 1817. Georgia. Cymbopogon melanocarpus Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 289. 1825. Based on Andropogon melanocarpus Ell. Trachypogon scrobiculatus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 347. 1829. Piauhy, Brazil, [Martins]. Andropogon scrobiculatus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XL. 1830. Based on Trachypogon scrobiculatus Nees. 22 The nomenclature of this genus is much confused. Heleochloa Host (Icon. Gram. 1801) appears first without generic description, hence is not effectively published. Beauvois (Ess. Agrost. 23. pi. 7. f. 2.1812) describes Heleochloa but bases it on two species, H. juncea (Ayrostis juncea) and H. phalaroides {Phleum Vhleoides), these not included in Heleochloa by Host. Hence Heleochloa Host, as used by Beauvois, is not the same genus as that of Host himself (loc. cit. and Gram. Austr. 1827). I have, nevertheless, retained Heleochloa as generally understood, that is, as figured, though not described, by Host. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 869 Heteropogon acuminatus Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Pdtersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 254. 1832. Brazil. Heteropogon scrobiculatus Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 64. 1886. Based on Trachypo- gon scrobiculatus Nees. Sorghum melanocarpum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andropogon melanocarpus Ell. Heteropogon melanocarpus Coult., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 493. 1894. Based on Stipa melanocarpa Muhl. Spirotheros melanocarpus Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 967. 1895, as synonym of Heteropogon acuminatus. (108) HIEROCHLOE R. Br. (1) Hierochloe alpina (Swartz) Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 515. 1817. Based on Holcus alpinus Swartz. ^Vao^ina Liljebl.,Utk. Svensk Fl. 49. 1792. Not A.alpinaL., 1753. Sweden. Holcus alpinus Swartz; Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 937. 1806. Lapland. Holcus monticola BigeL, New England Jour. Med. and Surg. 5: 334. 1816; Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2. 273. 1818. White Hills, N.H., Bigelow. Hierochloa alpina var. aristata Raspail, in Saig. and Rasp., Ann. Sci. Obs. 2: 85. 1829. Based on " H. alpina R. Br." (probably in Parry's Voyage), same as Roem. and Schult. Dimesia monticola Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 760. 1893, as synonym of Holcus monticola. Savastana alpina Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 34. 1894. Based on Holcus alpinus Swartz. Torresia alpina Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 300. 1915. Based on Holcus alpinus Swartz. (3) Hierochloe occidentalis BuckL, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 100. 1863. Columbia woods, [Oregon], Nuttall. Hierochloe macrophylla Thurb.; Boland., Calif. Agr. Soc. Trans. 1864-65: 132. 1866; S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 265. 1880. Coast Range, Calif., Bolander 2279. Savastana macrophylla Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 187. 1896. Based on Hierochloe macrophylla Thurb. Torresia macrophylla Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 300. 1915. Based on Hierochloe macrophylla Thurb. (2) Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 62, 164. pi. 12. f. 5. 1812. Based on Holcus odoratus L. Holcus odoratus L., Sp. PL 1048. 1753. Europe. Avena odorata KoeL, Descr. Gram. 299. 1802. Based on Holcus odoratus L. Holcus fragrans Willd., Sp. PL 4: 936. 1806. Hudson Bay, Canada. Holcus borealis Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 252. 1806. Germany. Hierochloa borealis Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 513. 1817. Based on Holcus borealis Schrad. Hierochloa fragrans Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 514. 1817. Based on Holcus fragrans Willd. Hierochloa arctica Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 252. 1830. Nootka Sound, Vancou- ver Island, Haenke. Hierochloa odorata var. fragrans Richt., PL Eur. 1: 31. 1890. Based on Holcus fragrans Willd. Dimesia fragrans Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 760. 1893, as synonym of Hiero- chloe borealis. Savastana odorata Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 34. 1894. Based on Holcus odoratus L. Savastana nashii Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 104. pi. 328. 1898. Van Cortlandt Park, New York City [Bicknell in 1897]. Hierochloe nashii Kaczmarek, Amer. Midi. Nat. 3: 198. 191-1. Based on Savastana nashii Bicknell. Torresia odorata Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 301. 1915. Based on Holcus odoratus L. Savastana odorata var. fragrans Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 350. 1920. Based on Holcus fragrans Willd. Torresia nashii House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 58. 1923. Based on Savastaria nashii Bicknell. 870 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (88) HILARIA H.B.K. (1) Hilaria belangeri (Steud.) Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 135. 1912. Based on Anthephora belangeri Steud. Anlhephora belangeri Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 111. 1854. " Mexico, Belanger 1428." Belanger is evidently an error for Berlandier, since Berlandier 1428 collected between Laredo and Bejar [Bexar], now Texas, agrees with the description. Belanger collected in India. Schleropelta stolonifera BuckL, Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 1. 1866. Northwestern Texas. Hilaria cenchroides var. texana Vasev, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 53. 1890. Pena, Duval County, Tex., Nealley [600]. Hilaria texana Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 68. 1903. Based on Hilaria cenchroides var. texana Vasey. Hilaria belangeri var. longifolia (Vasey) Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 162. 1928. Based on H. cenchroides var. longifolia Vasey. (Published as H. belangeri longifolia.) Hilaria cenchroides var. longifolia Vasey; Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 24: 80. 1889, name onlv; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 69. 1896. Islands in Guaymas harbor, Mexico, Palmer 347 in 1887. (3) Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 62. 1881. Based on Pleuraphis jamesii Torr. Plcur aphis jamesii Torr., Ann. Lye. N.Y. 1: 148. pi. 10. 1824. Sources of the Canadian River [Texas or New Mexico], James. Hilaria sericea Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 62. 1881. Name only. Pleuraphis sericea Nutt.; Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 62. 1881, as synonym of Hilaria sericea Benth. [Harris Fork of the Colorado, Nuttall.] (2) Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 62. 1881. Based on Pleuraphis mutica Buckl. Pleuraphis mutica Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 95. 1863. Northern Texas [Wright 760-2108]. (4) Hilaria rigida (Thurb.) Benth.; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 86. 1882. Based on Pleuraphis rigida Thurb. Pleuraphis rigida Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 293. 1880. California, Fort Mojave and Providence Mountains, Cooper [2230, the type]; Fort Yuma, Thomas; Colorado Desert, Schott. (59) HOLCUS L. (1) Holcus lanatus L., Sp. PI. 1048. 1753. Europe. Aira holcus-lanata Vill., Hist. PL Dauph. 2: 87. 1787. Based on Holcus lanatus L. Avena pallida Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 24. 1796. Not A. pallida Thunb. 1794. Based on Holcus lanatus L. Avena lanata Koel., Descr. Gram. 300. 1802. Based on Holcus lanatus L. Same published by Cav., Descr. PL 308. 1802. Ginannia pubescens Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 321. 1901. Based on Holcus lanatus L. Notholcus lanatus Nash; Hitchc, in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 126. 1912. Based on Holcus lanatus L. Nothoholcus lanatus Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 214. 1913. Based on Holcus lanatus L. Ginannia lanata F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 18: 234. 1916. Based on Holcus lanatus L. (2) Holcus mollis L. Syst., Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1305. 1759. Europe. Aira mollis Schreb., Spic. Fl. Lips. 51. 1771. Based on Holcus mollis L. Aira holcus-mollis Vill., Hist. PL Dauph. 2: 88. 1787. Based on Holcus mollis L. Avena sylvatica Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 24. 1796. Based on Holcus mollis L. Avena mollis Koel., Descr. Gram. 300. 1802. Not A. mollis Salisb., 1796. Based on Holcus mollis L. Ginannia mollis Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 321. 1901. Based on Holcus mollis L. Notholcus mollis Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 304. 1915. Based on Holcus mollis L. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 871 (46) HORDEUM L. (6) Hordeum adscendens H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 280. 1816. Near Mexico Citv, Humboldt and Bonpland. Hordeum distichon L., Sp. PL 85. 1753. Cultivated. (5) Hordeum gussonianum Pari., Fl. Palerm. 1: 246. 1845. Italy. Hordeum maritimum var. gussonianum Richt., PL Eur. 1: 131. 1890. Based on H. gussonianum Pari. Hordeum nodosum depressum Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 24. 1897. [Type, Lexington, Oreg., Leiberg 39.] Hordeum marinum subsp. gussonianum ThelL, Vierteljahrs. Nat. Ges. Zurich 52: 441. 1908. Based on H. gussonianum Pari. Hordeum depressum Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 539. 1909. Based on H. nodosum depressum Scribn. and Smith. Hordeum hexastichon L., Sp. PL 85. 1753. Cultivated. (2) Hordeum jubatum L., Sp. PL 85. 1753. Canada, Kalm. ICritesion geniculatum Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 103. 1819. Illinois. lEiymus jubatus Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 19. 1827. Garden specimen, Hordeum jubatum L., doubtfully cited as synonym. Hordeum jubatum var. caespitosum (Scribn.) Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 160. 1928. Based on H. caespitosum Scribn. (Published as H. jubatum caespitosum.) Hordeum caespitosum Scribn., Davenport Acad. Sci. Proc. 7: 245. 1899. Edgemont, S.Dak., Pammel 143; Geranium Park, Wyo., Pammel 157 [type]. Hordeum marinum Huds., FL Angl. ed. 2. 57. 1778. England. Hordeum maritimum With., Bot. Arr. Veg. Brit. ed. 2. 1: 127. 1787. Based on H. marinum Huds. (1) Hordeum montanense Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 644. 1896. Montana, Scribner 429, 430. Hordeum pammeli Scribn. and Ball, Iowa Geol. Survey -Sup. Rept. 1903: 335. 1905. Dakota City, Iowa, Pammel 3824. (7) Hordeum murinum L., Sp. PL 85. 1753. Europe. Triticum murale Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 27. 1796. Based on Hordeum murinum L. Zeocriton murinum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 115, 182. 1812. Based on Hordeum murinum L. (3) Hordeum nodosum L., Sp. PL ed. 2. 1: 126. 1762. Europe. Hordeum pratense Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 56. 1778. England. Zeocriton nodosum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 115, 165, 182. 1812. Based on Hordeum nodoswn L. Hordeum pratense var. nodosum Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 329. 1853. Based on H. nodosum L. Hordeum nodosum var. boreale (Scribn. and Smith) Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 134. 1934. Based on H. boreale Scribn. and Smith. Hordeum boreale Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 24. 1897. Aleutian Islands [type, Atka Island, Turner 1193] and Alaska to California. (4) Hordeum pusillum Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 87. 1818. Plains of the Missouri, [Nuttall]. Hordeum riehlii Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 353. 1854. St. Louis, Mo., Riehl 181. Hordeum pusillum var. pubens Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453. 1933. La Verkin, Utah, Jones 5196W. Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch, Linnaea 21: 430. 1848. Caucasus. (8) Hordeum vulgare L., Sp. PL 84. 1753. Cultivated in Europe. Hordeum sativmn Pers., Syn. PL 1: 108. 1805, as synonym of H. vulgare L. Hordeum polystichum var. vulgare Doell, Rhein. Fl. 67. 1843. Based on H. vulgare L. Hordeum sativum var. vulgare Richt., PL Eur. 1: 130. 1890. Based on H. vulgare L. Hordeum vulgare var. trifurcatum (Schlecht.) Alefeld, Landw. FL 341. 1866. Based on H. trifurcatum Jess, (probably error for Wender.). Hordeum coeleste var. trifurcatum Schlecht., Linnaea 11: 543. 1837. Culti- vated at Halle, seed from Montpellier. Hordeum trifurcatum Wender., Flora 26: 233. 1843. Cultivated in Marburg, Germany. 872 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (116) HYDROCHLOA Beauv. (1) Hydrochloa caroliniensis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 135, 165, 182. pi. 3. f. 18; pi. 24. f. 4. 1812. No specific description except explanation of figures. "Zizania natans Mich." (an unpublished name) is cited under the genus, and Z. fluitans Michx. is referred in the index to Hydrochloa. The name for pi. 3. f. 18 is given as H. caroliniana. Zizania fluitans Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 75. 1803. Not Hydrochloa fluitans Hartm., 1819. The published locality, Lake Champlain, is an error. The type specimen indicates Charleston, S.C., Michaux. Zizania natans Michx.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 136. 1812, name only; Bosc, in Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 31: 186. 1840, as synonym of Hydrochloa caroliniensis Beauv. The name is misspelled Zizania nutans in Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 799. 1841. Luziola caroliniensis Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 304. 1825. Based on Hydrochloa caroliniensis Beauv. Hydrochloa fluitans Torr., Comp. Fl. North. Mid. States 354, 403. 1826. Not H. fluitans Hartm., 1819. Based on Zizania fluitans Michx. Hydropyrum fluitans Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 7. 1829. Based on Zizania fluitans Michx. Luziola caroliniana Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 79. 1841. Based on Zizania natans Bosc. (146) HYPARRHENIA Anderss. Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 315. 1918. Based on Andropogon hirtus L. Andropogon hirtus L., Sp. PL 1046. 1753. Southern Europe and Asia Minor. Trachypogon hirtus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 346. 1829. Based on Andropogon hirtus L. Sorghum hirtum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andropogon hirtus L. (1) Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 304. 1918. Based on Trachypogon rufus Nees. Trachypogon rufus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 345. 1829. Piauhy, Brazil, Martius. Andropogon rufus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830. Based on Trachypogon rufus Nees. Sorghum rufum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andropogon rufus Kunth. Cymbopogon rufus Rendle, Cat. Afr. PL Welw. 2: 155. 1899. Based on Andropogon rufus Kunth. (45) HYSTRIX Moench (2) Hystrix californica (Boland.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 778. 1891. Based on Gymnostichum calif ornicum Boland. Gymnostichum calif ornicum Boland.; Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 327. 1880. Near San Francisco, Bolander; Sausalito, Kellogg and Harford 1107. Asperella californica Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 657. 1896. Based on Gym- nostichum calif ornicum Boland. Asprella californica Benth.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 657. 1896, as synonym of Asperella californica. (1) Hystrix patula Moench, Meth. PL 295. 1794. Based on Elymus hystrix L. Elymus hystrix L., Sp. PL 560. 1753. [Virginia, Clayton.} Asperella hystrix Humb.; Mag. Bot. Roem. and Ust. 7: 5. 1790. Based on Elymus hystrix L. Asprella hystrix Willd., Enum. PL 132. 1809. Based on Elymus hystrix L. Gymnostichum hystrix Schreb., Beschr. Gras. 2: 127. pi. 47. 1810. Based on Elymus hystrix L. Zeocriton hystrix Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 115, 182. 1812. Presumably based on Elymus hystrix L. Asperella echidnea Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. 4: 190. 1819. Based on Elymus hystrix L. Elymus pseudohystrix Schult., Mant. 2: 427. 1824. Based on uEly?nus hystrix Nutt." (error for L., Nuttall applying the Linnaean name correctly). Asprella americana Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 151. 1837. Arkan- sas, Nuttall, MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 873 Asprella angustifolia Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 151. 1837. Arkansas, Nuttall. Asprella major Fres.; Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 152. 1840, as synonym of Elymus hystrix L. . Hystrix hystrix Millsp., Fl. W.Va. 474. 1892. Based on Elymus hystrix L. Hystrix elymoides Mackenz. and Bush, Man. Fl. Jackson County 39. 1902. Based on Elymus hystrix L. Hordeum hystrix Schenck, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 40: 109. 1907. Not H. hystrix Roth, 1797. Based on Elymus hystrix L. Gymnostichum patulum Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on Hystrix patula Moench. Asperella hystrix var. bigeloviana Fernald, Rhodora 24: 230. 1922. Hanover, Conn., Williams in 1910. Hystrix patula var. bigeloviana Deam, Ind. Dept. Conserv. Pub. 82: 117. 1929. Based on Asperella hystrix var. bigeloviana Fernald. (140) IMPERATA Cyrillo (1) Imperata brasiliensis Trim, Mem. Acad. St. PStersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 331. 1S32. Brazil. Imperata brasiliensis var. mexicana Rupr., Bull. Acad. Sci. Brux. 92: 245. 1842. Name only. Mexico, Galeotti 5678. Imperata arundinacea var. americana Anderss., Ofv. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Forh. 12: 160. 1855. British Guiana, Schomburgk 665; Mexico, Galeotti 5678; Chile, D'Urville. This is the species described as Imperata caudata Cyrillo, in Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 2. 668. 1883. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 8, 165, 166, 177. pi. 5. f. 1. 1812. Based on Lagurus cylindricus L. Lagurus cylindricus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 878. 1759. Europe. Saccharum cylindricum Lam., Encycl. 1: 594. 1783. Based on Lagurus cylin- dricus L. Imperata arundinacea Cyrillo, PL Rar. Neap. 2: 27. pi. 11. 1788. Italy. (2) Imperata hookeri Rupr.; Anderss., Ofv. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Forh. 12: 160. 1855. Texas, Drummond II. 283. Imperata brevifolia Vasey, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 13: 26. 1886. Southern Cali- fornia, Parish 1031 [type]; New Mexico, Wright 2001. (52) KOELERIA Pers. (1) Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers., Syn. PL 1: 97. 1805. "Poa cristata aucto- rum", presumably Poa cristata L., used by Willd. (Sp. PL 1: 402. 1797), Lamarck (Tabl. Encycl. 1: 182. 1791), and others. Aira cristata L., Sp. PL 63. 1753. Europe. Poa cristata L., Syst. Nat. ed. 12. 94. 1767. Based on Aira cristata L. Festuca cristata VilL, Hist. PL Dauph. 1: 250. 1786. Not F. cristata L., 1753. Based on Aira cristata L. Koeleria gracilis Pers., Syn. PL 1: 97. 1805. Europe. Koeleria nitida Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 74. 1818. Plains of the Missouri. Aira gracilis Trim, Fund. Agrost. 144. 1820. Based on Koeleria gracilis Pers. Airochloa cristata Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 127. 1827. Based on Aira cristata L. The specific name was misspelled "aristata" in Link, Handb. Gewachs. 1: 64. 1829. Airochloa gracilis Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 276. 1827. Based on Koeleria gracilis Pers. Koeleria cristata var. nuttali Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 613. 1847. Presumably based on K. nitida Nutt. Koeleria cristata var. gracilis A. Gray, Man. 591. 1848. No definite locality cited. Presumably based on K. gracilis Pers. Brachy stylus cristatus Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 85. 1867. Based on Koeleria cristata Pers. Koeleria nitida var. arkansana Scribn., Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 9: 118. 1885. [Arkansas.] Koeleria arkansana Nutt.; Scribn., Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 9: 118. 1885. [Arkansas, Nuttall], as synonym of K. nitida var. arkansana. Achaeta geniculata Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 109. 1886. Mexico, Liebmann 609. Koeleria cristata var. major Vasey in Macoun, Cat. Can. Pi. 24: 218. 1888. Not K. cristata var. major Koch, 1837. Name only, for Macoun, Vancouver Island. 874 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Koeleria cristata var. pubescens Vasey; Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 61. 1901. Not K. cristata var. pubescens Mutel, 1837. San Francisco, Calif., Michener and Bioletti. Koeleria cristata var. longifolia Vasey; Davy, in Jepson, FL West. Mid. Calif. 61. 1901. Santa Cruz County, Calif., Anderson. Koeleria cristata pinetorum Abrams, Fl. Los Angeles 46. 1904. Based on K. cristata var. pubescens Vasey. Koeleria pseudocristata var. californica Domin, Magyar Bot. Lapok 3: 264. 1904. San Diego, Calif., Pringle in 1882. Koeleria elegantula Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 172. 1907. Gunnison, Colo., Baker 578. Koeleria robinsoniana Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 172. 1907. Wenatchee, Wash., Whited 1131. Koeleria robinsoniana var. australis Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 172. 1907. Bla- locks, Oreg., Leckenby 28 in 1900. Koeleria gracilis var. dasyclada Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 211. 1907. California, Lemmon in 1882. Koeleria pseudocristata Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 222. 1907. With two American forms: densevestita, California, Hall 2206; laxa, California, Heller 7443. Koeleria pseudocristata var. longifolia Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 224. 1907. Cali- fornia, Nuttall. Koeleria pseudocristata var. oregana Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 224. 1907. Oregon, Nuttall. Koeleria pseudocristata var. pseudonitida Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 224. 1907. Wyoming, Nelson 273. Koeleria polyantha var. californiensis Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 226. 1907. San Jacinto Mountains, Calif., Hall 2131. Koeleria nitida var. missouriana Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 233. 1907. St. Louis, Riehl 44; Courtney, Mo., Bush 773. Koeleria nitida var. californica Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 233. 1907. Based on K. pseudocristata var. californica Domin. With three subvarieties from Cali- fornia: transiens, Brandegee 3678; multiflora, Parish Brothers 855; vestita, Pal- mer 405. Koeleria nitida var. sublanuginosa Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 234. 1907. Miranda, S.Dak., Griffiths 235. With subvar. pubiflora, Washington, Lyall in 1860. Koeleria nitida var. laxa Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 235. 1907. Arizona, Palmer in 1890; New Mexico, Metcalfe. Koeleria nitida var. subrepens Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 235. 1907. Arboles, Colo., Baker 185. Koeleria nitida var. munita Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 235. 1907. Montana, Rydberg 3294. Koeleria nitida var. latifrons Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 236. 1907. Nebraska, Rydberg. Koeleria nitida var. breviculmis Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 236. 1907. Colorado, Baker, Earle, and Tracy 114. Koeleria nitida var. caudata Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 236. 1907. Wisconsin, Kumlien 99. Koeleria idahoensis Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 237. 1907. Lewiston, Idaho, Heller 309 (error for 3091). Koeleria idahoensis var. pseudocristatoides Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 238. 1907. Nez Perce County, Idaho, Heller 3291. Koeleria macrura Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 238. 1907. With three forms: quad- riflora, Arizona, Nealleyin 1891; triflora, Organ Mountains, N.Mex., Wooton 110; biflora, Chiricahua Mountains, Ariz., Tourney in 1896. Koeleria latifrons Bydb., Brittonia 1: 84. 1931. Based on K. nitida var. latifrons Domin. (2) Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers., Syn. PL 1: 97. 1805. Based on Festuca phleoides Vill. Festuca phleoides Vill., Fl. Delph. 7. 1785. Europe. Koeleria brachystachys DC, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 120. 1813. Europe. Lophochloa phleoides Roichenb., Fl. Germ. 42. 1830. Based on Festuca phleoides Vill. (74) LAGURUS L. (1) Lagurus ovatus L., Sp. PL 81. 1753. Southern Europe. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 875 (23) LAMARCKIA Moench (1) Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench, Meth. PI. 201. 1794. Based on Cynosurus aureus L. Cynosurus aureus L., Sp. Pi. 73. 1753. Europe. Chrysurus cynosuroides Pers., Syn. PI. 1: 80. 1805. Based on Cynosurus aureus L. Chrysurus aureus Beauv.; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 296. 1825. Based on Cyno- surus aureus L. Achyrodes aureum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 758. 1891. Based on Cynosurus aureus L. (130) LASIACIS (Griseb.) Hitchc. (i) Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 16. 1910. Based on Panicum divaricatum L. Panicum divaricatum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 871. 1759. Jamaica, Browne. Panicum ba?nbusioides Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. PI. Ind. Occ. 10. 1825. Puerto Rico. Panicum chauvinii Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 68. 1854. Guadeloupe, Duchais- sing. Panicum divaricatum var. stenostachyum Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551. 1864. Jamaica, Alexander, Wilson, March [type]. (112) LEERSIA Swartz (4) Leersia hexandra Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz, Asprella hexandra Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 2, 153. 1812. Based on Leersia hexandra Swartz. Leersia mexicana H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 195. 1816. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Asprella mexicana Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 267. 1817. Based on Leersia mexicana H.B.K. Leersia contracta Nees, Agrost. Bras. 516. 1829. Brazil, Sellow. Leersia elongata Willd.; Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 31: 172. 1840, as synonym of L. mexicana H.B.K. Oryza hexandra Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 10. 1871. Based on Leersia hexandra Swartz. Oryza mexicana Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 10. 1871. Based on Leersia mexicana H.B.K. Leersia gouinii Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 2. 1886. Vera Cruz, Mexico, Gouin. Homalocenchrus gouinii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 777. 1891. Based on Leersia gouinii Fourn. Homalocenchrus hexandrus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 777. 1891. Based on Leersia hexandra Swartz. Leersia dubia Areschoug, Svensk Freg. Eugenies Resa 1910: 115. 1910. Ecuador, Andersson. (1) Leersia lenticularis Michx., FL Bor. Amer. 1: 39. 1803. Illinois, Mi- chaux. Asprella lenticularis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 2, 153. 1812. Based on Leersia lenticularis Michx. Zizania lenticularis Michx.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 182. 1812. Name only, doubtless error for Leersia lenticularis Michx. Leersia ovata Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 3: 329. 1813. North America. Asprella ovata Roem. and Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 267. 1817. Based on Leersia ovata Poir. Homalocenchrus lenticularis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 777. 1891. Based on Leersia lenticularis Michx. Homalocenchrus ovata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 777. 1891. Based on Leersia ovata Poir. Endodia lenticularis Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 840. 1893, as synonym of Leersia lenticularis Michx. (5) Leersia monandra Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz. Asprella monandra Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 2, 153. 1812. Based on Leersia monandra Swartz. 876 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Paspalum cubense Spreng., Neu. Entd. 3: 12. 1822. Cuba and neighboring islands. Oryza monandra Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 9. 1871. Based on Leersia monandra Swartz. Homalocenchrus monandrus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 777. 1891. Based on Leersia monandra Swartz. (2) Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788. Based on Phalaris oryzoides L. Phalaris oryzoides L., Sp. PL 55. 1753. Virginia. Homalocenchrus oryzoides Poll., Hist. PL Palat. 1: 52. 1776. Based on Phalaris oryzoides L. Ehrhartia clandestina Web., Prim. Fl. Hols. 64. 1780. Based on Phalaris oryzoides L. Asperella oryzoides Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 167. 1791. Based on Phalaris oryzoides L. Asprella oryzoides Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 2, 153. pi. 4. f. 2. 1812. Based on Phalaris oryzoides L. Leersia asperrima WiUd.; Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 31: 171. 1840, as synonym of L. oryzoides Swartz. Oryza clandestina A. Br., in Aschers., FL Brand. 799. 1864. Based on Ehrhartia clandestina Web. Laertia oryzoides Gromow., in Trautv., Act. Hort. Petrop. 9: 354. 1884. Error for Leersia oryzoides Swartz. Oryza clandestina forma inclusa Wiesb., in Baenitz., Deut. Bot. Monats- schr. 15: 19. 1897. Hungary. Leersia oryzoides forma glabra A. A. Eaton, Rhodora 5: 118. 1903. New- buryport, Mass. Oryza oryzoides Dalla Torre and Sarnth. Fl. Tirol 6: 142. 1906. Based on Phalaris oryzoides L. Leersia oryzoides forma inclusa DorfL, Herb. Norm. Sched. Cent. 55-56. 164. 1915. Based on Oryza clandestina forma inclusa Wiesb. (Published as new, Fogg, Rhodora 30: 84. 1928, same basis.) (3) Leersia virginica Willd., Sp. PL 1: 325. 1797. North America. Asprella virginica Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 2, 153. 1812. Based on Leersia virginica Willd. Leersia imbricata Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 3: 329. 1813. Carolina, Bosc. Asprella imbricata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 268. 1817. Based on Leersia imbricata Poir. Leersia virgata Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 220. 1830 [probably error for L. virginica}. Cited as tj^pe of the genus Aplexia, but the name not transferred. Homalocenchrus virginicus Britton, N.Y. Acad. Sci. Trans. 9: 14. 1889. Based on Leersia virginica Willd. Aplexia virgata Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 162. 1893, as synonym of Leersia virginica. Aplexia virginica Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 162. 1893, as synonym of Leersia virginica. (90) LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. (2) Leptochloa chloridiformis (Hack.) Parodi, Physis 4: 184. 1918. Based on Diplachne chloridiformis Hack. Diplachne chloridiformis Hack., in Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 13: 498. 1906. Prov. Cordoba, Argentina, Stuckert 2329. (4) Leptochloa domingensis (Jacq.) Trin., Fund. Agrost. 133. 1820. Based on Cynosurus domingensis Jacq. Cynosurus domingensis Jacq., Misc. Austr. 2: 363. 1781. Dominican Republic. Festuca domingensis Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 189. 1791. Based on Cynosurus domingensis Jacq. Eleusine domingensis Pers., Syn. PL 1: 87. 1805. Based on Cynosurus domingensis Jacq. Rabdochloa domingensis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 84, 176. 1812. Based on Cynosurus domingensis Jacq. Leptostachys domingensis G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 74. 1818. Based on Eleusine domingensis Pers. Cynodon domingense Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on Rabdochloa domingensis Beauv. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 877 Leptochloa virgata var. domingensis Link; Griseb., FL Brit. W. Ind. 538. 1864. Based on L. domingensis Link (same as L. domingensis Trin.). Diplachne domingensis Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 3. 609. 1897. Based on Leptochloa domingensis Link (same as L. domingensis Trin.). (1) Leptochloa dubia (H.B.K.) Nees, Syll. PI. Ratisb. 1: 4. 1824. Based on Chloris dubia H.B.K. Chloris dubia H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 169. 1816. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Leptostachys dubia G. Meyer, Prim. FL Esseq. 74. 1S18. Based on Chlons dubia H.B.K. Festuca obtusiflora Willd.; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 356. 1825. Mexico. Schismus patens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 269. 1830. Chile, Haenke. Leptochloa patens Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXII. 1830. Based on Schismus patens Presl. Leptochloa obtusiflora Trin.; Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 30. 1841, as synonym of L. dubia Nees. Diplachne patens Desv., in Gay, Fl. Chil. 6: 371. 1853. Based on Schismus patens Presl. Uralepis brevicuspidata Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 93. 1863. Texas, [Wright 767]. Ipnum mendocinum R. A. Phil., An. Univ. Chile 36: 211. 1870. Mendoza. Argentina. Diplachne dubia Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 30. 18S3. Based on Leptochloa dubia Nees. Molinia retusa Griseb.; Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 147. 1886, as synonym of Lep- tochloa dubia Nees. Diplachne dubia var. aristata Vasey, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 2: 213. 1889. Name only. Baja California, Brandegee. Leptochloa pringlei Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 436. 1896. Arizona, Pringle in 1884. Diplachne pringlei Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 436. 1896, as synonym of Leptochloa pringlei. Diplachne mendocina Kurtz, Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cordoba 15: 521. 1897. Based on Ipnum mendocinum R. A. Phil. Diplachne dubia var. pringleana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 32: 349. 1898. Chi- huahua, Mexico, Pringle 422. Diplachne dubia var. humboldtiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 32: 349. 1898. Presumably the original form collected by Humboldt and Bonpland. Leptochola dubia pringleana Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 27. 1901. Based on Diplachne dubia var. pringleana Kuntze. Rabdochola dubia Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 121. 1904. Based on Leptochloa dubia Nees. Sieglingia dubia Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 12S. 1904. Based on Chloris dubia H.B.K. Eragrostis mendozina Jedw., Bot. Archiv Mez 5: 192. 1924. Based on Ipnum mendocinum Phil. (7) Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray, Man. 588. 1848. Based on Festuca fascicularis Lam. Festuca fascicularis Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 189. 1791. South America. Festuca polystachya Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 66. 1803. Illinois, Michaux. Diplachne fascicularis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 81, 160. pi. 16. f. 9. 1812. Based on Festuca fascicularis Lam. Festuca procumbens MuhL, Descr. Gram. 160. 1817. Carolina. Festuca clandestina MuhL, Descr. Gram. 162. 1817. New York. Festuca aquatica Bosc; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 615. 1817, as synonym of Diplachne fascicularis Beauv. Cynodon fascicularis Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on Diplachne fascicularis Beauv. Leptochloa polystachya Kunth, Re>. Gram. 1: 91. 1829. Based on Festuca polystachya Michx. Diachroa procumbens Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 147. 1837. Based on Festuca procumbens MuhL Festuca texana Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 310. 1854. Texas, Drummond 387. Uralepsis composita Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 94. 1863. New Mexico, Woodhouse. 878 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Diplachne patens Fourn.; Hemsl., Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 570. 1885, name only; Mex. PL 2: 148. 1886. Not D. patens Desv., 1853. Vera Cruz, Mexico, Gouin 93. Diplachne tracyi Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 40. 1888. Reno, Nev., Tracy [216]. Leptochloa tracyi Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 436. 1896. Based on Diplachne tracyi Vasey. Festuca prostrata MuhL; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 5. 1900, as synonym of F. procumbens MuhL Diplachne procumbens Nash, in Britton, Man. 128. 1901. Not D. procum- bens Arech., 1896. Based on Festuca procumbens MuhL Diplachne acuminata Nash, in Britton, Man. 128. 1901. Arkansas to Ne- braska and Colorado. [Type, Kansas, Thompson.] Diplachne maritima Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 195. 1908. Based on D. procumbens Nash. (5) Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 161, 166. 1812. Based on Festuca filiformis Lam. Festuca filiformis Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 191. 1791. South America. Eleusine mucronata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 65. 1803. Illinois, Michaux. Eleusine filiformis Pers., Syn. PL 1: 87. 1805. South America. lEleusine sparsa MuhL, Descr. Gram. 135. 1817. Carolina and Georgia. Oxydenia attenuata Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 76. 1818. New Orleans, La. [Nuttall]. Leptostachys filiformis G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 74. 1818. Based on Eleusine filiformis Pers. Leptochloa mucronata Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 91. 1829. Based on Eleusine mucronata Michx. Aira panicea Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 45. 1840, as synonym of Leptochloa filiformis Beauv. Eleusine stricta Willd.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 549. 1840. Not E. stricta Roxb., 1820. As synonym of Leptochloa filiformis Beauv. Eleusine elongata Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 549. 1840, as synonym of Leptochloa filiformis Beauv. Leptochloa brachiata Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 209. 1854. Guadeloupe, Duchaissing. Leptochloa attenuata Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 209. 1854. Based on Oxydenia attenuata Nutt. Leptochloa pellucidula Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 209. 1854. Panama, Du- chaissing. Leptochloa paniculata Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France II. 27: 296. 1880. Nicaragua, Levy 1079. Leptochloa mucronata pulchella Scribn., Bull. Torrey Club 9: 147. 1882. Santa Cruz Valley, Ariz., Pringle in 1881. Oxydenia filiformis Nutt.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 392. 1894, as synonym of Leptochloa filiformis. Leptochloa pilosa Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 9. 1901. Travis County, Tex., Bodin 294 in 1891. (9) Leptochloa nealleyi Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 12: 7. 1885. Texas, Nealley. Leptochloa stricta Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 147. 1886. Vera Cruz, Mexico, Gouin 73. (11) Leptochloa panicoides (Presl) Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 137. 1934. Based on Megastachya panicoides Presl. (Not invalidated by L. panicoides Wight, 1854, listed as a synonym only.) Megastachya panicoides Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 283. 1830. Acapulco, Mexico, Haenke. Poa panicoides Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXVIII. 1830. Based on Megastachya panicoides Presl. Leptochloa floribunda Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 89. 1878. Amazon River, Brazil. Diplachne halei Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 292. 1899. Louisiana, Hale. Leptochloa halei Scribn. and Merr. U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 27. 1901. Based on Diplachne halei Nash. (10) Leptochloa scabra Nees, Agrost. Bras. 435. 1829. Amazon River, Brazil. Leptochloa langloisii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 12: 7. 1S85. Louisiana, Langlois. Leptochloa liebmanni Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 147. 1886. Antigua, Mexico, Liebmann 244, 248. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 879 (8) Leptochloa uninervia (Presl) Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 383. 1917. Based on Megastachya uninervia Presl. Megastachya uninervia Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 283. 1830. Mexico, Haenke. Poa uninervia Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXVIII. 1830. Based on Mega- stachya uninervia Presl. Diplachne verticillata Nees and Mev., Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. 19: Sup. 1: 27. 1841; 159. 1843. Chile and Peru, Meyen. Uralepis verticillata Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 24S. 1S54. Based on Diplachne verticillata Nees and Mey. Eragrostis uninervia Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 278. 1854. Based on Mega- stachya uninervia Presl. Atropis carinata Griseb., Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen 24: 291. 1879. Argentina. Leptochloa imbricata Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 293. 1880. California, Larken's Station, San Diego County, Palmer 404; Fort Yuma, Thomas; Gila Vallev to Rio Grande. Diplachne imbricata Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 30. 1883. Based on Leptochloa imbricata Thurb. Brizopyrum uninervium Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 121. 1886. Based on Megastachya uninervia Presl. Leptochloa virletii Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 147. 1886. San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Virlet 1404. Diplachne tarapacana Phil., An. Mus. Nac. Chile. Bot. 8: 88. 1891. Tarapacd, Chile. Rabdochloa imbricata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 788. 1891. Based on Lepto- chloa imbricata Thurb. Diplachne carinata Hack., Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cordoba 16: 253. 1900. Based on Atropis carinata Griseb. Diplachne uninervia Parodi, Univ. Nac. Buenos Aires Rev. Centr. Estud. 18: 147. 1925. Based on Megastachya uninervia Presl. (3) Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 161, 166. pi. 15. f. 1. 1812. Based on Elcusine virgata Pers., which is based on Cynosurus virgatus L. Cynosurus virgatus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 876. 1759. Jamaica. Festuca virgata Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 189. 1791. Based on Cynosurus virgatus L. Eleusine virgata Pers., Syn. PL 1: 87. 1805. Based on Cynosurus virgatus L. Chloris poaeformis H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 169. 1816. Colombia and Ecuador, Humboldt and Bonpland. Leplostachys virgata G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 74. 1818. Based on Cynosurus virgatus Willd. [error for L.]. Cynodon virgatus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on Leptochloa virgata Beauv. Eleusine unioloides Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 549. 1840, as synonym of Leptochloa virgata Pers. Leptochloa mutica Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 208. 1854. Surinam [Dutch Guiana], Kappler 1553. Leptochloa virgata var. mutica Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 91. 1878. Based on L. mutica Steud. Leptochloa virgata var. aristata Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 148. 1886. Mexico. Leptochloa virgata var. intermedia Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 146. 1886. Mexico, Liebmann 243, 251. Oxydenia virgata Nutt.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 392. 1894, as synonym of Leptochloa virgata. Leptochloa perennis Hack., Inf. Est. Centr. Agron. Cuba 1: 411. 1906. Cuba, Baker 4617. (6) Leptochloa viscida (Scribn.) Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 434. 1896. Based on Diplachne viscida Scribn. Diplachne viscida Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 30. 1883. Santa Cruz Valley, Tucson, Ariz., Pringle in 1881. (122) LEPTOLOMA Chase (1) Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 19: 192. 1906. Based on Panicum cognatum Schult. 1 Panicum nudum Walt., Fl. Carol. 73. 1788. South Carolina. Description inadequate, no specimen in the Walter Herbarium in the British Museum. Panicum divergens MuhL, Descr. Gram. 120. 1S17. Not P. divergens H.B.K., 1815. South Carolina. 55974°— 35 56 880 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Panicum cognatum Schult., Mant. 2: 235. 1824. Based on P. divergens Muhl. Panicum autumnale Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 320. 1825. Origin unknown. Panicum fragile Kunth, R6v. Gram. 1: 36. 1S29. Based on P. divergens Muhl. (48) LEPTURUS R. Br. (1) Lepturus cylindricus (Willd.) Trin., Fund. Agrost. 123. 1820. Based on Rottboellia cijlindrica Willd. Rotiboellia cylindrica Willd., Sp. PI. 1: 464. 1797. Europe. Ophiurus cylindricus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 116, 168, 176. 1812. Based on Rottboellia cylindrica Willd. Monerma cylindrica Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 214. 1867. Based on Rottboellia cylindrica Willd. Lolium cylindricum Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 761. 1902. Based on Rottboellia cylindrica Willd. (68) LIMNODEA L. H. Dewey (1) Limnodea arkansana (Nutt.) L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 518. 1894. Based on Greenia arkansana Nutt. Greenia arkansana Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 142. 1837. Red River, Ark. Sclerachne arkansana Torr. ; Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 274. 1841. Based on Greenia arkansana Nutt. Sclerachne pilosa Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 275. 1841. Texas, Drummond. Limnas arkansana Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 45. 1841. Based on Greenia arkansana Nutt. Stipa demissa Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 130. 1854. New Orleans, La., Drummond 465. Muhlenbergia hirtula Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 180. 1854. Texas, Drummond. Limnas pilosa Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 421. 1854. Based on Sclerachne pilosa Trin. Thurberia arkansana Benth.; Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 16. 1883. Based on Greenia arkansana Nutt. Thurberia pilosa Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 16. 1883. Based on Sclerachne pilosa Trin. Limnodea arkansana pilosa Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7 (ed. 3): 139. 1900. Based on Sclerachne pilosa Trin. (47) LOLIUM L. (2) Lolium multiflorum Lam., Fl. Franc, 3: 621. 1778. France. Lolium scabrum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 267. 1830. Peru, Haenke. Lolium italicum A. Br., Flora 17: 241. 1834. Europe. Lolium perenne var. italicum Parnell, Grasses Scotl. I1: 142. pi. 65. 1842. Presumably based on L. italicum A. Br. Lolium perenne var. multiflorum Parnell, Grasses Brit. 302. pi. 140. 1845. Presumably based on L. multiflorum Lam. Lolium multiflorum forma microstachyum Uechtritz, Jahresb. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 1876: 334. 1880. Germany. Lolium temulentum var. multiflorum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 779. 1891. Based on L. multiflorum Lam. Lolium multiflorum var. italicum Beck., Wiss. Mitt. Bosn. Herzeg. 9: 459. 1904. Based on L. italicum A. Br. Lolium multiflorum var. diminutum Mutel, as used by Harger et al. (Conn. State Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 48: 25. 1930) appears to be L. multiflorum. Mutel's varietv, described from France, is uncertain. (1) Lolium perenne L., Sp. PL 83. 1753. Europe. Lolium brasilianum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 443. 1829. Montevideo, Sellow. Lolium canadense Bernh., in Rouv., Monogr. Lolium 27. 1853. Not L. cana- dense Michx., 1817. As synonym of L. perenne. Lolium perenne var. pacyi Sturtev., N.Y. State Agr. Expt. Sta. Rept. 18821: 77. 1883. Name only, Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y.. Lolium perenne var. cristatum Pers. Syn. PL 1: 110. 1805. Europe. Lolium rigidum Gaudin, Agrost. Helv. 1: 334. 1811. Switzerland. Lolium perenne var. rigidum Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 194. 1867. Based on L. rigidum Gaud. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 881 Lolium strictum Presl, Cyp. Gram. Sicul. 49. 1820. Sicily. (4) Lolium subulatum Visiani, Fl. Dalm. 1: 90. pi. 3. 1842. Europe. (3) Lolium temulentum L., Sp. PI. 83. 1753. Europe. Craepalia temulenta Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1: 382. 1789. Based on Lolium temulentum L. Lolium temulentum var. leptochaeton A. Br., Flora 1: 252. 1834. Germany. Lolium arvense With., Bot. Arr. Veg. Brit. ed. 3. 2: 168. 1796. Great Britain. Lolium temulentum var. arvense Bab., Man. Brit. Bot. 377. 1843. Based on L. arvense With. (115) LUZIOLA Juss. (2) Luziola bahiensis (Steud.) Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 234. 1909. Based on Caryochloa bahiensis Steud. Cartjochloa bahiensis Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 5. 1854. Bahia, Brazil. Luziola alabamensis Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 584. 1860. Brooklyn, Conecuh Countv, Ala., Beaumont. Luziola longivalvula Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 17. 1871. Bahia, Brazil, Salzmann [type]; Minas Geraes, Widgren, Regnell III. 1376. (Misspelled longivalvulva but correct in index.) Luziola striata Bal. and Poitr., Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 12: 231. pi. 4. f. 2. 1878. Paraguay, Balansa 181. Luziola pusilla S. Moore, Linn. Soc. Bot. Trans. II. 4: 507. pi. 37. f. 1-8. 1895. Santa Cruz, Matto Grosso, Brazil, Moore 760. Luziola bahiensis var. alabamensis Prodoehl, Bot. Archiv Mez 1: 242. 1922. Based on Luziola alabamensis Chapm. (1) Luziola peruviana Gmel., Syst. Nat. 2: 637. 1791. Based on a species described but not named by Jussieu, Gen. PL 33. 1789. Peru, Dombey. (71) LYCURUS H.B.K. (1) Lycurus phleoides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 142. pi. 45. 1815. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Pleopogon setosum Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. II. 1: 189. 1848. Santa Fe, N.Mex., Gambel. Lycurus phleoides var. glaucifolius Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 271. 1896. Mexico, Pringle 426; Texas, Havard, Nealley. (154) MANISURIS L. (1) Manisuris altissimus (Poir.) Hitchc. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 292. 1934. Based on Rottboellia altissima Poir. Rottboellia altissima Poir. Vov. Barb. 2: 105. 1789. North Africa. Rottboellia fasciculata Lam., tabl. Encvcl. 1: 204. 1791. North Africa. Hemarthria fasciculata Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 153. 1829. Based on Rott- boellia fasciculata ~La,m. Rottboellia compressa var. fasciculata Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 286. 1889. Based on R. fasciculata Lam. Manisuris fasciculata Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 299. 1915. Based on Rottboellia fasciculata Lam. (2) Manisuris cylindrica (Michx.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 779. 1891. Based on Tripsacum cylindricum Michx. llschaemum scariosum Walt., Fl. Carol. 249. 1788. South Carolina. Tripsacum cylindricum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 60. 1803. Florida, Micfiaux. Rottboellia campestris Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 151. 1837. Arkansas [Nuttall]. -„-■- at j. Rottboellia cylindrica Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 159. 1857. Not R. cylindrica Willd., 1797. Based on Tripsacum cylindricum Michx. Coelorachis cylindrica Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 85. 1909. Based on Tnpsacu?n CvltTtdTICtlTTl JVIiclix (4) Manisuris rugosa (Nutt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 780. 1891. Based on Rottboellia rugosa Nutt. Rottboellia rugosa Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 84. 1818. Florida, Baldwin. Rottboellia corrugata Baldw., Amer. Jour. Sci. 1: 355. 1819. Camden County, Ga., Baldwin. Hemarthria rugosa Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 153. 1829. Based on Rottboellia rugosa Nutt. 882 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Rollboellia rugosa var. chapmani Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 308. 1889. Florida, Chapman. Manisuris corrugata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 779. 1891. Based on Rott- boellia corrugata Baldw. Manisuris rugosa var. chapmani Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 28. 1894. Based on Rottboellia rugosa var. chapmani Hack. Manisuris chapmani Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 56. 1903. Based on Rottboellia rugosa var. chapmani Hack. Coelorachis rugosa Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 86. 1909. Based on Rottboellia rugosa Nutt. Coelorachis corrugata A. Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 68: 197. 1921. Based on Rottboellia corrugata Baldw. (3) Manisuris tessellata (Steud.) Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 20: 20. f. 9. 1900. Based on Rottboellia tessellata Steud. Rottboellia tessellata Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 362. 1854. Louisiana, Riehl 60. Rottboellia corrugata var. areolata Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 309. 1889. Mobile, Ala., Mohr in 1884. Manisuris corrugata var. areolata Mohr, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 21. 1897. Based on Rottboellia corrugata var. areolata Hack. Manisuris tessellata var. areolata Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17 (ed. 2) : 9. 1901. Presumably based on Rottboellia corrugata var. areolata Hack. Coelorachis tessellata Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 86. 1909. Based on Rottboellia tessellata Steud. (5) Manisuris tuberculosa Nash, BuU. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 430. 1900. Eustis, Fla., Nash 1074. Coelorachis tuberculosa Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 86. 1909. Based on Manisuris tuberculosa Nash. Rottboellia tuberculosa Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 163. 1928. Based on Manisuris tuberculosa Nash. (28) MELICA L. Melica altissima L., Sp. PL 66. 1753. Siberia. (2) Melica aristata Thurb.; Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 103. 1870. "Number 4861 [Bolander] Catalogue, 1867", Clarks (now Wawona) [type]; Yosemite Valley; Shady Canyon to Summit; Bear Valley to Eureka, Calif. Bromelica aristata Farwell, Rhodora 21: 77. 1919. Based on Melica aristata Thurb. (7) Melica bulbosa Geyer; Port, and Coult., Syn. Fl. Colo. 149. 1874. Porter and Coulter cite Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 8: 409. 1872. Gray gives no description but cites M. bulbosa Geyer, Jour. Bot. Kew Misc. (PL Geyer.) 8: 19. 1856. In the latter work "Geyer no. 11, Upper Platte", is listed without description. The description by Porter and Coulter applies to this specimen as represented in the Gray Herbarium. Melica bella Piper, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 10. 1900. Upper Platte, Geyer [11]. A new name for " M. bulbosa Geyer, in U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 13: 63. pi. 63. 1893, not M. bulbosa Geyer, in Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 304. 1880", the description by Porter and Coulter having been overlooked. The Thurber publication refers to M. californica (no. 17 of this work). Melica bella intonsa Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 128. 1906. Wenas, Wash., Griffiths and Cotton 103. (17) Melica californica Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1SS5: 46. pi. 1. f. 6. 1885. Based on M. poaeoides as described by Torrey in Pacific Railroad Report (see below), the specimen cited by Torrey, in N.Y. Bot. Gard., being named "M. californica Scribn." in Scribner's script. Melica poaeoides Nutt. [misapplied by] Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 157. 1857. Not M. poaeoides Nutt., 1848. Corte Madera, Calif., [Bigelow]. Melica bulbosa Geyer; Thurb., in S.Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 304. 1880. Not M. bulbosa Geyer; Port, and Coult., 1874. Santa Inez, Calif., Brewer 569. Melica longiligula Scribn. and Kearn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 225. f. 521. 1899. Southern California, Parish Brothers 865. Melica ciliata L., Sp. PL 66. 1753. Europe. (16) Melica frutescens Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 45. pi. 1. f. 15, 16. 1885. Southern California, Parry and Lemmon 401 [type, labeled by Scribner]. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 883 (8) Melica fugax Boland., Proc. Calif. Acad. 4: 104. 1870. Donner Lake, Calif., [Bolander and Kellogg}. Melica geyeri [Munro misapplied by] Thurb., in Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped. Bot. 17: 492. 1874. Cascade Mountains, Oreg. Melica fugax madophylla Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 128. 1906. Falcon Valley, Wash., Suksdorf 61. Melica macbridei Rowland, in Nels., Bot. Gaz. 54: 404. 1912. Silver City, Idaho, Macbride 948. Melica fugax var. inexpansa Suksdorf, Werdenda l2: 1. 1923. Falcon Valley, Wash., Suksdorf 6989. (5) Melica geyeri Munro; Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 103. 1870. [Ukiah], Calif., Bolander 7, the specimen examined by Munro (in U.S. Nat. Herb.). The same collection was later distributed as 6119. Glyceria bulbosa Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 95. 1863. Colum- bia woods, Nuttall. Brornus muticus Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 335. 1863, as synonym of Glyceria bulbosa Buckl. Melica poaeoides var. bromoides Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 103. 1870, as synonym of M. geyeri Munro. Bolander 40 and 6119. Melica bromoides Boland.; A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 8: 409. 1872. Based on M. poaeoides var. bromoides Boland. [Bolander 6119]. Melica poaeoides Boland.; Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 47. 1885, as synonym of " M. bromoides Gray." Melica bromoides var. howellii Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 47. 1885. Near Waldo, Oreg., Howell 335 in 1884. Melica pammeli Scribn., Davenport Acad. Sci. Proc. 7: 240. 1899. Geranium Park, Wyo., Pammel 159. Bromelica geyeri Farwell, Rhodora 21: 78. 1919. Based on Melica geyeri Munro. Bromelica geyeri var. howellii Farwell, Rhodora 21: 78. 1919. Based on Melica bromoides var. howellii Scribn. (3) Melica harfordii Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 102. 1870. Santa Cruz, Bolander 53 [type]; Redwood, Bolander 6464; Yosemite Valley, and Bear Valley, both Bolander. Melica harfordii var. minor Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48. 1888. Siskiyou Mountains, Oreg., Howell in 1887. Melica harfordii tenuior Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 127. 1906. Based on M. harfordii var. minor Vasey. Bromelica harfordii Farwell, Rhodora 21: 78. 1919. Based on Melica harfordii Boland. Bromelica harfordii var. minor Farwell, Rhodora 21: 78. 1919. Based on Melica harfordii var. minor Vasey. Melica harfordii var. tenuis Suksdorf, Werdenda 1: 17. 1927. Bingen, Wash., Suksdorf 12018. Melica harfordii var. viridifolia Suksdorf, Werdenda 1: 17. 1927. Bingen, Wash., Suksdorf 11686, 11777. (15) Melica imperfecta Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 59. 1836. California. Melica colpodioides Nees, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 283. 1838. California, Douglas. Melica panicoides Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. II. 1: 188. 1848. Santa Barbara, Calif., Gambel. Melica poaeoides Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. II. 1: 188. 1848. Santa Catalina Island, Calif., Gambel. [The type at the British Museum is labeled San Diego.] Melica imperfecta var. flexuosa Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 101. 1870. "Mariposa to Clark's" [Yosemite Valley region] Calif., Bolander in 1866. Melica imperfecta var. refracta Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 303. 1880. San Bernardino, Calif., Lemmon. Melica imperfecta var. minor Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 42. 1885. San Bernardino Mountains, Parish Brothers 856. Melica parishii Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 500. 1896. Southern California, Parish 1997. Melica imperfecta var. pubens Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 8. 1901. Santa Cruz Island, Calif., Brandegee 64. The name is erroneously given as Melica imperforala Nees, in Hook, and Arm, Bot. Beechey Voy. 403. 1840. This is the species described and figured by Vasey (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 132: pi. 84. 1893) as Poa thurberiana Vasey, but the name is based on Panicularia thurberiana Kuntze. 884 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (9) Melica inflata (Boland.) Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 269. 1893. Based on M. poaeoides var. inflata Boland. Melica poaeoides var. inflata Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 101. 1870. Yosemite Valley, Calif., Bolander 6121. (12) Melica mutica Walt., Fl. Carol. 78. 1788. South Carolina. Melica glabra Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 62. 1803. Virginia to Florida, Michaux. Melica rariflora Schreb., Beschr. Gras. 2: 157. 1810. Based on M. glabra Michx. Melica diffusa Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 77. 1814. Virginia and Carolina. Melica speciosa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 87. 1817. Pennsylvania. Melica racemosa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 88. 1817. Not M. racemosa Thunb., 1794. Carolina; Georgia. Melica muhlenbergiana Schult., Mant. 2: 294. 1824. Based on M. racemosa Muhl. Melica mutica var. glabra A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 626. 1867. Based on M. glabra Pursh (error for Michx.). Melica mutica var. diffusa A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 626. 1867. Based on M. diffusa Pursh. (13) Melica nitens (Scribn.) Nutt.; Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 387. 1905. Based on M. diffusav&T. nitens Scribn. Melica scabra Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 148. 1837. Not M. scabra H.B.K., 1816. Fort Smith, Ark., Nuttall. Melica diffusa var. nitens Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 44. 1885. Arkansas, Nuttall. [The type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia, is labeled M. nitens Nutt.] Melica nitens Nutt.; Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 44. 1885, as synonym of M. diffusa var. nitens. (11) Melica porteri Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 44. pi. 1. f. 17, 18. 1885. Based on M. mutica var. parviflora Porter. Melica mutica var. parviflora Porter, in Port, and Coult., Syn. Fl. Colo. 149. 1874. Glen Eyrie, Colo., Porter [type], Meehan; Sierra Madre Range, Coulter. Melica parviflora Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 50. 1894. Based on M. mutica var. parviflora Porter. (1) Melica smithii (Porter) Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 294. 1888. Based on Avena smithii Porter. Avena smithii Porter; A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 640. 1867. Sault Sainte Marie, Mich., C. E. Smith. Melica retrofracta Suksdorf, Deut. Bot. Monatsschr. 19: 92. 1901. Skamania County, Wash., [Suksdorf 2334]. Bromelica smithii Farwell, Rhodora 21: 77. 1919. Based on Avena smithii Porter. (6) Melica spectabilis Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 45. pi. 1. f. 11, 12, 13. 1885. Montana, Crow Mountains, Scribner 385 [type]; Boseman Pass, Cariby 368. Colorado, Porter in 1872. Yellowstone Park, Parry 295. Nevada (erroneously given as Utah), Watson 1303. Idaho, Watson 455. The synonyms cited by Scribner are erroneous, " M. bulbosa S. Wats., Bot. King Exp. 383" being an error for M. poaeoides Nutt., Bot. King Exp. 383; "Porter and Coulter Fl. Colorado 149." refers to the valid M. bulbosa. Melica scabrata Scribn., in Piper, Fl. Palouse 25. 1901. Pullman, Wash., Piper 1745. (10) Melica stricta Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 3: 4. 1863. Silver City, Nev., Dunn. (4) Melica subulata (Griseb.) Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 47. 1885. Based on Bromus subulatus Griseb. Broinus subulatus Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 358. 1853. Unalaska, Eschscholtz. Melica acuminata Boland, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 104. 1870. Mendocino County, Calif., Bolander 4698. Festuca acerosa Trin.; A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 8: 410. 1872, as synonym of Bromus subulatus Griseb. Melica poaeoides var. acuminata Boland.; Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 47. 1885, as synonym of M. subulata Scribn. California, Bolander 4698. Bromelica subulata Farwell, Rhodora 21: 78. 1919. The name is based on Festuca subulata Bong., doubtless an error for Bro?nus subulatus Griseb., since Melica acuminata Boland. is also cited. on MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 885 This is the species to which Scribner (U.S.Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 8. 1901) applied the name Melica cepacea Scribn., based on Festuca cepacea Phil., a Chilean species of Melica. ., _,„ „ ,oc, ,„ ^ ^ c (14) Melica torreyana Scribn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 43. pi. 1. f. 3,4. 18S5. California, Bigelow in 1853-4. Melica imperfecta var. sesquiflora T rib] STa ici. Phils 1885: 43. 1885 as anurn name a specimen ected by] « in Califori ai LS J-4. (118) MELINIS Beauv. (1) Melinis minutiflora Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 54. pi. 11. f. 4. 1812. Rio d< Janeiro, Brazil. TWsteffis glulinosa Nees, Hor. Phys. Berol. 47, 54. pi. /. 1820. Brazil. Panicum minutiflorum Raspa.il, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 299. 1825. Based Melinis minutiflora Beauv . . Panicum melinis Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 291. 1834. Based on Melinis minutiflora Beauv. Muhlenbergia brasiliensis Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 177. 1854. Bahia, Brazil, Salzmann [652]. „„_, ,4grosh"s polypogon Salzm.; Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 177. 18o4, as synonym of Muhlenbergia brasiliensis. Mibora minima (L.) Desv., Obs. Angers 45. 1818. Based on Agrostis minima L. Agrostis minima L., Sp. PI. 63. 1753. France. (81) MILIUM L. (1) Milium effusum L., Sp. PI. 61. 1753. Europe. Miliarium effusum Moench, Meth. PI. 204. 1794. Based on Milium effusum L. Melica effusa Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 20. 1796. Based on Milium effusum L. Decandolia effusa Bast., Fl. Maine-et-Loire 28. 1808. Based on Milium &TTUSU771 xj Paspalum effusum Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 5: 301. 1825. Based on Milium effusum L. (141) MISCANTHUS Anderss. Miscanthus nepalensis (Trim) Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 104. 1889. Based on Eulalia nepalensis Trin. Eulalia nepalensis Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 333. 1832. Nepal, India. (1) Miscanthus sinensis Anderss., Ofv. Svensk, Vet. Akad. Forh. 12: 166. 1856. China. Saccharum japonicum Thunb., Linn. Soc. Trans. 2: 328. 1794. Not Mis- canthus japonicus Anderss., 1855. Japan. Eulalia japonica Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 333. 1832. Based on Saccharum japonicum Thunb. Miscanthus sinensis var. variegatus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 25. 1896. Cultivated. _ Miscanthus sinensis var. zebrinus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 25. 1896. Culti- vated. Xiphagrostis japonica Coville, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 9: 400. 190o. Based on Saccharum japonicum Thunb. Miscanthus sinensis var. gracillimus Hitchc, in Bailey, Cycl. Amer. Hort. 1021. f. 1408. 1901. Cultivated under the garden name Eulalia japonica var. gracillima. Eulalia japonica var. gracillima Grier, Amer. Midi. Nat. 11: 331. 1929. Based on Miscanthus sinensis var. gracillimus Hitchc. (14) MOLINIA Schrank (1) Molinia caerulea(L.) Moench, Meth. PL 183. 1794. Based on Air a caerulea L. Aira caerulea L., Sp. PL 63. 1753. Europe. Festuca caerulea Lam. and DC, FL Franc, ed. 3. 3: 46. 1805. Based on Aira caerulea L. 886 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Enodium coeruleum Gaudin, Agrost. Helv. 1: 145. 1811. Based on Aira caerulea L. Cynodon caeruleus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on Molinia caerulea Koel. (error for Moench). Amblytes caerulea Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 80. 1867. Based on Molinia caerulea Moench. (18) MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm. (1) Monanthochloe littoralis Engelm., St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 1: 437. pi. 13. 14. 1859. Texas, Drummond, Berlandier 3227 (Matamoros region), Galveston Island, Lindheimer; Florida, Key West, Blodgett. (75) MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. (32) Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) Hitchc, U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 145. 1920. Based on Calamagrostis andina Nutt. Calamagrostis andina Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. II. 1: 187. 1848. California, on the Colorado of the West, Gambel. Vaseya comata Thurb., in A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1863: 79. 1863. Nebraska [probably Wyoming, Hall and Harbour 685]. Muhlenbergia comata Thurb.; Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 83. 1881. Based on Vaseya comata Thurb. (12) Muhlenbergia arenacea (Buckl.) Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 161. 1928. Based on Sporobolus arenaceus Buckl. Sporobolus arenaceus Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 89. 1863. Western Texas, [Wright 737]. Sporobolus asperifolius var. brevifolius Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 56. 1890, name only, Pena, Duval County, Tex., Nealley; Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 64. 1892, as synonym of S. auriculatus Vasey. Sporobolus auriculatus Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 64. 1892. Pena, Tex., Nealley. (43) Muhlenbergia arenicola Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 91. 1863. Western Texas, [Wright 735]. Podosaemum arenicola Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 7: 40. 1921. Based on Muhlenbergia arenicola Buckl. (18) Muhlenbergia arizonica Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 8. pi. 76. f. A. 1888. Near Mexican Boundary, Arizona, Pringle in 1884. (37) Muhlenbergia arsenei Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 161. 1928. Sulphur Springs, N.Mex., Arsene and Benedict 16405. (13) Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees and Mey.) Parodi, Univ. Nac Buenos Aires Rev. Agron. 6: 117. f. 1. 1928. Based on Sporobolus asperifolius Nees and Mey. Vilfa asperifolia Meyen, Reis. Erd. 1: 408. 1834, name only; Nees and Mey., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 95. 1840. Chile, Meyen. Sporobolus asperifolius Nees, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. 19: Sup. 1: 9. 1841; 141. 1843. Based on Vilfa asperifolia Nees and Mey. Agrostis distichophylla R. A. Phil., Fl. Atac. 54. 1860. Not A. distichophylla Roem. and Schult., 1817. Chile. (Fide Parodi.) Sporobolus sarmentosus Griseb., Abhandl.GeseU. Wiss. Gottingen 24: 295. 1879. Argentina. Sporobolus deserticolus Phil., An. Mus. Nac. Chile Bot. 8: 82. 1891. Chile. (Fide Parodi.) Sporobolus asperifolius var. major Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 64. 1892. [Marfa, Tex., Havard 10 in 1883.] Sporobolus distichophyllus Phil., An. Univ. Chile 94: 7. 1896. Based on Agrostis distichophylla Phil. Agrostis eremophila Speg., An. Mus. Nac Buenos Aires 7: 190. 1902. Based on A. distichophylla Phil. (24) Muhlenbergia brachyphylla Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 6: 41. 1919. Webb City, Mo., Palmer 2734. (Not invalidated by M. brachyphylla Nees; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 269. 1894, a clerical error for Podosaemum brachyphyllum Nees.) (21) Muhlenbergia californica Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 53. 1886. Based on M. glomerata var. brevifolia Vasey. Muhlenbergia glomerata var. brevifolia Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 92. 1882. [San Bernardino Mountains], Calif., Parish [1028]. Muhlenbergia sylvatica var. californica Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 93. 1882. San Bernardino Mountains, Calif., Parish [1076]. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 887 Muhlenbergia parishii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 53. 1886. Based on M. sylvatica var. californica Vasey. Muhlenbergia racemosa var. brevifolia Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 253. 1896. Based on M. glomerata var. brevifolia Vasey. (48) Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin., Gram. Unifl. 191. 1824. Based on Trichochloa capillaris DC. Stipa diffusa Walt., Fl. Carol. 78. 1788. Not Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd., 1798. South Carolina. Stipa capillaris Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 158. 1791. Carolina, Fraser. Podosaemum capillare Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. (Paris) 2: 188. 1810. Based on Stipa capillaris Lam. Tosagris agrostidea Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 29. pi 8. f. 3. 1812. United States. Podosaemum agrostideum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 175, 179. 1812. Based on Tosagris agrostidea Beauv. Trichochloa capillaris DC, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 152. 1813. Based on Stipa capillaris Lam. Trichochloa polypogon DC, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 152. 1813. Carolina, Fraser. Muhlenbergia polypogon Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 64. 1829. Based on Tri- chochloa polypogon DC. Agrostis setosa Willd.; Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4L 300. 1841, as synonym of Muhlenbergia capillaris. "Willd. hb. 1682," received from Muhlenberg. Muhlenbergia trichodes Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 177. 1854. Said to be from South America, but Steudel's type is from Guadeloupe, West Indies. Muhlenbergia capillaris var. filipes (M. A. Curtis) Chapm.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 256. 1896. Based on M. filipes M. A. Curtis. Stipa sericea Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 54. 1803. South Carolina, Michaux. Agrostis sericea Ell., Bot. S.C and Ga. 1: 135. 1816. Based on Stipa sericea Michx. Polypogon sericea Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 243. 1825. Based on Stipa sericea Michx. Muhlenbergia filipes M. A. Curtis, Amer. Jour. Sci. 44: 83. 1843. Sea Islands of North Carolina; Florida, [M. A. Curtis]. Podosaemum filipes Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 7: 29. 1921. Based on Muhlen- bergia filipes M. A. Curtis. (9) Muhlenbergia curtifoha Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 38: 328. 1911. Between Kanab and Carmel, Utah, Jones 6047. (31) Muhlenbergia curtisetosa (Scribn.) Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 6: 35. 1919. Based on M. schreberi curtisetosa Scribn. Muhlenbergia schreberi curtisetosa Scribn., Rhodora 9: 17. 1907. Illinois, Wolf in 1881. (10) Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 599. 1905. Based on Vilfa cuspidata Torr. Agrostis brevifolia Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 44. 1818. Fort Mandan, [N.Dak.]. Vilfa cuspidata Torr.; Hook., FL Bor. Amer. 2: 238. 1840. Saskatchewan River, Rocky Mountains, Drummond. Vilfa gracilis Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 104. 1840. Not V. gracilis Trin., op. cit. 74. North America, received from Hooker. Sporobolus cuspidatus Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 385. 1874. Based on Vilfa cuspidata Torr. Sporobolus brevifolius Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 39. 1894. Not . S. brevifolius Nees, 1841. Based on Agrostis brevifolia Nutt. As new, Nash, in Britton, Man. 105. 1901, same basis. Muhlenbergia brevifolia Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 12. 1912. Not M. brevifolia Scribn., 1896. Based on Agrostis brevifolia Nutt. (3) Muhlenbergia depauperata Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 9: 187. 1884. Arizona, Pringle. Muhlenbergia schaffneri Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 85. 1886. Mexico, Tacubaya, Schaffner 50, 514; Mirador, Schaffner 142. Lycurus schaffneri Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 212. 1921. Based on Muhlenbergia schaffneri Fourn. (45) Muhlenbergia dubia Fourn. in HemsL, Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 540. 1885. Chinantla, Mexico, Liebmann [688]. Muhlenbergia acuminata Vasev, Bot. Gaz. 11: 337. 1886. New Mexico, Wright 1993. Sporobolus ligulatus Vasey and Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 268. 1893. Presidio County, Tex., Nealley, 127. 888 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sporobolus inflatus Vasey and Dewey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 289. 1896. Error for S. ligulatus Vasey and Dewey. Crypsinna breviglumis Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 8. 1912. Chihuahua, Mexico [Jones in 1903]. (19) Muhlenbergia dumosa Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 71. 1892. Santa Catalina Mountains, Ariz., Pringle [in 1884], Lemmon; Mexico, Pringle; southern California, Orcutt. Muhlenbergia dumosa var. minor Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 261. 1896. Mexico, Pringle 2355. (54) Muhlenbergia emersleyi Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 66. 1892. Southern Arizona, Emersley. Muhlenbergia vaseyana Scribn., Mo. Bot. Gard. Rept. 10: 52. 1899. Based on M. distichophylla as described bv Vasev (Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6: 283. 1878, Arizona, 'Rothrock 282, type). Epicampes emersleyi Hitchc, U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 144. 1920. Based on Muhlenbergia emersleyi Vasey. Epicampes subpatens Hitchc, U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 144. 1920. Guada- lupe Mountains, N.Mex., Hitchcock 13541. (49) Muhlenbergia expansa (Poir.) Trim; Kunth, Enum. PI. 1: 207. 1833. Based on Trichochloa expansa DC, this based on Stipa expansa Poir. Stipa expansa Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 7: 453. 1806. Carolina, Bosc. Agrostis arachnoidea Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 249. 1810. Carolina, Bosc. Trichochloa purpurea Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 29. pi. 8. f. 2. 1812. United States. Vilfa arachnoidea Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 147, 181. 1812. Presumably based on Agrostis arachnoidea Poir. Podosaemum purpureum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 176, 179. pi. 8. f. 2. 1812. Based on Trichochloa purpurea Beauv. Trichochloa expansa DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 151. 1813. Based on Stipa expansa Poir. Agrostis rubicunda Bosc; DC, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 151. 1813, as synonym of Trichochloa expansa DC. Agrostis trichopodes Ell., Bot. S.C and Ga. 1: 135. pi. 8. f. 1. 1816. Chatham County, Ga., Baldwin. China arachnoidea Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 67. 1829. Based on Agrostis arachnoidea Poir. Muhlenbergia arachnoidea Trin.; Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 207. 1833. Based on Agrostis arachnoidea Poir. Agrostis expansa Poir.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 40. 1840, as synonym of Cinna arachnoidea Kunth. Agrostis longiflora Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 41. 1840, as synonym of Cinna arachnoidea Kunth. Muhlenbergia trichopodes Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 553. 1860. Based on Agrostis trichopodes Ell. Muhlenbergia caespitosa Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 18. 1878. Apalachicola, Fla., Chapman. Muhlenbergia capillaris var. trichopodes Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 66. 1892. Based on Agrostis trichopodes Ell. Podosaemum trichopodes Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 7: 30. 1921. Based on Agrostis trichopodes Ell. (17) Muhlenbergia filiculmis Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 267. 1893. Green Mountain Falls, Colo., Sheldon [321]. (4) Muhlenbergia filiformis (Thurb.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot, Club 32: 600. 1905. Based on Vilfa depauperata var. filiformis Thurb. Vilfa depauperata var. filiformis Thurb.; S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 376. 1871. Yosemite Valley, Calif., Bolander 6091; Donner Lake, Torrey 565; East Humboldt Mountains, New, Watson 1280; Uinta Moun- tains, Utah, Watson 1281. Vilfa gracillima Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 208. 1880. Not Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr. 1856. California, Sierra Nevada, Brewer [2827]; Yosemite Valley, Bolander [6091]. Sporobolus gracillimus Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 44. 1885. Based on Vilfa gracillima Thurb. Sporobolus filiformis Rydb., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 189. 1895. Based on Vilfa depauperata var. filiformis Thurb. Sporobolus depauperatus var. filiformis Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 296. 1896. Montana, Williams; Utah, Jones. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 889 Sporobolus simplex Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 48. 1898. Georgetown, Colo., Rydberg 2411. Sporobolus aristatus Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 266. 1901. Big Horn Mountains, Wyo., Tweedy 2196. , Sporobolus simplex thermale Merr., Rhodora 4: 48. 1902. Lolo Hot Springs, Mont., Griffiths 302a. xt Muhlenbergid simplex Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 600. 1905. Not M simplex Kunth, 1829. Based on Sporobolus simplex Scribn. Muhlenbergia aristulata Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 600. 1905. Based on Sporobolus aristatus Rydb. (29) Muhlenbergia foliosa (Roem. and Schult.) Trin., Gram. Unifl. 190. 1824. Based on Agrostis foliosa "Hortul." Roem. and Schult. Agrostis filiformis Willd., Enum. PL 1: 95. 1809. Not A. filiformis Vill. 1787. [Pennsylvania], North America. Agrostis foliosa "Hortul."; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 373. 1817. Garden specimen; seed from North America. Trichochloa foliosa Trin., Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. Based on Agrostis filiformis Willd. Cinna filiformis Link, Enum. PL 1: 70. 1821. Based on Agrostis filiformis Willd. Agrostis lateriflora var. filiformis Torr. Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 86. 1823. Based on A. filiformis Muhl. (error for Willd.). Trichochloa filiformis Trin.; Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 86. 1823, as synonym of Agrostis lateriflora var. filiformis Torr. Podosaemum foliosum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 83. 1827. Based on Agrostis foliosa Roem. and Schult. Muhlenbergia mexicana var. purpurea Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 386. 1870. Illinois, Wolf. Muhlenbergia sylvatica var. vulpina Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 386. 1 870 . New York , Lord. Calamagrostis compressa Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 56. 1878. "E semi- nibus a cl. Glaziou prope Rio de Janeiro lectis in horto bot. Monacensi anno 1869 cultura enata." A specimen named in Doell's script and bearing the above data is in Doell's herbarium in the Botanical Institute at Freiburg. This agrees perfectly with Doell's description. It is a characteristic speci- men of Muhlenbergia foliosa except that the rachilla is minutely produced beyond the palea, a very rare occurrence in Muhlenbergia. Presumably the seed from Rio de Janeiro failed to germinate, and this species, probably in a neighboring plot, intruded. Muhlenbergia mexicana var. filiformis Vasey, Grasses U.S. 23. 1883. Name only. Muhlenbergia mexicana filiformis Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 36. 1894. Based on A. filiformis Muhl. (error for Willd.). Muhlenbergia polystachya Mackenz. and Bush, Man. Fl. Jackson County 23. 1902. Sibley, Mo., Mackenzie 637. Muhlenbergia ambigua var. filiformis Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 20: 168. 1919. Based on Agrostis filiformis Muhl. (error for Willd.). Muhlenbergia foliosa var. setiglumis (S. Wats.) Scribn., Rhodora 9: 20. 1907. Based on M. sylvatica var. setiglumis S. Wats. (Published as M. foliosa setiglumis.) Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr., in NicolL, Rept. Miss. 164. 1843. "Okaman Lake, Sioux Country," Geyer. Muhlenbergia sylvatica var. setiglumis S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 378. 1871. Humboldt Pass, Nev., Watson 1288. Muhlenbergia foliosa ambigua Scribn., Rhodora 9: 20. 1907. Based on M. ambigua Torr. Muhlenbergia setiglumis Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 61: 30. 1916. Based on M. sylvatica var. setiglumis S. Wats. Muhlenbergia foliosa forma ambigua Wiegand, Rhodora 26: 1. 1924. Based on M. ambigua Torr. (27) Muhlenoergia glabrifiora Scribn., Rhodora 9: 22. 1907. Texas, Rever- chon 5. (20) Muhlenbergia glauca (Nees) Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 214. 1921. Based on Podosaemum glaucum Nees. In Index Kewensis this name is cred- ited to Nees in Linnaea 19: 689. 1847, but the name there is Podosaemum glaucum. Podosaemum glaucum Nees, Linnaea 19: 689. 1847. Mexico, Aschenborn 335. 890 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE Agrostis glauca Steud., Syn. Pi. Glum. 1: 175. 1854. Not A. glauca Muhl. 1817. Based on Podosaemum glaucum Nees. Muhlenbergia lemmoni Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 56. 1890. Bal- linger, Tex., Nealley; New Mexico; Arizona [Lemmon 2918, type, the species being named for Lemmon]; Mexico. Muhlenbergia huachucana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 69. 1892. Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., Lemmon [2915]. (53) Muhlenbergia involuta Swallen, Amer. Jour. Bot. 19: 436. f . 2. 1932. San Antonio, Tex., Silveus 358. (33) Muhlenbergia jonesii (Vasey) Hitchc, in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 111. 1912. Based on Sporobolus jonesii Vasey. Sporobolus jonesii Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 297. 1881. Soda Springs, Calif., Jones [303] in 1881. (52) Muhlenbergia lindheimeri Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 291. 1934. Texas, Lindheimer 725. (This species has been referred to Epicampes ber- landieri Fourn., and to Muhlenbergia fournieriana Hitchc, based upon it, but that species is confined to Mexico.) Epicampes gracilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 271. 1841. Not Muhlenbergia gracilis Kunth, 1829. Mexico [Eastern Texas, probably Berlandier). (51) Muhlenbergia longiJigula Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 136. 1934. Based on Epicampes ligulata Scribn. Epicampes ligulata Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 58. 1892. Not Muhlenbergia ligulata Scribn. and Merr. Texas to Arizona [t}-pe, Santa Rita Mountains, Pringle in 1884] and Mexico. Epicampes distichophylla var. mutica Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 308. 1896. Arizona, Tourney 740 [type]; Mexico, Pringle 1427. The other specimens cited do not agree with the description. Epicampes anomala Scribn., in Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 311. 1896. Not Muhlenbergia anomalis Fourn., 1886. Chihuahua, Mexico, Pringle 1423. Melica anomala Scribn., in Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 311. 1896, as synonym of Epicampes anomala. Epicampes stricta var. mutica Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 6. 1912. Based on E. distichophylla var. mutica Scribn. (47) Muhlenbergia metcalfei Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 12. 1912. Santa Rita Mountains, N.Mex., Meucalfe 1485. The name was published as "Metcalji." (26) Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin., Gram. Unifl. 189. 1824. Based on Agrostis mexicana L. Agrostis mexicana L., Mant. PI. 1: 31. 1767. Grown at Upsala, erroneously credited to tropical America. Agrostis lateriflora Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 53. 1803. Mississippi River [Illinois], Michaux. Vilfa mexicana Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 148, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis mexicana L. Vilfa lateriflora Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 147, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis lateriflora Michx. (Appears erroneously as laterifolia on pages 16 and 147, but correctly on page 181.) Cinna? mexicana Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 32, 148, 158. 1812. Based on Agrostis mexicana L. Trichochloa mexicana Trin., Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. Based on Agrostis mexicana L. Podosaemum mexicanum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 84. 1827. Based on Muhlen- bergia mexicana "Linn." Cinna lateriflora Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 67. 1829. Based on Agrostis lateri- flora Michx. Muhlenbergia lateriflora Trin.; Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 207. 1833. Based on Agrostis lateriflora Michx. Cinna arundinacea Retz.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 365. 1840. Not C. arundinacea L., 1753, as synonym of C. mexicana Beauv. Polypogon canadensis Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 92. 1886. Based on Agrostis mexi- cana L. Lepyroxis canadensis Beauv.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. Suppl. 1: 244. 1906, as synonym of Agrostis mexicana L. Muhlenbergia mexicana var. commutata Scribn., Rhodora 9: 18. 1907. (Of the five specimens cited the first two are M. foliosa var. setiglumis, the other three are the form described. Of these Fernald 522 in 1896, from Maine, is taken as type.) (Published as M. mexicana commutata.') MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 891 Muhlenbergia mexicana var. commutata Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. 17: 181. 1916. Based on M. mexicana commutata Scribn. Muhlenbergia commutata Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 6: 61. 1919. Based on M. mexicana commutata Scribn. Muhlenbergia mexicana forma commutata Farwell, Rhodora 26: 1. 1924. Based on M. mexicana commutata Scribn. (2) Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 64. 1829. Based on Trichochloa microsperma DC. Trichochloa microsperma DC, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 151. 1813. Mexico. Podosaemum setosum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 129. 1815. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Podosaemum debile H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 128. 1815. Ecuador, Hum- boldt and Bonpland. Agrostis microsperma Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 2. 1816. Mexico, Sess6. Trichochloa debilis Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 385. 1817. Based on Podosaemum debile H.B.K. Trichochloa setosa Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 386. 1817. Based on Podosaemum setosum H.B.K. Muhlenbergia fasciculata Trin., Gram. Unifl. 192. 1824. North America. Agrostis setosa Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 262. 1825. Based on Podosaemum setosum H.B.K. Agrostis debilis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 262. 1825. Not A. debilis Poir., 1810. Based on Podosaemum debile H.B.K. Muhlenbergia setosa Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 63. 1829. Based on Podosaemum setosum H.B.K. Muhlenbergia debilis Kunth, R6v. Gram. 1: 63. 1829. Based on Podosaemum debile H.B.K. Agrostis microcarpa Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 41. 1840; 2: 164. 1841, as synonym of Muhlenbergia microsperma. Muhlenbergia purpurea Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. II. 1: 186. 1848. Santa Barbara and Santa Catalina Island, Calif., Gambel. Muhlenbergia ramosissima Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 231. 1886. Chihuahua, Mexico, Palmer [1581 in 1885. (34) Muhlenbergia montana (Nutt.) Hitchc, U.S. Dept.Agr. Bull. 772: 145, 147. 1920. Based on Calycodon montanum Nutt. Cahjcodon montanum Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. II. 1: 186. 1848. Santa Fe, [New] Mexico, Gambel. Muhlenbergia gracilis var. breviaristaia Vasev, in Torr., Cat. PL Survey W. 100th Merid. 54. 1S74. Twin Lakes, Colo., [Wolf] 1090 in 1873. Muhlenbergia gracilis var. major Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6: 284. 1878. Mount Graham, Ariz., Wheeler Exped. [Roth- rock] 744. Muhlenbergia subalpina Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 40. 1885. Based on M. gracilis var. breviarislata Vasev. Muhlenbergia trifida Hack., Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 8: 518. 1910. Michoa- can, Mexico, Arsene 3217. This is the species referred to Muhlenbergia gracilis bv American authors, not M. gracilis (H.B.K.) Kunth. (38) Muhlenbergia monticola Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 91. 1863. "Northwestern Texas," [Wright 731]. Muhlenbergia sylvatica var. flexuosa Vasey in Wheeler, Rep. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6: 28L 1878. New Mexico, Wright 731; Camp Crittenden, Ariz., Rothroch 681. (39) Muhlenbergia parviglumis Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 71. 1892. TgxcIs I^Jccillcy . (40) Muhlenbergia pauciflora Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 91. 1863. Western Texas, [Wright 732]. Muhlenbergia sylvatica var. pringlei Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 89. 1882. Santa Rita Mountains, N.Mex., Pringle 480. Muhlenbergia neo-mexicana Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 337. 1886. New Mexico [type, G. R. Vasey] and Arizona. Muhlenbergia pringlei Scribn., in Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 71. 1892. Santa Rita Mountains, N.Mex., Pringle 4S0. (36) Muhlenbergia polycaulis Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 38: 327. 1911. Chihuahua, Mexico, Pringle 1414. (41) Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 259. 1896. Based on M. lexana Thurb. 892 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Muhlenbergia texana Thurb. ; Port, and Coult., Sym Fl. Colo. 144. 1874. Not M. texana Buckl., 1863. Texas, Bigelow; Parry; Wright 734. Podosaemum porteri Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 7: 36. 1921. Based on Muhlen- bergia porteri Scribn. (16) Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb., in A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1863: 78. 1863. Rocky Mountains, Colo., Hall and Harbour 632. Podosaemum pungens Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 7: 32. 1921. Not P. pungens Link, 1827. Based on Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb. (25) Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 67. 1888. Presumably based on Agrostis racemosa Michx. Agrostis racemosa Michx. , Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 53. 1803. Mississippi River [111.], Michaux. Polypogon setosus Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 31. 1807. Pennsylvania, Muhlen- berg. Polypogon glomeratus Willd., Enum. PI. 87. 1809. North America. Vilfa racemosa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 148, 182. 1812. Based on Agrostis racemosa Michx. Alopecurus glomeratus Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 495. 1817. Based on Polypogon glomeratus Willd. Agrostis setosa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 68. 1817. Pennsylvania. Agrostis festucoides Muhl.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 1: 326. 1817, as synonym of Polypogon glomeratus Willd. Polypogon racemosus Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 51. 1818. Based on Agrostis racemosa Michx. Trichochloa glomerata Trim, Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. Based on Polypogon glomeratus Willd. Trichochloa calycina Trim, Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. "Agrostis setosa Spreng." (ined.) cited, no description. Agrostis setosa Spreng.; Trim, Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. As synonym of Trichochloa calycina Trim, not A. setosa Spreng. himself, 1824, (see synonymy under Muhlenbergia microspenna) . Muhlenbergia glomerata Trim, Gram. Unifl. 191. pi. 5. f. 10. 1824. Based on Polypogon glomeratus Willd. Muhlenbergia calycina Trim, Gram. Unifl. 193. 1824. Based on Trichochloa calycina Trim, and cited as synonym of Polypogon setosus Spreng. Podosaemum glomeralum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 84. 1827. Based on Polypogon glomeratus Willd. Cinna racemosa Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 67. 1829. Based on Agrostis racemosa Michx. Dactylogramma cinnoides Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 248. 1833. Grown in Berlin, seed from Richardson, western North America. Cinna glomerata Link, Hort, Berol. 2: 237. 1833. Not C. glomerata Walt., 1788. Based on Podosaemum glomeratum Link. Muhlenbergia glomerata var. ramosa Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 40. 1885. Illinois to Colorado and Montana. [Type, collected by Vasey, marked "Dakota and Wisconsin."] Muhlenbergia racemosa var. ramosa Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 253. 1896. Presumably based on M. glomerata var. ramosa Vasey. Muhlenbergia racemosa violacea Scribn., Rhodora 9: 22. 1907. North Han- nibal, N.Y., Pearce in 1883. (5) Muhlenbergia repens (Presl) Hitchc, in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 111. 1912. Based on Sporobolus repens Presl. Sporobolus repens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 241. 1830. Mexico, Haenke. Vilfa repens Trim, Mem. Acad. St. PStersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 102. 1840. Based on Sporobolus repens Presl. Muhlenbergia subtilis Nees, Linnaea 19: 6S9. 1847. Mexico, Aschenborn 206. (50) Muhlenbergia reverchoni Vasey and Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 66. 1892. Texas, Reverchon [73]. Podosaemum reverchoni Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 7: 38. 1921. Based on Muhlenbergia reverchoni Vasey and Scribn. (55) Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453. 1933. Based on Epicampes rigens Benth. Cinna macroura (Kunth misapplied by) Thurb.; S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 276. 1880. Not C. macroura (H.B.K.) Kunth, 1S35. California. Vilfa rigens Thurb.; S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 276. 1880. Not V. rigens Trim, '1830. As synonym of C. macroura Kunth. "Sonora" [probably error for Sonoma] California, Bolander [6124]. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 893 Epicampes rigens Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 88. 1881. Based on the species Thurber described as Cinna macroura, not that of (H.B.K.) Kunth. Crypsinna rigens Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 8. 1912. Based on Epi- campes rigens Benth. (46) Muhlenbergia rigida (H.B.K.) Kunth, R6v. Gram. 1: 63. 1829. Based on Podosaemum rigidum H.B.K. Podosaemum rigidum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 129. 1815. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Trichochloa rigida Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 386. 1817. Based on Podosaemum- rigidum H.B.K. Muhlenbergia berlandieri Trin., Mem. Acad. St. PStersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 299. 1 S4 1 IVtcxico BcvlcifidisT * (30) Muhlenbergia schreberi Gmel., Syst. Nat. 2: 171. 1791. Based on the species described by Schreber (Gen. PI. 1: 44. 17S9) under Muhlenbergia with no specific name, [Pennsylvania!. Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd., Sp.' PL 1: 320. 1797. North America. Dilepyrum minutiflorum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 40. 1803. Kentucky and Illinois, Michaux. Listed as Dylepyrum multiflorum by Beau v., Ess. Agrost. 160. 1812. Dylepyrum diffusum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 160. 1812. Name only, referred to Muhlenbergia. Probably the same as M. diffusa Willd. Cynodon diffusus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on " Muhlenbergia Schr." (error for Willd.). Agrostis apetala Bosc; Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 287. 1841, as synonym of Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreb. Muhlenbergia botteri Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 85. 1886. Orizaba, Mexico, Botteri 87. Muhlenbergia minutiflorum Hitchc, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 14: 140. 1896. Based on Dilepyrum minutiflorum Michx. Muhlenbergia schreberi var. palustris (Scribn.) Scribn., Rhodora 9: 17. 1907. Based on M. palustris Scribn. (Published as M. schreberi palustris.) Muhlenbergia palustris Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 47. 1898. District of Columbia, Steele in 1896. Muhlenbergia schreberi var. palustris Scribn.; Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908. Based on M. palustris Scribn. (44) Muhlenbergia setifoiia Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 92. 1882. Guadalupe Moun- tains, Tex., Havard. (22) Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin., Gram. UnifL 189. pi. 5. f. 4. 1824. Based on Agrostis sobolifera Muhl. Agrostis sobolifera Muhl.; Willd., Enum. PI. 95. 1809. Pennsylvania. Achnathcrum soboliferum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 20, 146. 1S12. Based on Agrostis sobolifera Muhl. Trichochloa sobolifera Trin., Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. Based on Agrostis sobolifera Muhl. Cinna sobolifera Link, Enum. PI. 1: 71. 1821. Based on Agrostis sobolifera Willd. Podosaemum soboliferum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 83. 1827. Based on Agrostis sobolifera Muhl. Muhlenbergia sobolifera var. setigera Scribn., Rhodora 9: 18. 1907. Texas, Reverchon 70. (Published as M. sobolifera setigera.) Muhlenbergia sobolifera forma setigera Deam, Ind. Dept. Conserv. Pub. 82: 163. 1929. Based on M. sobolifera setigera Scribn. (7) Muhlenbergia squarrosa (Trin.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 531. 1909. Based on Vilfa squarrosa Trin. Vilfa squarrosa Trin., M£m. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 100. 1840. Menzies Island [Columbia River, Wash.]. Vilfa richardsonis Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 103. 1840. North America, Richardson. Muhlenbergia aspericaulis Nees; Trin. M6m. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 103. 1840, as synonym of Vilfa richardsonis Trin. Vilfa depauperata Torr.*; Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 257. pi. 36. 1840. Colum- bia River, from Menzies Island upward, Douglas. Sporobolus depauperatus Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 103. 1882. Based on Vilfa depauperata Torr. Sporobolus aspericaulis Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 21: 15. 1896. Based on Muhlen- bergia aspericaulis Nees. 894 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sporobolus richardsonii Merr., Rhodora 4: 46. 1902. Based on Vilfa richara- sonis Trin.- Muhlenbergia richardsonis Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 600. 1905. Based on Vilfa richardsonis Trin. Muhlenbergia brevifolia var. richardsonis Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 12. 1912. Based on Vilfa richardsonis Trin. This is the species which Nash (Britton, Man. 105. 1901) called Sporobolus brevifolius, but that name is based on Agrostis brevifolius Nutt., which is Muhlen- bergia cuspidata (which see). (28) Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr.; Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 292. 1841. Based on Agrostis sylvatica Torr. Agrostis diffusa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 64. 1817. Not A. diffusa Host, 1809. Pennsylvania. Agrostis sylvatica Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 87. 1823. Not A. sylvatica L., 1762. Mountains of New Jersey. Muhlenbergia sylvatica var. gracilis Scribn., Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 9: 116. 1885. Topeka, Kans., Popenoe. Muhlenbergia umbrosa Scribn., Rhodora 9: 20. 1907. Based on Agrostis sylvatica Torr. Muhlenbergia umbrosa attenuata Scribn., Rhodora 9: 21. 1907. Aurora County, S.Dak., Wilcox 25. Muhlenbergia diffusa Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 20: 168. 1919. Not M. diffusa Willd., 1797. Based on Agrostis diffusa Muhl. Muhlenbergia umbrosa forma attenuata Deam, Ind. Dept. Conserv. Pub. 82: 171. 1929. Based on M. umbrosa attenuata Scribn. (23) Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 67. 1888. Based on Agrostis tenuiflora Willd. Agrostis tenuiflora Willd., Sp. PI. 1: 364. 1797. North America. Apera tenuiflora Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 151. 1812. Based on Agrostis tenuiflora Willd. Trichochloa longiseta Trin., Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. Based on Agrostis tenuiflora Willd. Erroneously given as T. longiflora Trin., in Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 601. 1833. Cinna tenuiflora Link, Enum. PL 1: 71. 1821. Based on Agrostis tenuiflora Willd. Muhlenbergia willdenowii Trin., Gram. Unifl. 188. pi. 5. f. 3. 1824. Based on Agrostis tenuiflora Willd. Trichochloa tenuiflora Sweet, Hort. Brit. 443. 1826. Based on Agrostis tcTtwifloT a Willd. Podosaemum tenuiflorum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 82. 1827. Based on Agrostis tcTiwiiloT & ^Villcl. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora variabilis Scribn., Rhodora 9: 18. 1907. Chimney Mountain, N.C., Biltmore Herbarium 654a. (1) Muhlenbergia texana BuckL, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 91. 1863. Northern Texas. Agrostis barbata BuckL; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 334. 1863. Not A. barbata Pers., 1805. As synonym of Muhlenbergia texana BuckL Muhlenbergia buckleyana Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 56. 1890. Based on M. texana BuckL Podosaemum texanum Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 7: 41. 1921. Based on Muhlenbergia texana BuckL (8) Muhlenbergia thurberi Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 601. 1905. Based on Sporobolus filiculmis Vasey; Beal. Vilfa filiculmis Thurb., also cited, is a name only, and no reference is made. to Sporobolus thurberi Scribn. Sporobolus filiculmis Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 44. 1885, name only; Vasey: Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 288. 1896. Not S. filiculmis L. H. Dewey, 1894. ' New Mexico, Whipple Exped. [Plaza Larga, Bigelow 778]. Vilfa filiculmis Thurb.; Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 44. 1885, as synonym of Sporobolus filiculmis Vasey. Sporobolus thurberi Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 48. f. 5. 1898. " Vilfa filiculmis Thurb." Plaza Larga, N.Mex., Bigelow. Vilfa filiculmis Thurb.; Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 48. 1898, as synonym of Sporobolus thurberi Scribn. Muhlenbergia filiculmis Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 12. 1912. Not M. filiculmis Vasey, 1893. Based on Vilfa filiculmis Thurb., name only. Muhlenbergia curtifolia grijfithsii Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 38: 328. 1911. De Chelly Canyon, Ariz., Griffiths 5837. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 895 Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 136. 1934. 1819. Not A. co?npressa Willd., Not V. compressa 1821, as synonym Based on Agrostis compressa Based on Agrostis Based on Agrostis 1833. 1901. Midi. Nat. 6: 84. Not A. caespitosa 1878. Prairies of Based on A. (14) Muhlenbergia torreyana (Schult.) Hitchc Based on Agrostis torreyana Schult. Agrostis compressa Torr., Cat. PI. N.Y. 91. 1790. New Jersey, Goldy. Vilfa compressa Trin.; Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 58. 1821 Beauv., 1812. North America. Colpodium compressum Trin.; Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 58 of Vilfa compressa Trin. Agrostis torreyana Schult., Mant. 2: 203. 1824. Torr. Sporobolus compressus Kunth, Enum. PI. 1: 217. compressa Torr. Sporobolus torreyanus Nash, in Britton, Man. 107, torreyana Schult. (42) Muhlenbergia torreyi (Kunth) Hitchc; Bush, Amer. 1919. Based on Agrostis torreyi Kunth. Agrostis caespitosa Torr., Ann. Lye. N.Y. 1: 152. 1824. Salisb., 1796, nor Muhlenbergia caespitosa Chapm., Missouri and Platte Rivers. Agrostis torreyi Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XVII. 1830. caespitosa Torr. Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 155. 1856. Llano Estacado and near Antelope Hills, Canadian River, Tex. [Bigelow.] Muhlenbergia nardifolia Griseb., Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen 24: 294. 1879. Argentina. Agrostis peckii House, Amer. Midi. Nat. 7: 126. 1921. Based on A. caespitosa Torr. The name misapplied to the awned form of Agrostis hiemalis. Podosaemum gracillimum Bush, Amer. Midi. Nat. 7: 33. 1921. Based on Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr. (15) Muhlenbergia uniflora (Muhl.) Fernald, Rhodora 29: 10. 1927. Based on Poa uniflora Muhl. Poa? uniflora Muhl., Descr. Gram. 151. 1817. New England. Agrostis serotina Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 88. 1823. Not A. serotina Lam., 1767. New Jersey. Vilfa serotina Trin., Gram. Icon. 3: pi. 251. 1830. North America, "Agrostis serotina Nutt. ms." Vilfa tenera Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 87. 1840. Boston, Boott. Poa modesta Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 45. 1843. Cambridge, Mass. [Tuckerman.] Sporobolus serotinus A. Gray, Man. 577. 1848. Based on Agrostis serotina Torr. Sporobolus uniflorus Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 5. 1900. Based on Poa uniflora Muhl. Poa stricta uniflora Muhl.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 5. 1900, as synonym of Sporobolus uniflorus Muhl. Muhlenbergia uniflora var. terrae-novae Fernald, Rhodora 29: 11. 1927. Newfoundland, Fernald, Long and Dunbar 26244. (6) Muhlenbergia utilis (Torr.) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453. 1933. Based on Vilfa utilis Torr. Vilfa utilis Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 52: 365. 1857. Between Tejon Pass and Lost Hills. Calif., [Blake]. Vilfa sacaiilla Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 101. 1886. Chapultepec, Mexico, S chaff ner; San Luis de Potosi, Virlet 1455; Texas, Wright. Sporobolus sacatilla Griseb.; Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 101. Vilfa sacatilla Fourn. Sporobolus utilis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 171. f. 467. 1899. Based on Vilfa utilis Torr. (35) Muhlenbergia virescens (H.B.K.) Kunth, Based on Podosaemum virescens H.B.K. Podosaemum virescens H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 132 Humboldt and Bonpland. Trichochloa virescens Roem. and Schult., Syst. on Podosaeman virescens H.B.K. Muhlenbergia straminea Hitchc, Contrib. U.S Chihuahua, Mexico, Endlich 1210. 55974°— 35 57 1886, as synonym of Rev. Gram. 1: 64. 1829. 1815. Mexico, Veg. 2: 389. 1817. Based Natl. Herb. 17: 302. 1913. 896 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (11) Muhlenbergia wrightii Vasey in Coulter, Man. Rocky Mount. 409. 1885. Colorado and New Mexico, [type Wright 1986]. Muhlenbergia wrightii var. annulata Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 41. 1885. Name only. [Arizona, Lemmon 3179.] Muhlenbergia coloradensis Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 213. 1921. "Chiann [Cheyenne] Canyon", Colo., Jones [806]. (106) MUNROA Torr. (1) Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 45 : 158. 1857. Based on Crypsis squarrosa Nutt. Crypsis squarrosa Nutt., Gen. PI. 1: 49. 1818. Grand detour of the Missouri River, [S.Dak., Nuttall]. Munroa squarrosa var. floccuosa Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 456. 1896. Arizona, [Peach Springs], Jones. (See p. 523.) Nardus stricta L., Sp. PL 53. 1753. Europe. Nassella major (Trin. and Rupr.) Desv., in Gay, Fl. Cliil. 6: 265. 1853. Based on Urachne major Trin. and Rupr. Urachne major Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 211. 1842. Chile. (27) NEYRAUDIA Hook. f. (1) Neyraudia reynaudiana (Kunth) Keng, in Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 131. 1934. Based on Arundo reynaudiana Kunth. Arundo reynaudiana Kunth, Rev. Gram. 2: 275. pi. 49. 1830. Burma, Reynaud. (139) OLYRA L. (1) Olyra Iatifolia L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759. Jamaica, Sloane. Olyra paniculata Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz. Olyra arundinacea H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 197. 1816. Colombia, Humboldt and Bonpland. Stipa Iatifolia Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 449. 1825. Based on Olyra Iatifolia L. Olyra Iatifolia var. arundinacea Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 535. 1864. Pre- sumably based on O. arundinacea H.B.K. (132) OPLISMENUS Beauv23 Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 54, 168, 170. 1812. Based on Panicum hirtellum L. Panicum hirtellum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. Jamaica, [Browne]. This species is cultivated under the name Panicum variegatum Hort. (see Gard. Chron. 458. 1867). (1) Oplismenus setarius (Lam.) Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 481. 1817. Based on Panicum setarium Lam. Panicum setarium Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 170. 1791. South America, Commerson. Panicum velutinum G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 51. 1818. British Guiana [Meyer]. Orthopogon parvifolium Nutt., Gen. PI. 1: 55, errata. 1818. Florida and South Carolina. On page 55 this is described under Orthopogon hirtellus Nutt., the name based on Panicum hirtellum L., but misapplied. Setaria hirtella Schult., Mant. 2: 276. 1824. Based on the species described by Muhlenberg (Descr. Gram. 103. 1817) under the name Panicum hirtellum. Orthopogon setarius Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 306. 1825. Based on Panicum setarium Lam. Oplismenus parvifolius Kunth, Rov. Gram. 1: 45. 1829. Based on Orthopogon parvifolium Nutt. Orthopogon hirtellus Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot. ed. 8. 336. 1840. Southern States. No reference to Nuttall, nor synonym cited. Panicum nuttallianum Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 260. 1841. Based on Orthopogon parvifolius Nutt. » For discussion of types see Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 126-130. 1920. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 897 Oplismenus compositus var. setarius F. M. Bailey, Queensl. Grasses 19. 1888. 'Based on Panicum. setarium Lam. . Hippagrostis setarius Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 777. 1891. Based on Panicum setarium Lam. oc imo Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. setarius Mez; Ekman, Arkiv Bot. II4: 2b. 1912. Based on Panicum setarium Lam. (34) ORCUTTIA Vasey (3) Orcuttia californica Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 219. pi. 60. 1886. San Quentin Bay, Baja California, Orcutt. (1) Orcuttia greenei Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 146. 1891. Chico, Calif., Greene 2) Orcuttia tenuis Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 131. 1934. Goose Valley, Shasta County, Calif., Eastwood 1013 (distributed in Amer. Or. Nat. Herb. no. 686 as Orcuttia californica) . (Ill) ORYZA L. (1) Oryza sativa L., Sp. PI. 333. 1753. Africa and India. Oryza saliva var. rubribarbis Desv., Jour. Bot. 1: 76. 1813. Cultivated in North America. Oryza rubribarbis Steud., Norn. Bot. 577. 1821. Based on O. sativa var. rubribarbis Desv. . Oryza sato'va var. savannae Koern., in Koern. and Wern., Handb. Uetreiclebau- 1: 233, 236. 1885. Cultivated, Savannah, Ga. (82) ORYZOPSIS Michx. (8) Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 51. pi. 9. 1803. Hudson Bay to Quebec, Michaux. Oryzopsis mutica Link, Enum. PL 1: 41. 1821. North America. Urachne asperifolia Trim, Gram. Unifl. 174. 1824. Based on Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. Urachne leucosperma Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 94. 1827. Albany, N.Y Urachne mutica Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 731. 1841. Based on Oryzopsis mutica Link. Oryzopsis leucosperma Link; Walp., Ann. Bot. [London] 3: 728. laod, as synonym of Urachne asperifolia Trim (10) Oryzopsis bloomeri (Boland.) Ricker; Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 109. 1906. Based on Stipa bloomeri Boland. Stipa bloomeri Boland., Proc. Calif. Acad. 4: 168. 1872. Bloody Canyon, near Mono Lake, Calif., Bolander [6116]. Oryzopsis caduca Beal, Bot. Gaz. 15: 111. 1890. Belt Mountains, Mont., ScTZUftCT Stipa caduca Scribm, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 54. 1892. Based on Oryzopsis caduca Beal. . Eriocoma caduca Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 25. 1900. Based on Stipa caduca Scribn. This is the species described by Beal (Grasses N.Amer. 2: 226. 1896) under the name Oryzopsis sibirica Beal, but the name is based on Stipa sibirica Lam., not known from America. (6) Oryzopsis canadensis (Poir.) Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 433. 1843. Based on Stipa canadensis Poir. Stipa juncea Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 54. 1803. Not S. juncea L., 1753. Hudson Bav, Canada, Michaux. . Stipa canadensis Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 7: 452. 1806. Based on S. juncea Michx. Urachne canadensis Torr. and Gray, Gram, and Cyp. Exsicc. no. 114. 183o. Based on Stipa canadensis Poir. , Oryzopsis juncea B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 67. 1888. Based on Stipa juncea Michx. Stipa macounii Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 25: 390. 1890. New Bruns- wick. Oryzopsis macounii Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 229. 1896. Based on Stipa macounii Scribn. This is the species to which the name Stipa richardsonii Link was applied by A. Gray in the earlier editions of the Manual. 898 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (4) Oryzopsis exigua Thurb., in Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped. Bot. 17: 481. 1874. Cascade Mountains, Oreg., Wilkes Expl. Exped. (3) Oryzopsis hendersoni Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 267. 1893. [Clements Mountain, near North Yakima],24 Henderson 2249. Oryzopsis exigua var. hendersoni Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 11. 1912. Based on 0. hendersoni Vasey. (12) Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. and Schult.) Ricker; Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 109. 1906. Based on Stipa hymenoides Roem. and Schult. Stipa membranacea Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 728. 1814. Not S. membranacea L., 1753. Banks of the Missouri River, Bradbury. Stipa hymenoides Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 339. 1817. Based on Stipa membranacea Pursh. Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 40. 1818. Grassv plains of the Missouri [type from "Platte Plains", Nuttall]. Milium cuspidatum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 251. 1825. Based on Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. Urachne lanata Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 126. 1834. North America. Eriocoma membranacea Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 586. 1840, as synonym of Urachne lanata Trin. Fendleria rhynchelytroides Steud., Svn. PI. Glum. 1: 420. 1854. New Mexico, Fendler 979. Oryzopsis cuspidata Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 23. 1883. Based on Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. Oryzopsis membranacea Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 122: pi. 10. 1891. Based on Stipa membranacea Pursh. Eriocoma membranacea Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 232. 1896. Based on Stipa membranacea Pursh. Eriocoma hymenoides Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 102. 1912. Based on Stipa hymenoides Roem. and Schult. (7) Oryzopsis kingii (Boland.) Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 229. 1896. Based on Stipa kingii Boland. Stipa kingii Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 170. 1872. Mount Dana, Calif., Bolander 6076 [error for 6097]. (2) Oryzopsis micrantha (Trin. and Rupr.) Thurb. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila Proc. 1863:' 78. 1863. Based on Urachne micrantha Trin. and Rupr. Urachne micrantha Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 16. 1842. North America [type from Saskatchewan]. (1) Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Benth. and Hook.; Aschers. and Schweinf., Mem. Inst. Egypte 2: 169. 1887. Presumably based on Agrostis miliacea L. Agrostis miliacea L., Sp. PL 61. 1753. Europe. Achnatherum miliaceum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 20, 146, 148. 1812. Based on Agrostis miliacea L. Piptatherum miliaceum Coss., Notes Crit. 129. 1851. Based on Agrostis miliacea L. (5) Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 151. 1908. Based on Milium pungens Torr. Milium pungens Torr.; Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 102. 1821. "Schenectady in Massachusetana. " [Error for New York.] Oryzopsis parviflora Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 3: 125. 1823. Bellows Falls, Vt. Panicum firmum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 37. 1829. Based on Milium pungens Torr. Urachne brevicaudata Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 127. 1834. Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Urachne canadensis Torr. and Gray; Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Natl. 51: 17. 1842, as synonym of Urachne brevicaudata Trin. (9) Oryzopsis racemosa (J. E. Smith) Ricker; Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. Based on Milium racemosum J. E. Smith. Milium racemosum J. E. Smith, in Rees's Cycl. 23: Milium no. 15. 1813. Lancaster, Pa., Muhlenberg. Oryzopsis melanocarpa MuhL, Descr. Gram. 79. 1817. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg. Piptatherum nigrum Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 79. 1823. Williams- town and Deerfield, Mass.; Kingston and Fishkill Mountains, N.Y.; Penn- sylvania, Muhlenberg. « See Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 109. 1906. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 899 Urachne racemosa Trim, Gram. Unifl. 174. 1824. Based on Milium race- mosum J. E. Smith. Urachne melanosperma Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 94. 1827. Based on Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. (11) Oryzopsis webberi (Thurb.) Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 23. 1883. Based on Eriocorna webberi Thurb. Eriocoma ivebberi Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 283. 1880. Sierra Valley, Calif., Bolander. (129) PANICUM L.25 (14) Panicum aciculare Desv.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 274. 1816. "Indes orientales", erroneous; probably from southeastern United States. Panicum setaceum Muhl., Descr. Gram. 99. 1817. Georgia. Panicum subuniflorum Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 312. 1825. Carolina, Bosc. Panicum arenicola Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 56. 1898. Chapel Hill, N.C., Ashe. Panicum pungens Muhl.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 27: 2. 1900. Not P. pungens Poir., 1816. As synonvm of P. setaceum Muhl. Panicum filirameum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 88. 1900. New Hanover County, N.C., Ashe. This is the species described in Britton's Manual and in Small's Flora (ed. 1) under the name Panicum neuranthum Griseb. (100) Panicum aculeatum Hitchc. and Chase, Rhodora 8: 209. 1906. District of Columbia, Chase 2520. (65) Panicum addisonii Nash, Bull. Torrev Bot, Club 25: 83. 1898. Wildwood, N.J., Bicknell in 1897. Panicum owenae Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 185. 1908. Nantucket, Mass., Bicknell in 1907. Panicum commonsianum addisonii Stone, N.J. State Mus. Ann. Rept. 1910: 205. 1911. Based on P. addisonii Nash. (116) Panicum adspersum Trin., Gram. Pan. 146. 1826. Dominican Republic. Panicum thomasianum Steud.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 188. 1877, as synonym of P. adspersum. St. Thomas, Duchaissing. Panicum keyense Mez, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7: 61. 1917. Sand Kev, Fla., Curtiss 3606**, 5431, 6705. This is the species described as Panicum striatum Lam. by Chapman (Fl. South. U.S. ed. 2. 666. 1883). (147) Panicum agrostoides Spreng., PL Pugill. 2: 4. 1815. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg. Panicum rigidulum Bosc; Spreng., Syst, Veg. 1: 320. 1825; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 163. 1829. [South Carolina? Bosc] Agrostis polystachya Bosc; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 40. 1840, erroneously cited as synonym of A. composita Poir. [Carolina, Bosc] Panicum elongatum var. ramosior Mohr, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 6: 357. 1901. Near Mobile, Ala., [Mohr]. (44) Panicum albemarlense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 84. 1900. Scranton, Hyde County, N.C., Ashe in 1899. Panicum velutinum Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 315. 1825. Not P. velu- tinum Meyer, 1818. Name only. [Bosc] Panicum meridionale var. albemarlense Fernald, Rhodora 36: 76. 1934. Based on P. albemarlense Ashe. (74) Panicum albomarginatum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 40. 1897. Eustis, Fla., Nash 925. (145) Panicum amarulum Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 96. f. 87. 1910. Virginia Beach, Va., Williams 3090. (144) Panicum amarum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 121. 1816. Presumably South Carolina. Panicum amarum var. minus Vasey and Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 38. 1889. Fortress Monroe, Va., Vasey. Panicum amaroides Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 29: 5. f. 1. 1901. Based on P. amarum var. minus Vasey and Scribn. 2s For discussion of types see Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 23-327. 1910; 17: 465-522. 1915. 900 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE Chasea amara Nieuwl., Amer. Midi. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on Panicum amarum Ell. (152) Panicum anceps Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 48. 1803. Carolina, Michaux. Panicum rostratum MuhL: Willd., Enum. PL 1032. 1809. Pennsylvania [type, Muhlenberg] and Carolina. Agrostis nutans Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 255. 1810. Carolina, Bosc. Vilfa nutans Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 148, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis nutans Poir. Panicum nutans Desv., Opusc. 93. 1831. Based on Agrostis nutans Poir. Panicum anceps var. angustum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 37. 1889. Texas, Nealley. Panicum anceps var. densiflorum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 37. 1889. [Marshall], Tex., Riggs [91]. (17) Panicum angustifolium Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 129. 1816. Presumably South Carolina. ? Panicum ramulosum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 50. 1803. Carolina, Michaux. Panicum curtisii Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 66. 1854. South Carolina, M. A. Curtis. Chasea angustifolia Nieuwl., Amer. Midi. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on Panicum angustifolium Ell. (27) Panicum annulum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 5S. 1898. Maryland to North Carolina and Georgia, Washington, D.C., Ward in 1892 [type]. Panicum bogueanum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 85. 1900. Based on P. annulum Ashe. (19) Panicum arenicoloides Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 89. 1900. Wilmington, N.C., Ashe in 1899. Panicum orthophyllum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 90. 1900. New Hanover County, N.C., Ashe in 1899. (117) Panicum arizonicum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 2. 1901. Camp Lowell, Ariz., Pringle 465. Panicum fuscum var. majus Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 26. 1889. Mexico [southwestern Chihuahua, Palmer lb in 1885]. Panicum dissitiflorum Vasey, in S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 24: 80. 1889. Name only. Guaymas, Mexico, Palmer 159 in part, 190. Panicum fasciculatum var. majus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 117. 1896. Based on P. fuscum var. majus Vasey. Panicum fascicidatum dissitiflorum Vasey; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 2. 1901, as synonym of P. arizonicum. Panicum arizonicum tenue Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 3. 1901. Fort Huachuca, Ariz., Wilcox in 1894. Panicum arizonicum laeviglume Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 3. 1901. Mescal, Ariz., Griffiths 1810. Panicum arizonicum majus Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 3. 1901. Based on P. fuscum var. majus Vasey. (103) Panicum ashei Pearson; Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 35. 1898. Ithaca, N.Y., Ashe in 1898. Panicum umbrosum LeConte; Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. 342. 1818. Not P. umbrosum Retz., 1786. New York. Panicum commutatum, var. ashei Fernald, Rhodora 36: 83. 1934. Based on P ashei Poftrson (49) Panicum auburne Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 115. 1900. Auburn, Ala., Earle and Baker 1527. (32) Panicum barbulatum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 49. 1803. "Carolina" [but type from Canada]. Panicum dichotomum var. barbulatum Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 786. 1861. Presumably based on P. barbulatum Michx. Panicum pubescens var. barbidatum Britton, Cat. PI. N.J. 280. 1889. Pre- sumably based on P. barbulatum Michx. Panicum nitidum var. barbulatum Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 3. 586. 1897. Based on P. barbulatum Michx. Panicum gravius Hitchc. and Chase, Rhodora 8: 205. 1906. Between Centre- ville and Mount Cuba, Del., Chase 3620. (120) Panicum bartowense Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 35: 3. 1901. Bartow, Fla., Combs 1220. Panicum bergii Arech., An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1: 147. 1894. Uruguay. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 901 (22) Panicum bicknellii Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 193. 1897. Bronx Park, N.Y., Bicknell in 1895. Panicum nemopanthum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 42. 1898. Raleigh N.C., Ashe in 1895. Panicum bushii Nash, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 26: 568. 1899. McDonald County, Mo., Bush 413. Panicum bicknellii var. bushii Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers 1: 85. 1921. Based on P. bushii Nash. (30) Panicum boreale Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 421. 1895. Cairo, N.Y., Nash in 1893. (110) Panicum boscii Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 278. 1816. Carolina, Bosc. Panicum wallheri Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 282. 1816. Not P. walteri Pursh, 1814. Based on P. latifolium as described by Michaux. Panicum latifolium var. australe Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 34. 1889. Alabama [type, Thomasville, Mohr] to Texas. Panicum porterianum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 420. 1895. Based on P. wallheri Poir. Panicum boscii var. mollb (Vasey) Hitchc. and Chase, in Robinson, Rhodora 10: 64. 1908. Based on P. lati'folium var. molle Vasey. Panicum latifolium var. molle Vasey; Ward, Fl. Washington 135. 1881. District of Columbia, [TFard]. Panicum walteri var. molle Porter, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 194. 1893. Presumably based on P. latifolium var. molle Vasey. Panicum pubifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 577. 1899. Based on P. latifolium var. molle Vasey. (156) Panicum brachyanthum Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 67. 1854. [Rusk County], Tex., Vinzent 124. Panicum sparsiflorum Vasey, LLS.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 36. 1889. Not P. sparsiflorum Doell, 1877. South Carolina to Texas, [type, San Ber- nardino, Ridell 20]. This species was described as Panicum angustifolium Ell. by Chapman (FI. South. U.S. 574. 1860). (83) Panicum breve Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 271. f. 301. 1910. Jensen, Fla., Hitchcock 734. (139) Panicum bulbosum H.B.K, Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 99. 1815. Guana- juato, Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Panicum avenaceum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 99. 1815. Ecuador, Humboldt and Bonpland. Panicum gongylodes Jacq., Eclog. Gram. 30. pi. 21. 1815-1820. Cultivated at Vienna. Panicum nodosum Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 260. 1841, as synonym of P. bulbosum. Panicum maximum var. gongylodes Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 203. 1877. Based on P. gongylodes Jacq. Panicum maximum var. bulbosum Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6: 295. 1878. Presumably based on P. bulbosum H.B.K. Panicum polygamum var. gongylodes Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 28. 1886. Based on P. gongylodes Jacc\. Panicum bidbosum subvar. violaceum Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 27. 1886. Chi- nantla, Mexico, Liebmann 451. Panicum bulbosum, var. avenaceum Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 132. 1896. Based on P. avenaceum H.B.K. Panicum bulbosum var. minus Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 38. 1889. Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona [type New Mexico, Rusby in 1880]. Panicum sciaphilum Rupr.; Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 19. 1886. Yavesia, Mexico, Galeotti 5759. Panicum bulbosum sciaphilum Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 83. f. 73. 1910. Based on P. sciaphilum Rupr. (35) Panicum caerulescens Hack.; Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 219. 1909. Miami, Fla., Hitchcock 706. (23) Panicum calliphyllum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 31. 1898. Watkins, N.Y., Ashe in 1898. (125) Panicum capillare L., Sp. PL 58. 1753. Virginia, [Clayton 454]. Milium capillare Moench, Meth. PL 203. 1794. Based on P. capillare L. Panicum boba.rti Lam.,. Encycl. 4: 748. 1798. [Virginia, Bobart.] Panicum capillare var. agreste Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94. 1887. Tennessee, [Ridgetop, Gattinger]. 902 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Panicum capillare var. vulgare Scribn., Term. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 44. 1894. Presumably Knoxville, Tenn. Chasea capillaris Nieuwl., Amer. Midi. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on Panicum capillare L. Leptoloma capillaris Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 86. 1913. Based on Panicum capillare L. Panicum capillare var. occidentale Rydb., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 186. 1895. Whitman, Nebr., Rydberg 1788. Panicum capillare brevifolium Vasev; Rydb. and Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 21. 1897. Manhattan, Mont., Shear 436. Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 21. 1900. Based on P. capillare var. brevifolium Vasey. Leptoloma barbipulvinata Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 86. 1913. Based on Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash. Milium barbipulvinatum Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 212. 1915. Based on Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash. Panicum barbipulvinatum var. hirsutipes Suksdorf, Werdenda 1: 17. 1927. Spokane, Wash., Suksdorf 9068. Panicum elegantulum Suksdorf, Werdenda 1: 16. 1927. Not P. elegantulum Mez, 1917. Spokane, Wash., Suksdorf 9069. (No. 11792, also cited, is P. capillare.) (131) Panicum capillarioides Vasey, in Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 54. 1890. Point Isabel, Tex., Nealley [634]. (81) Panicum chamaelonche Trin., Gram. Pan. 242. 1826. North America, Enslin. Panicum nitidum var. minus Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 30. 1892. Florida, [type, St. Augustine, Canby\. Panicum baldwinii Nutt.; Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 1: 21. 1895, name only; Chapm. Fl. South U.S. ed. 3. 586. 1897. Florida, Baldwin. Panicum dichotomum var. nitidum Chapm.; Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 43. 1898, as synonym of P. baldwinii. (I) Panicum chapmani Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 61. 1884. Southern Florida, Chapman. This is the species described as Panicum tenuiculmum Meyer bv Chapman (Fl. South. U.S. 572. 1860). (15) Panicum chrysopsidifolium Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 100, 1327. 1903. Leon County, Fla., Curtiss (no. D). (II) Panicum ciliatum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 126. 1816. Presumably South Carolina. Panicum leucoblepharis Trin., Clav. Agrost. 234. 1822. North America, [type, Enslin]. Panicum ciliatifolium Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 36. 1829. Based on P. ciliatum Ell. Panicum ciliatifolium Desv., Opusc. 88. 1831. North America. (108) Panicum clandestinum L., Sp. PL 58. 1753. Pennsylvania, Kalm. Milium clandestinum Moench, Meth. PI. 204. 1794. Based on Panicum clandestinum L. Panicum latifolium var. clandestinum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 68. 1814. Based on P. clandestinum L. Panicum pedunculatum Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 141. 1823. "Island of New York." Panicum clandestinum var. pedunculatum Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 426. 1843. Based on P. pedunculatum Torr. Panicum decoloratum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 570. 1899. Tully- town, Pa., Bicknell in 1899. Chasea clandestina Nieuwl., Amer. Midi. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on Pani- CltTfl cid7XdcSt%7l'll7Yt L. (29) Panicum clutei Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 569. 1899. Between Tuckerton and Atsion, N.J., Clute. (68) Panicum columbianum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 78. f. 60. 1897. District of Columbia, Scribner in 1894. Panicum heterophyllum Bosc; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 227. 1829. Not P. hetero- phyllum Spreng., 1822. North America, Bosc. Panicum psammophilum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 576. 1899. Not P. psammophilum Welw., 1899. Toms River, N.J., Clute 175. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 903 Panicum colttmbianum var. thinium Hitchc. and Chase, in Robinson, Rhodora 10: 64. 1908. Based on P. unciphyllum thinium Hitchc. and Chase. Panicum unciphyllum thinium Hitchc. and Chase, Rhodora 8: 209. 1906. Toms River, N. J., Chase 3577. ,,-,*, ,«,« Panicum heterophyllum var. thinium F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 14: 172. 191J. Based on P. unciphyllum thinium Hitchc. and Chase. (151) Panicum combsii Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 42. f. 16. 1901. Chipley, Fla., Combs 583. Panicum longifolium var. combsii Fernald, Rhodora 36: 69. 1934. Based on P. combsii Scribn. and Ball. . (64) Panicum commonsianum Ashe, Jour. Ehsha Mitchell Sci. hoc. 15: 55. l»y». Cape May, N.J., Commons 341. ,„ ,„nJ „ , n (104) Panicum commutatum Schult., Mant. 2: 242. 1824. Based on P. TtCTVOSUTtl IVIulll« Panicum nitidum var. majus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 67. 1814. North Panicum nervosum Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 122. 1816. Not P. nervosum Lam., 1797. Carolina and Georgia. Panicum enslini Trim, Gram. Pan. 230. 1826. North America, Enslin. Panicum polyneuron Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 91. 1854. Based on P. nervosum Muhl. Panicum commutatum var. minus Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 34. 1889. Southern States [type, Aiken, S.C, Ravenel]. Panicum commutatum var. latifolium Scribn., in Kearney, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 476. 1893. Pine Mountain, Ky., Kearney 299. Panicum commelinaefolium Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 29. 1898. Not P. commelinaefolium Rudge, 1805. Stone Mountain, Ga., Small in 1895. Panicum currani Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 113. 1899. Based on P. commelinaefolium Ashe. Panicum subsimplex Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 115. 1900. Wil- mington, Del., Commons. (77) Panicum concinnius Hitchc. and Chase, Contnb. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 263. f. 289. 1910. Based on P. gracilicaule Nash. Panicum gracilicaule Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 98. 1903. Not P. gracilicaule Rendle, 1899. Sand Mountain, Ala., Harbison 2415. (148) Panicum condensum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 93. 1903. [Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss 5576. Agrostis purpurascens Bert.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 42. 1840. JNot A. purpurascens Swartz, 1788. Name only. Dominican Republic, Berlero, Panicum contractum Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 254. 1841. Name only. Guadeloupe and Dominican Republic, Balbis. Panicum agrosloides var. condensum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 74. 1934. Based on P. condensum Nash. (16) Panicum consanguineum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 36. 1829. Based on P. villosum Ell. ^T , _ Panicum villosum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 124. 1816. Not. P. villosum Lam., 1791. Presumably South Carolina. Panicum commutatum var. consanguineum Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 141. 1896. Based on P. consanguineum Kunth. Panicum georgianum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 36. 1898. Darien Junction, Ga., Small in 1895. Panicum cahoonianum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 113. 1899. Based on P. georgianum Ashe. (102) Panicum cryptanthum Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 115. 1900. Wilsons Mills, N.C, Ashe in 1897. _ (80) Panicum curtifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 569. 1899. Ocean Springs, Miss., Tracy 4598. Panicum earlei Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 571. 1899. Auburn, Ala., Earle and Baker 1532. , Panicum austro-montanum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell bci. Soc. lb: 85. lyuu. Northern Alabama and adjacent parts of Tennessee, Ashe. (63) Panicum deamii Hitchc. and Chase, in Deam, Ind. Dept. Conserv. Pub. 82- 284. pi. 75. f. 18. 1929. Pine, Lake Countv, Ind., Deam 43287. (5) Panicum depauperatum Muhl., Descr. Gram. 112. 1817. Pennsylvania, Carolina [tvpe]. „ , _ , . , „ Panicum strictum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 69. 1814. Not P. strictum R. Br., 1810. Pennsylvania. 904 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGEICULTURE Panicum rectum Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 457. 1817. Based on P. strictum Pursh. Panicum involutum Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 144. 1823. Deerfield, Mass., Cooley. Panicum muhlenbergii Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 314. 1825. North America. [Type, New Jersey, Torrey). Panicum junceum Trin., Gram. Pan. 220. 1826. North America. Panicum sprengelii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 39. 1829. Based on P. muhlen- bergii Spreng. Panicum depauperatum var. involutum Wood, Class-book 786. 1861. Based on P. involutum Torr. ?Panicum depauperatum var. laxum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 29. 1889. "Virginia, Florida, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri." Panicum depauperatum var. psilophyllum Fernald, Rhodora 23: 193. 1921. Canton, Maine, Parlin 1957. (119) Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 48. 1803. Western Allegheny Mountains, Michaux. Panicum miliaceum Walt., Fl. Carol. 72. 1788. Not P. miliaceum L., 1753. South Carolina. Panicum geniculatum Muhl., Cat. PI. 9. 1813. Based on P. dichotomiflorum Michx. Panicum. multiflorum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 282. 1816. Carolina, Bosc. Panicum brachiatum Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 321. 1825. Not P. brachi- atum Poir. Bermuda cited [but type probably from South Carolina, Bosc]. Panicum elliottii Trin.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 170. 1829, as synonym of P. proliferum Lam. [misapplied to P. dichotomiflorum]. Panicum retrofractum Delile; Desv., Opusc. 96. 1831. North America. [Type from Carolina.] Panicum proliferum var. pilosum Griseb., Cat. PL Cub. 232. 1866. Hana- bana, Cuba, Wright [186]. Panicum proliferum var. geniculatum Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 392. 1870. Presumably based on P. geniculatum Muhl. Panicum amplectans Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 20. 1878. South Florida, [Blodgett]. Leptoloma dichotomiflora Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 86. 1913. Based on Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. This species has been referred to P. proliferum Lam., an Old World species. Panicum dichotomiflorum var. puritanorum Svenson, Rhodora 22: 154. f. 1-5. 1920. Barnstable, Mass., Fernald in 1919. (31) Panicum dichotomum L., Sp. PL 58. 1753. Virginia, [Clayton 458]. Panicum angustifolium LeConte; Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2: 342. 1818. Not P. angustifolium Ell., 1816. New York. Panicum tremulum Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 103. 1821. New Jersey [Torrey]. Panicum dichotomum var. viride Vasev, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 30. 1889. No locality cited. [Type, Washington, D.C., Ward in 1881.] Panicum dichotomum var. divaricatum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 30. 1889. No locality cited. [Type, Lake, Miss., Tracy 127.] Panicum nitidum var. pauciflorum Britton, N.Y. Acad. Sci. Trans. 9: 14. 1889. Morris County, N.J., Britton. Panicum nitidum var. viride Britton, N.Y. Acad. Sci. Trans. 9: 14. 1889. Based on P. dichotomum var. viride Vasey. Panicum dichotomum var. commune Wats, and Coult., in A. Gray, Man. ed. 6: 633. 1890. No locality cited. Panicum ramulosum var. viride Porter, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 194. 1893. Presumably based on P. dichotomum var. viride Vasey. Chasea dichotoma NieuwL, Amer. Midi. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on Panicum dichotomum L. (78) Panicum ensifolium Baldw. ; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 126. 1816. Georgia, Baldwin. Panicum nitidum var. ensifolium Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 29. 1889. Based on P. ensifolium Baldw. Panicum. brittoni Nash, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 24: 194. 1897. Forked River, N.J., Britton in 1896. Panicum cuthbertii Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 48. 1898. St. Helena Island, S.C, Cuthbert. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 905 Panicum glabrissimum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 62. 1898. Manteo, N.C., Ashe in 1898. Panicum shallotte Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 84. 1900. Based on P. glabrissimum Ashe. Panicum parvipaniculatum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 87. 1900. Onslow County, N.C., Ashe in 1899. (107) Panicum equilaterale Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 42. pi. 2. 1898. Eustis, Fla., Nash 1674. Panicum epilifolium Nash, Bull. Terrey Bot. Club 26: 571. 1899. Eustis, Fla., Nash 45. (72) Panicum erectifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 148. 1896. Based on P. sphaerocarpon var. floridanum Vasey. Panicum sphaerocarpon var. floridanum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 33. 1889. Not P. floridanum Trin., 1834. Florida, [type, Mosquito Inlet Curliss 35991. Panicum floridan urn Chaprn., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 3. 585. 1897. Not P. floridanum Trin., 1834. Presumably based on P. sphaerocarpon var. flori- dfLTLUTYh V&S6V (115) Panicum fasciculatum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788. Jamaica, Swart z. Panicum chartaginense Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788. Cartagena, Colombia. Panicum fuscum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz. Panicum flavescens Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz. Panicum fusco-rubens Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791. West Indies. Panicum fastigiatum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 277. 1816. Based on P. fasciculatum Swartz. Panicum spithamaeum Willd.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 152. 1829. Name only. South America, Humboldt. Panicum illinoniense Desv., Opusc. 91. 1831. North America. Panicum reticulatum Griseb., Abhandl. Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen 7: 264. 1857. Not P. reticulatum, Torr. 1852. West Indies or Panama. Panicum fuscum var. fasciculatum Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 547. 1864. Based on P. fasciculatum Swartz. Panicum fasciculatum var. flavescens Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 205. 1877. Based on P. flavescens Swartz. Panicum fasciculatum var. fuscum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 205. 1877. Based on P. fuscum Swartz. Panicum fasciculatum var. carthaginense Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 205. 1877. Based on P. chartaginense Swartz. Panicum fasciculatum var. reticulatum (Torr.) Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 117. 1896. Based on P. reticulatum Torr. Panicum reticulatum Torr., in Marcy, Expl. Red Riv. 299. 1852. Red River, Tex. Panicum fuscum reticulatum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 4. 1901. Based on P. reticulatum Torr. (132) Panicum filipes Scribn., in Heller, Contrib. Herb. Frankl. Marsh. CoU. 1:13. 1895. Corpus Christi, Tex., Heller 1809. (4) Panicum firmulum Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 27. f . 9. 1910. Elsordo, Tex., Griffiths 6446. (76) Panicum flavovirens Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 572. 1899. Lake County, Fla., Nash 2061. (121) Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn., in Kearney, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 476. 1893. Based on P. capillare var. flexile Gattinger. Panicum capillare var. flexile Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94. 1887. [Nashville, Tenn., Gattinger.] Chasea flexilis Nieuwl., Amer. Midi. Nat. 2: 65. 1911. Based on Panicum flexile Scribn. (18) Panicum fusiforme Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 222. 1909. Based on P. neuranthum var. ramosum Griseb. Panicum neuranthum var. ramosum Griseb., Cat. PI. Cub. 232. 1866. Not P. ramosum L., 1767. Western Cuba, Wright 3454. (122) Panicum gattingeri Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 92, 1327. 1903. Based on P. capillare var. campestre Gattinger. Panicum capillare var. campestre Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94. 1887. Not P. campestre Nees. [Nashville, Tenn., Gattinger.] 906 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Panicum capillare var. geniculatum Scribn., in Kearney, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 447. 1893. Wasioto, Ky., [Kearney 378]. Panicum capillare gattingeri Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. 1: 123. 1896. Based on P. capillare var. campestre Gattinger. (Ill) Panicum geminatum Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 18. 1775. Rosetta, Egypt. Paspalum appressum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791. South America. Digitaria appressa Pers., Syn. PL 1: 85. 1805. Based on Paspalum appres- sum Lam. Panicum beckmanniaeforme Mikan; Trim, in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 83. 1821. Brazil. Panicum brizaeforme Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 302. 1830. Luzon. Panicum glomeratum Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 3. 1866. Not P. glomeratum Moench., 1794. Western Texas. Panicum appressum Lam.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 184. 1877. Not P. appressum Forsk., 1775. Based on Paspalum appressum Lam. Paspalidium geminatum Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 585. 1920. Based on P. geminatum Forsk. This species has been referred to Panicum paspalodes Pers., not known from America. (135) Panicum ghiesbreghtii Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 29. 1886. Mexico, Ghiesbreght. Panicum hirtivaginum Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 223. 1909. Cuba, Wright 758. (82) Panicum glabrifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 196. 1897. Tampa, Fla., Nash 2415a. (141) Panicum gouini Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 28. 1886. Vera Cruz, Mexico, Gouin 4. Panicum gouini var. pumilum Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 28. 1886. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Virlet 1300; Antigua, Liebmann 450. Panicum repens var. confertum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 25. 1886. "Louisiana" [erroneous, type from Bay St. Louis, Miss., Langlois]. Panicum halophilum Nash, in Lloyd and Tracy, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 86. 1901. Based on P. repens var. confertum Vasey. (160) Panicum gymnocarpon Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 117. 1816. Savannah, Ga., Baldwin. Panicum monachnoides Desv., Opusc. 86. 1831. "Brazil" [locality erro- neous]. Panicum drummondii Nees; Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 63. 1854. New Orleans, La., Drummond [574]. Phanopyrum gymnocarpon Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 104. 1903. Based on Panicum gymnocarpon Ell. (133) Panicum hallii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 61. 1884. Austin, Tex., Hall 816 (in part). Panicum virletii Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 29. 1886. San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Virlet 1305, 1371. (143) Panicum havardii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 95. 1887. De- scribed from type of P. virgatum var. macranthum Vasey. Panicum virgatum var. macranthum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 26. 1886. Not P. macranthum Trim, 1826. Guadalupe Mountains, Tex., Havard. (91) Panicum helleri Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 572. 1899. Kerrville, Tex., Heller 1759. Panicum pernervosum Nash, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 26: 576. 1899. Houston, Tex., Hall 830. Panicum oligosanthes var. helleri Fernald, Rhodora 36: 80. 1934. Based on P. helleri Nash. (159) Panicum hemitomon Schult., Mant. 2: 227. 1824. Based on P. walteri Muhl. Panicum dimidiatum Walt., Fl. Carol. 72. 1788. Not P. dimidiatum L., 1753. South Carolina. Referred by Elliott to P. walteri. Panicum walteri Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 115. 1816. Not P. walteri Pursh, 1814. Charleston, S.C; Savannah, Ga., [type]. Panicum walteri Muhl., Descr. Gram. 108. 1817. Not P. walteri Pursh, 1814. No locality cited, probably Georgia. Panicum carolinianum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 310. 1825. Based on P. walteri Ell. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 907 Oplismenus walteri Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 45. 1829. Based on Panicum walteri Muhl. Panicum carinatum Torr., in Curtis, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 137. 1835. Not P. carinatum Presl, 1830. [Wilmington]. N.C., [M. A. Curtis]. Panicum digitarioides Carpenter; Curtis, Amer. Jour. Sci. (II) 7: 410. 1849, not P. digitarioides Raspail, 1833, as synonym of P. carinatum Torr. Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 75. 1854. North America [type, Louisiana, Carpenter]. Panicum curtisii Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 573. 1860. Not P. curtisii Steud., 1854. Based on P. walteri Ell. Oplismenus colonum var. walteri Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 40. 1886. Based on O. walteri Kunth. Brachiaria digitarioides Nash, in Britton, Man. 77. 1901. Based on P. digitarioides Carpenter. (154) Panicum hians Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 118. 1816. Charleston, S.C. Panicum oblongiflorum Desv., Opusc. 89. 1831. Carolina, Bosc. Panicum jejunum Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 103. 1836. Louisiana. Aira incomplete Bosc; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 45. 1840. Name only. [Carolina, Bosc] Steinchisma hians Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 105. 1903. Based on Panicum hians Ell. This name, credited to Raf., is listed in Index Kewensis (4: 982. 1S95.) as synonym of Panicum debile [Poir.] which is Festuca obtusa. (126) Panicum hillmani Chase, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 14: 345. f. 1. 1924. Ama- rillo, Tex., Hitchcock 16206. (136) Panicum hirsutum Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 173. 1797. Jamaica, His- paniola, Swartz. Panicum elatum Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 256. 1841. Name only. South America, Humboldt. (127) Panicum hirticaule Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 308. 1830. Acapulco, Mexico, Haenke. Panicum flabellatum Fourn., Bull. Soc Bot. France II. 27: 293. 1880. Omotepe Island, Nicaragua, LSvy 1166. Panicum polygamum var. hirticaule Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 28. 1886. Based on P. hirticaule Presl, but misapplied to P. maximum Jacq. Panicum capillare var. glabrum Vasey; T. S. Brandeg. Proc Calif. Acad. II. 2: 211. 1889. Name only. Baja California, Brandegee in 1889. (46) Panicum huachucae Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 51. 1898. Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., Lemmon in 1882. Panicum nitidum var. pilosum Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 146. 1824. Not P. pilosum Swartz. New York. Panicum languinosum var. huachucae Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 208. 1906. Based on P. huachucae Ashe. Panicum lindheimeri var. fasciculatum subvar. pilosum Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 11: 45. 1928. New York. Panicum huachucae var. fasciculatum (Torr.) F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 14: 171. 1912. Based on P. dichotomum var. fasciculatum Torr. Panicum dichotomum var. fasciculatum Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 145. 1824. New Jersey. Panicum nitidum var. ciliatum Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 146. 1824. New Jersey. Panicum huachucae var. silvicola Hitchc. and Chase, in Robinson, Rhodora 10: 64. 1908. District of Columbia, Chase 2400. Panicum lindheimeri var. fasciculatum Fernald, Rhodora 23: 228. 1921. Based on P. dichotomum var. fasciculatum Torr. Panicum lanuginosum var. fasciculatum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 77. 1934. Based on P. dichotomum var. fasciculatum Torr. (45) Panicum implicatum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost Bull. 11: 43. f. 2. 1898. Cape Elizabeth, Maine, Scribner in 1895. Panicum unciphyllum implicatum Scribn. and Mere, Rhodora 3: 123. 1901. Based on P. implicatum Scribn. Panicum lindheimeri var. implicatum Fernald, Rhodora 23: 228. 1921. Based on P. implicatum Scribn. Panicum lanuginosum var. implicatum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 77. 1934. Based on P. implicatum Scribn. (106) Panicum joorii Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 31. 1889. Loui- siana, Joor. 908 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Panicum leiophyllum Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 20. 1886. Not P. leiophyllum Nees, 1829. Cordoba, Mexico, Bourgeau. Panicum manatense Nash, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 24: 42. 1897. Manatee County, Fla., Nash 2428a. (85) Panicum lancearium Trin., Gram. Pan. 223. 1826. North America, Enslin. Panicum nashianum Scribn., U.S. Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 79. f. 61. 1897. Eustis, Fla., Nash 466. (56) Panicum languidum Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 232. f. 245. 1910. Based on P. unciphyllum forma proslratum Scribn. and Merr. Panicumunciphylhimforma,prostratumScTibn.and Merr., Rhodora 3: 124. 1901. Not P. proslratum Lam. ,1791. South Berwick, Maine, Fcrnald in 1897. (48) Panicum lanuginosum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 123. 1816. Georgia, Baldwin. Panicum dichotomum var. lanuginosum Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 786. 1861. Presumably based on P. lanuginosum Ell. Panicum orangense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 113. 1899. Orange County, N.C., Ashe in 1898. Panicum ciliosum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 568. 1899. Biloxi, Miss., Tracy 4580. (109) Panicum latifolium L., Sp. PL 58. 1753. America. Milium latifolium Moench, Meth. PI. 204. 1794. Based on P. latifolium L. Panicum macrocarpon LeConte; Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2: 341. 1818. New York. Panicum schnecki Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 116. 1900. Southern Indiana and Illinois [Schnecki. (9) Panicum laxiflorum Lam., Encycl. 4: 748. 1798. North America. Panicum dichotomum var. laxiflorum Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 139. 1896. Based on Panicum laxiflorum Lam. Panicum pyriforme Nash, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 26: 579. 1899. Orange Bend, Fla., Nash 239. Panicum aureum Muhl.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S. Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 4. 1900, as synonym of P. laxiflorum Lam. (95) Panicum leibergii (Vasey) Scribn., in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. 3: 497. 1898. Based on P. scoparium var. leibergii Vasey. Panicum scoparium var. leibergii Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 32. 1889. Plymouth County, Iowa, Leiberg. Panicum scribnerianum var. leibergii Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 6: 32. 1897. Presumably based on P. scoparium var. leibergii Vasey. Milium leibergii Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 213. 1915. Based on Panicum scoparium var. leibergii Vasey. (134) Panicum Iepidulum Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 75. f. 64. 1910. Chihuahua, Mexico. Pringle 497. (40) Panicum leucothrix Nash, Bull, torrev Bot. Club 24: 41. 1897. Eustis, Fla., Nash 1338. Panicum parvispiculum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 347. 1897. Darien Junction, Ga., Small in 1895. (39) Panicum lindheimeri Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 196. 1897. [New Braunfels], Tex., Lindheimer 565. Panicum funstoni Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 35: 4. 1901. Three Rivers, Calif., Coville and Funston 1286. Panicum lindheimeri var. typicum Fernald, Rhodora 23: 227. 1921. Based on P. lindheimeri Nash. Panicum lanuginosum var. lindheimeri Fernald, Rhodora 36: 77. 1934. Based on P. lindheimeri Nash. (7) Panicum linearifolium Scribn., in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. 3: 500. f. 268a. 1898. New York and New Jersev to Missouri. [Type, Washington, D.C., Vasey in 1882.] Panicum strictum var. linearifolium Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 11: 44. 1928. Based on P. linearifolium Scribn. (150) Panicum Iongifolium Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 149. 1824. New Jersey, Goldy. Panicum anceps var. pubescens Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 37. 1889. Mobile, Ala., Mohr. Panicum pseudanceps Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 85. 1898. Florida, Simpson in 1889. Panicum Iongifolium var. pubescens Fernald, Rhodora 36: 69. 1934. Based on P. anceps var. pubescens Vasey. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 909 1897. 1894. 15: 45. 1814. 1824. (41) Panicum longiligulatum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 574. 1899. Apalachicola, Fla., Vasey in 1892. (36) Panicum lucidum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 47. 1898. Lake Mattamuskeet, N.C., Ashe in 1898. Panicum taxodiorum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 91. 1900. Lake Charles, La., Mackenzie 460. (62) Panicum malacon Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 197. 1897. Eustis, Fla., Nash 628. Panicum strictifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot, Club 26: 579. 1899. Eustis, Fla., Nash 603. (90) Panicum malacophyllum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 198. Sapulpa, Indian Territory [Okla.], Bush 1228. Panicum scoparium var. minus Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 48. Tennessee, Gattinger. (28) Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 1898. Lake Mattamuskeet, N.C., Ashe and Pearson in 1898. 1 Panicum barbatum LeConte; Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2. 342. Not P. barbatum Lam., 1791. New York. IPanicum nitidum var. barbatum Torr. Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 146. No locality cited. Panicum flexuosum Muhl.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 3. 1900. Not P. flexuosum Retz., 1791. Name only for speci- men in Muhlenberg Herb. (See "(174)" Hitchcock, Bartonia 14: 39. 1932.) (137) Panicum maximum Jacq., Coll. Bot. 1: 76. 1786. Guadeloupe. Panicum polygamum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. Not P. polyg- amum Forsk., 1775. [Jamaica, Swartz.] Panicum laeve Lam., Tabl. Encyl. 1: 172. 1791. Dominican Republic. Panicum jumentorum Pers., Syn. PL 1: 83. 1805. Based on P. polygamum Swartz. Panicum scaberrimum Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 2. 1816. Mexico, Sesst. Panicum trichocondylum Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 74. 1854. Guadeloupe, jJh chats sz Yto Panicum praticola Salzm. ; Doell, in Mart., FL Bras. 22: 203. 1877, as synonym of P. maximum. Bahia, Brazil, Salzmann 683. (43) Panicum meridionale Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 59. 1898. Chapel Hill and Burke County, N.C., Ashe. Panicum filiculme Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 59. 1898. Not P. filiculme Hack., 1895. Chapel Hill, N.C., Ashe in 1898; Stone Mountain, Ga., Small in 1895. IPanicum microphyllum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 61. 1898. Chapel Hill, N.C., Ashe in 1898. Panicum unciphyllum meridionale Scribn. and Merr., Rhodora 3: 123. 1901. Based on P. meridionale Ashe. Panicum lindheimeri var. implicatum subvar. meridionale Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 11: 45. 1928. Based on P. meridionale Ashe. (25) Panicum microcarpon Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 127. 1816. gia, Baldwin.] Panicum heterophyllum Muhl., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. 3: 160. 1793. Name only. Panicum nitidum var. ramulosum Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 146. 1824. Quaker Bridge, N.J. (130) Panicum miliaceum L., Sp. PL 58. 1753. India. Milium panicum Mill., Gard. Diet. Milium no. 1. 1768. Based on Pamcum 7?lzl/ZdC€Zl7Tl L. Milium esculentum Moench, Meth. PL 203. 1794. Based on Panicum mili- aceum L. Panicum milium Pers., Syn. PL 1: 83. 1805. Based on P. miliaceum L. Leptoloma miliacea Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 86. 1913. Based on Panicum miliaceum L. (105) Panicum mutabile Scribn. and Smith; Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 103- 1903. Biloxi, Miss., Tracy 3074. (21) Panicum neuranthum Griseb., Cat. PL Cub. 232. 1866. Eastern Cuba, Wright 3453. (26) Panicum nitidum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 172. 1791. Carolina, Fraser. Panicum nodiflorum Lam., Encycl. 4: 744. 1798. Carolina, Fraser; South Carolina, Michaux. [Geor- 910 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Panicum dichotomum var. nitidum Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 786. 1861. Presumably based on P. nitidum Lam. Panicum dichotomum var. nodiflorum Griseb., Cat. PI. Cub. 234. 1866. Based on P. nodiflorum Lam. Panicum subbarbulatum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 29: 9. 1901. Based on P. barbulatum Michx. as described by Elliott, not Michaux's species. Presumably South Carolina. (98) Panicum nodatum Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 293. 1910. Sarita, Tex., Hitchcock 3865. (24) Panicum nudicaule Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 31. 1889. Santa Rosa County, Fla., Curtiss [3583*]. (158) Panicum obtusum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 98. 1815. Near Guana- juato, Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Panicum polygonoides C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 19: 323. 1861. Not P. polygonoides Lam., 1798. Texas, Drummond 371. Panicum repente Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 3. 1866. Texas [Buckley]. Brachiaria obtusa Nash, in Britton, Man. 77. 1901. Based on Panicum obtusum H.B.K. (53) Panicum occidentale Scribn., Mo. Bot. Gard. Rept. 10: 48. 1899. Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, Haenke. Panicum dichotomum var. pubescens Munro; Benth., PI. Hartw. 341. 1857. Name only. Sacramento, Calif., Hartweg 2024 (344). (93) Panicum oligosanthes Schult., Mant. 2: 256. 1824. Based on P. pauci- florum Ell. Panicum pauciflorum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 120. 1816. Not P. pauci- florum R. Br., 1810. Georgia. Panicum scoparium var. angustifolium Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 32. 1889. South Carolina, Ravenel. Panicum scoparium var. pauciflorum Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 48. 1894. Based on P. pauciflorum Ell. (69) Panicum oricola Hitchc. and Chase, Rhodora 8: 208. 1906. Lewes, Del., Hitchcock 47. Panicum columbianum var. oricola Fernald, Rhodora 36: 79. 1934. Based on P. oricola Hitchc. and Chase. (59) Panicum ovale Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 123. 1816. St. Marys, Ga., Baldwin. Panicum ciliiferum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 195. 1897. Eustis, Fla., Nash 147. Panicum erythrocarpon Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 90. 1900. New Hanover County, N.C., Ashe in 1899. (20) Panicum ovinum Scribn. and Smith, U. S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 16: 3. 1899. Waller County, Tex., Thurow. Panicum redivivum Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 262. 1841. Name only. [Jalapa], Mexico, Schiede. (54) Panicum pacificum Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 229. f. 241. 1910. Castle Crags, Calif., Hitchcock 3070. (112) Panicum paludivagum Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 32. f. 13. 1910. Eustis, Fla., Nash 746. (128) Panicum pampinosum Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 66. f. 48. 1910. Wilmot, Ariz., Thornber 193. (88) Panicum patentifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 574. 1899. Eustis, Fla., Nash 72. (86) Panicum patulum (Scribn. and Merr.) Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 209. 1906. Based on P. nashianum patulum Scribn. and Merr. Panicum nashianum patulum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 9. 1900. "Braidentown" (Bradenton), Fla., Combs 1296. Panicum lancearium var. patulum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 80. 1934. Based on P. nashianum patulum Scribn. and Merr. (97) Panicum pedicellatum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 28. 1889. [Kimble County], Tex., Reverchon. (6) Panicum perlongum Nash, BuU. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 575. 1899. Creek Nation, Okla., Carleton 98. Panicum pammeli Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 116. 1900. Iowa [Cratty in 1881]. Panicum strictum var. perlongum Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 11: 44. 1928. Based on P. perlongum Nash. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 911 (123) Panicum philadelphicum Bernh.; Trin., Gram. Pan. 216. 1826; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 198. 1829. [Philadelphia, Pa., Bernhardt.} Panicum capillare var. sylvaticum Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 149. 1824, Not P. sylvaticum Lam., 1798. New York City. Panicum torreyi Fourn., in Hemsl., Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 497. 1885. Based on P. capillare var. sylvaticum Torr. Panicum capillare var. minimum Engelm.; Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94. 1887. [Green Brier, Tenn., Gattinger.] Panicum minus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 421. 1S95. Based on " Panicum capillare var. minus Muhl." Panicum capillare var. minus Muhl.; Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 421. 1895, as synonym of P. minus Nash. Muhlenberg does not give this a varietal name, noting only " varietas minor occurrit ubique in cultis magis aridis." Panicum minimum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 4. 1900. Based on P. capillare var. minimum Engelm. (138) Panicum plenum Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 80. f. 69. 1910. Mangas Springs, N.Mex., Metcalfe 739. (71) Panicum polyanthes Schult., Mant. 2: 257. 1824. Based on P. multi- florum Ell. Panicum multiflorum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 122. 1816. Not P. multi- florum Poir., 1816. Presumably South Carolina. Panicum microcarpon Muhl., Des'cr. Gram. 111. 1817. Not P. microcarpon Muhl.; Ell., 1816. Virginia, "Cherokee" [type], and Delaware. Panicum firmandum Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 418. 1854. North Carolina, M. A. Curtis. Panicum microcarpon var. isophyllum Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 7: 51. f. 54. 1894. [Alleghany Springs, Tenn., Gayle.] (12) Panicum polycaulon Nash, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 24: 200. 1897. Tampa, Fla., Nash 2420a. Panicum dichotomum var. glabrescens Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 553. 1864. Jamaica, Purdie. (84) Panicum portoricense Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. PL Ind. Occ. 11. 1825. Puerto Rico. Panicum pauciciliatum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 87. 1900. Wilmington, N.C., Ashe in 1899. (51) Panicum praecocius Hitchc. and Chase, Rhodora 8: 206. 1906. Wady Petra, 111., V. H. Chase 649. (58) Panicum pseudopubescens Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 26: 577. 1899. Auburn, Ala., Earle and Baker 1537. Panicum villosissimum var. pseudopubescens Fernald, Rhodora 36: 79. 1934. Based on P. pseudopubescens Nash. (113) Panicum purpurascens Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 47. 1823. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Raddi. (P. purpurascens Opiz, 1822, is a name only.) Panicum barbinode Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 256. 1834. Bahia, Brazil. Panicum guadaloupense Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 61. 1854. Guadeloupe. Panicum equinum Salzm.; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 67. 1854. Bahia, Brazil, Salzmann. Panicum piciigluma Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 73. 1854. Brazil. This species has been referred to P. numidianum Lam. Together with that and P. barbinode Trin. it is included under Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 526. 1919. (2) Panicum ramisetum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.'Circ. 27: 9. 1900. Based on P. subspicatum Vasey. Panicum subspicatum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 25. 1889. Not P. subspicatum Desv., 1831. Texas, Nealley. Chaetochloa ramiseta Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 89. 1913. Based on Panicum ramisetum Scribn. Panicum ramosum L., Mant. PL 1: 29. 1767. "In Indiis." (94) Panicum ravenelii Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 36. 1901. Based on P. scoparium as described by Elliott. [South Carolina and Georgia.] Panicum scoparium var. majus Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 32. ' 1889. South Carolina, Ravenel. Panicum scoparium var. genuinum Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 48. 1894. Based on P. scoparium Lam., as described bv Elliott. (140) Panicum repens L., Sp. PL ed. 2. 87. 1762. Southern Europe. Panicum littorale Mohr; Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 4: 106. 1879. Mobile, Ala., Mohr. 55974°— 35 58 912 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (114) Panicum reptans L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. [Jamaica, Browne.] Panicum grossarium L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 871. 1759. [Jamaica, Browne, typonym of P. reptans L.] Panicum prostratum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791. West Indies [type from Dominican Republic]. Panicum caespitosum Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 146. 1797. Jamaica, Swartz. Panicum insularum Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 61. 1854. Lesser Antilles, F J~f oh CTbfl CfC€V\ . Brachiaria prostrata Griseb., Abhandl. Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen 7: 263. 1857. Based on Panicum. prostratum Lam. Panicum aurelianum Hale, in Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 787. 1861. New Orleans, La., Hale. . Panicum prostratum var. pilosum Eggers, Fl. St. Croix and Virgin Isl. 104. 1879. St. Croix. ,. Urochloa reptans Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 601. 1920. Based on Pani- cum reptans L. (3) Panicum reverchoni Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 25. 1889. riDillSiSl Tex. FtcvcTchoTi* Chaetochloa reverchoni Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 88. 1913. Based on Panicum reverchoni Vasey. (153) Panicum rhizomatum Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 109. f. 104. 1910. Orangeburg, S.C., Hitchcock 450. ^ Panicum anceps var. rhizomatum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 73. 1934. Based on P. rhizomatum Hitchc. and Chase. (34) Panicum roanokense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 44. 1898. Roanoke Island, N.C., Ashe in 1898. . Panicum curtivaginum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. boc. 16: 85. 19UU. Petit Bois Island, Miss., Tracy [4584]. (101) Panicum scabriusculum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 121. 1816. Savannah, Ga., Baldwin. Panicum lanuginosum Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 319. 1825. Not P. lanugi- nosum Ell., 1816. Georgia. Panicum eriophorum Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 591. 1827. Based on P. lanuginosum Bosc. Panicum nealleyi Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 25. 1886. Texas, Nealley. Panicum dichotomum var. datum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 31. 1889. No locality cited. [Mobile, Ala., Mohr.] Panicum viscidum var. scabriusculum Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 143.. 1896. Based on "P. scabriusculum Chapm. non Ell." Chapman uses Elliott's nume correctly • (60) Panicum scoparioides Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 53. 1898. Centreville, Del., Commons 283. Panicum villosissimum var. scoparioides Fernald, Rhodora 36: 79. 1934. Based on P. scoparioides Ashe. (99) Panicum scoparium Lam., Encycl. 4: 744. 1798. South Carolina, Michaux. Panicum pubescens Lam., Encycl. 4: 748. 1798. South Carolina, Michaux. Panicum viscidum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 123. pi. 7. f. 3. 1816. Presum- ably South Carolina. Panicum nitidum var. velutinum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 247. 1877. Based on P. viscidum Ell. Panicum laxiflorum var. pubescens Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 3. 586. 1897. Not P. laxiflorum var. pubescens Vasey, 1892. Based on P. pubescens Lam., but misapplied to P. strigosum Muhl. . Chasea pubescens Nieuwl., Amer. Midi. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on Panicum pubescens Lam. (92) Panicum scribnerianum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 421. 1895. Based on P. scoparium as described by Watson in Gray's Manual. [Type, Pennsylvania, Carey in 1836.] Panicum macrocarpon Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 143. 1823. Not P. macrocarpon LeConte, 1818. Deerfield, Mass., Cooley. Panicum scoparium S. Wats.; Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 421. 1895, as synonym of P. scribnerianum Nash. Panicum oligosanthes var. scribnerianum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 80. 1934. Based on P. scribnerianum Nash. (61) Panicum shastense Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Oirc. 35:3. 1901. Castle Crags, Calif., Greata in 1899. (70) Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 125. 1816. Georgia, Baldwin. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 913 Panicum kalmii Swartz; Wikstr., Adnot. Bot. 6. 1829. Pennsylvania, IKalm. Panicum heterophyllum Swartz; Wikstr., Adnot. Bot. 6. 1829. Not P. hetero- phyllum Spreng., 1822. As synonym of P. kalrnii Swartz. Panicum dichotomum var. sphaerocarpon Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 786. 1861. Presumably based on P. sphaerocarpon Ell. Panicum nitidum var. crassifolium A. Gray; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 247. 1877. New Jersey. Panicum microcarpon var. sphaerocarpon Vasey, Grasses U.S. 12. 1883. Based on P. sphaerocarpon Ell. Panicum vicarium Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 20. 1886. C6rdoba, Mexico, Schaffner 285 Panicum sphaerocarpon var. inflatum (Scribn. and Smith) Hitchc., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 253. f. 275. 1910. Based on P. inflatum Scribn. and Smith. (Published as P. sphaerocarpon inflatum.) Panicum inflatum Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 16: 1899. Biloxi, Miss., Tracy 4622. Panicum mississippiense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 91. 1900. Mississippi River below New Orleans, La., Ashe. (37) Panicum sphagnicola Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 422. 1895. Lake City, Fla., Nash 2500. (38) Panicum spretum Schult., Mant. 2: 248. 1824. Based on Muhlenberg s Panicum no. 37. New England. Panicum nitidum var. densiflorum Rand and Redfield, Fl. Mt. Desert 174. 1894. Mount Desert, Maine, Rand. Panicum eatoni Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 84. 1898. Seabrook, N.H., Eaton. Panicum octonodum Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 73. f. 369. 1899. Waller Countv, Tex., Thurow in 1898. Panicum paucipilum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 573. 1899. Wildwood, N.J., Bicknell in 1897. Panicum nitidum octonodum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 34. 1901. Based on P. octonodum Smith. (149) Panicum stipitatum Nash, in Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull 17. (ed. 2): 56. f. 352. 1901. Based on P. elongatum Pursh. Panicum elongatum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 69. 1814. Not P. elongatum Salisb., 1796. New Jersey to Virginia. [Type, Delaware.] Panicum agrostoides var. elongatum Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 42. pi. 9. f. 34. 1894. Based on P. elongatum Pursh. (129) Panicum stramineum Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 67. f. 50. 1910. Guaymas, Sonora, Palmer 206 in 1887. (13) Panicum strigosum Muhl., in Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 126. 1816. [South Carolina and Georgia.] Panicum laxiflorum var. pubescens Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 30. 1892. No locality cited. [Type, Duval County, Fla., Curtiss (no. H).] Panicum longipedunculatum Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 53. pi. 16. f. 61. 1894. Tennessee, White Cliff Springs, [Scribner, type], Tullahoma. (52) Panicum subvillosum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 86. 1900. Carlton, Minn., Ashe. Panicum unciphyllum forma pilosum Scribn. and Merr., Rhodora 3: 124. 1901. Orono, Maine, Fernald 501. (146) Panicum tenerum Beyr., in Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 341. 1834. Georgia, Beyrich [62]. Panicum anceps var. strictum Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 573. 1860. Florida, Chapman. This species has been referred to Panicum stenodes Griseb.,of tropical America. (47) Panicum tennesseense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 52. 1898. La Vergne County, Tenn., Biltmore Herbarium 7087. Panicum lindheimeri var. septentrionale Fernald, Rhodora 23: 227. 1921. Woodstock, New Brunswick, Fernald and Long 12527. Panicum lindheimeri var. tennesseense Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 11: 45. 1928. Based on Panicum tennesseense Ashe. Panicum lanuginosum var. septentrionale Fernald, Rhodora 36: 77. 1934. Based on P. lindheimeri var. septentrionale Fernald. (73) Panicum tenue Muhl., Descr. Gram. 118. 1817. No locality cited. Panicum deustum Brickell and Enslin; Muhl., Descr. Gram. 119. 1817. Not P. deustum Thunb., 1794. As synonym of P. tenue. 914 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Panicum liton Schult., Mant. 2: 250. 1824. Based on P. tenue Mubl, that name changed because of P. tenue Roxb., name only, 1813, not described until 1820. Panicum unciphyllum Trim, Gram. Pan. 242. 1826. North America. Panicum macrum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 40. 1829. Based on P. tenue Muhl. Panicum parvulum Muhl.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 4. 1900. Not P. parvulum Trim, 1834. As synonym of P. tenue Muhl. (118) Panicum texanum Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 3. 1866. Austin, Tex. (55) Panicum thermale Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 2: 181. 1862. Sonoma County, Calif. (50) Panicum thurowii Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 16: 5. 1899. Waller Countv, Tex., Thurow in 1898. (75) Panicum trifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 580. 1899. Macon, Ga., Small in 1895. (67) Panicum tsugetorum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 86. 1898. Bronx Park, N.Y., Nash 287. Panicum lanuginosum siccanum Hitchc. and Chase, Rhodora 8: 207. 1906. Starved Rock, 111., Chase 1602. (124) Panicum tuckermani Fernald, Rhodora 21: 112. 1919. Lake Mem- phremagog, Vt., Tuckerman. Panicum soboliferum Tuckerm.; Scribn. and Merr., Rhodora 3: 106. 1901, as svnonym of P. minimum. Lake Memphremagog, Vt., Tuckerman. (157) Panicum urvilleanum Kunth, Rev. Gram. 2: 403. pi. 115. 1831. [Con- cepcion], Chile, Dumont-d' Urville. Panicum megastachywn ~Pres\,Ilel. Haenk. 1: 305. 1830. Not P. megastachyum Nees, 1826. Huanuco, Peru, Haenke. Panicum preslii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. X. 1830. Based on P. megasta- chyum Presl. Panicum urvilleanum longiglume Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17 (ed. 2): 49. 1901. San Jacinto, Calif., Parish Brothers 887. (79) Panicum vernale Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 266. f. 293. 1910. Lake City, Fla.,, Hitchcock 1020. (155) Panicum verrucosum Muhl., Descr. Gram. 113. 1817. New Jersey, Delaware, and Georgia. Panicum debile Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 129. 1816. Not P. debile Desf., 1798. Presumably South Carolina. Panicum umbraculum Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 314. 1825, as synonym of P. verrucosum. [Bosc] Panicum rugosum Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 314. 1825, as synonym of P. verrucosum. [Bosc] (57) Panicum villosissimum Nash, BuU. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 149. 1896. Macon, Ga., Small in 1895. Panicum tectum Willd.; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 313. 1825. Name only. North America. Panicum dichotomum var. villosum Vasev, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 31. 1889. [Type, District of Columbia, Vasey.] Panicum nitidum var. pubescens Scribn., in Kearney, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 479. 1893. Name only. Harlan and Bell Counties, Ky., Kearney 58 and 141 in part. Panicum atlanticum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 346. 1897. Bronx Park, N.Y., Nash. Panicum haemacarpon Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 55. 1898. District of Columbia, Kearney in 1897 [type]; North Carolina, Ashe in 1898; Iowa, Carver 258. Panicum xanthospermum Scribn. and Mohr, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb- 6: 348. 1901. Greenville, Ala., Mohr. (142) Panicum virgatum L., Sp. PL 59. 1753. Virginia [Clayton 578]. Panicum coloratum Walt., Fl. Carol. 73. 1788. Not P. coloratum L., 1767. South Carolina. Eatonia purpurascens Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 104. 1819. New York [type, Long Island]. Panicum pruinosum Bernh.; Trim, Gram. Pan. 191. 1826, as synonym of P. virgatum. North America [Delaware], Bernhardi. Panicum giganteum Scheele, Linnaea 22: 340. 1849. Between San Antonio and New Braunfels, Tex., Lindheimer. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 915 Panicum glaberrimum Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 94. 1854. Grown at Berlin, seed from North America. Ichnanthus glaber Link; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 94. 1854, as synonym of P. glaberrimum Steud. Panicum kunthii Fourn.; Hemsl., Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 490. 1885. Not P. kunthii Steud., 1841. Based on P. coloratum L. misapplied by Kunth. Panicum virgatum var. confertum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 26. 1886. No locality cited. [Type, Atlantic City, N.J., Vasey.] Panicum virgatum var. elongatum Vasey, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 13: 26. 1886. No locality cited. [Type, White River, S.Dak., Wilcox 13.] Panicum virgatum var. dijjusum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 26. 1886. "Kansas, Colorado, etc." Panicum virgatum var. glaucephylla Cassidy, Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 12: 29. 1890. Colorado. Chasea virgata NieuwL, Amer. Midi. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on Panicum virgatum L. Milium virgatum Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 212. 1915. Based on Panicum virgatum L. Milium virgatum var. elongatum Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 212. 1915. Based on Panicum virgatum var. elongatum Vasey. Panicum virgatum var. cubense Griseb., Cat. PL Cub. 233. 1866. [Hana- bana], Cuba, Wright in 1865. Panicum virgatum, var. obtusum Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 392. 1870. New Jersey. Panicum virgatum var. breviramosum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 150. 1896. Augusta, Ga., Small in 1895. Panicum virgatum var. thyrsiforme Linder, Rhodora 24: 14. 1922. Indian River, Fla., Fredholm 5580. Panicum virgatum var. spissum Linder, Rhodora 24: 15. 1922. Great Pubnico Lake, Nova Scotia, Fernald, Long, and Linder 19766. (87) Panicum webberianum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 149. 1896. Eustis, Fla., Nash 781. Panicum onslowense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 88. 1900. Ward's Mill, Onslow County, N.C., Ashe. (8) Panicum werneri Scribn., in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. 3: 501. f. 268b. 1898. New York and Ohio [type, Painesville, Werner 60]. Panicum delawarense Ashe, N.C.'Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 116. 1900. Cen- terville, Del., Commons [48] in 1878. Panicum linearifolium var. werneri Fernald, Rhodora 23: 194. 1921. Based on P. werneri Scribn. Panicum strictum var. linearifolium subvar. werneri Farwell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 11: 44. 1928. Based on P. werneri Scribn. (89) Panicum wilcoxianum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 32. 1889. Nebraska [Fort Niobrara], Wilcox in 1888. Milium wilcoxianum Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 213. 1915. Based on Panicum wilcoxianum Vasey. (66) Panicum wilmingtonense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. SOc. 16: 86. 1900. Wilmington, N.C., Ashe in 1899. Panicum alabamense Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 116. 1900. Not P. alabamense Trim, 1854. Auburn, Ala., Alabama Biological Survey 1530. (42) Panicum wrightianum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 44. f. 4. 1898. Vueltabajo, Cuba, Wright 3463. Panicum strictum Bosc; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 447. 1817. Not P. strictum R.Br., 1810. North America [type, Carolina, Bosc]. Panicum minutulum Desv., Opusc. 87. 1833. Not P. minutulum Gaud., 1826. Carolina. Panicum deminutivum Peck, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 10: 27. 1907. Suffolk Countv, N.Y., Peck in 1906. (10) Panicum xalapense H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 103. 1815. Xalapa [Jalapa], Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Panicum pumilum Bosc; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 228. 1829. Not P. pumilum Lam., 1798. Name only. North America [Bosc]. Panicum rariflorum Rupr., Bull. Acad. Sci. Belg. 92: 240. 1842. Not P. rariflorum Lam., 1798. Name only. Jalapa, Mexico, Galeotti 5733. Panicum ruprechtii Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 21. 1886. Not P. ruprechtii Fenzl., 1854. Described from type of P. rariflorum Rupr. Panicum caricifolium Scribn.; Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 57. 1898. Name only. Washington, D.C., Kearney in 1897. 916 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE This is the species described as Panicum acuminatum Swartz by Muhlenberg (Descr. Gram. 125. 1817). Panicum xalapense var. strictirameum Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 161. f. 148. 1910. Jackson, Miss., Hitchcock 1311. (Pub- lished as P. xalapense strictirameum.) Panicum laxifiorum var. strictirameum'Femald, Rhodora 36: 75. 1934. Based on P. xalapense strictirameum Hitchc. and Chase. (96) Panicum xanthophysum A. Grav, Gram, and Cyp. 1: no. 28. 1834. Oneida Lake, N.Y. Panicum xanthophysum forma amplifohum Scribn., in Brainerd, Jones, and Eggleston, Fl. Vt. 104. 1900. Burlington, Vt., Jones. (33) Panicum yadkinense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 85. 1900. Based on Panicum maculatum Ashe. IPanicum dumus Desv., Opusc. 88. 1831. Tropical America (locality erroneous). Panicum maculatum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 44. 1898. Not P. maculatum Aubl., 1775. Raleigh, N.C., Ashe in 1895. (37) PAPPOPHORUM Schreb. (3) Pappophorum bicolor Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 133. 1886. Toluca, Mexico, Karwinsky 1483. (2) Pappophorum mucronulatum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 412. 1829. Bahia and Piauhv, Brazil, Martius. Pappophorum vaginatum Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 1. 1866. Western Texas [type, Wright 803]. Pappophorum apertum Munro; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 148. 1882. Camp Lowell, Ariz., Pringle. Pappophorum apertum var. vaginatum Scribn.; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.fe. Natl. Herb. 2: 535. 1894. Based on P. vaginatum Buckl. (1) Pappophorum wrightii S. Wats. Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 178. 1883. [Devils River, Tex.], Wright 751 and 2029. Pappophorum mexicanum Griseb.; Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 133. 1886. Mexico, Guadalupe, Bourgeau; valley of Mexico, Schaffner 184. (128) PASPALUM L.26 (2) Paspalum acuminatum Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 25. 1823. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Raddi. (11) Paspalum almum Chase, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 137. f. 1. 1933. Beau- mont, Tex., J. F. Combs in 1932. (42) Paspalum bifidum (Bertol.) Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 192. 1897. Based on Panicum bifidum Bertol. Panicum floridanum Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 248. 1834. Not Paspalum floridanum Michx. Florida and Alabama. Panicum bifidum Bertol., Mem. Accad. Sci. Bologna 2: 598. pi. 41. f. 2. e-h. 1850. Alabama. Panicum alabamense Trim; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 64. 1854. Alabama, locality erroneously cited as North Carolina. Paspalum racemulosum Nutt.; Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 571. 1860. Florida to North Carolina and westward. Paspalum interruptum Wood, Class-book 783. 1861. Louisiana and Texas, (25) Paspalum blodgettii Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 571. 1860. Key West, Fla., Blodgett. Paspalum dissectum Swartz; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 308. 1817. Not P. dissectum L. 1762. Erroneously given as synonym of P. caespitosum Fliigge. Jamaica, Swartz. Paspalum simpsoni Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 39. 1897. No-Name Kev, Fla., Simpson 184. Paspalum gracillimum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 73, 1326. 1903. Kev West, Fla., Blodgett. Paspalum yucatanum Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28: 121. 1929. Menda, Yucatan, Schott 597. (41) Paspalum boscianum Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 170. 1810. Carolina, Bosc. Paspalum virgatum Walt., Fl. Carol. 75. 1788. Not P. virgatum L., 17o9. South Carolina. 26 For discussion of types see Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28: 7-239. 1929. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 917 Paspalum brunneum Bosc; Flugge, Monogr. Pasp. 171. 1810, as synonym of P. boscianum. Carolina, Bosc. Paspalum purpurascens Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 108. pi. 6. f. 3. 181b. South Carolina. ^^ Paspalum confertum LeConte, Jour. Phys. Chym. 91: 28o. 1820. Georgia, [LeConte]. Paspalum virgatum var. purpurascens Wood, Class-book 781. 1861. Based on P. purpurascens Ell. (26) Paspalum caespitosum Flugge, Monogr. Pasp. 161. 1810. Hispaniola, Poiteau and Turpin. Paspalum gracile Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 313. 1816. Not P. gracile Rudge, 1805. Dominican Republic. Paspalum heteropkyllum Desv.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 315. 1816. Dominican Republic. . Paspalum poiretii Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 878. 1817. Based on P cradle Poir. Paspalum lineare Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 12. 1886. Not P. lineare Trim, 1826. Mexico, Liebmann 187 [type; the other specimen cited, Liebmann 192, is P. langei]. _ Paspalum caespitosum var. longifolium Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 164. 1886. No locality cited. [Type, Garber in 1877.] (19) Paspalum ciliatifoiium Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1 : 44. 1803. Carolina, Michaux. ' Paspalum debile Muhl., Cat, PL 8. 1813; Descr. Gram. 91. 1817. Not P. debile Michx., 1803. Georgia. Paspalum spathaceum Desv.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: ol4. lblb. Paspalum latifolium LeConte, Jour. Phys. Chym. 91: 284. 1820. Columbia, S C Paspalum ciliatifoiium var. brevifolium Vasey, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1886: 285. 18S6. Philadelphia, Pa., Burk. Paspalum setaceum var. ciliatifoiium Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 17. 1892. Based on P. ciliatifoiium Michx. Paspalum chapmani Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 290. 1899. Florida, Chapman. Paspalum eggertii Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 434. 1900. Arkansas, [type, Pine Bluff, Egged in 1896]. Paspalum blepharophyllum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 71, 1326. 1903. Central Florida, Nash 1426. Paspalum epile Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 72, 1326. 1903. Key West, Fla., Blodgett. xt ^ >T (33) Paspalum circulare Nash, in Britton, Man. 73. 1901. Newlork to North Carolina; Missouri. [Type, Bergen County, N.J., Nash in 1889.] Paspalum praelongum Nash, in Small, FL Southeast. U.S. 74, 1326. 1903. Washington, D.C., Nash in 1894. Paspalum laeve var. circulare Stone, N.J. Mus. Ann. Rept. 1910: 187. 1911. Based on P. circulare Nash. (28) Paspalum conjugatum Bergius, Act. Helv. Phys. Math. 7: 129. pi. 8. 1762. Dutch Guiana. Paspalum tenue Gaertn., Fruct. and Sem. 2: 2. pi. 80. 1791. Apparently based on P. conjugatum Bergius. Paspalum ciliatum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 175. 1791. Tropical America [French Guiana, Leblond]. Paspalum renggeri Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 17. 1854. Paraguay, Rengger Paspalum longissimum Hoclist.; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 19. 1854. Dutch Guiana, Kappler 1556. Paspalum bicrurum Salzm.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 55. 1877, as synonym of P. conjugatum. Bahia, Brazil, Salzmann. Paspalum conjugatum var. parviflorum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 55. 1877. Brazil, Manaos, Spruce 894; Piauhy, Gardner 3502. (14) Paspalum debile Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 44. 1803. Carolina [type] and Georgia, Michaux. ?PaspalumdissectumW&\t., F\. Carol. 75. 1788. Not P. dissectum L. I, L., Sp. PL 56. 1753. Setaria glauca Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Chamaeraphis glauca Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 767. 1891. Ixophorus glaucus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 423. 1895. Chaetochloa glauca Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897. (4) Setaria macrosperma (Scribn. and Merr.) Schum., Just's Bot. Jahresber. 281: 417. 1902. Based on Chaetochloa macrosperma Scribn. and Merr. Chaetochloa macrosperma Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 33. f. 18. 1900. St. Johns River, Fla., Curtiss 3617. (6) Setaria macrostachya H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 110. 1815. [Guana- juato], Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Panicum macrostachyum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 245. 1829. Based on Setaria macrostachya H.B.K. Chamaeraphis setosa var. macrostachya Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 769. 1891. Based on Setaria macrostachya H.B.K. Chaetochloa gibbosa Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 24. 1900. Mexico [probably Tamaulipas] Berlandier 528. Chaetochloa leucopila Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 26. f. 14, 1900. Parras, Coahuila, Palmer 1363 in 1880. Chaetochloa macrostachya Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 29. f. 16. 1900. Based on Setaria macrostachya H.B.K. Chaetochloa rigida Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 30. 1900. La Paz, Baja California, Palmer 125 in 1890. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 947 Setaria leucopila Schum., Just's Bot. Jahresber. 281: 417. 1902. Based on Chaeiochloa leucopila Scribn. and Merr. Setaria gibbosa Schum., in Just's Bot. Jahresber. 281: 417. 1902. Based on Chaeiochloa gibbosa Scribn. and Merr. Setaria rigida Schum., in Just's Bot. Jahresber. 281: 417. 1902. Not S. rigida Stapf, 1899. Based on Chaeiochloa rigida Scribn. and Merr. Chamaeraphis macrostachya Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 76. 1904. Based on Setaria macrostachya H.B.K. Setaria commutata Hack.; Stuck., An. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 13: 439. 190(3. Based on Chaetochloa composita as described and figured by Scribner and Merrill (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 27 f. 15. 1900), not Setaria composita H.B.K. on which the name Chaetochloa composita Scribn. is based. The name is published as 'Setaria commutata (Scribn.) Hack." (11) Setaria magna Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 554. 1864. Jamaica, Purdie. Chamaeraphis magna Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 152. 1896. Based on Setaria magna Griseb. Chaetochloa magna Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897. Based on Setaria magna Griseb. Setaria nigrirostris (Nees) Dur. and Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. 5: 774. 1894. Based on Panicum nigrirostris Nees. Panicum nigrirostris Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 55. 1841. South Africa. Chaetochloa nigrirostris Skeels, U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 207: 22. 1911. Based on Panicum nigrirostris Nees. Setaria palmifolia (WiUd.) Stapf, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42: 186. 1914. Based on Panicum palmifolium Koen. (Naturforscher 23: 208. 1788, same as P. palmifolium Willd., but inadequately published.) Panicum plicatum Willd., Enum. PI. 1033. 1809. Asia. Not P. plicatum Lam., 1791. Panicum palmifolium Willd.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 282. 1816. Based on P. plicatum Willd. Chamaeraphis palmifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 771. 1891. Based on Panicum palmifolium Willd. Chaetochloa palmifolia Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 348. 1917. Based on Panicum palmifolium Willd. Setaria poiretiana (Schult.)- Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 47. 1S29. Based on Panicum poiretianum Schult. Panicum etongatum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 278. 1816. Not P. elonga- tum Salisb., 1796, nor Pursh, 1814. Brazil. Panicum poiretianum Schult., Mant. 2: 229. 1824. Based on P. elongaium Poir. Chaetochloa poiretiana Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 159. 1920. Based on Panicum poiretianum Schult. Setaria rariflora Mikan; Trim, in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 78. 1821. Brazil. Chaetochloa rariflora Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 349. 1917. Based on Setaria rariflora Mikan. Panicum rariflorum Makino and Nemoto, Fl. Jap. 1475. 1925. Not P. rariflora Lam., 1798. Based on Setaria rariflora Mikan. (7) Setaria scheelei (Steud.) Hitchc, Biol. Soc Wash. Proc. 41: 163. 1928. Based on Panicum scheelei Steud. Setaria polystachya Scheele, Linnaea 22: 339. 1849. Not S. polystachya Schrad., 1824. New Braunfels, Tex., Lindheimer 564. Panicum scheelei Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 51. 1854. Based on Setaria poly- stachya Scheele. Chaetochloa polystachya Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 37. f. 22. 1900. Based on Setaria polystachya Scheele. Chaetochloa scheelei Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 207. f. 62. 1920. Based on Panicum scheelei Steud. Setaria setosa (Swartz) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Based on Panicum setosum Swartz. Panicum setosum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz. Panicum caudatum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791. Brazil. Setaria caudata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 495. 1817. Based on Pani- cum caudatum Lam. Setaria setosa var. caudata Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 555. 1864. Based on Setaria caudata Roem. and Schult. 948 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE Pennisetum swartzii F. Muell., Fragm. Phyt. Austr. 8: 110. 1873. Based on Panicum setosum Swartz. Chamaeraphis setosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 768. 1891. Based on Panicum setosum Swartz. Chamaeraphis caudata Britton, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 264. 1893. Based on Panicum caudatum Lam. Chaetochloa setosa Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897. Based on Panicum setosum Swartz. Chaetochloa caudata Scribn., Mo. Bot. Gard. Kept. 10: 52. 1899. Based on Panicum caudatum Lam. (3) Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Based on Panicum verticillatum L. Panicum verticillatum L., Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1: 82. 1762. Europe. Pennisetum verticillatum R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 195. 1810. Based on Panicum verticillatum L. Chamaeraphis italica var. verticillata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 768. 1891. Based on Panicum verticillatum L. Chamaeraphis verticillata Porter, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 196. 1893. Based on Panicum verticillatum L. Ixophorus verticillatus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 422. 1895. Based on Panicum verticillatum L. Chaetochloa verticillata Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897. Based on Panicum verticillatum L. Chaetochloa brevispica Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 15. f. 5. 1900. Published as a new name for Panicum verticillatum var. parvifiorum Doell, the identity of which is uncertain. The plants described and figured by Scribner and Merrill are *S. verticillata. Setaria brevispica Senium, in Just's Bot. Jahresber. 281: 417. 1902. Based on Chaetochloa brevispica Scribn. and Merr. Chaetochloa verticillata var. breviscta (Godr.) Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers 1: 86. 1921, is based on a European type I have not examined. Setaria verticillata var. ambigua Pari., Fl. Palerm. 1: 36. 1845. Based on Panicum verticillatum var. ambiguum Guss. Panicum verticillatum var. ambiguum Guss., Fl. Sic. Prodr. 80. 1827. Sicily. Setaria ambigua Guss., Fl. Sic. Syn. 1: 114. 1842. Not S. ambigua Merat, 1836. Based on Panicum verticillatum var. ambiguum Guss. Setaria viridis var. ambigua Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 36. 1867. Based on S. ambigua Guss. Panicum ambiguum Hausskn., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 25: 345. 1S75. Based on Setaria ambigua Guss. Chamaeraphis italica var. ambigua Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 768. 1891. Based on Setaria ambigua Guss. Chaetochloa ambigua Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21 18. f. 7. 1900. Based on Setaria verticillata var. ambigua Guss. (5) Setaria villosissima (Scribn. and Merr.) Schum., Just's Bot. Jahresber. 281 417. 1902. Based on Chaetochloa villosissima Scribn. and Merr., Chaetochloa villosissima Scribn. and Merr. U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21 34. f. 19. 1900. San Diego, Tex., J. G. Smith in 1897. (12) Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Based on Pani- cum viride L. Panicum viride L., Svst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. Europe. Pennisetum viride R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 195. 1810. Based on Pani- cum viride L. Setaria weinmanni Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 490. 1817. Europe. Panicum viride var. brevisetum Doell, Rhein. Fl. 128. 1843.^ Europe. Setaria viridis var. weinmanni Borbas, Math. Termesz. Kozlem. 15: 310. 1878. Based on Setaria weinmanni Roem. and Schult. Panicum italicum var. viride Koern., in Koern. and Wern., Handb. Getreide- bau. 1: 277. 1885. Based on Panicum viride L. Setaria viridis var. purpurascens Peck; Dudley, Cornell Univ. Bull. 2: 122. 1886. Not S. viridis var. purpurascens Peterm., 1838. New York, Peck. Chamaeraphis italica var. viridis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 767. 1891. Based on Panicum viride L. Chamaeraphis viridis Millsp., W.Va. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 2: 466. 1892. Based on Panicum viride L. Ixophorus viridis Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 423. 1895. Based on Panicum viride L. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 949 Chaetochloa viridis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897 Based on Panicum viride L. Setaria viridis var. breviseta Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. Based on Pani- cum viride var. brevisetum Doell. Setaria italica subsp. viridis Thell., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 38: 85. 1912. Based on Panicum viride L. Chaetochloa viridis var. breviseta Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers 1: 86. 1921. Based on Panicum viride var. brevisetum Doell. Chaetochloa viridis var. weinmanni House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 39. 1923. Based on Setaria weinmanni Roem. and Schult. Chaetochloa viridis var. major (Gaudin) Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers 1: 86. 1921, and C. viridis var. minor (Koch) Farwell (I.e.) are based on Euro- pean types I have not examined. (44) SITANION Raf. (1) Sitanion hanseni (Scribn.) J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 20. 1899. Based on Ely mus hanseni Scribn. Elymxis hanseni Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 56. f. 12. 1898. Amador County, Calif., Hansen 1742. Sitanion planifolium J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 19. 1899. Skamania County, Wash., Suksdorf 224. Sitanion anomalum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 20. pi. 4. 1899. Pasadena, Calif., Allen in 1885. Sitanion leckenbyi Piper, Erythea 7: 100. 1899. Wawawai, Wash., Piper 3003. Sitanion rubescens Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 30: 234. 1903. Mount Rainier, Wash., Piper 1954. Elymus leckenbyi Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 151. 1906. Based on Sitanion leckenbyi Piper. Sitanion hanseni anomalum Hitchc., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 160. 1928. Based on S. anomalum, J. G. Smith. (3) Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 15. pi. 2. 1899. Based on Aegilops hystrix Nutt. Aegilops hystrix Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 86. 1818. Plains of the Missouri. Sitanion elymoides Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 103. 1819. Missouri [River]. Elymus sitanion Schult., Mant. 2: 426. 1824. Based on Sitanion elymoides Raf. Polyanthrix hystrix Nees, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 284. 1838. Based on Aegilops hystrix Nutt., but misapplied to S. jubatum. Elymus elymoides Swezey, Nebr. PL Doane Coll. 15. 1891. Based on Sitanion elymoides Raf. Sitanion minus J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 12. 1899. Jacumba Hot Springs, Calif., Schoenefeldt 3277. Sitanion rigidum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 13. 1899. Cascade Mountains, Wash., Allen 178. Sitanion californicum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 13. 1899. San Bernardino Mountains, Calif., Parish 3295. Sitanion glabrum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 14. 1899. Coso Mountains, Calif., Coville and Funston 914. Sitanion cinereum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 14. 1899. Reno, Nev., Tracy 222. Sitanion insulare J . G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 14. 1899. Carrington Island, Salt Lake, Utah, Watson 1338. Chretomeris trichoides Nutt.; J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 15. 1899, as synonym of Sitanion hystrix. Elymus diff or mis Nutt.; J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 15. 1899, as synonym of Sitanion hystrix. Sitanion montanum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 16. 1899. Spanish Creek, Mont., Rydberg 3091. Sitanion caespitosum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 16. 1899. Cliff, N.Mex., J. G. Smith in 1897. Sitanion strigosum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 17. 1899. Sheep Creek, Mont., Rydberg 3298. Sitanion molle J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 17. 1899. Larimer County, Colo., Shear and Bessey 1469. Sitanion brevifolium J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 17. 1899. Tucson, Ariz., Tourney 797. 950 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sitanion longifolium J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 18. 1899. Silverton, Colo., Shear 1213. Sitanion pubiflorum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 19. 1899. Tucson, Ariz., Tourney 795. Sitanion latifolium Piper, Erythea 7: 99. 1899. Blue Mountains, Walla Walla County, Wash., Piper in 1896. Sitanion marginatum Scribn. and Merr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 469. 1902. Leigh Lake, Teton Mountains, Wyo., Merrill and Wilcox 334. Elymus glaber Davy, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 57. 1902. Based on Sitanion glabrum J. G. Smith. Elymus pubiflorus Davy, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 58. 1902. Based on Sitanion pubiflorum J. G. Smith. Sitanion velutinum Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 233. 1903. Steptoe, Wash., G. R. Vasey in 1901. Sitanion basalticola Piper, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 30: 234. 1903. Coulee Citv, Wash., Piper 3924. Sitanion albescens Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 57. 1903. Ellensburg, Wash., Whited 670. Sitanion ciliatum Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 58. 1903. Wenatchee, Wash., Whited in 1901. Hordeum elymoides Schenck, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 40: 109. 1907. Based on Sitanion elymoides Raf. Elymus brevifolius Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 20. 1912. Based on Sitanion brevifolium J. G. Smith. Elymus hystrix Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 20. 1912. Not E. hystrix L. Based on Aegilops hystrix Nutt. Elymus insularis Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 20. 1912. Based on Sitanion insulare J. G. Smith. Elymus minor Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 20. 1912. Based on Sitanion minus J. G. Smith. Sitanion rigidum var. californicum Smiley, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 9: 99. 1921. Based on S. californicum J. G. Smith. Sitanion hordeoides Suksdorf, Werdenda l2: 4. 1923. Spangle, Wash., Suks- dorf 8705. (2) Sitanion jubatum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 10. 1899. Waitsburg, Wash., Horner 573. Elymus sitanion jubatum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 10. 1899, as synonym of S. jubatum. Sitanion villosum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 11. pi. 1. 1899. Almota, Wash., Elmer 266. Sitanion multisetum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 11. 1899. Tehachapi Valley, Calif., Coville and Funston 1121. Sitanion polyanlhrix J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 12. 1899. California, Douglas. New name given to the species described by Nees under Polyanthrix hystrix, that name being based on Aegilops hystrix Nutt. Sitanion breviaristatum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 12. 1899. Panamint Mountains, Calif., Coville and Funston 833. Sitanion slrictum Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 59. 1903. Parker, Wash., Elmer in 1898. Elymus multisetus Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 20. 1912. Based on Sitanion multisetum J. G. Smith. (148) SORGHASTRUM Nash (2) Sorghastrum elliottii (Mohr) Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 130. 1912. Based on Chrysopogon elliottii Mohr. Chrysopogon elliottii Mohr, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 24: 21. 1S97. Based on Andropogon nutans as described bv Elliott, not A. ?iuta,ns L. (1) Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 66. 1903. Based on Andropogon nutans L. Andropogon nutans L., Sp. PI. 1045. 1753. "Virginia, Jamaica." [Type eastern America, Kalm. 31; cited localities erroneous.] tStipa villosa Walt., Fl. Carol. 78. 1788. South Carolina. IStipa stricta Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 158. 1791; Encycl. 7: 453. 1806. South Carolina,, Fraser. 3' For discussion see Hitchcock, A. S. Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 125. 1908. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 951 Andropogon avenaceus Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 58. 1803. Illinois, Michavx. Andropogon ciliatus Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 144. 1816. Port Royal, S.C Sorghum nutans A. Gray, Man. 617. 1848. Based on Andropogon nutans L. Sorghum avenaceum Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 583. 1860. Based on Andro- pogon avenaceus Michx. Chrysopogon nutans Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 73. 1881. Based on Andropogon nutans L. Chrysopogon avenaceus Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 73. 1881. Based on Andropogon avenaceus Michx. Sorghum nutans subsp. avenaceum Hack., in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 274. 1883. Based on Andropogon avenaceus Michx. Sorghum nutans subsp. linnaeanum Hack., in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2s: 276. 1S83. Based on Andropogon nutans L. Andropogon albescens Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 56. 1S86. Vera Cruz, Mexico, Gouin 53. Andropogon confertus Trin.; Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 55. 1886. Texas, Berlandier 1873. Andropogon nutans var. avenaceus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 530. 1889. Based on Andropogon ave?iaceus Michx. Andropogon nutans var. linnaeanus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 531. 1889. Based on Sorghum nutans subsp. linnaeanum Hack. Chrysopogon nutans var. avenaceus Coville and Branner, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 4: 234. 1891. Based on Andropogon avenaceus Michx. Poranthera nutans Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 606. 1894, as synonym of Chrysopogon nutans. Poranthera ciliata Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 606. 1894, as synonym of Chrysopogon avenaceus. Chrysopogon nutans var. linnaeanus Mohr, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 21. 1897. Based on Sorghum nutans subsp. linnaeanum Hack. Sorghastrum avenaceum Nash, in Britton, Man. 71. 1901. Based on Andro- pogon avenaceus Michx. Andropogon linnaeanus Scribn. and Kearn.; Scribn. and Ball., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 40. 1901. Based on Sorghum nutans subsp. lin- naeanum Hack. Sorghastrum linnaeanum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 66. 1903. Based on Andropogon nutans var. linnaeanus Hack., but misapplied to S. elliottii (Mohr) Nash. Holcus nutans Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904. Presumably based on Andropogon nutans L. Holcus nutans var. avenaceus Hack.; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904. Presumably based on Andropogon avenaceus Michx. Chalcoclytrum nutans Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 212. 1915. Based on Andropogon nutans L. (3) Sorghastrum secundum (EE.) Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 67. 1903. Based on Andropogon secundus Ell. Andropogon secundus Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 580. 1821. Between Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers, Ga. Sorghum secundum Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 583. 1860. Based on Andro- pogon secundus Ell. Chrysopogon secundus Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 20. 1883. Based on Sorghum secundum Chapm. Andropogon unilateralis Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 533. 18S9. Based on Sorghum secundum Chapm. (147) SORGHUM Moench (1) Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Syn. PL 1: 101. 1805. Based on Holcus halepensis L. Holcus halepensis L., Sp. PL 1047. 1753. Syria. Blumenbachia halepensis KoeL, Descr. Gram. 29. 1802. Based on Holcus sorgh um L. Milium halepense Cav., Descr. PL 306. 1802. Based on Holcus halepensis L. Andropogon halepensis Brot., Fl. Lusit. 1: 89. 1804. Based on Holcus hale- pensis L. Andropogon sorghum subsp. halepensis Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 501. 1889. Based on Holcus halepensis L. Andropogon halepensis var. anatherus Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 28: 28. 1915. Marco, Fla., Hitchcock Fla. PL 1900. Spikelets awnless. 952 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, TJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sorghum virgatum (Hack.) Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 111. 1917. Based on Andropogon sorghum subsp. halepensis var. virgatus Hack. Andropogon sorghum, subsp. halepensis var. virgatus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 504. 1889. Egypt. Holcus virgatus Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 132. 1923. Based on Andropogon sorghum subsp. halepensis var. virgatus Hack. (2) Sorghum vulgare Pers., Syn. PI. 1: 101. 1805. Based on Holcus sorghumL. Holcus sorghum L., Sp. PL 1047. 1753. India. Andropogon sorghum Brot., Fl. Lusit. 1: 88. 1804. Based on Holcus sorghum L. Holcus cernuus Muhl., Descr. Gram 276. 1817. Garden plant. Andropogon vulgaris Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 307. 1825. Based on Sorghum vulgare Pers. Sorghum vulgare var. bicolor Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot. ed. 8. 438. 1840. Not S. vulgare var. bicolor Schrad., 1838. North America. Sorghum sorghum Karst., Deut. Fl. 367. f. 189. 1880. Based on Holcus sorghum L. Andropogon sorghum var. sativus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 505. 1889. Group name. Andropogon sorghum subsp. sativus var. vulgaris Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 515. 1889. Based on Sorghum vulgare Pers. Andropogon sorghum var. vulgaris Hack.; Hook, f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 184. 1896. Based on A. sorghum subsp. sativus var. vulgaris Hack. Sorghum vulgare var. caffrorum (Thunb.) Hubb. and Rehder, Bot. Mus. Leaflets Harvard Univ. 1: 10. 1932. Based on Holcus caffrorum Thunb. Holcus caffrorum Thunb., Prodr. PL Cap. 1: 20. 1794. South Africa. Sorghum caffrorum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 131, 164, 178. 1812. Based on Holcus caffrorum Thunb. Holcus sorghum var. caffrorum Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 133. 1923. Based on Holcus caffrorum Thunb. Sorghum vulgare var. drummondii (Nees) Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 139. 1934. Based on Andropogon drummondii Nees. Andropogon drummondii Nees, in Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 393. 1854. New- Orleans, La., Drummond 588. Andropogon sorghum subsp. sativus var. drummondii Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 507. 1889. Based on Andropogon drummondii Nees. Sorghum drummondii Nees; Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 507. 1889, as synonym of Andropogon sorghum subsp. sativus var. drummondii Hack. Holcus sorghum drummondii Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 29: 128. 1916. Based on Andropogon drummondii Nees. Sorghum vulgare var. durra (Forsk.) Hubb. and Rehder, Bot. Mus. Leaflets Harvard Univ. 1: 10. 1932. Based on Holcus durra Forsk. Holcus durra Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 174. 1775. _ Egypt and Arabia. Andropogon sorghum subsp. sativus var. durra Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6: 516. 1889. Based on Holcus durra Forsk. Holcus sorghum var. durra Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 132. 1923. Based on Holcus durra Forsk. Sorghum vulgare var. roxburghii (Stapf) Haines, Bot. Bihar and Orissa pt. 5: 1034. 1924. Based on Sorghum roxburghii Stapf. Sorghum roxburghii Stapf, in Prain, FL Trop. Afr. 9: 126. 1917. Africa. Sorghum vulgare var. saccharatum (L.) BoerL, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 8: 69. 1890. Based on Sorghum saccharatum Pers. Holcus saccharatus L., Sp. PL 1047. 1753. India. Sorghum saccharatum Moench. Meth. PL 207. 1794. Based on Holcus sac- charatus L. Listed as new Pers., Syn. PL 1: 101. 1805, same basis. Andropogon saccharatus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 307. 1825. Based on Sorghum saccharatum Pers. Andropogon sorghum var. saccharatus Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 313. 1866. Based on Holcus saccharatus L. Sorghum halepense var. saccharatum Goiran, Nuov. Gior. Bot. Ital. n. s. 17: 39. 1910. Based on Holcus saccharatus L. Holcus sorghum var. saccharatus Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 132. 1923. Based on Holcus saccharatus L. Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense (Piper) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 147. 1927. Based on Andropogon sorghum sudanensis Piper. (Published as S. vulgare sudanense.) Andropogon sorghum sudanensis Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 28: 33. 1915. Grown at Arlington Farm (near Washington, D.C.), seed from Sudan. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 953 Holcus sorghum sudanensis Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 29: 128. 1916. Based on Andropogon sorghum sudanensis Piper. Sorghum sudanense Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 113. 1917. Based on Andropogon sorghum sudanensis Piper. Holcus sudanensis Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 132. 1923. Based on Andropogon sorghum sudanensis Piper. Sorghum vulgare var. TECHNicuM (Koern.) Jav. Magyar Fl. 1: 63. 1924. Based on Andropogon sorghum var. technicus Koern. Andropogon sorghum var. technicus Koern.; Koern. and Wern., Handb. Getreide- bau. 1: 308. 1885. Cultivated. Andropogon sorghum subsp. sativus var. technicus Koern.; Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 508. 1889. Based on A. sorghum var. technicus Koern. Holcus saccharatus var. technicus Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Ann. Rept. 20: 163. 1918. Based on Andropogon sorghum var. technicus Koern. Holcus sorghum var. technicus Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 132. 1923. Based on Andropogon sorghum var. technicus Koern. (99) SPARTINA Schreb. (4) Spartina alterniflora Loisel., Fl. Gall. 719. 1807. France. Dactylis maritima Walt., Fl. Carol. 77. 1788. Not D. maritima Curtis, 1787. South Carolina. Trachynotia alterniflora DC, Fl. Franc. 5: 279. 1815. Based on Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Spartina glabra Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 95. pi. 4. f. 2. 1816. South Carolina and Georgia. Limnetis glabra Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 38. 1818, name only; Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot. 301. 1840. Presumably based on Spartina glabra Muhl. Spartina laevigata Bosc; Spreng., Schrad. and Link, Jahrb. Gewachsk. I3: 92. 1820. North America, Bosc. Trachynotia alternifolia Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 695. 1841, error for T. alterniflora. Spartina stricta var. alterniflora A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 552. 1856. Based on S. alterniflora Loisel. Spartina stricta var. glabra A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 552. 1856. Based on S. glabra Muhl. Spartina stricta maritima Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 45. 1894. Based on Dactylis maritima Walt. Spartina glabra alterniflora Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 9: 9. 1902. Based on Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Spartina glabra pilosa Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 9: 9. 1902. Atlantic City, N.J., Scribner in 1895. Spartina alterniflora var. glabra Fernald, Rhodora 18: 178. 1916. Based on S. glabra Muhl. Spartina alterniflora var. pilosa Fernald, Rhodora 18: 179. 1916. Based on *S. glabra pilosa Merr. Spartina maritima subsp. glabra var. glabra Grav; St. Yves, Candollea 5: 24, 49. pi. 1. f.b-2. 1932. Based on S. glabra Muhl. Spartina maritima subsp. glabra var. alterniflora Merr.; St. Yves, Candollea 5: 25, 53. pi. 2. f.a-4. 1932. Based on S. alterniflora Loisel. Spartina maritima subsp. glabra subvar. pilosa St. Yves, Candollea 5: 51. pi. 1. f.c-3. 1932. Based on S. glabra pilosa Merr. X Spartina mcrrillii Chevalier, Bull. Soc. France 80: 787. pi. 8. f. 3. 1933. Long Island, N.Y., Bicknell 11300. (6) Spartina bakeri Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 9: 14. 1902. Lake Ola, Fla., C. H. Baker 14. Spartina juncea var. bakeri St. Yves, Candollea 5: 27, 91. pi. 9. f. c. 1932. Based on S. bakeri Merr. (2) Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth, Catal. Bot. 3: 10. 1806. Based on Dactylis cynosuroides L. Dactylis cynosuroides L., Sp. PI. 71. 1753. Virginia, Canada. Trachynotia polystachya Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 64. 1803. New Eng] to Florida. [Type, South Carolina, Michaux.] Trachynotia cynosuroides Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 64. 1803. Based on Dactylis cynosuroides L., but misapplied to S. pectinata. Paspalum cynosuroides Brot., Fl. Lusit. 1: 83. 1804. Based on Dactylis cynosuroides L. 954 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Limnetis cynosuroides L. Rich., in Pers., Syn. PL 1: 72. 1805. Based on Dactylis cynosuroides L. Limnetis polystachia L. Rich., in Pers., Syn. PL 1: 72. 1805. Based on Trachy- notia polystachya Michx. Spartina polystachya Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 25, 178, 179. 1812. Presumably based on Trachynotia polystachya Michx. Cynodon cynosuroides Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on Spartina cynosuroides Roth. Spartina cynosuroides var. polystachya Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 398. 1898. Based on Trachynotia polystachya Michx. (7) Spartina gracilis Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 110. 1840. North America. (3) Spartina leiantha Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulph. 56. 1840. (Feb. or March.) Bay of Magdalena, Baja California, [Barclay]. Spartina foliosa Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 114. 1840 (later than June) . California. Spartina densiflora sub var. brongniarti forma acuta St. Yves, Candollea 5: 76, 81. 1932. Eureka, Calif. [Heller 13871.] (8) Spartina patens (Ait.) MuhL, Descr. Gram. 55. 1817. Based on Dactylis patens Ait. Dactylis patens Ait., Hort. Kew. 1: 104. 1789. Grown in England, seed from North America. Trachynotia juncea Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 64. 1803. South Carolina and Georgia, Michaux. Limnetis juncea L. Rich., in Pers., Syn. PL 1: 72. 1805. Based on Trachynotia juncea Michx. Spartina pumila Roth, Catal. Bot. 3: 10. 1806. New York. Spartina juncea Willd.. Enum. PL 81. 1809. Based on Trachynotia juncea Michx. Spartina americana Roth; Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 109. 1840, as synonym of S. juncea Willd. Spartina patens var. juncea Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. Based on Tra- chynotia juncea Michx. Spartina juncea subvar. americana St. Yves, Candollea 5: 27, 84. pi. 8. f. b-20. 1932. Based on S. juncea Willd. Spartina juncea var. patens St. Yves, Candollea 5: 27, 86. 1932. Based on Dactylis patens Ait. Spartina patens var. caespitosa (A. A. Eaton) Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. Based on S. caespitosa A. A. Eaton. Spartina caespitosa A. A. Eaton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 338. 1898. Seabrook, N. H., A. A. Eaton. (1) Spartina pectinata Link, Jahrb. Gewachsk l3: 92. 1820.. North America, [type collected by Bosc probably at Wilmington, N.C.]. Spartina cynosuroides var. aureo-marginata Irving, Gard. Chron. 38: 372. 1905. Grown at Kew Gardens, received from New York Botanical Garden. Spartina michauxiana Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 153. 1908. Based upon the plant described by Michaux as Trachynotia cynosuroides (that name based on Dactylis cynosuroides L.). [Near Hudson Bay, Michaux.] Spartina michauxiana var. sutliei Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 352. 1920. Orchard Lake, Mich., Suttie. Spartina michauxiana var. tenuior Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 352. 1920. River Rouge, Mich., [Farwell] 5138. Spartina cynosuroides var. michauxiana St. Yves, Candollea 5: 58. pi. 3 f. a-7. 1932. Based on S. michauxiana Hitchc. Spartina cynosuroides var. michauxiana forma major St. Yves, Candollea 5: 61, 62. 1932. Canada, Victorin 11358; Victorin and Germain 9055; other specimens cited from Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Massachusetts, Ohio, Illinois, Minnesota, and Missouri. Spartina cynosuroides X gracilis St. Yves, Candollea 5: 66. pi. 4. f. b-10. 1932. * * * "Oregon, Ballards Landing, Cusick 221 in 1890" [error for 2221 in 1899]. Spartina pectinata var. suttiei Fernald, Rhodora 35: 260. 1933. Based on S. michauxiana var. suttiei Farwell. (5) Spartina spartinae (Trin.) Merr. U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 9: 11. 1902, as svnonvm of S.junciformis Engelm. and Grav; Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 329. 1913. Based on Vilfa spartinae Trin. Vilfa spartinae Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 82. 1840. Texas. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 955 Spartina junciformis Engelm. and Gray, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 5: 238. 1845. Texas, Lindheimer [207]. Spartina gouini Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 135. 1886. Vera Cruz, Gouin 72. Spartina multiflora Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 400. 1896, as synonym of S. junciformis Engelm. and Gray. Spartina pittieri Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 52: 237. 1902. Costa Rica, Pittier 4209. Spartina densi flora var. junciformis St. Yves, Candollea 5: 26, 77. pi. 7. f. a-16. 1932. Based on S. junciformis Engelm. and Gray. (53) SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. (5) Sphenopholis filiformis (Chapm.) Scribn., Rhodora 8: 144. 1906. Based on Eatonia pennsylvanica var. filiformis Chapm. Eatonia pennsylvanica var. filiformis Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 560. 1860. Florida [tvpe, Chapman], to South Carolina. Eatonia filiformis Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 117. 1886. Based on Eatonia penn- sylvanica var. filiformis Chapm. Eatonia hybrida Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 491. 1896. Florida, Curtiss in 1886. (The Hunting Creek, Va., specimen referred to is Trisetum pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv., which see.) Reboulea filiformis Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 182. 1916. Based on Eatonia pennsylvanica var. filiformis Chapm. (2) Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 533. 1909. Based on Eatonia intermedia Rydb. Koeleria truncata var. major Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 117. 1823. Deerfield, Mass., Cooley. Koeleria? pennsylvanica var. major Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 469. 1843. Based on Koeleria truncata var. major Torr. Reboulea pennsylvanica var. major A. Gray, Man. 591. 1848. Presumably based on Koeleria truncata var. major Torr. i.Aira controversa Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 224. 1854. Cincinnati and Miami, Ohio. lAira capillacea Frank; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 224. 1854, as synonym of A. controversa Steud. Eatonia pennsylvanica var. major A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 558. 1856. Presuma- blv based on Koeleria truncata var. major Torr. Vilfa alba BuckL, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 89. 1863. Not V. alba Beauv., 1812. "Oregon, Spalding" (locality probably erroneous, the ticket on the tvpe specimen crossed out). Eatonia intermedia Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 602. 1905. East Gallatin Swamps, Mont., Rydberg 3174. Sphenopholis pollens major Scribn., Rhodora 8: 145. 1906. Based on Koeleria truncata var. major Torr. Sphenopholis pollens var. major Scribn.; Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908. Based on Koeleria truncata var. major Torr. Reboulea pollens var. major Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 182. 1916. Based on Koeleria truncata var. major Torr. This is the species which has recently been called Sphenopholis pollens Scribn., but it is not the same as Aira pattens Spreng., on which that name is based. (3) Sphenopholis longiflora (Vasey) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453. 1933. Based on Eatonia pennsylvanica var. longiflora Vasey. Eatonia pennsylvanica var. longiflora Vasev; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 544. 1894. Houston, Tex., Nealley in 1892. Eatonia longiflora Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 494. 1896. Based on E. penn- sylvanica var. longiflora Vasev. Sphenopholis pattens longiflora Scribn., Rhodora 8: 145. 1906. Based on Eatonia pennsylvanica var. longiflora Vasey. Reboulea pattens var. longiflora Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 182. 1916. Based on Eatonia longiflora Beal. (4) Sphenopholis nitida (Spreng.) Scribn., Rhodora 8: 144. 1906. Based on Aira nitida Spreng. Aira nitida Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 32. 1807, Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg. Aira pennsylvanica Spreng., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 2: 299. pi. 7. 1807-08. Pennsylvania. Koeleria pennsylvanica DC, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 117. 1813. Based on Aira pennsylvanica Spreng. ^liraWZz'sMuhl.,Descr. Gram.82. 1817. Not A. mollis Schreb., 1771. Penn- sylvania. 956 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Trisetum pennsylvanicum Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 66. 1830. Not T. pennsylvanicum Beauv. Based on Aira pennsylvanica Spreng. Glyceria pennsylvanica Heynh., Nom. 1: 361. 1840. Based on Aira pennsyl- vanica Spreng. Reboulea pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man. 591. 1848. Based on Koeleria pennsyl- vanica DC. Eatonia pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man. ed. 2: 558. 1856. Based on Koeleria pennsylvanica DC. Eatonia dudleyi Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 116. 1886. Michigan to Long Island, and Pennsylvania to North Carolina. [Type, Ithaca, N.Y., Dudley in 1882.] Eatonia nitida Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 511. 1895. Based on Aira nitida Spreng. Eatonia glabra Nash, in Britton, Man. 1043. 1901. Madison Countv, Tenn., Bain 507. Sphenopholis nitida glabra Scribn., Rhodora 8: 145. 1906. Based on Eatonia glabra Nash. Sphenopholis nitida var. glabra Scribn.; Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908. Based on Eatonia glabra Nash. Sphenopholis glabra Heller, Muhlenbergia 6: 12. 1910. Based on Eatonia glabra Nash. Reboulea nitida Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 181. 1916. Based on Aira nitida Spreng. Reboulea nitida var. glabra Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 181. 1916. Based on Eatonia glabra Nash. (1) Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn., Rhodora 8: 144. 1906. Based on Aira obtusata Michx. Aira obtusata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 62. 1803. Carolina to Florida [type], Michaux. Airopsis obtusata Desv., Jour. Bot. 1: 200. 1808. Based on " Agrostis" [error for Aira] obtusata Michx. Festuca obtusata Michx.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 163. 1812. Name only, prob- ably error for Aira obtusata Michx. Aira truncata Muhl., Descr. Gram. 83. 1817. Pennsylvania. Koeleria paniculata Nutt., Gen. PI. 2: (Add. 2): 1818. East Florida, T. Say. Koeleria truncata Torr., FL North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 116. 1823. Based on Aira truncata Muhl. Poa obtusata Link, Handb. Gewachs. 1: 71. 1829. Based on Aira obtusata Michx. Reboulea gracilis Kunth, Rev. Gram. 2: 341. pi. 84. 1830. New England to Florida. Trisetum lobatum Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 66. 1830. North America. Agrostis obtusata Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 41. 1840, as synonym of Airopsis obtusata Desv. Koeleria lobaia Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 849. 1840. Not K. lobata Roem. and Schult., 1817. As synonym of Reboulea gracilis Kunth. Koeleria obtusata Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 849. 1840, as synonym of Airopsis obtusata Desv. Reboulea obtusata A. Gray, Man. 591. 1848. Based on Aira obtusata Michx. Eatonia obtusata A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 558. 1856. Based on Aira obtusata Michx. Reboulea truncata Torr.; Munro, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 6: 43. 1862, as syn- onym of R. gracilis Kunth. Graphephorum densiflorum Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 24: 182. 1877. Name only. Mexico [Texas], Berlandier 1617. Eatonia densiflora Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 111. 1886. Bejar, Tex., Berlandier 1617. Aira mexicana Trin.; Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 111. 1886, as synonym of Eatonia densiflora Fourn. Eatonia obtusata var. robusta Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 544. 1894. Western Texas [Wallisville, Wallis in 1881] to Arizona. Eatonia obtusata var. robusta Vasey; Rvdb., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 190. 1895. Mullen, Nebr., Rydberg 1807/ Eatonia obtusata var. purpurascens Vasey; Rvdb. and Shear, U.S. Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 30. 1897. "Vasey in U.S. Natl. Herb." This, the type, from False Washita, Okla., Palmer 404; Nebraska, Shear 252, 252)4, Rydberg 2002, Kearney 271, also cited. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE "UNITED STATES 95^ Eatonia pubescens Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost, Circ. 27: 6 1900. Starkville, Miss., Tracy. Eatonia robusta Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 602. 1905. Based on E. obtusata var. robusta Vase}'. Sphenopholis obtusata lobata Scribn., Rhodora 8: 144. 1906. Based on Tri- setum lobatum Trin. Sphenopholis obtusata pubescens Scribn., Rhodora 8: 144. 1906. Based on Eatonia pubescens Scribn. and Merr. Eatonia annua Suksdorf, West. Amer. Sci. 15: 50. 1906. Dalles on Columbia River, Oreg., Suksdorf 1553. [Plants depauperate, flowering first year.] Sphenopholis obtusata var. pubescens Scribn.; Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908. Based on Eatonia pubescens Scribn. and Merr. Sphenopholis obtusata var. lobata Scribn.; Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908. Based on Trisetum lobatum Trin. Sphenopholis annua Heller, Muhlenbergia 6: 12. 1910. Based on Eatonia annua Suksdorf. Sphenopholis pubescens Heller, Muhlenbergia 6: 12. 1910. Based on Eatonia pubescens Scribn. and Merr. Sphenopholis robusta Heller, Muhlenbergia 6: 12. 1910. Based on Eatonia obtusata var. robusta Vasey. Reboulea obtusata var. lobata Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 182. 1916. Based on Trisetum lobatum Trin. Reboulea obtusata var. pubescens Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 181. 1916. Based on Eatonia pubescens Scribn. and Merr. (6) Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Scribn., Rhodora 8: 145. 1906. Based on Aira pallens Spreng. Aira pallens Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 33. 1807. Pennsylvania, JSI uhlenberg . Aira pallens Muhl., Descr. Gram. 84. 1817. No locality cited. Aira pennsylvanica Spreng., erroneously given as synonym, Muhlenberg's descrip- tion agreeing with that of A. pallens Spreng., not with that of A. pennsyl- vanica Spreng. Eatonia aristata Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 7. 1900. South Carolina, Curtiss in 1876. Eatonia pallens Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 7. 1900. Based on Aira pallens Spreng. Trisetum aristatum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 130. 1903. Presum- ably based on Eatonia aristata Scribn. and Merr. Sphenopholis aristata Heller, Muhlenbergia 6: 12. 1910. Based on Eatonia aristata Scribn. and Merr. Reboulea pallens Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 181. 1916. Based on Aira pallens Spreng. (76) SPOROBOLUS R. Br. (26) Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 7: 21. 1856. Based on Agrostis airoides Torr. Agrostis airoides Torr., Ann. Lye. N.Y. 1: 151. 1824. Branches of the Arkansas River near the Rockv Mountains, James. Vilfa airoides Trin.; Steud., Norn. Bot, ed. 2. 2: 766. 1841. Based on Agrostis airoides Torr. Sporobolus diffusissimus Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 90. 1863. Western Texas [Wright 726]. (18) Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth, Rev. Grain. 1: Sup. XVII. 1830. Based on Vilfa arguta Nees. Vilfa arguta Nees, Agrost. Bras. 395. 1829. Brazil. Vilfa arkansana Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 64. 1840. Arkansas, Beyrich. Vilfa subpyramidata Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 61. 1840. Texas [received from Hooker, the type being Drummond 377]. Vilfa richardi Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 153.' 1854. West Indies. Agrostis pyramidalis Rich.; Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 153. 1854, as synonym of Vilfa richardi Steud. Vilfa agrostoidea Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 88. 1863. Llano Countv, Tex. Vilfa sabeana Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 90. 1803. San Saba County, Tex., Buckley. Given as Vilfa (Sporobolus) sabeana. Sporobolus arkansanus Nutt.; Vasey, Coutrib. V.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 6.!. 1892, as synonym of S. argutus Kunth. 958 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sporobolus sabeamis Buckl.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 61. 1892, as synonym of S. argutus Kunth. (8) Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 68. 1829. Based on Agrostis aspera Michx. Agrostis aspera Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 52. 1803. Illinois, Michaux. Agrostis composita Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 254. 1810. Carolina, Bosc. Vilfa aspera Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 147, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis aspera Michx. Vilfa composita Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 147, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis composita Poir. Agrostis involuta Muhl., Descr. Gram. 72. 1817. Susquehanna, Pa., and New Jersey. Agrostis longifolia Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 90. 1823. Kingsbridge, N.Y.; Hoboken, N.J.; Deerfield, Mass.; Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg. Muhlenbergia aspera Trim; Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 210. 1833. Based on Agrostis aspera Michx. Muhlenbergia composita Trim; Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 229. 1833. Based on Agrostis composita Poir. Vilfa longifolia Torr.; Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 107. 1840. Based on Agrostis longifolia Torr. Sporobolus longifolius Wood, Class-book 775. ed. 3. 1861. Based on Agrostis longifolia Torr. Sporobolus compositus Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 35: 6. 1901. Based on Agrostis composita. Poir. Sporobolus asper var. hookeri (Trin.) Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 43. 18S5. Based on Vilfa hookeri Trin. Vilfa drummondii Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 106. 1840. Texas, received from Hooker and Endlicher [the type Drummond II. 306b]. Vilfa hookeri Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 106. 1840. Texas, received from Hooker [tvpe Drummond II. 306]. Glyceria stricta Buckl., Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 95. 1863. Middle Texas, Buckley. Inflorescence abnormal, the spikelets diseased, with 2 or 3 several-nerved lemmas. Sporobolus drummondii Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 44. 1885. Based on Vilfa drummondii Trin. Sporobolus asper var. drummondii Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 60. 1892. Based on Vilfa drummondii Trin. Sporobolus attenuatus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 123. 1903. Stark- ville, Miss., Kearney 83. Sporobolus asper var. pilosus (Vasey) Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 161. 1928. Based on S. pilosus Vasey. (Published as S. asper pilosus.) Sporobolus pilosus Vasev, Bot. Gaz. 16: 26. 1891. Kansas, Smyth. (25) Sporobolus buckleyi Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 128. 1883. Texas, Buckley. (10) Sporobolus clandestinus (Spreng.) Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 150. 1908. Based on Agrostis clandestine Spreng. Agrostis clandestina Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 32. 1S07. Pennsylvania, Muh- lenberg. Muhlenbergia clandestina Trin., Gram. Unifl. 190. 1824. Based on Agrostis clandestina Spreng. Vilfa clandestina Nees; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 767. 1841. Based on Agrostis clandestina Spreng. f Vilfa riehlii Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 154. 1854. North America. Sporobolus canovirens Nash; Britton, Man. 1042. 1901. Tennessee to Kansas [type, St. George, Kellerman in 1890], Mississippi and Texas. (23) Sporobolus contractus Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 303. 1915. Based on Sporobolus strictus Merr. Sporobolus cryptandrus var. strictus Scribm, Bull. Torrey Bot, Club 9: 103. 1882. Camp Lowell, Ariz., Pringle. Sporobolus strictus Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ 32: 6. 1901. Not S. strictus Franch., 1893. Based on Sporobolus cryptandrus var. strictus Scribn. (20) Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray, Man. 576. 1848. Based on Vilfa cryptandra Torr. Agrostis cryptandra Torr., Ann. Lye. N.Y. 1: 151. 1824. Canadian River [Texas or Oklahoma], James. Vilfa tenacissima var. fuscicola Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 239. 1839. Menzies Island, Columbia River, Wash. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 950 Vilfa cryptandra Torr.; Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4': 69 1840. Based on Agrostis cryptandra Torr. Vilfa triniana Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 156. 1854. [Britisn] Columbia. Sporobolus cryptandrus vaginatus Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 2: 123. 1911. Benson County, N.Dak., Lunell in 1911. Sporobolus cryptandrus var. involutus Fanvell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 22: 179. 1921. Rochester, Mich., Far well 5393. (13) Sporobolus curtissii (Vasey) Small; Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 1: 24. 1895. "S. floridanus curtissii Vasey in Herb." cited; Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 142. f. 124." 1897. Based on S. flori- danus var. curtissii Vasey; Beal. Sporobolus floridanus var. curtissii Vasey; Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 1: 24. 1S95, as svnonvm of S. curtissii; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 290. 1896. Florida, Curtiss. (19) Sporobolus domingensis (Trin.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XVII. 1830. Based on Vilfa domingensis Trin. Vilfa domingensis Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 59. 1821. Dominican Republic. Agrostis domingensis Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 570. 1827. Based on Vilfa domingensis Trin. Sporobolus inordinatus Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 294. 1921. Cuba, Ramon de la Sagra. (21) Sporobolus flexuosus (Thurb.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 601. 1905. Based on Sporobolus cryptmidrus var. flexuosus Thurb. Vilfa cryptandra var. flexuosa Thurb.; Vasey, in Wheeler Rep. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6: 282. 1878. Nevada and Arizona, Wheeler Exped. Sporobolus cryptandrus var. flexuosus Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 269. 1880. Based on Vilfa cryptandra var. flexuosa Thurb. (15) Sporobolus floridanus Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 550. 1860. Middle and west Florida, [Chapman]. (24) Sporobolus giganteus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 88. 1898. Dona Ana County, N.Mex., Wooton 394. Sporobolus cryptandrus var. robustus Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 56 1890. Texas, Nealley [746]. Sporobolus cryptandrus var. giganteus Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 11. 1912. Based on S. giganteus Nash. (16) Sporobolus gracilis (Trin.) Merr., Rhodora 4: 48. 1902. Based on Vilfa gracilis Trin. Agrostis juncea Michx., Fl. Bur. Amer. 1: 52. 1803. Not. .4. juncea Lam., 17S3. Carolina, Michaux. Heleochloa juncea Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 24, 147. 1812. Based on Agrostis juncea Michx. Colpodium junceum Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 37. 1821. Based on Agrostis juncea Michx. Crypsis juncea Steud., Nom. Bot. 1: 242. 1821. Based on Agrostis juncea ^ Michx. Vilfa juncea Trin., Gram. Unifl. 157. 1824. Based on Agrostis juncea Michx. Sporobolus junceus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 68. 1829. Based on Agrostis iuncea Michx. Vilfa schiedeana Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 73. 1840. Arkansas, "Schiede." [Type specimen annotated by Ruprecht "Beyrich non Schiede."] Vilfa gracilis Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat, 41: 74. 1840. Carolina. Vilfa fulvescens Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 76. 1840. North America, Bosc, Willdenow Herb. no. 1750. Agrostis thyrsoides Bosc; Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 76. 1840, as synonym of Vilfa fulvescens Trin. Vilfa subsetacea Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 133 (in note). 1840. Based on V. gracilis Trin., op. cit. (page 74, not op. cit. page 104). (See synonymy under Muhlenbergia cuspidata.) Discovering that he had named two distinct species Vilfa gracilis, Trinius changed the first to V. subsetacea. Since V. gracilis has come into use under Sporobolus and is valid, it is retained over V. subsetacea, V. schiedeana, and v. fulvescens all of the same date. Vilfa vinzenti Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 155. 1854. [Rusk County], Tex.; Vinzent 62. 55974°- 35 61 960 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Aira triglumis Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 223. 1854. [Rusk County], Tex., Vincent 62. Bennetia juncea Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 291. 1893, as synonym of Sporo- bolus junceus. Rafinesque (Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 220. 1830) cites Agrostis juncea Michx., after his description of the new genus Bennetia, but does not transfer the specific name. Sporobolus ejuncidus Nash, in Britton, Man. 106. 1901. Based on Sporobolus junceus Kunth. (12) Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray, Man. 576. 1848. Based on Vilfa heterolepis A. Gray. Vilfa heterolepis A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N.Y. 3: 233. 1835. Watertown, N.Y., Crawe. Agrostis heterolepis Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 598. 1847. Based on Vilfa heterolepis Gray. (5) Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 170. 1810. Based on Agrostis indica L. Agrostis indica L., Sp. PL 63. 1753. "India", but the type from Jamaica, sent by Patrick Browne. Agrostis elongata Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 162. 1791. Not Sporobolus elongatus R. Br., 1810. South America. Agrostis indica L. cited as synonym. Vilfa elongata Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 147, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis elongata Lam. Sporobolus lamarckii Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. PL Ind. Occ. 4. 1825. Based on Agrostis elongata Lam. Sporobolus jacquemontii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 2: 427. pi. 127. 1831. Domini- can Republic. Vilfa jacquemontii Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 92. 1840. Based on Sporobolus jacquemontii Kunth. Vilfa indica Trim; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 767. 1841. Based on Agrostis indica L. Sporobolus littoralis var. elongatus Dur. and Schinz, Consp. Fl. Air. 5: 821. 1894. Based on Vilfa elongata Beauv. (11) Sporobolus interruptus Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 8. 1888. Arizona, Coues and Palmer 66 in 1886; San Francisco Forest, Rusby 15 in 1883 [the Rusby specimen, distributed as no. 885, the type]. Sporobolus arizonicus Thurb.; Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 8. 1888, as synonym of Sporobolus interruptus Vasey. (9) Sporobolus macrus (Trin.) Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 303. 1915. Based on Vilfa macra Trin. Vilfa macra Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 79. 1840. Louisiana. (2) Sporobolus microspermus (Lag.) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453. 1933. Based on Milium microspermum Lag. Milium microspermum Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 2. 1816. Grown from seed sent from Mexico by Sesse. Agrostis minutissima Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 171. 1854. New Mexico, Fendler 986. Vilfa confusa Fourm, Mex. PL 2: 101. 1886. Mexico (several localities cited including Schiede and Deppe 913 which is the basis of " Vilfa ramulosa Schlecht." cited by Fournier); United States, Hall and Harbour 643. Sporobolus confusus Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 293. 1888. Based on Vilfa confusa Fourn. Sporobolus confusus var. aberrans Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 10. 1912. Bowie, Ariz., and Colonia Juarez, Mexico, [Jones). Sporobolus minutissimus Hitchc, Biol. Soc Wash. Proc. 41: 161. 1928. Based on Agrostis minutissima Steud. (22) Sporobolus nealleyi Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 49. 1888, name only; Contrib. U.S. Natl., Herb. 1: 57. 1890. Brazos Santiago, Tex., Nealley. (7) Sporobolus neglectus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 464. 1895. Massa- chusetts to Kentucky, Tennessee, and Kansas. [Type, Woodruff Gap, N.J., Britton in 1887.]* Sporobolus vaginaeflorus neglectus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17 (ed. 2): 170. f. 466. 1901. Based on S. neglect us Nash. Sporobolus ozarkanus Fernald, Rhodora 35: 109. 1933. Webb City, Mo., Palmer 3133. (4) Sporobolus poiretii (Roem. and Schult.) Hitchc, Bartonia 14: 32. 1932. Based on Axonopus poiretii Roem. and Schult. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 961 Aqrostis comvressa Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 258. 1810. Not -A. com- pressa Willd., 1790, nor Poir. (op. cit.) 1: 259. 1810 Carolina, Bo.sc Milium compressum Ton:, in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 258. 1810. Not M. compressum Swartz, 1788. As synonym of Agrostis com pressa Poir. Axonopus poiretii Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 318 1817 Based on Agrostis compressa Poir., "n. 78," not A. compressa Willd., 1790, nor Poir. (op. cit.) no. 82, on the following page. V<£fe tonuiM»ma Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 258. 1825. West Indies and VtYafxiTT^n., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4»: 89. 1840. U^S™ T^f Met Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4>: 100. 1840. Dominican Republic, Bernhardt. nnn SpoSus onptfu* BuckL, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc 1862: 88 1863. "Bu- chanan county" [probably error for Buchanan] Tex., [Buckley]. Vilfa tenacissima var. exilis Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 99. 1886. Based on Vilfa €xilis Trin. Sporobolus b'erteroanus Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 370. 1917. Based on Vilfa berteroana Trin. This species has been included in Sporobolus indicus in some manuals. (17) Sporobolus purpurascens (Swartz) Hamilt., Prodr. PL Ind. Occ. 5. 1825. Based on Agrostis purpurascens Swartz. Agrostis purpurascens Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788. Jamaica, VilfTpurpurascens Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 182. 1812. Based on Agrostis purpurascens Swartz. . 0/l„- l4 grisebachiana Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 98. 1886. Cuba, Wright 3427a. 1'4 liebmanni Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 100. 1886. Mexico, Liebmann ,693 (1) Sporobolus ramulosus (H.B.K.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: b8. 1829. Based on Vilfa r amu losa H.B.K. „„__ T „ »*■ . FzTfa rcrauZosa H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 137. 1815. Jorullo, Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Agrostis ramulosa Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 361. 1817. Based on Vilfa ramulosa H.B.K. «„„. „__ ,o~* »T ^ Vilfa minima Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr. Monthly Rept. 1874: 155. 1874. Not F. minima Trin., 1854. Twin Lakes Colo., ttoj/ 1077. # Sporobolus wolfii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 52. 1883. Twin Lakes, SpCorXobolus racemosus Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 9. 1887. Chihuahua, Mexico, Palmer [4B in 1885]. Muhlenbergia wolfii Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 600. 1905. Based on Sporobolus wolfii Vasey. (14) Sporobolus teretifolius Harper, Bull. Torrey, Bot. Club 33: 229. 1906. Near Moultrie, Ga., Harper 1642. (28) Sporobolus texanus Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 57. 1890. Screw Bean, Presidio County, Tex., Nealley [755]. (29) Sporobolus tharpii Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 161. 1928. Padre Island, Tex., Tharp 4772. (6) Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood, Class-book 775. ed. 3. 1861. Based on Ui7/a vaginiflora Torr. ,oo,< ^ . iur/ UWa vaginiflora Torr.; Gray, Gram, and Cyp . 1: no. 3 1834; Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4>: 56. 1840. New Jersey. Cryptostachys vaginata Steud., Flora 33: 229. 1850, name only; Syn. PL Glum 1: 181. 1854. North America. SporSUw minor Vasey; A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 646^ 1890 Not S. minor Kunth, 1830. Virginia to North Carolina [type, Boynton], Tennessee and Splrobolus filiculmis L. H. Dewey, Contrib U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 519. 1894. Not S. filiculmis Vasey, 1885. Based on S. minor Vasey , Sporobolus ovatus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 300. 1896. Based on S. minor Splrobolus vaginatus Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 21: 15. 1896. Based on Crypto- stachys vaginata Steud. TT Q , „ ? Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. minor Scribn.; Chapm., *1. boutn. U.S>. ed. 6. 598. 1897. North Carolina and Tennessee. Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. inaequahs Fernald, Rhodora 3o. 109. iy<5cS. Concord, N.H., Batchelder in 1901. 962 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (3) Sporobolus yirginicus (L.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 67. 1829. Based on Agrostis virginica L. Agrostis virginica L., Sp. PI. 63. 1753. Virginia. Agrost is littoralis Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 161. 1791. South America, Richard. Vilfa littoralis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 147, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis littoralis Lam. Vilfa virginica Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 182. 1812. Based on Agrostis vir- ginica L. Agrostis pungens Muhl., Descr. Gram. 72. 1817. Not A. pungens Schreb.. 1769. Eastern United States. Crypsis virginica. Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 49. 1818. Based on Agrostis virginica Willd. [error for L.]. Podosaemum virginicum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 85. 1827. Based on Agrostis virginica L. Sporobolus littoralis Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 68. 1829. Based on Agrostis littoralis Lam. (27) Sporobolus wrightii Munro; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 103. 1882. Pantano, Ariz., Pringle. Bauchea karwinskyi Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 87. 1886. Mexico, Karwinsky 1015, 1015b. Sporobolus altissimus Vasev, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 2: 212. 1889. San Diego, Calif., Palmer [in 1888]. Sporobolus altissimus var. minor Vasey, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 2: 213. 1SS9. San Enrique, Calif. [Brandegce]. (123) STENOTAPHRUM Trin. (1) Stenotaphrum secundatum ( Walt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 794. 1891 Based on Ischaemum secundatum Walt. Kuntze misspells the specific name "secundum." Ischaemum secundatum Walt., Fl. Carol. 249. 1788. South Carolina. Rottboellia stolonifera Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 6: 310. 1804. Puerto Rico, Ledru. Stenotaphrum americanum Schrank, PL Rar. Hort. Monac. pi. 98. "1819." Since Schrank cites Trin., Fund. Agrost. 1820, his work must be later than that of Trinius. Greenhouse plant. Stenotaphrum sarmeniosum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 93. 1829. Based on Rott- boellia stolonifera Poir. Stenotaphrum glabrum var. americanum Doell, in Mart., FL Bras. 22: 300. 1877. Based on Stenotaphrum americanum Schrank. Stenotaphrum dimidiatum var. americanum Hack., in Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 21: 57. 1911. Based on Stenotaphrum americanum Schrank. Stenotaphrum dimidiatum var. secundum [secundatum] Domin, Bibl. Bot. 85: 332. 1915. Based on Ischaemum secundatum Walt. Stenotaphrum secundatum var. variegatum Hitchc, in Bailey, Stand. Cvcl. Hort. 6: 3237. 1917. Greenhouse plant, (84) STIPA L. (31) Stipa arida Jones, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 5: 725. 1895. Marysvale, Utah, Jones 5377. Stipa mormonum Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 209. 1921. Utah, Jones [2106]. (8) Stipa avenacea L., Sp. PL 78. 1753. Virginia. Stipa barbata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 53. 1803. Not S. barbata Desf. 1798. Virginia and Carolina, Michaux. Stipa virginica Pers., Syn. PL 1: 99. 1805. Based on S. barbata Michx. Stipa diffusa Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 643. 1841, as synonym of Stipa avenacea L. Stipa avenacea var. bicolor Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot. ed. 8. 444, 1848. Philadelphia and Chester, Pa.; Boston, Mass.; Ontario; Florida. Podopogon avenaceum Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 580. 1894, as synonym of Stipa, avenacea. (7) Stipa avenacioides Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 423. 1895. Cassia, Lake County, Fla., Nash 2051. Stipa brachychaeta Godr., Mem. Acad. Monsp. (Sec. Medic.) 1: 450. 1853. Originally described from specimens from unknown source. Native of southern South America. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 963 (21) Stipa californica Merr. and Davy, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 61. 1902. San Jacinto Mountains, Calif., Hall 2556. (27) Stipa colum'oiana Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 2<: 191. 1888. Yale, British Columbia, Macoun [28,940]; Victoria, Vancouver Island, Macoun [28,941]. Stipa viridula var. minor Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 50. 1892. [Kelso Mountain, Colo., Letterman 95.] Stipa minor Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 46. 1898. Based on S. viridula var. minor Vasey. Stipa columbiana var. nelsoni (Scribn.) Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24: 254. 1925. Based on S. nelsoni Scribn. (Published as S. columbiana nelsoni.) Stipa occidentalis [Thurb. ; misapplied by] Boland., Proe. Calif. Acad. 4: 169. 1872. Larger plant with "awns almost entirely smooth", confused with true S. occidentalis. Stipa nelsoni Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 46. 1898. Albany County, Wyo., A. Nelson 3963. (10) Stipa comata Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 75. 1842. Carlton House Fort, Saskatchewan River, Drummond; Columbia River, near Missouri Portage, Douglas. Stipa comata intonsa Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 109. 1906. Rock- land, Klickitat County, Wash., Suksdorf 1026. This is the species described by Pursh (Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 72. 1814), and Nuttall (Gen. PI. 1: 58. 1818) under Stipa juncea L., and by Hooker (FL Bor. Amer. 2: 257. 1840) under S. capillata L. Stipa comata var. intermedia Scribn. and Tweedy, Bot. Gaz. 11: 171. 1886. Junction Butte, Yellowstone Park, Tweedy 610. Stipa tweedyi Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 47. 1898. Based on *S". comata intermedia Scribn. Stipa spartea var. tweedyi Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 11. 1912. Based on S. tweedyi Scribn. (5) Stipa coronata Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot, Calif. 2: 287. 1880. California, Julian, Bolander; San Bernardino, Parry and Lemmon 422. Stipa coronata var. depauperata (Jones) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 292. 1934. Based on S. parishii var. depauperata Jones. Stipa parishii Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 33. 1882. San Bernardino Mountains, Calif., Parish 1079. Stipa parishii var. depauperata Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 11. 1912. Detroit, Utah [Jones]. Stipa coronata parishii Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24: 227. 1925. Based on S. parishii Vasev. (22) Stipa curvifolia Swallen, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 456. 1933. Guadalupe Mountains, N.Mex., Wilkins 1660. Stipa elegantissima Labill., Nov. Holl. PL 1: 23. pi. 29. 1804. Australia. (17) Stipa elmeri Piper and Brodie; Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 46. 1898. Based on S. viridula var. pubescens Vasey. Stipa viridula var. pubescens Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 50. 1892. Not aS'. pubescens R. Br., 1810. Washington, Suksdorf. (13) Stipa eminens Cav., Icon. PL 5: 42. pi. 467. f. 1. 1799. Chalma, Mexico. Stipa erecta Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 75. 1886. Not S. erecta Trin., 1824. Tehua- can, Mexico, Liebmann 654. Stipa flexuosa Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 49. 1888. Western Texas, [Chenate Mountains], Nealley. (18) Stipa latiglumis Swallen, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 198. f. 1. 1933. Camp Lost Arrow, Yosemite Valley, Calif., Abrams 4469. (24) Stipa Iemmoni (Vasey) Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ 30: 3. 1901. Based on S. pringlei var. Iemmoni Vasey. Stipa pringlei var. Iemmoni Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 55. 1892. Plumas County, Calif., Lemmon [5456]. Stipa Iemmoni var. jonesii Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ 30: 4. 1901. Emigrant Gap, Calif., Jones 3298. (14) Stipa lepida Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 302. 1915. Santa Ynez Forest, Calif., Chase 5611. Stipa lepida var. andersonii (Vasey) Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 303. 1915. Based on »S'. eminens var. andersonii Vasey. (Published as S. lepida ander- sonii.) 964 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Stipa eminens var. andcrsonii Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 54. 1892. California, [Santa Cruz, Anderson 58, type]. "Lower California", cited by Vasey is erroneous. Siipa hassei Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 267. 1S93. Santa Monica, Calif., Hasse. Abnormal specimen, the spikelets distorted by a smut. (28) Stipa lettermani Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 53. 1886. Snake River, Idaho, Letterman [102]. Stipa viridula var. lettermani Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 50. 1892. Presumably based on S. lettermani Vasey. (3) Stipa leucotricha Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 54. 1842, Texas, from Hooker. Stipa ciliata Scheele, Linnaea 22: 342. 1849. New Braunfels, Tex., Romer. (20) Stipa lobata Swallen, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 199. f. 2. 1933. Ranger Station, Queen, Guadalupe Mountains, N.Mex., Hitchcock {Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 819). Stipa neesiana Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 27. 1842. Montevideo, Sellow. (I) Stipa neomexicana (Thurb.) Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 132. f. 428. 1899. Based on S. pennata var. neo-mexicana Thurb. Stipa pennata var. neo-mexicana Thurb., in Coulter, Man. Rocky Mount. 408. 1885. New Mexico [type, Rio Mimbres, Thurber 269], Colorado, and Texas. (19) Stipa occidentalis Thurb.; S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 380. 1871. Yosemite Trail, Calif., Bolander 5038. Stipa stricta Vasey, Bull. Torre}7 Bot. Club 10: 42. 1883. Not S. stricta Lam. 1791. Washington (erroneously cited as Oregon), Suksdorf. Stipa stricta var. sparsiflora Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 51. 1892. Yosemite Trail, Calif., Bolander 5038. Stipa oregonensis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 130. f. 426. 1899. Based on S. stricta Vasey. Stipa occidentalis montana Merr. and Davy, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 62. 1902. Yosemite Trail, Bolander 5038. Stipa pennata L., Sp. PL 78. 1753. Europe. (30) Stipa pinetorum Jones, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 5: 724. 1895. Panguitch Lake, Utah, Jones 6023 p. (15) Stipa porteri Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 599. 19C5. Based on the plant described as *S*. mongolica Turcz. by Porter and Coulter (Syn. Fl. Colo. 145. 1874). [Rocky Mountains, Hall and Harbour 648, [error for 646]. This is the species described under the name Oryzopsis mongolica (Turcz.) Beal (Bot. Gaz. 15: 111. 1890), but the name is based on Stipa mongolica Turcz., an Asiatic species. (12) Stipa pringlei Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 54. 1892. Mexico, Pringle [1410 type], and Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon, Tracy. No ref- erence to Oryzopsis pringlei Beal. Oryzopsis pringlei Beal, Bot. Gaz. 15: 112. 1890. Chihuahua, Mexico, Pringle 1410. Stipa pringlei Scribn.; Beal, Bot. Gaz. 15: 112. 1890, as symurym of Oryzopsis pringlei Beal. Oryzopsis erecta Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 230. 1896. Apparently based on O. pringlei Beal, Pringle 1410 being cited, the name changed because of O. pringlei Scribn.; Beal 1896 (page 226 of the same work). The latter is the same as Stipa virescens H.B.K. of Mexico, not known from the United States. Beal erroneously gives the authority of O. erecta as "(Scribn.) Beal." (II) Stipa pulchra Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 301. 1915. Healdsburg, So- noma County, Calif., Heller 5252. (6) Stipa richardsoni Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 245. 1S33. Western North America. Grown at Berlin from seed sent by Richardson. Stipa richardsoni var. major Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 24: 191. 1888, without description. Columbia Valley, British Columbia, Macoun. Oryzopsis richardsoni Beal, Bot. Gaz. 15: 111. 1890. Based on Stipa richard- soni Link, but misapplied to Oryzopsis canadensis. (26) Stipa robusta Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost, Bull. 5: 23. 1897. Based on S. viridula var. robusta Vasey. Not invalidated by S. robusta Nutt. ; Trin. and Rupr., published as synonym of S. spartea. Stipa viridula var. robusta Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 56. 1890. Presidio County, Tex., Nealley [714]. Stipa vaseyi Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 46. 1898. Based on S. viridula var. robusta Vasev. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 965 (23) Stipa scribneri Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 125. 1884. Santa Fe, N.Mex. [Vasey]. (9) Stipa spartea Trin., M<§m. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 82. 1830. North America [Rocky Mountains near the Missouri]. By typo- graphical error the name is spelled "sparta. " Stipa robusta Nutt.; Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. PeHersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 69. 1842, as synonym of S. spartea. Stipa spartea var. curtiseta Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24: 230. 1925. Hound Creek Valley, Mont., Scribner 339. (Published as S. spartea curtiscta.) (2) Stipa speciosa Trin. and Rupr., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat 5'- 45. 1842. Chile, Cuming. Stipa californica Vasey, Amer. Acad. Proc. 24: 80. 1889. Name only for Palmer's no. 505 in 1887 from Los Angeles Bay, Baja California. Stipa speciosa var. minor Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 52. 1892. Empire City, Nev., Jones. Stipa humilis var. jonesiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 32: 371. 1898. Empire City, Nev., Jones 4111. Stipa humilis var. speciosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 32: 371. 1898. Based on S. speciosa Trin. and Rupr. (4) Stipa stillmanii Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 169. 1872. Blue Canyon, Sierra Nevada, Calif., Bolander. Stipa tenacissima L., Cent. PI. 1: 6. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 266. 1759. Spain. (32) Stipa tenuissima Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 36. 1836. Mendoza "Chile", [Argentina], Gillies. Stipa cirrosa Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 75. 1886. Mexico, Karwinsky 1009. Stipa subulata Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 75. 1886. Mexico, Kanvinsky 1009b. (16) Stipa thurberiana Piper, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 27: 10. 1900. Washington, north branch of the Columbia and Okanagan, Pickering and Brackenridge. Stipa occidentalis Thurb., in Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped. Bot. 17: 483. 1874. Not S. occidentalis Thurb.; S. Wats., 1871. North Branch of the Columbia River [Washington, Pickering and Brackenridge]. (25) Stipa viridula Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 39. 1836. North America [Saskatchewan]. Stipa parviflora [Desf., misapplied by] Nuttall, Gen. PL 1: 59. 1818. Plains of the Missouri. Stipa nuttalliana Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 643. 1841. Based on Stipa par- viflora as described by Nuttall. Stipa sparta Trin.; Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 237. 1840. Name only. S. parviflora Nutt., not Desf., cited as synonvm. (29) Stipa williamsii Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 45. 1898. Big Horn Mountain, Wyo., Williams 2804. Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 794. 1891. Based on Agrostis maxima Roxb. Agrostis maxima Roxb., FL Ind. 1: 319. 1820. India. Thysanolaena agrostis Nees, Edinburgh New Phil. Jour. 18: 180. 1835. Based on Agrostis maxima Roxb. (151) TRACHYPOGON Nees (1) Trachypogon montufari (H.B.K.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 342. 1829. Based on Andropogon montufari H.B.K. Andropogon montufari H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 184. 1816. Ecuador, Humboldt and Bonpland. Heteropogon stipoides Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 335. 1830. Mexico, Haenke. Heteropogon secundus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 335. 1830. Mexico, Haenke. Andropogon secundus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830. Nol .!. secundus Ell., 1821. Based on Heteropogon secundus Presl. Andropogon stipoides Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 487. 1833. Not A. stipoides H.B.K. Based on Heteropogon stipoides Presl. Trachypogon preslii Anderss. Ofvers. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl. 14: 50. 1857. Based on Heteropogon stipoides Presl. Trachypogon preslii var. secundus Anderss., Ofvers. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl. 14: 50. 1857. Based on Heteropogon secundus Presl. 966 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Trachy-pogon polymorphus var. montufari Hack., in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 263. 1883. Based on Andropogon montufari H.B.K. Trachypogon polymorphus var. montufari subvar. secundus Hack., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 6". 326. 1889. Based on Heteropogon secundus Presl. Trachypogon secundus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 1. 1601. Based on Heteropogon secundus Presl. Trachypogon plumosus var. montufari Hack.; Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 40:40. 1921. Based on Andropogon montufari H.B.K. Trachypogon plumosus var. montufari subvar. secundus Hack.; Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 40: 40. 1921. Based on Heteropogon secundus Presl. (86) TRAGUS Hall. (1) Tragus berteronianus Schult., Mant. 2: 205. 1824. Dominican Republic, Bertero. Tragus occidentalis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 286. 1829. Brazil. Lappago berteroniana Schult.; Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 112. 1854, erron- eously cited as synonym of L. aliena Spreng. Tragus racemosus var. brevispicula Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 123. pi. 18. 1877. Brazil. Nazia occidentalis Scribn., Zoe 4: 386. 1894. Based on Tragus occidentalis Nees. Lappago occidentalis Nees; Hook, f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 97. 1896. Presumably based on Tragus occidentalis Nees; erroneously cited as synonym of Tragus racemosus All. The following two names refer to Tragus berteronianus, though they are based on Lappago alienus Spreng., which is Pseudechinolaena polystachya (H.B.K.) Stapf. Nazia racemosa aliena Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 12. 1897. Based on Lappago aliena Spreng. Nazia aliena Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 28. f. 324. 1899. Based on Lappago aliena Spreng. (2) Tragus racemosus (L.) All., Fl. Pedem. 2:241. 1785. Based on Cenchrus racemosus L. Cenchrus racemosus L., Sp. PL 1049. 1753. Southern Europe. Lappago racemosa Honck., Syn. PL Germ. 1: 440. 1792. Based on Cenchrus racemosus L. Tragus muricatus Moench, Meth. PL 53. 1794. Based on Cenchrus racemosus L. Tragus racemosus var. longispicula Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 122. 1877. Based on T. racemosus Desf . (Same as T. racemosus All.) Nazia racemosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 780. 1891. Based on Cenchrus racemosus L. (120) TRICHACHNE Nees (2) Trichachne calif ornica (Benth.) Chase, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 455 1933. Based on Panicum californicum Benth. Panicum californicum Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulph. 55. 1840. Bay of Magdalena, Baja California. Panicum lachnanthum Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 73: 21. 1856. Not P. lachnanthum Hochst., 1855. Burro Mountains, N.Mex. Panicum saccharatum BuckL, Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 2. 1866. Texas, Buckley. Trichachne saccharata Nash, in Small, FL Southeast. U.S. S3. 1903. Based on Panicum saccharatum BuckL Valota saccharata Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 19: 188. 1906. Based on Panicum saccharatum BuckL Digitaria calif ornica Henr., Blumea 1: 99. 1934. Based on Panicum cali- fornicum Benth. (4) Trichachne hitchcockii (Chase) Chase, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 454. 1933. Based on Valota hitchcockii Chase. Valota hitchcockii Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 24: 110. 1911. San Antonio, Tex., Hitchcock 5329. Digitaria hitchcockii Stuck., Ann. Cons. Jard. Geneve 17: 287. 1914. Based on Valota hitchcockii Chase. (1) Trichachne insularis (L.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 86. 1829. Based on Andro- pogon insularis L. Andropogon insularis L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1304. 1759. Jamaica, Sloane. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 967 Panicum lanatum Rottb., Act. Lit. Univ. Hafn. 1: 269. 1778. Dutch Guiana. Milium villosum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. Based on Andro- pogon insularis L. Milium hirsutum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 13. pi. 5. f. 5. 1812. No locality cited. Panicum leucophaeum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 97. 1815. Venezuela and Colombia, Humboldt and Bonpland. Panicum insular e G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 60. 1818. Based on Andro- pogon insularis L. Saccharum polystachyum Sieb.; Kunth, Enum. PI. 1: 124. 1833. Not S. polystachyum Swartz. As synonym of Panicum leucophaeum H.B.K. Agroslis villosa Poir.; Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 43. 1840. Not A. villosa Poir., 1786. As synonvm of Milium villosum Swartz. Panicum saccharoides A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 306. 1850. Not P. saccharoides Trim, 1826. Cuba. Panicum falsum Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 67. 1854. Cuba. Panicum duchaissingii Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 93. 1854. Guadeloupe, Duchaissing. Tricholaena insularis Griseb., Abhandl. Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen 7: 265. 1857. Based on Andropogon insularis L. Digitaria leucophaea Stapf, in Dyer, Fl. Cap. 7: 382. 1898. Based on Pani- cum leucophaeum Swartz (error for H.B.K.) . Syntherisma insularis Millsp. and Chase, Field Mus. Bot. 1: 473. 1902. Based on Andropogon insularis L. Valota insularis Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 19: 188. 1906. Based on Andropogon insularis L. Digitaria insularis Mez; Ekman, Arkiv Bot. 13: 22. 1913. Based on Andropogon insularis L. Andropogon fabricii Herzog; Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 40: 44. 1921. Jamaica, Swartz. (Sterile specimen with large galls.) (3) Trichachne patens Swallen, Amer. Jour. Bot. 19: 442. f. 5. 1932. Near Lake Mitchell, San Antonio, Tex., Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 294 {Hitchcock 5328). Digitaria -patens Henr., Blumea 1: 99. 1934. Based on Trichachne patens Swallen. (103) TRICHLORIS Fourn. (1) Trichloris mendocina (Phil.) Kurtz, Mem. Fac. Cienc. Exact. Univ. C6rdoba 1896: 37. 1897. Based on Chloris mendocina Phil. Chloris mendocina Phil., An. Univ. Chile 36: 208. 1870. Mendoza, Argentina [Philippi]. Trichloris blanchardiana Fourn.; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 146. 1882. Tucson, Ariz., Pringle. Chloridiopsis [error for Chloropsis] blanchardiana Gay; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Club 9: 146. 1882, as synonym of Trichloris blanchardiana Fourn. Trichloris verticillata Fourn.; Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 61. 1885, name only; U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 122: pi. 25. 1891. Arizona [Tucson, Pringle]. Trichloris fasciculata Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 142. 1886. San Luis de Potosf, Mexico, Virlet 1440. Chloropsis blanchardiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 771. 1891. Based on Trichloris blanchardiana Hack, (error for Fourn.). Chloropsis fasciculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 771. 1891. Based on Trichloris fasciculata Fourn. Chloropsis mendocina Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 32: 348. 1898. Based on Chloris mendocina Phil. Trichloris mendocina forma blanchardiana Kurtz, Bol. Acad. Cienc. C6rdoba 16: 270. 1900. Based on Trichloris blanchardiana Fourn. Leptochloris greggii Munro; Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 7. 1901, as synonym of Chloropsis mendocina Kuntze. (2) Trichloris pluriflora Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 142. 1886. Mexico, Karwinsky; Texas, between Loredo and Bejar [Bexar], Berlandier 1430. Trichloris latifolia Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 32. 1883. Texas and New Mexico [Wright 763]. Name only. Chloropsis pluriflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 771. 1891. Based on Trichloris pluriflora Fourn. 968 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE (134) TRICHOLAENA Schrad. (1) Tricholaena rosea Nees, "Cat. Sem. Hort. Vratisl. a. 1836"; Fl. Afr. Austr. 17. 1841. South Africa, Drege. Panicum roseum Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 92. 1854. Not P. roseum Willd. 1825. Based on Tricholaena rosea Nees. Panicum teneriffae var. rosea F. M. Bailey, Queensl. Grass. 22. 1888. Based on Tricholaena rosea Nees. Melinis rosea Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 51: 464. 1901. Based on Tri- cholaena rosea Nees. Rhynchelytrum roseum Stapf and Hubb.; Bews, World's Grasses 223. 1929, basis not given; Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 880. 1930. Based on Tricholaena rosea Nees. (91) TRICHONEURA Anderss. (1) Trichoneura elegans Swallen, Amer. Jour. Bot. 19: 439. f. 4. 1932. Devine, Tex., Silveus 343. (31) TRIODIA R. Br. (12) Triodia albescens Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot, Bull. 122: pi. 33. 1891. Texas [type, Hall 7S2] and New Mexico. Tricuspis albescens Munro is erroneously cited as synonym (see this name under T. congesta) . Sieglingia albescens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 789. 1891. Based on Triodia albescens Vasey. Rhombolytrum albescens Nash, in Britton, Man. 129. 1901. Based on Triodia /7 / 7w"? /V 72 S V&S6V Tridens albescens Woot. and Standi., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81: 129. 1912. Based on Triodia albescens Vasey. (5) Triodia buckleyana (L. H. Dewey) Vasey; Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad, Sci. 23: 452. 1933. Based on Sieglingia buckleyana L, H. Dewey. Sieglingia buckleyana L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 540. 1894. Southern Texas, Buckley. Triodia buckleyana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 540. 1894, as syno- nym of Sieglingia buckleyana L. H. Dewey. Tridens buckleyanus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 143. 1903. South- ern Texas; Triodia buckleyana Vasey given as a synonym. (4) Triodia congesta (L. H. Dewey) Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 12: 67. pi. 10. 1902. Based on Sieglingia congesta L. H. Dewey. Tricuspis albescens Munro; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 335. 1863. Name only, for Drummond 314, Texas. Sieglingia congesta L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 538. 1894. Corpus Christi, Tex., Nealley 24. Tricuspis congesta Heller, Cat. N.Amer. PL ed. 2. 28. 1900. Based on " Triodia" [error for Sieglingia} congesta L. H. Dewey. Tridens congestus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 143. 1903. Based on Sieglingia congesta L. H. Dewey. (6) Triodia drummondii Scribn. and Kearn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 37. 1897. Jacksonville, "Fla." [Louisiana], Drummond. Tridens drummondii Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 143. 1903.. Based on Triodia drummondii Scribn. and Kearn. (14) Triodia elongata (Buckl.) Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17 (ed. 2): 210. f. 506. 1901. Based on Uralepis elongata Buckl. Uralepis elongata Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 89. 1863. North- ern Texas. Triodia trinerviglumis Benth.; Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 35. 1883, name only, with Tricuspis trinerviglumis Munro, also name only, as synonym. Texas. Described in Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot, Bull. 122: pi. 40. 1891. Texas to Arizona, northward to Colorado. Tricuspis trinerviglumis Munro; Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr., Spec. Rept. 63: 35. 1883, as synonym of Triodia trinerviglumis Benth. Sieglingia trinerviglumis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 789. 1891. Based on Tricuspis trinerviglumis "Buckl." (error for Munro). Sieglingia elongata Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. 3: 504. 1898. Based on Uralepis elongata Buckl. Tricuspis elongata Heller, Cat. N.Amer. PL ed. 2. 28. 1900. Based on u Triodia" [error for Uralepis] elongata Buckl. Tridens elongatus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 143. 1903. Based on Uralepis elongata Buckl. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 969 (8) Triodia eragrostoides Vasey and Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 58. 1890. Texas, Nealley. Sieglingia eragrostoides L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 539. 1894. Based on Triodia eragrostoides Vasey and Scribn. Sieglingia eragrostoides var. scabra Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 465. 1896. Texas, Nealley [probably no. 96]. Triodia eragrostoides var. scabra Bush, Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans. 12: 71. 1902. Based on Sieglingia eragrostoides var. scabra Vasey. Tridens eragrostoides Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 142. 1903. Based on Triodia eragrostoides Vasey and Scribn. (9) Triodia flava (L.) Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 95. 1913. Based on Poa flava L. Poa flava L., Sp. PL 68. 1753. Virginia. IPoa laxa Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 183. 1791. Not P. laxa Haenke, 1791. Virginia. Poa sesleroides Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 68. 1803. Not P. seslerioides All., 1785. Illinois and the mountains of Carolina [type], Michaux. ?Poa subverticillata Pers., Syn. PI. 1: 92. 1805. Based on P. laxa Lam. Tricuspis caroliniana Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 179. pi. 3. f. 29, pi. 15. f. 10. 1812. South Carolina. Tricuspis novae-boracensis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 77, 179. 1812. Name only. New York, Delille. Poa caerulescens Michx.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 77. 1812, name only; Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 108. 1829, as synonym of Ur ale-pis cuprea Kunth. Festuca quadridens Poir., in Lam.,' Encycl. Sup. 2: 640. 1812. Carolina, Bosc Triodia cuprea Jacq., Eclog. Gram. 2: 21. pi. 16. 1814. Grown in botanic garden, source unknown. Poa quinquefida Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 81. 1814. New England to Carolina. IPanicum festucoides Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 283. 1816. East Indies, Desvaux, but Desvaux later (see Triodia festucoides below) corrects this to North America. Poa arundinacea Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 329. 1816. Based on P. sesleroides Michx. Tridens quinquefida Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 599. 1817. Based on Poa quinquefida Pursh. Windsoria poaeformis Nutt., Gen. PI. 1: 70. 1818. Based on Poa sesleroides Michx. Tricuspis sesleroides Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 118. 1823. Based on Poa sesleroides Michx. Cynodon carolinianus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on Tricuspis caroliniana Beauv. Uralepis cuprea Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 108. 1829. Based on Triodia cuprea Jacq. Eragrostis tricuspis Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 414. 1830. Based on Tricuspis caroliniana Beauv. Tricuspis quinquefida Beauv.; Don, Loud. Hort. Brit. 31. 1830. Based on Poa caerulescens Michx. ? Triodia festucoides Desv., Opusc. 98. 1831. North America, Panicum fes- tucoides Desv., in Poir., cited as synonym. Triodia caendescens Desv., Opusc. 99. 1831. Based on Poa caerulescens Michx. Triodia novaeboracensis Desv., Opusc. 99. 1831. Based on Tricuspis novae- uOTCLCGTtSIS B6£tUV Uralepis tricuspis Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 564. 1840. Based on Eragrostis tricuspis Trin. Festuca purpurea Schreb.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 632. 1840, as synonym of Uralepis cuprea Kunth. Tricuspis sesleroides var. flexuosa Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 398. 1870. Pennsvlvania. Festuca flava F. Muell., Sel. PI. Indust. Cult. 87. 1876. Based on Poa flava "Gronov" [L.]. Triodia sesleroides Benth.; Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 35. 1883. Based on Tricuspis seshroides Torr. Sieglingia flava Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Poa flan L. Sieglingia cuprea Millsp., Fl. W.Va. 471. 1892. Presumably based on Triodia cuprea Jacq. Sieglingia sesleroides Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 48. 1894. Based on Poa sesleroides Michx. 970 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sieglingia sesleroides var. intermedia Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 539. 1894. Texas to Oklahoma [Sheldon in 1891]. Sieglingia chapmani Small, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 365. 1895. Florida, Chapman. Triodia sesleroides var. aristata Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 45. 1901. Clarcona, Fla., Meislahn 90. Triodia chapmani Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 12: 74. 1902. Based on Sieglingia chapmani Small. Tridens sesleroides Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 142. 1903. Based on Poa sesleroides Michx. Tridens flavus Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. Based on Poa flava L. Tricuspis flava F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 14: 186. 1912. Based on Poa flava L. Eragroslis arundinacea Jedw., Bot. Archiv Mez 5: 192. 1924. Texas. (2) Triodia grandiflora Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 59. 1890. Chenate Mountains, Presidio County, Tex., Nealley 823. Triodia nealleyi Vasey, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club. 15: 49. 1888, name only; U S Dept.Agr., Div". Bot. Bull. 122: pi. 36. 1891. Western Texas, Nealley. Sieglingia nealleyi L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 538. 1894. Based on Triodia nealleyi Vasey. Sieglingia avenacea var. grandiflora L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 538. 1894. Based on Triodia grandiflora Vasey. Sieglingia grandiflora Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 471. 1896. Based on Triodia qrandiflora Vasey. Tricuspis nealleyi Heller, Cat. N.Amer. PI. ed. 2. 28. 1900. Presumably based on Triodia nealleyi Vasey. Tridens nealleyi Woot. and Standi., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81: 129. 1912. Based on Triodia nealleyi Vasey. Tridens grandiflorus Woot. and Standi., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81: 129. 1912. Based on Triodia grandiflora Vasey. This species has been referred to Triodia avenacea H.B.K., a Mexican species not known from the United States. (7) Triodia langloisii (Nash) Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 12: 72. 1902. Based on Tricuspis langloisii Nash. Poa ambigua Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 165. 1816. Not Triodia ambigua R. Br., 1810. South Carolina and Georgia. Windsoria ambigua Nutt., Gen. PL 1: 70. 1818. Based on Poa ambigua Ell. Tridens ambiguus Schult., Mant. 2: 333. 1824. Based on Poa ambigua Ell. Uralepis ambigua Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 108. 1829. Based on Poa ambigua EH- „ „ Tricuspis ambigua Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 559. 1860. Based on Poa ambi- gua Ell. Triodia ambigua Benth.; Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 35. 1883. Based on Tricuspis ambigua Chapm. Sieglingia ambigua Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 789. 1891. Based on Poa ambigua Ell. Tricuspis langloisii Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 293. 1899. Louisiana, Langlois. Triodia elliottii Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 12: 73. 1902. Based on Poa ambigua Ell. Tridens langloisii Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 142. 1903. Based on Tricuspis langloisii Nash. (13) Triodia mutica (Torr.) Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 30. 1883. Based on Tricuspis mutica Torr. Tricuspis mutica Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 156. 1857. Laguna Colorado, N.Mex., [Bigeloiv]. Uralepis pilosa BuckL, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 95. 1863. Not U. pilosa BuckL, op. cit. 94. "Northern Texas" cited, but the type is from western Texas, collected by Wright. Uralepis mutica Fourn. ; HemsL, Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 569. 1885, as syno- nym of Triodia mutica Benth. (U. mutica Fourn., Mex. PL 2: 110. 1886, based on Liebmann 611, is Poa alpina.) Sieglingia mutica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 789. 1891. Based on Tricuspis ?7Ziit%cci Torr. Tridens muticus Nash., in Small, FL Southeast. U.S. 143. 1903. Based on Tricuspis mutica Torr. (8) Triodia pilosa (BuckL) Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 9. 1901. Based on Uralepis pilosa BuckL and Sp. 1: 155. pl. 47. 1816. 332. 1825. Based on Triodia pul- 108. 1829. Based on Triodia pul- Bot. ed. 2. 1: 484. 1840, as syno- MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 971 Uralepis pilosa Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proe. 1862. 94. 1863. Middle Texas, [Buckley]. Tricuspis acuminata Munro; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 335. 1863, as synonym of Uralepis pilose Buckl. Triodia acuminata Benth.; Vasey, U.S.Dopt.Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 35. 1883, name onlv, with Tricupis acuminata Munro given as svnonvm; Vasey, U.S Dcpt.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 123: pl. 32. 1891. Texas' [type, Austin, Hall, 779] to Arizona and Mexico. Sieglingia acuminata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Triodia acuminata Vasey. Sieglingia pilosa Nash, in Britt. and Brown, lllustr. Fl. 3: 504. 1898. Based on Uralepis pilosa Buckl. Tricuspis pilosa Heller, Cat. N.Amer. Pl. ed. 2: 28. 1900. Presumably based on Uralepis pilosa Buckl. Erioneuron pilosum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 144. 1903. Based on Uralepis pilosa Buckl. Tridens pilosus Hitchc, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 357. 1913. Based on Uralepis pilosa Buckl. (I) Triodia pulchella H.B.K., Nov. Gen. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. Koeleria pulchella Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: chella H.B.K. Uralepis pulchella Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: chella H.B.K. Dasyochloa pulchella Willd.; Steud., Nom. nym of Uralepis pulchella Kunth; Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 67. 1917. Based on Triodia pulchella H.B.K. Tricuspis pulchella Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 156. 1857. Based on " Trichodia" [error for Triodia] pulchella H.B.K. Trichodiclida prolifera Cervant., Naturaleza 1870: 346. 1S70. Near Mexico City. Sieglingia pulchella Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Triodia, pulchella H.B.K. Sieglingia pulchella var. parviflora Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 468. 1896. Southern California, Orcutt. Tridens pulchellus Hitchc, in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 141. 1912. Based on Trio- dia pulchella H.B.K. (II) Triodia stricta (Nutt.) Benth.; Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 35. 1883. Based on "Tricuspis" [error for Windsoria] stricta Nutt. Windsoria stricta Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 5: 147. 1837. Arkan- sas (probably Arkansas Post), Nuttall. Tricuspis stricta Wood, Class-book 792. 1861. Based on Windsoria stricta Nutt. Uralepis densiflora Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 94. 1S63. Middle Texas, [Buckley]. Sieglingia stricta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Windsoria stricta Nutt. Tridens strictus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 143. 1903. Based on Windsoria stricta Mutt. (10) Triodia texana S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 180. 18S3. Coahuila, Mexico; western Texas and New Mexico, Wright 776, 777, and 2045 [error for 2055, type, from Texas]. Tricuspis texana Thurb.; S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 180. 1S83, as synonym of Triodia texana S. Wats. Sieglingia texana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 7S9. 1891. Based on Triodia texana S. Wats. Tridens lexanus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 142. 1903. Based on Triodia texana Thurb. (error for S. Wats.). (32) TRIPLASIS Beauv. (2) Triplasis americana Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 81. pl. 16. f. 10. 1S12. United States, Delille. Uralepsis cornuta Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 580. 1821. South Carolina and Georgia. Tricuspis cornuta A. Gray, Man. 590. 1848. Based on Uralepsis cornuta Ell. Triplasis cornuta Benth.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 1121. 1895, as synonym of Triplasis americana Beauv. 972 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sieglingia americana Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 466. 1896. Based on Triplasis americana Beau v. (1) Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 560. 1860. Based on Aira purpurea Walt. Aira purpurea Walt., Fl. Carol. 78. 1788. South Carolina. Festuca brevifolia MuhL, Descr. Gram. 167. 1817. Delaware, Georgia, and New York. Diplocea barbata Raf., Amer. Jour. Sci. 1: 252. 1818. Carolina; Long island. Uralepsis purpurea Nutt., Gen. PI. 1: 62. 1818. Based on Aira purpurea Walt. Uralepsis aristulata Nutt., Gen. PI. 1: 63. 1818. Wilmington, Del., Baldwin. Glyceria ? brevifolia Schult., Mant. 2: 387. 1824. Based on Festuca brevifolia Muhl. Tricuspid purpurea A. Gray, Man. 589. 1848. Based on Aira purpurea Walt. Merisachne drummondii Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 117. 1854. Texas, Drum- mond 330. Festuca caroliniana Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 312. 1854. Carolina, Bo.sc. Festuca purpurea F. Muell., Sel. PI. Indust. Cult. 88. 1876. Based on Uralepsis purpurea Nutt. Triplasis sparsiflora Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 19. 1878. Punta Rassa, Fla., [Chapman, specimen affected by fungus.] Sieglingia purpurea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Aira purpurea Walt. Panicularia brevifolia Porter, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 205. 1893. Based on Festuca brevifolia Muhl. Triplasis intermedia Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 564. 1898. Tampa, Fla., Nash 2426. Triplasis fioridana Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 303. 1920. Punta Rassa, Fla., Hitchcock 533. Triplasis glabra Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 303. 1920. Rhode Island and Florida. Triodia purpurea Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 95. 1913. Based on Triplasis purpurea Chapm. (92) TRIPOGON Roth (1) Tripogon spicatus (Nees) Ekman, Arkiv Bot. II4: 36. 1912. Based on Bromus spicatus Nees. Bromus spicatus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 471. 1829. Piauhy, Brazil. Diplachne spicata Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2s: 159. pi. 28. f. 2. 1878. Based on Bromus spicatus Nees. Triodia schaffneri S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 181. 1883. San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Schaffner 1077. Diplachne reverchoni Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 118. 1886. Llano Count}', Tex., Reverchon. Leptochloa spicata Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1891: 304. 1891. Based on Diplachne spicata Doell. Sieglingia schaffneri Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Triodia schaffneri S. Wats. Rabdochloa spicata Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 121. 1904. Based on Bromus spicatus Nees. Sieglingia spicata Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 128. 1904. Based on Bromus spicatus Nees. (157) TRIPSACUM L. (1) Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759. Based on Coix dactyloides L. Coix dactyloides L., Sp. PL 972. 1753. America. Coix angulalis Mill., Gard. Diet. ed. 8. Coix no. 2. 1768. North America. Ischaemun glabrum Walt., Fl. Carol. 249. 1788. South Carolina. Tripsacum monostachyum Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 202. 1805. South Carolina. Tripsacum dactyloides var. monostachyon Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot. ed. 8. 461. 1840. Connecticut. Wood, Class-book 453. 1845. Gray, Man. Bot. 616. 1848. No basis given. Dactylodes angulatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 773. 1891. Based on Coix angulatis Mill. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 973 Tripsacum dad [/hides var. monostachyum Vase}', Contrib U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 6. 1892. Based on T. monostachyum Willd. Dactylodes dactylodes Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 3£: 349. 1898. Based on Trip- sacum dactyloides L. (2) Tripsacum floridanum Porter; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 6. 1892. Florida, Garber. Tripsacum dactyloides var. floridanum Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 19. 1896. Based on T. floridanum Porter. (3) Tripsacum lanceolatum Rupr. ; Fourn., Mex. PI. 2: 68. 1886. Aguas Calientes, Mexico, Hartweg 252. Tripsacum aculiflorum Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 466. 1876, name only; Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 81. 1909. Same type as T. lanceolatum Rupr. Tripsacum lemmoni Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 6. 1892. Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., Lemmon [2932]. Tripsacum dactyloides var. lemmoni Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 19. 1896. Based on T. lemmoni Vasey. Tripsacum dactyloides hispidum Hitchc, Bot. Gaz. 41: 295. 1906. Las Can6as, Mexico, Pringle 3811. (54) TRISETUM Pers. Trisetum aureum (Ten.) Ten., Fl. Napol. 2:378. 1820. Based on Koeleria aurea Ten. Koeleria aurea Ten., Cors. Bot. Lez. 1: 58. 1806. Europe. (6) Trisetum canescens BuckL, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 100. 1863. Columbia Plains, Oreg., Nuttall. Trisetum datum Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 337. 1863, as synonym of T. canescens Buckl. Trisetum cernuum var. canescens Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 380. 1896. Based on T. canescens Buckl. Trisetum canescens forma tonsiim Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 216. 1928. Trinity County, Calif., Yates 522. Trisetum canescens forma velutinum Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 216. 1928. Lassens Peak, Calif., Austin in 1879. Trisetum projectum Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 217. 1928. Fresno County, Calif., Hall and Chandler 359. (4) Trisetum cernuum Trin., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 61. 1830. Sitka, Alaska. Avena nutkaensis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 254. 1830. Nootka Sound, Van- couver Island, Haenk< . Avena cernua Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XXVI. 1830. Based on Trisetum cernuum Trin. Trisetum sandbergii Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 378. 1896. Mount Stuart, Wash., Sandberg and Leiberg 823. Trisetum nutkaense Scribn. and Merr.; Davy, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 63. 1902. Based on Avena nutkaensis Presl. Trisetum cernuum var. luxurians Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 213. 1928. Seaside, Oreg., Shear and Scribner 1705. Trisetum cernuum var. luxurians forma pubescens Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 213. 1928. Eureka, Calif. Trisetum cernuum var. sandbergii Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 214. 1928. Based on T. sandbergii Beal. (8) Trisetum flavescens (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 88, 153. pi. 18. f. 1. 1812. Based on Avena flavescens L. Avena flavescens L., Sp. PL 80. 1753. Europe. Trisetum pratense Pers., Syn. PL 1: 97. 1805. Europe. Trisetaria flavescens Baumg., Enum. Stirp. Trans-silv. 3: 263. 1816. Based on Avena flavescens Schreb. (error for L.). Rebentischia flavescens Opiz, Lotos 4: 104. 1854, as synonym of Trisetum flavescens Beauv. (10) Trisetum interruptum BuckL, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 100. 1863. Middle Texas [Buckley]. tCalamagrostis longirostris BuckL, Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 2. 1866. Texas. Trisetum hallii Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11:6. 1884. Texas, Hall 799 in part. 974 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, LT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sphenopholis interrupta Scribn., Rhodora 8: 145. 1906. Based on Trisetum interruptum Buckl. Sphenopholis hallii Scribn., Rhodora 8: 146. 1906. Based on Trisetum hallii Scribn. Trisetum interruptum hallii Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 160. 1928. Based on T. hallii Buckl. (1) Trisetum melicoides (Michx.) Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 9: 169. 1884. Based on Aira melicoides Michx. Aira melicoides Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 62. 1803. Canada. lArundo airoides Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 6: 270. 1804. North America, Michaux. Graphephorum. melicoideum Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 189. 1810. Based on Aira melicoides Michx. IDeyeuxia airoides Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 44, 152, 160. 1812. Based on Arundo airoides Michx. [error for Poir.]. Poa melicoides Nutt., Gen. PI. 1: 68. 1818. Based on Aira melicoides Michx. Triodia melicoides Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 331. 1825. Based on Aira melicoides Michx. f.Agrostis airoides Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 449. 1825. Based on Deyeuxia airoides Beauv. ICalamagroslis airoides Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 249. 1840. Based on Arundo airoides Poir. Dupontia cooleyi A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 556. 1856. Washington, Mich., [Cooley]. Graphephorum melicoides var. major A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 5: 191. 1861. Based on Dupontia cooleyi A Gray. Graphephorum melicoideum cooleyi. Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 53. 1894. Based on Dupontia cooleyi A. Gray. Trisetum melicoideum cooleyi Scribn., Rhodora 8: 87. 1906. Based on Dupontia cooleyi A. Gray. Trisetum melicoides var. majus Hitchc, in Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908. Based on Graphephorum melicoides var. major A. Gray. Graphephorum cooleyi Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers 1: 88. 1921. Based on Dupontia. cooleyi A. Gray. (7) Trisetum montanum Vasey, Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 13: 118. 1886. No locality cited. [Type, Las Vegas, N.Mex., G. R. Vasey in 1881.] Trisetum argenteum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 49. f. 8. 1898. Not T. argenteum Roem. and Schult. Silverton, Colo., Shear 1214. Trisetum shearii Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 8. 1901. Based on T. argenteum Scribn. Graphephorum shearii Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 602. 1905. Based on Trisetum shearii Scribn. Trisetum canescens var. montanum Hitchc, Biol. Soc Wash. Proc. 41: 160. 1928. Based on T. montanum Vasey. Trisetum montanum var. pilosum Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 212. 1928. Caroles, N.Mex., Standley 4536. Trisetum montanum var. shearii Louis- Marie, Rhodora 30: 213. 1928. Based on Trisetum shearii Scribn. (3) Trisetum orthochaetum Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 134. f. 3. 1934. Lolo Hot Springs, Bitterroot Mountains, Mont., Chase 5129. (9) Trisetum pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 658. 1817. Based on Avena pennsi/lvanica L. Avena pennsylvanica L., Sp. PI. 79. 1753. Pennsylvania, Kalm. 1 Avena caroliniana Walt., Fl. Carol. 81. 1788. South Carolina. Avena palustris Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 72. 1803. Carolina and Georgia, Michaux. Aira pattens var. aristata Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 151. 1816. South Carolina. Avena pennsylvanica Muhl., Descr. Gram. 185. 1817. Pennsylvania and North Carolina. No authority cited but the Muhlenberg specimen belongs to the Linnaean species. Trisetum palustre Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 126. 1823. Based on Avena palustris Michx. Arrhenatherum pennsylvanicum Torr., Fl. North, and Mid. U.S. 1: 130. 1823. Based on Avena pennsylvanica L. ? Arrhenatherum kentuckense Torr.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 135. 1840. North America. Name only. ''Avena pennsylvanica Muhl." doubtfully cited as svnonvm. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 975 Trisetum ludovicianum Vasej', Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 12: 6. 1885. Pointe a la Hache, La., Langlois. Sphenopholis palustris Scribn., Rhodora 8: 145. 1906. Based on Avena palustris Michx. Sphenopholis palustris flexuosa Scribn., Rhodora 8: 143,145. 1906. Wilming- ton, Del., Commons 274. Sphenopholis palustris var. flexuosa Scribn.; Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908. Based on S. palusiris flexuosa Scribn. Sphenopholis pennsylvanica Hitchc, Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 304. 1915. Based on Avena pennsylvanica L. Sphenopholis pennsylvanica var. flexuosa F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 18: 234. 1916. Based on S. palustris flexuosa Scribn. The plant from Hunting Creek, Va., discussed by Vasey (Bot. Gaz. 9: 165. 1884) as a hybrid between Trisetum palustre and Eatonia pennsylvanica, is an exceptional specimen of Trisetum pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. with short-awned and awnless spikelets. (5) Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt., PI. Eur. 1: 59. 1890. Based on Aira spicata L., Sp. PI. 64. 1753. Aira spicata L., Sp. PL 64. 1753.32 Lapland. Aira subspicata L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 873. 1759. Based on A. spicata L. (Sp. PI. 64. 1753), the diagnosis copied. Avena airoides Koel., Descr. Gram. 298. 1802. Based on Aira subspicata L. Avena mollis Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 72. 1803. Canada. Not Avena mollis Salisb., 1796, nor Koel., 1S02. Avena subspicata Clairv., Man. Herbor. 17. 1811. Based on a phrase name in Haller which refers to Aira spicata L. Trisetum subspicatum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 88, 149. 1812. Based on Aira subspicata L. IMelica triflora Bigel., New England Jour. Med. and Surg. 5: 334. 1816. Mount Washington, N.H., Boott. Trisetaria airoides Baumg., Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 265. 1816. Based on Avena airoides Koel. Trisetum airoides Beauv. ; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 666. 1817. Based on Avena airoides Koel. Trisetum molle Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 101. 1829. Based on Avena mollis Michx. Koeleria subspicata Reichenb., Fl. Germ. 49. 1830. Based on Aira subspicata L. Koeleria cancscens Torr., in Trim, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 13. 1836, as synonym of Trisetum molle Kunth. Trisetum subspicatum var. molle A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 572. 1856. Based on Avena mollis Michx. Koeleria spicata Reichenb.; Willk. and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp. 1: 72. 1861, as synonym of Trisetum subspicatum Beauv. Rupestrina pubcscens Provancher, Fl. Canad. 689. 1862. Based on Avena mollis Michx. Trisetum spicatum. var. molle Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 377. 1896. Based on Avena mollis Michx. Trisetum britlonii Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 437. 1900. Marquette, Mich., Brilton in 1883. Trisetum congdoni Scribn. and Merr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 470. 1902. Mariposa County, Calif., Congdon. (T. sesquiflorum Trim, to which T. congdoni has been referred, is a distinct Alaskan species.) Trisetum americanum Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 182. 1902. Colo- rado; Idaho. Trisetum majus Rydb., Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 100: 34. 1906. "T. subspicatum major Vasey", an unpublished name, cited as basis. A tall speci- men collected by Vasey, Pen Gulch, Colo., in 1884 and marked "var. major Vasey" in his script is taken as type. No description by Rydberg except the distinctions given in the key. Avena spicata Fedtsch., Act. Hort. Petrop. 28: 76. 1908. Not A. spicata L. Based on Aira spicata L. Trisetum spicatum var. pilosiglume Fernald, Rhodora IS: 195. 1916. Newfoundland, Fernald, Wiegand, and Bartram 4593. 32 On page 63 of this work is another Aim apicnta L. In the errata at the end of the second volume of the Species Plantarum (issued a few months after the first volume) Linnaeus changes A. spicata of pape ti.'t to A. indica (now referred to Sacciolepis indicu (L.) Chase). 55974°— 35 62 97G MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGPJCULTURE Trisetum spicatum congdoni Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 160. 192S. Based on Trisetum congdoni Scribn. and Merr. Trisetum spicatum var. brittonii Louis- Marie, Rhodora 30: 239. 1928. Based on T. brittonii Nash. (2) Trisetum wolfii Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Monthly Rept. Feb. Mar. 156. 1874. Twin Lakes, Colo., Wolf. Trisetum subspicatum var. muticum Boland., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 296. 1880. Upper Tuolumne, Calif., Bolander 5019. Trisetum brandegei Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 64. 1883. Cascade Mountains, Brandegee and Tweedy in 1882. Graphephorum wolfii Vasey; Coult. Man. Rocky Mount. 423. 1885. Based on Trisetum wolfii Vasey. Trisetum muticum Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 50. f. 10. 1898. Based on Trisetum subspicatum var. muticum Boland. Graphephorum muticum Heller, Cat. N.Amer. PL ed. 2. 31. 1900. Presumably based on Trisetum subspicatum var. muticum Boland. Trisetum wolfii muticum Scribn., Rhodora 8: 88. 1906. Based on T. sub- spicatum var. muticum Thurb. (error for Boland.) . Graphephorum brandegei Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 61. 1917. Based on Trisetum brandegei Scribn. Trisetum wolfii var. brandegei Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 241. 1928. Based on T. brandegei Scribn. Trisetum wolfii var. brandegei forma muticum Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 241. 1928. Based on T. wolfii muticum Scribn. (40) TRITICUM L. (1) Triticum aestivum L., Sp. PL 85. 1753. Cultivated in Europe. Triticum hybernum L., Sp. PI. 86. 1753. Cultivated in Europe. Triticum compositum L., Syst. Veg. ed. 13. 108. 1774. Egypt. Form with branched spike. Triticum sativum Lam., Fl. Frang. 3: 625. 1778. Cultivated in Europe. Triticum vulgar e VilL, Hist. PL Dauph. 2: 153. 1787. Cultivated in Europe. Triticum vulgar e var. aestivum Spenner, Fl. Friburg. 1: 163. 1825. Based on T. aestivum L. Triticum sativum var. aestivum Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 619. 1847. Pre- sumably based on T. aestivum L. Triticum sativum var. compositum Wood, Class-book ed. 2.. 619. 1847. Pre- sumably based on T. compositum L. Triticum sativum var. vulgare Vilm., Blumengartn. 1: 1217. 1896. Based on T. vulgare VilL Triticum aestivum subsp. vulgare ThelL, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 38- 142. 1912. Based on T. vulgare VilL Zeia vulgaris var. aestiva Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 226. 1915. Based on " Triticum yulgare aestivum L." error for T. aestivum. Triticum compactum Host, Gram. Austr. 4: 4. pi. 7. 1809. Cultivated in Austria. Triticum dicoccoides Koern., Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell. 26: 309. 1908. Palestine. Triticum dicoccum Schrank, Baier. FL 1: 389. 1789. Cultivated in Europe. Triticum aestivum subsp. dicoccum ThelL, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 38: 141. 1912. Based on T. dicoccum Schrank. Triticum aestivum var. dicoccum Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 133. 1923. Based on T. dicoccum Schrank. Triticum durum Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 114. 1798. North Africa. Triticum aestivum subsp. durum ThelL, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 38- 143. 1912. Based on T. durum Desf. Triticum monococcum L., Sp. PL 86. 1753. Cultivated in Europe. Triticum aestivum var. monococcum Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 133. 1923. Based on T. monococcum L. Triticum polonicum L., Sp. PL ed. 2. 127. 1762. Cultivated in Europe. Triticum aestivum var. polonicum Bailey, Man. Cult. PL 116. 1924. Based on T. polonicum L. Triticum spelta L., Sp. PL 86. 1753. Cultivated in Europe. Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta ThelL, Mitt. Naturw. Ges. Winterthur. 12: 147. 1918. Based on T. spelta L. Triticum aestivum var. spelta Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 133. 1923. Based on T. spelta L. Triticum turgidum L., Sp. PL 86. 1753. Cultivated in Europe. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 977 (20) UNIOLA L. (2) Uniola latifolia Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 70. 1803. The locality as pub- lished is Allegheny Mountains, but the type specimen is from Illinois. (6) Uniola laxa (L.) B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 69. 1888. Based on Holcus laxus L. Holcus laxus L., Sp. PL 1048. 1753. Virginia. Uniola gracilis Michx., Fl. Bor. Arner. 1: 71. 1803. Carolina to Georgia, Michaux. Uniola virgata Bartr.; Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 82. 1814, as synonym of Uniola gracilis Michx. Chasmanthium gracile Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 159. 1827. Based on Uniola gracilis Michx. Uniola uniflora Benke, Rhodora 31: 148. 1929. Memphis, Tenn., Benke 4874. (3) Uniola nitida Baldw.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 167. 1816. Camden County, Ga., Baldwin. Uniola intermedia Bosc; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 75, 181. 1812. Name only. [A Bosc specimen so named in Padua is U. nitida; another in Paris is U. sessiliflora.] (4) Uniola ornithorhyncha Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 280. 1854. Alabama, Drummond 51. Chasmanthium ornithorhynchum Nees; Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 280. 1854, as synonym of Uniola ornithorhyncha Steud. (1) Uniola' paniculata L., Sp. PL 71. 1753. Carolina. Briza caroliniana Lam., Encycl. 1: 465. 1785. Carolina. Uniola maritima Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 71. 1803. Carolina, Michaux. Trisiola paniculata Raf., Fl. Ludov. 144. 1817. Based on Uniola paniculata L. Nevroctola maritima Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 311. 1894, as synon3rm of Uniola paniculata L. Nevroctola panicidata Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 311. 1894, as synonym of Uniola panicidata L. Uniola floridana Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66": 304. 1920. Santa Rosa Island, Fla., Tracy 4545. Uniola heterochroa Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 304. 1920. Punta Rassa, Fla., Hitchcock 535. Uniola macrostachys Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 304. 1920. Breton Island, La., Tracy 462. (5) Uniola sessiliflora Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 8: 185. 1808. Carolina, Bosc. Poa sessiliflora Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 111. 1829. Based on Uniola sessiliflora Poir. Uniola longifolia Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 229. 1894. Georgia [type, DeKalb County, Small in 1893], Florida, Mississippi, Tennessee. (30) VASEYOCHLOA Hitchc. (1) Vaseyochloa multinervosa (Vasey) Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 452. 1933. Based on Melica multinervosa Vasey. Melica multinervosa Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 235. 1891. Brazos Santiago, Tex., Nealley. Distichlis multinervosa Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 18: 147. 1905. Based on Melica multinervosa Vasey. Triodia multinervosa Hitchc, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 159. 1928. Based on Melica multinervosa Vasey. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 67. 1903. Based on Phalaris zizanioides L. Phalaris zizanioides L., Mant. PL 2: 183. 1771. India. Andropogon muricatus Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: 43 [31]. 1783. India. Anatherum muricatum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 150. pi. 22. f. 10. 1812. Based on Andropogon muricatus Retz. Vetiveria muricata Griseb., FL Brit. W.Ind. 560. 1864. Based on Andro- pogon muricatus Retz. Vetiveria arundinacea Griseb., FL Brit. W.Ind. 560. 1864. Jamaica and Trinidad, 978 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sorghum zizanioides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 791. 1891. Based on Phalaris zizanioides L. Andropogon zizanioides Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 79. 1903. Based on Phalaris zizanioides L. Holcus zizanioides Kuntze, Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904. Based on Phalaris zizanioides L. Anatherum zizanioides Hitchc. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 285. 1917. Based on Phalaris zizanioides L. (96) WILLKOMMIA Hack. (1) Willkommia texana Hitchc, Bot. Gaz. 35: 283. f. 1. 1903. Ennis, Tex. J. G. Smith in 1897. (159) ZEA L. (1) Zea mays L., Sp. PL 971. 1753. America. Zea americana Mill., Gard. Diet. ed. 8. Zea no. 1. 1768. West Indies. Zea vulgaris Mill., Gard. Diet. ed. 8. Zea no. 3. 1768. Northern parts of America. Mays zea Gaertn., Fruct. and Sem. 1: 6. pi. 1. f. 9. 1788. Based on Zea mays L. Zea segetalis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 28. 1796. Based on Zea mays L. Mays americana Baumg., Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 281. 1816. Based on Zea mays L. Zea mays var. precox Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2. 500. 1818. Northern and Middle States. Mayzea cerealis Raf., Med. Fl. 2: 241. 1830. Based on Zea mays L. Zea hirta Bonaf., Hist. Nat. Mais 29. pi. 4. 39. pi. 4. 1836. Cultivated, seed from California. Zea mays pensylvanica Bonaf., Hist. Nat. Mais 33. pi. 7. f. 4. 1836. Culti- vated. Zea mays virginica Bonaf., Hist. Nat. Mais 37. pi. 10. f. 15. 1836. Culti- vated. Zea erythrolepis Bonaf., Hist. Nat. Mais 30. pi. 5; 38. pi. 11. f. 17. 1836. Cultivated along Missouri River. Zea mais hirta Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 309. 1866. Based on Zea hirta Bonaf. Zea saccharata Sturtev., N.Y. State Agr. Expt. Sta. Rept. 18843: 156. 1885 Group name for sweet corn. Zea canina S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 26: 160. 1891. Mexico. Hybrid with Euchlaena mexicana Schrad., fide G. N. Collins. Zea mays saccharata Bailey, Cycl. Hort. 4: 2006. 1902. Based on Z. sac- charata Sturtev. Zea mays var. everta Bailey, Cycl. Hort. 4: 2005. 1902. Based on Z. everta Sturtev. Zea everta Sturtev., N.Y. State Agr. Expt. Sta. Rept. 18843: 183. 1S85. Group name for popcorn. Zea mats var. japonica (Van Houtte) Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 409. 1870. Presumably based on Z. japonica Van Houtte. Zea japonica Van Houtte, Fl. Serr. Jard. 16: 121. 1865. Japan. Zea mays var. tunicata St. HiL, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 16: 144. 1829. Uruguay. Zea cryptosperma Bonaf., Hist. Nat. Mais 30, 40. pi. 5 bis. 1836. Based on Z. mais var. tunicata St. HiL Zea tunicata Sturtev., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 335. 1894. Based on Z. mays var. tunicata St. HiL Of the many names published for forms of Zea mays only those based on ma- terial from the United States are given above, and of these only such as apply to the better-known races. See Sturtevant, N.Y. State Agr. Expt. Sta. Rept. and Bailey, Cycl. Hort. for additional names. (113) ZIZANIA L. (1) Zizania aquatica L., Sp. PL 991. 1753. Virginia. [Jamaica, also cited, is erroneous.] Zizania clavulosa Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 75. 1803. North America, Michaux. Hydropyrum esculentum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 252. 1827. North America. Stipa angulata L.; Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 642. 1841, as synonym of Hydropyrum esculentum Link. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 979 Ziznnia effusa Munro, Jour. Proc. Linn. Soc. 6: 52. 1862, as synonym of Z. aquatica L. Ceratochaele aquatica Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: 214. 1915. Based on Zizania aquatica L. Zizania aquatica var. interior Fassett, Rhodora 26: 158. 1924. Armstrong, Iowa, Pammcl and Cratty 764. Zizania interior Rydb., Brittonia 1: 82. 1931. Based on Z. aquatica var. interior Fassett. Zizania aquatica var. angustipolia Hitchc, Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. Bel- grade, Maine, Scribner in 1895. Zizania palustris L., Mant. PL 295. 1771. North America. Melinum palustre Link, Handb. Gewachs. 1: 96. 1829. Based on Zizania palustris L. (2) Zizania texana Hitchc, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 454. 1933. San Marcos, Tex., Silveus. (114) ZIZANIOPSIS Doell and Aschers. (1) Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell and Aschers.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 13. 1871. Presumably based on Zizania miliacea Michx. Zizania miliacea Michx., FL Bor. Amer. 1: 74. 1803. North America, Michaux. (87) ZOYSIA Willd. Zoysia japonica Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 414. 1854. Japan. Zoysia pungens var. japonica Hack., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7: 642. 1899. Based on Z. japonica Steud. Osterdamia japonica Hitchc, U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 166. 1920. Based on Zoysia japonica Steud. Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr., Philippine Jour. Sci. Bot. 7: 230. 1912. Based on Agrostis matrella L. Agrostis matrella L., Mant. PL 2: 185. 1771. Malabar, India. Zoysia pungens Willd., Gesell. Naturf. Freund. Berlin Neue Schrift. 3: 441. i801. Malabar, India. Osterdamia matrella Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 781. 1891. Based on Agrostis matrella L. Osterdamia zoysia Honda, Bot. Mag. [Tokyo] 36: 113. 1922. Based on Zoysia pungens Willd. Zoysia tenuifolia Willd.; Trin, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 96. 1836. Mascarene Islands. Osterdamia tenuifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 781. 1891. Based on Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. Zoysia pungens var. tenuifolia Dur. and Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. 5: 734. 1894. Based on Z. tenuifolia Willd. Osterdamia zoysia var. tenuifolia Honda, Bot. Mag. [Tokyo] 36: 113. 1922. Based on Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. UNIDENTIFIED NAMES The following names of grasses, based on specimens collected in the United States, cannot be identified from the descriptions, and the types have not been located. Several of these names are not effectively published. Agrostis affinis Schult., Mant. 2: 195. 1824. Based on Agrostis no. 17 in Muhlenberg's Descriptio Graminum p. 75. Sporobolus muhlenbergii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 68. 1829, and Vilfa muhlenbergii Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 162. 1854, are also based on this. (See Hitchcock, Bartonia 14: 33. 1932.) Agrostis altissima var. laxa Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 44. 1843. White Mountains, N.H., Trichodium altissimum var. laxum Wood, Class-book ed. 2. (nil!. 1847, presumably based on this. Agrostis michauxii Zuccagni, in R-oemer, Coll. Bot. 123. 1809. Seed received from Thouin, collected in Kentucky by Michaux. Not A. michauxii Trin., 182 I ? Agrostis pauciflora Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 63. 1814. Not A. -pauciflora Schrad., 1806. "On high mountains in Virginia and Carolina." In the Kew Herbarium is a specimen of Muhlenbergia schreberi marked "N. Amer. Mr. Fro